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*  UMASS/AMHERST  * 


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LIBRARY 


OF  THE 


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MASSACHUSETTS 

AGRICULTURAL 

COLLEGE 

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V.  8 


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THE     MAGAZINE 

OF 

HORTICULTURE, 

BOTANir, 

AND    ALL     USEFUL    DISCOVERIES     AND    IMPROVEMENTS   IN 

RURAL    AFFAIRS. 


••  Je  vondrais  echauffer  tout  I'univers  de  mon  got  pour  les  jardins.  II  me 
semble  qu'il  est  impossible  qu'un  mccliant  puisse  I'avoir.  11  n'esi  point  de  vertus 
que  je  ne  suppose  k  celui  que  airae  a  parler  el  a  faire  des  jardins.  Peres  de  famiile, 
inspirez  la  jardinoraanie   a  vos  enfans." — Prince  De  Ligrte. 


VOL.     VIII. 
1842. 

Edited     by     C.     M.     HOVEY 


BOSTON: 

PUBLISHED    BY    HOVEY   AND    CO.,     MERCHANTS    ROW. 

1842. 


/■I 


BOSTON : 

Printed  by  Manning  &  Hallworth, 

No.  8   Congress  Street. 


PREFACE. 


The  Eighth  Volume  of  the  Magazine  is  now  completed,  and 
a  reference  to  the  table  of  contents  will  show  its  value,  as  com- 
pared with  previous  years. 

The  increased  attention  which  is  now  being  given  to  the  cul- 
tivation of  choice  fruits,  has  induced  us  to  devote  a  larger  part 
of  our  articles  to  this  subject;  and  among  the  many  valuable 
papers  of  the  year,  we  only  need  name  those  of  our  late  friend 
and  correspondent,  Mr.  Manning,  of  the  Pomological  Garden, 
Salem.  His  descriptions  of  new  pears,  and  his  notice  of  forty- 
four  kinds  of  cherries  which  he  fruited  and  proved  in  1842,  will 
be  read  with  delight  by  every  cultivator.  To  an  obituary  notice 
of  Mr.  Manning,  which  will  appear  in  the  next  volume,  we 
refer  the  reader  for  a  list  of  the  sevei'al  communications  which 
he  has  contributed  to  our  pages — containing  all  he  has  written 
of  any  value,  since  the  publication  of  his  Book  of  Fruits. 

It  will  be  unnecessary  to  give  any  analysis  of  the  several 
papers  in  the  Eighth  Volume;  but  we  cannot  omit  to  name  the 
notice  of  Mr.  Rivers 's  pamphlet  on  Root  Pruning,  at  page  210, 
or  the  several  papers  upen  the  habits,  disecious  character,  and 
cultivation  of  the  strawberry.  That  the  communications  on 
this  subject  have  been  exceedingly  valuable,  we  believe  all 
will  admit;  and  although  the  question  in  regard  to  the  sexual 
character  of  many  sorts  may  not  be  satisfactory  to  all,  yet  we 
doubt  not  the  facts  which  have  been  elicited  will  lead  to  the 
production  of  more  prolific  crops  of  the  larger  varieties. 
Among  our  floricultural  articles,  the  communication  by  Mr. 
Saul,  upon  the  autumn  treatment  of  green-house  plants,  will 
be  found  highly  interesting.  Prof.  Russell's  paper  on  that 
beautiful  tribe,  the  O'xalis,  in  which  the  several  species  are 
correctly  ascertained,  their  synonyms  detected,  and  their  cul- 
tivation noticed,  is  valuable  to  the  lover  of  pretty  green-house 
plants. 

We  enter  upon  the  new  volume  with  renewed  zeal.  We 
invite  our  friends  to  assist  and  sustain  us;  and  it  will  be  our 
object  and  aim  to  embody  in  the  pages  of  the  Magazine,  every 
thing  useful  to  the  Amei'ican  horticulturist.  P    M    H 

Boston,  Dec.  1,  1842. 


CONTENTS. 


ORIGINAL  COMMUNICATIONS. 


GENERAL  SUBJECT. 

A  Retrospective  View  of  the  Progress 
of  Horticulture  in  tlie  United  Siaies, 
during  the  year  1841.     Uy  the  Editor      1 

Notes  made  during  a  Vi-it  lo  New 
Fork,  Philadelphia,  Baltininre,  and 
Washington,  and  intermediate  plac- 
es, from  August  &th  to  the  23d,  1641. 
By  the  Editor      .        .        .        41.81.121 

An  Account  of  tlie  Lowell  Cemetery, 
its  Situation,  Historical  Associations, 
and  particular  description.      By  VV.     47 

On  iheStudy  of  Natural  History;  being 
extracts  from  an  Address  delivered 
before  the  members  of  the  Harvard 
Natural  History  Society,  at  Cam- 
bridge. By  J.  L.  Russell,  A.  M., 
Prof,  of  Botany,  &c.  to  the  Massa- 
chusetts   Horticultural   Society         .  241 

Some  Account  of  the  Maaii<iliu  macro- 
phylla,  its  discovf  ry  in  a  new  locali- 
ty, together  with  a  notice  of  the  Niir- 
Bery  ofN.  VV.  Hatch,  Vicksburg,  Miss. 
By  Alexander  Crdon        .        .        .332 

On  a  Method  of  destroyinf  the  Canker 
worm  grub.  By  John  Porter,  Esq., 
Newburyport,   Mass.  .         .         .  301 

New  localities  of  the  Mngnibn  macro- 
phylla,  with  the  dimensions  of  a  large 
tr  e  of  the  M.  grandiflora;  and  a  no- 
tice of  a.  newly  discovered  species  of 
Sarracenia.     By  A.  Gordon        .        .401 


LANDSCAPE  GARDENING. 

Notes  on  Belts  of  Trees  in  Ornamental 
Plantations.  By  A.  J.  Downing, 
Botanic  Garden  and  Nurseries,  Nevv- 
burgh,N.  Y 220 


HORTICULTURE. 

On  the  Cultivation  of  the  Sycios  edu- 
Jis  as  a  culinary  fruit.  By  J.  D.  Le- 
gare,  Esq.,  Editor  of  the  Southern  Ag- 
riculturist   ......     51 

On  the  cultivation  and  manaeement  of 
forced  Cucumbers  in  Hot  beds.  By 
J.  \V.  Russell,  Worcester.  Mass.        .     53 

Pomological  Notices ;  or  Notices  re- 
specting new  and  superior  varieties 
of  Fruits,  worthy  at  ceneral  cultiva- 
tion.   By  the  Editor"       .        .     101.219' 

Notices  of  thiity-nine  varietie-:  of 
newPenrs,  which  ripened  their  fruit 
in  the  Pojiiological  Garden,  during 
the  year  1841.  By  R  Manning,  Esq  , 
Pomological  Garden,  Salem,  Ma.«s.   .     56 

Notice  of  forty-four  varieties  nf 
Cherries,  fruited  at  the  Pomological 
Garden, Salem,  Mass.,  In  the  season 
of  1842.    By  R.  Manning,  Esq.         .  281 


Desultory  Remarks  upon  varlatioits  in 
Fruits.  By  R.  Manning,  Esq.,  Po- 
mological Garden,  Salem  .  .  86 
Description  of  a  new  variety  of  Plum, 
called  the  Columbia;  with  some  Re- 
marks on  the  culture  of  the  Plum, 
the  destruction  of  the  Curcnlio,  &:c. 
By  A.  J.  Downing,  Botanic  Garden 
and  Nurseries,  Newburgh,  N.  Y.  .  90 
On  the  Cultivation  of  Salsify,   (Trago- 

p6gon  porifolius.)  By  the  Editor  .  129 
On  the  comparative  merits  of  the  Isa- 
bella and  Catawba  grapes  ;  with  a 
Notice  of  a  new  native  variety,  call- 
ed the  Oliio  grape,  and  Observations 
on  the  cultivation  of  Grapes  from 
seed.  By  N.  LongwortJi,  Esq.,  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio 167 

Some  Notice  of  the  Poire  d'Angora, 
(Angora  pear.)  with  a  translation  of 
a  letter  written  by  M.  Leon  le  Clerc 
to  the  President  of  the  Academy  of 
Science-,  respecting  its  origin,  &c. 
By   J.   W.   Knevels,   Esq.,   FishKill, 

N.  Y 109 

On  the  cultivation  of  the  Grapevine  in 
Grapeiies;  being  a  Diary  of  the  pro- 
gress of  llie  vines,  from  the  first  ap- 
f)lication  of  heat  to  the  maturity  of 
the  fruit.  By  O.  Johnson,  Esq.,  Lynn, 

Mass 201 

OnRoot  pruning  of  Pear  trees;  to  which 
is  added  a  short  treatise  on  the  sub- 
ject, read  befire  the  London  Horti- 
cultural Society,  Apiil  7,  1840.  By 
T.  Rivers,  Jr.,  of  the  Sawbridge- 
wortli  Nurseries,  near  London  .  210 
A  new  disease  of  the  Plum.  By  Dr  T. 
W.  Harris,  author  of  the  Eutomolog- 
icai  Report  of  the  State  .  .  ,247 
Observations  on  diflerent  varieties  of 
Strawberries,  and  the  means  of  pro- 
ducing good  crops  of  fruit.  By  N. 
Longworth,  Esq.,  Cincinnati,  Ohio  257 
Some  Account  of  a  new  variety  of  the 
Jl/alus  microcarpa;  translated  from 
the  Bulletin  of  the  Societie  d'Horti- 
culture  de  Rouen,  for  1841.    By  the 

Editor 286 

Some  Remarks  on  the  growth  of  the 
Strawberry,  with  reference  to  the  di- 
ascious  character  of  the  large  varie- 
ties.    ByJ.  C.  G 288 

The  Canker  Worm;  its  habits,  and  Re- 
marks on  the  best  means  of  prevent- 
ing its  ravages.     By  J.  V.  G.  .  321 
Remarks  on  tlie  cultivation  of  the  Cur- 
rant.   By  the  Editor         .        .        .  324 
Some  account  of  the  origin,  cultivation 
and  fiuit  of  the  Ohio  Ever-bearing 
Raspberry.    By  A.  H.  Ernst,  Nurse- 
ryman, Cincinnati,  Ohio     .        .        ,362 
On  the  cultivation  of  tlie  Raspberry. 

Bv  the  Editor 3C4 

Notice  of  a  large  Penr  tree  in  Indiana. 
By  the  Rev.  H.  W.  Beeclier,  Indian- 
opolis,  Indiana         .         .         :        .  403 


VI 


CONTENTS. 


Additional  Remarks  on  the  fertile  and 
sterile  character  of  several  varieties 
of  Strawberries;  with  a  notice  of  a 
new  native  species  of  the  Strawber- 
ry, from  the  Prairies  of  Iowa.  By  N. 
Longvvorth,  Esq.,  Cincinnati,  Ohio  .  404 

Remarks  on  the  Sterility  of  several 
kinds  of  Strawberries;  and  a  Query 
respecting  the  best  method  of  Insur- 
ing the  fertility  of  old  plantations. 
By  D.  W.  Coit,  Esq.,  Norwich,  Con.    406 

FLORICULTURE. 

On  the  cultivation  and  treatment  of 
Antliulyza  ielhiopica;  with  some  Re- 
marks upon  the  growth  of  Oapebulbs, 
belonging  to  the  natural  order  /rida- 
ce;e.  By  A.  Saul,  foreman  in  the 
Botanic  Garden  and  Nurseries  of  A. 
J.  Downing  &  Co.,  Newburgh,  N,  Y.    94 

Attempt  to  ascertain  more  correctly  the 
species  of  C/xalis  cultivated  in  our 
green-houses;  with  Observations  on 
otiier  species  of  a  more  hardy  charac- 
ter. By  John  Lewis  Russell,  Prof,  of 
Botany  and  Vegetable  Physiology  to 
the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Soci- 
ety, &c 130 


Some  Notice  of  a  new  variety  of  the 
Michigan  Rose,  (ii6sa  rubifolia  )  By 
an  Amateur 134 

Remarks  on  the  method  of  raising 
seedling  Camellias,  as  practised  in 
Washington,  D.  C.  By  Dr.  J.  S. 
Gunnell 171 

On  forcing  the  Chinese  Chrysanthe- 
mum, so  as  to  produce  flowers  in 
May,  By  J.  B.  Garber,  Columbia, 
Pa 172 

Desciiption  of  three  new  seedling  Ca- 
mellias, raised  in  Georgetown,  D.  C. 
By  Robert  Dick  .        .        .        .223 

On  the  cultivation  of  Lachenalias.  By 
the  Editor 290 

On  the  cultivation  of  the  Am-iryUis  Bel- 
ladonna.    By  the  Editor     •        .        .  410 

Observatious  on  the  Autumn  treatment 
of  Green-house  plants.  By  A.  Saul, 
fireman  in  the  Botanic  Garden  and 
Nurseries  of  A.  J.  Downing  &.  Co., 
Newburgh,  N.  Y 411 

Flnrieultural  and  Botanical  Notices  of 
New  Plants,  tigured  in  foreisn  peri- 
odicals; with  Remarks  on  those  re- 
cently introduced  to,  or  oriuinated  in, 
American  gardens,  and  additional  in- 
formation upon  plants  already  in 
cultivation  12.  64.96. 135. 173.224.291.333 


REVIEWS. 


The  Theory  of  Horticulture;  or  an  At- 
tempt to  explain  the  principal  opera- 
tions of  Gardening,  upon  Piiysiologi- 
ca!  principles.  By  JohnLindley,  Phi 
v.,  F.  11.  S.,  &c.  &c.  First  Ameri- 
can edit. on,  with  Notes,  &:c.  By 
A.  J.  Downing  and  A   Gray      .        .     18 

The  Fanner's  Companion;  or  Essays 
on  the  piinciples  and  practice  of  A- 
merican  husbandry;  with  the  Address 
prepared  to  be  delivered  before  the 
Agricultural  and  Horticultural  Socie- 
ties of  New  Haven,  Conn.;  and  an 
Appendix,  containing  tables  and  oth- 
er jnatter  useful  to  the  farmer.  By 
the  late  Hon.  Jesse  Buel,  Conductor 
of  the  Cultivator.  Third  edition,  re- 
vised and  enlarged.  To  which  is  pre- 
fi.ted  a  Eulogy  on  the  life  and  charac- 
ter of  Judgu  Buel,  by  Amos  Dean, 
Esq 32 

Organic  Chemistry,  in  its  application 
to  Agriculture  and  Physiology.  By 
Justus  Liebeg,  M.  D.,  F.  K.  S.,  fee. 
&c..  Prof,  of  Chemistry  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Geissen.  Edited  from  the 
manuscript  of  the  author,  by  Lyon 
Playlair,  M.  D.  Second  American 
edition,  with  an  Introduction,  Notes, 
and  .4tppendix,  by  John  VV.  Webster, 
M.  D.,  Prof,  of  Chemistry  in  Har- 
vard University  .        .        .        .33 

The  Orchardist's  Companion:  a  Quar- 
terly Journal,  devoted  to  the  history, 
character,  ptopertie<,  modes  of  culti- 
vation, and  all  other  matters  apper- 
iainiog  to  the  Fruits  of  the  United 


States,  embellished  with  richly  col- 
ored designs  of  the  natural  size, paint- 
ed frdiii  the  actual  fruits  when  in 
their  finest  condition,  and  represent- 
ed appended  to  a  portion  of  ilie 
branch,  with  leaves  and  other  char- 
acteristics as  seen  when  on  tlie  tree; 
also  the  flowers,  cut  fiuit»,  and 
stones.  A.  Hofty,  Editor  and  Pro- 
prietor   144 

Fourth  Report  of  the  Agriculture  of 
Massachusetts;  Counties  of  Franklin 
and  Middlesex.  By  Henry  Colman, 
Commissioner  of  the  Agricultur.il  Sur- 
vey of  the  Slate         .        .        .        .146 

A  Muck  iSlanual  for  Farmers.  By  Sam- 
uel L.  Dana 182 

Boston  Journal  of  Natural  History;  con- 
taining papers  and  communications 
read  before  the  Boston  Society  of 
Natural  History,  and  published  by 
their  direction 185 

Chemistry  in  ils  ai>pIication  to  Agri- 
ciilmr^;  and  Physiology.  By  Justus 
Liebig,  M.  D.,  Ph.  D.,  F.  K.  S.,  M. 
R.  1.  A.,  Prof,  of  <;iiemisiry  in  the 
University  of  Gei.^sen,  &:c.  &c.     Ed- 

.  iied  from  the  maiiiucrint  of  the  au- 
thor by  Lyon  Playfair  with  very  nu- 
merous additions,' and  a  new  chapter 
on  soils.  Third  Anurican,  from  the 
second  I'nglish  edition;  wiih  Notes 
and  an  Appendix,  by  John  W.  \\  eb- 
Bter,  M.  D.,  Erving  Prof,  of  Chemistry 
in  Harvard  University         .        .         .319 

Address  delivered  at  Washington,  Mis., 
before  the   Agricultural,  Horticulm- 


CONTENTS. 


Vll 


ral  and  Botanical  Society  of  Jefier- 
Bon  College.  By  B.  L.  C.  Wailes,  Pre- 
sident of  the  Society,  on  the  29th  of 

April,  1842 369 

Cottage  Residences;  or  a  series  of  De- 
signs for  Rural  Cottages,  and  Cottage 
Villas, and  their  gardens  and  grounds; 
adapted  to  North  America.    By  A.  J. 


Downing,  outhor  of  a  treatise  on 
Landscape  Gardening.  Illustrated  by 
numerous  engravings  .  »  •  414 
An  Address  delivered  before  ihe  Massa- 
chusetts Horticul.  Society,  at  their 
Fourteenth  Anniversary,  Sept.  ]6lh, 
1842.  By  J.  E.  Teschemacher,  Cor- 
respondi;ig  Sjecretary  of  tb©  Socieiy  418 


MISCELLANEOUS  INTELLIGENCE. 


Gen'eeal  NoTrcEs. — On  the  management 
of  Bulbs,  after  being  long  out  of  ground, 
187;  On  the  growth  of  Succulent  Plants, 
188  ;  Cultivatinn  of  Salvia  fu'gen?,  229; 
Cultivation  of  Rhubarb,  229;  On  the  cul- 
tivation of  Abiparagus  in  Spain,  229;  Nevv' 
method  of  supporling  Annuals,  231;  Cul- 
tivation of  the  English  and  Soanish  Iris- 
es, 231;  Flower  beds  or.  Lawns,  232;  To 
stop  the  bleeding  of  Vines,  232;  Pruning 
Black  Currants,  262;  //euierocallis  CEru- 
lea,  26-2;  To  kill  Moss  on  Gravel  Walks, 
263;  Taking  up  Hyacinth  Bulbs,  263 ; 
Pruning  Forest  tree?,  263;  Treatment  of 
some  kinds  of  Dahlias,  263;  Cultivation 
of  Silvia  pitens,  263;  Characteristics  of 
nevv  Dahlias,  204;  Bone  Dust  fur  Manure, 
265;  Nitrate  of  Soda,  265  ;  Cultivating 
Chinese  Roses,  266;  Vanilla,  266;  Nevv 
Ribes,  266;  Bokhara  Clover,  266;  A  har- 
dy sort  of  Rice,  266;  Nitrate  of  Soda  on 
Evergreens,  267;  Cyprip^dium  insigne, 
267;  Guano  Manure  and  Potatoes,  267; 
Stopping  Vines,  269;  Preserving  Flowers 
fresh  for  a  long  period,  302;  Cultivation 
of  choice  kinds  of  Petunias,  30  >;  Gas  Tar 
for  Gravel  Walks,  302;  New  INlelhod  of 
growing  Asparagus  at  Nice,  303. 

Foreign   Notices. 

£7to-;an(?.— American  Grapes,  34;  Pruning 
Fruit  trees,  35;  Cultivation  of  Salvias, 
35;  Cinerarias:  35;  Desrroyiiig  the  Goose- 
berry Caterpillar,  35;  Cultivation  of  the 
Camellia,  103;  Nevv  Dahlias,  105;  Exhi- 
bition of  the  Loudon  Hnriicultural  Sccie- 
ty  for  Mav,  1842,  303;  Great  crop  of 
Grapes,  310;  Exhibition  of  the  Loudon 
Horticultural  Socir-ty  for  June,  1842,  338; 
English  Dahlia  Exhibitions  for  1843,  441; 

France — Cultivation  of  Roses,  269. 

Austria. — Description  of  the  Garden  and 
Collection  of  Plants  of  Baron  Von  Hugel, 
near  Weimar,  189. 

Domestic  Notices. 
Premium  of  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural 
Society  for  the  be^t  Apple  Orchard  in  the 
Commonwealth,  36;  Ripe  Tomatoes,  37; 
Primus  virginidna  as  a  stick  for  the 
Plum,  37;  Chorozema  virium,  37;  Speci- 
mens of  Pears,  73;  Discussion  upon  the 
growth  of  Fruit  trees,  74;  Horticulture  in 
Philadelphia,  152;  The  Angora  Pear,  153; 
Specimen  Pears,  152  ;  Horticulture  in 
Kentucky,  152;  Pennsylvania  Horticaltu- 
ral  Society,  194;  The  Cinnamon  Rose  for 
a  stock  for  budding,  £95;  Horticulture  in 
western  New  York,    195;  Botanical   In- 


telligence, J95;  Pennsylvania  Horticultu- 
ral Society,  233;  Mr.  Perry's  collection  of 
Plants  for  sale,  233;  Nevv  Work  on  Cot- 
tage  Residences,  233;  Cattle  Show  and 
Fair  of  the  Nevv  York  Agricultural  Socie- 
ty, 270;  Nevv  Seedling  Strawberry,  270; 
Live'  plants,  seeds,  bulbs,  &c,,  from  the 
Exploring  Expedition,  271;  Hoveys' Seed- 
ling Strawberry;  271;  Horticultural  Exhi- 
bition in   Hartford,  Ct.  272;  Fourteenth 
Annual  Exhibition  of  the  Massachusetts 
Hon.  See,  311;    Mr.  Vv'alker's  Carnation 
Show,  311;  Fine  Seedling  Pinksin  Wash- 
ington, 31 J;  C^reus  Napoleonic,  312;  Sun 
Dials  for  Garden  Ornaments,  312;  Four^ 
teenth  Exhibition  of  the   Pennsylvania 
Horticultural  Socieiy,  349;  Horticultural 
Exhibition  of  the     Burlington  Lyceum, 
349;  Lard  Oil,  350;  Nursery  of  T.  Allen, 
Winchester,  Va.,  350:    Bloodgood  Nurse- 
ry of  Messrs.  Wilcomb  &  King,  Flushing, 
L.  I.,  350;  Horticulture  in  Virginia,  3.50; 
Cultivation  of  the  Grape  Vine  in  Vineries 
without  heat,  3.50;  Large  Currants,  351;. 
Ross's  Phoi'nix  Strawberry, 351;  Mr.  Nut- 
tall    the    Botanist,  352  ;    Mediterranean 
Wheat,  352;  The  Rev.  H.  Colman,  352; 
Notes  on   the  Climate  of  Ohio,  and  the 
state  of  Gardening  in  Cincinnati,  425; 
The   Century   Plant  or  American  Aloe, 
427;  Crop  of  Grapes  in  Ohio,  427;  Agri- 
cultur.^l  and  Horiicnitural   Exhibition  in 
Kings   County,  N.   Y.,  427;    The   Ohio 
Grape,  428;  Gardening   in  Indiana,  428; 
7rideae— Gladiolus    natalensis,  428;  Fair 
of  the  American  Institute,  428. 
Pcnnsiilvavia  Horticultural  Society.  —  Month- 
ly  Meeting,    liO;    Rules   for    awarding 
Premiums  for  new  plants,  seeds,  &c.  197; 
Monthly  Meeting  for  Exhibition,  272. 
Massachusetts  Horticultural  Societtj. — Report 
of  the  Flower  Committee  offering  premi- 
nms  for  1842,  75;  Appropriation  for  pre- 
miums, 75;  Report  of  the  Committees  on 
flowers,  fruits  and  vegetables,  awarding 
premiums  for  1841,  112,  113,  1!5;  Report 
of  the  Fruit  and  Vegetable  Committee  of- 
fering premiums  for  1842,  116,  117;  Exhi- 
bitions,  157;  Exhibitions  and  Premiums 
for  Tulips  awarded.  235;  Exhibitions  and 
Premiums  fur  Pa'onics  and  Rosesaward- 
ed,274;    Exhibitions  and  Premiums  for 
Carnations  awarded,  313,  316;  Committee 
of  Arrangements  for  Annual  Exhibition, 
315;  Exhibitions, 353;  Annual  Exhibition 
and  Festival  of  the  Society,  371;  Grand 
Dahlia  Show,  395;  Exhibition  and   Sub- 
scription Dahlia  Show,  433,  434;  Officers 
of  Ihe  Society  for  1843,  434, 


Vlll 


CONTENTS. 


Echibitions  of  Uort'icuHural  Soci/ties. — Essex 
County  Natural  History  Soc'y,  416;  Mid- 
dlesex County  Horticultural  Society,  457; 
Worcester  County  Horticultural  Society, 
458;  Horticultural  Exliibition  of  the  New 
York  State  Agricultural  Society,  465 ; 
Fifteenth  Annual  Fair  of  the  American 
Institute — Horticultural  Exhibition,    468. 

Retrospective  Criticism. — The  Linnjcan  Bo- 
tanic Garden  and  Nurseries,  Flushing, 
Jj.  I.,  109;  The  ljinna;an  Botanic  Garden 
and  Nurseries,  153;  The  wrong  Name, 
154;  Clairmont  Nursery  near  Baltimore, 
J55;  Hybridizing  Camellias  with  the  pol- 
len of  ditlerent  varieties,  156;  The  Glout 
Morceau  Pear,  156;  Linnipan  Botanic  Gar- 
den and  Nursery,  Flushing,  L.  I.,  196; 
Camellia  var.  Covingtdni,;,  196;  Caniell/a 
var.  Hempsteadij  and  Landrethii,  196; 
The  Garden  and  Grounds  of  the  Presi- 
dent's house,  190;  Pennsylvania  Horti- 
cultural Society,  234j  Fisher  Professor- 


ship of  Natural  History  in  Harvard  Uni- 
versity, 234;  Glout  Morceau  Pear,  235; 
GloutMorceau  Pear,  31-J;  TuckermAnia 
californica,  352;  Producing  good  crops  of 
Strawberries,  without  regard  to  male  and 
female  blossoms,  353  ;  Glout  Morceau 
Pear,  429. 

Fancuil  Hall  JIfar/ceJ.— January.  38;  Febru- 
ary, 78;  March.  118;  April,  158;  Mav, 
198;  June,  237;  July,  278;  August,  318; 
September,  358;  October,  398;  November, 
438;  December,  471. 

Horticultural  Memoranda. — January  ,39;  Feb- 
ruary, 79;  IMarch,  119;  April,  l'59;  May, 
199;  June,  239;  July,  280;  August,  319; 
September,  359;  October,  399;  November, 
440;  December,  47?. 

Obituary  JVvtices. — William  Prince,  238; 
M.  A.  P.  De  Candolle,  239;  Alymer 
Bourke  Lambert,  239;  Archibald  Men- 
gies,  239;  David  Don,  239;  Robert  Man- 
ning, 439. 


List  of  Plants  in  Vol.  VIIL,  P.  473. 


LIST  OF  ENGRAVINGS. 


FLOWERS. 
Male  Strawberry  blossom, /o-.  8 
Female  Strawberry  blossom,  j^"-. 

DIAGRAMS. 

Plan  showing  the  error  in  the  common 
mode  of  planting  belts  of  trees, ^ff.  6  221 

Plan  showing  tlie  picturesque  mode  of 
planting  belts  of  uees,Jig,  7 


258 
258 


222 


FRUIT. 

Pears. 
Queen  of  the  Low  Countries  pear,^^.  1    59 

Uumortier  pear,.^^.  2  a          .        .  .61 

Passans  du  Portugal  pear. /^.  2  &  .    61 

Belle  of  Flanders  pear, /g-,  3        .  .    62 

Muscadine  pear,  Z^'.  4    .       .        -  .63 

Plums. 

Columbia  plum. /j^.  5    .       .       .  .91 


LIST  OF  CONTRIBUTORS. 


A  Fruit  Grower      .        .        .        .  156. 312 

An  Amateur 37 

An  Amateur 134 

An  Amateur,  Philadelphia  137. 152. 156. 181. 

195.  196.228.233.334 

An  Old  Member    ;        .        .        .        .224 

Allen,  T 350.  353 

Beecher,  Rev.  H.  W.    .        .        .   403.  428 

Buist,  R 271 

Callan,J.  F 196 

Coit,  D.  W 406 

Dick,  R 223.  227 

Downing,  A.  J 90.  120 

E.  D.  H". 152 

Editor        1.  13.  35.  37.  41. 57. 66.  74. 81.  90. 

97.   120.  129.  137.  161.  175.    195. 

212.  228.  233.  235.  249.  960  270. 

271.  286.  290.  292.294.  311.  324. 

334.  350.  351.  3G4.  409.  410.427 
429.  430.  439.  445 

Elliott,  C.  W 427 

Ernst,  A.  H 362 

Garber,  J.  B •        .173 

Gordon,  Alexander  .  .  .3.32.401 
Gunnoll.J.  S.         .        .        .     171.175.196 

Hancock.  T 3.50 

Harris,  Dr.  T.W 247 


Holmes,  E.     •        .        .        .        . 

Ives,  J.  M 

J.  C.  G.   . 

Johnson,  O 

Knevels,J.  W 

Legare,  J.  D.  .... 

Longworth,N.  168.257.404. 

Manning,  R.  .        .         .56.86 

M.T.  39.79.  119.  159.199. 

319.359 
Philo  Vitis      . 
Porter,  John    . 
Prince,  Alfred 
Prince,  W.  R. 
Russell,  Prof.  John  Lewis 
Russell,  J.  W.       : 
Saul,  A.  .        .        . 

Sinclair,  R.     .        .        . 
S.  W.T. 


.  155 
.    73 

288.  321 
.  201 
.  169 
.    51 

427.  428 

152.  981 
238.  279. 
.  399.  439 
•  351 
.  361 
.  110 
.  110 

130.  241 

.    53 

94,411 

.  156 

.  195 


Thorburn,  George  C 37 

Tucker,  L 271 

W 47 

W 457 

Walker,  Samuel     •        .        .        .  235. 430 

Watson,  G 353 

Winter,  Gabriel    .        .        .        .154. 106 
*,* 32 


^ 


THE    MAGAZINE 


OF 


HORTICULTURE. 


JANUARY,     1842. 


ORIGINAL  COMMUNICATIONS. 

Art.  I.  A  Retrospective  View  of  the  Progress  of  Horticul- 
ture in  the  United  States,  during  the  year  1841.  By  the 
Editor. 

The  taste  for  horticulture  continues  to  increase  throughout 
the  country  with  much  rapidity,  and  new  gardens,  villa  resi- 
dences, and  commercial  establishments  for  the  sale  of  nursery 
productions,  are  every  where  increasing.  From  the  great  ex- 
tent of  territory  over  which  the  gardening  operations  of  this 
country  are  spread,  the  rapidity  with  which  improvement  has 
taken  place  cannot  be  so  easily  perceived:  if  they  were  all 
reduced  to  an  extent  of  surface  within  the  compass  of  that  of 
England,  what  is  accomplished  every  year  would  astonish  the 
most  accurate  observer.  But  scattered  over  twenty-six  States, 
and  comprising  an  area  of  two  millions  of  square  miles,  it  is 
scarcely  possible  to  form  an  accurate  opinion  of  the  advance- 
ment of  horticulture  in  this  country. 

After  the  detailed  notices  which  have  appeared  in  our  last 
volume,  upon  the  gardens  and  state  of  gardening  in  New  York 
and  Philadelphia,  and  with  the  continuation  of  the  same  arti- 
cle, which  will  ajDpear  in  the  succeeding  numbers  of  the  INlag- 
azine,  giving  the  results  of  our  tour  in  Baltimore  and  Washing- 
ton, there  will  be  less  for  us  to  say  at  this  time,  without  in  some 
degree  repeating  what  we  have  already  advanced.  We  shall 
therefore,  as  briefly  as  possible,  note  down  the  more  important 
improvements  which  have  marked  the  progress  of  horticulture 
for  1841,  referring,  as  occasion  may  require,  to  the  various 
articles  and  papers  which  have  appeared  in  the  past  volume. 

VOL.   VIII. NO.    I.  1 


2  Retrospective  View  of  the 

The  season  of  1S41  was  somewhat  similar  to  that  of  the 
preceding  one.  The  summer  was  unusually  dry,  and  the 
autumn  exceedingly  wet.  January,  February,  and  March 
were  months  of  average  temperature  with  seasons  in  general. 
April  opened  mild  and  pleasant,  and  an  early  spring  was  an- 
ticipated; but  the  latter  part  of  the  month  was  cool  and 
cloudy,  with  dull  weather  and  continued  rains.  In  May,  un- 
remitted showers  fell  until  about  the  ISth  or  20th  of  the 
month:  a  sudden  change  then  took  place;  the  sun  shone  with 
great  brilliancy  from  a  clear  and  unclouded  sky;  the  earth  put 
on  its  livery  of  green,  and  vegetation  advanced  with  great  ra- 
pidity. In  the  short  space  of  five  days,  the  trees,  which  had 
previously  scarcely  swelled  their  buds,  now  put  forth  their 
blossoms  in  abundance,  promising  a  rich  harvest.  Planting, 
which  had  been  delayed  froiTi  the  latter  part  of  April,  from 
the  redundance  of  wet,  was  soon  completed,  though  many 
crops  were  too  late  to  do  well.  Up  to  the  middle  of  June, 
warm  showers  fell,  wliich  encouraged  vegetation;  but  dry 
weather  set  in  about  the  25ih,  and  during  .July  and  August, 
rain  did  not  fall  sufficient  to  wet  the  surface  of  the  soil. 
Crops  suffered  exceedingly;  in  many  places  they  were  totally 
dried  up:  fruits  suffered,  particularly  strawberries,  of  which 
more  than  half  of  the  crop  was  cut  off.  In  Septeniber  a  kw 
refreshing  rains  fell,  which  revived  the  suffering  vegetation. 
October  was  mild  and  j)leasant,  without  any  frost  until  the 
middle  of  the  month.  November  continued  mild  for  the 
season,  with  several  heavy  rains  at  the  close  of  the  month. 

The  fruit  crop,  in  some  parts  of  the  country,  was  good; 
in  others,  a  complete  failure.  The  peaches,  in  New  Jersey, 
were  entirely  cut  off":  in  New  England,  they  were  never  so 
abundant.  In  the  western  part  of  New  York,  fruit  of  all 
sorts  was  a  scanty  product.  Pears  and  plums,  in  the  vicinity 
of  Boston,  were  more  plentiful  than  in  ordinary  seasons. 
The  rains  of  September  destroyed  a  great  portion  of  the 
plum  crop,  by  the  cracking  of  the  fruit  just  as  it  was  at- 
taining perfection. 

Landscape  Gardening. 

It  is  with  a  great  degree  of  pleasure  that  we  are  enabled  to 
announce  that  more  attention  has  been  directed  to  this  impor- 
tant  branch  of  gardening  than  heretofore.     In  our  article  de- 


Progress  of  Ilorlicidlnrc.  3 

scribing  Mr.  Dovvning's  residence,*  we  have  already  alluded 
to  this,  and  slated  what,  in  our  opinion,  was  the  cause  of  the 
increased  interest  which  was  apparent  in  the  vicinity  of  our 
large  cities.  .  This  taste  is  but  the  commencement  of  a  better 
state  of  things,  which,  by  the  aid  of  Mr.  Downing's  volume 
upyn  the  subject,  we  hope  will  be  more  speedily  brought 
about.  We  have  already  commended  this  work  to  our  read- 
ers. Until  its  appearance,  we  were  not  aware  that  so  many 
places  of  interest  to  the  landscape  gardener  were  to  be  found 
in  the  country.  But  from  Mr.  Downing's  excellent  descrip- 
tions of  Blythewood,  Hyde  Park,  and  other  residences  on  the 
Hudson  river,  we  have  among  us  examples  of  parks  and 
pleasure  grounds,  which,  if  not  equalling  in  their  high  keeping 
and  details,  English  residences  of  the  same  extent,  may  be 
studied  by  every  planter  of  ornamental  grounds  with  great 
instruction. 

No.  1,  of  our  series  of  illustrations  of  the  principles  of 
landscape  gardening,  intended  with  a  view  to  aid  in  laying  out, 
planting,  and  ornamenting  groinids,  has  already  appeared.  It 
will  be  followed  by  others,  of  greater  and  less  extent  of  sur- 
face, and  will  include  residences  varying  in  size  from  a  quar- 
ter of  an  acre  to  a  hundred  acres.  We  have  now  in  view  the 
plans  of  two  or  three  fine  places,  which  will  appear  in  the 
course  of  the  volume. 

Aboriculture. 
Nothing  can  appear  more  strange   to  a  lover  of  ornamental 
trees   and   shrubs,    particularly   to   those   who   are  acquainted 
with  a  great  portion  of  our  native   species,    than    to   see  with 

*  We  regret  that  in  the  haste  of  writing  out  our  account  of  Mr, 
Downing's  grouiKls,  (Vol.  VII.,  j).  401,)  part  of  which  was  from 
memory,  that  some  errors  occurred,  which  should  be  corrected. 
They  are  as  follows: — 

On  ]).  407,  two  lines  from  the  top,  when  speaking  of  the  ample 
dimensions  of  the  hall,  we  stated  "ten  hy  twelve  feet,"  which  should 
read  "sixteen  by  twenty  feet."  The  lii)rary,  instead  of  occu|)ying 
the  satrie  space  as  the  hall,  is  "eiirhteen  by  twenty  feet."  Our  read- 
ers will  see  the  injustice  we  did  to  Mr.  Downing's  taste,  in  making 
the  rooms  so  small.  P.  408,  four  lines  from  the  "oottom,  "P.  Groomu" 
should  read  "  f .  picta,"  and  "P.  intermedia"  should  read  "P. 
Groornti."  Since  our  visit  to  Mr.  Downing's  place,  a  handsome 
Gothic  entrance  gate  has  been  erected,  in  the  place  of  the  Grecian 
one  which  we  noticed. — Ed. 


4  Retrospective    Vino  of  the 

what  a  sparing  hand  such  kinds  are  introduced  into  the  gar- 
dens, and  around  the  dvvelhngs  of  country  residences.  In 
most  instances,  all  the  shade  trees  and  ornamental  shrubs  are 
confined  to  eight  or  ten  kinds,  and  whether  the  grounds  are 
the  extent  of  an  acre,  or  of  twenty,  the  same  sorts  are  re- 
peated, until  they  become,  from  their  great  number,  neither 
objects  of  interest  or  beauty,  otherwise  tiian  as  affording  dense 
masses  of  shade  and  shelter. 

How  different  would  be  the  impression  made  upon  the 
spectator,  were  such  trees  and  shrubs  selected  for  the  size, 
color,  richness,  or  singularity  of  their  foliage, — the  brilliancy 
of  their  fruit,  or  their  botanical  character.  In  the  place  of  a  few 
firs  and  pines  and  common  shrubs,  why  should  we  not  see  the 
graceful  drooping  of  the  Norway  spruce;  the  glossy  leaves 
of  the  magnolias;  the  tulip  tree,  for  its  noble  flowers;  the 
purple  beech,  for  its  dark  foliage,  contrasting  with  the  lighter 
hues  of  otlier  vegetation;  the  t/'lmus  alata,  for  its  singular 
shoots;  the  weeping  ash,  weeping  cherry,  and  weeping  labur- 
num; the  Salisbur/a  adiantifolia;  and  among  smaller  shrubs, 
the  Cornelian  cherry,  with  its  scat  let  fruit;  the  hawthorns,  with 
their  crimson  or  golden  haws;  the  deep  green  of  the  rhodo- 
dendrons andlaurel,  (Kalmut  laiifolia?)  But  we  need  not 
multiply  the  list  here,  as  our  only  object  was  to  bring  to  the 
minds  of  our  readers  the  great  number  of  hardy  trees  and 
shrubs  which  are  suitable  for  planting  out,  to  give  variety  and 
increased  interest  to  villa  residences.  We  shall  endeavor  to 
bring  this  subject  frequently  before  our  readers,  in  order  to 
have  them  become  familiarized  with  the  kinds  of  trees  adapt- 
ed for  ornamental  purposes  in  our  climate. 

Horticulture. 

The  cultivation  of  new  and  choice  varieties  of  fruits  is 
attracting  the  earnest  attention  of  cultivators:  in  no  depart- 
ment of  horticulture  has  there  been  so  percej)tib!e  an  im- 
provement as  in  the  growth,  and  the  introduction,  either  from 
abroad,  or  by  native  seedlings,  of  new  fruits.  The  old  va- 
rieties, many  of  which  were  never  remarkable  for  any  peculiar 
qualities,  are  remjoved  to  give  place  for  those  kinds  which 
produce  good  crops  of  excellent  quality.  The  introduction 
of  the  new  Flemish  pears,  generally  greatly  superior  to  the 
best  of  the  older  kinds,  has  created  a  demand  which  nursery- 


Pro[;-res$  of  Horticulture.  5 

men  have  not  been  fully  able  to  supply.  Our  correspondent, 
Mr.  Manning,  of  Salem,  has  been  indefatigable  in  liis  exer- 
tions to  procure  every  new  fruit  from  abroad,  and  he  has,  the 
past  year,  fruited  several  new  sorts,  scions  of  which  were 
received  direcily  from  Dr.  Van  Mons.  At  the  ainiual  exhi- 
bition of  the  Massachusetts  Horticuhural  Society,  in  Septem- 
ber last,  he  exhibited  upwards  of  one  hundred  and  twenty-five 
varieties  of  pears.  Mr.  Kenrick,  whose  article  upon  some 
of  the  gardens  and  nurseries  around  London,  appeared  in  the 
past  volume,  (p.  2S1,)  brought  out  with  him,  on  his  return, 
a  few  new  kinds  of  fruits.  He  also  received  a  package  of 
scions  of  new  sorts  from  M.  de  Wael,  of  Antwerp,  consist- 
ing of  the  best  of  that  amateur's  very  extensive  collection  of 
fruit  trees.  The  former  are  described,  and  the  names  of  the 
latter  are  enumerated,  in  Mr.  Kenrick's  new  edition  of  the 
American  Orchardist.  Under  the  head  of  our  Pomological 
Notices,  we  shall  mention  all  the  new  fruits  which  have  been 
recently  introduced. 

Mr.  Manning's  article  in  the  last  volume,  (p.  41,)  describ- 
ing one  hundred  and  six  varieties  of  apples  which  he  has 
proved,  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  papers  to  the  pomolo- 
gist.  To  establish  a  correct  nomenclature  appears  to  be  the 
whole  eftbrt  of  Mr.  Manning;  he  has  spared  no  pains  to  col- 
lect from  all  sources,  and  test  the  correctness  of  each.  We 
have  the  promise  of  one  or  two  articles  from  him,  which  we 
hope  to  offer  in  an  early  number  of  the  Magazine.  To  cul- 
tivators of  peach  orchards,  the  article  by  Mr.  Hancock,  (Vol. 
VII.,  p.  90,)  is  recommended,  as  giving  information  upon 
this  subject;  and,  in  connection,  Mr.  .Sinclair's  article  upon 
the  disease  called  the  yclloivs^  which  is  so  fatal  to  the  peach 
in  the  southern  and  middle  States.  Dr.  Hildreth's  article  is 
perhaps  as  valuable  a  practical  communication  as  the  volume 
contains.  Mr.  Russell's  article,  together  with  our  own,  on 
planting  fruit  trees,  will  aflbrd  some  useful  information  on  this 
subject,  too  oi'ten  considered  sufficiently  understood,  by  many 
cultivators. 

The  science  of  vegetable  culture  has  received  important 
additions  in  the  works  of  Dr.  Lindley  and  Dr.  Liebig,  the 
latter  of  which  was  fully  reviewed  in  our  last  volume,  (p. 
344,)  and  an  extended  notice  of  the  former  appears  in  the 
present  number.  Other  contributions  to  this  subject  will  be 
found  in  the  articles  on  the  growth  of  plants  in  charcoal,  (Vol. 


6  Jlelrospective  View  of  the 

VII.,  p.  249,)  and  the  notice  of  Mr.  Rivers's  system  of 
pruning  the  roots  of  trees.  The  latter  subject  is  now  attract- 
ing mucii  notice  in  England,  and  we  shall  give  an  abstract,  as 
early  as  possible,  of  the  different  opinions  advanced  in  rela- 
tion to  it,  in  various  communications  in  the  Gardcner''s  Chron- 
icle. 

The  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society,  encouraged  by 
the  success  which  attended  the  offer  of  the  liberal  premium 
for  the  destruction  of  the  rose-slug,  voted  a  similar  award  to 
the  individual  who  should  discover  an  effectual  method  of 
preventing  the  curculio  from  injuring  the  plum  and  other  fruits. 
The  Committee  on  Fruit,  to  whom  the  subject  was  refer- 
red, have  already  received  one  communication,  which  was 
read  before  the  Society,  but  which  has  not  been  pubHshed. 
As  the  season  approaches,  we  trust  individuals  interested  in 
the  cultivation  of  the  plum,  to  which  fruit  the  curculio  seems 
more  particularly  to  wage  eternal  war,  will  try  experiments 
for  the  destruction  of  this  most  injurious  insect.  The  canker 
worm  grub  is  now  most  easily,  speedily,  and  economically 
prevented  from  ascending  trees,  by  a  mixture  of  India  rub- 
ber, oil,  and  tar,  a  composition  which  retains  its  stickiness  for 
a  long  time;  and  also  by  India  rubber  alone,  as  recommended 
by  a  correspondent,  in  our  last  volume,  (p.  17.)  The  patent 
lead  troughs  are  expensive,  and  of  very  little  use. 

Of  the  new  fruits  introduced  the  past  year,  which  deserve 
more  particular  notice,  we  may  mention  the  Victoria,  the 
Cannon  Hall  IMuscat,  and  the  West's  St.  Peters  grapes,  if  the 
latter  is,  in  reality,  different  from  the  old  St.  Peters:  an  ac- 
count of  these  varieties,  by  a  correspondent,  has  already  been 
given  in  our  last  volume,  (p.  423.)  Plants  of  the  Swain- 
stone  Seedling  strawberry  were  introduced  by  Mr.  Kenrick, 
but  with  what  success  we  have  not  been  informed.  A  refer- 
ence to  our  report  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Socie- 
ty's last  annual  exhibition  will  show  the  great  number  of  fruits 
which  have  been  exhibited  the  past  season,  and  among  those 
shown  by  Mr.  Manning,  the  names  of  several  new  varieties. 
In  the  report  of  the  Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Society,  (Vol. 
VII.,  p.  468,)  some  new  American  gra])es  are  noticed.  The 
new  banana,  (Musa  Cavendishu,)  has  been  introduced,  and 
we  saw  plants  of  it  in  several  collections  in  New  York  and 
Philadelphia,  last  autumn,  but  it  has  not  yet,  we  believe,  fruit- 
ed.    Its   compact  growth,  the  small  space  it  occupies  in  the 


Progress  of  Horticulture.-  7 

hot-house,  the  ease  with  which  it  is  cuUivated,  and  the  rich- 
ness of  its  fruit,  have  rendered  it  a  most  valuable  plant  in 
England. 

Jn  the  early  part  of  the  season,  some  mention  was  made  of 
the  receipt  of  the  seeds  of  a  new  tomato,  found  by  the  botan- 
ists attached  to  the  United  States'  Exploring  Exj  edition,  but 
we  have  not  yet  heard  o^- its  having  ripened  any  of  its  fruit: 
we  saw  plants  of  it  in  August,  in  Philadelphia  and  Baltimore. 
For  notices  of  new  or  recently  introduced  vegetables  the 
reader  is  referred  to  our  articles  in  the  past  volume,  (pp.  92 
and  134.) 

Floriculture. 

No  one  feature  in  the  progress  of  floriculture  is  more  ap- 
parent than  that  of  the  increase  of  seedling  productions.  The 
new  varieties  of  the  camellia,  verbena,  azalea,  roses,  and 
cacti,  are  evidences  of  the  zeal  and  skill  of  our  amateur  and 
practical  gardeners,  in  attempting  the  growth  of  new  plants 
by  means  of  the  process  of  hybridization.  It  is  but  a  short 
period  since  these  experimenis  were  tried,  except  by  a  (ew 
individuals:  it  is  now  no  uncommon  thing  to  find  amateur  col- 
lections slocked  with  seedling  plants  of  all  kinds:  the  result 
must  be,  in  the  course  of  a  few  years,  a  race  of  new  and 
beautiful  plants,  equalling,  if  not  surpassing,  the  varieties 
which  are  introduced  from  abroad. 

From  time  to  time,  under  our  Floricultural  Notices,  we 
have  mentioned  many  new  seedling  plants.  Among  the  ca- 
mellias, we  may  note  here  C.  var.  Wilderi,  Binneyi,  and 
Hempsteadii',  as  superior  flowers,  and  fully  equal  to  any  of 
the  varieties  which  have  ever  been  raised  in  England.  The 
number  of  seedling  verbenas  has  been  greatly  increased,  and 
many  improved  and  beautiful  varieties  have  been  obtained. 
The  brilliant  tribe  of  azaleas  has  received  some  fine  addiiions 
in  several  seedlings  raised  in  Philadelphia,  and  described  in 
our  last  volume,  (p.  223.)  And,  lastly,  the  rose  and  the  cac- 
tus have  had  some  superior  additions  by  seedlings,  which  have 
been  produced  in  Baltimore,  particulars  of  which  will  be  found 
when  our  notes  appear  on  the  gardens  of  that  city. 

Some  of  the  more  recent  and  important  additions  to  our 
gardens,  are  the  seedling  chrysanthemums  which  have  been 
raised  in  England  by  INlessrs.  Chandler  and  others:  this  neg- 
lected flower,  from  the  perfect  character  of  the  new  varieties, 


8  Retrospective  View  of  the 

is  now  again  likely  to  take  its  proper  rank.  The  new  sorts 
flower  abundantly  and  early,  and  are  very  perfect  in  their 
form.  The  pelargonium  has  also  received  additions  of  many 
of  the  choicest  English  varieties.  The  pansy  is  yet  grown 
only  to  a  limited  degree,  but  it  merits  a  fair  share  of  the  flor- 
ist's attention.  Many  new  roses  have  been  received,  and  our 
collections  now  contain  fine  selections  of  kinds. 

Among  the  more  rare  things,  we  may  notice  Lilium  lanci- 
folium  album,  as  having  flowered  and  been  exhibited  before  the 
Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society:  it  is  a  most  splendid  va- 
riety. Lisianthus  RusselliauMS,  a  plant  which  has  made  con- 
siderable noise  in  England,  we  saw  in  many  collections  in  New 
York  and  Philadelphia,  and  plants  of  it  were  exhibited  at  the 
annual  exhibition  of  the  INIassachusetts  Horticultural  Society;  it 
is  a  very  showy  plant.  Among  the  new  annuals,  the  new  orange 
flowered  thunbergia,  (T.  alata  var.  aurantiaca,)  has  flowered 
freely  all  summer,  in  the  collection  of  Messrs.  Hovey  &  Co. 
The  collection  of  cacti,  in  the  possession  of  J.  B.  Smith,  of 
Philadelphia,  is  one  of  the  ricliest  in  the  country,  and  con- 
tains many  singular,  grotesque,  and  curious  forms,  peculiar  to 
this  extensive  tribe.  Several  new  azaleas,  camellias,  and 
other  plants,  have  been  imported  since  last  year,  and  notices 
of  them  will  be  found  under  our  Floricultural  Notices  in 
the  last  volume. 

Among  the  articles  in  the  past  volume,  more  particularly 
interesting  to  cultivators  of  flowers,  we  may  mention  the  arti- 
cle on  the  propagation  of  plants,  by  cuttings  in  charcoal;  this 
subject  has  been  considerably  agitated  in  Germany,  and  sev- 
eral articles  have  been  translated  and  published  in  the  Gar- 
dener''s  Magazine;  but  we  believe  we  have  condensed  the 
substance  of  it  in  our  article.  We  would  advise  some  experi- 
inents  by  the  process  which  has  been  detailed,  in  connection 
with  those  of  the  ordinary  modes,  in  order  that  the  true  value 
of  the  system  may  be  fully  tested.  Not  less  interesting  is 
the  review  of  Liebig's  Chemistry.  An  excellent  article 
upon  the  growth  of  camellias,  (p.  214,)  in  the  parlor,  has 
been  contributed  by  Dr.  Gunnell,  which  is  deserving  an  at- 
tentive perusal  by  all  who  wish  to  cultivate  this  beautiful  plant 
in  such  a  situation.  Jf  a  proper  selection  of  fine  flowering  va- 
rieties is  made,  and  the  directions  contained  in  the  article  fol- 
lowed, success  must  be  the  result.  An  extract  from  the 
Gar(lener''s  Chronicle,  (p.  302,)  giving  the  mode  of  growing 


Progress  of  Horticulture.  9 

the  pelargonium,  as  practised  by  Mr.  Cattleugh,  one  of  the 
most  successful  cultivators  in  London,  is  invaluable  to  all  who 
wish  to  procure  superior  specimens  of  this  popular  and  showy- 
flower.  The  two  reports  which  we  have  given  of  the  exhibi- 
tion of  the  London  Horticultural  Society,  are  sufficiently  in- 
teresting to  deserve  the  attention  of  all  possessors  of  plants. 
Amateur  cultivators  should  not  rest  satisfied  with  their  labors, 
until  they  can  attain  the  same  degree  of  excellence  in  the 
growth  of  these  plants.  We  believe  all  will  agree  with  us, 
that  the  great  aim  of  a  gardener  should  be,  to  grow  his  plants 
to  the  highest  degree  of  perfection;  and  that  a  conmion  plant, 
covered  with  blooms  and  rich  foliage,  ])ossesse3  greater  at- 
tractions, than  a  stunted,  ugly  shaped,  and  meagre  flowering 
variety,  merely  because  it  has  the  merit  of  a  new  name. 
Grafting  the  Cacti  is  very  extensively  practised  in  Baltimore, 
but  as  we  shall  refer  to  the  subject  when  we  give  the  details 
of  our  visit  to  that  city,  we  omit  it  at  this  time. 

Commercial  Gardens. 

It  is  gratifying  to  observe  a  better  demand  for  plants  and 
slirubs,  than  has  been  the  case  in  former  years.  The  demand 
for  fruit  trees,  in  particular,  has  been  greater  than  the  supply, 
and  the  stock,  in  many  instances,  has  been  reduced  below 
what  are  considered  good  saleable  trees.  This  has  occurred 
with  pears  and  apples,  of  which  there  are  few  nurseries, 
possessing  a  supply  of  the  newer  and  better  sorts,  that 
are  able  to  furnish  good  sized  trees.  The  constant  and 
certain  demand,  creates  such  a  continued  drain  upon  the  yoimg 
stock,  that  it  has  not  time  to  acquire  a  good  size.  This  de- 
mand for  trees,  has  caused  the  establishment  of  some  new 
nurseries  in  various  parts  of  the  country. 

In  the  vicinity  of  Boston,  Messrs.  Hovey  &  Co.  have  in- 
creased their  facilities  for  supplying  all  the  productions  of  the 
garden.  They  have  become  the  proprietors  of  a  fine  spot  of 
ground,  containing  u[)wards  of  thirty  acres,  only  two  and  a  half 
miles  from  the  city,  which  they  intend  to  devote  to  the  purposes 
of  a  nursery,  flower  garden,  &c.  They  have  erected  a  large  and 
splendid  conservatory,  eighty-four  feet  long  by  twenty-two 
feet  wide,  which  will  be  finished  early  the  approaching  spring; 
it  is  a  span-roofed  house,  and  will  be  complete  in  every  part. 
We  shall  give  some  engravings  of  it  in  an  early  number  of 
VOL.  VIII. NO.  I.  2 


10  Relrospcctive  Vieic  of  the 

the  Magazine,  as  the  drawings  are  already  made;  we  shall 
then  notice  it  at  some  length.  Mr.  INIcCulloiigh  has  rebuilt 
the  range  of  houses  which  were  destroyed  by  fire  last  year. 
Messrs.  Kenrick's  r.nd  Winship's  nurseries  are  well  stocked 
with  a  fine  collection  of  fruit  trees,  ornamental  trees,  shrubs, 
&c.  Mr.  Kenrick  is  now  absent  in  England,  and  will  proba- 
bly send  home  fiuit  trees  in  addition  to  his  own  stock.  In 
Salem,  our  correspondent,  Mr.  Manning,  has  been  extending 
bis  nursery,  and  is  now  able  to  supply  a  greater  number  of 
trees  than  heretofore. 

Some  changes  have  taken  place  in  the  old  establishment  of 
Messrs.  Prince,  of  Flushing,  N.  Y.  Mr.  G.  R.  Garretson 
has  become  the  proprietor  of  the  grounds  heretofore  known  as 
the  Linucean  Botanic  Garden.  A  new  establishment,  under 
the  management  of  Parsons  &  Co.,  located  at  Flushing,  has 
also  issued  a  very  good  catalogue  of  trees  and  shrubs.  Messrs. 
Wilkom  &  King,  of  the  same  place,  are  very  extensive  nur- 
serymen. Of  the  establishment  of  Messrs.  Downing  &  Co., 
at  Newburgh,  "it  is  unnecessary  for  us  to  remark  here,  as  we 
have  already  given  a  detailed  account  of  the  grounds,  the  col- 
lection of  fruit  trees  and  shrubs,  &c.,  (Vol.  VII.,  pp.  372 
and  401.)  Mr.  Thorburn  has  rebuilt  and  enlarged  his  green- 
houses since  their  destruction  by  fire  last  winter,  and  has  now 
a  very  large  collection  of  plants.  Other  commercial  gardens 
in  New  York  we  have  noticed  at  length  in  the  last  volume. 

Some  account  of  the  state  of  gardening  in  New  Jersey  has 
been  given  in  our  last  volume  by  a  correspondent,  and  several 
fine  gardens  in  Princeton  particularly  described.  Our  cor- 
respondent, Mr.  Hancock,  of  Burlington,  has  made  many  im- 
provements, which  we  have  already  noticed. 

It  is  in  Philadelphia  that  there  seems  to  be  the  most  active 
spirit  prevailing  among  commercial  gardeners.  The  Penn- 
sylvania Horticultural  Society  is  accomplishing  much,  by  its 
semi-monthly  and  annual  exhibitions,  and  the  energetic  man- 
ner in  which  it  is  conducted.  The  nurserymen  continue  to 
enlarge  their  establishments,  and  increase  their  stock  of  plants, 
for  which  they  find  a  ready  sale.  We  have  already  noticed 
the  improvements  which  have  taken  place  the  past  year. 

In  Baltimore,  there  is  more  attention  being  given  to  the 
cultivation  of  choice  fruits  than  heretofore,  and  the  collections 
of  several  amateurs  comprise  many  of  the  newest  sorts.  There 
does   not  appear  to  be  any  nurserymen  here  who  have  taken 


Progress  of  Horiiciilture .  11 

pains  to  introduce  the  better  kinds  of  fruit,  except  Mr.  Sin- 
clair, of  the  Clainnont  Nursery,  and  his  whole  collection  of 
fruit,  though  very  good,  only  numbers  about  oOO  sorts.  The 
establishments  of  the  Messrs.  Feasts  have  been  considerably 
enlarged  since  1839,  and  contain  good  collections  of  plants. 

Our  visit  to  Washington  the  past  summer  enabled  us  to 
gather  some  information  of  the  state  of  gardening  in  the  Dis- 
trict. Our  notes  on  the  various  places  we  visited  will  appear 
as  soon  as  we  can  find  room.  The  most  extensive  establish- 
ments appear  to  be  those  of  Messrs.  Buist,  Douglas,  and 
Pierce.  The  former,  in  the  central  part  of  the  city,  we 
found  stocked  with  a  choice  assortment  of  roses,  camellias, 
geraniums,  &.c.  Mr.  Douglas's,  a  mile  or  so  out  of  town, 
and  jMr.  Pierce's,  still  further,  we  foimd  in  good  condition. 
Mr.  Pierce's  grounds  are  more  occupied  with  fruit  and  forest 
trees  than  with  green-house  plants. 

In  Cincinnati,  a  new  nursery  is  about  to  be  established  by 
Mr.  C.  W.  Elliott.  There  are  now  several  well  conducted 
places,  containing  good  assortments  of  trees,  among  which 
we  may  notice  that  of  Mr.  Ernst,  who  made  a  visit  to  the 
east  the  past  fall,  and  purchased  a  fine  stock  of  trees  from  the 
nurseries  around  Boston. 

Garden  Literature. 

The  past  year  has  been  productive  of  several  new  editions 
of  American  works,  and  reprints  of  foreign  publications  on 
subjects  connected  with  gardening.  The  only  new  work  of 
importance  has  been  the  Treatise  on  Landscape  Gardening, 
by  ^Ir.  Downing.  Dr.  Lindley's  Theory  of  Horticulture, 
with  notes  by  Messrs.  Gray  and  Downing,  reviewed  in  the 
present  number,  is  a  work  which  should  be  in  the  hands  of 
every  thinking  gardener:  a  simple  glance  at  the  review  will 
show  how  valuable  it  must  be  to  every  cultivator.  Liebig's 
Organic  Chemistry,  with  notes  by  Dr.  Webster,  already 
passed  to  a  second  edition,  is  another  foreign  work  of  great 
utility.  It  completely  sets  aside  the  commonly  received  notions 
of  the  action  of  manures.  But  without  believing  all  that  the 
learned  author  has  advanced,  it  is  nevertheless  a  valuable 
work,  abounding  in  new  ideas  upon  the  operation  of  manures, 
the  properties  of  soils,  &c.  A  new  and  revised  edition  of 
the  *,imerican  Orchardist  has   appeared,  containing  many  ad- 


12  Floricultural  and  Botanical  J^otices. 

ditions  and  alterations,  by  matter  collected  by  the  author  while 
in  Europe.  Upon  botany,  another  part  of  that  complete  and 
excellent  work,  the  Flora  of  jYorth  America,  has  appeared 
the  past  year:  the  Herbaceous  Plants  of  Massachusetts,  and 
another  part  of  the  Boston  Journal  of  J\^atural  History,  con- 
taining several  botanical  papers.  In  connexion  with  agricul- 
ture, we  have  had  several  agricultural  Addresses;  Bee-breed- 
ing in  the  West;  and  the  Western  Farmer  and  Gardcner^s 
Almanac  for  1842.  The  Fourth  Report  of  the  Agriculture 
of  Massachusetts  was  issued  from  the  press  just  as  we  were 
bringing  this  article  to  a  close.  It  is  one  of  the  most  inter- 
esting which  has  been  published,  and  concludes  the  labors  of 
the  Commissioner.  It  is  to  the  agricultural  journals  that  the 
farming  community  now  look  for  information:  these  are  in- 
creasing in  all  parts  of  the  country,  and  are  an  evidence  of 
the  interest  which  is  felt  in  this  great  branch  of  national  in- 
dustry and  wealth. 


Art.  it.  Floricultural  and  Botanical  J^otices  of  neio 
Plants  figured  in  foreign  periodicals;  with  Remarks  on 
those  recently  introduced  to,  or  originated  in,  American 
gardens;  and  additional  information  upon  plants  already  in 
cultivation. 

Edwards's  Botanical  Register,  or  Ornamental  Flower  Garden 
and  Shrubbery.  Each  number  containing  from  six  to  eight 
plates,  with  additional  miscellaneous  information,  relative  to 
new  Plants.     In  monthly  numbers;  3s.  plain,  3s.  6d.  colored. 

Paxton's  Magazine  of  Botany ,  and  Register  of  Flowering  Plants. 
Each  number  containing  four  colored  plates.  Monthly.  2s.  6<i. 
each.  Edited  by  J.  Paxton,  gardener  to  the  Duke  of  Devon- 
shire. 

The  Gardener's  Chronicle,  a  stamped  newspaper  of  Rural  Econ- 
omy and  General  News.  Edited  by  Prof.  Lindley.  Weekly. 
Price  6d,  each. 

Floricultural  and  Botanical  Intelligence. — In  our  article 
on  the  gardens  in  New  York,  Philadelphia,  &c.,  in  our  last 
volume,  and  which  will  be  continued  in  our  next  number,  we 
have  named  a  great  portion  of  the  new  plants  which  have  been 


FloricuUural  and  Botanical  JyTotices.  13 

introduced  by  the  enterprising  nurserymen  of  those  places:  it 
will  therefore  be  unnecessary  for  us  to  enumerate  them  here. 
A  reference  to  our  notices  of  the  establishments  of  Messrs. 
Buist,  Ritchie  &  Dick,  Mackenzie,  and  others,  in  Philadel- 
phia, and  the  Messrs.  Feasts,  Baltimore,  (some  account  of 
which  will  appear  in  our  February  number,)  will  show  to 
what  extent  these  have  been  added  to  our  collections.  In 
the  vicinity  of  Boston  several  new  geraniums,  camellias,  car- 
nations, roses,  and  other  plants,  have  been  imported,  descrip- 
tive notices  of  which  will  appear  under  this  head,  as  they  come 
into  bloom, 

Camelh^  japonica  var.  Binneyu. — We  understand  that  the 
stock  of  this  fine  seedling  variety,  raised  by  Mr.  J.  B.  Smith, 
of  Philadelphia,  has  been  purchased  by  Mr.  Boll,  nursery- 
man. New  York,  together  with  many  seedling  plants  of  INlr. 
Smith's,  which  have  not  bloomed.  When  we  were  in  Phil- 
adelphia, in  August  last,  we  called  upon  Mr.  Smith,  and 
passed  an  hour  in  looking  through  his  fine  collection  of  cacti 
and  camellias,  (our  notes  on  which  were  written  out  for  pub- 
lication a  month  since,  and  have  been  waiting  an  opportunity 
for  insertion,)  and  he  then  informed  us  he  was  desirous  of 
selling  out  his  whole  stock  of  plants.  Mr.  Smith  has  been  a 
most  successful  grower  of  seedlings. 

Iconography  of  the  genus  Camellia. — Since  our  last  notice 
of  this  work  forty  additional  numbers  have  been  published, 
making,  in  all,  forty-eight.  In  these,  ninety-six  camellias  are 
figured,  being  only  a  fourth  part  of  the  number  of  varieties, 
(or  reputed  ones,)  in  the  collection  of  the  Abbe  Berlese. 
In  one  of  the  latter  numbers  is  a  figure  of  the  celebrated  Vic- 
toria camellia,  much  spoken  of  for  its  great  beauty,  and  sold 
at  the  high  price  of  one  hundred  francs  per  plant.  The 
drawing  represents  a  well  formed,  very  double,  and  regular 
flower,  of  a  deep  red  color,  with  a  broad  stripe  of  white 
through  the  centre  of  every  petal.  It  promises  to  be  a  valu- 
able variety.  We  shall  refer  to  this  work  again,  and  describe 
some  of  the  varieties  that  are  figured,  that  are  but  little  known 
in  our  collections. — Ed. 

Onogrdcece. 

(ENOTHE'RA 
truclicdia.  var.  inilicn  Lindl,  Indian CEnothera.  A  hardy  perennial:  growing  about  eight- 
een inches  high;  with  yellow  flowers;  appearing  from  June  to  August.    Increased  by 
seeds  and  division  of  the  roots.     Bot.  Mag.,  1841,  t.  2. 

A  variety,  the  seeds  of  which  were  received  from  India, 
among  a  collection   of  other  seeds.     It  is  a  perennial,  with 


14  FloricuUural  and  Botanical  JSTolices. 

dwarf  stems,  rather  dull  hairy  leaves,  and  very  handsome 
bright  yellow  flowers,  which  approach  very  near  to  our  native 
(E.  frticticosa;  but  is,  however,  distinct.  "Its  leaves  are 
less  shining;  the  corymbs  of  the  flowers  are  never  elevated 
above  the  leaves,  on  a  long  stalk;  and  the  herbage  forms  a 
compact  little  bush,  about  a  foot  and  a  half  high."  This 
cbaracter  appears  to  have  been  acquired  by  long  cultivation  in 
India. 

The  plants  are  hardy,  and  grow  and  flower  freely  in  any 
good  garden  soil,  and  are  easily  increased  by  the  division  of 
the  roots.      {Bot.  Reg..,  Feb.) 

HosdcecB. 

SPIR.^'A 
Kamtchatici  var.  hima'ensis   Lindl.    Himalayan  Meadow-sweet.    A  hardy  perenninl; 
growing  tliree  feet  hieli;  with  white  flowers;  appearing  in  June  and  July;  a  native  of 
the  llinirtlavan   Mountains;  increased  by   d. vision  of  ihe  routs,     lutioduced  in  JfiL'S. 
Bot.  Reg.,  1S4],  t.  4. 

"Apparently  identical  with  a  Kamtchatica  species,  from 
which  it  scarcely  seems  to  difter,  except  in  having  the  leaves 
white  with  down  underneath:  a  circumstance  of  no  conse- 
quence, because  S.  ulmaria  itself  varies  with  leaves  downy 
and  smooth  underneath."  Very  similar  to  the  common  mea- 
dow-sweet of  our  gardens,  /S.  ulmaria,  growing  freely  in  any 
good  soil,  and  flowering  best  when  planted  in  rather  a  damp 
situation.     [Bot.  Reg..,  Jan.) 

Crassulacea.. 

ECHEVERIA 
viriila   Lindl.      Lurid  echeveria.       A  hardy  green-liouse  perfnnial;  growing  one  foot 
lii^h:  with  scarlet  flowers;  appearing  in  spring;  increased  by  leaves;  grown  in   leaf 
mould  and  biiclv  ruhbish.     Boi.  Reg.,  1841,  t.).' 

"Similar  to  E.  secunda,  being,  like  that  species,  stemless, 
with  the  leaves  collected  into  a  circular  patch,  in  the  manner 
of  a  house  leek."  The  flowers  are  a  richer  scarlet.  It  re- 
quires the  same  treatment  as  the  mesembryanthemums,  and, 
like  them,  should  be  kept  in  small  pots,  well  drained,  and 
placed  in  a  mixture  of  leaf  mould  and  brick  rubbish,  with  the 
surface  of  the  pot  covered  with  silver  sand.  It  should  not  be 
placed  in  a  wet  situation  during   summer.      [Bot.  Reg.,  Jan.) 

Goodenidcecc. 

E[JTi\A''LES  R.  Brown.     (From  well,  and  to  flower,  in  allusion  to  its  gay  and  numerous 
flowers.) 
macrophjlla  LirtrfL     Brnad  Zcai'crf  Euthales.     A  green-house  perennial;  growinglhree  to 
four  feet  high;  wilh  yellow  flowers;  appearing   all  summer;  a  native  of  New   Hol- 
land; increased  by  cuttings.     Bot.  Keg.,  1S4I,  t.  3. 

"A  green-house  plant  of  the  easiest  culture,"  producing  a 
succession  of  gay    yellow  blossoms  throughout  the  summer 


FloricuUural  and  Botanical  JVotices,  15 

and  autumn  months.  The  flowers  are  about  the  size  of  a 
coreopsis;  the  stem  strong,  erect,  and  branched,  with  broad 
deep  green  fohage.  It  must  be  a  valuable  plant  for  turning  out 
into  the  border  during  summer,  where  its  golden  blossoms,  pro- 
duced so  freely,  would  make  a  brilliant  appearance.  Grows 
freely  in  any  rich  soil,  and  is  increased  readily  from  cuttings. 
(Bot.  Reg.,  Jan.) 

Aslerdcem. 

BRACH\''CO'JIE  Cass.    (From  short  and  hair,  in  allusion  fo  the  shortness  of  the  pappup.) 
iberidifulia  Cra^A.     Laree  swan  dnisy.     An  anriu;il  plant;  growing  one  foot  high;  with 
prile  and  dark  violet  dowers;  appearing  all  summer.     Bot.  Kfg.,  1841,  t.  9. 

Another  of  the  elegant  annuals  of  late  introduction.  The 
genus  Brachycome,  Dr.  Lindley  remarks,  consists  mostly  of 
"little  mean  looking  flowers,  altogether  unsuited  to  gardens;" 
but  that  which  is  now  figured  "is  evidently  one  of  the  hand- 
somest hardy  annuals  in  cultivation.  Its  large  violet  colored 
flowers,  varying  in  the  depth  of  color,  according  to  their  age, 
the  youngest  palest,  have  no  rival  among  annuals  of  the  same 
dwarf  habit,  and  it  is  not  too  much  to  say  the  large  swan  daisy 
deserves  to  be  placed  in  the  same  class  as  Nemophila  insig- 
nis."     It  is,  in  reality,  a  beautiful  plant. 

It  flowers  freely  in  the  open  border,  but  is  impatient  of  wet: 
at  the  latter  end  of  the  season  it  may,  however,  be  lifted,  and 
transferred  to  the  green-house,  where  it  will  go  on  blooming 
beautifully.  The  plants  vary  as  much  in  the  color  of  their 
flowers  as  the  Phlox  Drummondii,  and,  like  that  lovely  annual, 
they  must  be  in  every  good  garden.      (^Bot.  Reg.,  Feb.) 

ConvolvuldcecB. 

IPOM^'A 
/icif61ia  LindJ.     F'ts-ltaved  Ipomaea.     A  hothonse  clinfiber;  growing  ten  feet  high;  with 
purple  flowers;  appearing  all  summer;  increased  by  cuttings.    Bot.  Reg  ,  1841,  t.  13. 

A  most  free  blooming  plant,  which  produced,  when  only 
twelve  months  old,  nearly  five  hundred  rich  purple  flowers, 
upon  a  cylindrical  wire  trellis,  two  feet  high.  Its  disposition 
to  blossom  to  this  unusual  degree  more  particularly  recom- 
mends it  to  the  gardener's  attention:  the  foliage  is  also  cor- 
respondingly small.  The  plant  is  slightly  shrubby,  and  has 
a  tuberous  root. 

It  also  succeeds  well  in  the  summer,  against  a  south  wall, 
and  "thrives  under  the  commonest  cultivation."  On  this  ac- 
count it  will  be  a  fine  ornament  for  trellises  or  arbors.  It  is 
a  native  of  Buenos  Ayres.     {Bot.  Reg.,  March.) 


1 6  FloricuUural  and  Botanical  JVotices. 

Solandccce. 

50LA'NUM 
macrantli^ruin    Soland,      Large    anthered  bittersweet,      A   green-house  plant;  grow- 
ing about  four  feet  high;  with   purple  flowers;    appearing  all   summer;    a  native  of 
Mexico;   increased  by  cuttings.     Eot.  Reg.,  1841,  t.  7. 

"A  fine  half  shrubby  green-house  plant,  with  large  clusters 
of  deep  purple  flowers,  whose  centre  is  occupied  by  a  knot 
of  large  bright  yellow  anthers.  It  is  nearly  allied  to  the  bit- 
ter-siveet  of  the  hedgerows,  but  its  flowers  are  very  much  larg- 
er and  handsomer."  The  plate  represents  a  very  showy 
plant,  with  the  flowers  in  a  terminal  panicled  raceme,  the 
deep  yellow  of  the  anthers  contrasting  finely  with  the  rich 
purple  of  the  petals.  It  must  prove  a  desirable  acquisition  to 
the  green-house.      [Bot.  Reg.,  Feb.) 

Tedalidcece. 

MARTYN/.4 
fttsnns  Lindl.    Fragrant  Martynia.      A   half  hardy  annual;  growing  three  feet  high; 
with  rich  purplish  crimson  iinwers;  appearing  all  summer;  a  native  of  Jlexico;  in- 
creased by  seeds.     Bot.  Reg.,  1841,  t.  C. 

"A  half  hardy  annual,  of  great  beauty  and  delicious  fra- 
grance." The  plant  grows  about  three  feet  high,  with  large 
cordate  dentate  leaves,  and  long  petioles.  The  flowers  are  as 
large  as  the  common  martynia,  of  a  very  rich  crimson  purple, 
and  appear  in  racemes  of  four  to  six  blooms  each.  It  may 
be  classed  with  the  balsams,  being  equally  showy  and  brilliant. 

The  specimen  from  which  the  drawing  was  taken  was  grown 
in  a  pot,  and  produced  a  spike  of  flowers  when  a  foot  high: 
"two  lateral  branches  were  then  produced,  and  these  also 
bloomed  from  the  extremity,  sending  forth  lateral  opposite 
branches.  In  this  way  the  plant  continued  to  grow,  and  in  a 
pot  of  light  rich  earth  attained  the  height  of  three  feet,  and 
about  the  same  extent  in  diameter."  In  our  climate,  we  pre- 
sume that  if  the  seeds  were  sown  in  April,  in  a  hot-bed,  and 
plants  put  out  into  the  border  in  June,  they  would  flower  as 
freely  as  the  balsam.      [Bot.  Reg.,  Jan.) 

'Boragindcece. 

CYNOGT.O'.SSU.VI 
glochidiiUiim  i(<!HfA.    Eurry  hound's  tongue.    A  hardy  biennial;  growing  a  foot  high; 
with  blue  flowers;  ap[)earing  in  July;  a  native  of  India.     Bot.  Reg.,  t.  15. 

Only  pretty  when  its  flowers  are  placed  in  water,  or  a  bou- 
quet, where  its  dull  green  coarse  herbage  "may  not  oflend 
the  eye."  It  is  in  most  respects  similar  to  the  European  for- 
get-me-not, forming  a  straggling  plant,  throwing  up  short 
branched  stems  "whose  bright  and  joyous  looking  flowers  are 
exceedingly  gay."      The  seeds  should  be  sown  in  May,  in  a 


FloricuUural  and  Botanical  J^olices.  17 

good  soil  and  rather  dry  situation,  when  the  plants  will  flower 
freely,  from  July  until  winter.      [Bot.  Reg.,  March.) 

LabidlecB. 

SA'LVIA 

r6;i\^  Beiitk.  TJie  regla  sage.  A  green-house  plant;  growing  four  feet  high;  with  scar- 
let flowers;  appearing  from  May  to  July;  a  native  of  Mexico;  increased  by  cuttings. 
Introduced  in  1839.     Bot.  Reg.,  1841,  t.  14. 

A  fine  addition  to  the  now  quite  numerous  family  of  salvias. 
It  is  but  a  few  years  since  the  splendens  was  the  only  kind 
known  in  our  collections;  they  now  number  eight  or  ten  spe- 
cies. The  present  subject  is  a  very  ornamental  plant,  attain- 
ing the  height  of  from  four  to  five  feet,  witJi  half  shrubby 
erect  stems,  and  rather  small,  roundish,  obtuse,  crenate  leaves. 
The  flowers  appear  in  terminal  clusters  of  three  to  five,  and 
are  of  a  brilliant  scarlet.  The  only  specimens  that  have  flow- 
ered were  grown  in  the  green-house  of  the  Horticultural  So- 
ciety, where  the  plants  bloomed  freely,  but  not  in  so  good 
perfection  as  they  will  when  the  management  of  the  plants  is 
understood.  It  will  probably  require  similar  treatment  to  the 
S.  splendens,  fulgens,  &c.,  and,  like  them,  is  a  most  desirable 
plant.     (Bot.  Reg.,  March.) 

binary  llid3.cess. 

ISME'NE 
yiriscens  Lindl      Stalk  Jioircrfd  Ismene.    A  green-house  bulb;  growing  a  foot  high;  with 
white  flowers;  appearing  from  June   to  August;  increased  by  offsets;  grown  in  loam, 
peat,  and  sand.    Bot   Keg.,  1841,  t.  12. 

A  beautiful  species  of  the  ismene,  which,  though  less  bril- 
liant than  the  I.  Amdncaes,  is  nevertheless  a  desirable  plant. 
The  stem  is  a  foot  or  more  in  length,  and  the  flowers  greenish 
white,  with  an  agreeable  lemon-like  fragrance.  It  should  be 
treated  like  the  other  species,  that  is,  absolute  rest  in  winter, 
then  planted  either  in  pots  or  in  the  open  border  in  April  or 
May,  in  a  very  light  sandy  soil,  where  it  will  flower  freely. 
Take  up  the  bulbs  in  August,  and  keep  them  dry  and  cool 
till  spring.     Increased  by  offsets.      {Bot.  Reg.,  Feb.) 

SPREKE'L/./3 
glauca  Lhidl.    Glaucous  jacoboean  lily.    A  green-house  bulb;  growing  a  font  high;  with 
pale  crimson  flowers;  appearing  in    June;  a  native  of  Mexico;  increased  by  offsets. 
Introduced  in  1839.     Bot.  Reg.,  1841,  t.  IG. 

Similar  to  the  old  jacoboean  lily,  but  differs  in  having  "small- 
er and  rather  paler  flowers,  and  a  very  glaucous  foliage."  It 
was  found  in  Mexico,  by  M.  Hartwig,  and  first  flowered  in 
the  garden  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society  in  1840.  It 
requires  the  same  treatment  as  the  Amaryllis  formosissima, 
now  called  by  Mr.  Herbert,  Sprekelia.    [Bot.  Reg.,  March.) 

VOL.   VIII. NO.    1.  3 


18  Reviews, — Lindley''s  Theory  of  Horticulture. 


REVIEWS. 

Art.  I.  The  Theory  of  Horticulture,  or  an  attempt  to  ex- 
plain the  principal  operations  of  Gardening,  upon  Physio- 
logical principles.  By  JohnLindley,  Ph.  D.,  F.  R.  S., 
&c.  &c.  First  American  Edition,  with  Notes,  &c.,  by  A. 
J.  Downing  and  A.  Gray.  New  York  and  Boston,  1841. 
pp.  346. 

The  author  of  this  ingenious  and  interesting  work,  has  suc- 
ceeded in  bringing  into  useful  application,  those  facts  and  phe- 
nomena connected  with  vegetable  physiology,  on  which  the 
science  of  horticulture  mainly  depends.  To  enable  the  gar- 
dener to  operate  in  a  clear  and  lucid  manner, — no  longer  to  be 
obliged  to  grope  in  the  dark,  and  to  institute  reiterated  experi- 
ments, on  the  hope  only  of  success; — the  simpler  laws  of  or- 
ganized matter  in  plants  are  here  exposed.  We  say  the  sci- 
ence of  horticulture — for  since  the  philosophical  operations 
of  Knight  and  such  men,  the  mere  mechanical  details  of 
raising  fruits  and  vegetables,  have  given  place  to  actual  sci- 
entific and  elegant  experiment,  in  which  a  comparatively  cer- 
tain result  could  be  anticipated.  Our  author  has,  however, 
judiciously  avoided  entering  too  much  into  the  niceties  of  such 
scientific  data;  satisfied  with  such  general  principles  as  every 
one  could  readily  understand. 

To  render  this  work  welcome  to  the  American  reader, 
Messrs.  Gray  and  Downing  have  given  us  an  edition,  to  which 
are  appended  such  notes  and  illustrations  as  were  deemed 
necessary  to  make  the  text  appropriate  to  our  own  vegecul- 
ture.  The  former  of  these  gentlemen  is  the  able  coadjutor 
with  Professor  Torrey,  in  the  Flora  of  jVorth  ^Smerica;  and 
with  the  latter,  through  his  communications  on  various  sub- 
jects in  this  Magazine,  its  readers  are  acquainted.  The  work 
is  divided  into  two  books:  the  first  of  these  treating  "  of  the 
principal  circumstances  connected  with  vegetable  life,  which 
illustrate  the  operations  of  gardening."  The  following  is  the 
definition  of  a  plant: — 

A  plant  is  a  livinn-  body  composed  of  an  irritable,  elastic,  h3'gro- 
nietrical  matter,  called  tissue.  It  is  fixed  to  the  earth  l)y  roots,  and 
it  elevates  into  the  air  a  stein  bearing  leaves,  flowers,  and  fruit.  It 
has  no  power  of  motion  exce[)t  when  it  is  acted  uj)on   by  wind  or 


Reviews. — Lindlexfs  Theory  of  Horticulture.  19 

other  external  forces;  it  is  therefore  peculiarly  susceptilile  of  injury 
or  benefit  from  the  nccidental  circnmstances  that  may  surround  it; 
and,  having-  no  free  agency,  it  is  above  all  other  created  beings  suited 
to  acknowledge  the  i)o\ver  of  man. 

The  vital  actions  of  plants  have  so  little  resemblance  to  those  of 
animals,  that  we  are  unable  to  appreciate  their  nature,  in  even  the 
smallest  degree,  by  a  reference  to  our  own  sensations,  or  to  any 
knowledge  we  may  possess  of  animal  functions.  Nor,  when  we 
have  thoroughly  studied  the  phenomena  of  vegetation,  are  we  able  to 
discover  any  analogies,  exce|)t  of  a  general  and  theoretical  nature, 
between  the  animal  and  vegetable  kingdoms.  It  is  therefore  neces- 
sary that  plants  should  be  studied  by  themselves,  as  an  abstract 
branch  of  investigation,  without  attem[)ting  to  reason  as  to  their 
habits  from  what  we  know  of  other  organic  beings;  and  consequently 
we  are  not,  in  this  part  of  Natural  History,  to  acknowleilge  any  the- 
ory vvliich  is  n(jt  founde<l  u[)on  direct  ex[)eriment,  and  proved  by  the 
most  satisfactory  course  of  inquiry. 

Then  succeed  several  chapters  treating  of  Germination, 
Growth  by  the  Root,  Growth  by  the  Stem,  Action  of  the 
Leaves,  Action  of  the  Flowers,  JMaturation  of  the  Fruit,  &c. 
After  perusing  these  and  admiring  the  economy  of  tlieir 
physiology,  we  begin  to  imbibe  a  more  respectful  considera- 
tion for  each  living  vegetable  structure;  and  to  trace  in  the 
meanest  floret  or  the  most  homely  fruit,  something  deeper 
and  more  mysterious  than  hitherto  met  our  eye.  We  feel 
greatly  indebted  to  such  minds  as  those  of  Lindley,  and  De 
Candolle,  and  Richard,  for  such  revelations  of  so  much  beauty 
and  exquisite  perfection.  The  mazes  of  natiu'e  into  which  they 
introduce  us,  and  through  which  they  lead  us  by  actual  ex- 
periment, are  perceptible  equally  in  the  most  insignificant  as 
in  the  most  gigantic;  and  we  cherish  a  love  for  sucji  pursuits, 
which  prove  that  "  the  primrose  on  the  river's  brim"  is  veri- 
tably something  more — nmch  more  than  a  yellow  primrose: 
yea,  even  the  ingenious  workmanship  of  a  Divine  hand! 

Thiis,  too,  the  j)ursuit  of  any  branch  of  the  natural  sciences 
begets  a  sjiirit  of  fascinating  interest,  which  grows  on  us  in- 
sensibly more  and  more.  This  we  see  in  the  zeal  and  ardor 
of  those  distinguished  men  whose  whole  lives  have  been  spent 
in  jthe  investigations  of  organized  matter.  The  rapid  strides, 
which  these  studies  have  effected  in  modern  times,  have  caus- 
ed such  investigations  to  be  turned  to  a  good  account.  No 
longer  is  the  inquiry  instituted,  "of  what  good  are  these?" 
but  to  the  comfort  and  luxury  of  society,  to  those  substantial 
and  tangible  results,  which  address  the  wants  of  the  body  as 
well  as  of  the  mind,  all  such  pursuits  are  tending.     Vegetable 


20  Reviews. — LiHdley''s  Theory  oj  HorlicuUure. 

physiology,  for  instance,  which  gives  you  lo  understand  how 
the  seed  germinates,  the  root  receives  nutriment,  or  the  fruit 
matures,  now  teaches  how  to  raise  good  celery  for  the  table, 
mammoth  squashes  for  the  kitchen,  and  melting  peaches  for 
the  dessert.  Sir  Andrew  Knight  had  at  his  command  the 
energies  of  nature  in  raising  the  pine-aj)ple,  that  king  of  fruits, 
whose  head  bears  a  leafy  croicn;  and  from  gray  peas  and  simi- 
lar of  inferior  quality,  his  cross  impregnation  brought  him  re- 
sults as  favorable  as  curious.  The  whole  baneful  hosts  of 
mildew  were  vanquished  before  his  persevering  hand;  and 
many  a  sad  obstacle  in  the  way  of  the  mere  mechanical  horti- 
culturist, fled  at  his  approach.  When  M  Turpin  discovered 
in  the  folds  of  his  herbarium,  the  leaf  of  an  ornithogalum  stud- 
ded with  minute  bulbs,  he  did  not  hesitate  in  his  search,  until 
he  established  the  beautiful  fact  that  these  embryo  buds  are 
existant  in  myriads  in  the  tissue  of  every  plant:  and  thereby 
explained  in  a  philosophical  manner  what  the  cultivators  of 
bulbous  roots  knew  before,  but  knew  ignorantly;  when  they, 
by  injuring  the  main  bulb  by  incision,  could  cause  the  requisite 
increase,  for  the  benefit  of  their  stock  of  plants.  Mankind 
after  all  are  in  the  mass  strictly  utilitarian,  let  sages  prate  as 
they  may  of  the  divine  nature  of  humanity:  and  those  books 
and  pursuits  will  be  the  most  readily  read  and  followed,  which 
teach  them  the  comforts  of  the  social  condition. 

We  cannot  in  passing,  omit  to  mention,  w'ith  gratification, 
the  good  common  sense  displayed  in  some  of  the  notes  on  the 
text  of  the  work.  Theories  are  very  well,  and  supposed  facts 
plausible,  until  met  by  others  of  a  more  stubborn  nature. 
One  can  reason  himself  into  the  truth  of  any  proposition,  until 
a  startling  instance  to  the  contrary  stands  in  his  way.  Let 
the  reader  compare  these  two  passages: — 

But  although,  under  ordhiarj'  circumstances,  the  sap  of  Exogens 
rises  through  the  alburnum  and  descends  through  the  liber,  yet  the 
simplicity  of  structure  in  plants  is  such,  that,  together  with  the  per- 
meability of  their  tissue,  it  enables  them,  in  cases  of  emergency,  to 
alter  their  functions,  and  to  propel  their  fluids  by  lateral  instead  of 
longitudinal  communications.  The  trunk  of  n  tree  has  been  sawed 
throusrh  beyond  the  pith  in  four  opposite  directions;  namely,  from 
north  to  south,  from  west  to  east,  from  south  to  north,  and  from  east 
to  west,  at  intervals  of  a  foot,  so  as  completely  to  cut  off  all  longi- 
tudinal communication  between  the  upper  and  lower  parts  of  the 
stem,  as  eftectually  as  if  those  two  parts  had  been  dissevered;  and 
yet  the  propulsion  of  the  sap  from  the  roots  into  the  head  of  the  tree 
went  on  as  before:  which  could  only  have  been  effected  by  a  lateral 


Ilevieics. — Lindhy''s  Theory  of  Ilorticullurc.  21 

transmission  of  this  fluid,  through  or  between  the  sides  of  the  woody 
tissue.  So  when  "ringing"  is  practised,  and  the  alburnum  is  partial- 
ly destroyed,  the  ascending  fluid  diverges  into  the  straluni  of  wood 
beneath  the  annulation;  and,  when  it  has  jiassed  by,  it  again  returns 
into  its  accustomed  channels;  at  the  same  time,  it  is  probable, 
although  not  proved,  that  some  portion  of  the  descending  sap  forces 
its  way  laterally  below  the  wound,  out  of  the  bark  into  the  alburnum, 
using  the  latter  as  a  means  of  communicating  with  the  bark  below 
the  ring. 

Some  curious  experiments  upon  this  subject  were  contrived  by  Mr. 
N.  Niven,  {Gardener's  Magazine,  vol.  xiv.)  In  one  case,  he  di- 
vested the  stem  of  a  tree  of  a  deep  ring  of  bark,  and  of  the  first 
twelve  layers  of  wood  below  it;  nevertheless  the  tree  continued  to 
live  and  be  health}'.  From  the  exposed  surface  of  the  wood  no  sap 
made  its  appearance,  except  from  a  cut  which  had  been  inadvertently 
made  with  the  saw  on  one  side,  to  the  de])th  of,  perhaps,  five  or  six 
layers  of  wood  beyond  the  twelve  actually  removed.  From  that  cut 
a  flow  of  sap  took  place,  and  continued  to  run  during  the  whole  of 
the  season  in  which  the  operation  was  performed.  In  this  case,  the 
sap  must  have  ascended  exclusively  by  the  alburnum.* 

We  would  invite  attention  to  the  wonderful  economy  of 
leaves,  and  the  beautiful  deduction  relative  to  the  probable 
habits,  as  applicable  to  the  culture  of  plants. 

A  leaf  has  moreover  a  skin,  or  epidermis,  drawn  all  over  it.  This 
epidermis  is  often  separable,  and  is  composed  of  an  infinite  number 
of  minute  cavities,  originally  filled  with  fluid,  but  eventually  dry  and 
filled  with  air.  In  plants  growing  naturally  in  damp  or  shady  places 
it  is  very  thin;  in  others,  inhabiting  hot,  dry,  exposed  situations,  it  is 
very  hard  and  thick;  and  its  texture  varies  between  the  two  ex- 
tremes, according  to  the  nature  of  the  species.  The  epidermis  is 
pierced  by  numerous  invisible  pores,  called  stomates,  through  which 
the  plant  breathes  and  perspires.  Such  stomates  are  generally  larg- 
est and  most  abundant  in  plants  which  inhabit  damp  and  shady 
places,  and  which  are  able  to  ])rocure  at  all  times  an  abundance  of 
liquid  food;  they  are  fewest  and  least  active  under  the  opposite  con- 
ditions. It  will  be  obvious,  that,  in  both  these  cases,  the  structure  of 
a  leaf  is  adjipted  to  the  peculiar  circumstances  under  which  the  plant 
to  which  it  belongs  naturally  grows.  Now,  as  this  structure  is  capa- 
ble of  being  ascertained  by  actual  inspection  with  a  microscope,  it 

*  This  is  a  possible  case ;  but  the  American,  familiar  with  the  practice  of  girdling 
trees,  (which  is  nothing  more  than  ringing  with  the  hatchet,)  so  common  in  the  new 
settlements,  well  knows  that  it  destroys  vitality  as  certainly  as  cutting  down  the  tree 
at  once. — During  the  deep  snows  of  winter,  in  the  nortliern  States,  young  apple- 
orchards  are  often  destroyed  by  field  mice,  wliich  girdle  the  trees  near  tlie  ground,  and 
they  perish  in  the  course  of  the  ensuing  season.  The  trees  may  however  be  preserved, 
by  taking  a  suitable  circle  or  section  of  bark,  in  tho  spring,  from  the  limb  of  another 
apple  tree,  and  adapting  it  carefully  to  the  wounded  bark,  the  edges  of  which  are  to 
be  pared  to  an  even  line,  and  the  whole  bound  up  and  covered  with  grafting  clay.  It 
is  not  absolutely  necessary  that  the  bark  intioduced  should  encompass  the  whole  trunk ; 
as  the  union  by  a  single  portion  will  preserve  the  life  of  the  tree,  and  the  remainder  of 
the  wound  will  gradually  become  covered  with  new  bark.  A.  J.  D. 


22  Revieics. — Lindlcy^s  Theory  of  Horliculturc. 

follows,  as  a  necessary  consequence,  that  the  natural  habits  of  nn 
unknown  |)lant  may  be  judged  of  with  considerable  certainty  by  a 
niicrosco[)ioal  examination  of  the  structure  of  its  epidermis.  The 
rule  will  evidently  be,  that  plants  with  a  thick  epidermis,  and  only  a 
few  small  stomates,  will  be  the  inhabitants  of  situations  where  the 
air  is  dry  and  the  su])ply  of  liquid  food  extremely  small;  while  those 
with  a  thin  epidermis,  and  a  great  nundjer  of  large  stomates,  will  be- 
long to  a  cliuiate  damp  and  humid;  and  intermediate  deirrees  of 
structure  will  indicate  intermediate  degrees  of  atmospherical  and 
lerrestial  conditions.  It  is,  however,  to  be  observed,  that  the  rela- 
tive si:e  of  stomates  is  often  a  more  important  mark  in  investiga- 
tions of  this  nature  than  their  number;  those  organs  being  in  many 
plants  extremely  immerous,  but  small  and  apparently  capable  of  ac- 
tion in  a  very  limited  degree;  while  in  others,  where  they  are  much 
less  numerous,  they  are  large  and  obviously  very  active  organs. 
Thus  the  numl)er  of  stomates  in  a  square  inch  of  the  ei)iderniis  of 
Crinum  amabile  is  estimated  at  40,000,  and  in  that  of  Mesembry- 
anthemuni  at  70,000,  and  of  an  Aloe  at  45,000;  the  first  inhabiting 
the  damp  ditches  of  Intlia,  the  last  two  natives  of  the  dry  rocks  of 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope:  but  the  stomates  of  Crinum  amabile  are 
among  the  largest  that  are  known,  and  those  of  Mesembryantheinutn 
and  Aloe  are  among  the  smallest;  so  that  the  70,000  of  the  former 
are  not  equal  to  10,000  of  the  Crinum.  Again,  the  Yucca  aloifolia 
has  four  times  as  many  stomates  as  a  species  of  Cotyledon  in  my 
collection,  but  those  of  the  latter  are  about  the  one  seven  hundred 
and  fiftieth  of  an  inch  in  their  longer  diameter,  large  and  active, 
while  the  stoinates  of  the  Yucca  are  not  more  than  one  two  thousand 
and  five  hundredth  of  an  inch  long  in  the  aperture,  and  comparativt  ly 
inert.  The  Yucca,  therefore,  with  its  numerous  stomates,  has 
weaker  powers  of  perspiration  and  resi)iration  than  the  Cotyledon. 

There  are  some  of  a  sickly  sensibility,  who  are  perpetually 
ringing  changes  on  the  gloomy  realities  of  life,  and  endeavor- 
ing to  find  in  the  economy  of  nature,  soitie  seeming  proof  or 
illustration.  Autuinn  in  its  varied  dyes,  the  changing,  droop- 
ing leaf,  returning  to  the  bosom  of  the  earth  to  moulder  and 
decay,  are  brought  into  their  aid  by  way  of  poetic  effect. 
With  such  ideas  we  confess  we  have  no  sympathy.  V/hat 
beauty  ever  invests  this  earth — what  curious,  wondrous  trans- 
formation! The  dry  leaf  "eddying  in  the  blast,"  h;is  con- 
summated its  work.  'T  is  no  longer  an  organ  of  an  organized 
fabric  endued  with  vital  energy,  but  't  is  still  a  beauteous  thing. 
Obedient  to  the  fiat  of  nature,  it  will  again  enter  into  new 
combination  and  renewed  beauty. 

In  the  course  of  time,  a  leaf  becomes  incapable  of  performing  its 
functions;  its  passages  are  choked  up  by  the  deposit  of  sedimentary 
matter;  there  is  no  longer  a  free  communication  between  its  paren- 
chyma and  that  of  the  rind,  or  between  its  veins  and  the  wood  and 
liber.     It  changes  color,  ceases  to  decompose  carbonic  acid,  absorbs 


Reviews. — Lindlcifs  Theory  of  Horticulture.  23 

oxywen  instead,  gets  into  a  morbid  condition,  and  dies:  it  is  then 
tlirovvn  off.  This  phenomenon,  which  we  call  the/a7/  of  the  leaf,  is 
going  on  the  whole  year  round,  except  mid-winter,  in  some  plant  or 
other.  Those  which  lose  the  whole  of  their  leaves  at  the  ai)proach 
of  winter,  and  are  called  deciduous,  begin,  in  fact,  to  cast  their  leaves 
within  a  few  weeks  after  the  commencement  of  their  vernal  growth; 
but  the  mass  of  their  foliage  is  not  rejected  till  late  in  the  season. 
Those,  on  the  other  hand,  which  are  named  evergreens,  part  with 
their  leaves  much  more  slowly:  retain  them  in  health  at  the  time 
when  the  leaves  of  other  plants  are  perishing;  and  do  not  cast  them 
till  a  new  spring  has  commenced,  when  other  trees  are  leafing,  or 
even  later.  In  the  latter  class,  the  functions  of  the  leaves  are  going 
on  during  all  the  winter,  although  languidly;  they  are  constantly  at- 
tracting sap  from  the  earth  through  the  spongelets,  and  are,  there- 
fore, in  a  state  of  slow  but  continual  winter  growth.  It  usually  hap- 
pens that  the  perspiratory  organs  of  these  plants  are  less  active  than 
in  deciduous  species. 

In  general,  a  leaf  is  an  organ  of  digestion  and  respiration,  and 
nothing  more:  some  leaves  have,  however,  the  power  of  forming 
leaf-buds,  if  placed  in  or  upon  earth,  under  suitable  circumstances. 
The  Bryo|)hyllum  calycinum  forms  buds  at  the  indentations  of  its 
margin;  Malaxis  paludosa  throws  off  young  buds  from  its  margin; 
Tellima  grandiflora  occasionally  buds  at  the  margins  of  its  leaves: 
the  same  thing  happens  to  many  ferns;  and  several  other  cases  are 
known. 

The  florist  and  pomologist  observe  many  singular  trans- 
mutations in  double  flowers,  and  in  monstrous  fruits,  which 
are  thus  explained: — 

Notwithstanding  the  difference  in  form  and  office  of  the  parts  of 
a  flower,  they  have  evidently  a  strong  tendency,  in  cultivated  plants, 
to  change  into  or  assume  the  appearance  of  each  other.  In  the 
Po{)py,  the  Garden  Anemone,  and  many  others,  the  stamens  change 
into  petals;  in  the  Anemone,  the  Raimnculns,  &c.,  the  pistil  changes 
into  petals;  in  the  Primrose,  Cowslip,  &c.,  the  calyx  changes  into 
petals;  in  the  Houseleek,  the  stamens  become  pistils;  and  so  on. 
Hence  the  origin  of  double  flowers.  In  a  double  Barl)adoes  Lily, 
described  by  me  in  the  Transaclions  of  the  Horticultural  Society,  in 
which  the  parts  were  very  much  confused,  the  young  seeds  were 
borne  by  the  edges  of  the  stamen-like  petals. 

In  their  ordinary  state  the  parts  of  a  flower  are  extremely  unlike 
leaves,  and  each  has  its  allotted  office,  which  is  not  the  office  of  a 
leaf;  they  are  also  incapable  of  forming  leaf-buds  in  their  axils. 
But,  although  such  is  the  case,  there  is  found  a  strong  and  general 
tendency  on  the  parts  of  both  the  floral  envelopes  and  sexes  to 
change  to  leaves,  like  the  leaves  of  the  stem.  In  the  white  clover 
(Trifolium  repens,)  all  the  parts  often  become  leaves;  in  the  Frax- 
inella,  this  has  also  been  remarked;  so  has  it  in  the  Nasturtium,  in 
Sieversia  montana,  and  many  other  instances.  A  partial  alteration 
into  leaves  is  of  very  frecjuent  occurrence  in  the  parts  of  a  flower. 
In  the  Rose,  the  sepals  and  pistil  are  frequently  changed  into  leaves; 
in  the  Double  Cherry,  the  pistil  is  almost  always  to  be  found  in  the 


24  Reviews. — Lindley^s  Theory  of  Horticidlure. 

form  of  a  leaf;  and  books  on  structural  botany  al)ound  in  the  records 
of  similar  cases.  It  sometimes  happens  that  buds  are  not  only  form- 
ed, but  developed,  at  the  axils  of  the  parts  of  a  flower,  as  in  a  Celas- 
trus  scandens  observed  by  Kunth.  In  the  Pear,  it  is  not  uncommon 
to  find  two  or  three  small  pears  growing  out  of  an  older  one,  each 
of  which  pears  may  be  traced  to  the  axil  of  some  one  of  the  parts  of 
the  flower;  and  rose-buds  are  frequently  seen  growing  out  of  Roses. 
A  very  striking  and  uncommon  case  of  this  sort  was  observed  by  the 
late  Mr.  Knight  in  the  Potato,  whose  flowers  produced  young  pota- 
toes in  the  axils  of  the  sejjals  and  petals.  Occasionally,  the  centre 
of  a  flower  lengthens  and  bears  its  parts  upon  its  sides,  as  in  the 
Pear  and  Apple,  whose  fruit  is  often  found  in  the  state  of  a  short 
branch.  Still  more  rarely  a  flower  lengthens,  and  produces  from 
the  axils  of  its  parts  other  flowers  arranged  over  its  sides,  as  in  the 
Double  Pine-apple  of  the  Indian  Archipelago. 

The  following  very  striking  illustrations  of  these  facts  have,  among 
many  others,  occurred  in  the  present  season  (1839.)  A  branch  of  a 
Pear,  exhibited  a  flower  deformed,  but  still  sufficiently  recognisable, 
and  another  completely  changed  into  a  branch;  the  calyx  assuming 
the  appearance  of  leaves  or  leafy  scales,  the  petals  also  partially 
transformed  into  leaves,  while  the  whole  apparatus  of  stamens  and 
pistils  is  converted  into  an  ordinary  branch.  Potentilla  nepalensis 
sometimes  changes  its  flowers  into  branches;  all  the  sepals,  petals, 
and  stamens  are  converted  into  leaves,  but  the  pistils  are  little'chang- 
ed;  the  sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  are  but  little  altered,  but  the  re- 
ceptacle of  the  fruit  is  lengthening  into  a  branch,  and  is  covered  by 
the  carpels  partly  converted  into  leaves,  and  some  of  them  near  the 
apex  producing  flowers  from  their  axils;  finally,  the  whole  of  the 
floral  apparatus  is  changed  into  a  rosette  of  leaves. 

It  therefore  appears,  that  although  the  parts  of  a  flower  are  diflfer- 
ent  both  in  appearance  and  office  from  leaves,  yet  that  they  do  all 
assume,  under  particular  circumstances,  the  same  appearance  and 
office.  Hence  it  is  inferred  that  they  are  really  nothing  more  than 
leaves  in  a  modified  state;  and,  consequently,  that  a  flower  is  a  very 
short  branch,  and  a  flower-bud  analogous  in  many  respects  to  a 
leaf-bud.  A  leaf-bud  is  a  collection  of  leaf-scales  of  the  same  or 
similar  form,  arranged  round  a  central  very  short  branch,  having  a 
growing  point.  A  flower-bud  is  a  collection  of  leaf-scales  of  differ- 
ent forms,  arranged  round  a  central  very  short  branch,  not  having  a 
growing  point  under  ordinary  circumstances.  In  this  latter  respect 
it  resembles  those  buds  of  the  Larch  which  form  leaves  in  starry 
clusters,  Avithout  extending  into  a  bi'anch.  Many  points  in  horti- 
culture could  not  be  explained  until  the  existence  of  this  analogy  was 
made  out.* 

*  This  doctrine  has  been  taught  at  different  times,  by  different  independent  observ- 
ers. Among  other  persons,  I  find  that  Mr.  Knight  had  come  to  the  same  conchision, 
at  a  time  when  the  views  of  VVolffius  and  Goethe  were  quite  unknown  in  England. 
He  says: — "  The  buds  of  fruit  trees  wliich  produce  blossoms,  and  those  which  afford 
leaves  only,  in  the  spring,  do  not  at  all  differ  from  each  other,  in  their  first  stage  of 
organization,  as  buds.  Each  contain  the  rudiment  of  leaves  only,  which  are  subse- 
quently transformed  into  the  component  parts  of  the  blossom,  and  and  in  some  species 
of  the  fruit  also.     I  have  repeatedly  ascertained  that  a  blossom  of  a  Pear  or  Apple 


Revieics. — Lindley^s  Theory  of  Horticulture.  25 

Some  marvellous  accounts  of  the  temperature  of  the  earth, 
and  its  influence  on  the  growth  of  plants  suited  to  such  a  con- 
dition, are  given  in  the  chapter  on  Temperature.  These  ex- 
plain a  well  known  fact  in  the  successful  cultivation  of  what 
are  technically  known  to  florists  as  Cape  bulbs.  To  flower 
these  m  vigor  and  splendor,  an  alternate  condition  of  humidity 
and  of  aridity  is  essential.  We,  not  long  since,  saw  some 
roots  of  Gladioli,  and  bulbs  of  Amaryllis,  Haemanthus,  &c., 
which  pushed  strong  foliage  after  a  long  voyage  from  Cape 
Town,  and  a  subsequent  depreciation  of  soil  and  water,  sur- 
viving more  than  a  year  without  any  chance  to  vegetate.  The 
natural  alternations  of  moisture  and  dryness  in  such  regions,  re- 
quire, in  plants  indigenous,  peculiarly  formed  functions:  and 
every  gardener  soon  becomes  aware  of  this  fact  in  the  culture 
of  species  of  many  such  plants.  Some  of  these  floral  splenders 
are  however  very  diflicult  to  be  produced,  notwithstanding  all 
the  art  of  the  patient  florist;  though  doubtless  they  are  annually 
destined  to  waste  their  beauty  and  magnificence  on  their  na- 
tive deserts.  An  antholyza  in  our  green-houses,  (we  believe 
Antholyza  oethiopica?)  we  never  saw  in  bloom;  and  after  long 
unsuccessful  culture  it  is  usually  rejected  as  worthless.  An 
extraordinary  high  temperature  might  perhaps  effect  this  de- 
sired result;  and  this,  artificially  applied  to  other  difficult 
bloomers,  might  reward  all  effort.  Series  of  experiments, 
such  as  are  suggested  by  such  observations  as  follow,  might  be 
advantageous  in  promoting  the  end  of  floricultural  labors. 

There  a[)pears  to  be  no  series  of  direct  observations  upon  the  su- 
perficial temperature  of  the  earth,  at  the  different  periods  of  verjeta- 
tion,  in  other  countries;  but  some  statements  are  to  be  fonnd,  here 
and  there,  concerning  the  temperature  occasionally  observed,  from 
which  it  is  to  be  inferred,  that  the  earth  is  heated,  at  least  for  short 
periods  of  time,  very  much  above  the  atmosphere:  and  it  is  probable 
that  this  excessive  elevation  of  temperature  is  necessary  to  the 
healthy  condition  of  many  plants.     From  some  interesting  observa- 

tree  contains  parts  which  previously  existed  as  the  rudiments  of  five  leaves,  the  points 
of  which  subsequently  form  the  five  segments  of  tlie  calyx;  and  I  have  often  succeeded 
in  obtaining  every  gradation  of  monslrosily  of  form,  from  five  congregUed  leaves, 
(that  is,  five  leaves  united  circularly  upon  an  imperfect  fruit-stalk)  to  the  perfect  blos- 
som of  the  Pear  tree.  The  calyx  of  the  Rose,  in  some  varieties,  presents  nearly  the 
perfect  leaves  of  the  plant,  and  the  large  and  long  leaves  of  the  3Iedlar  appear  to  ac- 
count for  the  length  of  the  segments,  in  the  empalement  of  its  blossom,  'i'he  calyx  of 
the  blossom  of  the  Plum  and  l^each  tree  is  formed  precisely  as  in  the  preceding  cases, 
except  that  the  leaves  which  are  transmuted  into  the  cal\x  separate  at  the  base  of  the 
fruit,  and  become  deciduous,  instead  of  passing  through  and  remaining  a  corajionent 
part  of  it."     {Transactions  of  the  Horticultural  Society ,\o\.  ii,  p.  364.  May  6,  1S17.) 

VOL.    VIII. — NO.    1.  4 


26  Revieics. — Linclley'^s  Theory  of  HorticiiUure. 

tions  communinated  to  me  by  Sir  John  Herschel,  it  appears  that  the 
teinperature  of  the  earth,  at  the  Cnpe  of  Good  Hope,  is  often  exces- 
sive. On  the  5th  of  December,  1837,  between  one  and  two  o'clock 
in  the  day,  he  observed  the  heat,  under  the  soil  of  his  bulb  garden, 
to  be  159^;  at  3,  P.  M.  it  was  150°,  and  even  in  shaded  j)laces  119": 
the  temperature  of  the  air  in  the  shade,  in  the  same  jjarden,  at  the 
same  j)eriod,  was  98°  and  92°.  At  5,  P.  M.  the  soil  of  the  garden, 
having  been  long  shaded,  was  found  to  have,  at  4  inches  in  depth, 
a  temperature  of  10'i°.  "On  the  3d  of  Deceml)er,  a  thermometer 
buried  one  quarter  of  an  inch  deep,  in  contact  with  a  seedling  fir  of  the 
year's  plantinir,  quite  heallhy,  and  having  its  seed-leaves,  marked  as 
follows:— at  lib.  25m.  A.  M.  148-2°,  atOh.  48m.  P.  M.  149-5°,  at  Ih. 
34m.  P.M.,  149-8°,  at  Ih.  54m.  P.  M.  ISO-S"^,  and  at  2h.  4Gm.  P.  M. 
148°."  Sir  John  Herschel  observes  that  such  observations  "go  to 
Bhow  that  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  in  the  hot  months,  the  roots 
of  bulbous  and  other  plants  which  do  not  seek  their  nourishment 
very  deep,  must  frequently,  and,  indeed,  habitually,  attain  tempera- 
lures  which  we  can  only  imitate  in  our  hot-houses  by  actually  sus- 
pending over  the  soil  plates  of  red-hot  iron.  For  it  must  be  remark- 
ed, thai  heating  the  grounil  from  beloio  would  not  distribute  the  tem- 
perature in  the  same  way." 

Book  IT.  treats  "of  the  Physiological  principles  upon  which 
the  operations  of  Horticuhure  essentially  depend;"  and  com- 
mences with  these  remarks: — 

Every  operation  in  horticulture  depends  for  success  upon  a  cor- 
rect appreciation  of  the  nature  of  the  vital  actions  descril)ed  in  the 
last  book;  for  althoush  there  have  been  many  good  gardeners  en- 
tirely unacquainted  with  the  science  of  vegetable  physiology,  and 
although  many  points  of  ])ractice  have  been  arrived  at  altogether  ac- 
cidentally, yet  it  must  be  obvious  that  the  power  of  regulating  and 
modifying  knowledge  so  obtained  cannot  possibly  be  possessed,  un- 
less the  external  influences  by  which  plants  are  affected  are  clearly 
unrlerstood.  Indeed,  the  enormous  difference  that  exists  between 
the  skill  of  the  present  race  of  gardeners  and  their  predecessors  can 
only  be  ascribed  to  the  general  diffusion,  that  has  taUen  place,  of  an 
acquaintance  with  some  of  the  simpler  facts  in  vegetable  physiology. 

In  attempting  to  apply  the  explanations  of  science  to  the  routine 
of  horticultural  practice,  it  appears  desirable,  in  order  to  avoid  fre- 
quent repetition,  that  all  the  subordinate  details  of  the  art  should  be 
omitted,  and  that  those  general  operations  should  alone  be  adverted 
to,  which,  under  manj^  different  modifications,  and  in  various  forms, 
constitute  the  foundation  of  every  gardener's  education. 

Canker  and  infertility  of  many  of  our  finest  fruits,  have  been 
subjects  of  earnest  inquiry  and  research.  Various  theories 
have  been  advanced,  and  as  many  partial  experiments,  but  all 
with  hitherto  uniform  success;  the  success  of  failure.  The 
past  summer,  of  unusual  drought,  gave  us,  however,  the  most 
remarkable  crop  of  the   delicious  St.  Michael  pears,  that  we 


Reviews. — Lindlty^s  Theory  of  HorlicuUure.  27 

have  seen  for  many  previous  years.  This  fact  completely 
overthrew  the  last  favorite  theory  of  the  cause  of  blighted 
fruits;  viz.  that  the  trees  lacked  moisture,  and  that  frequent 
waterings,  or  keeping  the  ground  wet  about  the  roots,  would 
be  attended  wiih  favorable  results.  Another  theory  main- 
tained that  the  present  race  of  St.  Michael  trees  in  this  vicini- 
ty, were  from  deteriorated  scions  of  deteriorated  trees,  and 
that  by  procuring  those  from  trees  yet  healthy,  the  fruit  would 
regain  its  reputation.  tSo  far  as  our  own  observations  ex- 
tended, the  crop  of  St.  Michael  pears  of  this  year,  set  at  defi- 
ance both  of  these  theories.  'Tis  well,  however,  to  suggest 
and  to  adopt,  hoping  for  some  future  important  end.  Pro- 
fessor Lindley,  in  his  chapter  on  bottom  heat,  offers  some  sug- 
gestions. 

It  may  hence  be  consitlerefl  an  axiom  in  horticulture,  that  all 
plants  require  the  soil,  as  well  as  the  atmosphere,  in  which  they 
grow,  to  correspond  in  temperature  with  that  of  the  countries  of 
wiiich  they  are  natives.  It  has  also  been  already  shown,  that  the 
mean  temperature  of  the  soil  should  be  a  degree  or  two  above  that 
of  the  atmosphere  (119.) 

This  explains  why  it  is  that  hardy  trees,  over  whose  roots  earth 
has  been  heaped  or  paving  laid,  are  found  to  sutler  so  much,  or  even 
to  die;  in  such  cases,  the  earth  in  which  the  roots  are  growing  ia 
constantly  inuch  colder  than  the  atmosphere,  instead  of  warmer. 
We  have  here,  also,  the  cause  of  the  common  circumstance  of 
vines  that  are  forced  early  not  setting  their  fruit  well,  when  their 
roots  are  ittthe  external  border  and  unprotected  by  artificial  means; 
and  to  the  same  cause  is  often  to  be  ascribed  the  shrivelling  of  gra[)es, 
which,  as  we  all  know,  tnost  commonly  happens  to  vines  whose 
roots  are  in  a  cold  and  unsunned  bonier. 

Mr.  ileid  of  Balcarras  has,  indeed,  shown  that  one  of  the  causes 
of  canker  and  immature  fruit  even  in  orchards  is  the  coldness  of  the 
soil.  He  found  that,  in  a  cankered  orchard,  the  roots  of  the  trees 
had  entered  the  earth  to  the  depth  of  three  feet;  and  ho  also  ascer- 
tained that,  during  the  summer  months,  the  average  heat  of  the  soil, 
at  six  inches  below  the  surface,  was  61^;  at  nine  inches,  57';  at  18 
inches,  50^;  and  at  three  feet,  44^.  He  took  measures  to  confine  the 
roots  to  the  soil  near  the  surface,  and  the  consequence  was,  the  dis- 
appearance of  canker,  and  ripening  of  the  fruit.  (Memoirs  of  Cale- 
donian Horl.  Soc.  vi.  part  2;  and  Gardener's  Magazine,  vii.  55.) 

We  indeed  remember  seeing  a  year  since,  some  dwarf 
trees  of  the  St.  Michael,  full  of  fair  and  large  fruit,  transplanted 
a  (ew  months  before;  perchance  the  partial  injury  done  to  the 
roots,  and  the  fact  that  they  were  near  to  the  surface  of  the 
soil,  were  promotive  of  the  crop. 

In  forcing  the  grape  and  other  fruits,  and  in  the  process  of 


28  Reviews. — Lindhifs  Theory  of  Horliculture. 

raising  young  plants;  in  prevention  of  the  growth  of  those 
minute  fungi,  which  cause  entire  crops  to  damp  off;  Chapter 
III.  may  be  perused  with  advantage.  The  succeeding  chap- 
ter on  Ventilation  sets  the  subject  in  a  just  light,  and  is,  while 
opposite  to  the  older  methods,  perfectly  in  accordance  with 
the  facts  of  modern  science.  Cooling  down  a  green-house  by 
"  giving  air"  from  the  top  glasses,  and  rather  creating  a  cur- 
rent of  wind  through  the  house,  always  seemed  to  us  rather  a 
harsh  way  of  managing  plants,  especially  in  mid-winter.  The 
difference,  however,  between  the  natural  solar  heat  of  our 
skies  and  those  of  England,  should  be  taken  into  considera- 
tion. Yet  even  then,  in  very  many  cases,  we  opine  that  par- 
tial shading  to  modify  the  sun's  rays,  would  be  more  condu- 
cive than  raw,  cold  air.  Ventilation  is  sometimes  very  essen- 
tial to  remove  those  impurities  arising  from  the  use  of  sulphur 
and  other  substances.  To  those  who  have  suffered  from  an 
improper  use  of  sulphur  for  instance,  it  may  be  interesting  to 
learn,  that  according  to  Drs.  Turner  and  Christison,  one  ten 
thousandth  of  sulphurous  acid  gas,  would  destroy  leaves  in 
forty-eight  hours,  and  that  similar  effects  were  obtained  from 
hydro-cliloric  or  muriatic  acid  gas,  chlorine,  ammonia,  and 
other  agents,  the  presence  of  which  could  not  be  ascertained 
by  the  smell.  From  these,  it  may  be  gathered,  that  the  man- 
agement of  the  forcing-house  and  conservatory  should  be 
conducted  on  careful  data:  and  in  no  branch  with  more  scru- 
pulous attention,  than  in  a  proper  ventilation.  So  far  as  the 
natural  atmosphere  is  concerned,  plants  will  survive  and  grow 
and  thrive,  in  a  perfectly  confined  area,  as  the  beautiful  ex- 
periments of  Mr.  Ward,  with  his  glazed,  tight  cases  have 
shown.  This  plan  has  even  been  carried  to  a  great  extent  in 
the  formation  of  hot-houses,  for  the  especial  growth  of  tropical 
plants. 

Chapter  V.,  on  seed  saving,  offers  some  remarkable  facts. 
To  the  success  of  the  following,  we  can  testify  in  our  own 
late  experiments,  having  at  this  moment,  several  thrifty  seed- 
lings of  the  same  species  of  plant,  from  seeds  submitted  to 
the  process  of  boiling  for  five,  and  even /or  ten  minutes. 

Flax  seed  will  grow  after  a  similar  process;  while  the 
scalding  of  ipomasa  seed  is  recommended  as  promotive  of 
speedy  vegetation.  Among  seeds  of  plants  sent  from  China, 
and  most  probably  submitted  to  a  baking  process,  or  to  some 
such  as  generally  destroy  the  germ,  occasional   instances  of 


Reviews. — Lindkifs  Theory  of  Horticulture.  29 

growth  will  occur.  According  to  Annates  des  Sciences^ 
wheat,  barley,  kidney  beans,  and  flax,  retained  their  vitality 
for  a  quarter  of  an  hour  in  vapor  at  143°  6',  and  in  dry  air  at 
167°  they  sustained  no  injury. 

On  saving  seed  for  transmission  to  foreign  countries,  we 
are  told  in  Chapter  VII., 

Upon  the  whole,  the  only  mode  which  is  calcnlated  to  meet  all  the 
circumstances  to  whicli  seeds  are  exposed  during  a  voyage  is  to  dry 
them  as  thoroughly  as  possit)le,  enclose  them  in  coarse  paper,  and  to 
pack  the  papers  themselves  very  loosely  in  coarse  canvass  bags,  not 
enclosed  in  boxes,  but  freely  exposed  to  the  air;  and  to  insure  their 
transmission  in  some  dry  well  ventilated  place.  Thus,  if  the  seeds 
are  originally  dried  incompletely,  they  will  become  further  dried  on 
their  passage;  if  the  seed  i)apnr  is  damp,  as  it  almost  always  is,  the 
moisture  will  fly  oft' through  the  sides  of  the  bags,  and  will  not  stag- 
nate around  the  seeds.  It  is  true  that,  under  such  circumstances,  the 
fieeds  will  be  exposed  to  the  fluctuations  of  temperature,  and  to  the 
influence  of  the  atmosphere;  but  neither  the  one  nor  the  other  of 
these  is  likely  to  be  productive  of  injury  to  the  germinating  principle. 
The  excellence  of  this  method  I  can  attest  from  my  own  observation. 
Large  quantities  of  seeds  have  been  annually  transmitted  from  India 
for  many  years,  doubtless  gathered  with  care,  it  is  to  be  presumed 
prepared  with  every  attention  to  the  preservation  of  the  vital  princi- 
ple, and  certainly  packed  with  all  those  precautions  which  have  been 
erroneously  supposed  to  be  advantageous;  the  hopelessness  of  rais- 
ing plants  from  such  seeds  has  at  length  become  so  apparent,  that 
many  persons  have  altogether  abandoned  the  attempt,  and  will  not 
take  the  trouble  to  sow  them  when  they  arrive.  But  the  seeds  sent 
from  India  by  Dr.  Falconer,  packed  in  the  manner  last  descril)ed, 
exposed  to  all  the  accidents  which  those  first  mentioned  can  have 
encountered,  have  germinated  so  well,  that  we  can  scarcely  say  that 
the  failure  has  been  greater  than  if  they  had  been  collected  in  the 
south  of  Europe. 

I  have  no  doubt  that  the  general  badness  of  the  seeds  from  Brazil, 
from  the  Indian  Archipelago,  and  from  other  intertropical  countries, 
is  almost  always  to  be  ascribed  to  the  seeds  having  been  originally 
insufliciently  dried,  and  then  enclosed  in  tightly  packed  boxes, 
whence  the  superfluous  moisture  had  no  means  of  escape. 

Theory  of  suckers  in  Chapter  XI. 

Suckers  are  branches  naturally  thrown  up  by  a  plant  from  its  base, 
when  the  onward  current  of  growth  of  the  stem  is  stopped.  Every 
stem,  even  the  oldest,  nnist  have  been  once  covered  with  leaves; 
each  leaf  had  a  bud  in  its  axil;  but,  of  those  buds,  few  are  developed 
as  branches,  and  the  remainder  remain  latent  or  perish.  When  the 
onward  growth  of  a  plant  is  arrested,  the  sap  is  driven  to  find  new 
outlets,  and  then  latent  buds  are  very  likely  to  be  developed;  in  fact, 
when  the  whole  plant  is  young,  they  must  necessarily  shoot  forth 
under  fitting  circumstances;  the  well  known  effect  of  cutting  down 
a  tree  is  an  exemplification  of  this.     Such  branches,  if  they  proceed 


30  Reviews. — Lindley^s  Theory  of  HorlicuUure. 

from  under  ground,  frequently  form  roots  at  their  base,  when  they 
are  employed  as  a  means  of  propaj^ation;  and,  in  the  case  of  the 
Pine-apple,  they  are  made  use  of  fur  the  same  [)urpnse,  although 
they  do  not  emit  roots  till  they  are  separated  from  the  parent.  Gar- 
deners usually  satisfy  themselves  with  taking  from  their  Pine-apple 
plants  such  suckers  as  are  ])ro(luced  in  consequence  of  the  stopi)age 
of  onward  growth  by  the  formation  of  the  fruit:  but  these  are  few  in 
number,  and  not  at  all  what  the  plant  is  capable  of  yielding.  In- 
stead of  throwing  away  the  "stump"  of  the  Pine-ap|)le,  it  should  be 
placed  in  a  damp  pit,  and  exposed  to  a  bottom  heat  of  90^  or  there- 
abouts, when  every  one  of  the  latent  eyes  will  spring  forth,  and  a 
crop  of  young  plants  be  the  result.  Mr.  Alexander  Forsyth,  a  very 
sensible  writer  upon  these  subjects,  pointed  this  out  some  years  since 
in  the  Gardener^s  Mai^azine  (xii.  594;)  and  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  his  observations  upon  the  folly  of  throwing  away  stumps  are 
jicrfectly  correct  both  in  theory  and  practice. 

The  practice  of  scarring  the  centre  of  bulbs,  the  heads  of  Echino- 
cacti  and  such  plants,  and  the  crown  of  the  stem  of  species  like 
Littaea  geminiflora,  in  all  which  cases  suckers  are  the  result,  is  ex- 
plicable upon  the  foregoing  principles. 

Chapter  XII.  Grafting,  its  plans,  improvements,  and  er- 
rors relative  thereto.  Twenty-six  pages  detail  the  theory 
and  practice  of  pruning  and  training.  Among  the  remarks  of 
potting,  in  Chapter  XV.,  we  find  the  following  curious  facts: — 

If  woody  plants  are  allowed  to  remain  growing  in  the  same  pot 
for  many  years,  as  is  sometimes  the  case,  one  or  two  things  nmst 
ha|)[)en:  either  the  roots,  matted  into  a  hard  ball,  become  so  tortuous 
and  hard  as  to  be  untie  for  the  free  passage  of  sap  through  them,  or 
ihey  acquire  a  spiral  direction.  In  either  case,  if  such  plants  are 
turned  out  of  their  jjots  in  a  conservatory,  or  in  the  open  ground, 
with  a  view  to  tlieir  future  growth  in  a  state  of  liberty,  new  roots 
will  be  made  witii  difficulty,  and  it  will  be  a  long  time  before  the  ef- 
fects of  growth  in  free  soil  will  be  apparent.  Where  the  spiral  or 
corkscrew  direction  has  been  once  taken  by  the  roots,  they  are  very 
apt  to  retain  it  during  the  remainder  of  their  lives;  and  if,  when  they 
have  become  large  trees,  they  are  exposed  to  a  gale  of  wind,  they 
readily  blow  out  of  the  ground,  as  was  continually  happening  with 
the  Pinaster  some  years  ago,  when  the  nurserymen  kept  that  kind  of 
Fir  for  sale  in  pots.  In  all  such  cases  as  these,  the  roots  should  1)8 
carefdily  disentangled  and  straightened  at  the  time  when  transplanta- 
tion takes  place. 

The  "preservation  of  races  by  seed,"  and  "the  improve- 
ment of  races,"  are  desirable  topics  for  discussion  with  the 
amateur  florist,  and  general  cultivator.  By  these  gradations 
and  interchange,  what  superb  results  have  accrued!  The 
dahlia  and  pasony,  the  rose  and  anemone,  the  camellia,  and  a 
host  of  smaller  beauties  beside,  all  attest  to  the  importance  of 
correct  principles    in   their   production   and  successful    treat- 


Review?. — Lindle\fs  Theory  of  HorlicuUure.  31 

merit.     Concerning  these   interesting   subjects,  much  may  be 
gathered  in  Chapters  XV^II.  and  X\'1II. 

Every  propitious  experiment  or  result  in  horticulture,  has 
been  based  on  certain  natural  phenomena,  peculiar  to  whatever 
plant  they  are  made  in  reference  to.  The  forcing  of  the 
grape  at  unusual  seasons,  though  the  result  of  experiment,  yet 
is  founded  on  the  great  law  of  rest,  and  a  season  for  receiving 
a  new  supply  of  excitability.  Patience  and  perseverance 
might  bring  about  similar  results  in  many  of  our  finest  flowers. 
Undue  excitability  at  one  time  must  be  balanced  by  an  undue 
season  of  rest  at  another.  Our  long,  cold  winters,  seem  to 
us  to  be  the  cause  of  our  primal  sterility;  whereas  they  are 
only  the  accompaniments.  The  vivid  and  gorgeous  flora  of 
the  tropics  is  only  periodical,  and  after  a  few  weeks  of  ver- 
dure and  splendor,  the  season  of  rest  is  a  season  of  sterile 
aridity. 

At  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  there  are  districts  in  which  the  period 
of  wet  is  long  and  very  severe;  and  many  of  the  favorite  flowers  of 
our  gardens  are  produced  by  those  di?;tricts.  The  Karroos  are 
plains  of  great  extent,  destitute  of  running  water,  with  a  soil  of  clay 
and  sand,  colored  like  yellow  ochre  by  the  presence  of  iron,  and 
lying  on  the  solid  rock.  During  the  dry  season  the  rays  of  the  sun 
reduce  the  soil  nearly  to  the  hardness  of  brick:  Fig  Marigolds,  Sta- 
pelias,  and  other  fleshy  plants,  alone  remain  green;  nevertheless, 
the  bulbs  and  tribes  of  Iridaceous  and  other  plants  are  able  to  sur- 
vive beneath  the  sun-scorched  crust,  which  appears  indeed  to  he 
necessary  to  their  nature.  But  in  the  wet  season  these  bulbs  are 
gradually  reached  by  the  rain;  they  swell  lieneath  the  earth;  and  at 
last  develop  themselves  so  simultaneously  that  the  arid  plains  be- 
come at  once  the  seat  of  a  charming  verdure.  Presently  af^terwards, 
myriads  of  the  gay  flowers  of  the  Iridaceaj  and  Mesembryanthemutns 
display  their  brilliant  colors;  but  in  a  few  weeks  the  verdure  fades, 
the  flowers  disappear,  hard  dry  stalks  alone  remain;  the  hot  sun  of 
August,  when  in  those  latitudes  the  days  begin  to  lengthen,  com- 
pletes the  destruction  of  the  few  stragglers  that  are  left,  the  Karroo 
ajrain  sinks  into  aridity  and  desolation,  and  the  desert  reappears. 
What  succulents  survive  ai'e  covered  with  a  grey  crust,  and  derive 
their  nourishment  only  from  the  air.  In  other  parts  of  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  the  mean  range  of  the  thermometer  in  winter  is  48°  to 
93^,  with  cold  rain,  while  that  of  the  sunnner  is  from  55^  to  96°,  with 
dry  days  and  damp  nights. 

The  concluding  Chapter  treats  of  "soil  and  manure,"  in  a 
brief  and  succinct  manner.  Of  these  indeed  little  can  be  said 
without  tedious  detail,  after  the  foregoing  principles  and  ap- 
plication to  horticultural  science.  The  importance  of  attend- 
ing to  the  difference  of  soils  in  which  species  of  the  same  ge- 


32  Reviews. —  The  Farmer^s  Companion. 

nus  naturally  grow,  is  alluded  to.  Of  this  we  notice  that 
Rhododendron  hirsutum  grows  on  calcareous  soil,  while  iiho- 
dodendron  ferrugineum  grows  exclusively  on  granite.  Want 
of  attention  to  these  facts  and  similar,  have  been  the  principal 
causes  of  so  many  failures,  both  in  extended  and  narrower 
plans  of  cultivation;  for  as  in  manures,  so  in  soils,  the  plant 
must  be  adapted  to  the  application,  or  it  is  labor  lost. 

In  conclusion,  we  recommend  the  work  to  every  one  who 
would  wish  to  see  horticulture  raised  to  a  higher  rank  than  a 
mere  delving  and  laborious  occupation,  and  would  understand 
on  what  wondrous  laws  the  ingenuity  of  man  has  hitherto  been 
employed,  in  the  culture  of  the  subjects  of  the  vegetable 
kingdom.  To  the  amateur  in  his  confined  area  of  a  city  gar- 
den, and  with  his  choice  parlor  plants,  and  to  the  young 
gardener,  entrusted  with  the  care  of  the  green-house  and  con- 
servator}'',  this  simple  and  elegant  work  will  be  found  of  signal 
advantage.  *** 


Art.  II.  The  Farmer^ s  Companion;  or  Essays  on  the  prin- 
ciples and  practice  of  American  husbandry;  with  the  Ad- 
dress proposed  to  he  delivered  before  the  Agricultural  and 
Horticultural  Societies  of  Jfeio  Haven  County.,  Conn.; 
and  an  Appendix,  containing  tables  and  other  matter  useful 
to  the  farmer.  By  the  late  Hon.  Jesse  Buel,  Conductor 
of  the  Cultivator.  Third  edition,  revised  and  enlarged. 
To  which  is  prefixed  a  Eulogy  on  the  life  and  character  of 
Judge  Buel,  by  Amos  Dean,  Esq.  1  vol.  12rao.  Bos- 
ton, 1S42. 

It  is  just  two  years  since  we  reviewed  at  some  length  the 
first  edition  of  this  excellent  work.  No  praise  that  we  can 
again  bestow  upon  it  would  weigh  more  with  the  public,  than 
the  fact  that  it  has  passed  to  the  third  edition  in  the  short 
period  of  two  years.  To  this  edition  is  prefixed  a  eulogy 
upon  the  life  and  character  of  Judge  Buel,  a  merited  tribute 
to  the  virtues  and  talent  of  the  lamented  author.  A  full  glos- 
sary of  agricultural  terms,  and  a  copious  index,  are  also  add- 
ed, rendering  the  volume  more  interesting,  from  the  facility 
of  turning  to  any  subject  at  once.  The  volume  should  be  in 
the  hands  of  every  good  farmer. 


Reviews. — Liehig^s  Organic  Chemi^lry.  33 


Art.  III.  Organic  Chemistry,  in  its  application  to  Agri- 
culture and  Physiology.  By  Justus  Lieeig,  M.  D.,  F. 
R.  S.,  &c.,  &c.,  Prof,  of  Chemistry  in  ihe  University  of 
Geissen.  Edited  from  the  manuscript  of  the  author,  by 
Lyon  PJayfair,  M.  D.  Second  American  edition,  with  an 
Introduction,  Notes,  and  A  ppendix,  by  John  W.  Webster, 
M.  D.,  Prof,  of  Chemistry  in  Harvard  University.  1  vol. 
12mo.     pp.424.     Cambridge,  1 841 . 

It  is  but  a  short  period  since  vve  reviewed  this  work  at 
length,  (Vol.  VII.,  p.  344.)  The  rapid  sale  of  the  volume 
has  exhausted  the  first  edition,  and  we  have  now  before  us 
the  second.  The  volume  has  been  wholly  revised,  and  the 
original  order  of  the  work  substituted,  as  in  tlse  London  edi- 
tion. This  is  a  decided  improvement,  and  will  make  the  sec- 
ond edition  more  acceptable  than  the  first. 

The  editor  also  states  "that  a  valuable  addition  has  been 
made  to  the  present  edition,  in  the  extracts  from  the  lectures 
delivered  afier  the  appearance  of  Liebig's  work,  by  Prof. 
Daubeny,  at  Oxford,  on  agriculture  and  riu'al  economy.  The 
greater  part  of  the  third  lecture  is  given  in  the  appendix,  and 
this  will  be  found  of  much  value  to  the  practical  agriculturist, 
being  a  summary  of  the  practical  application  of  the  principles 
developed  and  described  in  the  body  of  this  work." 

"It  has  been  gratifying  to  the  editor  to  learn  from  the  gentle- 
man under  whose  supervision  this  work  first  appeared  in  Eng- 
land, that  its  publication,  and  the  manner  in  which  it  has  been 
edited  in  this  country,  have  met  with  his  entire  approbation. 
To  Dr.  Playfair,  the  editor  is  also  indebted  for  some  valuable 
suggestions,  which  have  been  followed  in  preparing  the  second 
edition,  and  for  which  he  would  express  his  thanks."  The 
present  edition  contains  thirty  pages  of  additional  matter. 

It  is  unnecessary  for  us  to  again  commend  a  book  so  mani- 
festly useful  to  every  cultivator.  It  is  gratifying  to  learn  that 
the  first  edition  was  so  eagerly  read  by  practical  men.  The 
work  was  evidently  intended  for  men  of  science;  but  the  prac- 
tical application  of  its  principles  has  been  productive  of  the 
best  results. 

VOL.  VIII. NO.   I.  5 


34  Foreign  A'^olices. — England. 


MISCELLilNEOUS    INTELLIGENCE. 

Art.  I.     Foreign  Notices. 

ENGLAND. 

American  grapes. — In  the  Gardener's  Chronicle  for  November 
last,  a  communication  appears  from  Mr.  Paxton,  gardener  to  the 
Duke  of  Devonshire,  at  Chatsworth,  in  which  he  states  that  he  re- 
ceived hy  the  royal  mail  steamer  Caledonia,  which  sailed  from  Bos- 
ton October  2(1,  a  basket  of  grapes  from  Col.  T.  H.  Perkins,  of 
Brookline.  It  will  be  recollected  that  the  Caledonia,  owing  to  some 
damage  sustained  !)y  running  on  to  the  rocks  near  Halifax,  put  back 
to  that  port,  and  did  not  sail  till  the  7th,  and  arrived  at  Liverpool  on 
the  19th.  Mr.  Paxton  states  that  "the  grapes  were  sent  without  any 
packing,  save  a  layer  of  cotton  wadding  beneath  them,  upon  which 
they  were  loosely  laid.  Notwithstanding  this,  the  rough  voyage 
by  sea,  and  the  land  carriage  in  this  country,  they  arrived  at  Chats- 
worth  in  such  a  state  as  to  enable  us  to  test  their  qualities  against 
the  same  kinds  grown  here:  the  latter  proved  very  much  superior  to 
the  American  fruit  in  flavor,  but  the  bunches  and  berries  were  equal 
in  size  to  any  hot-house  grapes  we  have  seen  this  season.  The 
kinds  were  Muscat  of  Alexandria,  Syrian,  St.  Peters,  Nice  and 
Grizzly,  black  and  white  Frontignac.  The  Syrian,  Muscat,  and 
Frontiixnacs,  were  little  injured,  considering  the  journey;  but  the 
latter  kinds  possessed  none  of  the  aroma  for  which  they  are  prized  in 
this  country — the  white  Frontignac  tasting  like  the  Sweetwater." 

Mr.  Cowan,  late  gardener  to  Col.  Perkins,  informed  ns  the  day 
the  Caledonia  sailed,  that  he  had  forwarded  a  i)asket  of  grapes  from 
the  vineries  under  his  charge,  to  the  care  of  Mr.  Paxton,  from  whom 
Mr.  Perkins  received  many  attentions  when  he  visited  Chatsworth 
last  spring;  and  he  remarked  to  us  that  he  was  fearful  they  would 
not  arrive  in  such  a  condition  as  to  fairly  test  their  qualities,  even 
were  the  voyage  as  favorable  as  nsual.  Unfortunately,  the  steamer 
was  delayed  at  Halifax,  and  did  not  arrive  at  Liverpool  until  the 
19th,  making  the  voyage  seventeen  days  from  Boston.  It  would  not 
be  expected  that  grapes  packed  up  in  an  open  basket,  and  exposed 
to  the  uifluence  of  the  sea  atmosphere  for  that  long  period,  would  re- 
tain their  tine  flavor,  particularly  such  as  the  Muscats, whose  rich  aro- 
ma constitutes  their  great  excellence.  If  all  these  circumstances  had 
been  taken  into  consideration,  we  do  not  think  Mr.  Paxton  would 
have  compared  them  with  the  fresh  grapes,  cut  immediately  from  his 
vines,  without  making  due  allowance  for  the  long  time  the  former  had 
been  cu|,  and  the  exposure  they  had  suffered.  Mr.  Cowan's  grapes 
might  not  have  been  as  high  flavored  as  usual,  but  we  are  certain  that 
under  oiu"  hot  sim  and  dry  atmosphere,  the  Muscats  can  be  made  to 
attain  to  a  greater  decree  of  perfection  than  in  the  climate  of  Brit- 
ain. We  hope,  another  season,  that  Col.  Perkins  or  Mr.  Gushing 
will  send  another  basket  of  grajies,  selecting  such  as  they  know  to 
be  excellent,  in  order  that  Mr.  Paxton  may  see  that  we  can  cultivate 


Foreign   J^^otices. — England.  35 

the  grape  to  a  high  degree  of  perfection.  We  are  sure  Mr.  Hag- 
gerston  would  not  l)e  afraid  to  put  his  grapes  in  comparison  with  any 
of  those  grown  at  Chatsworth,  or  elsewhere  in  England,  making 
proper  allowance  for  a  voyage  of  fourteen  days. 

The  steam -ships  afford  ready  means  of  communication  with  Eng- 
land, and  we  trust  that  exchanges  in  fruits  may  hereafter  be  made, 
which  will  he  of  benefit  to  cultivators  in  both  countries.  We  are 
not  sure  but  that  some  kinds  of  pears  and  apples  could  be  sent  from 
Boston  to  London  with  as  much  safety  as  from  some  of  the  inland 
towns  from  whence  productions  are  sent  to  the  exhibitions  of  the 
London  Horticultural  Society,  over  a  rough  road  of  two  hundred 
miles. — Ed. 

Pruning  fruit  trees. — At  the  meetinir  of  the  London  Horticultural 
So(;ipty,  November  2d,  a  paper  wcs  read  on  a  peculiar  system  of 
priming  fruit  trees,  by  Mr.  Grace.  The  object  in  view  was,  to  make 
old  !)ranchps,  which  liave  become  barren,  re-produce  bloom  l)U(!s. 
Having  well  drained  his  garden,  which  was  oriainally  a  brick-f^.eld, 
'he  })Ut  light  rich  soil  to  the  depth  of  two  feet  on  it,  and  on  this  he 
))lanted  his  trees,  keeping  them  steady  by  pegging  down  the  large 
roots.  To  ciieck  luxuriant  growth,  he  annually  prunes  the  roots, 
cutting  them  each  time  an  inch  longer  than  before.  In  June,  the 
young  shoots  are  nipjied  of^"  to  aiiout  six  inches,  which  occasions  the 
development  of  the  dormant  buds  on  the  old  wood,  and  causes  the 
bloom  buds  round  the  shoulder  to  ])roduce  their  foliage,  thus  bring- 
ing to  maturity  numberless  eyes  before  dormant.  \\'hen  the  fruit  is 
ripe,  the  autumn  pruning  is  commenced,  by  cutting  off  the  shoots  to 
within  an  inch  of  the  shoulder,  excepting  the  tops,  which  are  left 
uncut  till  winter.  Mr.  Grace  has  been  very  successful  in  the  culti- 
vation of  various  fruits,  particularly  pears. — Ed. 

Cultivation  of  salvias. — A  correspondent  of  the  Gardener^s  Chron- 
icle states,  that  he  has  j)erfect  success  in  growing  his  salvias  in  the 
following  manner: — At  the  end  of  JMay  he  procures  cuttings  of  .Sal- 
via splendens,  fiilgens,  coccinea,  &,c.;  he  strikes  them  in  a  small 
frame,  and  then  trans|)lants  them  into  a  bed  on  the  west  border, 
which  he  had  previously  trenched,  strongly  i7ianurcd  and  limed:  the 
salvias  grew  with  the  sj^reatest  rapidity,  and  in  a  short  lime  beat,  in 
strength  and  general  vi^or,  the  parent  plants:  the  whole  of  these  va- 
rieties flowered  freely  the  past  summer,  and  in  September  had  attain- 
ed the  height  of  three  feet. — Gard.  Chron. 

Cinerarias. — This  pretty  tribe  of  plants  is  attracting  much  atten- 
tion just  now  in  England.  Great  quantities  of  seedling  varieties  are 
annuallj'  raised,  which  are  gi'eat  improvements  upon  the  old  species. 
We  hope  some  of  the  new  kinds  will  find  their  way  into  the  collec- 
tions of  our  nurserymen,  juhI  from  thence  into  the  hands  of  amateur 
gardeners:  they  would  contril)ute  greatly  to  the  ornament  of  the 
green-house  in  February  and  March. —  Ed. 

Destroijing  the  Gooseberry  caterpillar. — We  see  it  stated  in  a 
London  paper,  that  the  powder  of  white  hellebore  is  effectual  in  de- 
stroying this  insect.  The  insects  are  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaf; 
and  one  man  holds  up  the  branches,  while  another  dusts  the  powder 
on  them  from  below:  if  perfectly  dry,  it  spreads  in  a  cloud  of  dust, 
and  misses  none  if  well  <lirected;  and  none  it  touches  will  live,  if  the 
hellebore  be  fresh  and  good.     {Mark  Lane  Express.) 


36  Domestic  Jfotices. 


Art.  II.     Domestic  Notices. 

Premium  of  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  Society,  for  the  best 
apple  orchard  in  the  Commonweallh. — The  Committee  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts Agricultural  Society,  have  awarded  their  premium  of  fifty 
dollars  t"or  the  hest  orchard,  to  Capt.  George  Randall,  of  New  Bed- 
ford. With  the  letter  of  application  or  ofter  for  the  premium,  Capt. 
Randall  submitted  to  the  Committee  some  account  of  his  method  of 
])!anting,  and  the  future  management  of  the  trees:  these  remarks 
were  subsequently  enlarged,  at  the  request  of  the  Committee. 

From  Capt.  Randall's  communication,  we  learn  that  he  has  been 
vcr}'  successful  in  the  application  of  whale  oil  soap  as  a  wash  for 
his  trees,  preventing  thus  far  the  borer  from  attacking  them.  Mr. 
Randall,  if  we  recollect  aright,  was  the  gentleman  who  first  sug- 
geste<l  to  Mr.  Haggerston  the  value  of  whale  oil  soap,  as  an  antidote 
to  noxious  insects.  It  was  during  a  visit  which  Mr.  Haggerston  made 
to  Mr.  Randall,  in  the  spring  of  1841,  to  look  at  some  fine  stock  in 
his  possession,  that  he  suggested  to  him  a  trial  of  the  soap  on  his 
trees,  as  reconmiended  in  the  letter  we  have  alluded  to;  and  it  was 
in  consequence  of  this,  that  it  occurred  to  Mr.  Haggerston  that  it 
might  answer  the  purpose  of  destroying  the  rose  slug.  How  well  it 
has  answered  this  object,  every  one  can  affirm,  who  has  tried  the 
most  valuable  discovery  of  Mr.  Haggerston.  Its  use  appears  to  be 
no  less  important  in  the  destruction  of  other  insects  injurious  to  trees 
and  plants. 

Capt.  Randall's  orchard  was  planted  out  in  the  spring  of  1837, 
and  comprises  about  three  and  a  half  acres;  the  soil  good,  but  rather 
light.  Every  year  since,  the  ground  has  been  planted  to  roots,  such 
as  potatoes,  ruta  baga,  mangel  wurtzel,  &c.  The  manures  used 
have  been  common  stiible  compost,  loam,  swamp  mud,  peat  ashes, 
jdaster,  ami  a  small  quantity  of  saltpetre.  The  first  pruning  wag 
made  on  tlie  first  of  May  last,  at  which  time  every  tree  had  the 
earth  removed  from  its  base,  to  examine  for  borers,  and  not  one 
wa^  found,  or  any  indication  of  one. 

The  whole  number  of  trees  planted  was  two  hundred  and  twelve; 
the  distance  apart  twenty-five  feet.  In  four  years  from  the  nursery, 
they  had  acquired,  several  of  them,  near  the  roots,  about  thirteen 
inches  in  circumference. 

Capt.  Randall's  mode  of  planting  was  so  thorough,  and  com- 
pleted in  so  woikmanlike  a  manner,  that  we  recommend  it  to  others. 
It  was  as  follows:— The  mutilated  roots  of  each  tree  are  carefully 
cut  off  smooth,  even  the  small  fibrous  ones,  and  engrafting  salve  put 
over  large  cuts.  The  roots  are  immersed  in  water  for  above  one 
half  hour  before  jjlanting,  thereby  inducing  the  mould  or  loam  to 
become  attached  to  them";  the  hole  to  be  dug  sufficiently  large,  so 
that  every  root  may  extend  without  bending  or  being  cramped.  He 
j)uts  nothing  around  the  roots  but  surface  earth,  and  that  carefully- 
worked  in  by  hand,  each  root  and  fibre  thus  laying  horizontally  and 
naturally.     No  manure  is  made  use  of  in  setting,  but  a  bushel  or  so 


Domestic  Js'olices.  37 

of  fine  staiile  manure  was  put  around  each  tree  the  Novetnher  fol- 
lowing, and  repeated  for  two  years.  Capt.  Randall  prefers  spring 
to  fall  planting. 

The  manner  in  which  Capt.  Randall  uses  the  whale  oil  soaj),  and 
which  we  consider  the  u^.ost  important  ])art  of  liis  communication,  is 
as  follows: — eight  to  ten  pounds  of  whale  oil  soap  are  put  into  a  com- 
mon {)ail,  to  which  a  sutHcient  quantity  of  warm  water  is  added,  so 
that  whe,n  well  mixefl  together,  the  whole  is  about  the  consistence  of 
good'thick  paint.  With  this  pail  of  soap,  thinned  in  tiiis  manner, 
the  man  having  a  small  tin  pail,  or  bag,  or  pocket,  filled  with  fine 
sand,  tied  round  his  waist,  with  a  coarse  crash  cloth,  and  a  paint 
brush,  is  ready  for  operations.  He  first  wets  his  cloth  with  soap, 
then  scatters  on  some  dry  sand,  and  gives  the  trunk  and  branches  a 
good  rubbing;  after  which,  with  a  iiand  brush,  he  puts  on  a  coat  of 
the  soai>,  prepared  as  above,  equal  to  a  thi(;k  coat  of  paint.  The 
time  selected  for  the  operation  is  just  at  the  termination  of  a  storm 
of  rain,  wlien  the  moss,  or  any  roughness  on  the  bark,  will  yield 
more  readily  to  ruli!)ing. 

From  the  remarks  of  the  Committee,  and  the  size  which  they  state 
the  trees  have  acquired  in  four  years,  we  should  think  Caj)t.  Ran- 
dall has  been  highly  successful  in  the  management  of  his  orchard, 
and  is  worthily  entitled  to  the  Society's  premium.  We  particularly 
invite  the  attention  of  cultivators  to  the  above  method  of  af)])lying 
the  whale  oil  soap,  not  only  to  the  apjjle,  but  to  all  kinds  of  fruit 
trees. — Ed, 

Ripe  Tomatoes. — At  the  residence  of  Mr.  dishing,  Belmont  Place, 
W^atertown,  there  is  a  small  pit,  filled  with  tomatoes,  the  vines  of 
which  are  trained  upon  a  trellis  near  the  glass,  and  now  j)roduce 
their  fruit  in  aiiundance.  Nearly  half  a  bushel  was  gathered  at  one 
picking,  a  few  weeks  since. — Ed. 

Friinus  virgijiidna  as  a  slock  for  the  Plum. — A  year  ago,  you  men- 
tioned, (Vol.  VII.,  p.  S3,)  that  i^.Jr.  Flay,  of  New  York,  made  use 
of  the  P)-iinns  virginiima,  or  wild  cherry,  as  a  stock  for  the  j)lum. 
Have  yon  heard  any  thing  farther  in  reijard  to  the  success  of  the 
experiment.'' — Yours,  Jin  JJmatevr,  Dec.  1841. 

[Two  months  ago,  while  on  a  visit  to  the  nursery  of  Messrs.  S.  & 
G.  Hyde,  in  Newton,  Mr.  Hyde  showed  us  some  })lun)  trees  grafted 
upon  the  common  clierry,  or  mazard,  stock,  two  years  since.  The 
scions  were  inserted  about  three  feet  from  the  ground,  and  they  had 
now  attained  such  a  size  as  to  form  a  good  head.  How  well  the 
trees  will  bear,  how  long  they  will  continue  in  a  thriving  state,  and 
how  far  the  stock  will  answer  any  useful  purpose,  we  are  unable  to 
say.  V/e  requested  Mr.  Hyde  to  note  the  progress  of  his  trees,  and 
inform  us  of  the  result.  When  we  receive  any  further  information 
upon  the  suiiject,  we  shall  lay  the  same  before  our  readers. — Ed.] 

Chorozema  vurium. — I  have  a  |)lant  of  Chorozema  varium,  which  I 
turned  out  last  spring  in  the  })it  in  one  of  my  houses,  which  has  taken 
to  the  fine  prepared  New  Holland  soil,  and  is  now  an  immense  bush: 
it  will  be  splendid  in  January.     I  have  also  two  superb  c^ciicia  pubes 
cens  turned  out. —  Yours,  G.  C  Thorburn,  New  York,  Dec.  1841. 


3S 


Faneuil  Hall  Market. 


Art.   III.     Faneuil  Hall  Market. 


Roots,  Tubers,  §-c. 

Pot;;  toes: 

f^,  >  per  barrel.  . 

Clienanrroes,  y  ^      ,      ,    , 

°  5  P*^'"  '"Jsliel,. 
IP  ,  ,  }  nor  banel,.  .. 
Lastports,  >■  '        i      i    r 

•^  5  P'"''  ousliel,..  . 

^  ^  per  barrel,. .  .  . 

Common,  <  '       ,      ■    , 

I  per  bushel,..  . . 

Sweet  potatoes,  per  bushel. 
Turnips,  per  busiicl: 

Common, 

Ruta  Baga, 

Onions: 

Red,  per  bunch, 

White,  per  bunch, 

White, per  bushel, 

Yellow,  per  bushel, 

Beets,  per  bushel, 

Carrots,  per  busliel, 

Parsnips,  per  bushel, 

Salsify,  per  dozen  roots,. .  . . 

Shallots,  per  pound, 

Horseradish,  per  pound  .  .  . . 

Cabbages,  Salads,  fyc. 

Cabbages,  per  doz: 

Savoy, 

Driunhead, 

Red  Dutch, 

Brocoli,  each, 

Cauliflowers,  each, 

Lettuce,  per  head, 

Spinach,  per  peck, 

Celery,  per  root: 

Giant, 

Common, 

Cucumbers,  (pickled)  pr  ^a\. 
Peppers,  (pickled)  per  gallon 

Pot  and  Sweet  Herbs. 

Parsley,  per  half  peek.,.  .  .  . 

Sage,  per  pound, 

Marjorum,  per  bunch, 

Savory,  ]ier  bunch, 

Spearmint,  per  bunch, 


From 

To 

$cu. 

^cts. 

125 

1  37 

50 

60 

2  00 

2  25 

1  GO 

— 

I  2.3 

— 

50 

55 

1  50 

— 

25 

37^ 

37J 

50 

3 

3.^ 

3 

3  k 

1  00 

1  25 

62h 

75 

62h 

75 

25 

20 

10 


75 
75 
75 
12h 
12i 
8 
37k 


12i 


1  00 
1  CO 

25 
25 
10 


10 
6 
25 
374  i     — 


m 

8  ! 


37| 
17 

6 

6 

3 


20 

12i 

12i 


IFrom 

To 

Squashes  and  Pumphinx . 

1 
^cts 

'^■cl.x 

r^anada  Crooknerk,per  lb..  . 

3 

4 

Autumnal  Mai  row,  perjiounc 

5 

6 

Winter  Crock  neck,  per  lb..  . 

3 

4 

'.Vest  Indias,  per  pound,.  .  .  . 

3 

4 

Pumpkins,  each,    

m 

?.(> 

Fruits. 

Apples,  dessert: 

Baldwins,  per  barrel, 

3  00 

— 

Russets,  per  barrel, 

2  00 

2  £0 

Greenings,  per  barrel,. .  .  . 

2  00 

2  £0 

Biue  pearmains,  per  barrel, 

2  50 

3  00 

New  York  pippins, per  bbl. 

3  00 

3  £0 

Common,  per  Uirrel, 

1  50 

2  00 

Pippins,  per  bushel, 

1  00 

1  2o 

Sweet,  per  bushel, 

1  00 

1  25 

Ladv  apples,  per  half  peck. 

25 

— 

Dried  apples,  per  pound,.  . 

H 

6 

Pears,  per  dozen: 

50 

50 



Wiiite  Virgoulouse, 

75 

50 
37^ 

37i, 

75 

SO 

St.  Michael  Archangel .  . . 

50 

50 
25 

1  75 

— 

37* 

Baking,  per  bu.shel, 

2  00 

Cranberries,  per  bushel,.  .  .  . 

1  50 

1  lo 

Grapes  per  pound: 

20 

25 

Blalaga,  (purple) 

25 

— 

Pine-apples,  each 

25 

37i 

Quinces,  per  bushel, 

— 

— 

Lemons,  per  dozen, 

25 

— 

Oranges,  per  doz: 

B7i 
25  i 

£0 

Sicilv 

50 

Walnuts,  per  bushel, ' 

1  50  ■ 

1  75 

Cheslmit^,  per  bushel, 

2  25 

2  50 

Butternuts,  per  bushel, 

1  00 

— 

Almonds,  per  pound, 

14 

15 

Castana,  per  pound 

— 

— 

Cocoa  nuts, 

3 

4 

Remarks. — So  mild  a  December  has  not  been  experienced  for 
several  years;  up  to  the  time  we  now  write  there  has  lieen  scarcely 
what  mi^ht  be  termed  a  winter  day.  No  snow  has  falK-n,  with  the 
exception  of  an  inch  or  so,   and  the  ground  has  remained  quite  oikmi. 

Vegetables. — Very  little  has  been  done  this  month,  but  lew  ship- 
ments have  been  ma<le,  and  tiie  common  retail  traile  has  been  unusu- 
ally dull.    Within  the  past  few  days,  there  appears  more  activity  pre- 


Horticullural  Memoranda.  39 

vailiiii^.  Potntnos  have  been  quite  heavy,  hut  a  slight  movement 
has  just  l.iken  place,  uof,  however,  sufficient  to  cause  any  alteration 
in  our  present  rates;  East|)orts  are  not  so  good  as  usual,  hut  Nova 
Scotias  are  rather  better.  Sweet  potatoes  are  yet  quite  ai)un(lant 
for  the  late  season.  Of  onions,  the  stock  has  been  somewhat  re- 
duced, and  prices  have  advanced  slightly.  Beets  and  carrots  are 
plentiful  and  good.  A  few  roots  of  salsify  have  been  brought  in; 
this  vegetable,  though  superior  to  the  jiarsnip,  is  but  very  slightly 
known;  were  its  excellent  qualities  duly  ap[)reciated,  we  are  con- 
fident it  woidd  find  a  ready  and  constant  sale,  and  be  as  eagerly 
sought  after  as  the  tomato  was,  after  its  good  qualities  became  well 
known.  Horseradish  plentiful  and  good.  The  stock  of  cabbages 
is  reduced  very  low,  |)robably  lower  than  for  several  seasons;  the 
cause  of  the  scanty  crop  we  mentioned  in  our  last  report;  some 
large  lots  of  drumhead  have  been  wanted,  and  it  was  found  difficMdt 
to  fill  the  orders.  Cauliflowers  and  brocolis  are  very  well  supplied. 
Lettuce  improves  as  the  season  advances.  Spinach  is  now  brouijht 
in  of  very  good  quality.  Celerj'-  continues  abundant  and  good. 
Squashes  are  very  scarce  ;  autumnal  marrows  command  the  high 
price  of  six  cents  per  pound;  a  few  West  Indies  have  arrived,  the 
first  for  the  season;  they  are  much  superior  to  those  of  last  year. 
Parsley  is  plentiful  and  of  handsome  growth. 

Fruit. — VVe  have  very  little  alteration  to  note  in  the  fruit  market. 
Apples  remain  about  the  same,  the  stock  cood,  and  in  better  keening 
order  than  last  year.  The  best  selected  Baldwins  command  a  slight 
advance  on  our  prices.  A  ^ew  Danvers  winter  sweets  have  been 
brought  in  the  past  week.  Pears  are  yet  supplied,  of  several  good 
varieties;  the  St.  Michael  Archangels  being  the  principal  stock. 
Cranberries  remain  the  same.  Grapes  are  plentiful,  sweet,  and 
good.  The  jiurplo  sort  is  about  gone.  Pine-apples  are  scarce. 
Quinces  are  all  crone.  Oranges  are  plentiful  and  at  moderate  prices. 
Walnuts  and  chestnuts  are  without  alteration,  and  the  stock  good 
for  the  season.— -li.  T.,  Boston,  Dec.  2Sth,  1841. 


HORTICULTURAL  MEMORANDA 

FOR    JANUARY. 


FRUIT     DEPARTMENT, 

Grape  vines,  in  the  green-house,  will  require  but  little  care  this 
month.  After  the  pruning  is  over,  which  should  be  by  the  first  of 
the  month  or  soon  after,  the  shoots  may  be  tied  loosely  up  to  the 
trellis.  Perhaps  a  washing  of  whale  oil  soap,  diluted  with  water, 
woidd  be  beneficial,  and  destroy  the  eggs  of  many  insects  which  may 
have'been  laid  upon  the  branches  or  around  the  eyes.  They  will 
needno  further  attention  till  they  begin  to  grow. 


40  Horticultural  Memoranda. 

Peach  trees,  in  pots,  may  now  be  broui»lit  into  the  green-house,  and 
placed  in  an  airy  situation.  They  will  begin  to  swell  their  buds  the 
latter  part  of  the  month,  and  if  projjoily  managed  afterwards,  will 
ripen  their  fruit  in  the  latter  j)art  of  May  or  early  in  June. 

FLOWER    DEPARTMENT. 

Camellias  will  continue  to  require  attention  now:  let  them  be  well 
supplied  with  water,  and  ocoasionaliy  s\n-inge  over  the  foliage,  se- 
lecting a  mild  and  fair  day  for  the  operation.  Attend  to  the  impreg- 
nation of  the  flouer;;,  if  seeils  are  wanted,  and  do  not  allow  any  of 
the  fallen  petals  to  lie  upon  the  stages,  but  let  them  be  swept  up  ev- 
ery day.  If  it  is  wished  to  grow  plants  from  cuttings,  now  is  the  time 
to  put  them  in. 

Geraniums  should  be  carefully  watered;  such  as  are  too  vigorous 
should  be  watered  sparingly,  in  order  that  they  may  not  run  up  too 
tall  and  weak;  nip  off  the  tops  of  those  which  have  a  tendency  to  do 
so. 

Roses  will  now  be  showing  their  buds  if  the  plants  have  been  prop- 
erly managed:  water  freely  as  they  come  into  bloom. 

Ericas  of  many  sorts  will  now  be  flowering:  keep  the  surface  of 
the  soil  free  from  moss,  and  water  carefully,  neither  giving  too  much 
or  too  little:  they  should  not  be  deluged  at  one  period,  and  then  al- 
lowed to  become  dry:  but  they  should  receive  a  small  quantity  of 
water  every  day,  unless  in  dull  wet  weather.  Cuttings  succeed  well 
if  put  in  now. 

Chinese  primroses  will  be  flowering  freely,  and  if  in  small  pots 
should  be  shifted:  water  liberally. 

Calceolarias  must  receive  attention:  water  very  sparingly,  and  if 
the  plants  need  it,  repot  into  the  next  size. 

.^ra/e«s  will  commence  growing  the  latter  part  of  the  month:  as 
soon  as  this  is  perceived,  water  liberally  and  syringe  over  the  foliage. 

Tree  pcEonies  may  be  brought  into  the  house  now  for  a  succession 
of  flowers. 

Verbenas  will  commence  growing  soon:  such  as  need  it  should  be 
repotted;  and  if  the  plants  are  straggling,  they  should  be  pruned  into 
good  shape. 

Lechenaullias  w'xW  now  be  in  full  flower:  give  moderate  supplies 
of  water,  and  place  in  an  airy  situation  near  the  glass. 

Oxalises  of  many  sorts  will  now  begin  to  flower:  give  water  often 
as  they  continue  to  open  their  blooms. 

Sparaxis,ixias,  S,-c.  will  need  more  liberal  supplies  of  water  as  they 
advance  towards  a  flowering  state. 

Hyacinths  planted  in  November,  and  placed  in  frames  or  in  the 
cellar,  may  now  be  brought  into  the  green-house  or  parlor  to  bloom. 

Cactuses  will  now  be  ripening  their  shoots  and  foriuini:  their  flower 
buds:  water  sparingly,  and  keep  them  in  a  cool  situation  near  the 
glass. 

Dahlia  roots  will  require  looking  after:  see  that  they  are  not  decay- 
ing and  in  bad  order:  such  as  have  the  appearance  of  rotting  may  be 
potted,  placed  in  a  warm  situation,  and  started  into  growth. 

Pansy  seeds  may  now  be  j)Ianted  in  boxes,  and  placed  in  the  green- 
house, where  they  will  come  forward  and  be  ready  for  transplanting 
into  the  open  ground  in  April. 


THE    MAGAZINE 


HORTICULTURE 


FEBRUARY,    1842. 


ORIGINAL  COMMUNICATIONS. 

Art.  I.  JVotes  made  during  a  visit  to  ./Veio  York^  Philadel- 
phia, Baltimore,  and  Washington,  and  interr.iediate  places, 
from  Auguit  Sth  to  the  2od,  1841.     By  the  Editor. 

{Continued  from  Vol.  VII.,  p.  413.) 

Garden  of  Mr.  J.  B.  Smith. — Among  the  many  amateur 
cultivators  of  plants  with  whom  we  have  had  the  pleasure  of 
an  acquaintance,  Mr.  Smith  excels  them  all  in  his  zeal  and 
ardor  in  the  propagation  and  growth  of  fine  specimens.  To 
get  up  a  collection  of  plants,  with  him  appears  to  be  but  the 
work  of  a  season.  It  is  now  only  six  or  seven  years  since  he 
disposed  of  his  whole  collection  of  plants.  In  the  course  of 
three  years,  he  had  accumulated  another  large  lot,  which  he 
then  offered  at  public  auction,  as  he  intended  making  a  visit 
to  Europe.  But  during  only  the  short  space  of  three  years, 
he  has  accumulated  another  very  large  quaniity  of  fine  plants, 
nearly  all  of  his  own  growth,  either  by  propagation  or  by 
seeds.  Mr.  Smith  is  a  great  lover  of  plants;  and  though  he 
would  rather  keep  his  collection  within  limited  bounds,  the 
pleasure  he  derives  from  their  cultivation  will  not  allow  him 
to  remain  idle,  and  his  leisure  tiuie  is  devoted  to  the  multipli- 
cation of  every  thing  which  he  possesses,  and  in  this  he  has 
been  one  of  the  most  successful  cultivators. 

The  lovers  of  that  splendid  tribe  of  plants,  the  camellia, 
are  indebted  to  Mr.  Smith  for  some  of  its  finest  ornaments; 
his  philadelphica,  amabile,  E'stheri,  Vaux?"?",  and  particularly 
his  Binneyi,  will  long  commemorate  his  labors  in  improving 
the  beauty  and  variety  of  this  truly  superb  family.  Mr. 
Smith  has  now  [or  had,  at  the  time  these  notes  were  made,] 

VOL.  VIII. NO.   II.  6 


42  jVotes  made  during  a  Visit  to 

upwards  of  six  hundred  seedlings,  from  one  to  six  feet  high, 
none  of  which  have  yet  flowered.  We  never  saw  heahhier 
or  stronger  seedling  plants,  and  from  the  great  success  which 
he  has  had  in  raising  seedlings,  there  must  be  many  valuable 
sorts  among  those  which  are  yet  to  bloom.  Of  the  character 
of  Bitmeyi  sufficient  has  already  been  said  (Vol.  VII.,  p. 
258,)  to  render  any  remarks  here  unnecessary.  Mr.  Smith 
has  raised  hybrids  between  C.  japonica  var.  and  C.  maliflora 
Lindl.  (^Sasdnqua  L.)  The  plants  have  very  dark  and  small 
foliage.  Tn  speaking  of  the  growth  of  seedlings,  and  the 
kinds  best  adapted  for  that  purpose,  Mr.  Smith  stated  that 
he  had  used  the  old  warratah  in  almost  every  instance; 
and  that  all  his  fine  varieties,  including  Binneyi,  were  raised 
from  it.  He  adopts  the  practice  which  we  have  before  re- 
commended, and  which  was  tried  by  Mr.  Knight,  of  fertiliz- 
ing with  the  pollen  of  two  or  more  kinds  mixed  together; 
and  it  is  generally  his  practice  to  take  the  pollen  from  eight 
or  ten  fine  sorts,  and  mix  it  thoroughly  together  with  a 
camel's  hair  pencil,  and  then  apply  it  to  the  stigmas  of  the 
seedling  plants.  This  doctrine  has  been  denounced  by  Dr. 
Lindley,  in  his  Theory  of  Horticulture,  but  whether  founded 
in  truth  or  not,  the  results  of  Mr.  Smith's  practice  are  before 
us,  and  certainly  speak  strongly  in  its  favor. 

Mr.  Smith  has  several  strong  plants  of  C.  var.  Binneyt, 
nearly  all  of  which  are  budded  finely,  and  will  bloom  well  the 
coming  season:  he  has  had  several  very  favorable  offers  for 
the  whole  stock  of  it;  and  as  he  does  not  wish  to  be  at  the 
trouble  of  propagating  young  plants,  and  at  the  same  time  is 
desirous  that  amateurs  may  possess  it,  we  presume  he  will 
soon  dispose  of  it  to  some  of  the  enterprising  nurserymen  in 
the  city.      Each  of  his  other  seedlings  afl:brd  rich  flowers. 

But  the  plants  which  Mr.  Smith  feels  most  attached  to  are 
the  Cacti,  of  which  he  has  undoubtedly  the  most  rare  and 
unique  collection  in  the  country.  Until  we  saw  them,  we 
had  no  conception  of  the  great  interest  which  attaches  to  a 
choice  collection  of  this  singular  and  splendid  family.  Among 
the  number,  he  possessed  many  new  echinocactuses,  beautiful 
from  their  form,  and  the  disposition  of  their  spines;  several 
of  the  Cereus  senilis,  or  Old  man's  cactus,  and  a  great  num- 
ber of  seedlings.  Mr.  Smith's  acquaintance  in  the  West 
Indies  and  South  America  has  enabled  him  to  procure  a  great 
portion  of  the  fine  species  which  abound  in  those  places. 


JVew  York,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  S,-c.  43 

The  practice  adopted  for  growing  the  cacti  by  Mr.  Smith 
is  simple  and  most  successful.  'IMie  plants  are  plunged  out 
in  tan  or  coal  ashes,  in  frames,  exposed  to  the  full  sun,  and  are 
only  protected  from  long  and  heavy  rains,  when  a  few  boards 
or  sashes  are  laid  over  the  frames.  Grown  in  this  manner, 
the  plants  have  a  strong  and  healthy  appearance,  with  ruddy 
looking  stems  and  leaves,  flowering  abundantly  every  spring. 
The  plants  require  very  little  care  when  managed  in  this  man- 
ner, as  the  dews  are  sufficiently  heavy  to  supply  them  with  so 
much  moisture  as  to  require  water  only  once  or  twice  a  week. 
The  soil  Mr.  Smith  uses  is  sandy  loam,  mixed  wifh  about  one 
third  its  quantity  of  animal  charcoal  or  the  refuse  of  the  su- 
gar refineries:  this  mixture  must  lie  some  few  months,  until  it 
is  well  incorporated,  before  it  should  be  used.  Mr.  Smith 
will  retain  all  his  Cadi,  should  he  find  any  one  who  wishes 
to  purchase  the   remainder  of  his  collection  of  plants. 

c/l/r.  Sheru'oocVs  jYursery  and  Floicer  Garden,  near  Laurel 
Hill  Cemetery,  has  been  much  improved  since  we  visited  it, 
in  the  spring  of  1837.  At  that  time,  there  was  only  one 
range  of  glass,  which  had  just  been  erected,  the  grounds  hav- 
ing been  only  enclosed  and  occupied  the  previous  season. 
At  our  present  visit,  we  found  two  other  additional  structures 
erected  for  the  growth  of  pla-nts,  and  a  very  handsome  cot- 
tage, occupied  by  Mr.  Sherwood.  In  1S37,  nothing  had 
been  planted  in  the  open  ground,  but  we  now  found  it  well 
filled  with  a  collection  of  plants. 

Mr.  Sherwood  possesses  some  fine  specimens  of  plants: 
among  others,  we  noticed  a  large  Bonapartea  juncea;  Doryan- 
thes  excelsa,  which  had  the  appearance  of  flowering  the  pres- 
ent season;  a  double  white  camellia,  the  largest  we  have  ever 
seen;  it  is  planted  out  in  the  ground,  in  the  centre  of  a  span- 
roofed  green-house,  and  nearly  reaches  the  glass,  its  branches 
spreading  thirty  feet  in  circumference.  Mr.  Sherwood's  name 
is  familiar  to  all  lovers  of  the  camellia,  from  his  having  origi- 
nated one  of  the  most  beautiful  varieties  which  exists  in  our  col- 
lections. It  is  an  elegant  rose  colored  flower,  occasionally  mark- 
ed with  white,  perfect  in  its  shape,  with  a  fine  rose  petal,  large 
broad,  glossy  foliage,  and  excellent  habit.  Mr.  Sherwood  has 
some  three  or  four  hundred  seedlings  yet  to  bloom,  but  we  think 
he  must  have  remarkable  success,  if  he  raises  one  which  will 
surpass  that  to  which  he  has  given  his  name.  IMr.  Sher- 
wood's   collection    of  camellias    is    veiy   good:  we    noticed, 


44  A'^otes  made  during  a  Visit  to 

among  olhei  varieties,  Juliana,  elata,  Donckelaen,  tricolor, 
ccslestina,  ochroleuca,  delicatissirna,  JMilleri,  King,  nobiiis- 
sima.  Palmer's  Perfection,  &c.,  »^c. 

In  the  open  garden,  we  noticed  a  small  bed  of  tlie  beautiful 
JEuphorbm  Jacquin(c/?ora,  scarcely  yet  known  in  n)any  col- 
lections, but  a  brilliant  plant,  in  winter,  in  the  bot-house;  the 
green-house  is  not  warm  enough  to  flower  it.  Not  only  at 
Mr.  Sherwood's,  but  at  other  places,  we  noticed  it  turned 
out  of  the  pots  into  the  ground,  where  it  does  much  better 
than  when  its  roots  are  confined:  tbe  plants  grow  more  com- 
pact and  bushy,  the  foliage  strong  and  vigorous,  and  if  taken 
up  carefully  and  potted  in  September,  they  produce  an  abun- 
dance of  its  wreaths  of  scarlet  blossoms  from  January  to 
April.  Mr.  Sherwood's  collection  of  tender  roses  is  very 
large,  and  comprises  many  of  the  leading  new  sorts:  his  col- 
lection of  green-bouse  plants  we  found  also  very  good,  but  a 
correspondent,  in  our  last  volume,  (p.  127,)  has  given  so  ex- 
tended an  account  of  them,  that  it  is  unnecessary  for  us  to 
extend  our  remarks  at  this  time. 

Floivcr  Establisliment  of  Peter  JMackenzie^  Sprrice  Street. — 
Our  last  notice  of  Mr.  Mackenzie's  garden  appeared  in  the 
fall  of  1839,  (Vol.  V.,  p.  369,)  but  a  correspondent  has  fur- 
nished us  with  some  further  account  of  it,  in  our  last  volume, 
(p.  125.)  Mr.  Mackenzie  is  a  most  excellent  cultivator  of 
plants,  and  has  stored  his  establishment  with  a  choice  and  well 
grown  assortment. 

The  most  important  acquisitions  which  have  been  made 
since  our  last  visit,  are  the  new  azaleas  which  have  been  [)ro- 
duced  from  seed  by  Mr.  Mackenzie,  and  the  finest  of  which 
have  been  described  in  our  last  volume,  (p.  223;)  some  of 
them  are  very  fine,  particularly  A.  var.  Cope??*.  We  noticed 
a  fine  stock  of  young  plants  coming  on,  of  the  several  varie- 
ties, and  Mr.  Mackenzie  will  soon  be  able  to  supply  plants  of 
all  the  kinds  he  has  raised.  IMnny  new  camellias  have  been 
added,  and  we  found  a  fine  and  ikirifiy  stock  of  young  [ilanis. 
The  collection  of  roses  is  large,  and  includes  all  the  good 
sorts:  owing  to  the  hot  and  dry  season,  we  found  but  a  lim- 
ited number  of  kinds  in  bloom.  We  noticed  a  number  of 
plants  in  the  open  ground,  of  that  fine  variety  of  the  Bengal, 
Agrijjpina,  which  were  blooming  abundantly;  and  a  few  of 
the  same  sorts  we  have  already  noticed  at  other  places,  were 
expanding  an  occasional  flower. 


Jfew    York,  Philadelphia,  Ballimore,  ^-c.  45 

The  practice  which  we  alludetl  to,  in  our  last  remarks  upon 
this  place,  of  planting  many  kinds  of  green-house  plants  out 
in  the  open  ground  in  siunnier,  is  adopted  to  a  great  extent 
by  most  of  the  Philadelphia  cultivators  of. plants,  and  with 
good  success:  at  Mr.  Buist's,  Mr.  Sherwood's,  and  at  this 
establishment,  we  found  numerous  j)lant3  grown  in  this  man- 
ner; and  we  must  again  recommend  it  to  the  notice  of  an)a- 
teurs  and  cultivators  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston. 

The  camellias  are  here  kept  in  the  houses  the  year  round: 
this  is  probably  owing  to  the  limited  space  which  the  nursery- 
men possess,  who  are  located  within  the  limits  of  the  city. 
To  place  these  plants  in  the  open  air,  surrounded  as  they 
would  be  by  brick  walls  or  ranges  of  glass,  which  throw  a 
redacted  heat  upon  the  plants,  they  would  suffer  much  more 
than  they  do  when  standing  in  the  house — ihe  sashes,  coated 
over  with  a  thin  wash  of  lime  or  whiting,  to  prevent  the  rays 
of  the  sun  from  injuring  the  foliage,  and  the  house  well  venti- 
lated at  all  times.  When  a  good  situation  can  be  selected, 
against  a  north  wall  or  building  of  some  kind,  or  even  in  the 
shade  of  trees,  though  not  directly  under  ihem,  we  would  ad- 
vise the  plants  to  be  removed  from  the  gieen-house;  but  if 
otherwise,  to  let  them  remain,  only  taking  the  precaution  to 
wash  over  the  inside  of  the  sashes  with  lime  or  whiting  and 
water.  Mr.  Mackenzie's  establishment  is  kept  in  the  neatest 
order  throughout,  as  every  nursery  establishment  should  be, 
and  the  wliole  reflects  much  credit  upon  his  industry  and  skill. 

The  ^Yurscry  and  Flower  Garden  of  H.  A.  Dreer,  at  the 
Woodlands. — Tiie  Woodlands  is  well  known  to  those  con- 
versant with  the  early  history  of  gardening  in  this  country,  as 
having  formerly  been  the  residence  of  the  late  Mr.  Hamilton: 
it  is  situated  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Schuylkill,  about 
three  miles  from  the  city.  In  the  early  part  of  the  present 
century,  it  was  noted  for  its  fine  collection  of  trees  and  plants, 
probably  equal,  or  superior,  to  any  other  in  the  country:  the 
first  camellias  which  were  imported  into  America,  were,  we 
believe,  received  at  this  establishment.  The  botanist  Pursh 
had  charge  of  this  place  in  1802,  into  whose  hands  it  was  re- 
linquished by  Mr.  John  l..yon,  a  botanist  whose  researches 
had  contributed  considerably  to  enrich  the  flora  of  America. 
For  many  years,  however,  the  grounds  have  been  in  a  neglect- 
ed and  deserted  state,  and  little  now  remains,  except  its  fine 
plantations  of  forest  trees,  to  designate  the  spot  where  the  la- 


46  J^otes  made  during  a  Visit  to  J^eiv  York,  ^-c. 

bors  of  Pursh  and  others,  aided  by  the  weahh  and  taste  of 
Mr.  HatniUon,  contributed  so  much  to  the  advancement  of 
botany  and  gardening  in  this  country. 

We  passed  into  the  grounds  through  the  old  gate,  with  its 
lodges  now  in  a  ruined  state,  and  winding  up  a  new  avenue, 
lately  cut,  to  facilitate  the  drawing  out  of  the  limber  where  it 
bad  been  hewn  down,  we  arrived  in  front  of  the  old  mansion. 
Standing  upon  what  was  formerly  a  noble  lawn,  but  now  over- 
run with  weeds,  our  thoughts  were  carried  back  to  the  period, 
when,  under  the  care  of  the  skilful  gardener,  it  might  have 
vied,  both  in  keeping  and  picturesque  beauty,  with  the  prince- 
ly demesne  of  the  English  noblemtin.  The  gently  undulat- 
ing surface  of  the  grounds,  the  fine  groups  of  trees,  the 
broad  glades  of  green  turf,  all  contributing  to  render  the  place 
one  of  the  finest  residences  the  fancy  could  picture  up.  We 
could  only  hope  that  the  ruthless  hand  of  the  woodman,  in 
the  mania  for  modern  improvement,  might  spare  the  noble  gi- 
ants of  the  forest  which  rear  their  heads  in  majestic  grandeur 
and  stillness  over  a  spot  rendered  so  beautiful  by  the  labors  of 
man. 

The  garden  is  situated  to  the  west  of  the  entrance  front  of 
the  house,  and  occupies  a  valley  of  about  five  or  six  acres  in 
extent.  From  the  gardener's  lodge,  it  is  entered  by  descend- 
ing a  flight  of  several  steps  in  the  rear  of  the  old  green-house, 
now  in  so  dilapidated  a  state  that  little  idea  can  be  formed  of 
its  original  appearance:  the  back  wall  is  built  of  stone,  and  is 
carried  up  so  as  to  secure  a  number  of  rooms  for  the  garden- 
er over  the  furnaces  and  potting  rooms.  One  range  of  it  is  a 
conservatory  in  the  old  style,  with  a  blank  roof,  and  the  gar- 
dener's lodge  at  one  end;  the  wing  forms  the  green-house. 
In  front  of  the  conservatory,  we  saw  the  old  sun-dial,  cut  in 
freestone,  a  remnant  of  the  flower  garden  which  formerly  oc- 
cupied that  spot. 

But  leaving  the  associations  which  are  connected  with  its 
former  condition,  we  turn  to  its  present  occupancy.  ]\fr. 
Dreer  has  converted  the  old  flower  garden  into  a  dahlia 
ground,  and  we  found  the  best  collection  here  in  bloom 
that  we  observed  in  the  city.  [Mr.  Dreer  obtained  the  first 
prize  of  the  Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Society  for  the  best 
blooms  at  their  last  annual  exhibition.  Vol.  VJI.,  p.  4G9.] 
Jn  the  green-house,  we  found  a  good  collection  of  cacti,  and 
back  of  the    conservatory,    a  large    number    of  green-house 


Account  of  the  Loivell  Cemetery.  47 

plants.  In  the  garden,  in  different  places,  we  observed  a 
great  quantity  of  many  sorts  of  green-house  plants  turned  out 
into  the  open  ground,  which  were  growing  vigorously.  Fine 
collections  of  annuals  were  planted  for  their  seed,  and  we  no- 
ticed some  of  the  most  brilliant  colors  of  the  Phlox  Drum- 
mondit  we  have  ever  seen.  Looking  into  the  frames,  Mr. 
Dreer  showed  us  some  moss  roses,  grown  from  cuttings  by 
his  gardener,  which  had  made  good  shoots.  The  cuttings  are 
put  in  when  the  shoots  begin  to  acquire  a  ligneous  or  woody 
character,  and  exposed  to  a  slight  heat,  they  root  very  well. 
Grafting  camellias  is  performed  at  all  seasons  of  the  year, 
when  the  sap  of  the  stock  is  in  motion.  Propagation  of 
various  other  plants  was  going  on. 

The  place  is  rather  too  large  to  be  kept  in  good  order,  but 
considering  the  state  in  which  Mr.  Dreer  found  it  two  years 
ago,  when  he  leased  the  premises,  he  is  deserving  of  credit 
for  what  he  has  accomplished. 

(To  be  continued.) 


Art.  TT.     ^^n  account  of  the  Loivell  Cemetery,  its  Situation^ 
Historical  Associalions,  and  particular  description.      By  W. 

To  satisfy  the  natural  desires  of  the  community,  this  cem- 
etery was  projected  and  established  by  several  public  spirited 
and  liberal  individuals:  the  object  is  a  general  cemetery  for 
the  city  of  Lowell  and  its  vicinity. 

The  site  has  been  consecrated  to  its  future  purposes  with 
solemn  and  a[)propriate  services,  and  it  will  be  faithfully  pre- 
served as  a  place  of  burial,  without  desecration  or  a  change 
of  purpose.  In  giving  a  description  of  this  cemetery,  it  will 
be  the  writer's  purpose  to  enter  into  such  detail  as  he  trusts 
will  contain  matter  of  interest,  both  for  the  general  reader  and 
for  those  who  have  friends  interred  in  cemeteries. 

The  Lowell  Cemetery  contains  an  area  of  about  forty-four 
acres  of  land,  retired,  and  pleasantly  situated  on  the  southern 
slope  of  "  Fort  Hill,"  and  at  the  distance  of  about  three 
quarters  of  a  mile  from  the  city,  and  a  mile  and  a  half  from 
the  City  Hall.      The  surface   of  the  ground   is  beautifully  di- 


43  Account  of  the  Lowell  Cemetery. 

versified  with  hill  and  valley.  The  high  grounds  command  an 
extensive  view  of  a  portion  of  the  city,  the  country,  and  the 
Concord  River,  which  forms  its  western  boundary,  and  is 
seen  to  a  distance  slowly  winding  its  course  along  the  surface 
of  ground,  diversified  with  a  variety  and  beauty  of  scenery 
seldom  to  be  met  with. 

With  such  variety  of  surface,  this  ground  possesses  a  high 
degree  of  adaptation  as  a  place  of  sepulture;  and  ornamented 
both  by  nature  and  art,  this  cemetery  must  have  attractions 
for  the  most  unobserving  and  the  least  reflecting.  There  are 
many  historical  associations  connected  with  this  spot,  and  its 
former,  but  now  long  deceased,  occupants.  About  the  year 
1652,  it  was  the  chief  settlement  of  that  once  powerful  but 
peaceful  tribe,  the  Pawtuckets,  who,  for  the  facility  of  hunt- 
ing, and  that  they  might  not  be  drawn  into  the  quarrels  which 
disturbed  other  tribes,  obtained  a  grant  to  occupy  this  spot, 
and  pass  their  time  in  sunshine  and  peace.  They  trusted  not, 
however,  to  the  bounds  and  spotted  trees  of  the  white  man, 
but  chose  a  more  lasting  line  of  demarcation;  they  dug  a 
trench,  which  crosses  the  site  now  appropriated  for  the  ceme- 
tery, traces  of  which  are  plainly  seen  to  this  day,  and  is  known 
as  "Passaconaway's  Ditch."  The  chief  sagamore  of  the 
tribe  had  his  residence,  and  built  a  fort,  on  the  summit  of  the 
hill:  hence  the  name  of  "  Fort  Hill."  Just  before  the  death 
of  the  old  chief,  he  embraced  Christianity,  and  said,  "here- 
tofore, I  have  been  unwilling  to  leave  my  old  canoe,  but  now 
I  embark  in  a  new  one,  and  do  engage  to  pray  to  God." 
There  are  also  to  be  seen  mounds  or  tumuli,  much  resembling 
that  ancient  style  of  sepulture,  in  shape  and  form.  The  abo- 
rigenes  of  this  spot  dwelt  in  the  darkness  of  cold  mythology, 
like  many  tribes  of  the  east,  and  are  said  to  have  held  a  super- 
stition, that  if  one  of  them  died  in  a  strange  land,  and  be  there 
buried,  his  body  will  grope  its  way  through  the  bowels  of  the 
earth,  until  it  arrives  within  its  own  hunting  ground.  This 
tribe  has  long  gone  to  their  fathers,  and  their  places  yielded  to 
the  dead,  and  the  spots  where  once  blazed  the  red  man's  fire, 
and  beneath  the  old  oaks  where  once  ctnled  the  smoke  of  the 
wigwam,  may  now  be  seen  the  humble  turf-clad  mounds,  be- 
neath which  are  sleej^ing  the  beloved  remains  of  a  wife,  a  hus- 
band, or  a  friend,  whose  virtues  are  fondly  remembered  by 
that  constant  visitor  to  the  grave,  whose  pleasing  duty  it  is  to 
bedeck  it  with  the  first  flowers  of  spring  and  the  last  of  autumn. 


Account  of  the  Lowell  Cemetery.  49 

Here,  too,  may  be  seen  wild  and  thick  masses  of  trees  and 
shrubs,  un pruned  by  the  too  formal  knife  of  the  gardener, 
where,  in  uninterrupted  solitude,  bereaved  relatives  may  calm- 
ly enjoy  their  soothing  visit  to  "the  house  appointed  for  all 
the  living,"  and  there  cherish  all  those  interesting  associations 
which  ever  cast  a  cheerful  light  over  the  darkness  of  the  grave. 

The  site  of  the  Lowell  Cemetery  is  eminently  picturesque 
and  beautiful.  The  northern  and  southern  boundaries  embrace 
a  range  of  high  grounds,  covered  for  the  most  part  with  a 
young  and  verdant  growth  of  trees:  these  high  grounds  grad- 
ually and  abruptly  slope  towards  the  centre  or  valley,  thiough 
which  runs  a  brook,  supplying  several  large  ponds  for  the  sea- 
son, also  sufficient  for  supplying  a  fountain  of  about  one  hun- 
dred feet  head.  The  southern  range  of  high  grounds  is  cov- 
ered with  a  verdant  growth  of  trees,  and  is  highly  ornamented 
with  that  most  characteristic  and  aj)propriate  of  all  sepulchral 
ornaments — well  grown  and  stately  oaks,  intermixed  with  the 
funereal  and  feathered  boughs  of  the  dark  hemlock;  while  the 
slopes  are  only  partially  clothed  with  trees,  and  the  contrast 
between  the  deep  dusky  green  of  the  hemlock  and  the  soft 
bright  tint  of  the  grass  in  the  open  spaces  between  them, 
produces  an  effect  almost  magical,  and  which  strikes  one  as 
being  more  the  result  of  art  than  nature.  The  northern  range 
is  admired  for  its  more  elevated  position,  and  is  favorable  lor 
tombs  or  vaults.  The  soil,  for  the  most  part,  is  of  a  hard 
and  gravelly  nature.  Leaving  the  high  grounds  on  the  north, 
and  descending  to  the  lower  parts,  the  gravel  disappears,  and 
a  moist  yellow  clay,  mixed  with  black  earth,  extends  to  a 
great  depth,  and  is  productive  for  a  rapid  growth  of  shrubs. 

The  professional  work  of  surveying  and  laying  out  this 
cemetery  was  commenced  during  the  fall  of  ]  S40 — that  of 
making  the  avenues  and  paths,  early  in  the  spring  of  1841, 
since  which,  a  corps  of  laborers  have  been  engaged  in  mak- 
ing the  roads  and  paths,  and  clearing  off  the  grounds.  Of 
the  architectural  department  there  is  much  to  admire.  One 
of  the  avenues,  called  "  Washington  Avenue,"  embraces  a 
circuit  round  the  ground,  and  the  whole  extent  of  drive  is  a 
mile  and  a  half. 

Directly  opposite  the  gateway,  and  winding  along  the  side 
of  a  natural  ridge,  leading  to  the  chapel,  is  "  Fenelon  Ave- 
nue." From  the  chapel,  the  avenues  diverge,  one  extending 
along  the   central  parts,   and    intersects   with  others   at  right 

VOL.   VIII. NO.    II.  7 


60  Account  of  the  Lowell  Cemetery. 

angles:  these  avenues,  for  the  most  part,  are  bordered  by  fine 
forest  trees,  of  a  variety  of  kinds  and  sizes.  In  laying  out 
the  avenues  and  paths,  particular  regard  was  had  to  the  gVeat- 
est  possible  extent  of  available  footage,  and  ready  access  by 
them  to  any  part  of  the  ground.  1'he  direction  of  many  of 
the  most  important  paths  was  dictated  in  a  great  degree  by 
the  existing  ornamental  timber;  and  some  reference  was  ne- 
cessarily had  to  the  course  required  for  draining.  In  laying 
out  these  grounds,  the  skill  of  the  designer  has  been  display- 
ed, in  combining  somewhat  the  "ancient  or  geometric  style" 
with  the  natural  or  irregular.  In  some  parts,  the  regular  forms 
and  right  lines  are  well  adapted  to  the  location  of  the  ground, 
while  in  others,  the  varied  and  gradually  curving  forms  give 
an  air  of  grandeur  und  boldness,  and  in  combining  these  with 
the  natural  scenery,  cannot  fail  to  call  forth,  in  the  minds  of 
visitors,  impressions  of  love  and  veneration. 

The  plan  of  the  gateway  is  designed  upon  the  ancient 
Egyptian  style  of  architecture,  consisting  of  an  elevation  sim- 
ilar on  both  sides,  which  serve  as  gate  piers,  to  which  are 
hung  gates  folding  in  the  centre.  Each  pier  rests  upon  a  base 
of  about  five  feet  square,  surmounted  with  a  plain  massive 
capital;  the  height  of  the  elevation,  from  the  ground  to  the 
apex  of  the  wreathed  head  of  the  capitals,  is  twenty  feet: 
upon  the  interior  face  of  these  piers,  and  next  the  gate,  are 
pilasters  supporting  the  Egyptian  arch,  which  is  twelve  feet 
wide. 

The  chapel  is  to  be  built  of  sober  but  correct  style  of  Gothic 
architecture,  and  will  be  embosomed  amongst  a  deep  mass  of 
pines  and  stately  trees,  and  the  whole  will  form  a  picture  of 
nature  and  art  combined,  not  easily  to  be  surpassed. 

The  grounds  are  now  open  to  visitors,  and  all  are  earnestly 
advised,  who  have  not  already  done  so,  to  pay  an  early  visit 
to  this  beautiful  cemetery. 

In  concluding  this  detailed  account,  the  writer  will  not 
omit  to  state,  that  the  whole  of  the  architectural  arrangements, 
including  the  ground  ])lan,  the  dis})osition  of  the  grounds,  the 
gateway,  and  chapel,  have  been  effected  under  the  profession- 
al management  of  George  P.  Worcester,  Esq.,  civil  engi- 
neer. 

Lowell,  Dec,  1841. 


On  the  cullivaiion  oj  the  Lycios  edulis.  51 


Art.  III.  On  the  cultivation  of  the  Lycios  edulis,  as  a 
culinary  fruit.  By  J.  D.  Legare,  Esq.,  Editor  of  the 
Southern  Agriculturist. 

In  an  early  number  of  the  Magazine  of  Horticulture,  for  the 
present  year,  you  mention  that  jNIr.  R.  Buist  had  exhibited  to 
the  Horticultural  Society  of  Philadelphia  several  fruit  of  the 
Lycios  edulis,  which  he  had  received  from  South  America, 
and  you  express  a  hope  that  they  would  be  cultivated,  and  the 
results  made  known  to  you.  I  believe  the  fruit  referred  to  by 
you  were  some  I  sent  Mr.  Buist  last  fall,  and  which  were  er- 
roneously reported  to  have  come  from  South  America,  in  the 
stead  of  South  Carolina.  Soon  after  I  saw  your  notice,  it  was 
my  intention  to  have  written  to  you,  and  given  some  account 
of  this  fruit  (or  vegetable)  which  has  been  cultivated  in  this 
city  for  many  years,  but  I  mislaid  the  number,  (which  I  have 
never  been  able  to  find  since,)  and  various  calls  on  my  time 
prevented  me,  until  it  was  so  late  that  I  determined  to  defer 
it  until  I  could  send  you  some  of  the  fruit,  which  I  did  by  the 
ship  Leland,  consigning  them  to  the  care  of  a  friend,  and 
hope  by  this  time  that  you  have  received  them. 

The  Lycios  edulis  has  been  cultivated  in  Charleston,  for  at 
least  thirty  years,  and  how  much  longer  I  am  unable  to  say, 
for  when  brought  to  this  city  1  have  never  been  able  to  learn. 
It  is  a  perennial  vine,  which  with  us  grows  most  vigorously,  cov- 
ering with  its  large  palmated  leaves,  large  arbors,  and  produc- 
ing large  numbers  of  fruit  late  in  the  season.  Although  it  has 
been  so  long  among  us,  and  grows  so  luxuriantly,  and  bears  so 
well,  yet  it  is  comparatively  unknown,  even  in  this  city,  and 
scarcely  at  all  out  of  it.  I  can  scarcely  account  for  this,  unless  it 
be  that  it  requires  so  large  an  arbor  for  it  to  run  on,  for  the  fruit 
is  excellent,  either  as  a  vegetable,  preserve  or  pickle.  The  two 
1  sent  you  will  give  you  an  idea  of  their  shape,  but  not  of  their 
size,  as  they  uere  small  and  shrivelled.  They  resemble  a 
pear  very  much  in  shape,  and  are  usually  from  four  to  six 
inches  in  length;  from  the  butt  end  of  which,  as  it  n)atures, 
proceeds  a  bean,  which  divides,  adhering  only  at  the  extrem- 
ity; from  this  bean,  and  at  the  point  of  adhesion,  proceeds  a 
shoot,  (sometimes  two,)  which,  in  the  process  of  time,  be- 
comes a  vine.     The  whole  fruit  is  planted,  when  in  this  state, 


52  On  the  cultivation  of  the  Lycios  cdulis, 

but  as  this  cannot  safely  be  done  before  all  danger  of  frosts 
be  past,  it  is  usual  to  keep  them  in  some  cool  place  until  the 
pioper  period  for  planting  arrives,  vvhicli  with  us  is  usually  in 
March.  Very  frequently,  however,  owing  to  their  being 
placed  in  rooms  too  warm,  or  the  season  being  very  mild, 
these  shoots  grow  to  great  length,  and  I  have  seen  instances 
when  they  exhausted  the  fruit,  which  became  shrivelled,  and 
perished.  This  is,  however,  prevented  by  keeping  them  in 
as  cool  a  room  as  possible,  merely  excluding  the  frost. 

When  the  season  for  planting  arrives,  a  hole  is  made,  and 
some  well  rotted  manure  being  placed  therein,  the  fruit  is 
placed  entire,  about  three  inches  deep,  merely  leaving  a  small 
portion  of  the  vine  out.  During  the  first  part  of  the  season 
the  growth  will  be  slow,  but  as  the  weather  becomes  warmer, 
this  becomes  more  rapid,  and  a  beautiful  and  luxuriant  vine  is 
produced,  which  will  cover  a  very  large  arbor  or  trellis,  pro- 
ducing a  dense  shade.  It  does  not,  however,  produce  any 
fruit,  nor  even  a  blossom,  until  the  approach  of  cool  weather. 
In  October,  with  us,  the  vines  are  covered  with  fruit,  and 
continue  to  bear  until  destroyed  by  frost.  Twelve  dozen 
and  upwards  have  been  gathered  from  a  single  plant. 

I  have  already  mentioned  that  it  is  perennial,  and  all  that  is 
necessary  in  this  climate,  to  preserve  it,  is  to  cover  the  roots 
with  manure.  Treated  in  this  way,  I  had  one  which  grew  in 
the  garden  eight  years,  and  was  lost  by  the  carelessness  of  the 
old  gardener.  This,  however,  is  considered  of  but  little  con- 
sequence here,  as  they  produce  an  abundance  of  fruit  the  first 
year  of  their  growth.  The  fruit  is  mostly  used  as  a  vegeta- 
ble, and  plain  boiled,  and  eaten  with  butter,  salt,  and  pepp.er; 
it  resembles  tlie  summer  squash  boih  in  appearance  and  flavor 
so  nearly  as  readily  to  be  mistaken  for  that  vegetable.  It  may 
also  be  cooked  in  any  of  the  modes  in  which  the  purple  egg 
plant  is.  The  fruit  is  also  used  as  a  pickle,  and  highly  esteem- 
ed. Made  into  a  preserve,  it  is  said  to  closely  resemble  the 
citron;  I  have  never  seen  it  in  this  state.  The  fruit,  as  I 
have  already  intimated,  keeps  well  and  long;  and  if  picked 
whilst  young,  packed  in  sand,  and  placed  in  a  cool  place,  they 
may  be  used  as  a  vegetable  the  whole  winter.  We  have  had 
them  on  our  table,  without  any  of  these  precautions  being 
taken,  several  times  a  week,  until  late  in  December. 

I  have  thus   given   you  all  the  information  which  will  prove 
jdvleresting   to  you,   relative   to  this  fruit;   but  should  there  be 


Cultivation  and  Management  of  forced  Cucumbers.     53 

any  tiling  farther,   which   you  may  wish  information  on,  I  will 
with  pleasure  communicate  it,  if  in  my  power. 

1  remain,  yours,  respectfully,  John  D.  Legare. 

Charleston,  S.  C,  Dec.  30,  1S41. 

We  are  indebted  to  our  cotemporary  for  his  kindness  in 
forwarding  us  some  of  the  fruit  above  named;  and  also  for  the 
excellent  communication  describing  its  mode  of  cultivation. 
We  shall  plant  the  fruit,  and  at  a  future  time  make  known  the 
results  of  its  growth  in  our  climate. — Ed. 


Art.  IV.  On  the  Cultivation  and  Management  of  forced 
Cucumbers  m  Hut-beds.  By  J.  W.  Russell,  Worces- 
ter, Mass. 

When  early  cucumbers  are  wanted,  the  first  necessary  step 
to  take  is,  to  ]M-ocure  a  sufficient  qiiantity  of  horse  dung,  with 
a  good  portion  of  the  strawy  litter  mixed  with  it  This  ought 
to  be  well  piepared,  before  making  up  the  bed,  in  the  follow- 
ing manner: — 

Having  obtained  fresh  dung  from  the  stable,  at  least  one 
month  before  it  is  intended  to  make  up  the  bed  for  the  fruiting 
plants,  it  should  be  laid  into  a  round  heap,  on  a  high  and  dry 
place,  and  watered  if  the  dung  is  dry,  and  turned  over  three 
or  four  times,  being  mindful  to  shake  the  whole  well  to  pieces 
with  a  fork  at  the  different  times  of  turning  it  over.  The  out- 
side of  the  heap  should  be  placed  in  the  middle,  and  the  mid- 
dle at  the  outside  at  each  time  of  turning  it,  in  order  that  the 
whole  may  be  well  mixed  and  fermented  together.  If  any  of 
the  manure  appears  dry,  it  should  be  made  Wet  by  the  appli- 
cation of  water;  in  fact,  the  two  extremes  must  be  guarded 
against,  that  is,  it  should  not  be  too  u'tt  or  too  dry.  The 
dung  having  been  prepared  as  thus  proposed,  it  will,  at  the 
end  of  a  month's  time,  be  in  a  proper  state  for  making  the 
bed:  every  gardener  knows  that  what  is  here  recommended 
is  of  the  utmost  importance  in  order  to  be  successful  in  forc- 
ing the  cucumber. 


54     CuUivalion  and  JManagemenl  of  forced  Cucumbers. 

Before  making  the  bed,  collect  brush-wood,  or  old  stumps 
of  trees,  &c.,  to  form  a  drainnge  at  the  bottom,  one  foot  high; 
if  this  be  not  done,  water  from  heavy  rahis  would  chill  the 
bed,  by  flooding  the  ground  all  around  it.  After  the  bed  has 
been  made  four  or  five  weeks,  the  manure  will  become  dry 
from  the  heat  evaporating,  and  will  therefore  require  water  in 
large  quantities  to  be  poured  into  holes  that  have  been  perfo- 
rated in  various  parts  of  the  bed,  for  that  purpose:  the  drain- 
age will  allow  the  superabundance  of  water  to  pass  off  freely, 
and  no  unwholesome  steam  will  arise  to  injure  ihe  plants.  If 
the  bed  is  made  in  the  month  of  March,  it  should  be  built  at 
least  three  feet  high,  spreading  the  dung  evenly,  and  gently 
beating  It  down  with  a  fork:  by  the  middle  of  May,  the  bed 
will  not  be  more  than  eighteen  inches  high,  therefore  it  will 
be  immediately  perceived  that  three  feet  of  manure,  in  the  first 
start,  will  not  be  too  much. 

Having  formed  the  bed  or  beds,  put  on  the  frames  and 
lights,  and  shut  up  close  till  the  heat  rises;  then  give  air  night 
and  day,  sufficient  only  to  allow  the  steam  to  passofl",  and  once 
or  twice  a  week  fork  the  surface  over  about  six  Inches  deep, 
to  sweeten  it,  and  in  this  operation,  if  any  of  the  manure  ap- 
pears dry,  water  it.  The  rank  steam  having  passed  away, 
and  the  bed  being  quite  sweet,  it  will  be  ready  for  the  earth  In 
which  the  plants  are  to  be  grown;  this  should  be  composed  of 
a  good  friable  loam,  with  about  one  third  of  well  rotted  ma- 
nure thoroughly  mixed  with  it,  adding  a  portion  of  coarse  sand, 
if  the  mould  be  deficient  of  it;  then  place  about  one  bushel 
of  this  compost  on  the  bed,  under  the  centre  of  each  light. 
The  next  day,  the  plants  may  be  put  out,  placing  two  in  each 
hill,  and  about  six  Inches  from  the  glass.  When  the  roots 
make  their  appearance  all  round  the  hill,  which  they  will  do  in 
about  a  week,  or  less  lime  perhaps,  cover  them  over  about 
one  inch  with  the  same  kind  of  soil  as  that  In  which  the  plants 
are  growing,  and  continue  to  do  so  every  few  days  for  three 
or  four  weeks.  By  following  this  method  the  plants  will  grow 
rapidly;  but  if  the  whole  bed  is  earthed  over  a  few  days  after 
the  plants  have  been  put  out,  they  will  not  flourish  or  grow  so 
vigorously  in  three  weeks  as  they  would  in  one  week  with  the 
treatment  I  have  proposed;  the  great  quantity  of  soil  will 
chill  the  bed,  and  prevent  the  heat  from  rising  freely.  Be 
sure  to  keep  In  the  frames  watering-pots,  filled  with  soft  wa- 
ter, for  the  purpose  of  watering  the  plants,  as  cold  water  from 


Cultivation  and  J\lanagemcnt  of  forced  Cucumbers.     55 

a  pump  or  draw-well  would  chill  the  soil,  and  materially  retard 
the  gi'owth  of  the  plants. 

11"  the  practice  of  growing  the  plants  in  the  hill  and  adding 
the  soil  eveiy  two  or  three  days,  as  just  recommended,  (which 
will  be  found  to  be  decidedly  the  best  plan,)  is  carefully  fol- 
lowed, it  will  be  about  three  weeks  before  the  frame  is  wholly 
earthed  over  with  the  compost;  in  a  short  time  there  will  he 
an  abundance  of  cucumbers,  and  the  vines  will  continue  all 
through  the  summer  to  bear  plenty  of  fruit,  if  attention  is 
given  to  pruning  and  thinning  them  out  occasionally,  and  sup- 
plying the  roots  with  a  bountiful  quantity  of  water. 

A  small  one-light  frame  is  the  most  suitable  for  rais'r.g  the 
plants  in,  as  it  saves  both  time  and  trouble.  The  bed  ought 
to  be  made  as  recommended  for  the  fruiting  plants;  the  seed 
to  be  sown  in  No.  1  pots,  only  two  in  each  pot.  Wiien  the 
plants  make  their  appearance,  give  air  every  day,  if  it  be  only 
by  propping  up  the  sash  half  an  inch;  if  the  weather  is  cold 
and  windy,  place  a  bass  mat  over  the  part  where  the  air  is  ad- 
mitted, in  order  that  the  young  plants  may  not  be  chilled  by 
the  cold  wind. 

By  sowing  the  seed  as  here  advised,  the  plants  can  be  re- 
potted two  or  three  times,  and  receive  no  check  in  their 
growth.  When  the  plants  have  made  their  second  leaf,  which 
will  be  large  and  rough,  they  must  be  stopped,  by  taking  off 
the  centre  or  leader  with  the  finger  and  thumb;  this  will  be 
the  means  of  making  them  throw  out  their  side  shoots,  which 
will  be  strong  and  vigorous.  The  same  plan  of  stopping  the 
shoots  is  to  be  practised  in  the  fruiting  beds  occasionally. 
Remember  always  to  stop  the  shoots  one  or  two  joints  above 
the  fruity  and  cut  out  some  of  the  vines,  especially  such  as 
are  found  to  produce  nothing  but  male  flowers.  Attention 
must  also  be  given  to  the  impregnation  of  the  flowers  in  the 
early  months,  before  the  plants  are  fully  exposed  to  the  air, 
or  the  bees  or  the  wind  can  perform  the  same  operation  for 
the  gardener.  This  is  particularly  necessary,  or  the  fruit  will 
not  swell  freely,  or  attain  a  good  size. 

I  would  add,  that  the  long  prickly  cucumber  is  the  most 
desirable  sort  for  forcing,  and  also  for  bearing  throughout  the 
season. 

J.  W.  Russell. 
Worcester,  Mass.,  Jan.  1842. 


56  Pomological  JVulices. — JSTotices  of 


Art.  V.  Pomological  J^rothts;  or  JSTotices  respecting  new 
and  superior  varielies  of  Fruits^  worthy  of  general  cultiva- 
tion. Notices  of  ihiity-nine  varieties  of  new  pears,  which 
ripened  their  fruit  in  the  Pomological  Garden  during  the 
year  1841.  By  R.  Manning,  Esq.,  Pomological  Garden, 
Salem,  Mass. 

As  we  have  already  intimated,  we  now  have  the  pleasure 
of  laying  before  our  readers  the  results  of  Mr.  Manning's 
labors  in  the  cultivation  of  new  pears  the  past  year.  He  has 
sent  us  the  descriptions  of  thirty-nine  kinds,  thirty  of  which 
have  not  fruited  in  any  other  collection  in  America.  Many 
of  the  varieties  have  been  exhibited  the  past  summer  and  au- 
tumn at  the  Massaciiusetts  Horticultural  Society's  room,  but 
several  of  them  are  only  known  to  Mr.  Manning  himself,  none 
having  been  exhibited.  The  varieties  have  been  gathered 
from  various  sources,  both  at  home  and  abroad;  a  larger  part, 
however,  were  received  from  that  great  pomologist,  Dr.  Van 
Mons,  of  Belgium,  with  whom  Mr.  Manning  has  long  corres- 
ponded, and  from  whom  he  has  received  all  the  most  noted 
seedlings  of  his  own  production.  The  scions  of  a  great 
number  of  kinds  were  received  some  years  since,  and  soon 
after  they  were  sent  to  Mr.  Manning,  the  larger  part  of  the 
valuable  collection  of  Dr.  Van  Mons  was  destroyed,  owing 
to  the  necessity  of  the  removal  of  the  trees,  at  a  season  of 
the  year  when  their  death  was  inevitable.  In  consequence 
of  tliis,  many  of  the  following  sorts  do  not  exist,  only  in  the 
Pomological  Garden  at  Salem.  The  scions  were  sent  out 
under  the  same  numbers  and  marks  of  the  original  trees  from 
which  they  were  cut;  and  as  the  varieties  came  into  bearing, 
Mr.  Manning  was  desirous  that  they  should  be  named.  From 
Mr.  Manning's  prefatory  remarks,  it  will  be  seen  that  Dr.  Van 
Mons  has,  with  the  most  commendable  liberality,  given  him 
liberty  to  add  such  names  as  he  pleased. 

It  will  be  perceived  that  we  have  given  engravings  of  a  few 
of  the  varieties;  and  we  only  regret  that  we  are  not  enabled  to 
add  more.  It  is  our  intention  hereafter,  to  give  outline  engrav- 
ings of  all  the  new  and  more  remarkable  varieties  which  we  may 
notice  in  our  pomological  reports.  By  the  kindness  of  Mr. 
Manning,  we  were  supplied  with  specimen  fruits  of  those  va- 
rieties we  have  figured,  together  with  many  of  the  older  sorts, 


thirty-nine  va7'ieties  of  Pears.  57 

and  having  taken  drawings  of  these,  intended  at  the  time  for 
our  private  use,  it  occurred  to  us  that  to  represent  them  here 
would  add  much  to  the  vahie  of  Mr.  Manning's  descriptions. 
The  coming  season,  we  shall  endeavor  to  procure  drawings 
of  all  those  which  we  do  not  now  possess,  and  at  another  op- 
portunity to  present  them  in  our  psges. 

In  conclusion,  we  have  only  to  regret  that  Mr.  Manning's 
health  is  such  as  to  prevent  his  being  able  to  communicate 
through  our  pages  so  often  as  he  is  desirous  to  do,  or  we 
could  wish.  We  anxiously  hope  that  his  health  may  improve, 
that  our  readers  and  the  public  generally  may  obtain  the  re- 
sults of  his  long  and  careful  experience  in  the  cultivation  of 
the  most  esteemed  varieties  of  fruits. — Ed. 

Sir: — I  send  you  the  following  descriptions  of  thirty-nine 
sorts  of  pears  which  ripened  during  the  last  summer  at  the 
Pomological  Garden:  a  part  of  them  are  from  the  unnamed 
sorts  sent  by  Dr.  Van  Mons;  the  names  I  have  chosen  my- 
self, having  recently  received  a  letter  from  him,  authorising 
me  to  do  so.  The  descriptions  were  written  at  the  time  of 
tasting  the  fruit,  and  are  what  they  appeared  to  my  judgment 
at  the  time. — R.  J)l.^  Pomological  Garden,  Salem,  January, 
1842. 

1.  Beurre  Haggerston  (No.  8,  of  Van  Mons.) — Me- 
dium size,  oblong,  obluse  at  stem,  which  is  one  inch  long  ; 
color  yellow  ;  flesh  juicy,  sharp,  agreeable  and  very  abun- 
dant.     Ripe  August  28th. 

2.  Sullivan  (No.  889  of  Van  Mons.) — Medium  size;  skin 
yellow,  stem  long  and  stout,  turbinated,  some  specimens  ob- 
long ;  flesh  rich,  juicy,  and  sweet.      Ripe  Sept.  28th. 

3.  Elizabeth  (l\o.  158,  Van  Mons.) — Medium  size,  round; 
flesh  coarse,  white  and  very  sweet ;  skin  red,  spotted  with 
yellow.     Ripe  Aug.  29th. 

4.  Limon  (Van  Mons.) — Large,  oblong,  obtuse  at  the 
stem,  which  is  long,  large,  and  obliquely  inserted;  skin  whit- 
ish yellow,  and  faint  red  on  the  exposed  side  ;  flesh  white, 
high  flavored,  and  juicy.      Ripe  Aug.  29th. 

5.  £manda\'!  Double  (Van  Mons.) — Medium  size,  pyri- 
form,  stem  short,  fleshy  at  its  junction  with  the  friu't;  skin 
yellow,  bright  red;  flesh  coarse-grained,  sweet,  tender  and 
excellent.     Ripe  Sept.  i4th. 

VOL.  VIII. NO.  II.  8 


58  Pomological  J^^otices. — J^otices  of 

6.  Pailleau  (Van  Mons.) — Large,  oblong,  stem  one  inch 
long,  and  very  stout,  obliquely  inserted,  and  very  fleshy  at  its 
junction  with  the  fruit;  skin  greenish  yellow,  rough,  with  brown 
and  green  dots  and  patches  of  russet  ;  flesh  very  rich,  juicy, 
sweet,  and  excellent.     Ripe  Sept.  10th. 

7.  St.  Andre. — -Large,  nearly  round;  skin  light  yellow, 
spotted  with  red;  stem  one  inch  long;  eye  small;  flesh  melt- 
ing and  fine.  Ripe  Sept.  17th.  The  grafts  of  this  pear  were 
received  from  Messrs.  Bauraann  of  Bokviller,  France. 

S.  Van  Assene  (Van  Mons.) — Large,  roundish,  stem  one 
inch  long,  eye  deeply  sunk;  skin  dull  yellow,  covered  with 
dark  spots;  flesh  white,  very  tender,  fine  and  melting.  Ripe 
Sept.  17th. 

9.  Rousselette  de  Meester  (Van  Mons.) — Large,  broad  at 
the  crown,  tapering  suddenly  at  the  stem,  which  is  one  inch 
long,  placed  on  a  diagonal  point;  skin  greenish  yellow,  and 
dull  red,  with  spots  and  blotches  on  the  sunny  side;  flesh 
juicy,  sugary,  and  very  fine.     Ripe  Oct.  10th. 

10.  JsTo.  1054  (Van  Mons.) — Large,  yellow,  sweet  and 
good.      Ripe  Sept.  28th. 

11.  Colmar  Epine  (Van  Mons.) — Large,  roundish,  ob- 
long, tapering  gradually  to  an  obtuse  point  at  the  stem,  which 
is  one  inch  long;  color  greenish  yellow;  flesh  sweet,  white, 
very  melting,  juicy,  high  flavored,  and  good.  Ripe  Sept. 
29th. 

12.  Jalousie  de  Fontenay  de  Vendee  (from  Vilmorin, 
Paris.) — Medium  size,  oblong,  obtuse  at  the  stem,  which  is 
one  inch  long;  skin  yellow^,  russett  mixed  with  green;  flesh 
juicy,  sweet  and  excellent.  This  pear  resembles  the  Jalou- 
sie o(  Duhamel,  in  the  color  of  the  skin,  but  is  of  smaller  size 
and  much  superior.      Ripe  Oct.  2d. 

13.  Clara  (Van  Mons.) — Medium  size,  long,  tapering 
from  the  middle,  both  to  the  eye  and  stem,  which  is  long  and 
stout;  skin  light  green,  mixed  with  a  few  russet  spots  and 
patches;  flesh  white,  juicy  and  good,  but  has  rather  too  much 
acidity.     Ripe  Oct.  3d. 

14.  Capucin  (from  Van  Mons.) — Large,  swelling  out  in 
the  middle,  and  diminishing  at  both  ends,  obtuse  at  the  stem, 
which  is  one  inch  long;  eye  small,  deeply  sunk,  around  it  are 
some  ridges  or  swellings;  skin  yellow,  with  red  cheek,  spot- 
ted with  dark  points;  flesh  rich,  juicy,  and  excellent.  Ripe 
Oct.  4ih. 


thirty-nine  varieties  of  Pears. 


59 


15.  Queen  of  the  Low  Countries  (from  Van  Mons.) — Of 
the  very  largest  size,  oblong,  round,  and  large  at  the  blossom 
end,  decreasing  suddenly  to  an  obtuse  or  sharp  point  at  the 
stem,  which  is  an  inch  and  a  quarter  long;  color  fine  dark  red 
and  on  the  shaded  side  dull  yellow  and  green  with  russet  spots, 
especially  round  the  eye,  which  is  deeply  sunk,  extremely 
small  and  naked;  flesh  white,  juicy,  very  melting  and  excel- 
lent. Ripe  Oct.  4th.  Van  Mons  describes  this  pear  as  fol- 
lows, "  very  large,  very  beautiful  and  good,  and  without  any 
question,  the  most  perfect  of  pears."  \_Fig.  1,  is  an  engrav- 
ing of  this  pear.  Owing  to  a  mistake  of  the  engraver,  the 
stem  is  loo  short  by  one  quarter  of  an  inch. — JEJ.] 

1 


Queen  of  the  Low  Countries  Pear. 

16.  Great  Citron  Pear  of  Bohemia  (from  Baumann  of  Bol- 
willer.) — Large,  oblong,  yellow,  spotted  and  tinged  with  red 
on  the  side  of  the  sun;  stem  one  inch  long;  Hesh  sugary, 
juicy  and  very  fine.      Ripe  Sept.  30th. 


60  Pomological  Motices. — Kotices  of 

17.  Croft  Castle.- — Size  small,  skin  yellow,  with  russet 
spots;  flesh  extremely  high  flavored  and  good.  Ripe  in  No- 
vember.     The  scions  were  given  me  by  the  late  Mr.  Lowell. 

18.  Dnndas  (Van  Mons.) — Medium  size,  obovate,  yellow 
and  brilliant  ^red,  surface  uneven,  spotted  with  dark  points; 
stem  one  inCh  long;  eye  very  deep  in  a  wide  cavity;  flesh 
sweet  between  breaking  and  melting,  good,  very  handsome. 
Ripe  Oct.  10(h. 

19.  Doyenne  Boussouek  (from  Vilmorin.) — Obovate,  me- 
dium size,  russet,  sweet,  good.     Ripe  Oct.  20th. 

20.  Beurre  J^elll  (from  Van  Mons.) — Very  large,  oblong, 
obtuse  at  the  stem,  greenish  yellow,  and  light  red;  flesh  melt- 
ing and  excellent.     Ripe  Oct.  20th. 

21.  Beurre  Preble. — Large,  oblong  or  turbinated;  stem 
one  inch  long  and  very  stout;  skin  greenish  yellow,  mottled 
with  russet  and  green  spots;  flesh  melting,  high  flavored  and 
fine.  Ripe  Nov.  2d.  This  pear  was  raised  from  seed  by 
Elijah  Cooke  of  Raymond,  Maine,  from  whom  I  received 
the  grafts.  I  have  given  it  the  above  name  in  memory  of 
Commodore  Edward  Preble,  of  the  United  States  Navy,  a 
native  of  Maine. 

22.  Enfant  Prodige  (Van  Mons.) — Medium  size,  shaped 
like  the  St.  Michaels,  dull  yellowish  green  skin  with  dark 
spots  and  blotches;  stem  one  inch  long;  flesh  rich,  juicy,  high 
flavored.     Ripe  Nov.  3d. 

23.  Incomparable  (from  Vilmorin,  Paris.) — Small  size, 
turbinated,  dull  yellow  skin;  stem  one  inch  long;  seeds  large 
and  black;  flesh  musky,  sweet  and  excellent.    Ripe  Nov.  4th. 

24.  Lewis  of  Bologna  (from  Van  Mons.) — Medium  size; 
skin  light  yellow;  foim  obovate,  stem  one  and  a  half  inches 
long;  flesh  sweet,  melting  and  good.     Ripe  Nov.  .5th. 

25.  Commodore  (Van  Mons.  No.  1218.) — Medium  size, 
round  and  full  at  the  crown,  tapering  to  an  obtuse  point  at  the 
stem,  which  is  long  and  large;  skin  yellow  with  patches  of 
russet  and  red;  flesh  rich,  sweet  and  excellent.  Ripe  Nov. 
30th. 

26.  Clinton  (Van  Mons.  No.  1238.) — Large  size,  shaped 
like  the  Bezi  Montigny;  light  yellow  skin;  flesh  soft,  buttery 
and  good,  but  not  high  flavored.     Ripe  Nov.  loth. 

27.  Michaux  (from  Messrs.  Baumann  of  Bolwiller.) — Me- 
dium size;  skin  yellow,  with  a  slight  tinge  of  red;  stem  long; 
flesh  high  flavored  and  good.     Ripe  in  September. 


thirty-nine  varieties  of  Pears. 


61 


28.  Comte  de  Lamy. — Medium  size,  obovate;  skin  pale  yel- 
low, with  red  cheek;  flesh  rich,  juicy  and  excellent.  Ripe 
in  October.  The  scions  of  this  very  fine  pear  were  received 
from  the  London  Horticultural  Society. 

29.  Dumortier  (Van  Mons.) — Small,  obovate;  stem  long; 
skin  dull  yellow,  with  dark  red  spots,  and  blotches  of  russet; 
flesh  fine,  juicy,  sweet  and  excellent.  Ripe  Oct.  7ih.  [Our 
fig.  2  a,  represents  the  fruit. — Ed.] 


Dumortier  Pear. 


Passans  du  Portugal  Pnar. 


30.  Slevens''s  Genesee. — In  size,  form  and  color  it  resem- 
bles the  St.  Michaels;  it  ripens  in  October,  and  is  a  fine  fruit. 
It  is  a  native  variety  from  western  New  York. 

31.  Passans  du  Portugal. — The  size  is  small;  in  shape^ 
it  closely  resembles  the  summer  rose;  skin  whitish  yellow, 
sometimes  with  a  faint  tin2;e  of  red.  Although  not  very  high 
flavored,  it  is  tender,  juicy  and  very  delicate;  a  great  and 
early  bearer,  ripening  in  August.    [This  pear  is  our  Jig.  2  6.] 

32.  Belle  of  Flanders. — The  size  is  large,  obovate;  skin 
greenish  yellow,    mixed   with  red  and   russet;  flesh  buttery, 


62  Pomological  J^otices. — JS^otices  of 

juicy  and  high  flavored.  Ripe  in  September.  The  sc'ons 
were  received  from  the  London  Horticultural  Socieiy;  it  is  a 
good  bearer,  and  one  of  the  best  of  pears.  [Our  fig.  3  rep- 
resents this  excellent  fruit. — Ed.] 


Belle  of  Flanders  Pear, 

33.  J\^c  Laughlin. — A  seedling  from  Scarborough,  Maine, 
of  large  size;  skin  rough,  greenish  yellow;  form  oblong;  flesh 
juicy  and  good.  Ripe  in  January.  This  cannot  be  the  fruit 
of  the  same  name,  sent  some  years  since  to  Boston  by  Gen- 
eral Wingate  of  Maine;  it  was  of  the  size  and  color  of  the 
Bartlett,  and  was  tasted  by  the  Committee  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Horticultural  Society  in  Mr.  Cook's  office  in  Septem- 
ber, when  it  was  over  ripe. 

34.  Muscat  Robert. — The  size  is  small;  skin  a  clear  light 
yellow;  flesh  good,  with  a  peculiar  flavor;  a  great  bearer. 
Ripe  in  July.     This  is  one  of  the  old   French   pears,  but  lit- 


thirty'nine  varieties  of  Pears. 


63 


tie  known  here.     I  think  as  it  ripens  early,  it  deserves  more 
attention  than  it  has  received. 

35.  Muscadine. — Tn  size,  shape  and  color,  it  resembles 
the  Dearborns'  seedling;  it  is  a  first  rate  pear,  ripening  in 
September.  This  variety  originated  in  the  vicinity  of  New- 
burgh,  N.  Y.,  and  was  introduced  to  notice  by  Messrs.  Down- 
ing, of  that  place,  from  whom  I  received  scions.  [In  our  first 
volume,  J).  364,  will  be  found  a  communication  from  our  cor- 
respondents Messrs.  Downing,  describing  this  pear,  together 
with  an  engraving  of  the  fruit  taken  from  a  specimen  sent  to 
us  by  those  gentlemen.  As  many  of  our  present  readers  may 
not  possess  our  earlier  volumes  we  repeat  the  engraving  here. 
Ed.] 


The  Muscadine  Pear. 

36.  Hampderi's  Bergamot. — The  size  is  large;  skin  green. 
The  fruit  was  injured  by  being  blown  from  the  tree  before 
ripe.     I  received  the  scions   from   the   London  Horticultural 


64  FlorlcuUural  and  Botanical  JVolices, 

Society;  it  has  the  reputation  in  England  of  being  a  first  rate 
fruit.     Ripe  in  September. 

37.  Super-fondante. — Of  medium  size,  form  obovate;  skin 
yellow,  with  a  few  red  dots;  flesh  juicy,  rich  and  excellent. 
Ripe  in  Octobei.  The  specimen  tree,  I  received  from 
Messrs.  Baumann. 

38.  Thompson's. — Medium  size,  form  rather  oblong;  skin 
yellow  with  a  kw  russet  specks  and  blotches;  an  excellent 
high  flavored  pear,  ripe  in  October  and  November.  The 
scions  were  sent  me  from  the  garden  of  the  London  Horticul- 
tural Society. 

39.  Bcurre  Kenrick  (Van  Mons,  No.  1599.) — Medium 
size,  flat  at  the  blossom  end,  tapering  to  the  stalk;  color  green- 
ish yellow  wiih  indistinct  russet  spots;  stem  one  inch  long; 
flesh  good,  juicy,  sweet  and  buttery.      Ripe  in  September. 


Art.  VI.  FloricuUural  and  Botanical  JK'otices  of  new 
Plants  figured  in  foreign  periodicals;  with  Remarks  on 
those  recently  introduced  to.,  or  originated  in,  American 
gardens;  and  additional  information  upon  plants  already  in 
cultivation. 

Edwards's  Botanical  Register,  or  Ornamental  Flower  Garden 
and  Shrubbery.  Each  number  containing  from  six  to  eight 
plates,  with  additional  miscellaneous  information,  relative  to 
new  Plants.     In  monthly  numbers;  3s.  plain,  3s.  6d.  colored. 

Paxton's  Magazine  of  Botmiy ,  and  Register  of  Flowering  Plants. 
Each  number  containing  four  colored  plates.  Monthly.  2s.  6d. 
each.  Edited  by  J.  Paxton,  gardener  to  the  Duke  of  Devon- 
shire. 

The  Gardener's  Chronicle,  a  stamped  newspaper  of  Rural  Econ- 
omy and  General  News.  Edited  by  Prof.  Lindley.  Weekly. 
Price  6d.  each. 

Botanical  and  FloricuUural  Intelligence.  Botanical  Ex- 
cursion tn  the  JMountains  of  JS^orth  Carolina. — The  last  num- 
ber of  Silliman's  Journal  contains  a  long  and  interesting  arti- 
cle by  Dr.  Gray,   giving   an   account   of  an  excursion   to  the 


FloricuUural  and  Botanical  JK'otices.  65 

mountains  of  North  Carolina  during  the  last  summer,  made  by 
himself  and  his  friends  Messrs.  John  Carey  and  James  Con- 
stable. The  article  is  in  the  form  of  a  letter,  addressed  to 
,Sir  W.  J.  Hooker,  whose  labors  in  the  investigation  of  North 
American  plants  have  been  of  signal  service  to  the  science  of 
botany. 

From  this  paper  it  appears  that  the  younger  Bartram  (Wil- 
liam) was  the  first  botanist  who  visited  the  southern  portion  of 
the  Alleghany  Mountains.  This  was  in  1773 — 76,  when,  after 
travelling  in  Florida  and  the  lower  part  of  Georgia,  he  made 
a  transient  visit  to  the  Cherokee  country.  His  well  known 
and  very  interesting  volume  of  travels  contains  numerous  ob- 
servations upon  the  botany  of  these  regions,  with  occaaional 
popular  descriptions,  and,  in  a  few  cases,  Latin  characters  of 
some  remarkable  plants. 

The  next  botanist  was  Andre  Michaux,  who,  at  an  early 
period,  and  amid  difficulties  and  great  privations,  explored 
our  country  from  Hudson's  Bay  to  Florida,  and  westward  to 
the  Mississipi,  more  extensively  than  any  subsequent  botan- 
ist. Some  (eAY  of  his  plants  have  not  yet  been  re-discovered, 
and  a  considerable  number  remain  among  the  rarest  and  least 
known  species  in  the  United  States.  Dr.  Gray  having  had 
the  opportunity  of  consulting  the  original  journals  of  Michaux, 
presented  by  his  son  to  the  American  Philosophical  Society, 
gives  an  account  of  his  peregrinations,  particularly  in  the 
mountain  regions  of  North  Carolina.  From  his  journal,  it 
appears  he  left  France  in  the  L'Orient,  in  September  of  1785, 
and  arrived  in  New  York  in  November.  He  immediately  es- 
tablished two  nurseries  or  gardens,  one  in  New  Jersey,  and 
the  other  about  ten  miles  from  Charleston,  S.  C.  These 
were  intended  to  receive  living  plants  as  he  discovered  them, 
from  whence  they  were  to  be  sent  to  France.  In  the  garden 
at  the  latter  place,  he  introduced  the  Mimosa  Julibrissin 
(Jlckc'ia  Julibrissin,  Willd.)  from  Europe,  and  it  was  probably 
from  this  stock  that  the  tree  has  become  extensively  dissemi- 
nated in  the  southern  States,  and  is  beginning  to  be  naturalized 
in  many  places. 

From  1787  to  1796,  Michaux  made  repeated  journeys  to 
the  mountain  regions  of  Carolina;  he  descended  the  Ohio  to 
Louisville,  Ky.,  with  the  view  of  visiting  the  western  States; 
he  explored  East  Florida;  travelled  as  far  north  as  Hudson's 
Bay,  and  devoted  part  of  a  season  to  an  examination  of  that 
VOL. VIII. — NO.    II.  9 


66  FloricuUural  and  Botanical  J^otkes. 

region;  botanized  in  Mississipi,  Tenessee,  Kentucky,  Ohio, 
Illinois,  Virginia,  New  York,  and  Pennsylvania.  In  August, 
179G,  he  embarked  for  Amsterdam,  in  the  ship  Ophir:  this 
vessel  was  wrecked  on  the  coast  of  Holland,  in  October,  and 
part  of  his  collection  lost.  In  December,  he  arrived  at  Par- 
is, with  what  he  had  saved.  Michaux  labored  with  untiring 
zeal,  and  his  researches  were  attended  with  great  success. 

Subsequently,  Frazer,  Michaux  the  younger,  author  of  the 
Sylvia  Americana,  Pursh,  Kin,  a  German  nurseryman  and 
collector,  Nuttall,  Dr.  MacBride,  Rafanesque,  Mr.  S.  B. 
Buckley,  and  Rev.  M.  A.  Curtis  have  explored  the  regions 
visited  by  Dr.  Gray  aud  his  companions. 

We  have  not  room  to  follow  Dr.  Gray  in  his  excursion:  he 
set  out  from  New  York  on  the  22d  of  June,  and  did  not  re- 
turn till  near  the  end  of  July,  the  intermediate  period  having 
been  devoted  to  herborizations  among  the  mountains.  For  an 
account  of  the  botanical  information  which  Dr.  Gray  and  his 
companions  gathered  together,  we  must  refer  the  reader  to  the 
article  itself,  which  occupies  forty-nine  pages.  [Silliman^s 
Journal,  No.  85,  1842.) 

Undescribed  Plants  of  Central  Ohio. — In  the  same  number 
of  the  Joiirnal  above  quoted  from,  we  find  a  notice  of  three 
new  plants  from  Central  Ohio,  described  by  Mr.  S.  Sullivant. 
They  are  as  follows: — 

wS'rabis  patens — inhabiting  the  Sciota  River,  near  Colum- 
bus, Ohio.  Fedia  umbilicata — around  Columbus;  and  Ele- 
ocharis  compressa — on  the  Darby  plains,  fifteen  miles  from 
Columbus. 

Two  plants  which  Nuttall  discovered  in  his  travels  to  the 
Arkansas,  and  supposed  to  be  nearly  or  altogether  confined 
to  that  region,  Mr.  Sullivant  states  are  also  natives  of  Central 
Ohio;  one  is  the  showy  Erysimum  arkansanum  JVutt.,  ihe 
other,  the  Eulophus  americanus  Jfutt.  Dr.  Short  has  also 
detected  them  in  Kentucky. — Id. 

Seedling  Chrysanthemums. — The  Pennsylvania  Horticul- 
tural Society,  at  its  meeting  of  the  16th  of  November,  award- 
ed its  premium  for  the  best  American  seedling  chrysanthe- 
mum to  R.  Kilvington,  The  committee  who  awarded  the 
premium  remark,  that  the  prize  seedling  is  decidedly  the  finest 
variety  ever  presented  to  the  Society,  "of  a  beautiful  ranun- 
culus form,  and  shaded  pink  color:"  another  very  good  seed- 
ling was   shown   by  Mr.  Kilvington,  of  a  bright  orange  color. 


FloricuUural  and  Botanical  Mtices.  67 

Mr.  Kilvington  also  gained  the  prize  for  the  first  and  second 
best  twelve  varieties.  Fine  seedlings  were  also  exhibited  by 
R.  Buist,  Peter  Roube,  and  other  contributors.  We  are 
highly  gratified  to  learn  that  our  Philadelphia  friends  are  im- 
proving this  beautiful  and  most  desirable  flower. — Ed. 

Thymeldcece. 

PIMELE'A 
specXa.hi\\s  Lindl.    Showy  Pimelea.    A  green-house  shrub;  growing  two  feet  high;  with 
rose-tolored  flowers;  appearing  in  spring;  a  native  of  Swan  River;  increased  by  cut- 
tings and  seeds.     Bot.Reg.,  IS4I,  t,  33. 

"One  of  the  best  Swan  River  shrubs  yet  introduced." 
Similar,  in  many  respects,  to  P.  hispida,  but  is  much  hand- 
somer, with  the  heads  of  flowers  twice  as  large.  Its  habit 
is  different  from  the  other  species,  and  it  is  readily  known 
when  out  of  flower,  by  the  "smooth,  rather  glaucous  leaves, 
so  arranged  as  to  form  four  rows  along  the  stem."  The  heads 
of  flowers  are  so  large  as  to  induce  the  slender  branches  to 
bend  beneath  their  weight.  The  bracts  whJch  support  the 
flowers  assume  a  reddish  tint.  Among  other  good  qualities 
which  it  possesses,  is  that  of  living  a  long  time  when  cut  and 
placed  in  water;  on  this  account  it  will  be  very  useful  for 
bouquets. 

It  is  easily  propagated,  either  by  cuttings  or  seeds.  The 
soil  best  suited  to  them  is  a  mixture  of  loam,  peat,  leaf  mould, 
and  sand.  Planted  out  in  the  border  of  a  conservatory,  the 
plants  form  splendid  objects.      (Bot.  Reg.^  June.) 

Leguminbsce. 

BROWjV^'jJ    (so  named  by  Jacquin,  in  honor  of  Dr.  Patrick  Browne,  the  author  of  a 
Natural  History  of  Jamaica.) 
grandicepg  De  Cund.     Large  iieaded  Brownee'fl.     A  stove  shrub:  growing  ten  feet  high; 
with   red    flowers;  appearing  in   JM<trch;  a  native  of  Caraccas;  increased   by  seeds; 
grown  in  a  rich  soil.     Bot.  Keg.,  1841.  t.  30. 

A  most  magnificent  stove  plant,  attaining  the  height  of  eight 
or  ten  feet,  which  flowered  in  the  collection  of  Richard  Har- 
rison, Esq.,  of  Liverpool.  The  blossoms  are  produced  on 
a  short  spike,  tier  above  tier,  until  the  whole  are  expanded, 
when  the  mass  becomes  "a  globe  of  living  and  glowing  crim- 
son." Every  evening,  the  leaves  rise  up  and  expose  the 
blossoms  to  the  dew,  so  that  each  morning  they  were  uncov- 
ered; but  as  day  advanced,  the  leaves  gradually  drooped,  and 
bent  over  the  flowers,  to  guard  them  from  the  rays  of  the  sun. 

This  noble  tree  requires  the  heat  of  a  damp  stove.  When 
its  seeds  are  good,  they  are  easily  raised  in  light  soil,  in  a 
good  hot-bed.      A  free  rich   soil  suits  the  plant;  but  they  can 


68  Floricultural  and  Botanical  J^otices. 

only  be  grown  to  perfection  in  a  large  house,  where,  if  plant- 
ed out  in  the  border,  or  placed  in  a  large  tub,  it  forms  a  really 
magnificent  object.     (Bot.  Reg.,  June.) 
Balsamindcece. 

iMPA'TIENS 
rdsea.  £,incll.    Small  pink  Balsam.     A  half  hardy  annual;  growing  two  feet,  high;  with 
pale  rosy  flowers;  appearing  all  summer;  a  native  of  Indiaj  increasi  d  by  seeds.     Boi. 
Keg.,  1841,  t.  27. 

Another  of  the  new  East  India  balsams,  attaining  the  height 
of  two  to  three  feet,  with  leaves  six  or  eight  inches  long,  lin- 
ear lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  base,  and  bordered  with  fine 
saw-teeth.  The  flowers  appear  in  axillary  clusters,  all  along 
the  stem  and  branches.  The  stalks  (petioles)  are  blood  red, 
and  about  as  long  as  those  of  the  leaves.  The  sepals  are 
deep  rose  color,  and  the  petals  much  larger  and  paler  than  the 
sepals,  and  of  the  two  lobes  of  which  they  consist,  the  small- 
er are  rounded  and  erect,  while  the  larger  are  half  oblong,  and 
hang  down  like  a  double  lip  in  front  of  the  flower.  The  pods 
are  oblong  and  covered  with  white  wool.  Received  from  the 
directors  of  the  East  India  Company,  and  flowered  in  the 
garden  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society.  Managed  pre- 
cisely like  the  common  balsam.      (Bot.  Reg.,  IMay.) 

cdndida  Lindh  ^Vhite  Balsam.  An  annual;  growing  six  feet  high;  with  white  flowers; 
appearing  all  summer;  a  native  of  East  India;  increased  by  seeds.  Bot.  Reg.,  1841, 
t,20. 

"A  Stately  annual,  with  brittle  succulent  stems,"  growing 
six  feet  high,  bright  green,  obtusely  quadrangular,  and  branch- 
ed to  the  very  ground.  The  leaves  are  narrow,  lanceolate, 
tapered  to  the  point,  arranged  in  whorls  of  three,  and  edged 
with  fine  crimson  teeth.  The  flowers  are  large,  showy, 
white,  a  little  speckled  with  crimson,  and  appear  in  loose  ter- 
minal umbels  of  from  five  to  twelve  each. 

A  most  superb  species,  forming  a  fine  object  for  the  flower 
border.  In  England,  it  is  a  tender  annual,  only  attaining  per- 
fection in  the  green-house:  with  us,  it  would  grow  and  flower 
as  abundantly  in  the  open  border  as  the  common  balsam.  It 
needs  a  rich  moist  soil  and  an  open  situation.  The  seeds 
were  received  by  the  Horticultural  Society  from  the  directors 
of  the  East  India  Company.  [Bot.  Reg.,  April.) 
'Plumbaginidceoe. 

ARME'RtA  Endlich. 
fascic.ulAta  De  Caiid.    Fascicled  Thrift.    A  frame  perennial;  growing  three  feet  high; 
with  pinlc  flowers;  appearing  in  August;  a  native  of  Corsica;  increased  by  division 
of  the  root.    Bot.  Reg.,  1841,  t.  21, 

A  fine  species,  forming  "a  pretty  bush,  looking  like  a  young 
pine  tree,"  producing  its  heads  of  pink  flowers  in  the  month 


Floricultural  and  Botanical  JVotices.  69 

of  August.  A  shrubby  species  of  thrift,  Dr.  Lindley  re- 
marks, at  first  sight  appears  an  anomaly,  but  if  we  examine 
the  common  species,  we  shall  find  it  equally  shrubby  with  the 
one  now  mentioned,  only  the  branches  are  so  very  short  as 
not  to  be  discernible. 

The  plant  thrives  well  in  a  light  soil  in  the  open  air  in  sum- 
mer; but  in  winter  requires  the  protection  of  the  frame  or 
green-house.  Its  heads  of  pink  flowers,  intermixed  with  its 
tiny  slender  foliage,  and  the  bushy  habit  of  the  plants,  render 
it  a  species  well  worth  introduction.      [Bot.  Reg-t  April.) 

Kf^terdcecB. 

TRIPTI'LION  (from  threi,  and  a  feather,  in  allusion  tn  the  f  athery  pappus.) 
Bpinosuni  De  Cand.     Spiny  Tiiptilion.     A  frame  perennial,  growing  two  leet  high;  with 
blue  flowers;  appearing  in  July;  a  native  of  Chili,   increased  by  seed  and  division  of 
the  roots.     Bol  Keg.,  Ifc-il,  t.  '/a. 

A  most  beautiful  plant,  growing  two  feet  high,  with  an  her- 
baceous stem,  delicate  pinnate  foliage,  and  elegant  deep  azure 
flowers  produced  in  large  corymbs.  This  species  has  long 
been  known  to  botanists  conversant  with  the  Chilian  flora, 
and  repeated  attempts  have  been  made  to  introduce  it,  but  in 
vain,  until  seeds  came  into  the  hands  of  ]\lr.  Frost,  gardener 
to  the  Countess  of  Grenville,  at  Dropmore,  who  succeeded 
in  flowering  it.  Only  two  plants  were  raised  from  seed,  as  it 
seeds  sparingly.  The  root  is  fleshy,  somewhat  like  that  of  a 
dahlia  in  miniature.  The  radical  leaves  spring  up  in  autumn, 
as  soon  as  the  flower  stems  are  cut  off;  but  as  they  grow  in 
summer  they  will  have  died  off.  The  plant  has  increased  in 
size  every  year,  but  Mr.  Frost  has  been  too  choice  of  it  to 
make  an  attempt  to  divide  the  root.  The  plants  have  been 
kept  in  the  green-house,  but  he  thinks  a  cold  pit  will  suit  it 
best.  Sandy  loam  and  rotten  leaves  are  used  as  a  compost 
for  the  plants,  which,  after  v/intering  in  small  pots,  are  shift- 
ed into  larger  ones,  as  circumstances  require.  [Bot.  Reg., 
April.) 

Cinchondcece. 

POSOCIUERIJI  Endlich.  {Mymara  posoqiicra  is  the  native  name,  among  the  Caribs,  of 
the  nrigi  rial  species.) 
versicolor /.ini//.  Chingeable  Posoquery.  A  stove  shrub;  growing  two  feet  high;  wiih 
changeable  pink  and  red  flowers;  appearing  In  August;  <i  native  of  Cuba;  introduced 
in  1840;  increased  by  cuttings;  grown  in  loam,  leaf  mould,  peat,  and  sand,  Bot. 
Reg.,  1841,  t.  -26. 

A  handsome  stove  shrub,  "with  long,  pendulous,  fragrant 
flowers,  changing  from  white  to  crimson  through  pink."  The 
leaves  are  ovate  lanceolate,  and  the  flowers  are  produced  at 
the  ends  of  the  branches,  in  clusters  of  four  or  five  each,  the 


70  Floricultural  and  Botanical  J^otices. 

corollas  very  long,  tuberous,  and  gracefully  recurving  from 
the  calyx;  their  different  hues  forming  a  really  pretty  object. 
For  stove  collections  it  is  a  fine  addition.  Easily  grown  from 
cuttings  in  saud  in  a  good  heat.      {Bot.  Reg.,  May.) 

VolemonidceK. 

COB^E'j?  Cavan.  (in  complimentto  aSpanish  Jesuit,  named  Cobo.) 
stipulAris  Benth.    Clian£;eable  Cobsa.     An  herbaceous  climbing  plant;  growing  ten  feet 
high;  with  greenish  yellow  flowers;  appearing  in   August;  a  native  of  Mexico;  in- 
creased by  seeds  and  cuttings.     Bot.  Reg.,  1841,  t.  25. 

The  common  cobsea  of  our  gardens  (C.  scandens,)  is  a 
good  representative  of  the  present  subject,  except  in  the  color 
of  the  flower:  in  the  former  it  is  a  fine  purple,  in  the  latter  it  is 
of  a  greenish  yellow.  Its  habits  are  the  same:  that  is,  it  may 
be  treated  as  an  annual  by  planting  early  in  March,  and  turn- 
ing out  into  the  border,  where  it  will  flower  freely  in  August 
and  September:  or  it  may  be  sown  later,  kept  in  a  frame  or 
green-house,  and  planted  out  the  following  year.  By  the  lat- 
ter mode  it  produces  a  much  greatei'  quantity  of  flowers. 
This  species  flourishes  well  in  a  conservatory,  as  it  does  not 
prefer  too  much  light.  Found  by  M.  Hartwig,  in  Mexico, 
and  first  flowered  in  the  garden  of  the  London  Horticultural 
Society,  from  seeds  received  from  him.      (Bot.  Reg.,  May.) 

AcanthdcecB. 

STROBILA'NTHES  (from  pine  cone,  and  a  flower,  in  allusinn  to  the  appearance  of  the 
inflorescence  of  some  species  before  the  blossoms  expand.) 
scabra  JVecs.     Rough   leaved  Conehead.    A  stove  plant;  growing  two  feet  high;  with 
yellow  flowers;  appearing  in  Aucust;  a  native  of  India;  increased  by  cuttings;  grown 
in  loam  and  peat.     Bot.  Reg.,  1841,  t.  32.^ 

A  very  pretty  stove  plant,  in  habit  somewhat  like  a  justitia. 
It  is  half  shrubby,  with  dark  green  foliage,  and  terminal  clus- 
ters of  gay  yellow  blossoms.  The  plant  is  covered  over  with 
short  stiff  hairs,  which  form  little  points  upon  the  leaves  and 
stems.  The  plants  thrive  if  managed  like  the  justitia;  that  is, 
to  keep  them  in  rather  small  pots  during  summer,  in  a  cool 
situation,  and  bringing  them  into  the  stove  in  autumn,  when 
the  change  of  temperature  will  speedily  bring  them  into  bloom. 
Any  free  soil  will  suit  it.      (Bot.  Reg.,  June.) 

Bignonvixce^. 

CO'LEjJ  (after  Gen.  Sir  G.  Lowry  Cole,  Governor  of  Mauritius.) 
floribiinda  Bnjcr.     The   yellow   Rei-rei.     A   stove  plant;  growing  eight  feet  high;  with 
ye>llow  flowers;  appearing  in  August;  a  native  of  Madagascar;  increased  by  cuttings; 
Bot.  Reg.,  1841,  t.  19. 

"A  stove  plant,  with  a  stately  aspect,  and  singular  habit  in 
consequence  of  the  stem,  which  is  seven  or  eight  feet  high, 
being  perfectly  simple,  covered  with  noble  pinnated  leaves  at 


Flori cultural  and  Botanical  JVotices.  71 

the  upper  end  only."  The  flowers  are  produced  in  a  large 
panicle,  and  are  of  a  "bright  yellow  ochre  color,  with  a  pale 
border."  It  flowered  in  the  collection  of  the  Duke  of  North- 
umberland, in  August,  1840.      [Bot.  Reg.,  April.) 

Cyrtandacece,. 

^SCHYNA'NTHUS     (from  to  blush,  and  afloirer.) 
maciilAtus  im(//.     Spotted  Blusli-wcirt.     A  hot-house  plant;  growing  a  foot  high;  with 
orange  colored  flowers;   appearing  in  summer  (?);  a  native  of  ludia;  increased  by  cut- 
tings     Bot.Reg.,  1841,  t.28. 

A  fine  plant;  a  native  of  India,  where  the  species  of  this 
beautiful  genus,  in  the  hot  damp  sands,  and  upon  rocks  and 
trees,  are  found  clinging  to  such  surfaces,  and  maintain  them- 
selves by  aerial  roots,  like  those  of  ivy.  The  present  sub- 
ject has  an  erect  stem,  with  opposite  lanceolate  leaves,  and 
terminal  umbels  of  bright  orange  and  crimson  flowers.  It 
requires  a  strong  heat  and  damp  atmosphere,  and  thrives  best 
fastened  to  a  stick  placed  in  a  pot,  and  the  space  filled  up 
with  light  leaf  mould  and  peat.      (Bot.  Reg.,  May.) 


Garden  Memoranda. — It  is  our  intention,  in  the  course  of 
a  few  weeks,  to  resume  our  notes  on  gardens  and  nurseries, 
as  full  as  in  our  earlier  volumes.  For  the  purpose  of  gather- 
ing together  interesting  matter  for  this  purpose,  we  visited  a 
few  places  the  past  month.  But  after  preparing  to  write  out 
our  remarks,  we  found  that  want  of  room  would  compel  us 
to  put  off  their  appearance  till  another  month:  having,  how- 
ever, a  spare  page,  we  embrace  the  opportunity  to  note  down 
a  few  plants  which  flowered  the  past  month,  and  others  which 
will  flower  during  February,  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston. 

A  hasty  visit  to  Mr.  Wilder's  green -house  revealed  to  us 
some  pretty  camellias,  of  new  introduction.  The  loss  of  a 
portion  of  Mr.  Wilder's  plants  by  fire,  last  season,  is  proba- 
bly fresh  in  the  minds  of  our  readers.  The  collection  was 
indeed  much  reduced  by  that  unfortunate  circumstance,  and 
many  choice  and  rare  plants  were  entirely  lost.  The  most 
remarkable  instance  of  preservation  was  that  of  his  new  seed- 
ling camellia,  of  which  we  gave  some  account  last  season, 
(Vol.  VII.,  p.  2.5.)  A  single  bud  was  all  that  was  saved; 
this  was  a  graft  only  inserted  a  few  weeks  previous  to  the  fire: 
it  had  but  a  single  leaf,  and  so  near  was  the  escape,  that  a  part 
of  that  leaf  was  destroyed  by  the  heat  of  the  fire.  The  plant 
is  now  a  foot  high,  and  we  are  glad  that  Mr.  Wilder  was  so 
fortunate  as  to  preserve  it.      Making  allowance  for  the  damage 


72  FloricuUural  and  Botanical  J\'otices. 

done  to  nearly  all  the  plants,  which  rendered  it  necessary  to 
head  down  some  of  the  large  camellias  to  within  a  foot  of  the 
roots,  they  look  generally  in  very  good  condition. 

Among  the  ^ew  camellias  which  were  uninjured,  were  some 
seedlings,  which  are  now  showing  very  promising  buds; 
some  of  the  plants  were  from  excellent  impregnations,  and 
good  varieties  may  be  expected.  Only  a  small  portion  of  the 
camellias  we  found  in  bloom:  among  the  new  ones  were  Clar- 
itas,  a  semi-double  white,  with  a  few  stamens  intermixed; 
pretty  only  for  a  large  collection.  A  delicate  variety,  with 
blush  colored  petals,  faintly  streaked  with  rose,  called  ranun- 
culiflora  striata,  promises  to  be  worthy  of  cultivation.  Doncke- 
laeri,  with  several  of  its  singularly  blotched,  splashed,  or 
marbled  flowers,  perhaps  coming  under  the  denoniination  of 
all  three  of  these  terms,  was  very  showy,  and  may  be  con- 
sidered a  great  acquisition;  it  is  an  abundant  and  free  bloom- 
er. Triphosa,  not  much  unlike  the  old  Wellbankidna,  is  a 
white  variety  of  considerable  beauty.  Sherwoodu'  was  open- 
ing, but  the  plant  did  not  appear  in  good  condition;  it  is  a 
splendid  variety.  E'legans,  eximia,  punctata,  and  several 
others,  were  displaying  fine  flowers.  Among  the  kinds  which 
show  promising  buds,  that  will  open  soon,  we  name  C.  var. 
Grunelh'i,  Gardena?^ora,  coelestina,  spectabilis  maculata, 
Henri  Favre,  delicatissima,  piclurata,  8j.c. 

Mr.  Wilder  has  lately  made  some  addition  to  his  collection 
of  new  roses,  geraniums,  &c.:  he  has  also  procured  from 
Germany  ten  or  fifteen  new  kinds  of  tree  pseonies,  all  the 
plants  of  which  looked  well,  and  several  of  them  were  show- 
ing good  flower  buds:  if  they  are  as  good  as  they  have  been 
represented,  they  will  be  a  great  acquisition.  A  new  white 
azalea,  with  the  habit  of  A.  phoenicea,  was  just  coming  into 
bloom.  Many  other  plants  we  should  have  been  glad  to  have 
noted  down,  but  our  time  did  not  permit  us  to  do  so. 

In  the  collection  of  Messrs.  Hovey  &  Co.,  Caraelh'a  var. 
Donckelaeri,  imbricata,  elata,  Shervvoodii,  triumphans,  flor- 
ida,  Floyi,  althajseflora,  elegans,  Gilesii,  speciosa,  and  nume- 
rous other  kinds,  will  be  in  flower.  Among  the  azaleas  will 
be  A.  indica  variegata,  lateritia,  speciosa,  speciosissima, 
Danielsidna,  phoenicea,  &c.  Some  fine  heaths  will  also  be 
in  bloom  in  the  course  of  a  month.  Lechenaultm  formosa 
has  been  flowering  finely  all  winter.  Some  fine  new  roses 
have  been  added  to  the  collection,  several  of  which  are  com- 
ing into  bloom. 


Domestic  JVolices.  73 

MISCELLANEOUS    INTELLIGENCE. 

Art.  I.     Domestic  Notices. 

Specimen  of  Pears,  ^-c. — Dear  Sir:  Accompanying  this,  you  will 
receive  a  l)ox  containing  a  few  specituens  of  pears:  those  marked 
No.  1,  are  the  Josephine,  not  yet  in  eatin<T,  a  good  l)earer  upon  the 
quince;  No.  2,  Lewis,  a  good  hearer  upon  a  standard;  No.  3,  now 
in  eating  ami  tine,  a  great  hearer  upon  the  quince,  Bergamotte  Syl- 
vanche  of  Coxe;  No.  4,  Benrre  Capiauniont,  the  last  specimen  I 
have  raised,  aUo  upon  the  quince,  now  in  eating;  No.  5,  a  spetritnen 
from  a  tree  which  Mr.  Shaw,  of  New  York,  sohl  at  Cunningham's, 
two  years  since,  for  the  Cohimhian  Virgoulouse;  if  it  is  not  the 
Columhian  Virijoulouse,  it  is  certainly  a  first  rate  fruit;  I  fear  the 
specimen  is  rather  past  its  prime;  No.  6,  Bergamotte  du  Pasque,  a 
good  hearer,  not  in  etatiuL';  No.  7,  Monsieur  le  Cure,  or  Burgomes- 
tre  of  Boston,  nearly  in  eating;  No.  8,  Duchessc  d'Angoulcme;  these 
were  taken  from  a  tree  emrrafied  upon  a  quinci',  seven  feel  high, 
which  set  upwards  of  one  hundred  specimens  and  matured  seventy; 
those  now  sent  were  the  average  .«ize.  Tiie  hest  flavored  j)ears  I 
have  fruited  tiiis  season  (the  Seckel  excepted,)  were  the  Belle  Lu- 
crative as  fall  fruit,  and  Dearborn's  Seedling  as  summer  fruit.  I 
also  enclose  you  a  sheet  of  outline  drawing  of  two  or  three  varieties 
which  have  generally  such  strong  characters  as  to  form,  and  yet 
have  l)een  sometimes  mistaken  one  for  the  other;  I  mean  particidar- 
ly  the  Roi  de  Wurteml)urg,  Beurre  Capiaumont,  and  Benrre  Bosc. 
Would  not  outlines  of  fruits  be  as  nseiul  in  your  Magazine  as  col- 
ored.? Loudon's  Magazine  has  no  others;  aud  do  you  not  think 
that  of  the  two  circutnstances,  color,  or  shape,  the  latter  could  be 
more  generally  depended  upon?  There  are,  I  know,  exce|)tions,  for 
the  Michanx,  and  a  fruit  1  received  from  Mr.  Prince  for  the  black- 
seeded  beurre,  the  former  resembles,  both  in  form  and  color,  the 
Belle  Lucrative,  and  the  latter  the  Urbaniste,  and  we  must  know 
the  distinction  by  leaf,  manner  of  growth,  and  quality;  still,  my 
opinion  is,  that  more  pears  can  be  idenii&ed  from  form,  than  from 
color. 

A  curious  effect  was  produced  upon  some  Bartlett  pears,  which  I 
took  from  the  tree  when  they  were  three  quarters  grown,  by  placing 
them  in  a  ti^ht  drawer  covered  with  cotton  batting:  they  became,  as 
they  ripened,  of  a  beautiful  red  upon  one  side,  while  those  that  re- 
mained upon  the  trees  until  they  commenced  changing  color,  were 
all  yellow.  1  think  the  Bartlett,  taking  every  circumstance,  (its  pro- 
lificativenes?.  quality,  &.c.,)  as  one  of  the  best  if  not  the  most  desir- 
able variety  for  New  England  culture. 

I  have  taken  off  outlines  of  fruit  frotn  the  specimens  grown  with 
me,  and  have  forwarded  you  a  copy  of  the  BufFum,  &.c.  I  think 
Loudon  has  an  article  in  one  of  his  works,  upon  the  advantages, 
&c.  of  mere  outlines. — John  M.  Ives,  Salem,  Nov.  10,  1841. 

[With  the  above  communication  from  our  correspondent,  we  re- 
ceived the  several  varieties  of  pears,  for  which  he  will  receive  our 

VOL.   VIII. NO.   II.  10 


74  J\fassachuseits  Horticultural   Society. 

thanks.  The  Beurre  Capiaiimont  was  past  its  eating  state:  No.  5, 
which  was  received  as  the  Columbian  Viigoulouse,  is  undoubtedly 
the  Bleekei's  Meadow:  the  Duchess  d'Anjfoulenie,  though  very  fair, 
were  not  so  high  flavored  as  usual,  probably  owing  to  the  great  crop 
which  the  tree  ))roduced. 

We  agree  with  our  correspondent,  in  regard  to  his  remarks  upon 
outline  figures  of  fruit,  as  compared  with  colored  engravings.  The 
past  fall,  we  have  taken  drawings  of  about  fifty  kinds,  and  another 
year  inten<l  to  complete  our  labor  by  procuring  an  outline  of  every 
good  pear  in  cultivation.  JVIr.  Manning  has  thus  far  furnished  us 
with  many  fine  specimens,  and  has  promised  to  senil,  another  season, 
sucb  varieties  as  we  may  wish  for  our  purpose.  The  drawings  sent 
with  the  above,  we  have  not  room  for  this  month,  but  shall  endeavor 
to  give  them  a  place  in  a  future  number. — Ed.] 

Discussion  upon  the  Growth  of  Fruit  Trees. — The  subject  for 
discussion  at  the  Fourth  Agricultural  Meeting  at  the  State  House, 
was  upon  fruit  trees.  Mr.  Buckminster  opened  the  discussion,  and 
gave  his  experience  upon  the  subject.  He  stated,  that  it  was  an  er- 
roneous idea  that  the  next  generation  alone  can  eat  the  fruit  we 
plant:  that  if  trees  are  properly  managed,  there  is  no  need  of  wait- 
ing long  for  the  fruit.  He  alluded  to  the  common  practice  of  plant- 
ing too  deep,  and  to  the  bad  effects  of  laying  an  orchard  down  to 
grass  soon  after  the  trees  were  set  out.  He  thinks  the  trees  need 
hoeing  as  nnich  as  corn.  His  views  on  planting  are  correct:  he  says 
that  trees  should  never  be  set  out  the  last  end  of  March  and  first  of 
April;  the  soil  is  not  mellow  at  that  season,  and  it  is  better  to  take 
them  up,  lay  them  in  by  the  roots,  (or  heels,  as  termed  by  nursery- 
men,) and  plant  out  later,  when  the  earth  becomes  mellow  and 
warm.  In  summer,  he  covers  the  roots  with  litter,  but  in  winter  re- 
moves it,  as  it  would  harbor  mice.  The  white  pine  Mr.  Buckmin- 
ster has  planted  as  late  as  the  middle  of  June,  with  success. — Ed. 


Art.  II.     Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society. 

Saturday,  Nov.  27,  1841. — An  adjourned  meeting  from  October 
80th — the  President  in  the  chair. 

Hon.  Daniel  Webster  was  admitted  an  honorary  member  of  the 
Society. 

[In  our  report  of  the  meeting  of  the  30th,  we  omitted  to  state  that 
John  Tyler,  President  of  the  United  States,  and  Hon.  H.  L.  Ells- 
worth, of  Washington,  D.  C,  were  admitted  honorary  members.] 

Adjourned  five  weeks,  to  Jan.  1,  1B42. 

January  1,  1842. — An  adjourned  meeting — the  President  in  the 
chair. 

The  Finance  Committee  were  charged  with  an  examination  of 
the  books  of  the  Treasurer,  and  to  report  at  the  next  meeting. 

A  letter  was  read  from  Edward  Pitkin,  East  Hartford,  Conn.,  on 
the  subject  of  the  destruction  of  the  curculio,  and  referred  to  the 
Fruit  Committee. 


Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society.  75 

Adjourned  two  wppks,  to  January  15th. 

Jan.  Ibth. — An  adjourned  meeting — the  President  in  the  chair. 

Mr.  Vose,  from  the  Finance  Committee,  reported,  that  they  had 
examined  the  Treasurer's  books,  and  found  them  correct;  and  that 
the  sum  received  by  the  Society  from  Mount  Auburn,  for  1841, 
amounted  to  $1436.65:  the  report  was  accepted. 

Letters  were  read  from  President  Tyler,  Hon.  D.  Webster,  and 
Hon.  Mr.  Ellsworth,  acknowledging  the  honor  conferred  on  them  by 
the  Society. 

The  Committee  for  the  publication  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  So- 
ciety, were  directed  to  make  them  comi)lete  from  the  time  of  the 
last  report. 

George  Walsh,  of  Charlestown,  and  James  Wentworth,  of  Bos- 
ton, were  admitted  sul)scription  members. 

Adjourned  one  week,  to  January  22d. 

Jan.  22<^. — The  President  took"  the  chair,  and  stated  the  business 
before  the  meeting. 

Some  amendments  were  made  to  the  bye-laws,  in  regard  to  the 
admission  of  honorary  and  corresponding  members. 

It  was  then  voted,  that  the  sum  of  three  hundred  and  sixty  dollars 
be  appropriated  for  premiums  for  1842;  to  be  distributed  among  the 
several  committees  as  follows: — one  hundred  and  fifty  dollars  to  the 
Committee  on  Flowers — one  hundred  and  fifty  dollars  to  the  Com- 
mittee on  Fruits — and  sixty  dollars  to  the  Comnn'ttce  on  Vegetables. 
The  several  committees  were  requested  to  make  up  their  schedules 
of  premiums  for  the  present  year  as  soon  as  possible. 

Ailjourned  one  week,  to  January  29th. 

Exhibited. — Vegetables:  From  W.  C.  Mann,  fine  specimens  of 
Giant  celery,  some  of  the  heads  very  large,  and  well  blanched. 

Jan.  ISith. — An  adjourned  meeting — the  President  in  the  chair. 

The  Executive  Committee  laid  upon  the  table  the  following  report 
of  the  Flower  Committee,  offering  premiums  for  1842: — 

REPORT  OF  THE  COMMITTEE  ON  FLOWERS. 

Tulips. — For  the  best  display  of  fine  blooms,  a  premium  of  #5  00 
For  the  second  best  display  of  fine  blooms,  a  premium  of    3  00 
Geraniums- — For  the  best  twelve  j)laiits  in  bloom;   variety 
of  the  kinds,  and  shape  and  vigor  of  the  ])lants  to  be 
considered,  a  premium  of  .         .         .         .         .         .     5  00 

For  the  second   best   twelve  jdants   in  bloom,  with  the 
sam^considerations,  a  jireniium  of      . 
PEONIES.  —  For  the  best  display  of  flowers,  a  premium  of  . 
For  the  secoml  best  display  of  flowers,  a  premium  of  . 
Pansies. — For   the    best   display   of  fine    varieties,   a    pre- 
mium of      .........     3 

For  the  best  six  varieties,   a  i)remium  of        .         .         . 
For  the  best  seedling  flower,  a  premium  of  . 
Roses. — In  classes: — 

Class  I.     Hardy  kinds. 
For  the  best  fifty  dissimilar  blooms,  a  premium  of 
For  the  second  best  fifty  dissimilar  blooms,  a  premium  of 
For  the  third  best  fifty  dissimilar  blooms,  a  premium  of 


3 

00 

5 

00 

S 

00 

3 

00 

2 

00 

2 

00 

0 

00 

8 

00 

5 

00 

85 

00 

3 

00 

5 

00 

3 

00 

o 

00 

5 

00 

3 

00 

2 

00 

3 

00 

2 

00 

3 

00 

2 

00 

76  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society. 

Class  II.     Bourbon,  China,  Tea,  and  Noisette  Roses. 

For  the  best  display  of  flowers,  a  premium  of 

For  the  second  best  display  of  flowers,  a  prernium  of  . 
Pinks. — For  the  best  display  of  flowers,  a  premium  of 

For  the  best  six  varieties,  a  preiniuiii  of         .         .         . 

For  the  best  seedlin?,  a  premium  of       ...         . 
Carnatfons. — For  tlie  best  disphiy  of  flowers,  a  premium  of 

For  the  second  best  disphiy  of  flowers,  a  premium  of  . 

For  the  liest  seedling,  a  premium  of       ...         . 
Balsams. — F^or  the  best  display  of  flowers,  a  premium  of  . 

For  the  second  best  display,  a  premium  of     . 
German  Asters, — For  the  best  display  of  flowers,  a  pre- 
triium  of       ........         . 

For  the  second  best  display  of  flowers,  a  premium  of  . 
Dahlias — In  the  following  divisions  and  classes: — 

DIVISIO^'   A. 

Open  to  all  cultivators. 
Premier  Prize. — For  the  best  twelve  dissimilar  blooms, 

a  premium  of      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .   18  00 

Specimen  Bloom. — For  the  best  bloom,    a   premium   of    7  00 
For  the  second  best  bloom,  a  premium  of     .         .         .     4  CO 

DIVISION  B. 

Open  to  all  cultivators  of  more  than  two  hundred  plants. 
Class  I. — For   the   best  twenty-four  dissimilar   blooms,  a 

premium  of  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .   12  00 

For  the  second   best  twenty-four  dissimilar  blooms,  a 

premium  of  .         .  .         .  .  .  .         .     7   00 

Class  II. — For  the  best  twelve  dissimilar  blooms,  a  pre- 
mium of       .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .   10  00 

For  the  second  best  twelve  dissimilar  blooms,  a  pre- 
mium of  •.•......     5  00 

Class  III. — For  the  best  six  dissimilar  blooms, a  premium  of    8  00 
For  the  second  best  si.x  dissimilar  blooms,  a  premium  of    4  00 

DIVISION  c. 

Open  to  all  cultivators  of  less  than  two  hundred  plants. 
Class  I. — For  the  best  twenty-four  dissimilar  blooms,  a 

jiremium  of  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  12  00 

For  the  second  best  twenty-four  dissimilar  blooms,  a 

j)reinium  of  .....  .  .  .     7  00 

Class  11. — For  the  best  twelve  dissimilar  blooms,  a  pre- 
mium of 10  00 

For  the   second  best  twelve  dissimilar  blooms,  a  pre- 
mium of      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     5  00 

Class  III. — For  the  best  six  dissimilar  blooms, a  premium  of    8  00 
For  the  second  best  six  dissimilar  blooms,  a  premium  of    4  00 

The  amount  voted  by  the   Society,  for  the  present  year,  was  one 
hundred  and  fifty  dollarsj  to  this   has  been  added  sixty-four  dollars, 


Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society.  77 

being  the  amount  set  aside  for  the  award  of  dahlias  for  1841,  as  stat- 
ed in  the  report  of  the  Committee  awarding:  premiums  for  that  year. 
The  sum  of  sixty-four  dollars  has  been  ^vholly  added  to  the  pre- 
miums offered  for  dahlias,  in  accordance  with  the  wishes  of  the  cul- 
tivators of  that  flower  who  were  the  competitors  for  liie  premiums 
for  1841,  and  who  relinquished  their  claims  to  the  prizes  awarded,  on 
this  condition. 

The  Committee  believe  that  the  arrangement  which  has  been 
made  in  regard  to  the  dahlias,  will  meet  the  views  of  every  cultiva- 
tor of  flowers.  It  is  well  iinown  that  the  Society's  autumnal  shows 
would  be  meagre,  and  quite  unattractive  to  what  they  are  at  present, 
were  it  not  for  the  exhibition  of  the  dahlia:  there  is  no  individual 
flower  which  contributes  so  much  to  the  beauty  and  splendor  of  the 
room;  appreciated  alike  by  all,  its  brilliant  colors  and  perfect  form 
command  the  admiration  of  those  who  would  scarce  bestow  a  glance 
upon  some  more  humble,  but  equally  as  deserving  a  flower. 

With  these  remarks,  the  Committee  submit  their  report  to  the  Ex- 
ecutive Committee. — C.  M-  Hovey,  Chairman,  Jan.  1842. 

The  following  rules  and  regulations  will  be  observed  in  regard  to 
the  dahlia  show: — 

1.  All  growers  who  intend  to  exhibit,  shall  signify  their  intention 
to  the  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Flowers,  and  in  whi<di  class 
or  classes,  at  least  one  week  liefore  the  day  set  for  the  exhibition. 

2.  Any  persons  may  enter  for  the  prizes  of  any  of  the  classes,  in 
either  of  the  divisions  to  which  they  are  eligible,  but  they  cannot 
take  more  than  one  prize  in  division  B.  or  C. 

3.  Each  competitor  will  be  required  to  declare  that  every  flower 
exhibited  by  him  is  of  his  own  growth,  or  has  been  grown  under  his 
care. 

4.  The  judges  for  awarding  the  prizes  in  division  B.,  shall  be 
selected  from  such  cultivators  or  connoisseurs  as  are  not  competitors 
in  that  division;  and  the  same  rule  shall  be  observed  in  selecting 
judges  for  division  C. 

5.  The  judges  shall  he  ap])ointed  by  a  majority  of  the  exhibitors, 
whose  decision  shall  be  final,  and  to  be  chosen  at  the  Society's  room, 
on  the  first  Saturday  in  September,  at  twelve  o'clock,  noon.  Notice 
of  this  meeting  to  be  given  by  the  Chairmnn  of  the  Flower  Com- 
mittee to  such  persons  as  have  signified  their  intentions  of  compet- 
ing for  the  premiums. 

6.  Each  coiTipetitor  shall  give  to  the  Chairman  of  the  Flower 
Committee  a  list  of  the  names  of  the  flowers  he  exhibits,  sealed  up, 
and  sijfued  with  his  name. 

7.  The  blooms  shall  be  shown  in  bottles  provided  by  the  Society, 
without  foliage  or  any  other  embellishment. 

8.  No  seedling,  not  sold  out,  will  be  allowed  to  be  placed  in  either 
of  the  divisions  or  classes,  exce])t  the  seedling  class;  nor  must  any 
stand  contain  two  blooms  of  the  same  variety. 

9.  The  judges  shall  sign  their  award  with  a  declaration  upon  their 
honor,  that,  to  the  best  of  their  knowledge,  they  have  decided  upon 
the  respective  merits  of  the  flowers  exhibited. 


78 


Faneuil  Hall  Market. 


Art.  III.     Faneuil  Hall  Market. 


Roots,  Tubers,  Sec. 

Potatoes: 

f^,  >  per  barrel .  , 

°      '  3  1'^'"  I'usliel,. 

E,     >  per  barrel,.  , . 
astports,  V  '       111 
'  5  PC  bushel,..  . 

g-,  C  per  barrel,.  .  .  . 

Common,  <  '       ,      ,    , 

(_  per  bn.shel,..  . . 

Sweet  potatoes,  per  bushel. 
Turnips,  per  busliel: 

Common, 

Ruta  Baga, 

Onions: 

Jled,  per  bunch, 

White,  per  bunch, 

White,  per  bushel, 

Yellow,  per  bushel, 

Beets,  per  biir^hel, 

Carrots,  per  busliel, .  , 

Parsnips,  per  inishel, 

Salsify,  per  dozen  roots,,  ,  .  . 

Siiallots,  per  pound, 

Horseradish,  per  pound .... 

Cabbages,  Salads,  fyc. 
Cabbages,  per  doz: 

Savoy, 

Drninliead, 

Red  Dutch, 

Brocoli,  each, 

Cauliflowers,  each, 

I>ettuce,  per  head, 

Spinach,  per  peck, 

Dandelions,  per  half  peck,.  . 
Celery,  per  root: 

Giant, 

Common, 

Ciiciuiibers,  (pickled)  pr  gal. 
Peppers,  (pickled)  per  gallon 

Pot  and  Sweet  Herbs. 

Parsley,  per  half  peck.,.  .  ,  . 

Sage,  per  pound, 

Marjorum,  per  bunch, 

Savory,  per  bunch, 

Spearmint,  per  bunch, 


From 
^  cts. 

1  25 

50 

2  00 
1  00 
1  25 

50 
1  25 

371 

m 

Sh 
3h 
1  25 
75 
75 
62i 
75 
25 
20 
10 


75 
75 
75 
124 
12| 
8 
374 
374 

10 
(5 

25 
37.^ 


371 
17 

6 

6 

3 


To 

$cts. 

1  37.i> 
CO 

2  25 


55 
1  50 

50 
50 

4 

4 
1  50 
1  00 


12i 


1  00 

1  00 

1  00 

25 

25 

124 


12.i 

8' 


20 

124 

12i 


Squashes  and  Pumpkins. 

Canada  Croc.kneck,per  lb..  . 
Autumnal  Marrow,  per  pound 
Winter  Crotd  neck,  per  lb..  . 
•Vest  Indias,  per  pound,.  ,  .  . 
i^umpkins,  each,    


Fruits. 

Apples,  dessert: 

Baldwins,  per  barrel,., .  , 

Russets,  per  barrel, 

Greenings,  per  barrel,.  .  . 

Blue  pearniains,  per  barrel 

New  York  pippins, per  bbl. 

Common,  per  barrel, 

Pippins,  per  bushel, 

Nonsuch,  per  bushel, 

Sweet,  per  bushel, 

Lady  apples,  per  half  peck, 

Dried  apples,  per  pound,.  . 
Pears,  per  dozen: 

Passe  Colinar, .  . .  . 

St.  Germain, 

Chaumontel,.  .  , 

St.  Michael  Archangel .  . , 

Common, 

Baking,  per  bushel, 

Cranljcrries,  per  bushel,. .  .  . 
Grapes  per  pound: 

fllalaga,  (white) 

Malaga,  (purple) 

ns-a])ples,  each, 

Quinces,  per  bushel, 

Lemons,  per  dozen, 

Oianges,  per  doz: 

Havana 

Sicily 

Walnuts,  per  bushel, 

Chestnuts,  per  bushel 

Butternuts,  per  bushel, 

Almonds,  per  pound, 

Castana,  per  pound, 

Cocoa  nuts, 


r. 

To 

From 

^  cts. 

v^cts 

4 

5 

5 

ti 

3 

4 

3 

4 

124 

20 

3  00 
2  50 

2  50 
,2  50 

3  00 
2  00 

1  00 

2  00 
1  25 

25 
4 


50 
25 


2  00 
1  75 

17 
25 
25 

20 

374 
20 

1  25 

2  00 
1  00 

14 


1  50 


75 
50 


2  50 
2  00 

20 

50 

25 

50 

25 

1  50 

15 
4 


Remarks. — January  has  been  one  of  the  most  open  months  for 
the  season,  that  has  been  experienced  for  many  years:  there  is  at 
present  scarcely  any  frost  in  the  ground.  No  snow  has  fallen  during 
the  month,  neither  have  there  been  any  storms  of  rain:  the  sun  has 
shone  from  a  clear  and  almost  unclouded  sky  durinjj  a  htrger  part  of 
the  month:  such  mild  weather  has  been  highly  favorable  to  the 
growth  of  forced  vegetables,  and  has  forwarded  the  spring  work 
considerably. 


Horticultural  Memoranda.  79 

Vegetables. — Potatoes  are  still  dull  and  heavy,  and  the  market 
over  supplied:  Sweet  potatoes  are  less  abundant  than  at  the  j)eriod 
of  our  last  report,  and  not  now  in  so  ffood  order.  Turnips  are  a 
shade  higher.  Onions  are  scarcer;  good  whites  are  nearly  all  gone, 
and  the  stock  of  yellow  is  much  reduced.  Salsify  is  supplied  in 
small  quantities,  the  demand  being  quite  limited.  No  radishes 
have  yet  been  brought  in,  but  will  probably  come  to  hand  be- 
tween this  and  our  next  report.  Cabbages  are  quite  scarce,  the 
stock  has  not  been  so  low  at  this  season  for  three  or  four  years; 
there  are  but  few  good  Drumheads  and  Savoys  to  be  had;  red  Dutch 
are  also  very  scarce.  Brocolis  and  cauliflowers  are  nearly  gone. 
Lettuce  now  comes  to  hand  of  fine  size  and  excellent  quality,  the 
late  mild  weather  having  been  extremely  favorable.  Spinach  is  abun- 
dant. Dandelions  in  January!  this  is  certainly  exceedingly  early  for 
this  vegetable;  but  there  has  i)een  a  good  supply  for  some  days,  and 
the  quality  as  good  and  handsome  as  could  be  desired.  Celery  is 
abundant  and  good.  Squashes  are  a  shade  higher:  a  few  small  lots 
of  Crooknecks  are  occasionally  brought  in:  no  West  Jndias  have 
arrived  the  present  month,  and  the  stock  is  now  tolerably  well  re- 
duced. 

Fruit. — Apples  are  higher:  several  shipments  have  been  made  to 
the  south,  which  has  taken  off  the  surplus  stock:  sweet  apples  are 
scarce,  and  few  of  good  quality  to  be  obtained.  Pears  are  about 
gone;  only  one  or  two  good  eating  kinds  are  now  to  be  had:  the 
stock  of  baking  has  been  reduced,  and  prices  have  advanced  slighily. 
Cranberries  are  higher,  and  in  better  demand:  as  other  fruits  become 
scarce,  it  affects  the  price  of  this.  Grapes  are  abundant  and  cheap. 
Oranges  and  lemons  plentiful.  A  few  pine-ap[)les  have  been  re- 
ceived. Walnuts  are  plenty,  and  sales  very  dull.  Chestnuts  are 
not  much  called  for,  and  are  nearly  out  of  season. — M.  2\,  Boston, 
Jan.  28,  1842. 


HORTICULTURAL  MEMORANDA 

FOR    FEBRUARY. 


FRUIT    DEPARTMENT. 

Grape  vines  will  now,  in  some  green-houses,  where  a  rather  hit^h 
temperature  is  kept  up,  begin  to  swell  their  buds,  and  by  the  1st  of 
March  will  have  broken  into  their  first  leaf.  Such  as  have  com- 
menced to  grow  in  this  way,  should  have  the  shoots  tied  up  to  the 
trellis  carefully.  Keep  the  temperature  of  the  house  as  regular  as 
possible,  and  in  fine  weather  give  an  abundance  of  air. 

Peach  trees  in  pots,  brought  into  the  house  last  month,  will  begin 
to  open  their  flower  buds  soon.  Keep  the  house  at  as  even  a  tem- 
perature as  possible,  till  after  the  fruit  has  set. 


80  Horticultural  Memoranda. 

Strawberries  may  be  brought  into  the  hot-house,  or  placed  in  a 
hot-bed,  for  fruitiiijj.  Be  careful  to  supply  an  abundance  of  water, 
and  give  large  quantities  of  air. 

FLOWER   DEPARTMENT. 

Camellias  will  now  be  in  full  bloom;  siip])ly  them  well  with  water. 
As  soon  as  the  flowers  be;.nii  to  fall,  if  all  the  buds  have  opened, 
comnicnce  repottinif,  shakinjr  off  the  ohi  soil  if  the  plants  are  not  in 
a  healthy  condition.  After  this  operation  is  finished,  prune  off  tlie 
straiTiiliiiir  shoots,  and  give  the  plants  a  syringing  twice  a  week. 
Seeds  will  now  heirin  to  come  up,  and  the  young  plants  must  be  wa- 
tered carefnlly.      Inarching  may  be  performed  this  month. 

Roses,  which  have  been  managed  properly,  will  now  begin  to 
flower:  supply  them  freely  with  water. 

Azaleas  will  begin  to  bloom  this  month,  and  will  need  good  quan- 
tities of  water.  Young  plants  may  be  repotted  now,  if  they  re- 
quire it. 

Geraniums  will  need  attention  now.  Repot  such  as  need  it;  syr- 
inge the  plants  occasionally  over  the  foliage,  and  water  more  freely 
at  the  roots. 

Orange  trees  may  be  grafted  now,  and  if  the  plants  require  it,  re- 
potted. 

Ericas  may  be  propagated  now:  by  some,  it  is  considered  the  most 
favorahle  season.  Keep  the  i)lants  duly  watered,  and  syringe  fre- 
quently over  the  foliage.     Seeds  may  be  sown  now. 

Oxalis  Boioiei,  now  done  flowering,  will  need  less  supplies  of  wa- 
ter. 

Cactuses  should  now  be  watered  more  freely,  as  they  begin  to 
show  their  flower  buds. 

Dahlia  roots  may  be  potted  now  for  producing  plants  for  early 
flowering.  As  soon  as  the  eyes  begin  to  swell,  divide  the  roots,  put- 
ting one  tuber  with  a  good  shoot  in  each  pot. 

Calceolarias  should  be  carefully  attended  to.  Give  water  care- 
fully, and  repot  as  soon  as  the  plants  need  it. 

Verbenas  which  have  been  wintered  in  small  pots  should  now  be 
shifted  into  good  soil,  and  placed   in  a  warm  situation  near  the  glass. 

Ten  Week  Slock  seed  may  now  be  planted  for  early  blooming  in 
the  open  garden. 

Annuals  of  many  sorts,  wanted  to  l)loom  early,  may  be  now  plant- 
ed in  pots  in  the  green-house  or  hot-bed;  such  as  Phlox  Drummondii, 
Bartonia  aurea,  Eutoca  viscida,  coxcombs,  China  asters,  balsams, 
&c. 

Plants  in  frames  should  be  uncovered  and  aired  occasionally,  when 
the  weather  is  fine. 

Cuttings  of  many  kinds  of  green-house  plants  may  now  be  put  in, 
particularly  such  as  salvias,  heliotropes,  &c.,  for  turning  out  into 
the  open  border  in  summer. 

Trevirana  coccinea.  The  roots  or  corms  of  this  pretty  plant 
should  now  be  separated  and  potted. 


THE    MAGAZINE 


HORTICULTURE. 


MARCH,  1842. 


ORIGINAL  COMMUNICATIONS. 

Art.  I.  A'^otes  made  during  a  visit  to  JVeiv  York^  Philadel- 
phia, Baltimore,  and  Washington,  and  intermediate  places, 
from  *^ugust  8th  to  the  2od,  1841.     By  the  Editor. 

(^Continued  from  p.  47.) 

Baltimore,  August  16th. — In  the  autumn  of  1839  we  visit- 
ed Bahimore,  and  made  some  memoranda  of  our  tour  at  that 
time,  (Vol.  V.,  p.  370.)  Since  then,  the  taste  for  horticul- 
tural improvement  does  not  seem  to  have  made  a  very  rapid 
advancement.  The  Maryland  Horticultural  Society,  which 
at  one  time  was  in  a  flourishing  condition,  and  exerted  con- 
siderable influence  by  its  annual  exhibitions,  reports  of  which 
we  have  given  in  our  pages,  appears  to  have  been  on  the  de- 
cline, and  the  last  two  years,  no  exhibitions,  we  believe,  have 
taken  place.  The  interest  in  the  society  appears  to'  have 
wholly  subsided,  for  we  could  not  learn  from  any  of  our 
friends,  that  any  thing  had  been  done  to  keep  it  together,  for 
some  time.  This  is  much  to  be  regretted:  for  a  city,  rank- 
ing, as  regards  its  population,  only  the  third  in  the  country, 
and  next  to  Philadelphia,  should  possess  sufficient  taste  to 
keep  alive  so  useful  and  excellent  an  institution. 

Baltimore  possesses  many  very  excellent  gardens,  though 
far  less  numerous  in  proportion  to  its  inhabitants,  than  other 
cities:  there  are  some  fine  collections  of  plants,  and  many 
seedling  roses  and  camellias  have  been  raised  by  some  of  the 
nurserymen  and  florists,  sufficient  indeed,  in  their  extent  and 
merit,  to  render  the  exhibition  of  a  society  beautiful  and  in- 
teresting.    We  can  only  account  for  the  apathy  of  feeling 

VOL.  VIII. NO.   III.  11 


82  JS^otes  made  during  a  Visit  to 

which  exists,  to  a  want  of  cooperation  among  the  amateurs 
and  practical  men.  Without  this,  nothing  can  be  accom- 
phshed  successfully;  and  with  it,  a  society  could  be  continued 
in  a  flourishing  condition.  We  hope  that  an  attempt  will  be 
made  to  resuscitate  the  old  society,  and  place  it  in  a  condition 
which  will  enable  it  to  create  a  new  interest  in  horticultural 
pursuits. 

Residence  of  Dr.  T.  Edmonson^  Jr. — This  delightfully  sit- 
uated place  we  gave  some  account  of  at  the  time  above  al- 
luded to,  (Vol.  v.,  p.  373.)  Since  then,  however,  many 
improvements  have  been  made,  and  others  are  still  progress- 
ing. The  pleasure  ground  is  being  extended,  by  the  removal 
of  the  boundary  fence,  and  the  clearing  up  of  a  piece  of  wood- 
land, by  which  several  acres  are  now  brought  into  it:  when 
completed,  it  will  form  one  of  the  finest  residences  in  the 
country. 

When  we  were  here,  in  1839,  the  flower  garden  had  just 
been  laid  out:  we  now  found  it  in  fine  condition,  saving  the 
uncommonly  dry  weather  which  had  been  experienced.  The 
borders  were  planted  with  sanguinea  and  other  roses,  the  form- 
er of  which  made  a  brilliant  display  with  their  deep  crimson 
flowers.  This  old  variety  is  well  adapted  for  turning  out 
into  the  border,  growing  and  flowering  freely  all  the  summer 
and  autumn.  Dr.  Edmonson  possesses  some  fine  seedling 
phloxes,  but  the  drought  had  destroyed  the  flowers.  Mag- 
v.oUa  grandi flora  var.  exoniensis  stands  the  winter  here  with- 
out any  protection;  the  specimen  is  very  splendid,  upwards 
of  fifteen  feet  high,  and  clothed  with  foliage  from  the  base  to 
the  top. 

Dr.  Edmonson  possesses  many  large  stove  and  green-house 
plants,  vt'hich  are  placed  out  on  the  lawn  and  in  the  walks  of 
the  flower  garden  during  summer.  Among  them  are  large 
specimens  of  Erythrina  poiantkes  and  Crista  galli,  Eriobotrya 
japonica,  Jambosa  vulgaris,  &c.  We  noticed  some  plants  of 
Erythrina  which  were  raised  from  seed  of  E.  Crista  galli 
impregnated  with  Poidnthes:  the  plants  showed  flower  buds, 
and,  from  the  appearance  of  these  and  the  leaves,  some  new 
varieties  will  be  produced.  The  large  orange  and  lemon  trees 
were  in  fine  condition,  as  were  also  the  camellias  and  other 
plants. 

From  the  garden,  we  passed  into  the  hot-house,  where  we 
witnessed  many  curious  experiments  made  in  grafting  the  Cac- 


JVew  York,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  i^'C.  83 

ti.  Dr.  Edmonson's  place  is  under  the  charge  of  Mr.  Feast, 
Jr.,  a  young  man  of  much  taste  and  considerable  practical 
knowledge,  united  with  a  great  love  for  plants.  We  here 
saw  grafting  in  all  its  varieties;  Echinocaclus  Eyriesu'  grafted 
upon  the  ends  of  the  pendulous  stems  of  Cereus  flagelliformis! 
having  a  singular  appearance.  Cereus  triangularis  and  several 
of  the  opuntias  are  used  for  stocks;  and,  in  some  instances, 
several  kinds  are  grafted  on  one  plant.  All  the  weaker  grow- 
ing sorts  are  cultivated  altoeether  by  grafting,  and  they  bloom 
more  abundantly,  and  with  finer  flowers.  Cereus  serpentinus, 
upwards  of  ten  feet  high,  was  full  of  buds.  A  novel  experi- 
ment had  been  tried  in  grafting  the  wax  plant,  (Hoya  carno- 
sa, )  upon  the  stapelia,  and  the  scions  had  commenced  growing; 
how  it  will  continue  to  flourish  remains  to  be  seen. 

On  the  lawn  in  front  of  the  house,  Dr.  Edmonson  showed 
us  a  Madura,  different  from  the  M.  aurantiaca,  and  proba- 
bly a  variety  of  that  species.  It  forms  quite  a  small  shrub, 
or  tree,  with  the  dense  glossy  foliage  of  the  former,  but  small- 
er, and  the  habit  of  the  plant  rather  dwarf.  From  its  slower 
growth,  and  less  robust  habit,  we  think  it  would  be  more  like- 
Iv  to  stand  the  climate  in  the  latitude  of  Boston,  than  the  M. 
aurantiaca:   it  has  never  flowered  or  fruited. 

JSursery  of  JMr.  Samuel  Feast. — Since  the  autumn  of  18.39, 
Mr.  Feast  has  made  many  additions  to  his  extensive  collec- 
tion; he  has  also  enriched  it  with  many  excellent  seedlings  of 
the  camellia,  rose,  azalea,  Cacti,  &c. 

Mr.  Feast  erected  one  or  two  new  houses  the  past  season; 
one  in  particular  for  the  growth  of  cacti,  of  which  he  possess- 
es a  large  and  extensive  variety,  many  of  which  are  seedlings. 
These  we  found  in  very  fine  condition:  a  larger  part  of  the 
species  and  varieties  are  grafted  upon  the  Opuntia  braziliensis 
and  vulgaris,  Cereus  triangularis,  &.c.,  and  in  this  manner  they 
form  large  and  thrifty  plants:  growing  them  upon  their  own 
roots  seems  to  have  been  mostly  given  up.  In  our  former 
notice  of  this  establishment,  (Vol.  V.,  p.  371,)  we  alluded 
to  Mr.  Feast's  practice  of  grafting  seedling  cacti  when  only 
a  few  weeks  old,  upon  the  Cereus  triangularis.  Since  then, 
we  have  tried  the  experiment  ourselves,  and  with  good  suc- 
cess. Echinocactus  Eyriesn",  grafted  on  a  tall  stem  of  the 
Cereus  triangularis,  is  a  very  beautiful  object,  when  in  bloom. 
In  no  department  of  plants  has  Mr.  Feast  given  more  at- 
tention than  to  the   cultivation   and   production  of  roses  from 


84  J^otcs  made  during  a  Visit  to 

seed.  He  has  raised  many  hybrids  between  the  Michigan 
rose  and  the  Herbemot's  musk  cluster  and  others,  which  are 
remarkably  strong  growers  and  free  bloomers,  producing  im- 
mense clusters  of  blossoms.  A  great  many  of  the  new  French 
tea  and  China  roses  have  also  been  added  to  the  collection, 
now  comprising  many  fine  kinds.  The  seedling  azaleas  com- 
prise some  very  interesting  new  varieties.  The  last  season, 
Mr.  Feast  has  raised  a  great  many  plants  from  South  Amer- 
ican seeds,  among  which  we  noticed  the  Araucaria  excelsa, 
and  imbricata  ;  we  also  saw  some  young  seedlings  of  a 
Poinsettm,  raised  from  Poinsettia  pulcherrima  and  Euphorbia 
splendens.  A  great  many  seedling  pfeonies  have  also  been 
raised  the  last  year,  and,  among  the  number,  Mr.  Feast  antici- 
pates some  new  kinds. 

Some  experiments  upon  the  growth  of  plants  in  charcoal 
have  been  made  here.  Mr.  Feast  had  quite  a  collection  of 
Orchidacese,  and  as  they  had  not  thriven  any  too  well,  it  oc- 
curred to  him  that  he  might  make  use  of  the  charcoal  with 
good  effect.  The  whole  of  the  plants  were  consequently 
repotted  in  a  mixture  of  peat  and  charcoal:  this  was  done  in 
June  or  July,  and  when  we  saw  them  in  August,  many  of  the 
plants  were  throwing  out  new  roots  with  much  vigor.  The 
charcoal  seems  to  act  as  a  conductor  and  retainer  of  heat,  and, 
by  keeping  the  soil  light  and  open,  facilitates  the  rooting  of 
the  plants.  Mr  Feast  has  also  tried  charcoal  in  rooting  plants 
from  cuttings,  and  has  succeeded  in  growing  in  ihis  way  Her- 
bemot's musk  cluster  rose,  which  he  has  been  unable  to  mul- 
tiply by  cuttings,  in  the  ordinary  way.  Combretum  purpu- 
reum,  a  plant  not  easily  increased,  was  speedily  rooted  in 
charcoal.  We  would  recommend  further  experiments  to  be 
made,  as  we  are  convinced  the  system  is  attended  with  excel- 
lent results. 

In  the  open  garden,  we  noticed  the  Rose  acacia  (Robin?a 
viscosa,)  grafted  as  a  standard,  eight  feet  high,  and  forming  a 
fine  object  when  in  bloom.  The  only  objection  to  this  mode 
of  cultivating  the  acacia  is  its  liability,  from  the  brittle  charac- 
ter of  its  stems,  to  be  destroyed  by  the  wind:  if,  however, 
the  plants  are  placed  in  a  situation  not  exposed  to  high  winds, 
there  would  not  be  much  danger.  The  common  locust  is  a 
good  stock,  and  those  who  have  an  abundance  of  them  we 
would  advise  to  try  the  experiment.  Magnolia  conspicua,  a 
large  plant  of  which  we  saw  here  in    1839,    about  ten  feet 


JVeio  York,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  ^-c.  85 

high,  was  killed  down  to  the  ground  hy  the  severe  winter  of 
1839  and  1840,  after  having  stood  out  for  a  number  of  years. 
There  is  a  Magnolm  glauca  here,  thirty  feet  liigh:  it  is  about 
forty  years  old,  and  produces  an  abundance  of  its  Mowers  ev- 
ery spring. 

In  connection  with  this  nursery,  Mr.  Feast  has  erected  a 
building  in  the  city  for  the  sale  of  seeds  and  plants,  to  which 
he  has  a  fine  green-house,  about  thirty  feet  long,  attached,  in 
the  rear.  This  is  supplied  with  fresh  plants  fi'om  the  nursery  as 
fast  as  they  are  needed,  to  supply  the  place  of  those  which 
have  been  sold. 

The  Flower  Garden  of  Mr.  John  Feast,  in  West  Lexing- 
ton Street,  has  undergone  many  alterations  and  improvements. 
Nearly  an  acre  of  ground  has  been  added,  and  two  or  three 
new  houses  erected,  one  of  which  is  entirely  for  the  growth 
of  roses. 

Mr.  Feast  has  been  successful  in  raising  some  fine  verbe- 
nas, he  showed  us  his  beds  of  seedlings,  and  we  noticed  sev- 
eral of  quite  a  distinct  color  and  habit  from  any  we  are  ac- 
quainted with:  when  he  names  them,  we  shall  endeavor  to 
give  some  description  of  the  sorts. 

We  here  saw  a  new  flowering  bean,  which  was  raised  from 
seeds  received  from  the  United  States'  Exploring  Expedition. 
It  is  a  fine  acquisition;  the  leaves  have  a  dark  purplish  hue, 
and  the  flowers  are  produced  in  spikes,  eight  or  ten  inches 
long,  and  of  a  rich  purple  tint,  exceedingly  showy.  The 
iiabit  of  the  plant  is  not  coarse,  being  more  of  the  character 
of  the  Hyacinth  bean  than  the  common  scarlet  runner.  /Sal- 
via patens  was  displaying  its  azure  flowers.  Mr.  Feast  pos- 
sesses many  seedling  roses,  a  great  part  of  which  were  only 
seedlings  of  the  present  year.  The  Microphylla  rose  stands 
out  here  during  the  winter,  and  flowers  abundantly  all  sum- 
mer. Basclla  tuberosa  has  also  stood  out  here,  planted  against 
the  end  of  the  green-house. 

The  propagation  of  several  sorts  of  green-house  plants  is 
carried  on  extensively  in  the  open  air  during  summer.  The 
Chinese  azaleas  are  propagated  in  this  manner,  by  laying  down 
the  small  summer  shoots  in  July.  MagnohVi  fuscuta,  a  fra- 
grant species,  and  much  prized  in  Baltimore  as  a  parlor  plant, 
is  grown  in  the  same  manner:  we  have  cultivated  iliis  plant  for 
several  years,  and  have  always  admired  the  pine-apple-like 
odor  of  its   blossoms,    one   of  which  will  perfume  a  room  for 


86  Remarks  upon  variations  in  Fruits. 

two  or  three  days:  it  will  rank  with  the  daphne  as  an  odorif- 
erous plant.  Mr.  Feast's  camellias,  and  other  greeen-house 
plants,  were  arranged  together  in  fine  order,  and  appeared  in 
a  healthy  and  vigorous  condition. 

There  are  several  amateur  collections  in  Baltimore,  which 
it  was  our  intention  to  visit,  but  our  tinie  would  not  allow  us 
to  do  so.  The  gardens  of  W.  Wilson,  Esq.,  Messrs.  Kurtz, 
Waters,  Smith,  &c.,  contain  many  fine  plants.  A  friend  of 
ours,  passing  through  Baltimore,  has  sent  us  the  following  ac- 
count of  what  he  saw  during  his  stay  in  the  city,  which  we 
append  here. 

Mr.  Holliday''s  Establishment,  on  the  Huxton  Road,  near 
Baltimore,  will  be,  in  the  opinion  of  our  correspondent,  one 
of  the  finest  nursery  and  flower  establishments  in  the  city. 
Mr.  Holliday  has  put  up  two  of  the  finest  houses  in  the  neigh- 
borhood; one  of  them  is  one  hundred  and  twenty  feet  in  length, 
and  finished  in  the  best  manner. 

J\Ir.  Waters,  in  Saratoga  street,  has  a  fine  private  collec- 
tion of  plants.  His  green-house  is  thirty  feet  in  length,  and 
twenty  wide,  and  is  mostly  filled  with  camellias,  of  which  he 
possesses  a  fine  collection  of  upwards  of  sixty  distinct  kinds, 
and  many  seedlings.  Our  correspondent  observed  a  fine  plant 
of  Brunsvigj'a  Josephince,  showing  a  cluster  of  its  splendid 
flowers.  The  Mango  tree  was  ripening  its  fruit  here.  The 
plants  were  in  the  best  condition,  and  showed  that  Mr.  Waters 
is  a  careful  and  skilful  cultivator. 

(  To  be  continued.) 


Atr.  II.       Desultory   Remarks  upon  variations   in    Fruits. 
By  R.  Manning,  Esq.,  Pomological  Garden,  Salem. 

I  HAVE,  for  several  years  past,  observed  changes  in  the 
size,  color,  and  quality,  of  some  of  the  new  pears,  which  are 
so  remarkable  that  I  think  them  worth  describing. 

In  ISoS,  a  tree  of  the  Beurre  Duval  (London  Horticultu- 
ral Society's  Catalogue,  No.  101,)  was  loaded  with  fine  large 
fruit,  of  a  bright  yellow  color,  with  red  cheek:  we  anticipated 


Remarks  upon  variations  in  Fruits.  87 

that  they  would  prove,  as  described  by  European  authors, 
very  superior;  but  when  they  ripened,  in  November,  the  dis- 
appointment was  extreme,  to  find  them  tasteless,  in  fact, 
worthless. 

The  next  year,  the  same  tree  produced  a  few  pears,  not 
more  than  half  as  large  as  those  of  the  preceding  year,  of  a 
dull  yellow  color  mixed  with  russet;  they  kept  later,  and  were 
found,  on  being  cut,  very  delicious.  The  tree  produces  a 
few  pears  every  year,  and  of  the  same  fine  cpiality  as  those 
just  described. 

In  the  season  of  1840,  the  Hericart  pear  tree  (Van  Mons) 
produced  fruit  for  the  first  time;  the  size  was  medium,  form 
obovate,  color  a  yellow  russet,  the  flesh  melting  and  high 
flavored.  The  last  season,  the  same  tree  produced  a  more 
abundant  crop,  the  fruit  was  of  larger  size,  more  oblong,  color 
dull  greenish  yellow,  but  the  pears  were  so  tasteless  as  to  be 
immediately  rejected  as  worthless. 

In  1839 — 40,  the  Calabash  pear  tree  (London  Horticultu- 
ral Society's  Catalogue^  No.  166)  produced  some  fine  fruit; 
the  shape  was  oblong,  with  unequal  ridges  running  the  length 
of  the  fruit;  the  color  was  bright  russet;  flesh  between  break- 
ing and  melting,  and  very  good.  The  last  season,  the  same 
tree  produced  a  greater  quantity  of  fruit,  of  a  larger  size,  of 
a  bright  yellow  color,  even  in  its  outline,  that  is,  without  pro- 
jecting ridges,  and  the  flesh  very  insipid. 

In  some  years,  the  Beurre  Diel  produces  fruit  of  a  yellow 
color,  and  on  the  same  tree  a  few  pears  of  a  rough  russet. 
Those  pears  having  the  russet  skin  are  always  higher  flavored 
than  the  smooth,  fair,  yellow  fruit. 

In  fact,  when  a  pear  tree  has  a  disposition  sometimes  to 
produce  fruit  of  a  russet  color,  I  have  found,  when  the  russet 
predominates,  that  the  pears  are  more  delicious.  In  writing 
the  above,  I  merely  state  matters  of  fact;  I  never  indulge  in 
theories.  That  accurate  observer,  Mr.  Haggerston,  on  my 
mentioning  the  subject  to  him  last  summer,  observed  that  he 
had  noticed  the  same  variations  in  the  fruits  growing  under 
his  cultivation. 

The  Julienne  pear,  which  in  most  years  is  a  very  fine 
fruit,  has  sometimes  produced  a  crop  of  large  sized  and  taste- 
less pears. 

The  Wurtemburg,  Passe  Colmar,  and  Surpasse  Virgou- 
louse,  usually  produce  abundant  crops,  but  many  of  thera  will 


8.8.  Remarks  upon  variations  in  Fruits. 

be  small,  of  a  pale  yellow  color,  and  tasteless;  at  the  same 
time  the  large  fruit  with  a  bright  color,  and  especially  the 
Wurteniburg,  with  a  high  colored  red  cheek,  will  prove  very 
superior  fruit:  this  has  given  those  varieties  a  bad  name  with 
some  persons.  I  should  recommend  the  thinning  out  of  all 
the  small  pears,  when  about  half  grown.  Dr.  Van  Mons 
observes,  "never  thin  the  fiuit;  the  large  and  the  small  are 
equally  delicious."  I  cannot,  after  many  years'  observation, 
agree  to  this,  but  believe  that  by  a  judicious  thinning  out  at 
the  proper  season,  we  should  lose  but  little  in  bulk,  and  be 
abundantly  rewarded  in  the  size,  beauty,  and  high  flavor  of 
the  remaining. 

Mr.  Coxe,  in  describing  the  Holland  green  pear,  says  that 
it  was  "imported  from  Holland  by  the  late  William  Clifton, 
of  Philadelphia;"  but  although  eagerly  sought  for  among  the 
immense  importations  of  pear  trees  from  Europe,  no  such 
pear  has  been  found,  and,  in  fact,  it  is  not  described  by  any 
European  author. 

I  remember,  some  years  since,  that  Gen.  Forman,  of  Penn- 
sylvania, sent  a  basket  of  pears  to  the  Massachusetts  Horti- 
cultural Society's  exhibition;  they  were  called  the  Bagpipe 
pear,  and  were  said  to  be  a  native  fruit,  and  the  particular  lo- 
cality was  named.  The  Committee  immediately  recognized 
these  pears  as  the  same  as  those  described  by  IMr.  Coxe  as 
the  Holland  green,  and,  depending  entirely  upon  his  authority, 
they  rejected  the  idea  that  they  were  a  native  fruit,  and  made 
the  report  accordingly;  but  after  revolving  the  subject  in  my 
own  mind  for  several  years,  I  think  I  am  justified  in  coming 
to  the  conclusion  that  Mr.  Coxe  was  wrong,  and  that  the  per- 
son who  exhibited  the  fruit  was  correct,  and  that  it  was  a  fruit 
of  native  origin.  Perhaps  some  of  your  correspondents  in 
Pennsylvania  can  give  us  sufficient  light  upon  the  whole  sub- 
ject. 

In  connection  with  the  above,  I  will  only  observe,  that  Mr. 
Coxe  was  the  first  American  writer  on  fruits;  and  that  although 
his  book  is  generally  correct,  yet,  not  being  able  to  reconcile 
all  his  statements  in  my  own  mind,  1  took  the  opportunity, 
some  years  since,  when  on  a  visit  to  New  Jersey,  to  inquire 
of  one  of  his  friends  if  he  ever  heard  Mr.  Coxe  make  any 
remarks  on  his  work;  his  reply  was  as  I  had  anticipated,  that 
Mr.  Coxe  stated  to  him  that  errors  had  inadvertently  crept 
into  his  book,  which  it  was  his  desire  and  intention  to  correct 
in  a  second  edition. 


Remarks  upon  variations  in  Fruits.  89 

Doubts  will  often  arise  respecting  fruits,  whether  of  native 
or  foreign  origin;  how  easy  to  remove  these  by  wounding  the 
roots,  and  causing  them  to  produce  suckers.  1  have  followed 
this  course  for  some  years,  and  have  now  a  good  collection 
of  native  plums  on  their  own  roots.  Mr.  Prince  says  that  he 
has  raised  Prince's  St.  Germain  and  Prince's  Virgoulouse 
pears,  the  Imperial  Gage,  the  red,  the  white  and  the  yellow 
Gage  plums,  from  seed.  I  think  that  he  is  correct;  but,  as 
I  have  heard  doubts  expressed  by  some  persons,  how  soon 
could  he  make  "assurance  doubly  sure,"  by  exhibiting  fruits 
raised  from  suckers  from  the  original  trees. 

In  the  Orcliardist''s  Companion,  published  in  Philadelphia, 
there  is  a  figure  and  description  of  the  "  Keser  or  Miser," 
plum.  As  soon  as  I  received  the  work,  I  took  measures  to 
obtain  from  a  first  rate  source  in  New  Jersey,  a  specimen  tree 
of  this  plum:  I  am  sorry  to  differ  from  the  editor  of  a  work 
which  promises  to  be  so  useful,  but  if  this  specimen  tree  is 
correct,  I  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  this  is  the  Cherry 
plum  or  Mirobalan  of  Coxe  and  the  European  authors,  and 
that  the  synonymes  quoted  from  the  London  Horticultural  So- 
ciety's Catalogue  and  the  French  writers,  are  erroneous. 

In  the  same  work,  the  editor  has  quoted  the  description  of 
the  Surpasse  Virgoulouse,  under  the  impression  that  it  may 
be  the  same  as  the  St.  Michael  pear;  but  it  is  an  error;  the 
two  fruits  are  entirely  distinct.  All  I  know  of  the  origin  of 
the  Surpasse  Virgoulouse  is,  that  I  received  the  specimen 
tree  from  the  late  JMr.  Parmentier;  that  I  have  not  found  it 
described  in  any  European  work,  nor  under  any  name  in  my 
own  collection  of  more  than  eight  hundred  sorts.  I  have 
come  to  the  conclusion  that  it  was  either  raised  from  seed  by 
Mr  Parmentier,  or  that  it  is  one  of  the  new  Flemish  pears, 
the  name  of  which  was  lost,  and  the  present  one  adopted  by 
Mr.  Parmentier.  Respecting  the  quality  of  this  fruit,  I  will 
only  observe,  that  I  sent  it,  among  a  great  many  other  varie- 
ties of  pears,  to  a  gentleman  in  Maryland,  and  he  informs  me 
that  he  thinks  it  the  finest  pear  he  ever  tasted. 

In  a  review  of  Hugel's  Travels  in  Cashmere,  in  the  For- 
eign Quarterly  Review  for  October,  1841,  I  find  the  follow- 
ing  extract  from  that  work: — "The  most  magnificent  fruit  is 
perhaps  a  white  mulberry,  found  also  in  Northern  Hindostan; 
it  is  from  three  to  four  inches  in  length,  and  of  the  thickness 
of  the  little  finger;  the  flavor  is  delicious."  How  desirable 
/  VOL.  vm, — NO.  III.  12 


90  Description  of  the  Columbia  Plum. 

an  object  to  introduce  this  fruit  and  acclimate  it  in  England, 
where  they  pay  such  magnificent  prices  for  whatever  is  rare 
and  valuable.  If  money  were  an  object  with  the  person  in- 
troducing it,  he  would  no  doubt  be  richly  remunerated. 

R.  M. 
Pcmological  Garden,  Salem,  Jan.  26,  1842. 

It  is  unnecessary  for  us  to  make  any  comments  upon  the 
value  of  the  above  remarks.  Mr.  Manning's  discerning  and 
attentive  mind  has  delected  errors  wliere  few  other  cuhiva- 
tors  would  have  found  tliem  out.  The  desire  to  store  his 
mind  with  practical,  rather  than  theoretical,  knowledge,  has 
led  him  to  note  the  variations  and  changes  which  take  place  in 
all  fruits  which  have  come  under  his  eye.  These  variations, 
it  is  well  known,  have  given  rise  to  the  innumerable  synonymes 
which  abound  in  our  catalogues  of  fruit.  Every  individual 
who  wishes  to  make  himself  familiar  with  fruits  should  be  a 
careful  observer;  for  it  is  only  by  great  experience  that  we 
can  become  familiar  with  the  changes  which,  from  the  effects 
of  soil  and  climate,  take  place  in  vegetation. 

In  the  Gar(lener''s  Chronicle  of  Inst  year,  several  commu- 
nications appeared  from  Mr.  Rivers,  Jr.,  and  other  celebrated 
cultivators  in  England,  upon  the  variations  which  have  been 
observed  in  pears  in  that  climate;  and  the  remarks  of  the  sev- 
eral writers  will  undoubtedly  lead  to  valuable  results,  in  regard 
to  a  judicious  and  projier  selection  of  kinds  for  peculiar  soils, 
exposures  and  situations. — Ed. 


Art.  III.  Description  of  a  new  variety  of  Plum,  called  the 
Columbia;  with  some  Remarks  on  the  culture  of  the  Plum, 
the  destruction  of  the  Cureulio,  4'C.  By  A.  J.  DowjSING, 
Botanic  Garden  and  Nurseries,  Nevvburgh,  N.  Y. 

About  two  years  since,  our  attention  was  called  to  a  new 
variety  of  plum,  of  superior  quality,  which  originated  in  the 
city  of  Hudson,    in   this   State.     The  original  tree,  which  is 


Description  of  the  Columbia  Plum. 


91 


now  of  large  size,  is  standing  in  the  garden  of  Mr.  Lawrence, 
in  that  city,  and  was  raised,  as  Mr.  Lawrence  assured  us, 
from  a  seed  of  the  green  Gage  planted  by  him.  Ahhough 
the  Columbia  i)lum  is  quite  a  celebrated  variety  in  the  neigh- 
borhood where  the  original  tree  grows,  it  is,  as  yet,  scarcely 
at  all  known  to  cultivators  or  nurserymen;  aid  we  are  now 
endeavoring  to  propagate   it  largely,  for  the  first  lime,  in  this 

5 


The  Columbia  Plum. 


establishment.  The  tree  is  a  most  abundant  bearer,  and  the 
fruit,  when  fully  ripe,  is  of  a  beautiful  color  and  delicious  fla- 
vor. The  drawing  from  which  the  annexed  engraving  (Jig.  5,) 
was  made,    was  taken   from  a    specimen   of   ordinary   size. 


92  Description  of  the  Columbia  Plum. 

gathered  from  the  original  tree,  and  the  following  characteris- 
tics of  the  variety  were  noted  at  the  same  time. 

Form  almost  globular;  diameter  of  the  fruit  nearly  two 
inches.  Stem  about  an  inch  long,  rather  slender,  inserted  in 
a  slight  cavity;  suture  scarcely  visible,  on  one  side  of  which 
the  fruit  is  rather  larger  than  on  the  other.  Color  brownish 
purple,  or  dark  brown  covered  with  purple  bloom,  dotted 
with  numerous  golden  specks.  Flesh  adheres  slightly  to 
the  stone,  which  is  small  and  considerably  compressed.  Skin 
thin;  juice  abundant,  rich,  and  sugary;  young  shoots  and 
leaves  slightly  downy;  the  leaves  not  glossy  on  the  upper  sur- 
face. 

Some  other  fine  varieties  of  plums  have  originated  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Hudson,  and  Mr.  Lawrence  has  raised  an- 
other excellent  sort,  of  the  color  of  the  Imperial  gage,  which 
we  may  hereafter  figure  and  describe. 

The  soil  of  Hudson  and  the  vicinity  is  a  stifl:'  heavy  loam, 
in  many  places  running  into  clay,  which  produces  large  and 
abundant  crops  of  plums.  Indeed,  on  the  North  River,  all 
our  most  productive  orchards  of  this  fruit  are  upon  heavy  clay 
soil.  The  plum  orchard  of  Mr.  Denniston,  of  Albany,  one 
of  the  largest  in  this  country,  is  planted  in  a  retentive  clayey 
soil,  and  the  trees  bend  under  the  heavy  weight  of  their  pur- 
ple and  golden  fruit;  when  in  other  orchards,  planted  on  light 
sandy  soils,  scarcely  a  fruit  reaches  maturity.  We  have 
therefore  frequently  recommended,  with  excellent  success, 
the  application  of  clayey  loam  as  a  manure  for  this  tree  on 
light  sandy  soils.  It  increases  the  retentiveness  of  the  soil, 
and  the  roots  are  furnished  with  a  more  abundant  supply  of 
moisture  and  nutritive  matter. 

The  curcuUo  is  one  of  the  greatest  enemies  of  the  plum; 
indeed,  in  many  sections  of  the  country,  the  whole  crop  is 
frequently  swept  off  by  its  attacks.  When  its  habits  are  well 
known,  however,  a  little  care  will  enable  us  to  rid  our  gardens 
of  this  insect,  so  destructive  to  stone  fruit. 

The  curculio  is  a  winged  insect,  which  emerges  from  the 
ground  about  the  time  when  the  trees  are  in  blossom,  and 
punctures  the  fruit  almost  as  soon  as  it  is  formed,  depositing 
its  eggs  in  the  tender  skin  of  the  swollen  germ.  When  the 
fruit  has  reached  one  tiiird  of  its  size,  if  we  observe  it  close- 
ly, we  shall  discover  the  scar  of  this  puncture  made  by  the 
insect,  in  the  shape  of  a  semi-circle  or  small  crescent,  about 


Description  of  the  Columbia  Plum.  93 

a  tenth  of  an  inch  in  breadth.  The  egg  lias  now  taken  the 
larva  form,  and  the  latter  is  working  its  way  gradually  to  the 
stone  or  kernel  of  the  fruit;  as  soon  as  it  reaches  this  point, 
the  fruit  falls  from  the  tree,  and  the  worm  now  leaves  it  in  a 
few  days,  and  finds  its  way  into  the  loose  soil  beneath  the 
tree.  Here  it  remains  until  the  ensuing  season,  when  it 
emerges  in  a  winged  form,  and  having  deposited  its  egg  to 
provide  for  the  perpetuity  of  its  species,  perishes. 

As  it  is  found  that  the  curculio,  though  a  winged  insect,  is 
not  a  very  migratory  one,  the  means  taken  to  destroy  it  in  one 
garden  are  not  without  efficacy,  though  the  neighboring  or- 
chards may  not  receive  the  same  care.  As  the  fruit,  when 
it  falls  from  the  tree,  contains  the  larva,  it  is  evident  that  if 
we  destroy  it  before  the  insect  has  time  to  find  its  way  into  the 
soil,  we  shall  destroy,  with  it,  the  curculio.  In  small  gar- 
dens, it  is  sufficient  to  gather  all  the  fallen  fruit  every  morning, 
during  the  period  of  its  fall  from  the  tree,  and  throw  it  in  the 
hog-pens,  when  the  whole  will  be  speedily  consumed.  In 
larger  orchards,  where  it  is  practicable,  the  hogs  may  (the 
trees  being  protected,)  be  turned  in  for  the  short  time  in  the 
season  while  the  fruit  is  dropping,  and  they  will  most  effectu- 
ally destroy  the  whole  race  of  insects  of  the  current  season. 
Indeed,  in  large  plum  orchards,  this  practice  is  found  a  very 
effectual  remedy  for  the  attacks  of  the  curculio. 

In  small  gardens  that  have  come  under  our  notice,  formerly 
much  troubled  with  the  attacks  of  this  insect,  where  the  prac- 
tice of  gathering  the  fruit  and  destroying  it  daily  for  a  short 
period,  has  been  pursued,  the  insect  has  failed  to  make  its 
appearance  after  a  couple  of  years,  and  the  trees  have  borne 
abundant  crops  of  fine  fruit.  In  addition  to  this,  we  would 
recommend  the  application  of  clay  about  the  roots  of  plum 
trees,  in  very  light  sandy  soil. 

It  is  sometimes  the  case  that  the  plum  will  be  many  years 
in  coming  into  bearing,  where  the  richness  of  the  soil  induces 
too  great  a  luxuriance  of  growth.  When  this  is  the  case,  the 
ground  should  be  partially  removed  from  the  roots,  which 
should  be  pruned  or  reduced  in  number  one  fifth  or  one  fourth, 
and  the  soil  replaced.  This  should  be  done  in  the  autumn, 
and  will  rarely  fail  in  bringing  about  a  profusion  of  blossom 
buds  and  a  good  crop  of  fruit.  A    J   D 

jyewburgh,  JV.  Y.,  Feb.  1842. 


94       CuUivation  and  treatment  of  Anlholyza  cethiopica. 


Art.  IV.  On  the  cultivation  and  treatment  of  Aniholyza 
celhiopica;  with  some  remarks  upon  the  groivlh  of  Cape 
JSulbs,  belonging  to  the  natural  order  Iriddcea:.  By  A. 
Saul,  foreman  in  the  Botanic  Garden  arad  Nurseries  of 
A.J.  Downing  &  Co.,  New  burgh,  N.  Y. 

Sir: — On  lookinc;  over  your  review  of  the  American  edi- 
tion of  Lindley's  Theory  of  Horticulture^  (pf'ge  25  of  the 
January  nun)ber,)  in  the  chapter  on  Teinperalure,  in  referring 
to  its  influence  on  the  successful  growth  of  what  are  teclini- 
eally  called  Cape  bulbs,  among  which  you  class  Gladiolus, 
Amarylh'5,  Hffiuianlhus,  &c.,  to  flower  which  in  vigor  &c.  an 
alternate  condition  of  humidity  and  aridity  is  essential,  you 
seem  to  arrive  at  the  conclusion  that  Antholyza  (aeihi6i)ica, 
you  believe,)  which  is  in  your  collection  of  green-house 
plants,  and  which  you  have  never  seen  bloom,  and  conse- 
quently rejected  as  worthless,  might  be  made  to  bloom  by  the 
application  of  an  extraordinary  high  temperature  to  its  culture. 

As  Antholyza  sethiopica  is  an  old  acquaintance  of  mine, 
and  as  I  have  never  seen,  ov  founds  any  difficulty  in  blooming 
it,  treated  precisely  the  same  as  /'xia,  Babidna,  and  that  class 
of  Cape  bulbs,  which  is  directly  opposite  to  the  above  sug- 
gestions, if  you  consider  the  following  remaiks  worthy  of 
notice,  they  are  at  your  service. 

Among  some  other  bulbs  which  the  Messrs.  Downing  had 
from  the  green-houses  of  J.  W.  Knevels,  Esq.,  some  two 
or  three  years  ago,  were  some  of  Antholyza  cethiopica  in  pots. 
In  the  month  of  September  of  that  year,  I  shook  them  out 
of  their  pots,  &:c.,  when  they  had  apparently  stood  several 
years,  (consequently  never  flowered,)  and  I  repotted  them  in 
some  fresh  compost,  of  equal  proportions  of  peat  and  loam, 
with  an  eighth  of  white  sand,  (more  or  less  peat  and  sand,  in 
proportion  to  the  texture  of  the  loam;)  they  were  then  placed 
in  a  cold  frame,  with  other  things  of  their  class,  with  the 
lights  off  day  and  night  at  first,  and  as  they  begin  to  grow, 
and  the  nights  get  colder,  shut  up  at  night,  and  always,  from  a 
superabundance  of  wet,  watered  only  as  they  require  it.  In 
this  situation  they  are  kept  as  late  in  the  fall  as  possible,  pro- 
tected at  night  by  mats  from  frosts,  &c.,  until  the  season  be- 
gins to  have  a  wintry  aspect,  when  they  are  removed  into  a 
cool  part  of  the  green-house,   where  they  can  have  plenty  of 


Cultivation  and  Iroatment  of  Anlholyza  mthiopica.       95 

light  and  air.  In  this  way  we  have  had,  in  the  month  of 
Marcli,  for  the  last  two  years,  Anlholyza  a3thi6pica  flower 
very  freely.  Although  not  the  most  splendid  genus  of  the 
/rideas,  it  is  really  very  curious  and  handsome:  we  have  also 
had  several  species  of  ixias,  Sparaxis,  Gladiolus,  Watsonia, 
&c.,  bloom  splendidly,  treated  in  the  above  manner.  When 
done  flowering,  and  as  soon  as  the  grass  or  leaves  begin  lo 
decay,  they  are  placed  on  shelves,  or  any  other  convenient 
place,  to  be  kept  in  their  arid  state  until  September,  when 
they  should  again  be  annually  repotted. 

Treated  in  the  above  manner,  I  have  never  known  any  of 
the  genus  of  the  /ridea;,  called  Cape  bulbs,  to  fail  blooming, 
and  1  believe  the  /ridess  include  all  which  are  technically 
called  Cape  bulbs.  Those  of  the  AmarylUf/co;,  natives  of 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hojie,  which  comprise  but  a  small  portion 
of  that  natural  order  of  plants,  also  require  green-house  tem- 
perature, though  somewhat  higher  than  the  /rideae,  whilst  the 
great  majority  of  the  Amaryllk/cfe  are  natives  of  the  tropical 
parts  of  South  America,  East  and  West  Indies,  and  other 
tropical  climates,  and  hybrids  from  those,  and  consequently 
require  a  high  humid  temperature  during  their  growing  season, 
from  G0°  to"80°,  or  even  higher,  while  45°  to  55°,  or  60°  at 
the  highest,  (Fahrenheit,)  is  sufiicient  for  the  /rideas. 

In  concluding  this  connnunication,  I  do  not  wish  to  be  un- 
derstood as  claiming  any  originality  in  my  system  of  treat- 
ment, being  nothing  more  or  less  than  1  have  seen  practised 
very  successfully,  for  many  years,  in  the  cultivation  of  Cape 
bulbs,  and  consequently  well  known  lo  most  practical  and  all 
scientific  gardeners.  But  being  anxious  my  old  acquaintance, 
Antho'yza  ffithiopica,  should  not  be  rejected  as  worthless,  and 
fearful  lest  some  inexperienced  amateur,  who  may  perchance 
get  a  few  Cape  bulbs,  may  be  induced  to  experimentalize  on 
high  temperature,  &c.,  in  their  treatment,  I  was  induced  to 
forward  for  your  consideration  the  above  remarks. 

A.  Saul. 

Botanic  Garden  and  jVur.'^cries, 
J^eivburgh,  JV.  ¥.,  Feb.  7,  1842. 

The  review  of  Dr.  Lindley's  Theonj  of  IlorticuUiire^  at- 
tributed to  us  by  Mr.  Saul,  was  from  a  U-lend^  and  corres- 
pondent, whose  information  upon  horticultural  subjects  is  ex- 
tensive and  general,   though  perhaps  not  so  practical  as  that  of 


96  FloricuUural  and  Botanical  J^olices. 

the  author  of  the  above  article.  We  do  not  possess  Antho- 
lyza  aethiopica  in  our  collection  now,  though  we  bloomed  it 
finely  for  two  or  three  years  in  succession,  some  time  ago; 
not  thinking  it  so  beautiful  as  many  of  the  smaller  /ridacese, 
we  gave  up  its  culiivalion.  At  that  time,  however,  we  wrote 
a  long  article  on  the  treatment  of  several  genera  of  the  order 
/ridaceae,  which  were  then  in  our  collection,  and  most  of 
which  we  have  now,  in  which  we  detailed  our  mode  of  grow- 
ing this  very  species  of  Antholyza,  (Vol.  ]II.,  p.  367;)  to 
which  article  Mr.  Saul  can  refer  for  our  mode  of  practice, 
which  was  equally  as  successful  as  his  own. 

We  are  pleased,  nevertheless,  to  insert  the  above  remarks, 
coming,  as  they  do,  from  one  who  is  well  acquainted  with  the 
growth  of  Cape  bulbs;  a  tribe  of  plants  too  little  known,  and 
too  little  appreciated  by  amateur  cultivators.  Our  hope  is, 
that  Mr.  Saul's  article  may  be  the  means  of  bringing  the  sub- 
ject up  afresh  in  the  minds  of  our  readers,  that  they  may  be 
induced  to  add  some  of  the  many  beautiful  objects  which 
compose  the  /ridaceae  to  their  collections.  Those  who  wish 
to  make  a  good  selection,  are  again  referred  to  our  articles, 
(Vol.  n.,  p.  49S,  and  Vol.  III.,  p.  365,)  where  many  of 
the  best  are  described,  and  their  cultivation  given  at  length. 
Ed. 


Art.  V.  FloricuUural  and  Botanical  J\^otices  of  neio 
Plants  figured  in  foreign  periodicals;  with  Remarks  on 
those  recently  introduced  to,  or  originated  in,  Jlmerican 
gardens;  and  additional  information  upon  plants  already  in 
cultivation. 

Edwards's  Botanical  Register,  or  Ornamental  Flower  Garden 
and  Shrubbery.  Each  number  containing  from  six  to  eight 
plates,  with  additional  miscellaneous  information,  relative  to 
new  Plants.     In  monthly  numbers;  3s.  plain,  3s.  6d.  colored. 

Paxton's  Magazine  of  Botany ,  and  Register  of  Flowering  Plants. 
Each  numjjer  containing  four  colored  plates.  Monthly.  2s.  6d. 
each.  Edited  by  J.  Paxton,  gardener  to  the  Duke  of  Devon- 
shire. 

The  Gardener's  Chronicle,  a  stamped  newspaper  of  Rural  Econ- 
omy and  General  News.  Edited  by  Prof.  Lindley.  Weekly. 
Price  Qd,  each. 


of  new  and   beautiful   Plants.  97 

Botanical  and  Floricultural  Intelligence. —  Torrcya  taxi- 
folia. — In  the  fall  of  1840,  our  correspondents,  INIessrs.  A. 
J.  Downing  &,  Co.  sent  Mr.  Loudon,  the  conductor  of  the 
Gardener''s  JMagazinc^  a  specimen  of  this  new  evergreen  tree, 
discovered  in  Florida,  to  which  Dr.  Arnott,  in  compliment 
to  Dr.  Torrey,  has  given  the  name  of  Torreyo.  Mr.  Lou- 
don, on  the  arrival  of  the  plant,  placed  it  in  the  hands  of  Mr. 
IMasters,  of  the  Canterbury  Nursery,  for  propagation,  but  ow- 
ing to  some  damage  sustained  by  the  tree  in  packing,  it  did 
not  survive.  Mr.  Masters  had,  however,  taken  the  precau- 
tion to  graft  some  other  trees  with  it,  and  to  take  off  cuttings, 
in  order  to  insure  its  safety.  The  grafts  did  not  succeed,  but 
the  cuttings  are  now  growing  slowly,  and  in  time  will  make 
good  trees.  It  will  be  a  valuable  accpnsition  to  the  arboretum 
of  Britain,  w'here  it  will  undoubtedly  be  hardy. 

Paulbwn\di  imperidlis  Sieb. — This  is  the  name  of  a  splen- 
did new  tree,  which  has  been  lately  introduced  to  France, 
and  still  later  to  England.  It  belongs  to  the  natural  order 
Scrophulariacese,  and  is  nearly  allied  to  the  Catdlpa.,  resemb- 
ling it  so  much  in  its  wood  &c.,  that  the  latter  has  been  sell- 
ing for  the  same  tree.  Whether  it  will  prove  hardy  in  Eng- 
land, remains  to  be  seen.  In  the  Jardin  des  Plants,  at  Paris, 
it  has  stood  unprotected;  but  from  the  vigorous  shoots  which 
it  makes,  (twelve  to  fourteen  feet  long  in  a  season,)  it  is  feared 
that  it  will  not  prove  hardy.  In  this  respect,  however,  it  is 
like  the  Ailantus  and  the  Catdlpa,  each  of  which  make  vig- 
orous shoots,  and  each  of  which  are  hardy,  even  in  the  lati- 
tude of  Boston,  except  in  very  unfavorable  situations. 

The  Paulovvnia  is  described  as  a  "magnificent  tree,"  having 
leaves  from  two  to  three  feet  in  diameter,  deeply  serrated,  and 
slightly  ciliated.  When  growing  in  a  favorable  situation,  it 
makes  shoots  twelve  to  fourteen  feet  long  during  the  growing 
season;  but  when  the  plants  become  older,  the  growth  is  less 
and  the  leaves  smaller.  A  plant  set  out  in  the  Jardin  des 
Plants,  stood  the  cold  winter  of  1838 — 39  without  any  cov- 
ering, and  it  is  now  twenty  feet  high,  with  leaves  two  feet  in 
diameter.  It  is  easily  propagated  by  cuttings  of  the  roots, 
which  make  fine  plants  in  one  year,  six  feet  high;  and  we  trust 
it  will  be  speedily  introduced  into  our  gardens,  that  its  hardi- 
ness may  be  tested  in  our  climate. 

VOL.   VIII. NO.   III.  13 


93  Floricultural  and  Botanical  JVotices. 

hylkraceoi. 

HEr.MMDeCand. 
salicifdlia  v.ir.  erandifldra  Z^nu/?.     l.ars,e  fiowercd  Heimia.     A  green-house  plant;  grow- 
ing three  feet  high;  with  yellow  flowers;  Rppearing  in  June      A  native  of  Buenos 
Ayres.    Increased  by  cuttings.     Introduced  in  1839.     Bot.  Reg.,  1841,  t.  60. 

Heimia  salicifolia  is  an  old  plant,  introduced  from  the  Ber- 
lin Botanic  Garden  long  ago.  The  present  subject  is  a  vari- 
ety of  it,  or  at  least  Dr.  Lindley  so  thinks,  in  the  absence  of 
sufficient  materials  for  comparison.  The  plant  grows  from 
two  to  three  feet  high,  with  short  linear  lanceolate  foliage,  and 
large  deep  yellow  flowers,  somewhat  resembling  a  Ly thrum: 
the  branches  have  a  graceful  drooping  habit,  and  are  loaded 
with  flowers  almost  up  to  their  summit.  The  plant  should  be 
grown  in  the  green-house,  in  the  "society  of  camellias,  aza- 
leas, and  hardy  kinds  of  New  Holland  plants."  It  first  flow- 
ered in  June  last,  in  the  collection  at  Sion  House.  (Bot. 
Reg.,  Nov.) 

Leguminosce. 

CLIA'NTHUS 

carneus /,i?irfZ.     Flesli  co/orffZ  Glory  Pen.     A  greenhouse  twining  plant;  growing  eight 
or  ten  feet  high;  with  flesh-colored  flowers;  appearing  from  April  to  July.     A  native 
of  Norfolk  Island.     Increased  by  cuttings      Bot.  Reg,  1841, 1.  51. 
Syn.  Streblothiza  speciosa  Endlich ■ 

The  introduction  of  Clianthus  puniceus  to  our  gardens  is 
fresh  in  the  memory  of  every  cultivator:  notwithstanding  its 
great  beauty,  very  few  persons  have  ever  seen  a  plant  in 
bloom,  and,  at  the  present  time,  we  doubt  whether  many  spe- 
cimens are  to  be  found  in  cultivation.  The  present  subject 
is  very  similar  to  the  C.  puniceus,  except  in  the  color  of  the 
flowers,  which  is  of  a  pale  pink  or  flesh  color;  and  though  of 
course  less  brilliant  than  the  former,  quite  pretty  from  their 
delicate  tint.  It  has  good  evergreen  leaves,  and  is  well  adapt- 
ed for  a  cold  conservatory,  where  it  would  prove  an  excellent 
plant  for  training  over  a  trellis.  Its  cultivation  is  simple,  only 
requiring  a  rather  rich  strong  soil,  and  plenty  of  room  to 
grow,  and  it  will  then  flower  freely:  its  roots  do  not  like  con- 
finement in  a  pot,  and,  in  consequence,  it  is  not  suited  for 
growing  in  that  manner.  It  strikes  freely  from  cuttings. 
{Bot.  Reg.,  Sept.) 

di?ticha  Lindl.  Double  rowfrf  Bossia>a.  A  green-house  shrub;  growing  two  {pet  high; 
with  yellow  flnwers;  appearing  in  March;  a  native  of  Swan  River;  increased  by  cut- 
tings.   Bot.  Reg.,  1841,  t.  55. 

A  pretty  little  shrub,   of  an  erect  habit,  but  weak  and  slen- 
der branches,   covered  with  ovate   obtuse  leaves  in  a  two- 


oj  new  and    beautifid  Plants.  99 

ranked  manner.  The  flowers  are  rather  large  for  the  size  of 
the  plant,  of  a  bright  yellow,  "with  a  darker  spot  at  the  base, 
of  the  same  color,  and  bordered  first  with  crimson  and  then 
with  dusky  red,"  which  renders  it  a  showy  object.  It  is  a 
pretty  con)panion  to  the  chorozemas  and  eutaxias,  and  like 
them  requires  the  temperature  of  a  common  green-house,  and 
to  be  potted  in  a  light  soil  composed  of  heath  mould  and  sandy 
loam.  It  is  increased  freely  by  seeds  or  cuttings.  {Bot. 
Reg.,  Oct.) 

MIRRE'LM 
specid-a.  Lindl.    Showy  JNliibelia.     A  creen-hoii=e  shrub:  growing  eiph'een  irches  hieh; 
with   purplish  violet  floweri;  appearing  in  March  and  April;  auaiiveof  iNew  Hol- 
land; incrc-ased  uy  culUngs.     Bot.  Reg.,  1841,  t.  58. 

"A  handsome  shrub,"  forming  a  twiggy  bush,  with  inter- 
rupted racemes  of  bright  but  purplish  violet  flowers,  with  a 
yellow  spot  in  the  centre  of  the  vexillum.  The  stem  is  pu- 
bescent; the  leaves  scattered,  ternate,  and  verticillate.  The 
flowers  appear  in  axillary  clusters  of  three  or  more,  and  are 
very  showy.  The  plants  grow  freely,  delighting  in  a  light 
sandy  soil,  which  is  rather  poor  and  well  drained:  for  if  the 
soil  is  too  wet  or  retentive,  they  are  likely  to  die  suddenly. 
In  summer,  it  should  be  placed  in  a  cold  frame  or  pit,  when 
the  lights  can  be  removed  entirely  in  dull  weather,  and  at 
night,  but  kept  on  during  boisterous  and  wet  weaiher.  Dr. 
Lindley  truly  remarks,  that  "it  is  a  mistake  to  suppose  that 
green-house  plants  should  be  placed  out  of  doors,  and  sub- 
jected to  all  the  vicissitudes  of  the  weather  during  sum.mer. 
As  regards  delicate  sorts,  like  the  present,  the  sudden  changes 
which  they  are  subjected  to,  when  placed  out  of.  doors,  are 
very  destructive  to  them."  He  further  remarks,  that  "more 
injury  is  done  by  too  much  fire  heat  and  too  little  water  to 
such  plants  during  winter,  than  by  all  other  causes  together, 
frost  excepted."      [But.  Reg.,  Oct.) 

Hutdcece. 

BORO'NM 
trvplnlla  var.  latifdlia.    The  three  UareJ  Boronia.     A  green-honse  shrub;  crowing  two 
feet  high,  with  red  flowers;  appearing  in  spring';  a  native  of  New  Uilland;  increased 
by  cuttings;  grown  in  light  sandy  soil.     Bot.  Keg.,  1&41,  t.  47. 
Syn.  Bordnia  ;edil'6l:a.     Pait.  Mag.  Bot.  Ie41.  t.  1C;3. 

All  the  boronias  are  pretty  objects,  but  the  present  may  be 
regarded  "as  one  of  the  best,  partly  on  account  of  its  good 
foliage,  but  more  because  of  the  deep  rich  ruby  red  of  its 
numerous  starry  flowers."  The  plant  has  an  erect  habit, 
with  ternate  leaves,    and   axillary  flowers   in  pairs,  forming  ra- 


100  Floricultural  and  Botanical  J^'otices 

cemes  of  much  beauty.  The  plants  are  grown  sinnilar  to  the 
diosma,  erica,  and  such  plants,  requiring  a  rather  light  sandy 
soil,  the  pots  to  be  well  drained,  and  the  soil  never  allowed 
to  get  dry.  Indeed,  the  same  treatment  as  recommended 
under  the  head  of  Mirbelta  above,  will  suit  this  plant.  In- 
creased freely  from  cuttings.      [Bot.  Reg.,  Oct.) 

DIPLOL.'E'NA    {{torn  double  and  cloak,  in  allusion  to  the  two  coverings  to  the  flowers.) 
H.  Brown. 
Dampiuij  Des.    Dampier's   double  Cap.     A  green-house  shrub;  growing  two  feet  high; 
wih  greenish  flowers;  appearing  in  spring;  a  native  of  Swan  River.    Bot.  Reg.,  1641, 
t.U4. 

"A  botanical  curiosity,"  possessing  little  or  no  beauty  as 
a  flowering  plant,  but  extremely  interesting.  It  is  botanically 
allied  to  Corrffi^a  and  Boronut,  without  any  external  resem- 
blance to  those  plants;  and  it  has  the  arrangement  of  jiarts 
found  in  composite  genera,  without  any  sort  of  affinity  to 
them:  finally,  it  is  an  "apelatous  genus  among  polypetalous 
ones."  The  plant  forms  a  bushy  shrub,  with  obovate  oblong 
leaves,  and  flowers  in  dense  heads,  composed  of  a  great  num- 
ber of  long  stamens,  which  project  to  some  distance.  It  can- 
not be  considered  as  an  acquisition,  only  to  the  botanical 
world.      {Bot.  Reg.,  Nov.) 

Crassuldcea;. 

JEO'NIUU   Wehh 
cru6tituni  Wrhb    deeding  Stone-wort,      A  green-house  plant;  growing  two  feet  high; 
with  yellow  flowers;  appearing  in  May.  a  native  of  the  Canary  Isles;  increased  by 
cuttings.     Bot.  Reg.,  1841,  t.  CI. 

The  old  genera  of  /Sempervivum  and  /Sedum  have  been 
remodeled  by  Mr.  Webb,  in  his  work  describing  the  plants 
of  the  Canaries.  iEonium  is  one  of  them,  to  which  has  been 
assigned  the  old  (Sempervivum  arboreum,  and  about  twelve 
other  species.  The  plant  now  mentioned  is  a  pretty  species, 
with  an  erect  branched  stem,  small  leaves,  and  panicled  clus- 
ters of  yellow  flowers.  It  requires  the  same  treatment  as  the 
mesembiyanthemums  and  similar  plants,  that  is,  light  sandy 
soil,  well  drained,  a  dry  situation  in  summer,  and  a  cool  situ- 
ation in  winter.      {Bot.  Reg.,  Nov.) 

Vlumbagindcecz. 

5TATICE 
moiiopetnla  L.     IMonopetaloiis  Sea  Lavender.     A  green-house  shrnb;  growing  two  feet 
high;  with  red  flowers;  appearing  from  July  to  September;  a  native  of  the  south  of 
Europe;  incteastd  by  cuttings.     Bot.  Reg.,  1841,  t.  54. 

Many  of  the  statices  are  pretty  plants,  well  deserving  cul- 
tivation, though  they  are  rarely  seen  in  collections.  S.  ar- 
borea,  lately  introduced,  is  said  to  be  a  splendid  plant.     The 


of  new   and   beautiful  Plants.  101 

present  subject  forms  a  pretty  shrub,  with  a  whitish  fructicose 
stem,  linear  spalhulate  leaves,  and  spokes  of  handsome  red 
flowers.  It  may  be  kept  in  a  green-house  or  a  frame  in  win- 
ter, and  in  summer  placed  in  the  open  air,  where  it  freely 
displays  its  flowers  from  July  to  September.  Grows  in  any 
rather  rich  light  soil,  and  easily  increased  from  cuttings.  [Bot. 
Reg.,  Oct.) 

Apocyndcece. 

TAEERN.EMONT^'Ar^ 
dichuioinii  Roj-b.     I'lie  Fdried   Tabernarnontana.    A  stove  shrub;  growing  six  to  ten 
feet  lii2li;   with  white  flowers;  appearing  in  spring;  a  native  of  Ceylon;  increased  by 
cuttings,     Bot.  Keg.,  )S4I,  t.  53. 

"A  most  fragrant  and  beautiful  stove  plant,"  with  pecu- 
liarly dark  and  glossy  foliage.  The  flowers  are  larger  than 
the  common  species  of  our  collections,  and  appear  in  clusters 
of  six  or  eight  each.  It  is  fully  described  by  Roxburgh,  in 
his  Flora  Indica,  and  was  introduced  to  the  collection  at  Sion 
House,  where  it  first  flowered  in  England.  Its  cultivation  is 
simple.  Cuttings  root  in  sand  under  a  bell  glass  in  bottom 
heat,  and  if  the  young  plants  are  potted  into  a  mixture  of 
loam,  turfy  peat,  and  leaf  mould,  they  will  grow  vigorously, 
requiring,  however,  the  tops  of  the  shoots  to  be  nipped  oif, 
to  make  them  grow  bushy.      [Bot.  Reg.,  Oct.) 

Convolvuldcece. 

PHARBrTIS 
Learii  Paxt.     Blr.  Lear's  Gaybine.     A  greenhouse  twiner;  growing  twenty  feet  hiah; 
with  rich  purple  tlowers;  appearing  all  summer;  a  native  of  Buenos  Ayres;  increased 
by  cuttings.   Bot.  Reg.,  1841,  t.  56. 

Of  the  many  species  of  convolvulaceous  ])lants  which  have 
been  added  to  British  collections  within  a  (e\v  years,  and  of 
which  Ipomfe^a  Horsfalltte,  and  rubro  caerulea,  are  among  the 
most  conspicuous,  kw  can  claim  a  greater  share  of  attention 
than  the  charming  species  now  noticed.  It  thrives  well, 
either  in  a  pot,  or  planted  out  in  the  ground;  in  the  former 
case  trained  to  a  trellis,  and  in  the  latter,  led  over  the  rafters 
of  the  green-house,  where  it  displays  its  cymes  of  large  pur- 
ple flowers  in  the  greatest  profusion,  thousands  being  ex])and- 
ed  at  once.  It  forms  tuberous  roots,  which  should  be  kept 
rather  dry  in  winter,  when  it  is  not  growing.  When  it  begins 
to  grow,  the  vines  should  be  thinned  and  cut  back,  and  if  in- 
sects are  upon  them  they  should  be  cleaned  off;  it  will  then 
grow  rapidly  and  flower  abundantly  all  the  season.  Increased 
easily  by  cuttings,  and  grows  luxuriantly  in  any  good  soil. 
(BoL  Reg.,  Oct.) 


102  Floricullural  and  Botanical  JSTotices. 

Gcsneriacese. 

GE'SNERj9 
discolor  iirtd/.     Varnished  Gesnera.     A  stove  plant;  growing  two  feet  liiph-,  with  scar- 
let flowers;  appsnring   in  May  and  June;  a  native  of  Brazil;  increased  jby  cuUing?. 
Bot.  Reg.,  1841,  t.  e3. 

A  "handsome  species,"  throwing  up  a  stem  terminated  with 
a  large  panicled  cyme  of  shining  scarlet  flowers,  each  flower 
cylindrical,  and  nearly  two  inches  long.  It  requires  to  be 
managed  similar  to  the  other  species,  to  be  kept  warm  and  dry 
in  winter,  and  when  it  begins  to  grow  to  repot  it  and  give  it 
plenty  of  water.  A  light  loamy  soil,  with  a  mixture  of  peat, 
leaf  mould,  and  a  little  well  rotted  dung,  will  suit  it.  Cut- 
tings root  readily.      {Bot.  Reg. J  No\.) 

Cyrtanddcece, 

^SCHYNA'NTHUS 

grandiflorus  Spreng.  liirge flowered  Bliishwort.  A  stove  plant;  growinf:  afoot  liish; 
witli  scarlet  flowers:  appearing  in  spring;  a  native  of  India;  increased  by  cutUngs. 
Bot.  Reg.,  1841,  t.49. 

"One  of  the  handsomest  stove  plants."  It  throws  up  a 
single  stem,  with  opposite  lanceolate  leaves,  and  terminated 
with  an  umbel  of  the  most  brilliant  scarlet  flowers.  It  is 
easily  managed  in  a  damp  stove.  A  cutting  may  be  tied  to  a 
log  of  wood,  and  it  will  immediately  put  forth  its  ivy-like 
roots,  and  in  a  short  time  convert  itself  into  a  "pendulous 
bush,  every  branch  of  which  is  terminated  by  a  cluster  of 
deep  scarlet  flowers."  It  should  be  kej)!  dry  and  warm  when 
out  of  flower,  but  when  it  begins  to  grow,  it  luxuriates  in  a 
damp  hot  atmosphere.      [Bot.  Reg.,  Sept.) 

Amaryll'idkceas. 

PLA>CEj3 
ornata  Miers     Gay  flowered  Placea.     A   green-liouse  bulb;  growing  a  foot  liigh;  with 
pink  flowers;  appearing  in  (?);  a  native  of  Cliili.     Bot.  Reg.,  1841,  t.  50. 

A  "very  elegant  plant"  not  yet  introduced  from  Chili. 
Mr.  Miers,  whose  travels  in  that  country  have  been  publish- 
ed, discovered  it  on  the  Andes,  where  he  found  it  growing  to 
the  height  of  nine  inches,  producing  a  head  of  four  to  seven 
flowers,  snow  white  externally,  and  striped  with  brilliant  Ver- 
million lines  on  the  inside;  the  filaments  are  pale  crimson, 
Mr.  Miers  secured  bulbs,  but  they  were  unfortunately  lost, 
with  a  greater  part  of  his  rich  collection,  by  shipwreck.  It 
is  a  fine  plant,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  it  will  be  soon  added 
to  British  collections.      (Bot.  Reg.,  Sept.) 

Amaryllis  formosissima  may  now  be  potted  for  early  flow- 
ering in  pots. 


Foreign   JSTotices, — England.  103 

MISCELLANEOUS    LNTELLIGENCE. 

Art.  I.     Foreign  Notices. 

ENGLAND. 

Cultivation  of  the  Camellia. — "The  West  London  Gardeners'  As- 
sociation for  mutual  instruction,  holds  monthly  meetinsrs  for  the  pur- 
pose of  presenting  papers  upon  the  cultivation  of  various  plants, 
and  for  discussing  and  interchanging  opinions  upon  their  respective 
merits.  Some  of  the  papers  read,  we  have  already  presented  to  our 
readers,  and  we  doubt  not  they  have  been  read  with  much  instruc- 
tion. At  a  late  meeting,  one  of  the  members  read  a  paper  on  the 
culture  of  the  camellia,  and  as  we  consider  the  remarks  of  the  writ- 
er, together  with  the  discussion  which  it  elicited,  a  good  exposition 
of  the  management  of  this  fine  plant,  we  are  induced  to  copy  it  en- 
tire. 

The  camellia  will  grow  and  bloom  under  very  ordinary  treatment, 
when  placed  in  the  green-house;  but  it  is  not  often  that  the  plants 
are  seen  in  that  vigorous  and  healthy  condition  which  gives  to  this 
tribe  a  great  part  of  its  claim  to  our  attention.  Its  large,  broad, 
deep  green,  shining  foliage,  is  one  of  its  chief  attractions,  and  ren- 
ders it  at  all  times,  and  all  seasons,  ornamental:  and  when,  from  ill 
treatment,  the  plants  lose  their  leaves  in  part,  or  they  become  dis- 
eased, and  from  thence  the  foliage  assumes  a  sickly  hue,  ihough  they 
may  still  open  a  few  weakly  half  formed  blossoms,  they  lose  their 
principal  beauty.  It  is  only  when  seen  in  full  vigor,  throwing  out 
their  sjilendid  blooms,  embosomed  ami  almost  reflected  in  the  polish- 
ed surface  of  its  noble  leaves,  that  the  camellia  commands  and  en- 
chains our  admiration,  as  one  of  the  most  splendid  acquisitions  to 
our  gardens. 

The  author  of  the  paper  was  Mr.  Shearer,  a  practical  gardener. 
"He  began  by  observing  that  camellias,  like  heaths  and  geran- 
iums, require  a  separate  house  to  give  them  that  attention  and  treat- 
ment which  are  proper  for  each  genus.  The  splendid  and  beautiful 
colors  in  the  flowers  of  the  camellia  form  a  fine  contrast  with  the 
glossy  green  folia^re  which  is  so  consfiicuous  at  that  early  season  of 
the  year  when  they  are  most  easily  produced.  His  practice,  when 
done  flowerina',  was  to  raise  the  temperature  of  the  house  to  50°  or 
53^,  in  which  heat  they  are  more  certain  to  mature  the  wood  and  to 
set  the  buds.  Water  should  then  be  given  liberally  to  the  root,  and 
syringings  every  morning  and  evening.  Bunting  to  be  used  to  shade 
them,  from  May  until  September,  during  sunshine.  If  any  were  ob- 
served to  grow  too  much  to  wood,  by  discontinuing  the  watering  it 
would  give  a  gentle  check,  which  would  materially  assist  to  set  the 
buds.  He  would  recommend  inarchinir  as  the  most  certain  and  ex- 
])edilious  way  of  propagating  camellias;  tongue-grafting  he  also 
practised,  covering  the  part  with  moss,  which  he  found  preferable  to 
clay;  then  putting  them  under  hand-glasses,  giving  but  little  air  until 
they  were  united.  The  compost  to  be  light  and  rich;  two  parts  turfy 
loam,  one  part  leaf  mould,  and  one  part  sandy  peat,  with  a  little  de- 
composed cow-dung;  when  desirable  to  grow  them  large,  to  be  pot- 


104  Foreign  J\*otices. — Englajid. 

ted  as  soon  as  done  flowering.  If  low  phrubby  plants  are  preferred, 
he  would  pot  them  in  the  autumn,  giving  a  top-dressing  with  rich 
loam  and  cow-dung.  A  good  drainage  for  the  camellia  is  indispen- 
sable, that  no  stagnant  water  may  sour  the  soil.  When  required  to 
flower  them  early,  plants  with  the  most  j)rominent  buds  should  be 
selected;  the  temjjerature  to  commence  at  50°,  rising  gradually  to 
60°  as  the  buds  expand.  He  would  select  the  double  striped  varie- 
gata,  Co\viUii,  pisoniacflbra,  Chandlerzj,  and  corallina  as  the  best  for 
forcing.  He  attributed  the  ftiiiiiig  off  of  the  buds  to  the  want  of 
water,  and  recommended  gardeners  to  allow  no  more  than  one  or 
two  buds  to  remain  on  each  branch,  as  he  was  confident  that  the 
practice  would  insure  a  more  certain  supply,  and  very  much  increase 
the  size  of  the  flowers. 

"Mr.  W.  Keane  returned  thanks  to  Mr.  Shearer  for  bringing  for- 
ward, on  such  a  short  notice,  his  excellent  paper  on  the  culture 
cf  the  camellia.  It  was  a  subject  in  which  he  felt  particularly  inter- 
ested, as  at  Castle  Martyr,  the  seat  of  the  Earl  of  Shannon,  where 
he  lived,  the  camellia  was  the  topic  of  conversation  with  all  persona 
who  visited  the  place.  There  were  fourteen  large  specimens  planted 
out  in  the  open  air  about  sixteen  years  ago,  and  they  were  all,  in 
1834,  when  he  last  saw  them,  from  twelve  to  thirteen  feet  high. 
The  largest,  a  double  white,  was  thirteen  and  a  half  feet  high,  and 
twenty-two  feet  in  circumference,  and  every  season  feathered  with 
flowers  from  the  bottom  to  the  top.  They  were  planted  out  in  three 
quarters  peat,  and  one  quarter  cood  rich  loam,  three  feet  deep,  with 
draina£;e  of  old  bricks,  lime  rubbish,  and  rough  gravel  at  the  top. 
They  were  planted  beside  a  wall  with  an  east  aspect;  if  the  winter 
was  severe,  a  few  poles  were  placed  in  front,  and  mats  were  stretch- 
ed from  the  poles  to  the  wall,  which  was  always  found  sufficient  to 
protect  them  from  the  inclemency  of  the  weather.  They  generally 
flowered  beautifully  in  April  and  May.  The  system  of  propagation 
he  recommended  was,  to  take  the  cuttings  in  July,  or  any  other  time 
when  the  wood  was  perfectly  ripe,  and  insert  about  ten  or  twelve  in 
a  large  60-sized  pot,  well  drained  and  tilled  with  sandy  jteat  and 
loam,  but  very  little  loam  to  be  used,  as  the  tender  roots  are  found  to 
grow  better  in  sandy  peat;  when  struck,  to  be  potted  singly  into  60- 
gized  pots,  the  cuttings  to  be  any  of  the  common  sorts,  which  serve 
as  good  stocks  for  the  better  kinds  to  be  grafted  upon  thetn.  To  be 
grafted  without  ton^ueing,  as  the  tongue  is  apt  to  decay ;  then  tied 
with  bast-matting;  clay  never  to  be  a))plied  over  them,  as  the  admis- 
sion of  light  and  air  is  found  to  be  beneficial  for  the  union  of  the  sci- 
on and  the  stock.  To  be  kept  in  a  pit  heated  by  dung  to  about  bb^ 
or  60°.  In  March  to  be  planted  out  in  sandy  peat  upon  shelves  with- 
in two  or  three  feet  of  the  glass,  where  they  would  grow  rapidly  until 
taken  up,  if  required,  for  forcing  the  following  season;  potting  to  be 
performed  when  they  were  done  flowering. 

"Mr.  Caie  was  certain  that,  by  proi>er  management,  camellias  can 
be  flowered,  by  exciting  or  retarding  the  growth  of  the  plant,  to  ma- 
ture the  wood  and  flowering  buds,  at  any  season  of  the  year.  He 
considered  spring  the  best  time  for  shifting  them;  all  decayed  roots 
to  be  cut  away,  and  if  the  plants  are  in  a  sickly  state,  then  placed  in 
heat  from  sixty  to  seventy  degrees,  where  they  are  to  remain  until 


Foreign  J\*otices. — England.  105 

they  have  produced  roots;  the  soil  light  sandy  loam,  with  good  drain- 
age, an  abundance  of  water  may  be  given  with  advantage,  but  it  was 
a  great  disadvantage  to  keep  them  at  a  great  distance  from  the  glass, 
where  they  will  not  mature  their  buds.  When  the  roots  of  camellias 
were  coiled,  he  found  it  beneficial  to  tie  hay-bands  around  the  stems 
to  retain  the  moisture,  by  w  hich  they  were  much  invigorated. 

"Mr.  Fish  saw  camellias  flower  pretty  well  fifteen  and  sixteen  feet 
from  the  glass,  but  about  three  or  four  feet  from  the  glass  he  observ- 
ed them  to  flower  better  and  more  abundantly.  He  would  recom- 
mend crown  glass  to  be  used  for  camellia  houses,  as  defects  in  the 
glass  are  likely  to  concentrate  the  rays  of  thesun  on  the  leaves  of  the 
plants,  and  to  give  the  blotched  aj)pearance  often  to  be  observed  on 
them;  he  has  kept  uj)  a  succession  of  flowering  plants  for  seven 
months  in  the  year.  The  temperature,  when  flowering,  to  be  6C 
in  the  day,  50^  to  55*^  at  night;  the  soil  one  quarter  leaf  mould,  one 
quarter  sand,  one  quarter  peat,  and  one  quarter  loam.  He  consider- 
ed good  strong  adhesive  loam  would  be  the  best  for  growing  lar^e 
plants,  but  would  not  answer  so  well  for  flowering  them.  He  agreed 
with  Mr.  Shearer,  in  the  advantage  of  disbudding  to  produce  large 
flowers;  and  also  that  water,  by  deficient  drainage,  stagnates  and 
sours  in  the  soil,  which  is  the  principal  cause  of  l)uds  falling  off.  He 
did  not  think  the  camellia  a  plant  of  easy  culture,  as  it  requires  a 
great  deal  of  attention  to  produce  good  forced  flowers.  He  disrooted 
camellias  which  were  in  a  bad  state,  then  plunged  them  in  dung  heat, 
with  the  temperature  at  50^,  increasing  as  vegetation  proceeded,  al- 
lowing it  to  range  as  high  as  80^,  with  sunshine. 

"Mr.  Caie  objected  to  bottom  heat,  as  being  injurious  by  exciting 
too  much  the  plant  that  had  been  disrooted. 

"Mr.  Massey  agreed  with  Mr.  Caie  in  the  disadvantage  of  bottom 
heat.  He  saw  fine  camellias  at  Enfield  kept  in  tubs,  and  put  out  in 
the  summer  in  a  shady  |)lace.  He  thinks  too  much  water  to  be  the 
cause  of  the  buds  falling  off". 

'^Mr.  Caie  believed  that  plants,  at  a  great  distance  from  the  glass, 
were  easily  affected  by  too  much  moisture,  as  the  air  of  the  house 
would  contain  two  parts  hydrogen  and  one  part  oxygen.  The  open 
air  is  composed  of  twenty  parts  oxygen  and  eighty  nitrogen,  conse- 
quently there  can  be  no  carbon  fixed  in  the  plant. 

"Mr.  T.  Keane  saw  camellia  and  orange  trees  much  injured  by 
water,  which  were  recovered  by  withholding  it.  He  also  considered 
that  too  much  water  was  the  cause  of  the  buds  falling  off. 

"Mr.  O'Loughlin  admitted  that  camellias  may  be  kept  flowering 
nearly  the  whole  year  in  large  collections.  He  was  ojjposed  to  close 
cutting  and  to  bottom  heat.  The  soil  he  would  recommend  to  be 
three  quarters  peat  and  one  quarter  sand.  To  be  potted  when  done 
flowering;  the  temperature  to  be  kept  between  45^  and  50^  at  night, 
at  75°  or  80°  in  the  day,  to  be  removed  to  a  shady  situation  in  the  au- 
tumn, which  is  of  advitntage  to  mature  the  wood.  He  saw  orange 
trees  grown  well  in  60°  bottom  heat,  and  then  gradually  inured  to 
the  temperature  of  the  orange  house. 

"Mr.  Fish  agreed  with  Mr.  O'Loughlin  in  the  advantage  of  bottom 
heat  for  orange  trees.     He  cut  out  the  decayed  roots,  headed  the 
branches  at  the  same  time,  and  plunged  them  in  bottom  heat,  where 
VOL.  VIII. — NO.  III.  14 


106  Foreign  Jfotices. — England. 

they  grew  luxuriantly.  From  the  similarity  of  the  two  genera,  he 
considered  it  was  confirmatory  of  the  benefit  of  bottom  heat  for  the 
camellias. 

"Mr.  O'Loui^hlin  approved  of  removing  some  of  the  buds,  if  too 
close  or  too  numerous  on  the  plant.  He  considered  cuttings  from 
the  single  red  to  be  the  best  for  stocks.  He  did  not  believe  that 
tongiieing  was  injurious  to  grafts,  and  recommended  that  the  pots 
should  be  well  drained  with  brick  rubbi."<h  at  the  bottom,  with  rough 
peat  over  that  to  the  depth  of  five  or  six  inches,  as  the  health  of  the 
plant  mainly  depended  upon  good  drainage.  He  saw,  in  Dorsetshire, 
fine  camellias  eight  to  nine  feet  high,  planted  out  in  the  open  air, 
protected  by  a  few  thatched  hurdles:  they  were  not  injured  by  the 
tevr:e  frost  of  1837-3S, 

"Mr.  W.  Keane  believed  that  sudden  changes  of  temperature  were 
the  causes  of  buds  falling  off;  the  heat  he  considers  best  to  flower 
them  is  60°  by  day  and  50°  at  night.  When  done  flowering,  the 
heat  to  be  raised  to  80°  by  day,  and  from  65°  to  70°  at  night,  to  grow 
them  well.  When  the  flower  buds  are  set,  the  temperature  to  be 
gradually  decreased,  until  |)laced  out  of  doors  in  June,  in  some 
shady  situation;  if  wanted  to  flower  early  in  the  autumn  or  winter, 
they  should  be  set  growing  early  in  the  spring.  He  was  o))i)osed  to 
tie  system  of  inarching  with  bottles  of  water  in  which  to  iiis^ert  the 
end  of  the  scion,  as  it  rerjuires  too  much  nicety  for  general  practice. 

"Mr.  Gilfoyle  agreed  with  Mr.  Fish  in  the  advantaije  of  bottom 
heat  for  the  orange  trees,  but  did  not  think  there  was  such  an  anal- 
ojry  between  them  and  camellias,  as  to  warrant  a  gardener  to  adopt 
the  same  practice  for  both.  He  believed  that  the  camellia,  by  the 
nature  of  the  i)lant,  could  transpire  from  the  leaves  but  very  little 
water,  while,  on  the  contrary,  the  foliage  and  wood  of  the  orange 
were  naturally  more  permeable,  and  could  receive  a  greater  quan- 
tity of  water  at  the  roots  without  fear  of  cankering  them,  or  of  sour- 
ing the  soil. 

"Mr,  Caie  observed  that  the  constitution  of  the  plants  should  be 
closely  studied,  to  direct  us  in  removing  the  buds  and  in  the  applica- 
tion of  water,  which  may  be  freely  given  to  healthy  plants  in  the 
flowering  season.  In  his  opinion,  the  success  of  grafting  does  not 
depend  upon  the  clay,  bottle,  or  any  other  practice,  but  is  mainly  to 
be  attributed  to  the  beneficial  influence  of  a  close  atmosphere. 

"Mr.  T.  Keane  was  sure  that  the  idea  of  Mr.  Fish  was  borne  out 
by  the  fact,  that  the  rays  of  the  sun  were  concentrated  on  the  drops 
of  water  which  remained  on  the  plants,  by  whi(;h  the  blotched  ap- 
pearance was  given  to  the  leaves;  he  approved  of  kee[)ing  them  near 
the  jjlass,  and  of  shading  them  on  hot,  sunny  days. 

"Mr.  Shearer  agreed  with  Mr.  Caie,  that  camellias  could  be  grown 
nearly  all  the  year  round,  and  also  in  the  advantage  of  keeping  them 
near  the  alass,  to  receive  the  benefit  of  light  and  air." — (Gard.  Mag.) 

New  Dahlias. — In  our  last  volume,  (VII.,  p.  441,)  wo  gave  a 
lonL''  and  jjarticiilar  account  of  the  ])rincipal  dahlia  exhiliitions  which 
took  place  in  England  last  season,  naming  the  flowers  which  gained 
the  first  or  premier  prize  at  all  the  celebrated  shows  which  took 
place.  We  also,  so  far  as  we  had  time,  gave  a  list  of  such  as  ap- 
peared to  have  been  the  most  successful  of  the  old  or  newer  kinds. 


Foreign   JSTotices. 


■England. 


107 


We  remarked  then,  that  the  labor  of  looking  through  fifty  or  a  hun- 
dred columns  of  fine  print,  to  note  down  the  number  of  premiums 
which  many  of  the  flowers  gained,  so  as  to  arrive  at  a  more  satis- 
factory result  in  regard  to  the  real  merits  of  the  kinds,  was  a  labor- 
ious task,  and  one  which  we  had  not  the  time  to  bestow  upon:  but 
as  we  have  found  an  article  in  the  Gardener^s  Gazette,  which  is  the 
result  of  a  careful  inspection  of  all  the  reports  by  the  writer,  who 
has  been  induced  to  perform  such  a  task,  we  avail  ourselves  of 
his  labor,  in  presenting  an  abstract  of  the  same,  for  the  benefit  of 
our  readers,  and  in  particular,  for  the  gratification  of  cultivators  of 
the  dahlia. 

The  list  is  long — too  long  to  copy  entire:  the  writer  says  that  he 
has  "expunged  from  the  statement  all  old  varieties  that  have  been 
shown  but  once  or  twice,  retaining  only  the  new  sorts  that  appear 
in  that  unenviable  position,  in  order  that  their  worthlessness  may  be 
more  clearly  seen,  than  by  their  mere  omission."  We  shall,  how- 
ever, omll  many  of  those  new  ones  which  gained  only  one,  two,  or 
three  prizes,  and  name  only  such  as  were  very  successful,  as  we 
presume  admirers  of  the  dahlia  do  not  wish  to  grow  a  variety  that 
will  afford  but  one  prize  flower  in  a  season. 

As  the  colors  of  the  kinds  are  given  with  the  name,  we  have  re- 
tained the  same,  abridging  them  as  follows: — ro.  rose;  y.  yellow;  cr, 
crimson;  p-  purple;  sc.  scarlet;  wh,  white;  br.  bronze;  sal.  salmon. 


Argo,  Widnall's,  y.  56 

Andrew  Hofer,  dark  cr.  44 

Admirable,  Sparry's,  ro.  29 

Amato,  Dandy's,  p.  cr.  24 

Beauty  of  the  Plain,  Sparry's, 

wh.  (S*  p.  99 

Bloomsbury,  Pamplin's,  buff  46 
Bishop  of  Winchester,  Jack- 
son's, cr.  p. 
Bloomsbury,  Lee,  sc. 
Burnham  Hero,  Church,  cr. 
Conservative,  Low,  light  p. 
Climax,  JcflTries,  p. 
Constancy,  Keynes,  p. 
Duch(!ss  of  Richmond,  Fowl- 
er, br. 
Eclipse,  Widnall,  sc. 
Egyptian  King,  Wiloier,  br. 
Exquisite,  Holmes,  ivh.  fy  p. 
Eclipse,  Cattleugii,  rosy  sc. 
Eva,  Foster,  blush 
Fanny  Keynes,  Keynes, rosj/^.  30 
Francis,  .Jones,  ich.  ^-  pink  29 
Grace  Darling,  Dodds,  sal.  ro.  78 
Hope,  Neville,  ro.  57 

Hiiidee,  W  Wdmiw^,  wh.  ^ pink  15 
Highgate   Rival,  cr.  17 

Le  Grand  Baudine,  br.p.  61 

Lady  Middleton,  Je.Tries,  lilac  37 


Lewisham  Rival,  loh.  34 

Maria,  Wheeler,  ro.  52 

Maid  of  Bath,  Davis,  wh.  ^-p,  57 
Marquis  of  Lothian,  cr.  47 

Metella,  Bigbee,jo.  40 

Mary,  Dodd,  loh.  <^-  pink  31 

Miss  Johnston,  shaded  ro.  27 
Nicholas  Nicklel)y,  sal.  S^-pink  49 
Optime,Thurtcll,j9.  23 

Pickwick,  Cormack,/>.  92 

Phenomenon,   Whale,  wh.  Sp 

pink  76 

President  of  the  West,  Whale, 

cr.  67 

Penelope,  Hedley,  tdA.  <§^/).  12 
Queen,  \WdniK\\,  pale  lilac  14 
Rou^'e  et  Noir,  Ansell,  dark  37 
Rienzi,  Widnall,  dark  shaded  26 
Royal  Standard,  Whale,  cr.  24 
Rosa,  Brees,  ro.  18 

Rival  Sussex,  Stamford,  dark  18 
Retina,  Greirorv,  red  14 

Sj)ringfieid  Rival,  cr.  61 

Suiibik  Hero,  Girling,  mtiroora  42 
Scarlet  Defiance,  Cozzins  28 

S[)ringfield  Purjjle,  Gaines  18 
Tournament,  Cattleugh,  red  17 
Upway  Rival,  Harris,  ro.  jo.  32 
Yellow  Defiance,  Cox  61 


103 


Foreign  JsTotices. 


■England. 


The  writer  then  proceeds  to  make  the  following  recapitulation:— 
"It  will  be  seen  l>y  this  table,  that  S|)arry's  Beauty  of  the  Plain  has 

been  the  most  successful  dahlia  of  the  season,  having  been  shown  ia 

winnin;?  stands  as  follows: — 


Conservative,  Low's 
Le  Grand  Baudine 
Springfield  Rival 
Yellow  Defiance 
Hope,  Neville^s 
Argo,  VVidnall's 
Maria,  Wheeler's 

So  that  practically  speaking,  the  above  have  been,  this  season,  the 
best  twelve  dahlias  grown.     The  next  twelve  will  be 
Maid  of  Bath,  Davis's      51  times  ;  Andrew  Hofer,  Union 


Beauty  of  the  Plain 
Pickwick,  Cormack's 
Grace  Darling,  Dodd's 
Phenomenon,  Whale's 
Duchess  of  Richmond, 

Fowler's 
President  of  the  West 


99  times 

92 

(( 

78 

cc 

76 

(C 

69 

(C 

67 

(C 

65 

times 

61 

61 

61 

57 

56 

52 

Nicholas  Nickleby,  Cor- 
mack's 49 

Marquis   of  Lothian, 
Goodall's  47 

Bloomsbury,  Pamplin's    46 

Bloomsbury,  Lee's  44 


Suffolk  Hero,  Girling's 
Bishop  of  Winchester 
Metella,  Bigbee's 
Rouge  et  Noir,  Ansell's  37 
Lady  Middleton,Jefrries'  37 
Climax,  Jeffries'  35 


44  t 

mes 

42 

(( 

40 

cc 

40 

it 

The  most  successful  new  dahlia  has  been  Davis's  Maid  of  Bath, 
which  has  been  shown  in  winning  stands  as  follows: — 

Tournament, Cattleugh's  17  times 


Maid  of  Bath  51  tunes 

Fanny  Keynes,  Keyne's  30  " 
Eclipse,  VVidnall's  29     " 

Admirable,  Sparry's  29  " 
Burnham  Hero,Church's  28  " 
Scarlet   Defiance  28     " 


Highgate  Rival,  Stein's  17 

Constancy,  Keyne's  16 

Haidee,  Wildman's  15 

Queen,  Widnall's  14 

Bridesmaid,  Brown's  13 


"The  most  fortunate  raisers  of  dahlias,  therefore,  taking  the  ag- 
gregate number  of  prizes  obtained  by  their  flowers  in  the  above 
thirly-six,  will  be,  1st,  Mr.  Whale;  2d,  Mr.  Cormack;  3d,  Mr.  Spar- 
ry; 4th,  Mr.  Low;  5th,  Mr.  Widnall;  6th,  Mr.  Dodd;— the  first  four 
having  two  flowers  each,  Mr.  Widnall  three,  and  Mr.  Dodd  one. 

"Those  who  wish  to  form  or  arrange  their  collections,  with  the 
view  to  the  possession  of  constant  flowers,  have  a  very  good  practi- 
cal guide  before  them;  the  above  having  proved  themselves,  if  not 
the  best  in  every  respect,  at  least  the  most  available  for  showing. 

"Some  will  no  doubt  another  year  decline,  and  their  jilaces  be  sup- 
plied with  the  new  sorts,  many  of  which  have  not  been  so  generally 
grown,  nor,  of  course,  exhibited  in  so  great  a  mniiber  of  stands. 
This  was  the  case  last  year  with  l^e  Grand  Baudine.  Another  con- 
sideration is,  that  the  season  that  just  past,  having  been  unfavorable 
for  hard  eyed  flowers.  Glory  of  Plymouth  may  be  mentioned  as  an 
examjile,  having  been  shown,  perhaps,  oftener  during  the  present 
year  than  ever  since  it  was  raised:  and  the  cause  that  has  operated 
in  fivor  of  the  harder  flowers  has  notoriously  tended  to  make  the 
soft  ones  thinner  than  usual,  and  to  show  the  eye  more  than  might 
otherwise  have  been  the  case.  Some  discretion  may  therefore  be 
fairly  exercised  in  this  respect  when  the  other  properties  have  been 


Retrospective  Criticism.  109 

desirable,  liiit  we  should  not  generally  recommend  it,  as  it  has  been 
clearly  proved  that,  however  attractive  the  style  or  other  beauties, 
unless  the  centre  he  really  good,  a  flower  is  good  for  nothing  on  the 
day  of  show,  and  it  is  this  property  alone  that  has  caused  many  of 
those  we  have  enumerated  to  stand  so  high  on  the  list.  Beauty  of 
the  Plain  has  a  small  and  not  sufficiently  round  or  cupped  petal; 
Pickwick  has  a  small  and  pointed  petal;  Duchess  of  Richmond  is  long 
and  quilled:  the  petal  of  Hope  is  flat,  and  any  thing  but  fjood;  and 
Maid  of  Bath  has  little  to  recommend  hut  its  constancy  and  delicacy 
of  color,  the  petal  being  large,  flat  and  loose." 

Our  readers  have  thus  the  opinion  of  the  writer  in  regard  to  new 
dahlias:  how  well  it  accords  with  their  own  views,  wo  leave  them 
to  decide.  There  are  very  few  really  good  dahlias,  notwithstanding 
the  inmiense  nund)er  of  seedlings  which  have  been  raised;  for  there 
are  so  many  properties  required  to  make  up  a  perfect  flower,  that  it 
is  almost  impossible  to  find  them  combined  in  any  one  variety. 

It  must  not  be  understood  that  in  separating  the  above  kinds  from 
all  the  varieties  cultivated,  that  they  are  alone  recommended  for  gen- 
eral growth:  in  niany  gardens  the  object  is  rather  a  profuse  shoiv  of 
flotvers,  even  if  of  a  secondary  character,  than  a  spare  bloom  here  and 
there,  having  merely  the  requisites  of  a  shoio  bloom.  The  latter  will 
do  for  the  dahlia  amateur;  while  the  former  must  be  recommended  to 
the  possessors  of  gardens,  who  wish  their  borders  to  be  radiant  with 
the  autumnal  glories  of  this  splendid  flower. 

For  the  benefit  of  our  friends  who  are  cultivators  of  the  dahlia  for 
exhibition,  the  above  article  has  been  principally  quoted;  and  we 
trust  that  they  will  find  in  it,  taken  in  connection  with  our  notices  of 
the  exhibitions  previously  alluded  to,  all  the  information  which  is 
needed  to  guide  them  in  the  selection  of  suitable  kinds  for  planting  out 
the  coming  season. — Ed. 


Art.  II.     Hetrospective  Crilicism- 

Errata. — In  our  last  number,  in  the  communication  of  Mr.  Legare, 
Lycios  edulis,  which  occurs  two  or  three  times,  should  be  <Sicyos 
edulis.     The  error  was  overlooked  until  too  late  for  correction. 

The  Linnaan  Botanic  Garden  and  Niirseries,  Flushino;,  L.  1. — We 
notice,  by  the  remarks  in  the  January  number  of  your  JMaaazine, 
page  10,  that  you  have  been  misled,  as  some  others  were,  by  the 
deceptive  catalogue  issued  by  a  Mr.  Garretson,  who  pretends  therein 
to  be  the  ''Agent"  for  this  establishment,  and  successor  of  ourselves 
in  the  Linnsean  Botanic  Garden  and  Nurseries,  (he  says  "iVMrse??/" 
by  way  of  quibble,  instead  of  nurseries.) 

If  you  will  refer  to  the  New  York  newspapers  of  October  and 
November  last,  you  will  there  find  inserted,  during  six  weeks,  our 
exposition  of  this  base  attempt  "to  filch  our  name  by  a  fraud  upon 


110  Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Society. 

our  rights,  and  imposition  on  the  public."  Mr.  Garretson  is  not 
the  "proprietor"  of  one  inch  of  any  grounds  that  ever  were  con- 
nected with  this  establishment,  but  a  brother-in-law  of  William 
Prince,  Sen.  now  holds  the  plot,  through  which  streets  have  been 
cut,  and  from  which  all  the  fruit  trees  were  removed  years  ago;  and 
it  is  on  the  ground  that  these  lots  were  formerly  occupied  by  Wil- 
liam Prince,  that  the  pretence  to  the  title,  and  the  pretended  agency, 
is  based.  The  law,  however,  will  soon  set  this  matter  at  rest. — 
Yours,  respectfully,  IVilliam  Prince  and  Jllfred  S.  Prince. 

N.  B.  We  send  you  a  co|)y  of  the  advertisement,  for  insertion. 
[This  will  be  found  on  our  cover. — Ed.] 

[We  deem  it  no  more  than  justice  to  Messrs.  Prince  to  insert  this 
notice,  in  correction  of  any  error  which  we  may  have  committed  in 
relation  to  their  establishment.  We  supposed  from  Mr.  Garretson's 
circular,  that  he  liarl  become  proprietor  of  the  old  Linnsean  Botanic 
Garden  and  Nurseries;  and  we  made  a  similar  remark  in  our  Retro- 
spective View  of  Horticulture  for  1841.  We  have  no  interest  with 
either  party,  and  our  only  object  was  to  state  things  as  we  presumed 
them  to  exist.  The  note  above,  from  Messrs.  Prince,  explains  the 
matter. — Ed.] 


Art.  III.     Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Society. 

The  stated  meeting  of  the  Society  was  held  at  its  hall,  on  Tues- 
day, January  18th,  1842 — the  President  in  the  thair. 

The  display  of  flowers  consisted  of  two  cullcctions  of  fine  plants 
in  bloom,  in  one  of  which,  not  offered  in  competition,  were  some 
fine  specimens  of  camellias,  a  good  seedling  of  a  rosy  pink  color,  a 
profusely  flowering  specimen  of  Chorozema  cordatum,  several  aza- 
leas, and  Ey}\)h6vbia  Jacqu'mcejlbra.  In  the  other  were  some  fine 
plants,  among  which  was  an  orchideous  specimen,  LseNia  anceps 
Barkeruma,  with  several  scapes  of  beautiful  flowers.  There  was 
shown  a  beautiful  basket  bouquet,  containing  many  choice  camellia 
flowers,  roses,  &c.,  and  also  rare  for  the  season,  several  bunches  of 
asparagus  and  rhubarb. 

The  premiums  were  awarded  to  competitors  ns  follows: — 

For  the  most  interesting  collection  of  plants  in  pots,  to  William 
Chalmers,  gardener  to  Mrs.  Stott. 

For  the  best  bouquet,  to  John  Sherwood. 

And  a  s|)ecial  |)remium  of  two  dollars  to  Robert  Kilvington,  for 
fine  asparagus  and  rhubarb. 

Standing  committees  for  the  year  were  appointed  at  this  meeting: 
Mr.  R.  Buist  was  chosen  chairman  of  the  Committee  to  superintend 
exhibitions. 

The  following  resolutions  were  submitted  to  the  meeting  by  Ho- 
race Binney,  Esq.,  and  unauimously  adopted: — 


Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Society.  Ill 

Resolved,  That  a  committee  of  five  members  be  now  appointed, 
and  annually  appointed  hereafter  in  the  month  of  January,  to  be 
called  the  Committee  on  New  Plants,  Flowers,  Fruits,  and  Ves^eta- 
liles,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  examine  all  new  plants,  flowers, 
fruits,  and  vej^etables,  exhibited  at  the  stated  meetings  of  this  Soci- 
ety, or  at  their  exhibitions,  and  at  the  same  meeting  or  at  the  next 
monthly  meeting  of  the  Society  to  report  the  botanical  name  and 
description,  and  the  appearance  and  merit  of  the  respective  speci- 
mens exhibited.  And  annually,  at  the  stated  meeting  in  December, 
the  said  Committee  shall  report  to  the  Society  the  premium  award- 
ed by  them  under  the  premium  list  for  the  specimens  so  exhibited, 
and  the  name  of  the  person  to  whom  the  same  is  awarded. 

Resolved,  That  all  such  reports  shall  from  time  to  time  be  publish- 
ed among  the  transactions  of  the  Society. 

Resolved,  That  said  Committee  be  instructed  to  report  such  rules 
as  they  may  deem  necessary  to  declare  the  limits  within  which  a 
plant,  flower,  fruit,  or  vegetable  shall  be  deemed  new,  within  the 
preceding  resolutions. 

By  apj)ointineiit,  ad  interim,  of  the  President,  the  said  Committee 
COiisists  of  tlie  following  named  gentlemen:  — 

Commiltee  on  Neio  Plants,  Sfc. — Horace  Binncy,  John  B.  Smith, 
Thomas  Landreth,  Thom;is  P.  James,  Dr.  Gavin  Watson. 

Mr.  Binupy  then  |)roposed  the  followiugas  a  substitute  for  the  last 
premium  offered  on  the  schedule  of  premiums  for  1842,  which  was 
unnnimously  adopted : — 

For  the  introduction  and  exhibition  before  the  Society  of  new  and 
valuable  plants,  flowers,  fruits,  and  vegetables  during  the  year  1842, 
a  premium  or  premiums  not  exceeding  in  the  aggregate  the  sum  of 
one  hundred  dollars,  at  the  discretion  of  a  standing  Committee  ap- 
pointed for  that  pur|)ose. 

A  fmther  amendment  as  follows: — 

Any  person  to  whom  a  premium  has  been  or  may  hereafter  be 
awarded  to  the  amount  of  two  dollars  and  upwards,  shall  be  enti- 
tled, at  his  option,  to  receive  in  lieu  thereof  an  honorary  certificate 
of  merit  from  the  society.     {Societifs  Report.) 

[The  total  of  the  Society's  schedule  of  premiums  for  1842  is  up- 
wards of  six  hundred  dollars.  We  are  glad  to  see  this  society  set 
so  commendable  an  example  of  liberalit}',  and  it  should  be  followed 
by  every  horticultural  society  in  the  country  which  wishes  to  con- 
tinue in  a  state  of  |)rosperity  and  be  instrimiental  in  disseminating  a 
taste  for  gardening  pursuits.  If  the  Massachusetts  Horticidtural 
Society  were  to  extend  their  jiremiums  in  the  same  manner,  we  are 
certain  it  would  produce  the  most  satisfactory  results. 

Were  the  schedide  not  so  long  as  to  occupy  four  or  five  pages,  v/e 
should  be  |)leased  to  give  it  entire.  The  highest  ])remium  offered  is 
twenty  dollars,  for  the  most  appropriate  design  of  cut  flowers:  others 
are,  ten  dollars  for  the  twelve  best  ever-blooming  roses  in  pots;  ten 
dollars  for  the  best  fifty  varieties  of  dahlias;  ten  dollars  for  the  best 
ten  camellias,  8tc.;aii(l  one  hundred  dollars  approjiriated  as  pre- 
miums for  new  and  valuable  plants  exhibited  during  the  year  1842. 
Ed.] 


112  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society. 

Art.  IV.     Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society. 

Saturday,  Jan.  '29th. — There  being  no  particular  business  at  thig 
meetinir,  it  was  adjourned  one  week  to  February  5th. 

Exhibited. — Fruits:  From  R.  Manning,  McLaughlin  and  Sieulle 
pears;  lleiiiette  Coeur  du  Pigeon,  Pennock's  red  Winter,  Aunt  Han- 
nah, and  yellow  Bellflower  apples,  the  two  latter  in  excellent  eat- 
ing; the  Aunt  Hannah  is  sujjposed  to  be  an  American  fruit,  and  is 
well  worthy  of  cultivation. 

February  bth. — An  adjourned  meeting — the  President  in  the  chair. 

At  this  meeting,  the  Executive  Committee  presented  the  reports 
of  the  several  committees  awarding  premiums  for  1841,  and  offering 
premiums  for  1842.     They  are  as  follows: — 

REPORT  OF  THE  COMMITTEE  ON  FLOWERS, 

AAVAKDING  PREMIUMS  FOR  ..841. 

The  Committee,  having  duly  attended  to  their  duty  of  making  an 
award  of  premiums  for  1841,  report  as  follows: — 

PEONIES. — For  the  best  disj)lay  of  flowers,  a  premium  to 

W.  E.  Carter  of $5  00 

For  the  second   best  display  of  flowers,  a  premium  to 

W.  Kenrick  of 3  00 

Roses. — For  the  best  fifty  blooms,  a  premium  to  John  A. 

Kenrick  of 8  00 

For  the  second  best  fifty  blooms,  a  premium  to  Messrs. 

Winships  of .         .     5  00 

For   the   third   best  fifty   blooms,   a  premiutn  to  S.  R. 

Johnson,  of 3  00 

For  the  best  display  of  Chinese  and  other  tender  roses, 

a  premium  to  S.  R.  Johnson  of  .         .         .         .     5  00 

Pinks. — For  the  best  display  of  pinks,  a  premium  to  W. 

Meller  of 5  00 

For  the  best  seedling,  a  premium  to  S.  Walker  of         .     3  00 
For  the  best  six  blooms,  a  premium  to  S.   Walker  of    .     S  00 
Carnations. — For  the  best  display  of  flowers,  a  premium 

to  J.  Hovey  of 5  00 

For  the  best  six  blooms,  a  premium  to  S-  Walker  of    .     3  00 
Balsams. — For  the  best  display  during  the  season,  a  pre- 
mium to  S.  R.  Johnson  of  .         .         .         .         .         .     5  00 

German  Asters. — For  the  best  display  of  flowers,  a  pre- 
mium to  Hovey  &  Co.  of    .         ,         .         .         .         .     5  00 

Perennial  Plants. — F'or  the  best  display  during  the  sea- 
son, a  premium  to  Messrs.  Winships  of      .         .         .     3  00 

GRATUITIES. 

To  Mr.  J.  Cadness,  of  the  Public  Garden,  for  a  fine  speci- 
men of  Lisianthus  RusselluinMS         .         .         .         .         .     3  00 

To  Joseph   Breck   &  Co.,   for  fine  specimens  of  seedling 

pinks,  picotees,  &c 3  00 

To  S.  Walker,  for  a  fine  display  of  twelve  blooms  of  the 

tulip 3  00 

To  Hovey  &  Co.,  for  fine  specimens  of  seedling  pansies     .     3  00 


JMassachusetts   Horticultural  Society.  113 

To  W.  Meller,  for  a  display  of  fine  geraniums     .        .        .     S  00 

$74  GO 
Amount  in  the  hands  of  the  Treasurer,  for  dahlias  64  00 


$138  00 
The  Committee  have  not,  it  will  be  perceived,  made  any  award  of 
premiums  for  dahlias,  in  their  report.  The  dahlia  exhibition  took 
place  so  late  in  the  season,  tliat  it  was  impossilile  to  show  them  in 
the  perfection  which  they  ordinarily  attain.  Just  before  the  day 
arrived,  a  severe  storm  of  \v.in(l  and  rain  almost  entirely  destroyed 
the  plants.  But  as  the  exhibition  day  had  been  set,  the  dahlia  £[row- 
ers  exhil)ited  their  blooms  agreeably  to  the  rules  of  tlie  Society; 
judges  were  appointed,  and  the  awards  were  duly  made.  The  ex- 
hibitors held  a  meetinir,  and  by  their  unanimous  consent,  the  whole 
amount  awarded  was  allowed  to  remain  in  the  hands  of  the  Treas- 
urer of  the  Society,  to  be  added  to  the  premiums  of  the  year  1842: 
Should  this  not  meet  the  hearty  concurrence  of  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee, the  several  exhibitors  will  call  fur  the  premiums  awarded 
them  by  the  judges  on  the  day  of  the  exhibition. 

The  Committee  would  take  this  occasion,  were  it  not  for  extend- 
ing their  report  to  too  great  length,  to  make  mention  of  many  plants 
and  flowers  exhibited  by  various  individuals,  for  which  premiums 
were  not  specified.  They  would  not,  however,  omit  to  take  hon- 
orable notice  of  the  fine  collections  of  7-oses  and  dahlias  exhibited 
by  the  President  of  the  Society,  which  contributed  much  to  the 
beauty  of  the  several  exhibitions  at  which  they  were  shown;  nor  of 
the  contributions  of  native  plants  by  B.  E.  Cotting,  which  have 
been  objects  of  considerable  interest. 

The  Committee  trust  that  the  Society  will  bestow  an  increased 
amount  for  premiums  the  present  year;  and  they  look  forward  to  a 
series  of  more  splendid  exhibitions  than  have  ever  yet  been  made  at  the 
Society's  room.     Respectfully  submitted. — CM.  Hovey,  Chairman. 

REPORT  OF  THE  C0M3IITTEE  ON  FRUITS, 

AWARDING  PREMIUMS  FOR  1841. 

The  Committee  on  Fruits  award  the  following  premiums  for  1841: 
Apples. — For  the  best  summer  apples,  to  Cheever  New- 
hall,  of  Dorchester      .         .         .  .         .         .  $5  00 

For   the  best  fall  apples,  to  Benjamin  V.   French,  of 

Braintree     .         .         .         ,         .         .         .         .         .     5  00 

For  the  best  winter,  to  Lemuel  P.  Grosvenor,  from  his 

orchard  in  Pomfret,  Ct.       .         .         .         .         .         ,     5  00 

Pears. — For  the  best  summer  pears,  to  Robert  Manning, 

Salem 5  00 

For  the  best  fall  pears,  to  Elijah  Vose,  Dorchester       .     5  00 
For  the    best   winter   pears,  to   Marshall    P.    Wilder, 

Dorchester .         .     5  00 

Cherries. — For    the    best    cherries,    to    George   Walsh, 

Charlestown        .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     5  00 

For  the  next  best,  to  John  A.  Kenrick,  Newtoa     .         .     4  00 

VOL.  vni. — NO.  III.  15 


114  Massachusetts   Horticultural   Society. 

Peaches. — For  the  l)est  peaches,  open  culture,  to  J.  L.  L. 

F.  Warren,  Brighton $5  00 

For  the  next  best,  open  culture,  to  John  Hill,  West 

Cambridge 4  GO 

For  the  best,  grown  under  glass,  to  J.  F.  Allen,  Salem     5  00 
Plums. — For  the   best  plums,  to  Samuel  Pond,  Cambridge- 
port      5  00 

For  the   next   best,   to   William  Thomas,  of  Boston, 

(seedling) 4  00 

Apricots. — For  the  best  apricots,  to  Marshall  P.  Wilder, 

Dorchester 5  00 

Nectarines. — For  the   best  nectarines,  to  David  Hagger- 

ston,  Watertown 5  00 

Gooseberries. — For  the  best  gooseberries,  to  John  Hovey, 

Roxbury 5  00 

Strawberries. — For    the    best   strawberries,    to    Messrs. 

Hovey  &  Co.,  Boston 5  00 

For  the  next  best,  to  J.  L.  L.  F.  Warren,  Brighton       .     4  00 
Currants. —  For   the   best  currants,   to    A.   D.    Williams,       • 

Roxbury 3  00 

Melons. — For  the  best  water-melons,  to  J.  L.  L.  F.  War- 
ren, Brighton       .         .         .         .  .         .         .     3  00 

For  the  best  musk-melon,  to  J.  Lovett,  Beverly     .         .     3  GO 
Raspberries. — For  the  best  raspberries,  to  Messrs.  Hovey 

&  Co.,  Boston 5  00 

Grapes. — For  the  best  foreign   grapes,  grown  under  glass, 

to  David  Haggerston,  Watertown       .         .         .         .  10  00 
For  the  best  foreign,  open  culture,  to  S.  R.  Johnson, 

Charlestown 5  GO 

For  the  best  native,  open  culture,  to  J.  L.  L.  F.  War- 
ren, Brighton       .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     5  GO 

Gratuities  aivarded  are  as  follows : — 
To  George  Lee,  of  West  Cambridge,  for  a  fine  specimen 

of  peaches,  grown  in  pots  .         .         .         .         .         .  $3  00 

To  Otis  Johnson,  of  Lynn,  for  a  fine  specimen  of  grapes, 

grown  under  glass      .         .         .         .         .         .         •         .     8  00 

To  J.  Lovett,  2d,  of  Beverly,  for  a  fine  exhibition  of  ])ears     3  00 
To  Alexander  McLennan,  of  Newton,  for  a  fine  display  of 

foreign  grapes     .         .         .         .         .  .         .         .         .     3  00 

To  S.  Sweetser,  for  his  exhibition  of  large  Martin  rareripe 

peaches .         .     3  00 

To   George   Brown,  of  Beverly,  for  a  choice  exhibition  of 

pears 3  00 

To   George  Walsh,  of  Charlestown,  for  large   handsome 

peaches       .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         ,     3  00 

To  S.  Phipps,  of  Dorchester,  for  extraordinary  large  Bart- 

lett  pears 3  00 

To  Mr.  Ferguson,  of  New  Berlford,  for  choice  native  grapes     3  00 
To  Samuel  Pond,  of  Cambridge   Port,  for  his  exhibition  of 

Gushing  pears 3  00 

$150  00 


Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society.  115 

Making,  in  all,  one  hundred  and  fifty  dollars,  being  the  whole 
amount  offered  for  premiums  for  1841.  The  Committee  were  of 
opinion  that  the  Wells  Premium  should  be  continued  for  another 
year,  as  no  applicant  was  deemed  entitled  to  it,  agreeable  to  the 
conditions  of  the  notice  given  June  19,  1841. — Benjamin  F.  French, 
Chairman. 

REPORT  OF  THE  C0M3IITTEE  ON  VEGETABLES, 

AWARDING  PKEMIC.MS  FOR   1811. 

The  Committee  on  Vegetables,  having  attended  to  the  duty  of 
awarding  premiums  for  the  year  1841,  report  as  follows: — 

Asparagus. — For  the  best  asparagus,  a  premium  to  Samuel 

Walker  of ,         .         .         .  $5  00 

Beans. — For  the  best  Lima  beans,  a  premium  to  E.  Vose  of  3  00 
Celery. — For  the  best  celery,  a  premium  to  S.  C  Mann  of  4  00 
Clcumhers. — For  the   best  early  cucumbers,  a  premium  to 

Hovey  &.  Co.  of  ...... 

•Rhubarb. —  For    the   best  rhubarb,   a  premium   to  Samuel 

Walker  of 

Sq,uashes. — For   the   best  squashes,  a  premium  to  A.  D. 

Williams  of        -....,         . 
Brussels    Sprouts. — For    the    best    Brussels    sprouts,     a 

premium  to  John  Prince  of         ...         . 

$28  00 

For  a  number   of  articles  on  which  premiums  were  offered,  there 
were  no  competitors,  and   the  Committee  would  resjjectfully  recom- 
mend the  following   gratuities  for  several  fine   specimens  of  vegeta- 
bles, which  were  not  included  in  the   list  of  premiums  offered  by  the 
Society,  but  for  which  the   Committee  are  of  opinion  that  the  exhib- 
itors deserve  something  more  than  a  notice  in  the  Society's  weekly 
rej)orts: — 
To   the    President  of  the   Society,   M.  P.  Wilder,  for  very 

large  white  carrots      .        .         .         .         .         .         .         .  $3  00 

To  Josiah  Lovett,  2d,  for  very  fine  specimens  of  beets  and 

carrots 3  00 

To  Alexander  McLennan,  for  an  extra  large  squash,  weigh- 
ing about  one  hundred  |)ounds   .         .         .         .         .         .     3  00 

To   Francis    R.   Bigelow,  for  several   new  varieties  of  the 

tomato 3  00 

To  J.  L.  L.  F.  Warren,  for  fine  large  asparagus  .         .     2  00 

To  John  Hovey,  for  extra  large  tomatoes     .  .  .         .     2  00 

To  Marshall  Tidd,  for  very  early  and  fine  shelled  beans        .     2  00 
To  William  Mcintosh,  for  a  bushel  of  very  large  and  hand- 
some Chenango  potatoes, exhil)ited  at  the  annual  exhibition     2  00 
To  Otis  Johnson,  f^or   a  great  variety  of  fine  vegetables,  ex- 
hibited at  the  annual  exhibil)ition       .  .         .         .         .     2  00 


.     5 

1 

00 

.     5 

00 

!     3 

00 

I 
.     3 

00 

122  00 
Respectfully  submitted. — Samuel  Pond,  Chairman. 


116  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society. 

KEPORT  OF  THE  FRUIT  COMMITTEE, 

OFFERING  PREMIUMS  FOR  1842. 

The  Committee  on   Fruits  recommend  the  following  premiums  to 
be  awarded  for  the  ensuing  year: — 

Apples. — For  the  best  summer  apples,  to  be  exhibited  pre- 
vious to  the  1st  of  Sej)tember     .         .         .  .         .  $5  00 

For  the  best  fall  apples,  to  be  exhibited  previous  to  the 
1st  of  December  ....... 

For  the  best  winter  apples,  to  be  exhibited  after  the  1st 
of  December       ........ 

Pears, — For  the  best  summer  pears,  to  be  exhibited  pre- 
vious to  Septeml)er  1st         ...... 

For  the  best  fall  pears,  to  be  exhibited  previous  to  De- 
cember 1st  ...... 

For  the  best  winter  pears,  to  be  exhibited  after  Dec.  1 
Cherries. — For  the  best  s|)ecimen  of  cherries     . 

For  the  next  best  specimen  of  cherries 
Peaches. — For  the  best  exhibition  of  peaches 
For  the  next  best  exhibition  of  peaches 
For  the  best  peaches  grown  under  glass 
For  the  next  best  peaches  grown  under  glass 
Grapes. — For  the  best  foreign  grapes  grown  under  glass, 
exhibited  before  July  1         .....         . 

For  the  next  best  foreiitn   grapes   grown   under  glass, 
exhibited  before  July  1        .....         . 

For  the  best  grapes  grown  under  glass,  and  exhibited 
after  July  1  ........ 

For  the  best  foreign  grapes,  open  culture 
For  the  best  native  grapes,  open  culture 
Apricots. — For  the  best  specimen  of  apricots 

For  the  next  best  apricots       ...... 

Nectarines. — For  the  best  specimen  o(  nectarines     . 

Quinces. — For  Mie  best  specimen  of  quinces 

Plums. — For  the  best  specimen  of  plums      .... 

For  the  next  best  specimen  of  plums     .... 

Gooseberries. — For  the  best  exhibition  of  gooseberries 
Strawberries. — For  the  best  exhil)ition  of  strawberries     . 

For  the  next  best  exhibition  of  strawberries 
Currants. — For  the  best  specimen  of  currants   . 

For  the  next  best  specimen  of  currants 
Raspberries. — For  the  best  specimen  of  raspberries 

For  the  next  best  specimen   of  raspberries     . 
Mulberries. — For  the  best  exhibition  of  mulberries  . 
Melons. — For  the  best  exhibition  of  water-melons 
For  the  best  exhibition  of  green-fleshed  melons     . 


5 

00 

5 

00 

5 

00 

5 

00 

5 

00 

4 

00 

2 

00 

5 

00 

3 

00 

5 

00 

3 

00 

5 

00 

3 

00 

5 

00 

5 

00 

3 

00 

5 

00 

3 

00 

3 

00 

o 

00 

5 

00 

3 

00 

3 

00 

5 

00 

3 

00 

3 

00 

o 

00 

4 

00 

0 

00 

3 

00 

3 

00 

3 

00 

$125  00 
To  be  awarded  in  gratuities 25  00 

$150  00 


J\Iassachusetts  Horticultural  Society.  117 

Wells  Premium. 

The  Committee  also  offer  the  Wells  Premium  for  apples,  the  pro- 
duce  of  seedling  trees,   which   have  been   brought  into  notice  since 
18iZ9:— 
For  the  best  summer  apples,  not  less  than  one  dozen,   a 

premium  of $25  00 

For  the  best  fall  or  autumn  apples,  a  premium  of  .  .25  00 
For  the  best  winter  apples,  a  i)remium  of  .  .  .  .  25  00 
Premiums  to  be  awarded  to  members  of  the  Society  only;  and 
where  the  claims  are  not  of  suflicient  merit,  no  premium  will  be 
awarded.  This  will  be  strictly  adhered  to,  particularly  in  regard  to 
the  Wells  Premium,  where  no  premium  will  be  awarded,  but  in  full 
evidence  of  its  superiority. — Benjamin  V.  French,  Chairman. 

REPORT  OF  THE  VEGETABLE  COMMITTEE, 

OFFERING    PREMIUMS  FOR   1842. 

The  Committee  on  Vegetables  recommend  the  following  premiums 
to  be  offered  the  ensuing  year: — 

Asparagus. — For  the  earliest  and  largest  four  bunches         .  $'3  00 

Rhubarb. — For  the  largest  and  best  twelve  stalks,  previous 
to  the  fust  Saturday  in  July 

Peas. — For  the  earliest  and  best  peck  in  June 

Lettuce. — For   the   finest  six  heads,  of  open  culture,  pre- 
vious to  the  first  Saturday  in  July        .... 

Potatoes. — For  the  best  peck  previous  to  the  first  Satur- 
day in  August      ........     3 

Cucumbers. — For  the  best  pair  grown   under  glass,  pre- 
vious to  the  first  Saturday  in  June       .... 
For  the  best  and  earliest  of  open  culture 

Beans. — For  the  earliest  large  Lima,  two  quarts 

For  the  earliest  dwarf,  two  quarts  .... 

Cauliflowers. — For  the  best  and  largest  four  heads 

Brocoli. — For  the  best  and  largest  four  heads    . 

Celery. — For  the  largest  and  best  twelve  roots 

Egg  Plants. — For  the  finest  six  ..... 

Tomatoes. — For  the  best,  not  less  than  one  dozen 

SQUASHES. — For  the   best  (lis])lay  of  the  largest  number  of 
varieties  at  the  annual  exhibition  .... 

For  the  best  display  of  various  vegetables  at  the  annual  ex- 
hibition, not  including  squashes  .... 

$30  00 
For  gratuities 10  00 


3 

00 

4 

00 

0 

00 

3 

00 

4 

00 

2 

00 

3 

00 

2 

00 

3 

00 

3 

00 

3 

00 

3 

00 

2 

00 

5 

00 

5 

00 

Samuel  Pond,  Chairman. 


$60  00 


Adjourned  two  weeks,  to  February  19th. 

February   \9lh. — Owing  to  the   inclemency   of  the    weather,   tha 
meeting  was  adjourned  two  weeks,  to  March  5th. 


118 


Faneuil  Hall  Market. 


Art.  V.     Faneuil  Hall  Market. 


Roots,  Tubers,  ^c. 

Potatoes: 

•  barrel. 
I.el, 


Chenanffoes 


>  per  barr 
'  5  per  bus! 


•p,  ..  )  per  barrel,.  . 

'^       '  3  per  bushel,.. 

f,  C  pel' barrel,. .  . 

Common,  <  '       ,      i    , 

(_  per  bn.shel,..  . 

Sweet  potatoes,  per  bushel 
Turnips,  per  bushel: 

Common, 

Ruta  Baga, 

Onions: 

Red,  jier  bunch, 

White,  per  bunch, , 

White,  per  bushel, 

Yellow,  per  bushel, 

Beets,  per  bushel, 

Carrots,  per  busliel, 

Parsnips,  per  bushel, 

Salsify,  per  dozen  roots,. .  .  , 

Radishes,  per  bunch, 

Shallots,  per  pound, , 

Horseradish,  per  pound  ... 

Cabbages,  Salads,  fyc. 
Cabbages,  per  doz: 

Savoy, 

Drumliead, 

Red  Dutch, 

Brocoli,  each, 

Cauliflowers,  each, 

Lettuce,  per  head, 

Spinach,  per  peck, 

Dandelions,  per  half"  peck,.  . 
Celery,  per  root : 

Giant, 

Common, 

Cucumbers,  (pickled)  pr  gal. 

Pot  and  Swcrt  Herbs. 

Parsley,  per  half  petk.,.  .  .  . 

Sage,  per  pound, 

Marjorum,  per  bunch, 

Savory,  per  bunch, 

Sjjcarniiut,  per  bunch, 


I  From 
$  cts. 

1  25 
i     50 

2  00 
1  00 
1  25 

50 
1  25 

37i 

4 
4 
1  25 
75 
75 
62^ 
75 
25 
12 
20 
10 


75 
75 
75 
12| 
12^ 
8 
25 
3'h 

10 

6 

25 


37^ 
17 

6 

G 

3 


To 

^  cts. 

1  37.i 
60' 

2  25 


1  50 


5 
1  50 
1  GO 


12^ 


1  00 
1  00 
1  00 
25 
25 
12k 
37A 


12', 

6^ 


20 

12i 

12i 


Squa:!hes  and  Pumpkitis. 

Canada  Crookneck,]?er  lb..  . 
Autumnal  Marrow,  per  pound 
Winter  Crookneck,  per  lb..  . 
West  Indias,  per  pound,.  .  .  . 
Pumpkins,  each,    


Fruits. 

Apples,  dessert: 

h'aldwins,  per  barrel,.. .  . 

Russets,  per  barrel, 

Greenings,  ];cr  barrel,.  .  .  . 

Blue  pearmains,  per  barrel 

Kew  York  pippins, per  bbl, 

Common,  per  barrel, 

Pippins,  per  bushel, 

Nonsuch,  per  bushel, 

Sweet,  )jer  bushel, 

Lady  apples,  per  half  peck. 

Dried  apples,  per  pound,.  . 
Pears,  per  dozen: 

Burgomcstre, 

St.  Germain, , 

Chauniontel,.  .  , 

St.  Michael  Archangel .  .. 

Baking,  per  bushel, 

Cranberries,  per  bushel,. .  .  . 
Grapes  per  pound: 

Malaga,  (white) 

Malaga,  (put pie) 

Pine-apples,  each, 

Quinces,  per  bushel, 

Lemons,  per  dozen, 

IShaddocks,  each, 

Oranges,  i)er  doz: 

Havana 

Sicily 

Walnuts,  |ier  bushel, 

Cheslmils,  per  bushel, 

Butternuts,  per  bushel, 

Almonds,  per  pound, 

Caslana,  per  pound, 

Cocoa  nuts, 


From 

To 

^  cts. 

<f:ci. 

5 

6 

6 

— 

4 

6 

3 

— 

m 

20 

3  50  4  00 
75  3  CO 
50    3  00 


2  50 

3  CO 
2  00 

1  00 

2  00 
1  25 

25 
4 

25 
£0 
25 


00 

CO 

20 
25 
25 

17 

12,^ 


3  CO 
3  £.0 

2  £0 
1  25 

1  50 


S7i 

75 

50 


25 

50 


20 


37^ 

£0 

20 

25 

25 

1  £0 

00 

— 

CO 

— 

14 

15 

Remarks. — The  weatlier,  thus  far  in  February,  has  continued 
remarkably  mild,  with  only  one  great  depression  of  the  thermom- 
eter, and  that  only  for  one  ni<;ht.  Two  severe  storm.s  of  rain  liave 
been  experienced,  which,  however,  were  followed  by  fine  sunny 
weather,  more  like  March  than  February.  It  is  a  .«injiu]ar  fact,  that 
in  Bo.'^ton  the  thermometer  has  not  fallen  Ijelow  zero  since  Febru- 
ary, 1840. 


IlurticuUural  Memoranda.  119 

Owing  to  the  mild  season,  forcing  has  been  much  favored,  and  we 
consequently  have  to  note  a  better  quality  of  such  vegetables  as  are 
brought  forward  at  this  early  season. 

Vegetables. — Potatoes  remain  nearly  the  same:  Chenangoes  are 
rather  brisker,  and  good  ones  command  fully  our  highest  rates:  East- 
ports  are  duller,  and  Nova  Scotias  are  less  in  demand:  the  latter  do 
not  keep  so  well  as  other  sorts:  sweet  potatoes  are  yet  quite  plenti- 
ful for  the  season.  Turnips  remain  aiiout  the  same.  Onions  are 
growing  scarcer;  and  we  quote  a  little  higher:  good  white  by  the 
bushel  are  nearly  gone.  Beets  are  well  supplied.  Carrots  and  pars- 
nips are  abundant.  The  first  radishes  of  the  year  came  to  hand  last 
week:  though  yet  small,  they  are  of  good  quality  and  appearance. 
Horseradish  is  abundant  and  good.  Cabliages  are  reduced  to  a  small 
stock,  and  drumheads  now  command  increased  prices.  Brocoli  and 
cauliflowers  are  supplied  in  small  quantities.  Spinach  is  plentiful, 
cheap  and  good:  the  season  has  been  fine  for  this  vegetable.  Dan- 
delions have  been  brought  forward  in  fair  quantities.  Lettuce  con- 
tinues to  increase  in  quality,  and  the  market  is  well  supplied.  Cele- 
ry is  good,  and  toleral)ly  abundant.  The  stock  of  squashes  is  now 
reduced  quite  low,  and  only  a  few  good  ones  remain:  West  Indias 
have  been  received  in  small  lots. 

Fruit. — With  the  exception  of  Baldwins,  apples  remain  about  the 
same,  with  the  additional  quality  of  having  been  well  picked:  good 
Baldwins  now  command  four  dollars;  russets  are  a  little  quicker,  but 
without  material  variations.  There  are  very  few  sweet  apples  re- 
maining in  the  market.  Some  few  Nonsuches  have  been  received, 
but  the  variety  is  not  much  cultivated.  Dried  apjjles  are  abun- 
dant. Pears  are  nearly  gone:  a  few  Burgomasters,  or  Monsieur  Le 
Cures,  are  now  to  be  had,  but  it  is  a  rather  inferior  fruit.  Good  baking 
are  to  be  had  at  our  quotations.  Cranberries  have  im])roved  consid- 
erably, and  the  stock  is  now  working  off  at  our  increased  rates. 
Grapes  are  less  abundant  than  at  the  time  of  our  last  report,  though 
there  is  a  good  sup])ly  by  late  arrivals.  A  lew  pine-apples  have 
been  received,  sufficient  just  to  keep  the  market  supplied.  Lemons 
and  oranges  are  very  cheap  and  abundant:  late  arrivals  from  the 
Mediterranean  have  overstocked  the  n)arket.  Walnuts  and  chestnuts 
remain  without  much  demand  or  variation. — M.  T.,  Boston,  Feb. 
1842. 


HORTICULTURAL  MEMORANDA 

FOR    MARCH. 


FRUIT    DEPARTMENT. 

Grape  vines  will  now  begin  to  swell  their  buds  and  push  their 
shoots;  where  considerable  heat  has  been  kept  up,  they  will  already 
have  burst  into  leaf:  care  should  be  taken  that  the  shoots  are  tied 


120  Horticultural  Memoranda. 

firmly  up  to  the  trellis:  keep  up  an  even  temperature  if  cold  nights 
occur,  by  iiicreasinor  the  fires:  it  is  injurious  to  the  crop  to  suffer  the 
vines  to  he  retarded  in  their  growth  at  this  season.  Give  air,  and 
syringe  occasionally,  as  the  weather  will  admit. 

Peach  trees  in  pots,  if  brought  into  the  hnuse,  as  directed  last 
month,  will  now  be  in  bloom;  leave  off  syringing  until  the  fruit  is  set, 
when  it  may  be  resorted  to  again  freely. 

Grape  vines  in  the  open  air  may  be  pruned  this  month,  if  omitted 
in  the  fall. 

Scions  of  fruit  trees  may  now  be  cut  for  grafting  in  April  or  May: 
place  them  in  a  cellar  or  cool  place,  with  the  lower  ends  in  a  box  or 
pot  of  earth. 

Root  s;raflin2;  trees  may  now  be  performed  as  recommended  in 
our  VoL  VI.  p,'249, 

FLOWER    DEPARTMENT. 

Camellias  \v\\\  be  finishing  their  bloom,  and  will  begin  to  grow: 
such  as  need  it  should  be  repotted  as  described  in  our  last.  Inarch 
young  plants,  if  it  is  desirable  to  increase  any  of  the  kinds  in  a  col- 
lection. 

Roses  will  now  be  blooming:  give  good  supplies  of  water,  and  syr- 
inge the  folinge  every  other  day, 

Azaleas  will  now  begin  to  bloom,  and  should  receive  an  increased 
supply  of  water. 

Ericas  may  now  be  propagated  with  good  success:  young  plants 
potted  off  in  the  fall  may  now  be  shifted. 

Dahlias  will  now  need  more  attention  :  if  early  blooming  plants  are 
wanted,  now  is  the  proper  time  to  pot  the  roots. 

Verbenas  should  be  shifted  now  into  larger  pots,  and  the  branches 
tied  to  neatly  made  trellises. 

Cacluse-i  may  be  potted  this  month,  and  grafting  may  also  be  per- 
formed. 

Jinnual  seeds  may  now  be  sown  of  such  kinds  as  were  recommend- 
ed last  month. 

Sparaxii-,  ixias,  and  similar  bulbs,  now  coming  into  bloom,  should 
be  watered  freely. 

Geraniums  will  require  attention:  keep  them  clear  of  the  green 
fly;   and  such  as  need  it  should  be  shifted  into  larger  sized  pots. 

Tulips,  hyacinths,  S,~c.,  in  beds  in  the  open  ground,  will  begin  to 
show  their  shoots  above  the  soil  the  latter  part  of  the  month:  if  the 
weather  is  mild,  the  beds  should  be  then  uncovered. 

Fansies  raised  in  boxes  last  month  should  now  be  potted  off  ten  or 
twelve  in  a  box,  and  })laced  in  frames  till  the  weather  is  sufficiently 
mild  to  plant  out  in  the  open  air. 

Erythrina  crista  galli. — Plants  of  this  fine  flower  may  be  brought 
from  the  cellar  to  the  green-house,  to  forward  their  growth. 

Salvia  splendens,  fulgens,  <S'C.,  may  now  be  pro])agated  by  cut- 
tin<rs,  for  the  purpose  of  jilanting  in  the  borders  in  summer. 

Plants  in  frames  should  receive  attention:  give  an  abundance  of 
air  in  all  mild  weather. 

Calceolarias  should  now  be  attended  to;  shift  such  as  have  already 
filled  the  pots  with  their  roots. 


THE    MAGAZINE 


HORTICULTURE. 


APRIL,   1842. 


ORIGINAL  COMMUNICATIOiNS. 

Art.  I.  J^otes  made  during  a  visit  to  Miv  York,  Philadel- 
phia, Baltimore,  and  Washington,  and  intermediate  places^ 
from  August  8th  to  the  23d,  1841.      By  the  Editor. 

(^Concluded  from  p.  S6.) 

Washington,  D.  C,  Aug.  20,  1841. — When  we  contem- 
plated a  visit  to  Washington,  we  were  in  hojjes  that  we  should 
have  the  opportunity  to  do  so  at  our  leisure;  but  it  is  almost 
unnecessary  to  say  that  we  had  very  little  spare  time,  owing 
to  our  delay  in  the  cities  of  Baltimore  and  Philadelphia.  By 
confining  our  attention  mostly  to  the  amateur  and  commercial 
gardens  of  the  city,  we  found  time  to  note  down  all  that  ap- 
peared interesting  and  new.  We  also  took  a  hurried  walk 
through  the  grounds  of  the  Capitol,  and  the  garden  attached  to 
the  President's  house,  with  a  view  to  notice  their  arrange- 
ments. 

The  Columbia  Horticultural  Society  has  been  established 
several  years,  and  has  held  some  few  annual  exhibitions,  ac- 
counts of  which  have  ajipeared  in  our  pages.  But  for  the  last 
year  or  two,  the  interest  in  the  Society  appears  to  have  decreas- 
ed, and  we  believe  no  annual  exhibition  was  held  for  the  autimin 
of  1841.  It  would  be  a  source  of  regret  to  see  this  society, 
which  has  been  instrumental  in  spreading  a  taste  for  gardening 
pursuits,  fall  into  a  declining  state,  which  would  prevent  its 
further  usefulness.  We  trust  the  amateur  and  practical  culti- 
vators in  and  around  the  city  will  use  their  exertions  to  sustain 
and  preserve  it.  There  certainly  has  been  a  constantly  in- 
creasing taste  for  plants  since  it  was  first  organized,  and  now 
that  a  sufficient  number  of  beautiful  objects  are  in  the  hands  of 

VOL.  VIII. NO.   IV.  16 


122  J^otes  made  during  a  Visit  to 

the  members,  to  render  its  shows  at  all  times  interesting,  re- 
newed exertions  should  be  made  to  keep  it  in  a  prosperous 
condition. 

Garden  of  Dr.  J.  S.  Gunnell. — Our  first  visit  in  the  city 
was  to  the  garden  of  our  correspondent,  Dr.  Gunnell,  whose 
communication  upon  the  growth  of  the  camellia  in  rooms, 
appeared  in  our  last  volume,  (p.  214.)  It  is  situated  nearly 
opposite  the  President's  house,  and  occupies  about  half  an 
acre  of  ground.  There  is  a  small  green-house,  about  twenty- 
five  feet  long,  lately  erected,  and  intended  principally  for 
camellias  and  roses.  [Since  our  visit,  Dr.  Gunnell  has  erect- 
ed a  new  green-house,  twenty-seven  feet  long  by  sixteen 
wide,  which  he  also  intends  for  camellias  and  roses.] 

Until  within  two  or  three  years.  Dr.  Gunnell  cultivated  his 
camellias  in  the  parlor,  or  rather  in  the  room  attached  to  his 
office,  in  the  same  manner  as  described  by  him  in  the  article 
alluded  to;  it  was  there  that  he  bloomed  nearly  all  the  good 
kinds  in  cultivation,  and  not  only  flowered  them,  but  succeed- 
ed in  procuring  seeds  from  some  of  the  sorts,  from  which  he 
raised  the  seedlings  which  have  been  described  in  our  previous 
volumes,  (V.,  p.  210,  and  VI.,  p.  337,)  one  or  two  of  which 
are  said  to  be  extremely  beautiful,  and  well  worthy  a  place  in 
any  collection.  This  shows  conclusively,  that  the  camellia 
can  be  grown  in  the  parlor,  with  proper  attention  and  care, 
and  nearly  as  well,  too,  as  when  placed  in  the  green-house. 
We  think  Dr.  Gunnell  told  us  that  he  had  never  found  any 
difficulty  in  blooming  any  of  the  kinds  in  his  collection,  though 
some  would  open  more  freely  than  others,  and  were  better 
adapted  to  such  a  situation.  We  saw  the  benches  or  stands, 
upon  which  the  plants  were  placed,  as  described  in  Dr.  Gun- 
nell's  communication,  and  should  consider  them  admirably 
adapted  to  the  purpose;  by  their  use,  the  plants  can  be  syr- 
inged freely,  and  the  danger  of  the  water  running  upon  the 
floor  or  carpet  is  perfectly  obviated.  A  level  stand,  also,  to 
our  eye,  is  neater  than  the  steps  or  stages  so  generally  in  use 
as  parlor  stands  for  plants.  So  successful  was  Dr.  Gunnell 
in  the  management  of  the  plants  in  his  room,  that  he  would 
not  have  erected  a  green-house,  but  for  the  great  increase  of 
his  plants,  which,  by  means  of  seed,  and  the  constant  addition 
of  new  sorts  by  introduction  from  abroad,  enlarged  his  collec- 
tion so  as  to  render  it  necessary  to  remove  them  from  the 
limited  space  of  a  portion  of  one  or  two  rooms. 


JVcto  York,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  ^c.  123 

The  camellias  we  noticed  were  in  excellent  health.  The 
nf  w  varieties  of  merit  which  have  been  raised  by  Dr.  Gun- 
nell,  are  Old  Virginia,  Covingtonii,  Mrs.  Madison,  Judge 
Washington,  Gen.  Nelson,  George  Mason,  Peter  Francisco, 
and  Mrs.  Gunnell,  the  latter  a  fine  white  one,  lately  bloomed 
for  the  first  time.  We  noticed  a  number  of  seedling  plants, 
which  have  not  yet  flowered.  In  noting  down  some  obser- 
vations. Dr.  Gunnell  stated  that  he  had  always  found  that 
those  seedlings  which  have  white  or  light  colored  flowers,  as 
white  striped  and  blush,  invariably  have  a  purely  green  foliage 
and  stem  when  the  new  growth  commences,  though  when  it 
begins  to  acquire  a  woody  character,  it  changes  its  color; 
while  those,  with  pink,  rose,  or  darker  colored  flowers,  have 
leaves  and  stenis  with  a  reddish  tinge.  During  many  years  of 
close  observation,  he  has  never  known  an  instance  of  variation 
from  this  principle.  By  thus  watching  the  young  wood,  such 
as  will  have  blush  or  white  flowers  are  easily  detected  in  the 
earliest  stages  of  their  growth. 

Inarching  camellias  is  performed  at  all  times  from  February 
to  September.  The  first  branches  are  taken  off  in  February; 
when  the  new  shoots  begin  to  harden,  they  are  again  inarched  off 
in  June;  and  when  in  turn  the  new  shoots  of  these  acquire  a 
woody  habit,  they  undergo  another  operation  in  August.  If 
the  stocks  are  young  and  thrifty,  the  union  takes  place  in  six 
weeks,  and  they  may  be  cut  ofi'.  Those  who  prefer  to  inarch 
in  the  place  of  grafting,  will  find  this  a  sure  way  of  increasing 
any  new  or  desirable  kinds.  In  the  green-house,  we  here 
saw  young  plants  of  Euphorbia  Jacquinff/?6ra,  which  had 
been  propagated  by  inarching  off  the  branches  in  June. 

Dr.  Gunnell  cultivates  quite  a  large  collection  of  roses, 
and  among  the  number,  six  or  eight  seedling  varieties,  raised 
by  an  amateur  in  Washington.  One  called  Suter's  pink  Noi- 
sette, which  we  saw  in  bloom,  is  a  fine  addition  to  this  class 
of  ever-bloom,ing  varieties.  Among  the  foreign  roses,  Ste- 
phens's new  China  is  an  exceedingly  fine  one,  with  large, 
purplish-pink,  globular,  flowers.  Several  of  the  fine  varieties 
which  we  have  noticed  at  other  places,  were  also  in  flower. 
Many  of  the  plants  turned  out  into  beds  in  the  open  garden, 
presented  a  fine  display  of  flowers. 

JWrsery  and  Flower  Garden  of  Mr.  Buist. — This  is  situ- 
ated but  a  short  distance  from  the  Pennsylvania  Avenue,  at 
the   corner  of  Twelfth  Street  and  New  York  Avenue,  near 


124  Motes  made  during  a  Visit  to 


'b 


the  new  Patent  Office,  and  contains  about  an  acre  and  a  half 
of  ground.  On  it  is  a  green-house,  forty  feet  long;  a  camellia- 
house  facing  the  north,  forty  feet;  a  hot-house,  forty  feet;  and 
a  geranium-house,  about  forty  feet,  the  whole  being  a  connected 
range.  In  addition  to  this,  there  is  a  rose-house,  lately  erect- 
ed, about  forty  feet  long.  The  whole  we  found  well  filled,  for 
the  season  of  the  year,  with  a  choice  collection  of  heallhy  and 
well  grown  plants.  The  camellias  were  in  excellent  health; 
they  are  kept  in  the  house  the  year  round. 

When  Mr.  Buist  first  leased  a  piece  of  ground  in  Washing- 
ton, it  only  contained  a  few  thousand  feet;  but  he  has  gradu- 
ally extended  his  business  and  enlarged  his  premises,  and 
at  the  present  time  his  whole  grounds  are  completely- stocked 
with  an  excellent  collection  of  plants.  In  the  open  garden, 
the  most  attractive  objects  were  the  roses,  of  which  Mr. 
Buist  cultivates  a  choice  assortment,  including  many  of  the 
newest  kinds.  We  here  saw  some  remarkably  large  specimens 
of  micro|)hy]la,  Noisette,  and  other  roses,  which  are  gene- 
rally considered  very  tender  in  the  latitude  of  Boston,  growing 
to  the  height  of  five  or  six  feet,  and  flowering  in  great  pro- 
fusion, particularly  the  microphylla.  With  a  little  protection, 
the  latter,  as  well  as  some  of  the  teas  and  noisettes,  stands 
the  winter  at  Washington  without  injury,  flowering  abundantly 
from  June  to  November.  Mr.  Buist  showed  us  some  seed- 
ling erythrinas,  which,  though  only  six  months  from  the  seed, 
were  pushing  flower  buds:  it  may  almost  be  treated  as  a  ten- 
der annual,  sowing  the  seeds  in  a  hot-bed  in  March,  and 
transplanting  to  the  open  ground  in  June,  where  the  plants  will 
flower  in  August. 

What  pleased  us  here  as  much  as  any  single  object,  were 
the  pyramids  of  cypress  vine.  We  never  saw  this  exquisite 
annual  growing,  where  we  were  so  much  struck  with  its 
beauty.  The  plants  were  sown  in  a  circle  about  three  feet  in 
diameter;  in  the  centre  of  the  circle,  a  large  tall  stake  was 
placed,  twelve  feet  or  more  high;  at  the  root  of  each  plant 
was  placed  a  forked  peg,  made  of  stout  twigs  of  trees;  to 
each  of  these  a  strong  piece  of  twine  was  attached,  which 
was  carried  to  the  top  of  the  stake,  and  there  made  fast  to  the 
edge  of  a  smaller  circle,  about  six  inches  in  diameter.  The 
vines  had  reached  the  top  of  the  stake,  wreathing  its  branches 
from  one  string  to  another,  and  forming  a  complete  pyramid 
of  its  delicate   foliage,    interlaced   with    its    brilliant    crimson 


JSTew  York,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  ^c.  125 

starry  blossoms.  Every  one  who  possesses  a  garden  may 
have  it  in  equal  perfection,  by  sowing  the  seeds  in  April,  in  a 
hot-bed,  or  May  in  the  open  garden,  and  transplanting  into 
circles,  when  it  is  desirable  to  form  a  pyramid,  as  here  de- 
scribed. Thunbergm  alata,  a.  alba,  and  a.  aurantiaca,  may 
also  be  treated  in  the  same  manner,  though  not  with  equal 
effect;  the  foliage  of  the  latter  in  no  way  comparing  with  the 
cypress  vine:  but  then  the  mixture  of  large  buff,  deep  oi'ange, 
and  pure  white  flowers,  would  form  a  galaxy  of  beauty  which 
would  be  admired  by  all  lovers  of  flowers. 

Mr.  Buist  gave  us  a  list  of  many  of  his  new  roses;  but  as 
they  are  the  same  as  we  have  already  noticed  as  in  the  col- 
lections of  the  Philadelphia  florists,  we  shall  not  repeat  them. 
He  grows  his  best  kinds  in  beds  in  the  open  garden,  v\here 
they  make  stronger  plants,  produce  larger  and  handsomer 
flowers,  and,  what  is  also  of  considerable  consequence,  re- 
quire very  little  care  in  summer,  the  trouble  of  continual 
waterings  being  nearly  done  away  with.  In  the  winter  season, 
Mr.  Buist  flowers  a  large  number  of  plants;  the  gaieties  of  the 
winter  season  in  Washington,  when  Congress  is  assembled, 
create  a  demand  for  bouquets,  and  roses  are  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal flowers  wanted  on  such  occasions. 

Mr.  Buist  is  an  enterprising  man,  and  being  in  constant 
correspondence  with  his  brother  in  Philadelphia,  is  enabled  to 
add  all  the  new  and  rare  plants  to  his  collection  at  an  early 
day.  Neatness  is  preserved  in  all  parts  of  the  garden,  and 
we  were  well  j)leased  with  all  the  arrangements. 

The  Flower  Garden  of  J\Jr.  J.  Douglas,  Jr.,  near  Penn- 
sylvania Avenue,  a  short  distance  from  the  new  Treasury 
building,  contains  about  an  acre  of  ground,  upon  which  is 
erected  a  fine  green-house,  nearly  a  hundred  feet  long.  In 
connection  with  this  place,  Mr.  Douglas  also  occupies  sev- 
eral acres  about  a  mile  out  of  the  city,  where  a  larger  part  of 
his  plants  are  cultivated,  and  from  whence  the  green-house, 
attached  to  the  city  garden,  is  stocked  with  a  fine  colleciion, 
which  is  replenished  as  it  becomes  reduced  from  extensive 
sales. 

In  the  garden  aut  of  the  ciiy,  are  several  houses  devoted 
to  the  cultivation  of  plants;  one  for  roses,  one  for  camellias, 
and  one  for  geraniums  and  miscellaneous  plants.  JMr.  Doug- 
las possesses  a  fine  collection  of  roses,  being  mostly  selec- 
tions from   the   nurserymen   of  New    York  and  Philadelphia, 


126  J^otes  made  during  a  Visit  to 


o 


which  places  he  visits  every  year  or  two,  for  the  purpose  of 
procuring  all  kinds  of  plants  that  are  new  and  fine.  The 
camellias  were  in  excellent  health,  and  embraced  all  the  best 
varieties;  among  the  number  we  saw  some  large  and  fine  spe- 
cimens of  the  double  white. 

In  the  vegetable  garden,  we  noticed  a  method  of  cultivating 
celery,  quite  different  from  the  usual  plan  of  growing  in  single 
trenches.  The  system  is,  to  prepare  a  bed  about  four  feet 
wide,  and  of  any  length  the  ground  will  admit.  In  this  bed 
the  plants  are  set  out,  in  rov/s  about  six  inches  apart,  and  six 
inches  from  plant  to  plant.  This  takes  place  the  latter  part 
of  July  or  first  of  August.  As  soon  as  the  plants  get  well 
rooted  and  begin  to  grow,  the  operation  of  blanching  com- 
mences, and  the  earth  is  filled  in  between  the  plants  every 
fortnight,  until  they  complete  their  growth.  The  object  of 
this  mode  is  principally  to  counteract  the  effects  of  dryness. 
When  the  earth  is  "thrown  up  in  single  ridges,  evaporation, 
under  a  hot  sun,  takes  place  much  more  rapidly  than  if  there 
was  a  large  body  of  earth,  as  in  beds  four  feet  wide.  The 
consequence  is,  that  the  plants  have  a  constant  supply  of  mois- 
ture, and  as  ridges  are  formed  between  the  beds,  where  the 
earth  is  thrown  out,  in  all  heavy  rains  the  plants  receive  all 
the  benefit  of  the  rain;  while,  by  the  method  of  growing  the 
plants  in  single  rows,  all  the  water  is  carried  away  from  them 
into  the  hollows  which  are  formed,  as  soon  as  the  plants  are 
earthed  up  above  the  surface  of  the  soil.  The  celery  in  the 
Washington  market  has  the  reputation  of  being  of  excellent 
quality.  Mr.  Douglas  had  several  large  beds  planted  out  for 
this  purpose. 

In  addition  to  the  stock  of  plants,  Mr.  Douglas  has  a  seed 
store  attached  to  his  city  garden,  and  supplies  all  the  finest 
vegetable  and  flower  seeds  to  be  procured. 

JVursery  of  Mr.  Joshua  Pierce. — About  four  miles  from 
the  city,  we  found  the  nursery  of  IMr.  Pierce,  situated  upon 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  spots  around  the  city,  approached 
only  at  the  nearest  point,  from  a  road  which  skirts  the  border 
of  a  forest,  occasionally  running  through  a  dense  growth  of 
maples,  chestnuts,  &c.  The  nursery  and  farming  grounds 
cover  upwards  of  a  hundred  acres,  which  is  an  elevated  piece 
of  ground,  sloping  on  all  sides  to  the  valley  which  intervenes 
between  that  and  the  surrounding  land.  The  nursery  is  a 
detached  portion  on  the  south  and  west  sides,  the  green-house, 


JVew  York,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  ^-c.  127 

pits,  &c.  facing  tlie  south.  Mr.  Pierce's  attention  has  heen 
given  more  to  the  cultivation  of  fruit  and  shade  trees  than  to 
green-house  plants,  although  he  has  now  a  very  good  collec- 
tion of  the  latter,  including  many  fine  camellias  and  a  good 
variety  of  roses.  We  unfortunately  did  not  find  Mr.  Pierce 
at  home,  but  from  the  intimate  acquaintance  of  Dr.  Gunnell, 
who  kindly  accompanied  us,  we  had  the  opportunity  of  ful- 
ly inspecting  Mr.  Pierce's  grounds. 

In  connection  with  Mr.  J.  F.  Callan,  Mr.  Pierce  has  lately 
erected  a  small  green-house  in  the  garden  attached  to  Mr. 
Callan's  store,  in  F  Street,  where  they  propose  to  sell  plants 
and  bouquets,  and  will  keep  a  fine  collection  always  fresh  from 
Mr.  Pierce's  premises.  Many  purchasers  who  would  be 
deterred  by  the  distance  from  visiting  Mr.  Pierce's  grounds, 
will  be  thus  enabled  to  secure  plants  of  his  cultivation  ready 
at  hand. 

In  regard  to  cultivation,  we  saw  no  improvements  worthy 
of  note.  The  green-houses,  generally,  are  more  badly  con- 
structed than  at  the  north,  and,  with  few  exceptions,  less  at- 
tention is  paid  to  the  neatness  and  appearance  of  the  in-door 
arrangements. 

The  Grounds  of  the  Capitol,  which  we  should  judge  con- 
tain about  twenty  acres,  are  situated  upon  an  eminence  which 
commands  a  fine  view  of  the  surrounding  country,  and  are 
laid  out  with  broad  avenues  of  various  widths,  which  intersect 
one  another,  and  lead  to  the  steps  of  the  Capitol.  The  main 
entrance  to  the  west  front  is  from  Pennsylvania  Avenue, 
where  the  grounds  form  a  semi-circle,  of  which  the  avenue  is 
the  centre;  a  very  broad  walk  leads  from  them,  up  the  as- 
cending surface,  to  the  main  steps,  which  descend  from  a 
broad  semi-circular  terrace:  two  other  entrances  to  this  part 
of  the  grounds  are  placed  at  the  angles  or  sides  of  this  semi- 
circle, which  also,  by  a  straight  walk,  lead  up  to  the  broad 
terrace.  From  this  lower  terrace,  a  long  flight  of  steps  leads 
to  the  upper  one,  upon  which  the  building  of  the  Capitol  is 
placed:  on  the  turf  between  the  walks,  are  oval  and  circular 
beds,  planted  with  shrubs  and  roses,  and  filled  with  dahlias 
and  other  annual  flowers. 

The  grounds  on  the  other  side,  or  east  front,  form  nearly 
a  square,  laid  out  with  two  avenues  through  the  centre,  and  a 
broad  walk  running  round  the  whole,  with  a  belt  of  trees, 
which  forms  the  boundary  line.     On  each  side  of  the  centre 


128         JS^otes  made  during  a  Visit  to  JVeic  York,  ^x. 

avenues  rows  of  trees  are  planted,  and  upon  the  grass  lawns 
which  intervene  between  the  centre  and  outer  walks,  are  two 
large  circles  of  dug  ground,  planted  with  shrubs,  dahlias,  and 
other  flowers. 

The  carriage  entrances  are  on  either  side  of  the  Capitol, 
and  are  separated  from  the  grounds  on  the  north  front  by  an 
iron  paling,  which  runs  direct  from  one  entrance  to  the  otiier. 
The  Capitol  itself  forms  the  line  of  separation  on  the  other, 
with  the  exception  of  a  short  distance  of  low  palisading  on 
each  side,  which  runs  along  the  edge  of  the  terrace. 

The  grounds  are  kept  in  very  neat  order  by  Mr.  Murphy, 
the  principal  gardener,  and,  for  the  amount  of  labor  employ- 
ed, reflected  much  credit  upon  his  industry.  The  walks 
were  clean  and  well  rolled,  and  the  dug  circles  were  filled 
with  earth  and  planted  with  a  variety  of  showy  summer  flow- 
ers. We  will  not  stop  here  to  say  how  far  this  mixture  of 
forest  trees  and  exotic  plants  is  in  accordance  with  our  taste 
for  so  extensive  a  spot  of  ground,  and  attached  to  such  a 
building  as  the  Capitol,  as  we  should  extend  our  remarks  too 
far;  our  object  is  only  to  give  our  readers  some  idea  of  the 
state  of  gardening,  without  the  intention  of  fully  discussing 
particular  errors  or  faults  in  laying  out  grounds. 

The  Garden  and  Grounds  of  the  President''s  House  have 
been  a  subject  of  so  much  discussion  the  past  year  or  two,  that 
it  might  be  expected  we  should  give  some  account  of  a  place 
upon  which  such  extravagant  sums  are  said  to  have  been  ex- 
pended. We  fear,  however,  that  any  person  of  any  preten- 
sions to  taste,  would  be  sadly  puzzled  to  find  in  what  manner 
any  large  amount  of  money  could  have  been  expended.  The 
garden  consists  of  nothing  but  a  plain  piece  of  ground,  for- 
merly quite  level,  but  now  made  uneven  and  unmeaning  by 
three  artificial  mounds.  A  walk  environs  the  whole,  and  other 
walks  cross  the  grounds  at  two  or  three  points;  a  hasty  glance 
did  not  impress  upon  our  memory  every  particular  in  relation 
to  them.  Very  few  trees  or  shrubs  have  been  planted,  and, 
with  the  exception  of  a  border  about  ten  feet  against  the  wall 
which  shuts  out  the  offices  of  the  house,  there  are  but  few 
flowers  upon  the  grounds.  The  mounds  which  we  have  re- 
ferred to  have  been  thrown  up,  and  thus  remain,  without  any 
plantations  of  shrubs  or  trees  to  give  a  character  to  the  gar- 
den, or  hide  the  nakedness  of  these  elevations,  seeming  more 
like  heaps  of  earth  accidentally  placed  there,  and  grown  over 


On  the  Cultivation  of  Salsify,  129 

with  turf,  rather  than  the  natural  undulations  of  the  surface. 
We  can  conceive  of  no  worse  taste  than  the  execution  of  the 
work  as  it  now  is:  the  object  of  these  mounds  seems  to  have 
been  to  hide  one  part  of  the  garden  from  another;  but  this 
could  have  been  done  much  better  by  a  picturesque  or  gar- 
denesque  plantation  of  trees,  without  a  resort  to  the  artificial 
means  which  have  been  used.  We  trust,  for  the  credit  of  a 
national  taste,  that  some  alterations  may  be  made,  when  there 
shall  be  means  at  command  to  do  it,  and  that  the  grounds  may 
be  re-arranged,  and  laid  out  in  a  style  corresponding  to  the 
architecture  of  the  building  and  tlie  character  of  the  place. 

Having  delayed  our  tour  longer  than  we  had  expected,  duty 
to  our  readers  compelled  us  to  hasten  our  return,  and  pass- 
ing through  the  same  route  which  we  came,  we  reached  Bos- 
ton on  the  23d  of  the  month,  gratified  with  our  visit,  and  our 
note-book  stored  with  memoranda,  which  we  trust  have  fur- 
nished not  only  interesting  information  upon  the  state  of  gar- 
dening, but  many  useful  practical  hints  to  the  cultivator  of 
plants. 


Art.  II.      On  the  cultivation  of  Salsify,  (Tragopogon  pori- 
folius.)     By  the  Editor. 

One  of  the  most  delicious  vegetables,  of  late  introduction, 
is  the  Salsify,  or  vegetable  oyster.  Though  more  or  less 
known  for  several  years,  yet,  to  the  mass  of  the  community, 
it  is  quite  a  new  vegetable.  It  is  rarely  found  in  our  mar- 
ket, and  is  scarcely  seen  beyond  the  precincts  of  the  kitchen 
gardens  of  gentlemen  in  the  vicinity  of  our  large  cities,  who 
look  upon  it  as  one  of  the  most  valuable  vegetables  they  cul- 
tivate, supplying  the  place,  as  one  of  its  names  indicates,  of 
the  oyster,  and  in  perfection  from  December  till  June.  A 
brief  notice  of  it  in  our  pages  will,  we  hope,  draw  more  at- 
tention to  it,  and  induce  many  to  plant ;  and  it  is  rather 
with  this  view  that  we  allude  to  it,  for  its  cultivation  is  ex- 
ceedingly simple,  requiring  no  more  care  than  the  parsnip. 
VOL.  VIII. NO.   IV.  17 


1 30  AUempt  to  ascertain  the  species  of 

The  seeds  should  be  sown  in  April,  in  rows  about  ten  inches 
apart,  in  good  light  rich  soil,  dug  very  deep,  so  that  the  roots 
may  penetrate  the  earth  and  meet  with  no  obstruction  to  make 
them  crooked.  Thin  out  the  plants  to  the  distance  of  four 
or  six  inches;  give  due  attention  during  the  season,  and  keep 
the  beds  clean  by  occasional  hoeings  between  the  rows  and 
by  hand  weeding,  and  the  plants  will  make  a  good  growth. 

In  October,  or  early  in  November,  the  roots  should  be 
taked  up  and  housed  in  the  cellar,  precisely  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  the  parsnip,  and  may  be  used  from  time  to  time  as 
needed.  We  have  left  them  out  all  winter,  as  they  are  as 
hardy  as  the  parsnip;  and  where  there  is  a  plentiful  stock,  one 
or  two  rows  might  remain  until  March  or  April,  when  the 
roots  should  be  dug. 

There  are  various  methods  of  cooking  the  roots,  but  one 
of  the  most  simple  is  to  boil  them,  then  mash  and  form  them 
into  cakes,  and  fry  them  in  batter.  Served  in  this  way,  they  re-^ 
semble  a  real  "native"  oyster,  challenging  even  the  palate  of  a 
grand  gourmand  to  detect  the  substitute,  and  are  an  excellent 
accompaniment  to  many  dishes,  particularly  in  the  country, 
where  oysters  are  a  rare  article  at  all  times. 

An  ounce  or  two  of  seed  will  plant  a  bed  suitable  for  the 
wants  of  a  small  family. 


Art.  III.  Attempt  to  ascertain  more  correctly  the  species  of 
Oxalis  cultivated  in  our  green-houses;  with  Observations  on 
other  species  of  a  more  hardy  character.  By  John  Lewis 
Russell,  Professor  of  Botany  and  Vegetable  Physiology 
to  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society,  &c.  &c. 

Although  much  has  been  said  heretofore,  and  many  con- 
tributions have  been  made  to  the  pages  of  this  Magazine,  of 
value  to  the  amateur  and  florist,  on  the  subjects  of  this  present 
memoir,  yet  a  desire  to  add  to  the  interest  manifestly  shown 
towards  the  culture  of  these  little  floral  gems,  has  induced  me 
to  contribute  the  results  of  my  inquiries  towards  a  more  pre- 


Oxalis  cultivated  in  our  Green-houses.  131 

cise  knowledge.  Aware  that  errors  existed  in  their  nomen- 
clature, arising  from  a  too  prevalent  habit  among  gardeners  to 
attach  to  a  species  of  whose  name  they  are  ignorant,  some  name 
of  their  own,  or  one  which  sounds  like  the  correct,  I  was  in- 
duced to  look  into  the  matter,  and  endeavor  to  ascertain  those 
species  which  have  fallen  under  my  observation. 

To  facilitate  the  study  of  plants,  the  species  of  which  are 
numerous,  it  is  usual  to  divide  them  into  sections,  by  a  sort 
of  natural  arrangement,  embracing  individuals  most  nearly  re- 
lated to  each  other.  I  follow,  in  this  paper,  the  arrangement 
of  De  Candolle,  in  the  first  volume  of  his  Prodromus  Syst^ 
JVat.  Regni  Vcgelabilis,  p.  690. 

§  2.       CoRNICULAT^, 
Peduncles  one,  two,  or  many  flowered ;  stems  leafy,  leaves  trifoliate,  leaflets  sessile. 

1  r\'     T     ,  '  ,    T  )      Native   in  fields   and  by  road- 

1.  (J  xaiis  stricta  L.         f    •  ,  •  i       j  j         j 
r,  r\,     T           •     1^.     T    >  sides;  considered  as  weeds,  and 

2.  (J  xalis  corniculala  L.  i     r  r.li     i^       ,       a  n       • 

5  01  little  beauty;  nowers  yellow^ 

§  3.       SESSILIFOLIiE. 

Peduncles  axillary,  one-flowered;  stems  elongated,  leafy  J  leaves  trifoliate,  sessilt. 

3.  O'xalis  7'uhella  Jacquin.  A  beautiful  species,  and  com- 
mon in  our  green-houses;  of  a  lax  habit,  with  weak  long 
stems,  pubescent,  and  branching  frequently,  bearing  linear- 
wedge-shaped  leaves,  sessile,  pale  green,  ciliate;  the  flowers 
appearing  shortly  after  it  begins  to  grow;  peduncles  quite 
long,  each  bearing  a  single  rosy  blossom,  yellowish  at  base; 
a  small  bracte  just  below  the  calyx,  liable  however  to  some 
variation  as  to  its  relative  distance  from  the  calyx,  owing  prob- 
ably to  the  mode  of  growth,  by  which  the  entire  peduncle  is 
elongated.  Figured  in  Curtis's  Botanical  Magazine^  1031, 
as  O'xalis  hiria  Jacquin,  in  which  also  is  a  remark  that  O. 
hirta,  rubella,  and  a  third  species,  are  nearly  allied.  I  have 
received  it  from  a  friend  as  identical  with  O.  hirta,  as  sent 
from  some  collection  in  England,  with  that  name.  I  am  con- 
fident, however,  that  this  is  a  mistake,  and  suspect  that  a 
species  sometimes  called  0.  pentaphylla,  (vide  this  Magazine, 
Vol.  II.,  p.  442,)  is  the  genuine  O.  hirta.  Indeed, _from 
De  Candolle's  description,  there  can  scarcely  be  any  doubt 
of  this;  "floreo  lilacini  flavo  tubo  brevi."  The  genuine  O. 
pentaphylla  belongs  to  the  section  of  glandular-leaved,  while 
O.  rubella  and  the  supposed  pentaphylla  do  not. 


132  Attempt  to  ascertain  the  species  of 

§  5.    Caprin^e. 

Stemless;  peduncles  one,  two,  or  many  flowered ;  leaflets  three,  or  many,  stalked, 

4.  O'xalis  Boicie'i  Alton.,  Loudon's  liort.  Britt.,  11928. 
A  superb  species,  and  of  easy  culture,  if  particular  care  is 
taken  to  cultivate  large  bulbs.  For  excellent  remarks,  see 
pp.  295,  &c.  of  Vol.  IV.,  by  the  editor. 

5.  O'xalis  cernua  De  Cand.  The  well  known,  delicately 
yellow-flowered  species,  sometimes  incorrectly  called  caprina. 
A  double  or  monstrous  multiplex-corolled  variety  of  this,  is 
met  with  in  collections,  an  object  of  curiosity  rather  than  of 
beauty. 

6.  O'xalis  tetraphylla  Cavanilles.  Leaves  four,  (rarely 
three,)  obcordate,  smooth;  scape  umbelliferous,  with  several 
flowers  of  a  purple  color.  A  pretty  species  for  out-door 
cultivation  in  summer:  the  bulbs  to  be  taken  up  at  the  ap- 
proach of  frost,  and  kept  dry  in  winter.  Native  of  Mexico. 
For  treatment  in  pots,  see  Vol.  I.,  p.  334  of  this  Magazine. 

7.  O'xalis  violdcea  L.,  Bigelow's  Plants  of  Boston,  &c. 
A  little  native  species  of  delightful  habits  and  easy  culture  in 
some  rich  shady  situation  in  the  garden;  flowering  in  May  and 
June. 

8.  O'xalis  Deppeu.  An  abundant  blooming  species,  with 
dull  red  flowers  on  long  peduncles;  and  better  adapted  for  the 
border  than  for  pots.  The  only  notice  I  have  observed  of  it, 
is  an  incidental  one  in  Vol.  IL,  p.  141,  of  this  Magazine. 
Country  unknown. 

9.  O'xalislatifolia  l^unth.  Stemless;  leaflets  three,  broad, 
deltoid,  emarginate,  bilobed;  scape  several-flowered,  sepals 
obtuse,  marked  with  a  reddish  glandular  spot  on  the  lips; 
flowers  violet-colored,  small.  Rather  pretty  for  out-door  cul- 
ture. Increases  rapidly.  Received  in  soil  with  plants  from 
Cuba,  by  J.  W.  Boot,  and  kindly  presented  to  me. 

§  8.       ACETOSELL^. 

Stemless;    leaves  trifoliate,  petiolcd;  scapes  one-flowered. 

10.  O'xalis  variabilis  var.  h.  rubra  Jacquin.  This  seems 
to  be  the  correct  name  for  what  is  usually  known  in  green- 
houses, and  offered  for  sale  in  seed-stores  of  florists,  for  O. 
rosacae^a  or  rosea.  The  veritable  0.  rosacse^a  belongs  to  an 
entirely  different  group,  and  has  the  habits  of  O.  rubella; 
while  the  true  0.  rosea  belongs  to  the  section  Corniculatae, 
and  is  related  to  species,  still  more  distinct. 


Oxalis  cultivated  in  our  Green-houses.  133 

11.  O'x alls  variabilis  var.  c.  grandijldra  Jacquin.  Similar 
to  variety  6.  Flowers  large,  pure  white,  pale  yellow  at  base. 
Not  common  in  collections,  but  more  delicately  beautiful  than 
the  last,  and  an  excellent  accompaniment  to  it.  Received, 
about  four  years  ago,  from  the  gardens  at  St.  Helena,  and 
cultivated  by  the  amateur  florists  in  Salem. 

12.  O'xalis  variabilis  var.  d.  Siir.sii  De  Cand.  Another 
variety  (similar  to  the  last,)  with  large  white  flowers.  Seen 
in  the  collection  of  J.  W.  Boot,  in  the  winter  of  1840. 

13.  O'xalis  acetosella  americdna  De  Cand.  An  elegant 
native  species,  exceedingly  abundant  in  deep  woods  of  New 
Hampshire,  Maine,  &c.,  and  easily  cultivated.  Seen  on 
Kearsarge  Mountain,  July  5th,  1840,  covering  the  ground 
with  profusion  of  flowers. 

§  9.     Adenophyllje. 

StCTHs  leafy;  leaves  petioled;  three  to  Jive  leaved  linear,  underneath  at  top  bearing  glands. 

14.  O'xalis  versicolor  L.  Common  in  collections,  and 
minutely  beautiful,  being  one  of  the  snialiest  species  cultivated; 
of  easy  culture  in  the  parlor  or  green-house,  and  for  sale  at 
the  seed-stores. 

§  10.     Palmatifolije. 

Stemleas;  haves  petioled,  palmate,  or  peltate,  three  to  Jive  leaved;  scapes  one-Jlowered. 

15.  O' xalis  Jlabellifdlia  Jacquin.  Leaves  singularly  plicate 
fan-shaped  before  expanding;  flowers  yellow.  A  shy  flower- 
er,  and  therefore  in  not  much  repute;  but  if  kept  quite  dry 
after  being  potted,  and  before  the  appearance  of  the  leaves, 
the  flowers  may  be  readily  obtained. 

Doubtful  Species. 

16.  O'xalis  mauritidna  [J)Iauritius''s  oxalis,)  Prince's  Cat- 
alogue of  green-house  plants.  Leaflets  in  threes,  obcordate, 
ciliate;  scape  rising  above  the  leaves;  flowers  on  large  pedun- 
cles, pale  lilac.  A  species  of  some  beauty,  and  becoming 
naturalized  in  warm  sheltered  situations  of  our  city  gardens. 


Remarks. — O'xalis  ma^iritidna  (?,)  tetraphylla,  latifulia, 
and  Deppeu,  might  be  advantageously  planted  as  a  low  border 
for  small  beds,  affording  a  constant  bloom  for  several  months; 
or  interspersed  with  O.  Bowie/,  would  look  well  in  large 
patches,  after  the  style  of  planting  verbenas.  The  latter  spe- 
cies flowers  very  well   in  the  open  ground  towards  the  end  of 


134  J^eio  variety  of  the  Michigan  Rose. 

summer;  the  smaller  bulbs  doing  better  by  this  treatment  than 
by  potting;  giving  an  opportunity  to   the  florist   to  use  his  en- 
tire stock  of  bulbs,   and   in  selecting  the  stronger  for  the  cul- 
ture of  the  succeeding  winter.  J.  L.  R. 
Feb.   17,  1842. 


Art.  IV.     Some  notice  of  a  new  variety  of  the  Michigan 
Rose,  (Rosa  rubifolia.)     By  An  Amateur. 

Three  years  ago,  I  received  from  Mr.  Samuel  Feast,  of 
Baltimore,  a  small  lot  of  roses.  One  of  them  was  a  seed- 
ling of  our  superb  native,  i^osa  rubifolia,  (the  Detroit  or 
Michigan  rose.)  The  terms  in  which  Mr.  Feast  mentioned 
it,  were  not  such  as  to  excite  very  high  expectations;  being, 
however,  a  variety  of  a  species  that  I  greatly  admired,  it  was 
planted  in  a  good  situation,  and  its  period  of  flowering  looked 
forward  to  with  some  anxiety. 

The  first  year  it  did  nothing — gave  no  indications  of  excel- 
lence. But  by  the  second  spring,  it  had  become  well  estab- 
lished, and  then  it  fully  vindicated  its  parentage — it  indeed 
proved  to  be  a  variety  of  surpassing  beauty. 

It  is  distinguished,  like  its  parent,  for  luxuriance  of  growth, 
and,  like  it,  produces  its  flowers  in  large  clusters.  The 
flower  is  very  double,  and  of  an  exquisite  form,  being  per- 
fectly symmetrical  and  deeply  cupped,  with  petals  of  a  camel- 
lia-like appearance.  Its  color  is  a  fine  pink,  with  slight  vari- 
ations of  brilliancy  in  the  flowers  of  the  same  cluster;  and  it 
possesses  the  property  most  unusual  in  a  rose,  of  retaining  its 
beauty  unafi'ected  by  our  scorching  suns,  for  several  days. 

I  have  bloomed  some  of  the  best  varieties  of  the  Ayrshire, 
and  several  other  fine  running  roses;  but  though  they  are  very 
beautiful,  this  seedling  is  superior  to  any  of  them.  Mr. 
Feast  calls  it  the  Beauty  of  the  Prairies. 

I  have  recently  learned  that  Mr.  Feast  has  been  so  fortunate 
as  to  raise  four  other  beautiful  varieties  of  the  same  species, 
the  names  and  characters  being  as  follows: — 

Baltimore  Belle,  with  blush  centre,  flowering  in  large 
clusters. 


FloricuUural  and  Botanical  J^otices.  135 

Perpetual   Michigan;   pink,   changing  to    purple;  cupped, 
and  very  double;  flowering  from  three  to  four  times  a  year. 

Superba;  white,  with  pink  centre. 

Pallida;  white. 

Mr.  Feast  recommends  the  above  very  highly. 

Some  years  ago,  I  had  the  two  original  species,  R.  rubi- 
folia  and  R.  sempervirens  var.  capreolata  (Ayrshire,)  growing 
side  by  side,  and  was  strongly  impressed  with  the  relative 
inferiority  of  the  latter.  I  then  looked  forward  to  the  time 
when  the  former  should  be  the  parent  of  more  superb  varieties 
of  climbing  roses  than  any  that  had  ever  yet  gladdened  the 
eyes  of  the  amateur;  but  little  did  I  imagine  that  my  antici- 
pations were  so  soon  to  be  realized.  A  ,.T  A,,  .n,T,TTT, 
*                                                                                               AN  AMATEUR. 


Art.  V.  FloricuUural  and  Botanical  JVotices  of  new 
Plants  figured  in  foreign  periodicals;  with  Remarks  on 
those  recently  introduced  to,  or  originated  in,  American 
gardens;  and  additional  information  upon  plants  already  in 
cultivation. 

Edtvards's  Botanical  Register,  or  Ornamental  Flower  Garden 
and  Shrubbery.  Each  number  containing  from  six  to  eight 
plates,  with  additional  miscellaneous  information,  relative  to 
new  Plants.     In  monthly  numbers;  3s.  plain,  3s.  6d.  colored. 

Paxton^s  Magazine  of  Botany ,  and  Register  of  Flowering  Plants. 
Each  number  containing  four  colored  plates.  Monthly.  2s.  6d. 
each.  Edited  by  J.  Paxton,  gardener  to  the  Duke  of  Devon- 
shire. 

The  Gardener's  Chronicle,  a  stamped  newspaper  of  Rural  Econ- 
omy and  General  News.  Edited  by  Prof.  Lindley.  Weekly. 
Price  6d.  each. 

Botanical  and  FloricuUural  Intelligence.  JVcto  species  of 
Raffles\a. — Mr.  Teschemacher,  in  an  article  in  the  last  num- 
ber of  the  Boston  Journal  of  JVatural  History,  (Vol.  IV., 
Part  I.,)  describes  a  new  species  of  the  RafBesia,  which  he 
proposes  to  call  R.  manilana.  The  specimens  are  preserved 
in  spirit,  and  weie  received  last  spring  from  Manilla.     They 


136  Florkullural  and  Botanical  J\*olices 

were  gathered  in  Basei,  a  district  of  the  province  of  Leiti, 
on  the  same  spot  visited  by  Mr.  Cutnming  for  the  purpose  of 
finding  this  plant,  during  his  late  excursion  to  the  Phihppine 
Islands.  The  results  of  his  tour  are  not  yet  known;  and  in 
the  mean  time,  Mr  Teschemacher  proposes  to  call  it  R.  man- 
ilana.      The  following  is  the  description: — 

Rafflesia  manilana  Tesch.  Bud  before  expansion  two  and 
a  half  inches  in  diameter,  arising  from  a  cup  three  fourths  of 
an  inch  high,  formed  by  the  thickened  bark  of  the  root  of  the 
cissus;  the  bractae  originating  from  the  inner  side  of  the  upper 
edge  of  the  cup;  no  appearance  of  reticulation  under  the 
base;  disk  of  column  convex,  processes  on  surface  eleven, 
one  of  which  is  in  the  centre,  the  rest  arranged  around  it, 
their  summits  entire  and  hispid;  lower  part  of  the  tube  of 
perianth  studded  with  thick  glandular  hairs;  anthers  ten, 
with  cells  and  pores  as  in  other  species;  no  maniliform  cord 
at  base  of  column;  sporiferous  cavities  not  apparent;  flowers 
examined  probably  male;  interior  of  perianth  covered  with 
various  forward  tubercles. 

A  drawing  of  this  species,  copied  from  the  specimen  re- 
ceived, is  added  to  the  above  description.  It  represents  a 
section  of  this  singular  flower,  as  dissected  by  Mr.  Teschem- 
acher. The  largest  bud  measured  two  and  a  half  inches  in 
diameter,  and  arises  from  a  cup  three  fourths  of  an  inch  in 
depth.  Its  smaller  size  alone  is  sufficient  to  distinguish  it 
from  R.  Arnoldu,  which  is  said  to  have  buds  one  foot  in  di- 
ameter. The  genus  now  comprises  four  species,  R.  Ar- 
noldii,  R.  Patma,  R.  Horsfieldu,  and  R.  manilana. 

CamelUa  var.  Hempsteddn. — We  lately  noticed  this  fine  vari- 
ety, (Vol.  VII.,  p.  259.)  Since  then,  we  have  had  the  pleas- 
ure of  seeing  a  flower  which  was  cut  from  the  original  plant. 
The  flower  is  of  great  beauty,  and  will  rank  among  the  best 
which  have  been  raised.  It  is  fully  equal  in  its  form  to  Land- 
rethr,  (which  we  consider  superior,  as  a  model  flower,  to  the 
double  white,)  but  of  larger  size,  less  compact  and  stiff,  and 
with  a  bolder  petal.  The  centre  is  well  crowned,  and  in  this 
respect  it  rather  excels  Landretln.  The  color  very  nearly 
resembles  inyrtifolia,  being  of  a  clear  deep  rose:  it  comes 
near  to  C.  var.  Wilderi,  both  in  form  and  color.  Messrs. 
Ritchie  &  Dick,  the  growers  of  this  fine  seedling,  have  not 
yet  offered  it  for  sale,  but  will  probably  do  so  another  season, 
when  those  who  are  desirous  of  possessing  a  collection  of  the 
very  best  camellias,  must  include  this  among  the  number. — Ed. 


of  new  and  beautiful  Plants.  137 

JVeto  seedling  Camellias,  Jizaleas,  ^c. — Our  correspondent 
in  Philadelphia  writes  us  as  follows,  in  regard  to  the  new 
plants  and  nov^elties  of  the  season: — 

With  regard  to  new  plants  and  varieties  of  the  season,  I 
may  mention  a  few  that  were  exhibited  at  a  late  meeting  of 
the  Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Society.  One  of  the  finest 
objects  was  a  seedling  camellia,  (C.  var.  Chalmer/r,)  by  Pe- 
ter Rabbe,  a  neat  and  perfect  one  of  the  kind;  it  has  a  great 
deal  of  the  character  of  C.  var.  Foidti,  but  much  superior, 
lighter  in  color,  with  large  shining  foliage,  the  veins  very 
prominent,  almost  to  reticulation;  quite  distinctfrom  any  other, 
and  forms  a  beautiful,  bushy,  and  showy  plant,  and  will  be 
numbered  as  one  of  the  best.  Mr.  Buist  exhibited  a  tolera- 
bly good  rose-colored  seedling  camellia,  with  a  few  ragged 
petals  in  the  centre;  he  also  had  some  seedling  azaleas,  and  a 
fine  seedling  cineraria,  I  think  the  very  best  of  the  kind. 
Ritchie  &  Dick,  I  understand,  have  another  exceedingly  fine 
camellia  this  season;  I  have  not  seen  it,  but  report  speaks 
highly  favorable  of  its  character.  Mr.  IMcKenzie's  seedling 
azaleas,  numbering  upwards  of  a  hundred  kinds,  are  splendid, 
of  all  colors,  large  in  flower,  and  fine  habits.  I  believe  they 
are  a  cross  between  the  iJhododendron  and  Azalea;  a  few  of 
these  are  superior,  in  my  opinion,  to  any  of  the  varieties,  ex- 
cept variegata,  and  will  be  an  acquisition  to  any  collection. — 
»5n  Amateur. 

JSfew  Tree  Pceonies. — In  our  notes,  a  short  time  since,  upon 
Mr.  Wilder's  plants,  we  stated  that  he  had  recently  received 
ten  or  fifteen  new  tree  pseonies  from  Germany;  since  then, 
some  of  them  have  flowered,  and  promise  to  be  fine  additions 
to  this  splendid  family  of  plants.  One  called  rubra  plena, 
was  quite  superior  to  the  old  Banksi^,  being  fuller  in  the  cen- 
tre of  the  flower,  and  the  color  deeper  and  richer.  More  of 
them  will  bloom  the  present  month. — Ed. 
Cappariddcece. 

CLEO'ME 
liilea  Hooker.    Golden  Cleorae.     A  hardy  annual;   growing  four  feet  high;  with  yellow 

flowers;  appearing  all  summer;  a  native  of  Fort  Vancouver.    Bot.  Reg.,  1841,  t.  67. 
Syn.  Cledine  aiirea.    Torrey  and  Gray's  Flora. 

"A  rather  pretty  annual  "  introduced  from  the  North  West 
Coast.  It  grows  three  or  four  feet  high,  with  glabrous  three 
to  five  parted  leaves,  and  the  stems  terminated  with  large 
clusters  of  golden  yellow  flowers.  The  plants  grow  freely 
in  any  good  strong  soil,  and  a  dry  situation. 

VOL.  VIII. — NO.  IV.  18 


138  Floricultural  and  Botanical  Notices 

In  Torrey  and  Gray's  Flora,  Cleome  aurea  is  considered 
different  from  C.  lutea,  because  it  is  larger  in  all  its  parts, 
and  ilie  stamens  are  equal,  instead  of  being  four  long  and 
two  short,  with  long  narrow  anthers.  From  an  examination  of 
authentic  specimens.  Dr.  Lindley  has  deemed  it  necessary  to 
unite  the  two  supposed  species,  C.  lutea  and  C  aurea.  {Bat. 
Reg.,  Dec.) 

Onogrdcece. 

FV'CUSIjI 
rddicans  JUiers   Rooting  Fuchsia.      A  preen-honse  shrnb;  growing  twenty  feet  high; 
will)  crimson  flowers;  appu;ring  in  summer;  a  native  of  Brazil;  grown  in  light  rich 
soil;  increased  by  cuttings.     Jiot.  Reg.  1841,  t.  66. 

Of  this  new  and  very  fine  species  of  the  fuchsia,  the  fol- 
lowing account  is  given  by  Mr.  Miers,  who  introduced  it  from 
Brazil: — 

"I  was  greatly  struck  with  this  beautiful  species,  when  I 
first  met  with  it  in  the  Organ  Mountains,  in  1S29,  clinging,  in 
long  festoons,  from  a  very  tall  tree,  and  exhibiting  abundance 
of  its  brilliant  flowers.  It  was  also  collected  by  Mr.  Gard- 
ner, when  he  first  botanized  in  the  same  range;  and,  on  my 
last  visit  to  those  mountains,  I  planted  a  cutting,  which  I  suc- 
ceeded in  bringing  home,  and  which,  although  nearly  four 
years  old,  has  only  now  shown  its  first  blossom.  The  main 
stem  has  attained  a  length  of  eighteen  feet,  and  it  has  many 
accessory  branches  of  neatly  equal  length.  From  its  hand- 
some flowers  and  trailing  habit,  this  species  is  likely  to  be- 
come a  favorite  ornament  in  green-houses,  where  it  will  flourish 
well;  for  though  its  native  place  is  just  within  the  tropics,  it 
grows  at  an  elevation  of  three  thousand  feet,  where  it  expe- 
riences, during  the  nights  of  the  Brazilian  winter,  in  those 
regions,  a  temperature  frequently  as  low  as  35°  to  40°." 

The  old  stems  throw  out  peculiar  stoloniform  roots,  (from 
"whence  its  name,)  at  each  axil,  and  occasionally  also  in  the 
internodes,  bursting  through  the  bark.  In  this  respect,  Mr. 
Miers  thinks  it  approaches  the  F.  aff'inis  of  St.  Hiliare. 
The  drawing  represents  a  branch,  with  elliptical  acuminate 
leaves,  and  axillary  flowers  two  inches  in  length,  the  petals 
deep  purple,  and  the  calyx  of  a  rich  scarlet.  It  produces  an 
ovale  berry,  of  a  deep  reddish  purple. 

This  species  is  a  free  grower,  and  requires  the  same  treat- 
ment as  the  other  fuchsias.  From  its  pendant  trailing  habit, 
it  may  be  planted  in  the  border  of  the  conservatory,  and 
trained  to  a  pillar  or  trellis,    where   it  would  look  well  if  it 


of  new  and  beautiful  Plants.  139 

flowers  freely.  Its  habit  would  indicate  a  less  abundant  and 
early  bloom  than  many  of  the  other  kinds,  but  young  plants 
have  already  flowered  in  Birmingham.  It  strikes  freely  from 
cuttings.      [Bot.  Reg.,  Dec.) 

cordiftlia  Benth.  Heart-leaved  Fuchsia.  A  green-house  plant;  growing  three  to  five 
feet  high;  with  green  and  crimson  flowers;  apiiearing  in  spring;  a  native  of  Gunlemula; 
increased  by  cuttings,  and  grown  in  leaf  mould  and  loam.    Bot.  Reg.,  1841,  t.  70. 

The  family  of  fuchsias  has  become  exceedingly  numerous, 
from  the  introduction  of  many  new  species,  and  the  produc- 
tion of  numerous  new  seedlings  by  the  English  florists.  But 
notwithstanding  the  brilliancy  of  many  of  them,  they  are 
yet  to  be  eclipsed  by  new  additions  from  abroad.  "If," 
says  Dr.  Lindley,  "the  woods  of  Mexico  and  Chili,  now  al- 
most exhausted,  have  yielded  us  the  species  ihymifolia,  mi- 
crophylla,  cylindrica,  Lycioides,  fulgens,  macrostemma,  grac- 
ilis, and  all  their  train  of  beautiful  hybrids,  we  have  still  the 
rich  store-house  of  the  Cordilleras  of  Peru  to  investigate,  from 
which  F.  corymbiflora  only,  of  itself  a  treasure,  has  yet  ap- 
peared." M.  Hartweg,  the  Horticultural  Society's  collec- 
tor, is  now  on  his  route  from  the  Cinchona  forests  of  Guaya- 
quil to  the  untrodden  mountains  of  Popayan,  and  will  probably 
detect  some  new  and  fine  species. 

The  F.  cordifolia  has  a  glabrous  stem,  with  opposite,  cor- 
date, acuminate  leaves;  the  flowers  are  tubular  and  pubescent, 
about  two  inches  long,  of  a  fine  scarlet,  the  segments  termi- 
nated with  green,  thus  forming  a  striking  contrast.  The  foliage 
is  large,  and  "handsomer  than  the  generality  of  its  race." 
M.  Hartweg  found  it  on  a  volcano,  ten  thousand  feet  above 
tlie  level  of  the  sea.  It  will  be  an  excellent  species  from 
which  to  raise  hybrids,  by  crossing  it  with  the  globosa  and 
others.  Increased  by  cuttings,  and  requires  the  same  treaU 
inent  as  others  of  the  genus.      {Bot.  Reg.^  Dec.) 

Campanulacect. 

GLOSSOCO'iMIA  (from  a  money  lag,  because  of  the  reseniblance  of  the   flower  to  It.) 
D.  Don. 
ovita  Benth.     Ovate  Pouch-bell.     A  hardy  perennial;  growing  a  foot  and  a  half  high; 
with  white  and  pink  flowers;  appearing  in  July;  a  native  of  the  north  of  India;  in- 
creased by  seeds.     Bot.  Reg.,  1842,  t,  3. 
Syn.  Wahlenb^rgia  Roylei  Alph.  U.  C. 

A  pretty  perennial  plant,  growing  eighteen  inches  high,  with 
erect  stems,  and  small,  cordate,  ovate,  pubescent  leaves;  each 
shoot  terminated  by  a  single  white  bell-shaped  flower,  the  in- 
ner part  of  the  corolla  veined  and  streaked  with  bright  pink. 
The  plant   is  of  simple  cultivation,    requiring  only  a  common 


140  FlorieuUural  and  Botanical  J^otices 

garden  soil,  and  good  situation,  where  it  flowers  freely  in  July. 
It  is  increased  by  seeds.     {Bot.  Reg.,  Jan.) 

Gooden'ikceds. 

LESCHEN'AU'LTM 
bilob;\  Lindl.     Large  blue  Leschenaultia.     A  green-house  plant;  growing  a  foot  high; 

with   blue  flowers;  appearing  all  the  sprinc;  a  native  of  Swan  Riverj  increased  by 

cutiinas;  grown  in  peat,  loam,  and  sand.     Bot.  Reg.,  1842,  t.  2. 
Syn.  Leschenaultia  grandifldra  De  Cand. 

The  great  beauty  of  the  old  Leschenaultia  formosa  of  our 
gardens,  is  acknowledged  by  all  who  have  ever  seen  it:  its 
delicate  heath-like  foliage,  its  small  stature,  and  the  profusion 
of  its  orange  scarlet  flowers,  displayed  nearly  the  whole  year 
through,  has  rendered  it  a  universal  favorite  in  all  choice  collec- 
tions. When  it  was  announced  that  a  species  with  similar  hab- 
its, and  with  fine  blue  flowers,  had  been  discovered,  great  inter- 
est was  excited  among  cultivators  to  introduce  it  to  British 
collections,  for  it  could  not  fail  to  be  as  generally  cultivated 
and  admired  as  the  formosa:  in  due  time  plants  were  procured, 
and  they  bloomed  for  the  first  time  in  the  fall  of  1840,  in  the 
collection  of  INlessrs.  Veitch  &  Sons,  of  Exeter,  who  obtain- 
ed the  large  silver  medal  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society 
for  the  specimen  exhibited.  Its  reputation  has  not  been  ex- 
aggerated, for  few  plants  can  "be  more  lovely  than  its  deep 
azure  flowers,  on  so  delicate  and  heath-like  a  foliage."  To 
describe  it  is  only  to  imagine  the  orange  scarlet  flowers  of  the 
L.  formosa  to  be  changed  into  deep  blue,  and  the  L.  biloba 
is  before  us.  Dr.  Lindley  states  that  there  are  other  species 
of  Leschenaultia  in  Swan  River,  not  yet  introduced,  "one, 
too,  with  blue  flowers,"  called  the  L.  grandiflora,  which  ap- 
pears, from  the  dried  specimens,  to  be  loaded  with  "blossoms 
of  a  much  larger  size  than  this." 

This  species  is  as  easily  treated  as  the  formosa,  requiring 
the  same  soil,  and  the  same  situation  in  the  green-house.  Cut- 
tings root  freely  in  spring  and  summer,  under  a  bell-glass,  in  a 
little  heat.  When  growing,  care  should  be  taken  to  nip  off 
the  tops  of  the  branches,  to  make  the  plants  form  compact 
bushes.  [Bot.  Reg.,  Jan.) 
Primuldcece. 

iYSIMACHIA. 

LobcUnldes  Wallich  Lobelia-like  Loose-strife.  A  hardy  perennial;  growing  one  to  two 
feet  hiarh;  with  white  flowers;  appearing  from  July  to  October;  a  native  of  India;  in- 
creased by  seed  and  division  of  the  roots;  grown  in  common  garden  soil.  Bot.  Reg., 
1842,  t.  6. 

A  rather  pretty  plant,  with  opposite  ovate  leaves,  and  short 
petioles;  the   stem   terminated  by  a  raceme  of  small,   white, 


o/  new  and  beautiful  Plants.  141 

campanulate  flowers,  which,  though  "simple  and  unattractive, 
are  very  sweet  scented."  It  is  well  adapted  for  rock-work, 
and  light  dry  soils.  This  species  was  first  observed  by  Dr. 
Wallich,  in  Nepal,  in  1821,  but  was  only  recently  introduced 
by  the  directors  of  the  East  India  Company.  {Bot.  Reg., 
Jan.) 

Gesneridicete. 

jflCHrMENES  p.  Brojcne.    (Derivation  unknown.) 
rdsea.  Lindl.    The  rnse-colored  Acliimenes.     A  green-house  plant;  "rowing  afoot  high; 
with  rose-colored  flowers;  appearing  in  summer;  a  native  of  Guatemala;  increased  by 
the  roots;  grown  in  light  rich  soil.     Bot.  Keg.,  I84I,  t.  65. 

The  beautiful  Trevirana  coccinea  is  familiar  to  all  lovers  of 
fine  plants;  it  was  originally  called  .j^chimenes,  a  name  given 
to  the  genus  by  Dr.  Patrick  Brown;  afterwards  L'  Heriiier 
called  it  Cyrilla,  and  for  a  long  time  it  was  known  as  such  in 
British  collections:  but  as  the  Cyrilla  of  Linnseus  was  a  dif- 
ferent plant,  the  name  was  cancelled,  and  Willdenow  gave  it 
the  name  of  Trevirana.  De  Candolle,  however,  in  his  Pro- 
dromus,  has  retained  the  name  of  ^i^chimenes,  and  as  that  work 
is  universally  employed  by  botanists,  the  old  name  must  be 
retained,  and  it  will  be  henceforth  known  as  the  i^chimenes 
coccinea. 

The  present  species  is  one  of  the  "most  charming  plants 
in  our  gardens."  It  has  the  habit  and  general  appearance  of 
»R.  coccinea,  blooming  fully  as  abundantly,  but  the  flowers  are 
of  a  rich  rosy  hue  in  the  place  of  scarlet:  it  is  also  as  easy  to 
manage.  The  little  buds,  or  roots,  should  be  potted  in  March 
or  April,  in  light  rich  soil,  and  placed  in  a  gentle  heat;  later, 
they  may  be  shifted,  and  placed  in  the  green-house,  when  the 
plants  will  bloom  abundantly  all  summer.  M.  Hartweg  found 
it  in  Guatemala,  and  it  flowered  for  the  first  time  in  the  Hor- 
ticultural Society's  Garden,  the  last  summer.  (Bot.  Reg., 
Dec.) 

i^chimenes  longiflora,  from  the  same  country,  has  also  flow- 
ered in  the  Horticultural  Society's  Garden,  and  is  said  to  be 
more  striking  than  the  A.  rosea:  it  will  probably  be  described 
in  a  future  number  of  the  Botanical  Register. 

NIPHxT;"A  (from  snoip,  in  allusion  to  its  spotless  flowers.) 
oblonga  itniW.     Ohlong  Snow-wort.     A  hot-house  plant;  growing  afoot  or  more  high; 
with  white  flowers;  appenring  in  the   autumn;  a  native  of  Guatemala;  increased  by 
scaly  buds  or  roots;  grown  in  light  rich  .-oil.     Bot.  Reg.,  ISAH,  t.  5. 

A  very  pretty  plant,  somewhat  resembling  the  gesnerias, 
though  quite   distinct,    in   its  botanical  character,  from  any  of 


142  FloricuUural  and  Botanical  J^otices 

the  genera  of  this  order.  It  has  large,  oblong,  rugose,  cord- 
ate leaves,  deeply  serrated;  with  a  stem  terminated  by  a  clus- 
ter of  its  snow-white  flowers.  In  its  habits  it  resembles  the 
.^chimenes  rosea.  It  flowers  in  autumn  and  winter,  after 
which  the  stems  die  off,  and  the  plant  remains  dormant  until 
spring,  during  which  period  it  should  be  kept  dry.  In  April, 
the  scaly  buds  at  the  base  of  the  old  stem,  should  be  removed 
and  potted,  placing  them  in  a  little  heat,  and  allowing  them  a 
free  supply  of  water.  In  August,  the  plants  will  begin  to 
bloom.  M.  Hartweg  found  it  in  Guatemala.  (Bot.  Reg., 
Jan.) 


Garden  Memoranda. — As  the  season  is  now  approaching 
when  the  operations  in  the  open  garden  will  commence,  it  may 
be  well  to  give  a  few  hints  in  relation  to  the  selection  of  flow- 
er seeds  suitable  for  small  and  choice  amateur  collections. 
From  the  multiplicity  of  annuals,  it  is  almost  impossible  for 
one,  not  fully  acquainted  with  all  the  prominent  kinds,  to  secure 
a  selection  of  the  very  best.  There  are  some  four  or  five 
hundred  kinds,  which  are  all  desirable  where  there  is  a  plenty 
of  room  devoted  to  flowers;  but  in  more  limited  flower  gar- 
dens, such  as  we  generally  find  attached  to  our  suburban  resi- 
dences, only  a  small  number  can  be  planted,  and  among  them 
it  is  generally  desirable  to  include  all  the  new  and  rare  sorts. 

Among  the  older  sorts,  the  double  German  asters,  double 
balsams,  rocket  larkspurs,  ten  week  stocks,  Cryseis  crocea, 
Convolvulus  minor,  coreopsises  of  various  sorts,  Clarkta  ele- 
gans,  Madaria  elegans,  Jlfalope  grandiflora,  crimson  nasturtium, 
petunias,  schizanthuses,  sweet  peas,  //ibiscus  africanus,  sweet 
scabious,  sweet  sultans,  and  many  others,  some  account  of 
which  we  have  before  given,  with  a  description  of  them,  their 
height,  color  of  the  flowers,  &c.,  (Vol.  VI.,  p.  175,)  should 
always  find  a  place. 

The  more  choice  new  annuals  are  the  following: — 

*Vhl6x  Drummondu,  producing  blush,  rosy,  crimson,  dark 
crimson,  and  rich  purple  blossoms,  which  appear  all  summer: 
*Clintdn\a  pulchella^  with  elegant  blue  and  white  flowers,  and 
dwarf  and  delicate  habit:  J\'oldna  atriplicifdUa^  with  large 
blue  and  white  flowers  and  trailing  habit,  very  beautiful:  Ert/s- 
imum  Pcroffskyknum,  with  spikes  of  bright  orange  flowers, 
very  showy,  and  highly  striking  from  their  contrast  with  other 


of  new  and  beantiful  Plants.  143 

colors:  Bartonh  awea,  with  large  golden  yellow  flowers,  and 
very  ornamental:  Leptosiphon  densijidrus  and  androsdceus^ 
both  elegant,  with  purple  and  white  flowers:  JS^emophila  ato- 
mdria,  with  white  flowers  spotted  with  black,  and  JV.  insig- 
nis,  with  large  bright  blue  flowers,  the  latter  very  superb: 
*Eutoca  viscida,  with  sparkling  blue  flowers:  *hdtus  jacob- 
CE^tis,  with  almost  black  flowers,  and  delicate  foliage:  hupinus 
mutdbilis,  with  changeable  blue  and  white  flowers:  *Didiscus 
cmruleus,  with  umbels  of  light  blue  flowers,  very  beautiful: 
Limdnthes  Dougldssu,  with  yellow  flowers:  CEtiothera  Drura- 
mond'n,  with  large  yellow  flowers:  * Roddnthe  MangUsn^  with 
lovely  rosy  flowers  in  clusters:  Sphcenogyne  speciosa^  with 
bright  buff  flowers,  with  a  black  mark  in  the  centre:  hupinus 
nanus,  with  bright  blue  flowers  all  summer:  Papdver  amcE^nuiUy 
with  red  and  white  flowers;  Cacalia  coccinea,  aurea,  new, 
with  orange  flowers;  Calandrinia  discolor,  with  purple  flow- 
ers; Centauria  pidchra,  with  purple  flowers;  Mdlva  zebrina, 
with  striped  flowers,  very  fine;  Oxyura  chrysanthemoides, 
with  pretty  yellow  flowers;  *lmpdtiens  tricornis,  with  yellow 
flowers,  and  *granduligera,  with  purple  flowers;  Brachycome 
iberidijolia,  with  flowers  varying  from  pale  to  dark  violet; 
Gilia  tricolor,  very  showy  from  its  abundant  display  of  purple 
and  white  flowers;  Godel\a  rubicunda,  with  large  pink  blos- 
soms all  summer;  *  Tliunberg'ia  aldta  alba,  and  aurantiaca, 
the  former  with  white  and  the  latter  with  orange  flowers,  both 
superb  climbers;  Helenium  DougldssW,  with  handsome  yel- 
low flowers;  Godet'ia  concinna,  with  pale  rosy  blossoms;  Eu- 
toca  WrangeUkua,  with  elegant  violet  flowers;  *Anngdllis 
PhilipsW,  with  brilliant  azure  flowers;  CoUinsla  heterophylla, 
with  spikes  of  beautiful  white  and  red  flowers. 

All  those  marked  thus,  *  may  be  sown  in  pots,  earlv  this 
month,  and  placed  in  a  green-house,  hot-bed,  or  frame,  where 
they  will  soon  make  their  appearance,  and  may  be  transplanted 
into  the  border  in  May.  The  others  may  be  sown  in  the 
open  ground  about  the  middle  of  May,  making  the  soil  light 
and  fine,  and  guarding  the  seeds  against  drought  and  heavy 
rains.  If  it  is  desirable  to  have  them  earlier,  they  may  be 
sown  in  pots,  in  the  same  manner  as  recommended  above,  and 
transplanted  in  IMay  to  the  oi)en  air;  selecting  places  in  the 
flower  border  where  the  plants  will  not  be  overrun  with  others 
of  too  vigorous  growth.  Water  after  transplanting,  if  the 
weather  is  dry. — Ed. 


144  Revietvs. —  The  OrchardisVs  Companion. 


REVIEWS. 

Art.  T.  The  Orchardist''s  Companion;  a  Quarterly  Jour- 
nal, devoted  to  the  history,  character,  properties,  modes  of 
cultivation,  and  all  other  matters  appertaining  to  the  Fruits 
of  the  United  States,  embellished  with  richly  colored  designs 
of  the  natural  size,  painted  from  the  actual  fruits  when  in 
their  finest  condition,  and  represented  appended  to  a  portion 
of  the  branch,  loith  leaves  and  other  characteristics  as  seen 
when  on  the  tree;  also  thefloivcrs,  cut  fruits,  and  stones. 
A.  HoFFY,  Editor  and  Proprietor.  In  quarterly  num- 
bers, quarto  size,  twelve  plates  each.  Nos.  1,  2,  and  3, 
for  April,  July,  and  October,  1841.     Philadelphia:   1841. 

Though  our  notice  of  this  new  work  comes  rather  late, 
we  trust  it  will  not  be  the  less  acceptable  to  those  who  will 
feel  interested  in  its  publication.  The  character  of  the  work 
is  so  fully  expressed  in  the  title,  that  it  is  scarcely  necessary 
for  us  to  repeat  it  again;  but  that  the  editor  may  speak  for 
himself  in  regard  to  the  plan  of  the  journal,  we  quote  the  fol- 
lowing from  the  prefatory  remarks: — 

"Each  number  will  be  found  to  contain  a  portion  of  two  volumes, 
consequently  txoo  title-pages  are  inserted  in  this  our  first  number. 
The  first  title-page,  marked  Vol.  I.,  is  intended  to  precede  and  em- 
body the  preliminaries,  together  with  the  letter-press  matter,  treating 
of  the  practical  operations  in  the  cultivation  of  fruit  trees,  &c.;  and 
finally  to  constitute  the  first  volume  of  this  work. 

"The  second  title-page,  marked  Vol.  11.,  is  intended  to  be  placed  in 
advance  of  the  plates,  and  their  descriptive  pages,  and  in  due  time  to 
constitute  the  second  volume  of  this  work. 

"Each  portion  may  be  readily  separated,  and  without  confusion, 
from  the  other,  by  unstitching  the  numbers,  and  placed  appropriate- 
ly and  distinctly  together,  under  the  specific  title-pages,  when  about 
to  be  formed  and  bound  into  volumes. 

"Therefore,  by  this  contradistinction,  the  first  volume  will  com- 
prehend practical  matter  alone,  so  that  in  the  event  of  any  of  our 
subscribers  wishing  to  refer  simply  to  the  operative  portion  of  this 
work,  they  may  not  be  interrupted  by  the  intermixture  of  plates. 

"On  the  other  hand,  it  may  oftentimes  be  expedient  for  our  sub- 
scribers to  have  recourse  only  to  the  exemplifications  or  illustrations 
of  our  fruits,  which,  through  this  arrangement,  they  will  be  able  to 
effect  more  readily:  and  in  cases  where  it  becomes  a  matter  of  busi- 
ness between  vender  and  buyer  of  fruit  trees,  expedition  is  frequent- 
ly an  object  of  consideration,  which  this  plan  will  again  facilitate. 


Reviews. —  The   Orchardist^s  Companion. 


145 


"The  plates  exhibiting  the  fruits  are  left  unnumbered,  so  as  to  ad- 
mit hereafter  of  being  filled  up  in  regular  succession,  when  they  will 
have  become  sufficiently  numerous  to  be  classed  and  placed  in  rota- 
tion under  the  specific  headings.  An  alphabetical  and  explical  in- 
dex will  accompany  the  last  number  of  each  volume." 

The  publication  of  a  work  of  this  description  is  much  want- 
ed, and  if  properly  conducted  must  become  a  desideratum  to 
every  cultivator  of  fruit.  It  is  intended  to  supply  the  same 
place  in  the  pomology  of  this  country,  which  the  Pomological 
Magazine  of  Lindley  did  to  the  English  cultivators  of  fruits. 
So  far,  the  plates  have  been  very  well  drawn  and  richly  col- 
ored, and,  with  the  improvements  which  will  undoubtedly  be 
made  as  the  work  progresses,  we  may  look  for  illustrations  of 
our  fruits  which  will  be  recognizable  by  any  common  observer. 
The  work  commences  under  the  most  favorable  auspices. 
Thirty-six  fruits  have  already  been  figured  in  the  three  num- 
bers which  have  been  issued,  comprising  the  following  kinds: — 

Pears. 

Williams's  Bon  Chretien 


Seckel 

Yellow  Butter,  (St.  Michael) 

Brown  Beurre 

Napoleon 

Washington 

Julienne. 

Peaches. 

Large  Rareripe 
Rodman's  red  Cling 
Red  Cheek  Melacaton 
White  Rareripe 
Heath 
Early  York 
Orange  Cling 
Pine-apple  Cling. 

Cherries. 

Black  Tartarian 
Oxheart. 


Apples. 
Cart-horse 
American  Pippin 
Turn-of-the-Lane 
Newton  Pippin 
Codlin 

Early  Harvest 
Maiden's  Blush 
Hagloe 
Bevan 
Summer  Pearmain. 

Plums. 
Mirabelle 
Market 
Washington 
Red  Magnum  Bonum. 

Apricots. 
Early 
Peach. 


Strawberries. 
Keen's  Seedling. 

The  descriptions  to  some  of  the  fruits,   and  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  synonymes,  are  not  so  correct  as  we  could  wish 

VOL.  VIII. — NO.  IV.  19 


146  Revieics. — Fourth    Report  of 

to  see  them;  but  in  a  new  work,  these  may  be  considered  as 
faults  of  omission.  As  soon  as  the  work  is  fully  established, 
we  do  not  doubt  the  editor  will  secure  the  aid  of  some  com- 
petent person,  fully  acquainted  with  all  our  fruits,  to  assist 
him  in  the  letter-press  department:  this  is  all  that  is  wanting, 
to  render  the  Companion  a  standard  work  to  the  American 
pomologist. 

The  practical  information  which  the  editor  has  gathered  to- 
gether possesses  much  interest.  Original  articles  on  the  cul- 
tivation of  the  grape  vine,  on  transplanting  fruit  trees,  on 
pruning,  and  on  protection  of  peach  trees  from  the  worm,  have 
been  published,  besides  three  articles  from  our  pages,  and 
other  miscellaneous  matter;  the  whole  forming,  when  the  vol- 
ume is  completed,  a  valuable  work. 

In  conclusion,  we  can  cordially  recommend  the  Orchard- 
isf's  Companion  as  a  work  richly  illustrated  with  specimens 
of  our  best  fruits,  from  which  the  amateur  cultivator  or  the 
gentleman  may  select  the  choicest  varieties  for  his  garden. 


Art.  II.  Fourth  Report  of  the  Agriculture  of  Massachusetts; 
Counties  of  Franklin  and  Middlesex.  By  Henry  Col- 
man,  Commissioner  of  the  Agricultural  Survey  of  the 
State.     1  large  vol.,  8vo.,  528  pages.     Boston:    1841. 

Much  do  we  regret  that  it  has  so  early  become  our  duty 
to  record  in  our  pages  the  opening  words  of  the  Agricultural 
Commissioner,  that  the  volume  at  the  head  of  this  article 
"constitutes  the  fourth  and  last  Report  of  the  Agriculture  of 
Massachusetts."  The  benefits  which  have  been  conferred 
upon  the  whole  farming  community,  by  the  labors  of  the 
Commissioner,  are  too  apparent  to  be  a  subject  of  remark 
here.  The  vast  resources  of  the  State  have  been  developed 
— the  zeal  of  the  farmers  has  been  aroused — their  profession 
improved  and  exalted: — the  dissemination  of  valuable  informa- 


the  ^Agriculture  of  Massachuseils.  147 

tion  has  awakened  them  to  the  importance  of  new  and  im- 
proved modes  of  cuhivation — and  by  inducing  them  to  read 
and  reflect,  while  they  have  been  increasing  the  product  of 
their  farms,  they  have  cuhivated  and  enhghtened  their  minds« 
It  is  not  saying  too  much,  when  we  affirm  that  the  Agricul- 
tural Survey  has  added  thousands  of  dollars  to  the  Common- 
wealth, while  a  false  economy,  and  narrow  views  of  the  im- 
portance of  agricultural  labors,  have  been  the  means  of  abol- 
ishing an  office  requiring  only  the  scanty  allowance  of  a  few 
hundred  dollars,  yearly.  On  this  head,  the  prefatory  remarks 
of  the  Commissioner  should  be  read  by  every  intelligent  man. 

"The  survey  being  now  arrested,  and,  with  the  popular  and  severe 
notions  of  public  economy  prevailing,  not  likely  to  be  renewed,  it 
may  not  be  unsuitable  to  inquire  what  has  been  done,  and  of  what 
advantage  to  the  Commonwealth  has  it  been  instrumental? 

"The  whole  cost  of  the  survey  to  the  State  thus  far,  had  it  been  as- 
sessed upon  the  inhabitants,  would  scarcely  have  exceeded  a  tax  of  one 
cent  per  head;  and  this  for  the  advancement  of  the  greatest  interest 
of  the  community,  though  in  many  cases  the  least  regarded.  Almost 
all  the  cost  incurred  in  its  prosecution  has  been  expended  in  the 
State,  and  has  not  gone  out  of  the  family.  Of  the  amount  (eighteen 
hundred  dollars  per  annum)  paid  to  the  Commissioner,  nearly  two 
thirds  have  gone  to  the  actual  expenses  of  the  survey;  such  as  trav- 
elling charges,  payments  for  information  procured,  books  distributed, 
seeds  and  implements  purchased  for  exhibition  and  gratuitous  dis- 
tribution among  the  farmers,  and  for  various  incidentals  growing  out 
of  the  commission.  The  balance,  varying  from  six  to  eight  hundred 
dollars,  can  hardly  be  considered  as  an  over-compensation  for  the 
time  and  labor  devoted  to  this  object. 

"The  next  inquiry  is,  what  has  the  Commissioner  done  in  the  pre- 
mises? Candid  minds  will  not  fail  to  reflect  that  an  Agricultural 
Survey  was  in  this  country  a  novel  and  altogether  unattenipted  en- 
terprise; that  the  act,  by  which  it  was  established,  was  couched  in 
the  most  general  terms;  and  that  it  was  left  for  the  Commissioner 
himself,  unaided  and  unadvised,  without  chart  or  pilot,  to  navigate 
sin  untried  sea.  In  respect  to  most  things  in  life,  it  is  far  less  diffi- 
cult, after  they  have  been  done,  to  say  how  they  might  have  been 
better  done,  than  before  their  accomplishment  to  say  how  they  may 
be  best  done,  or  even  how  they  may  be  done  at  all.  I  ask  no  ex- 
emption from  just  and  honorable,  though  it  may  be  severe  criticism, 
as  that,  should  the  work  be  hereafter  resumed,  will  make  its  execu- 
tion more  easy  for  those  to  whom  it  may  be  entrusted;  but  I  may 
claim  to  have  brought  to  the  work  the  strongest  enthusiasm  and  de- 
sire for  its  success;  and  to  have  done  what  I  could  to  execute  it  in  a 
creditable  manner,  and  to  meet  the  reasonable  wishes  of  the  State. 
More  cannot  be  had  from  the  highest  talents,  and  it  is  a  consolation 
to  feel  that  more  cannot  be  demanded  of  the  most  humble.  A  mind 
actuated  by  a  generous  ambition  of  excellence  never  meets  its  own 
wishes,  because,  in  proftortion  to  its  success,  its  standard  of  duty  and 


148  Reviews. — Fourth    Report   of 

attainment  becomes  elevated  and  enlarged.  How  can  it  be  expected 
then  to  meet  the  wishes  and  expectations  of  others?  It  is  no  small 
gratification  to  me  that  the  survey  has  been  spoken  of  in  terms  of 
approbation  in  several  parts  of  the  country,  and  by  those  in  foreign 
countries,  whose  esteem  is  a  high  honor.  If  among  ourselves,  from 
those  whose  co-operation  seemed  most  naturally  demanded,  it  has 
failed,  through  any  motive,  to  receive  the  encouragement  which  it 
had  reason  to  hope,  it  has  been  to  me  an  occasion  only  of  unfeigned 
regret.  It  is  the  misfortune  of  some  minds  never  to  look  at  any 
thing  but  through  optics  clouded  or  distorted  by  a  groveling  selfish- 
ness. To  take  enlarged  and  generous  views  of  large  subjects,  and 
to  merge  all  personal  considerations  in  the  good  proposed  and  sought, 
belongs  only  to  that  small  and  higher  class  of  minds  who  preserve 
their  purity  untainted,  in  an  age  diseased  to  the  very  core  with  av- 
arice, party  spirit,  or  personal  ambition.  It  is  sometimes  extremely 
mortifying  to  learn  by  what  influences  many  of  the  most  valuable 
interests  of  the  community  are  affected.  It  is  sufficiently  illustrative 
of  the  manner  in  which  public  business  is  sometimes  managed,  ob- 
jects are  brought  up  or  objects  put  down,  to  state,  that  of  a  large 
committee  of  the  Legislature,  to  whom  the  inquiry  into  the  expe- 
diency or  inexpediency  of  continuing  the  Agricultural  Survey  was 
in  one  case,  if  not  in  more,  committed,  there  is  good  i-eason  to  think 
that  not  a  single  individual  of  the  committee,  who  objected  to  its  con- 
tinuance, had  ever  seen  either  of  the  three  Reports  of  the  Commis- 
sioner, or,  in  fact,  knew  what  had  been  done." 

We  would  that  our  pages  would  allow  us  to  give  a  larger 
extract,  for  the  views  of  the  Commissioner  in  relation  to  the 
improvement  of  agriculture  are  our  own  views;  and  we  wish 
to  have  them  published  far  and  wide,  that  all  may  learn  how 
important  it  is  for  the  State  to  foster  and  encourage  a  subject 
of  such  vital  interest. 

The  Report  commences  with  the  county  of  Franklin,  giv- 
ing an  account  of  the  crops — the  dairy — live  stock — reports 
of  farms — silk  culture,  &c.  This  is  followed  by  the  county 
of  Middlesex,  of  which  a  similar  description  of  the  crops 
and  products  and  agricultural  improvements  is  given.  Among 
the  accounts  of  particular  farms,  we  find  that  of  J.  P.  Gushing, 
Esq. ;  and  some  excellent  hints  on  the  making  of  manure  are 
given  by  Mr.  Haggerston,  the  intelligent  foreman  of  the  place. 
Among  others,  is  that  of  Mr.  George  Pierce,  an  extensive 
market  gardener;  and  in  order  to  give  our  readers  some  idea 
of  the  extent  of  this  branch  of  gardening  around  Boston,  we 
copy  the  repoVt  entire. 

"George  Pierce,  whom  I  have  already  named,  has  a  home  lot  of 
little  more  than  seven  acres  which  he  cultivates,  in  the  same  favored 
district  of  which  I  have  been  speaking.     Besides  this,  he  soraetimea 


the  ^Agriculture  of  Massachusetts.  149 

extends  his  cultivation  by  hiring  occasionally  small  lots  in  his  neigh- 
borhood, 

"The  extent  of  his  out-lots  is  not  given;  but  it  may  be  inferred 
from  the  fact  that  for  one  of  them  he  pays  an  annual  rent  of  35  dol- 
lars; for  the  other  piece  40  dollars. 

"The  amount  of  sales  from  the  whole  three  within  the  year  thus 
far,  is  ^3428  54.  The  amount  of  sales  from  his  home  lot  of  seven 
acres  is  $p2675  54.  The  amount  paid  for  labor  on  the  whole  up  to 
this  date  (27th  Nov.,  1841,)  is  $499  99,  without  including  the  ex- 
pense of  board  of  the  men.  This,  I  presume,  does  not  embrace  any 
charge  for  his  own  labor  and  supervision  and  marketing.  The  bills 
paid  since  the  last  spring  for  manure  amount  to  $224  75;  but  he 
thinks  the  whole  used  has  amounted  to  twice  that  sum. 

"His  i)articular  aim  is  to  raise  fruit  and  vegetables  for  the  market, 
such  as  apples,  peaches,  strawberries,  i-aspberries;  and  lettilce,  rad- 
ishes, spinach,  and  other  greens,  early  cabbage,  cucumbers,  squashes, 
melons  of  various  kinds,  cauliflower,  brocoli,  beets,  carrots,  turnips, 
peas,  beans,  onions,  &c.,  all  of  which  are  profitable  crops,  when  he 
is  successful  in  growing  them. 

"He  plants  little  of  corn  and  potatoes,  as  he  thinks  he  can  use  the 
ground  to  much  better  advantage.  Some  of  his  most  productive  crops 
the  present  season  have  been  fall-sowed  onions,  from  a  piece  of  land 
S  rods  in  width  and  8  rods  in  length,  which  gave  him  167  dollars. 
Another  profitable  crop  was  saba,  or,  as  they  are  sometimes  called, 
seve  beans.  There  were  1248  hills,  which,  on  the  first  picking, 
yielded  38  dollars.  The  yield,  according  to  the  account  kept,  amount- 
ed to  70  dollars,  when,  having  lost  his  minutes,  he  was  unable  to 
ascertain  the  entire  amount.  Of  string  beans  he  had  the  last  season 
two  acres.  From  this  lot  it  was  not  unusual  to  carry  ten  barrels  in 
a  day  to  market.  In  two  weeks  he  carried  to  market  from  this  lot 
172  bushels,  the  average  price  of  which  was  67  cents  per  bushel,  or 
$115  24.  At  the  same  time  this  ground  was  occupied  with  other 
crops,  such  as  melons,  tomatoes,  cauliflowers,  cabbages,  &c.  As 
soon  as  the  beans  had  ceased  to  bear,  the  vines  were  immediately 
removed,  and  the  ground  being  well  cultivated,  there  was  ample 
room  and  time  for  the  other  crops  to  grow.  Many  of  his  early  veg- 
etables are  forwarded  in  hot-beds  under  glass.  On  most  of  the 
ground  which  he  cultivates,  he  gets  from  two  to  four  crops.  A  crop 
of  radishes,  lettuce,  beans,  and  cucumbers  may  be  had  on  the  same 
ground  the  same  season;  and  to  these  a  fifth  crop,  fall  spinach,  is 
sometimes  added.  In  the  past  season  he  says  he  has  had  crops, 
which,  by  the  old  modes  of  husbandry,  would  have  occupied  ten 
acres,  growing  upon  four  acres. 

"His  practice  is  for  the  first  crop  to  give  such  a  dressing  of  manure 
as  will  carry  that  and  the  succeeding  crops  well  through  without  re- 
newal.    He  never  manures  sparingly. 

"His  onions  are  sowed  in  July  or  the  first  of  August.  They  are 
lightly  covered  with  litter  in  the  fall,  and  early  in  the  spring  are  un- 
covered and  become  soon  fit  for  the  market;  and  the  crop  is  off"  the 
ground  in  season  for  its  successor. 

"Mr.  Pierce  values  very  highly  stable  manure,  and  wishes  to  apply 
it  to  his  crops  in  its  hottest  state.     It  then  forces  vegetation  most  rap- 


150  Reviews. — Fourth   Report  of 

idly  and  powerfully.  He  has  seen  the  powerful  effects  of  night- 
soil  more  than  five  years  after  its  aj)piication;  but  it  was  in  this  case 
applied  liberally;  and  it  must  never  be  used  without  composting. 
For  ashes  he  has  a  high  estimation,  and  when  the  soap-boiler  calls 
to  buy  his  ashes  for  the  customary  price  of  ten  cents  a  bushel,  he 
replies  by  offering  the  soap-boiler  twenty  cents  a  bushel  for  all  he 
has,  and  buys  them,  if  he  can.  I  give  his  opinions  as  those  of  a 
strictly  practical  man,  of  much  experience,  and  perhaps  inferior  to 
none  in  the  admirable  skill  and  success  of  his  cultivation.  It  is  pret- 
ty evident  that  he  does  not  wait  in  the  morning  for  the  sun  to  call 
him. 

"In  referring  to  these  extraordinary  results,  it  would  be  idle  to  think 
that  they  are  reached  without  skill,  judgment,  energy,  perseverance, 
and  toil.  But  it  is  a  skill  which  sharpens  the  wits;  and  a  toil,  if  not 
excessive,  which  quickens  the  appetite,  and  strengthens  the  muscles, 
and  keeps  off  idle  dreams.  The  earth  is  a  good  paymaster;  but  it 
does  not  acknowledge  any  obligations  to  those  to  whom  it  owes 
nothmg." 

The  remarks  on  Orchards  are  interesting,  and  some  ex- 
cellent hints  are  included:  with  this  extract  we  shall  con- 
clude our  notice  of  the  Report;  not,  however,  without  re- 
cording our  opinion  that  it  is  one  of  the  most  plain,  con- 
cise, and  truly  valuable  contributions  to  our  agricultural  lite- 
rature that  has  yet  been  made. 

Mr.  Colman  has  left  us,  to  reside  in  another  State,  but  he 
carries  vvilh  him  the  best  wishes  of  every  friend  of  agricultu- 
ral improvement,  for  his  future  health  and  prosperity. 

"The  cultivation  of  apples  in  Middlesex  county  is  carried  on  to  a 
large  extent,  and  might  be  increased  with  great  advantage.  Great 
pains  are  taken  to  produce  the  very  best  engrafted  fruit,  especially 
for  winter,  and  among  these,  the  Baldwin  apple  and  the  golden  rus- 
set are  in  most  esteem.  The  Porter  apple,  which  is  an  early  autum- 
nal fruit,  is  greatly  valued.  It  would  be  out  of  my  province  to  go 
largely  into  this  subject.  The  amount  of  sales,  however,  from  some 
of  the  farms  in  the  county  are  quite  large.  A  farmer  in  Walthani 
is  accustomed  to  put  up  for  market,  from  500  to  700  barrels.  On  a 
farm  in  VVoburn,  which  has  been  almost  created  by  the  labor  of  its 
present  proprietor,  now  in  a  green  old  age,  enjoying  the  fruits  of  his 
indomitable  industry,  the  sales  of  apples  the  year  before  the  last 
amounted  to  1200  dollars.  There  are  other  farms  where  the  pro- 
duct in  fruit  is  greater  than  here,  but  as  I  have  not  the  precise  ac- 
counts, I  do  not  state  them.  These  results  may  surprise  many  of 
the  farmers  in  the  interior.  I  hope  they  will  surprise  them  into  the 
imitation  of  such  industry  and  enterprise.  To  many  of  the  farmers 
in  the  interior,  the  extension  of  the  railroads  will  afford,  in  this  mat- 
ter and  in  many  others,  an  opportunity  of  coming  into  equal  com- 
petition with  the  farmers  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  capital. 
There  are  new  reasons  for  the  cultivation  of  apples  since  their  value 
for  the  feeding  of  swine  and  cattle  has  been  discovered.     If  they 


the  ^Agriculture  of  Massachusetts.  151 

are  only  half  as  valuable  as  potatoes,  and  many  farmers  deem  them 
of  equal  value  for  this  purpose,  the  ease  with  which  they  are  raised 
Btroiisly  recommends  their  cultivation. 

"There  are  many  orchards  in  Middlesex  of  large  extent  and  in  ex- 
cellent condition.  Two  were  some  time  since  the  subjects  of  pre- 
mium from  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  Society.  The  one  be- 
longing to  Nahum  Hardy,  of  Waitham,  who  reclaimed  eight  acres 
of  land  from  a  wild  and  rude  state,  and  planted  it  with  500  apple 
trees,  all  engrafted  fruit;  the  other  of  E.  Phinney,  of  Lexington, 
who  brought  a  rough  piece  of  land  into  a  suitable  condition,  and 
planted  it  with  400  trees.  Both  these  farmers  have  extended  their 
cultivation  since  that  time,  and  the  admirable  condition  of  their  trees 
evinces  the  skill  and  care  of  their  management.  The  product  of  the 
orchard  of  the  latter  makes  a  large  item  in  the  returns  of  his  farm. 
He  has  more  than  a  thousand  trees  in  bearing. 

"Mr.  Phinney  saved  some  of  his  trees  a  few  years  since,  by  a  pro- 
cess which  is  worth  recording.  They  had  been  completely  girdled 
near  the  ground  in  the  winter  by  the  mice,  who  had  eaten  the  bark 
round  to  a  width  of  two  or  three  inches  or  more.  By  cutting  scions, 
and  inserting  the  ends  of  several  of  them  in  the  spring  round  the 
tree,  under  the  bark,  above  and  below  the  injury,  so  as  to  form  a 
communication  for  the  sap,  the  injured  parts  have  begun  to  grow  to- 
gether, the  whole  wound  may  ultimately  be  covered,  and  the  tree 
live  and  flourish.  To  most  persons,  after  the  injury  their  situation 
would  have  seemed  desperate.  Mr.  Phinney  avoids  planting  his 
trees  deep;  but  cultivates  them  as  near  the  surface  as  he  can,  and  at 
the  same  time  sufficiently  to  cover  the  roots. 

"John  Welles,  whose  farm  is  in  Natick,  in  this  county,  and  than 
whom  few  men  among  us  have  given  more  attention  to  the  subject 
of  fruit  and  forest  trees,  considers  the  ordinary  life  of  apple  trees 
about  sixty  years;  but  it  would  be  desirable  to  replace  them  soon  af- 
ter their  decline  commences.  The  situation  most  favorable  to  an  or- 
chard is  a  sheltered  situation  with  a  moist  soil.  He  succeeded  in  pro- 
ducing a  valuable  growth  of  trees  on  a  light  and  unfriendly  soil,  by 
making  a  hole  for  planting  four  feet  square;  after  removing  about  a 
foot  of  the  top  soil,  which  was  to  be  returned  round  the  tree,  taking 
out  the  hard  pan  at  bottom  to  a  sufficient  depth  to  deposit  in  it  a  load 
of  stones,  and  then  sprinkling  some  mould  on  the  stones  and  plant- 
ing his  tree.  The  stones  served  to  preserve  moisture  for  the  roots, 
and  gave  likewise  in  their  interstices  room  for  the  roots  to  extend 
themselves.  No  farmer  need  complain  that  his  land  is  not  suitable 
for  an  orchard;  because  he  may  make  it  suitable,  at  an  expense 
which  the  fruit  of  the  tree,  after  it  comes  in  bearing,  will  soon  com- 
pensate. 

"James  Cutter,  of  Weston,  has  been  remarkably  successful  in 
transplanting  trees  of  more  than  ordinary  size.  He  has  removed 
pear  trees  of  eight  and  ten  inches  in  diameter.  His  practice  is  to 
clean  the  dirt  entirely  from  the  roots  of  the  tree;  to  cut  off  all  the 
roots,  at  a  distance  of  four  or  five  feet  from  the  tree;  and  to  put  no 
manure  in  the  hole." 


152  Domestic  JVotices. 

MISCELLANEOUS    INTELLIGENCE. 

Art.  I.     Domestic  Notices. 

Horticulture  in  Philadelphia. — The  progress  of  horticulture  in  our 
city  is  onward;  the  new  Horticultural  Society  is  increasing  rapidly, 
so  that  we  have  upwards  of  eight  hundred  members,  ladies  and  gen- 
tlemen, and  increasing  monthly.  We  have  taken  that  large  room 
lately  occupied  by  the  Chinese  Museum,  so  that  we  have  ample 
space  for  our  monthly  meetings,  as  well  as  our  annual  exhibitions. 
Last  Tuesday  was  the  first  meeting  held  there,  which  was  filled  with 
the  beauty  and  fashion  of  the  city.  Great  credit  is  due  to  our  practi- 
cal gardeners  for  the  taste  displayed  in  the  arrangement  of  the  tables, 
comprising  a  great  many  beautiful  and  valuable  flowers.  Mr.  Robert 
Buist  had  some  fine  large  hybrid  rhododendrons,  camellias  and  aza- 
leas. Mr.  Peter  Mackenzie  had  a  fine  show  of  camellias  and  twenty 
seedling  varieties  of  azaleas  of  the  finest  kinds.  Mr.  Pepper's  table  of 
camellias  was  very  fine,  and  justly  gained  the  first  prize.  Mr.  John 
Sherwood  had  some  fine  camellias;  we  noticed  a  very  large  and  fine 
specimen  of  C.  Floyw.  Landreth  &  Fulton  had  some  fine  specimens 
of  camellia.  Robert  Kilvington  had  some  fine  plants  of  various 
kinds.  Ritchie  &  Dick  had  some  large  specimens  of  camellias;  we 
noticed  a  very  fine  flower  on  the  last  year's  seedling  camellia,  (C- 
var.  Hempsteadzz,)  much  improved  from  what  we  saw  it  at  first. 
Alexander  Parker  likewise  contributed  largely  to  the  exhibition  of  the 
evening. —  Yours,  Jin  Jlmateur,  March,  1842. 

The  Jlngora  Pear. — There  is  a  pear  in  the  French  Catalogues  very 
highly  praised  for  its  great  size  and  beauty;  it  is  called  by  the  French 
nurserymen  the  Angora.  I  have  received  letters  from  several  persons 
in  New  York  and  Pennsylvania,  requesting  to  know  if  I  had  any 
knowledge  of  this  pear.  Will  you  please  say  in  your  next,  that  I  re- 
ceived a  tree  of  this  kind  from  France,  and  proved  it  to  be  the  Catil- 
lac;  which  still  continues  to  be  sold  by  the  French  nurserymen  as  the 
Forty-Ounce  pear. — Respectfully  yours,  Robert  Manning,  Salem, 
March  8,  1842. 

Specimen  pears. — Some  of  the  specimens  sent  you  last  fall  were 
sent  after  many  selections  had  been  made,  always  of  the  largest  fruits, 
which  accounts  for  some  of  your  figures  being  so  small.  In  describ- 
ing the  new  pears,  I  should  have  said,  that  they  grew  on  very  poor 
land,  and  are  not  more  than  half  the  size  they  would  obtain  in  rich 
soil. — Id. 

Horticulture  in  Kentucky. — A  taste  for  horticulture  is  fast  taking 
hold  here  in  the  West,  and,  though  very  far  behind  our  eastern  and 
northern  friends,  yet  by  their  aid  and  example  we  hope  to  make  great 
progress.  I  have  been  for  several  years  improving  my  residence 
with  all  the  hardy  ornamental  shrubs  and  trees,  that  I  thought  would 
suit  our  climate,  and  have  now  one  among  the  best  private  collections 
in  this  region,  (of  course  always  excepting  a  few  in  Louisville.)  Yet 
when  I  remember  all  I  saw  on  a  visit  to  your  city  and  other  Atlan- 
tic cities,  in  the  summer  and  fall  of  1838,  I  am  almost  ashamed  to 
mention  my  scanty  collection;  yet  all  things  must  have  a  beginning 
is  my  encouragement. — E.  D.  H.,  Feb.  23,  1842. 


Retrospective  Criticism,  153 


Art.  II.     Retrospective  Crilicism. 

The  Linnccan  Botanic  Garden  and  Nurseries,  (p.  109. J — I  notice, 
in  the  last  number  of  the  Magazine  of  Horticulture,  a  comniiiuica- 
tion  from  the  Messrs.  Prince,  in  relation  to  the  Linnctan  Botanic 
Garden  and  Nursery,  Flushing,  to  which  is  subjoined  an  editorial 
note,  from  which  latter  it  would  ap|)ear  that  such  communication 
was  inserted  under  the  impression  that  it  was  in  justice  due  to  Messrs. 
Prince  to  correct  a  sujtposed  error  you  had  fallen  into.  I  presume 
that  when  you  are  apprised  of  the  true  state  of  facts,  the  like  sense 
of  justice  to  the  present  jiroprietors  of  that  establishment  will  induce 
you  to  make  a  further  correction.  It  has  hardly  been  deem  d  ex- 
pedient to  notice  at  all,  either  in  Flushin^jf  or  New  York,  the  misrep- 
resentations of  William  R.  Prince,  the  inditer  of  that  communica- 
tion, the  facts  and  himself  being  too  well  known  in  this  vicinity,  to 
render  it  necessary:  but  abroad,  it  may  be  otlrerwise.  I  beg  leave, 
therefore,  through  your  columns,  to  correct  the  most  material  mis- 
representations in  that  coirimunication;  and  would  also,  in  the  first 
place,  advert  to  a  trifling  error  which  you  yourself  have  inadver- 
tently fallen  into,  to  wit,  that  you  supposed,  from  Mr.  Garretson's 
circular,  that  he  had  become  the  proprietor  of  the  premises,  where- 
as he  merely  announces  himself  as  the  conductor  of  the  establish- 
ment for  the  new  proprietors.  With  regard  to  the  communication, 
the  facts  are  these: — The  premises  designated  in  Mr.  Garretson's. 
circular  as  the  "Linnsean  Botanic  Garden  and  Nursery,"  are  the 
identical  extensive  premises  whereon  William  Prince,  Sen.  resided 
for  forty-five  years;  which,  during  that  period,  were  cultivated  by 
himself,  or  by  himself  and  sons,  as  a  nursery,  and  to  which,  exclu- 
sively, some  forty  years  since,  he  gave  the  name  by  which  it  has 
ever  since  been  designated;  he  at  that  time,  and  for  thirty  years 
afterwards,  neither  owning  nor  cultivating  any  other  land  in  Flush- 
ing. Some  years  since,  he  purchased  about  seven  acres,  upon  which 
his  father  had  established  a  small  nursery  before  the  Revolution,  but 
which  has  not  been  used  for  that  purpose  for  several  years  past,  (a 
considerable  portion  having  been  sold  for  building  lots,)  except  to 
propagate  Morus  multicaulis,  and  to  which  Mr.  Prince,  Sen.  lately 
removed.  About  twelve  years  since,  William  R.  Prince  purchased 
for  his  residence  a  house  and  about  fit^y  acres  of  ground,  adjoim'ng, 
in  the  rear  of  the  Linntean  Garden,  about  half  of  which  was  used 
for  Nursery  [jurposes;  and  four  years  since,  Mr.  Prince,  Sen.  pur- 
chased a  tract  some  distance  from  the  Linn^an  Garden,  as  an  a))- 
pendage  thereto.  Now  I  would  ask,  whether  the  deception,  fraud, 
and  imposition  consist  in  retaining  the  name  by  which  this  ancient 
nursery  has  been  distinguished  for  forty  years,  which  nursery  con- 
tains within  itself  the  variety  of  trees,  &,c.  specified  in  the  catalogues, 
and  exclusively  so  all  that  are  rare,  and  all  the  green-houses  and 
conservatories — or,  in  the  attempt  to  transfer  such  name  to  three 
detached  pieces  of  ground,  containing,  altogether,  not  one  tenth  part 
of  the  variety  embraced  in  the  catalogue  issued  in  imitation  of  that 
of  the  present  proprietors  of  the  tract  so  long  designated  as  the  Lin- 

voL.  vni. — NO.  IV.  20 


154  Retrospective  Criticism. 

nrean  Botanic  Garden  and  Nursery.  As  to  streets  being  cut  through 
the  nursery,  and  the  same  l)eing  laid  out  into  lots,  thereby  intending 
that  it  should  be  inferred  that  the  nursery  had  been  destroyed,  a 
street  or  avenue  for  the  comparatively  short  distance  of  about  two 
hundred  and  fift}'  feet  only,  has  been  opened  into  the  nursery,  on  the 
sides  of  which  are  the  green-houses,  conservatories,  and  nursery 
offices,  some  recently  erected:  and  one  other  street,  to  the  like  ex- 
tent only,  between  the  nursery  and  adjoining  lands,  each  contributing 
part,  upon  which  it  is  purposed  to  erect  cottages  for  the  workmen; 
and  which  streets  afford  convenient  and  ornamental  avenues  to  the 
nursery,  being  planted  with  specimen  ornamental  trees  of  various 
kinds.  Not  a  fruit  tree  was  removed  from  these  premises  by  the 
Messrs.  Prince,  except  fir  regular  sales.  The  Linna?an  Garden  and 
Nursery,  having  been  sold  under  a  foreclosure  of  mort<>age  thereon, 
and  all  the  rest  having  been  sold  under  judgments,  the  Messrs.  Prince 
retain  merely  temj)orary  possession,  they  being  now  enjoined  by  the 
Court  of  Chancery  from  removing  any  trees,  &c.  therefrom.  In  con- 
clusion, I  would  add,  that  Mr.  Garretson  does  not  pretend  to  be 
agent  for  the  Messrs.  Prince,  and  disclaims  all  connection  with  them; 
and  that  the  present  proprietors  of  the  old  and  7'eal  Linncean  Botan- 
ic Garden  and  Nursery,  intend  not  only  to  continue  the  establish- 
ment, but  to  spare  no  pains  or  expense  to  maintain  its  ancient  celeb- 
rity for  its  unrivalled  collection  of  trees,  shrubs,  plants,  &.c.,  and  to 
add  to  the  collection. — Gabriel  Winter,  Flushing,  March  15,  1842. 

[Our  correspondent  will  perceive  that  we  have  omitted  one  or  two 
lines,  which  have  no  bearing  upon  the  question  at  issue,  and  the  in- 
sertion of  which  would  have  done  no  good. 

It  was  no  more  than  justice  that  we  should  allow  Mr.  Prince  to 
correct  any  error  of  ours  in  relation  to  his  own  affairs;  and  if,  in  so 
doing,  he  has  made  statements  which  are  not  true  in  reference  to  Mr. 
Winter,  it  is  no  more  than  equal  justice  that  we  should  allow  Mr. 
Winter  room  to  reply.  Each  of  them  havini;  made  their  statements, 
the  public  can  judge  of  their  correctness.  We  do  not  wish  to  make 
our  pages  a  vehicle  of  personal  altercation  between  any  parties,  as 
the  room  can  be  more  profitably  occupied,  and  shall  therefore  not 
give  place  to  any  further  communications  on  this  subject.  Our  ad- 
vertising- pages  are  open  to  all;  and  if  Messrs.  Prince  or  Mr.  Winter 
wish  to  make  use  of  them,  they  can  do  so  to  any  length  they  please, 
on  the  usual  terms. — Ed."] 

The  xorong  name. —  (Mr.  Manning's  communication,  p.  56.) — Mr. 
Hovey : — I  am  not  much  of  a  horticulturist,  but  I  always  read  your 
Magazine  with  interest  and  pleasure.  I  was  much  pleased  with  the 
cuts  of  the  outlines  of  new  pears  fruited  by  Mr.  Manning,  in  your 
February  number:  this  simi)le  mode  of  delineating  pears,  I  think,  is 
very  excellent,  as  it  conveys  to  the  eye  a  good  idea  of  the  shape  and 
size  of  the  fruit.  The  difference  in  color  is  not  so  great  in  pears  as 
it  is  in  apples.  By  a  representation  of  the  shape,  as  exhibited  in  an 
outline,  we  obtain  nearly  as  much  to  aid  us  in  discriminating  between 
different  varieties,  as  we  should  were  the  engravings  shaded,  color- 
ed, and  finished  off  at  great  expense.  We  have  one  word  of  fault, 
however,  to  find  with  Mr.  Manning,  in  regard  to  the  name  of  one 
of  the  pears  described  in  his  communication,  viz.,  the  "Beurre  Pre- 


Retrospective  Criticism.  155 

ble."  He  observes  that  this  pear  was  raised  from  seed  by  Elijah 
Cooke,  of  Raymond,  Mc,  from  whom  he  received  the  grafts.  Why 
then,  did  he  not  call  it  Beune  Cooke? 

We  have  nothing  to  say  against  the  name  itself,  for  the  name  of 
Preble  is  an  honor  to  Maine  and  to  the  nation;  it  has  hecome  a  "part 
and  parcel"  of  our  history,  and  I  would  be  the  last  man  to  pUick  a 
sinijle  leaf  from  the  laurels  which  the  Commodore  gained  Ity  his 
valor.  But  really,  I  do  not  see  any  good  reason  for  attaching  a 
hero's  name  to  a  j)ear,  while  the  real  person,  to  whose  industry  in 
the  delightful  and  peaceful  pursuits  of  pomology  we  are  indebted 
for  the  production  of  this  new  fruit,  is  passed  almost  silently  by.  I 
move,  sir,  to  amend,  by  striking  out  "Preble,"  and  inserting  "Cooke," 
and  call  for  the  yeas  and  nays. —  Very  respectfully,  yours,  E.  Holmes, 
Winihrop,  Me.,  March.  1842. 

Clairmont  Nursery,  near  Baltimore,  {\i-  11-) — Respected  Friends: 
In  your  useful  and  interestitiij  Magazine  for  January  last,  in  speak- 
ing of  some  valuable  fruits  I  cultivate,  you  observe  I  only  have  about 
two  hundred  varieties  altogether.  To  many  people,  I  thought  it 
would  rather  convey  the  i<lea  that  the  value  of  a  nursery  depended 
on  the  extent  or  numlier  of  the  varieties  cultivated  in  it.  This,  I 
have  long  thougiit,  was  wrong;  thereby  increasing  the  care  of  the 
nurseryman,  and  his  ditiiculty  of  keeping  all  correct,  and  puzzling 
customers  to  make  a  good  selection;  and  in  order  to  be  sure  of  get- 
ting the  best,  they  will  frequently  take  one  tree  of  each  sort,  thereby 
increasing  the  nurseryman's  trouble  to  fill  the  order;  and  when  their 
trees  come  into  bearing,  many  will  be  of  secondary  quality,  and 
those  that  prove  good  they  have  not  enough  of  to  take  to  market, 
or  for  their  own  use,  and  if  they  are  apples  or  pears  to  be  stored  for 
winter,  it  would  seem  to  require  a  separate  place  for  the  product  of 
each  tree.  We  know  that  all  the  various  wants  of  a  family  can  be 
6up|)lied,  both  summer,  f^iU,  and  winter,  with  ten  to  fifteen  varieties 
of  apple,  peach,  and  pear  trees,  and  fewer  of  other  fruits  will  be 
sufficient.  We  possess  information  enouirh  from  our  own  and  Eu- 
ropean experience,  to  make  such  a  selection,  thereiiy  rendering  the 
culture  and  the  use  of  fruits  less  troublesome.  With  this  view,  I 
have  made  it  my  study  to  collect  the  very  best,  and  confine  my  cata- 
logue within  moderate  bounds,  and  cultivate  largely  of  known  supe- 
rior varieties;  and  those  only  I  send  to  my  customers  who  confide  to 
my  selection,  and  in  portions  to  suit  the  wants  of  the  various  seasons 
of  the  year.  I  am  aware  that  Lindley,  Mackintosh,  and  other  Eu- 
ropean writers,  inform  us  of  nurserymen  having  three  hundred  va- 
rieties of  apple,  and  other  fruits  in  proportion;  yet,  in  my  opin- 
ion, this  is  no  justification  for  us.  I  approve  of  nurserymen  increas- 
ing their  specimen  standard  fruit  trees  to  a  great  extent,  in  order  to 
test  the  relative  value  of  fruits,  thereby  enabling  them  to  select  the 
best,  and  thus  restrict  the  cultivation  of  trees  to  a  reasonable  extent 
of  known  best  varieties.  I  have  been  planting  stauflanl  fruit  trees 
for  about  forty  years,  which  has  afforded  me  some  useful  experience, 
and  I  am  decidedly  of  the  opinion  that  it  is  for  the  interest  of  every 
j)erson  who  plants  an  orchard,  to  have  it  composed  of  as  ^tiw  varie- 
ties as  will  supply  fully  the  wants  of  his  family  summer,  fall,  and 
winter,  and  if  for  market,  have  a  full  supjily  to  ripen  in  regular  siK5- 


156  Retrospective  Criticism. 

cession,  thereby  requiring  a  regular  and  uniform  number  of  hands  to 
gather  and  market  the  fruit. 

Now,  my  friends,  I  would  not  be  understood  to  be  finding  fault 
with  your  remarks  as  noted  above,  well  knowing  that  it  is  customary 
in  Eni^Iand,  and  also  in  this  country,  with  some  nurserymen,  to  swell 
out  a  large  catalogue  of  fruits,  and  1  have  long  thought  it  my  duty  to 
publish  my  opinion  on  this  subject;  and  your  remarks  reminded  me 
of  it. — Your  friend,  RobH  Sinclair,  Clairmont  Nursery,  near  Balti- 
more, JSiarch,  1842. 

Hybridizing  Camellias  ivith  the  pollen  of  different  varieties,  (p. 
42.)  —  I  saw  a  statement  made  in  some  of  the  late  numbers  of  your 
Magazine,  relative  to  the  liyljridization  of  camellias  in  the  mode  that 
was  adopted  by  John  B.  Smith,  by  mixing  the  pollen  of  various  kinds 
before  ai)plying  them  to  the  pistil:  you  likewise  recommended  a  trial 
of  it,  as  Mr.  Smith  has  been  so  successful  in  raising  the  best  that 
have  yet  been  produced.  Now,  sir,  I  disagree  entirely  with  the  above 
method:  we  know  that  the  pistil,  at  a  certain  time,  is  in  that  state  to 
attract  and  absorb  the  pollen,  and  that  the  pollen  is  likewise  in  the 
same  state;  but  we  are  not  certain  at  what  precise  time  they  are  fit 
to  be  api)lied;  besides,  the  mixing  of  different  kinds  of  pollen  is 
more  apt  to  destroy  its  fecundity,  than  when  applied  singly.  It  is  a 
mere  assumption  to  say,  or  even  think,  that  the  jiistil  is  capable  of 
absorbiujj  various  kinds  of  pollens  at  once;  if  we  were  to  reason 
from  analogy,  we  would  assume  the  reverse.  In  my  opinion,  it  will 
be  found  the  best  to  apjjly  each  kind  of  pollen  by  itself.  Let  me  not 
be  misunderstood  that  1  do  not  recommend  applying  various  kinds 
of  pollen;  it  is  only  individually  that  I  contend  they  ought  to  be 
used.  If  only  one  kind  and  one  application  was  made,  it  is  nine 
chances  to  ten  that  the  stigma  would  not  be  impregnated  at  all. 
Apply  different  kinds  frequently;  in  case  one  may  miss,  another  may 
take,  along  with  a  well  ventilated  house  and  a  clear  day:  then 
your  chances  are  good;  otherwise  it  is  labor  wasted.  Our  climate, 
1  think,  is  much  better  fur  maturing  the  seed,  at  least  we  should 
judge  so  from  the  s|)lendid  s|)ecimcns  which  have  already  been  pro- 
duced, on  such  a  short  trial.  Nothing  has  yet  been  raised,  or  per- 
haps ever  can  be,  better  than  Smith's  Binneyu.  If  you  had  sat 
down  and  wished  what  a  flower  should  be,  in  every  perfection,  you 
there  find  it;  even  Landrethi  few  or  none  can  beat;  likewise  Prattu, 
besides  many  others.  Even  the  C  var.  Chalmerjj  will  not  soon  be 
surpassed.  In  this  vicinity,  the  march  is  onward:  let  every  one  ex- 
ert himself,  that  he  may  contribute  something  to  the  many  fine  hy- 
brids of  various  kinds  that  have  been  raised  in  our  country,  so  that 
we  may  not  send  abroad  for  new  varieties. — >Rn  Jimateur,  Fhila- 
delphia,  March,  1842. 

rhe  Glout  Morceaib  Pear. — On  what  authority  have  the  Commit- 
tee who  i)re])ared  and  superintended  the  pulilication  of  the  Proceed- 
ings of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society  for  1839,  1840,  and 
1841,  altered  the  commonly  known  name  of  this  pear,  and  called  it 
the  Gout  Morceau.''  The  chairman  of  that  committee  would  confer 
a  great  favor  by  giving  his  authority  for  so  doitig,  and  much  oblige 
one  who  has  always  considered  the  authority  of  the  London  Horti- 
cultural Society  sufficient  to  establish  the  name  of  any  fruit. — A  Fruit 
Grower,  March,  1842. 


JUassachusctts  Horticultural  Society.  157 


Art.  III.     Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society. 

Saturday,  March  bth. — An  adjourned  meeting  of  the  Society  waa 
held  to-day, — the  President  in  the  chair. 

The  Executive  Committee  presented  the  names  of  Gen.  H.  A.  S. 
Dearliorn  and  the  Hon.  F.dward  Everett  as  honorary  members,  and 
they  were  unanimously  admitted. 

Mr.  C.  M.  Hovey,  Chairman  of  the  Flower  Committee,  submitted 
a  report,  awardin:;,'  the  Society's  premium  of  one  hundred  and  twenty 
dollars  for  the  destruction  of  the  rose  slujr,  to  Mr.  D.  Hajjgerston, 
gardener  to  J.  P.  Cushing,  Esq.,  whose  letter  was  read  to  the  Socie- 
ty last  June.     The  rejjort  was  accepted. 

Exhibited. — Flowers:  From  J.  L.  L.  F.  Warren,  cut  flowers  of 
Azalea  indica  |)hcEnicea,  and  A.  /edifolia,  i?6sa  iriultiflora,  and  the 
following:  kinds — undulata,  yellow  tea,  and  a  variety  erroneously  call- 
ed the  Greville;Y;  also.  Cineraria  maritima  and  the  var.  King,  varie- 
gated stock,  verbenas,  quilled  asters,  geraniums,  &c. 

Adjourned  three  weeks,  to  March  26th. 

March  IQlh. — An  adjourned  meeting, — the  President  in  the  chair. 

Mr.  Vose  read  a  letter  from  M.  Tougard,  President  of  the  Horti- 
cultural Society  of  Rouen,  France,  acknowledging  the  receipt  of  a 
letter,  informinij  him  of  his  admission  as  an  honorary  member  of  the 
Society.  Mr.  Vose  was  re(|uested,  by  a  vote  of  the  Society,  to  trans- 
late the  same  for  publication.  Accompanying  M.  Tougard's  letter, 
Mr.  Vose  laid  before  the  Society  several  pamphlets,  containing  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Horticultural  Society  of  Rouen,  since  its  organi- 
zation. The  Library  Committee  were  instructed  to  take  charge  of 
them. 

Mr.  Walker,  from  the  Chairman  of  the  Printing  Committee,  laid 
before  the  Society  the  pamphlet  containinir  the  Proceedings  of  the 
Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society  for  1839,  1840,  and  1841,  which 
had  been  prepared  under  their  direction,  for  distribution  among  the 
members.  The  thanks  of  the  Society  were  voted  to  the  comiriittee, 
for  the  acceptable  manner  in  which  they  had  performed  their  duties. 

Accom])anying  the  Report,  the  Committee  presented  a  circular, 
also  printed  under  their  direction,  containing  the  communications 
read  before  the  Society  upon  the  destruction  of  the  curculio.  They 
were  laid  upon  the  talile  for  distribution. 

It  vvas  voted,  that  the  Corresponding  Secretary  transmit  a  copy  of 
the  Proceedings  of  the  Society  to  all  the  honorary  and  corresponding 
members,  so  far  as  it  was  practicable  to  do  so;  and  that  the  Treasur- 
er also  furnish  each  subscription  and  life  member  with  a  copy  of  the 
same. 

Exhibited. — Fruit:  From  J.  L.  L.  F.  Warren,  apples  called  War- 
ren's Spice,  a  new  seedling  variety. 

Meeting  dissolve<l. 

[The  official  year  for  1842  commences  the  first  Saturday  in  April, 
when  the  officers  elected  in  October  last  will  enter  upon  their  duties.] 


158 


Faneuil  Hall  Market. 


Art.  V.     Faneuil  Hall  Market. 


Roots,  Tubers,  fyc. 

Potatoes: 

^,  )  per  barrel.  . 

U henanffoes,  >  '       ,      ,    , 
"       '  5  per  husliel, . 

t,     ,       ,     )  per  barrel,.  . . 
Eastports,  >•  '       i      i    i 

j~,  <  per  barrel,.  .  .  . 

Common,  <  '       ■      i    ■ 

(  per  bushel, ,.  . . 

Sweet  potatoes,  per  bushel, 
Turnips,  per  busiiel: 

Common, 

Ruta  Baga, 

French, 

New,    per  bunch, 

Onions: 

Red,  per  bunch, 

White,  per  bunch, 

White,  per  bushel, 

Yellow,  per  bushel, 

Beets,  per  bushel, 

Carrots,  per  bushel 

Parsnips,  per  bushel, 

Salsify,  per  dozen  roots,,  .  . . 

Radishes,  per  bunch 

Shallots,  per  pound, 

Garlic,  per  pound, 

Horseradish,  per  pound .... 

Cabbages,  Salads,  fyc. 

Cabbages,  per  doz: 

Savoy, 

Drumhead, 

Red  Dutch, 

Brocoli,  each, 

Cauliflowers,  each, 

I^ettuce,  per  head, 

Spinach,  per  peck, 

Dandelions,  per  peck, 

Turnip  tops,  per  peck, 

Rhubarb,  per  pound, 

Celery,  per  root: 

Giant, 

Common, 

Cucumbers,  (pickled)  pr  gal. 
Peppers,  (picked,)  per  gallon 


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12* 

25 

8 

12i 

25 

37^ 

25 

37.A 

37|r 

12^ 

— 

10 

12.1 

6 

8 

25 

— 

37i 

— 

Pot  and  Sweet  Herbs. 

Parsley,  per  half  peck.,.  . 

Sage,  per  pound, 

Marjorum,  per  bunch,... 

Savory,  per  bunch, 

Spearmint,  per  bunch,.  . . 


Stjuaxhes  and  PiimpKins 

Squashes,  jier  pound: 

Canada  Crookiieck,..  . . 

Autumnal  RIarrow, 

Winter  Crookneck,.  ..  . 

West  Indias, 

Pumpkins,  each,    


Fruits. 

Apples,  dessert: 

Faldwins,  per  barrel, 

Russets,  per  barrel, 

Greenings,  per  barrel,. .  . . 

IVew  Yoik  pippins, per  bbl. 

Common,  per  barrel, 

Pippins,  per  bushel, 

Sweet,  jjcr  bushel, 

Dried  apples,  per  pound,.  . 
Pears,  per  dozen: 

Ciiaumontel,.  .  , , 

Baking,  per  bushel, 

Cranberries,  per  bushel,.  , 
Grapes  per  pound: 

Malaga,  (white) 

Pine-apples,  each, 

Cucumbers,  each, 

Water-melons,  each, 

Lemons,  per  dozen, 

Shaddocks,  each, 

Oianges,per  doz: 

Havana 

Sicily 

Walnuts,  per  bushel, 

Chestnuts,  per  bushel,. .  .  . 
Butternuts,  per  bushel,..  . . 

Ahnonds,  per  pound, 

Castana,  per  pound, 

Cocoa  nuts, 


From 

^cts. 

37i 

17 

6 

6 

3 


5 
6 
4 
3 
12J 


3  50 
2  75 
50 
00 
00 
00 
25 
4 


25 
00 
00 

20 
25 
25 
25 
17 
12^ 

37i 

20 

25 

00 

00 

14 


To 

^  els. 

20 

12i 

12i 


6 
4 

20 


4  GO 
3  00 
3  GO 
3  50 
2  50 
1  25 
1  50 
6 


50 

50 
50 

25 
50 

50 
20 


!  50 
I  25 
1  50 


15 


Remarks. — The  season  has  continued  unusually  pleasant,  and 
March  has  appeared  much  like  April,  the  thermometer  having  risen, 
one  day,  as  hish  as  74°  in  the  shade.  During  the  last  week,  there 
has  been  a  slight  change,  and  a  liglit  fall  of  snow  was  experienced  a 
day  or  two  ago;  but  at  the  time  we  now  write,  it  is  nearly  gone. 
Vegetation  is  much  more  forward  than  last  year,  and  unless  the  early 
part  of  April  should  be  cool,  fruit  trees  will  be  in  blossom  by  the 
middle  of  that  month. 


Horticultural   Memoranda.  159 

Vegetables. — Potatoes  have  continued  heavy,  and  prices  tending 
downwAi-dd,  until  they  have  fallen  to  very  low  rates:  the  stock  is 
now  al)undant.  Sweet  potatoes  yet  remain  in  good  order,  and  at 
reasonable  prices.  Onions  are  scarcer:  Whites  are  entirely  gone, 
and  but  few  good  reds  ia  bunches  are  to  be  had:  the  stock  is  com- 
posed of  yellow,  of  which  there  is  a  limited  supply  of  exceedingly 
fine  quality.  Radishes  now  come  in  abundant  and  good.  Cabbages 
are  about  gone.  For  the  last  week  or  two,  no  Brocolis  or  cauliflow- 
ers have  come  to  hand,  and  the  season  for  them  is  about  over.  Let- 
tuce is  now  large  and  good.  Spinach  and  dandelions,  from  the  open 
weather,  has  been  very  abundant;  the  present  cooler  weather  has 
prevented  so  full  a  supply.  Celery  is  about  gone.  Rhubarb  has 
made  its  api)earance  the  present  week,  from  the  green-houses  in  the 
vicinity,  and  now  commands  our  prices;  it  is  quite  early  for  so  good 
an  article  as  has  been  sold:  small  lots  only  come  to  hand.  Squashes 
are  scarce,  with  the  exception  of  West  India,  of  which  there  is  a  fair 
supply. 

Fruit. — In  fruit  there  has  been  no  change;  every  thing  continues 
dull:  apples,  well  picked,  command  no  higher  prices  than  they  did 
last  month;  the  stock  is  now  mostly  reduced  to  Baldwins  and  russets. 
Pears,  with  the  exception  of  baking,  are  all  gone,  and  the  stock  of 
the  latter  is  not  large.  Cranberries  remain  the  same,  with  a  mode- 
rate stock.  A  few  grapes  yet  remain,  but  in  ])oor  order.  A  few  cu- 
cumbers were  brought  in  the  last  week,  and  sold  at  our  quotations; 
but  there  is  no  supply  yet.  Of  pine-apples  there  are  but  a  few  in 
the  market.  Oranges  and  lemons  are  plentiful,  with  fresh  arrivals 
every  week  or  two.  Nuts  remain  without  any  alteration  worth  men- 
tioning.—^!. T.,  March  28/A,  1842. 


HORTICULTURAL  MEMORANDA 

FOR    APRIL. 


FRUIT    DEPARTMENT. 


Grape  vines  will  now  i)e  in  full  leaf,  and  show  their  clusters  of 
flower-buds:  the  new  shoots  intended  for  bearing  wood  another  year 
should  be  tied  up  to  the  trellis.  Give  due  quantities  of  air  till  the 
buds  begin  to  open,  when  the  temperature  should  be  raised, and  syring- 
ing dispensed  with  till  the  fruit  has  set;  the  floor  and  the  flue  may  be 
occasionally  sprinkled  to  raise  a  fine  dew,  and  this  should  be  done 
immediately  after  the  house  is  closed,  early  in  the  afternoon.  Vines 
may  be  grafted  now  if  it  is  desirable  to  change  any  particular  fruit. 
Vines  in  the  open  air  should  be  uncovered  early  this  month,  and  such 
as  have  not  been  pruned  should  be  omitted  no  longer. 


160  Horticultural   Memoranda. 

Raspberry  beds  may  be  uncovered  now,  and  new  plantations  made 
if  wanted. 

Gooseberry  and  Currant  bushes  may  now  be  removed  with  safety. 

Grafting  may  he  performed  this  month  with  perfect  success. 

Fruit  trees,  of  all  kinds,  may  be  safely  remove(l  this  month,  if  the 
work  is  properly  done:  if  dry  weather  ensues,  the  trees  should  be 
carefully  watered.  Pruning  old  trees  should  be  completed  this 
month. 

New  Strawberry  beds  may  be  made  this  month,  and  old  ones  may 
be  renovated  by  a  to|)  dressing  of  very  rotten  manure. 

New  plantations  of  Rhubarb  should  be  made  this  month. 

FLOWER    DEPARTMENT. 

Dahlias  will  now  be  objects  of  more  care,  as  the  season  approach- 
es for  planting.  Pot  such  roots  as  are  wanted  for  flowering  early, 
and  when  the  eyes  are  swelled  so  as  to  become  prominent,  the  roots 
may  be  separated  with  one  shoot  to  each,  and  jdaced  in  small  pots. 
Sow  the  seeds  now  for  producino;  new  sorts. 

Calceolarias  should  be  repotted  now,  being  careful  to  give  a  good 
drainage. 

Verbenas  should  again  be  shifted,  if  fine  large  thrifty  plants  are 
wanted. 

Pansies,  sown  in  pots  last  month,  may  be  jjlanted  out  in  beds  in 
the  open  garden,  making  the  soil  rich  and  good.  Make  another 
sowing  of  seed  in  the  open  air  for  a  succession. 

Roses  w\\\  need  repotting  n«w:  give  good  supplies  of  water,  and 
syringe  freely  over  the  foliage. 

Amaryllises,  Gladioluses,  Tuberoses,  <5*c-  may  be  planted  this 
month  in  pots,  or,  if  mild  weather,  in  the  open  garden. 

Camellias  will  now  be  completing  their  growth  and  forming  their 
flower-buds.  Water  freely  at  the  roots,  and  syringe  over  the  foliage. 
Inarching  may  be  yet  performed. 

Carnations  wintered  in  frames  may  now  be  turned  out  of  the  pots 
into  the  flower  border. 

Tulip  and  hyacinth  beds  should  have  the  soil  carefully  loosened 
between  the  rows, 

Annual  seeds  sown  in  pots,  as  recommended  in  February,  may  be 
planted  out  in  the  open  garden  the  latter  part  of  the  month,  unless 
the  weather  is  cold,  Hanly  kinds,  such  as  the  rocket  larkspur,  &c., 
should  be  sown  immediately  in  beds  or  in  the  border. 

Chrysanthemums  may  be  propagated  now  by  separating  the  roots; 
and  placing  one  sucker  in  each  pot. 

Ericas  will  need  attention;  water  liberally,  and  syringe  occasional 
ly  over  the  foliage;  continue  to  propagate  by  cuttings. 

Cactuses  will  now  be  blooming,  and  must  receive  good  supplies  of 
water. 

Perennial  plants,  of  all  kinds,  may  be  successfully  removed  any 
time  during  the  month. 

PcBonies  may  be  removed  this  month,  if  done  early. 

Hardy  Roses  should  be  removed  in  April,  and  the  old  plants  well 
pruned, 

Oxailses,  Ixias,  fyc,  done  flowering,  should  be  sparingly  watered. 


THE    MAGAZINE 


OF 


HORTICULTURE- 


MAY,  1842. 


ORIGINAL  COMMUNICATIONS. 

Art.  I.  Pomological  jyolices;  or  J^otices  respecting  neiv 
and  superior  varieties  of  Fruits,  ivorthy  of  general  cultiva- 
tion.    By  the  Editor. 

In  our  last  volume,  (VII.,  p.  284,)  we  gave  an  account  of 
several  new  fruits  recently  introduced  into  notice  abroad. 
Since  then,  most  or  all  of  those  that  had  not  previously  been 
added  to  our  collections,  have  been  introduced,  and  but  a 
short  period  will  elapse  before  we  shall  have  the  opportunity 
of  giving  a  better  account  of  them  than  the  mere  reports  of 
foreign  publications.  The  influence  of  our  climate  may 
change  the  character  of  a  variety,  and  make  it  better  or  poor- 
er; and  it  is  only  after  an  actual  test  of  the  fruit  they  produce, 
that  we  can  speak  confidently  of  a  new  variety,  or  ascertain 
its  full  value  to  the  i\.merican  cultivator.  Yet,  in  the  absence 
of  such  information,  we  may  surely  recommend  a  trial  of  all 
new  fruits  which  have  been  pronounced  valuable  by  foreign 
cultivators  of  eminence,  in  order  that  their  merits  may  be  at 
once  tested,  and  all  doubts  respecting  their  excellence  set  at 
rest. 

In  England,  owing  to  the  unintentional  mistakes  made  by  the 
late  Mr.  Knight,  or  rather,  by  his  gardener,  the  scions  of  some 
of  the  new  seedling  pears  which  he  was  successful  in  raising, 
were  distributed  under  the  wrong  names,  and  it  was  not  until  the 
autumn  of  1840,  even  in  the  garden  of  the  London  Horticul- 
tural Society,  that  the  true  variety  of  one  of  his  pears  was 
discovered;  this  was  the  Monarch,  a  first  rate  fruit.  Another 
of  his  pears,  called  the  Dunmore,  has  not  been  fully  proved 
until  within  a  year  or  two;  it  ranks  as  a  first  rate  fruit.     We 

VOL.  VIII. NO.  V.  21 


162  Pomological  JVoiiccs. 

shall   refer  to  both  of  them  again   in  the  course   of  our  re- 
marks. 

In  the  fall  and  winter  of  1840 — 41,  Mr.  W.  Kenrick, 
author  of  the  American  Orchardist,  made  a  visit  to  England 
and  France,  and  on  his  return,  published  the  third  edition  of 
his  work.  To  this  edition,  he  added  a  brief  description  of 
several  new  kinds  of  pears  and  other  fruits,  which  have  re- 
cently been  brought  into  notice  in  France,  and  which  were 
recommended  to  him  by  M.  Dalbret,  superintendent  of  the 
compartment  of  fruits  in  the  Garden  of  Plants,  at  Paris,  and 
Mr.  Jamin,  nurseryman.  We  shall  notice  most  of  these,  as 
well  as  others  described  in  the  Bon  Jardinier  for  1841  and 
for  1842,  as  new  and  fine  kinds. 

New  additions  are  constantly  making  to  all  our  varieties  of 
fruit,  and  among  our  amateur  cultivators  and  nurserymen,  as 
well  as  those  abroad,  many  superior  kinds  have  been  lately 
raised.  It  will  be  our  endeavor,  either  at  the  present  time, 
or  in  another  paper,  to  notice  all  the  most  remarkable  of  these, 
that  our  readers  may  make  trial  of  them,  and  ascertain  their 
value  in  comparison  with  the  well  known  and  commonly  culti- 
vated varieties.  Our  present  notices  will  be  wholly  confined 
to  new  pears. 

The  Dunmore  Pear. — This  is  one  of  the  late  T.  A.  Knight's 
seedlings,  raised  as  long  since  as  1823,  and  described  by  him 
in  the  second  series  of  the  Transactions  of  the  London  Hor- 
ticultural Society;  but  its  fruit  has  not  been  fully  known  un- 
til its  recent  production  in  the  garden  of  the  Horticultural 
Society,  where  it  has  proved  lo  be  a  first  rate  variety.  jNfr. 
Thompson,  the  intelligent  cultivator  of  the  fruit  department, 
has  given  the  following  description  of  it  in  the  Gardener^s 
Chronicle: — 

"This  variety  is  highly  deserving  of  notice,  not  only  for 
its  intrinsic  excellence,  but  also  on  account  of  such  a  fruit 
being  wanted  to  come  in  for  use  between  Williams's  Bon 
Chretien  and  the  Marie  Louise,  when  there  is  a  scarcity  of 
large  and  good  pears.  It  has  borne  fruit  in  the  garden  of  the 
Horticultural  Society,  where  it  grows  vigorously  as  a  standard, 
producing  fruit  between  four  and  five  inches  in  length,  and 
three  inches  in  diameter,  of  an  oblong  or  ovate  form;  eye 
small,  open,  in  a  shallow  depression;  stalk  from  an  inch  to  an 
inch  and  a  half  in  length,  of  medium  thickness,  somewhat 
fleshy  at  its  junction  with  the  fruit,   which  is  oblique;  skin 


Notices  of  neio  Pears.  163 

brownish  red  next  the  sun,  yellowish,  with  a  speckling  of 
brown,  when  shaded,  and  sometimes  a  considerable  portion  is 
covered  with  a  brown  russet;  flesh  yellowish  white,  melting, 
of  a  benrre  consistence,  and  rich  flavor,  even  in  the  present 
not  most  favorable  season,"  [1841.]  Mr.  Thompson  thinks 
it  is  as  large  as  the  brown  Beurre,  and  he  has  never  tasted 
the  last  named  sort  better  than  the  Dunmore:  when  it  has 
remained  to  ripen  and  grow  yellow  upon  the  tree,  he  has 
thought  it  the  most  melting  pear  of  its  early  season.  Grafts 
of  it,  which  were  inserted  into  stocks  only  two  years  ago, 
afforded  an  abundant  blossom,  and  bore  fruit  last  season, 
though  the  weather,  last  spring,  was  quite  unfavorable,  and 
destroyed  the  blossoms  of  the  more  delicate  varieties.  The 
trees  are  of  rapid  growth,  and  the  variety  appears  to  be  ex- 
tremely well  adapted  to  cold  and  late  situations. 

From  this  description,  it  will  be  at  once  perceived  it  is  a 
valuable  variety,  particularly  for  our  climate.  To  say  a  pear 
is  as  good  as  the  brown  Beurre,  is  sufficient  to  recommend  it 
to  the  attention  of  every  cultivator. 

KnigliVs  Monarch. — Another  fine  variety,  also  raised  by 
Mr.  Knight,  and  described  by  him  in  the  Transactions  above 
alluded  to,  and  at  the  same  time  with  the  Dunmore.  It  was 
named  by  Mr.  Knight,  the  Monarch,  "under  the  conviction, 
that,  for  the  climate  of  England,  it  stands  without  an  equal; 
and  because  it  appeared  in  the  first  year  of  the  reign  of  our 
most  excellent  monarch,"  (William  IV.)  In  form  it  is  ob- 
long, tapering  somewhat  towards  the  stalk,  where  it  is  obtuse; 
the  stem  is,  in  all  cases,  remarkably  short  and  thick;  the  eye 
is  open,  in  a  shallow  depression;  the  general  color  is  yellow- 
ish brown,  tinged  with  red  next  the  sun,  and  every  where 
interspersed  with  roundish  pale  gray  flecks;  flesh  yellowish, 
melting,  buttery,  and  rich;  slightly  musky,  but  not  disagree- 
ably so,  and  this  is  less  perceptible  in  a  drier  season  than  the 
past,  being  then  almost  lost  in  the  highly  saccharine  quality  of 
the  fruit.  The  tree  grows  vigorously,  and  is  a  most  abundant 
bearer  as  a  standard,  the  fruit  from  which  is  much  higher  fla- 
vored than  from  a  wall.  January  is  its  season  of  becoming 
fit  for  use. 

In  1832,  Mr.  Knight  sent  scions  of  what  he  supposed  to 
be  the  true  Monarch,  to  the  late  Mr.  Lowell,  and  from  his 
trees,  scions  of  a  pear  so  highly  praised  were  liberally  distrib- 
uted to  nurserymen  and  cultivators.     But  this  has  proved  not 


J  64  Pomological  Motices. 

to  be  the  true  Monarch.  The  same  mistake  occurred  in  the 
distribution  of  the  scions  among  Enghsh  cuhivators,  and  it 
was  not  until  1840  that  the  true  variety  was  i<nown  in  the  ex- 
tensive collection  in  the  garden  of  the  London  Horticultural 
Society.  It  consequently  is  an  entirely  new  variety  in  our 
collections,  the  old  Monarch  being  an  inferior  fruit. 

Moccas. — Another  fine  fruit  of  ]Mr.  Knight's  production, 
and  described  at  the  same  time  as  those  above  named.  It  is 
a  very  large  fruit,  and  bears  well  as  a  standard,  ripening  in 
September. 

The  Suffolk  Thorn  fruited  for  the  first  time  in  the  garden 
of  the  London  Horticultural  Society,  in  the  fall  of  1840.  It 
was  raised  by  Andrew  Arcedeckne,  Esq.,  from  the  Gansell's 
Bergamot.  It  bears  well  as  a  standard,  and  is  of  excellent 
quality. 

MolleWs  Guernsey  Chaumontel. — This  is  a  new  pear  of 
great  excellence,  raised  some  time  since,  by  the  late  Charles 
Mollett,  Esq.,  of  the  Island  of  Guernsey,  but  very  lately 
brought  into  notice.  It  is  described  as  a  fruit  of  the  middle 
size,  obovate,  or  somewhat  pyramidal,  with  a  remarkably 
fleshy  extension  of  about  half  an  inch  at  the  insertion  of  the 
footstalk,  in  addition  to  which,  the  footstalk  is  about  an  inch 
in  length,  of  medium  thickness,  and  yellow.  The  eye  is  in 
a  shallow  depression,  quite  open,  the  segments  of  the  calyx 
closely  reclining  on  the  fruit.  The  surface  of  the  fruit  is 
somewhat  uneven;  the  ground  yellow,  but  in  a  great  meas- 
ure obscured  by  ferrugineous  russet,  sometimes  equally  scat- 
tered, but  often  disposed  in  broad  longitudinal  stripes;  flesh 
inclining  to  yellow,  very  melting  and  buttery,  with  a  very  rich 
Chaumontel  flavor,  but  more  acid  and  less  sugary,  qualities 
which  give  it  additional  merit  among  the  mid-winter  pears, 
which  generally  possess  a  cloying  sweetness,  unrelieved  by 
the  slightest  perceptible  acidity.  It  is  in  eating  in  December 
and  January,  but  the  fruit  should  be  taken  from  the  tree  in 
September.  It  grows  well  on  the  quince,  and  bears  abun- 
dantly. 

The  following  varieties  are  of  French  or  Flemish  origin, 
and  are  said  to  be  very  superior  fruits. 

The  Tougard  Pear. — Fruit  large  and  beautiful,  oval,  of 
a  clear  yellow,  laved  and  streaked  with  saftVon  red;  flesh 
white,  very  fine  and  melting;  juice  abundant,  sweet,  very 
good,  but  not  perfumed;  ripens  the  end  of  September.     In- 


Mtices  of  new  Pears.  165 

troduced  from  Belgium  to  the  environs  of  Rouen,  by  M. 
Tougard,  nurseryman,  of  that  city. 

Esperine. — Medium  size,  oblong,  obtuse;  skin  yellowish, 
shaded  with  reddish  gray;  flesh  yellowish  white,  fine,  and 
melting;  juice  sweet,  highly  perfumed,  and  very  good;  ripens 
the  end  of  September.  Obtained  from  Van  Mons  in  1840, 
and  probably  one  of  his  seedling  varieties. 

Wilhclmina . — Form  of  the  Doyenne;  skin  spotted  with 
gray  in  the  shade,  and  laved  with  red  in  the  sun;  flesh  of  a 
yellowish  white,  buttery;  juice  abundant,  sweet,  and  perfum- 
ed; ripe  in  March. 

Belle  Alliance. — A  large  new  fruit,  ripening  at  Paris  in 
October,  melting  and  excellent. 

Belle  el  Bonne  de  Hees. — Medium  size,  melting  and  per- 
fumed; new;  of  superior  excellence;  ripens  in  September,  at 
Paris. 

Belle  Henriette. — A  large  new  fruit,  half  melting,  a  valua- 
ble variety;  ripens  in  November. 

Beurre  cVAnjou. — Of  large  size,  melting,  perfumed,  and 
excellent;  ripens  in  October. 

Beurre  de  Beauchamps. — Fruit  nearly  round;  skin  yellow- 
ish green,  speckled;  flesh  nearly  white,  melting,  having  an 
agreeable  and  peculiar  flavor;  tree  productive;  ripens  in  No- 
vember. 

Beurre  de  Beaumont. — Rather  under  medium  size,  but  of 
superior  excellence,  melting,  and  fine;  ripens  in  September. 

Beurre  JMontefortaine . — Medium  size,  and  buttery;  ripens 
in  October. 

Beurre  Pater  JYoster. — Medium  size,  buttery,  and  fine; 
ripens  in  November. 

Beurre  St.  Quentin. — Small,  turbinated,  height  from  two 
to  three  inches;  skin  yellow,  laved  with  red  on  the  sunny 
side;  flesh  white,  fine,  and  melting;  juice  sweet;  ripens  in 
September. 

Beurre  c/'  Enghein. — Medium  size,  melting,  and  of  excel- 
lent quality;  ripens  in  October. 

Beurre  Moire. — ISIedium  size,  very  fine,  excellent,  and 
perfumed;  ripens  in  October. 

Beurre  Rouge. — A  new  fruit  of  medium  size,  melting,  and 
excellent;  it  bears  better  than  the  old  brown  Beurre;  ripens 
in  October. 

Delices  de  Jodoigne. — Of  medium  size,  melting  and  excel- 
lent; ripens  in  November. 


166  Fomological  jyotices. 

Delices  Van  Mons. — Medium  size,  melting,  and  fine;  ripens 
in  November. 

Jalousie  de  Fontenay  VendeL — Already  noticed  by  Mr. 
Manning,  at  p.  58. 

JMadotte. —  Large  size,  beautiful  in  form  and  color;  even 
superior  to  the  Duchesse  d'Angouleme,  as  M.  Margat  inform- 
ed Mr.  Kenrick.  It  is  equally  as  large  as  the  latter  variety, 
but  not  quite  so  broad,  and  of  finer  form.  Ripens  in  Novem- 
ber. 

Marie  Louise  de  Delcourt. — Medium  size,  melting,  perfum- 
ed, and  excellent;  ripens  in  November. 

De  Duverny. — Large  and  excellent,  half  melting;  ripens 
in  October. 

De  Mons. — Medium  size,  and  of  excellent  quality;  ripens 
in  November. 

Triumph  de  Louvain. — Medium  size,  melting  and  fine;  a 
superior  fruit;  ripens  in  October. 

Beurre  Gris  d^  Hiver  JVouveau. — Medium  size,  melting, 
perfumed,  and  a  valuable  fruit;  ripens  in  January,  and  keeps 
through  the  winter. 

Beurre  Incomparable. — Large  size,  melting,  perfumed,  and 
a  superior  variety;  ripens  in  December,  and  keeps  into  win- 
ter. 

Beurre  de  J^oirchain. — Large  size,  and  a  superior  fruit; 
flesh  melting  and  perfumed.  It  ripens  late,  and  keeps  till 
spring.      Stated  to  be  very  valuable. 

Beurre  de  Picquery. — Medium  size,  melting,  and  perfum- 
ed. It  keeps  into  winter,  and  is  also  stated  to  be  of  unrival- 
led excellence. 

Souverain  d^  Hiver. — Medium  size,  and  a  melting  fruit  of 
superior  quality.     Ripens  in  winter. 

Excellentissima. — Medium  size,  buttery,  and  excellent. 
Ripens  in  August. 

Melon  de  Knops. — Of  large  size,  buttery,  and  excellent. 
Ripens  in  November. 

De  Louvaine. — Medium  size,  buttery,  and  good.  Ripens 
in  August. 

Des  Trois  Tours. — Of  large  size,  melting,  and  excellent. 
Ripens  in  December. 

Shakespeare. — Small,  melting,  and  excellent.  Ripens  in 
August. 

Belle  de  Thouars. — Large  size,  pyramidal  form,  flesh  break- 
ing.   Ripens  in  winter,  and  keeps  well. 


Merits  of  the  Isabella  and  Catawba    Grape.  167 

Beurre  de  Flanders. — Large  size,  melting,  and  excellent. 
Ripens  in  December. 

Bergamot  Ficve. — Medium  size,  melting  and  good,  new, 
good  bearer.      Ripens  in  November. 

Berganiotte  Cadette. — Medium  size,  melting,  and  excellent. 
Ripens  in  December. 

Beurre  de  Bolwyller. — Medium  size,  juicy,  and  good; 
grows  well  on  the  quince;  ripens  in  April. 

Duchess  of  Mars. — Medium  size,  melting,  and  good;  tree 
hardy.     Ripens  in  November. 

Sageret. — Large,  turbinated,  seven  to  nine  inches  in  cir- 
cumference; skin  green,  spotted  with  brown;  flesh  melting; 
sweet,  sugary,  and  slightly  perfumed.  Tree  pyramidal,  and 
vigorous  in  its  growth.  Ripens  from  December  to  INIarch. 
This  is  the  Sageret  of  Van  Mons,  described  in  the  Bon  Jar- 
ditiier,  from  which  we  have  translated  this  description,  and  not 
that  of  M.  Sageret,  an  inferior  fruit. 

There  are  many  other  new  pears  of  reputed  merit,  which  we 
shall  notice  in  a  future  paper,  together  with  several  other  new 
fruits. 


Art.  IL  On  the  comparative  merits  of  the  Isabella  and  Ca- 
tawba Grapes;  with  a  notice  of  a  new  native  variety  called 
the  Ohio  grape.)  and  observations  on  the  cultivation  of  Grapes 
from  seed.     By  N.  Long  worth,  Esq.,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

I  WAS  surprised,  on  reading  a  communication  in  your  Mag- 
azine, (Vol.  VII.,  p.  331,)  from  an  intelligent  gentleman  at 
Marietta,  Ohio,  in  which  he  speaks  of  the  Isabella  grape  as 
the  best  native  grape  cultivated  by  them,  and  that  they  com- 
mence using  it  for  the  table  as  soon  as  it  assumes  a  red  color. 
I  should  suppose  he  alluded  to  the  Bland  Madeira,  did  he  not 
speak  of  that  grape  in  a  subsequent  part  of  his  letter.  I  have 
ceased  to  cultivate  the  Isabella  for  near  twenty  years,  deeming 
it  inferior,  as  a  table  and  wine  grape,  to  most  others.  He 
gives  it  the  preference  over  the  Catawba,  as  a  table  grape; 
with  us,  it  ripens  badly,   and  is  subject  to  rot,  and  in  its  best 


168         Merits  of  the  Isabella  and  Catawba  Grape. 

state  far  inferior  to  the  Catawba,  either  for  the  table  or  for 
wine.  I  have  had  a  bunch  of  the  Catawba  to  weigh  twenty- 
four  ounces.  I  have  a  white  variety  of  the  Catawba,  and 
another  Catawba  producing  fruit  a  third  larger  than  the  Ca- 
tawba of  Adiuni.  I  say  the  Catawba  of  Adlum,  for  Major 
AdUnn  was  the  first  to  bring  it  into  notice. 

I  have  three  varieties  of  native  grapes,  which  T  consider 
far  superior  to  the  Catawba  for  the  table.  They  have  none 
of  fhe  hard  pulp  common  to  the  Catawba,  Schuylkill,  Musca- 
del,  and  the  Isabella.  For  the  table,  they  are  equal  to  the 
Meunier,  or  Miller's  Burgundy,  and  as  free  of  pulp.  One  of 
them,  which  I  first  met  with  a  few  years  since,  I  call  the 
Ohio  grape.  The  vine  is  perfectly  hardy,  a  fine  bearer,  has 
never  had  the  mildew  or  rot,  and  the  bunches  very  large,  say 
four  times  the  size  of  the  Burgundy.  I  sent  a  bunch  of  these 
grapes  to  Boston,  last  fall,  but  it  was  too  long  on  the  road  to 
be  in  perfection.  I  will  give  five  hundred  dollars  for  a  root 
of  a  native  grape,  that  in  quality  of  the  fruit  and  size  of  the 
bunch,  shall  surpass  it.  The  other  two  are  equally  good  for 
the  table,  perfectly  hardy,  great  growers,  but  the  bunches  of 
fruit  are  not  so  large. 

I  was  surprised,  when  east,  to  find  no  good  native  grapes. 
At  my  diflerent  vineyards,  I  have  about  sixty  acres  in  grapes, 
but  not  all  in  bearing.  Last  season,  I  had  not  half  a  crop, 
with  the  exception  of  one  vineyard,  where  the  fruit  was  abun- 
dant and  fine.  I  made  about  two  hundred  barrels  of  wine, 
and  some  brandy.  I  am  now  raising  large  quantities  of  vines 
from  the  seed  of  n)y  best  varieties  of  native  grape,  having 
cleared  a  piece  of  new  land  expressly  for  that  purpose. 

The  Bland  grape  is  not  a  native.  It  was  introduced  into 
Virginia  from  France,  about  fifty  years  since,  by  a  French 
gentleman,  as  I  was  informed  by  Gen.  Harrison,  who  knew 
the  gentleman,  and  had  seen  the  fruit  on  his  table,  more  than 
forty  years  since.  It  is  a  good  table  grape,  but  subject  to 
mildew,  and  does  not  always  ripen  its  wood  or  its  fruit. 

Yours,  respectfully,  tvt    y 

'  '^  -^  '  JN.   LONGWORTH. 

Cincinnati,  Ohio,  March,  1842. 

[We  are  obliged  to  our  respected  correspondent  for  the 
above,  and  hope  he  will  give  us  an  account  hereafter  of  his 
success  in  the  production  of  seedling  varieties. — Ed.] 


J^olice  of  the  Angora  Pear.  169 


Art.  III.  Some  notice  of  the  Poire  d^  Angora,  (Angora 
Peary)  with  a  translation  of  a  letter  written  by  J\l.  Leon  le 
ClerCy  President  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  respecting  its 
origin^  ^c.     By  J.  W.  Knevels,  Esq.,  Fishkill,  N.  Y. 

As  one  of  the  speculators  in  recent  importations  of  the 
above  named  article,  I  feel  interested  in  the  judgment  pro- 
nounced upon  it  by  that  experienced  pomologist,  R.  Man- 
ning, Esq.,  that  with  him,  trees  under  the  same  name,  received 
from  France,  have  proved  to  be  the  Catillac.  If  the  Angora 
pear,  in  all  cases,  is  only  a  synonyme  of  the  well  known  Catil- 
lac, either  a  gross  deception  has  been  practised  upon  the  com- 
munity, or  the  French  nurserymen  are  surprisingly  ignorant 
of  the  science  they  profess.  I  am  loath,  however,  without 
further  experience,  to  adopt  Mr.  ^Manning's  decision  as  a 
definitive  sentence,  although  it  is  corroborated  by  the  descrip- 
tion given  of  the  Catillac,  which  corresponds  with  the  drawing 
of  the  Angora  pear,  late  exhibited  in  New  York. 

My  first  knowledge  of  the  fruit  in  question  was  derived 
from  a  letter  written  by  the  celebrated  M.  Leon  le  Clerc  to 
the  President  of  the  French  Academy  of  Sciences,  &c., 
read  at  the  sittings  of  the  4th  of  February,  ISoS,  and  pub- 
lished by  the  Chevalier  Soulange  Bodin,  in  his  Annales  de 
rinstitut  Royal  Horticole  de  Fromont,  Vol.  IV.,  p.  329.  I 
send  you  a  translation  of  this  communication,  in  order  that 
the  weight  of  the  names  of  Leon  le  Clerc  and  Tournefort 
may  lead  to  a  further  investigation  of  the  subject,  and  as  it 
also  leaves  room  for  a  hope  that  the  fruit  lately  received  from 
France  may  prove  the  genuine  Poire  d'Angora,  and  a  new 
and  valuable  acquisition  to  the  cornucopia  of  Pomona. 

The  following  is  the  "Lettre  de  M.  Leon  le  Clerc,  ancien 
Depute  de  la  Mayenne  au  President  de  I'Academie  des  Sci- 
ences de  1'  Institut,"  which  I  have  translated  for  your  pages. 

"Mr.  President: — It  is  already  more  than  a  century  since 
our  illustrious  Tournefort  called  the  attention  of  Europeans  to 
the  pear  of  Angora.  Since  then,  another  traveller  has  also 
mentioned  it  with  praise,  and  oral  communications  enable  me 
to  state,  that  even  at  the  present  moment  it  is  still,  in  winter, 
one  of  the  most  delicious  fruits  of  Constantinople.  You,  sir, 
know  better  than  I,  that  our  great  botanist  did  not  disdain  the 
study  of  pomology.  Thus,  when  on  his  journey,  as  for  in- 
VOL.  VIII. NO.  V.  22 


170  JVotice  of  the  Angora  Pear. 

stance  at  Tiflis,  he  happened  to  meet  with  any  of  our  varie- 
ties, he  never  neglects  to  mention  it  by  the  name  under  which 
it  is  known  to  us.  This  he  has  not  done  in  the  case  of  the 
Angora  pear,  although  he  had  it  in  his  power  so  to  do.  It  is 
therefore  very  probable,  or  rather  quite  certain,  that  the  pres- 
ent variety  is  unknown  to  us;  nor  is  it  less  certain  that  both 
in  respect  of  its  time  of  ripening  and  its  excellence,  it  presents 
a  most  desirable  object  for  our  acquisition.  As  a  zealous  am- 
ateur of  horticulture,  I  have  therefore  thought  I  should  be 
rendering  an  important  service  to  our  Society  by  endeavoring 
to  obtain  a  prize  pointed  out  to,  but  neglected  by  us,  for  more 
than  a  century.  However  insignificant  it  may  appear  in  other 
respects,  in  so  doing  I  have  encountered  difficulties  which  will 
occasion  no  surprise  to  those  who  have  set  on  foot  similar 
investigations  in  the  Levant.  These  difficulties  have  at  last 
been  overcome  by  the  zeal  and  extreme  complaisance  of  Gen- 
eral Guilleminot,  our  ambassador  at  the  Porte.  To  him,  af- 
ter many  fruitless  attempts,  and  almost  in  despair,  I  happily 
ventured  to  apply,  and  he  did  not  think  that  he  was  compro- 
mising the  dignity  of  his  high  station  in  condescending  to  at- 
tend to  matters  which,  more  humble  but  not  less  useful,  might 
have  called  up  a  smile  of  contempt  from  a  diplomatist  more 
tenacious  of  official  punctilio.  He  has  done  better  still,  and 
identifying  himself  with  all  that  insatiabiHty  of  an  amateur, 
which  I  did  not  disguise  from  him,  he  has  added  to  the  pear  a 
variety  of  the  apple,  equally  famous  in  that  country,  the  ex- 
cellence of  which  he  himself  has  tested." 

You  will  observe,  Mr.  Editor,  that  the  trees  imported 
by  Dr.  Bole  last  winter  from  Paris,  and  sold  by  Messrs. 
Niblo  &  Dunlap  and  others,  are  certified  to  have  been  propa- 
gated from  the  very  tree  sent  to  the  Horticultural  Society  of 
Paris  by  this  very  General  Guilleminot!  and  is  it  credible  that 
an  ambassador  extraordinary  and  minister  plenipotentiary  should 
have  exhausted  all  his  diplomatic  talent  in  sending  home  from 
Constantinople  nothing  better  than  an  old  homespun  Catillac.'' 
Forbid  it  '■'■  la  superbe  gravite  d'  un  diplomate  retranche  dans 
sa  dignite,"  which  we  republicans  would  imagine  more  deeply 
compromised  by  such  a  blunder,  than  by  the  simple  under- 
taking the  commission  to  send  home  approved  varieties  of  for- 
eign fruit  trees.  Yours,  with  great  respect, 

J.  W.  Knevels. 

Fishkill,  jy.  F.,  April,  1842. 


JMetliod  of  raising  Camellias  in  Washinglon.         171 


Art.  IV.     Remarks  on  the  method  of  raising  seedling  Ca- 
mellias^  as  practised  in    Washington,  D.  C.     By  Dr.  J. 

S.   GUNNELL. 

In  a  late  number  of  your  Magazine,  you  alluded  to  INIr.  J. 
B.  Smith's  method  of  raising  camellias  by  hybridization,  so 
as  to  increase  and  improve  the  varieties  of  this  superb  flower. 
In  your  number  for  April,  which  now  lies  before  me,  I  notice 
a  further  account  of  the  experience  of  another  amateur  in 
Philadelphia. 

As  1  have  had  some  considerable  experience  in  prodticing 
new  seedling  camellias,  I  will  give  you  a  brief  account  of  my 
practice  also,  not  intending  to  call  in  question  the  plan  or  sys- 
tem of  any  other  cultivator.  I  generally  take  a  pair  of  curved 
forceps,  pliers,  or  tweezers,  with  which  I  can  pick  out  all  the 
anthers  or  stamens  from  the  bottom  of  the  flowers:  I  then  ap- 
ply the  farina  or  pollen,  selected  on  purpose,  directly  to  the 
stigma;  this  I  do  with  one,  or  as  many  varieties  as  I  can  get 
from  flowers  that  are  suitable  to  select  from.  I  find,  by  using 
the  pollen  from  white  camellias,  (although  it  be  applied  to  the 
stigmas  of  red  ones,)  the  progeny  are  apt  to  be  mostly  white 
or  light  colored  varieties;  and  when  the  pollen  from  a  white 
variety  is  applied  to  the  stigma  of  another  white  flower,  the 
young  plants  are  almost  certain  to  produce  light  flowers,  or 
those  with  light  grounds. 

When  I  have  a  fine  variety  in  bloom,  from  which  it  is  de- 
sirable to  impregnate  others,  and  have  no  plants  in  flower  to 
enable  me  to  do  so,  1  frequently  select  plants  which  show 
buds  nearly  ready  to  expand,  and  take  ofl"  the  petals,  after- 
wards applying  the  pollen  in  the  usual  manner,  not  forgetting, 
however,  to  repeat  it  for  two  or  three  days  in  succession,  so 
as  to  insure  certainty  of  fecundation.  By  following  this 
method,  complete  success  has  been  the  result,  and  the  oppor- 
tunity has  not  been  lost,  which  may  often  happen  if  the  culti- 
vator is  obliged  to  wait  until  a  flower  is  expanded,  of  impreg- 
nating with  some  of  the  most  superb  sorts.  I  am  never  influ- 
enced by  the  time  of  day,  or  temperature  of  the  house,  in  my 
practice,  but  perform  the  operation  at  all  times,  when  conven- 
ient to  do  so,  and  I  have  not  perceived  but  that  the  same 
success  attended  all  my  experiments. 

About  three  years  since,  I  succeeded  in  seeding  the  Ca- 
mellia maliflora  or   Sasdnqiia  j'osea,  but  had  the  misfortune  to 


173  On  forcing  the  Chinese  Chrysanthemum. 

lose  the  seed  pod  by  having  it  knocked  off  the  plant.  I  have 
again,  the  past  winter,  succeeded  in  impregnating  the  stigmas 
of  flowers  of  the  same  species  or  variety,  and  they  are  now 
swelling,  and  about  the  size  of  peas. 

I  have  occasionally  seen  a  few  anthers  in  the  Camellias  var. 
imbricata,  Landrethi,  Hume's  blush,  and  such  like  extra  or 
magnificent  kinds;  but  about  four  weeks  ago  I  was  not  a  little 
astonished  to  notice,  in  the  collection  of  plants  belonging  to 
J.  Douglass,  Jr.,  of  this  city,  two  different  plants  of  Hume's 
blush,  with  splendid  large  flowers  on  each,  and  upwards  of 
thirty  anthers,  covered  with  fine  prolific  pollen.  One  of  the 
plants  was  imported,  and  the  other  was  a  plant  inarched  here, 
but  not  from  the  imported  one:  each  of  the  plants  had  a  num- 
ber of  flowers  expanded,  some  with  anthers  and  some  with- 
out. Mr.  Douglass  kindly  gave  some  of  the  pollen  to  most 
of  our  amateur  cultivators,  who  have  fertilized  flowers,  from 
which  we  hope  to  produce  some  superb  varieties  in  a  few 
years. 

As  many  of  the  amateurs  in  the  District  of  Columbia  have 
succeeded  in  raising  new  and  fine  varieties  by  the  plan  now 
detailed,  I  have  deemed  it  advisable,  especially  for  the  assist- 
ance of  others  who  may  wish  to  assist  in  enriching  our  gar- 
dens with  new  kinds,   to  send  you  this  account  of  our  prac- 

^'^^*  J.   S.  GUNNELL. 

Washingtony  D.  C,  Jlpril  14,  1842. 


Art.  V.  enforcing  the  Chinese  Chrysanthemum,  so  as  to 
produce Jioicers  in  May.  By  J.  B.  Career,  Columbia, 
Pa, 

T  NOTICED  an  extract  in  your  Magazine,  from  a  foreign  pub- 
lication, some  time  back,  [Vol.  VI.,  p.  76 — Ed.]  that  a 
person  in  England  had  succeeded  in  flowering  the  Chinese 
chrysanthemum  in  the  month  of  May,  but  that  the  mode  of 
proceeding  was  kept  a  secret.  Man  is  naturally  fond  of  dis- 
covering secrets, — and  had  the  plan  been  fully  detailed,  the 


FloricuUural  and  Botanical  jyotices.  173 

probability  is,  that  I  never  should  have  attempted  to  flower 
them  at  any  other  than  the  usual  time,  which  is  in  November. 
But,  to  discover  a  secret,  I  set  my  wits  to  work;  and  the  re- 
sult is  a  bloom  at  the  present  time,  (and  I  doubt  not  for  six 
weeks  or  two  months  to  come,  as  I  have  plants  in  succession,) 
as  splendid  as  any  can  be  produced  in  the  fall. 

The  plan  I  pursued  was  simply  to  detach  the  sprouts  or 
suckers  in  the  fall,  when  in  full  bloom,  and  plant  them  in  small 
pots,  keeping  them  in  a  temperature  of  not  less  than  50° 
Fahrenheit,  with  occasional  shifting  as  they  advanced  in  growth, 
not  neglecting  to  keep  the  soil  moist  at  all  times;  and  the 
result  is  as  stated  above. 

From  this  experiment,  I  am  led  to  believe  that  there  would 
be  no  difficulty  in  forcing  the  Chinese  chrysanthemum  so  as 
to  have  it  in  flower  the  whole  year. 

Respectfully  yours,  Jacob  B.  Garber. 

Columbia,  Pa.,  April  14,  1842. 


Art.  VI.  FloricuUural  and  Botanical  JVotices  of  new 
Plants  figured  in  foreign  periodicals;  with  Remarks  on 
those  recently  introduced  to,  or  originated  in,  American 
gardens;  and  additional  information  upon  plants  already  in 
cultivation. 

Edwards's  Botanical  Register,  or  Ornamental  Flower  Garden 
and  Shrubbery.  Each  number  containing  from  six  to  eight 
plates,  with  additional  miscellaneous  information,  relative  to 
new  Plants.     In  monthly  numbers;  3s.  plain,  3s.  6d.  colored. 

Paxton's  Magazine  of  Botany ,  and  Register  of  Flowering  Plants. 
Each  number  containing  four  colored  plates.  Monthly.  2s.  &d. 
each.  Edited  by  J.  Paxton,  gardener  to  the  Duke  of  Devon- 
shire. 

The  Gardener's  Chronicle,  a  stamped  newspaper  of  Rural  Econ- 
omy and  General  News.  Edited  by  Prof.  Lindley.  Weekly. 
Price  6d,  each. 

FloricuUural  Intelligence.      JVeio    Camellias. — A    corres- 
pondent, in  our  last  number,  (p.  137,)  gave  some  account  of 


174  FloricuUural  and  Botanical  JVotices 

several  seedling  camellias  which  had  been  exhibited  before  the 
Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Society.  Since  then,  we  have 
received  the  published  Report  of  the  Society,  and  from  it  we 
take  the  following  descriptions  of  the  varieties  which  were 
then  alluded  to.  These  descriptions  are  furnished  by  the 
Committee  on  Flowers,  of  which,  we  believe,  Mr.  Buist  is 
chairman. 

Camellia  japonica  var.  [not  yet  named.] — A  thrifty  shrub; 
leaves  thick,  three  and  a  half  inches  long  and  two  and  a  half 
broad,  ovate,  acuminated,  and  very  much  serrated,  of  a  deep 
green  color,  surface  uneven  and  veined;  petiole  short;  flower 
full  to  the  centre,  color  a  deep  cherry  red.  No.  6  (Berlese's 
tMonography;)  the  arrangement  of  the  rows  of  petals  partak- 
ing of  a  spiral  form;  petals  ovate  and  pointed.  As  the  plant 
is  only  three  years  old,  and  has  produced  so  good  a  flower, 
it  promises  to  become,  as  it  matures,  a  desirable  variety. 
This  was  raised  by  Mr.  Buist:  the  parents  of  the  plant  are 
not  stated. 

Camellia  japonica  var.  Chalmerii  perfecta. — Leaves  thick, 
about  four  and  a  half  inches  long  and  two  and  three  quarters 
inches  broad,  ovate,  slightly  acuminated,  serrated,  veined,  and 
of  a  dark  glossy  green;  petioles  short;  flower  very  double, 
full  to  the  centre,  of  a  beautiful  cupped  form,  color  a  clear 
cherry  red.  No.  1  (Berlese's  Monography ;)  petals  oval  cup- 
ped, imbricated,  and  numerous,  texture  delicate.  From  the 
appearance  of  the  flower  on  the  grafted  specimen  exhibited, 
it  proves  to  be  one  of  the  finest  varieties.  This  plant  was 
raised  by  Mr.  Peter  Raabe,  an  amateur,  we  believe,  who  has 
named  it  after  Mr.  Chalmers,  Jr.,  gardener  to  George  Pep- 
per, Esq.  Mr.  Chalmers  has  the  stock  placed  in  his  hands, 
for  propagation. 

JVero  Camellias  in  Washington,  D.  C. — Our  correspondent 
at  Washington  has  sent  us  the  following  note  in  relation  to 
new  camellias  in  that  vicinity: — 

"We  have  had  a  considerable  number  of  very  fine,  and 
some  most  magnificent,  new  seedling  camellias  flower  in  the 
District  of  Columbia  this  winter.  Six  or  eight  raised  by  Mr. 
Joshua  Pierce;  two  or  three  by  Mr.  R.  Dick;  two  by  Mr. 
J.  Douglass,  Jr.,  and  five  of  my  own.  Among  Mr.  Pierce's, 
there  is  a  very  fine  white  one,  equalled  only  by  a  few  of  the 
older  kinds,  which  he  has  called  C.  var.  Pierceii:  a  complete 
description  of  this  variety,  with  several  of  the  others,  will  be 


of  neio  and  beautiful  Plants.  175 

sent  you  hereafter. — Yours,  J.  S.  G.,  Washington,  March, 
1S42. 

Azalea  indica  var.  latcritia  and  variegdta  are  now  in  bloom 
in  Hovey  &.  Co.'s  collection  of  plants.  The  latter  is  ex- 
ceedingly beautiful;  the  petals  are  of  a  pale  and  delicate  pink, 
elegantly  streaked  witli  deeper  tints,  and  shading  into  white  at 
the  edge:  the  habit  and  growth  of  the  plant  is  neat,  and  the 
foliage  small.  A.  i.  var.  lateritia  has  light  crimson  flowers; 
in  habit  it  resembles  the  variegata.  Both  of  them  are  fine 
additions  to  the  tribe,  and  from  their  hybridization  with  the 
old  white  and  others,  many  fine  new  varieties  may  be  expect- 
ed in  the  course  of  a  few  years. 

Epiphyllum  Russellmnum. — This  new,  and  said  to  be,  pret- 
ty, species,  will  flower  in  Messrs.  Hovey's  collection  this 
month:  it  is  now  showing  several  buds. 

Hanunculdcece. 

j?NEMO>NE 
rivulAris  J?jic7j.    The  Rill  Anemnne,    A  hnrdy  perennial;  growing  eighteen  inches  hiph; 
with  wliite  flowers;  appearing  in  summer;  a  native  of  the  East  Indias;  increased  by 
cuttings  and  division  of  tlie  roots.     Hot.  Reg.,  1842,  t.  8. 

Several  of  the  anemonies  are  pretty  perennial  plants,  bloom- 
ing early,  and  desirable  for  small  collections.  The  present 
subject  is  a  neat  addition  to  the  flower  border,  throwing  up  a 
stem  eighteen  inches  high,  from  the  summit  of  which  spring 
numerous  small  stems,  terminated  with  white  flowers.  The 
leaves  are  three-parted,  lobed,  and  dentate;  involucre  sessile 
and  three-parted.  This  species  was  raised  from  seeds  re- 
ceived from  Dr.  Falconer,  of  Saparunpar.  It  is  readily  in- 
creased, both  by  division  of  the  roots,  and  by  seeds,  and 
grows  freely  in  any  ordinary  soil  and  a  situation  not  too  wet, 
suffering  more  from  moisture  than  from  cold.  It  has  "no 
inconsiderable  resemblance"  to  our  native  species,  Jl.  penn- 
sylvanica.      (Bat.  Reg.,  Feb.) 

OnogrdcecB. 

GODE'TM 
albescens  Lindl.     Whitish  Gcdetia.     A  hnrdy  annual;   growinp  eighteen   inches    hich; 
with  blush-colored  flowers;  appearing  in  summer;  increased  by  seeds;  a  native  of  Co- 
lumbia River.    Bot.  Reg.,  184J,  t.  9. 

"A  new  hardy  annual,  not  very  handsome,  but  forming  an 
agreeable  variety  when  grown  among  species  of  a  more  spread- 
ing habit."  The  main  stem  is  very  thickly  clothed  with 
branches,  which  gives  the  plant  a  crowded  and  compact  habit, 
less  graceful  than  most  of  the  species.  The  flowers  are  pink, 
fading  to  white  near  the  centre,  and  are  thickly  displayed  all 


176  Floricultural  and  Botanical  JVbtices 

over  the  plant.  The  seeds  were  received  from  the  Columbia 
River,  and  presented  to  the  London  Horticultural  Society,  by 
the  late  Mr.  Moreton  Dyer.  This  species  belongs  to  the 
section  which  coniprehends  G.  viminea,  in  Torrey  and  Gray's 
Flora.  It  requires  the  same  treatment  as  the  other  species. 
The  plants  flower  best  if  the  seeds  are  sown  late  in  the  fall, 
so  that  the  plants  may  come  up  early  and  become  strong  be- 
fore warm  weather  sets  in;  but  they  do  very  well,  sown  with 
other  annuals  in  May,  in  any  good  soil.      [Bot.  Reg.,  Feb.) 

Godel\a  vinosa,  Willdendvu,  viminea,  concinna,  quadrivul- 
nera  and  blfrons,  are  all  pretty  annuals,  well  deserving  a  place 
in  every  garden.  They  may  be  sown  immediately  if  not 
planted  before,  selecting  a  cool  and  half  shady  situation,  when 
they  will  grow  and  flower  abundantly  all  summer. 
Myrtdcecc. 

BABINGTO'NM    (In  honor  of  Ohrirles  Babington,  Esq.,  F.  L.  S.,  of  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  a  zealous  and  skilful  botanist.)    Lindley. 
campliorosma:;  Endlich.     Caniplior-wort  Babingtonia.     A  green-house  shrub,  growing  sis 
feet  high;  with  pink  flowers;  appearing  in  spring;  a  native  of  Swan  River;  increased 
by  cuttings.     Bot.  Reg.,  1842,  t.  10. 

"A  green-house  shrub,  very  graceful  in  its  habit,  rendering 
the  green-house  gay  in  autumn  and  winter."  To  the  botanist, 
this  plant  presents  some  most  remarkable  features.  The  pe- 
culiar structure  of  the  flower  oversets  the  theory  which  has 
hitherto  obtained,  that  the  style  is  an  extension  and  attenua- 
tion and  convolution  of  the  carpellary  leaf:  that  it  is  often  of 
that  nature  is  certain;  that  it  is  not  always  so  is  proved  by 
this  species.  In  this  plant,  "//le  style  itself  is  a  direct  pro- 
longation of  the  placenta,  and  docs  not  even  touch  the  carpels, 
but  is  protruded  through  a  hole  in  the  vertex  of  the  ovary. 
This  fact  was  suggested  some  time  since  by  Dr.  Lindley,  and 
it  is  now  fully  confirmed. 

Endlicher  called  this  a  Bae^ckia,  but  Dr.  Lindley  gives  his 
reasons  for  separating  it  from  that  genus,  and  forming  a  new 
one.  The  plant  throws  up  numerous  flower  stems,  several 
inches  long,  pendant,  clothed  with  delicate  pink  blossoms 
which  resemble  a  leptospermum.  The  foliage  is  delicate  and 
fine,  somewhat  like  the  heath.  The  cultivation  is  simple: 
cuttings  root  freely  in  sand,  and  if  potted  ofl:'  into  peat  and 
leaf  mould,  with  but  a  small  quantity  of  loam,  they  will  flow- 
er abundantly  during  the  summer.  [Bot.  Reg.,  Feb.) 
Slyliddcecc. 

STYLI'DIUM 
Bruiioiiidnum  Bentli.    Brown's  Ptylewort.     A  green-house  plant;   growing  a  foot  high; 
witi)  pink  flowers;  appearing  in  May;  a  native  of  Swan  River;  increased  by  seeds. 
Bot.  Reg.,  1843,  t.  15, 


o/  new  and  beautiful  Plants.  i77 

"One  of  the  very  neatest  of  little  green-house  perennials, 
remarkable  for  the  fine  bloom  that  overspreads  all  its  parts, 
and  for  the  whorls  of  leaves  which  surround  its  flower  stem." 
It  flowered  in  the  garden  of  the  London  Horticultural  Soci- 
ety where  the  drawing  was  made.  It  throws  up  a  dense  tuft 
of  leaves:  from  this  tuft  springs  a  flower  stem,  terminated 
with  a  large  spike  of  pink  or  pale  rosy  blossoms:  the  flower 
stem  dies,  and  the  next  spring  the  radical  leaves  die  off;  the 
stem  then  elongates  an  inch  or  two,  and  another  "rosette  of 
ordinary  leaves  is  formed,  from  the  centre  of  which  springs 
another  flower  stem."  In  this  manner  it  goes  on,  forming  a 
scaly  stem,  "each  of  whose  joints  is  the  result  of  one  year's 
growth."  It  requires  the  protection  of  the  green-house,  and 
should  be  potted  in  light  sandy  soil  composed  principally  of 
peat.  In  winter  it  should  be  placed  on  a  shelf,  in  a  cool  situ- 
ation, and  be  kept  rather  dry:  during  summer,  when  in  a 
growing  state,  it  requires  an  abundance  of  moisture.  Grows 
freely  from  seed.      {Bot.  Reg.,  March.) 

Compositece. 

SAUSSU'RE^ 
pulch^lla  De  Catul.     Pretty  Saussurea.     A  hardy  herbaceous  plant:  growing  two  feet 
high;  with  purple  flowers;   appearing  in  autumn;  a  native  of  Russia;  increased  by 
seed.    Bot.  Reg.,  1849,  t.  18. 

A  showy  herbaceous  plant,  "resembling  a  Lidtris  in  color 
and  general  appearance."  It  grows  from  one  to  two  feet 
high,  with  erect  branched  stems  and  pinnatified  leaves,  ter- 
minated with  clusters  or  corymbs  of  globose  purple  blossoms. 
It  is  perfectly  hardy,  requiring  the  same  treatment  as  the 
Rudbeckia,  and  flowers  abundantly  during  August  and  Sep- 
tember. Owing  to  its  excessive  blooming,  the  plants  are  rather 
short  lived,  and  it  is  best  to  renew  it  occasionally  from  seeds 
in  order  to  secure  strong  and  healthy  plants.  (Bot.  Reg., 
March.) 

Gesneriaceas. 

GE'SNERj? 
zebrln a  Pari.    The  Zebra  Gesnera.    A  stove  or  hot-house  plant;  growing  a  foot  or  two 
higii;  with  scariet  spotted  flowers;  a  native  of  South  America;  increased  by  cuttings; 
grown  in  rich  soil.     Bot.  Reg.,  1842,  t.  Iti. 

"A  plant  of  striking  beauty,"  both  in  its  leaves  and  flow- 
ers: the  former  are  soft  with  down,  broad,  and  beautifully 
stained  with  purple  in  the  direction  of  the  principal  ribs,  so  as 
to  have  the  banded  appearance  from  whence  its  name.  The 
flowers  are  nearly  half  an  inch  long,  hanging  gracefully  at  the 

VOL.   VIII. — NO.  V.  23 


173  FloricuUural  and  Botanical  J^otices 

ends  of  long  slender  stalks,  and  are  of  the  richest  scarlet  and 
yellow,  variegated  with  crimson  spots.  It  is,  in  truth,  one  of 
the  finest  gesneras  which  has  ever  been  introduced,  and  well 
worthy  a  place  in  every  select  collection  of  plants. 

According  to  INIr.  Paxlon,  who  first  gave  a  figure  of  it,  in 
the  Magazine  of  Botany,  it  was  introduced  by  Messrs.  Low 
&  Co.  from  the  Botanic  Garden  at  Ghent,  and  is  probably  a 
native  of  the  hotter  parts  of  South  America,  though  its  pre- 
cise locality  is  unknown.  It  requires  the  heat  of  the  hot- 
house, where  it  produces  a  succession  of  flowers  for  many 
months  in  summer  and  autumn:  it  is  easily  increased  from  cut- 
tings, and  the  plants  thrive  in  any  rich  free  soil.  During  win- 
ter it  should  be  kept  in  a  warm  dry  place,  and  when  signs  of 
growth  re-appear  it  should  have  a  liberal  supply  of  moisture. 
{Bot.  Reg.,  March.) 

Yerbendcece. 

CLERODE'NURON 
splendens  O.Don.     Scarlet  Glory  tree.     A  hot-house  climber;  growing  ten  feet  high; 
with  scarlet  tiowers;  appearing  in  February  and  March;  a  native  oi'  Sierra  Leone; 
increased  from  cuttings.    Bot.  Kt'g.,  184'i,  t.  7. 

Of  the  many  new  and  beautiful  climbing  stove  plants  which 
have  lately  been  introduced,  this,  says  Dr.  Lindley,  is  "one 
of  the  handsomest  in  the  country."  The  foliage  is  oblong, 
undulate,  of  a  deep  rich  green,  and  the  flowers,  which  appear 
in  large  terminal  corymbs,  are  of  the  most  brilliant  scarlet, 
full  as  rich  as  the  JSuphorbia  splendens,  disputing  the  palm 
even  with  the  superb  Combretum  purpureum.  The  plant 
flowered  at  Mr.  Knight's,  King's  Road,  where  it  had  been 
sent  by  Mr.  Whitfield,  a  zealous  collector,  who  states  that  he 
found  it  in  his  rambles  in  Sierra  Leone,  together  with  plants 
of  four  other  colors,  viz.,  crimson,  brick-dust  red,  orange, 
and  bicolor;  all  these  were  sent  to  the  Duke  of  Bedford, 
twelve  months  previous  to  that  sent  Mr.  Knight,  but  they  had 
not  flowered.  In  a  shady  situation,  the  plant  attains  the 
height  of  ten  or  twelve  feet,  but  if  exposed  to  the  full  sun, 
seldom  more  than  three  or  four.  Very  little  is  yet  known  of 
its  habits;  it  requires  a  warm  moist  atmosphere  when  in  a 
growing  state,  at  least  three  or  four  months'  rest  in  a  dry  at- 
mosphere, and  a  free  rich  soil.  It  is  probably  increased  by 
cuttings.  {Bot.  Reg.,  Feb.) 
Boragin'idcea. 

CYNOGLO'SSUM 
anchiis'  ides  Limit.    Bugloss-flowered  Hound's  Tongue.    A  hardy  perennial;  growing 
two  feet  high;  with  blue  flowers;  appearing  in  July  and  August;  a  native  of  East  In- 
diaj  increased  by  seeds.    Bot.  Reg.,  1843,  t.  14. 


of  new  and  beautiful  Plants.  179 

"Interesting  to  those  who  cultivate  rare  hardy  herbaceous 
plants,"  but  not  so  ornamental  as  many  others:  the  foliage  is 
rather  large  and  coarse,  and  the  flowers,  though  displayed  in 
panicled  racemes,  are  destitute  of  that  brilliancy  which  is  ne- 
cessary  to  be  deemed  beautiful.  It  is  hardy;  grows  freely  in 
any  good  rich  garden  soil,  and  is  easily  increased  by  seeds, 
the  plants  from  which,  however,  do  not  flower  until  the  second 
season.  It  flowered  in  the  garden  of  the  London  Horticul- 
tural Society,  In  May,  1S41.      {Bot.  Reg.,  March.) 

Jlmaryllidkcex. 

AMARYLLIS 
Banksiiina  Lindl.    The  Banksian  Amaryllis.     A  green-house  bulb;  growing  a  foot  high; 
with  rose  colored  flowers;  appearing  in  spring;  a  native  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope; 
increased  by  offsels.     Bot.  Re?.,  184-2,  t.  11. 
Pyn.  A.  grandiflora  vai:  Banksiana  Herbert,  Am. 

A  very  beautiful  species  of  the  Amaryllis,  but  is  rather  a 
shy  flowerer,  and  requires  peculiar  treatment  to  make  it  bloom 
well.  The  flowers  are  not  large,  but  appear  in  a  dense  um- 
bel, and  are  of  a  clear  bright  rose  color.  It  is  a  green-house 
species,  and  grows  freely  in  a  free  rich  soil,  consisting  mostly 
of  sandy  loam.  It  should  be  kept  in  a  vigorous  healthy  state 
while  growing,  by  placing  it  in  a  light  situation,  and  giving  it 
plenty  of  water,  and  when  the  leaves  die  off,  to  keep  the  bulb 
warm  and  dry.  It  flowers  in  the  autumn,  like  the  Belladonna, 
and,  like  that  species,  is  a  most  ornamental  plant.  Mr.  Her- 
bert, in  a  note  appended  to  the  description,  states  that  the 
bulb  should  be  wholly  buried  beneath  the  soil.  Easily  increas- 
ed by  offsets.     (Bot.  Reg.,  Feb.) 

Orchiddceoi. 

CYPRIPE'DIUM 
barb^tum  Lindl.    Bearded  Lady's  Slipper.    A  hot-house  plant;  growing  a  foot  high; 
with  green  and  crimson  flowers;  a  native  of  the  Straits  of  Malacca;  increased  by  di- 
vision of  the  roots.     Bot.  Reg.,  1S42,  t.  17. 

The  East  Indian  and  the  North  American  Lady's  Slipper, 
though  so  different  that  the  forms  of  the  latter  convey  no  idea 
of  the  former,  have  been  found,  upon  the  closest  inspection, 
exactly  the  same  in  their  organization. 

The  East  India  species  are  all  beautiful  plants,  particularly 
the  C.  insigne,  and,  from  their  easy  cultivation,  they  ought  to 
be  found  in  all  good  hot-house  collections.  The  present  sub- 
ject is  a  fine  addition  to  the  genus.  I'he  petals,  which  spread 
out  over  the  labellum,  are  green  at  the  base,  shading  into  a 
bright  purple  at  the  tip.  The  labellum  is  of  a  ricii  purplish 
crimson.     The  leaves   are  oblong,  acute,  green,  and  spotted 


ISO  Floricullural  and  Botanical  J^otices 

with  a  deeper  tint.     The  cukivation  is  precisely  like  the  C. 
venustum.      (Bot.  Reg.,  March.) 

IriddceoB. 

RIGWKLU  Herbert 
immaciilita  Herbert.    Spotless  StiTstalk.     A  half  hardy  biilb;  growing  a  foot  high;  with 
scarlet  flowers;  appearing  in  suniiiier;  a  native  of  Guatemala;  increased  by   ofl'setsj 
grown  in  any  liglit  soil.    Bot.  Reg.,  1841,  t.  68. 

The  genus  Rigidelia  has  been  established  by  Dr.  Lindley 
upon  some  plants  sent  to  the  Horticultural  iSociety  by  their 
collector,  M.  Hartvveg.  The  original  species  is  called  R. 
flanimea.  The  genus  is  very  nearly  allied  to  Tigridia,  and 
the  bulbs  require  exactly  the  same  management.  The  present 
subject  throws  up  a  stem  a  foot  high,  with  branches  at  its  sum- 
mit, each  branch  terminated  with  three  to  five  pendant  scarlet 
flowers,  very  showy  from  their  great  brilliancy,  and  fine  ad- 
ditions to  our  limited  number  of  summer  flowering  bulbs. 
(Bot.  Reg..,  Dec.) 

Garden  Memoranda.  J^otices  of  Gardens  in  Philadel- 
phia. — Our  green-houses,  this  spring,  have  had,  and  even 
yet  have,  a  most  gaudy  appearance,  with  every  variety  of  col- 
or that  Flora  can  boast  in  her  train.  To  enumerate  a  few 
would  seem  invidious,  and  might  give  offence  where  none  is 
meant.  I  will  merely  mention  those  that  have  come  within 
my  immediate  notice. 

I  will  begin  with  Gen.  Patterson's,  conducted  by  William 
Sinton,  where  every  thing  is  kept  in  the  first  order,  as  well  as 
the  general  appearance  and  healthy  flowering  of  the  plants: 
but  what  most  arrested  my  attention,  was  the  Clianthus  pu- 
niceus,  covered  with  its  splendid  scarlet  flowers;  it  is  planted 
on  the  western  wall,  is  about  ten  feet  high,  the  branches  di- 
verging on  each  side  for  about  six  feet,  near  the  ground:  the 
long  lime  it  continues  in  flower  makes  it  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  ornamental  green-house  plants  that  have  been  intro- 
duced. Great  credit  is  due  to  Mr.  Sinton  for  his  assiduity 
and  care  in  keeping  it  in  such  a  healthy  condition,  so  that  it 
has  flowered  freely  every  year;  and,  as  it  is  apt  to  fall  a  victim 
to  the  red  spider,  great  attention  is  required:  the  free  use  of 
the  soap  and  water  daily,  whenever  they  make  their  appear- 
ance, is  the  only  method  to  keep  the  plant  healthy.  Let  no 
one  despair,  after  seeing  the  great  success  of  Mr.  Sinton. 
Nothing  can  be  produced  but  with  the  utmost  attention,  espe- 
cially where  the  ravages  of  insects  are  so  fatal  to  some  plants. 


of  new  and  beautiful  Plants.  181 

The  next  is  that  of  Mr.  Dundas,  conducted  by  Alexander 
Hutcheson,  who,  hke  the  above,  has  every  thing  trig  and  neat, 
his  plants  healthy,  and  in  the  best  condition,  1  saw  here,  for 
the  first  time,  the  Kennedya  Marry attfe,  w'ith  its  fine  scarlet 
flowers;  likewise  the  K.  ovata,  with  its  lilac  purple  flowers; 
they  were  trailed  against  the  wall.  The  kennedyas  are  fine 
showy  plants  when  well  grown:  the  first  mentioned  is  one  of 
the  finest  and  largest  flowers  I  have  seen;  the  whole  family 
are  exceedingly  well  adapted  for  trellises.  The  Trapa^^olum 
pentaphyllum  was  in  full  flower,  hanging  in  graceful  festoons. 
The  conservatory  attached  to  the  main  dwelling  was  neatly 
arranged  with  flowering  plants  of  various  kinds;  among  them 
we  noticed  a  fine  specimen  of  the  Cytisus  racemosa,  covered 
with  a  profusion  of  fine  yellow  flowers.  Azaleas  of  different 
kinds,  and  some  of  the  newest  and  best  roses,  all  combined, 
had  a  very  agreeable  and  pretty  effect.  On  the  wall,  are  the 
Coboj^a  scandens,  jasmines,  roses,  Stc,  and  in  the  window 
recesses  are  little  boxes  filled  with  the  Lycopodium  denticu- 
latum,  which  has  a  singularly  fine  appearance,  with  its  deep 
green  tints. 

Mr.  Dundas  intends  building  a  hot-house  the  coming  sum- 
mer, and  also  speaks  of  erecting  a  fine  palm-house,  which  I 
hope  will  be  put  into  execution,  as  it  will  be  something  new 
on  this  side  the  Atlantic.  He  has  the  means,  whenever  he 
chooses  to  begin. 

The  collection  of  George  Pepper,  Esq.,  kept  by  William 
Chalmers,  is  so  well  known  for  its  neatness  and  order,  that  it 
would  be  superfluous  to  say  another  word.  His  specimens 
are  large  and  well  grown:  his  cacti  are  select,  and  include  some 
very  large  specimens,  and  he  is  making  yearly  additions  in 
new  varieties.  His  camellia-house  is  filled  to  overflowing 
with  a  great  variety  of  that  beautiful  family;  the  plants  healthy, 
and  a  few  weeks  past  were  covered  with  a  profusion  of  flow- 
ers, and  had  a  most  exquisite  effect  when  you  entered  the 
house.  I  believe  no  amateur  in  the  country  has  such  a  fine 
collection,  or  that  there  ever  was  seen  so  many  fine  flowers  at 
one  time,  perhaps  in  any  part  of  the  world. — ^n  Amateur., 
Philadelphia^  April  20,  1842. 


182  Reviews. — Jl  Muck  Manual  for  Farmers. 


REVIEWS. 

Art.  T.     Jl  Muck  Manual  for  Farmers.     By  Samuel  L. 
Dana.     1  vol.  12mo.,  242  pages.     Lowell:  1S42. 

If  the  agricultuie  of  this  country  is  not  sensibly  improved, 
it  will  not  be  for  the  want  of  information  which  would  lead  to 
so  desirable  a  result.  It  is  but  a  few  years  since  that  ex- 
cellent work,  Chaptal's  Jlgricultural  Chemistry,  was  given 
to  the  American  public:  subsequently,  a  still  more  valuable 
practical  volume,  from  that  pioneer  in  an  improved  state 
of  agriculture,  the  late  Judge  Buel,  passed  through  sev- 
eral editions:  then  came  the  masterly  work  of  Liebig,  a 
complete  storehouse  of  the  most  useful  information  upon  the 
subject  of  agricultural  chemistry.  Besides  these,  there  have 
been,  in  the  mean  time,  the  several  Reports  of  the  Agricultu- 
ral Commissioner,  and  the  geological  Reports  of  Dr.  Jack- 
son; each  containing  practical  as  well  as  theoretical  hints  upon 
the  great  science  of  agriculture.  Now,  we  have  the  volume 
named  at  the  head  of  this  article,  another  and  most  excellent 
contribution  to  the  subject  on  which  it  treats.  Dr.  Dana  is 
well  known  to  the  jNIassachusetts  farmers,  from  the  communi- 
cations which  have  appeared  in  Mr.  Colman's  Report,  in  re- 
lation to  geine,  &c.  He  is  a  practical  chemist,  and  his  re- 
searches have  been  made  with  much  care  and  study.  The 
volume  is  the  substance  of  eight  lectures  on  the  chemistry  of 
soils  and  manures,  delivered  to  the  citizens  of  Lowell  (by 
their  request,)  to  whom  the  work  is  dedicated. 

'fhe  work  is  divided  into  eight  chapters,  as  follows: — I. 
Geology  of  Soil.  II.  Chemical  Constitution  of  Rocks  and 
Soil.  III.  Properties  and  Chemical  Action  of  the  Elements 
of  Soil.  IV.  Of  the  Organic  Constituents  of  Soil.  V.  Of 
the  Mutual  Action  of  the  Organic  and  Inorganic  Elements  of 
Soil.  VI.  Manure.  VII.  Artificial  Manure  and  Irrigation. 
VI 11.   Physical  Properties  of  the  Soil. 

The  subject  is  treated  in  a  concise  and  plain  manner.  Each 
chapter  is  divided  into  separate  sections,  the  whole  numbered 
from  beginning  to  end,  in  order  to  facilitate  references  to  any 
particular  matter. 

We  have  only  room  for   a  portion  of  the  closing  chapter, 


Reviews. — Jl  Muck  Jilanualfor  Farmers.  183 

entitled  "The  Physical  Properties  of  the  Soil."  It  presents 
Dr.  Dana's  views  of  the  important  agency  which  geine  per- 
forms in  vegetation. 

In  all  attempts  at  improving  soil  by  manure,  two  objects  are  in- 
tended, which  form  the  golden  rule  of  applying  salts  and  geine;  to 
make  "heavy  land  lighter,  light  land  heavier,  hot  land  colder,  and 
cold  land  hotter."  Are  there  then,  notwithstanding  all  that  has 
been  oftered  and  said,  differences  in  soil?  Have  not,  it  may  be 
asked,  ail  the  preceding  pages  been  based  on  the  fact,  that  there  is 
but  one  soil?  True  it  has  been  so  said;  it  is  said  so  now.  Chemi- 
cally, the  inorganic  elements  of  all  soil  are  alike.  The  silicates  and 
salts  are  nearly  the  same  in  all;  the  organic  portion,  the  geine  varies, 
and  that  to  a  greater  degree  than  any  other  ingredient.  While  the 
silicates  compose  with  great  uniformity,  from  80  to  90  per  cent.,  and 
the  salts  of  liine,  sulphate,  and  phosphate,  from  1-2  to  3-4  per  cent., 
the  geine  varies  from  1  to  20  per  cent.  The  silicates  may  be  finer 
or  coarser,  more  sandy  or  more  clayey.  All  these  circumstances  af- 
fect, not  the  chemical,  but  the  physical  properties  of  soil.  The 
physical  properties,  then,  are  the  foundation  of  the  great  diversity 
which  soil  exhibits.  The  sul)ject  of  soil  will  be  very  imperfectly 
treated,  if  a  few  pages  are  not  devoted  to  this  important  subject. 
The  physical  characters  of  soil  are  embraced  under  the  terms,  cold, 
hot,  wet,  and  dry  land.  These  characters  are  dependent  on  four 
circumstances. 

First.  The  absolute  weight  of  a  given  bulk  of  soil. 
Secondly.   Its  color. 
Thirdly.   Its  consistency. 
Fourthly.   Its  power  of  retaining  water. 

In  other  words,  the  physical  characters  of  soil  may  be  considered 
under 

First.  Its  relation  to  heat. 
Secondly.  Its  relation  to  moisture  and  gas. 
Thirdly.   Its  consistency. 
Fourthly.  Its  electrical  relation. 

The  relation  to  consistency  makes  soil  light  or  heavy;  the  relation 
to  heat  and  moisture  makes  soil  hot  or  cold,  wet  or  dry.     The  great 
natural  varieties  of  soil  are  sand,  clay,  and  loam;  first,  the  great  dis- 
tinction in  the  scale  of  soil,  is  sand  and  clay:  all  intermediate  varie- 
ties proceed  from  mixtures  of  these  with  each  other.     Now  the  sand 
may  be  silicious,   or  calcareous — that  is,  silicates,  the  distinguishing 
character  of  soil  in   this   country,   or   mixed  with  a  salt  of  lime,  the 
feature   of  much    European   soil.     By   clay  is   meant  common   blue 
clay,  or  sub-silicate  of  alumina,  consisting  of  alumina,  36;  silica,  68; 
oxide  of  iron,  and  salts  of  lime,  and  alkalies,  6. 
Sandy  clay  is — clay  and  sand,  equal  parts. 
Loamy  clay  is — 3-4  clay,  and  1-4  sand. 
Peaty  earth  is — geine. 
Garden  mould  is — 8  per  cent,  geine. 
Arable  land  is — 3  per  cent,  ceine. 

Taking  these  several  varieties,  it  is  found,  that  sand  is  always  the 
heaviest  part  of  soil,  whether  dry  or  wet;  clay  is  among  the  lightest 


184  Reviews, — Jl  Muck  Manual  for  Farmers. 

part;  geine  has  the  least  absolute  weiijht,  so  that  while  a  cubic  foot 
of  sand  weighs,  in  its  common  damp  state,  141  pounds,  clay  weighs 
115  pounds,  and  geine  81  pounds;  hence  garden  mould  and  arable 
soil  weigh  from  103  to  119  pounds.  The  more  geine  compound  soil 
contains,  the  lighter  it  is. 

Among  the  most  important  ])h}'sical  characters  of  soil,  is  the  pow- 
er of  retaining  heat;  this  will  be  found  to  be  nearly  in  proportion  to 
its  absolute  weight.  The  weight  of  soil  determines  with  tolerable 
accuracy  its  power  of  retaining  heat.  The  greater  the  mass  in  a 
given  bulk,  the  greater  is  this  power.  Hence  sands  retain  heat  long- 
est, three  times  longer  than  geine,  and  half  as  long  again  as  clay. 
Hence  the  dryness  and  heat  of  sandy  plains.  Sand,  clay,  and  peat, 
are  to  each  other  as  1,  2,  and  3,  in  their  power  of  retaining  heat. 
But  while  the  cajiacity  of  soil  to  retain  heat  depends  on  the  absolute 
weight,  the  power  to  be  warmed,  another  very  important  physical 
character  depends  on  four  principal  circumstances:  first,  the  color; 
second,  the  dampness;  third,  the  materials;  fourth,  the  angle  at 
which  the  sun's  rays  fall.  First,  color;  the  blacker  the  color,  the 
easier  warmed.  White  sand  and  gray  differ  almost  50  per  cent,  in 
the  degree  of  heat  acquired  in  a  given  time.  As  peat  and  the  varie- 
ties of  geine  are  almost  all  of  a  black  or  dark  brown  color,  it  is  seen 
how  easily  they  may  become  warm  soils  when  dry;  for,  secondly, 
dampness  modifies  the  influence  of  color,  so  that  a  dry  light-colored 
soil  will  become  hotter,  sooner  than  a  dark  wet  one.  As  long  as 
evaporation  goes  on,  a  difference  of  10  or  12  degrees  will  be  found 
between  a  dry  and  a  wet  soil  of  the  same  color.  Thirdly,  the  differ- 
ent materials  of  which  soils  are  composed  exert  but  very  little  influ- 
ence on  their  power  of  being  heated  by  the  sun's  rays.  Indeed,  if 
sand,  peat,  clay,  garden  mould,  all  equally  dry,  are  sprinkled  with 
chalk,  making  their  surfaces  all  of  a  color,  and  then  exposed  to  the 
sun's  rays,  the  differences  of  their  temperature  will  be  found  incon- 
siderable. Color  and  dryness,  then,  exert  a  most  powerful  influence 
on  the  capacity  of  soil  to  be  warmed. 

Fourthly,  the  last  circumstance  to  be  noticed,  is  the  different  angle 
at  which  the  sun's  rays  fall.  The  more  perpendicular,  the  greater 
the  heat.  The  effect  is  less  in  proportion  as  these  rays,  by  falling 
more  slanting,  spread  their  light  out  over  a  greater  surface.  But 
this  point,  which  seems  external  to  soil,  need  not  be  enlarged  on. 
Now,  the  great  fact  to  be  observed  in  this  relation  of  soil  to  heat,  is, 
that  geine  exerts  the  most  marked  influence.  If  soil  heats  quickly, 
it  is  because  it  has  a  large  proportion  of  geine.  Does  it  cool  quick- 
ly.'' it  is  the  geine  which  gives  up  heat  quickly,  referring  here  to  the 
soil  in  a  dry  state,  the  modification  produced  by  dampness  having 
been  already  considered. 

The  relation  of  soil  to  moisture  and  gas  is  not  less  important  than 
that  of  heat.  All  soil,  exce|)t  pure  silicious  sands,  absorb  moisture, 
but  in  different  degrees.  Geine  possesses  the  greatest  power  of  ab- 
sorption, and  no  variety  of  geine  equals,  in  its  absorptive  power, 
that  from  animal  manure.  The  others  rank  in  the  following  order, 
— garden  mould,  clay,  loam,  sandy  clay,  arable  soil.  They  all  satu- 
rate themselves  with  moisture  by  a  few  days'  exposure.  It  is  a  very 
interesting  question,  does  soil  give  up  this  absorbed  water  speedily 


Reviews. — Bost.  Journal   of  J\'^atural  History.        1S5 

and  equal!)' ?  Is  its  power  of  retaining  water  equal?  As  a  areneral 
fact,  it  may  he  stated,  that  the  soil  which  absorbs  fastest  and  most, 
evaporates  slowest  and  least.  Geine  evaporates  least  in  a  jriven 
time.  The  power  of  evaporation  is  modified  by  the  consistence  of 
soil;  by  a  different  dei^rree  of  looseness  or  compactness  of  soil.  Gar- 
den mould,  for  instance,  dries  faster  than  clay.  As  it  has  been  al- 
ready shown  that  the  power  of  being  warmed  is  much  modified  by 
moisture,  so  the  ])ower  of  a  soil  to  retain  water  makes  the  distinc- 
tion of  a  hot  or  cold,  wet  or  dry  soil.  In  all  the  relations  to  mois- 
ture, as  to  heat,  geiue  exercises  the  greatest  influence. 

The  volume  should  form  an  accompaniment  to  every  good 
husbandman's  library;  its  analyses  of  soils  and  manures  should 
be  familiar  to  all  who  wish  to  improve  their  soils,  and  in- 
crease the  product  of  their  farms. 


Art.  II.  Boston  Journal  of  J\''atural  History;  containing 
papers  and  communications  read  before  the  Boston  Society 
of  JValural  History,  and  publis'ied  by  their  direction.  Vol. 
IV.,  No.  1.     Boston:   1842. 

The  present  number  commences  the  fourth  volume  of  the 
Society's  publication.  It  contains  eleven  excellent  articles 
on  subjects  connected  with  natural  history,  the  only  one  of 
which,  relating  to  botany,  is  that  by  Mr.  Teschemacher,  de- 
scribing a  new  species  of  the  Rafflesirt,  an  abstract  from 
which  we  have  already  given,  (p.  135.) 

We  are  pleased  to  learn  that  the  Society  is  in  so  flourish- 
ing a  condition.  From  an  extra  sheet  which  accompanies  this 
number,  containing  a  brief  review  of  the  Society  since  its 
organization,  we  learn  the  following  in  regard  to  its  library. 

When  the  Society  orii;inated,  the  jzreat  diffifulty  in  the  way  of 
making  advances  in  the  study  of  natural  history,  "was  the  waii^t  of 
books.  No  one  possessed  more  than  a  few  volumes  on  some  subject 
to  which  he  mi<,dit  have  given  his  individual  atteniion.  The  im|)or- 
tance  of  forming  a  library  was  at  once  felt;  and  most  of  these  scat- 
tered volumes  have  been  collected,  until  there  are  now  about  a  thou- 
sand volumes  in  the  library.  Most  of  these  have  been  donations, 
either  directly,  or  after  having  been  purchased  by  private  subscrip- 
tion, nothing  being  drawn  from  the  general  fund  of  the  Society.  It 
VOL.  VIII. — NO.  V.  24 


180       Reviews. — Bost.  Journal  of  J^atiiral  History. 

is  si'atif)  ing  to  be  able  to  record  the  liberal  donations  of  Charles 
Amory,  Esq.,  B.  D.  Greene,  Esq.,  of  the  Hon.  John  D.ivis,  who 
contributed  fit'ty-tsvo  volumes  of  standard  works  on  Natural  History, 
most  of  them  liotanical;  the  bequest  of  Simon  E.  Greene,  Esq.,  one 
of  the  original  members,  who  left  to  the  Society  all  the  works  in  his 
library  on  Natural  History,  amounting  to  38  volumes,  as  well  as  his 
large  collection  of  Shells  and  Minerals;  the  great  work  of  Audubon  on 
American  Ornithology,  which  was  presented  by  the  liberality  of  Amos 
Lawrence,  B.  D.  Greene,  S.  A.  Eliot,  David  Eckiey,  G.  B.  Emerson, 
Chas.  Amory,  Win.  Ingalls,'G.  C.  Shattuck,  G.  C.  Shattuck,Jr,,  Mrs, 
Shattuck,  and  Geo.  Parkman;  and  the  very  rare  and  valuable  work 
of  Olivier  on  the  Natural  History  of  Insects,  with  the  Supplement  by 
Voet,  in  10  quarto  volumes,  colored  plates,  which  was  purchased  of 
Prof.  N.  M.  Hentz,  together  with  his  entire  collection  of  Insects, 
numbering  about  30,000  specimens,  by  the  subscriptions  of  Drs. 
James  Jackson,  John  Randall,  B.  D.  Greene;  Francis  C.  Gray, 
Horace  Gray,  Jonathan  Phillips  and  David  Henshaw,  Esquires,  and 
other  liberal  gentlemen,  who  prefer  that  their  names  should  not  be 
divulged;  and  above  all,  the  princely  gift  of  a  superb  copy  of  Audu- 
bon's Birds  of  America,  full  bound  in  Russia  leather  and  gilt,  the 
most  expensive  copy  in  the  country,  from  the  Hon.  Thomas  H. 
Perkins.  In  consequence  of  this  last  donation,  the  consent  of  the 
donors  of  the  duplicate  copy  was  obtained  to  exchange  it  for  other 
standard  works,  especially  works  on  Ornithology.  This  was  done 
at  nearly  the  original  cost  of  the  work,  and  the  number  of  volumes 
in  the  library  was  thereby  greatly   increased. 

Another  and  a  permanent  source  for  the  constant  increase  of  the 
library,  is  the  legacy  of  the  late  Ambrose  Courtis,  Esq.,  of  which 
mention  will  be  made  hereafter. 

When  we  consider  how  essential  a  library  is  to  the  study  and  ar- 
rangement of  every  department  of  the  Cabinet,  it  cannot  but  be  felt 
that  the  members  have  done  wisely  to  contribute  largely  towards  it. 
It  is  of  vital  importance  that  the  naturalist,  who  is  euijaged  in  the 
investigation  of  any  subject,  should  be  able  to  know  all  that  has  been 
written  upon  his  subject.  Scientific  books  are  expensive,  and  no 
man  among  us  can  promise  himself  such  a  library  as  he  may  need- 
It  is  the  part  of  wisdom  and  interest,  therefore,  to  collect  the  vol- 
umes, which  are  scattered  here  and  there,  into  one  connnon  stock. 
They  will  thus  be  vastly  more  useful  than  when  shut  up  in  private 
libraries. 

Any  person  may  become  a  member  of  the  Society.  The 
privileges  of  the  members  are,  free  access  to  the  cabinet  at 
all  times  on  appHcation  to  any  member  of  the  council — the  use 
of  the  library — and  admission  to  all  lectures  given  in  the  name 
of  the  Society.  Fifty  dollars,  paid  at  any  one  time,  consti- 
tutes one  a  patron;  the  immediate  members  are  subject  to  an 
annual  assessment  of  three  dollars,  and  any  member  paying 
thirty  dollars  at  one  time  is  exempt  from  future  assessments. 


General  J^olices.  1S7 

MISCELLANEOUS    INTELLIGENCE. 

Art.  I.     General  Notices. 

On  the  management  of  Bulbs,  after  being  long  out  of  the  ground. — 
One  of  ihe  commoiie.st  questions  asked  l)y  gardeners,  as  well  as  am- 
ateurs, is,  what  they  are  to  do  with  bulbs  they  have  just  received  from 
abroad.  That  they  do  not  treat  them  rightly  is  sufficiently  shown  by 
the  miserable  health  of  those  which  are  saved  from  the  general  loss 
that  so  often  attends  upon  all  such  importations.  To  this  point, 
then,  we  address  ourselves. 

When  a  bulb  has  lain  dormant  in  the  earth  during  its  natural  pe- 
riod, it  is  ready  to  sj)ring  into  renewed  life  upon  the  a|)piication  of 
warmth  and  moisture;  and  it  matters  little  whether  it  is  suddenly 
transferred  from  dryness  to  moisture,  or  whether  the  change  takes 
place  gradually;  because  its  powders  of  life  are  unimpaired, and, like  the 
stomach  which  has  recently  digested  one  meal, it  is  ready  to  conunence 
the  immediate  digestion  of  another.  Not  that  in  nature  such  sudden 
changes  naturally  occur;  on  the  contrary,  when  rain  begins  to  fall,  it 
soaks  but  slowly  into  the  earth,  and  when  it  does  reach  the  bulb,  it 
is  still  arrested  in  its  action  by  the  numerous  dry  coats  with  which 
this  body  is  invested,  and  through  which  it  must  gradually  filter. 

But  when  a  bulb  has  been  long  out  of  the  earth,  its  vital  energies 
are  much  diminished,  and  it  cannot  bear  even  that  slow  supply  of 
moisture — its  food — which  is  furnished  by  wet  soil,  whose  humidity 
penetrates  the  bulb  coats  and  is  absorbed  by  the  living  tissue.  To 
continue  the  analogy — the  bulb  is  then  like  the  stomach  of  a  famished 
man,  enfeebled  by  the  prolonged  cessation  of  its  natural  action,  and 
unable  to  bear  any  food  whatever,  except  by  very  slow  degrees.  If 
a  weakened  bulb  is  suddenly  brought  in  contact  with  water,  it  will 
absorb  it,  but  will  be  unable  to  digest  it.  Then  the  water  will  be- 
come stagnant  and  putrid,  and  destroy  the  bulb;  althougti,  if  the 
bulb  could  have  digested  it,  it  would  have  been  converted  into  new 
eletnents,  and  have  proved  its  proper  aliment. 

The  rule,  therefore,  to  observe  with  newly  imported  bulbs  is,  to 
place  them  where  they  will  absorb  moisture  slowly.  The  driest 
earth  is  full  of  water,  which  can  only  be  drawn  off  by  the  applica- 
tion of  intense  heat.  A  bulb,  therefore,  should  be  planted  in  what  is 
termed  a  dry  soil,  and  placed  in  a  shady  jiart  of  the  green-house  till 
it  has  become  plump  and  begun  to  shoot:  if  it  has  begun  to  shoot 
when  received,  still  the  same  treatment  should  be  observed,  and  the 
driest  soil  used  to  plant  it  in.  It  is  only  when  decisive  signs  of  nat- 
ural growth  can  be  defected,  that  a  very  little  water  should  be  given, 
while  the  temperature  at  the  same  time  is  slightly  increased:  and  no 
considerable  quantity  of  water  should  be  administered  until  the 
leaves  are  an  inch  or  two  above  ground,  and  evidently  disposed  to 
grow  rapidly.  If  these  precautions  are  taken,  no  failures  are  ever 
likely  to  occur;  if  neglected,  no  success  can  be  anticipated.  We 
once  saw  five  hundred  bulbs  of  one  of  the  finest  and  rarest  of  all  plants 
destroyed  by  an  unskilful  gafdener,  who  planted  them  in  the  wet 


188  General  JVotices. 

earth  of  an  open  border,  immediately  after  their  arrival  from  a  fif- 
teen months'  voyage,  every  hulb  of  which  would  have  jirown,  had 
he  known  what  we  have  now  stated.  {Gard.  Chron.,  1842,  ]>.  3.)^ 
[These  hints  cannot  be  too  stronuly  in[)ressed  ujion  the  mind  of 
every  cultivator  of  plants,  particularly  of  Inilhs.  Many  fine  collec- 
tions of  bulhs  have  been  received  here  from  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  but  they  have  been  lost  from  the  same  cause  as  that  men- 
tioned above — want  of  a  proper  knowledtre  of  their  treatment.  The 
same  principle  even  holds  good  with  other  plants:  how  often  do  we 
see  gardeners  and  amateurs  plunge  a  tree  or  plant  which  has  been 
out  of  the  ground  some  weeks  into  a  tub  of  water,  and  there  let  it 
remain  for  days,  rather  than  place  it  immediately  in  a  rather  dry  soil 
that  its  roots  may  gradually  absorb  moisture,  without  danger  of  their 
being  destroyed  by  a  superabundance  of  water.  We  must  urge  our 
cultivators  to  read  the  above  attentively,  and  bear  in  mind  the  sound 
practice  recommended,  whenever  they  may  receive  bulbs  or  plants 
that  have  been  long  out  of  ground,  and  are  in  a  dry  state. — Ed.] 

On  the  growth  of  succulent  plants. — To  be  grown  well,  the  whole 
race  of  what  are  termed  succulent  plants  requires  to  be  kept  in  the 
lightest  possible  situation  in  the  green-house.  It  is  true  they  may  be 
grown  in  heavy  shaded  green-houses,  but  their  leaves  will  never  ac- 
quire that  beautiful  color  which  is  seen  in  light  situations,  nor  will 
they  flower  so  freely.  The  coloring  matter  in  the  leaves  of  some  of 
the  plants,  the  Echeverm  gilliflora  for  example,  is  delicate  and  beau- 
tiful; but  this  is  never  seen  in  perfection  unless  a  light  situation  is 
attended  to. 

In  an  extensive  family  of  this  kind,  it  is  difficult  to  point  out  the 
proper  soil  which  ought  to  be  used,  as  some  of  the  species  require  it 
much  richer  than  others.  I  have  generally  found  the  free  grow- 
ing kinds  of  alba,  Crassula,  mesembryanthemum,  and  plants  of 
like  habit,  do  best  in  a  rich  free  soil,  such  as  equal  portions  of  light 
sandy  loam,  and  peat  or  leaf  mould,  with  a  small  quantity  of  bruised 
bricks.  For  the  free  growing  Cacti,  such  as  Cereus  speciosissimus, 
the  soil  ought  to  be  made  lighter  and  richer,  by  using  less  loam  and 
more  peat,  leaf  mould,  and  dung:  but  for  the  slow  growing  mam- 
millarias,  and  the  very  succulent  mesembryantheniunis,  such  as  M. 
tigrinum,  it  is  best  to  use  about  one  third  light  loam,  one  of  peat  or 
leaf  mould,  and  one  of  bruised  bricks  and  some  rubbish.  As  a  gen- 
eral rule,  to  which,  I  believe,  very  few  excejjtions  will  be  found,  I 
would  advise  all  persons  not  acquainted  with  the  ])articular  habits  of 
these  plants,  to  use  soil  richer  or  poorer,  according  to  the  quantity  of 
roots  which  they  produce,  at  the  same  time  taking  care  that  the  poor 
soil  is  also  loose  and  open,  to  prevent  the  plants  from  damping.  In 
every  case,  the  pots  must  be  well  drained.  T'he  best  season  for 
shifting  is  the  month  of  February  or  March.  Once  a  year  will,  in 
general,  be  quite  sufficient  for  the  free  growing  kinds;  and,  although 
many  of  the  others  will  not  require  it  so  often,  yet  it  will  be  foinid 
the  best  plan  to  go  over  the  whole  at  this  time,  examining  the  roots, 
and  adding  a  little  fresh  soil,  taking  care  not  to  pot  them  too  deep, 
nor  to  overpot  them,  as  they  are  safest  in  s-mall  pots. 

Water  should  be  given  to  the  slow  growing  kinds  at  all  times  with 
a  gradual  hand,  but  particularly  during  winter,  as  more  plants  are 


Foreign  Mtices. — Austria.  189 

killed  by  overwatering^  than  from  any  other  cause.  At  this  season, 
once  in  ten  days  will  be  sufficient,  [at  least  once  a  week  in  our  cli- 
mate.—  Ed.]   but  this  must  depend  somewhat  upon  the  weather. 

Succulents  are  easily  multiplied  by  cuttings  or  seeds.  If  the  cut- 
ting is  soft  and  liable  to  damj),  it  oujfht  to  1)6  dried  a  little  before  it 
is  put  into  the  sand.  Sometimes  a  little  quick  lime  is  used  for  pre- 
venting decay,  and  can  either  be  used  for  the  base  of  the  cutting,  or 
applied  to  any  part  of  the  plant  from  which  the  damping  part  has 
been  renjoved.     {Gard.  Chron.,  1842,  p.  4.) 


Art.  II.     Foreign  Notices. 
AUSTRIA. 


Description  of  the  Garden  and  collection  of  Plants  of  Baron  von 
Hugel,  near  Vienna, — The  March  number  of  Loudon's  Gardener's 
Magazine,  contains  a  long  and  interestinff  account,  translated  from 
the  Garten  Zeitung,  of  Baron  Hugel's  celel)rated  garden.  The  de- 
scription is  so  interesting,  that  notwithstanrling  its  length,  we  have 
ventured  to  extract  it  entire,  knowing  that  it  will  be  |)eriised  with 
pleasure  by  all  our  readers.  The  collection  is  one  of  the  finest  and 
largest  on  the  continent;  no  j)ains  or  expense  have  been  spared  to 
obtain  whatever  was  new  or  beautiful,  and  the  garden  has  been  en- 
riched with  the  productions  of  all  countries.  The  several  green- 
houses, conservatories,  &c.,  are  also  put  after  neat  and  tastefully  ar- 
ranged designs,  by  the  baron  himself;  the  whole  afTordinir  one  of  the 
most  delightful  treats  to  lovers  of  plants.  The  following  is  the  de- 
scri|)tion :  — 

For  a  full  account  of  this  rich  collection,  I  must  refer  to  the  sys- 
tematic catalogue  published  in  1840,  and  shall  here  confine  my  re- 
marks to  plants  at  present  in  flower,  and  particularly  remarkable  for 
their  beauty,  rarity,  or  size. 

The  view,  immediately  on  entering  the  garden,  is  one  verj'  rarely 
seen,  and  displays  knowledge,  taste,  and  propriety,  often  looked  for 
elsewhere  in  vain-  I  particularly  allude  to  the  beautiful  terrace  in 
front  of  the  living-rooms,  where  the  [)illars,  surrounded  by  climbing 
plants,  seem  composed  of  masses  of  flowers;  where  in  the  beds  of 
flowers  between  the  pedestals,  revel,  in  all  the  richness  of  coloring, 
Lilium  longiflorum,  Gladiolus  psittacinus  and  floriliiindus,  Tiirridia 
■pavbnia  Juss.  (Ferrar/a  ]j.)  Ferraria  undulata,  and  numerous  |)e- 
tunias;  and  where  the  wire  j)lant-boxes  are  overgrown  with  difierent 
species  of  Lathyrus,  with  a  gigantic  specimen  of  Fuchsm  fulgens 
and  LebretoiiM  coccinea  in  the  centre,  by  the  sides  of  which  are 
rare  specimens  of  Scottm  trajiezoides  and  dentata,  and  new  s|)ccies 
of  c^cacia  and   Gnidia.     The  terrace  floor  is  tessellated,  and  on  it 


190  Foreign  J\^otices. — Austria. 

are  judiciously  distributed  stages  covered  with  beautiful  flowering 
plants.  Single  plants,  remarkable  for  their  variety  or  beauty,  stand 
alone  on  the  terrace  before  the  pillars;  and  among  these  some  Prote- 
iicefe  may  be  particularly  mentioned,  and  a  Burchelh'a  capensis,  ten 
feet  hijjh,  and  covered  with  innumerable  flowers.  Along  the  terrace 
stand  large  plants,  such  as  aloes  and  Phormium  tenax,  in  beautiful 
vases,  different  species  of  Phce^iix,  large  cordylines,  C'hamse^rops 
hvimilis  (var.  excelsa,)  and  boxes  of  painted  china,  consisting  of 
square  pieces  put  together,  and  filled  with  petunias  and  verbenas, 
thus  even  increasing  the  richness  of  the  flowers  in  a  manner  pecu- 
liarly beautiful.  Frpm  the  splendid  and  most  tastefully  fitted  up 
apartments  of  the  proprietor,  which  recall  the  time  when  he  lived 
among  the  princes  of  India,  a  view  is  obtained  of  great  part  of  the 
garden,  and  the  eye  gets  a  glimpse  of  the  romantic  village  of  Upper 
St.  Beit,  near  St.  Beiter's  Berg,  with  the  beautiful  scenery  in  the 
distance.  The  real  Chinese  furniture  on  the  terrace,  the  flags  hung 
out  above  it,  consisting  of  a  white  middle  and  red  border,  and  the 
circular  lamps  brought  by  the  baron  from  China,  hanging  between 
the  pillars,  give  the  whole  the  appearance  of  an  Oriental  dwelling. 

On  the  terrace  before  the  sitting-room  of  the  proprietor  stands  a 
colossal  grouj)  of  plants,  consisting  chiefly  of  the  families  Vroteiicea, 
Mimosfe,  Jliyrtacese,  and  several  others.  Near  this  group  is  situated 
a  grove-like  collection  of  Coniferre.  The  connoisseur  will  here  find 
beautiful  specimens  of  Araucaria  braziliensis,  eighteen  feet  hich, 
Cunninghams  excelsa  and  imbricata;  Pinus  altissima  Hort.,  Banks- 
iihia  Lamb.,  Gevavdiilna  Wall.,  halepensis  Ait.  (maritima  Lamb.,') 
Lambertm««  Dough,  Coiilteri  D.  Don  (macrocarpa  Lindl.,)  mon- 
ticola  Doiigl.;  t^H)ies  cephalonica  Loud.  (Jl.  Luscombe«?ia  Hort., 
iaxifolia  Hort.,)  Menziesn  Douel.,  Smithnom  Wall.  (JMortnda 
Hort.;)  Picea  Wehbitina  Wall.  (Pinus  spectabilis  L«m6,)  Cedrus 
Deodara  Roxb.;  and  Deodara  var.  pendula,  intermedia,  Podocarpus 
longifolius  Hort.,  latifolius  Wall.,  nucifer  Loud.  ( 3'axus  nurifera 
L.;)  a  remarkai)le  specimen  of  Cunninghamia  sinensis  Rich.  (Belis 
jaculifolia  Salisb.,)  also  the  rare  Ddmmera  australis  and  orientalis 
Lamb.  (A'gathis  Salisb.,)  Dacrydium  elatum  Wall.  (Juniperus 
Roxb.,)  and  many  others  of  the  most  beautiful  kinds  of  Coniferte; 
while  different  species  of  Callitris  and  Casuarina  stand  in  the  centre 
of  the  group  on  a  small  stage  of  ornamental  iron-work,  down  the 
sides  of  which  small  varieties  of  plants  are  seen  gracefully  bending. 
The  charm  of  the  whole  picture  is  enhanced  by  the  splendor  of  Cat- 
cilpa  syrmgce folia  Sims  (Bi-rnonm  Catdlpa  L.)  in  full  flower,  and  by 
the  deli<;htful  perfume  of  the  blossoms  of  the  shady  lime  tree,  which 
lends  its  peculiar  charm  to  the  atmosphere. 

A  complete  collection  of  Indian  varieties  of  rhododendron  is  situ- 
ated on  the  further  side  of  this  group,  and  the  whole  is  remarkable 
for  beauty  and  luxuriance.  More  to  the  right  are  seen  the  most 
beautiful  erythrinas,  near  which  are  groups  of  Azalea  pontica  and 
Fseonia  MoiUan  Svv.  (many  sjjecies,)  in  splendid  flower. 

The  more  the  beholder  advances,  the  inore  he  fancies  himself 
transported  to  Japan,  as  a  forest  of  camellias  in  which  gigantic  s|)e- 
cimens  stand  that  once  ornamented  the  gardens  of  Saxony,  and  the 
largest  of  which   is  twenfy-two  feet  high,  aflbrds  abundant  shade. 


Foreign  JVotices. — Austria,  191 

The  many  hundred  lofty  stems  of  camellias,  mixed  with  those  of  a 
lower  growth,  astonish  the  connoisseur,  and  especially  when  he  is 
informed  that  this  collection  consists  of  more  than  a  thousand  va- 
rieties. 

On  the  lawn  on  the  right  stand  beautiful  exotic  trees  and  shrubs, 
which  have  attaineil  a  tolerable  height;  and  of  these  I  need  only 
mention  Diospyros  Lotus,  Viririlirt  lutea;  Magn6h«  acuminata,  tri- 
petala,  SouIange<m«;  Alalia  spiiiosa,  JSetula  laciniata  var,  pendula, 
Fagus  sylvatica  var.  purpurea,  Aucuba  japonica,  and  several  species 
of  Mahonm.  A  group  of  Clerodendrum  fior.  rub.  simpi,,  in  the  par- 
terre, is  worthy  also  of  particular  consideration. 

You  now  enter  the  houses,  and  come  first  to  the  division  filled  with 
Cacti.  The  collection  is  rich,  and  part  of  it  was  purchased  some 
years  ago  at  Dresden  by  the  baron,  where  it  was  under  the  care  of 
the  court  gardener,  M.  Terseheck,  and  was  universally  admired. 
The  next  compartment  contains  hot-house  plants  remarkable  for  their 
outward  ha[)it,  their  size,  and  beauty,  such  as  Pandiinus  humilis, 
Dracfe^na  Draco,  Laiirus  Cinnamomum,  and  some  species  of  Til- 
landsia,  &c.  The  other  division  of  this  house  is  separated  into  two 
beds,  in  which  the  specimens  are  planted;  these  are  mostly  of  the 
families  of  Mimosa  and  Papilionacefe.  I  must  not  omit  to  mention 
the  beautiful  specimens  of  .Acacia  Cunninghann'a  Hook.,  Juaicura, 
decora,  homomalla,  polymorpha,  ol)ovata,  pentadenia,  pubescens, 
and  vestita,  which  are  in  the  middle  part  of  the  house,  and  form  an 
avenue  of  overhanging  trees;  also  Gompholobium  polymorphum 
elatum,  Oxylobium  ellipticum,  Indigofera  australis,  Corrfc'a  specio- 
sa,  Polygala  attenuata,  Eriostemon  cuspidatus  and  6uxif61ius,  Lis- 
santhe  sapida,  Condstylis  Juncea,  &c.,  which  stand  in  a  bed  like  a 
thick  forest;  among  which  are  seen  Kennedy^  rubicunda  and  longe- 
racemosa,  beautifully  winding  round  the  supports  of  the  house. 
The  second  bed  is  principally  filled  with  the  rarest  camellias,  in  the 
most  luxuriant  condition.  There  are  also  other  plants  among  them, 
particularly  many  Proteucece;  and  a  plant  of  Grevillea  robiista  is 
eighteen  feet  high,  which,  unfortunately,  must  be  taken  out,  as  it  has 
already  reached  the  height  of  the  house.  All  lovers  of  plants  must 
wish  that  this  somewhat  dangerous  operation  may  be  carefully  per- 
formed. In  the  front  part  of  the  first  bed  in  this  division,  close  by 
the  lights,  are  two  ProteilcecB  y)lanted  in  the  ground,  and  in  front  of 
the  other  bed  there  are  small  plants  in  the  open  ground.  The  whole 
house  is  divided  by  a  passage  up  the  middle,  the  supports  of  which 
are  decorated  with  twining  plants,  and  the  two  side  passages  have 
wire  arches  over  them,  covered  with  kennedyas  and  climbing  plants. 

From  this  house  you  enter  a  small,  but,  as  may  be  expected, 
tastefully  decorated  saloon.  The  floor,  like  the  former,  is  of  mosa- 
ic; the  painting  on  the  ceiling  and  walls  in  the  Indian  style,  and  the 
look  ng-glasses,  drapery,  and  furniture  are  of  the  very  newest  taste. 

Adjoining  to  this  saloon  is  a  conservatory,  in  which  are  camellias 
of  all  the  varieties  planted  in  the  soil.  Behind  them  are  Camellia 
japonica  fl.  alba  pleno,  anemoneflora,  althfeiflora,  rosea  pleno,  Sa- 
sdnqua,  Gussoni,  &c.,  grown  as  espaliers,  which  have  already  cov- 
ered the  whole  wall.  A  narrow  path  separates  this  from  beds  filled 
with  high  camellias  and  Indian  azaleas.     Among  the  camellias,  the 


192  Foreign  Jfotices. — Austria. 

one  most  worthy  of  notice  is  C.  reticulata^  fourteen  feet  high,  with 
a  head  five  feet  in  oircuniference.  Near  the  front  lights,  separated 
by  the  principal  passage,  are  small  l)eds,  likewise  filled  with  camel- 
lias planted  in  the  soil;  and  by  the  siiles  of  the  pillars,  which  extend 
to  the  back  part  of  the  house,  are  the  most  beautiful  acacias. 

You  then  pass  under  arches  formed  of  wire,  on  which  kennedyas 
and  other  climbing  plants  grow,  also  Dioclea  glicinoides,  which  had 
alreaily  unfolded  its  splendid  deep  red  flowers,  mixed  with  camellias 
and  acacias  fastened  to  the  wire;  and  on  descending  a  few  steps  you 
enter  a  small  house  in  which  the  baron  has  wisely  placed  the  whole 
collection  of  plants  in  small  specimens,  so  that  not  one  may  escape 
notice,  and  so  be  perhaps  entirely  lost,  a  frequent  occurrence  in  large 
assen)blages.     This  collection  resembles  a  living  index. 

You  next  enter  another  house,  constructed  exactly  like  the  pre- 
ceding, in  which  small  plants  are  most  tastefully  grouped  among 
tufa;  and  as  you  passed  through  an  ornamental  arch,  and  descended 
a  few  steps  to  this  house,  in  like  manner  you  now  ascend  a  few  steps 
to  the  camellia-house  already  described,  to  which  adjoins  a  long  row 
of  houses  intended  to  contain  at  another  season  of  the  year  thote 
plants  at  present  grouped  in  the  ojjen  air. 

On  the  left  is  the  orchideous  house,  in  which  is  a  collection  of 
eighty-three  genera  and  nearly  two  hundred  species,  most  ni  them 
grown  on  the  trunks  of  trees;  or  planted  in  little  baskets,  from  which 
they  hang  down.  As  this  was  only  used  as  an  orchideous  house  last 
year,  it  cannot  be  expected  to  be  very  rich  in  flowers.  Some  very 
fine  forms  and  colors  begin  to  unfold.  Among  these  may  be  men- 
tioned, Catasetum  luridum,  bicornulum,  tricolor;  Epidendrum  cras- 
sifolium,  Oncitlium  Baueri  Cycnoches  Loddi<;es//,  Calanthe  fuscala, 
Acropera  LoddiiresM,  and  many  other  species;  some  dendrobiums, 
maxillarias,  oncidiums,  &c.  iVepenthes  distillatoria  also  unfolds  its 
blossoms.     This  house  is  heated  by  steam. 

You  next  find  yourself  in  a  large  conservatory  with  upright  lights, 
in  winter  chiefly  filled  with  camellias;  the  next  has  slantini'^  h  hts, 
and  leads  to  a  large  saloon,  through  which  you  pass  to  the  living- 
rooms,  and,  on  again  reaching  the  open  air,  you  pass  by  the  terrace 
already  described. 

But  another  most  delightful  scene  is  still  reserved,  and  that  is  a 
mosaic  picture  of  flowers,  a  so  called  Roccoco  garden;*  and  we  h  ve 
to  thank  the  Baron  von  Hugel  for  setting  the  first  example  of  a  style, 
since  generally  imitated,   both   here   and   in  the  vicinity.     A  garden 

*  Roccoco. — We  have  hiilierto  been  in  ilie  haliit  of  considering  this  term  as  sy- 
nonymous with  what  nmy  he  called  the  shellwoik  arahesque;  hut  on  asking  a  critical 
friend  for  the  true  meaning  of  the  term,  he  sent  us  wliat  follows: — 

"Roccoco  is  one  of  those  words  which,  although  they  a.e  in  vogue  both  in  con- 
versation and  writing,  are  not  to  be  met  with  in  dictionaries,  any  more  than  are  the 
thousand  and  one  terms  employed  either  in  millinery  or  in  cookery.  All,  then  fore, 
that  I  can  say  of  it  is,  that  it  id  one  which  seems  to  have  bepn  lately  invented  by  the 
French,  and  was  first  applied  to  the  antiquated  frivolous  taste  of  the  period  of  Louis 
XV.  It  is  now  used  as  a  general  term  of  reproach  to  what  is  old-fashioned  and 
tasteless  in  literature  and  art,  and  appears  to  correspond  in  some  degree  with  our 
English  'crinkum  crankum.'  Instead  of  beintr  au  courant  dujour,  dictioiiary-makerg 
are  always  half  a  century  behind  the  rest  of  the  world,  and  seldom  explain  the  very 
words  one  is  most  at  loss  to  understand — W.  H.  L." 


Foreign  Notices. — Austria.  193 

laid  out  in  this  manner  re(fuires  much  skill  and  ability  on  the  part  of 
the  gardener,  as  well  in  the  arrangement  as  in  the  choice  of  the  flow- 
ers; and  he  must  also  be  careful  that,  throughout  the  whole  sum- 
mer, there  be  no  lack  of  flowering  plants.  It  is  but  justice  to  the 
baron's  head  gardener  (M.  Abel,)  to  say  that  he  not  only  has  fully 
accomplished  this  task,  but  has  also  been  successful  in  all  the  requi- 
sites of  this  garden.  The  connoisseur,  however,  does  not  see  the 
usual  ornamental  plants  in  this  sea  of  flowers,  but  a  great  many 
rarities;  and,  in  short,  here,  as  in  every  part  of  the  grounds,  the 
aesthetic  taste  of  the  baron  is  paramount.  Beautiful  is  this  garden 
within  a  garden,  and  hence  it  has  become  the  model  garden  of  Aus- 
tria. Here  the  most  beautiful  landscape  opens  on  the  view;  the 
gently  swelling  hills  apj)eur  in  the  most  romantic  forms,  and  on  one 
of  these  is  seen  the  pretty  little  garden-dwelling  of  Dr.  von  Malfatti. 
At  a  short  distance  behind  you  stands  one  of  the  tasteful  edifices  of 
the  proprietor,  which  are  one  story  high,  viz.,  a  summer-house. 
The  painting  of  the  saloon  is  in  the  Indian  style,  from  a  design  by 
the  baron,  the  ceiling  consisting  of  various-colored  ornaments,  and 
the  walls  of  paintings  on  a  red  ground.  Small  brackets  are  fixed  on 
it  here  and  there,  on  which  statues  are  placed.  The  chairs  and  so- 
fas are  covered  with  silk,  which  the  baron  brought  from  India  and 
China,  and  the  whole  is  arranged  and  kept  up  in  the  Oriental  style. 
On  the  right  is  a  smaller  saloon,  and  on  leaving  this  you  enter  the 
open  air,  where  the  eye  is  delighted  with  the  beautiful  flowering 
climbers,  and  the  tastefully  arranged  flower-beds  which  surround  the 
building.  Some  of  the  climbers  grow  on  yellow  and  red  rods,  which 
support  a  projection  of  the  summer-house,  and  thus  form  a  kind  of 
covered  terrace.  Farther  on  is  a  beautiful  Caidlpa  syringfefbYia; 
and  on  leaving  the  building,  which  is  girded,  as  it  were,  with  a  band 
of  flowers,  the  eye  glides  over  a  carpet  of  turf  to  a  green  hillock, 
where  the  prospect  becomes  more  extensive.  On  the  left,  towards 
the  west,  are  the  villages  of  Upper  and  Lower  St.  Beit;  and  on  the 
right,  and  somewhat  more  to  the  north-west,  on  the  side  of  a  gently 
swelling  hill,  are  the  villages  of  Baumgarten  and  Hutteldorf. 

We  now  leave  this  part  of  the  garden  to  enter  the  propagating 
department.  This  house  is  125  feet  long,  with  slanting  lights  facing 
the  east  and  west.  It  is  heated  by  hot  water  under  the  direction  of 
M.  Daniel  Hooibrenk,  Baron  Hugel's  garden  director,  and  is  most 
admirably  suited  for  the  purpose.  We  have  to  thank  M.  Hooibrenk 
for  having  introduced  this  method  of  heating  in  Austria.  He  erect- 
ed the  first  apparatus  in  1837,  and  it  has  not  only  been  imitated  here, 
but  in  Hungary,  and  also  in  other  countries.  The  utility  of  this 
method  of  heating  in  propagating  plants  may  be  easily  seen  when 
compared  with  the  old  manner,  still  to  be  met  with  here  and  there, 
of  heating  by  means  of  tan  and  horse  dung,  which  is  always  dirty, 
and  very  uncertain. 

What  M.  Hooibrenk  has  effected  by  this  means  in  propagation 
may  be  witnessed  in  the  propagating  garden  here,  where  the  present 
extensive  collection  was  obtained  by  the  above  method;  and  of  these 
plants  I  need  only  mention  the  propagation  of  the  ConiferaB  from 
cuttings;  and  other  plants  that  are  difKcult  to  strike,  such  as  Agnos- 
tus  sinukta,  Dracophyllum  attenuktum,  Magndh'a  grandiflora,  J^lex 

VOL.  VIII. NO.  V.  25 


194  Domestic  J^olices. 

*5qiiif51funi,  Qukdria  heterophylla,  Stadmftniu'o  niistrklis,  Dacrydiurn 
elatiJin,  Sk]^\un^  berberidii'oWutn,  Lomatia  ilicifolia,  Ddmmara  austr^- 
lis,  iVepenthes  distillatoria,  Grevillea  rolnista,  Araucaria,  &c.;  and 
the  innumerable  specimeas  of  these  show  that  success  is  not  acciden- 
tal. There  are  whole  beds  of  Pontic  rhododendrons,  ericas,  camellias, 
Indian  and  Pontic  azaleas,  pfeonies,  &,c.,  all  of  which  have  been 
propagated  by  the  above  method.  The  construction  of  the  houses 
already  mentioned,  fourteen  in  number,  is  Ukewise  adapted  for  the 
propagation  of  plants,  and  does  great  credit  to  the  skill  and  know- 
ledge of  M.  Hooibrenk.  The  apparatus  for  heating  those  houses 
for  propagation,  and  for  the  growth  of  young  and  tender  plants,  is 
usually  flues.  The  baron,  after  a  complete  examination  of  ail  kinds 
of  heating,  has  been  fully  convinced  that  a  system  of  smoke  flues  at 
a  moderate  depth  in  the  soil  is  the  best  method  of  heating;  but  these 
must  have  all  the  joints  or  seams  stopped  up  by  means  of  a  very 
eff'ective  cement,  consisting  of  a  proportionate  mixture  of  finely  sift- 
ed or  beaten  clay,  ashes,  and  stone  in  a  powdered  state,  mixed  with 
salt  water;  and  the  covering  should  be  plates  of  cast  iron,  a  few  lines 
in  thickness.  When  the  cold  is  very  severe,  a  basin  of  water  should 
be  placed  over  the  place  where  the  fire  is,  and  thus  a  medium  of 
moisture  produced  m  the  air,  without  which  the  great  dryness  would 
be  very  injurious. 

In  conclusion,  allow  me  to  add,  that,  l)y  the  kindness  of  the  pro- 
prietor, every  respectable  person  is  adn)itted  to  visit  the  garden, 
which  no  doubt  contributes  greatly  to  increase  the  love  for  one  of  the 
noblest  pleasures.     (Gard.Mag.forMareh.) 


Art.  III.     Domestic  Notices. 


Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Society. — Our  second  meeting  of  the 
Horticultural  Society  took  place  in  the  Museum,  and,  notwithstand- 
ing the  disagreeable  wet  night,  the  room  was  filled  with  the  beauty 
and  fashion  of  our  city,  as  well  as  with  a  fine  collection  of  ])lants. 
The  room  was  tastefully  laid  out,  and  had  a  beautiful  eflTect.  The 
specimens  were  very  fine,  es[»ecially  the  azaleas  of  George  Pepper, 
Es(|.,  which  were  large  and  in  full  flower.  We  noticed  a  new  hy- 
brid Epiphyllum,  called  the  Mayflower,  {Mayflyl)  the  finest  of  all 
that  have  been  produced;  from  its  ap])earance,  it  seems  to  be  from 
the  E.  Ackermaniu't  and  speciosissima,  the  flower  large,  of  bright 
red,  and  tinged  with  purple  inside;  it  is  well  worth  adding  to  the 
collection  of  every  amateur.  Mr.  Buist's  table  was  filled  with  some 
choice  Australian  specimens  in  fine  bloom.  We  saw  a  large  branch 
of  the  Clianthus  puniceus  in  fine  flower.  Robert  Kilvington  con- 
tributed largely  that  evening,  as  the  whole  of  the  plants  were  to  be 
sold  the  next  day:  they  were  in  fine  flower,  and  in  good  order.     Mr. 


Domestic  JVotices.  193 

Parker,  as  usual,  had  a  ereat  variety.  Mr.  McKenzie  exhibited 
some  choice  roseH,  particularly  the  R.  devoniensis,  in  beautiful 
bloom.  The  vejretahles  exhiliited  tor  competition  v\ere  of  the  finest 
quality,  and  reflected  great  credit  to  the  growers.  The  accession  to 
our  number  has  been  great;  forty-four  new  members  were  ()!oposed 
that  meetinjT. — dn  Amateur,  Philadelphia,  dpril  23,  1842. 

The  Cinnamon  Rose  for  a  Slock  fur  Budding. — Will  you  have 
the  goodness  to  mention,  in  the  Magazine  of  Horlicullure,  whether 
the  cinnamon  rose  is  a  suitable  stock  to  inoculate  or  bud  roses  uj)on; 
or  what  is  a  more  suitable  stock  for  that  purpose? — Yours,  C.  F.  J. 
[The  cinnamon  rose  is  too  weak  a  growing  kiud  for  a  stock:  the 
sweet  brier  is  much  better:  the  old  blush  rose  of  the  gardens,  and  the 
Boursalt  rose,  are  also  go'id  stocks,  particularly  the  latter. — Ed,] 

Horticiillure  in  Western  Neio  York. — I  have  taken  great  jdeasure 
in  cultivating  a  few  of  the  native  plants  of  this  reirion,  and  were  I 
sure  that  they  are  not  common  with  you,  it  would  give  me  a  florist's 
gratification  to  send  you  seeds  of  some  of  them,  but  I  am  no  botan- 
ist, and  do  not  know  how  to  describe  them.  The  pnlmonaria  is  free- 
ly growing  here  in  meadows,  and  is  called  "blue-i)ell."  I  have  cul- 
tivated it,  as  have  .many  others,  with  success.  I  have  a  very  hand- 
some perennial,  flowering  about  the  1st  of  July,  in  cultivation,  from 
the  woods,  growing  to  the  height  of  two  feet,  with  three-lohed  leaves, 
and  white  flowers  of  five  petals  <rrowing  singly  on  rather  a  long  foot- 
stalk. I  have  never  seen  it  in  Connecticut,  nor  have  I  ever  found  a 
name  for  it  here,  as  "wild  flowers"  are  much  despised.  From  this 
miserably  imjjerfect  description,  can  you  divine  what  it  is.'  and  will 
you  have  the  seeds?  I  call  it  Estella,  though  the  flowers  ai;e  not 
Etar-shaped, 

I  have  raised  the  Bartonza  ailrea  and  Nigella  hisjjanica  from  seeds 
received  from  Hovey  &.  Co.  two  years  since,  more  beautiful  than 
Mrs.  Loudon's  engraved  representation.  Indeed,  all  the  seeds  I  pro- 
cured from  those  gentlemen  were  very  successful. 

There  is  a  growing  taste  for  floriculture  and  horticulture  in  this 
remote  region.  At  Cortland  Villa^re,  Mr.  Randall  has  a  fine  green- 
house and  beautiful  grounds;  the  oidy  private  green-house  1  know 
hereabout.  We  have  procured  fine  plants  (perennials)  from  Rev^ 
Mr.  Bostwick,  of  Hammondsport,  to  whom  we  owe  the  introduction 
of  the  Chinese  psonies,  and  some  other  rare  floral  ornaments.  You 
will  pardon  these  notices,  as  !  know  you  are  desirous  of  receiving 
information  on  these  subjects,  however  superficial,  which  shows  the 
dawn  of  a  brighter  day  in  floricultural  knowJedge. — Respectfully 
yours,  S.   IV.  J.,  Oswego,  Tioga  Co.,  N.  Y. 

Botanical  Intelligence. — Our  botanical  friends  will  be  pleased  to 
learn  that  Dr.  Asa  Gray,  the  able  coadjutor  of  Dr.  Torrey,  in  the 
publication  of  the  Flora  of  North  America,  has  been  appointed  to 
the  Fisher  Professorship  of  Natural  History  in  Harvard  University. 
We  may  congratulate  Dr.  Gray  on  his  appointment  to  fill  such  a 
situation,  and  doubt  not  but  that  be  will  be  the  means  of  awakeninj? 
an  interest  in  botanical  studies,  which  have,  since  the  resiunation  of 
Mr.  Nuttall,  as  Curator  of  the  Botanic  Garden,  been  almost,  or 
quite,  given  up. — Ed. 


196  Retrospective  Criticism. 


Art.  IV.     Retrospective  Criticism. 

Linnaan  Botanic  Garden  and  Nursery,  Flushing,  L.  I.  Correc- 
tion.— I  request  the  favor  of  you  to  correct  a  typographical  error  in 
my  communication  in  relation  to  this  establishment,  inserted  in  the 
last  number  of  the  Magazine  of  Horticulture,  (p.  153.)  The  prem- 
ises therein  referred  to,  as  having  been  purchased  by  William  R. 
Prince  for  his  residence,  comprise  only  about^ue  acres  of  land,  in- 
stead of  fifty  acres. — I  am,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 
Gabriel  Winter,  Flushing,  L.  L,  April,  1842. 

Camellm  var.  Covingtonn, — error  corrected. — Dear  Sir:  your  Hor- 
ticultural Magazine,  for  April,  1842,  has  just  come  to  hand,  and  I 
find  upon  the  123d  page,  3d  line  from  the  top,  that  you  give  me  the 
credit  for  raising  Camelh'a  Covingtoniz,  and  also  Camellia  Judge 
Washington,  which  is  an  error;  the  Camelh'a  Covingtonn  was  raised 
by  Col.  R.  Carr,  of  Bartram's  gardens,  near  Philadelphia,  and  the 
camellia  Judge  Washington  was  raised  by  Mr.  J.  J.  Frobel,  in  Fair- 
fax county,  Va.  On  the  same  page,  28th  line  from  the  top,  you  say 
that  I  propagate  the  /^uphorbza  jacquinfrj?6ra,  by  inarching,  which  is 
a  mistake:  they  were  propagated  by  layings  in  the  common  way. 
[We  did  not  notice  this  error — layering  was  intended. — Ed.]  By 
correcting  the  above  in  your  next  number,  you  will  confer  a  singular 
favor  on, — Respectfully  yours,  J.  S.  Gunnell,  Washington,  tSpril, 
4182. 

[Many  of  our  memoranda  made  during  our  visit,  were  noted  down 
so  hastily  that  we  had  not  time  to  particularize;  and  trusting  much 
to  memory,  the  time  which  elapsed  before  we  wrote  them  out  in 
full,  led  us  into  an  occasional  error.  We  are  gratified  to  be  cor- 
rected.— Ed.] 

Camellia  var-  Hempsiehdn  and  Ldndrethi. — In  the  last  number  of  the 
Magazine,  I  saw  some  remarks  relative  to  the  merits  of  Camelh'a  var. 
Hempsteadw  over  that  of  Landrethi.  Whoever  the  writer  is,  he  cer- 
tainly never  saw  a  good  flower  of  Landreth?',  as  it  is  impossible  he 
should  have  made  such  a  comparison.  There  is  a  delicacy  in  the 
petal  of  Landrethi  which  the  other  does  not  possess.  There  is  a  de- 
cided coarseness  of  petal  in  Hempsteadu,  that  makes  the  greatest 
objection  to  its  being  rated  as  one  of  the  first  rate  seedlings:  it  seems 
to  be  an  improvement  of  C.  elata,  raised  by  Cunningham,  in  Edin- 
boro'.  I  have  made  the  above  remarks  as  my  opinion  of  the  supe- 
riority of  the  one  over  the  other,  without  any  intention  of  detracting 
from  the  merits  of  Hempstead^i,  for  it  is  undoubtedly  a  good  seed- 
ling; yet  I  think  Landrethi  better,  nay,  even  one  of  the  best  that 
has  been  produced. — Jin  Amateur,  Philadelphia,  April,  1842. 

The  Garden  and  Grounds  of  the  President's  House,  (p.  128.) — In 
your  present  number,  you  call  the  gardener  at  the  Capitol  Murphy, 
instead  of  Maher;  and  the  garden  of  the  President's  house  is  not 
the  three  mounds  you  describe,  but  a  very  well  arranged  kitchen  gar- 
den, under  the  management  of  a  very  scientific  and  skilful  man,  Mr. 
Owsley,  who  has  obtained  several  premiums  from  the  Columbian 
Horticultural  Society,  for  superior  fruits  and  vegetables  raised  there 
by  him. —  Yours,  J.  F.  Callan,  Washington,  D.  C,  Jan.  1842, 


Pennsylvania   Horticultural   Society.  197 


Art.  V.     Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Society. 

The  Society  held  its  stated  meeting  at  its  hall,  on  the  15th  of  Feb- 
ruary. 

The  Committee  appointed  at  the  stated  meeting  in  January,  under 
the  Resolution  in  regard  to  new  Plants,  Flowers,  Fruits,  and  Vege- 
tables, reported  tlie  following  rules  prescribing  the  limits  within 
which  plants,  flowers,  fruits  and  vegetables  shall  be  deemed  new, 
within  said  resolution,  and  other  regulations  in  regard  to  that  sub- 
ject. 

Rules  of  the   Committee  on  new  Plants,  Flowers,  Fruits  and  Vege- 
tables, reported  under  the  third  Resolution. 

I.  Plants,  flowers,  fruits,  and  vegetables  shall  be  deemed  new,  with- 
in the  meaning  of  the  Resolution,  whether  they  be  new  genera,  spe- 
cies, or  varieties,  provided  they  have  not  been  known  and  described 
in  some  pul)lic  work  for  more  than  eighteen  months  previous  to  the 
year,  according  to  the  calendar  in  which  they  are  exhibited,  and  are 
exhibited  before  this  Society,  at  the  following  times:  1.  In  the  case  of 
plants  not  in  flower — within  six  months  after  their  first  introduction 
into  some  collection,  garden  or  field,  in  the  United  States:  2.  In  the 
case  of  flowers — at  their  first  flowering  after  such  introduction:  3.  In 
the  case  of  fruits  and  vegetables — during  the  first  season  of  their  ma- 
turing after  such  introduction. 

II.  Persons  presenting  for  exhibition  any  plant,  flower,  fruit  or 
vegetable,  as  new,  must  present  to  the  Committee  a  statement  written 
and  signed,  showing — 1.  The  systematic  as  well  as  the  English  name, 
the  habit,  habitation,  in  the  garden,  popular  character,  time  of  flow- 
ering, fruiting  or  ripening,  color,  size  or  height:  2.  If  an  exotic,  the 
year  of  its  introduction  into  the  United  States;  if  indigenous  to  any 
of  the  United  States,  its  locality:  3.  Its  mode  of  propagation,  and 
appropriate  soil:  4.  A  colored  figure  or  representation,  if  the  Com- 
mittee shall  require  it. 

III.  The  subject  shall  thereupon  be  examined  by  all  the  Commit- 
tee who  shall  be  present,  and  the  description  shall  be  referred  to  a 
sub-committee  of  two,  who  shall  be  appointed  by  the  chairman,  who 
shall  thereupon  report  to  the  Committee. 

IV".  The  Committee  shall  make  its  report  in  writing  to  the  Socie- 
ty, at  the  same  or  the  next  monthly  meeting. 

The  Special  Committee  were  directed  to  contract  with  the  agents 
of  the  lessee  of  the  lower  saloon  of  the  Philadelphia  Museum  build- 
ing, in  which  to  hold  their  future  meetings. 

A  great  number  of  plants  were  exhibited  at  this  meeting.  The 
following  is  the  report  of  the  Committee  awarding  premiums: — 

For  the  best  ten  varieties  of  camellias,  to  John  Sherwood.  For 
the  most  interesting  collection  of  plants  in  pots,  to  R.  Kilvington. 
For  the  next  best  collection  of  plants  in  pots,  to  Alexander  Parker. 
For  the  liest  bouquet,  to  John  Sherwood.  For  the  next  best  bou- 
quet, to  Robert  Kilvington.  For  the  most  interesting  display  of  veg- 
etables, to  Jacob  Engleman. 


198 


Faneuil  Hall  Market. 


Art,  VI.     Faneuil  Hall  Market. 


Roots,  Tubers,  ^c. 

Potatoes: 

„,  C  per  barrel.  . 

„     ,       .     C  per  barrel,. .. 
'^''^^IP"'"'^'^  per  bushel,.. 


Common 


C  per  barrel,.  .  . 


From 
^  cts. 

1  00 
45 

1  75 
75 

1  01 
45 

1  50 

37^ 
37i 

37i 


5 
6 

00 
75 
62i 
75 
12^ 
6 
20 
12h 
10 


75 


To 

?Ct3. 

L  25 

£0 
!  00 
.  00 

50 


Pot  and  Sweet  Herbs. 


00 
8 

12i 


1  00 


Parsley,  per  half  peck.,. . 

jSage,  per  pound, 

[Marjorum,  per  bunch,... 

Savory,  per  bunch, , 

Spearmint,  green,  per  bunch, 

Squashes  and  PuTnpkins. 

Squashes,  per  pound: 

Canada  Crooknerk, 

Autumnal  Marrow, 

Winter  Crookneck, 

West  Indias, 

Pumpkins,  each,    , 


12i 

25 

6 

8 

17 

20 

12i 

— 

20 

— 

6 

8 

m 

— 

25 

— 

37^, 

— 

Fruits. 

Apples,  dessert: 

Jjaldwins,  per  barrel,.. .  . 

Russets,  per  barrel, , 

Greenings,  per  barrel,.  .  . 

New  York  pippins, per  bbl 

Common,  per  barrel,.. .  . 

Pippins,  per  bushel, , 

Sweet,  |)er  bushel, 

Dried  apples,  per  pound,.  , 
j Pears,  per  dozen: 

Chaumontel,.  .  , 

Baking,  per  bushel, 

:Cranberii<"s,  per  bushel,.  .  .  . 
Grapes  per  pound: 

Malaga,  (white) 

Pine-apples,  each, 

Cucumbers,  each, 

Water-melons,  each, 

Lemons,  per  dozen, 

Shaddocks,  each, 

Oranges,  per  doz: 

Havana 

Sicily 

Walnuts,  per  bushel 

Chestnuts,  per  bushel, 

Butternuts,  per  bushel, 

Ahnonds,  per  pound,. 

Castana,  per  pound 

Cocoa  nuts, 


From 

To 

$>•  cts. 

^'  cts. 

25 

37i 

17 

20 

6 

m 

6 

m 

3 

b 

4 

3 

12^ 


5  00 
3  00 
2  50 


5 
4 

20 


13  50 
3  00 


2  00    2  50 


2  00    2  50 
2  00    2  50 


per  bushel. 

Sweet  potatoes,  per  bushel 
Turnips,  per  bushel: 

Common, 

Ruta  Baga, 

French, 

New,   per  bunch, 

Onions: 

Red,  per  bunch, 

New  white,  per  bunch,.  . . 

White, per  bushel, 

Yellow,  per  bushel, 

Beets,  per  bushel, 

Carrots,  per  bushel, 

Parsnips,  per  bushel, 

Salsify,  per  dozen  roots,. .  . . 

Radishes,  per  bunch, 

Shallots,  per  pound, 

Garlic,  per  {)ound, 

Horseradish,  per  pound  .... 

Cabbages,  Salads,  fyc. 

Cabbages,  per  doz: 

Savoy, 

Drumhead, 

Red  Dutch, 

Brocoli,  each, 

Cauliflowers,  each, 

I^ettuce,  per  head, 

Spinach,  per  peck, 

Dandelions,  per  peck, 

Turnip  tops,  per  peck, 

Rhubarb,  per  pound, 

Asparagus,  per  bunch, 

Celery,  per  root: 

Common, 

Cucumbers,  (pickled)  pr  gal. 
Peppers,  (picked,)  per  gallon 

Remarks. — The  weather  durinj^  April,  though  quite  variable,  has 
not  been  marked  with  any  extremes  of  heat  or  cold:  no  frosts  have 
occurred  to  do  any  damage  to  vegetation,  and  the  season  now  prom- 
ises well.  Considerable  rain  has  fallen  the  latter  jtart  of  the  month, 
but  owing  to  the  previous  dry  state  of  the  soil,  it  has  not  but  very 
slightly  retarded  spring  operations.     The  cherry  and  plum  trees  are 


20 

12i 

12i 

25 

121 

12^ 

37| 
20 

1  25 

2  00 
1  00 

14 


25 

25 
25 
37i 
17 


50 

25 
1  50 


15 


Horticultural   Memoranda.  199 

now  pushing  their  flower-buds,  and,  in  some  favorable  situations,  are 
ab-eady  open,  at  least  twenty  days  in  advance  of  last  spring. 

Vegetables. — There  has  been  some  chanse  in  potatoes  since  our  last : 
the  stock  of  Chenangoes  is  not  large,  and  there  is  a  steady  demand, 
but  prices  cannot  be  quoted  higher:  Eastports  are  abundant,  and 
not  very  good;  they  did  not  appear  to  fully  ripen  last  year,  and  ow- 
ing to  the  great  quantity  which  was  thrown  into  the  market  in  the 
autumn,  a  great  part  of  which  now  remain  on  hand,  they  go  off 
heavily  at  a  considerable  reduction  from  the  usual  rates,  Chenangoes 
being  preferred :  long  reds  are  very  plentiful,  and  selling  from  the 
wharf  at  very  low  prices:  Sweet  are  well  supplied  for  the  season; 
the  whole  stock  of  those  now  sold  was  wintered  by  one  of  the  mar- 
ket gardeners  of  the  vicinity;  they  were  kept  in  a  room  heated  by 
anthracite  coal,  prepared  on  purpose  for  wintering  squashes,  sweet 
potatoes,  and  other  roots.  Turnips  are  plentiful  and  good.  Onions 
are  scarcer,  and  prices  have  materially  advanced;  new  white  are 
now  brought  in  of  fair  size  and  quality.  Parsnips  are  nearly  gone, 
and  those  of  good  quality  command  an  advance.  Salsify  is  well 
su[»plied,  but  rather  inferior.  Radishes  are  now  brought  in  in  large 
quantities.  Lettuce  is  abundant,  lar^e,  and  handsome:  the  weather 
has  been  favorable.  Spinach,  dandelions,  and  other  greens,  are  now 
supplied  in  such  quantities  as  to  stock  the  market.  No  celery,  we  be- 
lieve, is  now  to  be  found.  Asparagus  made  its  first  appearance  the 
present  week,  but  the  cool  weather  of  the  last  few  days  has  pre- 
vented a  good  supply.  Rhubarb  is  now  brought  in  well  grown;  the 
demand  for  this  vegetable  has  wonderfully  increased  within  a  year 
or  two,  and  the  supply  has  also  been  so  abundant  as  to  keep  the 
price  at  a  reasonable  rate.  West  India  squashes  are  abundant,  but 
the  stock  of  other  sorts  is  nearly  exhaustccl. 

Fruit. — Apples  are  nearly  gone;  with  the  exception  of  Russets 
and  Baldwins,  scarcely  any  other  kinds  remain  on  hand.  Pears  are 
about  gone.  Cranberries  are  without  alteration,  though  the  stock  is 
small;  the  supply  of  rhubarb  has  lessened  the  demand  at  this  season. 
Grapes  are  all  gone.  Pine-apples  are  abundant;  one  or  two  car- 
goes have  just  arrived,  which  have  supplied  the  market.  Cucumbers 
are  brought  in  quite  plentifully  for  the  season,  and  prices  are  mode- 
rate. A  few  water-melons  have  come  to  hand.  Lemons  are  abun- 
dant, and  prices  very  low. — M.  T.,  Boston,  April  28,  1842. 


HORTICULTURAL  MEMORANDA 

FOR    MAY. 


FRriT    DEPARTMENT. 


Grape  vines  in  the  grapery  will  flower  this  month;  when  the  buds 
shew  signs  of  opening,  increase  the  temperature,  and  omit  syringing 
until  the  fruit  is  set:  the  walks  of  the  house,  however,  may  be  sprin- 


200  Horticultural   Memoranda. 

kled  after  warm  days,  in  order  to  create  a  fine  steam,  which  will  he 
beneficial  to  the  plants;  lay  in  the  bearinjr  wood  for  next  year,  as  it 
proceeds  in  jjiowth.  New  borders  may  be  now  made,  and  the  plants 
set  out  any  time  this  month  with  safety,  if  the  vines  are  in  pots. 

Baspherry  beds  should  be  dressed,  and  the  vines  tied  to  stakes. 

Grafting  may  yet  be  performed  with  perfect  safety,  provided  the 
scions  have  been  cut  in  due  time. 

New  beds  of  strawberries  may  be  made  this  month;  old  beds  will 
be  in  bloom;  water  the  plants  after  the  fruit  is  set. 

Fruit  trees  will  need  some  pruning,  if  previously  omitted;  keep 
them  free  from  insects  by  the  use  of  whale  oil  soap. 

FLOWER    DEPARTMENT. 

Dahlias. — When  there  is  a  great  number  of  plants  to  set  out,  ope- 
rations maj'  be  commenced  the  latter  part  of  the  month;  but  if  only  a 
few  are  to  be  transplanted,  it  is  best  to  put  them  into  the  border  a- 
bout  the  first  of  June,  and  from  that  time  to  the  15th.  Those  ])lant- 
ed  late  produce  the  best  flowers  in  September. 

Jioses,  of  the  monthly  and  other  tender  sorts,  may  now  be  turned 
out  of  the  pots  into  the  border. 

Camellias  will  need  attention;  water  freely,  and  syringe  over  the 
foliage  at  least  three  times  a  week. 

Chrysanthemums  should  i)e  potted  this  month,  if  not  done  before. 

Pansies  may  be  transplanted  in  the  border,  and  seeds  may  be  sown 
now  for  a  succession  of  plants. 

Verbenas  may  now  be  turned  out  into  the  border. 

Geraniums  will  now  be  flowering:  give  plenty  of  water  and  air. 

Ericas  may  be  propagated  by  cuttings  now. 

Annual  seeds,  of  hardy  kinds,  may  now  be  sown  in  the  open  bor- 
der, such  as  poppies,  larkspurs,  candytuft  and  others,  where  they  are 
to  stand,  as  they  do  not  bear  removal  without  injury.  Asters,  bal- 
sams, &c.,  forwarded  in  boxes,  may  be  transplanted  into  the  border 
this  month. 

Erythrina  crista  galli. — Plants  of  this  splendid  flower  may  be  turn- 
ed out  of  the  pots,  in  which  they  were  wintered,  into  the  border. 

Calceolarias  will  need  repotting  again  this  month  for  the  last  time. 

Cactuses  will  now  be  flowering,  and  should  be  more  freely  watered. 

Cyclamens  may  be  turned  out  of  the  pots  into  the  open  ground,  se- 
lecting a  cool,  moist  situation. 

Hardy  Roses  should  receive  attention:  as  soon  as  the  slug  makes 
its  appearance,  the  plants  should  be  syringed  with  whale  oil  soap, 
every  three  or  four  days. 

Perennial  flower  seeds  may  be  planted  the  latter  part  of  this 
month. 

Salvia  splendens,fulgens,  %-c.,  kept  in  the  green-house,  should  be 
turned  out  into  the  border. 

Chinese  Primrose  seeds  may  be  sown  this  month. 

Green-house  plants  of  most  kinds  may  be  rertioved  to  the  open  air, 
selecting  a  cool  and  half  shady  situation. 


THE    MAGAZINE 


HORTICULTURE. 


JUNE,   1842. 


ORIGINAL  COMMUNICATIONS. 

Art.  I.  On  the  cultivation  of  the  Grape  Vine  in  Graperies; 
being  a  Diary  of  the  progress  of  the  vines,  from  the  first  ap- 
plication of  heat  to  the  maturity  of  the  fruit.  By  O.  John- 
son, Esq.,  Lynn,  Mass. 

[In  a  previous  volume  (V.,  p.  293,)  we  gave  an  account  of 
the  amateur  garden  of  Mr.  Johnson,  and,  in  particular,  alluded 
to  the  fine  crop  of  grapes  which  was  then  ripening  (July, 
1839,)  in  the  vinery.  Being  so  highly  pleased  with  the  ex- 
cellent appearance  of  the  crop,  we  requested  Mr.  Johnson  to 
send  us  a  communication,  detailing  his  mode  of  practice;  for 
although  several  articles  had  appeared  on  the  growth  of  the 
grape  vine  in  our  earlier  volumes,  we  felt  desirous  of  giving 
our  readers  the  experience  of  an  amateur  cultivator;  profes- 
sional men,  in  their  articles,  often  omitting  many  things  which, 
though  to  them  of  little  importance,  are  the  most  needed  by 
new  beginners.  For  his  gratification  and  amusement  Mr. 
Johnson  had  kept  a  diary  of  the  progress  of  the  vines,  and 
had  made  memoranda  of  every  thing  which  had  appeared  use- 
ful for  future  reference  or  improvement;  and  he  kindly  offered 
to  give  us  an  abstract  from  this  at  a  future  time,  should  we 
deem  the  information  in  any  way  useful,  or  adding  value  to 
our  pages.  We  have  now  the  pleasure  of  laying  this  diary  be- 
fore our  readers,  and  we  may  safely  recommend  it  to  all  ama- 
teur cultivators  of  the  grape,  and  to  gentlemen  who  manage  a 
grapery  for  their  own  amusement,  as  an  excellent  guide  to  the 
successful  cultivation  of  this  delicious  fruit;  when  they  have  pro- 
duced as  fine  a  crop  as  we  have  seen  on  Mr.  Johnson's  vines, 
they  may  feel  gratified  at  their  success.    They  should  not,  hovv- 

VOL.  VIII. NO.  VI.  26 


202 


Diary  of  the  Cultivation 


ever,  omit  to  read  the  works  of  professional  men,  to  whom  Mr. 
Johnson  was  indebted,  in  connection  with  his  own  practice,  for 
the  information  which  aided  him  in  the  management  of  his  vines. 
It  only  remains  for  us  to  say  that  the  vines  were  planted  out 
in  the  border  in  May,  1835;  they  were  then  one  year  old  in 
pots.  In  1S36  and  1837  they  were  headed  down.  In  1838 
they  bore  a  few  bunches  of  grapes,  and  made  fine  wood  for 
the  following  year,  when  the  date  of  the  diary  commences. 
Feb.  1839.— E^.] 


14 


Temperature. 


50 


80 


60 


Diary  of  the  ViNERr. 

Commenced  fire  heat  in  the  vinery.  [The  ther- 
mornetrical  observations  are  taken  at  6  o'clock 
in  the  morning, at  noon,  and  10  o'clock  at  night.] 

Placed  horse  manure  in  the  house  to  warm  the 
border.  Washed  the  house.  Took  up  the 
vines,  (which  had  been  covered  to  protect  them 
from  the  frost,)  and  washed  them  with  warm 
soap  suds;  raised  as  much  moisture  as  possi- 
ble.    Weather  moderate  and  cloudy. 

Weather  quite  moderate  and  thawy.      Sleet. 

Covered  inside  border  with  sand  for  sprinkling. 
Thaw.     Whitewashed  the  vinery. 

Earthen  pans  on  the  flues  kept  filled  with  water, 
but  syringing  suspended  on  account  of  the 
moisture  in  the  atmosphere,  it  having  been 
damp  for  three  days.     Cloudy. 

Washed  vines  with  soap  suds.  Weather  mode- 
rate: a  slight  snow  last  night. 

Pans  kept  full  of  water  for  the  sake  of  steam, 
and  vines  syringed  twice  a  day  in  sunny  weath- 
er. Weather  changed  suddenly  last  night; 
cold,  and  temperature  fell  10°  below  minimum 
point. 

A  Sweetwater  vine  in  a  pot,  taken  from  the  cel- 
lar on  the  18th,  and  pruned  at  that  time,  is  now 
bleeding  profusely.  At  this  season  of  the  year, 
in  order  to  economise  with  fuel,  the  furnace 
should  be  managed  carefully.     We  found  it  a 


of  the  Grape  Vine  in  Graperies. 


203 


21 

22 

24 

25 
26 

27 


28 


57 

57 
60 

57 
59 

59 


33 


56 
64 

58 

62 


75 

64 
63 

64 
70 

64 


75 


80 
70 
64 

80 


61 

63 
64 

64 
65 

64 


65 


good  plan  about  10  o'clock  at  night,  to  close 
the  door  of  the  ash-pit  and  furnace,  and  push 
the  damper  in  the  chimney  as  far  in  as  possible. 
No  air  is  then  admitted,  except  through  the 
crevices  of  the  iron-work.  The  thermometer 
fell  only  4°  during  the  night.  Watered  vines 
with  soap  suds. 

The  last  seven  days  have  been  very  mild  for  the 
season:  to-day  appears  like  an  April  day. 

Weather  became  cold  during  the  night. 

Weather  cloudy  and  thawy  for  the  last  three 
days.  The  floor  of  the  vinery  kept  constantly 
damp,  and  the  flues  watered  twice  at  night. 

Rainy  and  thaw. 

Muscat  of  Alexandria  vine  bleeding  at  the  buds. 
Weather  clear  and  rather  cool. 

Muscat  vine  continuing  to  bleed  excessively,  and 
finding  all  attempts  to  stop  it  unsuccessful,  we 
hastily  concluded  to  prune  it  down  beyond 
the  bleeding  bud,  and  cover  the  wound  with 
bladder  of  triple  thickness  (two  very  fast:) 
this,  it  was  supposed,  would  stop  it;  but  in 
a  few  moments  the  sap  reappeared,  forcing 
its  way  through  other  buds,  and  even  through 
the  smooth  bark  in  many  places.  The  buds 
on  the  Sweetwater  vines  in  pots  began  to 
swell.  Rain  last  nig 
the  day:  snow  nearly  gone 

IMorning  fine;  afternoon  cloudy.  When  the  fire 
is  at  a  red  heat,  the  damper  and  furnace  door 
are  closed  to  keep  up  the  heat. 

Bright  morning;  weather  cool. 

Quite  warm  and  pleasant  for  the  season. 

Weather  changed  last  evening  suddenly;  a  cold 
snow  storm  set  in  to-day.     Afternoon  clear. 

Buds  of  some  black  Hamburg  vines  beginning  to 
swell.  Dug  up  the  inside  border,  and,  not- 
withstanding all  precautions,  destroyed  a  few  of 
the  grape  roots,  which  were  within  three  inch- 
es of  the  surface.  From  this  circumstance, 
we  have  determined  not  to  disturb  the  border 


dull   weather    during 


204 


Diary  of  the  Cultivation 


18 
19 
20 
21 

22 
23 
24 


5   51    70 


60   78 
62  j  75 

59   74 


68 


64 
63 
64 
66 
66 
66 
69 


outside,  but  merely  to  loosen  two  inches  be- 
low the  surface:  we  are  satisfied  that  the  vines 
have  been  injured  by  deep  digging  the  bor- 
ders. Cold  severe:  last  night  temperature  2° 
below  0. 

The  cold  very  severe.  The  sudden  changes  ren- 
der it  almost  impossible  to  keep  a  regular  tem- 
perature in  the  house,  which  should  not  stand 
(at  this  stage  of  forcing)  below  60°.  The 
house  having  originally  been  intended  for  a 
grapery  without  fire  heat,  it  is  not  well  adapted 
to  forcing. 

Weather  cool  and  pleasant. 

Buds  of  the  vine  in  pot  breaking. 

Buds  of  Hamburgs  breaking.      Snow  last  night. 

Quite  cold  last  night.     Windy. 

Buds  of  Hamburgs  mostly  breaking.  Owing  to 
the  changeable  weather,  there  is  some  fear  that 
there  has  been  too  much  heat,  as  a  few  of  the 
shoots  appear  weak.  Plenty  of  air  has  been 
given  daily. 

Buds  of  Muscat  of  Alexandria  breaking.  Fruit 
buds  appear  on  the  Hamburgs. 


The  buds  have  broken  remarkably  fine  :  al- 
most every  bud  throughout  the  house  is  open- 
ing. Longest  shoot  on  Hamburg  was  four 
inches  at  noon.  The  IMuscat,  which  broke 
first  last  year,  is  now  the  most  backward. 
Quere — Is  it  not  owing  to  excessive  bleeding.'' 


After  this  period,  the  thermometer  was  observ- 
ed only  at  morning  and  at  night. 


of  the   Grape  Vine  in   Graperies. 


205 


25 

60 

65 

2, 

62 

63 

27 

63 

64 

28 

61 

67 

29 

64 

67 

SO 

66 

68 

31 

62 

70 

5 

< 

1 

60 

72 

2 

62 

71 

3 

66 

70 

4 

64 

74 

5 

65 

73 

6 

66 

76 

7 

74 

66 

8 

62 

72 

9 

66 

74 

10 

64 

73 

11 

70 

73 

12 

73 

78 

IS 

66 

80 

14 

6S 

76 

67 

77 

72 

77 

77 

74 

66 

78 

73 

77 

70 

76 

64 

78 

The  temperature  ranging  from  62°  to  80°  during 
the  remainder  of  the  day,  with  an  abundance  of 
air  in  good  weather. 


The  last  six  days  cloudy;  wind  east;  quite  cold  last 
night  for  the  season. 


Topped  the  fruit-bearing  shoots  one  joint  above  the 
fruit,  and  when  the  lower  shoots  appear  weak, 
top  the  leading  shoot  of  the  vine. 

Discontinued  syringing  the  vines. 


A   few  clusters  of  flowers   began  to  open  on  two 
vines. 


The  last  three  days  wind  north-east,  with  much 
rain;  to-day  sleet  and  rain. 

Grapes  blooming  beautifully:  keep  up  a  high  tem- 
perature with  moisture, when  the  weather  is  cloudy 
during  the  day. 

Floor  sprinkled  to  create  a  fine  steam. 

A  few  clusters  of  flowers  open  on  the  Muscat  of 
Alexandria. 


Temperature    kept  up.      The    thermometer  should 
not  be  allowed,  at  this   stage  of  the  growth   of 


206 


Diary  of  the  Cultivation 


23 

24 
25 
26 

27 
2S 
29 
SO 


71 


78 


4 

68 

70 

5 

60 

77 

6 

61 

62 

7 

59 

66 

8 

57 

73 

9 

70 

68 

10 

58 

62 

11 

56 

54 

the  vines,  to  fall  below  75°;  but  owing  to  the 
faulty  construction  of  the  house,  it  has  been  al- 
most impossible  to  keep  up  a  regular  heat. 

The  grapes  on  the  black  Hamburg  vines  are  most- 
ly set;  those  at  the  top  of  the  house  as  large  as 
small  peas,  while  those  below  are  just  out  of 
bloom.  Many  of  the  bunches  show  great  pro- 
mise, and  the  vines  look  remarkably  vigorous 
and  strong,  with  the  exception  of  one  vine,  next 
the  partition  glass,  which  made  the  largest  wood 
last  season,  apparently  fully  ripe  and  little  pith; 
notwithstanding  these  favorable  promises,  it  show- 
ed little  fruit,  and  the   shoots  are  small  and  weak. 

Cut  out  about  fifty  bunches  in  thinning. 


Commenced  syringing  again,  twice  a  day,  in  fine 
weather.  Moisture  is  also  plentifully  supplied  by 
keeping  the  pans  well  filled  with  water. 


Much  rain  during  the  last  week:  have  kept  a  brisk 
fire  in  the  day,  and  admitted  air.  The  vines 
look  finely.  Continue  thinning  and  shouldering 
the  bunches,  after  cutting  out  about  one  half  their 
number.  [By  shouldering  is  understood  tying  up 
the  shoulders  on  the  large  clusters  to  the  trellis, 
so  that  they  may  not  press  upon  the  lower  part 
of  the  bunch. — Ed.} 


Plenty  of  air  admitted. 


Grapes  now  swelling  ofF  finely. 


65 


68 


69 

68 

66 

66 

66 

64 

66 

68 

61 

68 

64 

76 

60 

70 

61 

70 

62 

70 

64 

69 

of  the  Grape  Vine  in  Graperies.  207 

Abundance  of  moisture  kept  up. 

A  fine  rain  to-day.  The  month  has  been  rather 
cool;  several  niglits  the  past  week  the  earth  has 
frozen  slightly.  The  grapes  are  now  swelling 
finely.      Continue  to  thin  the  fruit  daily. 

The  process  of  thinuing  the  berries  continued,  tak- 
ing out  some  almost  every  day,  and  always  the 
smallest. 


Abundance  of  air  given  in  fine  weather. 


Next  year's  bearing  wood  carefully  laid  in. 


The  month  of  May  has  been,  as  a  whole,  unfavor- 
able for  the  grape.  Much  rainy  and  dull  weath- 
er: we  have  been  obliged  to  light  fires  every 
night,  and  occasionally  in  the  day.  The  grapes 
have  been  often  looked  over  and  thinned,  yet 
there  is  no  doubt  the  scissors  have  been  used  loo 
sparingly. 


All  lateral  branches  cut  clean  out. 


Bunches  supported  by  tying  to  the  trellis. 


The  grapes   have  now  completed  their  stoning  pro- 
cess,   and    a  kw  near    the   furnace  swelling  off. 


208 


Diary  of  the  Cultivation 


14 
15 
16 
17 


65 
71 
61 

58 


18  59 


19 

20 
21 

22 
23 


No  mildew,  or  disease  of  any  kind,  has  yet  been 
discovered,  and  the  vines  generally  have  the 
most  healthy  and  vigorous  appearance.  The 
weather  has  been  dull  and  disagreeable,  which 
has  rendered  fires  necessary. 


A  few  of  the  black  Hamburgs  and  Zinfindals,  near 
the  flue,  perceived  to  be  changing  color.  Wea- 
ther quite  unfavorable;  fires  at  night. 


Syringing  now  discontinued. 


The  month,  thus  far,  has  been  remarkable  for  high 
winds,  which  have  injured  many  plants. 


26 


The  grapes  are  now  swelling  finely.  Those  at  the 
western  flue  mostly  colored;  also  the  Zinfindal 
next.  The  second  vine  from  the  partition,  hav- 
ing to  sustain  the  heaviest  crop,  is  rather  back- 
ward, and  we  fear  some  of  the  berries  may 
shrink:  having  left  different  quantities  on  vines 
of  the  same  apparent  strength,  we  shall  be  able 
to  ascertain  their  powers  of  maturation. 

After  this  period  the  thermometrical  observations 
were  discontinued;  as  the  crop  was  now  beginning 
to  color,  and  the  weather  generally  warm,  abun- 
dance of  air  is  admitted  in  all  fine  weather. 

Bunches   of  the   Zinfindal  near   the  furnace,  and  at 
the  top  of  the  house,  are   now  perfectly  colored, 
and  apparently  ripe.     Ceased  making  fires. 
29  -    -  1  A  little  air  is  admitted  at  night.     Weather  delightful. 

July  4. — Cut  six  bunches  of  Zinfindal  grapes;  the  largest 
a  pound  and  a  half;  weight  of  the  whole,  five  pounds  and 
a  quarter. 

6th. — Exhibited  Zinfindal  grapes  at  the  Massachusetts  Hor- 
ticultural Society. 


of  the  Grape  vine  in  Graperies.  209 

13//i. — Exhibited  black  Hamburg  grapes  at  the  Massachu- 
setts Horticiihural  Society's  room. 

15//i. — A  {e\\  bunches  of  the  Muscat  of  Alexandria  are  now 
ripe;   the  flavor  exceedingly  fine. 

2O//1. — Continued  to  cut  Zinfindal  grapes. 

22(/. — The  ripening  of  all  the  grapes  being  now  completed, 
we  have  not  deemed  it  necessary  to  continue  the  diary.  In 
the  vinery  we  shall  cut  about  two  hundred  and  thirty  pounds  of 
grapes  from  nine  vines,  [being  about  twenty-five  pounds  to 
each.]  The  Hamburgs  average  nearly  one  pound  and  a 
quarter  to  the  bunch  throughout. 

In  the  cold  house,  separated  from  the  vinery  by  the  partition, 
a  little  mildew  was  perceived.  By  dusting  sulphur  on  the 
infected  bushes,  the  mischief  is  instantly  checked.  Most  of 
the  cultivators  with  whom  we  have  conversed  complain 
grievously  of  mildew  this  season,  and  some  have  lost  part  of 
their  crops  by  inattention  on  its  first  appearance. 

Aug.  lOtk. — Again  exhibited  some  of  the  Hamburg  grapes 
at  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society's  room.  One  fine 
bunch  weighed  two  and  a  half  pounds,  and  a  beautiful  clus- 
ter of  Muscat  of  Alexandria  one  pound.  Some  of  the  ber- 
ries of  the  former  measured  three  inches  in  circumference, 
and  the  latter  three  and  a  quarter  by  three  and  three  quarter 
inches. 

Another  season  we  intend  to  use  a  larger  quantity  of  soap 
suds  on  the  grape  border.  Have  not  paid  sufficient  attention 
to  the  watering  of  the  border,  and  the  inside,  especially, 
must  have  sufl^ered.  Another  fault  to  be  removed  next  year 
is,  to  tie  up  all  the  projecting  grapilons  as  well  as  the  shoul- 
ders, which  would  allow  the  grapes  to  swell  without  crowding. 

The  grapes  in  the  cold  house  are  swelling  finely.  The 
bunches  were  thinned  much  more  severely  than  in  the  vinery, 
but,  notwithstanding  this,  they  are  all  filled  up,  and  many  are 
too  crowded.  The  berries  are  also  larger  than  the  grapes  in 
the  vinery,  though  none  of  the  clusters  have  attained  the 
same  size. 

Much  has  been  written  upon  the  subject  of  the  shrivelling 

or   shrinking  of  grapes:  none  of  the   clusters    in   the    vinery 

were  affected;  but  in   the   cold  house,   some  shrivelling   was 

perceived  on  a  (ew  bunches.     We  are  inclined  to  believe  that 

VOL.  VIII. — NO.  VI.  27 


210  On  Root  j)ii'uning  of  Pear  Trees; 

the  moisture  given  after  the  grapes  begin  to  color,  and  want 
of  sufficient  air,  are  the  causes. 

To  insure  a  good  crop  of  grapes,  we  are  satisfied  that  they 
must  have — pltnly  of  heat — plenty  of  air — plenty  of  moisture 
— severe  thinning  of  bunches — and  severe  thinning  of  berries. 
The  vines,  also,  must  be  pruned  often,  and  kept  free:  the 
wood  never  crowded.  Great  attention  must  be  paid  to  the 
airing  of  the  house,  which  must  be  done  gradually,  that  there 
may  be  at  no  time  a  sudden  change  in  the  temperature. 

With  such  attention,  and  the  prerequisite  of  a  rich  border, 
on  a  dry  subsoil,  good  crops  of  fine  grapes  are  always  to  be 
obtained.  The  vines  require  much  moisture  until  they  have 
completed  their  last  swell,    when  the  moisture  should  be  with- 

^'■^^"-  O.  Johnson. 

Lynn,  Mass.,  Jlpril,  1842. 


Art.  II.  On  Root-pruning  of  Pear  Trees;  to  ivhich  is  added 
a  short  Treatise  on  the  subject,  read  before  the  London  Hor^ 
ticultural  Society,  Jipril  7,  1840.  By  T.  Rivers,  Jr., 
of  the  Sawbridgeworth  Nurseries,  near  London. 

Some  time  since,  we  adverted  to  the  subject  of  root-prun- 
ing trees,  which  has  been  much  discussed  in  the  English  gar- 
dening newspapers  and  magazines  during  the  last  year,  and 
yet  continues  to  be  a  topic  of  great  interest.  We  also  stated 
that  we  should  prepare  an  abstract  of  what  had  been  written, 
for  our  pages,  in  which  we  should  embody  the  substance  of 
all  the  various  communications  which  have  appeared  on  the 
subject.  Since  then,  the  treatise  of  Mr.  Rivers,  which  was 
read  before  the  London  Horticultural  Society  in  April,  1840, 
and  which  first  called  the  attention  of  cultivators  to  the  sys- 
tem, has  been  kindly  forwarded  to  us  by  the  author.  Since 
the  original  paper  was  written  and  published  in  the  Transac- 
tions of  the  Society,  Mr.  Rivers  has  revised  his  communica- 
tion, and  after  adding  "additional  hints,  suggested  by  recent 
experiments,"  has  published  the  whole  in  a  small  pamphlet. 
As  this  paper  goes   into  a  detail  of  root-pruning,  and  gives  all 


with  a  Treatise  on  the  subject.  211 

the  information  which  is  necessary  to  practise  the  plan  suc- 
cessfully, it  relieves  us  of  the  duty  of  collating  from  the  va- 
rious articles  which  have  appeared,  the  same  information, 
though  in  a  more  diffuse  form,  and  suggested  by  cultivators 
whose  experience  is  by  no  means  so  extensive  as  that  of  Mr. 
Rivers,  who  has  practised  root-pruning  six  or  eight  years, 
with  the  greatest  success,  as  will  be  perceived  after  a  perusal 
of  his  paper. 

The  publication  of  Mr.  Rivers's  pamphlet,  and  the  interest 
he  has  taken  in  the  subject  of  root-pruning,  has  subjected 
him  to  the  attacks  of  several  writers,  who  have  charged  him 
with  claiming  the  system  as  one  of  his  own  invention — if  in- 
vention it  may  be  called — and  they  rarely  quit  the  subject  with- 
out referri)ig  to  its  being  "old  as  the  hills,"  &.c.  Mr.  Rivers, 
however,  does  not  lay  any  claim  to  its  originality.  Root- 
pruning,  to  a  certain  degree,  was  practised  more  than  forty 
years  ago:  one  or  two  articles  have  appeared  in  the  earlier 
volumes  of  the  Gardener''s  JMagazine,  giving  an  account  of 
the  success  of  the  operation  on  fruit  trees  on  walls;  and  Hay- 
ward  hints  at  the  subject,  in  his  Theory  of  Horlicxdlurc. 
Mr.  Rivers  has  been,  however,  the  first  to  carry  the  system 
out  to  its  full  extent,  and  to  show  to  the  cultivator  of  trees 
the  great  claims  it  has  upon  his  attention.  In  this  respect,  it 
may  be  truly  called — as  it  has  been,  in  a  ridiculing  manner — 
"Mr.  Rivers's  system."  It  loses  nothing  of  its  value  from 
having  been  known  forty  or  fifty  years,  if,  until  now,  no  really 
useful  results  have  ever  been  derived  from  its  practice. 

Amputation  of  a  few  roots,  to  check  luxuriant  growth,  is 
nearly  all  that  has  been  heretofore  recommended.  No  pre- 
vious writers,  we  believe,  have  adverted  to  its  importance  in 
bringing  young  trees  into  an  early  bearing  state,  by  applying 
root-pruning  to  maiden  trees  in  the  nursery.  It  is  this  part 
of  Mr.  Rivers's  pamphlet,  which  gives  it  its  value.  It  has 
been  a  desideratum  with  all  possessors  of  gardens,  to  cultivate 
a  variety  of  fruit  trees  in  a  small  space.  'Phis  they  have  been 
unable  to  do,  if  standard  trees  are  selected;  espaliers  have 
been  too  expensive,  and  attended  with  much  trouble;  and 
dwarfs  or  paradise  stocks  produce  too  small  a  quantity  of  fruit 
for  general  purposes.  How,  then,  shall  the  object  be  attain- 
ed.'' In  no  way  but  that  recommended  by  Mr.  Rivers.  A 
hundred  trees  may  be  cultivated  on  the  root-pruning  system, 
as  practised  by  him,  in  a  space  of  ten   times   as   many  square 


212  On  Root  pruning  of  Pear  Trees; 

feet,  and  an  abundance  of  fruit  obtained  in  a  short  period  after 
planting. 

One  portion  of  IMr.  Rivers's  system  is  certainly  new  and 
original  with  him.  This  is  that  part  of  his  paper  which  treats 
of  the  application  of  strong  manure  to  the  trench  around  the 
tree  operated  upon,  in  order  to  keep  up  its  vigor.  By  this 
means  trees  are  rendered  almost  independent  of  the  natural 
soil  in  which  they  grow,  a  barrowfull  annually  applied  to  each, 
enabling  them  to  produce  a  good  crop  of  fruit. 

There  are  other  advantages  attendant  upon  the  plan  of  root- 
pruning:  one  is  the  early  period  at  which  young  trees  produce 
fruit,  thus  gratifying  the  impatient  cultivator  w-iih  a  taste  of 
what  he  possesses;  another,  perhaps  equally  important,  is  the 
facility  with  which  such  trees  are  removed  at  the  age  of  eight 
or  ten  years  and  upwards.  We  noticed  an  account  in  the 
Gardener'' s  Chronicle^  in  which  the  writer  stated  he  purchased 
a  few  pear  trees  of  Mr.  Rivers,  which  had  been  root-pruned 
in  the  nursery,  and  the  following  year  after  they  were  receiv- 
ed, they  produced  a  fine  crop  of  fruit.  Those  who  have  had 
their  patience  tried  for  at  least  half  a  dozen  years,  while  wait- 
ing the  fruiting  of  some  choice  pear,  will  at  once  appreciate 
the  value  of  a  system  which  shall  remove  this  season  of  sus- 
pense. 

But  Mr.  Rivers  does  not  need  to  be  defended  by  us. 
However  much  some  may  cavil  at  his  practice,  and  call  it  an 
old  system,  it  has  its  merits,  and  a  perusal  of  the  paper  will 
carry  conviction  to  all,  that  it  is  one  of  the  most  valuable 
communications  which  has  ever  been  read  before  the  London 
Horticultural  Society. 

An  attentive  perusal  of  Mr.  Rivers's  paper  will  be  neces- 
sary for  all  who  intend  to  carry  root-pruning  into  effect. 
Success  at  first,  and  in  every  instance,  must  not  be  expected. 
It  will  be  better  to  err  on  the  wrong  side,  and  prune  too  little, 
rather  than  too  much.  Experience  must  be  the  only  sure 
guide,  and  after  obtaining  the  results  of  one  season,  on  trees 
more  or  less  severely  pruned,  another  year  will  enable  the 
cultivator  to  ap[jly  the  spade  in  a  judicious  manner.  The 
coming  autumn  will  be  the  time  to  commence;  and,  by  fully 
understanding  the  directions  which  are  given,  success  will,  in 
a  short  time,  attend  every  operation. 

"It  is  now  about  ten  years  since,  in  consequence  of  being 
much  inconvenienced  by   the  confusion  in  the  names  of  new 


with  a  Treatise  on  the  subject.  213 

pears,  I  felt  myself  called  upon  to  plant  specimen  trees  of  all 
the  varieties  I  then  possessed.  But  fearing  that  much  ground 
would  be  wasted  in  the  experiment,  1  kept  my  mind  on  the 
alert  to  arrest  superabundant  growth  and  induce  early  fruitful- 
ness;  this  I  then  thought  could  be  best  done  by  planting  the 
trees  in  small  square  brick  pits,  leaving  holes  at  the  bottom  for 
drainage.  Plunging  trees  in  large  pots  also  occurred  to  me;  but 
as  I  soon  found  these  methods  too  exi)ensive,  I  took  advantage 
of  a  piece  of  shallow  loamy  soil  resting  on  a  substratum  of  very 
hard  while  clay,  to  carry  out  my  ideas;  for  I  calculated  that 
the  roots  of  the  trees  would  not  penetrate  the  clay,  and  that 
the  soil  on  the  surface  might  be  made  rich  enough  to  support 
the  trees  without  vigorous  and  unruly  growth.  However,  I 
soon  found  that  the  roots  of  trees  are  not  so  easily  kept 
within  bounds,  and  that  those  of  my  pear  trees,  in  search  of 
nutriment,  not  being  able  to  enter  the  hard  clay,  were  wander- 
ing far  and  wide,  the  branches  also  keeping  pace  with  the  roots, 
and  growing  much  too  rapidly  for  my  calculations  as  to  the 
space  each  tree  ought  to  have  occupied.  1  had  previously 
remarked  for  many  years  that  apple  trees  growing  in  a  firm 
loamy  soil  in  this  nursery,  if  removed  one  or  two  years  con- 
secutively, which  in  nursery  culture  often  occurs,  acquired  a 
stunted  and  prolific  habit,  making  abundance  of  bloom  buds 
and  bearing  profusely.  On  examining  these  trees  I  found 
they  had  no  large  feeding  roots,  but  only  a  mass  of  fibres.  I 
also  found  that  if  such  trees  were  by  accident  planted  near,  or 
in  rich  soil,  comparatively  large  feeding  roots  were  formed; 
they  commenced  growing  with  vigor,  and  their  fruit-bearing 
propensities  were  proportionately  diminished,  their  tufiy  fibrous 
roots  gradually  disappearing.  1  mention  this  without  endeav- 
ouring to  draw  any  conclusions  from  it,  as  it  is  intended  simply 
to  state  the  progress  of  my  ideas.  It  then  occurred  to  me 
that  if  I  could  keep  the  roots  of  my  pear  tiees  in  a  fibrous 
state  by  frequent  removals,  I  should  make  them  acquire  the 
stunted  and  prolific  habit  I  had  so  long  observed  in  ap|)les.* 
"In  attempting  to  remove  my  pear  trees,  a  second  thought 
occurred,  that  it  would  be  less  trouble  to  dig  a  trench  round 
them  and  cut  all  their  roots  at  a  certain  distance  from  the  stemj, 

*  I  think  1  may  say  that  1  knew  a  small  and  nejrlected  quarter  of 
apple  trees,  in  my  younj^er  days,  that  were  six  to  eight  years  station- 
ary as  regarils  growth,  hut  perfectly  healthy  and  bearing  every  year 
profusely,  the  soil  a  stift'loain. 


214  On  Root  pruning  of  Pear   Trees; 

and  this  completely  fulfilled  my  anticipations.  I  have  pruned 
thus  radically  for  five  seasons,  and  with  the  most  satisfactory 
result. 

"The  five  following  paragraphs  refer  to  specimens  of  bearing 
branches,    sent  to  the  Horticultural  Society,  with   this   paper. 

"Shoots  of  the  Autumn  Bon  Chretien  of  last  season's  growth 
were  only  three  to  four  inches  long,  the  root  having  been 
pruned  December,  1838.  A  tree  in  this  state  should  have 
one  or  even  two  years'  rest,  that  is,  its  roots  should  not  be 
again  primed  till  it  makes  shoots,  six  to  eight  inches  long  in 
one  season. 

"The  Passe  Madeleine,  whose  roots  were  pruned  in  De- 
cember, 1838,  has  made  no  shoots,  but  is  covered  with  blos- 
som buds;  the  roots  of  this,  may  also  have  one,  or,  if  it  makes 
no  vigorous  shoots  the  ensuing  season,  even  two  years'  rest. 

"In  the  Vallee  Franche,  the  maximum  of  last  year's  shoots 
was  four  inches;  this  tree  was  arrested  by  root  pruning  in 
December,  1838,  and  is  now  covered  with  blossom  buds. 
As  this  variety  is  inclined  to  vigorous  growth,  it  will  not  be 
proper  to  give  it  more  than  one  year's  rest,  and  this,  in 
general  will  be  found  enough  for  all  trees  that  are  strong 
growers;  for  those  of  more  slender  growth,  two  and  often 
three  years'  cessation  from  root-pruning  will  be  necessary  to 
prevent  the  fruit  being  small  and  inclined  to  grittiness,  a 
common  fault  in  pears  that  Jack  nourishment  from  the  soil  or 
the  stock. 

"The  Autumn  Bergamot  is  well  known  to  have  supported 
the  Herefordshire  distich, 

"He  who  plants  pears, 
Plants  for  his  heirs." 

"With  root-pruning,  it  seems  inclined  to  be  as  prolific  as  the 
new  varieties.  1  may  here  mention,  that  a  Gansel's  Berga- 
mot, being  pruned  rather  too  harshly  in  December,  1S3S, 
bloomed  most  profusely  last  spring,  and  died  in  the  summer. 

"In  the  Winter  Nelis,  the  last  season's  growth  was  three 
inches;  the  tree  is  now  covered  with  blossom  buds. 

"In  all  these  cases,  the  shoots  are  in  a  state  of  perfection  as 
regards  prospective  fruitfulness. 

"It  novi^  only  remains  for  me  to  give  some  hints  and  direc- 
tions as  to  the  mode  of  operation.  The  best  description  of 
trees   for   what    I   may  perhaps  be  allowed  to  call  garden  or- 


with  a  Treatise  on  the  subject.  215 

chards,  are  half  standards  with  round  well-formed  heads,  the 
same  trained  en  quenouille^  and  dwarfs  in  the  usual  bush  fash- 
ion. For  immediate  effect,  these  should  be  prepared  by  an- 
nual root-pruning,  for  one,  two,  or  three  years,  in  the  nur- 
sery; but  if  not  so  prepared,  trees  of  the  usual  size  and 
quality  may  be  planted,  and  suffered  to  remain  two  years  un- 
disturbed, unless  the  soil  is  rich  and  they  make  vigorous 
shoots  the  first  season  after  planting;  operations  may  then 
commence  the  first  season:  thus,  supj)osing  a  tree  to  be  plant- 
ed in  November  or  December,  it  may  remain  untouched  two 
years  from  that  period,  and  then,  early  in  November,  if  pos- 
sible, a  circumferential  trench,  ten  inches  from  the  stem  of  the 
tree,  and  eighteen  inches  deep,  should  be  dug,  and  every  root 
cut  with  a  sharp  spade,  which  should  be  introduced  quite  un- 
der the  stem,  at  about  fifteen  inches  in  depth,  so  as  com- 
pletely to  intercept  every  perpendicular  root.  The  treddle 
spade  used  in  this  part  of  Hertfordshire  is  a  very  eligible  im- 
plement for  this  purpose,  as  the  edge  is  steeled  and  very 
sharp.  The  following  year,  the  third  from  planting,  a  trench 
may  again  be  opened  at  fourteen  inches  from  the  stem,  so  as 
not  to  injure  the  fibrous  roots  of  the  preceding  summer's 
growth,  and  the  spade  again  used  to  cut  all  the  circumferential 
and  perpendicular  roots  that  are  getting  out  of  bounds:  the 
fourth  year,  the  same  operation  may  be  repeated  at  eighteen 
inches  from  the  stem,  and  in  all  subsequent  root-pruning,  this 
distance  from  the  stem  must  be  kept;  this  will  leave  enough 
undisturbed  earth  round  each  tree  to  sustain  as  much  fruit  as 
ought  to  grow,  for  the  object  is  to  obtain  a  small  prolific  tree. 
I  assume,  that  in  the  course  of  years  a  perfect  ball  of  fibrous 
roots  will  be  formed,  which  will  only  require  the  occasional 
operation  of  a  trench  being  dug,  and  this  ball  of  earth  heaved 
down  to  ascertain  whether  any  large  feeders  are  making  their 
escape  from  it.  But  it  must  be  borne  in  mind,  that  this  cir- 
cular mass  of  soil  will,  in  a  few  years,  be  exhausted;  to  rem- 
edy which,  I  have  had  left  round  each  tree,  a  slight  depression 
in  the  soil,  or,  in  other  words,  the  trench  has  not  been  quite 
filled  in:  this  circular  furrow  I  have  filled  with  fresh  night-soil, 
which  has  had  a  most  excellent  effect;  any  other  liquid  ma- 
nure would  undoubtedly  be  equally  efficacious,  but  my  soil  was 
poor,  and  I  thought  it  required  strong  manure;  as  it  did  not 
come  in  contact  with  the  roots,  no  injury  resulted  from  using 
such  a  powerful  raw  manure.     There  is  perhaps  no  absolute 


216  On  Root  pruning  of  Pear  Trees; 

necessity  for  liquid  manuring,  as  common  dung  may  be  laid 
round  each  tree  in  the  autumn,  and  suffered  to  be  washed  in 
by  the  rains. of  winter  and  drawn  in  by  the  worms.  In  men- 
tioning liquid  manure,  I  give  the  result  of  my  own  praciice: 
the  great  end  to  attain  seems  (to  use  an  agricultural  phrase) 
to  be  able  'to  feed  at  home,'  that  is,  to  give  the  mass  of 
spongioles  enough  nutriment  in  a  small  space,  but  not  too 
much,  so  that  a  tree  will  make  shoots  about  four  inches  long 
in  one  season,  (for  such,  I  conceive,  ought  to  be  the  maxi- 
nium  of  growth,)  and  at  the  same  time  be  able  to  produce 
abundance  of  blossom  buds  and  fruit:  on  trees  of  many  vari- 
eties of  pears,  the  former  will  be  in  too  great  abundance;  I 
think  removing  a  portion  in  early  sj)ring  would  be  an  improve- 
ment in  pear  culture.  I  have  not  mentioned  the  necessity  of 
pruning  the  branches  of  pear  trees  thus  brought  into  early 
fruitfulness;  all  that  is  necessary  is  the  occasional  removal  of 
a  crowded  branch,  the  fact  being  that  root-pruning  almost 
does  away  with  the  necessity  of  branch-pruning.  Sometimes, 
however,  a  root  will  escape  the. spade,  and  then  in  the  follow- 
ing summer,  a  vigorous  shoot  or  two  will  make  their  appear- 
ance; these  should  be  shortened  in  July,*  to  within  four  buds 
of  their  base,  and  the  following  autumn  the  feeding  root  must 
be  dihgently  sought  for  and  pruned. 

"To  prune  roots  with  a  s))ade  may  be  thought  a  rough  and 
ungardenlike  operation,  but  to  use  a  knife  would  be  tedious. 
In  defence  of  spade-pruning,  I  can  only  say,  that  it  seems  to 
answer  perfectly  with  my  trees,  and  experience  is  generally  a 
tolerable  guide. 

"I  have  also  practised  root-pruning  on  apple  trees  for  two 
years,  and  have  reason  to  hope  for  perfect  success.  Some 
trees  have  been  arrested  in  a  most  extraordinary  stale  of  vig- 
orous growth,  making,  previously  to  their  being  root-pruned, 
shoots  from  four  to  five  feet  in  one  season,  having  been  plant- 
ed about  five  years.  From  plums  and  cherries  1  have  reason 
to  hope  for  the  same  results. 

"I  have  not  mentioned  the  possibility  of  root-pruning  fruit 
trees  of  twenty  or  thirty  years'  growth,  with  advantage.  Ir- 
regular amputation  of  the  roots  of  fruit  trees,  too  vigorous, 
is,  I  am  aware,  an  old  practice,  but  the  regular  and  annual  or 
biennial   pruning  of  them,   so    as  to  keep  a  tree  full  of  youth 

*  All  inclining  to  vigor  should  be  shortened  this  month,  as  it  tends 
so  much  to  the  formation  of  bloom  buds. 


wilh  a  Treatise  on  the  subject.  217 

and  vigor  in  a  stationary  and  prolific  state,  has  not,  that  I  am 
aware  of,  been  recommendec!  by  any  known  author,  ahhough 
it  may  have  been  practised.  In  urging  its  apphcabihty  to  trees 
of  twenty  or  thirty  years'  growth,  1  must  recommend  cau- 
tion; tlie  circular  trench  should  not  be  nearer  the  stem  than 
three  feet,  and  only  two  thirds  of  the  roots  should  be  pruned 
the  first  season,  leaving  one  third  as  support  to  the  tree,  so 
that  it  is  not  blown  on  one  side  by  the  wind;  and  these,  of 
course,  must  be  left  where  they  will  best  give  this  support. 
The  following  season  half  of  the  remaining  roots  may  be  cut, 
or,  if  the  tree  is  inclined  to  vigorous  growth,  all  of  them,  but, 
if  it  gives  symptoms  of  being  checked  too  much,  they  may,  on 
the  contrary,  remain  undisturbed  for  one  or  even  two  seasons. 
If  as  is  often  the  case  in  pear  trees,  the  roots  are  nearly  all 
perpendicular,  the  tree  must  be  supported  with  stakes  for  one 
or  two  years  after  complete  amputation. 

"I  may,  perhaps,  be  allowed  to  conclude  this  too  long  paper 
by  stating,  that,  as  the  end  of  all  gardening  operations  ought  to 
be  to  give  much  in  little  space,  root-pruning  of  trees,  car- 
ried on  systematically  and  regularly,  seems  to  approach  that 
desirable  object,  and  I  cannot  help  flattering  myself,  that 
by  its  means  complete  collections  of  pears,  and  other  fiuits, 
may  be  grown  advantageously,  in  comparatively  small  gar- 
dens. 

"In  addition  to  the  foregoing,  and  in  answer  to  numerous  in- 
quiries, I  can  now  (February,  1S41)  state,  that  for  root-prun- 
ing I  prefer  the  pear  to  be  grafted  on  the  pear  stock,  as  the 
quince,  unless  in  very  rich  soils  and  moist  situations,  will  not 
give  vigor  enough;  in  saying  this,  I  allude  to  the  quince  stock 
in  common  use,  but  I  am  inclined  to  think  that  the  Portugal 
or  orange  quince,  at  present  very  scarce,  will  prove,  from  its 
luxuriant  growth  and  abundance  of  sap,  the  very  best  stock 
that  can  be  used  for  all  such  pears  as  will  grow  upon  the 
quince;  for  it  ought  to  be  generally  known,  that  many  varie- 
ties of  pears  will  not  exist  more  than  a  year  or  two,  when 
grafted  on  this  stock;  a  little  more  expeiience  is  required 
before  a  correct  list  can  be  given  of  such  sorts  as  will  not 
flourish  on  the  quince. 

"As  regards  the  space  required  for  each  tree,  when  sub- 
jected to  root-pruning,  planted  in  squares  or  in  rows  by  the 
sides  of  garden  walks,   six  feet,  tree  from  tree,  will  be  found 

VOL.  VIII. NO.  VI.  28 


2 1  3  On  Root-pruning  of  Pear  trees; 

sufficient.  For  the  form  of  the  tree,  the  conical*  is  indubi- 
tably the  most  agreeable,  and  generally  convenient;  but  for 
facility  of  protection  from  spring  frosts,  or  from  birds  by 
the  cheap  netting  now  so  much  used,  trees  trained  as  spread- 
ing bushes,  the  branches  kept  near  the  ground  by  hooked 
pegs,  either  of  wood  or  iron,  ought  to  be  tried.  I  feel  con- 
fident the  size  and  flavor  of  the  fruit  would  be  improved  from 
being  near  such  a  radiating  surface  as  the  earth. 

"To  obtain  well  ripened  fruit  from  cherries,  in  all  wooded 
districts  where  birds  abound,  nets  are  quite  necessary,  there- 
fore the  only  mode  of  cultivating  these  trees  should  be  as 
dwarf  bushes;  for  this  purpose  they  should  be  grafted  on  the 
perfumed  cherry  (Prunus  Mahuleb,)  which  seems  to  bear 
root-pruning  better  than  the  common  cherry  stock,  and  also 
to  induce  a  more  humble  growth. 

"•Apples  grafted  on  the  paradise  stock  are  astonishingly  fruit- 
ful when  root-pruned,  but  in  dry  and  poor  soils,  I  should  re- 
commend the  crab  as  a  preferable  stock.  From  the  experi- 
ence of  the  last  season,  T  can  now  confidently  state,  that 
plums  become  equally  prolific  with  other  fruit  trees,  when 
root-pruned;  and  such  esteemed  nuts  as  the  Cosford,  the 
frizzled  filbert,  and  the  dwarf  prolific  nut,  may  be  made  ob- 
jects of  much  garden  interest  by  being  root-pruned;  the 
common  filbert  might  also  be  experimented  on.  The  best 
form  that  can  be  given  all  the  varieties  of  nuts,  is  the  dwarf 
standard,  with  clear  stems,  two  or  three  feet  in  height,  and 
close  compact  heads,  yet  their  shoots  not  too  much  crowded. 

"It  will  not,  perhaps,  be  out  of  place  to  enumerate  here  a 
few  of  the  advantages  of  systematic  root-pruning. 

"1st.  The  facility  of  thinning,  and,  in  some  varieties,  of  set- 
ting the  blossoms  of  shy  bearing  sorts,  and  of  thinning  and 
gathering  the  fruit. 

"2d.  It  will  make  the  gardener  independent  of  the  natural 
soil  of  his  garden,  as  a  few  barrowsfull  of  rich  mould  will 
support  a  tree  for  a  lengthened  period,  thus  placing  bad  soils 
nearly  on  a  level  with  those  the  most  favorable. 

"3d.  The  capabihty  of  removing  trees  of  fifteen  or  twenty 
years'  growth,  wiih  as  much  facility  as  furniture.  To  tenants 
this  will  indeed  be  a  boon,  for  perhaps  one  of  the  greatest 
annoyances   a   tenant   is   subject   to,    is   that  of  being  obliged 

*  Tills  will  perhaps  convey  the  meaning  of  the  French  term  "en 
quenouille," 


with  a  Treatise  on  the  subject.  219 

to  leave   behind   him   trees   that   he  has  nurtured  with  the  ut- 
most care. 

"4th.  The  possibility  of  netting  over  a  complete  miniature 
orchard,  so  as  lo  protect  it  from  the  nipping  frosts  of  spring, 
and  the  depredations  of  birds  in  sunmier. 

"In  conchision,  I  must  again  recommend  caution;  enough  of 
vigor  must  be  left  in  the  tree  to  support  its  crop  of  fruit,  and 
one,  two,  or  three  seasons'  cessation  from  root-pruning,  will 
often  be  found  necessary. 

"By  beginners,  the  following  directions  should  be  observed: 
If  a  number  of  established  trees  are  to  be  operated  upon,  I 
should  recommend  them  not  to  be  all  pruned  in  one  season: 
thus,  I  would  prune  one  third  the  first  year,  and  the  remain- 
der the  two  seasons  following;  for  it  must  be  recollected,  that 
trees  in  a  state  of  uncontrolled  luxuriance,  suddenly  and  se- 
verely root-pruned,  will  not  be  able  to  bring  any  fruit  to  per- 
fection the  following  season. 

"It  is  perhaps  departing  from  the  fruit  garden  rather  sudden- 
ly, but  1  cannot  forbear  suggesting,  how  exceedingly  orna- 
mental, even  to  the  smallest  lawns,  may  be  niade  (by  root- 
pruning,)  some  of  the  most  beautiful  of  our  flowering  trees, 
such  as  the  varieties  of  the  hawthorn  (Cratae^gus)  pyrus,  more 
particularly  Pyrus  spectabilis,  a  most  splendid  tree,  but  too 
luxuriant  for  small  flower  gardens;  above  all,  the  varieties  of 
Robinia,  which,  at  present,  owing  to  their  rudeness  of 
growth,  and  consequent  liability  to  being  wind-riven,  cannot 
be  planted  in  any  flower  garden,  or  on  any  lawn;  with  root- 
pruning,  they  may  be  made  (particularly  as  standards)  objects 
of  extreme  beaut}^ 

"The  varieties  of  the  horse-chestnut,  many  of  uhich  are 
too  rude  for  small  lawns,  may  also  be  made  to  produce  their 
flowers  abundantly;  and  some  of  the  climbing  roses,  such  as 
the  Banksian  roses,  varieties  of  i?6sa  sempervirens,  the 
Boursault  and  Ayrshire  roses,  may  be  checked  by  root-prun- 
ing, so  as  to  produce  their  flowers  in  incredible  abundance;  I 
need  not  point  out  to  the  rose  cultivator  the  great  advantage 
of  keeping  these  too  vigorous  species  of  roses  in  bounds;  if 
the  soil  is  rich,  and  they  are  trained  lo  pillars,  they  soon  get 
unwieldy  and  suffer  much  from  the  wind,  and  if  the  knife  is 
used,  it  only  induces  an  abundance  of  shoots,  and  checks  all 
tendency  to  the  production  of  flowers.  Now  radical  pruning 
at  once  remedies  the  evil,  and  pillars  of  roses  from  six  tooight 


220  J^otes  on  Belts  oj  Trees 

feet  in  height  may  be  kept  at  that  height,  producing  every 
season  thousands  of  their  beautiful  flowers,  and  never  giving  any 
annoyance  from  their  over-luxuriant  habits.  Climbing  roses 
should  be  root-pruned  every  autumn,  if  cultivated  as  pillar 
roses  on  small  lawns,  and  no  floral  ornament  can  be  more  in- 
teresting and  beautiful;  those  who  have  had  their  pillars  of 
roses  prostrated  by  a  high  wind  in  June,  will,  I  flatter  myself, 
appreciate  this  hint,  and  be  able,  by  root-pruning,  to  make 
their  climbing  roses  fit  subjects  even  for  a  small  rose  garden." 


Art.  III.  JsTotes  on  Bel'a  of  Trees  in  Ornamental  Planta- 
tions. By  A.  J.  Downing,  Botanic  Garden  and  Nurse- 
ries, Nevvburgh,  N.  Y. 

During  a  hasty  visit  to  the  finest  places  in  the  suburbs  of 
Boston,  last  autumn,  we  were  greatly  pleased  with  the  general 
tasie,  and  especially  the  horticultural  skill,  evinced  in  their 
gardens  and  grounds.  In  respect  to  general  design,  high 
keeping,  and  good  culture,  the  cottage  and  villa  residences  of 
Brookline,  Watertown,  Roxbury,  and  the  other  "surround- 
ings" of  Boston,  are  undoubtedly  superior  to  those  of  the 
environs  of  any  other  city  in  the  Union.  The  remarkably 
picturesque  character  of  a  portion  of  Brookline,  studded  with 
pretty  gentlemen's  seats,  and  threaded  by  intricate  and  grace- 
fully winding  lanes  or  roads,  feathered  with  indigenous  and 
exotic  shrubs  and  trees,  in  some  cases  quite  to  the  carriage 
track,  renders  it  a  neighborhood  of  rural  beauty,  such  as  is 
rarely  seen  in  this  country. 

We  were  struck,  however,  with  a  defect  in  the  arrange- 
ments of  the  plantations  intended  for  belts  or  screens,  which, 
indeed,  is  so  common  an  error  in  the  landscape  gardening  of 
all  parts  of  the  country,  that  we  desire  to  draw  the  attention 
of  such  of  your  readers  as  may  be  engaged  in  plantations  of 
this  kind,  to  the  subject. 

In  aln»ost  every  country  residence  of  any  extent,  in  order 
to  produce  certain  desired  effects,  or  to  conceal  some  unsight- 
ly object,  it  is  found  necessary  to  plant  a  thick  belt  of  trees, 
or  trees  and  shrubs  intermingled,  which,  after  a  few  years  of 


in  Ornamental  Plantations. 


221 


growth,  more  or  less,  may  produce  the  effect,  by  interposing 
their  thick  masses  of  fohage  between  the  eye  and  the  object 
or  scene  to  be  hidden.  In  the  ancient  or  geometrical  style 
of  laying  out  grounds,  this  was  readily  and  correctly  attained 
by  planting  one,  two,  or  any  necessary  number  of  rows  of 
trees  in  straight  parallel  lines,  which,  when  fully  grown,  form- 
ed tall  walls  or  hedges  of  verdure,  in  good  keeping  with  the 
highly  artificial  and  uniform  character  of  the  rest  of  the 
grounds. 

Now,  although  the  superior  merits  of  the  natural  style  of 
landscape  gardening,  with  its  graceful  lines  and  beauty  of  ex- 
pression, is  at  present  so  generally  admitted  by  all  refined  and 
intelligent  minds  in  this  country,  and  its  principles  followed 
with  more  or  less  skill  by  our  amateurs,  although  the  arrange- 
ment of  trees  singly,  in  groups,  and  in  connected  masses,  is 
constantly  followed,  yet,  in  the  same  residences,  we  see  the 
belt  retaining  its  antique  stifi'  appearance,  enjoying  some  un- 
accountable exemption  from  the  otherwise  well  recognized 
rules  of  taste,  and  destroying  that  unity  of  character  which  is 
felt  to  be  the  highest  charm  in  a  tasteful  and  harmonious  resi- 
dence. 

To  illustrate  our  remarks  more  fully,  we  subjoin  the  ac- 
companying sketches.     In  Jig.  6,  is   shown  the  belt  as  it  fre- 

6 


quently  appears. 

entrance  road  to  a  residence,  from  which  it  is  desired  to  con- 


222 


J\\:les  on  Belts  cf  Trees. 


ceal  the  boundary,  out-buildings,  or  other  unsightly  objects  at 
b.  To  effect  this,  the  planter  disposes  two  or  three  regular 
parallel  lines  of  trees  and  shrubs.  Now  it  will  be  evident, 
we  think,  on  a  little  reflection,  that  this  disposition  is  in  bad 
taste;  first,  because  there  is  a  want  of  harmony  or  congruity 
between  the  graceful  curved  line  of  the  road  and  the  rectan- 
gular one  formed  by  the  trees;  and  secondly,  on  account  of 
the  sameness,  or  want  of  variety  in  the  outline  of  such  a  belt, 
as  seen  from  the  road. 

In  the  second  sketch  (fg.  7,)  is  presented  the  same  road, 
with   the   belt,  d,  correctly  planted.      This   arrangement   har- 

7 


monizes  with  the  road,  as  the  natural  and  graceful  groups 
seem  to  advance  or  recede  in  correspondence  with  its  direc- 
tion, so  as  to  give  a  meaning  for  its  curves;  it  forms  a  thicker 
and  more  impenetrable  screen,  as  the  trees  being  irregularly 
arranged,  have  more  opportunity  to  expand  their  heads  or 
branches  in  various  directions;  and  to  the  spectator  riding  or 
walking  along  the  road,  it  affords  a  thousand  times  more  vari- 
ety than  the  common  regular  belt.  If  we  examine  the  bell, 
c,  (in  the  first  sketch,)  from  the  road,  we  shall  find  its  char- 
acteristic quality  to  be  a  sameness  not  much  unlike  that  of  an 
enormous   hedge:  the   trunks   of  the  trees    range    in   straight 


Description  of  three  new  Seedling  Camellias.         223 

lines,  and    the  tops   form  a  nearly  even,    or,  at  most,  only  a 
jag'^ed  surface  of  foliage. 

On  the  other  hand,  if  we  examine  the  hek  d  in  like  man- 
ner, we  shall  find  it  much  more  varied  and  interesting  to  the 
eye.  While  there  is  a  back  ground  of  foliage  near  the  boun- 
dary, there  is  also  an  irregular  outline  formed  by  the  advancing 
and  receding  groups  of  trees  and  shrubs.  In  some  places,  e, 
these  groups  approach  quite  near  to  the  margin  of  the  road, 
while  at  others,  /,  they  steal  back,  forming  little  openings,  re- 
cesses, or  nooks  of  verdure,  which,  to  the  eye  passing  along, 
will  form  constantly  new  sources  of  interest  and  beauty. 
The  variety  will  be  still  further  increased,  if  we  suppose  the 
belt  composed  of  a  number  of  species,  judiciously  grouped, 
so  as  to  produce  distinct  and  successive  impressions  on  the 
mind. 

The  love  of  uniformity  and  right  lines,  every  where  dis- 
cernable  in  the  works  of  a  novice  in  an  art  of  taste,  arises 
from  the  fact,  that  the  simplest  minds  recognize  the  beauty  of 
order  and  regularity,  while  our  taste  requires  development  or 
cultivation,  before  we  value  the  higher  beauties  of  variety  and 
artistical  irregularity.  AID 


Art.    IV.     Description    of  three   new  Seedling    Camellias^ 
raised  in  Georgetown^    D.  C.     By  Robert  Dick. 

Having  raised  a  few  seedling  camellias,  some  of  which  1 
consider  worthy  of  naming,  I  have  thought  proper  to  give 
you  an  account  of  some  of  the  varieties,  which,  if  you  think 
interesting  to  amateurs  of  this  fine  tribe,  you  can  insert  in 
your  valuable  Magazine. 

1.  Camellia  japonica  var.  britannia. — This  is  a  seedling 
of  the  Camelh'a  var.  coccinea.  It  is  very  much  like  its  pa- 
rent: the  flower  is  of  a  beautiful  cherry  red,  with  twenty- 
eight  large  petals,  and  one  hundred  and  twenty-eight  smaller 
ones;  about  ten  of  the  large  petals  are  intermixed  with  the 
small  petals,  so  as  to  form  an  irregular  pajony  or  ranunculus- 
shaped  centre:  it  has  neither  stamens  nor  stile.     Superb. 


224  Floricultural  and  Botanical  J^otices 

2.  C.  j.  var.  Montgomery. — Another  seedling  of  the  C. 
var.  coccinea.  It  has  rather  broader  fohage  than  its  parent: 
the  flower  is  of  a  hght  cherry  red,  with  sixtee  i  large  guard 
petals,  and  twenty-six  small  ones;  in  flower  similar  to  C.  var. 
carnea,  though  a  freer  flowerer;  it  has  a  number  of  anthers, 
and  an  imperfect  stile.     Very  good. 

3.  C  j.  var.  Seneca. — This  was  also  raised  from  the  coc- 
cinea. Its  foliage  is  rather  narrower  than  the  parent;  the 
flower  is  of  a  beautiful  pale  or  light  pink,  with  seventeen  large 
petals,  with  very  few  stamens,  and  an  imperfect  stile.  Very 
pretty. 

I  have  several  more  seedling  camellias,  which  I  expect  will 
bloom  another  winter.  Should  any  of  them  prove  valuable 
varieties,  I  will  send  you  a  description  of  them  in  due  season. 

^°"''^'  Robert  Dick. 

Georgetown,  D.  C,  Feb.  20,  1S42. 


Art.  V.  Floricultural  and  Botanical  J^otices  of  new 
Plants  figured  in  foreign  periodicals;  with  Remarks  on 
those  recently  introduced  to,  or  originated  in,  Jlmerican 
gardens;  and  additional  information  upon  plants  already  in 
cultivation. 

Edivards's  Botanical  Register,  or  Ornamental  Flower  Garden 
and  Shrubbery.  Each  number  containing  from  six  to  eight 
plates,  with  additional  miscellaneous  information,  relative  to 
new  Plants.     In  monthly  numbers;  3s.  plain,  3s.  6d.  colored. 

Paxton's  Magazine  of  Botany ,  and  Register  of  Flowering  Plants. 
Each  number  containing  four  colored  plates.  Monthly.  2s.  Gd. 
each.  Edited  by  J.  Paxton,  gardener  to  the  Duke  of  Devon- 
shire. 

The  Gardener's  Chronicle,  a  stamped  newspaper  of  Rural  Econ- 
omy and  General  News.  Edited  by  Prof.  Lindley.  Weekly. 
Price  6d.  each. 

Botanical  and  Floricultural  Intelligence.  Tuckermama 
californica. — This  is  the  name  of  a  new  genus,  dedicated 
by  Mr.  Nuttall  to  his  friend,  E.  Tuckerman,  Jr.,  vi^hose  con- 


of  new  and  beautiful  Plants.  225 

tributions  to  the  cryptogamia  flora  of  New  England  have 
been  of  such  signal  service  to  botany.  The  plant  was  in- 
troduced by  Mr.  Nuttall,  on  his  last  return  from  the  North 
West  Coast,  and  has  lately  flowered  in  Philadelphia,  in  the 
collection  of  Mr.  R.  Kilvington,  who  has  great  success  in 
the  cultivation  of  indigenous  plants.  It  was  exhibited  at  a 
late  meeting  of  the  Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Society,  but 
no  description  is  given  of  the  flower. 

Cereus  cczruUscens. — A  fine  specimen  under  this  name 
flowered  in  the  Botanic  Garden  at  Kew,  in  July,  1S41. 
The  specimen  was  about  four  feet  in  height,  and  nearly  three 
inches  in  the  thickest  diameter  of  its  unbranched  stem.  In 
point  of  magnitude,  and  delicacy  of  texture,  they  are  equal, 
and  even  superior,  to  those  of  the  far-famed  C.  graiidiflorus; 
they  are  white,  with  the'  margins  of  the  petals  crisped  and 
serrated.  The  flowers  do  not  appear  to  have  been  known  by 
any  author.  The  plant  is  of  a  singularly  blue  or  glaucous 
color,  with  about  eight  deep  furrows.  This  is  undoubtedly 
the  C  ceeruleus  of  our  collections;  under  this  name  we  re- 
ceived the  first  plant  we  ever  saw,  from  M.  Soulange  Bodin, 
of  Paris.  It  is  now  about  fifteen  inches  high,  but  would 
have  been  much  larger  had  we  not  topped  it  for  propagation. 
As  its  flowers  were  unknown,  not  much  care  was  taken  to 
encourage  its  growth  or  induce  it  to  bloom.  So  far  as  re- 
gards its  growth  and  habits,  it  is  one  of  the  very  finest  of  the 
tribe,  erect  in  its  stature,  with  a  clean  glaucous  blue  stem, 
and  black  spines;  it  forms  a  pleasing  contrast  with  the  other 
species.  As  it  produces  so  splendid  a  flower,  we  must  urge 
cultivators  to  be  careful  in  the  treatment  of  their  plants,  in 
order  to  induce  them  to  bloom. 

Lophospermum  erubescente-scdndens . — A  new  variety,  raised 
ed  from  the  seed  of  the  L.  scandens,  fertilized  with  the  L.  eru- 
bescens.  It  has  been  called  the  L.  Hendersonfi,  from  the  cir- 
cumstance of  its  being  cultivated  in  Mr.  Henderson's  nursery, 
Pine-apple  Place,  London,  in  fine  perfection.  It  is  a  fine  plant, 
"remarkable  for  its  strong  growth,  its  bright  green  foliage,  and 
above  all,  the  extreme  abundance  of  its  flowers;  many  who  have 
seen  it  trained  up  against  the  old  abbey  walls,  have  pronounced 
it  to  be  one  of  the  finest  ornaments  for  a  wall  or  trellis  that  our 
gardens  can  boast."  It  is  probably  as  easily  grown  as  the  old 
L.  scandens. 

J^eio  Fuchsias. — From  the  advertisements  in  the  English 
papers,   there  appears   to  be  a  great  number  of  new  seedling 

VOL.  VIII. — NO.  VI.  29 


226  Floricultural  and  Botanical  JN'otices 

fuchsias,  some  of  which,  from  the  descriptions,  are  exceedingly 
splendid.  In  order  that  our  florists  may  see  to  what  extent 
the  cultivation  of  this  plant  has  reached,  we  add  the  names 
and  description  of  four  of  the  best: — 

Fuchsia  tricolor. — Beautiful  blush  white,  with  sepals  tipped 
with  green.      A  free  grower  and  bloomer. 

Fuchsia  conspicua  arborea. — Flowers  of  a  delicate  carna- 
tion or  flesh  color;  sepals  beautifully  tipped  with  a  distinct 
green,  having,  when  fully  out,  an  expanded  bright  scarlet  co- 
rolla; ))istil  and  stamens  rather  n)ore  rosy  than  the  sepals;  plant 
vigorous  and  erect  in  its  growth,  with  a  bold  and  ample  foliage. 

Fuchsia  Venus  Victrix. — Flowers  white;  sepals  delicately 
tipped  with  green,  with  a  superb  bright  purple  corolla;  the 
stamens  are  of  a  delicate  rose,  and  the  pistil  white.  Of  ex- 
cellent habit,  with  small  neat  foliage. 

Fuchsia  Jlfonypennii. — Flowers  as  large  again  as  those  of 
F.  Standishii,  in  racemes,  in  vast  profusion,  of  a  most  beauti- 
ful rosy  carmine;  habit  strong  and  good. 

Besides  these,  which  are  the  most  rare,  several  cultivators 
offer  from  six  to  thirty  new  and  selected  kinds  in  their  cata- 
logues. The  fuchsias  are  becoming  very  })opular  plants  for 
turning  out  into  the  ground  in  summer,  where  they  have  a 
splendid  effect  when  planted  in  circles  or  masses. 

JVeio  Verbenas. — Some  very  beautiful  seedling  verbenas 
have  been  lately  raised  by  the  English  florists.  Among  many 
that  are  advertised,  we  notice  a  white  one,  which  is  different 
from  any  thing  in  our  gardens,  and  must  be  a  most  desirable 
acquisition.  It  is  called  "The  Queen."  It  has  the  habit  of 
the  old  Tweediedna,  blooming  equally  vigorous  and  profuse, 
and  the  flowers  are  of  a  pure  white,  and  sweet  scented.  The 
old  white,  or  feucroides,  is  too  coarse  in  its  habit,  and  the 
flowers  too  dingy  a  color,  to  render  it  a  valuable  variety  for 
planting  out  with  the  other  sorts. 

Achimenes  longijibra,  a  new  and  extremely  splendid  spe- 
cies, is  figured  in  a  late  number  of  the  Botanical  Register, 
and  we  shall  refer  to  the  description  as  soon  as  the  work 
comes  to  hand.  It  is  said  to  be  one  of  the  finest  acquisitions 
which  has  been  made  for  many  years. 

Epiphylliira  Russellvdnum. — This  epiphyllum  is  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  of  the  tribe.  The  flowers  are  about  two  inches 
long,  very  regular  in  their  formation,  and  of  a  fine  deep  rose 
color,  pendant  from  the  neat  stems  of  the  plant.     Grafted  in 


of  new  and  beautiful  Plants.  227 

the  way  of  E.  truncatum,  a  large  plant  in  bloom  would  be  one 
of  the  most  showy  objects,  in  the  green-house,  in  May  and 
June. 

Dahlia  repens  is  the  name  of  a  very  pretty  little  annual, 
growing  one  foot  or  more  high,  with  single  purple  flowers, 
about  the  size  of  half  a  dollar.  Cut  flowers,  from  plants  grown 
in  the  green-house  of  T.  Lee,  Esq.,  were  exhibited  by  him  at 
a  late  meeting  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society. 

Garden  Memoranda.  JVotices  of  Green-houses  and  Ga7'- 
dens  in  Philadelphia. — The  season  is  getting  rather  late  to 
continue  my  remarks  on  the  green-houses  and  gardens  of  this 
city.  Many  of  the  plants  are  put  out  for  the  summer,  and 
others  have  done  flowering  for  the  spring. 

Messrs.  Landreth  &  Fulton's,  in  Federal  Street,  the  well 
known  garden  and  nursery,  has  been  in  fine  condition.  Mr. 
Landreth  having  very  lately  associated  with  him  in  his  business, 
Mr.  Fulton,  a  first-rate  gardener  and  propagator,  and  besides, 
a  gentleman,  will  be  ready  at  any  time  to  supply  his  customers 
as  formerly.  In  the  green-houses,  I  noticed  a  great  quantity 
of  young  thriving  plants  of  various  kinds,  among  which  were 
many  roses.  1  saw  here  the  finest  specimen,  I  believe,  in 
the  country,  of  the  iJhododendron  arboreum,  and  1  think  the 
first  one  introduced  into  the  country.  It  had  been  in  full 
flower,  and  was  now  full  of  seed,  from  which  Messrs.  Lan- 
dreth &  Fulton  intend  to  raise  a  stock  of  plants.  In  walking 
through  the  garden,  I  was  most  gratified  to  see  our  native 
azaleas  in  full  bloom;  among  them  were  the  calendulacea, 
crocea,  pontica,  nudiflora  coccinea,  and  some  beautiful  pale 
straw-colored  hybrids,  with  great  trusses  of  very  large  flowers. 
The  halesias,  with  their  delicate  snow-drop  looking  blos- 
soms, the  Chionanthus  virginica  or  fringe  tree,  and  the  Cor- 
nus  paniculata  were  exceedingly  showy.  A  variety  of  mag- 
nolias, among  which  were  the  M.  glauca,  tripetala,  acuminata, 
cordifolia,  and  grandiflora,  were  splendid.  Many  other  native 
trees  and  shrubs  in  this  old  nursery  have  a  fine  appearance. 
It  is  almost  unaccountable  that  our  fine  squares  were  not  filled 
with  specimens  of  the  above,  and  other  trees  equally  desira- 
ble, that  could  have  been  readily  obtained  at  Bartram's  Bo- 
tanic Garden:  they  might  then  have  been  botanical  gardens  for 
future  generations  to  study  from.  Instead  of  this,  they  are 
filled  with   the   button-wood    (Platanus  occidentalis,)  and  the 


223  Floricultural  and  Botanical  JVotices. 

silver  maple  (.^^cer  dasycarpum  Torrey,)  ivvo  trees  that  are 
the  least  suitable  for  the  purpose.  Look  at  Fairmount,  the 
boast  and  glory  of  our  city,  laid  out  and  planted  with  the 
commonest  trees,  and  the  most  unfit  for  such  a  place:  but  so 
it  is;  all  corporations  are  alike  careless  in  appointing  men  who 
are  entirely  incapacitated  for  the  situation,  and  who  leave  the 
work  of  planting  to  men  who  have  no  taste  in  making  a  proper 
selection  of  kinds,  or  who  are  interested  in  the  sale  of  partic- 
ular kinds  of  trees.  I  would,  in  my  remarks,  except  Wash- 
ington Square,  though  there  is  a  great  deal  of  trash  there. 

Mr.  Fulton,  in  pointing  out  some  plantations  of  trees,  re- 
marked that  he  had  lately  practised  what  he  considered  a  de- 
cided improvement  in  planting  out  shrubs  and  fruit  trees;  that 
is,  lifting  them  and  transplanting  every  two  years,  so  that 
when  they  come  to  be  permanently  put  out,  they  never  fail  to 
grow.  Although  attended  with  some  labor,  yet  the  advantage 
is  manifest  in  confining  the  roots  to  a  small  space.  [This  is 
analogous  to  root-pruning,  and  is  attended  with  similar  results: 
the  article  on  the  subject,  on  a  previous  page,  may  be  read  in 
connection  with  this  hint. — Ed.] 

The  garden  of  Mrs.  Stott,  in  Turner's  Lane,  under  the 
management  of  Mr.  Chalmers,  Sen.,  is  in  fine  condition. 
The  houses  are  small,  but  filled  with  the  most  choice  plants 
and  specimens  that  can  be  procured,  Mrs.  Stott  being  very 
fond  of  plants.  A  small  grapery  is  attached  to  the  house, 
where  the  grapes  are  in  a  forward  slate,  and  the  bunches 
shouldering  well.  The  main  garden  is  nearly  square,  laid  out 
in  rectangular  beds,  with  an  oval  in  the  centre  filled  with  many 
choice  roses,  and  plants  of  various  kinds.  The  borders  are 
full  of  fine  roses  and  herbaceous  plants,  and  with  the  rarest 
and  best  annuals  to  be  found:  the  whole  in  the  finest  keeping 
imaginable,  rendering  it  a  perfect  jewel  of  a  place,  and  well 
worth  inspection  when  you  visit  our  city  again. 

Lemon  Hill,  the  well  known  and  once  beautiful  garden  of 
the  late  Henry  Pratt,  Esq.,  is  now  occupied  by  Mr.  R.  Kil- 
vington,  who  has  a  fine  collection  of  plants.  Mr.  Kilvington 
is  one  of  the  most  ardent  students  of  botany,  and  is  the  only 
one  who  cultivates  our  native  plants:  of  these  he  has  many 
fine  specimens.  The  situation  being  in  the  neighborhood  of 
the  city,  is  always  the  resort  of  the  amateur  and  lover  of  na- 
ture, and  is  kept  in  very  fine  order.  —  Yours,  ^n  JlmaUur, 
May,  1842. 


General  JS^otices.  229 

MISCELLANEOUS    LNTELLIGENCE. 

Art.  I.     General  Notices. 

Cultivation  of  Salvia  fulgens. — .Salvia  fiilirens  may  be  propagated 
by  cuttiiig.Sj  in  the  early  part  of  June,  and  after  beinij  |)ottpd  a  short 
time,  should  be  shifted  into  pots  five  or  six  inches  across,  filled  with 
a  soil  composed  of  j)eat,  loam,  and  leaf  mould.  They  should  be 
grown  out  of  doors  until  the  latter  part  of  September,  and  then  re- 
moved into  the  green-house,  where  they  form  a  striking  contrast 
with  the  chrysanthenuims  in  flower.  From  its  tendency  to  bloom 
late  when  ])ropagate{l  in  this  way,  >Salvia  fiilgens  is  a  great  acqui- 
sition to  the  green-house  at  this  season.     (Gard.  Chron.,  1842,  p.  38.) 

Cultivation  of  Rhubarb.  —  Rhubarb  requires  soil  as  rich  as  that  for 
asparagus,  |)repared  in  the  following  way: — In  an  open  situation, 
make  a  trench  three  or  four  feet  wide,  and  two  feet  deep  if  the  good 
soil  will  admit  of  it.  Then  place  at  the  bottom  of  the  trench  about 
six  inches  of  good  rotten  dung:  fill  up  the  trench  with  the  soil  which 
had  l)een  previously  taken  out,  or,  if  the  soil  is  not  rich,  mix  with  it 
a  little  rotten  dung,  before  filling  up  the  trench:  it  will  then  form  a 
bed,  some  inches  Jiigher  than  the  common  level  of  the  ground. 
Early  in  the  season  [as  late  as  Juwe  will  do,]  procure  pieces  of  the 
old  roots,  with  only  a  single  crown  on  each,  and  plant  them  in  the 
centre  of  the  bed,  at  intervals  of  five  or  six  feet,  and  cover  the 
crown  about  two  inches  deep;  when  planted,  throw  a  little  strawy 
dung  over  each  plant,  to  protect  it  from  the  severity  of  the  weather. 
Nothing  farther  is  requisite,  except  to  keep  the  plants  free  from 
weeds,  for  some  years.  None  of  the  leaves  should  be  used  the  first 
year;  and  when  they  are  afterwards  gathered,  they  should  always 
be  pulled  oif,  and  not  cut,  as  is  sometimes  done.     (Id.,  1842,  p.  57.) 

On  the  cultivation  of  Jlsparagus  in  Spain. — As  a  meeting  of  the 
London  Horticultural  Society,  March  1,  a  paper  was  read  on  the 
cultivation  of  the  asjjaragus,  as  practised  in  San  Sebastian,  in  the 
province  of  Guipuscoa,  North  Spain;  and  as  it  appears  to  contain 
many  valuable  hints  for  the  improved  cultivation  of  this  delicious 
vegetable,  we  extract  the  same: — 

The  asparagus  is  grown  in  beds  about  five  feet  wide,  and  from 
twenty  to  sixty  feet  louij:  the  beds  have  no  previous  preparation 
beyond  digging  and  raking:  in  March,  the  seed  is  sown  in  drills 
eighteen  inches  deep,  and  about  two  feet  asunder.  When  the  ])lants 
are  six  inches  high,  they  are  thinned  to  about  one  foot  apart; 
the  thinnings  are  transjdanted  in  similar  beds,  and  watered  once  a 
day  by  one  of  the  never  failing  rills  that  run  through  the  flat  on 
which  the  beds  are  formed.  In  the  following  March  a  layer  of  night- 
soil,  a  few  inches  thick,  is  laid  on  the  bed,  and  dug  in  when  the 
plants  have  done  growing  in  the  autumn.  The  asparagus  is  fit  to 
cut  the  third  year  after  sowing;  and  in  the  spring,  a  layer  of  leaves, 
about  eight  inches  thick,  is  laid  over  the  bed,  and  when  the  plants 
come  through  this,  the  cutting  begins.  By  this  treatment,  the  writer 
of  the  paper  stated,  he  had  seen  asparagus  from  two  to  six  inches, 


330  General  jyotices. 

or  even  more,  in  circumference:  he  also  observed,  that,  at  times,  the 
roots  of  the  plants  were,  at  spring  tides,  under  salt  water,  which  the 
growers  considered  beneficial.     {Gard.  Chron-,  1842,  p,  159.) 

In  an  editorial  note  on  the  above  method  of  cultivation  we  find  the 
following  useful  information  upon  that  no  less  im[)ortant  point,  the 
future  treatment  of  the  plants. 

"You  cannot  have  fruit  without  leaves;  and  the  more  abundant  the 
leaves  are,  provided  they  are  fully  exposed  to  liirht  and  air,  the  larg- 
er and  more  excellent  will  be  a  crop  of  fruit,  within  certain  limits. 
This  truth  we  have  frequently  impressed  upon  our  readers.  But  if 
it  is  true  of  fruit  within  certain  limits,  it  is  a!)soIutely  true  of  sprouts, 
such  as  those  which  the  asparagus  |)lant  jiroduces;  and  the  reverse 
of  the  proposition  is  equally  unexceptionable:  that  is  to  say,  the  few- 
er leaves  are  left  upon  a  plant,  the  more  feeble  will  be  its  sprouts. 
To  push  the  illustration  to  its  utmost  limits,  we  may  add  that  the  de- 
struction of  the  leaves  is  eventually  the  destruction  of  the  |)lant. 

Those  thread-like  bodies  which  clothe  the  stems  of  the  asparagus 
in  summer  time  act  as  its  leaves,  and  are  incessantly  engaged  in  rob- 
bing air  and  earth  of  the  matter  out  of  which  future  sprouts  are  to  be 
formed.  That  matter  the  stems  convey  down  into  the  roots,  where 
it  is  stored  up  until  it  is  wanted.  The  more  stems  clothed  with 
leaves,  the  more  of  such  matter,  and,  consequently,  the  stronger  the 
sprouts  in  the  succeeding  season;  and  vice  versa.  If  the  summer 
shoots  of  asparagus  are  strong,  it  is  impossible  that  the  sj)routs  should 
be  weak;  if  the  summer  shoots  are  weak,  it  is  iiiipossible  that  the 
sj)routs  should  be  strong. 

These  are  facts  about  which  there  can  be  no  mistake;  but  we 
fear  they  are  far  from  being  always  sufticienlly  considered.  We 
know  very  well  that,  in  practice,  gardeners  vv  ill  continue  to  cut  sprout 
after  sprout  of  asparagus,  until  the  roots  are  so  much  weakened,  that 
the  latter  shoots,  which  are  allowed  to  grow,  are  thin,  feeble,  and 
evidently  struguling  with  exhaustion.  Such  debilitated  shoots  can  do 
little  for  the  roots  during  the  summer;  the}'^  can  barely  maintain  their 
own  existence,  and  are,  consequently,  preparing  no  new  matter  out 
of  which  sprouts  can  be  formed  the  succeeding  spring,  when  the  crop 
is  therefore  necessarily  weak  and  worthless. 

The  conclusion  to  be  drawn  from  this  is  obvious.  No  one  should 
cut  too  many  sprouts  from  his  as|)aragus  beds;  no  one  should  re- 
move limb  after  limb  of  his  ])lants,  until  they  produce  nothina  but 
what  is  too  small  for  the  table.  On  the  contrary,  the  gardener  should 
take  care  to  leave  at  least  two  or  three  strong  sprouts  to  grow  from 
every  root;  or,  what  is  better,  his  beds  should  be  rested  one  year, 
and  cut  another;  for  he  may  be  certain,  from  the  strength  of  the 
summer  shoots,  what  sort  of  sprouts  he  will  have  to  cut  the  succeed- 
ing year — remembering  always  that  it  is  useless  to  manure  asparagus 
beds  for  sprouts  independently  of  summer  shoots.  If  a  l)e(l  of  as- 
paragus is  weak,  manure  in  the  autumn  will  do  but  little  for  making 
it  bring  strong  sprouts  the  next  season.  All  that  the  manure  can 
then  do  is  to  feed  abundantly  the  summer  shoots  of  the  succeeding 
summer,  and  so  enable  them  to  prepare  j)lenty  of  materials  out  of 
which  a  second  season's  strong  sprouts  may  be  ])ushed  forth.  {Id., 
1842,  p.  283. 


General  .Yolices.  231 

New  Method  of  supporting  annuals. — Amongst  our  most  showy 
hai-fly  annuals  and  other  out-tloor  plants,  are  several  species  of  such 
a  brittle  nature,  that  during  stormy  weather  many  are  often  irrecov- 
erably broken  or  torn  to  pieces  by  the  wind.  Numbers  of  beds  in 
the  flower  garden  are  thus  rendered,  in  the  height  of  their  beauty, 
perfectly  unsightly.  To  prevent  this  sort  of  havoc,  I  have  seen 
many  plans  resorted  to,  and  often  witnessed  some  that  were  any 
thing  but  useful  or  neat.  I  will  therefore  mention  a  simple  mode 
particularly  suited  to  such  kinds  as  are  grown  in  beds,  and  which 
combines  all  the  advanta!xes  necessary  to  avoid  the  disastrous  con- 
sequences referred  to.  When  the  plants  are  about  three  inches 
high,  thinned,  and  properly  cleaned,  I  select  a  number  of  neat  twig- 
gy branches,  such  as  dry  fresh  pieces  of  spruce,  &,c.  These  I  pre- 
pare about  eighteen  inches  long,  pointing  them  at  the  end  so  as  to 
resemble  pea  stakes  in  miniature;  when  ready,  they  are  placed  firm- 
ly among  the  plants  all  over  the  bed,  leaving  them,  when  finished, 
about  a  foot  high,  so  as  to  be  completely  out  of  sight  when  the 
plants  are  in  flower,  always  leaving  the  stakes  of  such  a  height  and 
distance  as  the  taste  or  judgment  shall  deem  sufficient  for  the  habits 
of  the  various  kinds  thus  treated.  So  comi)letely  do  the  plants  grow 
up  and  intermingle  themselves  in  all  directions  among  the  branches, 
and  with  such  security  that  no  breeze  ever  affects  them,  while  the 
beds  exhibit  that  freedom  and  elegance  of  appearance  which  1  have 
never  seen  so  effectually  accomi)lished  by  any  other  method.  Some 
may  consider  these  dry  branches  disagreeable  to  the  sight  in  connec- 
tion with  a  flower  garden,  before  the  plants  rise  to  hide  them;  but 
when  neatly  done,  the  reverse  is  the  case.  It  is  in  this  as  in  other 
matters;  while  one  person  will  perform  the  work  with  such  mate- 
rials as  will  of  themselves  be  ornamental  without  either  flowers  or 
foliage,  another  will  manage  it  so  clumsily,  that  it  would  defy  the 
growth  of  a  bramble  bush  to  hide  the  awkward  deformities  of  his 
handywork.  However  skilfully  ])lants  may  be  selected  as  regards 
their  natural  beauty,  arrangement,  or  high  keeping,  one  misplaced 
stake  or  ill-tied  plant  will  mar  the  effect  of  the  whole,  (irf.,  1842, 
p.  286.) 

Cultivation  of  the  English  and  Spanish  Irises.~A  tribe  of  very  beau- 
tiful plants,  which  is  much  neglected  by  admirers  of  flowers,  is  the 
iris;  only  a  few  of  the  more  common  are  seen  in  our  gardens,  and 
these  generally  in  ordinary  condition:  the  bulbous  kinds,  better  known 
perhaps  as  the  English  and  Spanish  irises,  are  rarely  used  in  orna- 
menting the  flower  border,  although  they  are  in  reality  easily  grown, 
and  are  among  the  prettiest  flowers  of  June.  The  following  method 
of  cultivating  them  will,  we  hope,  induce  amateurs  who  appreciate 
this  class  of  plants  to  set  out  a  few  roots  the  coming  autunni: — 
"About  August  prepare  a  bed  two  feet  dec]),  the  soil  of  which  must 
be  composed  of  equal  parts  of  rich  loam,  sandy  peat,  and  either  well 
rotted  dung  or  leaf  mould,  all  well  incorporated  together.  The  be- 
ginning of  September  [)lant  the  bulbs  about  three  inches  deep,  plac- 
ing a  little  fine  sand  round  each,  and  afterwards  cover  and  level  the 
surface;  nothing  else  will  be  required,  except  stirring  the  surface  of 
the  soil  in  the  spring.  [In  our  climate  the  bed  should  have  a  cover- 
ing of  an  inch  or  two  of  strawy  manure  or  leaves. — Ed.]     The  irises 


232  General  JVolices. 

will  bloom  about  the  middle  of  June,  and  the  seeds  will  begin  to 
ripen  in  the  beginning  of  August,  when,  if  it  is  required,  the  bulb 
should  be  taken  up:  but  it  must  be  observed  that  when  they  are  re- 
moved, they  seldom  flourish  well  the  ensuing  season,  and  therefore 
should  not  be  replanted  more  than  once  in  five  or  six  years.  When 
the  bulbs  are  taken  up,  they  should  he  placed  in  dry  sand  for  about 
a  month,  and  afterwards  planted  in  the  manner  before  mentioned. 
Seeds  of  irises  should  be  sown  in  drills,  in  September,  in  liirht  sandy 
soil;  they  will  come  up  the  following  spring;  but  the  bulbs  should 
remain  for  two  or  three  years  before  they  are  removed.  The  Per- 
sian iris  is  tender,  but  they  are  pretty  plants  to  bloom  in  the  parlor, 
treated  as  follows: — Plant  the  roots  in  October,  in  pots  filled  with  a 
mixture  of  either  sandy  loam,  well  drained,  and  leaf  mould,  or 
sandy  peat  and  well  rotted  dung,  and  set  ihem  in  some  dry  pit  [pro- 
tected from  frost,]  where  they  may  remain  all  winter,  and  be  taken 
into  the  parlor  as  they  are  wanted  to  flower.  'I'hey  may  also  re- 
main in  the  pit  till  the  latter  part  of  March  or  beginning  of  Afu-il, 
and  then  turned  out  into  beds,  where  they  form  a  gay  ornament  dur- 
ing April  and  May.  Take  up  the  roots  in  August,  and  pot  them 
asain  in  October,  and  give  them  the  same  treatment  as  above.  {Id., 
1842,  p.  113.) 

Floioer  beds  on  Laions. — Many  of  our  correspondents  are  desirous 
of  knowing  what  plants  are  best  adapted  for  a  circular  or  oval  bed 
upon  a  lawn.  Through  the  kindness  of  a  friend,  we  are  enabled  to 
furnish  them  with  a  list  of  some  which  have  the  most  ornamental 
effect  when  arranged  in  the  following  manner: — In  the  centre  of  the 
bed,  a  patch  of  the  purple  i^hlox  paniculata  should  be  planted, 
around  which  should  succeed  a  circle  of  the  white  variety  of  the 
same  parent.  Then  follows  a  range  of  Calliopsis  tinctoria;  after 
which  may  come  one  of  Pentstemon  genlianotdes,  and  P.  genuanoi- 
des  coccineum,  but  most  of  the  latter.  Next,  a  plant  of  Phlox 
omniflora,  surrounded  by  one  of  the  tallest  jiiuk  sorts  of  verhena 
[V.  Eyrea/ia,]  then  another  of  the  dwarfer  kinds  of  scarlet  verbena, 
the  outside  of  the  whole  bed  being  planted  with  LohkMa  azurea  [or 
Clintonza  pulchella.]  In  this  list,  the  tallest  plants  are  planted  ia 
the  centre,  and  they  are  so  arranged  as  to  form  a  pleasing  contrast, 
whilst  the  brilliancy  of  colors  j)ossessed  by  some,  and  the  length  of 
time  they  will  continue  in  flower,  renders  them  a  striking  ornament 
until  destroyed  by  the  autumnal  frosts.     {Id.,  1842,  p.  236.) 

[To  those  who  wish  to  form  circular  beds  of  annuals,  we  might 
substitute  the  following,  in  the  same  order  as  they  occur  above: — 
first,  a  circle  of  African  marigold;  second,  one  of  JV/alope  grandi- 
flora;  third,  Calliopsis  tinctoria;  fourth,  Eiitoca  viscida;  fifth,  jPhlox 
Drummondu;  seventh,  ii^rysiinum  Peioftsky<m(/ni;  eighth,  ^lyssum 
maritinia;  and  ninth,  finishing  with  a  circle  of  Nemophila  insignis 
and  Nolana  atriiilicilolia,  mixt  together. — Ed.^ 

To  stop  the  bleeding  ofvi7ies. — Take  one  fourth  of  calcined  oyster 
shells,  beaten  to  fine  powder  in  a  mortar,  and  three  fourths  of  cheese 
worked  together,  until  they  form  a  sort  of  paste.  After  pruning, 
press  this  mixture  into  the  pores  of  the  wood,  either  with  the  thumb 
or  any  other  means,  and  it  will  effectually  stop  the  flow  of  sap:  some- 
times a  repetition  may  be  necessary.     {Id.,  1842,  p.  206.) 


Domestic  J^otices.  233 


Art.  II.     Domestic  Notices. 

Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Society. — Our  third  meeting  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Society  took  place  in  our  new  room  in 
the  Museum,  and  the  attendance  was  even  more  numerous  than  ev- 
er. The  accession  to  our  number  is  immense.  The  large  room  was 
full  of  the  beauty  and  fashion  of  our  city,  not  merely  as  spectators, 
but  as  amateurs,  from  the  interest  they  took  in  examining  the  many 
fine  flowers  exhibited.  As  usual,  the  plants  were  tastefully  arrang- 
ed, and  had  a  fine  effect.  The  vegetables  were  objects  of  much  ex- 
amination from  their  general  superiority.  The  mammoth  rhubarb 
and  the  cauliflowers,  exhibited  by  Mr.  Engleman,  were  uncommon- 
ly large;  the  rhubarb  was  upwards  of  five  feet  in  height,  and  the 
cauliflowers  were  exceerlingly  large  and  tempting.  Col.  Case  exhib- 
ited a  bunch  of  the  butorice  rhubarb,  upwards  of  five  feet  high,  and 
thick  in  the  stem;  it  is  a  fine  variety:  indeed  the  whole  of  the  vegeta- 
bles did  great  credit  to  the  gardeners;  an  improvement  in  growing 
vegetables  is  increasing  yearly.  The  flower  tables  exhibited  contain- 
ed many  very  fine  specimens  and  showy  flowers;  we  noticed  Wil- 
liam Chalmers,  gardener  to  Mrs.  Stott,  had  a  fine  variety,  and  justly 
obtained  the  first  premium.  He  exhibited  the  Schizanthus  diffusa, 
upwards  of  six  feet  hiirh,  covered  over  with  its  beautiful  butter- 
fly looking  flowers;  a  Clarkm  elegans  rosea,  seven  feet  hiiih,  loaded 
with  flowers;  a  Mahernm  pinnata  var.  coccinea;  Fuschi'a  Standishw; 
F.  carnea,  a  very  fine  variety;  iberis  coronata,  calceolaria  Wid- 
nall's  Meteor;  Collinsj'agrandiflora;  and  a  fine  annual,  covered  with 
its  delicate  pink  flowers;  Godetia  veniista.  These  are  a  few  that 
we  noticed  as  being  very  fine.  The  tulips  exhibited  by  R.  Kirk- 
wood,  gardener  to  Mrs.  Roland,  were  very  fine.  Mr.  Buist  had 
Azalea  lateritia  in  flower,  a  fine  variety,  and  another,  the  name  of 
which  I  do  not  know. —  Yours,  Jin  Amateur. 

Mr.  Perry^s  collection  of  Plants  for  sale. — We  learn  from  our 
correspondents  in  New  York,  that  the  elegant  residence  of  J.  W. 
Perry,  of  Brooklyn,  together  with  the  plants  &c.,  is  offered  for  sale. 
Some  noble  specimens  of  palms  are  in  his  collection,  and  we  hope 
they  will  be  purchased  by  some  gentleman  who  will  erect  a  house 
for  their  exclusive  growth. — Ed. 

New  xonrk  on  Cottage  Residences. — We  are  gratified  to  announce 
to  our  readers,  that  our  correspondent,  Mr.  A.  J.  Downing,  whose 
excellent  treatise  on  landscaj>e  gardening  we  reviewed  in  our  last 
volume,  has  now  nearly  ready  for  publication  a  new  work  on  cottage 
residences.  It  will  be  handsomely  illustrated,  and  will  contain  not 
only  views  and  plans  of  cottajes  and  cottage  villas,  but  also  descrip- 
tions and  details  of  the  architecture  and  the  grounds  &.c.  Such  a 
work  is  much  needed,  and  will  undoul)tedly  meet  with  a  ready  sale, 
and  contribute  to  the  spread  of  a  better  taste  for  villa  residences. 

We  perceive  that  Mr.  Downing  has  lately  had  the  honor  of 
being  elected  corresponding  member  of  the  Royal  Botanic  Gar- 
dening Society  of  Berlin,  and  the  Royal  Botanical  Society  of 
London. — Ed. 

VOL.  viii. — NO.  vr.  30 


234  Retrospective  Criticism. 


Art.  III.     Retrospective  Criticism. 

Errata. — In  our  last  number,  p.  170,  fourteen  lines  from  the  bot- 
tom of  the  page,  for  "Dr.  Bole"  read  "D.  Boll."  The  error  escap- 
ed our  notice  until  too  late  for  correction. 

Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Socielij,  Si-c.  Errors  corrected. — A  few 
errors  have  inadvertently  crept  recently  into  your  useful  Magazine 
of  Horticulture,  which  you  will  have  the  goodness  to  correct. 

An  "Amateur"  correspondent,  in  a  communication  to  the  April 
number,  p.  152,  in  relation  to  the  Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Soci- 
ety, which  has  had  an  existence  of  some  fourteen  years,  calls  it  "the 
new  Horticultural  Society." 

Under  Floricultural  Intelligence,  in  the  last  number,  after  the  de- 
scriptions of  the  new  camellias  exhibited  before  the  Pennsylvania 
Horticultural  Society,  as  taken  from  the  published  Report  by  the 
Society,  is  this  paragraph — "This  plant  was  raised  by  Mr.  Peter 
Raabe,  an  amateur,  we  believe,"  &c.,  which  does  not  occur  in  the 
Report;  it  states  that  Messrs.  Chalmers  and  Raabe  are  joint  owners. 
You  remark  that  tlie  descriptions  are  furnished  by  the  Committee  on 
Flowers,  of  which  you  believe  Mr.  Buist  is  chairman.  Descriptions 
are  not  furnished  by  committees,  neither  is  Mr.  Buist  chairman  of 
the  Coamiittee  on  Plants  and  Flowers,  but  Thomas  C.  Percival,  Esq. 
—  Yours,  t-S'C.,  An  Old  Member,  Philadelphia,  May,  1842. 

Fisher  Professorship  of  Natural  History  in  Harvard  University, 
(p.  175.) — In  our  last  number,  in  noticing  the  recent  appointment  of 
Dr.  Gray  to  the  Fisher  Professorship  of  ISfatural  History  in  Harvard 
University,  we  expressed  our  hope  that  it  would  be  the  means  of 
awakening  an  interest  in  botanical  studies,  which  had  been  almost 
or  quite  given  up  since  the  resignation  of  Mr.  Nuttall  as  curator. 
Our  remarks  were  intended  to  api)ly  wholly  to  what  had  been  done 
by  the  University,  in  keeping  up  the  character  of  the  Botanic  Gar- 
den connected  with  the  institution;  and  we  regret  that  we  uninten- 
tionally did  injustice  to  our  friend.  Dr.  T.  M.  Harris,  the  librarian 
of  the  college,  by  whose  exertions  botanical  studies  have  been  kept 
up,  and  a  class  formed  for  the  study  of  natural  history,  particularly 
botany.  Dr.  Harris,  in  connection  with  our  correspondent,  E.  Tuck 
erman,  Jr.,  Esq.,  has  discovered  several  new  plants  in  the  vicinity  of 
Boston, and  found  others  whose  nearest  localities  in  Bigelow's  Florida 
Bostonknsis,  are  in  New  Hampshire  and  the  remoter  parts  of  this 
State.  One  of  Dr.  Harris's  papers,  enumerating  some  of  the  plants, 
appeared  in  our  Vol.  VH.,  (p.  245.) 

Dr.  Harris,  in  addition  to  his  arduous  duties  as  librarian,  which, 
one  would  suppose,  are  sufficient  to  occupy  all  his  time,  has  deliver 
ed  weekly  lectures  to  a  class  of  botanical  students,  and  has  always 
had,  when  to  be  procured,  the  specimens  before  him,  freshly  gath- 
ered from  the  woods  and  meadows.  But  the  interest  which  he  has 
taken  in  botanical  studies  has  been  more  from  his  love  of  botany 
than  from  any  desire  of  the  Institution  to  cultivate  this  branch  of 
natural  science. 

We  gladly  make  this  correction,  as  Dr.  Harris  is  a  gentleman 


,J}Iassacliusetls  llorlicuUural  Society.  235 

whom  we  highly  esteem,  and  who  is  too  modest  to  claim  full  credit 
for  his  labors. — Ed. 

Gloitt  Morceau  Fear. — The  inquiry  of  "c5  Fruit  Groioer,"  at  page 
156,  (lid  not  meet  the  eye  of  the  subscriher  until  within  a  few  days. 
We  would  now  respectfully  state,  that  the  committee  had  no  instruc- 
tion to  go  behind  the  authority  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society. 
The  error  of  Gout  instead  of  Glout  rests  with  the  printer  or  the  writ- 
er, no  matter  which,  as  our  copy  is  probably  destroyed;  we  there- 
fore acknowledge  our  mistake,  and  of  course  that  matter  is  settled. 
But  in  reference  to  this  suliject,  will  "Jl  Fruit  Grower,"  to  whom  no 
doubt  it  is  fatniliar,  be  so  kind  as  to  give  the  signihcation  of  the  term 
Glout  in  connection  with  the  word  Morceau,  and  oblige  other  fruit 
growers,  nnd  also  his  obedient  servant, — Samuel  fValker,  Roxbury, 
Jlay  17,  184;2. 


Art.  IV.     Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society. 

Saturday,  April  2,  1842.— The  officers  of  the  Society  for  1842  en- 
tered upon  their  duties  to-day — the  President,  M.  P.  Wilder,  in  the 
chair. 

it  was  voted  that  the  thanks  of  the  Society  be  presented  to  Isaac 
Chase,  for  a  donation  of  vine  cuttings,  sent  to  the  Society  for  distri- 
bution.     Adjourned  four  weeks,  to  April  30. 

April  I6th. — Exhibited. — Fruit:  From  William  Kenrick,  an  apple, 
believed  to  be  a  native  fruit,  and  called  the  Masters  apple,  from  the 
supposition  that  it  originated  on  the  farm  of  Mr.  Masters,  Green- 
land, N.  H.  iiears  constantly:  keeps  well.  Tlie  Committee  state 
that  the  fruit  was  past  its  eating  state,  but  so  far  as  any  estimate 
could  be  formed  of  its  quality,  it  had  the  evidence  of  a  lirst-rate  ap- 
ple: the  Committee  remark  that  they  would  be  glad  to  receive  spe- 
cimens in  good  condition,  another  year. 

April  30. — An  adjourned  meeting  of  the  Society  was  held  to-day 
— the  President  in  the  chair, 

Mr.  Vose  read  to  the  Society  a  translation  of  M.  Tougard's  letter. 
Meeting  adjourned  two  weeks,  to  May  14th. 

Exhibited. — Fruit:  From  L.  P.  Grosvenor,  seedling  apples  call- 
ed the  Company  apples,  which  the  Committee  called  handsome  and 
juicy  for  the  season. 

May  1th.  Exhibited. — Flowers:  A  beautiful  bouquet  from  Dr. 
J.  C.  Howard,  Jamaica  Plain. 

May  \-Uh. — An  adjourned  meeting  of  the  Society — the  President 
in  the  chair.  No  business  of  importance  was  transacted,  and  the 
meeting  was  adjourned  for  two  weeks. 

May  2ls<.  Exhibited. — Flowers:  From  T.  Lee,  beautiful  cut 
flowers  of  the  dogwood  (C'drnus  florida,)  Eutoca  viscida,  Lupinus 
CruikshankiV,  Magnolw  purpurea,  Clarkw  pulchella  alba,  DkhMa 
repens,  Genm  coccineum,  Linum  tryginum,  Urvularia  graiidiflora, 
with  geraniiuns,  two  kinds  of  godctias,  nasturtiusn,  and  the  follow- 
ing roses: — Amie  Vibert,   Belle  Parisien,  yellow  noisette,  and   noi- 


236  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society. 

sette  Bourbon.  From  S.  Walker,  Lonicera  tart&ricum,  and  Dode- 
catheon  Meadt'a  and  integrifolia,  Troillius  europse^us,  and  Lychnis 
Flosciiculi  fl,  pi. 

From  Hovey  &  Co.,  a  fine  specimen  of  the  yellow  noisette  rose, 
with  six  full  blown  flowers  in  one  cluster;  and  several  varieties  of 
verbenas.  From  J.  Kenrick,  red  and  white  Tartarian  honeysuckles, 
purple  beech,  Judas  tree,  Pgeonia  Moiitan  Banksz'ce,  and  Ribes  san- 
guineum.  From  B.  V.  French,  fine  specimens  of  Pajonia  Jloittan 
BanksifE. 

Fruit: — From  Dr.  J.  C.  Howard,  very  fine  specimens  of  black 
Hamburg  grapes;  the  clusters  of  large  size,  and  berries  well  color- 
ed. From  J.  L-  L.  F.  Warren,  cucumbers.  From  Horace  Gray, 
Weedon  cucumbers,  nearly  two  feet  long. 

Vegetables: — From  J.  L.  L.  F.  Warren,  good  specimens  of  rhu- 
barb. 

May  29th. — An  adjourned  meeting — the  President  in  the  chair. 
No  business  of  importance  was  transacted,  and  the  meeting  was 
adjourned  one  week  to  June  4th. 

Exhibited. — Flowers: — From  the  President,  cut  flowers  of  the 
following  new  geraniums,  many  of  which  were  very  superb: — King 
John,  Coronation,  Erectum,  Alicia,  Gaines's  King,  Decorum,  Ma- 
tilda, Sylph,  Alexandrina,  Nonsuch,  Florence,  Portia,  Joan  of  Arc, 
Climax,  Garth's  Perfection,  Annette,  Siddonia,  Pixey  Queen,  Juno. 
From  W.  Kenrick,  white  and  scarlet  hawthorn,  P?e6nia  Moiilan 
Banksi'a;,  Wistarm  Consequana,  purple  beech,  Berberis  sp.,  and  bou- 
quets.    From  Dr.  J.  C.  Howard,  bouquets. 

From  J,  A.  Kenrick,  white  and  scarlet  hawthorn,  Lonicero  cau- 
casicum,  Corchorus  japonica,  Halesia  tetraptera,  purple  beech,  Pse- 
bnia  Moutan papsiverkcea.  and  var.  Banksiff,  Wistaria  Consequana, 
and  azaleas.  From  Messrs.  Winship,  bouquets.  From  Joshua 
Norton,  Jr.,  fine  specimens  of  Peebnia  Moidan  Bankszis.  From  J. 
L.  L.  F.  Warren,  bouquets.  From  Misses  Sumner,  bouquets*. 
From  S.  Sweetser,  fine  cut  flowers  of  rose  Lamarque,  yellow  noi- 
Bette,  and  Triumph  of  Luxembourg,  and  Cereus  Jenkinsonu.  From 
B.  V.  French,  fine  flo%vers  of  Peeonia  Moiitan  Banksi^,  and  P.  offi- 
cinalis rilbra  pleno.     From  S.  \Valker,  bouquets. 

The  tulip  show  for  premiums  took  place  to-day:  the  only  compet- 
itors   were   Messrs.   Walker   and   Johnson.     C.  M.  Hovey  and  J. 
Breck  were  the  judges,  and  awarded  the  premiums  as  follows: — 
For  the  best  display  of  flowers,  to  S.  Walker. 
For  the  second  best  display  of  flowers,  to  S.  R.  Johnson. 
Fruits: — From  Dr.  J.  C.  Howard,  fine  black   Hamburg,   Miller's 
Burgundy,  and  Chasselas  grapes.     From  T-  Needham,  gardener  to 
H.  Gray,  Esq.,  Hector  cucumber  measuring  twenty-six  and  a  half 
inches,   and   VVeedon  cucumber  measuring   twenty-two  and  a  half 
inches  in  length. 

Vegetables: — From  S.  Butterfield,  West  Cambridge,  very  fine 
radishes.  From  J.  L.  ]j.  F.  Warren,  asparagus  and  rhubarb.  From 
S.  Fisk,  Waltham,  two  bunches  of  very  superior  asparagus,  one 
bunch  of  tw^enty-four  stems,  weighing  four  pounds  five  ounces,  well 
grov^n,  and  of  handsome  appearance.  From  D.  Hill,  West  Cam- 
bridge, asparagus.      > 


Faneuil  Hall  Market. 


237 


Art.  "V.     Faneuil  Hall  Market. 


Roots,  Tubers,  ^c. 


Potatoes 


Common 


„,  C  per  barrel.  . 

CUenangoes,^f;^^.j,^^,,g,^_ 

„     ,       ,     C  per  barrel,.  .. 

^^^^P"-^'^'!  per  bushel,... 
C  per  barrel,.  .  .  . 
'  \  per  bushel,..  . . 

New,  per  peck, 

Sweet  potatoes,  per  bushel, 
Turnips,  per  bushel: 

Common, 

Ruta  Baga, 

French, 

Onions: 

Red,  per  bunch, 

New  white,  per  bunch,.  .. 

White,  per  bushel, 

Yellow,  per  bushel, 

Beets,  per  bushel, 

Carrots,  per  bushel, 

Parsnips,  per  bushel, 

Salsify,  per  dozen  roots,.  .  .  . 

Radishes,  per  bunch, 

Shallots,  per  pound, 

Garlic,  per  pound, 

Horseradish,  per  pound .... 

Cabbages,  Salads,  fyc. 

Caljbages,  per  doz: 

Drumhead, 

Red  Dutch, 

Brocoli,  each, 

Cauliflowers,  each, 

Lettuce,  per  head, 

Spinach,  per  peck, 

Dandelions,  per  peck, 

Turnip  tops,  per  peck, 

Rhubarb,  per  pound, 

Asparagus,  per  bunch, 

Beet  tops,  per  peck, 

Peas      5  per  lj"'liel, 

*^®*^'     <  per  peck, 

Cucumbers,  (pickled)  pr  gal 
Peppers,  (picked,)  per  gallon 


!From  I 
$  cts. 

1  00 

45 
1  75 

75 
1  00 

45 

50 
1  50 

75 
75 
50 


To 

^cts. 

1  25 

50 

2  00 
1  00 

50 


1  00 
1  00 


5 

4 

00 
75 
75 
75 
12i 
2 
20 

10 


75 


12^ 
3 

12i 
124 
12k 
3 
10 
12i 
75 
50 
25 
37i 


Pot  and  Sweet  Herbs. 


12J 


1  00 


12^ 
17 


Parsley,  per  half  peck.,. . 

Sage,  per  pound, 

Marjorum,  per  bunch,... 

Savory,  per  bunch, 

Spearmint,  green,  per  bunch, 

Squaxhes  and  Pumpkins. 

Squashes,  per  pound: 

(Janada  Crookneck, 

Autumnal  Marrow, 

Winter  Crookneck, 

West  Indias, 

Pumpkins,  each,    


Fruits. 

Apples,  dessert: 

Baldwins,  per  barrel, 5 

3 
2 


From 

To 

^  cts. 

$  cts. 

25 



17 

20 

6 

124 

6 

'    12^ 

3 

6 

Russets,  per  barrel. 

Common,  per  barrel, 

Dried  apples,  per  pound,.  . 
Strawberries,  per  box: 

Conwnon , 

Early  Virginia, 

Gooseberries,  (green)per  q'rt 

Common, 

Pears : 

Baking,  per  bushel, 

Cranberrie.s,  per  bushel,. ...  2 
Grapes  per  pound: 

Forced,: 

Pine-apples,  each,. .  .  . 

Cucumbers,  each, 

Water-melons,  each,.  . 
Lemons,  per  dozen, . . 

Shaddocks,  each, 

Oranges,  per  doz: 

Havana 

Sicily 

VValnuls,  per  bushel,.  . 
Chestnuts,  per  bushel,. 
Butternuts,  per  bushel. 
Almonds,  per  pound,.  . 
Castana,  per  pound,.,  . 
Cocoa  nuts, , 


00 

50 

00 

4 

50 
75 

12^ 

00 
50 

50 

12| 

12i 

25 

12^ 

12^ 

374 

20 

25 

00 

00 

14 


5 
4 

20 


4  00 

2  50 

5 

624 
1  00 


2  50 

3  00 


25 
25 
374 
17 


50 

25 

1  50 


15 


Remarks. — The  weather,  durins:  the  inonth,  has  been  cool,  with 
occasional  showers,  and  free  from  the  easterly  storms  which  usually 
occur  during  the  nionth  of  May.  The  early  part  of  the  month  in- 
dicated a  very  early  season.  But  althouirh  planting  has  not  been  re- 
tarded by  too  much  wet,  yet  the  continued  cool  nights  and  northerly 
winds  have  put  a  check  upon  vegetation,  vvhich  at  this  time  is  not  so 


238  Obituary  J^otices. 

forward  as  last  season.  Frosts  have  occurred,  and  last  week  it  was 
so  severe  as  to  cut  off  the  corn,  potatoes,  beans,  &,c.  in  low  and  rath- 
er cool  situations:  fruit,  however,  does  not  appear  to  have  suffered 
in  the  least. 

Vegetables. — Potatoes  are  very  dull,  and  prices,  if  any  thing,  tend 
downward:  a  great  supply  of  Chenangoes  and  Long  Reds  have  been 
brought  in  from  the  eastward,  and  retailed  at  our  quotations  from  the 
vessel.  Sweet  potatoes  yet  remain  on  hand,  and  of  good  quality:  a 
few  barrels  o? new  potatoes  have  been  sent  in  from  Charleston,  S.  C; 
the5^came  in  good  order,  and  are  readily  taken  at  our  prices.  Tur- 
nips are  very  scarce,  and  those  of  handsorne  size  and  ap|)earance 
command  our  highest  rates,  a  price  greater  than  has  been  obtained 
for  several  years;  no  new  ones  have  yet  come  in.  Onions  are  near- 
ly gone:  but  to  take  the  place  of  the  old  ones,  good  new  whites  are 
now  to  be  had.  Carrots  and  beets  are  reduced  to  a  small  stock,  and 
prices  have  advanced.  Radishes  are  now  exceedingly  abundant, 
good,  and  cheap.  Horseradish  is  nearly  gone.  Cabbages  are  all 
gone.  Lettuce  is  now  supplied,  of  very  fine  size.  Spinach  and 
dandelions  are  plentiful;  and  beet  tops  have  been  brought  in  the 
past  week.  Rhubarb  is  plentiful  and  cheap.  Asparagus,  from  the 
cool  weather,  has  not  been  very  abundantly  brought  in,  and  prices 
have  kept  up.  Peas  are  in  the  market,  from  New  Jersey;  they  are 
tolerably  well  filled,  but  not  very  fresh.  Parsley  is  plentiful  and 
lower.  Of  squashes  there  is  now  no  su|)ply  but  the  West  Indias;  of 
these  there  has  been  small  arrivals,  but,  after  this  season,  when  there 
is  a  good  supply  of  rhubarb,  squashes  are  not  in  so  much  demand. 

Fruits. — The  stock  of  apples  is  nearly  gone;  only  a  few  russets 
remain  by  the  barrel:  some  Baldwins  may  be  had  in  small  quantities. 
Cranberries  are  higher.  Green  gooseberries  have  made  their  ap- 
pearance from  the  south,  and  supplied  at  the  low  rate  of  our  quota- 
tions. Strawberries,  from  New  York,  have  been  in  the  market  sev- 
eral days,  and,  owing  to  the  cool  weather,  they  have  come  in  good 
order:  a  few  boxes  from  the  vicinity  were  brought  in  to-day,  but  they 
were  from  protected  plants.  Some  few  watermelons  have  arrived. 
Pine-apples  are  not  so  abundant  as  at  the  time  of  our  last  report:  a 
few  of  extra  quality  may  be  obtained.  Lemons  are  abundant  and 
low.  In  nuts  there  is  no  change,  and  very  little  doing  in  the  article. 
—M.  T.,  Boston,  Mmj  28,  1842. 


Art.   VI.     Obituary   Notices. 


Died  at  Flushing,  on  Saturday  the  9th  of  April,  William  Prince, 
aged  76  years,  well  known  as  the  proprietor  of  the  Litin;ean 
Botanic  Garden  and  Nurseries,  which  he  in  fonne(;tion  with  his  sous 
has  long  conducted  with  distiiiguisiied  ability.  For  many  ynars  he 
has  been  a  communicant  of  the  iEpiscopal  Church,  and  he  partook  of 


Horticultural   JShmonmda.  239 

the  communion  shortly  before  his  death,  in  the  full  use  of  his  mental 
faculties,  and  with  the  fullest  reliance  on  the  mercy  and  beneficence 
of  his  Maker.  It  may  most  truly  be  said  of  him,  that  no  man  ever 
led  a  more  spotless  life,  and  the  annals  of  his  native  town  bear  re- 
cord to  his  zeal  and  liberality,  manifested  through  a  long  life  in  all 
olfjects  of  public  improvement,  and  which  have  caused  him  to  be  uni- 
versally looked  up  to  as  a  public  benefactor.      (iV.  Y.  Com.  Adv.) 

[Mr.  Prince  was  one  of  the  oldest  nurserymen  in  the  country,  and 
from  his  estaljlishment  at  Flashing  great  numbers  of  trees  have  been 
distributed  over  the  United  States.  Mr.  Prince  was  the  first  to  intro- 
duce many  of  the  plants  now  common  in  our  gardens,  and  his  exer- 
tions to  add  all  the  newest  varieties  of  fruit  will  be  remembered  by 
cultivators.  Mr.  Prince  was  also  the  author  of  one  or  two  volumes 
on  horticulture,  which  have  been  considered  valuable  contributions  to 
our  garden  literature. — Ed.] 

Death  of  M.  A.  F.  De  CandoUe. — The  last  number  of  SilUmaii's 
Journal  contains  a  notice  of  the  death  of  this  eminent  botanist,  whose 
works  have  been  the  admiration  of  all  who  have  studied  botany  as  a 
science.  From  this  notice  we  learn  that  M.  De  Candolle  was  bora 
in  Geneva,  in  1778,  of  an  ancient  family,  which,  as  long  ago  as  the 
sixteenth  century,  was  distinguished  in  the  republic  of  letters.  From 
his  earliest  years  he  devoted  himself  to  botany,  and  in  his  twenty- 
first  year  published  his  history  of  succulent  ])lants.  From  and  after 
that  period  he  continued  to  lay  before  the  botanical  world  his  valua- 
ble works:  his  last  and  greatest  effort  was  his  Prodromus,  which  he 
left  unfinished  at  his  death.     (SiUima7i^s  Journal.) 

Jllymer  Bourke  Lambert,  Esq.,  F.  R.  S.,  ^'c,  for  many  years 
Vice-President  of  the  Linnaean  Society,  died  at  his  residence  near 
London,  Jan.  10.  Mr.  Lambert  was  the  author  of  a  splendid  work 
on  the  genus  Pinus.     (Gard.  Mag.) 

Archibald  Menzies,  Esq.,  F.  L.  S.  <$'C.,  died  at  his  residence,  Lud 
brook  Terrace,   Kensington  Gravel   Pits,   on   the   16th  of  February. 
He   was    the   first  discoverer   of  many    Californian    plants,    having 
brought  home  numerous  dried  specimens,  thirty  and  forty  years  be- 
fore Mr.  Douglas.     Among  them  was  the  Ribes  sanguineum.      (Id.) 

David  Don,  Esq.,  Professor  of  Botany  in  Kinij's  College,  and  Li- 
brarian to  the  Linnaian  Society,  died  Dec.  8,  1841,  much  regretted 
by  his  friends  and  all  who  knew  him.     {Id.) 


HORTICULTURAL  MEMORANDA 

FOR  JUNE. 


FRUIT  DEPARTMENT. 


Grape  vines  in  the  grapery  will  now  be  setting  their  fruit.  Dis- 
continue syringing  until  the  berries  are  the  size  of  large  shot;  then 
continue  it  again.     Keep  up  a  good  temperature;  close  up  the  house 


240  Horticultural  Memoranda. 

early  in  the  afternoon,  and  give  air  early  in  the  morning.  Sprinkle 
the  walks  to  create  a  fine  steam. 

Raspberry  vines  should  be  neatly  and  securely  tied  up  to  strong 
stakes. 

Strawberry  beds  will  require  attention.  New  beds  will  need  hoe- 
ing, and  if  dry  weather,  a  sprinkling  of  water.  Old  beds  should  be 
kept  clear  of  weeds,  and  well  watered. 

FLOWER  DEPARTMENT. 

Dahlias  may  be  set  out  from  the  1st  to  the  25th  of  the  month  with 
perfect  success.  Turn  the  plants  out  of  the  pots  into  the  soil,  first 
preparing  it  by  digging  and  manuring.  Select  an  open  airy  situation, 
not  under  the  shade  or  drip  of  trees,  although  they  will  do  well  if 
they  have  the  sun  only  part  of  the  day,  provided  they  are  not  under 
trees. 

Camellias  should  now  be  taken  out  of  the  green-house,  and  placed 
in  a  situation  where  they  will  only  receive  the  morning  sun  an  hour 
or  two.  Keep  them  well  watered,  and  syringe  every  other  day.  In- 
archings  put  on  in  March  may  now  be  cut  off  from  the  stock,  and 
the  young  plants  placed  in  a  frame,  if  there  is  a  number  of  them, 
and  kept  shaded  a  week  or  two. 

Chrysanthemums  should  be  potted,  if  not  already  done. 

Roses  may  still  be  turned  out  into  the  border.  JPrune  them  down, 
and  put  in  the  cuttings  if  an  additional  stock  is  wanted. 

Azaleas  will  now  be  growing:  if  any  of  them  need  repotting,  now 
is  the  time  the  operation  should  be  performed.  Top  all  the  plants 
which  have  a  tendency  to  run  up  without  branching,  and  keep  them 
well  watered. 

Hardy  roses  will  need  attention:  if  duplicate  plants  are  wanted, 
lay  down  a  few  of  the  younij  branches  the  latter  part  of  the  month. 

Cactuses  which  are  now  flowering  should  be  freely  watered,  and 
as  soon  as  their  bloom  is  over,  trim  out  the  old  wood  so  as  to  have  a 
young  and  thrifty  growth.  They  need  the  knife  as  well  as  other 
plants. 

Hyacinth  and  Tulip  bulbs  should  be  taken  up  the  latter  part  of 
the  month. 

Geraniums  may  be  cut  down  the  latter  part  of  the  month,  and  the 
young  wood  put  in  for  cuttings. 

Annual  seeds,  such  as  balsams,  asters,  Sic.,  sown  in  boxes  in  the 
hot-bed  or  frame,  should  now  be  pricked  out  into  beds  where  they 
are  to  bloom.  Lai-kspurs,  and  other  hardy  kinds,  sown  in  the  open 
border,  should  be  thinned  out. 

Perennial  flower  seeds  may  yet  be  sown  with  perfect  success. 

Green-house  plants  of  many  kinds  may  be  propagated  now  by  di- 
vision of  the  roots,  such  as  the  Canary  aster,  calceolaria,  double 
polyanthus,  &.c.  Plant  in  pots,  and  place  in  a  frame  till  they  get 
rooted,  and  then  remove  to  the  open  air.  Cuttings  of  heliotropes 
and  other  jilants  may  now  be  put  in. 

Carnations  should  have  attention:  keep  the  stems  tied  up,  and  give 
the  plants  liquid  manure  occasionally. 


THE    MAGAZINE 


HORTICULTURE 


JULY,    1842. 


ORIGINAL  COMMUNICATIONS. 

Art.  I.  On  the  Study  of  JSTatural  History;  being  extracts 
from  an  Jlddress  delivnrcd  before  the  members  of  the  Harvard 
J^atural  History  Society  at  Cambridge.  By  J.  L.  Rus- 
sell, A.  M.,  Prof,  of  Botany,  Stc,  to  the  IMassachusetis 
Horticultural  Society. 

[In  our  last  number  we  took  occasion  to  correct  a  wrong 
impression  under  which  we  labored,  in  reference  to  the  ex- 
ertions of  our  excellent  friend,  Dr.  T.  W.  Harris.  Since 
then  we  have  had  put  at  our  disposal  the  MS.  of  the  Anni- 
versary Address  delivered  before  the  members  of  the  Har- 
vard Natural  Histoiy  Society,  May  5,  1842,  by  our  corres- 
pondent Prof.  John  Lewis  Russell;  from  which  we  present 
to  our  readers  the  following  extracts.] 

"I  have  thus  gone  over  the  ground  of  pursuit  in  natural  his- 
tory in  this  broud  view,  and  taken  so  extensive  a  sense  of  its 
merits  as  a  subject  of  study,  because  it  seems  to  me  most 
conducive  to  the  interests  of  your  own  Society.  I  by  no 
means  wish  to  depreciate  the  value  of  a  more  particular  atten- 
tion to  single  departments  of  research:  for  without  such  in- 
stances among  the  most  distinguished  naturalists,  the  cause  of 
natural  history  would  have  been  retarded.  There  can  be  but 
little  danger,  too,  of  any  want  of  a  direction  to  a  single  favor- 
ite subject,  where  there  is  a  decided  inclination  for  that  branch 
of  investigation.  But  where,  as  is  too  often  the  case  of  ne- 
cessity, and  more  especially  in  societies  intended  the  rather 
to  foster  a  taste  for  natural  history  than  to  pursue  it  in  its  mi- 
nuter details,  there  do  not  exist  the  means,  the  time,  or  the 
materials,  it  were  better  to  regard  Nature  as  a  great  whole, 

VOL.   VIII. — NO.  VII.  31 


242  On  the  Study  of  JSTutural  History. 

and   to   devote   one's   moments   of  leisure  or  of  relaxation  to 
every   department  in    which   are  the    means    most    available. 
You,    gentlemen,    engaged    in   the  classical   studies  of  a  pre- 
scribed course,  are  not  supposed  to  be  devoted  to  any  foreign 
to  it.      The  moments  of  relaxation   and  of  leisure  which  you 
devote  to  the  cabinet  and  the  collection,    to   the   research  into 
the  mysteries  and  wonders  of  nature,  are  admirably  beneficial 
to  that  degree   of  physical   health   and   mental  vigor,  without 
which   the   midnight   hours  of  the   study  would  be  weary  and 
depressing.      It  is   well  that  the  classical  and  industrious  stu- 
dent can   find  pleasure   and    profit   in   such  pursuits  as  bring, 
with  instruction,  the  glow  of  health  and  the  strength  of  body. 
In  them  he   may  be   laying   the  foundation,   not   only  of  long 
life,  but  of  a  refined  taste.      The  high  standard  of  scholarship 
which   the   alma   mater   is   yearly  demanding,    is  taxing  to  the 
utmost   the   physical   and   mental   powers.      To  be  faithful  to 
her  expectations  demands  a  most  careful  and  attentive  regard 
to  a  healthy  condition  of  body  and  n)ind.      To  strengthen  those 
and   improve   these   should   be   the   earnest  and  constant  aim. 
How   essential,   then,   that  something  should  be  found  which 
should  be  likely  to  secure  this.      The  most  careful  and  meth- 
odical arrangement   of  hours  of  study  and  of  exercise  will  not 
necessarily   produce   the   effect.      The   mental    energies,    like 
the  physical  functions,  are  always  demanding  nutriment,  and  a 
varied  diet   is   as   essential   to  the  one  as  to  the  other.      The 
silent  solitary  walk   of  the  student,    at  close  of  day,  with  the 
shadows  of  damp   night  falling  about   him,  with  no  interest  in 
any  thing   around,    and    bent   on   the  prescribed  length  of  the 
way,  or  engrossed  on  the  next  lesson,  can  necessarily  give  no 
requisite   solace  nor  respite.      To   his  ear  the  music  of  busy 
nature  is  unheard;  or,  if  he  wanders   forth  at  other  times,  the 
mysteries  of  organic  change  are  unnoticed.      Absorbed  in  his 
books  and  studies,   I  have   met  the   man  of  deep  thought  and 
intense  research,  in  whose  countenance  I  could  trace  anxiety, 
and  whose  frame  indicated  a  lack   of  that  exercise  which  he 
was  vainly  seeking   to   obtain.      Well,  then,  I  repeat,  is  it  for 
the  student  to  find   other  themes  of  reflection  and  instruction; 
to  find   'books    in    the   running   brooks,   sermons   in   stones.' 
That  he  can  leave  behind  the  classic  halls  for  a  brief  hour  or 
so,  and,  amid  tangled  woods  and  untrodden  recesses,  feel  gush- 
ing into  his   bosom  those  healthful  emotions  of  joyous  wonder 
and  rapturous   delight  which  nature  always  can  communicate 


On  the  Study  of  jYatural  History.  243 

to  whomsoever  seeks  her  aid.  And  while  thus  with  'no 
calhng  left,  no  duty  broke,'  he  finds  sympathy  with  the  ex- 
quisite beauty  of  this  outward  world,  the  student  is  none  the 
less,  aye,  I  may  say,  he  is  the  better  fitted  for  other  pursuits 
that  demand  tlie  uninterrupted  attention  and  silence  of  the 
study  and  closet.  Were  there  then  no  higher  motive,  no 
further  end  to  be  gained,  than  the  securing  of  a  more  vigorous 
and  energetic  frame,  the  institution  of  your  Society  would  be 
deemed  sufhciently  important.  But  I  should  do  injustice  to 
my  subje^'t,  were  I  to  admit  this  inference  as  the  only  tenable 
ground  for  such  pursuits;  nor  can  I  think  that  any  are  un- 
mindful of  other  considerations  connected  with  the  researches 
of  natural  history. 

"An  interest  in  those  subjects  which  it  is  the  province  of 
the  naturalist  to  investigate,  will  insensibly  increase  as  they 
are  more  extensively  pursued.  The  perception  of  beauty, 
order,  and  arrangement,  belongs  of  right  to  the  cultivated 
mind.  IMethinks  we  do  great  injustice  to  our  mental  facul- 
ties when  we  suffer  them  to  become  insensible  to  these. 
Those  systems  of  education,  therefore,  wliich  confine  them- 
selves to  single  or  particular  departments  of  human  science, 
are  defective.  Such  has  been  too  much  the  case  hitherto. 
To  cast  aside,  as  worthless,  the  richly  illuminated  pages  of 
Nature's  great  volume,  in  order  the  more  sedulouslv  to  imbibe 
the  learning  of  past  ages,  or  to  ponder  on  treatises  of  human 
invention,  is  not  answering  the  intention  of  our  destiny.  Why 
this  inimitable  harmony,  this  stupendous  skill,  this  exquisite 
design,  if  not  for  our  admiration?  For  what  end,  the  won- 
drously  contrived  eye,  and  the  delicately  formed  ear?  Why 
the  nice  adaptation  of  our  organs  to  trace  and  understand  the 
laws  of  matter,  and  to  receive  impressions  of  delight?  If 
intended  to  be  insensible  to  the  minuter  wonders  of  Creative 
Power,  or  indifferent  to  the  mysteries  of  Nature,  a  duller  and 
more  imperfect  vision  and  perception  were  enough.  As  to 
the  penetrating  eye  of  the  astronomer,  some  new  world  de- 
veloping itself  in  space,  extends  the  grandeur  of  his  ideas  on 
the  vastness  of  creation,  and  offers  new  proofs  of  the  cor- 
rectness of  the  theory  of  motion,  and  of  laws  which  govern 
the  universe,  so  to  the  naturalist  every  new  investigation  ex- 
tends the  powers  of  his  mind,  and  convinces  him  of  the  con- 
summate design  of  the  whole.  Would  we  prove  true,  then, 
to  the  purpose  of  our  being,  we  should  by  no  means  become 


244  On  the  Study  of  JS^atural  Hislory. 

forgetful  of  the  relation  we  hold  to  this  world  of  beauty. 
The  inexhaustible  sources  of  instruction  it  possesses,  will 
always  command  the  respect  of  the  student  of  truth.  The 
effect  of  such  studies  will  be  to  create  a  more  refined  taste, 
a  nicer  perception  of  good,  and  a  delicate  sensibility  to  what- 
ever is  excellent.  Free  from  the  prejudices,  the  passions, 
and  the  interests  of  the  world,  he  partakes  of  that  divine 
spirit  of  beneficence  which  breathes  throughout  nature,  and 
one  with  the  Great  Mind,  he  will  acknowledge  to  himself  the 
relation  he  holds  with  Divine  Intelligence,  the  fountain  and 
source  of  all  good. 

"To  pursue  with  efficient  usefulness,  any  or  all  of  the  de- 
partments of  natural  history,  demands  of  the  inquirer  certain 
requisites  of  the  utmost  importance,  even  to  the  general 
student.  To  reduce  to  system  and  order  the  diversified  forms 
of  organic  life  and  bodies,  is  one  of  the  great  ends  of  science. 
The  nice  perception  of  analogies  or  differences,  on  which  a 
system  should  be  established,  will  call  forth  the  energies  of 
the  mind  to  a  happy  result.  To  the  scholar,  these  cannot  but 
be  highly  beneficial.  The  progress  which  natural  history  has 
been  making  towards  such  a  natural  system,  as  it  is  called, 
exhibits,  in  a  forcible  maimer,  the  necessity  of  great  exactness 
and  method.  All  system,  however,  is  artificial;  nature  itself 
knows  no  method,  no  nice  chain  or  order  of  being.  The 
human  mind  needs  such  aids  and  helps;  and  to  assist  it  to 
comprehend,  as  it  were,  at  a  glance,  the  extent  of  nature  in 
all  its  modifications  and  diversities,  it  were  necessary  that  it 
have  resort  to  artificial  method.  Analysis,  too,  is  requisite; 
and  this  begets  habits  of  scrutiny  and  the  nicest  discrimina- 
tion. What  some  of  the  higher  branches  of  mathematical 
science  are  to  the  scholar,  the  pursuits  of  natural  history  may 
become.  To  detern)ine  with  accuracy  what  it  is  requisite  to 
know,  will  be  strengthening  the  reasoning  powers,  and  aiding 
the  facilities  of  sound  and  just  reflection. 

"The  formation  of  a  new  society  for  the  promotion  of  the 
study  of  natural  history  may  be  deemed  evidence  of  the  fact, 
that  this  subject,  so  long  overlooked,  is  beginning  to  be  ap- 
preciated as  part  of  a  system  of  education.  Attention  to 
such  pursuits  is  much  needed  in  all  our  schools  and  colleges. 
We  have  been  sadly  behind  other  countries  in  this  particular. 
Let  me  congratulate  you  then,  gentlemen,  on  the  prospects 
of  your  own  Society.     The  spot  on  which  we  stand  may  be 


On  the  Study  of  jyatural  History.  245 

considered  already  sacred  to  literature  and  to  science.  The 
names  of  distinguished  men  in  American  natural  history  are 
familiar  to  the  walls  of  Cambridge.  The  progress  which 
much  of  the  natural  history  of  the  day  has  made,  is  due  to 
exertions  of  Cambridge  scholars.  In  botany,  its  woods  and 
fields,  how  exuberant  in  rarer  plants!  In  the  science  of  or- 
nithology, not  a  few  rare  birds  have  been  added  from  its  pre- 
cincts; and  in  entomology,  the  name  of  our  librarian  is  too 
well  known  and  regarded  to  need  any  comment.  Indeed, 
were  I  to  bestow  an  eulogium  on  his  merits,  its  hap-picM  would 
be  my  silent  respect,  standing  so  high  and  distinguished  as  he 
does,  as  the  patient  and  untiring  investigator  in  those  depart- 
ments of  natural  science,  so  little  understood  by  the  general 
mind.  To  his  efforts  in  your  behalf — in  raising  your  Society 
to  its  standard  of  usefulness  and  importance — in  watching 
over  its  germ  and  its  development — in  devoting  his  moments 
of  leisure  and  relaxation — his  few  and  brief  hours,  left  after 
the  discharge  of  arduous  duties  of  his  office,  to  advance  a 
taste  for  science — to  his  urbanity  and  unweaiied  kindness  in 
affording  every  aid,  and  in  rendering  the  stated  recitations 
even,  the  illustrations  of  a  lecture — to  his  zeal  as  an  Jlhimnus^ 
in  the  interests  of  our  university,  and  to  his  extensive  and 
liberal  views  of  the  value  of  such  studies — you  are  well  aware 
to  what  extent  you  are  indebted.  The  delightful  intercourse 
it  has  been  my  good  fortune  to  maintain  for  many  years,  will 
not  soon  be  forgotten;  recreant,  as  I  should  be,  to  natural 
history,  in  whose  annals  his  name  will  survive,  while  Nature 
in  her  wondrous  harmonies  shall  gladden  our  bosoms,  and 
guide  to  divine  emotions  the  finer  feelings  of  our  hearts. 

"The  efforts  towards  a  botanic  garden,  under  the  auspices 
of  the  Agricultural  Society,  some  thirty  years  since,  and  the 
institution  of  a  professorship  of  natural  history  in  1805,  have 
been  of  considerable  importance  in  the  annals  of  science. 
To  the  genius  and  patience  of  Peck,  the  avocations  of  agri- 
culture are  yet  indebted.  Within  the  area  of  that  early  gar- 
den some  of  his  favorite  plants  yet  remain.  The  superb  in- 
dividual of  the  Camelh'a  japonica,  in  one  of  the  green-houses, 
furnished  a  memoir  of  its  natural  history;  and  although,  since 
that  day,  what  changes  have  been  effected  in  the  diversity  of 
forms  and  flowers  of  that  species,  yet  to  the  eye  of  the 
botanist  of  Cambridge  it  loses  none  of  its  merits.  Those 
walks  and  avenues   the  enterprising  and  modest  Nuttall  trod, 


246  On  the  Study  of  JVatural  History. 

and  in  the  humble  capacity  of  curator  delighted  and  instructed 
the  iDorld  with  the  rich  variety  of  his  scientific  research. 
Within  its  inclosiires  are  lowly  but  sweet  flowers  of  native 
growth,  the  offerings  of  humbler  names,  culled  by  enthusiastic 
zeal  from  the  wide-apart  portions  of  our  country.  In  woods 
and  by  ponds,  in  sandy  tracts  and  often  trod  bye-ways,  the 
indefatigable  zeal  of  other  and  younger  botanists  have  discov- 
ered rarer  species,  escaping  the  eye  of  those  who  have  pre- 
ceded them;  while  the  name  of  one  now  absent  in  Europe, 
and  revelling  amidst  the  richest  treasures  of  herbaria  from 
every  clime,  bears  high  testimony  to  the  exuberance  of  fruitful 
subjects  of  research  in  the  curious  and  mystic  department  of 
cryptogamic  botany.  To  the  ancient  town  of  Ipswich,  as  early 
as  1785,  A.  D.,  the  first  volume  of  the  American  Academy 
is  indebted  for  a  paper  on  the  indigenous  plants  of  the  vicinity, 
with  no  other  guide  to  determine  our  flora  than  the  few  foreign 
works  then  scarce  in  this  country;  and  where  in  the  annals  of 
botanical  science,  and  of  eletrant  preparation  of  dried  speci- 
mens, is  the  name  of  Oakes  unknown?  If  we  inquire  for  the 
useful  and  learned  in  our  days,  for  the  promoters  of  our  own 
science  in  other  departments  of  natural  history,  we  have  only 
to  refer  to  the  college  catalogue  to  find  the  names  of  members  of 
several  scientific  societies  in  our  vicinity.  To  such,  especially, 
is  the  natural  history  of  this  State,  lately  published,  indebted,  its 
treasures  revealed,  unknown  before,  its  science  made  precise. 
The  depths  of  the  ocean,  the  surf  washed  shores,  the  stilly 
lake,  and  the  babblina;  brook,  have  been  made  subservient  to 
the  searching  skil]  of  exploration;  the  mollusca  of  stationary 
habits,  and  the  finny  wanderers  of  ocean's  stream,  have  re- 
ceived their  allotted  place  and  position  in  scientific  arrange- 
ment. Into  the  secrets  of  departments  of  science,  hitherto 
considered  difficult,  we  have  been  introduced,  and  the  minuter 
things  of  nature  have  been  made  to  minister  to  our  instruction 
and  delight.  Still  further  investigations  into,  and  revelations 
of,  the  wonders  of  vegetable  organography,  and  of  precise  bo- 
tanical arrangement,  we  may  expect  in  the  lately  appointed 
Professor  of  Natural  History,  Dr.  Gray. 

"The  question  often  occurs  to  those  unacquainted  with  the 
extensive  nature  of  our  studies,  what  is  there  now  to  be  inves- 
tigated, what  new  thing  to  be  discovered?  A  cursory  exami- 
nation of  the  several  excellent  reports  to  which  I  have  already 
alluded,  would  be  sufficient  to  answer  this  inquiry.     Scarcely 


A  new  Disease  of  the  Plum.  247 

a  day  passes,  which  does  not  bring  to  light  some  hitherto  un- 
discovered fact.  We  cannot  open  a  number  of  a  scientific 
journal  without  finding  something  wondrous,  strange.  What 
circumspection  and  inquiry,  what  research  and  investigation, 
are  yet  requisite  to  develop  the  habits  of  organized  living  be- 
ings !  The  student  of  nature,  who  endeavors  to  discover  what 
has  been  really  done,  is  amazed  to  find,  after  all,  how  Utile  has 
been  effected.  The  field  of  inquiry  is  as  boundless  as  crea- 
tion itself  !  A  few  grand  leading  facts  and  truths  have  been 
established,  through  the  lapse  of  centuries;  beyond  these  how 
much  uncertainty  yet !  This  seeming  endless  variety  in  the 
forms  of  organized  bodies  is  as  wondrous  as  it  is  overwhelm- 
ing. Every  where  is  stamped  in  characters  too  plain  to  be 
overlooked  the  wisdom  and  power  of  creative  energy.  The 
vastness  of  this  idea  can  only  be  appreciated  by  him  who  is  in 
some  measure  conversant  with  studies  like  those  peculiar  to 
natural  science.  At  no  time  is  the  investigator  at  a  loss  to 
find  the  means  of  enkindling  his  enthusiasm,  or  of  awakening 
his  zeal.  In  the  humblest  department,  as  in  the  most  exalting 
and  noble,  are  themes  of  intense  interest  and  of  delightful  in- 
quiry. The  spirit  of  the  day  is  eminently  that  of  a  general 
thirst  for  knowledge,  and  in  every  possible  channel  for  acquir- 
ing that,  have  the  minds  of  men  run.  Scientific  research  has 
not  been  tardy  in  this  respect,  and  this  may  be  esteemed  the 
golden  age  of  Science  and  the  Arts." 


Art.  II.  A  neio  Disease  of  the  Plum.  By  Dr.  T.  W. 
Harris,  author  of  the  Entomological  Report  of  the 
State  of  Massachusetts. 

Last  year  an  undescribed  disease  of  the  plum  made  its  ap- 
pearance in  some  gardens  of  this  vicinity,  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
month  of  May,  and  has  been  observed  again  during  the  present 
season.  Soon  after  the  blossom  had  fallen,  the  fruit  began  to 
swell  rapidly,  and,  in  the  course  of  two  or  three  weeks,  it  had 
grown  to  more  than  ten  times  the  size  that  it  ordinarily  attains 
in  the  same  period.     It  was  soft   and  compressible,  as  though 


248  A  neio  Disease  of  the  Plum. 

it  were  puffed  up  with  air,  being  filled  with  an  elastic  spongy- 
substance  of  a  whitish  color.  In  some  of  these  inflated 
plums  no  vestige  of  a  kernel  remained  ;  in  others,  a  little, 
soft,  and  empty  shell  was  found.  After  growing  from  one 
half  to  more  than  three  quarters  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  the 
fruit  dropped,  and  by  the  middle  of  June  no  more  of  it  was  to 
be  seen  on  the  trees. 

The  cause  of  this  puffy  swelling  of  the  fruit,  and  abortion 
of  the  kernel,  is  a  little  tlirips;  and  several  of  these  minule  in- 
sects were  found,  on  the  2Sth  of  May,  on  almost  all  the  dis- 
eased plums.  It  is  probable  that  they  begin  their  attacks  in 
the  blossom,  and  that  they  prevent  the  impregnation  of  the 
ovule  or  young  kernel,  by  destroying  the  pollen;  and,  by  sub- 
sequently puncturing  the  plum,  produce  an  irritation,  which  is 
followed  by  a  rapid  swelling  and  diseased  condition  of  the 
fleshy  substance  of  the  fruit.  Preternatural  enlargements  and 
distortions  of  the  parts  of  flowers  and  of  fruits  are  known  to  be 
occasioned  by  the  attacks  of  other  species  of  tlirips.  This 
may  be  seen  in  the  blossom  of  the  black  whortleberry,  (Vac- 
cinium  resinosum;)  all  parts  of  which,  calyx,  corolla,  stamens 
and  ovary  are  sometimes  enormously  enlarged,  and  entirely 
changed  in  texture  and  appearance,  in  consequence  of  the 
punctures  of  a  kind  of  tlirips. 

It  is  not  yet  known  how  far  this  affection  of  the  plum  has 
extended.  In  this  vicinity  it  seems  to  have  been  confined  to 
certain  trees  only.  Should  the  insects  multiply  and  spread  to 
other  trees  and  other  places,  they  will  prove  very  destructive 
to  the  fruit  hereafter.  It  remains,  therefore,  for  the  practical 
gardener  to  watch  for  their  first  appearance,  and  to  devise 
some  sure  means  of  killing  them,  while  the  trees  are  in  blossom 
and  the  fruit  is  forming.  T.  W.  H. 

Cambridge,  June,  1842. 

We  invite  the  attention  of  our  readers  to  the  above.  New 
insects  and  diseases  appear  to  be  upon  the  increase,  and  it  be- 
comes the  intelligent  cultivator  to  watch  attentively  for  the 
causes  which  produce  such  dire  effects  on  his  fruit  trees.  We 
trust  we  shall  be  able  to  offer  other  communications  from 
Dr.  Harris,  on  the  habits  of  the  various  insects  which  annoy 
trees  and  plants,  and  thus  be  the  means  of  leading  to  dis- 
coveries for  extirpating  them. — Ed. 


Pomolo^lcal  jYolices.  249 


Art.  III.  Pomological  JSTotices;  or  J^otices  respecting  new 
and  superior  varieties  of  Fruits,  worthy  of  general  cultiva- 
tion.    By  the  Editor. 

At  page  161,  we  gave  an  account  of  a  number  of  new 
varieties  of  the  pear,  which  have  been  recently  introduced  to 
notice  in  France  and  En2;Iand,  adding  a  particular  description 
of  some  of  those  raised  by  the  late  Mr.  Knight,  President 
of  the  London  Horticultural  Society. 

We  now  resume  this  subject,  and  shall  give  some  account 
of  other  new  varieties  of  pears,  as  well  as  the  descriptions  of 
several  new  apples,  plums,  and  other  fruits,  which  we  find 
recommended  in  foreign  publications  as  worthy  of  cultivation, 
or,  at  least,  as  worthy  of  being  tried,  in  order  to  ascertain 
how  valuable  their  merits  are,  in  comparison  with  the  old  and 
well  known  kinds. 

The  accession  to  the  list  of  superior  kinds  of  fruits  is  not 
so  rapid  as  many  suppose  from  the  great  number  of  new 
names  with  which  the  catalogues  of  nurserymen  are  filled:  a 
great  many  of  them  often  prove  synonymous  with  the  older 
varieties,  and  a  portion  of  them  are  quite  inferior,  leaving 
only  a  few  which  will  stand  the  test  of  time,  and  become 
permanently  establisbed  favorites  with  the  fruit  cultivator. 
It  is  our  object,  in  presenting  these  notices,  to  lay  before  the 
amateur  who  has  leisure,  and  feels  an  interest  in  cultivating 
the  novelties  of  the  day,  the  names  and  descriptions  of  such 
as  are  reputed  good,  that  he  may  have  the  opportunity  to  pro- 
cure them  at  an  early  period,  and  thus  sooner  ascertain  how  far 
they  may  safely  be  recommended  for  general  cultivation. 
No  individual  in  this  country  has  done  more  than  our  corres- 
pondent, Mr.  Manning,  to  accomplish  this  object,  and  we 
trust  that  others  may  emulate  his  example,  and  assist  in  the 
dissemination  of  information  which  shall  lead  to  so  important 
and  useful  results. 

Pears. — At  page  161,  we  enumerated  nearly  all  the  new 
varieties  of  this  fruit. 

Hacon^s  Incomparable. — This  highly  esteemed  variety, 
about  which  so  much  has  been  said,  we  find  noticed  in  the 
Gardeners''  Chronicle,  with  an  outline  engraving  of  the  fruit. 
There   appears  also  to   be   some   question  as  to  the  origin  of 

VOL.    VIII. NO.   VII.  32 


250  Pomological  J^otices. 

the  fruit.  A  correspondent  of  the  above  paper  states  that  it 
was  raised  from  a  pip  of  a  pear  gathered  off  Rayner's  Seed- 
ling, which  is  now  growing  in  the  yard  of  a  baker  of  the 
name  of  Hall,  at  Downham.  The  oiginal  Hacon's  Seed- 
ling is  now  growing  in  JVIr.  Hacon's  garden,  at  Downham; 
and  if  the  fruits  of  the  two  trees  be  compared  together,  it 
will  be  found  that  although  like  as  to  form,  the  Hacon's  Seed- 
ling is  superior  in  flavor.  The  writer  states  that  when  Mr. 
Hacon  first  introduced  the  pear  to  general  notice  at  the  horti- 
cultural show  at  Norwich,  he  asked  him  to  give  it  a  name 
for  that  exhibition  prior  to  sending  it,  and,  from  its  great  ex- 
cellence, he  called  it  "Hacon's  Incomparable,"  It  was 
raised  about  twenty-eight  years  ago.  This  is  the  true  history 
of  the  origin  of  this  variety.  Mr.  Rivers  states  that  he  has 
received  grafts  from  the  Rayner  Seedling  which  prove  iden- 
tical with  the  variety  distributed  by  Mr.  Hacon. 

The  following  are  the  names  of  several  new  varieties  of 
pears,  grafts  of  which  have  been  received  by  Mr.  Kenrick, 
from  M.  De  Wael,  Secretary  of  the  Horticultural  Society  of 
Antwerp.  Mr.  Kenrick  states  them  to  be  of  unquestionable 
excellence,  and  were  sent  as  the  selections  of  his  own  private 
and  immense  collection  of  over  eight  thousand  varieties  of 
fruits: — D'Amande,  Aibre  Courbe,  Beurre  de  Kent,  Benrre 
Tacon,  Charlotte  de  Bromer,  Dingier,  Doyenne  Caroline, 
Doyenne  Soulange,  Fausse  Spreaw,  Fondante  de  Charneuse, 
Fondante  Grise,  General  Obdam,  Grand  Soliel,  Hernandes, 
Immense  bis  d'  Ete,  .Taminette  d'  Hiver,  Las  Cassas,  Leon  le 
Clerc,  Louise  Morell,  Marquis  de  Bedmar,  Meuris  d'  Hiver, 
Princess  d'Orange,  Rousselette  d'  Espereu,  Signeur  Tachete. 

Apples. — Several  new  varieties  from  Ohio  have  been 
added  to  the  nurserymen's  catalogues,  but  of  their  merits 
enough  is  not  known  to  warrant  us  in  making  mention  of  them 
here.      The  following  are  given  on  good  authority: — 

Golden  Ball. — A  very  beautiful  and  superior  fruit,  sup- 
posed to  have  originated  in  Maine,  but  very  lately  introduced 
here.  The  fruit  measures  three  inches  in  height  and  three 
and  a  half  inches  in  breadth;  form  Calville-shaped,  or  ribbed 
at  the  sides;  color  golden  yellow;  stalk  in  a  broad  shallow 
cavity,  but  little  depressed;  juice,  rich,  sweet,  aromatic,  with 
a  just  proportion  of  acid.  A  winter  fruit.  In  Portland  this 
apple  commands  a  higher  price  than  any  other  variety. 

Jewett^s  fine  red. — This   is   a  very  beautiful  apple,  of  large 


J^otices  of  new  Fruits.  251 

size  and  good  flavor,  ripening  late,  and  keeping  till  February. 
We  were  furnished  with  a  fine  specimen  by  Mr.  Cole,  editor 
of  the  Farmer^s  Journal.  It  promises  to  become  a  favorite 
apple.  Mr.  Cole  has  introduced  several  other  varieties,  but 
we  are  desirous  of  seeing  the  specimens  another  season  before 
we  recommend  them  to  notice. 

The  Bevan  apple. —  Under  this  name  a  variety  is  figured  in 
the  OrchardisCs  Companion  for  October  last.  It  is  thus 
described: — 

Size  medium;  form  someuhat  flat;  skin  with  a  yellow 
ground,  striped  with  briglit  red;  flesh  white,  crisp,  and  juicy; 
flavor  sprightly,  very  pleasant,  much  similar  to  the  summer 
Pearmaiu.  Tree  robust  and  thrifty.  Ripens  from  the  4ih  to 
the  20th  of  July.  The  following  is  the  history  of  this  new 
variety,  as  given  with  a  figure  of  the  apple: — The  parent  tree 
was  discovered  about  forty  years  since  by  a  Mr.  Samuel  Be- 
van, on  the  edge  of  a  swamp  near  Salem,  N.  Y.,  where  it  had 
evidently  grown  up  from  a  seed:  from  thence  he  removed  it 
to  his  orchard,  and  subsequently  presented  buds  to  Mr.  Reeve, 
with  a  view  to  propagating  the  variety  for  sale. 

Within  a  few  years,  since  the  variety  has  appeared  in  the 
Philadelphia  market,  there  has  been  an  increased  demand  for 
the  trees,  and  Messrs.  Reeve  have  disposed  of  a  large  num- 
ber. Its  productiveness  renders  it  a  profitable  tree  for  the 
market. 

Cherries. — Last  season,  we  made  mention  of  the  new 
early  Bigarreau  cherry,  exhibited  by  Mr.  Wilder:  from  an 
inspection  of  the  tree  the  present  spring,  we  are  satisfied  it  is 
a  new  and  exceedingly  early  kind. 

Large  black  Bigarreau  of  Savoy. — Last  season,  a  large 
black  cherry  of  beautiftd  appearance,  even  excelling  in  this 
respect  the  black  Tartarian,  was  exhibited  before  the  IMassa- 
chusetts  Horticultural  Society.  The  name  of  the  kind 
was  unknown.  The  original  tree  was  imported  from  the  south 
of  France  about  ten  years  ago,  and  no  name  was  ever 
received,  or,  if  received,  subsequently  lost;  but  from  its 
great  resemblance  to  a  variety  imported  a  few  years  ago  by 
Capt.  George  Brown,  of  Beverly,  from  Italy,  and  lately  come 
into  bearing,  we  think  it  one  and  the  same  kind.  The  pres- 
ent season  will  enable  us  to  set  this  matter  at  rest;  but,  in  the 
mean  time,  we  can  recommend  the  variety  as  one  of  the 
handsomest  and  richest  cherries  we  have  ever  seen. 


252  Pomological  JVbtices. 

Riversh  early  Heart. — A  niedliim  sized  cherry,  earfy,  and 
of  good  quality;  hardy,  and  a  good  bearer. 

Rivers^s  early  ^^mber  Heart. — Of  large  size,  very  early, 
and  excellent  flapor;  a  hardy  tree,  and  good  bearer.  This 
and  the  last  named  were  raised  by  Mr.  Rivers,  nurseryman, 
Sawbridgeworih,  England,  and  are  desirable  additions  to  this 
fruit. 

Peaches. — A  great  number  of  new  varieties  have  recent- 
ly been  brought  into  notice,  and  we  intend,  at  a  future  time, 
to  enumerate  all  that  are  considered  valuable.  For  the  pres- 
ent we  merely  notice  a  few  new  kinds,  which  we  find  more 
particularly  described. 

Tippecanoe. — In  the  Orchardist''s  Companion  for  April,  is 
a  fine  fruit  figured  under  this  nani«,  and  thus  described: — 

Size  very  large;  form  nearly  round,  with  rather  more  ful- 
ness at  the  lower  extremity;  skin  yellow,  with  a  fine  red  blush 
next  the  sun;  flesh  yellow,  fine  and  juicy;  flavor  good,  pos- 
sessing an  agreeable  acidity.  It  is  stated  to  have  been  raised 
by  Mr.  George  Thomas,  of  Philadelphia,  and  the  first  fruit 
brought  to  notice  in  the  autumn  of  1840;  the  tree  is  an  abun- 
dant bearer;  ripens  the  end  of  September.  The  fruit  has  been 
exhibited  at  the  two  last  annual  exhibitions  of  the  Pennsylva- 
nia Horticultural  Society,  and  much  admired  for  its  beauty. 
The  name  of  this  variety,  unless  given  previous  to  the  au- 
tumn of  1840,  should  be  cancelled,  as  in  our  Magazine  for 
the  same  year,  (Vol.  VI.,  p.  348,)  an  account  of  a  new 
seedling,  under  the  name  of  the  Tippecanoe,  was  there  pub- 
lished. 'J'he  variety  was  the  production  of  our  correspondent, 
INIr.  Lazell,  of  Columbus,  Ohio;  and  through  his  kindness  we 
received  scions  in  a  newspaper,  which  came  alive,  and  were 
inserted  in  young  trees,  one  of  which  we  have  now  in  bearing. 
As  Mr.  Lazell's  name  has  the  priority,  to  prevent  confusion 
it  should  be  known  as  the  real  Tippecanoe  peach,  and  the 
name  of  Mr.  Thomas's  altered. 

Easlburn''s  Choice,  another  new  variety,  figured  in  the  same 
publication.  Size  large;  form  nearly  round;  skin  pale  yellow, 
with  a  fine  blush  on  the  sunny  side;  flesh  yellowish  white,  with 
a  tinge  of  red  round  the  stem,  which  is  very  small;  flavor  ex- 
ceeding pleasant  and  sprightly,  with  a  very  juicy  flesh.  Ri- 
pens late  in  September.  Raised  about  five  years  since,  by 
Mr.  Keith,  of  Kensington,  Philadelphia.  The  name  is  giv- 
en in  honor  of  the   Rev.   Mr.  Eastburn,  who  was  formerly 


J^'^otices  of  new  Fruits.  253 

stationed  at  the  Mariners'  Bethel,  in  Philadelphia.  Trees 
have  been  produced  from  the  seed  through  three  generations, 
without  variation,  and  it  seems  to  substantiate  the  opinion, 
that  if  peaches  are  kept  distinct,  they  vary  but  slightly  from 
the  parent  tree,  when  raised  from  the  stone. 

Grapes. —  Some  few  new  grapes  of  excellent  quality  have 
lately  been  produced.  The  Victoria  we  have  already  noticed; 
but  of  its  value  as  a  forcing  grape  we  have  no  knowledge  fur- 
ther than  has  been  given.  ]t  will  probably  fruit  in  the  grap- 
ery of  the  Hon.  T.  H.  Perkins,  whose  paper  relative  to  the 
same,  in  our  last  volume  (VH.,  p-  423 J  is  undoubtedly  fresh 
in  the  minds  of  lovers  of  the  grape. 

lVih}iot''s  new  black  Hamburg. — This  new  grape  has  been 
already  mentioned  by  our  correspondent,  IMr.  Kenrick,  in  his 
article  in  our  last  volume  (p.  283.)  In  the  Gardeners''  Chron- 
icle., after  some  remarks  upon  new  pi  eductions  in  general,  this 
variety  is  thus  described: — 

In  the  opinion  of  some  of  our  correspondents,  that  noble 
variety  called  Wilmot's  new  Hamburg  is  only  the  black  Ham- 
burg well  cultivated:  one,  who  says  that  he  saw  it  growing  on 
the  tree,  declares  that  he  can  see  no  difference  between  it  and 
the  black  Hamburg.  Now,  in  general,  one  may  take  the  word 
of  an  honest  man  for  what  he  sees,  but  not  always,  and  es- 
pecially in  such  a  case  as  this.  Mr.  Wilmot's  grape  has 
small,  round,  loose,  bunches,  with  very  large  uneven  berries; 
that  is  not  the  usual  character  of  the  black  Hamburg,  but  the 
latter  may  be  made  to  assume  such  an  appearance  by  thinning 
and  high  culiivation;  indeed  we  must  admit  that  we  have  seen 
single  berries  of  the  black  Hamburg  grape  even  larger  than 
any  of  Mr.  W^ilmot's.  It  is,  however,  to  be  observed,  that 
in  such  instances,  the  berries  were  the  exception  to  the  usual 
rule,  wliile  the  large  size  and  rugged  appearance  of  Mr.  Wil- 
mot's are  evidently  the  habitual  marks  of  the  variety.  What, 
however,  are  of  far  more  importance  than  size  and  the  surface 
of  the  fiuit,  are  its  taste  and  texture.  If  the  former  can  be 
influenced  by  cultivation,  the  latter  cannot.  A  gardener  may 
thin  a  white  Muscadine  grape  till  its  bimch  and  berries  are 
like  those  of  a  Muscat  of  Alexandria,  but  he  will  never  make 
it  have  either  the  musky  flavor  or  the  firm  solid  flesh  of  the 
Muscat.  Now  this  is  very  nearly  the  case  with  Mr.  Wil- 
mot's: it  has  a  flesh  alm.ost  as  solid  as  a  Portugal  grape,  and 
it  is  DDL  at  all  like  the  black  Hamburg  in  those  important  par- 


254  Pomological  J^otlccs. 

ticiilars;  there  can  therefore  be  no  doubt  that  it  is  quite  dis- 
tinct from  that  sort.  If  we  are  asked  whether  it  is  equally- 
distinct  from  other  black  grapes,  we  answer,  without  hesita- 
tion, yes,  so  far  as  we  can  ascertain.  We  have  consulted 
some  of  the  most  skilful  grape  growers  of  the  country,  and  the 
Continent,  and  we  cannot  learn  that  any  one  is  acquainted 
with  it. 

This  variety  has  been  introduced,  and  will  probably  fruit  in 
a  year  or  two. 

WihnoVs  Early  JMuscat. — This  is  a  new  variety  raised  by 
Mr.  Wilmot,  and  cultivated  very  extensively  by  him  in  his 
graperies  for  the  London  market.  It  is  exceedingly  produc- 
tive, and  ripens  its  fruit  in  perfection  from  IMarch  till  October. 

Seedling  of  Bloom  Raisin.  —  Under  this  name,  Mr.  Ken- 
rick,  in  the  last  edition  of  the  American  Orchardist^  gave  an 
account  of  a  new  grape,  upon  the  authority  of  Mr.  Robert 
Thompson,  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society's  Garden, 
where  it  produced  its  fruit  in  1837.  Bunches  as  large  as  the 
black  Hamburg,  but  more  loose;  berries  blacker,  and  of 
higher  flavor.  It  ripened  by  the  side  of  the  black  Hamburg 
near  a  month  earlier;  hence  it  will  be  duly  appreciated  by 
those  who  cultivate  early  fruits.  In  our  climate  it  might  un- 
doubtedly be  grown  in  the  open  air,  and  we  hope  it  will  be 
speedily  introduced. 

Strawberries. — In  our  last  volume,  we  incidentally 
alluded  to  some  of  the  new  kinds  which  have  been  lately 
brought  into  notice.  We  now  add  the  following  descriptions 
of  two  new  kinds. 

JMyalCs  British  Queen. — Some  five  years  since,  Mr.  INfy- 
att  produced  a  new  variety  of  the  strawberry,  called  IMyatt's 
Pine,  which  was  considered  a  most  excellent  variet}' ;  but, 
though  a  good  fruit,  it  has  been  found  so  difiicult  to  cultivate, 
that  it  has  lost  much  of  its  value.  It  is  a  handsome  and  fine- 
flavored  fruit;  but  so  shy  is  it  to  grow  and  bear,  that  for  one 
person  who  cultivates  it  successfully,  fifty  fail;  it  is  even  as- 
serted that  Mr.  Myatt  himself  is  losing  his  power  over  it. 
The  production  of  this  variety,  however,  was  sufficient  to 
make  the  name  of  Mr.  Myatt  familiar  as  a  strawberry  grower. 

The  British  Queen  Is  a  late  production,  and  was  first  ofier- 
ed  for  sale,  we  believe,  in  the  spring  of  1S41.  It  is  thus 
described  in  the  Gardeners'*   Chronicle: — 

It  is  said  to  be  an  abundant  bearer,  and  very  free  grower. 


JS'of/'ccs  of  next)  Fruits.  255 

and  is  certainly  a  very  remarkable  variety.  As  to  size,  we 
have  measured  many  which  averaged  six  inches  in  girth;  as  to 
weight,  we  picked  out  seventeen  which  weighed  sixteen 
ounnes;  as  to  productiveness,  we  have  found  several  stems, 
a  foot  high,  bearing  from  five  to  seven  strawberries,  and  in 
two  cases  there  were  ten  and  eleven  on  a  stem;  finally,  as  to 
quality,  the  variety  is  inferior  to  the  old  Pine  and  Myall's 
Pine,  but  it  is  better  than  Keen's  Seedling,  having  more 
flavor;  it  is,  in  fact,  a  very  delicate  agreeable  variety,  without 
the  insipidity  and  wooliness  of  the  coarse  and  large  straw- 
berries. The  only  variety  with  which  it  can  be  compared  is 
the  Downton,  itself  one  of  our  best  strawberries:  it  has  much 
less  acidity,  and  does  not  require  to  be  almost  black  before 
it  is  eaten;  on  the  contrary,  its  greatest  excellence  seems  to 
be  when  it  is  of  a  clear  bright  rose  color.  Vines,  we  be- 
lieve, have  been  imported,  and  probably  another  year  we  may 
have  the  opportunity  of  seeing  the  fruit. 

JSI'ewsome''s  Princess  Royal. — This  is  the  name  of  a  new 
variety,  of  which  we  have  seen  no  account,  except  that  in 
the  advertisement  of  the  plants.  It  is  there  stated  to  be  a 
very  large  fruit,  twelve  of  the  berries  having  weighed  sixteen 
ounces:  this  excels,  in  size,  the  British  Queen.  Nothing  is 
stated  in  relation  to  its  hardiness,  habit  of  growth,  excellency 
of  flavor,  free  bearing,  &c. 

JMijalCs  Eliza. — This  is  a  third  variety  produced  by  INIr. 
INJyalt,  and  is  advertised  as  a  celebrated  fruit,  though  not, 
of  course,  equal  to  the  British  Queen,  as  it  was  brought  into 
notice  before  that  variety,  and  has  now  been  cultivated  three 
or  foin*  years.      Its  peculiar  qualities  are  not  stated. 

The  Ellon  strawberry  is  yet  quite  a  new  fruit  in  our  gar- 
dens. It  is  one  of  the  late  Mr.  Knight's  productions,  but  its 
excellence  was  overlooked  by  him  until  some  time  after  its 
production.  His  seedlings  were  given  to  the  London  Horti- 
cultural Society,  and  when,  a  few  years  since,  they  came  into 
bearing,  among  them  a  superior  fruit  was  found,  which  is  now 
called  the  Elton.  Berries  have  been  produced  in  England, 
weighing  an  ounce  and  a  half  each.     It  deserves  trial. 

Raspberries. — The  old  red  and  while  Antwerp  yet  con- 
tinue superior  kinds,  and  by  many  writers  are  considered  better 
than  any  others.  The  Franconia  is  now  becoming  extensively 
cuhivated,  and  from  its  great  beauty  and  exceeding  produc- 
tiveness, is  very  highly  esteemed.     There  is  great  confusion 


256  Pomological  J\*otices. 

in  regard  to  the  true  red  Antwerp:  at  least  six  or  eight  kinds 
are  cultivated  as  the  red  Antwerp,  and  we  are  in  doubt  wheth- 
er either  of  them  are  the  genuine  kind.  To  set  the  matter 
beyond  doubt,  we  have  imported  a  few  vines  from  the  best 
sources,  and  when  they  come  into  bearing,  we  hope  to  ac- 
complish this  object. 

7'Ae  Victoria  raspberry,  of  which  we  gave  an  account  last 
year,  has  been  introduced,  and  will  probably  fruit  next  year. 

The  Turkish  Turban  is  the  name  under  which  we  have  seen 
a  variety  advertised  in  the   London   magazines,  as  a  fine   fruit. 

The  new  red  Antwerp. — Under  this  name  we  have  received 
a  few  plants  from  our  correspondents,  Messrs.  A.  J.  Down- 
ing &  Co.,  of  Newburgh,  N.  Y.,  which  they  state  to  have 
originally  been  discovered  in  a  garden  near  that  city.  It  is 
considered  by  them  as  preferable  to  the  red  Antwerp. 

The  Ever-bearing  Raspberry. — In  our  Vol.  III.,  p.  154, 
under  our  Miscellaneous  Notices,  we  gave  an  account  of  this 
fruit,  which  had  then  just  been  brought  into  notice:  since 
then,  we  have  heard  very  little  of  it  till  the  past  year.  It  is 
now  attracting  more  attention,  and  as  it  is  deemed  a  valuable 
acquisition,  we  have  copied  a  further  description  of  it  below, 
which  we  find  in  the  American  Agricidturisl: — 

The  Ohio  Ever-bearing  raspberry  was  first  discovered  some 
fifteen  years  ago,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  near  lake 
Erie,  but  in  what  particular  part  is  unknown.  Mr.  Long- 
worth,  of  Cincinnati,  introduced  it  into  his  garden  in  1S32,  at 
which  period  he  was  driven  into  the  back  country  by  the 
cholera,  where  he  found  it  growing.  It  has  been  little  known, 
however,  in  Cinciimati,  until  within  the  last  two  years,  but 
there  is  now  great  efFort  made  by  the  gardeners  to  cultivate  it 
for  the  market  of  that  city.  The  fruit  resembles  the  wild 
native  raspberry,  but  is  much  larger,  more  fleshy,  and  of  a 
much  finer  flavor,  and  is  also  a  very  profuse  bearer.  In  Cincin- 
nati, the  wood  of  the  previous  year  bears  one  crop  in  June, 
after  which  it  soon  dies;  the  young  shoots  then  come  into 
bearing,  and  continue  doing  so  into  October,  till  the  frost  cuts 
them  off,  when  may  be  seen  buds  and  blossoms,  and  the  fruit 
in  every  stage  from  green  up  to  full  ripe,  on  the  bush,  stayed 
by  the  hand  of  natuie  in  the  midst  of  their  productiveness. 
The  fruit  is  preferred  by  many  to  the  red  Antwerp,  and  with 
its  large  erect  clusters  of  flowers,  presents  a  beautiful  appear- 
ance. 


On  different  varieties  of  Strawberries.  257 

Mr.  Longvvortb,  in  a  communication  describing  ibis  fruit, 
in  tbe  Gardeners^  Magazine,  states  that  the  plants,  in  light 
dry  soils,  are  not  very  productive  in  the  autumn  crop;  but  if 
grown  on  a  stiff  loam,  on  a  chiyey  subsoil,  bear  profusely  till 
destroyed  by  frost.  From  all  that  has  been  said  in  relation 
to  it,  it  appears  a  desirable  fruit,  and  we  bope  soon  to  test  its 
qualities  ourselves. 


Art.  IV.  Observations  on  different  varieties  of  Slraivbcr- 
ries;  and  the  mea^is  of  producing  good  crops  of  fruit.  By 
N.  LoNGWORTH,  Esq.,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

I  SAW  a  bed  of  Hoveys'  seedling  strawberry,  last  spring, 
in  a  gentleman's  garden  in  New  Jersey.  There  were  no 
other  kinds  near  them,  and  there  was  not  a  perfect  fruit  on 
the  whole  bed.  It  was  out  of  blossom;  but  I  cannot  be  un- 
der a  mistake  when  I  say  that  your  strawberry  is,  in  common 
with  the  Methven  Castle,  Hudson,  and  all  other  good  bearers 
that  produce  very  large  fruit,  defective  in  the  male  organs, 
and  must,  in  your  variety,  amount  to  a  complete  separation  of 
the  sexes,  and  require  other  plants,  perfect  in  the  male  organs, 
near  them.  I  have  kept  the  male  and  female  Hudson  in  sep- 
arate compartments  for  twenty  years,  to  enable  me  to  make  a 
suitable  selection  in  putting  out  new  beds;  those  never  had 
either  produced  a  perfect  I'ruit.  When  at  Mr.  Cushing's,  at 
Watertown,  I  was  surprised  to  learn  that  his  Keen's  seedling 
bore  fruit  in  a  compartment  where  there  was  no  other  variety 
near.  The  Keen's  seedling  imported  by  Mr.  Buist  and  my- 
self, is  defective  in  the  male  organs,  and  an  acre  of  them,  if 
not  mixed  with  males,  would  not  produce  a  perfect  fruit.  I 
examined  Mr.  Cushing's  Keen's  strawberry  when  in  blossom, 
and  found  them  perfect  in  the  male  organs,  and  generally  per- 
fect in  the  female  organs  also.  His  fruit  cannot  be  as  large, 
or  his  vines  as  abundant  bearers,  as  mine,  but  his  plants  would 
be  valuable  to  mix  with  mine,  say  one  to  ten.  His  will  be 
found  to  ripen  some  days  earlier,  the  fruit  less  abundant  but 
of  greater  sweetness,  and  a  portion  of  the  blossoms  will  blast. 

VOL.   VIII. — NO.  VII.  33 


258  On  different  varieties  of  Straioherries; 

This  is  the  objection  to  Wilmot's  Superb  strawberry:  it  is  so 
defective  in  the  female  organs,  that  with  me,  not  one  blossom 
in  fifty  will  produce  a  perfect  fruit;  but  in  a  stiff  clay  it  would 
bear  belter.  From  the  appearance  of  the  vine  of  your  straw- 
berry, I  anticipate  a  very  large  fruit;  but  I  shall  not  risk  it 
wiihout  a  male  Hudson  near,  except  it  be  a  single  plant  as  an 
experiment.  The  moment  I  can  see  the  blossom,  I  shall  be 
as  well  satisfied  as  after  cultivating  it  for  years. 

1  have  been  surprised  to.  find  no  English  gardeners  that  un- 
derstood the  true  character  of  the  strawberry.  There  is  no 
strawberry  that  produces  abundantly  and  very  large  fruit, 
where  the  male  and  fenmle  organs  are  perfect,  in  the  same 
blossom.  In  some  varieties  only,  it  amounts  to  a  complete 
separation  of  the  sexes;  in  others,  those  abounding  in  the  fe- 
male organs  never  bear  a  perfect  fruit.  Those  abounding  in 
the  male  organs  sometimes  produce  a  fair  crop,  and  where  a 
iew  fruit  only,  it  is  often  very  large.  I  am  the  more  sur- 
prised at  this,  as  the  discovery  was  made  by  Dachesne,  and 
communicated  to  Linnaeus,  and  his  views  are  sustained  by  all 
writers  of  eminence  who  have  written  on  the  strawberry  since 
his  day.  In  raising  from  seed,  both  kinds  are  produced,  but 
if  suffered  to  run  together,  as  the  male  vine  is  the  more  vigor- 
ous, it  will  make  ten  new  plants  where  the  female  produces 
one,  and  will  soon  root  out  all  the  bearing  plants.  In  all  the 
monthly  and  white  variety  of  the  strawberry  that  I  have  seen, 
the  male  and  female  organs  are  perfect  in  every  blossom,  and, 
as  a  natural  consequence,  the  fruit  is  never  large.  The  small 
Virginia  scarlet  produces  about  half  a  crop  of  delicious  fruit, 
but  it  is  always  small.  I  add  a  sketch  of  a  male  and  of  a  fe- 
male blossom  of  the  Hudson  strawberry. 

8  9 


Female  flower.  Male  fowtr. 

You  will  observe  the  male  blossom  is  largest.  By  sepa- 
rating the  hull  from  the  stem  of  the  female  plant,  the  fe- 
male organs  will  be  found  attached   to   the  stem,  and  the  male 


and  .means  of  producing  good  crops.  259 

organs  to  the  hull,  but  the  latter  so  small  as  to  be  incapable  of 
impregnating  the  female.  In  this  variety,  which  I  consider 
far  superior  to  Keen's,  Methven  Castle,  or  the  Pine,  it 
amounts  to  a  complete  separation  of  the  sexes;  neither  will 
produce  a  perfect  fruit  when  separated  from  all  others,  nor 
would  either  ever  produce  a  plant  of  a  different  character 
were  they  to  run  for  fifty  years.  Many  intelligent  horticul- 
turists, and  among  them  the  elder  Prince,  have  an  idea  that 
the  strawberry  vine  becomes  barren  by  running.  He  inferred 
this;  for  where  he  had  both  bearing  and  barren  vines  in  a  bed, 
in  two  or  three  years  the  former  disappeared  entirely.  The 
reason  for  this  I  have  stated. 

I  intended  writing  a  few  lines  only,  but  knew  not  where  to 
stop.  When  your  strawberry  is  in  blossom  I  will  again  trou- 
ble you  with  my  views  of  its  character.  The  question  has 
been  lately  started  in  England,  whether  all  strawberries  are 
mere  varieties,  or  whether  there  be  different  species.  I  con- 
sider this  question  settled  by  the  fact,  that  the  Hautboy  straw- 
berry and  some  others  cannot  be  impregnated  by  the  Hudson, 
Virginia  Scarlet,  or  our  native  strawberry. 

Yours,  truly,  N.  Longworth. 

Cincinnati,  Oct.,  1841. 

P.  S.  J\Iaij  16,  1842. — My  plants  are  now  in  blossom, 
and  young  fruit.  I  have  plants,  with  males  of  the  Hudson 
variety  near  them,  and  not  a  blossom  will  fail  to  produce  a 
perfect  fruit.  As  an  experiment,  I  placed  a  vigorous  plant 
where  it  could  be  impregnated  by  no  other  variety,  and  the 
result  is,  what  the  blossom  satisfied  me  it  would  be,  it  will  not 
produce  a  perfect  fruit.  But  this  is  a  vigorous  and  hardy 
variety,  and  my  present  impression  is,  that  it  will  prove  su- 
perior to  Keen's  seedling  in  all  respects.  In  my  opinion,  its 
Ijcing  defective  in  the  male  organs  increases  its  value;  but  it 
is  necessary  that  those  cultivating  it  should  be  informed  of  it, 
and  plant  a  few  vines,  perfect  in  the  male  organs,  near  them. — 

No  subject  is  of  more  importance  to  the  horticulturist  than 
the  unsettled  question  in  relation  to  the  existence  of  separate 
sexes  in  the  strawberry  plant.  Though  we  have  been  well 
aware  that  there  w eve  fertile  and  sterile  plants,  yet  we  have 
been  unwilling  to  believe  that  there  existed  separate  male  and 
female  flowers,  amounting  to  a  complete  separation  of  the  sex- 


260  On  different  varieties  of  Strawberries; 

es.  The  subject  has  been  more  than  once  mentioned  in  our 
previous  volumes,  by  ourselves  and  contributors;  and  in  an 
excellent  article  on  the  cultivation  of  the  strawberry,  (Vol. 
IV.,  p.  161,)  by  our  correspondent,  Mr.  Downing,  he  has 
given  directions  for  the  best  mode  of  securing  a  crop  of  fruit 
of  those  kinds  which  are  imperfect  in  the  blossoms.  Mr. 
Longworth  was  the  first  to  point  out  this  fact,  so  long  overlook- 
ed by  scientific  men,  to  Mr.  Downing,  and  the  truth  of  it 
confirmed  by  an  examination  of  the  plants. 

We  are  happy  in  being  enabled  to  offer  the  above  remarks 
of  Mr.  Longworth  at  this  time;  not  only  because  he  has 
brought  the  subject  up  in  such  a  manner,  but  because  it  has 
called  our  attention  to  it,  and  given  us  an  opportunity  to  con- 
firm what  he  has  stated,  in  relation  to  our  seedling  strawberry, 
and  to  other  varieties  mentioned  in  his  communication;  and  to 
correct  an  error  under  which  we  labored,  in  regard  to  the  per- 
fect character  of  the  blossoins  of  the  former  variety. 

In  our  article  upon  our  seedling,  (Vol.  VI.,  p.  2S4,)  we 
alluded  to  the  fact  of  there  being  sterile  and  fertile  plants  of 
the  Downton,  Bishop's  Orange,  and  others,  and  remarked  that 
"a  want  of  a  knowledge  of  this  fact  had  heretofore  occasioned 
much  disappointment  in  the  cultivation  of  these  varieties." 
We  also  stated  that  such  was  not  the  case  with  our  own  vari- 
ety; that  every  flower  was  perfect,  and  followed  by  a  full  siz- 
ed fruit.  Our  opinion  was  not  based  upon  a  very  minute  in- 
spection of  the  flower,  but  from  what  we  thought  a  safer  mode 
of  judging,  the  fact  that  every  single  bloom  which  opened  pro- 
duced a  fruit:  this  the  plants  did  in  1838,  '39,  '40,  and  '41 ;  and 
to  such  a  degree  was  the  original  bed,  which  was  not  destroy- 
ed till  the  present  summer,  productive,  that  many  of  the  most 
intelligent  cultivators  who  saw  it,  among  whom  we  may  name 
Mr.  Haggerston,  gardener  to  J.  P.  Gushing,  Esq.,  assured  us 
that  they  had  never  seen  it  equalled.  We  took  it  for  granted 
that  there  could  be  no  such  thing  as  a  sterile  plant,  when  all 
bore  a  crop  of  fruit. 

In  the  spring  of  1841  we  had  occasion  to  make  a  new  bed, 
more  particularly  for  the  growth  of  young  plants  than  for  the 
fruit:  this  bed,  in  order  to  be  sure  that  the  variety  should  be 
kept  distinct,  was  placed  in  a  remote  part  of  the  garden,  at 
least  fifty  yards  from  any  other  kind.  During  last  season  they 
made  a  good  growth,  and  covered  the  ground  with  the  vines 
in  the  autumn.      From  this   bed  immense  quantities  of  plants 


and  means  of  producing  good  crops.  261 

were  taken  for  sale  at  that  time,  and  the  present  spring;  yet 
there  was  a  sufficiency  left  to  produce  a  good  croj),  and  be- 
fore the  plants  began  to  throw  up  their  flower  stalks,  Mr. 
Longworth's  communication  came  to  hand,  and  we  were  quite 
astonished  to  hear  that  be  had  seen  a  whole  bed,  in  which 
there  was  not  a  perfect  fruit:  we  at  first  believed  he  could  not 
have  seen  the  true  varie(y;  but  knowing  Mr.  Longworth  to  be 
a  gentleman  distinguished  in  horticulture,  and  upon  whose 
statements  we  could  rely,  we  determined  to  watch  the  bed 
carefully  when  the  plants  began  to  bloom,  and  satisfy  our- 
selves. This  we  did;  and  the  most  rigid  examination  has  con- 
vinced us  that  he  is  correct.  The  new  bed  above  alluded  to 
flowered  freely,  but  it  has  not  produced  twenty  quarts  of  fruit, 
though  it  was  large  enough  to  produce  at  least  two  bushels. 
In  this  bed  of  upwards  of  five  thousand  plants,  we  did  not 
find  a  flower  with  perfect  stamens.  We  then  had  recourse  to 
the  original  bed,  where  a  few  straggling  plants  were  growing; 
after  a  careful  inspection  we  found  from  forty  to  fifty,  out  of 
perhaps  a  hundred  left,  which  had  perfect  flowers,  that  is,  pro- 
ducing both  stamens  and  pistils;  these  we  took  up  carefully, 
and  they  are  now  doing  well.  The  question  then  recurred  to 
us,  whether  the  original  plant  might  not  have  been  perfect  in 
its  flowers,  but  by  the  rapid  marmer  in  which  the  runners  had 
been  increased,  the  flowers  had  become  imperfect.  U  this 
had  not  been  the  case,  where  should  the  staminate  plants  have 
originated,  when  not  one  was  found  in  the  new  beds?  Could 
they  have  been  accidental  seedlings?  This  question  cannot  be 
settled  until  the  plants  have  produced  fruit  another  year. 

But  it  may  be  asked,  how  our  plants  in  the  original  bed 
should  have  produced  such  crops.  This  is  easily  explained: 
in  parallel  beds  of  fifty  feet  in  length,  each  containing  two  or 
three  rows,  we  cultivated  the  Wood  strawberry.  Keen's  seed- 
ling, Methven,  pine.  Early  Virginia,  and  some  others.  The 
consequence  was,  that  however  deficient  our  seedlings  might 
be  in  stamens,  the  abundance  of  them  in  the  other  kinds  was 
sufficient  to  fertilize  the  whole  bed.  It  was  probably  this 
which  deceived  us,  and  led  us  to  the  conclusion  that  the  flow- 
ers were  perfect,  and  the  distance  at  which  the  bed  we  have 
before  mentioned  was  placed  from  all  other  kinds,  has  been 
the  means  of  convincing  us  of  the  truth  of  Mr.  Longworth's 
statement. 

It  is  somewhat  singular  that  none  of  the  English  writers  on 


262  General  iN'otices. 

gardening  have  mentioned  the  subject,  except  a  remark  in  the 
London  Horticultural  Society's  Catalogue,  that  there  exists 
in  all  sorts  of  Hautbois  both  the  ^'•proUjxc,^''  and  also  those 
sterile  plants  commonly  called  males,  which  have  '■'•long  run- 
ners.'''' No  reference  is  made  to  the  other  classes  of  this 
fruit,  which  contain  so  many  sorts,  and  so  many  of  which  in 
the  same  work  are  set  down  as  bud  bearers.  The  French 
writers  appear  to  have  been  the  first  who  discovered  it,  and 
alluded  to  it  in  some  of  their  late  publications. 

After  what  has  been  written,  it  is  only  necessary  to  know 
that  our  Seedling,  the  Methven,  Downton,  and  others,  should 
be  set  out  in  beds,  near  to  a  bed  of  Early  Virginia,  or  some 
other  staminate  plants;  not  barren  ones,  or  those  devoid  of 
pistils,  as  some  cultivators  have  advised,  as  it  is  just  as  well  to 
have  such  as  will  produce  a  crop  of  fruit.  Those  who  may 
have  found  our  strawberry  a  shy  bearer,  after  this  explanation 
will  be  able  to  produce  as  great  a  crop  as  they  could  wish. 

An  inspection  of  the  engravings  of  the  two  kinds  of  flowers, 
in  p.  258,  will  enable  the  cultivator  to  detect  them  very  easily. 
In  our  engraving  the  two  flowers  are  nearly  of  a  size.  INlr. 
Longworth's  sketch  was  made  last  fall,  probably  from  recol- 
lection, and  was  somewhat  imperfect.  Our  present  drawing 
was  made  from  a  flower  as  we  took  it  from  the  vines. 


MISCELLANEOUS     INTELLIGENCE. 

Art.  I.     General  Notices. 

Pruning  black  Currants. — The  best  method  of  pruninsr  black  cm-- 
rauts  is  to  thin  out  the  branches  wlicn  they  are  too  thick,  and  not 
shorten,  unless  when  a  shoot  or  branch  requires  to  be  cut  back,  in  or- 
der to  produce  one  or  more  additional,  to  fill  up  an  adjoining  open- 
injr.     (Gard.  Chvon.,  1842,  j).  25.) 

Hemerocdtlis  crrridea,  and  the  other  species,  require  to  be  planted 
in  loainy  soil,  kept  rather  dry  in  winter,  but  freely  supplied  with 
moisture  in  the  j^rowing  season.  Tliey  are  also  the  hotter  it'  planted 
in  a  situation  where  they  are  partially  shaded  from  the  mid-day  sun. 
The  Japan  species,  now  called  funkias,  are  more  delicate,  and  are 
apt  to  sufler  from  superabundant  moisture  during  the  vvinterj  they 


General  J^otices.  263 

should  be  i)rotected  wiih  a  flower  pot  inverted,  to  keep  them  dry. 
(/J.  1842,  p.  25.) 

To  kill  Aloss  on  Gravel  Walks. — One  ounce  of  sulphate  of  copper, 
dissolved  in  a  irallon  of  water,  is  strong  enough  to  kill  moss  in  gravel 
walks.     {Id.,  1842,  p.  57.) 

Taking  up  Hyacinth  Bulbs. — "Wiicn  taken  up  the  I)uli)s  should  be 
removed  to  a  shed,  sheltered  from  the  sun,  but  free  to  air,  and  any 
earth  adhering  to  the  fibres  of  the  roots  should  remain  for  some  little 
time:  after  two  or  three  days  they  should  be  looked  over,  and  loose 
earth  shaken  from  them,  and  as  the  leaves  decay  they  should  be  oc- 
casionally removed.  I  have  generally  placed  my  bulbs  at  first  in  the 
ground,  in  the  tool  shed,  and  as  they  got  dry  removed  them  to  an  airy 
shelf.  When  the  leaves  are  nearly  decayed,  I  place  them  in  very 
shallow  baskets,  and  allow  as  much  air  as  practicable  to  be  between 
each  root,  to  harden  them,  turning  them  every  two  or  three  days. 
By  this  treatment,  and  rui)l)ing  off  any  portion  of  mould  atta(died  to 
the  bottom  and  sides,  they  are  in  a  fit  state  to  be  placed  for  the  sum- 
mer in  a  dry  room,  and  by  a  little  occasional  attention,  the  rough  and 
outside  coat  w^ill,  by  a  gentle  pressure  of  the  thumb,  be  effectually 
removed,  and  exhibit  the  appearance  of  the  bull)  clean,  smooth,  and 
in  good  condition.  The  latter  process  I  generally  do  in  the  latter 
part  of  August,  and  at  the  same  time  remove  the  remains  of  such 
part  of  the  root  of  the  former  year  as  may  not  have  drojiped  off  ftre- 
viously  to  this  time.  It  is  hardly  necessary  to  state,  that  any  bulb  in 
an  unsound  state,  either  from  appearance  of  decay,  or  from  having 
been  injured  in  taking  up,  should  not  be  put  with  those  intended  for 
future  planting.      {Id.,  1842,  p.  107.) 

Pruning  Forest  Trees. — Always  look  at  the  top  of  a  tree  to  be 
pruned — and  every  tree  requires  pruning  every  eight  or  ten  years,  at 
least — and  observe  if  it  be  double  or  round  headeil.  If  double  top- 
y)ed,  cut  away  the  worst  and  most  crooked,  leaving  only  one  leading 
shoot;  then  look  down  the  stem,  and  if  the  tree  be  vigorous,  cut 
away  the  strongest  branches,  say  two,  three  or  four  of  them,  accord- 
ing to  its  vigor.  If  weakly,  take  only  one  of  the  thickest  away,  and 
on  no  account  touch  the  smaller  and  lower  branches,  which  aid  the 
growth  of  the  stem,  whilst  the  large  branches  are  jierfect  robl)ers  of 
the  sap.  If  the  head  be  round,  ami  without  a  straight,  good  leading 
top  shoot,  better  cut  the  head  completely  away,  when  it  will  make  a 
fresh  straight  shoot;  or  if  it  be  of  the  pine  tribe,  cut  it  down  altogeth- 
er; it  can  never  reach  a  valuable  size,  or  be  ornamental.  {Id.,  1842, 
p.  110.) 

Treatment  of  some  kinds  of  Dahlias. — Lee's  Bloomsbnry,  Beauty 
of  the  Plain,  Dowager  Lady  Coofier,  &c.,  should  not  be  thinneil  out, 
as  that  would  tend  to  increase  their  coarseness;  but  by  allowing  them 
to  have  free  growth,  ])art  of  the  nourishment  that  would  go  to  the 
flowers  is  directed  to  other  jiurposes,  and  the  blooms  are  consequent- 
ly finer  in  quality.      {Id.,  1842,  p.  113.) 

Cultivation  of  Salvia  patens. — In  the  autumn  dig  up  the  roots  with 
the  dahlias,  and  after  drying  them  they  are  stood  in  some  good  dry 
and  cool  shed  or  cellar,  sufficiently  warm  to  keep  them  from  freez- 
ing, and  they  must  be  occasionally  examined-  About  the  middle  of 
February,  take  a  few  roots  into  the  vinery  or  green-house,  where 


264  General  J^otices. 

there  is  a  moderate  temperature,  and  start  them  before  potting,  in 
the  manner  of  dahlias.  In  the  course  of  a  month,  the  buds  will  be 
advanced  an  inch  in  leniith.  Then  divide  the  roots  into  as  many 
parts  as  there  are  young  shoots,  leaving  one  or  more  tubers  to  each: 
pot  them  in  rich  soil,  shifting  as  they  require  it;  and  pinch  the  bloom 
from  a  ))ortion  of  them,  as  it  ajipears  to  insure  a  succession.  {Id.y 
1842,  p.  143.) 

Characteristics  of  new  Dahlias. — For  the  information  of  dahlia 
growers  who  may  be  cultivating  flowers  for  exhibition,  and  who 
may  wish  to  know  beforehand  how  much  they  can  depend  upon 
certain  varieties  for  the  purpose,  we  have  added  the  following  notes 
on  a  few  of  the  newest  kinds,  extracted  from  an  article  in  the  Chron- 
icle, in  which  upwards  of  a  hundred  are  named.  So  far  as  we  have 
grown  the  sorts,  the  writer's  remarks  appear  correct. 
Admirable  (Sparry's  )  Rosy  purple.  'I'he  flower  appears  rather 
too  much  quilled  in  the  centre,  from  the  petal  being  a  little  too 
long:  it  is  a  useful  show  flower. 
Advocate.      Buff;   good   petal,    but   too    much   sunk     in    the    eye. 

Useless. 
Beauty  (Parsons's.)     White,    tipped  with   purple;    very  uncertain, 

but  occasionally  produces  fine  show  flowers. 
Britannia  (Ring's.)     Rose;  a  second  rate  flower,  of  little  use. 
Bridesmaid  (Brown's.)     White,   ti|)ped   with   purple;   a   well   form- 
ed flower,  of  good  substance;  a  very  useful  and  desirable  variety. 
Burnliam    Hero    (Church's.)     Dark  crimson;  a  very    constant  and 
desirable  flower,   of   gooti  symmetry,  and  well  up  in   the  centre; 
an   excellent  flower  for  exhibition. 
Conservative  (Low's.)     Purple;  occasionally  very  fine. 
Concjueror  of  the  World  (Stein's.)     Primrose,  edged  with  rosy  pur- 
ple; a  very  jjretty  flower,   of  good   form;  uncertain.     We  recom- 
mend it  to  be  tried  another  season. 
Constancy  (Keynes's.)     Purple;  good  second  rate  flower. 
Dowager   Lady   Coo|)er   (Jackson's.)      A   very    beautifully   colored 
flower,   being  a  delicate   rosy  lilac;  extra    fine    petal  and  form;  a 
hard-eyed  flower,  occasionally  producing  very  fine  show  blooms. 
Eclipse  (VVidnall's.)      Scarlet   red;  a  good   and   useful   flower;  the 
petals    are  sometimes   slightly  serrated.     It  has  appeared  in  most 
of  the  many  stands  during  the  past  season. 
Eclipse  (Cattleugh's.)     Vermilion   rose.     This  is  a  fine  deep  flower, 
with  petal  of  first  rate  quality;  the  centre  is  a  little  depressed;  it  is 
in  the  greatest  perfection  in  the  beginning  of  the  season.     The  co- 
lor is  very  beautiful  and  distinct.     It   is  worthy  of  being  grown  by 
every  dahlia  fancier,   as   it   is   a   good   show  flower,  and  from  its 
dwarf  hal)it  it  makes  an  excellent  border  variety, 
Fanny  Keynes.     Shaded  rose;  a  useful  second  class  flower. 
Haidee  (VVildman's.)     White,  ti|)ped  with  rose;  too  coarse. 
Highgate  Rival  (Stein's.)     Crimson:   the  flower  resembles,  and  is  an 
imjirovement  upon,  the  Marquis  of  Lothian;  a  useful  second  rate 
variety. 
Indis[)ensable   (Girling's.)     Rosy  purple;    good   general   form,    and 

fine  petal;  a  flower  of  excellent  properties. 
King  of  Roses  (Thompson's.)     Petals  rather  too  broad,  but  a  con- 
stant and  useful  second  rate  flower. 


General  J^olices.  265 

Maid  of  Bath  (Davis's.)  French  white,  laced  with  purple;  the  pet- 
als are  rather  too  broad  and  shallow,  and  not  sufficient  in  quantity. 
It  is,  however,  a  very  constant  and  useful  flower,  and  has  been  a 
great  favorite  durinj(  the  past  season,  having  been  shown  in  most 
of  the  winning  stands. 
Oranije  Boven.  Uncertain,  sometimes  producing  fine  show  flowers. 
Poole's  white.     Worthless, 

Queen  (Ansell's.)     White,  laced  with  pink;  seedy  eye;  worthless. 
Queen  (Widnall's.)     Color   peach   blossom;  very  constant,  and  oc- 
casionally very  beautiful;  general  form  of  the  flower  very  line. 
Regina   (Gregory's.)     Crimson;    a  constant  and  very  useful  show 

flower. 
ReveniTo  (Cox's.)     Sulphur;  worthless. 
Rival  Revenge  (Cox's.)     Sulphur;  worthless. 

Scarlet    Defiance    (Cozzens's.)     A  desirable   variety,  from   the  dis- 
tinctness of  its  color,   being  a   bright  orange  scarlet;  it  is  a  well 
formed  and  useful  flower. 
Scarlet  le   Grand  (Wingfield's.)     The  petal  of  the  flower  is  of  first 
rate  form  and   quality,    but   it   has  a  hard  eye,  and  is  never  to  be 
seen  in  showa!)le  condition;  useless. 
Tournatiient  (Cattleuiih's.)     Scarlet  red;  a  flower  of  good  proper- 
ties, rising  well  in  the  centre;  a  very  constant  and  desirable  variety. 
Unique  (Walton's.)     White,  edged   with  lilac;  a  very  useful  flower. 
Uxbridge   Magnet   (Cattleiigh's.)     Purple;  a    flower  of   good   sub- 
stance;  occasionally    confused  in   the  centre,    but   producing,   at 
times,  fine  show  flowers. 
Yellow    Climax  (Wildman's  )     Fine   color;  uncertain;  occasionally 
produces  good  show  flowers. 

Some  of  the  hard  eyed  flowers  may  do  better  here  than  in  Eng- 
land, while  those  which  are  thin,  and  inclined  to  show  a  centre,  may 
not  do  as  well.  We,  however,  are  inclined  to  the  opinion  that  cli- 
mate makes  but  little  difference:  a  dahlia  which  is  really  good  in 
England,  will  prove  so  here;  at  least,  such  has  been  the  case  here- 
tofore.    (Gard.  Chron.,  1842,  p.  155.) 

Bone  dust  for  Manure.  —  With  respect  to  bone  dust,  twelve  months 
ago  we  had  a  ton  of  it  to  mix  along  with  the  earth  in  the  vine  bor- 
der. 1  took  two  or  three  barrowfulls  of  the  smallest,  and  mixed  it 
with  some  compost  in  which  I  was  potting  some  pelargoniums,  and 
the  result  was,  that  I  lost  every  plant.  I  likewise  tried  it  upon  some 
chrysanthemums,  and  they  grew  and  bloomed  splendidly.  The  re- 
maining- portion  of  the  compost  I  united  with  soil,  which  I  put  to 
some  strawberries,  and  I  had  an  excellent  crop.  When  I  had  filled 
up  my  vine  border,  1  had  about  two  duzen  barrowfulls  of  coin|)ost 
left,  which  1  put  into  my  celery  trenches,  along  side  some  that  were 
well  manured  with  cow-dun;.';  and  the  difference  was  quite  visible 
all  the  time  the  plants  were  growing;  and  on  taking  them  uj),  and 
com|)aring  the  largest  heads  of  each,  I  foimd  that  those  grown  with 
the  bone  dust  were  the  heaviest  by  two  pounds  a  head.  {Id.,  1842, 
p.  158.) 

Nitrate  of  Soda. — Nitrate   of  soda,    applied    at   the   rate   of  one 
pound  to  the  rod,  when  roses  commence  growing,  will  much  improve 
their  vigor,  and  seems  to  prevent  their  being  attacked  by  the  green 
VOL.    VIII.  —  NO.  VII.  34 


26G  General  Mtices. 

fl}'  (liHing  the  summer.  Care  must  he  taken  that  none  of  the  nitrate 
lodse  o«  the  leaves  or  young  shoots,  as  it  will  destroy  them,  and 
particuiiuly  if  applied  in  dry  weather.     {Id.,  1&42,  j).  161.) 

CuUivaling  China  Roses. — China  roses  do  not  recjuire  much  prun- 
ing:, beyond  cuttinji  the  longest  shoots  to  strong  eyes.  They  like 
good  rich  soil,  with  j)lenty  of  manure,  and  iorm  beautiful  objects 
when  traineil  on  three  stakes  in  a  pyramidal  form,  or  when  growing 
over  a  wall  or  trellis.     {Id.,   1842,  p.  161.) 

Vanilla. — M.  Neumann,  the  gardener  who  has  the  management 
of  the  hot-houses  at  the  Garden  of  Plants,  at  Paris,  has  succeeded 
i»  obtaniing  a  crop  of  vanilla.  His  plant  is  reported  to  have  pro- 
duced one  hundred  and  seven  ripe  fruits,  the  pulp  of  which  was  of 
excpiisite  flavor  and  perfume.  The  plant  itself  is  said  to  have  suf- 
fered, but  whether  or  not  from  overbearing  is  not  ascertained.  {Id., 
1S42,  p.  28<S.) 

New  Ribes. — Messrs.  Lowe,  of  the  Clapton  Nursery,  have  flow- 
ered a  new  hybrid  Rihes,  which  is  likely  to  prove  a  valuable  addi- 
tion to  our  collection  of  hardy  kinds.  It  was  raised  by  Mr.  Beaton^ 
from  seeds  of  Ribes  sanguineum,  fertilized  with  the  ])ollen  of  U. 
aureum.  and  partakes  equally  of  the  properties  of  both  parents;  the 
flowers  being  of  a  reddish  yellow  color,  more  slender  than  those  of 
R.  sauijuineum,  while  the  leaves  bear  a  strong  resemblance  to  those 
of  R.  aiireum.  In  its  mode  of  growth,  however,  it  widely  differs 
from  l)0th,  being  of  a  nnich  more  erect  and  graceful  habit;  bearing 
its  flowers  with  that  profusion  which  is  so  beautifully  characteristic 
of  R.  sanguineum.     '{Id.,  1842,  p.  288.) 

Bokhara  Clover. — A  specimen  of  this  species  of  clover,  which  has 
acquired  some  notoriety  the  past  year  or  two,  was  exhibited  last  au- 
tunm  at  a  meeting  of  the  Yorkshire  Agricultural  Society,  by  Mr. 
Stickney.  who  states  "that  if  allowed  to  flower,  it  becomes  peren- 
nial, and  that  a  single  plant,  in  rich  soil,  kept  clear  of  weeds,  will 
cover  a  circle  of  two  yards  in  diameter,  and  attain  the  height  of  fif- 
teen feet.  It  dries  down  in  the  autumn,  and  in  the  s|M-ing  shoots  out 
again  from  the  crown.  Horses,  and  all  kinds  of  cattle,  eat  it  freely, 
either  in  a  green  or  ni  a  dried  state.  It  may  perhaps  jjrove  useful 
in  alternate  husbandry,  as  it  produces  a  great  height  of  herl)age, 
and  has,  at  the  second  cuttinsi  in  September,  attained  the  height  of 
two  feet."     {Id.,  1842,  p.  288.) 

A  hardy  sort  of  Rice. — The  Rev.  M.  Gabet,  a  French  missionary 
at  Ichat,  in  Mongolia,  has  lately  forwarded  to  France  a  variety  of 
rice,  which  n^ay  turn  out  very  useful  to  the  agriculturists  of  other 
countries.  Whilst  the  rice  hitherto  cultivated  requires  a  damp  soil 
and  irrigation,  the  present  variety  grows  in  dry  localities,  and  is  cul- 
tivated like  wheat.  A  distribution  of  the  seed  among  the  agricultu- 
rists of  France  has  been  ordered  by  the  Acadeuiie  des  Sciences,  and, 
as  this  variety  is  mentioned  in  Chinese  works,  M.  Stanslaus  Julien 
has  prinleil  from  the  Chinese  Cyclopedia  some  notices  relating  to  its 
mode  of  culture,  amongst  which  the  following  possess  the  greatest 
interest: — "This  species  of  rice  at  the  present  time  is  cultivated  in 
the  |)rovince  of  Fokien.  It  requires  to  be  sown  in  an  elevated  situ- 
ation, being  equally  productive  in  the  northern  and  more  arid  regions 
of  China,   and   in   those  parts  where  the  supply  of  water  is    more 


General  jYulices.  267 

plentiful.  In  general,  it  is  sown  and  cultivated  exactly  in  the  same 
tnanner  of  wheat.  When  the  ground  is  prepared,  the  seed  is  steep- 
ed in  water  for  one  night;  after  sowing  it,  the  land  is  well  soaked 
with  water  in  which  the  ashes  of  rice  straw  have  been  previously 
mixed.  It  is  then  hoed  at  three  different  times,  and  is  each  time 
watered  with  liiiiiid  manure."     (Id..,  1842,  p.  223.) 

[The  introduction  of  this  variety  may  be  of  great  advantage  to 
the  northern  states,  and  enable  them  to  produce  their  own  rice. — Ed.] 

Nitrate  of  Soda  on  Evergreens. — Mr.  Rivers,  of  Sawbridgeworth, 
has  applied  it  at  the  rate  of  one  and  a  half  to  two  hundred  weight 
per  acre,  at  the  time  when  spruce  firs  were  making  their  shoots,  and 
the  change  produced  in  the  appearance  of  the  trees  operated  on  was 
most  remarkable.  From  a  pallid,  yellow  hue,  the  leaves  became  of 
the  richest  and  deepest  green,  anti  the  trees  grew  twice  as  fast  as 
those  not  nitrated.  It  is  the  only  form  of  manure,  that,  as  far  as  we 
know,  has  ever  been  found  j)ossil)!e  to  a])p!y  to  coniferous  plants  with 
advantage.  Common  farm-yaid  manure  is  well  known  to  be  fatal  to 
them;  and  we  apprehend  that  other  comjilicated  manures,  such  as 
guano,  will    lie  found  equally  deleterious.      {Id.,  1842,   p.  250.) 

Cypripedium  ins'igne. — Allow  me  to  call  the  attention  of  your 
readers  to  a  plant  calculated  to  ornament  the  drawing-room  during 
the  cheerless  winter's  gloom,  and  are  so  easily  managed  as  to  l^ 
within  the  reach  of  most  persons  possessing  only  a  limited  garden.  I 
allude  to  Cy|)ripediurn  insigne.  On  the  tirst  of  December  I  |)laced 
eight  |)lants  in  the  drawing  room;  there  they  revelled  in  the  greatest 
luxuriance  for  three  successive  tnonths,  and  w  hen  taken  out  in  March 
were  as  fresh  and  vigorous  as  ihe  day  they  were  put  in.  {Id.,  1842, 
p.  252.) 

Guano  Manure  and  Potatoes. — During  the  last  year  or  two,  the 
article  of  guaiio  has  attracted  much  attention  among  Eiiglish  agri- 
culturists, and  its  value  as  a  manure  has  been  stated  to  be  very  great. 
Even  gardeners  have  made  use  of  it,  and  many  have  recommended 
it  as  a  valuable  manin-e  for  plants.  In  connection  with  the  subject, 
we  have  copied  the  following,  on  the  great  value  of  this  manure  to 
the  potato  crop,  and  invite  the  attention  of  our  readers  to  it.  At  a 
future  time,  we  shall  endeavor  to  olFer  a  digest  of  the  opinions  of 
cultivators  upon  the  use  of  the  guano  for  garden  purposes.  —  Ed. 

We  have  before  alluded  to  this  new  manure,  w  bich  is  exciting  so 
much  interest  in  England,  as  one  of  the  most  efHcient  yet  known. 
In  C.  W.  Johnson's  great  work,  the  Farmer's  Encyclopedia,  now 
publishing  in  numbers,  we  find,  under  the  article  Guano,  some  facts, 
which,  as  exhibitins  several  matters  comparatively,  are  of  interest 
to  the  farmer,  we  give  for  the  benefit  of  our  retiders.  From  a  series 
of  careful  experiments,  Mr.  Johnson  considers  thirty-five  bushels  of 
guano  equal  to  seventy  loads  of  good  rotted  manure,  in  its  effect 
upon  crops.  Guano,  it  may  not  be  amiss  to  add,  is  the  dung  of  sea- 
fowls,  and  found  on  some  islands  in  the  Pacific,  on  the  shores  of 
Peru.  Considerable  quantities  have  been  inqtorted  to  England,  and 
as  the  quantity  is  apparently  inexhaustible,  the  use  of  it  promises  to 
extend  rapidly.  It  consists  of  the  most  active  ingredients,  bone 
earth,  uric  acid,  and  ammonia.  The  experiments  of  the  table  below 
were  made  by  Gen.  Beatson;  and  in  every  instance,  thirty-five  busb- 


268  General  JS^otices. 

els  guano,  thirty-five  loads  of  horse-dung  litter,  and  thirty-five  loads 
of  hog-dung  litter  per  acre,  were  used.  The  potato  was  the  root 
planted,  and  the  table  will  show  in  what  manner. 

Large  Potatoes  planted  luhole. 

Depth  planted.  '^''^T'  ^°'''^  i^"°  ^'""V'^ 

'^      '  bush.  dung.  dung.  soil. 

12  inches  deep 499  492  408  S97 

9  inches  deep 466  460  427  327 

6  inches   deep 554  583  447  3J(5 

3  inches  deep 531  479  414  311 

Large  Potatoes  cut  in  pieces. 

12  inclies  deep 595  64S  369  285 

9  inches  deep 557  589  434  382 

6  inches  deep 589  531  466  408 

3  inches  deep 557  511  375  414 

Middle  eye  of  Potato  cut  out. 

12  inches  deep 382  479  298  165 

9  inches  deep 375  479  298  210 

6  in(^hes  deep 576  563  405  237 

3  inches  deep 453  382  4^5  343 

Small  Potatoes  planted  xohole. 

12  inches  deep 492  401  592  369 

9  inches  deep 557  512  525  440 

6  inches  deep 628  583  544  570 

3  inches  deep 557  414  440  440 

The  comparative  produce  in  pounds  of  potatoes  from  these  ma- 
nures, was  therefore  as  follows: — 

Guano 639 

Horse  dung , 626 

Hog  dung 534 

Simple  soil 446 

The  effect  of  different  depths  in  planting  is  as  follows,  in  the  total 
produce  of  bushels  at  each  depth;  a  difference  worthy  the  notice  of 
the  farmer,  as  showing  that  a  depth  of  six  inches  is  better  than  one 
greater  or  smaller. 

12  inches  deep 71S1  hush. 

9  indies  deep 6828  bush, 

6  inches  deep  81 77  bush. 

3  inches  deep 7106  husli. 

Another  result  is  shown  in  this  experiment,  and  that  is  the  (b'ffer- 
ence  in  the  crop  where  large  or  small  potatoes,  whole  ones  or  cut, 
are  employed  for  planting.  In  Gen.  Beatson's  experiment,  the  lul- 
vantage  is  greatly  in  favor  of  small  potatoes  planted  whole;  and 
there  are  not  wanting  many  farmers  in  this  country,  who  maintain 
the  same  position. 

Large  potatoes,  planted  whole 7390  bush. 

Large  potatoes,  cut  in  pieces 7620  hush. 

M  iddle  eye  of  potato,  cut  out 6230  hush. 

Small  potatoes,  planted  whole 8464  bush. 

We  are  not  aware  that  guano  has  been  imported;  but  we  hope,  if 
to  be  procured,  a  trial  of  it  will  be  made.     (Cultivator.) 


Foreign  JVotices. — France.  269 

Stopping  Vines. — Vines  may  be  stopped  close  to  the  fruit  without 
receivini;-  an  injury;  indeed,  it  is  the  best  system  for  pot  culture:  the 
peduncles  are  strcnjithened,  the  berries  j)roduccd  are  equal  in  flavor 
to  those  grapes  which  are  grown  on  vines  stoj)ped  one  joint  above 
the  fruit,  and  it  seems  to  lessen  the  liability  of  portions  of  the  bunch- 
es to  die  before  they  ripen.     (Gard.  Chron.,  1342,  p.  178.) 


Art,  II.     Foreign  Notices. 
FRANCE. 


Cultivation  of  Roses. — All  the  tender  kinds,  such  as  Bengals,  Teas, 
Noisettes,  and  I^le  de  Bourbons,  are  ])ropagated  by  cuttings  and 
leaves  perpetually,  and  hybrids  between  them  are  also  raised  in  the 
same  manner,  but  not  so  expeditiously  as  by  grafts.  The  bottom 
heat,  whether  by  tan  or  hot  water,  is  kept  as  nearly  as  jjossible  at 
25°  lleaumer,  (88^  Fahrenheit:)  the  compost  in  general  use  is  equal 
parts  of  peat  and  white  sand.  Some  use  a  kind  of  black  sand,  which 
is  found  to  answer  very  well :  this  is  shaken  down  rather  firmly  in 
the  pot,  and  the  leaves  or  cuttings  |)Ianted  just  below  the  surface, 
and  sometimes  even  laid  upon  it.  Particular  regard  is  necessary  to 
this,  because  much  of  the  after  success  depends  upon  the  way  in  which 
this  is  done,  t"or  experience  has  clearly  proved  that  subjects  thus 
treated  will  root  much  sooner  than  those  planted  deeper:  another  ad- 
vantage is,  that  they  are  not  so  liable  to  fog.  They  were  then  plung- 
ed in  the  tan  or  bed,  and  bell-glasses  tightly  i)laced  over  them,  so  that 
the  full  benefit  of  a  close  humid  atmos{)here  may  be  imparted.  Eve- 
ry third  or  fourth  day  they  are  slightly  syringed:  immediately  the 
roots  a[)pear,  they  are  potted  in  thumbs,  one  fourth  leaf  mould  being 
added  to  the  former  compost,  and  again  plunged  as  before:  in  about 
a  fortnight  they  will  be  sufficiently  advanced  for  removal  to  other 
glasses,  when  air  is  freely  given,  and  are  thus  hardened  off  for  the 
frames  or  the  open  ground.  The  cuttings  are  always  taken  frorti 
young  wood,  but  care  is  necessary  to  ascertain  that  it  is  sufficiently 
ripe,  otherwise  loss  is  sure  to  follow.  Leaves  may  be  taken  from 
wood  somewhat  older,  but  the  eye  must  not  be  injured,  and  a  portion 
of  the  rind,  both  above  and  below,  attached  to  it:  these  form  plants 
quite  as  fine  as  cuttings,  and  within  nearly  the  same  time.  Dur- 
ing the  first  and  second  stages  of  this  operation  the  houses  are  en- 
tirely shaded  from  the  sun,  either  by  canvass  or  whitewashing  the 
glass  inside:  it  is  of  the  first  consequence  to  attend  to  this,  because 
however  necessary  light  may  be  as  a  stimulant,  yet  if  allowed  too  much 
power,  it  will  assuredly  prove  highly  prejudicial.  Cleanliness  is  also 
considered  as  necessary  as  light  or  heat:  the  bell-glasses  are  kept 
constantly  clean,  by  being  wiped  out  every  two  or  three  days.  If 
the  least  im|)urity  is  allowed  to  generate,  the  plants  soon  l>econ)e 
sickly.  A  pure  atmosphere  is  quite  as  necessary  for  vegetable  as 
animal  life:  both  may  exist,  but  neither  can  thrive  without  it.  Here- 
in consists  the  superiority  of  the  French  propagators,  and  the  means 


270  Domestic  JVotices. 

by  which  they  are  enribled  to  sujiply  the  world  with  roses  and  ca- 
melh'as  at  a  rate  so  much  cheaper  than  other  countries.  Some  of 
the  florists  in  Paris  have  a  way  of  sfrikini^  cuttings  which  I  have  not 
observed  elsewhere;  it  is  this, — Large  upright  pots,  similar  to  those 
used  for  hyacinths,  but  about  six  or  eight  inclies  across,  are  half 
filled  with  compost,  and  the  cuttings  planted  in  them.  They  are 
then  plunged  in  tan,  nearly  up  to  the  brim,  and  a  flat  glass  jilaced 
upon  the  top;  by  th^s  means  a  n)ore  even  heat  is  said  to  l)e  imparted, 
and  the  rooting  is  performed  in  less  time.  {Gard  Chron.,  1842,  p. 
238.) 


Art.  III.     Domestic  Notices. 


Cattle  Shoio  and  Fair  of  the  Neiv  York  Slate  Jlgricultural  So- 
ciety.— The  Executive  Committee  of  this  Society,  at  the  last  month- 
ly meeting,  voted  to  hold  their  next  annual  cattle  show  and  fair  at 
Albany,  on  the  last  week  in  September  next.  The  list  of  premiums 
offijred  amounts  to  !^2000.  It  is  expected  that  this  fair  will  far  ex- 
ceed in  number  and  quality  of  the  stock,  im|)lements,  &.C.,  exhibited, 
as  well  as  in  the  attendance  of  the  public,  any  thing  of  the  kind  ever 
got  up  in  this  country.  The  facilities  for  travelling  to  and  from  Al- 
bany from  all  quarters,  are  such  as  Mill  uniloubtedly,  with  the  at- 
tractions olferecl,  induce  a  very  general  attendance  from  the  nt-igh- 
boring  states.  The  fair  is  to  be  held  in  the  beautiful  grounds  adjoin- 
ing the  nevv  Bull's  Head  tavern,  Troy  Road,  on  the  northern  boun- 
dary of  the  city,  and  such  arraniremcnts  have  already  been  made,  as 
will  assure  all  who  intend  to  bring  stock,  either  for  competition  for 
the  prizes,  or  for  sale,  that  they  will  be  accommodated.  The  exhi- 
bition will  commence  on  Tuesday,  the  27th,  and  continue  till  Friday, 
the  30th,  on  which  day  there  will  be  a  sale  of  stock  sent  for  that  purpose. 

Among  the  exhibition  are  liorticultunil  productions,  such  as  flow- 
ers, fruits,  and  vegetables.  The  committees  for  awarding  premiums 
on  such  articles  are  as  follows:  — 

On  Flowers. — Alexander  Walsh,  Lansingburg:  Rev.  J.O.  Choules, 
New  York;  Prof.  J.  W.  Jackson,  Schenectady;  A-  P.  Hewitt,  Troy; 
and  T.  Dunlap,   New  York. 

On  Fruit. — A.  J.  Downing,  Newbury;  James  Powers,  Catskill; 
J.  J.  Thomas,  Macedon;  R.  S.  Underbill,  New  York;  Alden  Sj)oon- 
er,  Brooklyn. 

On  Vegetables. — T.  Bridnman,  New  York;  James  Wilson,  Al- 
bany;     Colman,   New   York;  M.    B.    Bateham,    Rochester;  D. 

Belden,  Troy. 

Our  readers  will  recognize  among  the  committees  several  of  our 
correspondents.  We  hope  it  will  be  in  our  power  to  be  present  at 
the  fair,  to  enable  ns  to  give  a  report  of  the  exhibition. — Ed. 

New  seedling  Strawberry. — We  have  lately  received  some  fruit 
of  a  seedling  strawberry,  from  our  friend  Luther  Tucker,  Esq.,  of 
Albany,  which  were  grown  in  the  garden  of  Mr.  J.  Wilson,  nursery- 


Domestic  JVolices.  271 

man,  of  that  city.  Mr,  Tucker  gives  the  following  account  of  thig 
variety: — 

"On  visiting  the  garden  of  Mr.  James  Wilson,  nurseryman,  of 
this  city,  one  day  last  weei<,  he  called  niy  attention  to  a  lied  of  straw- 
berries, whii;h  were  raisetl  from  the  seed  by  Mr.  Alexander  Ross,  of 
Hudson.  On  exaniiniUion,  I  found  they  were  not  only  larijer,  but 
much  more  productive  than  any  other  kind  on  his  prenn'ses.  On  a  sin- 
gle stem  which  he  picked  forme,  there  were  twelve  or  fifteen  berries, 
three  of  which  were  ripe,  and  measured  three  and  a  half,  four,  and 
four  and  a  half  inches.  Of  these  three  I  have  had  a  drawing  made, 
and  shall  insert  a  cut  of  them  in  the  August  number  of  the  Cultiva- 
tor. Not  being  aware  of  their  value,  they  were  planted  in  a  very 
poor  soil,  and  no  pains  had  been  taken  with  them.  Under  such  cir- 
cumstances, I  thought  them  the  more  worthy  of  notice,  and  on  see- 
ing Mr.  Wilson  to-day,  I  proposed  to  him  to  send  you  a  specimen 
of  the  fruit.  He  said  the  finest  bunches  had  been  gathered,  but  that 
he  would  send  me  a  small  box,  if  I  would  take  the  trouble  to  for- 
ward it.  Not  having  opened  the  box,  I  do  not  know  how  favorable 
a  specimen  he  was  able  to  get,  but  if  any  thing  like  the  bunches  he 
favored  me  with,  I  ihiidc  you  will  be  pleased  to  see  them. — Respect- 
fully yours.  Luther  Tucker,  JUbany,  June,  1842." 

The  specimens  siMit  us  were  somewiiat  damaged,  and  we  could 
not  jud^e  fully  of  their  flavor,  but  the  variety  appears  exceedin;,'ly 
jiroductive,  the  beri'ies  of  good  size,  slightly  cox(;omb-shnped,  of  a 
dark  C(dor  and  handsome  a))p(^'irance,  but  rather  acitl,  and  not  very 
high  flavored.  Picked  fresh  from  the  vines,  however,  makes  a  ma- 
terial difference  in  the  flavor  of  this  fruit,  and  it  would  be  unfair  to 
judge  of  it  from  specimens  picked  two  days,  and  much  bruised  from 
carriaije.  If  a  hardy  vine,  we  should  consider  the  variety  well  wortiiy 
of  cultivation. — Ed. 

Live  Plants,  Seeds,  Bulbs,  S,-c.,from  the  Exploring  Expedition. — 
The  ship  Vincemies,  one  of  the  vessels  attached  to  the  Exploring 
Expedition,  lately  arrived  at  New  York.  Messrs.  Brcckenrid^^e  and 
Pickering,  the  botanists  who  accom[)anied  the  Expedition,  have  also 
arrived,  brinsini.'  with  them  live  plants,  seeds,  &c.,  which  have  been 
sent  on  to  Washington,  and  the  plants  de|)Osited  in  our  correspond- 
ent's, Mr.  Dou;;las's,  garden.  We  learn  that  there  are  over  one  hun- 
dred species  of  live  ones,  and  a  great  variet}'  of  roots,  bulbs,  seeds, 
^c,  from  diflerent  parts  of  the  world.  It  is  also  said  that  the  total 
nundier  collected  by  the  Exj)edition  amounts  to  over  ten  thou- 
sand specimens  of  different  species,  probably  not  including  dupli- 
catf's. — Ed. 

Hovey^s  Seedling  Strawberry. — Your  strawberry  offers  to  l)e  a 
beautiful  fruit,  and  very  prolific:  [)erhaps  it  is  not  so  rich  in  flavor  as 
some,  yet  it  will  be  a  leading  article  for  the  market.  It  appears  to 
grow  almost  as  fist  as  Jonah's  gourd. — Respectfully  yours,  R.  Buist. 

[Mr.  Buist  did  not  receive  his  |)lants  till  last  autunm,  quite 
late,  and  of  course  his  bed,  this  year,  would  not  be  even  a  fair  spe- 
cimen. Another  season,  he  will  be  better  able  to  judge;  and  we  are 
very  greatly  mistaken  if  he  does  not  find  it  superior  to  amj  other  va- 
riety cultivated  in  this  country;  at  least,  such  is  the  opinion  of  many 
good  judges  who  have  tried  it. — Ed.'\ 


272  Pennsylvania  Horticultural    Society. 

Horticultural  Exhibition  in  Hartford,  Ct. — We  are  gratified  to 
learn  from  the  receipt  of  a  paper  sent  us  by  our  correspondent,  Dr. 
E.  VV.  Bull,  that  the  amateur  cultivators  of  that  city  have  commenc- 
ed a  series  of  Shows  of  Flowers  and  Fruits,  and  it  is  hoped  that  this 
beginning  will  be  a  stimulus  for  every  friend  of  the  science  to  aid  in 
forwarding  an  object  capal)le  of  affording  so  n)uch  pleasure  in  a  natu- 
ral and  useful  way.  The  Show  was  held  on  Wednesday,  June  22d, 
and  was  well  attended.  There  was  a  good  display  of  j)lants,  roses, 
&c.  The  report  of  the  exhibition  we  shall  present  with  others  at  the 
close  of  the  volume.  The  next  show  of  carnations  and  other  flowers 
will  take  place  July  10.      {Hartford  Courant.) 


Art.  IV.     Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Society. 

The  stated  meeting  of  the  Society  was  held  at  the  saloon  of  the  Mu- 
seniri,  on  Tuesday,  A|)ril  19,  and  the  following  plants  were  exhil)ited. 

By  Peter  Mackenzie,  not  in  competition, — two  fine  specimens  of 
that  celebrated  new  plant,  the  i?6sa  devoniensis;  Azalea  indica  al- 
ba, A.  i.  seedling,  A.  i.  variegata,  Camellm  jajionica  var.  wiyrtifolia, 
Ixorw  coccinea,  Justicia  calytricha,  Plumbago  rosea,  roses  of  varie- 
ties, Bengal — Carmine  du  Luxembourg,  Fal)vier,  Louis  Philli|)pe 
d'Angers,  and  Setula;  lie  de  B()url)on — Agrippina  and  Hermosa; 
Tea  scented  jaune;   and  Noisette  Lamarque. 

By  Robert  Buist,  not  in  competition — Amaryllis  amabilis.  Azalea 
Indica  alba,  A.  i.  lateritia,  A.  i.  lubro  {)lena,  Cassia  sp.  Chorozema 
varium,  Cytisus  ramosus,  C  rhodai)line,  Cineraria  Hpnders6M^,  C.  in- 
siirnis,  C.  Kinnii,  C.  versicolor,  Dodecatheon  Meadm,  Ei)iphylbim 
Quill  arditia,  [?]  E'pacris  grandiflora,  jfJ'rica  rubra  calyx,  -Euphorbia 
Bryonft,  E.  S|)leudens,  Gesnerj'a  niagnifica,  Kennedya  cordifoiia,  K. 
speciosa,  Lechenaultfa  formosa,  Metrosideros  floribunda,  Pelargonia 
var.  Blandina,  Discount,  lillicina;  Pimelea  Aypericifolia,  Raphioiep- 
sis  indica,  and  Rose  He  de  Bourbon  Jaques. 

By  William  Chalmers,  Jr.  jrardener  to  George  Pepper,  Esq. — Aza- 
lea indica  allia,  A-  i.  Gillinghamj  A.  i.  phoenieea,  A.  i.  Smithu' coccin- 
ea, Azalea  sinensis,  Camelh'rt  japoiiica  var.  (ind)riata,  C.  j.  var.  ?nyr- 
tifolia,  C.  Sasdnqua  r6.iea,  Epiphyllum  Jenkinson/,  E.  mayfy,  Justicza 
calytricha,  Pelargonium  var.  Dennis's  Perfection,  Jthododendron  hy- 
bridum,  Sanseviera  giiineensis,  and  Veltheimm  viridifolia. 

By  Robert  Kilvington — new  plant,  Tuckermani«  californica;  Aga- 
tha;\i  coe'estis.  Azalea  indica  alba  et  phoenieea,  A'loe  [)enta<:6na,  ^9. 
verruc6>a.  Cineraria  crnenta,  C.  Kingri,  C.  lanata,  Collins/a  bicolor, 
Cereus  flagelliformis,  Dianthi  seedlings,  Dracocephalum  canariense, 
Epiphyllum  Ackermani,  Garden/«  radicans,  Globidaria  sp.  //eliotro- 
pium  intermedium,  Jasminum  grandiflorum,  J.  revolutum,  J.  scimbac, 
Morse^a  fimbriata,  M-  variegata,  Neniophila  insignis,  Feronica  agres- 
tis,  Ornithdgalum  aureuni,  Passiflora  alata,  Pittosporum  undulatum, 


Pennsylvania   Horticultural  Society.  273 

P.  Tobira,  Pelargonia,  Priinuloe  aiiriculEB,  Richardm  aethiopica,  i?6- 
Sfe  of  varieties,  SchizaiUhus  pinnatus,  Verbense,  etc.;  also  a  bouquet 
of  iiulifjenous  flowers. 

By  Alexaniler  Parker — Artrocarpus  intejfrifollus,   »5'ster  aro^ophyl- 


ilis,  Maiieriu'd  oilorata,  iMelaleiV-ne.  Meliaiithus  major,  JSatidina  do- 
rnestifia,  Pelar^oiiia,  Potuniie,  Pittosporuiii  undulatiiin,  Plectranthus 
fruticoaus,  iZhododeudron  maximum,  Sparinamu'a  africana,  Verbenae, 
etc. 

By  Peter  Raabe — Primiilse  auriculse,  and  specimens  of  a  seedling 
rose  from  the  vari<^ty  of  King  of  Lombardy,  a  very  free  bloomer.  By 
Ritchie  &  Dick — CamelUa  japoiiica,  and  a  cut  specimen  of  a  new  hy- 
brid rhododendron.  By  Miss  Percival,  a  beautiful  bouquet.  By 
William  Chalmers,  Sen.,  gardener  to  Mrs.  Stott — pansies,  and  a  large 
tasteful  bouquet. 

Vegetables:  By  James  McKee,  gardener  to  C.  Chauncey,  Esq. — 
sea  kale,  cauliflowers,  potatoes,  lettuce,  asparagus,  radishes  and  rhu- 
barb. By  Jacol)  Eniileman — edilile  rhubari),  yellow  butter-head  let- 
tuce, early  scarlet  and  turnip  radishes,  salsify,  borecole,  s[)inach  and 
parsley.  By  William  Chalmers,  Sen. — cucumbers,  asparagus,  pota- 
toes, spinach,  borecole,  lettuce,  radishes,  rhubarb,  and  parsley.  By 
Thomas  Mullin,  gardener  to  Miss  Gratz — cauliflowers,  sea  kale,  and 
cucumbers. 

Fruits:  By  Thomas  C.  Percival,  Esq. — dishes  of  shaddocks,  limes, 
grape  fruit,  and  Forbidden  fruit  from  St.  Croix. 

May  17. — The  stated  meeting  of  the  Society  was  held  at  the  new 
HmII  this  eveninir — the  President  in  the  chair. 

The  display  of  objects  on  this  occasion  was  highly  attractive;  sev- 
eral fine  collections  of  plants  were  presented,  consisting  jirincipally 
of  [lelargoniums,  roses,  and  a  number  of  other  select  plants.  Of 
vegetaliles,  there  were  specimens  of  the  finest;  particularly  the  edi- 
ble rhubarb,  of  which  some  bunches  exceeded  five  feet  in  length; 
the  varieties  were  the  Victoria,  Mammoth,  Washington,  Goliah,  and 
Giant.  The  cauliflowers  and  potatoes  were  remarkably  fine,  and 
the  peas  grown  in  the  open  ground  in  Pennsylvania,  conuiianded 
special  attention.     The  following  were  the  awards  of  premiums: — 

For  the  best  and  next  best  geraniums,  to  Wm.  Sinton,  gardener  to 
Gen.  Patterson.  For  the  best  and  next  best  ever  blooming  rose,  to 
John  Sherwood.  For  the  best  and  next  best  single  tulips,  to  Robert 
Kirkwood.  For  the  most  interesting  collection  of  plants  in  pots,  to 
Wm.  Chalmers,  Sen.,  gardener  to  Mrs.  Stott.  For  the  next  most 
interesting  collection  of  plants  in  pots,  to  Wm.  Chalmers,  Jr.,  gar- 
dener to  Georije  Pepper,  Esq.  For  the  best  display  of  indigenous 
plants,  to  Archibald  HeniI<;rson,  gardener  to  Wharton  Chancellor, 
Esq.  For  the  best  boufpiet,  to  Wm.  Chalmers,  Sen.  For  the  next 
best  bouquet,  to  Robert  Kilvinirton. 

For  the  best   asparagus  and  forced  potatoes,  to  George  Robinson, 
gardener  to   Horace   Binney,  Esq.     For  the  best  blanched  rhubarb, 
to  Jacob  Engleman.     (Sociely''s  Report.) 
VOL.   VIII. — NO.  VII.  35 


274  J[lassaclmsetts  Horticultural  Society. 

Art.  V.     Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society. 

Saturday,  June  4th,  1842. — An  adjourned  meeting  of  the  Society 
was  held  to-day — the  President  in  the  chair. 

Walter  Baker,  of  Dorchester,  was  admitted  a  subscription  mem- 
ber.    jMeeting  dissolved. 

Exhibited. — Flowers:  From  the  President  of  the  Society,  cut 
flowers  of  pajonies  and  other  ])lants,  and  a  nuni!)er  of  superb  geran- 
iums, among  which  were  Florence^  Gaines's  King,  Garth's  Perfec- 
tion, Coronation,  Erectum,  Matilda,  Sylph,  Alicia,  decorum,  8ic. 
From  J.  A.  Kenrick,  cut  flowers  of  ten  varieties  of  azaleas,  very 
fine  and  well  grown;  early  white  Italian  honeysuckle,  scarlet  haw- 
thorn, Scutch  laburnum,  Wistaria  Consequaria,  Caucasian  honey- 
suckle, i^ristolochia  Stpho,  and  the  following  pfeonies: — P.  Moiitan 
2?apaveracea,  and  P.  M.  Banks;«/  also,  P.  tennifolia,  j'osea,  albicans 
pleno,  and  albiflora  erubescens.  From  W.  E.  Carter,  of  the  Bo- 
tanic Garden,  perennial  poppy,  pfeonies  of  sorts,  Magnoh'rt  auricu- 
lata,  Lupinus  polypbyllus,  geraniut)is,  and  bouquets.  3Vif6lium  in- 
carnatum  from  Capt.  Lovett.  From  J.  F.  Trull,  Magnolia  tripetala. 
From  Dr.  J.  C.  Howard,  j)a3onies  and  l)ouquets.  Bouquets  were 
also  exhibited  by  S.  Walker,  VV.  Kenrick,  J.  Hovey,  and  J.  L.  L. 
F.  Warren.     Native  jjlants  from  B.  E.  Cotting. 

Fruits:  —  From  Dr.  J.  C.  Howard,  fine  specimens  of  black  Ham- 
burg, Miller's  Burirundy,  and  white  Chasselas  grapes.  Vegetables: 
From  J.  L.  L.  F.  Warren,  cucumbers. 

June  11.  Exhibited. —  Flowers:  From  the  President  of  the  So- 
ciety, a  fine  collection  of  cut  flowers  of  geraniums  of  the  following 
.sorts: — Alicia,  Florence,  Bridegroorii,  Clarissa,  decortim,  erectun), 
Fireball,  Matilda,  Victory,  Syl{)h,  Siddonia,  Conservative,  Gaines's 
King;  also,  yellow  Harrison  rose,  pfeonies,  and  otherflowers.  From 
W.  Meller,  the  following  geraniums  in  jtots,  for]iremium: — Climax, 
Lowndes's  Perfection,  Prima  Donna,  Beauty  of  \Vare,  Alexandrina, 
Lady  Mary,  Alicia,  Alarme,  Vivid,  Sylph,  Conservative,  Diadema- 
tuin  tricolor.  From  W.  E.  Carter,  double  red  hawthorn,  white 
fraxinella,  paf^^onies,  Scotch  and  Ayrshire  roses,  and  fine  specimens  of 
Philadelphus  pubescens  and  grandiflorus;  also  bouquets.  From 
Capt.  Lee,  Ayrshire  and  Boursault  roses,  JWimulus  cardinalis,  &c. 

From  Hovey  &  Co.,  Amadis  or  crimson  Boursault,  common  Bour- 
sault, yellow  Noisette,  white  tea,  and  other  roses,  and  a  l;ir<:e  ))lant 
of  the  Epijjhylltim  AckermannM  in  fine  bloom.  From  W.  Kenrick, 
purple  beech,  laburnum,  bouquets,  &c.  From  W.  Wales,  a  see<i- 
ling  geranium.  From  A.  Bowditch,  Harrison  rose,  geraniums  and 
other  flowers,  and  bouquets.  From  S.  Wiilker,  tioucpiets.  From 
J.  A.  Kenrick,  Harrison  and  Irene  yellow  roses,  several  varieties  of 
azaleas,  fine  kinds  of  honeysuckles,  fine  kinds  of  iiffionies,  w  hite 
fringe  tree,  flesh-colored  horse-chestnut,  Austrian  red  and  yellow 
rose,  iiemeroeallis  flava,  Scotch  labm-iuim,  WistikiiVi'  ConsequaTiw, 
new  scarlet  hawthorn,  &.c.  From  J.  L.  ]j.  F.  Wiuren,  cut  flnwers 
of  pelargonium  var.  Dennis's  Perfection,  Joan  of  Ar(;,  Tarn  O'Slian- 
ter,  Alexandrina,  Capt.  Cook,  Sir  John  Brou<;hton,  Climax,  Garth's 
Perfection,  Prima  Donna,  Jewess,  purple  Perfection,  &.c.  From 
Messrs.  Winship,  purple  beech,  red  valerian,  weeping  ash,  fringe 
tree,  Lonicera  caucasicum,  &c. 


JMassachusetts  Horticultural   Society.  275 

Fruits: — From  Capt.  George  Lee,  beautiful  peaches,  well  coloreil, 
and  of  fine  flavor,  from  a  tree  irrown  in  a  pot  and  forced  in  the 
ereen-house.  From  Dr.  J.  C.  Howanl,  black  Hambiiri;:,  Miller's 
Burirundy,  and  Chasseias  grapes.  From  J.  L.  L.  F.  Warren,  early 
Virtjinia  Strawberries. 

June  18.  Exhibited. — Flowers:  From  the  President  of  the  So- 
ciety, Piconm  aibiflora  Pottsn  and  Whitle;t,  dwarf  rocket  larkspur, 
ffinotliera  Fraser/,  Calceolaria  Royal  Standard,  large  and  fine;  >S|)i- 
raj^i  ja|)6nica,  beaiitifid;  Lii|)uuis  poly|)hylliis,  Maurandya  semi)er- 
virens,  f/enierocallis  Grahaint,  iJesperis  matronalis  fl.  pi.  alba  fine, 
PassiHora  bracteata,  Azalea  phnenicea  all)a,  roses,  and  twenty  vari- 
eties of  geraniums.  From  F.  Putnam,  Salem,  Epiphylbim  Acker- 
niamn'i  and  s[)eci6sns,  and  Cereus  Jenkinsoiut  and  s[)eciosissinnjs; 
Pivbnia  aibiflora.  Ports??!,  Ueevesjt  and  Whitieji;  Alstroetiierm  jtjit- 
tacina,  and  Flos  Martin?;  Z^'uphorbza  splendens,  and  th-e  following 
roses: — crimson  Perpetual,  George  IV.,  white  Moss,  Harrison?, 
SniiilnV,  yellow  Tea,  &.c. 

From  Hovey  &,  Co.,  Fsionia  aibiflora  Whitley?,  and  Potts?'?;  Crim- 
son Boursiiult,  George  IV.,  and  Ne  Plus  Ultra  roses  and  pansies;  also 
a  fine  plant  of  Epi[)hyilum  Ackerman?7.  From  W.  Kenrick,  Pa^onza 
JMoutan  papaveracea,  and  P.  .'dbifiora  VVhitle/?;  /yemerocallis  flava, 
Pris  siberica  and  pallida.  Guelder  rose  spirrea  and  .S.  ulmaria,  /-'liila- 
delphus  grandiflorus,  scarlet  trum|)ct  (monthly,)  yellow  trumpet 
(monthly,)  oranjre  colored,  varieirated  and  Douglas's  Canadian 
honeysuckles;  purple  beech,  laburiuim,  roses,  &.c.  From  Messrs. 
Winshi|»,  i^iclaimius  ali)us,  Campanula  jaersiciefolia  pleuo,  0\-obus 
niaer,  6'piraB\i  stipniacea,  Phlox  Liston?«?2a  Philadelphus  puliescens, 
Deuizii?  scal)ra,  a  fine  shrub,  Chionanihus  virginica,  and  pasonies 
and  bouquets. 

From  John  A.  Kenrick,  a  superb  siiecimen  of  Magnolz'a  macr^D- 
pliylla,  being  one  of  eleven  flowers  on  a  small  tree;  also,  M.  trif)et- 
ala,  twelve  varieties  of  roses,  including  white  and  red  moss,  and  the 
Harrison  and  Irene  yellow;  Peeonia  aibiflora  fragrans,  Whitle/i, 
and  Reeves?t;  Kalin?«  latilolia,  six  kinds  of  honeysuckles,  azaleas 
in  variety,  &.c.  From  A.  H.  Hovey,  Amaryllis  formosissima.  From 
W.  Meller,  fourteen  seedling  geraniums,  some  of  them  equal  to  any 
of  the  newest  English  seedlings,  Cereus  s|)eciosissimus,  pansies,  and 
bouquets.  From  F.  VV.  Macondry,  roses  of  several  kinds.  From 
J.  F.  Trull,  Chiunanthus  virginica,  Liriodendroa  Tulipifera,  and 
liouquets- 

From  \V.  E.  Carter,  Psebnia  aibiflora  Whitle;?,  Potts?'?,  Reeves?"?, 
find  Hume?,  Magnoh'a  alauca  and  tripetala,  irises,  bouquets,  &.c. 
From  J.  F.  Allen,  Pcr6n?a  aibiflora  WliitleJ/.  From  S.  R.  John- 
son, rose  Lamarque  of  fine  size,  and  sevei'al  other  varieties  of 
tender  roses.  From  A.  Bowditch,  cut  flowers  of  Epiphylbim  Ack- 
ermann?'«  and  Cereus  s|)eciosissinius;  also  roses,  pinks,  bouquets, 
&c.  From  Dr.  J-  C.  Howard,  specimens  of  the  Hoya  carnosa, 
monkshood,  and  Pxbnia  oftlcinalis  albicans.  Frotn  '1'.  Needham, 
gardener  to  Horace  Gray,  Esq.,  a  ydant  of  Leschenaull?'n!  formosa. 
Bouquets  from  J.  Hovey,  Misses  Sumner,  Capt.  Lee,  J.  L.  L.  F. 
Warren,  S.  Walker,  and  others. 

Fruits: — From   Dr.  J.  C.  Howard,  fine  specimens  of  black  Ham- 
burg,  Miller  Burgundy,  and  white  Chasselas  grapes.     From  J.  F. 


276  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society. 

Allen,  black  Hamburg,  and  a  black  variety  of  grape  from  St.  Mi- 
chael; also  fii,'s  of  excellent  quality,  anri  Iieautiful  specimens  of  Roy- 
al George  clingstone  peaches.  From  J.  F.  Trull,  Dorchester,  early 
Virginia  strawberries.  From  F.  Putnam,  early  Virginia  strawber- 
ries. 

From  the  President  of  the  Society,  Mcthven  Castle  and  early  Vir- 
ginia strawberries.  From  Dr.  John  Barstow,  Bangor,  handsome  spe- 
cimens of  peaches,  supposed  to  be  the  yellow  rareripe  and  early 
Royal  George. 

Vegetables: — From  Dr-  J.  C  Howard,  excellent  early  dwarf  peas. 
From  A.  Bowditch,  fine  early  peas.  Frotn  F.  Dana,  lloxbury,  rhu- 
barb. From  T.  Needham,  gardener  to  H.  Gray,  Esq.,  fine  speci- 
mens of  Weedon  and  Tester's  superb  cucnnd)ers.  Fiom  J.  L.  L, 
F.  Warren,  long  green  prickly  cucumbers,  of  good  ajipearance. 

June  £5. — The  show  to-day  was  one  of  the  best  of  the  season. 
The  display  of  roses  and  pivonies  was  remarkably  fine,  and  em- 
braced some  superb  specimens  of  the  former  flower.  Now  that  cul- 
tivators have  overcome  the  ravages  of  the  rose  slug,  they  a[>pear  to 
have  increased  their  collections  of  this  favorite  flower.  The  new 
kinds  of  roses  are  great  additions  to  the  family,  and  as  they  will 
speedily  be  introduced,  we  hope  to  see  them  in  collections  of  all  am- 
ateurs. The  premiums  offered  by  the  Society  are  liberal,  and  are 
intended  to  induce  cultivators  to  renewed  exertions  to  atld  the  newer 
and  better  kinds  to  their  gardens.  The  regulations  of  the  Society 
for  the  exhibition  of  the  flowers  were  not  complied  with  this  jear, 
but  another  season  they  will  he  strictly  adhered  to,  and  it  will  be  for 
the  interest  of  those  who  wish  to  exhibit  for  i)remiums,  to  see  that 
their  collection  contains  at  least  fifty  good  kinds. 

The  awards  of  the  Committee,  for  Pseonies  and  Roses,  were  as 
follows: — 

For  the  best  display  of  Pceonies,  the  premiuiii  was  awarded  to  W. 

E.  Carter. 
For  the  second  best  display,  the  premium  was  awarded  to  Messrs. 

Wins  hi]). 

Messrs.  J.  Breck  and  S.  R.  Johnson,  judges. 

Hardy  Roses. 

For  the  best  display  of  Roses,  the  premium  was  awarded  to  S. 
R.  Johnson. 

For  the  second  best  display,  the  premium  was  awarded  to  J.  A, 
Kenrick. 

For  the  third  best  display,  the  premium  was  awarded  to  A.  Bow- 
ditch. 

Bengal,  Tea,  and  Noisette  Roses. 
For  the  best  display,  the   premium  was  awarded  to  S.  R.  Johnson. 
For  the  second  best  display,  the  premium  was  awarded  to  A.  Bow- 
ditch. 

Messrs.  J.  Breck  and  W.  E.  Carter,  judges. 

Exhibited. — Flowers:  From  the  President  of  the  Society,  fifty  vari- 
eties of  beautiful  roses,  (not  for  premium,)  among  which  the  following 
were  conspicuous: — Moss:  Luxemburg,  white,  blush,  and  common: 


Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society.  277 

Perpetual:  Marie  Denise,  Mad. Laffay,  Princess  Helene,  Billanl,  Mad. 
Febniier,  and  Antinous;  also,  painted  damask,  Adelmone,  George 
IV.,  King  William,  La  Tendresse,  Jongleur,  Brennus  (a  fine  one,) 
Ponceau  Capianmont,  Wellin<rton,  Hebe's  Lip,  La  Dominante, 
Belle  Marie,  Velouis  Episcopal,  Miralha,  Dnke  of  Devonshire,  Ball 
of  Snow,  Gen.  Lamarque,  Horace,  Magna  Plena,  &c.;  fine  speci- 
mens of  Cypripedinm  si)ectal)ile,  <Spira;\a  ja|)6nica,  and  Ptsbnia 
albiflora  Hutnet,  Potts/?,  lleevesM,  and  \Vhitle/«.  From  W.  Mel- 
ler,  eleven  seedling  geraniums,  pansies  and  pinks,  and  large  and 
small  l)onquets. 

From  W,  Kenrick,  P?ebma  alliiflora  Whitle/t,  Humei,  and  ?v^- 
grans;  moss  roses  and  other  sorts,  Hemerocallis  flava,  irises,  orange 
colored,  oak  leaved,  yellow  monthly,  Canadian  and  Douglas's  honey- 
suckles; Clematis  alpina,  purpb*  beech,  Siberian  spirtca,  Chinese 
larkspurs,  ^^c.  From  Messrs.  Winship,  by  P>.  A.  Story,  a  large  and 
fine  bouquet,  principally  composed  of  (iseonies,  but  very  showy  from 
its  great  size.  From  J.  A.  Kenrick,  upwards  of  sixty  varieties  of 
ro-ses,  embracing  man}'  fine  kinds,  azaleas,  Kalnizd  latilolia,  /Rhodo- 
dendron tna\'iiimm  and  other  flowers,  and  the  following  j)a3onies: — 
P.  albiflora  HiJinet,  fragrans,  Reevesu',  and  WhitleJ?'. 

From  S-  R.  Johnson,  a  great  variety  of  hardy  roses:  also  superb 
specimens  of  Benixul  and  Noisette  roses,  amoiiij  which  \\'ere  Noisette, 
Lamarque,  and  Jaune  Dcsprez:  Mr.  Johnson  is  very  successful  in 
the  cultivation  of  the  tender  kinds  of  roses;  the  plants  are  grown  in 
the  o|)en  sround,  and  protected  in  winter  by  a  tVame.  From  W.  R. 
Carter,  P-ecbnia  albiflora  fragrans,  Whitleji  and  Hutnei,  Philadel- 
phus  pubescens,  roses,  jreraniums,  &c..;  also  fine  sfiecimens  of  red 
Valerian,  CEnothera  Fraseri,  Pidox  suaveolens,  Lonicera  pubescens, 
&c.  From  H.  Malon,  Somerviile  roses.  From  F.  W.  Macondry, 
roses.     Frotn  Checver  Newhall,  sixty  varieties  of  fine  roses. 

From  A.  Bowditch,  hardy  roses,  including  a  number  of  fine  kinds; 
also  tender  roses,  including  yellow  Tea,  Undulata,  Lamarque,  Sec, 
together  with  bouquets,  &c.  From  J.  L.  L.  F.  Warren,  a  variety  of 
cut  flowers,  among  which  were  Virgin  Queen,  Duchess  of  Rich- 
mond, and  Mrs.  Broadwood  dahlias;  also  foxgloves,  phloxes,  sweet- 
williams,  roses,  verbenas,  &c.,  and  the  foUosving  geraniums: — Smith's 
Perfection,  Prima  Donna,  Alicia,  Alexandrina,  Dennis's  Perfection, 
S|teculum  mundi,  Diadematum,  Sir  John  Broughton,  Countess  of 
Plymouth,  and  two  seedlings.  From  S.  Walker,  pinks  and  bouquets. 
From  J.  Hovey,  boiupiets  and  roses.    From  Misses  Sumner,  bouquets. 

Fruits: — From  the  President  of  the  Society,  fine  early  Virginia  straw- 
herries.  F'rom  O.  Johnson,  fine  early  Virginia  strawberries.  From 
Hovey  &,  Co.,  very  tliir  specimens  of  Hoveys'  seedling  strawberries. 
From  E.  Vose,  fine  sjiecimens  of  Methven  scarlet  straw  !)erries. 
From  F.  R.  Bigelow,  fine  Methven  scarlet  strawberries.  From  J.  L. 
L.  F.  Warren,  Metiiven  scarlet  seedling  strawberries,  and  handsome 
specimens  of  Early  Royal  George  peaches.  From  Dr.  J.  C.  How- 
ard, beautiful  black  Haiid)urg,  Miller's  Burirundy,  and  Chasselas 
gra|)es.  From  J.  F.  Allen,  Royal  George  clinkstone,  and  Admira- 
ble |)eaches,  the  former  very  rich  and  well  colored  s])eciinens;  also 
Montmorency  cherries. 

Vegetables: — From  Dr.  J.  C.  Howard,  Early  Dwarf  peas,  well 


278 


Faneuil  Hall  Market. 


fillerl;  also  handsome  ears  of  Imperial  cabbage,  and  Royal  Cape  let- 
tuce. From  A..  Bowditch,  fine  Cedo  Nulii  peas  and  rhubarb.  From 
J.  L.  L.  F.  Warren,  Early  Hill  peas. 


Art.  VI.     Faneuil  Halt  Market.' 


Roots,  Tubers,  ^c. 

Potatoes: 

^,  ^  per  barrel.  . 

Clienaiiffoes,  <  '       1,1 
°         i  per  husliel,. 

■c     ,       .     ^  pur  barrel,.  . . 
Eastports,  <  '       111 

•^  (  per  buslielj..  . 

r^  <  per  barrel,.  .  .  . 

Common,  <  '       1      ,    , 

(_  per  biiiliel,..  . . 

New,  per  bushel : 

Early  Hill, 

Chenangoe.s, 

Sweet  potatoes,  per  bushel. 
Turnips,  per  buslicl: 

New,  per  bunch, 

Onions: 

Jled,  per  bunch, 

New  white,  per  bunch,.  . . 

Beets,  new,  per  bunch 

Carrots,  new,  per  bunch,..  .. 

Parsnips,  per  bushel, 

Radishes,  per  l.ninch, 

Shallots,  per  pound, 

Garlic,  per  pound, 

Horseradish,  per  pound  .... 

Cabbages,  Salads,  ^c. 

Cabbages,  each: 

Early  York 

Early  Dutch, 

Canlitiowers,  new,  each,  .  . . 

Lettuce,  per  head, 

Spinach,  per  peck, 

Rlmbarb,  per  pound, 

Peas,  per  bushel: 

Coninion  eirly, 

Marrowfat,   

Beans,  string,  per  peck,  .... 
Cucumbers,  (pickled)  pr  gal. 
Peppers,  (picked,)  per  gallon 

Pot  and  Sweet  Herbs. 


Parsley,  per  half  peck.,.  .  .  . 

Sage,  per  pound, 

Marjorum,  per  bunch, 

Savory,  per  bunch, 

Spuunniat,  green,  per  bunch, 


From  I    To 

^cts.^cts. 


2  00 
75 

75 

I  50 
62 

1  50 

2  00 
1  50 


5 

4 

5 

5 
75 

2 
20 
12^ 


6 

6 
12^ 

2 
I2h 

2 

50 
50 
50 
25 
37h 


2  25 
1  00 

1  00 
75 

2  00 


6 
6 
6 
G 
1  00 
3 


62^ 


20 
6 


1  From 

1  '''« 

Squaxhes  and  Pumpkins. 

?5cfs 

'«fct. 

Squashes: 

Canada  Crookneck,  per  lb. 

5 

6 

West  Indies,  per  pound,.  . 

3 

— 

Bush  summer,  each, 

4 

ti 

Fruits. 

Apples,  dessert: 

Russets,  per  barrel, 

4  Of) 

(.'ommon,    new,  pei-  bushel, 

I  25 

I  50 

Dried  apples,  per  pound,.  . 
Strawberries,  per  box: 

4 

5 

Wood, 

17 

20 

Early  Virginia, 

20 
25 

25 

Keen's  Seedling, 

374 

Rlelhven  Scarlet, 

25 

bl 

Peaches,  per  dozen, 

3  00 

4  CO 

Cherries,  per  quart: 

17 

8 
12i 

10 

Black  TiHtarian, 

Gooseberries,  (gieen)  per  qt. 

10 

8 

12i 

12^ 
10 

Blueberries,  per  quart, 

Cui  rants,  per  quart: 

Red, 

6 
6 

1  CO 

White, 

8 

Grapes  per  pound,  (forced:) 
IMack  Hambuig, 

White  Sweetwater, 

75 

— 

iXectarines,  per  dozen, 

3  CO 

4  00 

Cranberries,  per  bushel,.  .  .  . 

3  00 

4  (0 

]2i 

25 

25 

Water-melons,  each, 

37^ 

Lemons,  per  dozen, 

12^ 

17 

Oranges,  per  doz: 

37^ 
20 
12A 
1  25 

.^0 

25 

Walnuts,  per  bushel, 

1  50 

('hesiruits,  per  bushel, 

2  CO 

— 

Butternuts,  per  bushel, 

1  00 

— 

Almonds,  per  pound, 

ICocoa  nuts, 

14 
3 

13 
4 

Faneuil  Hall  Market.  27 D 

Remarks. — A  continuation  of  rather  cool  weather  has  put  back 
vegetation  consideraMy;  the  frosts  of  the  early  part  of  the  month 
were  so  severe  that  potatoes  were  cut  down  in  many  localities,  and 
the  growth  retarded  a  weei<  or  two.  All  kinds  of  vines,  partieulaily 
melons  and  cucumbers,  have  suffered  severely,  and  it  is  doubtful, 
from  present  appearances,  whether  the  crop  of  either  of  them  will 
be  very  plentiful  this  season,  in  this  vicinity.  For  the  last  week  or 
two,  there  have  l)een  several  fine  warm  days,  accompanic^d  with 
showers,  and  corn  has  taken  a  sudden  start;  but  at  the  best,  the  sea- 
son, thou'rh  promisinjif  early  in  May,  is  full  as  late  as  the  averai^e. 

Vegetables. — Potatoes  have  taken  a  sudden  rise;  the  whole  stock 
on  hand  is  now  about  exhausted,  and  for  some  time  the  sufiply  from 
the  east  has  been  so  scanty  that  |)rices  have  ranged  very  hijih:  new 
ones  have  just  come  in,  but  they  are  yet  small,  and  prices  hii;h,  and, 
in  consequence,  old  ones  are  in  jrood  request:  Chenangoes  are  worth 
fully  our  quotations,  and  few  in  market;  the  largest  quantity  on  hand 
is  long  re<ls:  sweet  potatoes  are  yet  to  be  had,  of  fair  quality.  Old 
turnips  are  all  gone,  but  the  supply  of  bunched  new  is  abundant  and 
good.  Onions  of  the  olil  stock  are  nearly  gone:  new  white  are  |ilentiful 
and  of  fair  size.  Old  beets  and  carrots  are  gone,  and  in  their  place 
is  a  good  stock  of  new  in  bunches.  Radishes  abundant.  Horse- 
radish is  about  done  for  the  season.  New  cabbages  have  made  their 
appearance  this  week,  but  the  sup|)ly  is  yet  limited.  New  cauli- 
flowers have  come  to  hand  of  fair  size  and  quality.  Lettuce  abun- 
dant and  good.  Rhubarb  is  yet  brought  in,  but  as  new  a|)ples  come 
in,  and  the  supply  of  gooseberries  is  abundant,  there  is  less  demand. 
Peas  were  never  more  plentiful;  those  of  the  best  quality,  and  well 
filled,  may  be  had  at  our  quotations.  String  beans  have  just  come 
to  hand;  the  coldness  of  the  season  has  somewhat  injured  and  re- 
tarded the  crop.  Bush  squashes  came  to  hand  this  week,  of  fair 
pize:  a  very  few  crooknecks  remain  on  hand,  as  also  some  West 
Indias. 

Fruit. — Our  quotations  for  the  old  stock  of  ajjples  are  about  done: 
a  very  few  russets  only  may  be  found,  and  those  of  inferior  quality: 
new  ai)jdes  of  ordinary  quality  have  been  received  from  the  south. 
Strawberries  are  exceedingly  abundant  and  good,  and  there  has  been 
a  good  su[)ply  of  all  sorts.  Cherries  are  jilentiful,  but  not  so  fair  as 
in  some  seasons;  the  rains  damaged  many  of  the  earliest  ones. 
Peaches  and  nectarines  are  supplied  at  our  quotations.  Green 
gooseberries  abundant.  Currants  have  begun  to  come  in,  but  they 
are  not  yet  quite  ripe.  Blueberries  have  made  their  appearance. 
The  sup|)ly  of  forced  grapes  is  limited,  but  they  are  well  grown, 
particularly  the  black  Handiurgs.  Pine-apples  are  very  abundant: 
several  cargoes  have  arrived  since  our  last.  Cranl)erries  are  nearly 
gone;  what  remain  cotnmami  good  prices.  Cucumbers  are  scarce 
for  the  season;  the  supjjly  is  now  princiiially  from  New  York,  and 
it  will  be  some  tim^  bef  ire  they  will  be  brought  in  from  the  vicinity 
in  any  quantity.  Some  water-melons  have  arrived,  and  being  of 
good  qiiiility,  were  taken  readily.  Oranges  of  good  quality,  and  in 
good  order,  command  advanced  rates,  aiul  are  in  request.  The  sea- 
son |)romises  well  for  a  good  supply  of  late  fruits. — M.  T.,  Boston, 
June  28,  1842. 


280  Horticultural  Memoranda. 

HORTICULTURAL  MEMORANDA 

FOR  JULY. 


FRUIT  DEPARTMENT. 

Grape  vines  in  the  grapery  will  now  have  set  their  fruit,  which 
will  1)6  swelling  off  finely.  Tiiinning  the  berries  should  now  he  com- 
menced and  continued  until  the  whole  of  the  clusters  are  finished; 
the  large  hunches  should  also  be  shouldered.  Give  abundance  of 
moisture,  and  keep  the  border  well  watered  if  dry  weather  sets  in. 
Attend  to  airing;  give  a  little  in  the  inoruiuir,  and  larger  quantities  in 
the  middle  of  the  day.  Attend  to  the  pruning  of  the  vines;  keep  all 
supprfluons  shoots  cut  out. 

Strawberry  beds  will  need  hoeing  and  weeding,  and  preparations 
should  be  made  to  set  out  new  ones  in  August. 

Fruit  trees  ^;hould  be  irone  over  now,  and  summer  pruned,  that  is, 
to  cut  away  all  superfluous  shoots  now,  rather  than  let  them  ren»ain 
till  the  autumn,  leaving  only  such  as  will  be  wanted  to  form  a  good 
head  to  the  trees.  Bu<l(liii<j  plum  and  cherry  trees  may  be  commenc- 
ed the  latter  part  of  the  month. 

FLOWER   DEPARTMENT. 

Geraniums  should  now  be  attended  to:  cut  down  the  old  plants, 
and  put  in  the  cuttings  to  make  new  ones:  after  the  plants  are  prun- 
ed, place  them  in  a  shady  situation  till  they  begin  to  break,  when 
they  should  be  removed  to  a  sunny  |)lace. 

Roses  may  be  increased;  the  tender  kinds  by  cuttings,  layers,  and 
by  buddiiiiT,  and  the  hardy  kinds  by  layers  and  l)y  budding. 

Chry santhemums  will  need  heading  down  soon;  keep  the  plants 
well  watered. 

Ericas  should  receive  due  attention:  such  as  need  it  should  be  re- 
potted before  they  are  removed  from  the  house. 

Sparaxises,  Ixias,  Oxalises,  and  similar  bul!)s,  should  now  be  taken 
out  of  the  pots,  and  laid  away  in  bags  in  a  dry  room. 

Tree  pcvonies  iruiy  be  grafted  this  month. 

Pinks  and  Carnations  should  be  layered  this  month. 

Dahlias  must  be  attended  to:  stake  the  plants,  if  not  already  done, 
and  prune  off  all  the  superfluous  branches. 

Camellias  must  be  duly  syringed,  and  the  larger  plants  kept  prop- 
erly watered  at  the  root.     Cuttings  may  now  be  |)Ut  in. 

Azaleas  will  now  be  growing,  and  will  need  liberal  supplies  of 
water. 

Cactuses  will  now  be  growin<r;  keep  them  duly  watered. 

Oxalis  Bowiei  may  be  potted  the  latter  part  of  the  month  for 
blooming  in  August. 

Green-house  plants  may  be  propagated  at  this  season;  a  frame  or 
shady  border  will  answer  the  purpose,  placing  the  cuttings  in  jjots, 
and  plunging  them  in  the  ground. 

feroinial flower  seeds,  sown  last  month,  will  by  this  time  have 
produced  plants,  which  should  be  transplanted  into  the  border,  where 
they  are  to  stand. 


THE    MAGAZINE 


HORTICULTURE 


AUGUST,    1842. 


ORIGINAL  COMMUNICATIONS. 

Art.  I.  Pomological  J^otices;  or  JYotices  respecting  neio 
and  superior  varieties  of  Fruits^  ivorthy  of  general  cultiva- 
tion. JSotice  of  forty-four  varieties  of  Cherries^  fruited  at 
the  Pomological  Garden^  Salem,  J\lass.j  in  the  season  of 
1842.     By  R.  Manning,  Esq. 

It  is  with  extreme  gratification  that  we  are  enabled  to  lay 
before  our  pomological  friends  the  following  valuable  paper, 
describing  forty-four  varieties  of  cherries,  the  qualities  of 
which  have  been  proved  by  Mr.  Manning,  in  his  Pomological 
Garden  at  Salem,  during  the  present  season.  Those  who 
have  read  Mr.  Manning's  communications  in  our  previous  vol- 
umes, on  pears  and  other  fruits,  will  at  once  appreciate  the  im- 
portance which  attaches  to  his  descriptions  of  fruits.  No  cul- 
tivator in  this  country,  and  we  might  say  no  individual  in  any 
country,  has  ever  fruited  and  proved  the  same  number  of  vari- 
eties of  the  cherry  which  are  here  described.  The  catalogues 
of  some  of  our  nurserymen,  it  is  true,  contain  from  fifty  to  one 
hundred  names  of  varieties,  but  such  confusion  exists  in  regard 
to  them,  that  probably  not  one  third  of  them  are  really  dis- 
tinct; but  if  distinct,  where  can  a  comparative  view  of  their 
qualities  be  found,  that  an  individual  wishing  to  make  a  choice 
selection,  may  do  so  without  the  fear  of  disappointment  ?  No 
where  but  in  the  Catalogue  of  the  London  Horticultural  So- 
ciety; and  even  that  is  imperfect  compared  with  Mr.  Man- 
ning's list;  for  he  has  described  nearly  twenty  new  kinds  of  re- 
cent origin,  most  of  them  American  seedlings,  and  particularly 
adapted  to  our  climate,  which  are  not  found  in  that  Catalogue. 

The  cherry,  though  a  small  fruit,  is  not  less  varied  in  the 
qualities   of  the  several  sorts  than    the  apple  or  pear;  size, 

VOL.  VIII. NO.  VIII.  36 


282  Pomological  Mtices. — J\*otices  of 

color,  flavor,  period  of  ripening,  firmness  of  flesh,  and  many 
other  qualities,  such  as  keeping  well  on  the  tree,  liability  to  be 
damaged  by  heavy  rains,  as  well  as  the  beauty  and  vigor  of 
the  tree,  hardiness,  &c.,  are  all  to  be  taken  into  consideration 
when  estimating  the  quality  of  a  fruit.  Mr.  Manning  has  had 
the  opportunity  of  comparing  the  merits  of  each,  and  his  de- 
scriptions are  made  up  after  a  deliberate  and  careful  examina- 
tion. 

Among  the  varieties  it  will  be  seen  that  Mr.  Manning  has 
produced  five  or  six  seedlings,  some  of  which  are  valuable 
additions  to  this  fruit;  three  other  sorts  are  quite  new,  except 
in  the  vicinity  of  Salem,  where  they  originated. 

In  conclusion,  we  may  here  recommend  to  amateur  culti- 
vators the  propriety  of  attempting  the  growth  of  seedling  cher- 
ries, with  a  view  to  the  production  of  improved  kinds.  The 
success  which  attended  the  late  Mr.  Knight's  experiments 
is  well  known;  some  of  his  seedlings  are  the  finest  in  culti- 
vation, and  we  doubt  not  that,  under  the  hands  of  skilful  culti- 
vators, many  new  and  superior  varieties  to  any  we  now  pos- 
sess, may  be  raised. — Ed. 

1.  JManningh  Early  Black  Heart. — Of  the  same  size,  form, 
and  color,  as  the  Old  I3lack  Heart  from  which  it  originated;  it 
ripens  ten  days  earlier;  very  juicy  and  fine;  the  tree  is  more 
spreading  than  its  parent.     Ripe  June  23d. 

2.  Bowyer''s  Early  Heart. — Medium  size,  pale  red,  mot- 
tled with  yellow;  obtusely  heart  shaped;  flesh  tender,  juicy, 
and  very  fine.      Ripe  June  25th. 

3.  Early  Red  and  Yellow. — Medium  size,  obtuse  heart- 
shaped;  light  red  on  a  yellow  ground;  sweet,  juicy,  and  good; 
raised  by  myself  from  a  stone  of  the  White  Bigarreau.  Ripe 
June  27th. 

4.  Royal  Duke. — Very  much  like  the  May  Duke,  but  a 
longer  stem.      Ripe  June  2Sth. 

5.  Jeffry^s  Duke. — Very  much  like  the  May  Duke.  Ripe 
June  2Sth. 

6.  Madison  Bigarreau. — Heart  shaped,  long  stem,  red  and 
yellow  skin;  very  fine;  raised  by  myself  from  a  stone  of  the 
W^hite  Bigarreau,  a  great  bearer.      Ripe  June  29th. 

7.  Holman''s  Duke. — Very  much  like  the  May  Duke.  Ripe 
June  30th. 

8.  Early  Richmond . — An  early  and  abundant  bearer;  fruit 
small;  light  red  skin;  very  sprightly.     Ripe  June  30th. 


forty-four  varieties  of  Cherries.  283 

9.  May  Duke. — An  old  and  well  known  variety.  Ripe 
June  31st. 

10.  Belle  lie  Choisy. — Medium  size,  round  shaped,  red, 
mixed  with  yellow;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  and  sweet.  Ripe 
June  31st. 

11.  DavenporVs. — Resembles  the  Black  Heart,  but  is  a 
few  days  earlier;  the  leaves  of  a  lighter  green.  Ripe  June 
31st. 

12.  KnighVs  Early  Black. — Obtuse  heart  shaped;  size 
large;  skin  nearly  black;  flesh  very  fine.      Ripe  June  31st. 

13.  JMoUled  Bigarreaii. — l^arge  size,  heart  shaped,  nearly 
round;  skin  yellow,  beautifully  mottled  with  red;  very  juicy, 
sweet,  and  excellent.  Raised  by  myself  from  the  stone  of 
the  White  Bigarreau.      Ripe  July  1st. 

14.  Turkey  Bigarreau. — Resembles  the  White  Bigarreau; 
but  the  flesh  is  not  so  firm,  and  is  more  juicy  and  sweet. 
Ripe  July  2d. 

15.  Ox  Heart. — Large  size,  very  long  heart  shaped;  skin 
dark  red,  with  black  blotches;  the  flesh  and  juice  of  a  dark 
red.     Ripe  July  2d. 

16.  Black  Heart. — Well  known.     Ripe  July  2d. 

17.  Jirden^s  While  Heart. — Medium  size,  heart  shaped, 
skin  white,  with  bright  red  cheek;  an  abundant  bearer.  Ripe 
July  3d. 

18.  Black  Tartarian. — Well  known  as  the  largest  and  best 
of  the  black  cherries.     Ripe  July  2d. 

19.  American  Heart. — Resembles  Arden's  White  Heart, 
if  it  be  not  the  very  same.     Ripe  July  3d. 

20.  While  Tartarian. — Size  small,  obtuse  heart  shaped; 
skin  of  a  cream  color,  with  somewhat  of  a  transparent  appear- 
ance; flesh  very  sweet  and  fine.     Ripe  July  3d. 

21.  Common  White  Bigarreau. — The  size  is  large,  obtuse 
heart  shaped;  skin  white,  with  a  beautiful  bright  red  cheek; 
flesh  very  firm  and  breaking,  from  which  circumstance  it  is  not 
so  liable  to  be  destroyed  by  the  birds,  which  renders  it  valua- 
ble for  market  fruit.  It  is  one  of  our  most  admired  cherries. 
Ripe  July  4th. 

22.  Large  Heart  Shaped  Bigarreau. — Of  large  size,  shape 
long  and  pointed  like  the  Elton;  skin  a  cream  color,  with 
bright  red  cheek;  flesh  tender,  juicy  and  fine.     Ripe  July  4th. 

23.  Elton. — Of  large  size,  long  heart  shaped;  skin  a  light 
yellow,  with  bright  red,  next  the  sun;  flesh  very  rich  and 
sweet.     Ripe  July  5th. 


284  Pomological  JsTotices. — JS'otices  of 

24.  Florence. — Of  large  size,  heart  shaped;  skin  of  an  am- 
ber yellow,  with  bright  red  cheek;  flesh  very  juicy  and  sweet; 
an  excellent  cherry.     Ripe  July  5th. 

25.  Honey  or  Sparhawk^s. — Medium  size,  form  round;  skin 
when  fully  ripe  of  a  bright  red;  flesh  very  sweet  and  good; 
bears  abundantly.      Ripe  July  0th. 

26.  Black  Eagle. — The  size  is  large,  obtuse  heart  shaped; 
skin  nearly  black;  flesh  very  juicy  and  rich.  This  is  one  of 
the  finest  of  cherries.     Ripe  July  8th. 

27.  Waterloo. — Of  large  size,  round  or  obtusely  heart 
shaped;  skin  black;  flesh  firm  and  excellent.     Ripe  July  8th. 

28.  Jfapoleon  Bigarreau. — The  size  is  large,  its  shape  is 
long,  but  not  pointed;  the  skin  a  pale  yellow,  for  the  most  part 
mottled  with  iDright  red;  flesh  very  firm  and  good.  ]  think 
this  fruit  has  been  overrated.     Ripe  July  10th. 

29.  Doumer^s  Late. — The  size  is  large,  shape  nearly  round; 
skin  red  and  white;  flesh  firm  and  good;  very  productive,  and 
profitable  for  the  market.      Ripe  July  12th. 

.30.  Doionton. — The  size  is  large,  form  obtuse,  heart  shaped; 
skin  yellow,  mottled  with  pale  red;  flesh  is  yellow,  tender, 
and  high  flavored.     Ripe  July  10th. 

31.  Gridley. — Of  medium  size,  form  nearly  round;  skin 
black;  flesh  firm,  juicy  and  excellent.  It  is  an  abundant  bear- 
er.    Ripe  July  1 2th. 

32.  Manning''s  Late  Black. — Of  large  size,  nearly  round; 
skin,  when  perfectly  ripe,  nearly  black;  flesh  firm  and  good. 
Raised  by  myself  from  a  stone  of  the  Black  Heart.  Ripe  Ju- 
ly 10th. 

33.  Lale  Duke. — Of  the  same  size,  form  and  color  as  the 
May  Duke,  but  ripens  later.     Ripe  July  10th. 

34.  Large  Black  Bigarreau. — Of  medium  size;  skin  black; 
flesh  remarkably  firm;  resembles  the  Elk-horn  Cherry  describ- 
ed by  Mr.  Prince.     Ripe  July  10th. 

35.  Wilkinson. — In  size,  form  and  color  it  resembles  the 
Black  Heart,  but  is  a  more  sprightly  fruit,  and  ripens  much 
later;  said  to  be  a  native  fruit  from  Rhode  Island.  Ripe  July 
15th. 

36.  Hydc''s  Red  Heart. — This  fruit  was  taken  by  the  birds 
before  it  came  to  maturity.  The  tree  is  extraordinary  for  its 
vigorous  growth,  and  from  its  appearance  will  bear  well. 

37.  Siceet  Montmorency. — Medium  size,  form  round;  skin 
light  red,  with  a  few  yellow   spots;   flesh   tender,  juicy  and 


forty-four  varieties  of  Cherries.  285 

sweet.  It  was  raised  from  a  stone  in  the  garden  of  J.  F.  Al- 
len, Esq.,  Chestnut  street,  Salem.  In  its  external  appearance 
it  resenibles  the  short  stem  Montmorency.     Ripe  July  25th. 

38.  Roberts''s  Red  Heart. — Large  size,  obtuse  heart  shaped; 
skin  a  bright  red;  an  excellent  cherry,  which  originated  in  the 
garden  of  David  Roberts,  Esq.,  Winter  street,  Salem.  Ripe 
July  25th. 

39.  Richardson'' s  Late  Black. — The  size  is  rather  small, 
form  round;  skin  black;  flesh  very  juicy  and  good.  It  origi- 
nated in  the  garden  of  Dr.  William  P.  Richardson,  Essex 
street,  Salem.  It  is  a  very  productive  variety,  ripening  late 
in  July. 

40.  Long  ^^lcm  Montmorency. — Of  medium  size,  the  form 
is  round,  rather  flat  at  the  stem;  skin  of  a  bright  red.  Its  taste 
is  pleasant,  though  a  little  acid.     Ripe  late  in  July. 

41.  Belle  Magnifque. — The  fruit  is  large,  form  round;  skin 
of  a  light  red,  with  patches  of  a  darker  red.  It  appears  to  be 
a  good  bearer,  although  rather  acid;  it  is  considered  a  valuable 
fruit,  ripening  late  in  July. 

42.  White  Mazzard. — This  fruit  is  of  medium  size,  heart 
shaped;  the  skin  is  cream  color,  with  a  bright  red  cheek.  Al- 
though this  cherry  is  not  of  the  finest  flavor,  yet  its  being  a 
very  abundant  bearer,  and  ripening  late,  renders  it  valuable  for 
the  niarket.  Raised  by  myself  from  seed.  It  has  sometimes 
hung  on  the  tree  till  the  10th  of  August. 

43.  Bu  JVord. — This  is  a  medium  sized,  acid  cherry;  the 
skin  dark  red,  when  ripe  nearly  black.  It  appears  to  be  a 
good  cherry  for  kitchen  use,  but  not  equal  to  the  following. 

44.  Plumstone  Morello. — This  is  one  of  the  largest  cher- 
ries; obtuse  heart  shaped.  When  ripe  it  is  a  very  dark  red, 
approaching  to  black;  it  is  too  acid  for  a  table  fruit,  but  excel- 
lent for  kitchen  use,  remaining  on  the  tree  perfectly  fair  till 
August. 

The  ripening  of  some  of  these  cherries  was  probably  retard- 
ed, by  the  necessity  of  enclosing  them  in  wrappers  of  muslin 
to  protect  them  from  the  birds.  Several  of  the  specimen  trees 
I  imported  from  Europe;  so  far  as  I  have  had  an  opportunity 
to  judge,  the  names  are  all  correct.  But  some  of  them,  in 
size,  color,  and  the  period  of  maturity,  certainly  approach 
very  near  together.  R.  Manning. 

Pomological  Garden^  Salem,  July,  1842. 


286  Account  of  a  new  variety  of  Crab  Jlpple. 


Art.  |II.  Some  Jlccount  of  a  neic  variety  of  the  Mdlus  mi- 
crocdrpa;  translated  from  the  Bulletin  of  the  Societie  d"* Hor- 
ticulture d^Rouen,  for  1841.     By  the  Editor. 

[The  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Societ}'  have  lately  re- 
ceived from  the  Horticultural  Society  of  Roun,  through  their 
President,  M.  Tougard,  who  has  been  elected  an  honorary 
member  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society,  several 
pamphlets,  containing  the  doings  of  the  Rouen  Horticultural 
'Society,  from  its  organization  up  to  the  year  1S42,  a  period 
of  seven  years.  These  pamphlets,  or  bulletins  as  they  are 
called,  contain  a  report  of  the  principal  meetings  of  the  Socie- 
ty for  each  year,  an  account  of  the  annual  "Exposition  Pub- 
lique,"  or  annual  exhibition,  and  also  papers  and  communica- 
tions read  before  the  Society  from  time  to  time,  by  various 
individuals,  members  of  the  Society.  Among  these  papers 
we  have  found  some  which  are  interesting  to  cultivators,  and 
we  shall  embrace  the  opportunity  to  lay  some  of  them  before 
our  readers.  We  have  now  translated  the  following  account 
of  a  new  and  highly  ornamental  variety  of  the  Crab  apple, 
well  worthy  of  introduction  into  our  gardens. — Ed.] 

You  will  recollect,  perhaps,  gentlemen,  the  infinitely  small 
red  apples  which  I  have  several  times  exhibited  before  you; 
these  were  the  fruits  of  the  i.^ialus  microcarpa,  the  diameter 
of  which  was  only  five  to  seven  millimetres,*  and  the  size 
only  that  of  small  peas  or  gooseberries. 

But,  notwithstanding  its  small  size,  this  apple  contains  in  its 
five  cartiligenous  cells  the  kernels  which  are  perfect,  and 
agree,  in  all  their  proportions,  with  this  family  of  fruit. 

The  20th  of  March,  1830, 1  sowed  several  of  these  seeds  or 
kernels;  but  I  succeeded  in  raising  only  four  vigorous  trees, 
two  of  which  have  not  yet  flowered  (1841,)  the  other  two  have 
flowered  and  fruited,  one  in  1839  for  the  first  time,  and  the 
other  in  1840;  both  have  presented  the  same  character  in  the 
flowers  and   fruit;  but  as  that  which   flowered   and  fruited  in 

*  A  metre  is  about  thirty-nine  and  a  half  inches;  a  centimetre,  a 
hundredth  part  of  a  metre;  and  a  millimetre,  a  thousandth  part  of  a 
metre. — Ed. 


Account  of  a  neic  variety  of  Crab  Jipplc,  287 

1839  is  the  most  vigorous,  the  most  beautiful,  and  the  most 
fruitful,  I  shall  speak  of  it  more  particularly. 

This  tree  has  preserved,  in  its  buds,  leaves,  and  stems,  the 
general  aspect  of  its  parent;  but  it  is  far  more  vigorous,  of  a 
more  beautiful  carriage  (port;)  the  branches  are  more  ramify- 
ing and  stronger,  and  have  a  vertical  or  oblique  direction, 
very  ascending. 

The  tree  has  attained  a  total  height  of  five  metres,  seventy 
centimetres,  [about  seventeen  feet.] 

The  flowers,  which  open  at  the  same  time  of  those  of  the 
Jlialus  baccata  and  J]I.  prunifolia,  are  numerous,  large,  of  a 
pure  white,  and  very  odoriferous. 

The  fruit  is  so  abundant  that,  notwithstanding  hundreds  fell 
off  by  the  wind,  previous  to  the  commencement  of  Septem- 
ber, the  tree  was  then  covered;  and  besides  the  intense  frost 
and  the  effects  of  the  snow  and  the  sun,  they  were  yet 
very  sound,  and  of  a  beautiful  red  color.  The  fruit  is  gen- 
erally round,  though  some  are  a  little  oval;  others  are  flattish, 
and  a  few  are  of  a  conical  shape.  Their  diameter  the  largest 
way  is  from  twenty-five  to  thirty  millimetres.  The  pe- 
duncle is  slender,  filiform,  ordinarily  rose  or  red,  and  united 
in  a  deep  cavity;  its  length  ranging  from  four  to  six  centime- 
tres. The  eye  is  small,  and  generally  slightly  sunk;  the  se- 
pals soon  decay.  The  skin  is  yellow,  laved  with  clear  red, 
and  very  smooth;  the  flesh  is  yellow,  firm,  and  the  juice  acid. 
The  kernels  or  seeds  are  of  a  clear  brown,  and  part  of  them 
always  abortive. 

This  tree  is  much  superior  to  the  Jl/ulus  hybrida,  called  al- 
so the  Siberian  apple,  for  its  more  elegant  carriage,  its  figure, 
its  more  abundant  foliage,  the  number,  the  fulness,  and  the 
odor  of  the  flowers,  the  abundance  of  its  fruit,  their  color  a 
deeper  red,  more  brilliant,  and,  above  all,  the  advantage  which 
it  possesses  of  remaining  attached  to  the  trees,  for  a  long  time 
after  the  fall  of  the  leaves,  producing  an  effect  in  winter  very 
remarkable.  Those  which  grew  in  1839  remained  hanging  to 
the  tree  until  the  end  of  February,  and  at  this  time  there  are 
some,  notwithstanding  their  decomposition  by  the  intensity  of 
the  frost,  the  snow  and  the  sun,  which  are  still  firmly  attach- 
ed to  the  branches. 

Note. — In  July,  1841,  a  considerable  quantity  of  the  fruit 
of  1840  was  then  attached  to  the  branches,  dried  up,  and  con- 
trasting singularly  with  the  new  fruit,  which  had  already  attain- 
ed half  its  size. 


288       Some  Remarks  on  the  growth  of  the  Straxcberry. 


Art.  III.  Some  Remarks  on  the  cultivation  of  the  Strawber- 
ry, loith  reference  to  the  dioecious  character  of  the  large  va- 
rieties.    By  J.  C.  G. 

[The  following  interesting  communication  we  have  receiv- 
ed from  an  amateur  cultivator  of  fruits.  Being  desirous  of 
ascertaining  the  correctness,  as  far  as  possible,  of  the  diascious 
character  of  some  varieties  of  strawberries,  he  was  induced  to 
look  into  several  English  and  French  works,  by  authors  of 
eminence,  who  have  written  upon  the  cultivation  of  the  straw- 
berry. The  results  of  these  investigations,  which  were  for 
the  writer's  own  use,  and  not  intended  originally  for  publica- 
tion, are  detailed  below;  and  we  are  indebted  to  him  for  his 
kindness,  in  enabling  us  to  lay  them  before  our  readers. — Ed.] 

I  was  much  gratified  by  the  letter  from  our  respected 
friend,  Mr.  Longworth,  of  Cincinnati,  published  in  your  pres- 
ent number,  as  well  as  by  your  comments  thereon.  I  had 
the  pleasure  of  conversing  with  that  gentleman  on  the  same 
subject  a  few  weeks  since,  and  have  since  ascertained  some 
facts  which  confirm  the  opinions  expressed  by  him  and  you. 

I  have  a  strawberry  bed  of  about  three  hundred  square 
yards,  which  I  have  carefully  examined  this  year,  while  in 
flower.  It  is  filled  with  four  kinds  of  strawberries — 1st,  the 
round  red  and  white,  called  by  you,  I  believe,  the  Wood 
strawberries;  I  examined  several  plants  of  this  description, 
and  found  not  a  single  flower  which  was  not  perfect,  i.  e. 
bearing  both  stamens  and  pistils.  Both  these,  however,  were 
smaller  and  shorter  than  in  my  other  kinds.  These  other 
kinds  are  the  Downton,  the  Scarlet,  and  the  Pine-apple;  at 
least  these  are  the  names  under  which  they  came  to  me  a  few 
years  since;  for  every  one  knows  that  there  is  much  confu- 
sion in  the  naming  of  strawberries.  Among  these  I  examin- 
ed three  rows  in  different  parts  of  the  bed.  In  the  northern 
row  were  nineteen  plants;  of  these,  fourteen  had  pistils  or 
stiles  only,  without  a  vestige  of  a  stamen.  The  reniaining 
five  flowers  were  perfect.  In  the  southern  row  I  examined 
thirty-two  plants,  of  which  only  five  were  perfect,  the  remain- 
ing twenty-seven  being  entirely  female,  that  is,  bearing  stiles 
only.  In  the  next  row  to  this,  last  summer,  I  found  thirteen 
plants  in  succession,  all  of  which  bore  perfect  flowers. 


Some  Remarks  on  the  groioth  of  the  Strawberry.      289 

I  afterwards  examined  a  large  number  of  plants  promiscu- 
ously; the  great  majority  bore  only  female  flowers;  the  re- 
maining flowers  had  both  stamens  and  stiles.  I  found  no 
flower  with  stamens  exclusively,  though  there  were  a  very  few 
where  the  pistils  were  so  small,  that  they  had  proved  entirely 
abortive,  and  had  withered.  This  bed  has  borne  abundantly, 
and  I  doubt  whether  a  single  plant,  except  those  last  men- 
tioned, failed  of  producing  large  and  finely  flavored  fruit. 

The  next  fact  which  I  have  to  state  is  much  more  decisive. 
Last  fall  I  bought  a  dozen  of  the  Hoveys'  Seedling.  These 
I  planted  by  themselves,  at  a  distance  of  at  least  eight  rods 
from  any  other  strawberries.  They  threw  out  several  flowers 
this  spring,  all  of  which  were  without  stamens.  I  anticipated 
a  poor  crop  of  fruit,  and  so  it  proved.  A  few  berries  were 
set,  but  of  a  very  diminutive  size,    and  not  one  fairly  ripened. 

In  the  height  of  the  strawberry  season  I  visited  a  friend 
who  had  a  very  large  bed  of  the  Methven  Castle.  The  fruit 
was  well  colored,  but  exceedingly  diminutive.  I  examined 
ihe  few  flowers  which  still  remained  in  blow,  and  found  all  of 
them  without  stamens,  and  I  presume,  therefore,  that  all  the 
flowers  in  the  bed  were  of  this  description. 

These  facts  confirm  the  conclusions  at  which  I  understood 
you  to  arrive, — 

First — That  no  good  fruit  can  be  expected  from  a  bed  of 
strawberries  where  there  are  no  stamens,  or  where  there  are 
stamens  only. 

Secondly — That  perfect  flowers  answer  as  well  for  fertil- 
izing the  stile-bearing  plants,  as  flowers  with  stamens  only, 
and,  as  they  give  fruit,  are  more  profitable;  and  such  I  see  is 
your  conclusion. 

These  points  have  been  little  regarded,  because,  in  making 
up  strawberry  beds,  gardeners  generally  happen  to  collect  a 
sufficient  number  of  strawberries  with  perfect  flowers;  but  that 
some  strawberries  are  always  dioecious,  and  that  many  are  often 
so,   is  distinctly  asserted  by  eminent  French  writers. 

It  has  been  less  precisely  noticed  in  English  works,  for  the 
reason  given  just  above,  but  you  will  still  find  the  fact  recog- 
nized incidentally.  Thus  we  have,  in  the  second  volume  of 
the  Transactions  of  the  London  Horticultural  Societrj,  a 
communication  from  Mr.  Keen,  in  which  he  states  that  he 
procured  no  fruit  from  a  plat  of  the  hautbois,  on  account  of 
the  want  of  perfect  flowers,  and  that  this  defect  was  remedied 

VOL.   VIII. — NO.   VIII.  37 


290  On  the  cullivaiion  of  Lachenalias. 

by  placing  in  bottles,  in  the  neighborhood,  such  flowers  from 
other  varieties. 

I  have  no  doubt  that  many  a  bed  of  good  strawberries  has 
been  rooted  up  as  worthless,  which  would  have  produced  an 
abundance  of  fine  fruit,  if  properly  supplied  with  fertilizing 
plants. 

I  do  not  think  It  probable  that  any  of  your  seedlings  produce 
perfect  flowers,  as  you  have  not  yet  succeeded  in  finding  any. 
The  original  plant  was  probably  exclusively  pistilliferous  or  fe- 
male, and,  as  there  is  generally  only  one  original  plant  in  each 
new  variety  of  cultivated  fruit,  you  must  seek  your  fertilizers  in 
other  kinds.  This  is  a  matter  of  no  moment;  for  it  seems 
well  established,  that  whether  a  pistil-bearing  flower  is  fertil- 
ized with  the  pollen  of  its  own,  or  of  any  other  variety,  is  a 
question  of  no  consequence  as  to  the  flavor  of  the  fruit,  what- 
ever may  be  the  difference  of  effect  on  the  seed  which  is  im- 
bedded in  it,  and  the  new  variety  raised  therefrom. 

Boston,  July,  1S42. 


Art.  IV.      On  the  cultivation  of  Lachenalias. 
By   the  Editor. 

Among  the  small  number  of  plants  which  are  adapted  to 
parlor  cultivation,  we  may  name  some  of  the  species  of  the 
Lachenalirt.  Of  dwarf  stature,  scarcely  ever  exceeding  a  foot 
high,  of  delicate  growth,  and,  withal,  possessing  a  variety  of 
coloring,  rarely  found  in  any  other  plant,  they  can  well  claim  a 
place  among  the  many  showy  ornaments  of  the  parlor  window; 
equally  desirable  are  they  to  the  amateur  cultivator  of  a  small 
collection  of  green-house  plants,  offering,  by  the  green,  yellow, 
and  scarlet  tints  of  their  neat  spikes  of  pendulous  bells,  a  succes- 
sion of  blossoms  in  the  early  spring  months,  which  add  to  the 
gaiety  of  the  neatest  group  of  plants.  The  lachenalias  belong 
to  the  liliaceous  tribe  of  plants,  and  there  are  upwards  of  forty 
species  and  varieties;  we  have,  however,  only  cultivated  three 
of  them,  which  we  believe  to  be  the  L.  quadricolor,  tricolor, 


Floricultural  and  Botanical  J^olices.  291 

and  penduhi.  Their  treatment  Is  exceedingly  simple,  and  may 
be  detailed  in  a  few  words. 

Pot  the  bulbs  which  are  not  large  in  No.  2  pots,  three  bnlbs 
in  a  pot.  This  should  be  done  in  September;  the  soil  should 
be  a  mixture  of  peat  and  sand,  three  parts  of  the  former  and 
one  of  the  latter,  with  a  very  small  quantity  of  leaf  mould 
added.  Select  good  sound  bulbs  for  flowering,  and  pot  tiie 
small  offsets  by  themselves;   give  a  good  drainage  to  the  pots. 

After  they  liave  all  been  planted,  remove  the  pots  to  a 
frame,  where  they  will  have  the  light,  and  not  be  exposed  to 
the  cold  autumn  rains.  Keep  them  in  this  situation  until  No- 
vember, or  when  the  nights  become  quite  frosty,  giving  very 
little  water,  just  sufficient  to  keep  the  earth  moist.  At  that 
time  they  may  be  removed  to  the  parlor  or  green-house,  placing 
them  in  a  light  situation,  and  watering  them  cautiously  until 
they  begin  to  grow.  Tn  February  the  flower  stems  will  ap- 
pear, when  more  water  should  be  given,  though  with  care:  the 
flower  stems  will  now  shoot  up,  and  in  the  course  of  a  few 
weeks  will  be  beautifully  in  bloom,  remaining  so  for  two  or 
three  weeks,  and  much  longer  if  they  are  kept  in  a  partially 
shady  place. 

In  May,  when  the  foliage  has  done  growing,  and  begins  to 
turn  yellow,  the  pots  may  be  removed  to  the  open  air  for  a  few 
weeks,  when  the  bulbs  should  be  taken  out  of  the  pots,  and 
laid  away  in  a  dry,  cool  place,  until  wanted  for  planting  again 
in  the  autumn. 


Art.  V.  Floricultural  and  Botanical  JS'olices  of  new 
Plants  figured  in  foreign  periodicals;  with  Remarks  on 
those  recently  introduced  to.,  or  originated  in.,  Jimerican 
gardens;  and  additional  information  upon  plants  already  in 
cultivation. 

Edwards's  Botanical  Register,  or  Ornamental  Flower  Garden 
and  Shrubbery.  Each  number  containing  from  six  to  eight 
plates,  with  additional  miscellaneous  information,  relative  to 
new  Plants.     In  monthly  numbers;  3s.  plain,  3s.  6d.  colored. 

Prt.i7o/i's  Magazine  of  Botany ,  and  Register  of  Flowering  Plants 
Each  number  containing  four  colored  plates.   Monthly.    ^2s.  6d 


292  FloricuUural  and  Botanical  JVotices. 

each.    Edited  by  J.  Paxton,  gardener  to  the  Duke  of  Devon- 
shire. 
The  Gardener's  Chronicle,  a  stamped  newspaper  of  Rural  Econ- 
omy and  General  News.    Edited  by  Prof.  Lindley.    Weekly. 
Price  6d.  each. 

Botanical  and  FloricuUural  Intelligence.  Seeds  and  Plants 
from  the  Exploring  Expedition. — We  learn  from  our  corres- 
pondent Mr.  Douglas,  of  Washington,  in  whose  green-house 
the  plants  brought  home  by  the  Exploring  Expedition  are 
placed,  that  it  is  the  intention  of  the  Government  either  to  build 
a  house  for  the  plants,  or  procure  that  of  Mr.  Douglas,  for  the 
especial  purpose  of  propagating  the  plants  for  distribution. 
There  is  a  sufficient  amount  of  money  appropriated  to  the  pre- 
servation of  dried  specimens,  &c.,  and  we  think  no  better  mode 
could  be  devised  to  enable  the  Government  to  give  an  equal  dis- 
tribution of  the  plants.  Among  the  species  brought  home  are 
many  rare  and  beautiful  productions  from  the  two  Continents. 

Lilium  speciosum,  and  the  other  Japan  species,  hardy. — J. 
W.  Boot,  Esq.  informs  us  that  he  has  tested  the  hardiness  of 
these  splendid  productions  the  past  winter.  A  few  bulbs 
of  the  several  sorts  were  left  out,  and  they  have  already  thrown 
up  strong  and  healthy  stems,  which  promise  to  afford  a  magnif- 
icent bloom.  This  fact  is  well  worth  knowing,  as  it  will  give 
a  double  value  to  the  already  highly  estimated  worth  of  these 
the  most  brilliant  of  all  the  liliaceous  tribe. 

Dorydnthes  excelsa. — This  noble  plant  has  lately  flowered  in 
the  collection  of  John  Sherwood,  Philadelphia.  Erom  the  last 
report  of  the  Philadelphia  Horticultural  Society,  we  learn  that 
it  flowered  in  the  large  green-house  of  George  Pepper,  Esq., 
where  Mr.  Sherwood  removed  his  plant,  that  it  might  be  made 
accessible  to  the  public  when  in  bloom.  The  following  ac- 
count was  given  by  the  committee  of  the  Pennsylvania  Horti- 
cultural Society,  who  insj)ected  the  plant  when  in  bloom,  by 
the  invitation  of  Mr.  Sherwood  : — 

"This  plant  was  imported  by  its  proprietor  in  1828,  and  is 
an  offset  of  the  celebrated  specimen  which  bloomed  at  Edin- 
burgh in  1825. 

"It  is  of  the  genera  Amaryllidese;  leaves  radical,  numerous, 
long,  narrow  and  sword  shaped;  scape  arising  from  the  centre 
of  the  leaves,  beset  with  acute  sheathing  leaves,  in  height  ten 
feet;  inflorescence  a  terminal  head  in  fascicles;  flowers  bright 
scarlet. 


Flori cultural   and  Botanical  JVotices.  293 

"Mr.  Sherwood  states  that  he  has  grown  it  in  heath  mould, 
commonly  called  peat  earth,  and  shifted  or  repotted  it  every 
spring  before  commencing  to  grow;  he  has  generally  kept  it 
during  summer  in  an  exhausted  hot-bed,  shading  from  the  hot 
sun,  but  exposing  it  at  night  for  the  purpose  of  receiving  the 
dew;  when  it  became  too  large  for  the  hot-bed,  he  introduced 
it  into  a  pit  under  glass  shading  as  before,  when  in  this  moist 
atmosphere  it  grew  luxuriantly; — during  the  last  winter  he  kept 
it  in  the  hot-house.  The  flower  stem  commenced  its  growth 
about  the  first  of  December  last,  making  its  greatest  growth  in 
midwinter,  and  began  to  bloom  about  the  first  of  June. 

"Mr.  Sherwood  is  entitled  to  great  credit  for  the  skill  and 
patience  with  which  he  has  cultivated  and  reared  this  rare  and 
beautiful  plant.  It  is  the  first  specimen  imported  into  the 
United  Slates,  and  the  first  that  has  flowered. " 

Jl^gave  americdna. — An  old  plant  of  this  species,  in  the  col- 
lection of  General  Van  Rensselaer,  of  Albany,  is  about  flower- 
ing. The  flower  stem  is  now  shooting  up  rapidly,  and  will 
soon  begin  to  open  its  blossoms.  It  is  to  be  exhibited  in  Al- 
bany for  the  benefit  of  the  Orphan  Asylum  of  that  city.  It  is 
stated  that  this  plant  had  been  upwards  of  half  a  century  in  this 
collection  of  plants. 

J\lr.  Hartweg,  the  botanical  collector. — Advices  from  Mr. 
Hartweg  have  been  received  down  to  the  2Slh  of  '.Tanuary: 
he  was  then  at  the  foot  of  the  Chimborazo.  He  has  made 
some  rich  collections  in  that  vicinity,  which  "include  several 
vacciniaceous  plants,  probably  Thiebaudias,  and  possibly  Ma- 
cleanift  and  Cavendishta,  many  bulbs,  between  eighty  and 
ninety  kinds  of  seed,  and  between  two  and  three  hundred  spe- 
cies of  dried  plants."  These  had  all  been  despatched  to  Lon- 
don on  the  1st  of  January,  and  have  probably  arrived  some 
time  since.  At  Cuenca  he  had  fallen  in  with  some  beautiful 
species  of  Berbcris,  with  small  leaves  and  large  flowers,  a  gi- 
gantic TropcE^olum,  with  pale  yellow  flowers,  and  enormous 
seeds,  ascending  to  the  summit  of  the  tallest  trees.  ( Gard. 
Chron.) 

JVew)  Variety  of  the  Cereus. — Mr.  W.  Chalmers,  gardener 
to  George  Pepper,  Esq.,  Philadelphia,  has  raised  a  beautiful 
Cereus  between  theC  speciosissimus  and  Epiphyllum  Acker- 
mann:  it  has  the  rich  tinge  in  its  petals  of  the  C.  speciosissi- 
mum,  and  possesses  much  of  the  habit  of  Epiphyllum  Acker- 
manu.     A  description  of  it  from  one  of  our   correspondents 


/ 
294  Floricultural  and  Botanical  J^olices. 

has  been  mislaid;  but  he  states   that  it  is  one  of  the  most  de- 
sirable kinds  for  a  collection. — Ed. 

Jlanunculdcece . 

WELLE'BORUS 
orientilis  Decand.  Eastern  Iiellehore.     A  green-linuse  or  frame  plant,   growing  two  feet 
Jiigh;  with  purplish  colored  flowers;  appearing  in  February  and  INlarch;  a  native  of 
Eastern  Europe;  increased  by  division  of  the  root  and  by  seeds.     Bot.   Ueg.,  t.  842,  t. 
34. 

A  "welcome  addition  to  our  collections,"  producing  large, 
purplish-colored,  pendulous  flowers,  at  the  end  of  tall  stems, 
which  have  a  showy  appearance.  This  is  supposed  to  be  the 
Black  hellebore  of  the  ancients,  which  produces  the  deadly 
poison  known  by  that  name.  The  roots  were  gathered  on  the 
Bithynian  Olympus,  and  sent  to  the  London  Horticultural  So- 
ciety, where  it  flowered  in  February  and  INlarch.  It  is  sup- 
posed to  be  hardy,  though,  from  its  rarity,  it  has  been  kept  in 
the  green-house.  It  requires  a  damp,  shady  situation,  with 
peaty  soil  to  grow  in,  and  is  readily  increased  by  division  of 
the  root.  (^Bol.  Reg.,  June.) 
Leguminosce. 

MIMO^SA. 
Uritguiiiisis,  Benth.    The  Uruguay  Mimosa.     A  green-hoiise  shrub,  growing  three  or  four 
feet  high,   with  red  flowers;  appearing  in  June;  a  native  of  Buenos  Ayres;  increased 
by  cutting  and  seeds;  grown  in  loam  and  leaf  mould.     Bot.  Reg.,  1842,  t.  33. 

"A  pretty  green-house  shrub,"  with  delicate  foliage,  and 
reddish  "flowers,  which  appear  in  globular  heads  on  short  pe- 
duncles, and  have  a  prelty  appearance,  surrounded  with  the 
small  and  delicate  leaves.  It  is  a  native  of  Buenos  Ayres, 
from  whence  seeds  were  received  by  the  Hon.  W.  F.  Strang- 
ways,  and  presented  by  him  to  the  London  Horticultural  Soci- 
ety, where  it  flowered  in  June,  1841.  (Bot.  Reg.,  June.) 
Crassuldcece. 

ECHEVE'RM 

r6sea  Limll.  Rosy  Echeveria.  A  green-house  plant;  growing  two  feet  high;  with  yellow 
flowers;  appearing  in  spring;  a  native  of  Mexico;  increased  by  cuttings,  &c.;  grown  in 
light  soil.     Bot.  Reg.,  1842,  t.  22. 

A  new  and  pretty  species,  with  cylindrical  spikes  of  "yel- 
low flowers,  with  rose-colored  bracts,  which  render  it  very 
gay."  There  is  only  one  other  species  described,  in  which 
the  flowers  are  of  the  same  color.  It  has  the  habit  of  the  other 
tall  growing  echeverias.  It  should  be  grown  in  the  green- 
house, succeeding  best  in  a  light  soil  well  drained,  and  placed 
as  near  the  glass  as  convenient.  It  is  readily  increased  from 
the  leaves  or  cuttings,  and  is  easily  cultivated.  It  was  intro- 
duced from  Mexico,  and  flowered  in  the  garden  of  the  Horti- 
cultural Society  in  1841.      (Bot.  Reg.,  April.) 


Floricultiiral  and  Botanical  JVolices.  295 

acutir^lia  Lhtdl.  Sharp-leaved  Echeveria.  A  green-house  plant;  growlns;  two  feet  high; 
with  scnrlet  flowers;  appearing  in  sprin;^;  a  native  of  Mexico;  increased  by  cuttings; 
grown  ill  light  soil.     Bot.  Rtg.,  1842,  t.  29. 

This  is  another  of  the  acquisitions  of  Mr.  Hartweg,  who  sent 
it  home  from  Mexico;  so  tenacious  of  hfe  was  it,  that  its 
stems  came  ahve,  and  soon  flowered  in  the  garden  of  the  Hor- 
ticultural Society.  The  leaves  are  sub-rhomboid,  acute,  and 
concave;  the  stem  reddish,  and  terminated  with  erect  cylindri- 
cal spikes  of  scarlet  flowers,  tinged  with  yellow;  having  a 
showy  and  pretty  appearance,  and  decidedly  one  of  the  finest 
species.  Its  treatment  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  E.  rosea  and 
other  species.  {Bot.  Reg.,  May.) 
Ericdcece. 

CLE'THRA 
juercifdiia  Liii'Il.     Oak-leavcd  clethra.     A  green-house  shrub;  growing  four  to  five  feet 
high;  with  white  flowers;  appearing  in  March;  a  native  of  Mexico;  increased  by  layers 
or  saeds;  grown  in  loam  and  peat.     Bot.  Reg.,  1842,  t.  23. 

A  handsome  shrub,  with  "deliciously  fragrant  flowers." 
The  leaves  are  obovate,  lanceolate,  acute,  rugose,  tomentose, 
and  slightly  fenugineous,  on  the  under  side;  the  flowers  ap- 
pear in  terminal,  loose,  spreading  racemes,  giving  the  plant  a 
showy  and  ornamental  character,  independent  of  their  great 
fragrance.  This  species  differs  from  C.  mexicana,  and  is  the 
same  as  the  C.  tinifolia  of  Schlecht.  It  was  found  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Jalapa,  in  Mexico,  and  flowered  in  the  gar- 
den of  the  Dean  of  Manchester,  in  March,  1841.  Its  treat- 
ment is  the  same  as  C.  arborea,  an  old  green-house  plant. 
{Bot.  Reg..,  April.) 

AZA'LEA 
var.  alta  cler^nsis.    The  Highclere  azalea.    A  hardy  shrub;  growing  six  feet  high;  with 
rosv  flowers;  appearing  in  June;  a  hybrid  seedling;  increased  by  layers.     Bot.  Reg., 
1842,  t.  27. 

Since  the  first  production  of  hybrid  azaleas,  many  splendid 
varieties  have  been  the  result  of  the  labors  of  cultivators; 
hundreds  have  been  raised,  all  differing  somewhat,  yet  many 
of  them  too  much  alike  to  deserve  a  distinctive  name.  The 
present  subject,  however,  is  not  one  of  these;  it  certainly 
stands  preeminently  above  the  majority  of  seedlings  which  have 
been  produced;  like  its  near  ally,  the  Rhododendron  alta  cle- 
rense,  originated  at  the  same  place,  it  will  rank  as  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  hardy  azaleas  which  has  ever  been  raised.  We 
cannot  better  describe  it  than  in  the  words  of  the  originator  of 
the  plant,  J.  R.  Gowen,  Esq. 

"This,  the  most  charming,  perhaps,  of  hardy  azaleas,  unit- 
ing to  the  utmost  beauty  of  form,  and  arrangement  of  color,  a 
most  delicious  fragrance,  is  one  of  the  many  additions  made  to 


296  FloricuUural  and  Botanical  J^otices. 

our  horticultural  treasures,  in  this  family,  by  the  gardens  at 
Highclere.  It  was  produced  by  fertilizing  the  flowers  of  Aza- 
lea sinensis,  with  the  pollen  of  the  late  flowering  variety  of 
Azalea  viscosa,  called  by  tlie  nurserymen  Azalea  rubescens 
major.  It  bears  the  most  decisive  evidence  of  its  double  pa- 
rentage, having  the  glaucous  foliage  and  inflorescence  of  Aza- 
lea sinensis,  modified  by  the  pale  crimson  tints  of  Azalea  ru- 
bescens major.  It  is  most  profuse  of  its  odorous  flowers, 
which  cover  the  whole  bush,  and  is  altogether  a  very  striking 
production." 

The  individual  flowers  bear  a  similar  resemblance  to  those 
of  A.  variegata,  with  the  exception  that  they  have  not  the 
delicate  texture  of  the  latter.  We  consider  it  a  variety  worth 
a  dozen  of  the  common  imported  kinds. 

In  connection  with  this  subject.  Dr.  Lindley  states,  what 
may  be  interesting  to  some,  viz.,  when  the  branch  now  drawn 
was  sent  him,  he  stripped  off  a  twig  or  bud  of  the  young  wood, 
inserted  their  ends  in  a  phial  of  water,  and  placed  them  in  a 
Ward's  case  in  a  sitting  room.  They  remained  for  nearly  three 
months  healthy,  but  scarcely  green;  they,  however,  formed  a 
callosity  at  the  lower  end,  and  he  has  no  doubt  they  would 
have  rooted  had  they  been  placed  in  a  little  bottom  heat.  He 
thinks  that  in  a  Ward's  case  azaleas  might  easily  be  made  to 
root.      (Bot.  Reg.,  May.) 

Convolvuldcem. 

MPN^  Llave  and  Lex,  (after  Don  Francisco  Xavier  Miua,  a  Mexican  Minister.) 
lobeita  ia  7,/ai'c  and  Lex  Lobe-leaved   Mina.     An  annual  climber;  growing  several  feet 
liigh;  with  yellow  flowers;  appearing  in  summer;  a  native  of  Mexico;  increased  by 
seeds.     Bot.  Reg.,  1842,  t.  24. 

A  beautiful  annual,  with  so  much  of  the  habit  of  growth  and 
general  appearance  of  the  common  Ipomoea,  that  if  the  flowers 
were  removed,  no  one  would  scarcely  detect  it;  "but  remove 
the  leaves,  and  it  loses  all  appearance  of  the  convolvulaceous  or- 
der, so  unusual  is  it  among  such  plants  to  have  racemose  flow- 
ers, erect,  and  arrayed  almost  in  the  scorpeoid  manner  of  a 
borage,  to  say  nothing  of  the  uncommon  form  of  the  corolla, 
and  its  peculiar  color,  at  first  rich  crimson,  but  changing 
through  orange  to  pale  yellow  as  the  blossoms  unfold."  As 
this  plant  is  common  with  the  Mexicans,  and  is  used  for  the 
purposes  of  decoration,  it  is  somewhat  singular  that  it  was 
never  introduced  to  Europe  until  last  year,  when  a  packet  of 
seeds  was  presented  to  the  Earl  of  Burlington,  in  whose  gar- 
den it  flowered;  the  plant  afterwards  died,  and  only  a  few  im- 


Floricultural  and  Botanical  JSToHces.  297 

perfectly  ripened  seeds  were  saved,  which  have  been  sown  in 
the  garden  of  the  Horticuhural  Society.  It  will  be  a  fine  ad- 
dition to  our  annual  climbers.     {Bot.  Reg.j  April.) 

Jasminidce(B. 

JASMI'NUM 
caudAtuin   Wall.    Tail-leaved  Jasmine.    A  stove  plant;    growing  fen  feet  high;  with 
white  flowers;  appearing  in  summer;  a  native  of  India;  increased  by  cultinga.    Bot. 
Reg.,  1842,  t.  26. 

A  fine,  but  scentless,  species  of  Jasmine,  with  opposite 
serrate  leaves,  deep  green,  tapered  into  very  narrow  points, 
from  whence  its  name.  The  flowers  appear  in  dense  terminal 
cymes,  or  panicles,  snow  white,  and  have  a  showy  appear- 
ance. It  is  well  adapted  for  a  stove,  where  it  grows  in  great 
luxuriance  trained  up  the  back  wall,  on  the  rafters,  or  round 
stakes  placed  in  a  pot.  It  grows  in  a  mixture  of  loam,  leaf 
mould  and  rotten  dung,  and  is  easily  multiplied  by  cuttings. 
{Bot.  Reg.,  May.) 
Gosneridcece. 

ACHI'MINES 
longiflora  Bcnth.    Long-flowered  nchimines.    A  green-house  plant;    growing  eighteen 
inches  high;  with  blue  flowers;  appearing  in  summer;  a  native  of  Guatemala;  increas- 
ed by  the  roots  or  bulbs;   grown  In  any  rich  soil.     Bot.  Reg.,  1843,  t.  19. 

"No  individual,  whether  potentate  or  commoner,  no  gov- 
ernment, no  association  of  individuals  in  any  country,  ever 
embellished  their  native  land,  in  the  same  number  of  years, 
with  such  a  multitude  of  rare  and  beautiful  plants  as  the  Hor- 
ticultural Society  of  London  has  brought  into  England,  either 
through  their  correspondents,  or  by  the  means  of  their  collec- 
tors, among  whom  Forbes,  Parkes,  Douglas,  and  Hartweg 
stand  prominent.  The  annuals,  the  perennials,  the  hardy  de- 
ciduous shrubs,  the  evergreens,  the  creeping  plants,  the  green- 
house and  stove  plants,  now  in  cultivation,  have  principally 
sprung  from  the  rich  mine  in  the  Society's  garden;  and  now, 
after  twenty  years'  importation  of  novelties,  here  is  one  which 
yields  to  nothing  except  the  Wistarm  (Glycene)  sinensis. 
More  beautiful  than  the  gayest  of  our  stove  herbaceous  plants, 
as  easy  to  cultivate  as  the  commonest  of  perennials,  more  pro- 
digal of  flowers  than  the  finest  of  the  gloxinius,  ever  blooming, 
except  during  the  few  months  when  it  sinks  into  its  winter's  rest, 
this  Achimines  longiflora  is  an  invaluable  gift  by  the  Society  to 
every  one  who  has  a  small  green-house."  Such  is  the  account 
given  of  this  new  plant  by  Dr.  Lindley,  which  we  have  extract- 
ed entire,  preferring  it  to  any  description  of  our  own.  From 
the  representation  in  the  drawing,  its  merits  are  not  overrated. 

VOL.  VIII. NO.  VIII.  38 


293  FloricuUiiral  and  Botanical  JSTotices. 

The  plant  has  the  habit  of  A.  coccinea,  with  slightly  larger  fo- 
hage,  but  the  flowers  are  two  and  a  half  inclies  across,  of  a 
rich  violet  color,  having  much  the  outline  of  a  good  heartsease. 
It  is  easily  grown;  the  little  scaly  bulbs  should  be  potted  in 
spring  in  any  fine  soil,  and  the  plants  will  grow  rapidly;  they 
should  first  be  placed  in  small  pots,  and  shifted  as  they  in- 
crease in  size.  They  will  flower  in  August,  and  continue  to 
bloom  for  three  or  four  months.  After  the  flowering  season  is 
over,  the  stems  die  of}',  and  the  pots  should  be  placed  away  on 
an  airy  shelf  free  from  frost,  until  the  growing  season,  when 
they  should  be  repotted  again.  M.  Hartweg  found  the  spe- 
cies in  Guatemala.      {Bot.  Reg.^  April.) 

peduficulata  Bcnth.  Long-atalketl  ncliimines.  A  green-house  plant;  growing  eighteen 
inches  iiigh;  with  scarlet,  spotted  tlowers;  appearing  in  autumn;  a  native  of  Guatemala; 
increased  by  division  of  the  roots.     Bot.  Reg.,  1842,  t,  31. 

Another  fine  species,  but  quite  different  from  the  last;  the 
foliage  is  larger,  the  flowers  smaller,  and  the  plant  more  robust 
in  its  habit.  The  flowers  are  very  brilliant  and  showy,  being 
scarlet,  richly  marked  with  rows  of  deep  crimson  spots.  It 
is,  however,  a  fine  species,  and  we  hope  the  whole  three,  viz: 
A.  rosea,  longiflora,  and  pedunculata,  will  soon  be  added  to  our 
gardens.  In  the  treatment  of  the  latter  species,  the  same  di- 
rections are  to  be  observed  as  for  the  others.  {Bot.  Reg..) 
June.) 

Coniferoi. 

THV'JA 
filiformis  Loddin-es.    Weeping  arborvitaj.    A  hardy  Uee;  growing  fifteen  or  twenty  feet 
high.     Bot.  Reg.,  1842,  t.  20. 

*'A  beautiful  and  quite  hardy  tree"  in  the  climate  of  Eng- 
land, and  would  undoubtedly  prove  so  here;  "with  long,  slen- 
der, weeping  branches."  The  finest  plant  in  England  is  in 
the  arboretum  at  Kew,  and  is  now  ten  feet  high.  Though  one 
of  the  most  elegant  evergreens,  and  long  since  introduced,  it  is 
surprising  that  it  has  not  become  more  common  in  collections, 
as  it  is  readily  increased  from  cuttings.  This  species  is  figur- 
ed by  Mr.  Lambert  as  the  T.  pendula,  but  it  appears  from  a 
close  botanical  examination  to  be  entirely  different.  [Bot. 
Reg.,  April.) 

JlmarylUd^eice^e. 

HABRA'NTHUS 
ptalinsis  Ilrrb.     Meadow  Habranthiis.    Astove-bilb;  growing  a  foot  high;  with  crimson 
and  orange  colored  llowers;  appearing  in  April;  a  native  ol  Chili;  increased  by  oflsels; 
grown  in  light  Uiani.     Bot.  Reg.,  18412,  t.  lio. 
Syn.  Amuryllis  pratetisis.     Pa'ppi^. 

A  large  flowered  species  of  the  Habranthus,  having  a  "  pe- 
culiarly brilliant  appearance  on  account  of  the  contrast  between 


Floricultural  and  Botanical  J\"otices.  299 

the  rich  yellow  at  the  bottom  of  its  flowers,  and  bright  crimson 
of  their  limb.  The  foliage  is  linear,  deep  green,  and  convex; 
the  stem  terminated  with  an  umbel  of  from  two  to  three  flow- 
ers. Its  cultivation  is  simple:  after  the  flowers  fade,  the  bulb 
should  be  placed  in  a  light  situation,  and  freely  watered,  in  or- 
der to  enable  it  to  perfect  its  foliage;  when  full  grown,  and  it 
begins  to  die  off,  the  watering  should  be  discontinued,  and 
the  plant  removed  to  a  dry  shelf  till  the  growing  season.  ( Bol. 
Reg.,  July.) 

hilidcece. 

ORNITHO'GALUM 
divariciituin  Lindl.    Straggling  Star  of  Bethlehem.     A  hardy  bulb;  growins  two  feet 
hh^ii;  witli  while  llowers;  appearir-.g  in  July  and  An^iist;  a  native  of  California;  in- 
creased l)y  olidcts.  yiown  in  rich  soil.     Bot.  Reg.,  1849,  t.28. 

A  hardy  species  of  the  ornithogalum,  throwing  up  a  branch- 
ed panicle  of  pretty  white  flowers,  slightly  pendulous.  All 
the  genuine  ornithogalums  having  erect  stems.  Dr.  Lindley 
doubted  the  propriety  of  referring  this  plant  to  the  genus;  but 
for  the  present  he  considers  it  most  prudent  to  let  it  form  a 
section.  It  is  a  native  of  California,  and  sent  home  to  the 
London  Horticultural  Society  by  Mr.  Hindes,  surgeon  of  the 
Sulphur  surveying  ship.  It  grows  freely  in  any  good,  rich-, 
sandy  soil,  and  is  increased  by  offsets.      {Bol.  Reg.,  May.) 

Garden  JMenwranda.  Hawthorn  Grove,  Col.M.  P.  Wild- 
er.— Some  iew  weeks  since  we  made  a  short  visit  to  this 
place.  It  was  just  previous  to  the  rose  season,  and  they  had 
not  then  begun  to  bloom:  the  collection  here  is  superb,  many 
additions  having  been  made  during  the  present  year.  Among 
the  tender  sorts,  however,  we  found  several  in  bloom,  though 
the  season  was  too  early  to  show  the  character  of  the  newer 
kinds.  During  the  present  month,  or  in  September,  we  hope 
to  be  able  to  see  them  again,  when  they  will  be  in  good  con- 
dition, and  note  down  the  names  of  the  most  beautiful  and  de- 
sirable for  a  collection. 

Passing  into  the  green-house,  where  nearly  all  the  plants 
were  yet  remaining,  we  found  a  superb  collection  of  geraniums 
in  flower;  the  plants  large  and  well  grown,  and  throwing  up 
line  trusses  of  blooms.  The  finest  were  Gaines's  King,  IMag- 
na  Charta,  Matilda,  Florence,  Decorum,  Syl|)h,  Siddonia, 
Carnation,  Clarissa,  and  several  others  whose  names  we  did 
not  note  down.  Some  fuchsias  struck  us  as  very  beautiful,  par- 
ticularly F,  exiraia   and  Siandishu,   the   former  very  brilliasit. 


300  Floricultural   and  Botanical  Jfotices. 

F.  corymbifldra,  of  which  there  is  here  a  plant,  was  not  in 
very  good  condition  to  bloom;  but  Mr.  Wilder  hopes  to  flow- 
er it  during  the  season. 

The  camellias  were  looking  well,  but  were  now  out  of  flow- 
er; fseveral  new  ones  have  been  recently  received  from  France. 
C.  var.  Wilderi  is  growing  vigorously,  and  will  soon  again  be- 
come sufficiently  strong  for  blooming.  Mr.  Wilder  pointed 
out  to  us  a  few  pots  of  seedling  lilies,  being  the  production  of 
seeds  raised  from  the  L.  speciosum,  lancifolium  album,  tigri- 
num,  and  others,  impregnated  with  one  another  by  various 
crosses.  Something  good,  we  trust,  will  come  out  of  them. 
We  have  thought,  for  some  time,  that  there  was  quite  a  field 
for  improvement  in  this  family;  so  varied  are  the  colors  and 
the  habits  of  the  different  species,  that  we  are  assured  some 
singularly  pretty  varieties  might  be  produced. 

In  the  open  garden,  we  were  particularly  struck  with  the 
size  and  beauty  of  a  few  roots  of  Myatt's  Victoria  rhu- 
barb: it  will  prove,  we  think,  the  finest  variety  in  cultivation. 
A  bed  of  Hovey's  seedling  strawberry,  set  out  on  a  piece  of 
ground  trenched  two  feet  deep,  was  looking  finely,  the  plants 
throwing  up  foliage  of  immense  size,  and  vigorous  runners  al- 
ready emitted  from  the  roots.  On  one  side  of  the  bed,  at 
the  distance  of  six  or  eight  feet,  Mr.  Wilder  has  also  a  bed  of 
Early  Virginias,  which  will  serve  to  fertilize  the  bed  of  seed- 
lings. The  fruit  trees  were  looking  uncommonly  vigorous  and 
healthy. 

Belmont  Place,  J\Ir.Cushing''s. — This  beautiful  place  is  now 
in  fine  order;  the  plants  are  all  removed  from  the  houses,  and 
placed  in  their  summer  quarters  in  the  rear  of  the  large  range 
of  houses.  In  one  of  the  stoves  we  noticed  the  pitcher  plant, 
(JVepenthes  dislillatoria,)  with  upwards  of  a  dozen  of  its  sin- 
gular pitchers,  the  largest  full  eight  inches  long,  and  more  than 
an  inch  in  diameter.  We  here  also  saw  a  plant  of  the  cele- 
brated Fejee  Island  tomato,  of  which  so  much  was  said  last 
year,  and  seeds  of  which  were  sent  home  by  the  exploring  ex- 
pedition. The  plant  has  full  as  much  the  appearance  of  an  egg 
plant  as  the  tomato;  it  seems  intermediate  as  regards  its  foliage. 
It  was  showing  two  of  its  fruit,  about  the  size  of  a  large  egg; 
the  form  is  a  roundish  oval,  and  the  color  of  the  skin  nearly 
white.  The  fruit  is  not  yet  ripe.  It  undoubtedly  requires  a 
longer  season  to  perfect  Jts  growth  than  the  egg  plant,  and  on 
that  account,  unless  it  should  prove  a  remarkable  table  fruit,  it 


Floricultural  and  Botanical  J^olices.  301 

will  be  unfit  for  general  cultivation.  Mr.  Haggerston's  plant 
was  raised  from  seed  last  year,  and  placed  in  his  bands  by  a 
gentleman  who  managed  to  keep  it  through  the  winter,  and  it 
has  now  fruited  for  the  first  time.  The  plant  is  growing  in  a 
large  pot,  and  is  nearly  three  feet  high,  with  an  erect  stem. 

The  grapes  in  the  stoves  have  all  been  cut,  and  they  are 
now  fully  ripe  in  the  succession  house;  some  of  the  clusters  of 
Muscat  of  Alexandria  were  the  largest  and  finest  we  ever  saw; 
those  in  the  cold  house  are  coming  on  well,  and  show  a  fine 
crop.  Mr.  Haggerston  prunes  his  vines  on  the  spur  system, 
throughout.  A  few  peaches,  plums,  apples,  &c.,  in  pots, 
were  ripening  small  crops. 

In  the  open  garden,  the  borders  were  enlivened  with  a  good 
show  of  perennial  and  other  plants:  (Enothera  macrocarpa 
was  very  brilliant,  with  its  large  deep  yellow  flowers;  it  is  a 
fine  perennial,  and  worthy  the  best  place  in  the  border. 
Yucca  filamentosa,  with  its  stately  panicles  of  waxy  looking 
bells,  is  a  superb  plant,  not  half  so  much  cultivated  as  it  should 
be.  A  bed  of  picotees  and  carnations  had  made  a  fine  show, 
but  the  plants  were  now  past  their  finest  bloom.  Mr.  Hag- 
gerston has  a  large  bed  of  seedlings  coming  on,  for  another 
year.  Around  the  circle,  in  the  centre  of  the  garden,  groups 
of  verbenas  were  displaying  their  varied  tints,  making  a  splen- 
did show.  Salvia  patens  was  showing  a  few  of  its  deep  blue 
flowers,  contrasting  prettily  with  the  scarlet  tints  of  the  old 
species. 

It  is  astonishing  to  see  what  a  different  appearance  the  roses 
have  here,  compared  with  their  appearance  two  years  ago,  be- 
fore Mr.  Haggerston  made  the  discovery  of  the  efficacy  of 
whale  oil  soap  in  destroying  the  rose  slug.  We  recollect  of 
being  at  the  garden  at  that  season,  and  the  bushes  were  com- 
pletely stripped  of  their  foliage,  although  every  means  had  been 
used  to  prevent  it:  snufF,  lime,  sulphur,  covering  the  bushes, 
&c.,  but  all  without  effect.  The  whale  oil  soap,  however, 
accomplishes  the  object  at  once;  and  the  rose  slug,  as  well  as 
the  aphides,  is  completely  under  the  hands  of  the  gardener. 

The  dahlias  are  making  a  fine  growth,  and  have  already  put 
forth  many  beautiful  flowers.  Mr.  Haggerston  has  a  fine  col- 
lection, including  most  of  the  new  kinds;  and,  as  the  ground 
was  well  prepared,  a  superb  show  may  be  expected  in  Sep- 
tember. 


302  General  JVolices. 


MISCELLANEOUS    INTELLIGENCE. 

Art,  I.     General  Notices. 

Preserving  floioers  fresh  for  a  long  period. — The  following  plan 
is  recommended  for  preserving  flowers  in  a  fresh  state  for  sonic 
time: — Procure  a  flat  dish  of  porcelain,  into  which  pour  water  suf- 
ficient to  nearly  fill  it:  in  the  water  place  a  vase  of  flowers:  over 
the  vase  place  a  bell-glass,  with  its  rim  in  the  water.  This  is  similar 
to  a  "Ward's  case"  in  principle,  although  different  in  construction. 
The  air  that  surrounded  the  flowers  being  confined  beneath  the  bell- 
glass,  was  constantly  moist  with  the  water  that  rose  into  it  in  the 
form  of  vapor.  As  fast  as  the  water  was  condensed,  it  ran  down 
the  sides  of  the  bell-glass  back  into  the  dish;  and  if  means  had 
been  taken  to  enclose  the  water  on  the  outside  of  the  bell-glass,  so 
as  to  prevent  its  evaporating  into  the  air  of  the  sitting-room,  the 
atmosphere  around  the  flowers  would  have  remained  continually 
damp.  This  plan  is  designated  by  the  editor  as  the  "Hopean  ap- 
paratus," under  which  name  he  will  refer  to  it  again.  Those  who 
wish  to  try  the  experiment  on  a  small  scale,  may  do  so  by  inserting 
a  tumbler  over  a  rose-bud,  in  a  saucer  of  water.  (Gard.  Chron., 
1842,  p.  315.) 

Cultivation  of  choice  kinds  of  Petunias. — Early  in  September, 
the  cuttings  should  be  put  into  60  sized  pots  [No.  1,]  and  placed 
in  the  front  of  a  hot-bed  until  they  have  struck  root,  which  will  be 
in  three  or  four  weeks:  they  may  then  be  removed  into  the  green- 
house. Early  in  February,  they  should  be  shifted  into  48  sized  pots 
[No.  2,]  in  a  mixture  of  sandy  peat,  leaf  mould,  and  loam,  and 
repotted  as  fast  as  the  pots  become  full  of  roots,  using  an  inch  and 
a  half  of  small  charcoal  for  drainage.  During  the  time  they  are 
growing  in  pots,  they  should  be  watered  two  or  three  times  a  week 
with  warm  water;  and  the  latter  end  of  May,  they  may  be  turned 
out  into  the  flower  garden.  The  soil  which  suits  them  best  is  a 
light  rich  loam,  mixed  with  well  decomposed  dung.  They  form 
splendid  objects,  when  planted  on  the  lawn  and  trained  to  a  wire 
trellis  or  stake,  of  any  shape  which  may  be  agreeable.  {Id.,  1842, 
p.  316.) 

Gas  Tar  for  Gravel  Walks. — Gravel  walks  may  be  kept  free 
from  worms  and  weeds,  by  coating  the  first  layer  of  material  (sup- 
posing it  to  be  of  either  stone  or  rubbish,  from  six  to  twelve  inches 
deep,)  with  a  wash  of  gas  tar  and  water,  in  the  proportion  of  half 
a  gallon  of  the  tar  to  a  large  water-pot  of  the  water.  It  is  to  be 
api)lied  with  the  rose  on  the  pot,  and  kept  well  stirred.  After  put- 
ting another  layer  of  rubbish  or  drift,  or  a  coat  of  coarse  gravel 
about  two  inches  thick,  apply  another  lotion  of  gas  tar  water,  which 
need  not  be  quite  so  strong  as  in  the  former  application.  The  writ- 
ter  states  that  he  has  never  been  troubled  with  either  weeds  or 
worms,  and  has  used  only  the  above  means  to  guard  against  them. 
[Id.,  1842,  p.  818.) 


Foreis:n  JSTotices, — Ens;land.  303 


to' 


New  method  of  grow tm;  Jlsparagus  at  Nice. — The  following  is 
llie  method  of  growiiiii;  asparagus  at  Nice,  of  which  a  high  account 
has  been  given,  viz: — Take  a  quart  wine*bottle,  such  as  fresh  wine 
is  sold  in;  invert  it  over  the  head  of  an  asparagus  just  rising  from 
the  ground,  and  secure  it  !)y  three  sticks  so  that  it  cannot  be  knocked 
over.  If  left  in  this  state,  the  asparagus  will  grow  up  into  the  in- 
terior of  the  bottle,  and,  being  stimulated  by  the  unusual  heat  and 
moisture  it  is  then  exposed  to,  will  speedily  fill  it.  As  soon  as  this 
has  taken  place,  the  bottle  must  be  broken,  and  the  asparagus  re- 
moved, when  it  will  be  found  to  have  formed  a  thick  head  of  tender 
delicate  shoots,  all  eata!)le,  and  as  compact  as  a  cauliflower.  (/t?.j 
1842,  p.  331.)     [We  recommend  a  trial  of  this  method.— jKd,] 


Art.  II.     Foreign  Notices. 
ENGLAND. 


Exhibition  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society  for  May,  1842. — 
This  Society  holds  three  monthly  exhibitions  during  the  summer  sea- 
son, one  in  May,  another  in  Juno,  and  a  third  in  July.  We  already 
jjossess  reports  of  the  May  and  June  exhibition,  and  that  of  July 
will  reach  us  before  our  next  number  appears. 

The  exhibitions  have  been  unusually  splendid  this  year,  exceeding 
those  of  any  previous  one.  The  reports  in  the  Gardener's  Chron- 
icle are  given  at  length,  and  each  occupy  at  least  ten  of  our  pages. 
We  cannot,  of  course,  give  them  entire,  but  we  have  extracted  the 
most  interesting  ))ortion  of  the  report  of  the  May  exhibition  below,  and 
shall  give  that  of  the  June  one  in  our  next,  and  of  the  July  exhibition 
in  a  succeeding  number,  if  it  possesses  the  same  interest  as  the  others. 
Nothing  that  we  can  find  in  the  foreign  journals  interests  us  more 
than  these  reports,  and  we  doubt  not  that  a  majority  of  our  readers 
will  be  pleased  to  share  with  us  in  the  gratification  we  have  derived 
from  them. 

The  exhibition  was  attended  by  a  great  concourse  of  people  of  all 
classes,  including  the  Queen  and  Prince  Albert,  the  Duke  of  Devon- 
shire, and  others.  Upwards  of  five  thousand  five  hundred  tickets 
were  sold.  Of  the  beauty  of  the  exhibition,  and  of  the  rich  and 
varied  display,  the  best  idea  can  be  formed  after  reading  the  report. 
But  one  of  the  most  important  facts  connected  with  it  was  the  high 
cultivation  of  many  of  the  species  of  older  plants,  rather  than  the 
gathering  together  of  mere  novelties — thus  showing  that  the  legiti- 
mate objects  of  the  Society  are  attained,  and  good  gardening  pro- 
moted. It  is  to  this  particular  feature  of  the  report  that  we  would 
call  the  attention  oi'  cultivators:  the  sight  of  such  fine  specimens  of 
azaleas,  ericas,  cactuses,  and  |)elargoniums,  as  are  mentioned,  would 
be  worth  a  host  of  all  the  novelties  which  could  be  gathered  to- 
gether. 


304  Foreign  Notices. — England. 

It  will  be  Been  that  the  most  popular  tribes  of  plants  are  the  aza- 
lea, erica,  cactus,  pelargonium,  calceolaria,  fuchsia,  roses,  the  family 
of  climbing  plants,  and  the  orchidaceaD.  At  the  May  show  the  aza- 
leas took  the  lead,  and  were  objects  of  unbounded  admiration,  to 
such  a  state  of  perfection  has  their  cultivation  arrived. 

We  must  invite  our  cultivators  to  attempt  an  improvement  in  their 
management  of  this  plant;  for  it  is  rare  to  see  even  a  decent  looking 
specimen,  being,  for  the  most  part,  tall  straggling  plants,  half  cloth- 
ed with  foliage,  and  quite  unsightly  only  at  the  time  that  they  dis- 
play their  large  and  showy  flowers. 

How  seldom  is  it  that  a  climbing  plant  in  a  pot  is  seen  in  our 
green-house  collections;  and  yet,  how  much  of  beauty  and  interest 
must  they  possess,  when  brought  to  that  state  of  growth  described 
below.  Many  individuals  are  inclined  to  look  upon  a  running  plant 
as  an  object  unworthy  of  growth,  and  some  cultivators  discard  them 
entirely  from  their  collections.  We  trust  a  better  fate  awaits  them, 
and  that  we  may  see  the  long  neglected  Sollya,  Manettia,  kenned- 
ias,  clematises,  anagallises,  passifloras,  yet  holding  a  conspicuous 
place  among  green-house  plants. 

In  our  next  number,  when  we  give  an  account  of  the  June  exhi- 
bition, we  shall  embrace  the  occasion  to  offer  some  further  remarks. 

"Neither  the  most  zealous  devotee  of  horticulture,  nor  the  most  ar- 
dent patriot,  could  have  afforded  a  more  striking  proof  that  their  pur- 
suit or  their  country  were  not  in  an  inactive  or  declining  state,  than 
was  furnished  at  the  Exhibition  of  last  Saturday.  It  is  difficult  to 
decide  whether  the  natural  beauty  of  the  flowers,  their  tasteful  ar- 
rangement, the  tokens  of  skill  in  cultivation  they  afforded,  or  the  in- 
terest which  the  comjjany  evinced  in  their  inspection,  was  the  more 
gratifying  or  remarkable.  The  previous  rains  had  brought  everything 
in  the  gardens  to  the  highest  perfection.  The  day  was  fine,  with  a 
genial,  but  not  oppressive  warmth,  the  lawns  and  walks  neither  damp 
nor  dusty;  vegetation  just  clothed  in  that  lovely  green  which  is  pecu- 
liar to  the  present  season.  The  noble  Wistaria  sinensis,  that  finest 
of  hardy  climbers,  was  completely  laden  with  its  newly  opened  and 
delicately  perfumed  blossoms:  the  ])lants  in  the  great  conservatory 
yet  more  luxuriant  than  those  in  the  open  air,  and  some  of  them 
splendidly  in  flower;  the  collection  of  exotics  in  the  exhibition,  va- 
ried and  rich  in  the  extreme,  their  disposition  as  to  the  diversity, 
contrast,  and  yet  harmony  of  their  colors,  was  the  subject  of  admi- 
ration; and  the  visitors  were  numerous,  but  select,  and  by  no  means 
crowded.  The  three  military  bands  performed  in  their  usual  style; 
and,  as  if  to  finish  the  whole,  and  give  an  additional  zest  to  all  the 
other  attractions,  a  friendly  nightingale 

'All  clay  long  her  amorous  descant  sung' 
within  fifty  yards  of  the  principal  tent. 

"Cultivators  will  be  j)leased  to  learn  that  their  productions  were 
gazed  upon  with  approbation  by  her  Majesty  and  Prince  Albert,  who, 
with  the  Duke  of  Devonshire,  the  Duchess  of  Sutherland,  Lady  Car- 
lisle, Lady  Newburgh  and  suite,  honored  the  exhibition  with  their  at- 
tendance. The  other  visitors,  including  many  illustrious  names, 
amounted  to  5,500.  The  subjects  of  exhibition  were  so  abundant,  and 
generally  so  fine,  that  nothing  but  a  mere  outline  can  be  attempted, 


Foreign  JVolices. — England.  305 

The  tribe  which  of  all  others  attracted  and  deserved  most  notice  was 
the  azaleas;  the  specimens  sent  far  surpassed  those  brouiyht  in  for- 
mer years.  They  were  treated  in  four  different  ways:  First  and 
rarest,  there  were  plants  exceedingly  dwarf  and  bushy,  with  the 
branches  actually  depending  over  the  edges  of  the  pots.  These  were 
peculiarly  interesting,  and  confined  mostly  to  A.  lateritia  and  varie- 
gata.  Next,  there  were  some  almost  equally  low,  but  very  spread- 
ing, and  with  their  branches  also  inclining  downwards.  While  the 
former  were  not  more  than  a  foot  or  eighteen  inches  in  diameter, 
these  were  from  three  to  five  feet  across,  and  included  the  White  In- 
dian and  a  few  of  the  crimson-flowered  kinds.  Again,  there  was  a 
group  which  had  been  left  to  grow  naturally,  with  perhaps  the  prin- 
cipal stem  listened  to  a  stake  to  keep  it  upright,  and  two  or  three  of 
the  branches  [tied  in  a  little  to  draw  the  flowers  more  into  a  mass. 
Lastly,  there  were  many,  both  with  and  without  a  bare  stem,  of  one 
or  two  feet  in  height,  that  had  the  points  of  their  branches  brought 
into  a  flat,  or  nearly  flat,  surface — thus  throwing  all  the  flowers  to 
the  front,  and,  of  course,  rendering  that  front  far  more  thickly  stud- 
ded with  them  than  an  ordinary  hush  could  be.  The  specimens  of 
the  first  class  had  been  procured  from  cuttings,  or  by  grafting  very 
low  on  the  stocks,  and  pruned  freely,  as  vvell  while  growing  as  dur- 
ing winter.  The  branches  had  also  most  likely  been  tied  down  at  the 
points-  Those  of  the  second  tribe  had  been  raised  similarly,  and  per- 
haps treated  in  the  same  manner,  but  were  commoner  and  stronger 
growing  sorts,  and  had  been  kept  in  a  very  light  house,  near  the  glass. 
The  third  group,  which  was  the  least  ornamental,  exhibited  a  want  of 
culture,  or,  at  least,  showed  by  their  defects  what  the  aid  of  art  had 
accomplished  in  other  instances-  Their  shoots,  having  been  tied  up 
for  the  occasion,  evinced,  too,  the  injudiciousness  of  attempting  to  train 
a  plant  after  it  has  perfected  its  growth.  Several  of  the  flowers  were 
unavoidably  turned  inwards,  or  on  one  side,  instead  of  towards  the 
spectator.  In  the  fourth  class,  however,  a  good  effect  was  produced 
by  training  all  the  shoots  so  as  to  present  only  one  front.  A  specimen 
of  A.  lateritia  so  arranged  was  brought  by  Mr.  Green,  gardener  to  Sir 
E.  Autrobus,  Bart.,  and  was  certainly  an  admirable  specimen  of  cul- 
ture. The  blossoms  were  so  close  that  it  seemed  almost  impossible 
for  them  to  exist  in  such  a  crowded  state.  It  was  four  feet  high,  on 
a  stem  about  a  foot  long.  The  same  variety  was  exhibited  from  the 
same  collection  only  one  foot  in  height,  extremely  dense  and  beauti- 
ful. Mr.  Green  also  had  A.  indica  variegata  as  large  as  the  first 
mentioned  A.  lateritia,  and  scarcely  less  prolific  of  flowers.  To  those 
desirous  of  improving  the  race  of  green-house  azaleas,  these  two 
kinds  may  be  pointed  out  as  models  in  respect  of  the  form  of  their 
flowers.  From  Mr.  Green  there  were,  further,  an  A.  splendens,  seven 
feet  high,  with  immense  deep  crimson  flowers,  and  in  a  magnificent 
condition;  phoenicea  and  Smithii,  equally  good;  two  very  remarkable 
plants  of  the  splendid  double  red  variety,  one  being  quite  six  feet 
high,  and  full  of  blossoms;  and  a  gorgeous  specimen  of  a  new  kind 
called  A.  Greenii,  which  has  rich  and  well-formed  crimson  flowers. 
All  Mr.  Green's  azaleas  appeared  to  be  trained  with  the  view  of 
bringing  the  flowers  to  the  front;  and  hence  their  peculiar  splendor. 
The  dwarf  specimen  we  have  spoken  of  is  obviously  excepted  from 
VOL.   VIII.  —  NO.  VIII.  39 


300  Foreis^n  A'^oticcs. — Ensrland. 


"b 


this  remark.  Mr.  Croucher,  gr,  to  J.  Allcard,  Esq.,  of  Stratford,  ex- 
hibited a  very  beautiful  dwarf  plant  of  A.  indica  variegata,  and  a  su- 
perior specimen  of  the  same  variety,  together  with  a  splendid  plant  of 
a  deep  crimson  sort.  A  very  pretty  white  kind,  fully  six  feet  high, 
and  profusely  covered  with  bloom,  came  from  Mr.  Falconer,  gr.  to 
—  Palmer,  Esq.,  of  Cheam.  From  Mr.  Barnes,  gr.  to  G.  W.  Nor- 
man, Esq.,  there  were  a  double  red  azalea  in  a  nice  dwarf  state^  A. 
laleritia,  also  dwarf,  but  with  small  flowersj  the  variegated  variety, 
exceedingly  good,  two  feet  high;  and  a  crimson  azalea,  with  semi- 
double  flowers,  four  feet  in  height,  and  particularly  fine.  An  ex- 
tremely handsome  specimen  of  the  white  Indian  azalea  was  sent  by 
Mr.  Flogan,  gr,  to  H.  Povvnall,  Esq.,  Spring  Grove.  It  was  three 
feet  high,  and  at  least  four  feet  broad.  In  another  collection  by  Mr. 
Barnes,  there  was  a  plant  of  A.  Smithii,  three  feet  in  height,  which 
presented  a  superb  mass  of  blossom;  a  bright  red-flowered  variety, 
one  foot  high,  very  full  of  bloom;  one  called  Semidouble  Scarlet,  with 
particularly  large  and  brilliant  flowers,  which  have  a  slight  tendency 
to  become  double;  A.  sinensis,  finely  grown,  and  with  its  rich  yellow 
inflorescence  creating  a  delightful  variety  among  the  rest;  a  double 
crimson-flowered  variety,  beautifully  in  flower;  and  A.  Gledstanesii, 
eighteen  inches  in  height,  and  well  covered  with  blossom.  The  last 
kind  was  exhibited,  too,  by  Mr.  Green,  as  a  detached  specimen,  and 
drooped  over  the  sides  of  the  pot  in  an  elegant  manner.  Its  flowers 
are  formed  like  those  of  A.  indica  variegata,  and  are  mostly  white, 
with  here  and  there  a  stripe  more  or  less  distinct  and  broad,  of  deep 
pink,  Mr.  Hunt,  gr.  to  Miss  Traill,  besides  good  specimens  of  A. 
phoenicea,  and  a  very  luxuriant  one  of  the  white  sort,  had  an  admira- 
ble plant  of  A.  Danielsiana,  four  feet  in  height,  and  blooming  most 
abundantly.  The  flowers  were  rather  pale  red,  from  having  been 
forced,  and  the  plant  is  easily  known  by  its  small,  neat,  and  compact 
foliage.  Mr.  Goode,  gr.  to  Mrs.  Lawrence,  Ealing  Park,  contributed 
several  specimens,  which  were  conspicuous  for  their  health,  as  well 
as  for  the  number  and  size  of  their  blossoms;  of  A.  splendens  phoe- 
nicea, one  much  resembling  the  first-named;  a  particularly  good  white 
variety,  which  was  like  a  hillock  of  snow,  and  the  double  pink  sort, 
dwarf,  but  more  than  four  feet  in  breadth,  and  extremely  delicate.  A 
quantity  of  new  varieties  were  furnished  by  Mr.  Smith,  nurseryman, 
of  Norbiton,  Surrey,  and  amongst  them  were  several  with  striking 
flowers.  One,  which  had  very  pale  and  transparent  red  or  salmon- 
colored  blossoms  of  a  large  size,  and  tolerably  good  form,  appeared 
to  divide  its  claims  to  superiority  with  another  of  a  most  intense  crim- 
son hue,  having  numerous  dark  spots.  A  semi-double  crimson  one 
was  also  good;  and  there  was  a  fine  white  kind,  named  A.  phoenicea 
alba.  A  selection  of  hardy  azaleas,  in  baskets,  from  Mr.  Donald,  of 
the  Woking  Nursery,  had  an  interesting  appearance.  After  the 
azaleas,  cacti  and  heaths  commonly  occupy  the  foremost  rank.  On 
this  occasion,  however,  we  think  precedence  is  due  to  the  climbing 
plants.  It  is  with  delight  that  we  note,  having  called  attention  to  the 
subject  in  our  report  of  last  year,  that  there  were  a  great  many  spe- 
cies of  these  charming  objects  present,  and  that  many  of  them  were 
superlatively  fine.  The  possibility  of  growing  even  rambling  and 
luxuriant  climbers  in  pots  to  trellises  not  more  than  four  or  five  feet 


Foreign   JSTotices. — England,  307 

high,  has  now  been  fully  demonstrated;  and  it  is  alike  palpable  that 
plants  so  managed  constitute  some  of  the  most  beautiful  objects  which 
can  engage  the  cultivator's  notice.  The  trellises  most  common  were 
those  with  flat  surfaces,  exhibiting  an  oval  or  irregular  contour,  some 
expanding  at  the  bottom  so  as  to  cover  the  pot,  and  such  as  resemble 
a  barrel,  or  are  simply  cylindrical  in  figure.  Two  or  three  were  com- 
pletely globular,  except  on  the  lower  side,  and  some  were  of  a 
common  cylindrical  form,  but  low,  and  covered  at  the  top,  with  the 
plants  trained  over  them  so  closely,  and  branching  out  from  their  sur- 
face so  naturally,  as  to  give  them  the  aspect  rather  of  dwarf  bushes 
than  of  trellis-supported  climbers.  The  most  noticeable  feature  in 
their  culture  was  the  training  of  the  shoots  so  closely  together  as  al- 
most to  hide  the  trellis,  and  to  display  as  continuous  a  sheet  as  possi- 
ble of  foliage  and  flowers  on  the  exterior.  It  was  observable  that 
where  this  had  been  most  carefully  effected,  by  far  the  most  splendid 
results  were  realized,  and  certainly  nothing  could  be  more  demon- 
strative of  the  good  effects  of  any  treatment  than  were  some  of  the 
climbers  of  that  we  have  just  referred  to.  Probably  the  best  plan, 
where  immediate  display  is  not  wished  for,  is  to  train  the  plants  thin- 
ly to  the  top  of  a  suitable  trellis,  take  the  principal  shoots  again  to  the 
bottom,  and  re-direct  them  upwards,  between  the  older  portions. 
The  first  wood  is  thus  better  matured,  and  though  two  or  three  years 
will  elapse  without  any  striking  result  being  obtained,  the  ultimate  ef- 
fect will  be  all  that  could  be  desired.  In  all  cases,  however,  a  high 
trellis  must  be  guarded  against,  as  it  is  not  a  tall  specimen,  with  the 
flowers  principally  at  the  top,  that  is  most  beautiful — but  one  over 
which  the  leaves  and  blossoms  are  pretty  regularly  and  generally  dis- 
tributed. These  hints  were  suggested,  and  will  be  borne  out,  by  the 
climbers  exhibited.  The  specimen  which  struck  us  as  being  most  as- 
tonishing was  one  of  Zichya  glabrata,  from  Mr.  Clarke,  gr.  to  G. 
Smith,  Esq.,  of  Shirley  Park.  It  was  about  three  feet  high,  the  same 
breadth,  on  a  flat  trellis,  and  had  a  cluster  of  flowers  to  almost  every 
Bcjuare  inch  of  surface.  The  bunches  of  blossom,  from  standing  out 
on  long  flower-stalks,  had  their  beauty  greatly  increased.  A  plant  of 
Kennedya  monophylla,  four  feet  in  height,  proportionally  broad,  on  a 
similar  trellis  to  the  last,  and  so  densely  covering  it  that  it  could  not 
be  seen  through,  was  sent  by  the  same  person,  and  by  the  profusion 
of  its  large  deep  green  leaves  and  blue  flowers,  made  a  very  admira- 
ble display.  iNIr.  Clarke  further  exhibited  Philibertia  grandiflora,  in 
a  good  flowering  condition;  Tweedia  ccerulea,  affixed  to  the  front  of 
u  flat  trellis,  and  producing  a  lively  effect;  a  species  of  Maurandya, 
probably  pulchella,  with  light  lilac  flowers,  and  forming  an  interest- 
ing and  close  pyramid  four  feet  high;  Kennedya  nigricans,  on  a  round 
trellis,  with  its  noble  foliage,  and  curious  blackish  and  yellow  flow- 
ers; Kennedya  longiracemosa,  four  feet  high,  on  a  circular  flat  trel- 
lis, remarkably  good;  and  Solly  a  heterophylla,  with  its  pretty  droop- 
ing blue  blossoms.  A  Zichya  coccinea,  four  feet  high,  from  J.  Allnut, 
Esq.,  of  Clapham,  was  a  magnificent  specimen;  and  Mr.  Wilson,  gr. 
to  J.  Labouchere,  of  Bcdtord  Hill,  Streatham,  produced  the  same 
sjjccies,  six  feet  high,  with  a  prodigious  quantity  of  flowers;  it  was 
supported  on  a  fancy  trellis,  the  figure  being  contracted  towards  the 
top.     Mr.  Redding,  gr.  to  Mrs.  Marryatt,  of  Wimbledon,  brought  a 


808  Foreign   Kotices. — England. 

plant  of  Clematis  coerulea,  which,  though  hardy,  flowers  most  per- 
fectly under  protection;  and  Clematis  Sieboldi  came  from  Mr.  Ho- 
gan,  gr.  to  H.  Pownall,  Esq.,  Spring  Grove:  the  latter  being  on  too 
large  a  trellis,  and  its  branches,  leaves,  and  blossoms  too  much  dif- 
fused, did  not  look  so  well  as  it  does  when  these  are  more  concentrat- 
ed. Mr.  Barnes,  gr.  to  G.  W.  Norman,  Esq.,  contributed  a  hand- 
some Kennedya  monophylla,  and  a  superb  plant  of  Zichya  coccinea, 
on  a  trellis  five  feet  in  height.  From  Mr.  Hunt,  gr.  to  "Miss  Traill, 
of  Hayes  Common,  there  was  an  excellent  Gompholobium  polymor- 
phum,  which  had  many  blooms  expanded,  and  a  greater  quantity  in 
the  bud  state;  it  requires  to  be  trained  very  closely,  being  of  such  a 
slender  habitude.  Troj)feolum  tricolorum,  or  a  variety  of  it,  was 
likewise  in  Mr.  Hunt's  large  collection;  it  was  fastened  to  a  trellis 
four  feet  high;  which  came  down  over  the  pot,  and  the  plant  was  in 
more  vigorous  health,  and  the  flowers  larger  and  richer,  than  we 
have  ever  before  seen  them.  Mr.  Redding,  gr.  to  Mrs.  Marryat,  and 
Mr.  Davis,  gr.  to  Lord  Boston,  had  also  plants  of  Tropajolum  trico- 
lorum, in  both  a  healthy  and  a  free  flowering  state.  A  plant  of  Zi- 
chya pannosa,  from  Mr.  Green,  gr.  to  Sir  E.  Antrobus,  Bart.,  was 
five  feet  high,  and  approached,  in  point  of  merit,  the  Z.  glabrata  be- 
fore named:  it  was  a  brilliant  object,  and  the  species  has  more  hand- 
some leaves  than  many  of  its  allies.  Mr.  Bruce,  gr.  to  B.  Miller, 
Esq.,  of  Mitcham,  showed  an  attractive  specimen  of  Kennedya  mo- 
nophylla, not  more  than  a  foot  high,  completely  hiding  a  trellis  by 
which  it  was  sustained,  and  throwing  out  its  branches  like  a  small 
shrub;  although  so  dwarf,  it  had  a  singularly  healthy  look,  and  was 
blossoming  most  liberally.  But  the  greatest  variety  of  climbers  was 
derived  from  the  gardens  of  Mrs.  Lawrence,  Ealing  Park;  among 
these  was  a  tall  plant  of  Aristolochia  trilobata,  trained  on  a  funnel- 
shaped  trellis,  and  bearing  a  prodigality  of  its  grotesque  looking  blos- 
soms; Thunbergia  Hawtayneana,  the  flowers  of  which  were  not  very 
perfect;  Ipomcea  Hardingii,  which  is  allied  to  I.  scabra,  but  is  much 
larger  in  all  its  parts — a  good  instance  of  how  the  strongest  plants 
may  be  grown  on  a  low  trellis;  a  new  species  of  Ipomosa,  with  at- 
tenuated fig-shaped  leaves,  and  large  deep  purple  flowers,  which 
have  a  tube  that  contracts  greatly  towards  the  base;  Manettia  cordi- 
folia,  on  a  spherical  trellis,  and  in  the  finest  health;  Gompholobium 
polymorphum,  spread  over  a  flat  trellis,  three  feet  high,  and  beauti- 
fully in  flower;  Stephanotis  floribundus,  an  immense  plant,  singular- 
ly robust,  but  only  just  beginning  to  flower;  Zichya  pannosa,  or  a 
species  very  near  it,  five  feet  high,  in  capital  condition;  Zichya  coc- 
cinea, trained  to  the  height  of  six  feet,  peculiarly  splendid;  Kennedya 
monophylla  and  longiracemosa,  each  from  three  feet  to  four  feet 
high,  cultivated  to  an  amazing  degree  of  perfection;  and  Poirrea  coc- 
cinea, twined  round  a  barrel  shaped  trellis,  and  flowering  in  the  great- 
est freedom.  Two  novel  species  of  Tropeeolum  were  in  the  exhibi- 
tion: one  named  T.  polyphyllum,  being  sent  by  Mr.  Green,  gr.  to  Sir 
E.  Antrobus,  Bart.,  and  having  leaves  with  numerous  narrow  seg- 
ments, and  bright  yellow  flowers,  the  shape  of  those  of  T.  tubero- 
sum; the  other,  T.  edule,  with  somewhat  similar  leaves,  and  dark 
orange  blossoms,  like  the  others  in  figure:  the  last  was  frotn  F.  Cov- 
entry, Esq.     Of  Cacti  there  was  the  usual  assemblage  of  sorts.    Favf 


Foreign   JSotices. — England.  309 

flowers,  however,  of  Cereus  speciosissimus  were  expanded,  though 
there  was  a  very  richly  grown  specimen  of  it  from  Mr.  Kyle,  gr.  to 
D.  Barclay,  Esq.,  of  Leyton;  and  two  equally  well-cullivated  plants 
of  the  sanie  species,  from  Mr.  Barnes,  gr.  to  G.  W.  Norman,  Esq.; 
C.  speciosus,  five  feet  high,  from  Mr.  Barnes,  was  very  well-flower- 
ed; and  a  dwarfer  specimen,  three  feet  in  diameter,  was  still  more 
finely  in  blossom.  Two  plants  of  Epiphyllum  Ackermanni  were  pro- 
duced by  the  same  cultivator,  and  were  really  superb.  Cereus  Jen- 
kinsonii  was  sent  from  Mr.  Goode,  in  excellent  order,  and  a  singular- 
ly spreading  plant  of  C.  speciosus,  astonishingly  prolific  of  flowers. 
The  most  noticeable  cactaceous  plant,  however,  was  a  Cereus  fla- 
gelliformis,  grown  by  Mr.  Green,  market  gardener,  of  Turnham 
Green:  its  shoots  hung  down  for  a  great  length,  around  the  pot  or 
box  in  which  it  was  planted,  and  bore  several  large  tufts  of  lovely 
crimson  flowers. 

The  Pelargoniums  were  splendid:  Mr.  Cock  in  this  department 
still  maintained  his  ascendancy;  he  exhibited  twelve  magnificent  spe- 
cimens (not  for  competition:)  it  is  impossible  to  convey  a  just  idea 
of  the  appearance  of  these  plants;  their  large  size,  regular  form, 
and  abundant  bloom,  were  such,  that  surely  the  cultivation  of  this 
beautiful  flower  cannot  be  carried  further.  Orange  Boven,  Garth's 
Victory,  Bridesmaid,  and  Coronation,  were  perfect  and  covered  with 
J)loom,  and  though  the  others  presented  no  deficiency  of  flowers,  it 
was  suggested  by  some  growers  that  two  or  three  days  more  would 
have  improved  the  remainder.  Mr.  Catleugh,  in  the  nurserymen's 
class,  gained  the  gold  medal  for  twelve  finely  bloomed  and  neatly 
trained  plants;  they  were  well  selected  as  regards  color  and  the 
beauty  of  their  flowers.  The  collection  consisted  of  the  following 
sorts: — Erectum,  Coronation,  Garth's  Victory,  Una,  Comte  de  Paris, 
Sylph,  Orange  Boven,  Climax,  Magna  Charta,  Lady  Mayoress, 
Ovid,  and  Eliza  superb.  These  plants  were  grown  short,  and  train- 
ed rather  flat  on  the  crown,  and  as  the  pelargoniums  were  exhibited 
under  the  eye,  these  had  the  advantage  of  being  seen  in  perfection. 
Erectum  and  Orange  Boven  were  perfect,  fine  in  color,  and  covered 
with  bloom.  Those  who  doubted  the  possibility  of  producing  the 
Sylph  with  a  fine  head  of  bloom,  had  an  opportunity  here  of  being 
convinced  of  their  error,  as  this  plant  was  in  splendid  coiMjition;  so 
also  were  the  Lady  Mayoress,  Comte  de  Paris,  Victory,  and  Coron- 
ation. Mr.  Gaines,  among  his  twelve,  exhibited  some  very  fine  spe- 
cimens, but  how  could  a  grower  of  his  experience  allow  such  a  flow- 
er as  Diadematum  rubescens  to  make  its  appearance  in  his  collec- 
tion? nothing  but  dire  necessity,  we  should  imagine,  could  have 
sanctioned  its  being  there.  Foster's  Matilda  was  shown  in  this  col- 
lection, in  a  very  fine  state,  no  want  of  bloom,  and  with  the  spot  in 
fine  color,  and  well  developed.  The  Emperor,  a  flower  of  extraor- 
dinary color,  was  very  attractive  from  its  brilliancy.  The  collection 
contained  the  following  sorts: — Matilda,  Emperor,  Climax,  Alicia, 
Juba  Mabel,  Grace  Darling,  Grand  Duke,  seedling  Eliza  superb, 
Diadematum  rubescens,  and  Raftaelle.  In  the  collection  of  six  va- 
rieties, Mr.  Catleugh  exhibited  Coronation,  a  magnificent  specimen 
of  Discount,  Garth's  Victory,  Jewess,  Climax,  and  Eliza  superb. 
Mr.  Gaines  had  Lady  Bulteel,  Grand  Duke,  Louis  Q,uartorze,  Cli- 


310  Foreign  J^otices. — England. 

max,  and  two  others  we  did  not  ascertain  the  names  of.  Each  of 
these  collections  received  the  same  award — the  highest  prize  offered 
by  the  Society.  They  were  very  attractive  from  their  being  so  finely 
grown,  and  shown  in  such  perfection.  Mr.  Beck  was  the  most  suc- 
cessful exhibitor  in  the  amateurs'  class;  his  plants  were  well  grown, 
but  not  sutKciently  in  bloom;  the  selection  of  the  sorts  was  unexcep- 
tionable, as  the  following  list  will  show: — Nymph,  Sultan,  Matilda, 
Erectum,  Vivid,  Vulcan,  Rienzi,  Deborah,  Gipsey,  Sylph,  James, 
Hebe.  There  is  no  doubt,  had  Mr.  Bromley  exercised  the  same 
judgment  in  the  choice  of  his  plants,  Mr.  Beck  would  not  have  been 
so  successful,  as  the  plants  in  Mr.  Brondey's  collection  were  gene- 
rally well  grown,  and  well  bloomed;  the  state  in  which  Lady  Den- 
bigh, Victory,  Jewess,  Discount,  and  Dennis's  Perfection,  were  ex- 
hibited, will  bear  us  out  in  our  opinion;  but  in  the  present  state  of 
this  beautiful  class  of  flowers,  to  see  such  sorts  as  Lady  Murray, 
Diadematum  rubescens,  and  Garth's  Perfection,  with  but  a  few 
blossoms  expanded,  was  a  circumstance  sufficient  to  condemn  any 
collection;  and  to  this  cause  we  attribute  the  decision  that  was  giv- 
en. Mr.  Stowe's  collection  was  not  well  managed;  they  appeared 
to  have  been  tied  up  so  short  a  time  before  the  exhibition,  that  the 
flowers  and  leaves  had  not  had  sufficient  time  to  recover  from  their 
altered  position.  There  was  no  deficiency  of  bloom  on  the  plants. 
At  the  end  of  the  tent,  a  single  specimen  (Florence)  was  exhibited 
by  Mr.  Cock:  a  magnificent  i)lant,  covered  with  flowers.  Those 
who  were  in  search  of  novelties,  flocked  to  ihe  small  tent  appropri- 
ated to  the  exhibition  of  seedlings;  this  tent  was  much  crowded — a 
proof  of  the  interest  taken  in  floricultural  productions.  Several 
seedling  pelargoniums  were  shown,  but  two  only  selected  for  prizes 
— Symmetry,  raised  by  the  Rev.  R.  Garth,  a  beautiful  flower;  the 
under  petals  have  a  broad  band  of  very  delicate  pink,  which  is 
changed  to  white  in  the  centre;  the  upper  j)etals  have  a  blotch  of 
deep  maroon,  a  little  softened  at  the  edge,  with  a  broad  band  of  pink 
around  them.  The  plant  was  exhibited,  (which  is  the  best  mode  of 
showing  seedlings,)  as  evidence  is  at  once  obtained  of  its  being  a 
free  bloomer,  with  good  sized  trusses.  Gaines's  Amulet  was  the 
other  seedling  selected;  a  very  finely  formed  flower — the  under  pet- 
als particularly  fine;  the  flower  is  novel  in  appearance;  the  ground 
color  is  rather  a  deep  rose,  carried  round  the  spot  in  the  upper  petals 
by  a  broad  band.  There  were  other  seedlings  meriting  attention, 
but  not  shown  in  their  greatest  perfection;  we  think  this  was  the 
case  with  Gaines's  Orange  Perfection,  a  beautifully  colored  flower. 
Mr.  Pontey's  seedlings  were  seen  under  great  disadvantages;  the 
distance  they  had  to  travel  had  no  doubt  caused  the  petals  to  flag 
and  to  reflex;  one  called  the  Duke  of  Cornwall — a  flower  of  extra- 
ordinary brilliancy  of  color — we  trust  to  see  again  under  more  favor- 
able circumstances.  The  June  show  will  prove  the  great  contest 
for  seedling  pelargoniums,  and  we  hope  to  see  as  many  as  possible 
exhibited  on  the  plants.     {Gard.  Chron.) 

Great  Crop  of  Grapes, — in  the  Gardener^s  Magazine  we  find  the 
following  notice  of  a  grapery,  with  the  product  of  fruit  the  present 
season.  Length  of  house  forty-five  feet;  breadth  ten  feet;  height  at 
back  ten  feet;  at  front  three  feet.     Heated  by  one  fire,  over  which 


Domestic  JVotices .  311 

is  a  boiler,  the  water  from  which  circulates  in  pipes  at  the  back  of 
the  house,  while  the  smoke  flue  passes  along  the  front.  The  vines 
have  been  six  years  planted,  are  spurred  in,  and  on  each  shoot  only 
one  bunch  is  left  to  be  matured;  these  bunches  commonly  weigh  one 
pound  each.  They  are  calculated  to  ripen  the  first  week  in  July. 
The  weight  of  grapes  cut  annually  from  this  house  is  3  to  3^  cwt. 
(or  three  hundred  and  thirty-six  to  three  hundred  and  ninety-two 
pounds.)  This,  the  conductor  states,  is  very  seldom  equalled,  and 
he  is  not  aware  that  it  has  been  often  surpassed. 

Compare  this  account  with  the  crop  produced  by  our  correspond- 
ent, Mr.  Johnson,  whose  diary  of  the  culture  of  the  grape  we  gave 
at  p.  209.  Nine  vines,  occupying  less  than  thirty  feet  in  length  of  a 
house  of  about  the  same  dimensions,  as  regards  breadth  and  height, 
as  that  given  above,  only  four  years  planted,  produced  two  hundred 
and  thirty  pounds!  the  bunches  averaging  nearly  a  pound  and  a 
quarter  throughout.  Certainly  our  amateur  cultivators  need  not 
give  up  to  the  most  successful  of  our  transatlantic  professional 
men. — Ed. 


Art.  III.     Domestic  Notices. 


Fourteenth  Annual  Exhibition  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural 
Society. — The  Committee  of  Arrangements  for  the  coming  annual 
exhibition  in  September  have  been  chosen,  as  will  be  seen  by  our 
report  in  another  page.  This  committee  have  appointed  Wednes- 
day, Thursday,  and  Friday,  the  14th,  15th,  and  16th  of  September, 
as  the  days  for  holding  the  exhibition.  A  collation  will  be  provided 
for  the  members,  to  which  ladies  will  be  invited  to  attend.  As  the 
season  is  auspicious  thus  far,  we  anticipate  a  splendid  display  of 
flowers,  and  a  rich  treat  of  the  finest  fruits. — Ed. 

Mr.  Walker''s  Carnation  Show. — We  intended  to  have  improved 
the  opportunity,  when  Mr.  Walker's  carnations  were  in  bloom,  to 
have  visited  his  garden  and  inspected  the  flowers;  but  we  were  pre- 
vented from  doing  so  by  other  engagements.  Several  of  the  blooms 
which  he  has  exhibited  at  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society's 
rooms  have  been  very  splendid,  and  show  that  the  carnation  and 
picotee  can  be  grown  in  this  country,  if  sufficient  care  is  taken  in 
procuring  good  sorts,  and  giving  them  due  attention  during  their 
growth. — Id. 

Fine  seedling  Pinks  in  Washington. — Our  correspondent,  Mr. 
Suter,  of  Washington,  has  succeeded  in  raising  a  great  variety  of 
carnations  and  picotees,  some  of  which  are  said  to  be  superb. 
Mr.  Douglas,  of  that  city,  who  has  been  on  a  visit  here,  informs  us 
that  he  has  seen  none  to  equal  them  since  he  left  Washington.  Mr. 
Suter  is  a  successful  cultivator,  and  has  raised  several  fine  roses. — Id. 


312  Retrospective  Criticism. 

C^reus  Napolebms,  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Gushing,  Watertown, 
has  lately  expanded  five  or  six  of  its  large  and  superb  blossoms, 
very  much  resembling  C  triangularis,  of  which  it  appears  to  be  a 
variety,  and  not  specifically  distinct.  The  plant  is  growing  in  the 
stove,  and  is  trained  to  a  trellis  on  the  back  wall. — Id. 

Sun  Dials  for  Garden  Ornaments. — It  will  be  recollected  that 
some  time  since  (Vol.  VII.,  p.  403,)  we  noticed  the  cast  iron  sun 
dials  made  by  Mr.  S.  Moore,  of  Connecticut.  They  were  calcu- 
lated for  a  northern  latitude.  In  a  late  letter  to  us,  Mr.  Moore 
states  that  he  is  now  making  one  for  a  southern  latitude,  35°,  which 
will  answer  for  all  places  south  of  Mason  and  Dixon's  line.  We 
recommend  these  dials  as  neat  ornaments  to  a  garden,  and  quite  as 
useful  as  ornamental. — Id. 


Art.  IV.     Retrospective  Criticism. 

Glout  Morceau pear,  (p.  235,) — The  answer  to  my  remarks,  rela- 
tive to  the  origin  of  this  pear,  by  Mr.  Walker,  the  chairman  of  the 
committee,  was  duly  noticed,  but  not  in  time  to  reply  in  your  last 
number.  The  chairman  states  that  the  committee  had  no  instruc- 
tions to  go  behind  the  authority  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society. 
He  also  says  that  the  error  rests  with  the  printer  or  with  him:  there 
is  no  doubt  of  this;  but  as  the  error  is  committed,  I  believe,  in  every 
instance  where  the  Glout  morceau  is  named,  it  could  not  have  been 
an  error  of  the  printer.  But  as  the  mistake  is  frankly  acknowledged, 
that  is  of  no  consequence.  The  chairman  then  asks  us  to  give  the 
signification  of  the  terra  Glout  in  connection  with  the  word  mor- 
ceau. 

Now  it  is  well  known  that  the  French  and  Flemish  pears,  in  many 
instances,  have  local  names  attached  to  them,  for  which  it  would  be 
almost  impossible  to  give  a  proper  and  correct  signification.  But  as 
the  cases  are  few  where  such  names  cannot  be  ascertained,  it  may 
perhaps  be  well  to  inquire  whether  the  name  Glout  is  one  of  these 
unfathomable  ones,  to  which  no  English  term  will  apply.  Upon 
some  little  consideration  it  seems  not.  In  the  French  dictionary  is 
found  the  word  G/ou<ora,-signifying  greedy;  Glout  is  undoubtedly  an 
abbreviation  of  this,  and,  in  connection  with  Morceau,  (signifying 
mouthful,)  seems  a  very  proper  name  for  this  fine  pear,  which  is  in- 
deed a  greedy  mouthful,  when  eaten  in  perfection. 

Gout,  the  French  term  for  taste,  can  in  no  way  be  applied  to  m,or- 
ceau  with  any  meaning,  and  whether  the  explanation  above  be  cor- 
rect or  not,  it  is  better  to  follow  after  all  the  eminent  French  and 
English  pomologists  who  have  mentioned  it,  and  call  it  the  Glout 
morceau,  rather  than  to  coin  a  new  name,  which  is  equally  as  de- 
ficient of  a  sensible  construction  as  the  old  one. —  Yours^  Jl  Fruit 
Grower,  July,  1842. 


Massachusetts   Horticultural   Society. 


Art.  V.     Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society. 

Saturday,  July  2,  1842. — An  adjourned  meeting  of  the  Society 
was  held  to-day — the  President  in  the  cliair. 

Mr.  Teschetnacher,  the  Corresponding  Secretary,  read  a  letter 
from  Prof.  Fischer,  Director  of  the  Imperial  Botanic  Garden  at  St. 
Petersburg,  Russia.  The  letter  was  accompanied  with  jjamphlets, 
which  were  laid  before  the  Society.  The  thanks  of  the  Society 
were  voted  to  Prof.  Fischer. 

The  Corresponding  Secretary  also  laid  before  the  Society  a  pack- 
age of  seeds,  received  from  Dr.  King,  Curator  of  the  National  Insti- 
tute, VVashiuitton.  They  were  some  of  those  collected  by  the  Ex- 
ploring Expedition,  on  the  western  coast  of  America.  The  thanks 
of  the  Society  were  voted  to  Dr.  King  for  his  acceptable  present. 
The  seeds  were  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  Chairman  of  the  Flower 
Committee  for  distribution. 

A  committee,  consisting  of  Messrs.  Walker,  French,  and  C.  M. 
Hovey,  was  appointed  to  consider  the  expediency  of  holding  an 
Annual  Exhibition  of  Flowers  and  Fruits,  in  September  next,  and 
to  report  at  the  next  meeting. 

Mr.  John  Dean  was  admitted  a  subscription  member. 

Adjourned  two  weeks,  to  July  16. 

Exhibited — Flowers:  From  the  President  of  the  Society  a  variety 
of  beautiful  roses,  some  of  them  extra  fine;  the  following  comprises 
a  few  of  the  best — Painted  Damask,  La  Dominante,  Gen.  La- 
marque,  Brennus,  Beauty  of  Billard,  Duke  of  Devonshire,  Miralba, 
La  Importante,  Glorie  de  France,  Foulard,  Village  Maid,  War- 
wick, red  Moss,  Blush  Moss,  Luxemburg  Moss,  Roi  de  Hybrids, 
Victor  Hugo,  Laura,  Colbert,  &c.:  also  fine  specimens  of  Cypripedi- 
um  spectabile,  i^hododendron  maximum,  Spirte^a  sorbifolia,  Gladio- 
lus commilnis,  &c.  From  W.  Kenrick,  Pteonm  albiflora  Whitley?, 
HQmei  and  fragrans;   Harrison?,  and  other  roses  and  bouquets. 

From  Hovey  &  Co.,  George  IV.,  Ne  Plus  Ultra,  Eliza,  Blanche 
Superb,  Painted  Damask,  and  other  roses  and  bouquets.  From 
S.  R.  Johnson,  superb  specimens  of  Chinese  and  Noisette  roses, 
particularly  those  of  the  Noisette  Jaune  Desprez,  which  were  re- 
markably large;  also  a  great  variety  of  hardy  roses.  From  Dr. 
J.  C.  Howard,  bouquets,  containing  dahlias  and  other  fine  flowers. 
From  A.  Bowditch,  roses,  pinks  and  bouquets.  From  W.  Meller, 
thirteen  seedling  geraniums,  some  of  them  very  fine,  equalling  the 
newest  English  varieties;  also  very  pretty  bouquets  of  roses,  and 
other  delicate  plants.  From  S.  Walker,  bouquets.  From  J.  Hovey, 
bouquets. 

From  W.  E.  Carter,  specimens  of  cut  flowers,  of  the  following 
sorts: — S[)irpe'a  ulmifolia,  sorbifolia  and  triloba,  Veronica  carnea 
and  australis,  Magnoh'a  glauca  two  varieties,  JWalva  sinensis,  Astran- 
tia  mkjor,  Tioillus  europae^us,  (Enothera  Fraserj,  double  blue  and 
white  Campanula  persicsefolia,  Clematis  viorna  and  viticella.  Core- 
opsis lanceolata,  carnations,  clove  and  picotee  pinks,  roses,  honey- 
suckles, paeonies,  &c. 

VOL,  VIII. NO,   VJII,  40 


314  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society. 

From  F.  R.  Bisrelow,  dahlias  and  bouquets.  From  J.  L.  L.  F. 
Warren,  bouquets  and  other  flowers. 

Native  Plants:  A  j^reat  variety  from  B.  E.  Cotting. 

Fruits:  From  J.  F.  Allen,  fine  specimens  of  Zinfindal  and  Chasse- 
las  grapes,  and  a  new  variety  from  St.  Michael;  also  very  beantiful 
Royal  George  Clingstone  peaches.  From  Dr.  J.  C-  Howard,  fine 
black  Hamburg,  Miller  Burgundy  and  Chasselas  grapes,  and  excel- 
lent specimens  of  cherries,  called  the  Napoleon  Biiiarreau.  From 
Capt.  Robliins,  South  Boston,  two  boxes  of  very  superior  Methveti 
scarlet  strawberries.  From  J.  A.  Kenrick,  black  Tartarian  and 
white  Bigarreau  cherries.  From  Geo.  Walsh,  Belle  de  Choisy  cher- 
ries. 

From  O.  Johnson,  handsome  specimens  of  Coolidge's  Favorite 
peaches  and  black  Tartarian  cherries.  From  J.  L.  L.  F.  Warren, 
fine  peaches  and  cherries.  From  A.  H.  Hovey,  Early  Virginia 
strawberries.  From  W(n.  Hawkes,  Lynn,  Methven  scarlet  straw- 
berries. From  S.  Walker,  Wood  strawberries  raised  from  seed, 
large  and  handsome.  From  F.  R.  Bigelovv,  fine  Methven  scarlet 
strawberries.     From  L.  Ware,  Boston,  black  Tartarian  cherries. 

Vegetables:  From  J.  White,  gardener  to  T.  H.  Perkins,  Esq.,  cu- 
cumbers. 

July  9th.  Exhibited. — FMowers:  From  Hovey  &  Co.,  Bourbon, 
Tea  and  Bengal  roses,  of  the  following  kinds:  Bourbon — Henry  Plan- 
tier,  and  Marshal  ViHars;  Tea — Odoratissima,  Golconda,and  Count- 
ess of  Albermarle:  Bengal — Belle  Amelie,  Mrs.  Bosanquet,  Roi  de 
Cramoise;  and  Noisette  Nouvelle  Republic;  also  seedling  verbenas 
and  Picotee  pinks.  From  D.  Haggerston,  upwards  of  sixty  dahlias, 
among  which  were  fine  blooms  of  Ne  Plus  Ultra,  Egyptian  King,  Ux- 
bridge  Magnet.  From  J.  White,  gardener  to  T.  H.  Perkins,  Esq., 
Beauty  of  the  Plain,  Euterpe,  Rival  Sussex  and  Unicpie  dahlias. 
From  F.  R.  Bigelow,  dahlias.  From  Dr.  Howard,  dahlias  and  bou- 
quets. From  W.  Meller,  eighteen  fine  seedling  geraniums  and  bou- 
quets.    From  A.  Bowditch,  roses  of  several  kinds,  and  bouquets. 

From  S.  R.  Johnson,  superb  specimens  of  Jaune  Desprez,  Taarli- 
oni,  Amie  Verbert,  and  other  tender  roses.  From  W.  Kenrick,  Spi- 
rpe^a  japonica,  and  other  kinds,  white  lilies,  striped  white  lily,  Ohio 
lilies,  pseonies,  roses,  &c.  From  Messrs.  Winshi[)s,  specimens  of 
<SpiriB\i  ulmifolia.  From  J.  F.  Trull,  Hoya  carnosa,  and  Marshal 
Soult,  Mrs.  Rushton,  and  Springfield  Major  dahlias.  From  S. 
Walker,  handsome  carnations  and  picotees,  and  bouquets. 

From  T.  Warren,  Esq.,  Portland,  a  fine  bouquet  of  Moss  roses: 
in  a  note  accompanying  them,  Mr.  Warren  states  he  has  fifty  bush- 
es, which  produce  froni  two  hundred  to  three  hundred  flowers  daily; 
the  foliage  was  very  healthy  and  clean,  and  the  roses  remarkably 
large.  From  J.  L.  L.  F.  Warren,  dahlias  and  bouquets.  From 
Misses  Sumner,  bouquets.     From  J.  Hovey,  bouquets. 

Native  Plants:  From  B-  E.  Cotting,  several  species  of  native 
plants. 

From  Dr.  J.  C.  Howard,  black  Hamburg,  Miller  Burgundy,  and 
Chasselas  grapes;  also  cherries,  called  the  Bigarreau  of  Heilders- 
heim.  From  Dr.  Z.  B.  Adams,  cherries,  supposed  to  be  the  Napo- 
leon Biirarreau.  From  E.  Vose,  fine  white  Antwerp  raspberries. 
From  S.   R.  Johnson,  gooseberries.      From  George  Walsh,  Great 


JMassachusetts  Horticultural  Society.  315 

Bigarreau  of  Savoy  cherries,  and  large  peaches.  From  A.  Bow- 
ditch,  fine  specimens  of  Wood  strawberries.  From  J.  L.  L.  F. 
Warren,  Sparhawk's  Honeylieart,  white  Bigarrean,  and  Napoleoti 
Bisarreau  cherries;  also  handsome  peaches,  a  mnsk-melon,  and 
white  Antwerp  raspberries.  From  S.  Pond,  heautifiil  Downer  and 
black  Bigarreau  of  Savoy  cherries.  From  F.  R.  Bigelow,  Bigarreau 
cherries,  and  white  thiaibleberries.  From  J.  White,  handsome  <;u- 
cumbers. 

Vegetables:  From  J.  L.  L.  F.  Warren,  Chenango  potatoes. 

July  lOth. — An  adjourned  meeting  of  the  Society  was  held — the 
President  in  the  chair. 

Mr.  Walker,  from  the  committee  appointed  to  consider  the  expe- 
diency of  holding  an  annual  exhibition  in  September,  made  a  report 
that  it  was  expedient  for  the  Society  to  have  its  annual  display  of 
flowers  and  fruits,  which  report  was  accepted. 

A  committee  was  then  chosen,  consisting  of  Messrs.  Hagirerston 
Pond  and  French,  to  report  a  committee  of  arrangements  for  the 
Exhibition — and  the  following  members  were  ai)pointed  that  com- 
mittee:— 

Committee  of  General  ArrariQ^ements. — Samuel  Walker,  Jonathan 
Winship,  William  Oliver,  B.  V.  French,  L.  P.  Grosvenor,  M.  P. 
Wilder,  Josiah  Stickney,  J.  L.  Russell,  R.  T.  Paine,  C.  M.  Hovey, 
J.  E.  Teschemacher,  Otis  Johnson,  David  Haggerston,  William  H. 
Cowen,  Robert  Maiming,  Josiah  Lovett,  2d,  A.  E.  Story,  Cheever 
Newhall,  Joseph  Breck,  Alexander  McLellan,  William  Kenrick, 
S.  R.  Johnson,  Samuel  Sweetser,  P.  B.  Hovey,  Jr.,  J.  L.  L.  F. 
Warren,  John  A.  Kenrick,  AV^illiam  E.  Carter,  Samuel  Pond,  John 
Hovey,  Azell  Bowditch,  E.  M.  Richards,  John  C.  Howard,  H.  VV. 
Dutton,  Ebenever  Wight,  Parker  Barnes,  J.  F.  Allen,  J.  Went- 
worth,  Hugh  M.  Tuttle,  F.  W.  Macondry. 

Committee  to  decorate  the  Hall,  and  to  take  charge  of  the  Fruits, 
Flov^ers,  and  Vegetables. — Samuel  Walker,  William  Oliver,  B.  V. 
French,  L-  P.  Grosvenor,  M.  P.  Wilder,  C.  M.  Hovey,  Josiah 
Stickney,  E.  M.  Richards,  Samuel  Pond,  David  Haggerston,  S.  R. 
Johnson,  Azell  Bowditch,  A.  E.  Story. 

Commillee  to  make  Reports  on  Fruits,  Floioers,  a7id  Vegetables. — 
Samuel  Walker,  B.  V.  French,  Samuel  Pond,  C.  M.  Hovey. 

The  committee  above  referred  to  also  recommended  to  the  Socie- 
ty the  j)ropriety  of  having  an  anniversary  address,  and  a  collation,  to 
which  the  ladies  should  be  invited.  It  was  then  voti'd  that  the  same 
committee  should  be  appointed  to  invite  some  gentleman  to  deliver 
an  address. 

It  was  also  voted,  that  a  select  committee  of  five  be  ajipointed  to 
carry  into  effect  the  arrangement  for  the  collation,  and  the  following 
gentlemen  were  chosen: — M.  P.  Wilder,  S.  Walker,  B.  V.  French, 
C.  M.  Hovey,  and  D.  Haguerston. 

Mr.  Paine,  the  former  Corresponding  Secretary,  read  a  letter 
from  Gov.  Everett,  the  American  Minister  at  the  Court  of  St.  James, 
acknowledging  the  receipt  of  a  diploma  constituting  him  an  honorary 
member  of  the  Society. 

Adjourned  three  weeks,  to  the  first  Saturday  in  Auirust,  (the  Cth.) 

The  exhibition  of  carnations  and  picotees,  for  jjrizes,  took  place 
to-day.     The  show  was  very  good,  though  the  number  of  competi- 


316  Massachuselts  Horticultural  Society. 

tors  was  small.  The  principal  stands  were  those  of  S.  Walker,  J. 
Breck  &  Co.,  W.  E.  Carter,  and  Hovey  <^^  Co.,  the  latter,  however, 
being  mostly  picotees  and  clove  pinks.  The  premiums  were  a- 
warded  as  follows: — 

For  the  best  display  of  Carnations  and  Picotees,  the  premium  was 
awarded  to  S.  Walker. 

For  the  second  best  display,  the  premium  was  awarded  to  J.  Breck 
&  Co. 

For  the  best  seedling  carnation  or  picotee,  the  premium  was  a- 
warded  for  the  latter  to  J.  Breck  &  Co. 

JNIessrs.  D.  Haggerston  and  S.  R.  Johnson,  judges. 

Exhibited. — Flowers:  From  the  President  of  the  Society,  fine  spe- 
cimens of  Spirse^a  lobata  var.  americana,  seven  feet  high,  Delphini- 
um Barlowii,  Phlox  Thompsonia  and  Cleoj)atra,  Lychnis  chalceddn- 
ica  flore  pleno,  and  Gladiolus  floribuiidus.  From  W.  Kenrick, 
roses  in  variety,  honeysuckles,  //emerocallis  cterulea,  a  fine  speci- 
men of  variegated  monkshood,  lilies,  &c.  From  P.  Barnes,  Gladio- 
lus floril)un(lus.  Dahlia  Constantia,  and  a  plant  of  the  double  olean- 
der. From  Messrs.  Winships,  Spir£e\a  ulmaria  var.  variegata. 
From  George  AValsh,  two  plants  of  Agapanthus  uml)ellatus. 

From  Hovey  &  Co.,  picotee  and  clove  pinks,  verbenas,  Lilium 
japonicum,  Hoyacarnosa,  aiui  the  following  roses;  Teas — Gigantes- 
que,  odoratissiina,  and  BelleMarguerette;  Bengals — Mrs.Bosanquet, 
Agrippina,  Roi  de  Cramoise,  Triumphant,  Reine  de  Loiiibardy,  and 
Sanguinea;  Bourbons — Herniosa,  and  Marshal  de  Villars,  with  other 
varieties  not  named.  From  W.  E.  Carter,  Lilium  japonicum,  ex- 
imium,  and  canadensis  rubra.  Coreopsis  DrumniondiV;  and  a  variety 
of  carnation  and  picotee  pinks,  among  which  were  Sharp's  red  Rov- 
er, Cornfield's  Duke  of  Bedford,  Hill's  Standard  picotee,  Kirkland's 
Cleopatra,  Wood's  Le  Brilliante,  Clarke's  London,  &c.  From  S. 
Walker,  some  fine  carnations  and  picotees,  among  which  were 
Carnations: — Lancaster  I^ass,  Flora  Mclvor,  Pretender,  Lady  Good- 
hue, and  Cleopatra;  Picotees: — Venus,  Red  Rover,  Isabella,  Antoi- 
nette, Grandissima,  Duke  of  Bedford,  &c.;  also  bouquets. 

From  Joseph  Breck  &.  Co.,  fine  seedling  picotee  pinks.  From  A. 
Bowditch,  Bengal,  Tea  and  Noisette  roses,  Yiicca  gloriosa,  and  bou- 
quets. From  S.  R,  Johnson,  fine  specimens  of  the  double  scented 
pomegranate,  carnations,  picotees  and  tender  roses.  F^om  D.  Hag- 
gerston, upwards  of  sixty  good  blooms  of  dahlias.  From  W-  Meller, 
small  and  large  bouquets.  Bouquets  were  also  contributed  by  Dr. 
J.  C.  Hovvard,  J.  Hovey,  Misses  Sumner,  J-  L.  L.  F.  Warren,  and 
others. 

Fruits:  From  O.  Johnson,  very  fine  specimens  of  black  Hamburg 
grapes.  From  W.  Oliver,  very  large  and  fine  gooseberries.  From 
S.  R.  Johnson,  gooseberries.  From  J.  Hovey,  fine  gooseberries. 
From  S.  Pond,  handsome  Franconia  raspberries.  From  John  G. 
Thurston,  Lancaster,  gooseberries.  From  S.  &.  G.  Hyde,  Newton, 
Hyde's  seedling  cherries.  From  J.  F.  Allen,  sweet  Montmorency 
cherries,  a  seedling  variety,  very  handsome  and  of  excellent  quali- 
ty, being  valuable  from  its  lateness.  From  A.  D.  Weld,  Franconia 
raspberries. 

From  Hovey  &  Co.,  very  fine  Franconia  raspberries.  From  Dr. 
J.  C.  Howard,  black  Hamburg  grapes,  green  Chisel  pears,  and  white 


Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society.  317 

and  red  Dutch  rurrants.  From  George  Walsh,  white  Antwerp 
raspbersies,  gooseberries,  black  Bigarreau  of  Savoy  cherries,  and 
peaches.  From  J.  L.  L.  F.  Warren,  handsome  peaches,  red  and 
white  currants,  seedling  Franconia  raspberries,  late  Bigarreau  (?) 
and  Warren's  Ti-ansparent  cherries,  the  latter  a  seedling,  and  very 
good  for  a  late  variety. 

Vegetables:  lary^e  Chenango  potatoes,  from  A.  D.  Williams. 

July  23rf.  Exhibited. — Flowers:  From  the  President  of  the  Soci- 
ety, a  few  good  dahlias,  viz:  Rival  Revenge,  Uxbridge  Magnet, 
Widnall's  Eclipse,  Argo,  Fanny  Keynes,  Danecroft  Rival,  and  Ne 
Plus  Ultra.  Carnations  and  picotees,  and  a  number  of  beautiful  Noi- 
sette and  Bentral  roses  were  shown  from  S.  R.  Johnson.  From  S. 
Walker,  a  collection  of  handsome  picotee  and  carnation  pinks  and 
bouquets.  From  W.  Kenrick,  roses,  pinks,  and  other  flowers. 
Dahlias  from  F.  Barnes,  comprising  Andrew  Hofer,  Ne  Plus  Ultra, 
Unique,  Miss  Johnson,  Brees's  Rosa,  Pickwick,  and  Marshal  Soult. 
A  variety  of  bou(|uets,  containing  dahlias,  from  Dr.  J.  C.  Howard. 
From  A.  Bovvditch,  Bengal  and  Tea  roses  and  bouquets. 

From  Hove^'  &  Co.,  a  collection  of  roses,  among  which  were 
some  fine  kinds;  the  names  were  as  follows: — Bourbon — Ninon  de 
L'Enclos;  Teas — Odoratissima,  Bougere,  large  and  fine,  Gigantis- 
que  du  Lima,  larjre  tinged  rose.  Princess  Maria,  beautiful  rose,  Vic- 
toire  modeste,  and  Philadelphia;  Bengals — Cramoise  superieure,  Roi 
de  Cramoise,  deep  crimson  cupped,  Etna  of  Luxendjurg,  change- 
able rose,  Euaene  Perolle,  pink,  Triumphant;  Noisettes — Con- 
que  de  Venus  cream  and  rose,  Suter's  pink,  very  beautiful,  and  the 
old  pink;  also  Lilium  jai)6nicum,  and  several  bouquets.  O.John- 
son exhil)ited  a  fine  specimen  of  Pentstemon  genuarioides.  Dahlias, 
in  variety,  from  J.  F.  Trull.  Yucca  gloriosa  and  dwarf  horse-chest- 
nut, from  Messrs.  Winshij)s.  Bouquets,  from  J.  Hovey.  From  H. 
W.  Dutton,  dahlias,  viz:  Uxbridge  Magnet,  Mrs.  Rushton,  and  Stri- 
ata formosissima.   Bouquets,  from  W.  Meller  and  J.  L.  L.  F.Warren. 

Fruits:  From  the  President  of  the  Society,  handsotjie  red  Astra- 
chan  apples-  Some  very  beautiful  gra|)es,  large  clusters  and  berries, 
and  very  deeply  colored,  were  shown  by  O.  Johnson;  also  fine  Zin- 
findal  grapes.  Next  to  these  were  some  superb  clusters  of  the  white 
Frontignac  and  white  Sweetwater,  from  J.  C.  Lee.  P^rom  J.  F.  Al- 
len, sweet  Montmorency  cherries,  and  fine  large  bl^ck  figs,  the  tree 
received  from  St.  Michaels.  From  S.  Pond,  Franconia  raspberries. 
From  G.  V/alsh,  cherries  and  pears.  From  A.  Bowditch,  gooseber- 
ries. From  Dr.  J.  C.  Howard,  red  and  white  Dutch  currants.  Mul- 
berries, and  red  and  white  Dutch  currants,  the  latter  fine  and  large, 
from  A.  D.  Williams. 

From  Hovey  &  Co.,  handsome  Franconia  raspberries.  Fine  seed- 
ling currants  were  shown  from  Capt.  Lovett;  also  gooseberries. 
From  J.  Hovey,  large  gooseberries,  red  and  white  Dutch  currants, 
black  mulberries,  and  Early  Harvest  ajjples.  From  A.  D.  Weld, 
Franconia  raspberries,  and  red  and  white  currants.  Black  currants 
and  gooseberries,  from  W.  Kenrick.  From  J.  L.  L.  F.  Warren, 
seedling  Franconia  and  red  Antwerp  raspberries,  Transparent  cher- 
ries, peaches,  gooseberries  and  tomatoes. 

Vegetables:  From  Dr.  J.  C.  Howard,  good  sized  Early  white  po- 
tatoes. 


318 


Faneuil  Hall  Market. 


Art.  VI.     Faneuil  Hall  Market. 


Roots,  Tuhen,  fyc. 

Potatoes,  new: 

„,  C  per  barrel.  . 

Chenanffoes,  i'^      ,      ,    , 
°       '  i  per  busliel,. 

Early  While,  per  bushel,. 

Old,  per  bushel, 

Sweet  potatoes,  per  busiiel, 

Turnips,  per  bunch, 

Onions: 

Red,  per  bunch, 

New  white,  per  bunch,.  . . 

Beets,  per  bunch, 

Carrots,  per  bunch, 

Siiallots,  per  pound, 

Garlic,  per  pound, 

Cabbages,  Salads,  fyc. 

Cabbages,  each: 

Early  York 

Early  Dutch, 

Drumheads, 

Cauliflowers,  each,..  ., 

Lettuce,  per  head, 

Rluibarb,  per  pound, 

Peas,  per  bushel: 

Common  c-irly, 

Marrowfat,   

Beans,  string,  per  half  peck: 

Common 

Cranberry, 

Shelled,  per  quart, 

Cucumbers,  (pickled)  pr  gal. 
Peppers,  (picked,)  per  gallon 

Pot  and  Siveet  Herbs. 

Parsley,  per  half  peck.,. .  .  . 

Sage,  per  pound, 

Marjorum,  per  bunch, 

Savory,  per  bunch, 

Spearmint,  green,  per  bunch, 

Squashes  and  Pumpkins. 

Squashes: 

West  Indies,  per  pound,. 
Bush  summer,  per  dozen,. 
Summer  Crookneck,  doz. 


From 

ff  cts. 

I  50 
75 
75 
50 

1  50 
5 


4 

5 

5 
20 
12i 


3 
3 
6 
12| 
2 
2 

75 
75 

12^ 
25 
25 
25 

37k 


25 

17 

6 

6 


To 

?pcts, 


1  00 
20 


20 

V2k 

121 

4 


Fruits. 

Apples,  dessertand  cooking: 

Sweet  Bow,  per  peck,. .  .  . 

Sour  Bow,  per  peck, 

Common,  per  bushel, 

Dried  apples,  per  pound,.  . 
Strawberries,  per  box: 

Wood, 

Peaches: 

Forced,  per  dozen, 

Common,  per  half  peck,.  . 
Cherries,  per  quart: 

Late,  common, 

Gooseberries,  per  quart: 

Large, 

Small, 

Apricots,  per  doz 

Plums,  per  quart: 

Common, 

Green  Gage, 

Pears,  per  half  peck: 

Best, 

Common, 

Raspberries,  per  quart: 

White, 

Red, 

Thimbleberries,  per  quart,.  . 
Blackberries,  perquait,.  .  .  . 
Whortleberries,  per  quart,.  . 

Blueberries,  per  quart, 

Currants,  per  quart: 

Red, 

White, ' 

Black, 

Tomatoes,  per  dozen, 

Grapes  per  pound,  (forced:) 

Black  Hamburg, 

White  Sweetwater, 

Nectarines,  per  dozen, 

Cranberries,  per  bushel,.  .  .  . 

Piiie-ajiples,  each, 

Water-melons,  each, 

Lemons,  per  dozen, 

Oranges,  per  doz: 

Sicily, 

Cucumbers,  per  dozen 


From  I  To 
Ijjcts.  $  cl*. 

50  — 

50  — 

1  00  — 

4  5 

20 

3  00 


17 

2  00 
1  00 

s 

10 

8 

25 

25 

37i 

37i 
25 

25 
25 
25 

12^ 
12i 
12^ 

6 
6 

8 
37i 

1  00 
75 

2  CO 
1  50 

12^ 

25 

17 

37^ 
25 


10 

I2i 
10 


37i 
50 

50 


S7i 
37i 

17 
17 


3  00 

2  00 

25 

37i 

25 

50 
50 


Remarks. — A  fine  month  thus  far,  with  a  clear  atmosphere  and 
occasional  showers,  has  given  veijetation  an  increase(J  start:  corn, 
which  looked  rather  "sear"  when  July  came  in,  has  now  put  on  its 
deep  robe  of  green,  and  bids  fair  to  wave  its  sheaves  of  golden  grain 
as  abundant  as  ever.  Vines  of  all  kinds  have  greatly  imjjroved, 
particularly  melons,  which  suffered  severely  from  the  wet  and  cool 


Tforticultural   Memoranda.  319 

nights  of  early  June.  Potatoes  never  promiserl  better:  the  main  crop 
is  now  beyond  the  reach  of  drought.     Fruit  also  looks  well. 

Vegetables. — New  potatoes  have  come  in  abundantly  within  a  few 
days,  and  though  prices  are  variable,  according  to  the  stock  daily 
brought  in,  our  quotations  may  be  considered  as  the  average;  old 
ones  are  nearly  gone.  Bunched  beets  and  carrots  come  in  now  of 
large  size.  Radishes  are  now  out  of  season.  Cabbages  now  come 
in  tolerably  plentiful  and  of  good  size;  drumheads  have  made  their 
appearance,  but  are  yet  small;  the  supply  is  mostly  of  early  sorts. 
Lettuce  is  plentiful.  Rhubarb  is  supplied  in  small  quantities,  but 
the  sale  is  quite  limited  now.  Peas  are  scarce;  good  marrowfats  are 
in  better  demand.  Of  beans  there  is  a  good  stock  of  common  string, 
and  a  few  of  the  cranberry  have  come  to  hand;  shelled  have  also 
been  brought  in  in  small  lots.  The  warm  weather  has  forwarded 
the  growth  of  beans  exceedingly.  Squashes  of  winter  kinds  are 
about  gone;  but  of  the  summer  kinds   there  is  a  irood  su{)ply. 

Fruits. — New  apples  come  in  freely  from  New  York,  and  of  good 
size  and  quality;  the  best  are  readily  taken  at  our  quotations;  the 
common  sorts  are  cheap.  Strawberries  are  all  gone,  except  a  few 
boxes  of  the  Wood.  Peaches  have  made  their  appearance  from  the 
south,  but  they  are  yet  small;  good  forced  ones  yet  command  fair 
rates.  Cherries  are  all  gone,  except  a  few  mazzards.  Gooseberries 
are  ripe  and  good,  and  a  fair  supply  of  fruit  has  been  brought  in 
in  small  lots.  Plums  from  the  south  have  come  to  hand  in  fair  order. 
Pears  of  the  earlier  sorts  are  plentiful.  Raspberries  are  in  demand, 
and  there  is  not  a  fidl  supply;  our  quotations  will  pay  the  grower 
well  for  this  fruit.  Whortleberries  now  come  to  hand,  and  are  tak- 
en at  prices.  Currants  are  abundant,  large  and  fine.  Tomatoes 
have  been  received,  and  are  selling  at  quotations.  Forced  grapes 
are  not  yet  very  freely  brought  in.  Cranberries  have  fallen  down  to 
our  present  rates,  and  a  small  demand;  very  few,  however,  remain 
on  hand.  Oranires  and  lemons  are  scarce,  and  prices  have  advanced 
materially. — M.T.,  Boston,  July  26,  1842. 


HORTICULTURAL  MEMORANDA 

FOR  AUGUST. 


FRUIT  DEPARTMENT. 

Grape  vines  in  the  vinery  will  now  begin  to  color  their  fruit:  give 
little  air  early  in  the  morning,  and  more  as  the  day  advances,  and 
shut  up  early  in  the  afternoon.  Prune  off  all  superfluous  laterals 
and  shoots-  Syringing  must  be  discontinued  when  the  berries  have 
all  begun  to  color.  Vines  of  inferior  sorts  can  now  be  inarched  with 
better  kinds,  if  the  plants  of  the  latter  are  in  pots. 

Strawberry  beds  must  have   attention;  keep  the  old  ones  free  of 


320  Horticultural  J\Iemoranda. 

weeds,  and  encourage  vigorous  runners.  Prepare  to  make  new  beds 
by  the  middle  of  the  month.  Select  the  strongest  runners  for  this 
purpose,  and  choose  a  cloudy  day  to  set  them  out. 

Fruit  trees  of  many  kinds,  such  as  the  plum,  cherry,  and  pear, 
should  be  budded  this  month.  Select  good  thrifty  stocks,  and  pro- 
cure goofi  buds  to  insert  in  them.  Keep  the  insects  ofif  of  trees  by 
occasional  syringings  of  whale  oil  soap. 

FLOWER    DEPARTMENT. 

Dahlias  must  be  attended  to:  if  any  plants  are  not  yet  staked,  see 
that  they  are  attended  to.  Prune  off  the  superfluous  lateral  branch- 
es, and  keep  the  main  branches  tied  neatly  to  the  stakes.  Ijook  out 
for  insects. 

Roses  may  now  be  propagated,  both  by  cuttings  and  layers. 

Gemniums  not  yet  cut  down  should  be  attended  to  this  month,  and 
cuttings  put  in  to  form  young  plants. 

Chrysanthemums  should  be  re[)otted  this  month,  and  the  plants  oc- 
casionally watered  with  liquid  manure:  plunge  the  pots  in  the  soil. 

Ericas  will  require  looking  after:  if  any  are  suffering  from  dryness 
repot  them.  Keep  them  in  a  frame  where  they  can  be  shaded  {)art  of 
the  day,  or  on  a  north  border,  jjlunging  the  pots  in  sand  or  coal  ashes. 

Cactuses  may  be  increased  by  cuttings  now,  and  stocks  may  now 
be  grafted. 

Pinks  and  Carnations  should  yet  be  layered. 

Oxalis  Bowieii  should  be  repotted  this  month,  to  flower  in  Septem- 
ber. 

AzaleaSfin  small  pots,  should  now  be  shifted  into  larger  ones,  and 
cuttings  may  be  put  in. 

White  lilies  should  be  taken  up  the  latter  part  of  the  month. 

Ten  Week  Stock  seed  may  be  sown  this  month  for  flowering  dur- 
ing the  winter. 

Mignonette  should  be  sown  now  to  flower  at  Christmas. 

Camellias  should  be  kept  well  syringed:  attend  to  the  saving  of 
seeds,  which  had  better  be  sown  as  soon  as  ripe. 

Primida  sinensis. — Seedlings  of  this  fine  plant  should  now  be  re- 
potted into  the  next  size. 

Hardy  shrubs,  of  all  sorts,  should  be  layered  this  month. 

Green-house  plants,  of  all  kinds,  should  be  thoroughly  looked  over 
this  month,  that  all  may  be  in  readiness  to  place  in  the  house  in  Sep- 
tember.    Re|)ot,  prune,  &c. 

Verbenas  should  be  layered  into  small  pots  the  latter  part  of  the 
month,  if  a  stock  is  wanted  for  next  season. 

Calla  (cthiopica  should  be  repotted  the  latter  part  of  the  month. 

Treepceonies  may  be  grafted  now  on  the  tul)ers  of  the  conmion  red. 

Amaryllis  Belladona  s\\Q\x\d  now  be  potted  for  blooming  in  Septem- 
ber. 

Orange  and  Lemon  trees  should  be  budded  this  month. 

Pansy  seed  should  now  be  sown,  if  a  fine  bed  is  wanted  for  next 
season:  cuttings  of  fine  sorts  may  now  be  put  in. 

Hydrangeas  may  be  propagated  from  cuttings  now. 


THE    MAGAZINE 


HORTICULTURE. 


SEPTEMBER,  1842. 


ORIGINAL  COMMUNICATIONS. 

Art  I.      The  Canker  Worm;  its  Habits,  and  Remarks  on  the 
best  means  of  preventinz^  its  Ravages.     By  J.  S.  G. 

Dear  Str — I  send  you  a  few  remarks  on  that  well  known 
pest  of  orchards,  in  this  vicinity,  the  canker  worm.  I  need  not 
begin  by  describing  this  insect;  this  has  been  done  accurately  and 
scientifically,  by  the  late  Professor  Peck,  some  years  since,  and 
very  lately  by  Dr.  T.  W.  Harris.  My  object  is  merely  to  offer 
a  few  practical  remarks  on  its  ravages,  and  the  best  modes  of  di- 
minishing them.  Every  body  who  has  been  visited  by  this  trou- 
blesome guest,  has  learned  that  the  female  (a  grub  without  wings) 
generally  climbs  the  tree  for  the  purpose  of  depositing  her  eggs 
at  certain  well  known  periods  in  spring  or  autumn.  All  may 
not  be  aware  of  the  violence  of  this  instinct  to  climb.  I  once 
placed  several  of  these  grubs  under  a  tumbler,  the  edges  of 
which  inclined  inwards.  Those  who  were  once  fairly  started 
on  their  way,  ascended  the  smooth  suiface  without  difficulty; 
but  so  eager  were  they  all  to  reach  the  top,  that  they  actually 
clambered  over  each  other's  shoulders,  and  fell  back  together, 
and  thus  very  few  could  gain  their  object.  Every  one  knows 
that  if  their  ascent  on  the  tree  is  prevented,  the  tree  is  saved. 
But  any  expedient,  which  shall  be  an  effectual  remedy,  must 
possess  the  three  following  requisites: — 

First,   it  must  not  be  injurious  to  the  tree. 

Secondly,  it  must  be  thorough,  so  that  no  insects,  or  very 
few,  can  evade  or  surmount  it. 

Thirdly,  it  must  be  economical. 

The  favorite  mode  of  placing  leaden  gutters  round  the 
trunks  of  the  trees,  seems  to  me  wanting,  in  a  degree,  all  these 
requisites.      The  oil  or  tar  placed  in  the  gutters  is  liable  to  be 

VOL.   VIII. — NO.   IX.  41 


322       The  Canker  Worm;  its  Habits,  and  Remarks  on 

driven  out  both  by  winds  and  rains,  and  thrown  on  the  bark  of 
the  trees  to  their  great  injury,  at  least  unless  better  remedies 
can  be  devised  than  I  have  seen  put  in  practice.  The  gutters 
also,  as  they  are  generally  made,  are  quite  too  narrow,  and  if 
the  insects  are  in  great  force,  are  quickly  choked  up  or  bridg- 
ed over.  They  should  be  at  least  two  inches  wide  in  the 
clear,  at  the  top,  which  would  much  increase  the  expense. 
Besides,  they  must  be  fitted  to  the  trunk  of  the  tree  with  great 
accuracy,  or  they  will  leave  a  sort  of  lubber''s  hole  through 
which  the  insects,  who  are  no  seamen,  will  not  fail  to  crawl. 
Now  to  adjust  them  with  such  accuracy  is  a  great  labor,  not  to 
say  that  it  is  scarcely  possible.  But  if  these  difficulties  are  all 
overcome,  the  expedient  becomes  more  liable  to  the  third  ob- 
jection, that  of  expense.  As  it  is,  I  believe  it  is  generally 
considered  quite  too  costly  to  be  applied  to  orchards  contain- 
ing hundreds  of  trees,  however  valuable  it  may  be  made  for 
the  protection  of  a  few  highly  prized  individuals. 

The  remedy  most  commonly  adopted  on  a  large  scale  is,  to 
place  a  strip  of  canvass  round  the  trunk  of  the  tree,  and  cover 
it  with  a  coat  of  tar.  This  is,  perhaps,  the  cheapest  expedient 
of  any,  but  is  certainly  dangerous  to  the  tree,  as  the  tar  is  sure 
to  drip  down  on  the  Ijark  below.  Besides,  it  is  far  from  a 
thorough  remedy:  for  a  ^ew  hours  of  drying  wind  will  com- 
pletely harden  the  surface  of  the  tar,  or  five  minutes  of  drizzling 
rain  will  chill  it,  and  in  either  case  the  grub  will  walk  over  it 
with  perfect  ease. 

I  do  not  know  that  I  can  name  any  expedient  possessing  the 
requisites  laid  down  in  the  beginning.  The  best  which  I  have 
seen  is  that  described  by  Kollar  in  his  book  On  Insects,  and 
called  by  him  a  wooden  boot.  This  is  nothing  but  a  box  with 
four  sides,  but  neither  top  nor  bottom,  made  of  a  size  to  go 
round  the  tree  in  the  same  way  in  which  a  circle  is  circum- 
scribed by  a  square.  A  coving  projects  all  round,  on  the  out- 
side, like  the  eaves  of  a  house,  and  this  coving  may  be  two 
inches  or  more  in  breadth.  A  good  workman  can  make  about 
sixteen  of  these  boots  per  day.  The  quantity  of  stock,  which 
need  not  be  of  the  best  lumber,  will  vary  with  the  size  of  the 
tree.  The  height,  however,  need  not  be  more  than  a  foot.  I 
am  confident  that  a  tree,  of  a  foot  in  diameter,  could  be  pro- 
vided with  a  box  for  twenty  cents;  and  such  boxes  could  be 
made  to  last  as  many  years,    by  tacking  one  side  loosely,  so 


tlte  best  means  of  preventing  Us  ravages.  323 

that  they  can  be  removed  during  the  greater  part  of  the  year, 
and  replaced  at  the  dangerous  seasons. 

The  tar  is  apphed  in  the  angle  under  the  coving,  and  when 
the  wood  is  once  saturated,  a  very  little  need  be  applied  at 
once.  The  advantages  of  this  mode  over  the  preceding,  are, 
first,  the  tar  is  more  protected  from  the  action  of  wind  and 
rain,  and  therefore  is  much  less  liable  to  be  hardened;  second- 
ly, when  renewed,  it  can  be  put  on  freely  and  rapidly,  without 
the  slightest  injury  to  the  tree. 

I  have  said  that  the  tar  will  not  dry  soon;  but  I  still  think  it 
worth  while  to  tar  daily,  during  the  dangerous  seasons,  where 
the  worms  attack  in  great  force.  If  this  be  done,  I  am  con- 
fident no  orchard,  thus  guarded,  can  be  seriously  injured.  It 
is  true  that  there  will  be  a  little  space  between  the  box  and 
tree  at  the  corners,  and  if  the  tree  is  a  growing  one,  it  may  be 
best  to  leave  a  little  room  all  round.  But  these  openings  will 
be  taken  advantage  of  only  by  those  insects  who  happen  to  rise 
from  the  earth,  close  to  the  body  of  the  tree,  under  the  vacant 
space,  and  these  have  been  ascertained  by  Kollar  to  be  very 
few.  The  grubs  have  no  talent  at  undermining;  their  instinct 
to  mount  is  not  discriminating,  and  they  seem  to  have  no  other 
mode  of  dealing  with  obstacles  than  to  climb  over  them. 

Still  I  may  be  asked,  whether  the  few  that  go  up  will  not  do 
nearly  as  much  harm  as  might  have  been  done  by  the  main 
body,  who  are  caught  in  the  tar.  I  answer,  if  this  were  so,  then 
it  would  follow  that  all  trees,  which  are  attacked  at  all,  would 
be  equally  injured.  Now  if  any  one  will  visit  the  orchards  in 
our  vicinity,  he  will  find  apple  trees  in  every  state  of  injury, 
from  those  which  have  only  a  few  leaves  injured  to  those  which 
have  not  a  leaf  to  show. 

If  any,  however,  are  indisposed  to  try  this  expedient,  there 
is  another  much  cheaper,  but  less  effectual,  as  it  answers  only 
in  dry  weather,  but  may  then  be  of  great  use  as  a  practical 
remedy.  Let  dry  sand  be  heaped  round  the  foot  of  the  tree, 
at  as  sharj)  a  pitch  as  it  will  lie.  The  grubs  will  strive  to  crawl 
up  these  heaps,  but  will  fall  down  time  after  time,  and  may  be 
found  in  one  place,  viz.,  wilhin  an  inch  or  two  of  the  base. 
As  we  know  exactly  where  to  look  for  them,  we  can  gather 
them  up  as  rapidly  as  we  could  pick  strawberries.  The  idea 
of  catching  these  insects  by  hand,  may  remind  some  of  your 
readers  of  the  fable  of  the  traveller  who  alighted  from  his 
horse  to  kill  the  grasshoppers.     I  shall  only  state  in  reply  one 


324  On  the  cultivation  of  the  Currant. 

or  two  facts.  In  November,  1840,  I  made  a  practice,  during 
several  successive  mornings,  of  examining  the  heaps  of  sand 
at  the  foot  of  some  apple  and  lime  trees  in  my  garden.  On 
the  morning  of  November  7th  1  collected  thirty-two  in  three 
minutes,  twenty  of  which  were  at  the  bottom  of  one  tree. 
Professor  Peck  estimates  that  each  grub  produces  one  hundred 
eggs;  and  if  we  suppose  nine  tenths  of  these  eggs  to  fail,  I 
nevertheless  prevented  the  ravages  of  three  hundred  canker 
worms  by  the  labor  of  three  minutes.  Yet,  in  my  garden,  the 
worms  have  never  been  so  numerous  as  in  those  of  many  of  my 
neighbors,  as  is  shown  by  the  fact  that,  out  of  many  trees,  not 
one  has  ever  been  completely  stripped,  or  so  injured  that  it 
would  be  remarked  at  the  distance  of  ten  rods. 

These  grubs  1  found  on  the  lower  part  of  the  sand,  as  the 
day  and  night  before  were  dry.  When  rain  fell,  the  sand  be- 
came damp;  but  if  the  trunk  of  the  tree  is  examined  a  (ew 
days  after,  the  insects  are  generally  found  below  the  crotch. 
November  llth,  1S40,  after  a  rainy  day  and  night,  two  men 
examined  my  apple  trees  for  two  hours,  and  collected  a  large 
quantity  of  grubs  mostly  below  the  crotch.  This  quantity  I 
cannot  state  precisely,  but  the  men  were  fully  satisfied  that  it 
was  nearly  one  thousand,  which  would  be  only  at  the  rate  of 
four  or  five  in  one  minute  to  each  man. 

I  am,  therefore,  satisfied  that  this  plan  of  protecting  the 
trees  by  sand  heaps,  and  picking  up  the  insects,  is  worth  pur- 
suing, it  being  understood  that  I  recommend  it  as  a  palliative, 
and  not  as  a  complete  remedy. 

Boston,  Aus.,  1842. 


Art.  II.     Remarks  on  the  cultivation  of  the  Currant. 
By  the  Editor. 

Very  few  of  our  garden  fruits  are  so  much  neglected  as 
the  currant.  Its  cultivation  seems  to  be  a  matter  of  no  con- 
sideration, and  when  the  bushes  are  once  planted,  they  are 
left  to  take  their  chance,  and  little  attention  is  bestowed  upon 
them    afterwards.       Pruning    is    entirely    forgotten,   and    the 


On  the  cultivation  of  the  Currant.  325 

plants  often  become  a  prey  to  insects,  which  soon  destroy 
them.  A  fruit  so  generally  admired  for  Its  good  qualities  and 
its  many  excellent  uses,  and  so  universally  cultivated  that 
scarcely  a  garden  exists  in  which  it  may  not  be  found,  should 
not  be  so  entirely  neglected;  for,  like  all  other  fruits  and 
plants,  it  is  susceptible  of  improvement,  and,  had  the  same 
attention  been  given  to  it  that  has  been  lavished  upon  the 
gooseberry,  we  doubt  not  but  that  new  varieties,  far  excelling 
any  we  now  possess,  v/ould  have  been  found  in  our  gardens, 
as  conmion  as  the  new  and  improved  sorts  of  that  fruit. 

In  France  the  currant  has  long  attracted  attention,  and,  un- 
til lately,  has  been  much  more  highly  esteemed  than  the  goose- 
berry. But  the  French  horticulturists  did  not  attempt  any  im- 
provement in  the  varieties.  The  Dutch  cultivators  were  the 
first  who  seem  to  have  paid  particular  attention  to  it;  they 
succeeded  in  giving  a  greater  value  to  this  friiit  by  the  produc- 
tion of  seedlings,  and  it  is  from  this  source  that  the  very  best 
varieties  at  present  known  have  been  spread  over  Europe  and 
America. 

The  late  Thomas  Andrew  Knight,  Esq.,  President  of  the 
London  Horticultural  Society,  called  the  attention  of  cultivators 
to  the  currant,  and  he  attempted  the  production  of  new  varie- 
ties from  seed:  a  paper  on  the  subject  was  read  by  him  before 
the  London  Horticultural  Society,  and  subsequently  published 
in  their  Transactions.  Three  of  Mr.  Knight's  seedlings  are 
at  the  present  time  found  in  the  English  catalogues.  Mr. 
Knight,  in  a  letter  written  but  a  short  period  before  his  death, 
lamented  that  the  improvers  of  the  gooseberry  did  not,  in 
preference,  select  the  red  currant.  Reasoning  from  his  ex- 
tensive experience  in  the  cultivation  of  fruits,  he  believed  that 
fruits  which,  in  their  unimproved  state,  are  acid,  first  become 
sweet  and  then  insipid  by  improved  cultivation,  and  through 
successive  varieties.  To  this  he  attributes  the  excellence  of 
the  gooseberry,  which  he  believed  had  been  shown  in  nearly 
its  greatest  perfection  in  the  climate  of  England.  The  cur- 
rant, he  thought,  might  eventually  become  a  very  sweet  fruit. 

It  is  well  known  that  the  accidental  circumstances  of  soil, 
situation,  &c.  in  which  the  currant  has  been  grown,  have  been 
the  means  of  so  altering  the  appearance  and  character  of  the 
fruit,  that  new  names  have  been  given  to  such  as  have  been 
found  in  a  superior  state  of  growth,  and  some  of  the  sorts  are 
known  under  at  least  half  a  dozen   synonymous   terms.      We 


326  On  the  cidlivalicn  of  the  Currant. 

have  known  individuals  who  have  cultivated  the  currant  niany 
years,  who,  upon  seeing  those  of  superior  growth,  have  inquired 
the  name  of  the  variety,  under  the  impression  that  they  might 
add  a  larger  and  better  soit  to  their  garden:  yet  how  surprised 
have  they  been  to  learn  that  it  was  one  and  the  same  kind  of 
which  they  had  abundance  already,  only  in  an  inferior  and  neg- 
lected state  of  growth.  It  is  indeed  a  rare  circumstance  to 
find  plants  in  any  thing  like  the  vigor  they  can  be  made  to  at- 
tain by  proper  cultivation,  the  a])plicalion  of  manure,  and  above 
all,  the  proper  mode  of  pruning. 

Within  a  few  years  some  attempts  have  been  made  to  pro- 
duce new  seedlings,  and  we  find  in  the  English  journals  of  last 
year  two  or  three  new  varieties  offered  for  sale.  An)ong  our  own 
cultivators,  very  few  have  thought  of  bestowing  so  much  care 
on  this  fruit;  yet  there  are  instances  where  it  has  been  done, 
and  with  good  success.  Captain  Lovett,  of  Beverly,  present- 
ed some  very  beautiful  fruit  at  a  late  meeting  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Horticultural  Society,  which  would  not  suffer  in  com- 
parison with  the  celebrated  Red  Dutch:  the  clusters  of  fruit 
were  large,  and  the  berries  of  great  size  and  fine  color;  con- 
tinued exj)eriments,  however,  are  requisite  to  arrive  at  impor- 
tant results,  and  effect  decided  improvements:  by  continually 
selecting  the  largest  fruit,  and  producing  successive  genera- 
tions, in  a  few  years  the  whole  character  of  the  fruit  would  un- 
doubtedly be  much  changed.  If  the  gooseberry,  from  a  small, 
sour,  and  almost  uneatable  fruit,  has  been  increased  to  three 
times  its  original  size,  its  flavor  and  sweetness  Improved,  why 
may  not  the  currant,  by  the  same  attention,  be  equally  benefit- 
ed, and  rendered  more  worthy  of  extensive  cultivation?  We 
hope  our  amateur  horticulturists,  among  whom  are  many  who 
delight  in  the  production  of  improved  fruits,  will  not  omit  to 
give  the  currant  a  portion  of  their  attention. 

But  it  is  to  the  cultivation  of  the  well  known  and  excellent 
varieties  of  the  currant  which  we  already  possess,  that  we  wish 
to  call  the  attention  of  cultivators.  If  their  mode  of  treatment  be 
properly  understood,  it  may  be  applied  to  any  improved  varie- 
ties, which  may  hereafter  take  the  place  of  those  that  are  now 
known.  To  give  this  in  full,  we  shall  commence  with  the  Pro- 
duction of  Seedlings,  and  add  all  the  other  particulars  of  their 
growth  under  the  following  heads: — Situation,  Soil,  Raising 
Young  Plants,  Planting  Out,  Pruning,  (both  summer  and  win- 


On  the  cultivation  of  the  Currant.  327 

ter,)    Insects,    and    General    Observations,    concluding    with 
Descriptions  of  the  Different  Varieties. 

Raising  the  Currant  from  Seed. — To  grow  seedlings,  it  is 
important  that  the  largest  and  best  fruit  should  be  selected.  To 
do  this,  a  strong  and  healthy  plant  should  be  selected,  and  if 
too  full  of  fruit  to  prevent  its  attaining  a  good  size,  it  should 
be  thinned  out,  leaving  only  sufficient  for  the  plant  to  bring  to 
the  utmost  perfection;  as  soon  as  the  fruit  is  ripe,  it  should  be 
picked,  and  the  seeds  washed  out  from  the  pulp:  this  may  be 
easily  done  by  bruising  the  seeds  in  water,  and  passing  the 
whole  through  a  sieve,  and  alterwards  spreading  it  out  in  a 
cool,  shady,  situation  to  dry,  after  which  it  may  be  placed  in 
papers  until  the  time  of  planting  in  the  month  of  April.  At 
that  season  a  small  piece  of  ground  should  be  selected  for  the 
purpose,  and  be  made  fine  by  deep  spading  and  raking  the 
surface;  the  seed  may  then  be  planted  in  drills  about  a  foot 
apart,  scatteiing  it  thinly  that  the  plants  may  not  come 
up  so  crowded  as  to  require  thinning  out  to  any  extent.  No 
other  care  is  requisite  than  to  keep  the  bed  clear  of  weeds: 
they  will  produce  fruit  in  the  second  or  third  year,  when  such 
as  are  worth  preserving  should  be  marked,  and  the  remainder 
rooted  up  and  thrown  away. 

Situation. — The  currant  is  perfectly  hardy,  and  w'ill  grow 
in  any  situation,  whether  exposed  or  not;  but  it  produces  the 
largest  and  best  fruit  in  a  sheltered  garden,  not  exposed  to 
high  winds.  In  warm  and  sunny  borders,  the  fruit  is  ripe  ear- 
lier, and  is  sooner  gone,  than  when  growing  in  partially  shady 
situations:  against  a  north  wall,  the  fruit  will  hang  on  the  bush- 
es until  the  middle  or  latter  part  of  September.  Even  within 
the  shade  of  trees  we  have  had  very  fine  fruit;  but  we  would 
not  select  such  a  spot  to  raise  the  best.  Besides  a  few  bush- 
es set  out  for  the  express  purpose  of  having  fine  fruit,  the  cur- 
rant may  be  distributed  in  any  part  of  the  garden  where  a  bush 
will  fill  up  a  vacant  spot;  they  may  also  be  trained  against  fenc- 
es, in  which  situations  they  bear  good  crops. 

Soil. — The  currant  will  grow  in  almost  any  good  garden  soil; 
but  that  in  which  they  produce  their  fruit  in  the  greatest  per- 
fection is  a  deep,  rich,  mellow  loam,  somewhat  moist;  very 
stiff  clayey  soils  are  the  least  adapted  to  this  fruit.  In  sandy 
soils  the  fruit  is  earlier,  but  the  crop  is  small,  and  soon  gone. 
When  it  is  the  object  to  produce  very  superior  fruit,  the  soil 
should  be  slaked  out,   and  then   covered  with  three   or  four 


328  On  the  cultivation  of  the  Currant. 

inches  of  good  old  decomposed  manure.  It  should  then  be 
trenched  eighteen  or  twenty  inches  deep,  placing  the  top  spit 
and  the  manure  at  the  bottom  of  the  trench.  When  the  bed 
is  settled,  a  little  manure  may  be  dug  into  the  surface,  and  it 
will  then  be  ready  for  planting. 

Raising  Young  Plants. — Cultivators  who  wish  to  make 
large  plantations,  and  are  desirous  of  raising  their  own  plants, 
can  easily  do  so.  The  cuttings  should  be  planted  out  in  April, 
just  as  the  buds  begin  to  push,  selecting  a  shady  border,  and 
planting  them  five  or  six  inches  apart;  the  cuttings  should  be 
about  a  foot  long,  of  the  preceding  year's  wood,  healthy  and 
vigorous,  and  cut  off  directly  below  a  joint.  If  the  bushes  are 
to  be  grown  in  the  manner  of  small  trees,  with  one  main  stem, 
all  the  eyes  should  be  cut  out  but  the  two  top  ones.  Planted 
out  in  this  manner,  they  make  pretty  plants,  which  may  be  re- 
moved to  the  fruiting  beds  the  following  year. 

Planting  Out. — The  period  for  planting  out  is  any  time  af- 
ter the  fall  of  the  leaf  in  autumn  until  severe  frost,  and  early  in 
spring  before  the  buds  have  pushed  so  far  as  to  show  their  flow- 
er buds.  In  dry  situations,  October  is  probably  as  favorable 
a  season  as  can  be  selected,  as  the  plants  start  into  leaf  very 
early  in  the  spring,  often  before  the  cultivator  thinks  it  time  to 
plant  out,  and  a  season  is  lost;  but  if  the  ground  is  inclined  to 
be  wet  in  winter,  the  early  part  of  April  is  the  best  season. 
The  modes  of  planting  are  various,  some  preferring  to  place 
them  on  the  borders  of  walks,  and  others  in  beds  by  them- 
selves; we  think  the  best  plan  is,  when  many  plants  are  want- 
ed, to  set  apart  a  small  piece  of  ground  for  their  exclusive 
growth;  but  whatever  situation  is  chosen,  prepare  the  soil  as 
above  directed.  The  proper  distance  at  which  plants  should 
be  planted,  is  six  feet  apart  between  the  rows,  and  four  feet 
from  plant  to  plant:  less  distances  than  these  will  do,  but  the 
chances  of  procuring  large  fruit  will  be  less.  To  plant  neat- 
ly, aline  should  be  stretched  across  the  bed:  at  the  proper 
distances  put  down  a  small  stake,  then  commence  taking  out 
the  earth:  now  place  in  the  plant,  setting  it  against  the  line; 
spread  out  the  roots  carefully,  and  cover  them  with  fine  earth, 
making  it  firm  around  the  roots,  and  treading  it  lightly  when 
finished;  give  each  plant  a  pot  of  water,  if  dry  weather  at 
the  time  of  planting.  Keep  the  surface  of  the  soil  loose, 
and  clear  from  weeds,  by  occasional  hoeings  during  the  sum- 
mer. 


Winter  Pruning.  329 

Pruning. — Next  to  a  good  rich  soil,  pruning  is  the  most 
important  thing  to  be  attended  to;  neglect  in  this  respect  will 
be  sure  to  cause  disappointment  to  the  cultivator  who  expects 
large  and  fine  fruit.  The  branches  will  shoot  up  thick  and 
weakly,  and,  if  not  attended  to,  and  the  superfluous  ones  cut 
out,  the  bush  will  be  so  crowded  as  to  produce  only  a  quan- 
tity of  half  formed  clusters,  with  a  few  small  berries. 

It  is  known  to  many  cultivators,  though  perhaps  not  to  all, 
that  the  currant  bears  its  fruit  both  upon  the  young  wood 
of  last  year's  growth,  upon  that  of  the  second  and  third 
year,  and  also  upon  the  little  spurs  which  spring  from  the  old- 
er shoots;  but  it  is  only  upon  the  young  and  vigorous  wood  of 
the  preceding  year  that  fruit  of  superior  size  and  beauty  is  ob- 
tained. Knowing  this  fact,  the  cultivator  may  proceed  with 
his  pruning,  which  may  be  done  at  two  seasons,  both  winter 
and  summer,  viz.: — 

Winter  Pruning. — The  first  object  should  be,  after  the 
plant  is  set  out,  to  see  that  it  is  pruned  so  as  to  form  a  hand- 
some head;  and,  first,  we  may  premise  that  it  is  the  intention 
to  prune  them  in  the  best  method,  that  is,  with  single  stems, 
like  trees  in  miniature,  from  which  the  branches  fork  out  at  the 
distance  of  a  foot  or  more  from  the  ground:  this  will  prevent 
the  continual  growth  of  suckers,  which  not  only  injure  the  fruit, 
springing  up  as  they  do  the  whole  season,  but  destroy  the 
beauty  and  regularity  of  a  whole  plantation.  Winter  pruning 
may  be  performed  late  in  the  autumn,  or  early  in  the  spring: 
as  the  currant  has  extremely  brittle  shoots,  some  think  it  is 
best  to  prune  in  the  fall,  and  by  thus  shortening  the  branches, 
to  lessen  the  danger  of  the  heavy  snows  breaking  them  down. 
Commence  by  cutting  clean  out  all  the  cross  shoots,  leaving 
only  those  which  spring  up  regularly.  The  strongest  branch- 
es of  the  old  wood  should  be  shortened  to  six  or  eight  inches, 
and  the  weaker  ones  to  very  short  spurs;  the  new  wood  made 
during  the  summer  should  be  also  shortened  to  four  or  five 
buds  or  joints.  The  principle  ever  to  be  kept  in  mind  is,  to 
have  the  head  of  the  bush  supplied  in  all  parts  with  a  good 
proportion  of  new  wood  every  season;  and  this  can  only  be 
done  by  cutting  away  the  older  branches  after  they  have  borne 
one  or  two  crops,  and  encouraging  the  growth  of  young  shoots 
from  their  base;  at  no  time  should  the  head  of  the  bush  be  al- 
lowed to  extend  more  than  three  feet  in  diameter,  and  three 
feet  high. 

VOL.  VIII. NO.    IX.  42 


330  On  the  Cultivation  of  the  Currant. 

Summer  Pruning. — This  consists  only  In  looking  over  the 
plants,  after  the  fruit  is  well  formed,  and  nipping  off  new 
shoots  which  are  growing  up  where  they  are  not  wanted  ano- 
ther year:  by  so  doing,  an  abundance  of  air  will  be  admitted 
to  the  centre  of  the  bush,  without  which  the  fruit  would 
be  inferior.  Some  cultivators  recommend  shortening  the  bear- 
ing branches  to  within  a  few  eyes  of  the  fruit,  as  soon  as  it 
turns  color,  but  of  the  advantage  to  be  derived  from  this  prac- 
tice we  have  some  doubt.  If  any  suckers  spring  from  the 
root,  they  should  be  cut  off  clean  to  the  stem. 

Insects. — The  currant  has  but  few  enemies  in  the  insect 
tribe;  the  most  injurious  is  the  borer,  [JEgeria  tipuliformis,) 
which  eats  its  way  up  the  centre  of  the  stems,  causing  great 
debility,  and  eventually  nearly  destroying  the  plants,  or  at 
least  incapacitating  them  from  producing  any  thing  but  very 
small  and  poor  fruit:  the  bushes  aie  also  in  danger  of  being 
broken  by  light  winds  or  with  heavy  crops  of  fruit.  The 
best  preventive  for  this  insect  is  to  keep  the  plants  in  a  vigo- 
rous state,  and  well  supplied  with  strong  young  wood,  as 
it  is  only  in  the  older  branches  that  the  borer  commences  its 
ravages.  When  they  once  take  possession  of  the  bushes,  cut 
out  all  the  old  shoots,  especially  such  as  are  in  any  way  decay- 
ed, and  encourage  only  strong  new  wood:  the  aphides^  or  plant 
lice,  occasionally  infest  the  leaves,  but  these  may  be  easily  de- 
stroyed by  one  or  two  washings  of  whale  oil  soap. 

General  Observations. — The  French  cultivators  recommend 
the  forming  of  new  plantations  every  five  years,  and  maintain 
that,  unless  this  is  attended  to,  the  fruit  will  be  small.  We 
have  no  doubt  that  the  fruit  would  be  somewhat  improved  by 
such  new  plantations,  but  still,  if  the  old  bushes  are  judicious- 
ly pruned,  the  soil  kept  well  manured  and  tilled,  there  will  be 
little  necessity  of  planting  out  so  often. 

The  fruit  generally  begins  to  ripen  about  the  middle  of  Ju- 
ly, and  continues  in  perfection  until  the  middle  of  August,  and 
in  some  shady  situations  as  late  as  October.  If  the  bushes 
are  exposed  to  birds,  they  may  be  protected  by  covering 
them  with  nets  or  with  gauze. 

We  close  this  article  with  descriptions  of  the  most  esteem- 
ed varieties  that  are  at  present  cultivated,  following  the  ar- 
rangement in  the  liOndon  Horticultural  Society's  Catalogue. 
The  Red  Dutch,  White  Dutch,  and  Black  Naples  may  be  re- 
commended for  small  gardens,  where  there  is  but  little  space. 


Descriptions  of  the  varieties.  331 

DESCRIPTIONS  OF  THE  DIFFERENT  VARIETIES. 

§   I.       RED   CURRANT. 

1.  Common  Red. — Fruit  medium  size,  clusters  rather  small, 
good  flavored,  and  tolerable  bearer. 

2.  Red  Dutch.  —  Synonymes:  Large  Red  Dutch,  New  Red 
Dutch,  Large  Red,  Large-branched  Red,  Long-branched 
Red,  Morgan's  Red,  and  Red  Grape. — Clusters  long,  ber- 
ries large,  growth  of  the  plant  strong  and  upright;  exceed- 
ingly productive,  and  one  of  the  very  best  sorts. 

3.  Knighfs  Sweet  Red. — Said  to  be  a  very  fine  kind. 

4.  Knight'' s  Early  Red. — Rather  early;  clusters  and  berries 
medium  size;  color  deep  red;  flavor  rich  and  good.  We 
fruited  this  variety  the  present  year. 

5.  Knight^s  large  late  red. — With  very  large  berries,  of  a 
deep  red  color;  a  su[)erior  kind. 

6.  Champagne. — Berries  of  a  very  pale  red;  clusters  medium 
size;  this  fruit  is  rather  acid,  but  makes  a  very  good  variety 
for  the  table,  from  its  delicate  color  and  the  transparent  ap- 
pearance of  the  berries. 

§    II.       WHITE  CURRANT. 

7.  Common  White. — The  old  kind  of  our  gardens;  clusters 
and  berries  medium  size. 

8.  JVhite  Dutch. — Synonymes:  New  White  Dutch,  Jeeves's 
White,  Morgan's  White,  White  Chrystal;  White  Leghorn; 
Pearl  White. — This  is  the  finest  of  the  white  currants:  the 
clusters  are  very  long,  and  the  berries  very  large.  The 
wood  grows  upright  and  strong;  exceedingly  productive  and 
fine. 

§  III.       BLACK  CURRANT. 

9.  Black  JSTaples. — Also  called  the  New  Black:  the  fruit 
is  very  large,  often  two  inches  in  circumference;  clusters 
large,  and  abundantly  produced;  flavor  good.  This  is  the 
best  of  the  black  fruited  ones.      Leaves  smooth. 

10.  Common  Black  English. — This  is  a  very  good  variety, 
with  large  berries;  it  makes  a  fine  jelly,  which  is  highly  es- 
teemed for  its  medicinal  qualities. 

11.  Jlmerican  Black. — Similar  to  the  last,  but  is  not  quite  so 
productive. 

Besides  these  we  have  seen  two  kinds  offered  for  sale,  which 
are  represented  to  be  very  fine:  one  is  called  the  Victoria,  and 
the  other  the  new  Cherry  currant. 


332         Some  account  of  the  Magnolia  macrophylla. 

Art.  hi.  Some  account  of  the  MagnoUdL  macrophylla,  its 
discovery  in  a  new  locality,  together  with  a  notice  of  the 
JSIursery  of  Jf.  W.  Hatchj  Vicksburg,  J\Iiss.  By  Alex- 
ander Gordon. 

Dear  Sir: — Well  aware  that  every  circumstance  connect- 
ed with  horticulture  or  botany,  which  has  a  tendency  to  ad- 
vance their  interest,  will  readily  find  a  place  in  your  very 
useful  and  interesting  periodical,  1  hasten  to  acquaint  you 
that  the  only  known  locality  of  the  justly  admired  JNiagnolia 
macrophylla  is  no  longer  confined  to  Lincoln  county,  N.  C; 
for  within  these  few  days  past,  1  have  seen  it  in  this  State, 
where  I  have  every  reason  to  think  it  prevails  to  a  considera- 
ble extent,  having  seen  it  at  two  difierent  places,  nearly  sev- 
enty miles  apart. 

1  never  had,  until  this  time,  seen  this  magnificent  ornament 
of  the  American  forest  displaying  its  gigantic  foliage  in  its 
native  wilds,  and  I  am  free  to  confess  it  aroused  feelings  of 
admiration  more  easily  conceived  than  described.  Mr.  Down- 
ing, in  his  very  excellent  work  on  Landscape  Gardening  and 
Rural  Jirchilecture,  has  given  a  most  accurate  description  of 
this  species,  as  I  found  it,  with  the  exception  of  the  size  of 
the  leaves,  which  in  width  is  more  than  double  the  size  JNIr. 
Downing  has  allowed  it;  but  I  must  confess  this  was  only  the 
case  on  the  shoots  of  young  very  healthy  plants. 

Having  frequently  heard  several  nurserymen  at  the  north 
express  great  anxiety  to  possess  seeds  or  young  plants  of  the 
M.  macrophylla,  it  must  be  gratifying  to  them  to  know  that 
they  can  most  readily  obtain  either,  as  N.  W.  Hatch,  Esq., 
Vicksburg,  in  this  State,  informs  me  he  will  collect  both 
seeds  and  young  plants  this  fall,  to  supply  such  orders  as  he 
m,ay  receive;  so  the  fault  must  now  rest  with  the  northern 
nurserymen,  if  this  splendid  species  does  not  soon  become 
freely  and  widely  disseminated.  But  I  must  not  conclude 
without  giving  a  passing  notice  in  respect  to  JNlr.  Hatch's 
nursery. 

Mr.  Hatch  has,  for  some  years,  been  engaged  in  the  nursery 
business,  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Vicksburg.  The  col- 
lection of  choice  exotics  embraces  many  of  the  most  desir- 
able plants  in  cultivation.  The  Geranidcece  is  very  select. 
The  rosarium  enumerates  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  varieties 


Floricultural  and  Botanical  J^otices.  333 

of  the  very  choicest  which  could  be  obtained.  Camelh'as  and 
Cactae,  of  each  all  the  most  esteemed  varieties.  In  this  most 
favorable  climate,  the  roses,  camellias,  erythrinas,  salpiglos- 
sises,  verbenas  (to  admiration,)  and  a  great  variety  of  other 
plants,  make  the  most  astonishing  growths,  but  geraniums, 
fuchsias,  and  several  other  genera,  suffer  to  some  extent,  if 
not  partially  protected  from  the  intense  heat  of  the  southern 
sun.  Finca  alba  and  V.  rosea  are  becoming  weeds  in  the 
grounds.  Mr.  Hatch  is  now  erecting  a  large  range  of  green- 
houses, and  a  short  period  will  only  elapse  when  his  estab- 
lishment will  not  suffer  in  a  comparison  with  the  nurseries  of 
the  north.  I  understand  neither  expense  nor  exertion  is 
spared — every  desirable  article  is  obtained  as  early  as  possi- 
ble— and  all  this  in  a  section  of  the  country,  where,  twenty 
or  thirty  years  ago,  the  untutored  Indian  roamed  free  and 
unmolested. 

In  conclusion,  I  shall  simply  state  that,  as  respects  forest 
trees  and  shrubs,  for  variety  Mississippi  is  peculiarly  rich, 
bat  very  deficient  in  herbaceous  plants,  as  far  as  my  obser- 
vations have,  as  yet,  extended. 

Yours,  very  respectfully,  *  r^ 

^       J        t-  j'5  Alexander  Gordon. 

Vicksburg^  August^  1842. 


Art.  IV.  Floricultural  and  Botanical  J\^otices  of  neio 
Plants  figured  in  foreign  periodicals ;  xoith  Remarks  on 
those  recently  introduced  to,  or  originated  in,  Jlmerican 
gardens;  and  additional  information  upon  plants  already  in 
cultivation. 

Edwards's  Botanical  Register,  or  Ornamental  Flower  Garden 
and  Shrubbery.  Each  number  containing  from  six  to  eight 
plates,  with  additional  miscellaneous  information,  relative  to 
new  Plants.     In  monthly  numbers;  3s.  plain,  3s.  6d.  colored. 

Paxton's  Magazine  of  Botany ,  and  Register  of  Flowering  Plants. 
Each  number  containing  four  colored  plates.  Monthly.  2s. 6d. 
each.  Edited  by  J.  Paxton,  gardener  to  the  Duke  of  Devon- 
shire. 


334  FloricuUural   and  Botanical  J^otices 

The  Gardcjier's  Chronicle,  a  stamped  newspaper  of  Rural  Econ- 
omy and  General  News.  Edited  hy  Prof.  Lindley.  Weekly. 
Price  Gd.  each. 

FloricuUural  and  Botanical  Intelligence.  A^gave  Ameri- 
cana.— Since  our  notice  of  the  plant  now  about  to  bloom 
in  the  collection  of  Gen.  Van  Rensselaer,  of  Albany,  we 
have  learned  that  another  plant  has  commenced  flowering 
in  the  collection  of  Bernard  Duke,  of  Philadelphia.  It  has 
already  expanded  many  blossoms,  and  is  said  to  be  a  striking 
object,  well  worth  seeing  by  all  who  feel  an  interest  in  these 
singular  productions  of  nature,  flowering  only  once  in  the 
space  of  twenty  or  thirty  years. 

The  fine  agave  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Perry,  of  Brook- 
lyn, New  York,  was  lately  sold,  with  the  other  plants.  It 
was  purchased  by  JNIr.  Niblo,  who  will  make  an  attempt  to 
remove  it,  the  present  month,  to  his  premises  in  Broadway: 
change  of  place  may  possibly  bring  it  into  flower,  as  it  is  al- 
ready a  large  and  vigorous  plant.  If  he  should  succeed  in 
doing  so,  it  will  be  a  valuable  plant  to  him,  as  its  flowering 
would  undoubtedly  attract  thousands  of  visitors, 

Rosrt  devoniensis. — This  fine  new  rose  has  lately  flowered 
in  the  collection  of  Messrs.  Hovey  &  Co.  It  is  a  superb 
variety;  the  color  pale  yellow,  with  a  deep  reddish  buff  cen- 
tre, the  flower  very  double,  and  finely  cupped;  the  foliage  is 
handsome,  and  its  habit  of  growth  neat.  In  England,  this 
variety  has  a  high  reputation,  and  is  considered  the  finest  yel- 
low variety  that  has  been  raised. 

JVcio  variety  of  the  Cereus. — In  our  last,  we  mentioned  the 
production  of  a  new  hybrid  variety  of  the  Cereus,  by  Mr. 
Wm.  Chalmers,  Jr.,  gardener  to  George  Pepper,  Esq.,  of 
Philadelphia.  We  then  stated  that  it  was  raised  between  the 
Cereus  speciosissimus  and  Epiphyllum  Ackermanii,  the  com- 
munication of  our  correspondent  having  been  mislaid.  Since 
then,  he  has  informed  us  that  it  was  raised  between  the  C. 
speciosissimus  and  the  C.  Jenkinsonu,  and  is  "one  of  the 
finest  of  the  whole  family  of  hybrids." — Yours^  Jin  Amateur. 

J\Iandcvilk^  suaveolens. — A  plant  of  this  beautiful  new 
runner  is  finely  in  flower  in  the  collection  of  plants  in  the 
Public  Garden.  It  has  clusters  of  large,  white,  trumpet- 
shaped  flowers,  nearly  the  size  of  a  convolvulus,  and  very 
sweet  scented.     It  blooms  freely,  we  believe,  and  is  readily 


of  new  and  beautiful  Plants.  335 

increased  by  cuttings.     It  belongs  to  the  Jasminiaceas,  and 
has  been  previously  noticed  by  us,  (Vol.  VI.,  p.  299.) 

PhiladelphidcecB. 

PHILADE'LPHUS 
niexicdnus  SchlerM.     Mexican  Syringa.     A  half  hardy  shrub;  growing  three  feet  high; 
with  white  flowers:  appearing  in  June;  a  native  of  Mexico;   increased  by  cuttings. 
Hot.  Reg.,  1842,  t.  ^8. 

A  new  and  pretty  species  of  this  highly  ornamental  genus, 
with  large  white,  pendulous,  flowers.  It  forms  a  small  bush, 
with  pubescent  pendulous  branches,  and  ovate,  acute,  denticu- 
late, and  triple  nerved  leaves;  the  flowers  solitary  and  terniinal. 
It  was  introduced  from  Mexico  by  M.  Hartweg,  who  found 
it  near  the  city  of  Mexico,  where  it  grows  wild  in  the  hedges: 
it  is  cultivated  at  Jalapa.  It  is  very  sweet  scented,  and  from 
its  flowers  a  delightful  essence  is  said  to  be  distilled.  This 
species  is  the  smallest  yet  known  in  cultivation.  It  is  sub- 
evergreen,  rather  tender,  and  occasionally  killed  by  the  win- 
ter. It  flowers  freely  at  the  end  of  June,  and  is  readily  in- 
creased by  cuttings.  It  has  the  merit  of  being  well  adapted 
for  forcing.      {Bot.  Reg.,  July.) 

StylididcecB. 

STYLI'DIUM 
pil6sum  Labill.    Hairy  Stylewort.    A  green-house  perennial;  growing  a  foot  or  more 
high;  with  white  fiowers;  appearing  in  summer;  a  native  of  Swan  River.    Dot.  Reg., 
1842,  t.  41, 

A  pretty  plant,  with  ensiform  lanceolate  leaves,  throwing 
up  a  glandular  pubescent  scape,  terminated  with  a  branched 
panicle  or  cluster  of  white  flowei's.  This  species  was  raised 
from  Swan  River  seeds,  and  the  largest  of  any  yet  introduc- 
ed, and  when  in  a  vigorous  state  forms  rather  a  handsome  ap- 
pearance. The  natural  situation  of  such  plants  is  said  to  be 
sandy  plains,  dry  on  the  surface,  but  wet  and  springy  under- 
neath. This  plant  is  grown  as  a  green-house  perennial,  re- 
quiring a  soil  composed  of  sandy  peat,  mixed  with  a  small 
portion  of  loam.  It  should  be  abundantly  watered  in  sum- 
mer, and  be  kept  rather  dry  and  cool  in  winter.  It  is  readily 
increased  by  seeds.      [Bot.  Reg.,  July.) 

Gesneriaceae. 

GE'SNER,/? 
longifolia  Lindl.    Long  leaved  Gesnera,     A  hot-house  plant:  growing   two  feet  high; 
with  red  fiuwers;  appearing  in  summer;  a  native  ofGuatamala;  increased  by  cuttings. 
Bot.  Reg.,  184-3,  t.  40. 

A  fine  showy  species,  with  leaves  which  grow  in  stems, 
and  are  sometimes  eight  or  nine  inches  long,  of  a  lanceolate 


336  Floricultural  and  Botanical  J^otices 

form,  thick,  petiolate,  serrated  towards  the  upper  end.  The 
flowers  are  brick  red,  about  an  inch  long,  and  are  produced  in 
"long,  close,  cylindrical,  terminal,  whorled  racemes,  three  or 
four  growing  together  from  the  axils  of  short  floral  leaves." 
Its  cultivation  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  gloxinias.  Tt  is  in- 
creased by  cuttings  of  the  young  shoots,  which  should  be 
taken  off  and  put  into  pots  filled  with  sand,  watered,  and 
covered  with  a  bell  glass.  The  pots  should  then  be  placed 
on  a  warm  flue,  if  in  winter,  or  in  summer  on  a  warm  shelf, 
and  shaded  from  the  sun  by  a  piece  of  paper  over  the  glass. 
As  soon  as  rooted,  they  should  be  potted  off"  into  small  pots, 
in  a  mixture  of  sandy  peat  and  leaf  mould.  [Bot.  Reg., 
July.) 

Iriddcece. 

HYDROTiEWIA.    (from  water  and  band,  in  allusion  to  a  bar  of  shining  water-like  tis- 
sue on  the  petals.)     Lindl. 
me\6\zrh  Liiidl.    Spotted  Water  hand.     A  green -house  bulb;  crowing  a  foot  highj  with 
purplish  flowers;  appearing  in  summer.     Bot.  Reg.,  1842,  t.  39. 

A  curious  plant,  with  flowers  which  have  somewhat  the 
appearance  of  a  frittillaria,  though  closely  allied  to  the  genus 
Sisyrinchium.  The  flowers  are  not  very  showy,  but  when 
examined,  exhibit  beauties  of  no  common  kind.  "The  curi- 
ous watery  band,  which  glitters  as  if  covered  with  dew,  or  as 
if  constructed  of  broken  crystal,  is  one  of  the  most  curious 
objects.  The  stigmata,  too,  are  extremely  remarkable;  each 
divi'des  into  two  arms,  which  are  rolled  up  as  if  forming  a 
gutter,  with  a  dense  mass  of  bright  papilla?  at  the  end,  and  a 
single  tooth  in  the  inner  edge."  The  habit  of  the  plant  is 
slender,  throwing  up  stems  a  foot  high,  terminated  with  pen- 
dulous flowers.  Its  cultivation  is  simple,  requiring  to  be 
kept  dry,  and  out  of  danger  of  frost  in  winter;  to  be  repotted 
in  the  spring,  in  loam,  leaf  mould,  and  sand,  in  equal  parts, 
and  freely  watered  when  growing.  Increased  by  offsets. 
{Bot.  Reg.,  July.) 

Garden  Memoranda.  Salem,  August  16,  1842. — During 
a  short  visit  to  this  city,  we  visited  several  gardens,  and  noted 
down  the  following  memoranda. 

Flower  Garden  oj  Mr.  F.  Putnam. — The  chief  objects 
of  interest  in  this  garden,  have  been  the  cacti,  of  which  Mr. 
Putnam  possesses  a  good  collection  of  fine  plants,  among 
which  are  six  or  eight  plants  of  the  splendid  Cereus  grandi- 
florus,  in  pots,   which  have   expanded  many  flowers,  no  less 


of  new  and  beautiful  Plants.  337 

than  thirteen  having  opened  during  one  night.  Echinocactus 
Eyriesu  has  flowered  once,  and  is  again  showing  several  buds. 
Mr.  Putnam  grows  his  plants  successfully,  and  they  have  a 
very  healthy  appearance.  He  keeps  them  out  doors,  in  an 
open  situation,  in  summer,  and  waters  freely  in  dry  weather, 
using,  at  the  same  time,  a  good  rich  loamy  soil.  The  collec- 
tion of  tender  roses  embraces  some  fine  kinds.  The  cycla- 
men is  cultivated  in  considerable  numbers  by  Mr.  Putnam, 
and  he  raises  seedlings  every  year.  This  beautiful  plant  is 
sadly  neglected:  it  is  easy  of  cultivation,  is  a  fine  parlor 
plant,  and  should  be  found  in  every  choice  collection.  The 
camellias  and  other  plants  were  looking  well,  the  former  set 
with  an  abundance  of  flower  buds.  The  dahlias  were  set  out 
late,  and  had  just  begun  to  bloom. 

Garden  of  J.  S.  Cabot,  Esq. — We  were  unfortunate  in 
not  finding  Mr.  Cabot  at  home.  His  collection  is  celebrated 
for  its  great  number  of  hardy  herbaceous  plants,  which  he  has 
spared  no  pains  to  collect;  but  at  this  season  of  the  year,  we 
did  not  find  only  a  limited  number  in  bloom;  of  these,  the 
phloxes  were  the  principal  objects.  The  garden  is  kept  in 
the  neatest  order  throughout. 

The  tulip  bed  was  undergoing  a  change  of  soil;  the  old 
compost  had  been  thrown  out,  and  some  old  decomposed 
manure  had  been  added.  The  collection  made  a  fine  show 
last  spring,  well  worth  visiting;  the  coming  season,  it  will 
be,  probably  more  beautiful  than  the  last.  The  bed  is  up- 
wards of  one  hundred  feet  long,  and  holds  two  thousand  or 
more  bulbs. 

Mr.  Cabot  has  a  bed  of  our  seedling  strawberry,  which 
produced  a  fine  crop  of  fruit  the  past  season. 

Garden  of  J.  F.  Jlllen,  Esq. — Mr.  Allen's  garden  is  most- 
ly devoted  to  the  cultivation  of  fruit,  and  we  found  a  fine 
crop  of  peaches  and  grapes,  the  former  in  great  perfection. 
Mr.  Allen  has  three  houses  devoted  to  the  growth  of  them, 
and  succeeds  in  producing  good  crops  of  well  flavored  fruit. 
The  grapes  in  the  vinery  had  been  cut,  as  also  the  peaches; 
but  those  in  the  cold  house,  with  a  span  roof,  were  just  be- 
ginning to  color.  The  vines  have  only  been  planted  four 
years,  and  they  are  now  producing  several  clusters  to  each 
vine.  The  peaches,  in  the  other  house,  were  ripening  off 
finely,  and  were  highly  colored:  the  kinds  are  the  Gros 
Mignonne  and  the  Royal  George.     Mr.   Allen  gives  great 

VOL.   VIII. — NO.  IX.  43 


S38  Foreign  JVbtices. — England. 

attention,  and  devotes  all  his  leisure  time,  to  the  cultivation 
of  this  fruit. 

Pomological  Garden  of  JYIr.  JManning. — We  were  much 
gratified  with  a  visit  to  this  fine  collection  of  fruit.  We  re- 
gret to  state  that  Mr.  Manning's  health  is  exceedingly  feehle; 
so  much  so  that  he  is  confined  to  the  house,  except  in  very 
pleasant  weather.  This  must  be  a  great  privation  to  one  so 
fond  of  gardening  pursuits,  and  usually  spending  a  larger  por- 
tion of  his  time  in  his  garden. 

The  crop  of  pears  is  abundant,  and  the  variety  of  kinds  in 
bearing  much  larger  than  heretofore;  it  was  impossible  for  us 
to  take  down  the  names  of  all  the  new  sorts,  as  the  trees  are 
so  scattered  that  it  would  have  occupied  too  much  time,  Mr. 
Manning  not  being  able  to  accompany  us.  All  that  have  not 
fruited  in  former  years  he  will  give  us  an  account  of,  which 
will  appear  in  the  early  part  of  our  next  volume.  The  whole 
of  Mr.  Manning's  nursery  is  in  very  good  order. 


MISCELLANEOUS    INTELLIGENCE. 

Art.  I.     Foreign  Notices. 

ENGLAND. 

Exhibition  of  the  London  Horticidluval  Society  for  June,  1842. — 
In  our  last  we  gave  an  account  of  the  May  exhibition  of  this  society. 
As  splendid  as  it  must  have  been,  yet  it  was  greatly  eclipsed  by  the 
June  show.  The  weather  had  been  warm  and  oppressive  in  the  ex- 
treme, and  the  roads  from  London  to  Turnham  Green  were  filled 
with  clouds  of  dust,  notwithstanding  they  had  been  watered.  The 
line  of  vehicles  was  five  miles  long,  and  the  carriages  in  waiting 
choked  the  road  from  Hammersmith  broadway  to  Kew  bridge, 
Cheswick,  and  stood  on  the  Green.  "  Never  before,"  says  the  Gar- 
dener^s  Chronicle,  "did  the  good  people  of  Turnham  Green  behold 
such  a  scene  as  was  ])resented  last  Saturday  to  their  astonished  eyes. 
As  early  as  four  o'clock  in  the  morning,  the  notes  of  prejtaration 
for  the  Horticultural  Society's  exhibition  were  sounded  by  the  car- 
penters employed  in  erecting  awnings,  and  completing  the  arrange- 
ments at  the  gates.  Then  succeeded  great  numliers  of  carts,  wag- 
gons, vans,  and  other  vehicles,  bringing  multitudes  of  the  finest  flow- 
ers in  the  world  to  the  show:  but  by  half  past  eight  in  the  morning 
all  had  ceased,   and  it  was  only  the  early  risers  who  knew  that  the 


Foreign  JVotices. — England.  339 

gardens  were  already  filled  with  the  beautiful  olijects  that  were  after- 
wards to  attract,  within  their  sphere,  an  eager  and  mighty  crowd. 

"As  the  day  drew  on,  however,  water  carts  were  seen  plying  at  an 
unusually  early  hour;  mounted  and  foot  police  began  to  gather;  car- 
riage after  carriage  slowly  dropped  into  line;  caravans  of  soldiers, 
with  their  musical  instruments,  passed  within  the  garden  gates;  and 
by  one  o'clock  there  was  a  crowd.  From  that  hour,  until  seven  in 
the  evening,  the  arrival  of  visitors  was  incessant.  The  three  gates  of 
admission  were  choked  up;  the  greens,  the  lanes,  the  roads,  and  eve- 
ry field  that  had  an  authorized  inlet,  became  crammed  with  horses 
and  all  sorts  of  carriages;  and  at  last  13,582  visitors  passed  into  the 
gardens,  beneath  a  sun  whose  rays  struck  100°  upon  even  the  least 
crowded  spaces  within  the  walls,  and  must,  when  there  was  much  re- 
flection, have  beaten  even  more  fiercely  than  that.  By  nine  o'clock 
in  the  evening  the  whole  had  disappeared  like  a  vision:  flowers,  vis- 
itors, carriages,  horses,  and  servants  innumerable,  were  gone;  and 
it  might  have  been  doubted  whether  any  thing  unusual  had  occurred, 
if  witness  to  the  scene  had  not  been  borne  by  the  publicans'  cellars, 
which  were  as  dry  as  the  high  road:  for  as  to  ale,  porter,  gingev 
beer,  soda  water,  or  such  other  drinkables  as  coachiucn  and  their 
friends  delight  in,  it  became  useless  to  ask  for  them,  and  some  per- 
sons doubted  whether  the  pumps  would  continue  to  do  their  duty." 

As  regards  the  exhibition,  it  is  said  the  Orchidaceas  alone  would 
have  rewarded  the  visitor  for  the  dust  and  fatigue  and  annoyance  in- 
separable from  the  crowd  in  the  hottest  of  hot  weather.  The  num- 
ber of  exhibitors  was  large,  and  a  hundred  and  twenty  medals  were 
awarded. 

The  heaths  at  the  exhibition  were  the  "cynosure  of  all  eyes,"  and 
from  the  account,  must  have  been  truly  splendid.  Next  to  these 
the  cacti  were  the  most  admired  group.  The  rose,  too,  though  ra- 
ther early  for  a  full  bloom,  contributed  not  a  little  to  the  display;  and 
last  came  the  pelargonium,  whose  superb  flowers  found  thousands  of 
admirers  in  the  new  and  greatly  improved  varieties  which  have  been 
recently  produced — the  whole  forming  a  display  such  as  could  no 
where  else  have  been  seen,  and  affording  full  evidence  of  the  hi^h 
state  of  excellence  to  which  our  transatlantic  friends  have  attained  in 
the  art  of  gardening. 

"Notwithstanding  the  oppressive  heat  of  the  atmosphere,  and  the 
continued  drought  which  had  been  experienced  for  some  time  previ- 
ously, roljbing  the  lawns  alike  of  their  verdant  tint  and  their  luxuri- 
ous coolness,  there  was  an  imn)ense  concourse  of  spectators  to  tiiis, 
the  most  fashionable  of  the  summer  shows.  And  although  tiie  exlii- 
bition  was  not,  on  the  whole,  so  striking  and  gorgeous  as  that  of  the 
J4th  nit.,  owing  to  the  al)sence  of  those  rich  and  inimitable  masses 
of  azaleas  which  were  then  present,  it  was,  considered  in  itself,  ex- 
tremely excellent,  and,  in  some  of  its  features,  surpassing  that  just 
referred  to.  At  the  May  fete,  we  were  called  to  notice  the  dearth, 
as  well  as  comparative  inferiority,  of  the  heaths.  Now  they  may, 
beyond  doubt,  be  assigned  the  chief  [)lace  in  our  record.  The  iieau- 
tv  and  vigor  of  the  specimen.-!,  with  the  abundant  manner  in  which 
they  were  blooming,  called  forth  well  merited  commendations.  Of 
praise,  too  much  can  hardly  be  given;  while  many,   who  find  it  haril 


340  Foreign  J\otices. — England. 

to  keep  their  heaths  healthy,  after  they  have  grown  above  nine 
inches  or  a  foot  in  heio^ht,  may  wonder  how  such  perfect  phints  have 
been  obtained.  It  will  not  perhaps  be  foreign  to  the  object  of  this 
report,  to  insert  a  hint  or  two  concerning  the  practice  of  the  most 
successful  cultivators. 

"The  soil  employed  is  not  reduced  to  a  fine  state,  or  sifted,  but  is 
just  roughly  separated,  and  all  the  fibre  retained.  Indeed  that  kind 
of  heath  mould  which  contains  a  large  quantity  of  fibre  is  preferred. 
By  these  means,  that  close  coalescence  and  hardening  of  the  earth 
which  oppose  the  percolation  of  water,  and  are  thus  iiistrunjental  in 
killing  the  rnajor'ity  of  heaths  that  are  annually  lost,  can  be  nearly 
obviated;  and,  to  realize  more  thoroughly  the  same  end,  small  frag- 
ments of  porous,  broken  stone  are  mixed  with  the  soil.  The  use  of 
such  auxiliaries  is  to  render  the  earth  constantly  open,  while  they 
also  serve  themselves  as  reservoirs  of  moisture,  during  periods  of 
temporary  drought.  Through  their  introduction,  likewise,  the  cultu- 
rist  is  enabled  to  afford  a  larger  pot  than  he  otherwise  would,  thus 
allowing  them  an  approximation,  at  least,  to  the  benefits  of  being 
planted  in  an  unlimited  bed  or  boi-der.  The  next  great  point  is  to 
make  them  bushy,  and  induce  their  branches  to  cover  the  vyhole 
surface  of  the  pot,  or  even  to  hang  down  over  its  sides;  and  this  not 
merely  for  appearance'  sake,  but  in  order  to  shelter  tlie  soil  and 
roots  from  the  scorching  rays  of  the  sun.  With  most  species,  an 
early  and  oft  repeated  reduction  of  the  shoots  is  the  method  by  which 
bushiness  is  attained;  though  there  are  some  kinds  that  will  not  bear 
this,  or  will  endure  liut  little  of  it.  For  the  last  named,  it  is  neces- 
sary that  the  branches  be  spread  out,  and  fastened  to  a  wire  frame, 
or  to  stakes,  from  the  first,  directing  the  lowermost  ones,  originally, 
into  a  horizontal  or  half  pendent  position.  It  is  of  the  greatest 
moment,  that  both  the  stopping  and  training  should  be  begun  while 
the  plant  is  very  young  and  small,  and  be  followed  up  as  occasion 
may  arise.  Again,  heaths  in  pots  suffer  much  from  aridity  in  summer, 
and  this  is  materially  aggravated  by  their  being  placed  on  an  elevat- 
ed stage  in  a  light  green-house.  Hence,  the  best  growers  transfer 
them  to  pits  or  frames,  which  have  apertures  beneath  for  the  admis- 
sion of  air  from  below,  and  in  which  a  moist  atmosphere  is  more 
easily  preserved.  From  these  frames  the  lights  are  often  removed 
altogether  in  the  day,  and  a  canvass  screen  substituted  for  them. 
Shade  and  a  freer  current  of  air  are  thus  produced.  Sometimes,  as 
was  the  case  with  one  of  the  collections  shown  on  Saturday  lust,  the 
pot  containing  each  specimen  is  put  within  another  and  larger  pot, 
and  the  space  between  filled  with  sand,  moss,  or  light  earth,  which, 
being  kept  always  moist,  has  a  cooling  and  invigorating  effect  on  the 
roots  of  the  plant.  Where  frames  are  made  use  of  however,  so 
troublesome  a  process  is  wholly  needless.  Besides  the  advantages 
of  frames  already  mentioned,  they  tend,  with  little  short  of  certainty, 
to  prevent  the  occurrence  of  mildew — that  strange  and  often  unavoid- 
able pest  to  cultivators,  who  have  nothing  but  green-houses.  Facts 
lead  to  a  belief,  if  not  to  the  positive  assurance,  that  mildew  on 
heaths  is  caused  by  a  close  and  dry  air;  consequently,  the  more 
humid  atmosphere  of  frames  may  be  the  means  of  preventing  it.  At 
any  rate,  it  scarcely  ever  appears  on  plants  grown  in  frames. 


Foreign  J^otices. — England.  341 

"What  has  been  said,  will  indicate  their  general  treatment,  the 
results  of  which  were  witnessed  on  Saturday  last.  The  reader  will 
assuredly  regard  our  observations  with  more  interest,  than  could  be 
excited  by  a  bare  mention  of  the  particular  species  exhibited — which, 
however,  we  shall  not  entirely  withhold.  By  far  the  most  remark- 
able heath  present  was  a  jjlant  of  E.  depressa,  from  Mr.  Veitch,  of 
Exeter.  It  was  about  3  ft.  m  height,  with  a  stem  9  inches  or  a  foot 
long,  and  almost  2  inches  thick — while  the  head,  at  least  2  ft.  across, 
was  a  compact  mass  of  luxuriant  verdure  and  fine  yellow  flowers; 
and  the  branches  dei)ended  around  the  stem  so  as  nearly  to  conceal 
it.  It  was,  in  fact,  a  beautiful  miniature  tree,  without  any  of  the 
stuntedness  or  imperfection  which  usually  attacli  to  such  objects. 
The  same  sjjecies  was  exhibited,  from  nine  to  eighteen  inches  high, 
by  Mr,  Falconer,  gardener  to  A.  Palmer,  Esq.,  of  Cheam;  by  Mr. 
Barnes,  gr.  to  G.  W.  Norman,  Esq.,  Bromley;  and  by  W.  H.  Story, 
Esq.,  of  Isleworth.  All  the  plants  were  singularly  dense,  of  a 
peculiarly  deep  and  rich  green  hue,  and  the  flowers  large,  as  well  as 
numerous.  E.  elegans,  a  sjsecies  admirably  suited  for  growing  in  a 
dwarf  and  compact  manner,  yet  frequently  to  be  seen  in  a  ragged 
and  starved  condition  was  shown,  flourishing  with  unparalleled 
exuberance,  by  Mr.  Jackson,  of  Kingston,  whose  specimen  was  18 
in.  high,  and  a  foot  broad.  The  shoots  and  blossoms,  were  wonder- 
fully close  and  large.  Mr.  Barnes,  above  spoken  of,  had,  moreover, 
a  plant  of  E.  elegans,  only  6  in.  in  height,  aixl  quite  a  picture  of 
healthy  beauty.  The  handsome  E.  tricolor,  though  ap])earing  in 
several  groups,  was  brought,  as  a  single  specimen,  by  Mr.  Salter,  gr. 
to  J.  Yelles,  Esq.,  of  Bath,  by  whom  it  had  been  cultivated  to  an 
amazing  degree  of  perfection.  Its  height  was  al)out  3  ft.,  and  its 
breadth  fully  as  much,  the  branches  being  actually  more  profuse  at 
the  bottom  than  the  tojt,  and  curving  down  very  gracefully  and  abun- 
dantly 3  or  4  in.  below  the  edge  of  the  pot.  When  it  is  stated  that 
this  large  mass  was  composed  of  branches,  as  closely  arrauiied  as 
they  could  well  grew,  and  that  every  branch  was  terminated  by  a 
fine  cluster  of  long,  conspicuous,  but  delicately  painted  three  colored 
blossoms,  a  tolerable  notion  will  be  gained  of  its  loveliness.  E. 
splendens,  with  its  copious  bunches  of  large,  inflated  scarlet  flowers, 
was  sent  by  many  individuals;  yet  none,  we  think,  had  it  so  fine  as 
Mr.  Barnes  and  W.  H.  Storey,  Esq.,  An  extremely  good  plant  of 
E.  odorata  alba,  which  is  a  variety  alike  meritorious  for  the  elegant 
disposition  and  bell-like  figure  of  its  pretty,  white,  pendulous  flowers, 
and  their  sweet  fragrance,  hardly  inferior  to  that  of  the  Lily  of  the 
Valley,  was  contributed  by  Mr.  Green,  gr.  to  Sir  E.  Antrobus,  Bart. 
Cheam;  the  specimen — a  foot  high — bore  an  unconunon  quantity  of 
flower  heads,  the  number  of  blossoms  on  each  of  which  was  equally 
noticea!)le.  E.  denticulata,  a  neat  and  graceful  species,  with  flowers 
somewhat  resembling  those  of  an  arbutus,  but  pale  yellow,  and 
tipped  with  a  nearly  black  hue,  appeared  in  a  fine  state  from 
Mr.  Green,  Mr.  Barnes,  and  others.  Mr.  Clarke,  gr.  to  M.  J.  Smith, 
Esq.,  Shirley  Park,  produced  a  magnificent  E.  ventricosa  carnea, 
which  was  3  ft.  high,  and  the  same  in  breadth.  The  charming  flush 
of  its  flesh  colored  blossoms  was  not  more  delightful  than  the 
liberality  with  which  they  were  produced,  and  the  size  of  their  closely 


342  Foreign   JVotices. — England. 

packed  heads.  The  old,  but  always  pleasing,  E.  Bowieana,  was 
never  more  appropriately  grown  than  hy  Mr.  Jackson,  whose  jjlant 
was  4  ft.  high,  yet  displaying  a  bushiness  and  disposition  to  ramify 
which  is  uncommon  in  the  species,  and  having  enormous  sjjikes  of  its 
pure  white,  partially  pellucid  flowers.  E.  propendens,  one  of  the  most 
interesting  of  the  tribe,  was  shown  by  Mr.  Barnes.  It  was  2  ft.  or 
more  in  height,  and  well  bloomed,  l)ut  ap[)earing  as  if  it  had  blos- 
somed too  freely  in  the  preceding  season.  Its  delicate  pinki.sh  purple, 
bell  shaped  flowers  are  highly  beautiful,  and  their  drooping  charac- 
ter is  in  unison  with  its  slender  foliage.  The  E.  Bergiana,  brought 
by  Mr.  Jackson,  had  reached  the  height  of  2  ft.  and  was  quite  covered 
with  small  dark  puce  colored  inflorescence;  it  is  a  desirable  species. 
In  the  name  of  Mr  Pawley,  White  Hart,  Bromley,  there  was  a  good 
specimen  of  E.  cylindrica,  with  its  long,  u])right,  salmon  colored 
blossoms,  of  which  this  species  is  very  prodigal.  E.  vestita  carnea, 
from  the  same  individual,  was  likewise  dwarf,  and  finely  cultivated. 
From  Mr.  Kyle,  gr.  to  D.  Barclay,  Esq.,  I.eyton,  Essex,  there  was 
a  handsome  plant  of  E.  suaveolens,  which  had  numberless  large 
heads  of  thickly  disposed,  pale  i)ink,  and  sweet  scented  blossoms. 
E.  vestita  cocciuea,  bearing  bunches  of  brilliant  red  blooms,  was 
plentifully  exhiiiited;  and  there  were  other  good  varieties  of  the  same 
species.  Still,  the  varieties  of  E.  ventricosa  claimed  and  received 
universal  admiration;  and  they  are,  perhaps,  unrivalled,  both  in 
resi)ect  to  foliage,  habit,  or  the  prof\ision,  delicacy,  and  showiness  of 
their  flowers,  or  the  facility  with  which  they  may  l)e  brought  into 
and  retained  in  a  favorable  condition.  If,  however,  all  were  arrest- 
ed by  the  specimens  of  old  and  familiar  kinds,  every  one  nmst  have 
felt  astonished  on  beholding  no  less  tlian  23  new  and  apparently  dis- 
tinct varieties  of  E.  ventricosa,  from  W.  H.  Storey,  Esq.  of  Isleworlh. 
We  confess  we  were  at  a  loss  whether  to  be  most  surprised  at  the 
diversity  of  color  and  asj)ect,  or  the  uniform  dimensions  and  robust- 
ness of  the  plants.  Each  was  as  near  as  possible  of  the  same  height 
and  diameter,  and  all  were  peculiarly  verdant,  as  well  as  prolific  of 
bloom.  They  might  be  taken  as  a  convincing  proof  of  what  can  be 
done  in  the  hybridization  of  heaths.  It  should  be  stated  that  there 
were  4.5  plants,  but  that  there  were  3,  4,  or  more  specimens  of  some 
of  the  sorts. 

"The  precedence  which  we  have  just  given  to  the  heaths  would,  if 
gorgeousness  of  inflorescence,  without  reference  to  variety,  had  been 
consulted,  have  been  strongly  contested  by  the  Cacti.  Of  these  there 
were  some  that  were  never  before  equalled,  especially  a  specimen  or 
two  of  Cactus  speciosus.  One  in  Mr.  Green's  large  collection 
I'eminded  us  of  his  noble  azaleas  at  the  last  meeting.  it  was  about 
5  ft.  high,  and  trained  to  a  kiiul  of  crescent  shaped  trellis,  between  2 
and  3  ft.  broad,  the  flowers  being  brought  to  the  front,  and  there 
collected  with  such  extreme  density,  that  they  were  literally  |U"event- 
ed  from  ex[)anding  |)roperly.  Where  an  extraordinary  brilliancy  of 
eifect  is  required,  this  mode  of  training  cannot  be  excelled.  It  was 
also  adopted  with  some  of  the  Epiphylla.  When,  however,  the 
blossoms  are  wished  to  stand  out  distinctly,  so  as  to  invite  and  bear 
individual  examination,  the  best  system  of  training  is  to  use  a  barrel 
shaped  trellis,  which  opens  out  gradually  and  slightly  towards  the 


Foreign  JVotices. — England.  343 

top.  A  plant  of  C.  speciosus,  trained  to  a  trellis  of  that  description, 
6  ft.  in  height,  was  brought  by  Mr.  Uprii^ht,  gr.  to  J.  Ridge,  Esq.,  of 
Morden,  Surrey.  It  was  grafted  on  C.  speciosissimus,  and  was 
blooming  most  profusely.  The  same  cultivator  had  another  speci- 
men of  C.  speciosus,  scarcely  4  ft.  high,  very  broad,  and  extremely 
rich  in  flowers;  and  there  was  a  plant  in  all  respects  similar,  from 
Mr.  Bruce,  gr.  to  B.  Miller,  Esq.  Mr.  Falconer,  gr.  to  A.  Palmer, 
Esq.,  of  Cheam,  had  one  supported  by  a  trellis  of  a  pointedly  conical 
form,  and  this  was  exceedingly  fine.  From  Mr.  Bruce,  there  w^as 
also  a  particularly  large  blossomed  variety  of  C  speciosus,  which 
seems  to  be  well  deserving  of  attention.  C.  speciosissimus  was 
shown  in  a  state  which  one  would  hardly  think  could  be  surpassed, 
by  not  a  few  growers.  Its  stems  were  occasionally  from  two  to 
three  inches  thick;  which  atnazing  luxuriance  is  obtained  by  allowing 
a  sufficiency  of  pot  room,  mixing  a  large  proportion  of  decaying 
manure  with  a  rich  loamy  soil  to  pot  it  in,  and  afterwards  applying 
manured  water  frequently  while  the  plant  is  L^rowing,  or  covering 
the  earth  with  a  mulching  of  manure,  over  which  ordinary  water  is 
poured.  It  might  be  assumed  that  such  great  exuberance  is  incom- 
patible with  the  free  production  of  flowers;  however,  by  exposing 
the  plants  to  the  sun  in  the  open  air  for  six  weeks  or  two  months  in 
early  autuinn,  a  flowering  propensity  is  excited,  and  the  blossoms  are 
larger  and  richer  than  those  of  specimens  under  common  treatment. 
The  plant  which  had  the  largest  flowers  was  from  Mr.  Goode,  gr.  to 
Mrs.  Lawrence,  Ealing  Park.  Mr.  Upright,  Mr.  Green,  Mr.  Barnes, 
and  various  other  culturists,  had  some  splendid  specimens  present. 
They  were,  for  the  most  part,  trained  spirally  round  a  cylindrical 
trellis,  though  some  had  their  stems  supported  erectly  on  a  similar 
frame.  Of  C.  Jenkinsoni,  Mr.  Falconer,  and  Mr.  Bruce,  broujjht 
admirable  specimens;  that  of  the  former  was  4  ft.  high,  and  richly 
clothed  with  flowers;  that  of  the  latter  not  quite  so  tall,  yet  extreme- 
ly dense  and  splendid.  C  Mallisoni  was  sent  in  a  well  grown  state 
by  Mr.  Pawley;  and  Mr.  Bruce  also  exhibited  it  on  a  conical  trellis, 
3  ft.  high,  trained  in  a  densely  spiral  manner,  and  very  thickly  laden 
with  bloom.  There  was,  moreover,  a  new  hybrid  Cereus,  from 
Mr.  Pawley,  which  is  scarcely  distinguishable  frotn  C.  Jenkin- 
soni, except  that  it  has  paler  red  flowers,  and  flatter  stems,  which 
are  unusually  strong  and  healthy.  The  Epiphylium  Ackermanni, 
among  Mr.  Green's  plants,  and  this  species  or  the  E.  splendidum, 
from  Mr.  Catleugh,  of  Chelsea,  were  probably  superior  to  any  thing 
of  the  kind  in  point  of  culture.  Being  three  feet  in  height,  they 
formed  one  continuous  pile  of  bloom  from  the  base  to  the  apex;  and 
no  person,  who  is  aware  of  the  ex[)ansive  and  flexible  character  of 
the  blossoms  of  this  plant  need  be  further  apprised,  that  the  speci- 
mens in  question  were  inconceivably  grand. 

"The  roses,  which  were  not  so  select  as  usual,  were  a  few  days 
too  early;  and  but  few  varieties  of  moss  roses  were  in  bloom,  or  of 
the  Rosa  Gallica,  AIha,  or  Damask.  Those  shown  were  principally 
Chinese  roses,  and  their  hybrids;  established  sorts,  such  as  Brennus, 
Fulgens,  George  the  Fourth,  Coup  d'Amour,  Daphne,  General 
Allard,  t\nd  many  others,  that  prove  to  be  very  early  bloomers,  and 
consequently  on   that   account  desirable.      The  hybrid   perpetuals 


344  Foreign  J^otices. — England. 

were  also  in  great  perfection;  among  them,  Prince  Albert,  one  of  the 
earliest;  Madame  LafFay,  Aubernon,  Fiilgorie,  Comte  de  Paris,  and 
Clementine  Duval,  were  conspicuous.  This  class  of  roses  comprises 
some  of  the  earliest  bloomers,  and  yet  they  continue  to  flower  till 
November;  proving  how  valuable  an  addition  they  are  to  the  garden. 
Some  discrepancies  appeared  to  exist  among  the  growers  as  to 
classing'  their  roses:  Hybrid  Perpetual  and  Hybrid  Chinese  were  by 
some  placed  among  "Garden  Roses;"  by  others,  among  "Chinese 
and  Hybrid  Roses,"  in  accordance  with  the  directions  issued  by  the 
Society.  In  Mr.  Rivers's  collection,  the  following  particularly 
attracted  our  notice:  Hybrid  Perpetuals — Fulgorie,  Aubernon,  De 
Neuiily,  Clementine  Duval,  Comte  de  Paris,  General  Merlin, 
Madame  LafFay,  Marshal  Soult,  Prince  Albert,  Prudence  RcEser, 
Rivers,  Ciceley.  Hybrid  China — Belle  Marie,  Blairii,  No.  2;  Beaute 
Vive,  Comtesse  de  Lacepede,  Charles  Duval,  De  CandoUe,  General 
Allard,  Great  Western,  Kleber,  Le  Meteore,  Mrs.  Rivers,  Sylvain, 
Triomphe  de  Laqueue.  Rosa  alba — La  Sequisante,  Sophie  de 
Marsilly,  Princess  de  Lamballe.  Damask — Deesse  Flore,  La 
Fiancee,  La  Cherie,  La  Soyeuse,  La  Ville  de  Bruxelles,  Madame 
Hardy.  Rosa  Gallica — Eclat  des  Roses,  Sir  Walter  Scott,  Pulchra 
marmorea,  Woodpigeon,  Royal  marbled,  &c,  &c.  Austrian  Briars 
— Globe  Yellow,  and  Rosa  Harrisoni.  Bourbon — Madame  Nerard, 
Bouquet  de  Flore,  Acidalie,  Madame  Margat,  Ceres.  China — Arch- 
duke Charles,  Clara  Sylvain,  Etna,  Mrs.  Bosanquet,  &c.  Tea 
scented — Bougere,  Eliza  Sauvage,  Goubault,  Prince  Esterbazy. 
Safrano,    &c. 

The  beauty  of  the  pelargoniums  contributed  more  than  an  ordi- 
nary share  to  the  splendor  of  the  exhibition.  Many  persons  were 
apprehensive,  from  the  heat  of  the  weather  and  the  journey  to  the 
gardens,  that  the  bloom  would  have  been  deficient;  but  owing  to  the 
good  management  of  the  growers  but  little  difference  was  discernible. 
Mr.  Bell,  of  Chelsea  Hospital,  in  the  amateur's  class,  exhibited  a  col- 
lection of  well  managed  plants,  for  which  the  gold  medal  was 
awarded;  Erectum,  Coronation,  Florence,  Una,  Bridesmaid,  and 
Comte  de  Paris,  were  successfully  grown.  The  collection  that  com- 
peted with  this,  was  from  Mr.  Bromley,  gr.  to  Miss  Anderson,  to 
which  an  inferior  medal  was  given;  a  circumstance  arising  no  doubt 
from  the  presence  of  some  old  and  worthless  kinds  in  the  collection, 
for  the  Beauty  of  Ware,  Lady  Murray,  and  Diadematum  rubescens, 
again  made  their  appearance;  such  flowers  must  always  prove  det- 
rimental to  the  success  of  an  exhibitor — and  this  it  is  to  be  hoped 
will  be  their  last  appearance  here;  the  plants  in  this  collection  were 
generally  well  grown.  In  small  collections  from  amateurs, 
Mr.  Bourne,  gr.  to  Sir  E.  Paget,  gained  the  first  prize;  Erectum, 
Chelsea  Pensioner,  Florence,  and  Climax,  were  conspicuous;  the 
plants  were  compactly  grown  and  in  good  condition.  The  other  col- 
lection from  Mr.  Hart,  gr.  to  Miss  Trail,  was  too  much  drawn  up; 
Leila  looked  admirably,  and  the  flowers  showy — but  from  their  size, 
out  of  character.  In  the  Nursey  man's  Class,  Mr.  Catleugh  gained 
the  gold  medal  for  his  collection  of  twelve  well  grown  varieties — 
Lord  Mayor,  Victory,  Lumsden's  Madeleine,  Florence,  Lifeguards- 
man,   Priory   Queen,    Coronation,   Hannah,    Una,   Prince  Albert, 


Foreign  JVotices. — England.  345 

Orange  Boven,  and  Selina;  these  plants  were  exhibited  in  great  per- 
fection; they  were  grown  short,  spread  out,  and  uniform  in  size; 
and  all  carried  a  fiue  head  of  bloom.  Lamsden's  Madeleine,  Priory 
Queen,  and  Orange  Boven,  excited  admiration  from  their  being  lite- 
rally covered  with  flowers.  Mr.  Gaines'  collection  was  also  exceeding- 
ly well  bloomed;  the  plants  were  rather  smaller  than  Mr.  Catleugh's; 
Sylph  was  shown  with  a  fine  head  of  flowers.  One  or  two  white 
varieties  would  have  improved  the  general  effect  of  this  collection, 
which  consisted  of  Leila,  Jones,  Exquisite,  Raphael,  Grand  Duke, 
Victory,  Beatrice,  Cerito,  Erectum,  Coronation,  Sylph,  Allium  per- 
fectutn,  and  Jenny.  In  collections  of  six  varieties,  Mr.  Catleugh  took 
the  lead,  for  Lord  Mayor,  Madonna,  Victory,  Ophelia,  Jewess,  and 
Joan  of  Arc;  these  were  six  plants  of  very  fiue  growth.  Mr.  Gaines 
among  others  exhibited  Garth's  Perfection  in  splendid  condition,  and 
Countess  Cooper  also;  the  rest  were  rather  drawn  and  deficient  in 
bloom,  a  circumstance  that  might  arise  from  the  weather  and  their 
journey  to  the  Gardens. 

"The  seedling  pelargoniums  were  numerous,  and  the  desire  to  view 
them  was  in  no  degree  abated;  the  tent  in  which  they  were  exhibited 
was  thronged  with  visitors,  and  pencils  and  memorandum  books  were 
in  request,  to  note  down  the  most  striking  varieties.  Those  selected 
by  the  judges,  as  flowers  of  superior  merit,  were  the  following: 
Foster's  Sultana,  a  beautiful  and  brilliant  flower,  of  a  superior  form; 
lower  petals  delicate  salmon,  the  upper  petals  crimson,  into  which  is 
infused  a  mixture  of  scarlet,  which,  with  the  dark  spot,  gives  the 
flower  a  distinguished  appearance:  Foster's  Sir  R.  Peel;  this  variety 
is  an  acquisition,  as  it  supplies  a  great  desideratum  among  the 
purples,  a  class  in  which  we  are  very  deficient;  it  is  finely  formed, 
the  petals  stiff",  and  the  flower,  when  fully  expanded,  retaining  a 
cupped  form;  the  upper  petals  have  a  large  rich  spot,  gradually 
softening  to  the  edge  of  the  petal,  which  is  free  from  the  mottled  ap- 
pearance usually  seen:  Foster's  Nestor;  delicate  warm  pink  under 
petals,  the  upper  petals  have  a  large  maroon  spot,  softening  to  the 
edge;  the  flower  is  very  large,  and  finely  formed:  Foster's  Sun- 
shine; this  is  a  most  brilliant  variety;  the  lower  petals  are  of  a  bright 
scarlet  salmon  color,  with  a  slight  tinge  of  blue  in  the  centre,  the 
upper  petals  are  of  a  deep  brilliant  scarlet,  with  a  dark  spot;  this 
flower  attracted  great  notice,  from  its  extraordinary  color:  Beck's 
Leonora  is  a  beautiful  flower,  surpassing  all  heretofore  produced  in 
the  same  style;  the  upper  petals  have  a  dark  rich  purple  maroon 
spot,  which  terminates  abruptly,  leaving  an  edge  of  bright  rose  color 
surrounding  them;  the  lower  petals  are  delicate  rose;  the  flower  is 
finely  formed;  to  each  of  these  seedlings  the  silver  Knightian  medal 
was  awarded.  To  a  well  formed  flower  of  good  jjroperties,  named 
the  Duke  of  Devonshire,  a  silver  Banksian  medal  was  given:  and 
certificates  to  the  Model  of  Perfection,  a  flower  of  good  form,  rich 
spot,  pink  under  petals,  with  white  centre;  and  Meteor  (Beck's),  at- 
tractive from  its  great  delicacy  and  richness,  having  a  dark  velvety 
maroon  spot  in  the  upper  petals,  contrasiing  with  very  delicate  under 
petals.  In  many  cases  the  flowers  exhibited  were  not  shown  accord- 
ing to  the  rules  laid  down  by  the  Society,  and  were  consequently  dis- 
qualified— it  is  expressly  stated  that  'seedling  pelargoniums  are  to 

VOL.    VIIl. — NO.    IX.  44 


340  Foreign   J^otices. — England. 

be  exhibited  in  single  trusses,  wilh  a  leaf;  the  truss  to  be  elevated 
above  the  leaf.'  Where  this  rule  was  not  complied  with,  the 
flowers  were  passed;  and  several  fine  flowers  had  to  be  put  aside  oo 
this  account.  There  were  other  seedlings  nieritinc  attention,  which 
had  not  been  caught  exactly  in  perfection.  It  is  difficult,  in  seedlings 
of  the  current  year,  to  accomplish  this,  but  as  the  show  in  July  will 
afford  another  opportunity,  it  is  to  be  hoped  several  of  those,  now 
unsuccessful,  will  again  make  their  appearance  under  more  favor- 
able circumstances.  From  their  being  so  numerous,  those  that  did 
Hot  receive  prizes  embraced  flowers  of  various  degrees  of  merit.  It 
must  have  been  a  task  of  great  difficulty,  considering  the  state  of  the 
weather,  for  growers  to  produce  their  seedlings  in  good  condition;  in 
the  case  of  those  of  the  current  season  with  one  truss  only,  promising 
to  be  in  time  for  the  exhibition,  the  retarding  its  flowering  or  pushing 
it  forward,  to  have  it  in  perfection,  must  have  caused  great  anxiety — 
and  in  many  cases  the  greatest  care  and  vigilance  appear  to  have 
been  baffled.  A  very  fine  seedling  in  Mr.  Beck's  stand,  named  the 
British  Queen,  was  evidently  past  its  prime;  this  was  a  large  flower 
of  good  substance,  novel  in  appearance,  and  one  which  promises  to 
form  a  desirable  addition  to  this  class.  Lucy  also  and  the  Morning 
Star,  in  the  same  stand,  were  both  worthy  attention.  A  high  colored 
variety,  named  Count  D'Orsay,  exhibited  by  Mr.  Pamplin,  was 
much  noticed;  and  among  Mr.  Foster's  flowers,  the  Favorite,  which 
had  been  exhibited  on  a  former  occasion,  and  Tasso,  a  specimen 
with  remarkably  fine  upper  petals,  were  much  admired.  (We  cannot 
pass  this  stand  without  adverting  to  the  admirable  manner  in  which 
Mr  VV  homes,  gr.  to  E.  Foster,  Esq.,  exhibited  his  flowers,  an 
example  worthy  imitation;  each  truss  stood  clear  above  the  leaf,  re- 
quiring no  examination  by  the  judges  to  ascertain  whether  the  reg- 
ulations published  by  the  society  had  been  complied  with.)  A 
curious  repetition  of  the  Priory  Queen  was  exhibited  by  Messrs. 
Lucombe  and  Pince,  called  Rosaline,  but  an  evident  improvement  in 
form  upon  that  showy  variety,  and  the  Beauty  of  Werslade,  a  large 
flower  novel  in  color.  In  another  stand,  the  Countess  of  Morley,  a 
fine  variety  of  good  form  and  color,  appeared,  but  was  disqualified, 
from  being  exhibited  with  two  trusses  instead  of  one;  a  mistake  which 
appears  to  have  been  committed  in  many  cases.  A  plant  of  Mr. 
Gaines'  Rising  Sun,  with  its  clear  vermilion  flowers,  was  much  ad- 
mired; and  Garth's  Queen  of  the  Fairies,  with  its  sparkling  trusses 
ef  pure  white  and  maroon,  received  its  due  share  of  notice. 

"A  stand  of  ranunculuses,  from  Mr.  Lockhart,  contained  many 
fine  specimens  in  perfect  condition;  these  beautiful  flowers  have  been 
greatly  improved  within  a  few  years;  and  the  size,  beauty  of  color, 
and  delicacy  of  the  edging  in  many  of  the  blooms  excited  much  ad- 
miration. The  pink  is  not  at  present  so  papular  a  favorite  as  it 
deserves;  to  those  who  admire  the  flower,  Mr.  Wilmer's  stand  of 
large  and  well-bloomed  varieties,  would  prove  acceptable.  The 
weather  has  latterly  been  very  unfavorable  for  blooming  the  hearts- 
ease in  perfection,  and  therefore  we  were  not  surprised  to  find  the 
display  of  these  flowers  less  fine  than  usual. 

"The  climbers  were  also  deserving  of  particular  notice.  We  must 
repeat  our  regret  that  the  exhibition  of  these  plants  is  so  lamentably 
disproportionate  to  the  encouragement  offered  to  the  cultivators,  and 


Foreign  J^otices. -^England.  •  347 


"^(s 


hope  that  more  attention  is  paid  to  them  privately  than  was  mani- 
fested by  this  show.  The  plant  which  gratified  lis  most  was  one  of 
Passiflora  Kennesina,  supported  by  a  cylindrical  trellis,  not  more 
than  four  feet  high,  and  covered  in  at  the  apex.  Round  this  trellis 
the  plant  was  pretty  closely  twined,  and  was  blooming  in  a  very  in- 
teresting manner.  It  was  to  us  the  more  jjleasing,  as  being  one 
among  the  many  evidences,  that  climbers  of  a  spreading  character 
may  advantageously  be  kept  in  a  pot,  and  confined  within  prescribed 
limits.  The  specimen  was  from  Mr.  Foy,  gardener  to  R.  Alston, 
Esq.;  and  it  is  a  fact  which  ought  to  be  more  commonly  known,  and 
which  we  mention  here  with  the  view  of  accomplishing  that  end,  that 
P.  Kermesina  often  sheds  its  flowers  when  grown  in  a  very  hot  stove, 
but  opens  them  liberally  and  perfectly,  when  the  temperature  of  the 
house  is  reduced  to  a  little  above  that  of  the  green-house.  The  most 
varied  collection  of  climbers  was  contributed  by  Mr.  Goode:  it  coin- 
prehended  Aristolochia  ciliosa,  a  species  of  rather  dwarf  habits,  with 
small,  by  no  means  showy,  but  curious  blossoms;  Manettia  cordifolia, 
on  an  upright  barrel  shaped  trellis,  four  feet  high,  very  healthy,  and 
profusely  decorated  with  flowers;  two  other  specimens  of  the  species, 
on  globular  trellises,  distinguishable  for  the  most  perfect  cultivation, 
which  is  apparently  attained  by  the  use  of  a  pretty  rich  soil,  and  by 
gradual  shiftings  till  they  are  brought  into  large  pots;  Kennedya  rno- 
nophylla,  five  feet  in  height,  closely  twined  round  an  erect  cylindrical 
trellis,  and  particularly  handsotne;  Ipomoea  Hardingii,  probably  the 
same  specimen  as  was  at  the  last  exhibition,  on  a  low  trellis,  and  well 
flowered;  Ipomcea  Horsfallise,  evincing  sinjilar  capabilities  of  being 
trained  on  a  dwarf  barrel  trellis,  yet  with  only  the  remains  of  its 
splendidly  colored  blossoms;  Tropceolurn  edule,  inclined  to  be  sickly; 
Thunbergia  grandiflora,  in  great  luxuriance,  sparingly  studded  with 
inflorescence;  Stephanotis  floribunda,  a  noble  ])Iant,  flowering  abun- 
dantly, and  promising  yet  greater  fertility;  and  JEschynanthus  macu- 
latus,  growing  over  a  large  globe  of  moss,  inclosed  within  a  wire  trel- 
lis; although  it  was  blooming  well,  the  moss  had  too  artificial  an  out- 
line, and  did  not  enhance  the  appearance  of  the  plant  so  much  as  a 
rustic  and  branched  block  of  rough  wood  would  have  done.  Mr. 
Green  brought  Tropceolurn  edule  in  the  rudest  health,  and  flowering 
very  handsomely;  from  the  rich  orange  hue  of  its  blossoms,  it  bids 
fair  to  become  a  favorite  companion  to  T.  tricolorum  and  brachyce- 
ras;  like  these  species,  it  is  seen  most  favorably  when  fastened  to  a 
flat  trellis,  which  can  have  any  desired  contour.  Gompholobium  poly- 
morphum  was  shown  by  Mr.  Barnes,  in  the  direct  reverse  of  its  usu- 
ally weak  condition,  being  grown  on  a  trellis  four  feet  high,  which 
extended  partly  down  over  the  pot,  and  was  very  generally  clothed 
with  flowers;  it  is  an  elegant  plant,  and  conjointly  with  the  Tropoeo- 
luin,  to  which  allusion  has  just  been  made,  requires  a  trellis  with  a 
flat  surface,  that  its  scanty  branches  and  foliage  may  be  atoned  for 
by  close  training-.  Clematis  Sieboldi,  judiciously  trained  to  a  flat  face, 
and  elegantly  bedecked  with  its  showy  two  colored  flowers,  was  from 
Mr.  Pawley,  of  Bromley.  A  plant  of  Russellia  juncea,  six  feet  in 
height,  and  creeping  prettily  over  the  edges  of  the  trellis,  as  well  as 
from  all  parts  of  its  sides,  graced  the  collection  of  Mr.  Green;  al- 
though more  a  trailer  than  a  climber,  it  may  be  ranged  with  the  latter 
group.     Mr.  Pawley,  of  Bromley,  brought  a  fine  specimen  (four  feet 


348  Foreign  J^otices. — England. 

in  height)  of  Kennedya  monophylla,  or  what  appeared  to  us  to  be 
Buch,  under  the  name  of  K.  bimaculata,  possilily  relating  to  the  two 
spots  existing  in  the  white  portion  at  the  base  of  the  floral  standard. 
A  new  Manettia,  which  has  received  the  title  of  M.  bicolor,  from  its 
red  flowers  passing  into  yellow  towards  the  summits,  came  from  Mr. 
Veitch,  of  Exeter;  its  leaves  are  lanceolate  and  pubescent,  while  the 
flowers,  which  are  small,  have  the  two  colors  above  named.  Hoya 
carnosa,  however  old,  is  still  to  be  admired  for  the  beauty  and  dura- 
bility of  its  wax-like  blossoms,  and  for  its  fine,  evergreen,  shining 
leaves.  It  was  shown  by  Mr.  joynes,  gardener  to  Mr.  Hall,  Totter- 
idge,  Herts,  to  be  well  suited  for  growing  on  a  low  trellis,  on  which 
it  produced  an  excellent  effect.  Mr.  Hogan,  gardener  to  H.  Pow- 
nali,  Esq.,  Spring  Grove,  contributed  a  good  Sollya  heterophylla,  one 
of  the  best  of  climbers;  and  Anagaliis  Monelli,  which  is  not  a  climb- 
ing species,  but  was  affixed  to  a  spherical  trellis,  two  feet  in  height; 
the  brilliant  blue  color  of  its  blossoms,  of  which  there  was  a  prodig- 
ious quantity,  fitted  it  to  vie  with  almost  any  thing  in  the  exhibition;  it 
is  made  thus  to  assume  a  climbing  habit,  like  verbenas,  by  |ilucking 
off  the  flowers  as  they  appear,  and  stopping  the  shoots  till  they  evolve 
a  due  proportion  of  laterals:  the  practice  may  be  recommended,  as  we 
know  of  no  other  state  of  the  plant  at  all  comparable  to  this. 

"We  cannot  say  a  great  deal  in  commendation  of  the  fruit.  Among 
pine-apples,  two  large  Providences,  hardly  ripe,  from  Mr.  Fish,  gr.  to 
H.  Oddie,  Esq.,  Colney  House,  Barnet;  some  good  Ripley  Queens 
from  the  same  gardens;  and  six  Queens,  of  moderate  quality,  from 
Mr.  Dodds,  gr.  to  Sir  G.  Warrender,  were  the  princij)al  articles  in 
that  part  of  the  exhibition.  Grapes,  of  various  sorts,  were  largely 
supplied;  the  black  Hamburgh  kind  was  sent,  in  fair  condition,  by 
Mr.  Campbell,  gr.  to  General  O'Loghlin,  Chalfont  St.  Peters:  by  Mr. 
Browne,  gr.  to  Messrs.  Clews  and  Co.,  Aston  Green;  by  Mr.  Hen- 
derson, Coleorton  Hall;  and  Mr.  Wortley,  gr.  to  T.  Maul)ert,  Esq., 
Norwood.  Superior  fruit  of  the  same  variety  was  shown  from  Mr, 
E.  Mitchell,  of  Brighton;  and  Mr.  Dodds,  gr.  to  Sir  G.  Warrender. 
Mr.  Chapman's  black  Hamburgh  grapes  were  small  but  beautifidly 
ripened,  as  were  those  of  Mr.  Atlee,  gr.  to  R.  Beaufoy,  Esq. 
Those  of  Mr.  Bell,  nurseryman,  Norwich,  were  ripened  in  a 
superior  manner;  and  the  berries  of  those  brought  by  Mr.  Davis,  gr. 
to  Sir  S.  Clarke,  and  Mr.  Foy,  gr,  to  E.  Alston,  Esq.,  were  large, 
yet  pale.  Mr.  Short,  of  Bavvtry,  sent  some  Royal  Muscadine 
grapes,  in  tolerable  perfection,  and  some  Grizzly  Frontignacs  that 
were  pretty  good.  The  White  Muscat  of  Alexandria  was  shown  in 
excellent  condition  by  Mr.  Davis,  gr.  to  Sir  S.  Clarke;  the  White 
Sweetwater,  particularly  handsome,  by  Mr.  Shields,  gr.  to  Lord 
Blantyre;  an<i  the  Cannon  Hall  Muscat,  with  large  berries  and  fine 
bunches,  by  Mr.  Campbell,  gr.  to  General  O'Loghlin.  The  peaches 
from  Mr.  Fish,  gr.  to  T.  Sowerby,  Esq.,  Putteridge  Park,  were  re- 
spectable; the  peaches  and  nectarines  from  Mr.  Mitchell,  gr.  to  the 
Queen  Dowager,  Sudhury  Hall,  were  too  much  biuised  in  packing 
to  allow  any  one  to  determine  their  merits;  the  Elrnge  and  Violet 
Hative  nectarines,  and  Royal  George  peaches,  from  Mr.  Henderson, 
Coleorton  Hall,  were  admirable,  as  were  the  peaches -from  Mr. 
Dodds,  gr.  to  Sir  G.  Warrender,  and  Mr.  Shields,  gr.  to  Lord 
Blantyre.      The  May  Duke  cherries   from  the  last  cultivator,  and 


Domestic  J^otices.  349 

from  Mr.  Leslie,  gr.  to  J.  Fleming,  Esq.,  were  as  fine  as  possible; 
and  so,  likewise,  were  the  Keen's  Seedling  strawberries  of  Mr. 
Leslie,  and  Mr.  Elliot,  gr. ,  to  J.  B.  Boothby,  Esq.  A  collection  of 
a|)ples,  j)reserved  with  wonderful  plumpness,  was  contributed  by 
Mr.  Baldwin,  of  Turnham  Green;  among  them  was  the  Alfreston, 
which  is  an  excellent  and  large  Kitchen  api)ie,  and  bears  profusely, 
as  well  on  small  as  on  large  trees.  Three  melons,  of  good  quality, 
were  forwarded  by  Mr.  Loudon,  gr.  to  S.  Gurney,  Esq.,  and  a  large 
cantaloupe  melon,  by  Mr.  Reid,  gr.  to  Sir  G.  Wilson,  Beaconsfield. 
From  Mr.  Joynes,  there  was  a  brace  of  fine  cucumbers.  A  gigantic 
spike  of  the  fruit  of  the  Dacca  Musa,  with  a  dish  of  such  as  had  fallen 
otf  from  ripeness,  was  from  Mr.  Scott,  gr.  to  Sir  G.  Staunton,  iiart., 
and  our  notice  of  this  tnay  aptly  finish  the  report.  We  cannot,  how- 
ever, avoid  expressing  our  concern  that  so  kw  exhibitors  of  flowers 
attach  the  names  to  their  specimens.  If  they  did  but  remember  how 
much  more  attention  would  be  attracted  to  them,  were  they  correctly 
and  legibly  named,  we  are  sure  that  the  desire  of  distinction  would 
alone  be  a  suflicient  stimulus  to  the  adoption  of  this  practice.  Those 
who  are  inaccessible  by  such  arguments,  may  probably  concede  as 
much  to  the  convenience  and  comfort  of  visitors."     {Gard.  Chron.) 


Art.  IL     Domestic  Notices. 


Fourteenth  Exhibition  of  the  Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Soci- 
ety.— The  Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Society  will  hold  its  fourteenth 
exhibition  in  its  new  hall,  the  lower  saloon  of  the  Philadelphia  Mu- 
seum, at  the  corner  of  Ninth  and  George  Streets,  on  Wednesday, 
Thursday,  and  Friday,  the  21st,  22(1,  and  23d  of  September,  to 
which  contributions  are  solicited,  in  plants,  flowers,  fruits,  and  cul- 
inary vegetables.  Specimens  of  a  quality  meriting  distinction  will 
be  thankfully  received,  and  publicly  acknowledged.  When  trans- 
mitted from  a  distance,  by  public  conveyance,  the  Society  will  cheer- 
fully defray  the  cost  of  transportation.  They  may  be  addressed  to 
D.  Landreth  &.  D.  L.  Means,  at  their  seed  store.  No.  65  Chestnut 
street. 

The  premiums  for  the  objects  in  competition  will  be  awarded  at 
12  o'clock,   noon,  on  the  first  day  (21st,)  of  the  exhibition. 

The  schedule,  which  is  more  extensive  than  on  the  last  occasion, 
is  not  yet  printed  in  circular  form,  or  it  would  be  forwarded;  and, 
being  desirous  that  you  should  be  apprised  of  the  time  for  holding 
the  exhibition,  before  the  next  number  of  your  Magazine  is  issued, 
we  have  taken  the  liberty  of  addressing  you  on  the  subject. —  By 
request  of  Committee  of  Jlrrangements  of  the  Pennsylvania  Horti- 
cultural Society. 

Horticultural  Exhibition  of  the  Burlington  Lyceum. — The  Bur- 
lington Lyceum  will  hold  its  exhibition  of  flowers  and  horticultural 
productions  at  its  hall  in  Burlington,  on  Wednesday  and  Thursday, 


350  Domestic  JSTotices. 

the  15th  and  16th  inst.     A  fine  show  is  expected. —  T.  Hancock,  Bur- 
lington, Jug.  8,  1842. 

Lard  Oil. — The  use  of  lard  for  himps  is  daily  becoming  more 
general.  In  the  country,  where  oil  is  not  easily  to  be  obtained,  and 
where  lard  may  be  had  in  abundance,  it  will  prove  economical  to 
the  fi\rmer  or  the  gardener  to  make  use  of  the  latter.  A  newly  in- 
vented lamp  for  the  purpose  of  burning  it,  has  been  invented  by  Mr. 
Ellis  S.  Archer,  No.  32  North  Second  street,  Philadelphia.  By  Mr. 
Archer's  method,  the  plain  lard  is  taken  and  warmed  sufficiently  to 
run,  and  then  put  into  the  lamp,  which  is  all  the  preparation  required, 
and  when  lighted  burns  with  a  most  beautiful  brilliant  light,  and  pro- 
duces no  offensive  smoke,  which  is  certainly  a  great  advantage  over 
many  of  the  sperm  oil  lamps,  and  besides,  there  is  a  very  great  sav- 
ing in  the  use  of  hogs'  lard  in  place  of  sperm  oil.  I  have  no  doubt 
the  above  discovery  will  prove  very  important  to  the  agriculturist, 
at  least. —  Yours,  T.  Hancock. 

Nursery  of  T.  Mien,  Winchester,  Va. — We  have  received  a  cat- 
alogue of  trees,  plants,  t&c,  from  our  correspondent,  Mr.  T.  Allen, 
of  Winchester,  Va.  The  catalogue  contains  a  small  and  good  col- 
lection of  fruit  trees,  and  a  greater  number  of  fine  roses,  pelargo- 
niums, dahlias,  &c.,  than  we  had  su[)posed  was  to  be  found  in  the 
interior  of  Virginia.  To  gentlemen  residing  in  the  western  part  of 
Virginia,  and  the  adjoining  States,  Mr.  Allen's  nursery  offers  a  good 
opportunity  to  purchase.  Of  the  state  of  gardening  in  Virginia 
some  account  is  given  by  Mr.  Allen  in  another  page. — Ed. 

Bloodgood  Nursery  of  Messrs.  Witcornb  ^  Ring,  Flushing,  L. 
I. — We  have  also  been  favored  with  a  neat  catalogue  of  trees  and 
shrubs  for  sale  by  Messrs.  W^ilcomb  &  Ring,  of  Flushing,  L.  1. 
The  catalogue  enumerates  a  great  variety  of  fruits,  all  collected 
from  the  best  sources.  U|)wards  of  forty  acres  are  devoted  to  the 
cultivation  of  trees,  and  the  personal  inspection  of  the  proprietors 
enables  them  to  insure  correctness  in  the  propagation  of  the  newer 
and  choicer  kinds  of  fruit. — Ed. 

Horticulture  in  Virginia. — I  expect  you  scarcely  know  that  there 
is  any  thing  like  gardening  in  this  section  of  country,  for  1  see  Wash- 
ington is  the  furthest  to  the  south  your  journey  extended  last  year. 
It  is  true  we  are  a  great  way  behind  the  large  cities,  in  almost  every 
thing  connected  with  the  business,  but  we  are  improving,  and  the 
Valley  of  Virginia  is  perhaps  as  well  adapted  for  the  cultivation  of 
all  the  varieties  of  fruits  as  any  other  part  of  America,  and  were 
your  Magazine  more  circulated  in  this  country,  it  would  be  a  great 
stimulus  to  improvement.  The  taste  for  flowering  plants  is  consid- 
erable, but  a  work  that  would  suit  best,  is  one  of  practical  use;  for 
information  is  very  important  in  the  growth  of  trees,  plants,  and 
even  vegetables  of  a  great  many  kinds.  Should  you  let  me  know, 
through  your  columns,  whether  it  be  acceptable,  I  will  make  out  a 
communication  at  some  length,  on  the  general  state  of  gardening  in 
the  Valley  of  Virginia,  with  my  views  as  to  climate,  &c. —  Yours,  T. 
Jlllen,  Winchester,  Va.,  Jiugust,  1842. 

Cultivation  of  the  Grape  vine  in  Vineries,  without  Heat. — I  have 
looked  in  vain  for  a  compliance  with  the  request  of  your  corres- 
pondent, (Vol.  VI.,  p.  384,)  asking  information  relative  to  the 
best  culture  of  the  grape  under  glass,  wiiAoui  artificial  heat.     Per- 


Domestic  J^otices.  351 

haps  Mr.  Russell  or  Mr.  Haggerston,  to  whom  you  refer,  may  find 
a  leisure  half  hour  to  instruct  tyro-amateurs  as  to  watering  (when 
the  vines  are  yjlanted  inside  or  outside  of  the  grapery,)  syringing, 
airing,  protecting  against  mildew,  thinning  of  the  vines,  pinching  or 
stopping  the  shoots,  and  pruning;  describing  the  mode,  whether 
long,  spur,  or  fan  method.  A  drawing  of  a  full  bearing  vine,  just 
before  and  after  pruning,  in  the  fall  or  winter,  indicating  all  the  su- 
perfluous branches  which  are  to  be  cut  off,  would  best  illustrate  the 
mode,  but  1  am  well  aware  that  your  subscribers  cannot  expect  you 
to  incur  the  expense  of  such  a  drawing.  What  would  it  cost.''  I 
also  would  beg  leave  to  suggest,  that  the  information  sought  for  be 
conveyed  in  the  form  of  a  brief  monthly  calendarial  register. — Philo 
Vitis,  August  1,  1842. 

[If  this  should  meet  the  eye  of  either  of  the  intelligent  gardeners 
above  named,  we  trust  they  will  gratify  our  correspondent  by 
sending  us  a  paper  containing  the  desired  information.  We  intend 
to  present  such  a  paper  in  the  course  of  the  next  volume,  if  we  do 
not  in  the  present  one. — Ed-I 

Large  Currants. — A  correspondent  of  the  Central  New  York  Farm- 
er has  sent  the  editor  of  that  paper  a  basket  of  currants,  which  the  ed- 
itor pronounces  the  largest  he  ever  saw.  Astonishing  as  it  may  ap- 
pear, he  states  that  some  of  the  berries  measured  one  and  three 
quarters  inches  in  circumference,  and  several  one  and  a  half;  the 
clusters  were  also  large  and  fine.  Mr.  Berry,  of  Whiretone,  who 
raised  these  currants,  states,  that  he  sent  them  to  the  editor,  merely 
to  show  what  a  little  cultivation  will  do  towards  improving  this  most 
common  and  most  neglected  of  fruits.  The  bushes  are  made  to 
grow  in  the  form  of  trees:  they  are,  in  fact,  small  trees.  In  this 
shape  they  bear  five  or  six  years,  and  sometimes  longer.  The 
bushes  are  j)lanted  at  least  six  feet  apart,  and  every  spring  or  fall, 
the  new  wood,  which  shoots  out  vigorously  from  the  old  branches, 
should  be  cut  off,  with  the  exception  of  three  or  four  joints.  Mr. 
Berry  prefers  fall  pruning.  By  this  method  of  pruning  the  fruit  is 
produced  in  rich  heavy  clusters  upon  all  ])arts  of  the  tree,  even  to 
the  extreme  points  of  the  branches,  and  does  not  dwindle  away,  as 
in  the  common  mode  of  no  cultivation,  into  little,  puny,  pigeon-shot 
berries,  hanging  upon  solitary  stems,  in  a  wide  waste  of  bush. — 
{Cent.  N.  Y.  Farmer.)  [We  recommend  this  notice  to  our  read- 
ers, in  connection  with  our  article  on  the  currant,  in  a  previous 
page. — Ed.'\ 

Rosses  Fhcenix  Strawberry. — This  is  the  name  given  to  the  new 
strawberry  which  we  noticed  in  a  late  number,  (p.  270.)  Mr.  Wil- 
son has  thus  named  it  on  account  of  its  having  been  twice  nearly 
lost.  Mr.  Ross,  in  a  note  appended  to  a  figure  and  description  of 
the  fruit  in  the  Cultivator,  states  that  it  was  raised  from  the  Keen's 
seedling,  in  June,  1836,  at  which  time  the  seeds  were  sown  in  a  box, 
where  the  plants  remained  till  the  spring  of  1837.  At  that  time  only 
OJie  plant  was  alive,  owing  to  the  severe  frost.  This  having  a  singu- 
lar round  leaf,  Mr.  Ross  was  induced  to  plant  it  out  in  the  garden- 
where  it  grew  rapidly,  and  made  a  number  of  runners  during  the 
season.  In  1839,  it  produced  fruit,  some  of  the  berries  of  which 
measured  five  and  a  half  inches,  and  one  six  and  a  half  inches,  in 
circumference.     The  variety  is  a  strong  grower,   produces  large 


352  Retrospective  Criticism. 

leaves,  and  spreads  rapidly.     We  shall  refer  to  it  again  when  we 
have  proved  its  qualities. — Ed. 

Mr.  Nultall,  the  Botanist. — This  eminent  botanist,  whose  name 
has  become  identified  with  American  plants,  has  lately  come  in  pos- 
session of  a  larire  and  splendid  fortune,  estimated  at  £100,000  ster- 
ling, and  upward,  by  the  decease  of  some  of  his  ancestors  in  Eng- 
land. Mr.  Nuttall  sailed  from  New  York  or  Philadelphia  to  take 
possession  of  the  estates,  and  is  probably,  ere  this,  enjoying  the  com- 
forts which  such  wealth  can  bestow.  Though  botanists  may  regret 
that  he  has  been  called  from  the  broad  field  of  the  western  continent, 
over  which  he  has  so  frequently  roamed,  and  where  he  has  spent  a 
larger  portion  of  his  life  in  enriching  our  flora  by  the  discovery  of 
new  and  splendid  plants,  they  cannot  but  wish  a  happy  life  around 
the  hearth  of  his  ancestral  home,  devoting  his  leisure  time  to  the  pur- 
suits of  his  favorite  study.  Mr.  Nuttall's  passion  for  botany  is  in- 
tense, and  it  would  not  astonish  us  were  he  to  make  such  arrange- 
ments as  to  return  to  this  country  and  continue  his  botanical  research- 
es. But  whether  he  remains  at  home  or  comes  again  among  us,  we 
hope  he  may  long  live  to  enjoy  his  ample  fortune. — Ed. 

Mediterranean  Wheat. — A  new  variety  of  wheat,  under  this  name, 
has  been  distributed  among  editors  of  farming  periodicals  and  gentle- 
men interested  in  agriculture,  by  the  Commissioner  of  the  Patent  Of- 
fice. According  to  letters  of  Dr.  Smith,  of  Philadelphia,  who  has 
tried  it  for  several  years,  it  is  proof  against  the  fly,  and  almost  proof 
against  the  rust.  It  is  at  least  ten  days  earlier  than  any  other  sort, 
and  on  this  account  alone  is  well  worth  trial  by  the  farmers  of  the 
New  England  States,  where  they  have  a  cooler  climate  to  contend 
with. 

3'Ae  Rev-  H.  Colman,  late  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  of  the 
State  of  Massachusetts,  and  now  editor  of  the  New  Genesee  Farmer, 
has  been  elected  an  honorary  member  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  So- 
ciety of  England.  This  is  a  well  merited  compliment,  and  in  making 
Mr.  Colman  an  honorary  member,  they  have  not  only  conferred  an 
honor  on  him,  but  upon  the  Royal  Society  itself,  which  ranks  among 
its  members  but  few  men,  who  have  with  more  devoted  zeal  and 
singleness  of  purpose,  directed  their  efl^orts  to  the  promotion  and  ad- 
vancement of  the  great  cause  of  agriculture. — Ed. 


Art.  III.     lietrospective  Criticism. 


Tuckermdma.  californica. — In  one  of  your  former  numbers  of  the 
Magazine,  you  gave  a  description  of  a  new  plant  exhibited  at  the 
Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Society,  called  Tuckermania  californica. 
The  plant  there  alluded  to  is  the  T.  maritima,  found  by  Mr.  Nuttall 


Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society.  353 

upon  the  rocks  at  St.  Diego,  on  the  coast  of  Calit'ornia:  he  named 
it,  as  was  stated,  in  honor  of  Mr.  Tuckerman,  of  your  city.  It  be- 
longs to  the  Compositefe,  is  a  showy  plant,  with  bipinnately  divided 
leaves,  with  linear  entire  segments  nearly  all  borne  towards  the  base 
of  the  stem,  which  terminates  in  a  naked  peduncle  a  foot  long.  Mr. 
Nuctall  left  me  two  jjlants,  when  he  left  the  country,  wishing  me,  if 
possible,  to  protect  them  and  send  him  some  seed.  As  I  had  no 
place  for  them,  I  sent  them  to  Mr.  Kilvington,  who  was  so  kind  as 
to  raise  them,  and  gave  me  the  seed.  It  will  make  a  tolerably  good 
border  plant;  the  leaves  very  succulent,  the  flowers  few  but  very 
yellow.  When  jdentier,  I  will  send  you  some  seed.  It  may  improve 
on  cultivation- — Yours,  G.   Watson,  Philadelphia,  Aug.  184:1. 

Producing  good  crops  of  Strawberries,  without  regard  to  male  and 
female  blossoms,  (p.  2.57.) — We  have  your  seedling  strawberry  here, 
and  it  grows  vigorous  and  very  fast,  although  not  quite  so  rapid  as 
Mr.  Buist  represents.  How  it  will  turn  out  as  regards  the  male  and 
female  blossoms,  1  am  not  able  to  determine  as  yet;  but  I  do  not  al- 
together believe  in  the  doctrine  of  your  correspondent,  Mr.  Long- 
worth,  of  Cincinnati,  and  the  more  especially  when  he  asserts  that 
none  of  the  English  gardeners  know  the  true  character  of  the  straw- 
berry. I  have  had  the  experience  of  five  years  in  Scotland,  and  the 
same  length  of  time  in  England,  in  the  cultivation  of  the  strawberry, 
in  common  with  other  things,  and  have  never  known  the  strawberry 
to  fail  of  a  good  crop,  unless  from  some  reason  obvious  to  every  in- 
telligent gardener,  different  from  a  want  or  profusion  of  male  or  fe- 
male organs.  A  practical  experience  of  nine  years  in  America  con- 
vinces me  that  a  good  crop  of  strawberries,  no  matter  what  variety, 
depends  more  on  the  cultivation  than  in  looking  for  the  right  number 
of  male  and  female  blossoms,  although  I  think  in  America  there  is  a 
necessity  for  some  attention  being  paid  to  that;  but  when  the  object 
is  to  raise  twenty-five  or  thirty  or  more  bushels  of  strawberries,  with 
all  the  other  press  of  business  on  hand,  the  matter  would  require  to 
be  despatched  with  more  speed  than  by  following  all  the  niceties  of 
Mr.  Lon^iworth's  plan. — 1  remain,  xoith  respect,  yours,  Thomas  Al- 
len, Winchester,    Va.,  Aug.  1842. 


Art.  IV.      Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society. 

Saturday,  July  30,  1842. — Exhibited.  Flowers:  From  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  Society,  dahlias,  viz: — President  Von  Litchenburg,  a  red 
one  tipped  with  while,  Cox's  Rival  Revenge,  Constantia,  and  Andrew 
Hofer.  From  S.  R.  Johnson,  Chinese  and  noisette  roses,  and  car- 
nations. From  W.  E.  Carter,  a  variety  of  flowers,  including  dah- 
lias, ])inks,  fine  double  hollyhocks,  bouquets,  &c.  From  J.  F.  Trull, 
a  collection  of  dahlias,  verbenas,  phloxes,  Sic.  From  W.  Meller, 
bouquets. 

VOL.  VIII. — NO.  IX.  45 


354  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society. 

From  Hovey  &  Co.,  several  varieties  of  roses,  among  which  were. 
Tea — Bougere,  Triumph  of  Luxembourg,  orloratissima,  Philadel- 
phia, and  Princess  Marie:  Bengal — Cramoise  superieure,  Roi  de  Cra- 
nioise,  Mrs.  Bosanquet,  Etna,  Triumphant,  and  Eugene  PeroUe: 
Bourbon — Hermosa,and  Marshal  de  Villars;  also  bouquets.  From  J. 
A.  KenricU,  flowers  and  bouquets.  From  Dr.  J.  C.  Howard,  sever- 
al bouquets,  and  a  variety  of  dahlias.  A.  Bowditch  exhibite<l  sev- 
eral varieties  of  noisette  and  other  roses.  From  J.  Hovey,  bouquets. 
From  S.  Dearborn,  a  large  pink  in  a  pot,  wiih  upwards  of  fifty  flow- 
ers expanded-     From  J.  L.  L.  F.  Warren,  bouquets. 

Fruits: — The  exhibition  of  fruit  was  very  good  for  the  season,  and 
comprised  some  fine  specimens  of  grapes.  Mr.  O.  Johnson  exhib- 
ited some  superb  black  Hamburg  grapes,  the  clusters  weighing  aiiout 
a  pound  and  a  quarter  each,  the  berries  large  and  well  colored,  and 
covered  with  a  fine  bloom;  these  attracted  much  attention.  From 
J.  F.  Allen,  were  fine  black  Hamburg  and  Muscat  of  Alexandria 
grapes,  beautiful  Grosse  Mignonne  peaches,  and  black  figs.  From  J. 
A.  Kenrick,  several  quarts  of  Belle  Magnifique  cherries,  large  and 
fine;  also,  red  Bigarreau  cherries.  A  few  boxes  of  blackberries 
commanded  great  admiration;,  they  were  exceedingly  large  and  fine, 
some  of  them  measuring  nearly  an  inch  long;  these  were  from  Mr. 
E.  Thayer,  of  Dorchester;  he  has  had  good  success  in  their  cultiva- 
tion. From  A.  D.  Williams,  handsome  white  and  red  Dutch  cur- 
rants. 

From  J.  F.  Trull,  early  scarlet  plums.  From  Dr.  J.  C.  Howard, 
Sopsavine  apples,  and  pears.  From  B.  V.  French,  Heath's  early 
Nonsuch  apples,  and  handsome  Belle  Magnifique  cherries.  Wm. 
Macintosh  exhibited  red  and  white  Dutch  currants,  and  Franconia 
raspberries.  From  J.  Hovey,  very  beautiful  Early  Harvest  apples, 
and  black  mulberries.  From  S.  Glover,  handsome  gooseberries. 
From  George  Walsh,  gooseberries,  cherries,  and  pears.  From  J. 
L.  L.  F.  Warren,  handsome  Royal  George  peaches,  large  black 
currants,  fruit  of  the  weeping  cherry,  and  fine  tomatoes. 

Vegetables: — From  Dr.  J.  C.  Howard,  large  Chenango  potatoes. 
From  A  Bowditch,  very  large  Chenango  potatoes. 

August  6. — An  adjourned  meeting  was  held  to-day — the  President 
in  the  chair.     The  journal  of  the  last  meeting  having  been  read, 

Mr.  Walker,  from  the  committee  chosen  to  select  some  person  to 
deliver  an  address,  reported  that  they  had  procured  Mr.  J.  E.  Tes- 
chemacher  to  deliver  the  address  on  the  occasion  of  the  next  anni- 
versary. 

It  was  then  voted  that  the  Exhibition  take  place  on  Wednesday, 
Thursday,  and  Friday,  the  14th,  15th,  and  16th  of  September. 

It  was  also  voted  that  the  select  committee  of  five,  appointed  at 
the  last  meeting,  to  carry  out  the  arrangements  for  the  collation,  be 
increased  to  fifteen,  and  that  the  committee  be  etnpowered  to  aug- 
ment that  number  if  expedient.  Ten  more  names  were  added,  and 
the  following  gentlemen  now  compose  the  committee: — 

M.  P.  Wilder,  chairman;  S.  Walker,  B.  V.  French,  C.  M.  Hovey, 
D.  Haggerston,  H.  W.  Dutton,  Jos.  Breck,  J.  C.  Howard,  Eben. 
Wight,  J.  L.  L.  F.  Warren,  F.  W.  Macondry,  P.  B.  Hovey,  Jr., 
J.  F.  Allen,  O.  Johnson,  and  S.  R.  Johnson. 


Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society.  355 

C.  M.  Hovey,  Chairman  of"  the  Flower  Committee,  into  whose 
hands  were  placed  the  flower  seeds  lately  received  from  the  Explor- 
ing Expedition,  laid  the  same  upon  the  tahle  for  distribution. 

Rev.  J.  O.  Choules,  of  New  York,  and  Prof.  J.  VV.  Jackson,  of 
Schenectady,  were  admitted  corresponding  members.  Adjourned 
two  weeks  to  Ansjust  20. 

Exhibited. — Flowers:  Hovey  &  Co,  exhibited  a  variety  of  Bengal, 
Tea,  Noisette,  and  Bourbon  roses,  among  them  a  flower  of  the  cel- 
ebrated new  one,  l?6sa  devoniensis,  lately  introduced:  the  flower  is 
of  a  delicate  straw  color,  with  a  buff" centre,  and  very  sweet  scented, 
petals  cupped,  and  well  arranged;  it  is  a  superb  variety: — also  bou- 
quets. From  J.  Breck  &  Co.,  German  asters  and  picotee  poppies. 
From  S.  Walker,  ffinothera  macrocarpa,  a  fine  specimen  of  Carter's 
seedling  phlox,  and  bouquets. 

From  S.  R.  Johnson,  tender  roses,  and  six  or  eight  varieties  of 
handsome  double  balsams.  From  Dr.  J.  C.  Howard,  a  variety  of 
dahlias,  and  several  large  bouquets.  From  P.  Barnes,  a  few  new 
dahlias.  From  J.  F.  Trull,  a  variety  of  dahlias,  some  of  the  blooms 
very  good.  W.  Kenrick  exhibited  variegated  monkshood,  blue  Juli- 
an Day  lily,  Marseilles  poppy,  Noisette  roses,  double  dahlias,  and 
other  flowers.  From  M.  Tidd,  fine  specimens  of  Triumj)h  of  Lux- 
embourg rose.     From  J.  L.  L.  F.  .Warren,  bouquets. 

Fruits: — From  J,  C.  Lee,  Salem,  specimens  of  white  Frontignae, 
white  Chasselas,  Zinfindal,  and  black  Hami)urg  grai)es;  these  were 
exceedingly  large  and  fine,  particularly  the  Frontignac  and  the  Zin- 
findal, the  latter  clusters  being  full  a  foot  long,  and  weighing,  we 
should  judge,  two  and  a  half  pounds  each;  the  clusters  of  the  Fron- 
tignac  were  also  large,  and  the  berries  of  a  rich  amber  tint.  From  O, 
Johnson,  specimens  of  black  Hamburg  grapes,  equally  fine  with  those 
at  previous  exhibitions.  From  A.  D.  VVilliams,  large  red  and  white 
Dutch  currants. 

From  J.  F.  Allen,  handsome  specimens  of  black  figs.  From  Dr. 
J.  C.  HowanI,  Sopsavine  and  Williams's  Favorite  apples.  From  J. 
Hovey,  beautifid  Early  Harvest  apples,  and  l)iack  mulberries.  From 
J.  F.  Trull,  early  scarlet  plums.  From  A.  T.  Lewis,  Roxbury,  large 
apricots,  not  quite  ripe.  From  H.  J.  Oliver,  Brookline,  plums,  and 
the  early  Bow  and  River  apples.  From  Mr,  Thomas,  large  apri- 
cots. From  J.  L.  L.  F.  Warren,  Sugar-top  pears.  Presented  by 
George  Walsh,  Royal  George  peaches. 

August  13. — The  Flower  Committee  held  a  meeting  to-day,  and 
appointed  Thursday  ami  Friday,  the  22d  and  23d  of  September,  the 
days  for  hoklingthe  third  annual  grand  dahlia  show  of  the  Society. 

The  rules  and  regulations  t"or  the  exhibition,  as  heretofore  pub- 
lished in  the  Magazine  (p.  76,)  will  be  strictly  adhered  to,  A  print- 
ed circular,  containing  a  list  of  the  prizes  to  be  awarded,  and  the  reg- 
ulations, will  be  ready  for  distribution  at  the  Society's  room,  the  first 
Saturday  in  September. 

Exhibited. — Flowers:  From  H.  W.  Dutton,  the  following  dahlias: 
Painted  Lady  (white  tijiped,)  Charles  Xlf.,  Haidce,  ^\r^.  Rushton, 
Ringleader,  Miss  Johnson,  Primrose,  and  Beauty  of  the  Plain.  From 
W.  Meller,  dahlias,  comprising  Morning  Star,  Countess  of  Liver- 
pool, Coronation,  Lady  Sondes.  From  Jos.  Breck  &  Co.,  fine  dou- 
ble asters.     From  J.  L.  L.  F.  Warren,  dahlias,   among  which  were 


356  Massachusetts  Horticultural   Society. 

Canute,  Denissii,  and  Lord  Liverpool;  also  bouquets.  Bouquets 
from  Miss  Sumner. 

From  Dr.  J.  C.  Howard,  a  variety  of  dalilias,  and  several  bou- 
quets. From  E.  Winslow,  Pickwick,  Vesta,  Miss  Johnson,  and 
Mrs.  Bucknall  dahlias.  From  W.  Kenrick,  bouquets  and  poppies. 
O.  Johnson  exhibited  a  fine  specimen  of  the  Erythrina  Crista  galli 
in  full  bloom.  From  S.  Walker,  bouquets.  A  plant  of  the  night- 
blooming  cereus,  with  a  bud,  from  A.  Willard,  Jr.  Fron)  S.  Sweet- 
ser,  roses,  verbenas,  dahlias,  Salvia  patens,  &.c. 

Fruits: — The  exhibition  of  fruit  comprised  some  beautiful  red  As- 
trachan  and  early  Bow  apples,  and  President  peaches,  from  O.  John- 
son. Fine  Bolmar  Washington  and  Italian  dan)ask  plums  from  W. 
Thomas.  From  J.  F.  Allen,  black  figs  and  fine  Grosse  Mignonne 
peaches.  Beautiful  Williams's  Favorite  apples  from  A.  D.  Wil- 
liams. From  S.  Pond,  green  gage.  Apricot,  Italian  damask,  Royal 
de  Tours,  and  Imperial  gage  plums.  Apples  from  C.  Newhall,  with- 
out name.     Cherry  tomatoes,  from  Col.  F.  R.  Bigelow. 

From  R.  Manning,  Bloodgood,  green  Sugar  pear  of  Hoyerswerda, 
Sugar  to|),  English  Rousselet,  and  Muscat  Robert  pears;  also,  red 
Astrachan  ajjples,  and  Morocco  and  early  Orleans  plums.  From  E. 
M.  Richards,  beautiful  specimens  of  Sopsavine,  early  Harvest,  and 
early  Bow  apples.  From  B.  V.  French,  Jargonelle,  Sugar  top, 
Catharine,  and  other  pears  without  name;  also,  Sopsavine  and  River 
apples.  From  Dr.  J.  C.  Howard,  Jargonelle  and  Summer  Bergamot 
pears,  and  sununer  Pearmain  apjjies. 

August  'iiOlh. — An  adjourned  meeting  was  held  to-day.  The  Pre- 
sident in  the  chair. 

J.  F.  Trull  and  S.  A.  Lawrence  were  admitted  subscription  mem- 
bers.    Adjourned  two  weeks  to  Sept.  3d. 

Exhibited — Flowers:  From  Hovey  &  Co.  several  small  and  fine 
bouquets.  From  F.  W.  Macondry,  a  variety  of  dahlias.  Dr.  J.  C. 
Howard  exhibited  dahlias  and  several  bouquets.  Dahlias  in  variety, 
together  with  asters,  phlox,  verbenas,  &c.,  from  J.  F.  Trull.  From 
H.  W.  Dutton,  dahlias.  A  fine  specimen  of  Mandevillea  suaveolens, 
from  the  public  garden.  Beautiful  roses  and  verbenas,  from  S.  R. 
Johnson.  From  S.  Sweetser,  dahlias  including  Eva,  Marshal  Souk, 
Hope,  Grace  Darling,  &c.;  also,  Phlox  Drummondij;  white  and  yel- 
low Tea,  Triumph  of  Luxembourg,  and  other  roses;  Fuchsia  globo- 
sa,  gracilis,  splendens,  &c.,  and  a  seedling  raised  by  Mr.  Tidd,  be- 
tween the  splendens  and  globosa;  also,  seedling  verbenas  in  great  va- 
riety. Bouquets  were  exhibited  by  J.  L.  L.  F.  Warren,  Misses  Sum- 
ner, S.  Walker,  W.  Kenrick,  and  others. 

Fruit:  Mr.  R.  Manning  sent  the  following  kinds  of  pears: — Rosti- 
ezer  {fine,)  Bezi  Blanc,  Elizabeth,  Passans  du  Portugal,  sugar  pear 
of  Hoyerswerda,  and  Muscat  of  August;  also.  Dodge's  early  red  ap- 
ple. From  S.  R.  Johnson,  extra  fine  Washington  plums.  From  W. 
Thomas,  beautiful  Italian,  damask,  and  Washington  plums.  O. 
Johnson  presented  several  extra  fine  specimens  of  sweet  Bow  and 
red  Astrachan  apples;  also.  President  peaches-  From  Dr.  Howard, 
summer  Bon  Chretien  pears,  yellow  crab  apples,  and  tomatoes. 
From  J.  F.  Allen,  beautiful  George  IV.  and  Grosse  Mignonne 
peaches,  and  black  figs. 


Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society.  357 

From  Georse  Browne,  Beverly, 'Bezi  Blanc  pears.  Rareripe  peach- 
es from  Col.  F.  R.  Bigelow.  From  S.  Pond,  a  variety  of  plums,  viz., 
Bingham,  Italian  Damask,  ApricotjWashington,  Isabella,  white  Gage, 
Imperial  Gage  and  Roj^al  de  Tours.  From  A.Bowditch,  apples,  Bart- 
lett  pears  antl  white  sweetwater  grapes.  From'H.  Vundine,  two 
kinds  of  plums.  From  S.  Walker,  Summer  Francreal  pears.  From 
J.  Low,  Chelsea,  Imperial  gage  plums.  From  the  ]tul)lic  garden, 
fruit  of  the  Passiflora  edulis.     Cucumbers  from  John  White. 

August  lllh.  Exhibited — Flowers:  From  the  President  of  the  So- 
ciety, dahlias,  among  which  were  Andrew  Hofer,  Widuull's  Queen, 
Argo,  Pickwick,  &c.  Hovey  &  Co.  exhibited  dahlias,  including 
Maid  of  Bath,  Grand  Tournament,  Highgnte  Rival,  Argo,  Andrew 
Hofer,  &c.  From  P.  Barnes,  Constantia,  Regina,  Grand  Tourna- 
ment, Rouge  et  Noir,  Eclipse,  Widnall's  Queen,  Pickwick,  and  JMe- 
tella  dahlias.  From  H.  \V.  Dutton,  dahlias,  among  which  were 
Primrose,  Bloomsljury,  Eidipse,  Andrew  Hofer,  Haidee,  &c.  A 
great  variety  of  dahlias  and  cut  flowers  from  J.  F.  Trull 

Fine  Balsams  and  other  flowers  from  S.  R.  Johnson.  From  John 
White,  VVidnall's  Queen, Argo,  Pickwick,  Ne  [dus  Ultra,  and  other 
dahlias.  From  William  E.  Carter,  dahlias,  white  lobelia  anrl  bou- 
quets. Dr.  Howard  exhibited  dahlias  and  bouquets.  From  W.  Meller, 
pinks,  verbenas,  roses,  dahlias,  and  other  flowers.  From  the  Pui)lic 
Garden, a  variety  ofdahlias.  W.  Kenrick  exhii)ited  Pajiaver  JMarseilia' 
althfeas,  Crladiolus  nataiensis,  coreopsis  varieties,  Noisette  roses,  dah- 
lias, &c.  From  A.  H.  Hovey,  Gladiolus  floribundus,  and  a  bouquet. 
Misses  Summer,  J. A.  Kenrick,  and  A.C.  Hale  sent  bouquets.  Dahlias 
and  bouquets  from  J.  L.  L.  F.  Warren,  From  S.  Sweetser,  dahlias 
and  seedling  fuchsia. 

Fruit:  From  Col.  T.  H.  Perkins,  very  fine  specimens  of  the  Presi- 
dent peach,  and  two  varieties  of  melons.  From  J.  F.  Allen,  Royal 
Georire  and  Grosse  Mignonne  peaches,  both  handsome;  also,  summer 
Bon  Chretien,  summer  Francreal  and  Julienne  pears.  William  Oli- 
ver presented  specimens  of  the  Tyson  pear,  first  introduced  into  the 
vicinity  of  Boston  by  B.  V.  French,  who  received  the  scions  from  Dr, 
Mease  of  Philadelphia.  The  specimens  were  premature,  and  its  qual- 
ities could  not  be  ascertained,  but  it  promises  to  be  a  fine  early 
variety.  From  George  Walsh,  green  gage  plums.  From  A.  Bow- 
ditch,  Bartlett  pears. 

From  Hovey  &  Co.,  very  fine  specimens  of  Duane's  purple  plum. 
From  E.  E.  Bradshaw,  Charlestown,  very  fine  specimens  of  the  Du- 
ane's purple.  From  S.  Pond,  a  rich  display  of  plums,  consistinjf  of 
the  Washington,  green  gage,  white  gage,  Smith's  Orleans  and  Du- 
ane's purple.  From  S.  R.  Johnson,  beautiful  Washington  plums. 
Capt.  Lovett  presented  some  fine  Bingham  and  Prini;e-'s  Imperial 
])lums  and  Bezi  Blanc  pears,  and  a  fine  melon.  From  A.  D.  Wil- 
liams, handsome  William's  Favorite  ap|)le.  From  Dr.  J.  C.  How- 
ard, Bergamot  Rouge  pears.  From  S.  Salisbury,  East  Camiiridge, 
black  Hami)urgh  and  St.  Peter's  grapes.  From  L.  Stone,  Water- 
town,  fine  Washington  |)lums. 

Vegetables:  Good  celery  from  J.  F-  Trull.  From  Capt.  Lovetf, 
fine  purple  brocoli. 


358 


Faneuil  Hall  Market. 


Art.  V.     Faneuil  Hall  Market. 


Roots,  Tubers,  Sfc 
Potatoes,  new 
Ciienanffoes 


(Jommon, 


<  per  barrel. 
''  \  per  bushel, 
per  barrel,.  . 
))er  biisliel, 


From!    To 

if  cts.'^cts, 

1  00  ,1  25 

I     50 
1  ()0 

I     37i 


Sweet,  per  biisliel, 1  50 


Turnips,  per  bushel,,. 
Onions: 

lied,  per  bunch, 

White,  per  bunch,. .  .. 

Yellow,  per  bu.-hel,.  .. 

Wliite,  per  bushel. .  .. 

Beets,  per  bushel, 

Carrots,  per  bushel,.... 
Horseradish,  per  pound,. 
Garlic,  per  pound, 


Cabbages,  Salads,  fyc. 

Cabbages,  jjer  dozen: 

Early  kinds, 

Drumheads, 

Savoys, 

Brocolis,  each, 

Cauliflowers,  each,..  ., 

Lettuce,  per  head, 

Celery,  per  root, 

Peppers,   per  pound, 

Okra,  per  dozen, 

Sweet  Corn,  per  dozen,.  .  .  . 
Beans,  string,  per  half  peck: 

Cranberry, 

Shelled,  per  quart, 

Common: 

Sievas 

Limas, 

Cucumbers,  (pickled)  ])r  gal. 
Peppers,(pickled,)  per  gallon 

Pot  and  Sweet  Herbs. 


Parsley,  per  half  peck.,.  .  .  , 

Sage,  per  pound, 

Marjorum,  per  bunch, 

Savory,  per  bunch, 

Spearmint,  green,  per  bunch, 


50 

2k 
2k 

62| 

62i 

50 

50 
8 

12i 


75 

3 

3 

75 

75 
75 
75 

12i 


37^ 

— 

50 

— 

37h 

50 

S 

12A 

12 

— 

2 

3 

8 

12^ 

3 

— 

6 

10 

6 

— 

10 

12 

8 

10 

12^ 

— 

17 

— 

25 

— 

37i 

— 

20 

17 

20 

6 

I2i 

6 

12A 

3 

4 

Squashes  and  Pmnpkins 

Squashes: 

Bush  summer,  per  dozen,. .  8 

Summer  Crookneck,  doz..  8 

Autumnal   Marrow,  per  Ib.i  2 

Canada  Crookneck,  per  lb.  4 

Fruits. 

Apples,  dessertand  cooking:i 
Porter,  per  bushel, ,1  00 


jFronij  To 
$cts.  ^  els. 


Common,  per  bushel, 

Sour  Bow,  per  bushel,.  .  .  . 

Sweet,  per  bushel, 

Siberian  Crab,  per  peck.. 
Pears,  yier  peck: 

Bartlctt, 

Cushing, 

Andrews, 

King  of  Wirtemburg,.  .  .  . 

Hannas, 

J5aking, 

Plums,  per  quart: 

Green  Gage, 

Washington, 

ComnKju, 

Damson,   per  peck, 

Peaches,  per  peck: 

Extra, 

Common, 

Water-melons,  each,.  ...... 

Musk-raelons,  each : 

Common, , .  .  . 

Green   Citron, 

Cucumbers,  per  dozen 

per  hund.  (for  pickling).  . 
American  Citron,  per  pound. 
Egg  Plants,  each.  ...   ;  .  .  .  . 

Mangoes,  per  dozen, 

Tomatoes,  per  peck, 

Grapes  per  pound,  (forced:) 

Black  Ilainbiu'g, 

White  Sweetwater, 

Cranberries,  per  bushel,. ,  .  . 

Pine-apples,  each, 

Lemons,  per  dozen. 


75 
50 
50 
00 
50 

25 
25 

20 


00 
50 
V2k 

\2h 

8 

6 
17 

2 
12i 
17 
12^ 

50 

375 

12 
25 

37i 


12i 
\2k 

3 

5 


75 
00 


1  00 


75 
75 


37^ 

25 

00 


25 


25 

124 


17 


50 

25 

37^ 
50 


4  llOranges,  per  doz.  (Sicily,) 

Remarks. — The  month  of  August  has  been  a  cool  and  rather  un- 
pleasant month:  cloudy  days,  accompanietl  with  a  considerable  quan- 
tity of  rain,  have  prevailed,  and  thouc^h  rain  was  £>reatly  needed,  the 
quantity  of  water  which  has  fallen  within  the  hist  few  ilays  has  been 
very  great.  The  ground  is  now  completely  saturated,  and  there  will 
be  no  danger  of  the  crops,  from  drought,  for  the  remainder  of  the 
season. 


Horticultural  Memoranda.  359 

Vegetables. — Potatoes  have  come  in  remarkably  abundant  for  the 
season;  this,  with  the  present  depressed  state  of  trade  generally,  has 
caused  a  great  fall  in  prices,  and  lots  of  good  quality  have  iieen 
sold  as  low  as  five  shillings  the  barrel,  varying  from  that  to  our  quo- 
tations, according  to  the  quality  and  quantity  to  be  disposed  of:  there 
is  no  doubt  but  the  price  of  ])otatoes  will  be  quite  low  the  coming 
winter:  sweet  potatoes  of  the  new  crop  have  just  made  their  ap- 
pearance. Onions  are  abundant,  but  not  of  large  size.  Beets  and 
Carrots  are  now  supjdied  by  the  bushel  or  barrel,  and  our  quotations 
are  altered  to  that  effect.  Horseradish  now  comes  to  hand,  princi- 
pally for  pickling.  Cabbages  are  abundant,  cheap,  and  good.  Bro- 
colis  are  now  brought  in.  There  has  been  a  very  good  supply  of 
Sieva  and  Lima  beans,  as  well  as  the  common  sorts.  We  have  had,  for 
the  first  time  we  believe,  Okra  for  sale,  but  it  is  yet  very  little  known. 
Peppers  are  tolerably  abundant.  Celery  comes  in  now  of  fair  size. 
Squashes  are  rather  scarce,  particularly  autumnal  marrows,  of  which 
the  crop  is  quite  light;  the  cold  weather  of  early  June  nearly  ruined 
the  plants.     Summer  squashes  have  been  abundant. 

Fruit. — The  fruit  market  is  abundantly  supplied  with  an  unusual 
variety  of  new  fruits,  especially  of  pears,  but,  as  in  all  seasons  of 
plenty,  the  quality  falls  short  of  that  in  seasons  less  abundant.  Ap- 
ples are  cheap,  but  a  greater  portion  of  those  brought  in  are  wormy; 
fine  Porters  command  good  prices.  Pears  are  plenty,  and  prices 
low:  good  Bartletts  and  other  sorts  are  now  sellin<r  by  the  peck  rath- 
er than  by  the  dozen,  as  is  usually  the  case.  The  crop  of  plums 
would  have  been  exceedingly  large  and  good,  but  for  the  late  rains, 
which  have  cracked  and  rotted  the  fruit,  so  that  only  a  small  portion 
remains:  there  is  seldom  a  season  that  they  rot  in  such  quantities 
upon  the  trees.  Peaches  are  very  plentiful,  and  before  our  next  re- 
port, will  have  fallen  in  price  as  low  as  last  season.  Berries  of  all 
sorts  are  gone.  Tomatoes  are  very  abundant  and  well  grown. 
Grapes  of  fine  quality  are  scarcer  than  usual.  Melons  are  plentiful 
and  good.  Cucumbers  are  nearly  out  of  season,  except  for  [)ickling. 
No  new  cranberries  have  yet  come  to  hand.  Lemons  are  higher. — 
M.  T.,  Boston,  Jiug.  27,  1842. 


HORTICULTURAL  MEMORANDA 

FOR    SEPTEMBER. 


FRUIT    DEPARTMENT. 

Grape  vines  will  now  be  ripening  off  their  fruit,  and  by  the  last  of 
the  month,  probably  a  larger  jiart  of  it  will  have  been  cut.  Attend 
now  to  giving  an  abundance  of  air  in  all  good  weather,  and  close  up 
early  in  the  afternoon.  The  ripening  of  the  wood  will  now  be  the 
principal  object.  Continue  to  disbud,  and  prune  off  any  superfluous 
wood,  and  if  the  vines  are  trained  in  the  spur  system,  do  not  let  them 


360  Horticultural  Memoranda. 

get  entangled  by  neglect  of  pruning  and  tieing  up  the  shoots.  Sprin- 
kle the  walks  to  create  a  moist  atmosphere,  but  do  not  apply  the 
syringe. 

Strawberry  beds  may  be  set  out  during  all  the  month,  and  they 
will  form  fine  roots.  Keep  last  year's  beds  free  from  weeds,  and 
after  selecting  out  the  earliest  and  best  runners,  cut  off"  all  the  strag- 
gling and  weak  ones.  In  setting  out  new  sorts,  deficient  in  staminate 
plants,  see  that  the  early  Virginia,  or  some  other  kind  with  perfect 
flowers,  are  placed  in  ])arallel  l)eds,  or  there  will  not  be  a  full  crop. 
Water  freely  if  dry  weather  ensues  after  planting. 

Raspberry  vines  should  have  the  old  wood  which  has  borne  fruit 
cut  out,  so  as  to  give  the  new  wood  a  good  chance  to  ripen. 

Budding  may  yet  be  performed,  particularly  on  peach  trees;  such 
other  trees  as  part  with  the  bark  freely  may  also  be  budded:  be 
careful,  in  the  selection  of  buds,  that  the  wood  is  ripe. 

FLOWER    DEPARTMENT. 

Dahlias  will  continue  objects  of  care;  they  will  need  looking  over 
at  least  once  a  week:  such  as  require  it  should  then  be  tied  up  to 
the  stakes,  so  as  to  secure  all  the  branches  against  danirer  of  break- 
ing by  high  winds,  at  the  same  time  cutting  away  all  superfluous 
shoots,  and  nipping  oflT  deformed  buds  and  the  remains  of  expanded 
flowers.  Mulching  the  roots  is  also  a  good  plan  to  guard  against 
drought.  Syringe  occasionally  with  the  whale  oil  soap,  to  keep 
down  insects. 

Chrysanthemums  should  be  repotted  again  the  latter  part  of  the 
month,  if  it  is  desirable  to  produce  a  fine  bloom. 

Roses  may  yet  be  propagated  by  cuttings. 

Geranium  plants  cut  down  last  month,  will  now  have  pushed  new 
shoots:  they  should  be  taken  out  of  the  pots,  and  the  old  roots  and 
earth  shook  off,  and  the  plants  put  into  small  sizes  in  good,  rich  pre- 
pared soil. 

Cactuses  may  be  increased  by  graftings  or  by  cuttings. 

Oxalises  of  all  the  winter  flowering  sorts  may  be  potted  this  month. 

Camellias  will  need  liberal  supplies  of  water  at  the  root,  and  re- 
peated syringings.  Look  out  now  and  save  the  seeds  of  such  as  have 
been  impregnated.  Repotting  the  plants  should  commence  this  month 
before  they  are  put  into  the  house. 

Primula  sinensis. — Seedlings  should  now  be  pricked  off  into  small 
pots. 

Verbenas  should  yet  be  layered  into  small  pots. 

Tree  pceonies  in  pots  may  be  shifted  into  larger  sizes,  if  crowded 
with  roots. 

Pansies  may  be  propagated  now  more  successfully  than  at  any 
other  season. 

Cyclamens  may  be  repotted  this  month. 

Erythrina. — Roots  of  this  fine  plant  should  be  taken  up  after  they 
have  done  flowering. 

Ten  Week  Stocks  sown  in  August,  should  now  be  potted  off  into 
small  pots. 

Amaryllis  and  Tiger  flower  bulbs  may  be  taken  up  the  latter  part 
of  the  month. 


THE    MAGAZINE 


HORTICULTURE 


OCTOBER,  1842. 


ORIGINAL  COMMUNICATIONS. 

Art.    I.       On   a   method   of  destroying   the   Canker   Worm 
Grub.     By  John  Porter,  Esq.,  Nevvburyport,  Mass. 

Having  seen,  in  your  valuable  Magazine  for  this  month, 
an  article  describing  the  best  method  for  the  destruction  of 
the  canker  worm,  I  am  induced  to  state  the  result  of  an  ex- 
periment made  by  myself.  The  trees  on  which  I  tried  the 
experiment,  had  been  exposed  for  five  or  six  years  to  the 
ravages  of  the  grubs,  without  taking  any  steps  to  prevent 
them;  and  therefore  it  is  fair  to  infer  that  the  ground  con- 
tained a  bountiful  supply  for  their  future  operations. 

Around  each  tree  I  placed  a  square  box,  about  twelve  or 
fourteen  inches  high,  made  of  rough  boards,  leaving  a  space 
of  four  or  six  inches  between  the  box  and  the  tree.  A  ledge 
of  about  two  inches  in  width  was  nailed  entirely  round  the  top 
of  the  box,  and  the  box  was  inserted  two  or  three  inches  into 
the  ground,  for  the  purpose  of  keeping  it  steady.  On  the 
outside  of  the  box,  and  under  part  of  the  ledge,  I  tarred 
frequently,  and  the  grubs  were  thus  prevented  from  ascending 
from  the  outside.  I  filled  the  inside  of  the  box  about  two 
thirds  full  of  cotton  waste  (which  can  be  obtained  at  any 
cotton  manufactory  for  a  cent  per  pound,  or  less,)  well  pound- 
ed down,  and  this  eflectually  prevented  them  from  ascending 
from  the  inside.  If,  however,  a  few  grubs  should  succeed  in 
getting  over  the  tar  from  the  outside,  they  have  to  descend 
the  inside  of  the  box  until  they  reach  the  cotton  waste,  and 
crawl  over  that  until  they  reach  the  tree.  This  they  cannot 
do,  as  they  immediately  become  entangled  by  the  cotton,  and 
cannot  proceed.  I  have  tried  this  two  years  in  succession, 
and  I  have  not  had  a  worm  on  trees,  which,  for  several  years 

VOL.   VIII. — NO.  x»  46 


362     Origin,  ^c,  of  the  Ohio  Ever-bearing  Raspberry. 

previous,  had  been  entirely  denuded  by  this  enemy  of  the  ap- 
ple tree. 

The  expense  is  very  trifling,  as  any  common  boards  will 
answer,  and  any  person  who  can  use  a  fore-plane,  a  saw,  and 
a  hammer,  can  easily  prepare  the  boxes. 

No  possible  injury  can  result  to  the  tree,  for  the  tar  does 
not  touch  it;  and  as  soon  as  the  season  is  over  for  the  grubs  to 
ascend,  I  remove  the  waste,  and  spread  it  to  dry  for  another 
season,  and   in   this   way  it  will  answer  for  use  several  years. 

I  feel  entirely  satisfied  that  the  foregoing  plan  will  effectu- 
ally put  an  end  to  the  ravages  of  the  detestable  grub-worm, 
and  I  hope  that  all  those  who  have  trees  worth  preserving, 
will  try  the  experiment. 

Yours,  respectfully,  John  Porter. 

JVewburyporl,  Sept.,  1842. 


Art.  II.  Some  account  of  the  origin,  cultivation,  and  fruit 
of  the  Ohio  Ever-bearing  Raspberry.  By  A.  H.  Ernst, 
Nurseryman,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Last  spring  I  had  an  occasion  to  send  a  few  things  to  some 
friends  in  your  vicinity.  I  availed  myself  of  the  occasion  to 
present  you  with  one  dozen  of  the  Ohio  Ever-bearing  rasp- 
berry plants,  which  I  hope  you  have  received.*  I  feel  some 
desire  to  aid  in  spreading  this  fruit  over  the  country;  less, 
however,  to  the  north  than  to  the  loest  or  south,  because  your 
region  is  more  congenial  with  the  growth  of  the  raspberry, 
and  abounds  in  fine  high  flavored  fruit,  of  superior  quality, 
which  continues  to  fruit  abundantly  during  the  latter  part  of 
the  summer,  so  that,  to  a  great  extent,  the  deficiency  does  not 
exist  with  you,  which  would  make  this  raspberry  particularly 
valuable  to  your  section  of  country. 

The  Ohio  Ever-bearing  raspberry,  as  you  are  aware,  is  a 
native  of  Ohio.  It  was,  I  think,  first  found  and  brought  into 
notice  by  a  community  of  Shakers,  residing  some  thirty  miles 

*  We  did,  in  excellent  order,  and  Mr.  Ernst  will  receive  our 
thanks  for  his  attention. — Ed. 


Origin,  ^c,  of  the  Ohio  Ever-bearing  Raspberry.     363 

north-east  of  this  city,  from  whence,  from  the  best  evidence 
I  can  procure,  it  has  been  very  slowly  spread  into  this  city 
and  vicinity.  To  my  mind,  it  is  valuable  as  a  constant  bear- 
er: it  has  none  of  those  claims,  however,  for  superior  size 
and  flavor,  set  up  for  it;  with  me,  it  commences  bearing,  and 
ripens  its  fruit,  with  most  other  varieties,  in  June,  which  is 
full  and  abundant,  when  it  continues  to  send  up  a  succession 
of  strong  and  vigorous  shoots  from  the  roots  of  the  old  plant, 
which  keep  up  a  succession  of  bloom  and  maturing  fruit  the 
remainder  of  the  summer,  not  however  so  profusely  as  the 
first  fruiting,  though  of  larger  size,  and,  1  am  inclined  to 
think,  of  better  flavor.  This  circumstance  is,  perhaps,  owing 
to  the  fact,  that  there  is  less  rain  and  more  sun  in  the  latter 
part  of  summer  than  in  June.  The  fruit  is  black,  strongly 
resembling  the  black  raspberry  of  our  hills  and  mountains  in 
size  and  flavor,  and,  like  it,  propagates  itself  from  the  ends  of 
the  new  shoots,  which  branch  just  below  the  cluster  of  fruit, 
on  the  end  of  the  same;  those  branches  grow  beyond  the 
cluster  of  fruit,  and  bend  themselves  over  to  the  ground,  and 
again  fork,  near  the  end,  into  several  parts;  on  the  ends  of 
these  sub-branches  roots  are  formed,  which  fasten  themselves 
into  the  ground,  and  thus  form  new  plants.  The  roots  of  the 
mother  plant  continue  to  increase  in  size  and  strength,  throw- 
ing up  a  greater  succession  of  fruit-bearing  stems  to  occupy 
the  place  of  the  first  bearers,  which  invariably  dry  up  after 
they  have  performed  the  office  of  producing  one  crop  of 
fruit. 

When  I  say  it  has  no  claims  to  the  high  reputation  for  fla- 
vor set  up  for  it  by  some  of  the  writers  who  have  noticed  it, 
I  do  not  mean  to  be  understood  as  denying  it  all  claim  to  the 
same;  I  only  wish  to  correct  what  I  believe,  with  due  defer- 
ence to  the  tastes  and  judgments  of  the  respectable  gentlemen 
who  have  written  on  this  valuable  fruit,  to  be  an  error;  my 
desire  is  to  do  it  justice,  and  I  think  this  will  be  found  to  be 
ample,  on  trial,  to  recommend  it  to  the  favorable  attention  of 
the  public,  and  to  occupy  a  conspicuous  place  in  the  fruit  de- 
partment of  every  well  selected  collection.  It  cannot  fail  to 
prove  a  valuable  kind  in  the  vicinity  of  all  large  cities,  as  a 
market  fruit.  To  give  you  some  idea  of  the  productiveness 
of  this  plant,  I  counted  105  berries  in  their  various  stages  on 
the  end  of  one  stem,  forming  one  cluster. 

Considerable  has  already  been  written  upon  this  valuable 
fruit;  but  if  you  think  the  above  will  tend  to  promote  its  dis- 


364  On  the  cultivation   of  the  Raspberry, 

semination,  and  be  of  interest  to  your  readers,  you  are  at  lib- 
erty to  publish  it  in  your  useful  Magazine. 

I  remain,  yours,  with  much  respect,  A.  H.  Ernst. 

Spring  Garden^   near    Cincinnati.,  ) 
Ohio,  August  31,  1842.  \ 


Art.  III.     On  the  cultivation  of  the  Raspberry. 
By  the  Editor. 

In  our  last  number,  we  gave  an  article  on  the  cultivation 
of  the  currant.  It  was  the  first  of  a  series  of  papers  we  in- 
tend to  offer  upon  the  cultivation  of  all  the  fruits  of  the  gar- 
den, which  have  not  been  previously  written  upon  by  our- 
selves. We  now  proceed  to  treat  upon  the  growth  of  the 
raspberry. 

The  raspberry,  like  the  strawberry  and  currant,  and  other 
small  fruits,  the  gooseberry  excepted,  has  been  greatly  neg- 
lected in  its  cultivation.  Though  common  in  every  garden, 
and  every  where  esteemed,  next  to  the  strawberry,  for  its 
rich  and  handsome  fruit,  yet  few  individuals  have  attempted 
improved  methods  of  growth,  by  which  the  size,  beauty,  ex- 
cellence, and  productiveness  of  the  berries  may  be  increased 
to  a  much  greater  degree  than  they  are  generally  seen  in  our 
gardens. 

The  raspberry  is  as  susceptible  of  improvement  as  the 
strawberry:  yet,  while  in  the  latter  we  have  the  beautiful 
Keen's  seedling  and  our  own  variety,  contrasting  with  such 
marked  superiority  over  the  small  and  inferior  berries  of  the 
older  sorts,  the  same  varieties  of  the  raspberry  are  now  cul- 
tivated that  were  common  twenty  or  thirty  years  ago,  and 
they  are  still  deemed  the  most  desirable  sorts.  The  same 
attention  bestowed  on  this  fruit,  that  has  been  devoted  to  the 
gooseberry,  would  undoubtedly  have  resulted  in  the  produc- 
tion of  varieties  much  superior  to  those  at  present  grown. 

The  raspberry,  like  the  strawberry,  is  a  native  of  low  and 
partially  shady  situations,  growing  in  boggy  or  soft  black  soils, 
which  allow  its  roots  to  strike  deep,  and  throw  up  a  free 
growth  of  its  vigorous  suckers.  It  is  only  in  such  situations, 
in  their  wild  state,   that  the  plants  are  found  productive;  on 


Situation.  365 

light  and  thin  soils,  and  in  high  and  exposed  situations,  the 
growth  of  the  suckers  is  limited,  and  the  fruit  scarcely  ever 
attains  any  size.  Nature  thus  teaches  the  proper  mode  which 
the  cultivator  should  adopt  in  the  growth  of  the  plants;  and  it 
should  be  his  object  to  follow  her,  rather  than  to  divert  and 
thwart  her  in  the  course  she  has  pointed  out  for  us  to  pursue. 

But  how  different  is  the  cultivation  of  the  raspberry  from 
what  we  should  infer  from  nature  to  be  most  conducive  to  its 
healthy  growth.  The  plants  are  frequently  set  out  in  light 
and  poor  soils,  crowded  together,  left  untrimmed,  choked  up 
with  a  profuse  growth  of  weak  stems,  and  what  little  fruit 
they  produce  nearly  dried  up,  from  the  arid  situation  in  which 
they  are  placed.  On  the  contrary,  in  cool,  deep,  and  moist 
soils,  in  a  sheltered  and  partially  shaded  place,  the  plants 
throw  up  suckers  to  the  height  of  six  or  eight  feet,  and  pro- 
duce a  profusion  of  large,  handsome,  and  well  flavored  berries. 
So  well  assured  are  the  most  eminent  English  cultivators  of 
the  raspberry,  of  its  love  of  a  cool  and  moist  soil,  that  some 
writers  have  strenuously  recommended  the  use  of  bog  earth 
and  rotten  leaves,  in  the  place  of  the  richest  loam.  We  are 
well  assured  that  the  n)any  complaints  which  are  made  of  the 
meagre  produce  of  many  raspberry  plantations,  may  be  at- 
tributed wholly  to  the  light  and  droughty  soils  in  which  they 
are  often  planted. 

We  would  not  here  omit  to  mention  the  production  of  seed- 
lings for  the  purpose  of  securing  new  sorts.  By  hybridization 
of  the  kinds,  and  by  selecting  the  finest  and  largest  fruit,  from 
which  to  save  the  seeds,  we  are  certain  new  and  superior  va- 
rieties can  be  raised. 

To  induce  cultivators  to  give  more  attention  to  the  rasp- 
berry, is  the  object  of  this  article;  and,  to  render  our  infor- 
mation the  more  useful,  we  shall  treat  of  its  growth  under  the 

following     heads: — Situation — Soil — Procuring    Plants 

Planting  out — Winter  Treatment — SuiDmer  Treatment — 
Autumnal  Dressings — Pruning — General  Remarks — and  De- 
scriptions of  the  different  Varieties. 

Situation. — A  cool  aspect  is  of  material  consequence;  and 
to  secure  this,  the  north  side  of  a  fence  or  trellis,  which  will 
form  a  screen  from  the  sun,  is  the  most  favorable:  on  the 
north  side  of  a  shrubbery,  or  row  of  fruit  trees,  is  also  a  suit- 
able place.  If  neither  of  these  situations  are  to  be  had,  an 
open  spot  in  the  garden  may  be  chosen,  always  being  careful 
to  avoid  the  south  or   east  side  of  a  fence.     A  temporary 


366  On  the  cultivation  of  the  Raspberry. 

shade  may  be  effected  in  the  open  garden,  by  planting  a  row 
of  running  beans  on  the  south  side.  Having  selected  a 
proper  place,  proceed  to  prepare  the  soil. 

Soil. — A  good  soil  is  the  most  important  requisite.  Hav- 
ing marked  out  the  size  of  the  bed,  if  the  earth  is  not  natural- 
ly very  rich  and  deep,  preparations  should  be  made  to  trench 
it.  First  cover  the  surface  with  three  or  four  inches  of  bog 
earth,  if  to  be  procured,  or,  in  its  place,  leaf  soil,  and  if  these 
are  not  conveniently  to  be  had,  good  old  rotten  hot-bed  ma- 
nure, which  has  laid  at  least  six  or  eight  months:  that  from 
hot-beds  made  in  April  will  do  for  use  in  the  following  Octo- 
ber, and  if  a  portion  of  the  bed  was  leaves,  it  is  so  much  the 
more  to  be  preferred.  Having  spread  the  manure  upon  the 
surface,  it  should  then  be  trenched  in  two  spades  deep,  or 
about  eighteen  inches,  placing  the  manure  at  the  bottom  of  the 
trench.  Level  the  surface,  and  spade  in  an  inch  or  two  more 
of  the  same  kind  of  manure,  and  after  allowing  a  week  for  the 
bed  to  settle,  it  will  be  ready  for  planting. 

Procuring  Plants. — The  success  of  planting  out  depends 
considerably  upon  a  judicious  selection  of  plants.  Suckers  of 
all  sizes  are  generally  thrown  up,  and  many  cultivators  would 
naturally  select  the  largest:  such,  however,  are  not  the  best; 
those  of  medium  size,  neither  too  large  nor  too  small,  have 
the  finest  roots,  and  spread  more  rapidly  than  the  others.  In 
selecting,  reference  should  be  had  to  the  roots  rather  than  the 
tops. 

Planting  out. — Having  prepared  the  beds,  and  secured  a 
sufficient  number  of  plants,  preparations  may  be  made  for  set- 
ting out.  A  spade,  a  rake,  and  a  garden  hoe  will  be  the  prop- 
er implements  to  accomplish  this.  The  bed  being  maiked 
out,  stretch  the  line  across  the  bed,  from  east  to  west,  at  the 
distance  of  two  feet  from  the  walk:  commence  on  either  side 
of  the  line  at  one  end,  by  taking  out  the  earth  the  width  and 
depth  of  the  spade;  place  in  the  plant  against  the  line,  and 
throw  the  soil  out  of  the  second  hole  to  fill  up  the  first:  in  this 
way  proceed  until  the  whole  bed  is  planted,  treading  the  soil 
lightly  around  each  plant;  with  the  rake  smooth  and  level  the 
whole,  and  the  work  is  finished.  The  rows  should  be  three 
feet  apart,  and  the  plants  three  feet  apart  in  the  rows. 

Winter  treatment. — On  the  approach  of  cold  weather  it  will 
be  necessary  to  protect  the  plants  for  the  winter.  The  best 
method  of  doing  this  is  simply  to  bend  the  branches  down  to 
the  ground,  and  cover  them  with  four  or  five  inches  of  the 


General  Remarks.  3G7 

soil.  Some  cultivators  use  leaves,  and  others  coarse  manure, 
but  we  believe  nothing  answers  better  than  the  common  soil  in 
which  they  grow. 

Summer  treatment. — As  soon  as  danger  of  cold  weather  is 
over,  which  is  generally  the  first  of  April,  the  plants  should 
be  uncovered,  and  a  stake  placed  to  each,  to  which  the  stems 
should  be  securely  tied:  the  first  summer  very  little  must  be 
expected  from  the  plantation,  and  only  a  kw  suckers  will  be 
thrown  up  from  each  plant;  but  by  the  second  year  they  will 
be  more  numerous,  and  produce  considerable  fruit.  As  soon 
as  the  plants  are  tied  up,  proceed  to  level  the  ground,  and 
give  it  a  neat  finish  with  the  rake:  the  only  after  culture  is  to 
keep  down  the  weeds,  and  the  surface  loose,  by  occasional 
hoeings. 

Autumnal  dressings. — Enriching  the  bed  at  the  time  of 
planting  is  not  sufficient  to  keep  the  plants  in  good  condition. 
The  beds  should  have  a  dressing  of  two  or  three  inches  of 
compost  every  autumn.  This  should  be  laid  on  in  October 
and  lightly  forked  in,  bearing  in  mind  that  a  mixture  of  bog 
earth,  or  leaf  soil  and  manure,  is  belter  for  the  plants  than  all 
manure.  This  will  encourage  the  growth  of  the  roots,  and  in 
the  spring,  the  suckers  which  are  thrown  up  to  form  the  bear- 
ing plants  of  the  next  season,  will  be  much  stronger. 

Pruning. — The  raspberry  can  hardly  be  said  to  need  prun- 
ing in  the  common  acceptation  of  that  term.  All  that  is  re- 
quired is  to  shorten  the  most  vigorous  bearing  stems,  and  to 
cut  away  the  old  wood  after  it  has  produced  its  fruit.  The 
second  summer  after  planting,  the  plants  will  throw  up  a  quan- 
tity of  suckers:  if  numerous  and  small,  four  or  five  of  the 
best  should  be  left  their  entire  length;  if  large  and  strong,  they 
should  be  shortened  to  four  or  five  feet,  and  the  superfluous 
ones  rooted  up,  unless  wanted  to  form  new  plantations. 

General  Remarks. — As  the  raspberry  is  a  rapid  grower,  af- 
ter it  once  takes  hold  of  the  soil,  quantities  of  suckers  will 
spring  up,  which,  in  the  course  of  four  or  five  years,  will 
weaken  the  plants.  On  this  account  new  plantations  should  be 
made  every  fifth  or  sixth  year,  and  the  soil  trenched  and  re- 
newed by  the  application  of  the  compost  already  mentioned. 

The  raspberry  is  rarely  attacked  by  insects.  We  are  not 
aware  that  we  have  ever  been  troubled  with  any  during  our 
cultivation  of  this  fruit,  for  upwards  of  fifteen  years.  On  this 
account,   it  requires  very  little   care  at  the  hands  of  the  culti- 


S68  On  the  cuUivalion  of  the  Raspberry. 

vator.  As  a  market  fruit  it  is  particularly  worthy  of  attention, 
requiring  less  care  than  the  strawberry,  easier  picked,  and  the 
finer  sorts  commanding  a  good  price. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  best  kinds  now  cultivated.  A 
few  of  them  are  new,  and,  as  yet,  not  very  extensively  known. 
The  kinds  we  would  recommend  for  a  small  collection  are  the 
white  and  red  Antwerp,  and  the  Franconia;  for  larger  gar- 
dens, all  the  others  may  be  added,  which  will  afford  a  great 
variety,  and  a  succession  of  fruit.  The  names,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  three  last,  are  according  to  the  London  Horti- 
cultural Society's  Catalogue. 

DESCRIPTIONS  OF  THE  DIFFERENT  VARIETIES. 

Red  Antwerp. — Of  fine  size,  excellent  flavor,  and  productive; 
one  of  the  best. 

Yellow  Jlntioerp. —  Syn.  white  Antwerp.  Similar  to  the  last, 
except  in  the  color  of  the  berries;  a  delicious  fruit,  but 
does  not  bear  carriage  well. 

Barnet. — Syn.  Cornwall's  Prolific.  A  fine,  large,  red  fruit, 
productive  and  excellent,  but  does  not  bear  carriage  well. 

Common  red. —  Syn.  Old  red.  The  old  kind  of  the  garden. 
An  indifferent  bearer,  and  of  inferior  quality. 

Double  bearing. — 8yn.  Perpetual  bearing.  Said  to  be  a  good 
and  productive  kind,  having  the  merit  of  producing  one  crop 
in  July,  and  another  in  September. 

Franconia. — Syn.  Seedling  Grape.  One  of  the  most  pro- 
ductive and  finest  kinds  cultivated  around  Boston.  Fruit 
red,  large,  and  handsome.  The  origin  of  this  sort  is  un- 
known. It  was  originally  received  from  Vilmorin,  of  Paris, 
by  S.  G.   Perkins,  Esq.,  of  Brookline. 

Acw  red  Antwerp. — A  notice  of  this  will  be  found  at  page 
256.  It  promises  to  be,  so  far  as  we  have  tried  it,  a  very- 
fine  variety. 

Cretan  red. — A  fine  variety,  the  fruit  large  and  handsome, 
rather  more  tart  than  the  Antwerp,  and  continues  in  bear- 
ing a  long  time,  which  renders  it  highly  valuable. 

Besides  the  above  eight  sorts,  the  new  Turkish  Turban, 
Victoria,  Brentford,  Spring  Grove,  and  the  Ohio  Ever-bear- 
ing, are  recommended  as  very  fine  kinds.  To  those  who  have 
room,  we  would  advise  a  trial  of  them. 


Reviews. —  Wailes^s  Mdress.  369 


REVIEWS. 

Art.  I.  Chemistry  in  its  application  to  Agriculture  and 
Physiology.  By  Justus  Liebig,  M.  D.,  Ph.D.,  F.  R.  S., 
M.  R.  I.  A.,  Prof,  of  Chemistry  in  the  University  of  Ges- 
sein,  &c.,  &c.  Edited  from  the  manuscript  of  the  author, 
by  Lyon  Playfair;  with  very  numerous  additions,  and  a  new 
chapter  on  Soils.  Third  American,  from  the  second  Eng- 
lish edition;  with  Notes  and  an  Appendix,  by  John  W. 
Webster,  M.  D.,  Erving  Prof,  of  Chemistry  in  Harvard 
University. 

It  is  but  little  more  than  a  year  since  we  reviewed  the  first  edi- 
tion of  this  celebrated  work,  and  but  a  short  time  since  we  notic- 
ed the  second.  The  third  is  now  before  us,  with  very  nume- 
rous additions  and  corrections  from  the  London  publication, 
furnished  by  the  editor,  Dr.  Playfair.  The  whole  arrangement 
of  the  volume  has  been  altered,  and  the  more  important  sub- 
jects treated  upon  separately,  and  in  a  manner  more  lucid  than 
in  either  of  the  preceding  editions. 

The  rapid  sale  of  this  volume  is  an  evidence  of  the  in- 
creasing interest  which  is  felt  in  the  important  subject  of  Ag- 
ricultural Chemistry.  We  hail  it  as  the  commencement  of  a 
new  era  in  practical  agriculture,  and  destined  to  be  the  means 
of  greatly  increasing  the  fertility  and  the  products  of  our  farms. 


Art.  n.  Address  delivered  at  Washington,  Miss..,  before 
the  Agricultural,  Horticultural,  and  Botanical  Society  of 
Jefferson  College.  By  B.  L.  C.  Wailes,  President  of 
the  Society,  on  the  29ih  of  April,  1842.  Pamphlet,  8vo. 
20  pages.     Natchez:   1842. 

Ax  interesting  address,   from   which  we  extract  the  follow- 
ing, in  relation  to  the  origin  of  the  Society: — 

This  Society  wns  formed  in  April,  1839,  and  we  now  present  you,  at 
our  eighth  exhibition,  some  evidence  that  it  has  exercised  a  beneficial 
VOL.  VIII. — NO.  X.  47 


70  Reviews. —  Wailes''s  Mdress. 

influence,  and  been  instrumental  in  effectinff  a  decided  improvement 
in  the  condition  of  the  country.  In  the  three  years  of  its  existence,  oc- 
casion has  been  afforded  for  awarding  the  certificate  of  the  Society  to 
one  hundred  and  thirty-four  objects  deserving  this  consideration,  for 
their  excellence  and  superiority  over  others  exhibited,  most  of  which 
were  inferior  only  by  comparison. 

In  this  period,  and  chiefly  within  the  last  year,  the  extent  to  which 
valuable  improved  stock  has  been  introduced  into  the  State,  bids  fair 
to  render  us,  in  a  short  period,  independent  of  foreign  supply  for  those 
indispensable  articles,  provision  and  farming  stock,  to  procure  which 
has  hitherto  been  so  exhausting  a  drain  upon  our  resources. 

That  the  feeling  of  the  community  has  been  greatly  excited  in  be- 
half of  agricultural  improvement — that  a  desire  of  information, 
touching  this  most  vital  of  our  interests,  has  taken  a  firm  hold  on  the 
public  mind,  is  becoming  daily  more  obvious.  It  is  apparent  in  the 
daily  conversation  of  our  planters,  and  is  witnessed  in  their  projected 
improvements  and  progressing  enterprises. 

It  is  manifested  in  the  establishment  and  increased  circulation  of 
periodical  publications  devoted  to  agriculture,  and  in  the  tone  of  the 
newspaper  press,  in  which  space  greater  than  usual  has  been  allotted 
to  its  interests. 

Articles  calculated  to  enlighten  and  inform  the  planter,  scientific  es- 
says and  dissertations  of  practical  utility,  find  admission  into  their 
columns,  and  are  coming  more  frequently  to  take  place  of  those  bitter 
personal  denunciations  and  angry  recriminations  of  political  warfare, 
in  which  only  a  depraved  and  vitiated  taste,  or  an  excited  imagina- 
tion, can  take  pleasure.  The  conductors  of  the  public  press,  in  many 
instances  sharing  in  the  general  and  growing  disgust  of  political  strife, 
have  discarded  the  badge  of  party,  and,  adopting  a  course  more  con- 
genial to  the  times,  have  espoused  the  cause,  if  they  have  not  become 
wholly  devoted  to  the  interests,  of  agriculture. 

Of  this  association,  specially,  little  more  need  now  be  said.  Its 
acts  will  best  proclaim  its  merits,  and  claim  for  it  that  consideration 
and  encouragement  which  it  may  be  found  to  deserve. 

The  address  closes  with  the  following  remarks  upon  the 
pursuits  of  horticulture: — 

Akin  to  the  profitable  and  pleasant  pursuit  of  horticulture,  the  for- 
mation of  pleasure  grounds  becomes  almost  identified  with  gardening. 
The  gratification  which  these  afford  to  all  classes  loses  none  of  its 
zest  from  its  easy  attainment,  and  we  prize  them  in  the  degree  in 
which  they  are  the  productions  of  our  own  skill,  and  the  results  of 
our  own  industry. 

From  the  humanizing  and  refining  influence  they  exert,  there  is  no 
expenditure  of  the  surplus  means  of  the  affluent  more  rational,  than 
in  their  creation;  and  there  is  no  better  evidence  of  cultivated  taste 
and  elegant  enjoyment,  than  is  presented  in  those  fine  horticultural 
establishments,  those  spacious  pleasure  grounds  which  embellish  our 
country,  and  vie  in  richness  with  the  princely  establishments  of  other 
climes.  Whether  as  the  appendages  of  the  imposing  mansion,  or  of 
the  rural  cottage,  they  are  alike  attractive,  and  afford  within  their 
bounds  a  little  world  for  contemplation  and  study. 


Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society.  371 

Reposinsf  in  their  refreshinjr  shades,  the  weary  and  the  care-worn 
yield  to  their  tranquillizin;^  influence  and  muse  on  the  infinite  beau- 
ties of  nature,  whilst  the  heart  sends  Uj)  its  aspirations  of  j^ratitude  to 
the  Great  Architect  of  the  Universe,  whose  wisdom  and  goodness  is 
shown  in  every  plant,  and  revealed  in  every  flower.  In  the  quiet  se- 
clusion of  the  rural  retreat,  the  social  virtues  expand — female  in- 
flence  is  supreme,  and  domestic  happiness  enthroned. 

Who  does  not  then  commend  that  taste,  which,  by  such  embeliish- 
ments,  tends  to  make  home  more  attractivej  and  woman  more  lovely.^ 


MISCELLANEOUS    INTELLIGENCE. 

Art.  I.     Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society. 

Saturday,  Sept.  3,  1842. — An  adjourned  meeting  of  the  Society 
was  held  to-day — the  President  in  the  chair.  No  business  of  im- 
])ortance  was  transacted,  and  the  meeting  was  adjourned  one  week 
to  Septenilier  10th. 

Exhibited. —  Flowers:  From  the  President  of  the  Society,  dahlias, 
indudinj^  a  variety  of  kinds.  From  Messrs.  Winship,  a  flower  of 
Cereus  tri;un;ularis.  From  Hovey  &  Co.,  dahlias  of  several  kinds, 
and  i)()U(|nets.  From  W.  E.Carter,  dahlias,  B\gn6nia  grandiflora, 
Magnolm  irlauca  var.,  red  water  lily,  bouquets,  and  a  fine  specimen 
of  a  seedling  |)hlox,  white,  with  a  delicate  stripe  running  through 
the  [)etals;  it  promises  to  be  a  valuable  and  novel  variety.  From 
Dr.  J.  C.  Howard,  dahlias  and  bouquets.  From  P.  Barnes,  a  vari- 
ety of  ilalilirts  and  German  asters.  From  S.  R.  Johnson,  roses,  fine 
balsams,  and  German  asters.  From  \V.  Kenrick,  roses  and  bou- 
quets.    Verbenas  from  T.  Mason,  East  Boston. 

From  J.  F.  Trull,  a  variety  of  good  dahlias,  also  German  asters, 
verbf'iias,  and  other  flowers.  From  H.  VV.  Dutton,  fine  dahlias. 
J.  Cadiiess,  of  the  Pulilic  Garden,  exhibited  a  variety  of  dahlias. 
Frotn  A.  Bowditch,  dahlias.  From  A.  H.  Hovey,  a  fine  specimen 
of  Gladiolus  floriliuiidus.  From  A.  C.  Hall,  Roxbury,  German 
asters.  From  J.  L.  L.  F.  \Varren,  a  variety  of  dahlias  and  bou- 
quets. Bduipiets  and  cut  flowers,  dahlias,  &c.,  from  W.  Meller. 
From  S.  Sweetser,  dahlias,  white,  blush,  and  yellow  tea  roses,  Tri- 
umph of  Luxemburg  and  yellow  noisette  roses,  seedling  verbenas, 
fhlox  Drummondit,  Gladiolus  natalensis,  &c. 

Fruit:  From  R.  Manning,  Ananas  d'Kte,  Cabot,  Hanqidcn  Ber- 
gairiot,  Dearborn's  Seedliiiii,  VVillianis's  Bon  Chretieti,  and  Beurre 
d'Amanlis  pears,  the  latter  large  and  fine;  also,  early  York,  and  Wal- 
ter's eaily  peaches,  and  Dotninie  Dull  plum.  From  A.  P.  Heartt,Troy, 
N.  Y.,  some  fine  specimens  of  plums,  particularly  the  Washington,  viz, 
white  Masnum  Bonum,  purple  Maifiium  Bonum,  Washington,  green 
Gage,  and  blue  Gage:  a  letter  accompanied  the  fruit,  which  was  read 


372  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society. 

before  the  Society.  From  O.  Johnson,  summer  Thorn, Williams's  Bon 
Chretien,  Julienne,  summer  Franc  Real,  Dearborn's  seedling  pears, 
and  a  variety  without  name;  also,  fruit  of  the  Podophyllum  pelta- 
tum  or  May  apple.  From  VVm.  Oliver,  Dorchester,  specimens  of 
the  Tyson  pear,  a  newly  introduced  native  variety.  From  B.  V. 
French,  Devonshire  Quarrendon,  Garden  Royal,  and  long  red  ap- 
ples without  name.  White  Gage  and  green  Gage  plums  from  Geo. 
Walsh.  Black  Hamburg  grapes  from  J.  Cummings,  Jr.,  Woburn. 
From  J.  F.  Allen,  Bon  Chretien  pears,  black  fiirs,  and  fine  peaches. 

From  the  President  of  the  Society,  Belle  Lucrative  and  Beurre 
d'Amanlis  pears,  both  fine  specimens.  From  N.  D.  Chase,  Lynn, 
beautiful  early  Crawford  ])eaches,  grown  under  glass.  From  Mrs. 
Bigelow,  handsome  peaches.  From  Dr.  J.  C.  Howard,  Belle  de 
Vetry  (?,)  and  Grosse  Mignonne  peaches;  also,  Henri  Van  Mons 
pears,  and  Violet  nectarines.  From  Capt.  J.  Lovett,  large  long 
blue  plums  of  handsome  appearance,  and  a  musk-melon.  From 
Rev.  G.  B.  Perry,  Bradford,  early  Bow,  Gravenstein,  and  a  seed- 
ling apple.  From  S.  Pond,  large  long  blue,  Diamond,  and  Lombard 
plums;  also,  handsome  Gushing  pears.  From  Dr.  S.  A.  Shurtleff, 
Brookline,  Surpasse  Virgoulouse,  and  Van  Mons  Kenrick  pears; 
also,  Hawthorndean,  and  four  other  sorts  of  ajiples,  without  names. 
From  W.  Meller,  Andrews,  and  Williams's  Bon  Chretien  pears. 
From  A.  Bovvditch,  Williams's  Bnn  Chretien  and  Chelmsford  pears, 
and  black  Hamburg  grapes.  From  J.  F.  Trull,  Williams's  Bon 
Chretien  pears,  Siberian  crab  apples,  and  tomatoes.  Beautiful  toma- 
toes from  S.  Butterfield,  VVest  Cambridge.  From  J.  L.  L.  F.  War- 
ren, handsome  Porter  apples,  Julienne  pears,  plums,  and  Cornelian 
cherries. 

Sept.  10. — An  adjourned  meeting  of  the  Society — the  President  in 
the  chair.  No  business  of  importance  was  transacted.  Adjourned 
one  week  to  Sept.  17th. 

Exhibited. — Flowers:  From  the  President  of  the  Society,  a  few 
dahlias.  From  Hovey  &.  Co.,  Pickwick,  Maid  of  Bath,  Victory, 
Metella,  Unique,  Marshal  Soult,  Striata  formosissima,  &c.  From 
P.  Barnes,  Grand  Tournament,  Ne  Plus  Ultra,  Miss  Johnson,  Ma- 
ria, Andrew  Hofer,  &,c.  From  J.  V.  Trull,  a  variety  of  blooms, 
some  very  fine.  From  H.  W.  Dutton,  several  blooms,  including  a 
fine  Maid  of  Bath.  From  S.  Sweetser,  upwards  of  sixty  blooms, 
including  a  superb  specimen  of  Virgin  Queen.  From  J.  Jj,  L.  F. 
Warren,  several  dahlias,  among  which  was  a  beautiful  flower  of 
Primrose.  Dahlias  were  also  shown  by  J.  F.  White,  W.  McClure, 
J.  Stickney,  J.  Cadness,  and  others.  Bouquets  from  J.  Hovey,  VV. 
Kenrick,  VV.  E.  Carter,  and  Hovey  &  Co. 

Fruit:  From  O.  Johnson,  fine  Aixlrews  and  Julienne  pears.  From 
George  Brown,  Williams's  early,  Jalousie,  and  Seckel  pears,  and  a 
variety  from  Paris,  Me.,  without  name;  also,  handsome  peaches 
without  name.  From  N.  D.  Chase,  Lynn,  very  beautiful  early 
Crawford  peaches,  raised  under  glass.  From  VV.  Thomas,  Thomas, 
and  Bleeker's  gage  plums.  From  E.  Brown,  Lynn,  Harvard,  Val- 
lee  Franche,  and  Williams's  Bon  Chretien  pears.  From  S.  l\. 
Johnson,  fine  Williams's  Bon  Chretien  pears.  Beautiful  Moore 
peaches  from  T.  Hastings,  East  Cambridge.  From  A.  Bowdiich, 
black  Hamburg  grapes,  and  Williams's  Bon  Chretien  pears.     Seed- 


Massachusetts  Horticultural   Society.  373 

V\Y)g  peaches,  very  handsome  and  large,  called  the  Henry  Clay,  from 
F.  VV.  Liiicoiii,  Canton.  From  J.  L.  L.  F.  Warren,  Porter  apples, 
and  Lemon  cliii<istoiie,  GeorE^e  IV.,  red  Rareripe,  Teton  de  Venus, 
Gros-<e  Mi<rnonne,  and  two  varieties  ot'  seedlin<^  jieaches.  From  Dr. 
J.  C.  Howard,  Smyrna,  Napoleon,  and  <,n-een  citron  melons;  also, 
Oranije,  common  red,  and  Cuba  totriatoes.  Very  fine  specimens  of 
peaches  from  J.  H.  White,  gardener  to  Col.  Perkins.  Three  vari- 
eties of  seedling  pears  were  |)resented  by  Prof.  Russell,  from  Joshua 
Wilder,  Hingham;  they  appeared  to  possess  qualities  which  will 
render  them  worfiiy  of  cultivation. 

Sept.  I4lh,  I5lh,  and  16lh. —  The  Fourteenth  Jlnnual  Exhibition  of 
the  Society  took  place  on  Wednesday,  Thursday,  and  Friday,  the 
14th,  1.5th,  and  16th  of  September,  at  the  Society's  room,  Tremont 
Row. 

The  arran<rements  for  the  exhibition  were  much  the  same  as  those 
of  last  season.  It  was  suggested  that  a  larger  hall  should  be  pro- 
cured, as  the  Society's  room  is  altogether  too  limited  in  its  space  to 
accommodate  the  increasing  contributions  of  the  members;  but  no 
suitable  place  could  he  obtained  in  season,  and  other  arrangements 
prevented  this  beinjr  carried  into  effect.  We  trust,  however,  that 
another  year,  the  exhibition  will  be  held  where  the  decorations  will 
show  to  advantage,  and  where  the  public  may  be  better  accommo- 
dated. 

The  number  of  pot  plants  was  greater  than  last  year,  and  com- 
prised a  better  and  more  select  variety  of  kinds.  Among  the  most 
conspicuous  of  these  was  a  fine  large  LagerstrcE^mm  indica,  belong- 
ing to  the  President,  upwards  of  eight  feet  high,  and  proportionally 
liroad;  it  was  in  full  bloom,  and  was  deservedly  adnn'red.  Several 
fuchsias,  from  the  Botanic  Garden  and  S.  Sweetser,  were  elegant 
objects,  and  added  much  to  the  display.  The  noble  Fan  Palm, 
(Chamre^'ops  humilis,)  from  the  collection  of  Mr.  Cushini;,  was  a 
most  imposins  object:  a  fine  date  palm  (Phoe^iix  <Zactylit"era)  con- 
trasted well  vvitli  the  other  [ilants.  Achiuiines  coccinea,  well  crown, 
and  in  fine  iiloom,  Russelh'a  Jiiiicea,  and  a  a  fine  tall  sjiecimen  of 
the  eleifant  „fibidilon  striatum,  from  the  Public  Garden,  were  each 
very  showy.  In  addition  to  these,  several  plants  were  exhibited, 
grown  in  soil  to  vviiicli  guano  had  been  added:  these  were  nmre  par- 
ticularly intended  to  ilhistrnte  the  exjierimcnts  of  Mr.  Teschemacher, 
who  delivered  the  annua!  address,  in  which  he  referred  to  these 
plants. 

The  decorations  of  the  room  were  in  irood  taste,  thonjjh  in  far  less 
profusion  than  last  season.  A  pyramitlal  bouquet  from  Messrs. 
Wiuship,  was  one  of  the  showiest  objects.  A  large  bouquet  of  dah- 
lias by  Mr.  Warren,  and  another  by  Dr.  J.  C.  Howard,  was  much 
adtnired.  The  uufavorableness  of  the  weather  for  several  preceding 
d;iys,  had  very  much  injured  flowers  of  all  kinds,  and  the  ilifficulty 
with  whi<-h  good  ones  of  any  sort  were  to  be  obtained,  tentled  to 
prev(Mit  so  rich  an  exhibition  as  mig-ht  otherwise  have  been  expected. 

The  fruit  was  excellent,  but  not  in  so  great  variety,  or  in  such  jiro- 
fusion,  as  last  year.  Mr.  Manning  sent  a  larjre  nundjer  of  pears, 
apples,  peaches,  &c.  The  President  exhibited  a  number  of  sjje- 
ciinens,  most  of  fine  appearance  and  good  size.  Mr.  O.  Johnson's 
aud  Mr.  Vose's  fruits  were  exceedin{>ly  fine.     But  what  was  more 


374  Massachusetts  Horticultural   Society. 

luscious  than  all,  was  a  basket  of  nectarines  and  peaches,  forming 
the  base  of  a  pyramid,  which  supported  several  clusters  of  erapes 
from  Mr.  Cushing's  large  and  extensive  collection:  the  Muscat 
of  Alexandria  were  rich  indeed,  and  berries  of  the  black  Hamburg 
were  of  monstrous  size,  many  of  them  measuring  three  to  four  inches 
in  circumference.  An  immense  large  cluster  of  the  black  Hamburg 
was  sent  l)y  Joseph  Grennell,  Esq.,  of  New  Bedford.  Very  fine  grapes 
and  peaches  from  Col.  Perkins's  vineries.  Apples  from  Mr.  French. 
A  most  beautiful  display  of  peaches  was  made  by  J.  Hill;  it  consisted 
of  several  baskets  of  the  Lemon  rareripe,  large,  handsome,  and 
very  deeply  colored.  But  these  are  only  some  of  the  more  remark- 
able of  the  fruits  exhibited.  Every  collection  contained  something 
worthy  of  notice;  and  the  names  of  all  the  fruits  exhibited  will  be 
given  in  our  report. 

Owing  to  the  cold  and  inclement  state  of  the  weather  during  the 
two  last  days  of  the  exhibition,  there  was  not  so  large  an  attendance 
of  visitors  as  usual.  Had  the  weather  been  warm  and  favorable, 
owing  to  the  great  number  of  strangers  in  the  city,  the  exhibition 
would  have  probably  been  better  attended  than  any  previous  one. 

On  Friday,  the  16th,  at  12  o'clock,  noon,  an  address  was  delivered 
before  the  Society,  at  the  Swedenborgian  Chapel,  by  J.  E.  Tesche- 
macher,  Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  Society.  The  address  was 
replete  with  useful  information,  detailing  some  experiments  with 
guano.     At  a  future  opportunity  we  shall  refer  to  it  again. 

In  the  evening,  the  members,  with  their  ladies  and  invited  guests, 
sat  down  to  a  dinner  at  Concert  Hall,  of  which  we  shall  speak  at 
the  conclusion  of  our  leport. 

The  arrangements  of  the  exhibition  were  executed  under  the  di- 
rection of  Mr.  Walker,  the  Chairman,  to  whom  the  Society  is  in- 
debted for  the  sacrifice  of  much  time,  and  his  exertions  in  complet- 
ing the  exhibition.  To  Messrs.  Haggerston,  Story,  McLennan,  and 
many  others,  is  due  great  praise  for  their  ready  assistance  in  decor- 
ating the  room,  and  carrying  out  the  arrangements  of  the  committee. 

Our  Report  is  as  follows: — 

Plants. — From  the  President  of  the  Society,  a  large  i)lant  of 
LagerstroeNnta  indica.  From  J.  P.  Cushing,  Esq.,  Chanise^rops  hQ- 
milis,  f  hoe^nix  c^actylifera,  Amarylh's  Belladonna,  Anlisia  crenulata, 
Po'mcicina  insignis,  diosmas,  oleanders,  roses,  &.c.  From  W.  E. 
Carter,  Cereus  senilis.  Campanula  pyramidalis,  Hakea  eibbosa, 
Beaufortia  decussata.  Fuchsia  globosa,  stricta,  and  grandiflora,  iVe- 
rium  coronarium,  &c.  From  Messrs.  Winship,  orange  trees  in 
fruit,  Tecoma  capensis,  Agapanthus  umbellatus,  Cereus  speciosissi- 
mus,  Alloysia  citriodora,  two  large  Salvia  splendens  and  fulgens. 
Begonia  discolor,  &,c.  From  W.  Meller,  O'xalis  Bowiei  in  bloom. 
Fuchsia  globosa  and  tenella,  myrtle  orange,  Gloxinia  speciosa, 
seedling  calceolaria,  yellow  and  white  tea  roses,  heliotropes,  salvias, 
&c.  From  J.  L.  L.  F.  Warren,  a  lar<re  plant  of  Maurandya  Bar- 
clayana,  BeL'onta  sp.,  Cycas  revoluta,  Tecoma  capensis,  orange  tree 
in  fruit,  Salvia  splendens,  &c.  From  the  Pultlic  Garden,  Russellta 
j'dncea,  Stapeiia  ambigua,  Achimenes  coccinea,  Salvia  patens,  Mh- 
<i/o/i  striatum,  Fiichsta  fulgens,  cockscomb,  camellias,  &c.;  some  of 
these  were  potted  in  common  soil,  others  with  common  soil  and  gu- 
ano, and  others  ia  charcoal.     From  S.  Sweetser,  camellias  raised 


Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society,  37 5 

from  eyes  in  1840,  1841,  and  1842;  Fuchsto  gracilis  and  globosn, 
Lechenaultia  Formosa,  blush  tea  and  Triumph  of  Luxembourg  roses, 
budded  on  tall  stems,  £nph6rbza  Poinsettn,  &c. 

BocQ,uETS  AND  CuT  Flowers. — Ffom  Hovey  &  Co.,  a  great  va- 
riety of  superb  double  German  asters;  also  roses,  verbenas,  Didiscus 
cseriileus.  Phlox  Drumiiiondu,  scarlet  zinnia,  &c.  Brom  Josiah  Stick- 
ney,  a  fine  display  of  German  asters.  From  J.  F.  Trull,  German 
asters,  verbenas,  and  other  flowers.  From  W.  Melier,  roses,  flow- 
ers of  various  kinds,  and  handsome  bouquets.  From  S.  R.  Johnson, 
fine  German  asters  and  verbenas.  Bouquets  from  J.  Hovey.  From 
W.  Kenrick,  a  large  basket  of  flowers,  prettily  arranged,  and  an 
immense  bouquet,  four  feet  wide  and  five  feet  hiL'h.  From  J.  Breck 
&  Co.,  German  asters  and  tii'er  flowers.  From  Dr.  J.  C.  Howard, 
a  very  large  bouquet  of  dahlias,  and  several  small  ones.  From  VV. 
E.  Carter,  bouquets,  verbenas,  and  other  flowers.  Prom  Messrs. 
Winship,  a  large  and  beautiful  pyramid  bouquet,  finely  arranged; 
also,  a  large  number  of  blooms  of  the  Passiflora  alata.  From  J.  L. 
L.  F.  Warren,  a  great  bouquet  of  dahlias,  displaying  the  letter  W 
in  the  centre.  From  J.  A.  Kenrick,  several  fine  bouquets.  From 
S.  Sweetser,  German  asters,  verbenas,  roses,  &c.  P'rom  Miss  Lit- 
tle, Cambridije,  fine  balsams,  and  a  bouquet  of  dahlias.  From  the 
President,  a  fine  lot  of  Chinese  roses. 

Dahlias. — From  the  President  of  the  Society,  Marshal  Soult, 
Primrose,  Rouge  et  Noir,  Maid  of  Bath,  Pickwick,  Unique,  Con- 
stantia,  Mackenzie's  Perfection,  Mrs.  Jones,  Uxl)ridge  Magnet,  An- 
drew Hofer,  Eva,  Argo,  &c.  From  J.  Stickney,  Argo,  Pickwick, 
Marshal  Soult,  Miss  Johnson,  Ne  Plus  Ultra,  Me'tella,  See.  From  J. 
H.  Trowbridire,  Dorchester,  Contender,  Mrs.  Rushton,  Sarah,  Mar- 
shal Soult,  Heroine,  Reliance,  Unique,  Virgin  Queen,  &,c.  From 
J.  F.  Trull,  Mrs.  Jones,  Fireball,  Virgin  Queen,  Pickwick,  Rienzi, 
Hero  of  Tippecanoe,  Mrs.  Rushton,  Bree's  Rosa,  Glory,  Hylas, 
Marshal  Soult,  Ne  Plus  Ultra,  Duke  of  Bedford,  &.c. 

From  Hovey  &  Co.,  Widuall's  Queen,  Pickwick,  Eva,  Brides- 
maid, Metella,  Le  Grand  Bnudine,  Andrew  Hofer,  Arsro,  Bishop  of 
Winchester,  Maid  of  Bath,  Reaina,  Jones's  Francis,  Marshal  Soult, 
Siilphurea  ele^ans,  Exampler,  VVidnall's  Eclipse,  Quilled  Perfection, 
Henry  Fletcher,  Yellow  Perfection,  Unique,  Premier,  Striata  formo- 
sissima,  &c.  From  D.  Haggerston,  Rienzi,  Pickwick,  Virgin  Queen, 
Unique,  SuflTolk  Hero,  Rosa,  Argo,  &.c.  From  W.  Melier,  a  variety 
of  blooms,  some  very  good.  From  J.  G.  S|)ra2ue,  Reliance,  Miss 
Johnson,  Rosa,  Pickwick,  &c.  From  A.  Mcljcllan,  a  variety  of 
blooms,  includins  several  kinds. 

From  H.  W.  Dutton,  Ch.irles  XII-,  Metella,  Majestic,  Mrs.  Jones, 
Pickwick,  Maid  of  Bath,  Primrose,  Striata  formnsissitna.  Marshal 
Soult,  Hero  of  Tippecanoe,  Conqueror  of  the  World,  Le  Grand 
Baudine,  Famosa,  Lady  Rae  Reed,  Constantia,  Premier,  Rienzi,  &c. 
Froin  S  Sweetser,  Virgin  Queen,  Juno,  Advancer,  Reliance,  Hero- 
ine, Lady  Bruce,  Castanda,  Miss  Scroope,  Unique,  Mrs.  Rushton, 
Fireball,  Syl[)h,  Hope,  Grace  Darling,  &c.  From  J.  Breck  &  Co., 
a  variety  of  blooms.  From  J.  H.  White.  Pickwick,  Duchess  of 
Portland,  Maria,  Le  Grand  Baudine,  Unique,  Duchess  of  Rich- 
mond, Beauty  of  the  Plain,  Virgin  Queen,  &,e-     From  H.  K.  Oliver, 


376  J\lassachusetts  Horticultural  Society. 

Salem,  a  statrl  of  fine  blooms.  Blooms  were  also  shown  hy  P. 
Barnes,  W.  E.  Carter,  A.  Bowditch,  J.  L.  L.  F.  Warren,  and  oth- 
ers, of  which  we  have  no  list  of  the  names. 

The  most  beautiful  and  perfect  dahlia  exhibited  was  Widnall's 
Queen,  in  the  collection  of  Hovey  &  Co.  The  next  best  flower  was 
the  Uxbridge  Majrnet,  in  the  collection  of  the  Presiflent.  Virgin 
Queen,  in  the  collection  of  J.  F.  Trull,  was  the  best  specimen  of 
this  variety  we  have  ever  seen.  There  were  excellent  flowers  in  the 
collections  of  other  exhiltitors,  but  the  above  are  only  those  particu- 
larly remarkal)le  amonsr  the  newer  kinds  of  the  season. 

Fruits. — From  the  President  of  the  Society,  the  following  pears, 
viz: — Andrews,  Napoleon,  Bonne  Louise  de  Jersey,  Beurie  Diel, 
Beurre  Bronze,  Autumn  Superb,  Monsieur  le  Cure,  Belmont,  Capi- 
aumont,  Chaumontel,  Dutchess  d'Auiiouleme,  Glout  Morceau, brown 
Beurre,  Belle  et  Bonne,  Bartlett,  Prince's  St.  Germain,  pear  from 
Van  Mons,  Whitfield,  King  Edward,  Ne  Plus  Meuris,  long  green, 
Wilkinson,  Beurre  d'Amanlis,  Echasserie,  Lewis,  Gushing,  Easter 
Beurre,  Fulton,  Rouse  Lench,  Young's  Baking  or  Pound,  Belle  Lu- 
crative, Queen  Caroline,  Cumberland,  Fondnnre  des  Bois,  Colum- 
bian, Catillac,  Beurre  d'Arendiurg,  Iron  or  black  pear  of  Worcester, 
Doyenne  Blanc,  St.  Michael,  Buffum,  Bleeker's  Meadow,  Dix,Seck- 
el,  Aljjha,  Thompson's  Pope,  Colinar,  late  Wilbur,  French  |)ear 
(unknown,)  green  pear  of  Yair,  Pope's  Quaker,  Bezi  de  la  Motte, 
Hericart,  Hon  Chretien  Fondante,  Verte  Longue  d'Autunm,  Urban- 
iste,  Ci'.ntelope  of  New  Haven,  Rousselet  de  Rheinis,  Garnons,  Ber- 
gamot  de  Paques,  and  Heathcot;  also,  Coe's  Golden  Drop,  blue  Jm- 
peratrice,  Lombard,  and  Quetche  or  Prune  plums,  yellow  red  Rare- 
ripe and  seedling  peaches;  and  fall  Harvey,  Minister,  Adams's  sweet- 
ing, and  two  varieties  of  seedling  apples. 

From  Robert  Manning,  Salem,  pears,  viz: — Belle  et  Bonne,  No. 
668  Van  Mons,  Shenk's,  Rousselette  de  Meester,  Muscadine,  Glnut 
Morceau,  Cumberland,  Passe  Colmar,  Ronville,  Easter  Beurre,  Be- 
zi de  la  Motte,  Harvard,  winter  Nelis,  St.  Michael,  Beurre  Bronze, 
Forme  Urbaniste,  Calabash,  Bon  Turk,  Urbaniste,  Huguenot,  Bon 
Chretien,  Seckel,  Heathcot,  Iron,  Jalousie,  Wilkinson,  Henry  IV., 
King  Edward,  Golden  Beurre  of  Bilboa,  Lammas,  Belle  Lucrative, 
Prince's  St.  Germain,  Naunikeag,  Dearborn's  seeedling,  Beurre  Du- 
val, Andrews,  Beurre  Bosc,  Capiaumont,  Bonne  Louise  Royal,  sum- 
mer Thorn,  Commodore,  Beurre  Van  Mons,  Poire  d' Amour,  Han- 
nas,  Beurre  Diel,  Bocquia,  Beauchamps,  Jalousie  of  Vendee,  Lewis, 
Rouse  Lench,  St.  Ghislain,  Gilogil,  Dundas,  Washington,  long  green 
of  Autumn,  Duchess  of  Mars,  Dix,  Echasserie,  Beurre  d'Aremberg, 
Johonnot,  Alpha,  Hays,  Belle  of  Flanders,  Surpasse  Virgoulouse, 
Bartlett,  Pailleau,  Poire  Cellestin,  Hacon's  Incomi)arable,  Althorp 
Crassane,  Fidton,  Roi  de  WurtemburL^  Catillac,  Pound,  Hericart, 
Dumortier,  Chaumontelle,  Monsieur  le  Cure,  Cabot,  Queen  of  the 
Low  Countries,  Marie  Louise,  Amanda's  double,  brown  Beurre, 
Dutchess  d'Angouleme,  Quillettette,  Beurre  Aniandes,  Bleeker's 
Meadow,  Pope's  russet,  John  Dean,  green  suirar,  great  Citron  of  Bo- 
hemia, Capsheaf,  Dearborn's  (Van  Mons,)  Bonne  Louise  de  Jersey, 
Bal  Armadi,  Cantelope,  Syrian,  Monarch,  Buffum,  Nouvelle  Bos- 
Bouck,  long  green,  brown  St.  Germain,  Beurre  d'Angleterre,  Sulli- 
van, Josephine,  Wilhelmina,  Phillips,  Bezi  Montiguy,  and  Beurre 


Massachusetts  Horticultural   Society.  377 

d'Amanlis;  Peaches — Crawford's  early,  Apricot  peach,  Malta,  red 
rareripe,  Hoirs's  Melacaton,  j'ellovv  Alherge,  yellow  rareripe,  Cole's 
early,  Kenrick's  Heath,  Grosse  Mi^monne,  Brattle's  white,  Hastings's 
rareripe,  New  York  rareripe,  Cutter's  yellow  rareripe,  Walter's 
early;  Plums — green  ffage,  Kirke's  seedling,  and  Italian  Prune;  Ap- 
ples— Dutch  Codlin,  Reinette  Coeur  de  France,  yellow  Bellflower, 
President,  Gravenstein,  Boxford,  Rhode  Island  greening,  Danvers 
winter  sweet,  Baldwin,  Lyscom,  Sam  Young,  summer  Rambour, 
Haskell  sweet,  Canadian  Reinette,  fall  Harvey,  Pennock's  red,  Min- 
ister, green  sweet,  Baltimore,  Ribstone  pippin,  Fameuse,  English 
sweet,  Cambuthnethan. 

From  B.  V.  French,  Braintree,  the  following  pears — Monsieur  le 
Cure,  Julienne,  Belle  et  Bonne,  Grnsse  Bruxelles,  Beurre  d'Amanlis, 
Passe  Colniar,  Beurre  d'Argenson,  Mouille  Bouche,  Angleterre  d'  Hi- 
ver,  Coffin's  Virgoulouse,  Sargent,  St.  Lezain,  Vert  Longue  Panache, 
Bleeker's  Meadow,  Messire  Jean,  Poire  d'Ananas,  Harvard,  Phil- 
lips, long  green,  Beurre  Knox,  Beurre  Romain,  Napoleon,  Spanish 
Bon  Chretien,  Seckel,  King's  Bon  Chretien,  and  seven  kinds  names 
unknown;  Apples — Newark  King,  Burrasoe,  sweet  russet,  Ruggles's 
Queening,  Garden  Royal,  Dutch  Codlin,  Pearmain,  American  Wine, 
Adams's  sweet,  Roxbury  russet,  Ponime  d'Api,  red  winter,  sweet 
greening,  Snow,  Baldwin,  greening,  Seaver's  sweet.  Sugar  sweet, 
Seek-no-further,  golden  russet,  Swaar,  Blenheim  pippin,  Ribstone 
pippin,  Jonathan,  English  Wine,  Mela  Caria,  red  everlasting.  King 
of  the  Pippins,  Bellflower,  black  apple,  Blenheim  orange,  Canada 
Reinette,  winter  Spice,  Prince's  Seek-no-further,  Gardner's  sweet, 
Danvers  winter  sweet.  Porter,  Gloria  Mundi,  Garden  striped,  Haw- 
thorndean,  and  three  kinds  unknown;  also,  Coe's  Golden  Drop,  and 
blue  Imperatrice  plums. 

From  Josiah  Lovett,  2d,  Beverly,  Bartlett,  Seckel,  St.  Ghislain, 
and  Harvard  pears;  long  blue  plums.  From  George  Brown,  Bever- 
ly, the  following  pears — Bartlett,  Rousselet  de  Rheims,  Prince's  St. 
Germain,  Epine  d'  Ete,  Monsieur  le  Cure,  Passe  Colmar,  Passans 
d'Hiver,  Bleeker's  Meadow,  La  Vanstnlle,  St.  Michael,  Compte  de 
Michaud,  Foxley,  Jalousie,  Hericart,  Williams's  early,  Beauchamps, 
brown  Beurre,  Harvard,  golden  Beurre  of  Bilboa,  Messire  Jean, 
Seckel,  Holland,  French  (unknown,)  two  varieties  frotn  Paris,  Me., 
Easter  Beurre,  autumn  Bergamot,  and  Pound  pear;  also,  Drap  d'Or, 
Pearmain,  and  Pomine  d'Api  apples,  and  a  kind  unknown.  From 
Elijah  Vose,  Dorchester,  Uriianiste,  Napoleon,  long  green,  Cushing, 
golden  Beurre  of  Bilboa,  Bartlett,  winter  Warden,  BufFum,  and  Be- 
zi  de  la  Motte  f)ears;  Gravenstein,  Hav.'thorndean,  old  English  Cod- 
lin, Mackay's  sweeting,  King  of  the  Pippins  (English,)  and  Roman 
Kryger  apples.  From  Wm.  B.  Kingsbury,  Roxbury,  Bartlett  pears. 
From  Isaac  Hager,  Newton  Lower  Falls,  Bartlett  pears,  and  a  new 
seedling  peach.  From  Joseph  Balch,  Roxbury,  the  following  pears 
— Louise  Bonne  d'Avranches,  Bartlett,  Pope's  Quaker,  Doyenne 
d'Hiver,  Echasserie,  Heathcot,  summer  Thorn,  Franc  Real,  Berga- 
mot de  Soulers,  winter  Bergamot,  Beurre  d'Or,  and  Beurre  d'Aman- 
lis; Apples — English  apple,  Blenheim  Orange,  striped  sweet  russet, 
Garden  sweeting,  McCarty,  Hop,  Hawthorndean,  Fair  Maid,  and  a 
kind  name  unknown.  From  Azel  Bowditch,  Roxbury,  Bartlett  and 
VOL.   VIII. — NO.  X.  48 


378  J\IassachuseUs  Horticultural   Society. 

St.  Michael  pears,  and  black  Hambnrsrj^rapes,  From  Samuel  Pond, 
Cambridge  Port,  Dix,  St.  Ghislaiii,  Wilkinson,  Beurre  Diel,  Andrews, 
Maria  Louise,  Surpasse  Virgoulouse,  Napoleon,  Belle  Lucrative, 
and  Gushing  pears.  From  W.  H.  Sumner,  Roxbury,  Bougliton 
Bergamot  pears.  From  Richard  D.  Hill,  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  Roxbury 
russett  apples,  growth  of  1841.  From  Edward  Flint,  Leicester, 
Cloth  of  Gold  plums,  and  Rhode  Island  greening  a[)ples. 

From  Otis  Johnson,  Lynn,  the  following  pears— Bartlett,  Buffum, 
Passe  Colmar,  St.  Michael,  striped  long  green,  green  sugar,  Easter 
Beurre,  Harvard,  summer  Thorn,  Julienne,  Calebash,  Charles  of 
Austria,  Beurre  Diel,  Pound,  Catillac,  Swan's  Egg,  Washington, 
Gushing,  Bonne  Louise,  Princess  Orange,  Monsieur  je  Cure,  Duchess 
d'Angouleme,  Bleeker's  Meadow,  Jalousie,  long  green  of  autumn. 
Napoleon,  Seckel,  Roi  de  Wurtemhurg,  and  three  kinds  names  un- 
known; also,  Semiana,  Huling's  Superb,  and  blue  Imperatrice  plums, 
George  IV.  peaches,  and  Porter,  Greening,  Baldwin,  and  fall  Har- 
vey apples.  From  A.  D.  Williams,  Roxbury,  Williams's  seedling, 
summer  Thorn,  Buffum,  Capiaumont,  Heathcot,  English  Bergatnot, 
and  two  kinds  pears  unknown;  also.  Porter,  Lady  apple.  Ram's 
Horn,  and  yellow  Nonsuch  apples,  and  a  kind  unknown.  From 
Hovey  &  Co.,  Boston,  blue  Imperatrice  plums,  and  Scott's 
Mountain  Sprout  melons.  From  Mrs,  Timothy  Bigelow,  Medford, 
Spanish  Bon  Chretien  and  St,  Michael  pears;  Heath,  yellow  rare- 
ripe, and  Bigelow's  seedling  peaches;  and  Rambour  de  Franc,  Mon- 
strous pippin,  and  a  large  Lemon  apple.  From  Mr.  Dwight,  Spring- 
field, Dwight's  seedling  peaches.  From  John  Clapp,  Leicester,  Co- 
burg  and  Jaques  peaches;  white  gage,  blue  gage,  and  blue  Mogul 
plums,  and  Porter  apples.  From  Richard  Ward,  Roxbury,  Bartlett 
pears,  and  two  kinds  names  unknown.  From  William  Forbes,  Lex- 
ington, black  Hamburg,  and  Muscat  of  Alexandria  grapes.  From 
W.  Meller,  Roxbury,  black  Hamburg  grapes;  two  kinds  peaches, 
names  unknown;  pears,  names  unknown.  From  John  A.  Kenrick, 
Newton,  red  rareripe  peaches,  and  St.  Michael,  Andrews,  and  Duch- 
ess d'Angouleme  pears. 

From  J.  P.  Gushing,  Watertown,  by  David  Haggerston,  black 
Hamburg,  Muscat  of  Alexandria,  Frankendale,  black  St.  Peter, 
white  Frontignac,  Syrian,  and  white  Ghasselas  grapes;  Noblesse, 
Royal  George,  Nivette,  Vanguard,  Col.  Ansley's,  Mignonne,  and 
Madeleine  Rouge  peaches;  Violet  Grosse,  Newington.  early  Nevv- 
ington,  Roman,  Elruge,  and  new  white  or  Mountain  of  Snow  nec- 
tarines; and  the  following  pears — Bartlett,  Bon  Chretien  d'  Hiver, 
Sieulle,  Colmar  Epineaux,  striped  long  green.  Duchess  d'Angou- 
leme, Bezi  Montigny,  brown  Beurre,Doyenne  Santelete,Vert  Longue, 
Sucre  Vert,  Beurre  de  Ranz,  Beurre  Blanc,  Epine  d'  Ete,  Doyenne 
Blanc,  Martin  Sec,  and  striped  St.  Germain. 

From  J.  F.  Allen,  Salem,  black  Hamburg  and  Ghasselas  grapes; 
Royal  George  clingstone  peaches;  Golden  nectarines;  and  Seckel, 
Gansell's  Bergamot,  St.  Michael,  Bartlett,  and  Bonne  Louise  de  Jer- 
.sey  pears.  From  N.  D.  Chase,  Lynn,  Crawford's  early  peaches. 
From  William  Osborn,  Lyim,  Bartlett  pears.  From  J.  H.  White, 
gardener  to  Hon.  T.  H.  Perkins,  Brookliue,  black  Hamburg,  Mus- 
cat of  Luuel,  white  Nice,  white  Frontignac,  black  Frontignac,  and 


Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society.  379 

St.  Peters  grapes,  and  Persian  green  flesh  melons.  From  Joseph 
Grennell,  New  Bedford,  by  his  gardener,  Geo.  Coleman,  black  Ham- 
burg; grapes.  From  George  Nevvhall,  Dorchester,  Bartlett,  Fulton, 
Passe  Coltnar,  Louise  Bonne  de  Jersey,  Seckel,  Broca's  Bergamot,and 
Crassane  pears,  and  Belle  et  Bonne,  Bellflower,  and  Tippecanoe 
apples. 

From  John  C.  Howard,  Brookline,  black  Hamburg  and  white 
Chasselas  grapes;  Beurre  Diel,  Duchess  d' Angouleme,  and  two 
kinds  pears,  names  unknown;  yellow  and  red  rareripe  peaches,  and 
Persian,-Napoleon,  Citron,green  Minorca,  and  green  Smyrna  melons. 
From  A.  Fisher,  Brookline,  Andrews,  Seckel,  Fulton,  Roi  de  Wur- 
temburg,  Bartlett,  and  five  kinds  of  pears,  names  unknown;  also, 
Gravenstein  apples.  From  Horace  McFarland,  Framingiiam,  St. 
Michael  pears.  From  S.  R.  Johnson,  Charlestown,  Sweetwater 
grapes,  out-door  culture;  also,  Beurre  Diel  pears.  From  Samuel 
Phipps,  Dorchester,  King's  Bon  Chretien,  Duchess  d'Angouleme, 
Bartlett,  two  kinds  names  unknown,  and  long  green  pears;  Haw- 
thorndean,  and  Dutch  Codliti  apples,  and  a  kind  name  unknown; 
also,  Coe's  Golden  Drop  plums. 

From  J.  Breck  &  Co.,  Brighton,  Harvard  pears.  From  A.  B. 
Muzzey,  Cambridge  Port,  a  branch  containing  thirty-eight  peaches. 
From  John  Hovey,  Roxbury,  Sweetwater  grapes,  and  Api)le  quinces. 
From  George  Walsh,  Charlestown,  white  and  green  gage  plums, 
and  two  seedlings,  white  and  red;  also,  seedling  j)eaches,  St.  Michael 
pears,  and  Lady  apples.  From  A.  McLennan,  gardener  to  William 
Pratt,  Esq.,  Watertown,  black  Hamljurg,  St.  Peters,  Sweetwater, 
Frontignac,  and  red  Chasselas  grapes;  also,  Bartlett  pears.  From 
J.  C.  Parkinson,  Brighton,  large  red  api)les,  name  unknown.  From 
Wm,  Kenrick,  Newton,  Crawford's  early,  and  Adams's  clingstone 
peaches. 

From  Dr.  Sparhawk,  Walpole,  N.  H.,  by  Aaron  D.  Capen,  large 
striped  apples  (beautiful,)  name  unknown.  From  Ebenezer  Brown, 
Lynn,  Harvard  pears.  From  John  Hill,  West  Camliridge,  Oldmix- 
on.  Lemon  rareripe,  Hill's  Lemon  rareripe,  and  variegated  Wax 
peaches.  From  Madam  Eustis,  Roxbury,  Bartlett  pears.  From 
Oliver  Cook,  Brighton,  rareripe  jjeaches.  From  J.  L.  L.  F.  War- 
ren, Brighton,  Siberian  crab  apples;  President,  seedling,  Prince's 
yellow  rareripe,  Lemon  clingstone,  and  red  rarerijie  peaches;  Bart- 
lett, Duchess  d'Angouleme,  Najjoleon,  new  French  pear,  Bufium, 
St.  Marc,  Easter  Beurre  pears;  also,  red  Roman  nectarines.  From 
J.  Owen,  Cambridge,  large  red  apples,  name  unknown;  also,  a  kind 
of  grape,  name  unknown. 

From  John  T.  CofKn,  Meredith  Bridge,  N.  H.,  Bolmar  Washing- 
ton plums.  From  Haskell  Dutch,  Chelsea,  seedling  peaches.  F^rom 
Lewis  Glazier,  Gardiner,  Me.,  an  aj)ple  grown  in  a  glass  gloiie. 
From  William  Sturgiss,  Jr.,  New  York,  early  Crawford  peaches. 
From  S.  H.  Colton,  Worcester,  early  Crawford,  yellow  red  rare- 
rifie,  yellow  rareripe,  and  red  rareripe  peaches;  Seckel,  Beurre  For- 
tune, Beurre  Cajiiaumont,  Bartlett,  Napoleon,  and  BulFum  pears; 
also.  Minister  apples.  From  J.  P.  and  D.  R.  Palmer,  Boston,  a 
water-melon,  weighing  Gh  pounds,  cultivated  by  N.  S.  Bright,  Wa- 
lertown.     From  Edmund  Smith,   West  Cambridge,  Bartlett  pears. 


880  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society. 

From  William  Thomas,  Boston,  Bartlett  pears;  and  green  gage  aad 
Thomas's  seedling  plums.  From  Levi  Thaxter,  Watertown,  Porter 
apples,  and  a  kind  name  unknown.  From  Salmon  Lyman,  Man- 
chester, Ct.,  Eve,  Gravenstein,  Flint's  sweet  russet,  and  Coiman  ap- 
ples. From  Daniel  Chaplin,  Cambridge  Port,  Parkinson, Warden  (?,) 
DeToneau,  and  Poire  d'Amour  pears.  From  Samuel  Walker,  Dor- 
chester, Bartlett,  Monsieur  le  Cure,  autumn  Bergamot,  English,  and 
a  kind  of  pears  unknown. 

Vegetables. — The  exhibition  of  vegetables,  though  not  near  so 
numerous  as  in  previous  seasons,  was  nevertheless  very  good  in  re- 
spect to  the  quality  and  growth  of  the  articles  exhibited.  The  back- 
ward season  has  been  unpropitious  for  the  growth  of  squashes,  and 
other  vegetables  which  require  warm  weather,  and  but  a  few  spe- 
cimens were  shown.     The  following  is  the  Report: — 

A  great  variety  of  fine  vegetables  were  exhibited  by  Cnpt.  Lovett, 
of  Beverly,  viz: — Five  heads  of  purple  brocoli;  five  heads  of  cauli- 
flower, all  large,  well  grown,  and  excellent  specimens;  French  Su- 
gar, early  Blood  Turnip,  and  Mangel  Wurtzel  beets;  white  Altring- 
ham  carrots;  white  Dutch  parsnips;  white  Portugal,  yellow,  and 
red,  and  the  top  or  tree  onions:  among  the  potatoes,  there  were  two 
seedlings,  of  the  growth  of  1841,  and  the  Chenango,  early  Flat, 
white  Dutch,  Jackson  or  Snowball,  two  kinds  of  black,  and  the 
round  red;  Ruta  Baga  turnips;  white  bush.  Horticultural,  white  cran- 
berry, red  cranberry,  purple  striped,  Sieva,  and  new  scarlet  beans. 

From  F.  W.  Macondry,  three  varieties  of  celery.  South  Sea  to- 
matoes, and  Crookneek  winter  squashes.  From  Dr.  J.  C.  Howard, 
Orange,  common  red,  and  Cul)a  tomatoes;  also,  red  solid  celery. 
From  J.  F.  Trull,  six  roots  Bailey's  red  Giant  celery;  six  roots 
Bailey's  white  Giant  celery,  one  basket  Cuba  tomatoes,  six  eiig 
plants,  and  Crookneek  winter  squashes.  From  J.  C.  Parkinson, 
Brighton,  four  kinds  Brazilian  beet.  From  George  Walsh,  three 
ears  of  extra  fins  corn.  From  A.  D.  Weld,  fine  large  Chenango 
potatoes.  From  George  Newhall,  Dorchester,  yellow  tomatoes. 
From  Mrs.  Bigelovv,  P>ledford,  common  red  tomatoes,  large  and  fine. 
From  A.  Bowditch,  a  basket  of  fine  large  Chenango  potatoes. 

Messrs.  Hovey  &  Co.  exhibited  two  very  large  handsome  squash- 
es, called  the  Italian;  we'ijihtfifty-tivo  pounds  each,  round,  and  of  a 
deep  orange  color.  From  O.  Johnson,  sugar  beets,  early  Blood 
Turnip  beets,  and  Orange  carrots,  all  large  and  good.  From  R. 
Ward,  large  and  excellent  Lima  beans.  From  J.  L.  L.  F.  Warren, 
several  varieties  of  the  fruit  of  the  egg  plant. 

HORTICULTURAL  FESTIVAL. 

The  Festival  took  place  on  the  16th,  at  Concert  Hall,  and  an  ac- 
count of  it  has  already  appeared  in  the  newspapers  of  the  day;  but 
it  was  one  of  those  epochs  in  the  progress  of  the  Society,  which 
seem  deserving  of  record  in  our  pages.  To  give  an  account  of  the 
whole — the  si)eeches,  sentiments,  songs,  &c- — would  occupy  nearly, 
or  quite,  our  entire  number:  yet,  we  are  so  well  assured  that  a  brief 
notice  of  it  will  not  only  be  expected,  but  will  be  read  with  pleasure, 
especially  by  our  friends  at  a  distance,  that  we  have  excluded  other 
matter  to  make  room  for  this. 


Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society.  381 

The  Hall  was  beautifully  decorated  with  flowers;  at  each  end  wag 
placed  an  immense  bouquet,  composed  of  dahlias  and  other  flowers, 
reachina:  nearly  to  the  ceilinir;  above  these  were  wreaths  and  fes- 
toons of  flowers.  Over  the  cornice  at  the  end  of  the  hall,  at  the  head 
of  tiie  table,  was  placed  a  tablet,  bearing  the  inscription — 

"fourteenth  anniversary    of  the    MASSACHUSETTS   HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY." 

Opposite  to  this,  at  the  other  end   of  the  hall,  was  another,  reading 
thus: — 

"the  world  WAS    SAD THE  GARDEN  WAS  A  WILD, 

AND  MAN  THE  HERMIT  SIGHED — TILL  WOMAN    SMILED." 

But  if  the  hull  was  beautifully  decorated,  what  shall  we  say  of  the 
tables.?  of  the  inunense  quantity  of  fruit  under  which  they  literally 
groaned.'' — The  luscious  peaches — the  blooming  nectarines — the  de- 
licious grapes — thi  melting  pear.s — the  apples,  plums,  melons.  Sec— 
Such  a  splendid  display  of  fruit  was  never  before  seen,  except  at  the 
Society's  exhibition.  A  larger  part  of  it  was  contributed  by  the  lib- 
erality of  the  members.  Interspersed  among  the  fruit,  were  elegant 
bouquets,  intended  for  the  ladies  to  take  with  them  at  the  close  of 
the  feast:  these  added  to  the  brilliancy  and  elegance  of  the  hall. 

But  the  crowning  scene  of  the  whole  was  yet  to  come.  The  com- 
pany bei^an  to  assemble  at  5  o'clock,  and,  in  a  short  time,  the  adjoin- 
ing saloon  was  filled  with  ladies  and  gentlemen,  mingling  in  pleasant 
and  agreeal)le  conversation  upon  the  novel  subject  of  the  introduc- 
tion of  ladies  to  partake  in  the  festivities  of  the  anniversary.  At  6 
precisely,  the  doors  of  the  supper  room  were  opened;  the  invited 
guests  were  conducted  to  their  seats,  and,  in  a  few  moments,  the 
whole  company,  composed  of  upwards  of  two  hundred,  were  com- 
fortably seated  at  the  tables.  The  spectacle,  at  this  moment,  was  of 
the  most  magnificent  description,  realizing  even  the  extravagant 
imaginations  of  an  eastern  tale.  The  i)rilliancy  of  the  hall,  the 
music  from  the  band,  the  flowers,  the  fruits,  anti,  t'ar  above  all,  the 
presence  of  female  beauty  and  grace,  tended  to  complete  an  ensem- 
ble, unsurpassed  as  it  was  unique  in  its  character. 

During  the  evening,  oriffinal  songs,  written  for  the  occasion  by  T, 
Power  and  J.  H.  Vv  arland,  Esqrs.,  were  sung  by  Mrs.  Andrews  and 
Mr.  Barker,  and  the  band  played  a  variety  of  appropriate  music  be- 
tween the  sentiments.  A  blessing  was  invoked  by  the  Rev.  Mr. 
A'Vinslow,  upon  the  occasion,  and  after  a  short  period  passed  in  par- 
taking of  the  refreshments  which  were  so  profusely  offered,  the  Pres- 
ident rose,  and  said — 

"Gentlemen  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society: — Another 
period  has  in  the  course  of  time  elapsed,  and  assembled  us  together 
to  celebrate  the  Fourteenth  Anniversary  of  this  Society — to  exchai)i;e 
mutual  congratulations  on  the  success  of  our  past  eflorts,  and  to 
crown  the  year  with  rejoicing. 

"At  our  last  anniversary,  [  had  the  pleasure  of  briefly  adverting  to 
the  flourishing  condition  of  the  Society,  and  to  the  progress  of  the 
science  whose  object  it  has  l)een  to  promote.  And  I  am  now  happy 
to  state  that  there  has  been  no  diminution  of  the  zeal  and  interest  so 
universally  felt  in  the  cause  of  Horticulture. 

"During  the  past  year  there  has  been  a  greater  accession  of 
members  to  the  Society  than  in  any  former  one  since  its  discojmec- 


382  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Socieiy. 

tion  with  the  Mount  Auburn  Cemetery.  The  increased  number  of 
contributors,  the  improved  character  of  the  productions  exhiltited, 
and  the  anxiety  to  possess  trees  and  i)lants,  srive  the  most  gratifying 
evidence  of  the  rapid  advancement  of  the  art,  and  the  high  rank  to 
Avhich  it  has  attained. 

"The  patronage  of  the  comiiinnity  has  also  been  so  much  augment- 
ed, that  the  Society  feels  itself  straitened  in  its  present  location,  and 
have  in  contemplation,  at  no  distant  day,  to  erect  an  edifice,  suitable 
in  elegance  and  convenience  to  the  importance  of  the  subject. 

"The  love  of  gardening,  in  which  is  com])rised  the  science  of  Hor- 
ticulture, seems  to  be  an  innate  and  natural  principle  of  the  mind, 
congenial  to,  and  connected  vvith,  our  ideas  of  hap|)iiiess.  From  the 
earliest  ayes,  it  has,  in  all  civilized  nations,  held  an  honorable  and 
distinguished  rank,  and  to  which  man  has  looked,  not  oidy  as  a 
source  to  which  he  might  apply  his  industry,  but  for  amusement  and 
gratification. 

"Solomon  says,  'I  made  me  gardens  and  orchards,  and  I  planted  in 
them  trees  of  all  kind  of  fruits;'  and  Cyrus,  one  of  the  Persian 
kings,  we  are  informed,  boasted  that  he  had  not  only  laid  out  and  de- 
signed his  own  garden,  but  had  planted  many  of  the  trees  with  his 
own  hands. 

"At  the  present  titne  there  is  a  spirit  of  enterprise  hitherto  unknown, 
pervading  the  world  in  the  cause  of  Airriculture  and  Horticulture. 
Men  of  talents  and  influence  are  more  than  ever  giving  their  atten- 
tion to  the  subject,  and  enrolling  their  names  as  its  patrons;  and 
there  are  few,  if  any,  pursuits,  so  generally  held  in  high  esteem,  and 
no  anniversaries  or  exhibitions  so  decidedly  favorites  with  the  public, 
as  those  of  Agricultural  and  Horticultural  Societies. 

"That  these  have  had  a  happy  and  powerful  influence  in  dissemi- 
nating a  love  for  these  ol>jects,  1  think  cannot  be  doubted.  A  writer, 
many  years  since,  remarked  that  the  London  Horticultural  Society 
had  accomplished  more  since  its  formation,  than  China  had  done  in 
a  thousand  years;  and  as  an  illustration  of  the  popular  favor,  allow 
nie  to  read  you  an  extract  from  a  journal  giving  some  account  of  the 
patronage  bestowed  on  this  Society  at  their  exhibition  in  May  last. 

[The  President  here  read  an  extract  from  the  Gardener's  Chroni- 
cle, giviiiir  an  account  of  the  June  exhibition  of  that  Society,  which 
we  have  already  copied  into  our  Magazine,  at  p.  338.] 

"But  I  will  not  trespass  further  upon  the  time,  which  I  am  aware 
will  be  so  much  better  occupied  with  remarks  and  sentiments  from 
our  friends  present.  Allow  me,  gentlemen,  however,  to  observe,  and 
to  which  1  know  your  feelings  respond,  that  it  is  a  matter  of  the  high- 
est gratification  that  we  are  honored  with  the  presence  of  the  ladies 
on  this  occasion,  and  that  woman,  vvith  her  bright  smiles  and  cheer- 
ful looks,  has  come  up  to  participate  vvith  us,  and  to  chasten  and  re- 
fine this  Feast  of  Fruits  and  Flowers.  She  it  was  who  was  placed 
in  the  prineii)al  garden,  to  help  dress  and  keep  it,  and  who  has  ever 
been,  from  the  most  elevated  ranks  of  society,  to  the  humble  cottage 
girl,  that  ornaments  her  window  with  a  few  favorite  plants  and  flow- 
ers, the  distinguished  j)atroness  of  the  science. 

"Gentlemen  of  the  Society — Permit  me  to  congratulate  you  on  the 
harmony  and  good  feeling  that  exists  among  us,  on  the  success  which 


Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society.  3S3 

has  crowned  your  efforts  thus  far.  Let  this  excite  and  encourage 
you  to  attain  to  a  still  greater  degree  of  excellence,  and  let  us  rejoice 
that  we  are  here  assembled  under  such  happy  and  auspicious  circum- 
stances, to  ])romote  a  cause  which  conduces  so  much,  not  only  to  our 
own,  hut  to  the  comfort  and  happiness  of  mankind. 

"Ladies  and  eentlemen,  allow  lue  to  propose  for  your  considera- 
tion, the  following  sentiment: — 

Horticultural  Anniversaries. — Nature's  grand  Festivals — at  Avhich  she  opens 
her  storehouse  of  plenty,  and  crowns  with  rich  profusion  the  labors  of  her 
sons. 

The  President  then  proposed  the  following  sentiments: — 

Our  Country. — A  favored  spot  of  earth,  where  Liberty  has  taken  root,  and 

Its  fruits  surpass  in  value  the  "Golden  Apples"  of  antiquity. 

The  Orator  of  the  Bay. — wliether  in  the  Field — in  the  Labaratory— among 

the  flowers  of  the  Garden,  or  in  the  Academic  grove, — he  is  equally  at  home. 

Mr.  Teschemacher  g-ave  in  reply — 

The  liberal  cultivation  of  reciprocal  esteem  and  friendship  among  nations — it  is 
sure  to  produce  the  blessed  fruits  of  peace. 

The  President  remarked  that  the  next  sentiment  had  been  prepar- 
ed in  honor  of  a  distinguished  individual,  a  member  of  the  Society, 
who  feels  a  deep  interest  in  agricultural  and  horticultural  pursuits, 
but  who,  from  the  inclement  state  of  the  weather,  was  prevented 
from  being  present. 

Daniel  Webster. — His  Laurels  are  not  tinged  with  blood,  the  Vine  en- 
twines the  pillar  of  his  fame,  the  Myrtle  springs  up  in  the  track  of  his  foot- 
steps, and  his  country  delights  to  repose  under  the  shade  of  the  Olive  he  has 
planted. 

Long  and  loud  applause  succeeded  this  sentiment: — 

The  Mayor  of  Boston— woxXhy  to  represent  a  city  renowned  for  public 
spirit,  intelligence  and  patriotism. 

To  this  sentiment  the  Mayor  replied  in  a  neat  and  beautiful  speech, 
touching  the  appearance  of  ladies  at  public  festivals.  He  concluded 
with  the  following: — 

The  modern  Garden  of  Eden — where  woman  shall  still  be  a  match  for  a 
man,  and  more  than  a  match  for  any  serpent. 

The  President  then  gave — 

Harvard  University. — A  fountain  opened  by  the  Pilgrims.  Many  have 
drawn  of  its  waters,  and  thousands  are  now  dispensing  them  for  the  refresh- 
ment of  the  souls  that  thirst  after  knowledge. 

President  Quincy  replied  in  an  interesting  speech,  and  after  allud- 
ing to  the  scene  and  the  ceminiscences  it  awakened  of  times  gone  by, 
when  improvements  in  flowers  and  fruits  were  unknown,  and,  to  the 
degree  before  him,  unanticipated,  continued — 

"It  was  in  the  year  1792  that  the  first  attem[)t  was  made  in  this 
city  and  vicinity,  to  aid  and  encourage  the  cultivation  of  the  soil, 
through  the  agency  of  an  incorporated  Society.  At  that  tinie  some 
of  the  greatest  men  of  their  age  formed  and  obtained  an  incorpora- 
tion of  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  Society,  the  precursor  and  the 
parent  of  that  most  successful  Society,  whose  anniversary  we  now 


MassachustUs  Horticultural  Society. 

celebrate.  I  need  only  repeat  the  names  of  Lowell,  Cabot,  Ames, 
Adams,  Lyman,  and  Strong,  not  to  mention  others,  to  awaken  in  ev- 
ery cotemporary  mini,  the  recollection  of  their  worth,  their  great- 
ness, and  their  patriotism.  These  gentlemen,  with  their  associates 
and  successors,  labored  for  twenty  years  in  endeavors  to  im])rove  the 
agriculture  of  the  country.  Buc  do  you  think,  Mr.  President,  that 
they  souiiht  to  introduce,  or  even  indulged  in  imagination  the  hope 
of  the  glorious  results  we  at  this  time  are  witnessing?  Did  they  dream 
of  raising  peaches  under  glass,  and  grapes  in  green-houses,  for  sale 
in  the  market,  or  for  agricultural  profit.''  They  would  have  as  soon 
thought  of  making  a  voyage  across  the  Atlantic,  as  is  now  done,  in 
twelve  days,  by  the  power  of  steam.  How  to  improve  the  flesh  and 
fleeces  of  sheep,  how  to  raise  the  best  breed  of  hogs,  how  best  to  man- 
age pasture  or  grass  lands,  how  to  enlarge  the  quantity  and  im|)rove 
the  quality  of  manures  and  the  like,  were  the  labor  of  their  thoughts, 
and  the  oljjects  to  which  their  useful  and  patriotic  influences  were  di- 
rected. As  to  'Horticulture,'  it  was  a  term  not  known,  practically, 
in  their  nomenclature.  The  culture  of  fruit  trees — peaches,  apples, 
pears,  and  even  grapes,  in  the  open  air,  is,  indeed,  occasionally  men- 
tioned in  their  publications.  But  it  was  not,  I  think,  until  the  year 
1815,  that  any  very  active  measures  were  taken  to  excite  our  farmers 
to  a  scientific  and  systematic  attention  to  fruits  and  trees.  The  term 
'horticulture'  was  still,  in  a  maimer,  unknown  to  us,  in  a  practical 
sense.  Nor  was  it  until  the  year  1821,  that  a  regular  and  urgent  no- 
tice was  taken  in  their  publications  of  'the  Scieiice  of  Horticulture.' 
And  what  did  they  then  say  on  the  subject.''  Why — that  in  this  coun- 
try 'we  are  yet  infants  in  horticultural  science' — that  'we  have  not 
yet  brought  into  use  all  the  common  culinary  vegetables' — that  'in 
the  cultivation  of  fruits,  and  in  the  management  of  trees  and  grapes, 
we  are,  in  point  of  skill,  half  a  century  behind  Dutch  and  English 
gardeners.' 

"This  state  of  things  continued,  with  some  gradual  improvements, 
until  1828,  when  the  spirited,  enterprising,  and  patriotic  gentlemen 
who  laid  the  foundation  of  this  Horticultural  Society,  obtained  that 
charter  of  incorporation,  under  whose  influences,  and  by  whose  ex- 
ample, these  noble  results  were  effected,  the  fruits  of  which  we  now 
witness  and  enjoy. 

"While  rejoicing  in  the  present,  it  was  impossible  for  me  to  refrain 
from  recollectino-  the  past,  the  days  of  humble  but  honorable  endea- 
vors in  the  same  field,  now  so  happily  improved.  Nor  could  I  re*- 
frain  from  doing  honor  to  those  great  men,  who,  in  times  less  happy, 
prosperous,  and  advanced,  first  set  the  example  of  exciting  and  di- 
recting our  farmers  in  the  cultivation  of  the  soil,  and  were  the  re- 
mote, but  among  the  efficient,  causes  of  the  noble  improvements  now 
made  and  advancing  in  both  agriculture  and  horticulture. 

"Lord  Bacon  says  somewhere,  that  'God  Almighty  first  planted  a 
garden;'  from  whence  he  deduces  that  there  is  something  elevated 
in  its  labors,  and  something  divine  in  its  creations  and  results.  He 
adds,  that  it  is  'the  purest  of  all  pleasures,  and  the  greatest  refresh- 
ment to  the  spirits  of  man.' 

"Borrowing  the  language  of  this  great  man,  I  propose  the  follow- 
ing sentiment: — 


JMas'sachuselts  Horticultural  Society.  385 

Horticulture — The  purest  of  all  pleasures,  and  the  greatest  refreshment  of 
the  spirits  of  man. 

The  next  toast  was — 

The  Clergy — They  scatter  broadcast  that  good  seed  which  shall  laring  forth 
thirty,  sixty,  and  an  hundred  fold. 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Wiiislovv  replied  to  this  sentiment,  and  gave — 

Paradise  regained. — No  more  in  danger  of  being  lost  by  the  presence  of 
her  Eve,  since  the  "fruit  of  the  tree"  that  is  "good  for  food  and  pleasant  to 
the  eyes,"  is  no  longer  forbidden. 

Several  of  the  clergy  being  present,  the  President  called  upon 
them  for  sentiments. 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Pierpont  made  a  {ew  pertinent  remarks,  and  con- 
cluded with  the  following  sentiment — 

The  Gardener— The  co-worker  with  the  Creator  of  all  that  is  beautiful  and 
good. 

By  Rev.  Mr.  Croswell — 

The  Waters  of  Massachusetts — 

"Though  with  those  streams  they  no  resemblance  hold. 
Whose  foam  is  amber,  and  whose  gravel  gold, 
Wouldst  thou  their  genuine  guiltless  wealth  explore, 
Search  not  their  bottom,  but  survey  their  shore." 

The  next  sentiment  was  as  follows: — 

Louisiana — Her  sons  know  how  to  defend  as  well  as  cultivate  her  soil. 
Her  products  have  proved  her  bulwarks,  as  they  have  her  support. 

The  Hon.  Mr.  Conrad,  Senator  from  Louisiana,  made  a  brief  re- 
ply, and  gave — 

The  State  of  Blassachusetts—Al-ways  the  first  in  the  arts  of  peace,  and  nev- 
er behind  any  i')  war. 

Maine  and  Massachusetts — Sister  States,  whose  valuable  interests  in  the 
Disputed  Boundary  have  been  so  happily  secured  by  their  intelligent  commis- 
sioners. 

The  Hon.  Abbott  Lawrence  replied.  He  alluded  to  the  manner 
in  which  the  question  had  been  adjusted,  through  the  labors  and  ex- 
ertions of  Mr.  Webster.     He  concluded  as  follows: — 

"Sir,  I  will  not  consume  more  of  your  time,  but  pass  from  this  sub- 
ject to  the  agreeable  occasion  which  has  l)rought  us  together.  I  have 
seen  it  observed  somewhere,  that  there  is  a  great  amount  of  sound 
morals  in  a  flower.  I  subscribe  to  the  remark.  We  cannot  be  un- 
inindful  of  the  increased  taste  for  the  cultivation  of  flowers  among  us 
in  the  last  five  and  twenty  years,  especially  since  the  formation  of 
this  Society  fifteen  years  ago,  and  with  it  a  corresponding  improve- 
ment in  the  public  morals.  I  am  one  of  those  persons  who  believe 
that  mankind  has  improved — is  improving,  morally  and  physically — 
and  by  constant  vigilance  will  continue  to  improve; — and  to  you,  Mr. 
President  and  to  your  coadjutors,  we  are  deeply  indebted  for  the  rap- 
id improvements  that  have  been  made  in  horticulture  and  floriculture. 

"VVhen  I  see  a  hard  laboring  man  carrying  under  his  arm  (which  I 
often  do,)  a  potted  flower  or  plant  instead  of  a  bottle,  1  feel  a  convic- 
tion that  that  man  has  a  virtuous  and  happy  home. 

VOL.  VIII. — NO.  X.  49 


386  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society. 

"Ladles  ami  gentlemen,  the  exhibition  here  to-night,  altogether,  is 
the  best  proof  that  can  be  presented  of  a  high  state  of  civilization  and 
refinement,  and,  as  a  member  of  this  Society,  I  confess  I  am  proud  of 
the  scene  before  me.  It  is  only  by  comparing  one  period  with  anoth- 
er that  we  mark  the  improvement  in  the  production  of  fruits  and 
flowers.  I  have  never  any  where  seen  an  e.\hil)ition  of  fruits  to  com- 
pare with  the  one  just  held,  in  richness  and  variety.  Who  would  have 
ventured  but  ten  years  since,  to  have  predicled  that,  at  this  time,  we 
should  have  seen,  in  our  good  city,  an  exhibition  like  the  one  upon 
which  we  have  feasted  our  eyes  for  the  last  three  days,  and  this  even- 
ing have  a  realizmg  sense  of  something  better  than  sight.'' 

"Mr.  President — the  cause  of  sound  religion  and  pure  morals  ia 
promoted  by  the  cultivation  of  fruits  and  flowers;  perhaps  there  is  no 
occupation  that  tends  more  to  harmonize  and  humanize  the  heart  of 
man,  and  elevate  it  through  nature  up  to  Nature's  God. 

"I  shall  say  no  more,  but,  with  your  leave,  offer  a  sentiment: — 

Eural  Ecnnomy. — May  the  people  of  the  United  States  become  as  distin- 
guished for  lis  cultivatioD  and  advancement,  as  they  have  been  for  the  es- 
tablishment of  civil  and  religious  liberty. 

The  next  toast  was — 

Roil-roads. — Modern  sources  of  travel,  which  lessen  space— annihilate  time 
— and  develop  the  wealth  of  nations. 

This  sentiment  called  up  the  Hon.  Josiah  Quincy,  Jr.,  who  made 
some  very  apposite  and  beautiful  remarks  in  relation  to  the  festival. 
Mr.  Quincy  stated  that  this  was  not  the  first  dinner  party  at  which 
the  ladies  were  present,  and  he  would  proceed  to  show  that  an  en- 
tertainment of  this  kind  was  one  of  the  oldest  on  record.  To  do  this, 
he  read  extracts  from  Milton,  which  proved  that  the  ornaments  of  the 
hall,  the  fare  upon  the  table,  the  after  dinner  speeches,  and,  above 
all,  the  presence  of  the  other  sex,  were  precisely  the  same  at  the  last 
as  they  had  been  at  the  first  dinner  party.  He  concluded  with  the 
following  sentiment: — 

The  first  and  the  last  Dinner  Party. — Fruits  and  flowers,  graced  by  the  pres- 
ence of  the  fair.     At  such  an  entertainment,  well  might  an  angel  exclaim — 
"Though  in  heaven  the  trees 
Of  life,  ambrosial  fruitage  bear,  and  vines 
Yield  neclar;  though  from  olf  the  boughs,  each  morn 
We  brush  inellifluous  dews;  yet  Ood  hath  here 
Varied  his  bounty  so  with  new  delights. 
As  may  compare  with  Heaven." 

The  next  sentiment  from  the  Chair  was — 

Our  Young  Men. — "  Just  as  the  twig  is  bent  the  tree's  inclined." 

"If  prone  to  earth,  the  infant  stall?  we  train. 
Nor  height,  nor  glory,  will  it  ere  attain; 
But  if  its  tender  years  erect  we  guide, 
'Twill  be  the  Gardener's  or  the  Forest's  pride." 

Horace  Mann,  Esq.,  the  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Education,  ad- 
dressed the  Chair,  and  we  regret  we  can  only  give  a  part  of  his  re- 
marks. 

"Mr.  President,  the  venerable  gentleman  at  your  left  has  told  us, 
that  twenty  years  ago,  when  the  first  attempts  were  made  in  this  vi- 
cinity for  horticultural  improvement,  there  were  but  four  or  five  kinds 
of  cherries,  about  as  many  of  pears,  and  so  of  other  fruits — and  he 
has  contrasted  the  poverty  of  the  orchards  and  the  gardens  at  that 


Massachusetts  Horikultural   Society.  387 

day,  with  their  wealth  and  luxuriance  at  the  present  time.  Sir,  there 
are  not  less  than  one  hundred  thousand  children  in  this  Coinmon- 
wealtli  under  ten  years  of  age,  who  would  go  half  crazy  at  the  beau- 
ty, the  frairrance,  and  the  deliciousiiess  of  the  treasures  you  have 
brouiiht  together  here.  Just  think  of  a  company  of  fifty  thousand  lit- 
tle girls,  and  as  many  little  boys,  peeping  between  pickets,  through 
cracks  and  key-holes,  at  such  a  sight;  and  longing  to  make  bouquets 
from  your  flowers  for  their  own  bosoms,  and  to  test  the  quality  of 
your  peaches  and  plums  and  grapes,  by  some  swer  sense  than  that  of 
the  eye.  Now,  sir,  as  your  imjirovements  increase  the  temptations 
of  children  to  take  what  is  not  their  own, — ought  not  something, — 
nay,  ought  not  a  great  deal  to  be  done,  to  improve  their  conscientious- 
ness, that  they  may  resist  those  temptations?  We  are  told  that  in 
some  places  in  Prussia,  the  children  are  trained  up  in  such  habits  of 
honesty,  that  gooseberries,  and  plums,  and  cherries,  and  other  fruits, 
may  hang  in  luscious  clusters  within  their  reach  the  whole  season, 
and  ripen  by  the  side-walks,  within  reach  of  every  child,  and  yet  nev- 
er be  touched  by  a  purloining  hand.  Have  we  not  a  vast  work  to 
do,  in  this  country,  before  we  arrive  at  such  a  point  of  juvenile  mo- 
rality .''  Ought  not  your  friends,  then,  and  my  friends,  to  make  a  com- 
pact, that  while  we  applaud  and  patronize  your  efforts  to  improve  the 
fruits  and  flowers  of  the  earth,  you  shall  aid  us  in  renovating  the 
moral  character  of  the  young,  in  improving  the  celestial  fruits — the 
immortal  amaranths  of  the  youthful  soul  .''  I  never  pass  by  your  gar- 
dens and  orchards,  and  see  those  bristling  pickets, — those  high  fences 
surmounted  with  iron  spikes,  without  thinking  how  much  better  and 
safer  it  would  be  to  have  the  security  which  honesty  and  conscience 
would  give,  rather  than  those  uncertain  barriers  against  plunder. 
This,  I  am  persuaded,  we  shall  have,  when  we  devote  an  attention  to 
the  well-being  of  the  soul,  at  all  corresponding  to  that  which  we  are 
accustomed  to  pay  to  the  well-being  of  the  body. 

"Sir,  your  present  exhibition  has  been  the  occasion  of  enforcing  a 
great  truth  on  my  mind,  and  I  thank  you  for  it.  We  have  been  told 
here,  to-night,  that  it  is  but  forty  years  since  the  first  Horticultural 
Society  in  the  world — that  of  London — was  established;  and  all  those 
who  are  best  acquainted  with  the  subject,  seem  to  want  words  to  de- 
scribe the  extent  of  the  improvements  since  effected  in  this  beautiful 
art.  What  does  this  prove  but  nature's  susceptibility  of  amelioration 
under  the  cultivating  hand  of  man .''  The  whole  vegetable  world  is 
one  varied  manifestation  of  this  animating,  encouraging  truth.  Un- 
der human  culture,  wild  and  bitter  roots  become  wholesome  and  de- 
licious esculents.  Fruits,  before  acid  and  dwarfish,  bend  their  branch- 
es with  golden  and  nectarious  clusters;  and  flowering  trees,  before 
stinted  and  feeble,  put  on  an  ampler  and  more  diversified  coronal  of 
beauty. 

"The  same  thing  is  true  in  regard  to  animals.  The  faithful  and  sa- 
gacious dog  is  only  the  great-grandson,  or  some  later  descendant,  of 
the  wolf;  and  the  noble  horse  and  ox  have  acquired  their  fleetness 
and  draft  under  the  improving,  though  so  often  ungenerous,  hand  of 
man.  Are  these  capabilities,  think  you,  confined  to  the  inanimate 
world — or  to  the  lower  orders  of  animals?  No;  the  same  capacities 
abound  through  all  the  domains  of  nature.     We  see  it  in  our  own 


383  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society. 

race,  when  we  make  a  comparison  between  periods  of  time  sufficient- 
ly remote  from  each  other.  Look  at  our  progenitors,  the  early  inhab- 
itants of  Great  Britain,  and  all  those  lawless,  plundering  hordes, 
which  invaded  that  country  from  the  North  of  Europe.  Look  at 
those  boat-loads — for  the  ships  of  those  days  were  only  boats — of 
Saxons  and  Danes,  who  conquered  England.  Look  at  Hengist  and 
Horsa,  and  their  savage  retinue,  those  red-haired,  uncombed,  shaggy 
pirates,  clad  in  undressed  skins,  (as  far  as  they  were  clad  at  all,)  de- 
scending upon  the  coast,  driving  the  natives  before  them,  or  destroy- 
ing them  on  the  spot — were  these  likely  men,  from  whom  to  extract 
Lord  Bacon,  and  Shakspeare,  and  Milton,  and  Wilberforce.'' 

"Mr.  President,  1  will  detain  you  no  longer  than  to  give  the  follow- 
ing sentiment: — 

Horticultural  Lnprovemenis — which  have  exalted  the  useless  into  the  useful, 
have  adorned  the  inelegant  with  beauty,  and  purified  the  poisonous  into  the 
healthful:  may  they  be  the  emblems  and  the  augury  of  similar  improvements 
in  the  intellectual  and  moral  world. 

The  President  then  gave — 

The  Speaker  of  the  House  of  JRepresentatives—Comma.nding  respect  by  his 
talents,  and  enforcing  moderation  by  his  urbanity. 

To  this  sentiment  Mr.  Kinnicutt  replied,  and  concluded  by  propos- 
ing— 

The  Ladies  of  the  3Iemhers  and  of  the  Guests  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticuh 
tural  Society — The  richest  fruits  of  a  New  England  soil — The  brightest  flow- 
ers of  our  New  England  homes. 

Hon.  J.  T.  Austin,  the  Attorney  General,  being  present,  the  Chair 
called  upon  him  for  a  sentiment.  Mr.  Austin  replied  in  a  delightful 
speech,  of  which  we  can  only  present  the  more  pleasing  parts: — 

"Mr.  President, — If  those  only  who  could  share  your  agreeable  oc- 
cupation, were  permitted  to  take  a  part  in  this  interesting  festival, 
those  of  us  who  live  by  necessity  on  the  crowded  pavement — strebitu- 
que  pulvere  urbis — in  the  noise  and  dust  of  the  city,  would  be  exclud- 
ed from  this  fairy  land,  which  Calypso  might  have  envied,  and 
which  more  than  rivals  in  beauty  the  fabled  garden  of  the  Hesper- 
ides. 

"But  we  can  admire,  sir,  if  we  could  not  work.  We  can  ajypreciate 
the  novelty,  the  splendor,  the  fragrance  of  this  scene  of  enchantment; 
and,  as  an  humble  individual,  I  come  to  thank  you  for  having  created 
from  the  dust  of  the  earth,  one  of  the  fairest  and  richest  and  most  in- 
nocent sources  of  human  happiness,  and  given  to  the  heart  of  every 
man  and  woman,  who  has  taste  and  sensibility,  a  most  grateful  sub- 
ject of  satisfaction  and  delight. 

"There  is  something  in  this  occasion  higher  and  nobler  than  the  mere 
momentary  pleasure  of  the  eye  or  the  taste.  I  cannot  but  think,  sir, 
that  it  casts  the  spell  of  kindness,  of  brotherhood,  of  social  affection, 
of  good  fellowship,  over  all  classes  of  our  agitated  community.  It  di- 
versifies our  eternal  discussion  of  banks,  tariffs,  and  vetoes.  It  gives 
us  to  learn  that  there  is  something  worth  living  for  besides  politics 
and  party,  and  it  may  persuade  us  that  men  of  all  parties,  and  all  pol- 
itics, may  have  something  in  common  for  the  good  of  the  country  and 
the  race. 


Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society.  339 

•'Sir,  the  production  of  fruits  and  flowers,  gorgeous  to  the  eye,  rich 
to  the  senses,  their  delicate  juices,  their  elegant  fornjs,  their  intermi- 
nable coloring,  raised  from  a  little  seed  dropped  into  a  patch  of  dirty 
earth,  is  among  the  most  wonderful  and  inscrutable  efforts  of  nature. 
But  this  effect  of  her  power  seems  to  be  her  amusement,  her  sport, 
her  pastime.  The  great  work-shop  of  nature  is  in  the  corn-fields,  the 
wheat  lands,  the  cotton  grounds  of  the  agriculturist  and  the  planter. 
There  she  provides  food  and  clothing  for  her  human  family.  There 
is  the  necessary  sustenance  for  man  and  beast. 

"But  in  the  orchard  and  the  garden  you  find  her  in  her  laughing  and 
frolic  mood,  amusing  the  imagination,  cultivating  the  taste,  dealing 
with  the  beautiful,  the  delicate,  the  fair,  for  recreation  and  fancy.  To 
the  astronomer,  she  speaks  of  architecture  and  builds  the  Universe. 
To  the  farmer,  she  is  a  political  economist,  and  feeds  the  world.  To 
the  philosopher,  she  is  full  of  deep  science  and  abstruse  learning, 
though  she  discourses  with  the  music  of  the  spheres.  But  to  you, 
sir,  to  the  florist  and  the  horticulturalist,  she  comes  al  allegro, 

'With  quips  and  cranks  and  wanton  wiles, 
And  noils  and  winks  and  wreailied  smiles.' 

"She  is  the  poet  of  his  heart.     My  toast  is 

Fruits  and  Floioers — The  poetry  of  nature. 

The  President  then  proposed — 

Mount  Auburn — The  peaceful  shades  where  repose  the  loved  and  lost  of 
earth.  When  we  tread  its  umbrageous  paths,  may  we  not  forget  to  whom 
we  are  indebted  for  the  conception  of  so  mleresting  a  spot. 

General  Dearborn,  (the  first  President  of  the  Society,)  who  was 
prevented  from  being  present,  sent  a  letter,  which  was  read  from  the 
chair: — 

"Hawthorne  Cottage,  Boxbury,  Sept.  16,  1842. — My  Dear  Sir, — For 
the  lamentable  reasons  which  I  stated  to  you,  I  am  compelled  to  ab- 
sent myself  from  the  Annual  Festival  of  the  Horticultural  Society; 
you  may  be  assured,  however,  that  the  deep  and  zealous  interest 
which  I  have  ever  taken  in  its  meritorious  efforts,  to  advance  and  ex- 
tend a  taste  for  useful  and  ornamental  planting,  has  not  only  not  abat- 
ed, but  that  a  long  cherished  passion  for  rural  culture  will  be  aug- 
mented by  time  and  be  commensurate  with  my  existence. 

"Horticulture,  as  a  science  and  an  art,  was  honored  and  cultivated 
by  Solomon  and  Ulysses,  Pliny  and  Cicero,  Bacon  and  Milton,  Wash- 
ington and  Madison;  and,  with  the  rapid  march  of  intelligence,  they 
are  now  deemed  worthy  of  the  admiration  and  attention  of  the  most 
illustrious  princes,  nobles,  philoso|)hers,  and  warriors — of  the  most 
enliiihtened  men  and  most  accomplished  women,  throughout  the  earth; 
and  is  not  this  intellectual  development  in  conformity  to  an  establish- 
ed law  of  our  creation.^ — for  as  the  soul  of  man  descended  upon  him 
in  a  garden,  may  it  not  be  truly  said,  and  allow  me  to  offer  as  a  sen- 
timent— 

"A  Garden — 'sic  itur  ad  astra.'     [This  is  the  way  to  iieaven.] 

"With  sincere  esteem,  I  offer  the  most  friendly  salutations, 

"H.  A.  S.  Dearborn. 
"Col.  M.  P.  Wilder,  President  Massachusetts  Horticiiliural  Society." 


390  jyiassachusetts  HorlicuUural  Society. 

Next  followed  this  sentiment: — 

The  Bunker  Hill  Monument — The  corner-stone  nobly  speaks  the  praise  of 
Man — the  top-stone  that  of  Woman.  "Let  the  earliest  light  of  morning  gild 
it,  and  parting  day  linger  and  play  upon  its  summii." 

J.  T.  Buckingham,  President  of  the  B.  H.  Monument  Association, 
re|)lied  to  this  in  a  few  brief  remariis  upon  the  completion  of  the  Mon- 
ument, and  the  part  the  Ladies  performed  in  accomplishing  so  great 
an  ol)ject;  and  concluded  with  this  sentiment — 

The  Horticultural  Exhibition  of  1842 — The  peaceful  triumph  of  those  active 
and  generous  spirits  who  propagate  the  truest  wealth  and  the  most  innocent 
luxuries  of  the  people. 

The  Gentleman  who  first  successfnlli/  advocated  the  admission  of  Ladies  to  pub- 
lic festivals. — In  following  his  example,  we  acknowledge  the  good  taste  which 
suggested  the  source  of  so  much  enjoyment. 

Hon.  W.  Sturgis,  who  was  instrumental  in  first  introducing  the 
Ladies  to  the  Centennial  Celebration  at  Barnstable,  replied  to  this,  and 
gave — 

The  improvement  of  Flon-ers,  Fruits,  and  .Man — Evidence  is  before  us  that 
florvers  and  fruit  may  be  improved  and  perfected  by  the  care  and  industry  of 
Man — He  can  be  best  improved  and  refined  by  the  genial  influence  of  Wo- 
man. 

By  Rev.  J.  L.  Russell,  Professor  of  Botany,  &c.  to  the  Society.  The  Four- 
teenth Anniversary  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Socitty — Which  has 
taught  us  to  listen  again  to  the  voice  of  God  in  the  stillness  of  evening,  amid 
flowers  and  fruit. 

By  Hon.  J.  C.  Gray,  former  Vice-President — The  Marshfield  Cultivator  and 
his  American  and  British  coadjutors  in  the  Treaty  of  Washington — Who  have 
caused  the  olive  to  blossom  and  to  ripen  its  fruits  in  the  short  space  of  six 
weeks. 

By  B.  V.  French,  one  of  the  Vice  Presidents  of  the  Society.  Va?i  Mons, 
the  enlightened  Pomologist  and  Philosopher — His  name  will  be  cherished  while 
the  earth  continues  to  bear  fruit. 

By  E.  M.  Richards,  Vice  President.  The  Ladies  trho  have  honored  us  hy 
their  presence  on  tlds  festive  occasion.  If  any  are  skeptical  in  regard  to  the  per- 
manent influence  of  woman,  let  them  turn  their  eyes  towards  the  Monument 
on  Bunker  Hill. 

The  President  then  announced  the  following  sentiment: — 

Horticultural  and  Agricultural  Periodicals — Birds  which  scatter  the  seeds  of 
fair  flowers  and  fine  fruits,  in  gardens  throughout  the  land. 

Allen  Putnam,  Esq.,  editor  of  the  New  England  Farmer,  replied 
to  this  sentiment  in  a  few  brief  remarks: — 

"Mr.  President: — It  is  too  late  in  the  evening  to  speak  at  length  of 
the  influences  of  the  press  in  creating  and  fostering  a  spirit  of  im- 
provement in  Horticulture  and  Agriculture.  Its  influences  have 
been  great,  but  so  gloriously  indefinite,  that  it  is  vain  for  me  to  de- 
signate them. 

"You  call  us  birdx,  and  sowers  of  seeds.  In  Nature's  garden  the 
birds  have  some  of  this  work  to  perform.     The  seeds  of  the  grass, 


Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society.  391 

raised  ujjon  an  elastic  and  elongated  stem,  may  be  scattered  by  the 
winds;  the  down  upon  the  willow  seed  serves  as  its  ship  in  water, 
and  its  balloon  in  the  air;  the  hooks  of  the  burr  attach  tliat  to  roving 
animals;  the  elastic  sprins;  of  the  tonch-tne-not  sends  its  seeds  far 
from  the  parent  stalk — and  yet  work  is  left  for  the  birds.  They  are 
appointed  to  carry  the  seeds  of  many  berries  and  flowers  from  val- 
ley to  valley,  from  mountain  to  mountain,  and  from  river  to  river. 
We  of  the  periodical  press  have  a  work  not  unlike  that  of  birds. 
We  are  vvillin?  to  sow,  if  we  can  but  jjet  the  seed:  do  notforjiet  that 
we  can  sow  only  what  we  first  steal,  and  we  would  like  to  steal,  un- 
molfsted,  the  sweetest  and  best. 

"Hoping  to  induce  you  and  your  associates  to  furnish  us  more  freely 
with  seed  in  future,  I  will  name  you  in  a  toast,  if  1  can  remember  it: — 

Members  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society — The  gardeners  whose 
productioas  migratory  birds  are  most  pleased  to  carry  to  the  distant  fields 
which  they  visit. 

The  President  also  called  upon  Mr.  C  M.  Hovey,  editor  of  the 
Ma2;azine  of  Horticulture,  who  responded  as  follows: — 

"Mr.  President, — I  came  here  with  a  sentiment  prepared  for  the  oc- 
casion, in  honor  of  a  distinffuished  association,  similar  to  ours,  abroad. 
I  refer,  sir,  to  the  Horticultural  Society  of  London.  I  was  fearful 
we  miifht  forjret  our  friends  so  far  from  us.  You  have,  however, 
alluded  to  that  Society  in  your  remarks:  and  a  distiniruished  ijentle- 
man,  who  has  preceded  me,  has  not  only  quite  unexpectedly  s|5oken 
of  its  establishment,  and  the  j^ood  example  it  has  set,  but  has  done 
so  in  nearly  the  very  words  of  my  sentiment:  nevertheless,  sir,  I 
shall  offer  it,  and,  as  preliminary,  a  few  further  remarks  in  regard  to 
that  association. 

"It  was  established,  as  has  been  stated,  about  forty  5^ears  aso,  I 
think  in  1808,  throutrh  the  exertions  of  the  late  Thomas  Andrew 
Kniirht,  Sir  Joseph  Banks,  Mr.  Forsyth,  and  other  amateurs  and 
professional  men  of  eminence.  Mr.  Knisjht  succeeded  Sir  Joseph 
Banks,  as  Presiilent  of  the  Society,  and  held  the  office  until  his  death. 
The  writini^s  of  this  distiniruished  physiological  and  practical  horti- 
culturist are  familiar  to  all  cultivators — they  have  formed  the  basis 
upon  which  our  present  ideas  of  vegetable  physiology  are  foumled. 
The  first  object  of  the  Society  was  the  institution  of  exhil)itions  sim- 
ilar to  our  own.  In  connection  with  these  exhibitions,  papers  and 
essays  were  read  from  members,  upon  the  cultivation  and  growth  of 
the  specimens  which  were  displayed  for  premium.  These  commun- 
ications were  collected  together,  and  published  as  the  transactions  of 
the  Society,  which  now  number  several  volumes.  It  was  in  these 
volumes  that  Mr.  Knight's  papers  were  first  given  to  the  public; — 
since  his  death,  they  have  been  collected  in  one  volume,  preceded  by 
a  biographical  account  of  his  life. 

"The  next  act  of  the  Society  was  the  establishment  of  an  experi- 
mental garden,  where  the  great  number  of  fruits  uiider  cultivation 
might  be  collected  together  and  their  qualities  ascertained,  their  syno- 
nyms delected,  and  their  nomenclature  corrected — this,  indeed,  con- 
stituted one  of  the  most  beneficial  acts  of  this  association. 

"Collectors  were  also  sent  out  to  all  parts  of  the  world,  for  the  dis- 
covery of  new  plants,  trees,  and  fruits.     One  of  these  collectors  was 


392  Massachusetts  Horticultural   Society. 

the  late  lamented  Mr.  Douglas,  who  explored  the  Columbia  river, 
the  California  coast,  and  part  of  the  Sandwich  Islands,  where  he 
met  with  a  cruel  death.  The  additions  which  he  made  to  the  flora 
of  this  continent  are  some  of  the  most  splendid  which  ornament  our 
gardens — to  him,  indeed,  are  we  indebted  for  nearly  one  half  of  the 
showy  annuals  which  enrich  our  parterres,  the  names  of  which  are 
so  familiar  that  it  is  unnecessary  to  mention  them  here.  In  honor  of 
his  indefatigable  exertions,  a  noble  monument  has  just  been  complet- 
ed in  Scotland,  for  the  erection  of  which,  nearlj'  one  rl.ousand  no- 
blemen, amateurs,  botanists,  and  gardeners  of  Europe,  subscribed 
their  names. 

"But  it  is  not  to  these,  or  to  any  other  particular  acts  of  the  Soci- 
ety, that  we  are  alone  indebted.  Its  transactions  have  embraced  ev- 
ery thing  which  would  in  any  way  promote  the  advancement  of  hor- 
ticulture. It  has  freely  and  gratuitously  disseminated  seeds,  plants, 
bulbs,  scions,  &c.,  to  all  parts  of  the  world.  There  is  scarcely  a 
garden  the  whole  length  of  the  Atlantic  shore,  in  which  we  cannot 
find  some  plant,  the  seeds  of  which  originally  came  from  the  London 
Horticultural  Society.  Our  tables,  this  evening,  which  are  almost 
weighed  down  by  the  fruit,  contain  some  which  was  plucked  froai 
the  very  scions  transmitted  to  our  skilful  cultivators. 

"To  emulate  its  bright  example,  and  to  meet  with  equal  success,  is 
our  only  wish.     I  will  therefore  propose — 

The  London  Horticultural  Society — The  great  parent  of  all  similar  associ- 
ations throughout  the  world — whose  labors  in  the  noble  pursuits  of  science 
have  strewed  our  gardens  with  beautiful  flowerS;  and  enriched  our  tables 
with  the  choicest  fruits. 

S.  Walker,  Chairman  of  the  Committee  of  Arrangements,  was 
called  upon  for  a  sentiment,  and  gave  the  following: — 

Flora  and  Pomona — Twin  sisters.  "Their  ways  are  -ways  of  pleasant- 
ness, and  all  their  paths  are  peace." 

By  Dr.  E.  Wight,  Recording  Secretary.  Horticultural  Societies — May  they 
spread  like  the  vine,  and  harmonize  like  its  tendrils. 

By  Parker  Barnes.  Our  Fair  Guests — AH  hail !  "Thrice  welcome  !"  Now 
have  we  obtained  the  priceless  gem,  to  crown  the  many-colored  lights  of 
Nature's  diadem. 

By  John  Owen.  The  Memory  of  Thaddeus  3Iason  Harris — One  of  the 
corresponding  members  of  this  Society — A  man  who,  for  simplicity  of  man- 
ners, benevolence  of  character,  and  purity  of  life,  as  well  as  for  his  eminence 
in  natural  history,  deserves  our  grateful  recollection,  on  this  our  first  anni- 
versary since  his  decease.  Well  may  we  apply  the  lines  of  Thomson,  on 
Lord  William  Russell,  to  our  departed  friend:  — 

"Bring  every  sweetest  flower,  and  let  us  strew 
The  grave  where  Harris  lies." 

By  John  H.  Warland,  (one  of  the  poets  of  the  evening.)  Flowers — In  their 
bloom,  the  sweetest  symbols  of  innocence  and  purity  in  this  world — in  their 
decay,  the  loveliest  emblems  of  a  resurrection  in  the  next. 

By  Dr.  Z.  B.  Adams.  The  union  of  scientific  principles  n-ith  the  Horticultural 
Art — A  union  which  cannot  but  be  auspicious,  since  within  the  last  few 
days  we  have  been  introduced  to  such  a  multitude  of  its  cherry  cheeked  and 
healthy  offspring. 


Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society.  393 

The  President  having  retired,  Mr.  French  took  the  chair,  and 
announced  the  following  sentiment: — 

The  President  of  the  3Iassachiisetts  Horticultural  Society — who  to  the  intel- 
ligence of  the  merchant,  and  the  skill  of  the  horticulturist,  adds  the  liberal- 
ity of  a  prince,  the  manners  of  a  gentleman,  and  the  virtues  of  a  Christian. 

By  Dr.  Adams.  The  Chief  ^Marshal  of  the  evening — Who  can  display 
such  skill  in  subduing  the  wild  flowers  of  the  forest,  though  he  himself  is 
Wilder? 

By  George  Brown.  Daniel  Webster — A  noble  specimen  of  native  growth 
and  self  culture.  Equally  flourishing  on  the  granite  hills  of  New  England, 
or  in  the  sunny  climes  of  the  South.  He  needs  but  one  more  transplanting 
to  fill  the  place  he  deserves  to  occupy. 

By  Otis  Johnson.  The  cultivation  of  the  earth — The  most  noble  employ- 
ment of  man;  in  its  progress  towards  perfection,  dispensing  blessings  upon 
the  whole  human  race. 

By  J.  Wentworth.  The  weeds  of  Idleness — May  they  never  be  permitted 
to  overshadow  the  fruits  of  industry,  or  impair  the  growth  of  enterprise. 

By  H.  W.  Button.  Our  Buds  and  Blossoms,  our  Banquet  and  our  Bairns! — 
Proud  of  the  one  for  producing  our  festivals;  and  proud  of  our  fete  for  the 
presence  of  our  children — let  the  day  we  celebrate  be  remembered.  Let  its 
memory  live  '[fragrans  etperen7iis,"  even  as  the  flowers  continue  from  ever- 
lasting to  everlasting. 

By  James  L.  L.  F.  Warren.  The  Fair  Trio  of  the  Horticultural  Fair  in 
1812 — Our  Flowers,  our  Fruits,  and  our  Guests.  Our  Flowers  are  fair,  sweet, 
good — Our  Fruit,  fairer,  sweeter,  better — Our  Guests,  fairest,  sweetest,  best. 

By  a  Member  The  Bee  among  the  Honeysuckles — Illustrative  of  horticul- 
tural industry,  and  the  pleasures  of  cultivation;  both  yielding  the  sweets  of 
life. 

By  a  Member.  Adam  in  the  Garden  of  i^ffew— Surrounded  with  flowers 
of  every  hue,  and  yet  one  flower  was  wanting.  It  was  the  fairest  and  most 
tempting  flower  in  all  creation. 

A  great  number  of  toasts  were  announced  from  the  chair,  and  many 
volunteers  were  offered  during  the  evening,  but  we  have  no  room  for 
more  than  the  following: — 

TheLandscape  Garden. — The  ideal  of  nature's  gayest  attire.  The  eye  of  the 
painter,  the  imagination  of  the  poet,  and  the  skill  of  the  gardener,  can  only 
accomplish  its  creation. 

Nature'' s  Je^vels:  Flowers  and  the  Fair — scattering  sweet  incense  round  the 
path  of  man,  they  refine  and  purify  the  heart.  The  one  is  worshipped  in  the 
parterre  of  the  florist — the  other,  adoied  at  the  domestic  altar. 

Flora  and  Fancy — a  Goddess  and  a  Personification.  We  wear  the  flower 
crown  of  the  one.  and  acknowledge  the  supremacy  of  the  other.  Under  the 
influence  of  both,  we  are  this  day  "making  a  worship  of  the  beautiful." 

By  J.  T.  Buckingham.  Importers  and  Cultivators  of  Exotics. — They  labor 
to  adapt  our  soil  to  the  plants,  and  to  make  the  plants  delight  in  the  soil. 

The  next  sentiment  from  the  Chair  was — 

Flora  and  Pomona. — To  spread  our  tables  this  day,  these  tutelar  guardians 
have  emptied  their  "Horns  of  Plenty."  "In  grateful  numbers  let  their 
names  be  sung." 

Bachelors. — A  tribe  of  plants  which  occupy  much  garden  room,  but  add  no- 
thing to  the  ornament  of  the  parterre. 

VOL.   VIII. — NO.  X.  50 


394  j\Iassachusetts  Horticultural  Society. 

TJie  Bachelor^s  Button. — As  a  flower,  simple;  as  an  emblem,  dangerous. 
"Bachelor's  Buttons^'  can  never  be  "Lady's  Delights." 

Queen  Victoria  and  Brother  Jonathan. — They  each  have  large  families,  and 
land  enough  for  all  practical  purposes.  The  Fence  Viewers,  having  adjudi- 
cated on  the  lines  of  division,  and  made  lawful  record  of  the  same,  may  they 
live  in  harmony  till  their  leases  expire. 

The  entertainment  concludecl  by  the  singing  of  an  ode,  to  the  tune 
of  Aiild  Lang  Syne,  written  by  the  late  T.  G.  Fessenden,  for  a  pre- 
vious anniversary,  entitled  the  "Course  of  Culture." 

Sept.  nth. — An  adjourned  meeting  was  held  to-day — the  President 
in  the  chair. 

It  was  voted  that  the  thanks  of  the  Society  be  presented  to  the 
Corresponding  Secretary,  J.  E.  Teschemacher,  Esq.,  for  his  able, 
eloquent,  and  instructive  address,  delivered  before  the  Society  on 
Friday,  September  16ch;  and  that  a  copy  be  respectfully  requested 
for  publication. 

Messrs.  Walker,  French,  and  O.  Johnson  were  appointed  a  com- 
mittee to  carry  the  same  into  effect. 

M.  Tidd,  of  Woburn,  and  J.  H.  White,  of  Brookline,  were  ad- 
mitted subscription  memljers- 

Adjourned  one  week,  to  Sept.  24fh. 

Sept.  I'H.d  and  '23d. — The  third  Grand  Dahlia  Shoio  of  the  Society 
took  place  on  Thursday  and  Friday,  the  22d  and  23il  of  September, 
at  the  Society's  room,  No.  23  Tremont  Row,  agreeably  to  notice. 

The  exhibition  was  much  better  than  had  been  anticipated  a  few 
days  previous.  The  cool  weather,  accompanied  with  very  severe 
rains,  had  been  favorable  for  the  growth  of  the  plants,  but  had  pre- 
vented the  formation  of  large  and  strong  buds:  a  week  or  two  of 
warm  sunny  weather  would  have  brought  out  a  splendid  display  of 
blossoms.  The  exhibition  of  the  previous  week  had  induced  culti- 
vators to  take  off  all  the  flowers  for  the  decoration  of  the  hall,  and 
the  short  time  which  had  elapsed,  had  not  been  sufficient  for  fresh 
buds  to  open.  But  notwithstanding  this,  the  exhibition  was  much 
more  splendid  than  was  expected.  Upwards  of  one  thousand 
blooms  were  exhibited,  besides  the  stands  entered  for  premiums. 
Comparing  the  exhibition  with  those  of  the  two  previous  annual 
shows,  and  at  the  same  time  taking  into  consideration  the  greatly 
improved  character  and  perfection  of  the  new  and  rare  sorts,  by 
which  the  older  varieties  are  now  judged,  the  exhibition  must  be  ac- 
knowledged to  be  one  of  the  best  ever  made  by  the  Society. 

Agreeably  to  the  rules  and  regulations  for  the  government  of  the 
show,  the  entries  were  all  duly  made,  and  the  flowers  placed  in  the 
stands  by  10  o'clock  in  the  morning,  on  Thursday,  the  22(1.  The 
judges  then  entered  the  room,  and  made  their  award,  which  was 
declared  to  the  exhibitors  at  1  o'clock.  The  judges,  in  divisions  A. 
and  B.,  were  Messrs.  J.  Stickney,  J.  E.  Teschemacher,  and  S. 
Walker,  and  in  division  C,  Messrs.  J.  L.  L.  F.  Warren,  J.  Cad- 
ness,  and  J.  H.  White. 

The  number  of  entries  made  for  the  different  classes  was,  eight 
for  division  B.;  seven  for  division  C;  four  for  the  Premier  Prize, 
and  eight  for  the  Specimen  Bloom. 


J\Iassachusctts  Horticultural  Society.  395 

The  names  of  the  dahlias  which  obtained  the  prizes  are  given  in 
the  following  award : — 

DIVISION  A. 

Open  to  all  cultivators,  (members.) 

PREMIER  PRIZt;. 

Best   12   dissimilar  blooms: — A   premium  of  $18  00  to   Hovey  & 

Co.,  for  Maid  of  Bath,  Metella,  Pickwick,  Andrew  Hofer,  Sulphurea 

ele^ans,    Princess  Victoria,    Quilled   Perfection,  Eva,   Rienzi,  Wid- 

uall's  Queen,  Le  Grand  Buudine,  Miss  Johnson. 

SPECIMEN  BLOOM. 

Best  bloom  of  any  color: — A  premium  of  $7  00  to  J.  H.  White, 
for  Wheeler's  Maria. 

Second  best  bloom  of  any  color: — A  premium  of  $4  00  to  Hovey 
&  Co.,  for  Brown's  Bridesmaid. 

DIVISION  B. 
Open  to  all  cultivators  (niembers,)  of  more  than  two  hundred  plants. 

CLASS  I. 

Best  24  dissimilar  blooms:— A  prize  of  f  12  00  to  J.  H.  White,  for 
Eva,  Amato,  Maria,  Virgin  Queen,  Queen  of  Beauties,  Lilac  Per- 
fection, Contender,  Defiance  (Sqiiibb's,)  Suffolk  Hero,  Beauty  of 
the  Plain,  Le  Grand  Baudine,  Bridesmaid.  Bishop  of  Winchester, 
Rival  Sussex,  Bontisholl,  Unique,  Argo,  Duchess  of  Richmonii, 
Duchess  of  Portland,  Grace  Darling,  Fireball,  Rienzi,  Pickwick, 
Sarah. 

Second  best  24  dissimilar  blooms : — A  premium  of  $7  00  to  Hovey  & 
Co.,  for  Ward's  Mary,  Lord  Liverpool,  Juliet,  Bree's  Rosa,  Unique, 
Rienzi,  Bishop  of  Winchester,  Princess  Victoria,  Miss  Johnson, 
Sul[)hurea  elegans,  Sprinsfield  Major,  Striata  formosissima,  Le 
Grand  Baudine,  Maid  of  Bath,  Marshal  Soult,  Hero  of  Tippeca- 
noe, Exemplar,  President  of  the  West,  Francis,  Horticulturalist, 
Contender,  Meiella,  Maria,  Pickwick. 

CLASS  ir. 

Best  12  dissimilar  blooms: — A  premium  of  $10  00  to  J.  L.  L.  F. 
Warren,  for  Constantia,  Metella,  Procurator,  Rienzi,  Mrs.  Broad- 
wood,  Grace  Darling,  Lord  Liverpool,  Dennisii,  Madonna,  Virgin 
Queen,  Ne  Plus  Ultra,  Glory. 

Second  best  12  dissimilar  blooms: — A  premium  of  f 5  00  to  S. 
Sweetser,  for  Fireball,  Juno,  Advancer,  Maresfield  Hero,  Marshal 
Soult,  Marchioness  of  Lansdovvne,  Grace  Darling,  Sylph,  Lady 
Bathurst,  King  Bladud,  Countess  of  Liverpool. 

CLASS  in. 

Best  6  dissimilar  blooms: — A  premium  of  $8  00  to  J.  L.  L.  F. 
Warren,  for  Lord  Liverpool,  Rienzi,  Constancy,  Canute,  Syiph, 
Glory. 

Second  best  6  dissimilar  blooms: — A  premium  of  $4  GO  to  S, 
Sweetser,  for  Fireball,  Mrs.  Rushton,  Heroine,  Marshal  Soult, 
Grace  Darling,  Clark's  Julia. 


396  Massachusetts  Horticultural   Society. 

DIVISION  C. 

Open  to  all  cultivators  (members,)  of  less  than  two  hundred  plants. 

CLASS   I. 

Best  24  diissimilar  blooms: — A  premium  of  $12  00  to  J.  F.  Trull, 
for  Duke  of  Bedford,  Mrs.  Rushton,  Countess  of  Liverpool,  Mrs. 
Jones,  Zeno,  Princess  Victoria,  Rival  Granta,  Dennisii,  Ne  Plus 
Ultra,  Countess  of  Torrington.  Rienzi,  Pickwick,  Sunhury  Hero, 
Marshal  Soult,  Glory,  Hero  of  Tip[)ecanoe,  Hylas,  Gulden  Sove- 
reign, Beauty  of  West  Riding,  Lady  of  the  Lake,  Fireball,  Duke  of 
Sussex,  Bree's  Rosa,  Duke  of  Buccleugh. 

Second  best  24  dissimilar  blooms: — A  premium  of  $1  00,  to  J. 
Stickney,  for  Bree's  Rosa,  Queen  of  Beauties,  Eva,  Suffolk  Hero, 
Nicholas  Nickleby,  Constantia,  Defiance  (Harvvood's,)  Queen  Vic- 
toria, Egyptian  Prince,  Middlesex  Rival,  Unique,  Argo,  P'rancis, 
Andrew  Hofer,  Marshal  Soult,  Fireball,  Ne  Plus  Ultra,  Queen  of 
Sarum,  Julia,  Striata  formosissima,  Mrs.  Jones,  Sir  Henry  Fletcher, 
Essex  Rival,  President  of  the  West. 

CLASS  n. 

Best  12  dissimilar  blooms: — A  premium  of  $10  00  to  J.  Stickney, 
for  Queen  of  Sarum,  Le  Grand  Baudine,  Constantia,  Unique,  De- 
fiance (Harwood's,)  Queen  of  Beauties,  Eva,  Ne  Plus  Ultra,  Fire- 
ball, Rosetta,  Middlesex  Rival,  Andrew  Hofer. 

Second  best  12  dissimilar  blooms: — A  premium  of  $5  00  to  P. 
Barnes,  for  Andrew  Hofer,  Argo,  ftletella,  Pickwick,  Striata  formo- 
sissima, Lady  Middleton,  Primrose,  Snnbury  Hero,  Queen  of  Beau- 
ties, Constantia,  Essex  Rival,  Grace  Darling. 

CLASS  ui. 

Best  6  dissimilar  blooms: — A  premium  of  $8  00  to  P.  Barnes,  for 
Pickwick,  Primrose,  Rival  Revenge,  Andrew  Hofer, King  of  Roses, 
and  Striata  formosissima. 

Second  best  6  dissimilar  blooms: — A  premium  of  $4  00  to  H.  W. 
Dutton,  for  President  Von  Litchteniierg,  Striata  formosissima,  An- 
sell's  Unique,  Pickwick,  Constantia,  Cattleugh's  Eclipse. 

The  President  of  the  Society  exhibited  upwards  of  fifty  blooms, 
among  which  were  Pickwick,  Cattleugh's  Eclipse,  Buist's  Juno,  An- 
drew Hofer,  &c.,  some  very  fine.  Nearly  fifty  blooms  from  P. 
Barnes.  Upwards  of  seventy-five  l)looms  from  J.  F.  Trull.  One 
hundred  blooms  from  Hovey  &  Co.  From  J.  H.  White,  thirty 
blooms.  Upwards  of  fifty  blooms  from  H.  W.  Dutton,  among 
which  were  several  flowers  of  the  showy  Charles  XII.  Fifty  blooms 
from  J.  L.  L.  F.  Warren.  Upwards  of  fifty  blooms  from  W.  Mel- 
ler.     Thirty  blooms  from  J.  Hovey. 

Sept.  ^4th. — An  adjourned  meeting  of  the  Society  was  held  to- 
day— the  President  in  the  chair. 

Mr.  Walker,  from  the  Committee  appointed  for  the  purpose,  at 
the  last  meeting,  reported  that  they  had  procured  a  copy  of  the  an- 
nual address,  which  had  been  placed  in  their  hands.  It  was  then 
voted  that  the  address  be  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  same  Committee 
for  publication — and  that  the  reports  of  flowers,  fruits,  and  vegeta- 
bles, exhibited  at  the  annual  exhibition,  be  appended  to  the  same — 
and  also  an  account  of  the  Festival  given  by  the  Society  at  Concert 


Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society.  397 

Hall,  on  the  16th  of  September;  a  sufficient  number  of  copies  to  be 
published  for  the  use  of  the  Society. 

The  thanks  of  the  Society  were  voted  to  Mr.  S.  Walker,  chair- 
man of  the  Committee  of  Arrangements,  and  to  the  several  mem- 
bers of  that  Committee,  for  their  duties  in  decorating  the  hall,  ar- 
rauiiioij  the  tables,  &.c. 

The  thanks  of  the  Society  were  also  voted  to  the  chairman  of  the 
Select  Comiriittee,  and  the  individual  nieiid)ers  of  that  Committee, 
for  their  labors  in  providing  the  necessary  arrangements  for  the  Fes- 
tival at  Concert  Hall. 

A  committee  of  live,  consistini;  of  Messrs.  S.  Walker,  C.  M.  Ho- 
vey,  H.  W.  Dutton,  C.  New  hall,  and  R.  JVl.  Copeland  was  appoint- 
ed to  nominate  a  list  of  officers  for  the  ensnimr  year. 

It  was  voted,  on  motion  of  Mr.  Walker,  that  this  committee  be 
instructed  to  report  a  ticket  which  should  not  contain  the  name  of 
any  person  on  more  than  one  of  the  Standinj;;  Committees,  provided 
they  found  it  practicable  and  ex|)edipnt  to  do  so. 

A  letter  was  read  from  the  Ci)rrespondin>i  Secretary  of  the  Amer- 
ican Institute  of  New  York,  invitiii"  the  Society  to  send  delegates  to 
its  next  annual  exhibition,  on  the  11th  of  October. 

A  de|p<iation  was  afjpointed,  consisting  of  the  President  of  the 
Society,  B.  V.  Frenrh,  S.  Walker,  E.  Wight,  C.  M.  Hovey,  J.  E. 
Tesch'emacher,  J.  Breck,  R.  T.  Paine,  and  W.  Kenrick. 

The  meeting  v\  as  then  dissolved. 

Exhibited. — Flowers:  The  dahlia  show  of  Thursday  and  Friday 
was  continued  to-day — and  but  few  other  flowers  were  lirouiiht  in. 

Fruit: — From  J.  Hooper,  Jr.,  Marblehead,  ifolden  Beurre  of  Bil- 
boa,  Belle  et  Bomie,  Beurre  d'  Isamliert  (syn.  brown  Beurre,)  and 
two  other  kinds  of  pears  without  name,  all  tine  specimens.  From 
Capt.  George  Lee,  fine  lariie  Rihstone  |)ippin  ap|)les.  Beautiful 
I/Cmon  clingstone  peaches  from  J.  Hill.  Large  anil  handsome  Wil- 
liams's Bon  Chretien  |)ears  from  O  Johnson.  From  R.  M.  Cope- 
land,  white  Sweetwater  grapes.  From  D.  J.  Godfrey,  Milford, 
Mass.,  Clingstone  peaches.  From  J.  F.  Trull,  Iron  or  black  pear 
of  Worcester  pears,  Orange  quinces,  and  Egg  tomatoes.  From 
James  Munroe,  Cambridge,  large  |)ears,  known  in  some  |)laces  as 
Tucker's  Winter.  S.  R.  Johnson  exhiliiied  white  Sweetwater 
grajies,  grown  in  the  o|)en  air.  From  George  Walsh,  iireen  and 
white  iraire  plums.  From  E.  Vose,  handsome  summer  Pearmain  and 
Lady  Haley's  Nonsuch  apj)les.  Fine  :«[)ecimpns  ofCoe's  Golden  Drop 
plums  from  H.  Vandiue,  Caml)ridireport.  From  J.  Lincolu,HiuL>hatn, 
Seek-no-further  a[)ples.     From  A.  Hager,  Lincoln,  Orange  quinces. 

From  J.  L.  L.  F.  Warren,  Lemon  cliriifstone  peaches.  From  S. 
Woods,  Saxouville,  Gloria  Mutidi  apples,  very  lar^'e,  weighing  20^ 
oinices  each.  Frotn  Capt.  W.  Stone,  Natick,  Lemon  clinystone 
peaches.  From  F.  Low,  Jamaica  Plain,  Gloria  Mundi  apples, 
weiiihing  20-5  ounces  each.  From  A.  D.  Weld,  Roxhury,  Barilett 
pears,  and  Porter  ap[iles.  Fine  specimens  of  Bartlett  pears  atid  Por- 
ter apples  were  sent  by  Z.  Reed,  of  Westford.  Lar^^e  Bartlett  pears 
from  T.  Dowse,  Cambridifeijort.  From  N.  N.  Dyer,  Abiiiirtoii,  Ab- 
ington  Cons  (growth  of  1841,  have  kept  two  seasons,)  Rock,  Niles's 
Sweeting,  Beam,  and  a  kind  of  pearmain  apples  (very  much  resem- 
bling pears.)     From  Lemuel  Dana,  Dedbam,  Loll  apples. 


398 


Faneuil  Hall  Market. 


Art.  II,     Faneuil  Hall  Market. 


Roots,  Tubers,  Sfc. 
Potatoes,  new: 


Common,  ^  P*^""  ''^'•'"«'' 


per  busliel,. 

r  barrel,. .  . 

)er  bushel,. .  . 

E„„t„  ...     S  pel"  barrel,..  . 
astports,  <  '        111 
'  (  per  bushel,..  . 

Sweet,  per  bushel, 

Turnips,  per  bushel: 

Common, 

Ruta  15aga, 

Onions: 

Red,  per  bunch, 

White,  i)er  bunch 

Yellow,  per  bushel, 

White,  per  bushel 

Beets,  per  bushel, 

Carrots,   per  bushel, 

Horseradish,  (ler  pound,.  .  .  . 
Garlic,  per  pound, 

Cabbages ,  Salads,  fyc. 

Cabbages,  per  dozen: 

Drumheads, 

Savoys, 

Red  butch, 

Broeolis,  each, 

Cauliflowers,  each,..  ., 

Letiuce,  per  head, 

Celery,   per  root, 

Peppers,  per  pound, 

Sweet  Corn,  per  dozen,.  .  .  . 
Beans,  shelled,  per  quart: 

Common: 

Sieviis 

Limas, , 

Cucumbers,  (pickled)  pr  gal. 
Peppers, (pickled,)  per  gallon 

Pot  and  Sweet  Herbs. 


Parsley,  per  half  peck.,.  .  .  . 

Sage,  per  pound, 

Marjorum,  per  bunch, 

Savory,   per  bunch, 

Spearmint,  green,  per  bunch. 


From  I    To 

^cts.  #cts 

1  25 


00 

50 

00 

37i 

25 

50 

00 

37i 
50 

2k 
2i 

62i 

62^ 

50 

50 
8 

12i 


50 

37^ 

50 

S 
12 

2 

8 

4 

6 

6 
10 
12i 
25 
37i 


20 

17 

6 

6 

3 


50 
62i 


50 


3 

3 
75 

75 
75 
75 
12i 


50 


12^ 


3 

12i 


I2i 


20 

\2k 

\2k 

4 


Squanhes  and  Pumpkins . 

Squashes,  per  pound: 

Autumnal   Marrow, 

Canada  Crookneck, 

Winter  Crookneck, 

Pumpkins,  each, 

Fruits. 

Apples,  dessert  and  cooking: 

Baldwins,  per  barrel,.  ,.  . 

Greenings,    per  barrel,.  . . 

Russetts,  per  barrel, 

Spice,  per  barrel, 

Common,  per  barrel, 

Porter,  per  bushel, 

Sweet,  per  bushel, 

Pe;irs,  |)er  half  peck  or  doz: 

Broca's  Bergamot,perdoz: 

Urbanisle,  per  dozen,.  . .  . 

Long  Green,  per  lialf  peck 

Seckel,  per  half  peck,.  .. 

Heaihcot,  per  half  peck,.. 

Bergainot,  per  half  peck,. 

Baking,  per  bushel, 

Plums,  per  quart: 

Common, 

Peaches,  per  peck: 

Extra, 

Common, 

Water-melons,  each, 

Musk-melons,  each: 

Common, 

Green   Citron, 

Cucumbers,  per  dozen 

per  hund.  (for  pickling).  . 
American  Citron,  per  pound. 
Egg  Plants,  each.  ...    '..... 

Mangoes,  per  dozen, 

Tomatoes,  per  peck, 

Grapes  per   pound: 

Black  Hamburg, 

White  Sweetwater, 

Isabellas, 

Na  ive,  per  half  peck,.  . . 
Cranberries,  per  bushel. 


From  I  To 
$cts.'^  cts. 


2 
2 
Is 
10 


25 
25 
25 
25 

75 
00 
50 

25 
25 

50 

371 

50 

25 

50 

12i 

50 
50 
12i 

12^ 

8 

6 
25 

2 
12J 
17 
25 

50 
25 
8 
12^ 
50 


3 

3 

2 

12i 


50 
50 
50 
50 
00 
50 


Pine-apples,  each, I     12ii 


37i 
374 

50 

37i 


75 
25 

25 

m 


3 
25 


10 
20 
00 
25 


Remarks. — The  month  up  to  the  24th  was  cool,  accompanied  with 
fretjuent  and,  in  several  instances,  very  heavy  showers;  a  iarjxe  quan- 
tity of  rain  fell  during  the  month.  The  morning;  of  the  24th, t  he 
thermometer  fell  down  to  32'^;  and,  in  many  situations,  particularly 
in  valleys,  there  was  a  hoar  frost  which  cut  off  all  vines  and  tender 
plants.     From  that  time  up  to  this  date  the  weather  has  been  warm 


Horticultural  Memoranda.  399 

and  pleasant,  and  with  the  appearance  of  continuing  so  for  some 
days. 

Vegetables. — The  crop  of  potatoes  is  exceedingly  large,  although 
we  have  understood  that  the  rust  in  many  localities,  particularly  in 
Vermont  and  New  Hampshire,  has  very  materially  injured  the  crop  ; 
they  come  to  hand  freely,  and  sell  at  our  })rices:  Eastports  are  now 
received,  and  are  quite  low:  Sweet  have  fallen  otFin  price,  owing  to 
the  great  quantity  which  has  arrived.  Ruta  Bagas  now  come  in  of 
fair  size.  Of  beets  and  carrots  a  full  supply.  Cabbages  are  plenti- 
ful and  good:  the  crop  of  drumheads  seems  rather  earlier  than  usual: 
red  Dutch  are  now  received.  Peppers  are  about  gone.  String  beans 
are  all  gone,  but  there  has  been  a  supply  of  shelled  sorts,  parti- 
cularly of  Sievas  and  Limas,  the  latter  large  and  excellent — the 
frost  was  not  quite  severe  enough  to  cut  off  the  vines.  Sweet  corn 
is  about  gone.  Squashes  continue  scarce,  and  first  rate  autumnal 
marrows  command  $40  by  the  ton:  winter  crooknecks  now  come 
to  hand,  but  the  supply  will  be  limited:  summer  squashes  all  gone. 

Fruit. — The  crop  of  apples  is  large,  though  not  first  rate  :  there 
are  a  great  many  windfalls  and  wormy  ones.  Good  Baldwins  only 
command  our  quotations:  fine  Porters  command  good  prices,  and 
are  now  rather  scarce;  of  good  sweet  ones  there  is  not  a  great  sup- 
ply. Of  pears  the  quantity  of  fine  dessert  sorts  is  rather  limited,  and 
very  choice  ones  are  in  considerable  demand;  baking  are  abundant 
and  of  good  size.  Plums  are  all  gone,  with  the  exception  of  a  ^ew 
common  sorts.  Peaches  of  extra  fine  quality  are  scarce:  but  there 
is  a  good  supply  of  common  ones.  Watermelons  have  been  abun- 
dant and  good:  but  the  cool  weather  has  nearly  destroyed  the  vines. 
Cucumbers  for  pickling  are  scarce  and  higher.  Of  foreign  grapes 
there  is  a  fair  supply:  Isabellas  are  scarce  and  of  inferior  quality. 
Cranberries  have  just  come  in:  the  prospect  is  now  that  the  crop  will 
be  short,  owing  to  late  frosts  in  the  spring. —  Yours,  M.  T.,  Bos- 
ton, Sept.  2Sth. 


HORTICULTURAL  MEMORANDA 

FOR  OCTOBER. 


FRUIT  DEPARTMF,NT. 

Grape  vines  will  now  be  ripening  their  wood,  and  will  need  some 
attention.  Where  the  g-rapes  are  all  cut,  the  house  should  be  well 
aired  in  fine  sunny  weather,  taking  the  advantage  of  early  morning  to 
admit  air,  and  closing  up  early,  especially  if  the  nights  are  cool  and 
damp.  Pick  up  all  fallen  leaves,  and  prune  off  all  superfluous  green 
wood  not  wanted  or  likely  to  ripen. 

Strawberry  beds  will  continue  to  need  attention:  if  the  weather 
continues  mild,  the  plants  will  grow  during  the  month,  and  will  get 
firmly  rooted  before  cold  weather.     Keep  all  weeds  hoed  up. 


400  Horticultural  Memoranda. 

Raspberry  plants  may  be  set  out  this  month;  it  is  a  good  season  to 
make  the  new  plantations. 

Currant  and  gooseberry  bushes  may  be  set  out  this  month  with 
safety. 

Peach,  pear,  apple,  plum,  and  other  fruit  trees,  may  be  set  out  in 
Octol)er  after  the  f;ill  of  the  leaves. 

Cherry,  plum  and  peach  trees,  budded  in  July  and  August,  should 
have  the  binding  loosened. 

FLOWER    DEPARTMENT. 

The  Dahlias  will  prohalHy  be  cut  off  by  the  frost  in  the  early  part 
of  the  month,  as  they  ranMy  escape  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston  beyond 
the  8th  or  10th,  and  are  frecjuently  destroyed  in  September.  When 
the  tops  are  touched  with  frost,  if  early  in  the  season,  the  roots  had 
better  remain  in  the  sjround  as  long  as  the  weather  is  mild:  but  if 
late  when  cut  off,  they  had  better  be  taken  up  at  once. 
Oxalis  Boioiei,  cernua,  rosea,  ^'C,  should  be  potted  now. 

Geranium  cuttings,  put  in  in  Aiisrust,  should  be  potted  off  now  into 
No.  1  pots.  The  old  plants  should  be  repotted  now,  if  not  done  be- 
fore. 

Chrysanthemums,  if  not  already  repotted  for  the  last  time,  should 
be  attended  to  iiiunediately. 

Roses  may  yet  lie  propagated  from  cuttings;  old  plants  in  the  bor- 
der should  be  taken  up  and  potted,  if  wanted  for  blooming  in  the 
winter. 

Chinese  primroses  should  be  repotted  into  the  next  size  pots. 

Camellias  will  now  require  attention  previous  to  placinjr  tliern  in 
the  house  for  the  winter.  Let  the  pots  be  washed  clean,  and  the  sur- 
face soil  taken  off,  and  fresh  compost  added  in  its  place. 

Verbenas,  layered  into  pots,  should  be  taken  up  and  placed  in  a 
frame. 

Mignonette,  sown  in  August,  should  be  carefully  watered  at  this 
season. 

Cactuses  should  now  be  removed  to  the  house,  where  they  will  re- 
quire less  water.  Grafting  may  be  performed  successfully  at  this 
season. 

Tulips,  hyacinths,  and  similar  hardy  spring  flowering  bulbs,  may 
be  planted  the  latter  part  of  the  month. 

Schizanthuses,  sown  in  September,  should  now  be  potted  off  singly 
in  the  smallest  size  pots. 

Hardy  perennial  plants  may  be  removed  this  month  with  safety. 

Annual  seeds,  such  as  larkspurs,  clarkias,  coreopsis,  Sic,  may  be 
sown  the  latter  part  of  the  month. 

Ixias,  sparaxises,  <§'C.,  may  be  repotted  this  month. 

Petunias,  wanted  for  flowering  durinir  winter,  should  be  taken  up 
immediately  into  small  |)ots,  selecting-  late  sown  |)lants. 

Green-house  plants,  of  all  kinds,  should  be  repotted,  pruned  and 
dressed,  preparatory  to  being  placed  in  the  house. 

PcBOnies  may  be  removed  this  month. 


THE    MAGAZINE 


HORTICULTURE 


NOVEiMBER,  1842. 


ORIGINAL  COMMUNICATIONS. 

Art.  I.  JVeio  localities  of  the  Ji^agnohn  macrophyJIa^  loith 
the  dimensions  of  a  large  tree  of  the  JM.  grandiflora;  and 
a  notice  of  a  neioly  discovered  species  of  Sarracen'ia.  By 
A.  Gordon. 

Dear  SrR: — In  my  last,  I  gave  you  to  understand  I  had 
found  the  Magnolm  macrophylla  in  different  parts  of  the  State 
of  Mississippi.  This  splendid  specimen  of  the  American  for- 
est having  hitherto  escaped  the  researches  of  hotanists,  de- 
termined me  to  prosecute  the  subject  and  trace  its  locality,  as 
I  had  every  reason,  as  mentioned  in  my  former  communica- 
tion, to  consider  it  was  more  extended  than  at  the  time  had 
come  under  my  observation. 

Where  I  first  observed  the  Magnolia  macrophylla,  it  was  in 
Rankin  County,  some  twenty  or  thirty  miles  from  Jackson, 
the  capital  of  the  State,  and  about  eight  miles  from  Pearl 
River;  then,  within  a  few  miles  of  Vicksburg,  in  Warren 
County;  and  in  the  greatest  abundance  on  the  plantation  of 
Col.  Heburn,  nine  miles  from  Vicksburg.  I  then  traced  it 
from  V^icksburg  to  Natchez,  in  the  utmost  profusion.  From 
the  latter  city,  in  a  south-easterly  course,  wherever  the  soil 
or  location  was  favorable,  I  found  it  as  far  as  the  Chicasahavv 
River,  within  a  few  yards  of  Mclnnes's  Ferry,  on  the  road 
from  Mobile  to  Natchez;  thus  constituting  its  range,  north 
and  south,  more  than  two  hundred  miles,  and  east  and  west, 
over  one  hundred.  I  may  here  remark,  in  the  upper  part  of 
the  State  it  is  known  by  the  name  of  Parasol  tree,  and  in  the 
lower,  by  that  of  Cucumber  tree.  Associated  with  the  Mag- 
nolia macrophylla,  I  found   the   M.   grandiflora,  the  splendid 

VOL.  VIII. NO.  XI.  51 


402  JVci^  location  of  Magnolia  macrophylla. 

Chionanthus  virginica,  Hopea  linctoria,  Illicium  floridanum, 
and  a  great  variety  of  other  very  ornamental  shrubs — of  which, 
probably,  more  anon. 

In  my  last,  I  omitted  to  state,  that,  although  the  height 
attributed  to  the  tree  is,  in  general,  correct,  still  I  have  seen 
it  frequently  as  high  as  seventy  feet;  but  in  Mississippi  I  found 
trees  in  general  assume  a  magnitude  surpassing  what  had  ever 
previously  come  under  my  observation.  The  Magnolia  gran- 
diflora,  in  many  places  in  Mississippi,  ranges  over  one  hundred 
feet;  and  on  the  16th  inst.,  during  my  travels,  I  was  passing 
a  grove  of  this  most  magnificent  forest  ornament,  and  through 
this  identical  grove  there  were  people  at  work  forming  a  road. 
The  whole  grove  was  gigantic,  but  one  specimen  was  splendid, 
and  this  was  doomed  to  fall  a  victim  before  the  axe,  it  being 
in  the  direct  line  of  the  road.  I  rested  until  it  vi'as  felled  to 
the  ground.  It  was  the  noblest  specimen  of  the  Magnolia  I 
had  ever  seen;  so  symmetrically  formed,  in  all  its  parts  so  per- 
fect, there  was  not  a  blemish.  Every  blow  from  the  axe 
thrilled  through  my  veins,  but  its  doom  was  inevitable,  and  I 
could  not  avert  it.  The  following  are  its  dimensions,  accu- 
rately taken; — 

Diameter  of  butt,  three  feet  from  the  ground,  five  feet  seven 
inches. 

Length  of  butt,  to  the  lower  branches,  eleven  feet  nine 
inches. 

Extreme  height  when  standing,  one  hundred  and  forty- 
seven  feet. 

To  witness  the  downfall  of  such  a  noble  tree,  of  such  a 
noble  species,  created  sensations  which  I  will  not  attempt  to 
define. 

Thirty  miles  from  Mobile,  while  traversing  a  swamp,  I  dis- 
covered an  entirely  new  species  of  -Sarracenia.  This  spe- 
cies has  in  some  degree  the  habit  of  S.  purpurea,  but  not  near 
so  large,  and  the  leaf  is  a  beautiful  yellow,  and  regularly  spot- 
ted with  a  pure  white  from  the  base  of  the  leaf.  It  is  very 
distinct  from  S.  variolaris,  and  T  have  named  it  S.  maculdta. 
In  fact,  this  specific  character  was  so  distinctly  obvious,  that, 
to  have  given  any  other  name,  unless  commemorative,  would 
have  been  utterly  at  variance  with  the  rules  which  regulate 
specific  distinctions. 

Yesterday,  (23d,)  while  sauntering  along  a  sandy  ridge, 
something  vivid  attracted  my  eye.      I  went  to  examine  it,  and 


J^otice  of  large  Pear  Tree  in  Indiana.  403 

this  proved  to  be  my  favorite  Gardoquia  Hookern,  in  full 
blooni.  Although  I  was  the  first  to  introduce  this  plant  to 
Europe,  I  never  had,  until  yesterday,  seen  it  in  flower.  Then 
to  see  more  than  an  acre  of  it,  covering  the  surface  with  its 
scarlet  blossoms,  afforded  me  so  rich  a  repast,  some  idea  of 
which  may  be  formed  by  those  who  have  admired  this  little 
gem  with  only  a  single  plant  in  the  collection. 

I  have  thrown  these  observations  hastily  together,  under  the 
impression  that  they  might  gratify  some  of  your  readers.  I 
have  lost  no  time  since  I  left  the  woods,  for  I  am  now  sur- 
rounded by  that  fearful  and  destructive  scourge  of  all  southern 
cities,  the  yellow  fever;  and  {)robably  its  mortal  effects  may 
now  be  circulating  in  the  blood  of  the  hand  which  guides  the 
pen,  and  may  soon  render  it  motionless  forever.  If  so, 
adieu  ! 

Yours,  very  respectfully, 

Alexander  Gordon. 

Mobile,   Sept.  24,  1842. 


Art.  II.     JVotice  of  a  large  Pear  tree  in   Indiana.     By  the 
Rev.  H.  W.  Beecher,   Indianopolis,  Indiana. 

We  have,  in  our  State,  a  pear  tree  so  remarkable,  that,  if 
you  have  seen  no  notice  of  it,  the  following  may  be  thought  of 
some  value.  We  heard  of  it  from  various  gentlemen,  and  saw 
some  notices  in  country  papers,  which  interested  us  in  gaining 
better  information.  One  of  our  nurserymen  being  in  that  part 
of  the  State,  we  requested  him  to  visit  and  gain  exact  infor- 
mation. He  is  an  accurate  man,  and  his  account  may  be  de- 
pended upon. 

This  tree,  one  foot  above  the  ground,  measures  ten  feet  in 
circumference,  and  six  and  a  half  feet  at  nine  feet  above  the 
ground.  The  space  covered  by  the  branches,  from  outside 
to  outside,  is  sixty-nine  feet;  that  is,  the  circle  formed  by  a 
line  described  around  the  ends  of  the  branches,  would  be  six- 
ty-nine feet  in  diameter. 

In  the  year   1834   it  yielded  one  hundred  and  thirty-four 


404  Remarks  on  several  varieties  of  Stratoberries. 

bushels  of  pears;  in  the  year  1839  it  produced  eighty  bushels; 
and  in  the  year  1840  it  produced  one  hundred  and  forty  bush- 
els. In  one  other  year  (but  which  year  the  account  before 
me  does  not  state,)  it  produced  one  hundred  and  thirty-eight 
bushels. 

This  tree  grows  about  ten  miles  north  of  Vincennes,  Knox 
Co.,  Indiana,  and  is  said  to  have  sprung  from  a  seed  planted 
some  thirty-five  or  forty  years  ago,  by  a  Mrs.  Ockletree. 
The  tree  is  a  very  rapid  grower. 

It  is  perfectly  hardy,  a  constant  bearer,  and,  T  need  not  say, 
an  enormously  productive  kind.  The  fruit  is  about  the  size 
of  a  turkey's  egg;  rating,  as  to  quality,  with  about  the  third 
grade  of  dessert  pears.  It  is  a  fall — early  fall,  pear.  The 
accounts  of  the  time  between  the  planting  of  the  seed  and  the 
bearing  of  this  tree,  vary  from  nine  to  fifteen  years.  The 
original  owners  are  dead.  We  have  the  fruit  growing  in  our 
nurseries,  near  town,  and  grafts  may  be  sent,  should  any  gen- 
tleman in  your  neighborhood  desire  it.  I  regret  that  the  young 
man  did  not  ascertain  the  height  of  the  tree. 

I  am,  respectfully,  yours,  H.  W.  Beecher. 

Sept.  29,  1842. 


Art.  III.  Additional  Remarks  on  the  fertile  and  sterile  char- 
acter of  several  varieties  of  Straicbcrries;  with  a  JSTotice  of 
a  new  native  species  of  the  Strawberry^  from  the  Prairies  of 
Iowa.      By  N.  Longworth,  Esq.,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Sir: — In  the  publication  of  my  letter  in  the  July  number 
of  your  Magazine,  I  am  made  to  say,  "the  small  Virginia 
scarlet  produces  about  half  a  crop  of  delicious  fruit:"  it  should 
read,  "the  male*  Virginia  scarlet."  This  variety  has  the 
female  plant,  and  when  in  a  situation  to  be  impregnated,  is  an 
abundant  bearer  of  good  sized,  well  flavored,  fruit.  The 
male  organs  are  wholly  defective  in  the  female  plant.     Let  me 

*  We  read  it  male  in  the  manuscript,  but  in  the  proof  we  inadver- 
tently omitted  to  make  the  correction. — Ed. 


Remarks  on  several  varieties  of  Strawberries.         405 

know  the  result  with  your  seedling  plants,  that  are  perfect  in 
both  stamens  and  pistils.  You  will  not  find  them  worthy  of 
cultivation,  unless  it  be  to  impregnate  your  female  plants.  In 
a  thousand  years,  they  will  not  produce  a  female  plant,  nor 
will  your  bearing;  ones  produce  stamens  by  running.  My 
sketch  of  the  flowers  of  the  male  and  female  Hudson  blos- 
soms, though  sketched  from  memory,  was  correct.  As  a 
general  rule,  the  male  blossom  of  each  variety  is  much  larger 
than  the  female  of  the  same  variety.  Your  drawings  will  be 
of  great  value  to  all  cultivators  of  the  strawberry  who  do  not 
knoiv  too  much  to  benefit  by  your  article. 

David  T.  Dismy,  Esq.,  informed  me  he  had  seen  larger 
and  finer  strawberries  growing  in  the  prairies  of  Iowa,  than  he 
had  ever  seen  in  our  market.  Though  incredulous,  I  request- 
ed him  to  obtain  me  some  plants,  which  he  did  in  the  spring 
of  1841.  I  planted  them  on  a  north  border,  and,  when  in 
blossom,  found  ihere  were  two  varieties  of  them,  and  of  each, 
both  male  and  female  plants.  They  grew  badly,  and  bore  but 
little  fruit,  and  that  of  small  size,  in  March  last,  having,  as 
usual,  none  but  female  plants  in  my  beds,  I  directed  some 
male  plants,  wholly  defective  in  the  female  organs,  to  be  planted 
in  the  paths  between  the  beds.  When  these  plants  were  in 
blossom,  I  discovered  there  were  two  varieties,  both  males, 
but  one  of  them  producing  fine  fruit,  and  different  from  any 
variety  in  my  garden.  Some  plants  had  scarcely  a  defective 
blossom;  others  produced  from  four  to  six  strawberries:  the 
fruit  was  the  largest  in  my  garden.  On  inquiry,  I  found  that 
a  part  had  been  taken  from  the  bed  of  the  Iowa  strawberry, 
and  were  those  producing  fruit. 

This  strawberry  grows  in  the  prairies  of  Iowa,  fully  expos- 
ed to  the  sun  and  air.  On  my  north  border,  they  had  not  the 
full  advantage  of  either,  and  to  this  cause,  I  doubt  not,  their 
failure  is  to  be  attributed.  On  the  border  I  found  female 
plants,  and  I  have  now  given  them  a  location  where  they  will 
have  the  full  benefit  of  sun  and  air.  Every  blossom  will  bear 
a  fruit,  and,  I  anticipate,  of  large  size.  The  male  plant,  should 
it  sustain  present  promises,  I  consider  invaluable  for  the  im- 
pregnation of  your  seedling.  Keen's,  Hudson,  kc.:  invalua- 
ble, for  it  can,  even  when  out  of  blossom,  be  distinguished 
from  all  other  kinds,  and  kej)t  from  overrunning  the  beds;  and 
from,  its  large  size,  good  quality  of  the  fruit,  and  certainty  of 
producing  a  fair  crop,  well  deserving  of  cultivation   by  itself. 


406  Remarks  on  the  Sterility  of 

I  will,  in  the  spring,  send  you  a  few  of  these  plants,  and  some 
other  varieties  of  seedlings  that  will  be  new  to  you.  I  can 
also  send  you  one  that  is,  1  believe,  of  the  pine  family,  pro- 
ducing the  largest  fruit  of  any  variety  that  has  come  under  my 
observation,  that  is  perfect  in  both  the  male  and  female  organs. 

Yours,  N.   LONGVVORTH. 

Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Aug.  15,  1842. 

We  shall  be  pleased  to  receive  the  different  kinds  of  straw- 
berries kindly  offered  us  by  our  correspondent,  should  he  find 
a  good  opportunity  to  send  them.  The  Prairie  strawberry 
may  yet  prove  the  parent  of  larger  varieties  than  any  we  now 
possess. — Ed. 


Art.  IV.  Remarks  on  the  Sterility  of  several  kinds  of  Straw- 
berries; and  a  Query  respecting  the  best  method  of  insuring 
the  Jertility  of  old  plantations.  By  D.  W.  Coit,  Esq., 
Norwich,  Conn. 

An  article  in  the  last  number  of  the  Cultivator,  on  the  cul- 
ture of  the  strawberry,  and  particularly  of  your  "Hovey's 
Seedling,"  has  attracted  my  attention,  and  at  the  same  time 
been  very  acceptable,  having  under  cultivation  myself  several 
kinds  of  the  strawberry  referred  to,  which  have  hitherto  proved 
barren  and  useless,  but  which,  by  the  new  light  thrown  on  the 
subject,  in  the  article  referred  to,  1  hope  may  now  be  render- 
ed valuable. 

As  you  appear  to  be  immediately  interested  in  the  subject, 
and  moreover,  as  (I  believe)  you  write  for  the  benefit  of  the 
public,  I  have  thought  that  the  observations  of  another,  difier- 
ing  in  some  particulars  from  your  own,  might  be  not  uninter- 
esting to  you. 

About  two  years  ago,  my  neighbor,  Mr.  Benjamin  Hunting- 
ton, procured  from  some  garden  in  your  vicinity,  the  following 
kinds  of  strawberry,  viz: — Methven  Castle,  Warren's  seed- 
ling Methven,  and  Haulbois,  and,  at  the  same  time,  from  your- 
self, your  Hovey's  seedHng.     These  were  set  out  in  parallel 


several  kinds  of  Strawberries.  407 

rows,  near  together;  but  although  well  attended  to,  neither 
kind  has  produced  fruit,  unless,  indeed,  a  very  little,  and  that 
imperfect.  I  examined  myself  the  plants,  when  in  blossom 
last  spring,  and  found  that  all  had  the  female  organs;  but  not 
in  a  single  instance  did  1  discover  the  male  organs  in  any  of 
the  kinds.  Now  the  remedy  for  these  unfruitful  plants  would 
appear  to  be  plain,  it  being,  as  you  say,  only  necessary  fo 
know  "that  our  seedling,  the  Methven,  Downton,  &c.,  should 
be  set  out  in  beds  near  to  a  bed  of  early  Virginia,  or  some 
other  staminate  plants,  to  make  them  produce  as  great  a  crop 
as  may  be  wished."  My  observation  has  been,  that  there 
may  be  exceptions  to  this  rule,  and  it  is  to  this  that  I  would 
particularly  call  your  attention. 

In  a  part  of  Mr.  Huntington's  garden,  somewhat  remote 
from  the  vines  I  have  referred  to,  was  a  large  bed  of  the  white 
Wood  strawberry,  and  parallel  to  these,  and  almost  inter- 
mingled with  them,  another  bed  of  the  IMethven  Castle,  which 
for  two  seasons  have  not  produced  a  single  perfect  fruit:  again, 
an  experiment  was  made  last  spring,  by  setting  out  in  the 
midst  of  the  bed  of  Warren's  seedling  ^lethven,  and  also  of 
the  Hautbois,  several  of  the  native  wild  strawberry  plants, 
but  without  any  difference  being  perceived  in  the  barren  plants 
in  consequence.  How  can  you  explain  this?  The  Wood, 
as  well  as  the  wild  strawberry,  are  both,  if  I  mistake  not, 
staminate  plants,  and  yet  neither  has  served  to  impregnate 
either  the  seedling  Methven  or  Methven,  in  the  cases  refer- 
red to. 

I  observe  that  the  Hautbois  is  stated  by  Mr.  Longworth,  to 
be  of  a  "different  species,"  and,  as  such,  not  capable  of  being 
impregnated,  either  by  the  Hudson,  Virginia,  scarlet,  or  our 
native  strawberry;  is  it  then  that  it  can  only  be  rendered  pro- 
ductive by  a  mixture  of  male  plants  with  the  female  of  the 
same  kind.''  If  so,  I  would  ask  if  any  male  plants  of  this  de- 
scription can  be  procured.  I  have  a  superabundance  of  fe- 
male plants,  but  not  a  single  male,  nor  am  I  aware  that  I  have 
the  means  here  of  making  the  former  of  any  value. 

I  have  in  my  own  grounds  six  kinds  of  strawberries,  which 
I  have  cultivated  successfully  for  several  years;  in  addition  to 
these,  I  have  added,  on  a  new  plot  of  ground,  the  four  varie- 
ties named  as  in  the  garden  of  Mr.  Huntington,  and  ii  is,  as 
you  will  readily  perceive,  desirable  to  set  about  the  means  of 
making  these  productive  with  the  least  possible  delay.     It  will 


408  Remarks  on  the  Sierility  of 

be  inconvenient  for  me  to  set  out  new  beds  of  staminate  plants, 
as  you  recommend,  in  season  to  affect  my  barren  ones  the 
next  spring.  I  propose,  instead  of  this,  to  take  inale  plants 
of  a  variety  I  have  at  command,  and  which  I  can  designate, 
and  to  set  them  out  through  my  rows  of  barren  plants:  do  you 
approve  of  this  course? 

Your  very  obedient  servant,  Daniel  W.  Coit. 

J^orwich,  Conn.,  Oct.  9,  1842. 

We  are  exceedingly  pleased  to  learn  that  Mr.  Longworth's 
article  upon  the  strawberry,  together  with  our  remarks  upon 
the  same,  which  appeared  in  a  late  number,  have  attracted  the 
attention  ofcuhivators  of  this  fine  fruit.  In  a  preceding  page, 
will  be  found  some  additional  hints  from  Mr.  Longworih,  on 
the  same  subject,  and  the  |)aper  above,  though  detailing  some 
new  facts  in  relation  to  the  strawberry,  will  aid  in  determining 
the  best  methods  of  cultivation  suited  to  the  different  varie- 
ties. The  subject  is  important,  and  it  is  gratifying  to  receive 
the  assistance  of  amateurs,  that  the  doubts  respecting  the  di- 
(zcious  character  of  certain  kinds,  if  not  founded  in  truth,  may 
be  entirely  removed  in  the  minds  of  all,  and  a  proper  course  of 
culture  ascertained,  which  will  result  in  the  production  of  an 
abundance  of  fruit. 

It  will  be  seen,  by  Mr.  Coit's  communication,  that  he  has 
had  four  kinds  of  strawberries  in  cultivation,  neither  of  which 
have  produced  any  fruit — and  undoubtedly  from  the  cause  al- 
ready stated,  viz: — want  of  staminate  or  male  plants;  neither 
of  the  sorts  above  named,  though  two  of  them  we  believe  to 
be  alike,  having  male  plants.  The  cause  of  their  barrenness 
is  thus  easily  explained. 

But  in  regard  to  the  plants  in  his  neighbor's  garden,  set  out 
in  parallel  beds  with  the  white  Wood,  how  can  their  want  of 
productiveness  be  explained?  Can  there  be  exceptions  to 
the  general  rule,  as  stated  by  Mr.  Longworth?  It  is  to  this 
particular  question  that  the  article  of  Mr.  Coit  is  worthy  of 
attention.  We  do  not  feel  prepared  to  answer  it  to  our  own 
satisfaction  at  this  time;  but,  in  want  of  facts  which  we  trust 
to  be  able  to  obtain  another  spring,  we  will  name  some  causes 
which  might  have  tended  to  produce  the  result  stated  by  Mr. 
Coit. 

First, — the  white  or  red  Wood  strawberry  we  have  not  cul- 
tivated, only  for  procuring  good  plants,  for  several  years,  ow- 


several  kinds  of  Straio berries.  409 

ing  to  the  small  size  of  the  berries,  and,  in  consequence,  have 
not  taken  any  particular  note  of  their  flowering  or  fruiting — 
but  we  have  the  impression,  whether  or  not  correct  we  cannot 
now  say,  that  it  is  so  much  later  in  blooming  than  the  JNleth- 
ven  that  it  would  not  be  certain  to  impregnate  the  latter  varie- 
ty.    If  such  should  not  be  fact,  we  can  only  infer, 

Second, — that  the  small  size  of  the  flowers,  and  their  being 
generally  hidden  by  the  foliage,  might  prevent  them  from  im- 
pregnating beds  near  at  hand,  particularly  in  some  seasons, 
when  there  are  repeated  showers,  and  dull  weather,  at  the 
time  of  blooming. 

Thirdly, — Though  we  have  cultivated  the  Methven  scarlet 
for  upwards  of  ten  years,  yet  we  never  examined  the  blos- 
soms till  the  past  spring,  and  then  only  those  on  a  very  small 
number  of  plants.  May  not  the  Methven,  like  some  of  the 
kinds  Mr.  Longworth  mentions,  have  both  male  and  female 
blossoms?  and  may  not  the  former,  being  the  most  vigorous, 
overrun  the  latter,  and  Mr.  Huntington's  plants  be  nothing  but 
staminate  ones.'*  Though  this  may  not,  perhaps,  be  the  case, 
yet  there  is  a  probability  of  it. 

Neither  of  these  hypotheses  may  be  correct,  and  the  want 
of  productiveness  may  arise  from  some  unknown,  and,  at 
present,  inexplicable  cause.  Yet  we  trust,  by  the  return  of 
another  spring,  that  a  satisfactory  reason  may  be  discovered 
for  the  unproductiveness  of  the  kinds  growing  parallel  with 
the  white  Wood.  We  would  remark,  that  the  wild  strawber- 
ries of  the  pastures  do  not  all  have  perfect  flowers:  in  a  doz- 
en or  two  plants  which  we  examined  last  spring,  some  were 
perfect,  having  both  stamens  and  pistils — others  only  pistils — 
and  others  only  stamens;  thus  showing,  that  the  defect  men- 
tioned by  Mr.  Longworth,  exists  in  the  original  species. 

We  trust  the  subject  will  continue  to  engage  the  minds  of 
cultivators,  and  that,  by  the  return  of  another  year,  a  correct 
observation  will  set  the  disputed  question  at  rest. 

The  method  of  setting  out  staminate  plants  in  rows  between 
the  beds,  in  the  spring,  will  have  the  effect  of  securing  a  crop  of 
fruit;  and  the  kind  we  would  suggest  for  this  purpose,  is  the 
early  Virginia,  the  flowers  of  which  are  large,  and  filled  with 
an  abundance  of  stamens.  This  variety  is  also  a  rapid  grow- 
er, perfectly  hardy,  and  produces  an  abundance  of  excellent 
fruit,  the  earliest  in  the  market. — Ed. 

VOL.  VIII. NO.  XI.  52 


410       On  the  cultivation  of  the  .Amaryllis  Belladonna. 


Art.  V.      On  the  cultivation  of  the  Amaryllis  Belladonna. 
By  the  Editor. 

Few  of  the  Amaryllideae  possess  more  beauty  than  the  old 
and  well  known  A.  Belladonna.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest  spe- 
cies grown  in  our  gardens,  and  in  many  collections  the  only 
amaryllis  that  is  cultivated.  Blooming  at  a  season  when  few 
of  the  other  species  flower,  and  when  the  beauty  of  the  garden 
is  passing  away,  the  Belladonna  lily  is  worthy  of  a  place  in  the 
collection  of  every  amateur  of  plants. 

There  are  upwards  of  a  hundred  species  and  varieties  of  the 
amaryllis,  which  are  well  deserving  cultivation  in  every  good 
collection  of  plants.  When  properly  treated,  few  plants  add 
more  to  the  splendor  of  the  green-house  than  these.  Their 
flowers,  it  is  true,  are  not  so  lasting  as  some  others,  neither 
are  they  produced  successively  during  the  year,  as  with 
many  plants.  But  their  beauty  is  of  that  dazzling  kind,  which 
rivets  our  attention  and  admiration  for  the  time,  and  too  gor- 
geous to  be  constantly  before  us.  We  only  regret  that  the 
amaryllises  are  so  little  cultivated  and  appreciated  among  culti- 
vators generally. 

The  A.  Belladonna  is  of  the  easiest  growth.  It  generally 
blooms  in  the  months  of  September  and  October,  and  with  its 
clusters  of  beautiful  pink  flowers  adds  much  to  the  beauty  of 
the  green-house  or  the  parlor.  The  soil  best  suited  to  the 
bulbs  is  composed  of  one  half  sandy  loam,  one  quarter  leaf 
mould,  and  one  quarter  old  hot-bed  manure,  with  sand  in  the 
proportion  of  nearly  one  third  of  the  whole.  The  bulbs 
should  be  potted  in  August  or  September,  and  those  with 
flower  buds  will  soon  throw  up  a  spike  of  elegant  flowers. 
The  proper  sized  pots  for  blooming  roots  is  No.  4's,  and  for 
the  smaller  bulbs  No.  3's.  Give  a  good  drainage  with  broken 
potsherds,  coarse  at  the  bottom  and  finer  above,  and  fill  the 
pots  with  the  compost;  place  in  the  bulb,  setting  it  down  so  as 
to  leave  about  one  third  of  the  top  above  the  surface;  finish 
with  a  good  watering  through  a  fine  rose  or  with  the  syringe; 
and  place  the  pots  in  a  frame  or  in  the  green-house,  where  the 
bulbs  will  speedily  take  root,  and  produce  their  flowers. 

But  it  is  after  this  that  the  bulbs  require  the  most  attention 
to  make  them  bloom  well  another  year;  for  upon  the  growth  of 
the  leaves,  and  the  great  quantity  of  sap  stored  up  in  the  bulb, 


On  the  Autumn  treatment  of  Grecn-housc  Plants.      41  1 

depends  entirely  its  future  excellence.  As  soon  as  the  flowers 
have  faded,  the  stem  may  be  cut  oft'just  above  the  bulb;  good 
suj)plies  of  water  should  be  administered,  and  leaves  will  begin 
to  put  forth;  in  the  course  of  two  or  three  months  they  will 
have  acquired  their  full  size,  and  watering  should  then  be 
gradually  diminished  until  the  foliage  is  completely  dried  up. 
During  the  period  of  their  growth  the  plants  should  be  placed 
in  a  sunny  situation,  and  as  near  the  glass  as  convenient. 

When  the  bulbs  have  completed  their  growth,  which  will 
probably  be  in  the  month  of  February  or  March,  they  should 
be  placed  away  on  a  dry  shelf,  turning  the  pots  upon  their 
sides,  but  not -shaking  out  the  bulbs.  Here  they  may  remain 
until  the  month  of  August  or  September,  when  the  operation 
of  repotting  should  commence  again. 

Grown  in  the  manner  here  recommended,  the  beautiful  Bel- 
ladonna lily  may  be  seen  rearing  its  head  of  pale  rosy  flowers 
among  the  iew  plants,  which  at  that  season  of  the  year,  when 
the  lively  tints  of  summer  are  changing  to  the  sombre  hues  of 
autumn,  are  so  desirable  in  every  choice  collection. 


Art.  VI.  Observations  on  the  Autumn  treatment  of  Green- 
house Plants.  By  A.  Saul,  Foreman  in  the  Botanic  Gar- 
den and  Nurseries  of  A.  J.  Downing  &  Co.,  Nevvburgh, 
N.  Y. 

Sir, — Having  observed  (what  appears  to  me,)  a  very  bad 
practice  in  the  autumn  management  of  the  green -house,  pre- 
vailing to  a  considerable  extent,  among  amateur  cultivators, 
and  in  places  under  the  care  of  persons  not  professional  gar- 
deners, I  wish,  through  the  medium  of  your  Magazine,  to  draw 
the  attention  of  those  to  the  subject,  whom  it  more  immediate- 
ly concerns. 

In  the  first  place,  persons  generally  (I  mean  the  class  of 
persons  above  referred  to,)  are  in  too  great  a  hurry,  on  tiie 
first  appearance  of  a  cold  night  in  the  early  part  of  September, 
to  house  all  their  plants  indiscriminately. 

In  the  next  place,    they  keep  their  houses  too  close  imme- 


412       On  the  Autumn  treatment  of  Green-house  Plants. 

diately  after  getting  in  their  plants,  and  during  the  early  part 
of  the  autumn,  without  paying  due  attention  to  out-door  tem- 
perature. 

And,  finally,  fires  are  applied  before  they  are  absolutely  re- 
quired, (which  ought  not  to  be,)  and  kept  on  constantly,  with- 
out reference  to  moderate  changes  in  the  latter  part  of  fall,  and 
early  winter. 

The  result  of  the  above  course  of  treatment  is,  the  plants 
have  the  appearance  of  early  spring,  at  the  setting  in  of  winter, 
from  premature  excitement;  and  are  in  a  much  worse  state  for 
getting  through  the  winter,  than  they  would  be  under  a  differ- 
ent mode  of  management.  The  young  and  tender  shoots,  and 
foliage,  are  much  quicker  and  easier  affected  by  a  sudden  fall 
of  temperature.  Consequently,  it  will  be  necessary  to  keep 
up,  at  all  times,  a  higher  temperature,  to  guard  against  such 
sudden  changes,  and,  by  so  doing,  it  will  be  making  bad  worse, 
by  exciting  the  already  too  much  excited  and  drawn  up  plants 
into  an  exhausted  and  feeble  state,  totally  unfit  for  the  produc- 
tion of  flowers  during  winter,  &c. 

Some  reason  by  saying  they  pursue  the  above  course,  to 
have  flowers  in  winter;  but  the  very  reverse  is  the  case.  It 
is  true  they  may  have  a  few  flowers  the  latter  part  of  the  fall 
and  early  in  December:  but  about  New  Year's,  and  during  the 
months  of  January  and  February,  flowers  are  out  of  the  ques- 
tion, from  the  very  fact,  that  the  plants  are  in  a  too  weak  and 
drawn  up  state  to  develop  their  flowers,  in  the  confined  atm.os- 
phere  that  they  necessarily  will  have  to  endure,  during  the  ex- 
treme cold  of  these  months. 

To  obviate  the  above  results,  I  would  with  great  confidence 
recommend  the  following  simple  directions. 

In  place  of  huddling  all  the  plants  indiscriminately  into  the 
green-house,  on  the  first  appearance  of  a  cold  night,  in  Septem- 
ber, select  out  the  more  tender  plants  to  be  taken  in  doors  or 
under  cover  somewhere.  For  small  plants,  a  cold  frame  is  the 
best  place  when  the  lights  can  be  taken  off  by  day,  and  night 
too,  when  moderate;  and  so  keep  selecting  out  from  time  to 
time,  as  the  season  advances,  the  most  tender  among  those  that 
remain,  until  finally  the  time  arrives  for  the  final  arrangement 
of  the  green-house,  when  every  thing  must  be  in  its  place.  I 
have  found,  for  the  last  four  years,  the  middle  of  October  soon 
enough  for  this  neighborhood^  for  the  most  hardy  inmates  of 
the  green-house,  such  as  roses,  myrtles,  lauristinus,  &c.;  of 


On  the  Autumn  treatment  of  Green-house  Plants.      413 

course,  proper  allowance  must  be  made  for  latitude,  as  well  as 
other  local  circumstances. 

After  the  plants  are  all  housed,  it  will  be  necessary  to  ad- 
mit all  the  air  that  possibly  can  be  admitted  by  day  at  first,  and 
some  at  night  when  moderate,  and  at  all  times,  when  the  weath- 
er is  favorable,  to  be  free  as  practicable  with  air.  For  this 
reason  it  is  obvious  to  all  that  the  plants  being  out  all  summer, 
and  most  of  them  up  to  the  first  of  October,  and  all  the  sea- 
son's growth  has  been  made  out  doors,  being  subject  to  the 
same  changes  of  temperature,  &c.,  as  the  most  hardy  shrub, 
that  the  weather  must  be  very  cold  indeed,  when  plants  in  this 
stale,  at  this  period,  can  suffer  from  too  much  air;  and  the  ob- 
ject of  being  so  free  with  air,  at  this  season,  is  to  keep  the 
plants  as  late  as  possible  in  the  autumn  from  making  fresh 
growth  in  doors;  for  as  soon  as  this  takes  place,  it  will  then  be 
necessary  to  be  very  cautious  how  air  is  to  be  admitted.  The 
advantage  of  retarding  the  fall  growth  of  green-house  plants,  is 
to  enable  them  to  winter  better;  it  being  obvious,  as  I  have 
already  stated,  that  this  firm  short  jointed  wood,  that  has  been 
made  out  doors,  is  better  calculated  to  get  through  the  winter, 
as  well  as  to  produce  flowers,  during  the  winter  and  early 
spring,  (which  they  will  necessarily  be  forced  into  by  the  arti- 
ficial atmosphere  requisite  at  this  season,)  than  plants  excited 
and  enfeebled  by  fall  growth  will  be  at  the  setting  in  of  winter. 

It  will  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  above  remarks  have  no  re- 
ference to  establishments  that  have  separate  forcing  depart- 
ments, where  flowers  may  be  had  at  all  seasons,  but  simply  to 
the  miscellaneous  collection  of  green-house  plants,  among  which 
are  frequently  to  be  found  plants  requiring  temperature  varying 
from  the  hot-house  down  to  the  half  hardy  plant. 

One  error  among  amateurs  is,  they  suppose  when  they  have 
all  those  different  plants  in  their  collection,  they  should  have 
them  all  in  perfection,  without  considering  for  a  moment  the 
different  and  opposite  treatment  they  require;  whereas  here,  in 
this  case,  they  are  all  subject  to  the  same  temperature,  &c., 
indiscriminately,  and  being  so,  the  object  must  be  to  suit  the 
whole  with  the  least  possible  injury  to  any:  in  doing  so,  admit 
air  freely  in  the  fall,  when  the  plants  are  in  a  state  not  to  suffer 
from  it;  and  be  very  cautious  how  air  is  admitted  when  the 
plants  are  in  a  growing  tender  state  in  cold  weather. 

A.  Saul. 

Horticultural  JSTurscrics,  J^eioburgh,  ) 
a:  F.,  Oct.  21,  1842.  S 


414  Reviews. — Cottage  Residences;    or  a 


REVIEWS. 

Art.  I.  Cottage  Residences;  or  a  series  of  Designs  for  Ru- 
ral Cottages  and  Cottage  Villas,  and  their  gardens  and 
grounds:  adapted  to  J\'orth  America.  By  A.J.  Down- 
ing, author  of  a  treatise  on  Landscape  Gardening,  lllus- 
tiated  by  numerous  engravings.  1  vol.,  Svo.,  187  pp. 
New  York:  1842. 

We  some  time  since  announced  the  appearance  of  this 
volume,  and  we  congratulate  the  author  upon  the  very  excel- 
lent manner  in  which  the  work  is  executed. 

The  cottage  and  villa  architecture  of  this  country  is  full  of 
defects,  and  needs  the  aid  of  a  reforming  hand,  before  the  ex- 
amples of  bad  taste  shall  become  so  geneial  that  such  aid  will 
be  of  little  avail  in  correcting  them.  It  is  in  the  infiincy  of 
the  art  that  works  like  Mr.  Downing's  are  needed,  to  form 
and  mould  a  true  architectural  taste  among  the  peo])]e,  that 
they  may  be  able  to  appreciate  that  which  is  beautiful  and  per- 
fect, in  preference  to  that  which  is  common,  and  without  form. 

We  need  not,  however,  enter  into  any  argument  to  show  how 
acceptable,  at  this  time,  is  such  a  work  as  the  one  at  the  head 
of  this  article:  an  extract  from  the  preface  will  show^  with  what 
spirit  the  author  takes  up  the  subject,  and  the  motive  which 
induced  him  to  prepare  the  volume. 

A  hearty  desire  to  contribute  something  to  the  improvement  of  the 
domestic  architecture  and  the  rural  taste  of  our  country,  has  been  the 
motive  which  has  influenced  me  in  preparing  this  little  volume.  With 
lis,  almost  every  man  either  builds,  or  looks  forward  to  building,  a 
house  for  himself,  at  some  period  of  life;  it  may  be  only  a  log  hut,  or, 
at  most,  a  rustic  cottage,  but  perhaps  also  a  villa,  or  a  mansion.  As 
yet,  however,  they  are  mostly  of  the  plainest  and  most  meagre  de- 
scription, or,  if  of  a  more  ambitious,  they  are  frequently  of  a  more 
objectionable  character — shingle  palaces  of  very  questionable  conve- 
nience, and  not  in  the  least  adajited,  by  their  domestic  and  rural 
beauty,  to  harmonize  with  our  lively  natural  landscape. 

Now  1  am  desirous  that  every  one  who  lives  in  the  country,  and  in 
a  country  house,  should  be  in  some  degree  conversant  with  domestic 
architecture,  not  only  because  it  will  be  likely  to  improve  the  comfort 
of  his  own  house,  and  hence  all  the  houses  of  the  country,  but  that  it 
will  enlarge  his  mind,  and  give  him  new  sources  of  enjoyment. 

It  is  not  my  especial  object,  at  this  moment,  to  dwell  upon  the  su- 
perior convenience  which   may  be  realized  in  our  houses  by  a  more 


series  of  Designs  for  Rustic  Cottages,  .^-c.  415 

familiar  acquaintance  with  architecture.  The  acJvantages  of  an  in- 
geniously arranged  and  nicely  adapted  plan,  over  one  carelessly  and 
ill  contrived,  are  so  obvious  to  the  reason  of  every  one,  that  ihey  are 
self-evident.  This  is  the  groundwork  of  domestic  architecture,  re- 
eoiTuized  as  all-important  by  all  mankind,  and  some  ingenuity  and  fa- 
miliarity with  practical  details  are  only  necessary  to  give  us  compact, 
convenient  and  comfortable  houses,  with  the  same  means  and  in  the 
same  space  as  the  most  awkward  and  unpleasing  forms. 

But  I  am  still  more  anxious  to  inspire  in  the  minds  of  my  readers 
and  countrymen,  more  lively  perceptiousof  the  Beautiful,  in  every 
thing  that  relates  to  our  houses  and  grounds.  I  wish  to  awaken  a 
quicker  sense  of  the  grace,  the  elegance,  or  the  picturesqueness  of 
fine  forms  that  are  capable  of  being  produced  in  them  by  Rural  Ar- 
chitecture and  Lanilscape  Gardening — a  sense  which  will  not  only  re- 
fine and  elevate  the  mind,  but  pour  into  it  new  and  infinite  sources  of 
delight.  There  are  perhaps  a  few,  upon  whose  souls  nearly  all  ema- 
nations of  beauty  fall  impressiveless,  but  there  are  also  many  who 
see  the  Beautiful  in  nature  and  art  only  feebly  and  dimly,  either  from 
the  want  of  proper  media,  through  which  to  view  her,  or  a  little  di- 
rection as  to  where  she  is  to  be  found.  How  tnany,  too,  are  there 
who  even  discover  the  Beautiful  in  a  picture  or  a  statue,  who  yet  fail 
to  admire  her  rounding  with  lines  of  grace,  and  touching  with  shades 
of  harmony  all  common  nature,  and  pervading  silently  all  material 
forms.  "Men,"  says  Goethe,  "are  so  inclined  to  content  themselves 
with  what  is  commonest:  so  easily  do  the  spirit  and  the  sense  grow 
dead  to  the  impression  of  the  Beautiful  and  the  Perfect,  that  every 
person  should  strive  to  nourish  in  his  mind  the  faculty  of  feeling 
these  things  by  every  th'm<j;  m  his  power;  for  no  man  can  bear  to  be 
Avholly  deprived  of  such  enjoyment.  It  is  only  because  they  are  not 
used  to  taste  of  what  is  excellent,  that  the  generality  of  the  people 
take  delight  in  silly  and  insipid  things,  provided  they  be  new.  For 
this  reason  every  day  one  ought  to  see  a  fine  picture,  read  a  good 
poem,  hear  a  little  song,  and,  if  it  were  possible,  to  speak  a  few  rea- 
sonable words." 

Coining  to  the  task  with  such  feehngs,  with  a  mind  imbued 
with  the  subject,  and  prompted  more  with  a  view  to  introduce 
correct  principles  of  taste,  rather  than  the  simple  purpose  of 
making  a  book,  Mr.  Downing  has  presented  us  with  a  vol- 
ume which  will  tend  much  to  induce  those  who  are  buildins:, 
or  ever  intend  to  build,  a  villa  or  cottage  residence,  to  reflect 
and  think,  before  they  decide  upon  the  style  and  the  arrange- 
ments of  a  building  which  is  to  constitute  their  home:  for  in 
proportion  as  that  home  is  graceful,  pleasing,  and  convenient, 
so  will  its  possessor  become  more  and  more  attached  to  it, 
and  derive  more  intense  satisfaction  from  the  beauty  and  util- 
ity which  prevails  in  every  part. 

It  is  only  by  placing  before  the  public  correct  specimens  of 
architectural  taste,  that  improvement  can  be  effected.    Almost 


416  Reviews.  —  Cottage  Residences;  or  a 

every  man  looks  forward  to  that  period  when  he  shall  possess 
a  house;  and  when  that  time  arrives,  in  the  haste  which  is 
characteristic  of  our  people,  and  without  scarcely  any  previ- 
ous thought  or  study,  the  house  is  to  be  at  once  erected.  A 
common  carpenter  is  consulted;  the  prevalent  style  of  build- 
ing in  the  immediate  neighborhood,  whatever  that  style  may  be, 
is  decided  upon;  and,  in  a  short  time,  the  whole  is  completed 
and  ready  for  occupation.  The  owner  is  satisfied  with  it,  for 
the  simple  reason,  that  he  has  never  seen  examples  which 
please  him  better;  or,  if  he  may  have  seen  a  few,  he  has  not 
courage  to  depart  from  the  usual  style,  for  fear  of  the  ridicule 
and  sneers  of  his  neighbors  and  friends,  and  the  risk  of  being 
denominated  odd.  If  he  who  intends  to  build  has  no  know- 
ledge of  architecture,  and  does  not  feel  competent  to  super- 
intend the  erection  of  his  building,  persuade  him  to  apply  to  a 
professional  architect — describe  to  the  architect  the  conven- 
iences and  comforts  which  are  required;  and,  after  giving  him 
some  idea  of  what  is  wanted,  leave  to  his  good  taste  and  judg- 
ment the  style  and  the  details  of  the  building — directing  him 
to  superintend,  and  see  that  the  work  is  properly  executed. 
Such  a  house  will  not  only  be  a  source  of  domestic  comfort, 
but  a  source  from  whence  vi'ill  spring  a  more  just  appreciation 
of  the  Beautiful,  and  a  higher  and  more  comprehensive  idea 
of  that  harmony  which  is  the  fundamental  principle  of  all  ma- 
terial forms. 

The  leading  chapter,  headed  "Architectural  Suggestions," 
contains  some  excellent  remarks  on  the  color  of  buildings; 
and  our  author  quotes  the  following,  from  Sir  Uvedale  Price, 
in  his  Essays  on  the  Picturesque,  which  we  copy,  with  the 
hope  the  good  advice  may  be  borne  in  mind  by  all  who  intend 
to  build. 

One  of  the  most  charming  effects  of  sunshine,  is  its  giving  to  ob- 
jects not  merely  light,  but  that  mellow  golden  hue  so  beautiful  in  it- 
self, and  which,  when  diffused  as  in  a  fine  evening,  over  the  whole 
landscape,  creates  that  rich  union  and  harmony  so  enchanting  in  na- 
ture and  Claude.  In  any  scene,  whether  real  or  painted,  when  such 
harmony  prevails,  the  least  discordancy  in  color  would  disturb  the 
eye;  but  if  we  suppose  a  single  object  of  a  glaring  white  to  be  intro- 
duced, the  whole  attention,  in  spite  of  all  our  efforts  to  the  contrary, 
will  be  drawn  to  that  one  point;  if  many  such  objects  be  scattered 
about,  the  eye  will  be  distributed  among  them.  Again,  (to  consider 
it  in  another  view,)  when  the  sun  breaks  out  in  gleams,  there  is  some- 
thing that  delights  and  surprises,  in  seeing  an  object,  before  only  vis- 
ible, lighted  up  in  splendor,  and  then  gradually  sinking  into  shade: 


series  of  Designs  for  Rustic  Cottages^  ^-c.  417 

but  a  whitened  object  is  already  lighted  up;  it  remains  so  when  every 
thing  else  has  returned  into  obscurity;  it  still  forces  itself  into  notice, 
still  impudently  stares  you  in  the  face.  An  object  of  a  sober  tint  un- 
expectedly gilded  by  the  sun,  is  like  a  serious  countenance  suddenly 
lighted  up  by  a  smile:  a  whitened  object,  like  the  eternal  grin  of  a 
fool. 

The  designs  are  ten  in  number,  and  include  several  styles, 
among  which  are  the  English  or  rural  Gothic,  the  pointed  or 
Tudor,  the  bracketed  villa,  the  Italian  villa,  the  Tuscan  cot- 
tage, and  the  Gothic  villa — each  accompanied  with  practical 
details  for  carrying  the  same  into  execution.  Designs  II.  and 
VIII.  are  pretty  specimens,  much  to  our  taste. 

But  it  is  not  the  good  examples  of  architecture  alone,  which 
give  the  value  to  this  volume:  they  are  only  a  portion  of  its 
contents.  A  larger  part  is  devoted  to  the  laying  out  of  the 
grounds,  plans  of  which  accompany  each  of  the  designs,  in- 
cluding places  from  half  an  acre  to  fifty  acres  in  extent. 
These  plans  are  accompanied  with  details  for  forming  the 
pleasure  ground,  flower  garden,  kitchen  garden,  orchard,  &c.; 
making  fountains,  erecting  rustic  arbors,  &c.,  with  a  list 
of  the  most  desirable  ornamental  trees  and  shrubs,  the  most 
beautiful  and  showy  plants,  and  the  choicest  fruit  trees  to  be 
obtained,  accompanied  by  all  the  information  in  regard  to 
height,  time  of  blooming,  season  of  ripening,  &c. 

In  the  appendix  may  be  found  many  useful  hints  upon  the 
composition  of  cements,  for  the  exterior  of  buildings — on 
building  contracts — and  on  the  employment  of  professional 
men. 

The  only  objection  we  can  make  to  the  volume  is,  the  ex- 
pensive character  of  the  designs,  several  of  them  exceed- 
ing seven  or  eight  thousand  dollars  in  the  cost  of  their  erec- 
tion. Very  few  villa  residences  cost  near  that  sum,  and  we 
think,  if  Mr.  Downing  had  brought  his  estimates  between 
^2000  and  $5000,  they  would  have  served  a  better  purpose, 
and  have  furnished  more  examples  from  which  dwellings  would 
have  been  erected. 

The  work  is  a  beautiful  specimen  of  typography,  and  the 
designs  are  in  the  best  style  of  wood  engraving.  We  be- 
speak for  the  volume  an  attentive  perusal,  persuaded  that  those 
who  wish  to  cultivate  an  acquaintance  with  architecture  and 
ornamental  planting,  will  find  it  a  valuable  assistant. 

VOL.  VIII. — NO.   XI.  53 


418  Revieics. — Address  by  J.  E.  Teschtmacher. 


Art.  it.  ^n  Address  delivered  before  the  Massachusetts 
Horticultural  Society,  at  their  Fourteenth  Anniversary, 
September  16th,  1842.  By  J.  E.  Teschemacher,  Cor- 
responding Secretary  of  the  Society.  Pamphlet,  8vo., 
22  pages.      Boston:   1842. 

We  have  received  from  the  author,  Mr.  Teschemacher, 
a  copy  of  his  address,  dehvered  before  the  Society  at  its 
late  anniversary,  and  published  by  their  request,  for  distribu- 
tion among  the  members.  We  were  present  to  hear  its  de- 
livery, but  so  highly  pleased  were  we  with  it,  that  we  were 
anxious  to  have  a  deliberate  perusal  of  its  contents.  Having 
been  highly  gratified  in  the  performance  of  this  task,  we  are 
desirous  that  those  of  our  readers  who  were  not  present 
to  hear  it,  and  particularly  our  friends  at  a  distance,  should 
become  participators  in  the  pleasure  afforded  us;  and  in  giv- 
ing them  the  means  of  so  doing,  we  trust  we  shall  be  excused 
for  the  length  of  our  extracts. 

I\Ir.  Teschemacher  has  not  made  his  address  a  mere  mass 
of  words,  touching  the  general  subject  of  horticulture,  but 
has  detailed  practical  experiments,  and  advanced  some  new 
views  concerning  the  action  of  phosphates  upon  the  growth 
of  plants.  The  experiments  which  were  made  at  the  Public 
Garden,  under  the  author's  care,  are  given  with  a  minute- 
ness which  will  enable  any  cultivator  to  repeat  them  to  his 
own  satisfaction.  The  action  of  guano,  the  newly  intro- 
duced manure  from  South  America,  is  particularly  noticed, 
and  its  importance  as  a  fertilizer  detailed  at  length. 

We  congratulate  the  Society  upon  its  having  restored  the 
old  and  excellent  custom  commenced  at  its  first  formation,  of 
an  annual  address.  Though  they  have  generally  been  deliv- 
ered to  small  audiences,  and  those  mostly  members  of  the 
Society,  yet  we  think  that  the  custom  is  a  good  one,  and,  in 
the  course  of  time,  will  attract  a  concourse  of  hearers  as 
large,  as  the  science  on  which  it  treats,  is  important,  to  the 
welfare  of  mankind.  If  practical  men  are  selected  to  per- 
form the  duty,  the  addresses  will  undoubtedly  be  replete  with 
information,  which  writers,  without  any  other  acquaintance 
with  the  subject  than  that  gleaned  from  books  or  foreign  trav- 
el, will  be  unable  to  obtain. 


Revieios. — Address  hy  J.  E.  Tesckemacher.  419 

Mr.  Teschemacher  opens  his  address  with  a  view  of  the 
numerous  benefits  conferred  upon  society  by  the  spread  of 
the  science  of  horticulture,  and  contrasts  the  present  state  of 
South  America  with  what  it  would  have  been,  had  Pizarro, 
and  the  ministers  of  rehgion  who  accompanied  him,  "associ- 
ated the  cross  which  they  bore  in  one  hand,  with  t)ie  sjjade, 
the  rake,  and  the  pruning  knife,  instead  of  tlie  lance  the 
sword,  and  the  gun,  in  the  other." 

The  author  proceeds  with  his  address,  and  alludes  to  the 
rapid  strides  which  horticulture  has  made,  as  a  science. 

It  is  the  rank  to  which  Horticulture  has  recently  attained  as  a  sci- 
etjce.  It  is  no  lon-jer  a  mere  crude  mass  of  {gardeners'  secrets  for  |»ri)- 
pagatiog  or  grouing  certain  plants,  of  nostrums  and  recipes  for  de- 
stroying insects  and  cleansing  trees;  it  has  become  the  constantly 
improving  art  of  applying  scientific,  rational,  and  well  digested 
principles,  to  perfect  the  cultivation  of  the  vegetable  kingdom;  it  has 
suddenly  almost  become  a  subject  of  deliirhtful  and  interesting  in- 
vestigation for  scientific  men  of  the  most  refined  attainments. 

I  am  far,  however,  from  despising  these  secrets,  these  nostrums; 
they  have  frequently  resulted  from  the  close  observation  of  men 
of  most  excellent  judgment,  men  who  will  be  the  first  to  accej)t 
the  aid  of  science  to  strengthen  their  reasoning  powers  and  guide 
their  judgment.  I  only  rejoice  that  neither  the  facts  themselves,  nor 
the  principles  on  which  they  are  founded,  will  any  longer  remain 
secret;  they  will  henceforward  be  made  known  and  commented  on 
by  those  accustomed  to  study  and  to  trace  carefully  the  minute  ope- 
rations of  nature,  to  reason  and  reflect  on  each  new  appearance,  and 
to  exert  all  their  acuteness  in  tracing  its  cause  to  the  utmost  verge 
of  human  knowledge.  And  these  clear  and  simple  principles,  on 
which  all  improvements  are  grounded,  must  henceforward  be  de- 
scribed in  such  plain  and  intelligible  language  as  will  iriiide  those, 
who,  without  these  habits  of  study  and  observation,  pursue  the  cul- 
tivation of  the  soil  either  as  an  occupation  or  a  |)leasure.  Horti- 
culture is  now  capable  of  becoming  to  the  agriculturist  what  the 
chemical  laboratory  is  to  the  dyer  and  the  manufacturer.  It  is  in 
the  garden  and  the  green-house  that  useful  experiments  may  be 
made  on  the  value  of  different  manures  when  mixed  with  different 
soils,  their  effects  accurately  tested  on  various  kinds  of  plants,  their 
modes  of  operation  carefully  and  repeatedly  observed,  and  the  econ- 
omy of  their  application  practically  ascertained.  And  these  experi- 
ments are  more  necessary  at  the  present  day,  when  we  are  inundated 
with  artificial  and  natural  manures  and  composts  of  all  descriptions, 
whose  virtues  and  efficacy  are  boasted  of  and  lauded  for  the  purpose 
of  sale,  with  more  than  a  pedlar's  energy. 

The  following  are  the  experiments  with  guano,  alluded  to 
in  our  remarks  above: — 

The  most  recent,  and  probably  most  correct  analysis  of  guano, 
that  by  Voelckel,  shows  that  it  contains  many  of  the  ingredients  fa- 


420        Reviews. — Address  by  J.  E.  Teschemacher. 

vorable  to  vegetation,  such  as  several  salta  of  ammonia,  phosphate  of 
lime  or  the  chief  component  part  of  bonedust  in  abundance,  potash, 
soda,  and  as  much  as  one  third  of  organic  matter,  which  would  fur- 
nish humus  with  a  little  clay  and  sand. 

Immediately  on  receiving  this  guano,  about  the  17th  June  of  this 
year,  I  commenced  my  experiments,  which  I  will  now  explain  in  or- 
der, and  as  briefly  as  possible. 

First  observing  that  all  those  plants  which  were  treated  with  guano 
were  potted  in  a  mixture,  consisting  of  plain  earth  without  any  ma- 
nure, sand,  and  a  little  leaf  mould  and  peat,  with  which  the  guano 
was  mixed — that  those  plants  which  compare  with  them  have  been 
grown  in  our  richest  compost — and  that  both  have  had  the  same  at- 
tention, and  been  grown  otherwise  under  the  same  circumstances. 

Fuchsia  fulgens — one  year  seedline,  potted  17th  June,  two  and  a 
half  inches  high,  with  one  teaspoonful  not  piled  up,  of  guano — repot- 
ted 9th  Aug-ust,  then  twelve  inches  high,  with  another  spoonful  of 
guano — is  now  one  and  a  half  foot  high. 

The  contrast  between  this  and  the  two  years'  old  plant  is  very 
striking,  both  as  to  luxuriance  of  growth  and  color  of  the  foliage,  the 
plant  with  guano  being  vastly  superior.  I  think  also  that  the  color 
of  the  flower  is  improved;  it  is  well  known  among  gardeners  that  it 
is  rather  difficult  to  grow  this  plant  well. 

Pelargonium — two  seedlings  grown  with  guano,  and  one  of  the 
same  sowing  without:  on  the  17th  June  these  two  were  potted  with 
one  teas])oonful  of  guano,  and  repotted  on  the  9th  August  with  an- 
other teaspoonful;  here  also  the  difference  in  favor  of  guano  is  very 
great. 

China  Roses — two  cuttings  with  guano,  potted  17th  June,  with  one 
teaspoonful  guano — one  was  then  seven  inches  high,  the  other  four 
and  a  half;  they  are  now  thirty-four  inches  and  twenty-eight  inches 
respectively,  with  large  healthy  foliage  and  stem;  these  have  not  re- 
ceived a  second  application  of  guano. 

Celdsia  cristaia  or  Cockscomb — one  seedling,  with  one  teaspoon- 
ful and  one  of  the  same  sowing  without — the  size  of  the  stem,  foli- 
age, and  head  of  that  with  guano  is  more  than  double  that  of  the  oth- 
er, and  the  diflference  in  the  green  color  of  tho  leaves  remarkable. 

Salvia  patens  with  one  teaspoonful  of  guano — the  effect  here  has 
been  to  lengthen  the  joints,  and  the  flower  appears  a  trifle  smaller 
than  usual. 

Jlckc'm  FarnesittTia — a  seedling  showing  the  size  of  the  foliage  and 
length  of  the  joints,  previous  to  the  application  of  a  teaspoonful  of 
guano,  and  the  remarkable  growth  of  both  afterwards. 

Camellia  with  two  teaspoonsful,  I7th  June,  and  none  since.  This 
specimen  which  was  quite  small  and  unhealthy  before  the  addition  of 
guano,  as  may  be  seen  by  the  lower  leaves,  exhibits  in  a  most  mark- 
ed manner,  by  its  beautiful  large  deep  green  leaves  and  healthy  bud, 
the  action  of  this  manure. 

I  have  also  exhibited  a  Camellia  grown  with  a  large  proportion  of 
fine  wood  charcoal;  the  foliage  and  bud  is  extretnely  fine  and  luxu- 
riant, and  of  a  very  healthy  green  color,  but,  as  may  be  seen,  not  at 
all  equal  to  that  worked  with  guano. 

One  Balsam,  17th  June,  two  teaspoonsful,  repotted  9th  August 
with  two  more,  to  which  a  little  lime  was  added. 


Reviews. — Address  by  J.  E.  Teschemacher.        421 

This  is  an  ugly  specimen,  bein»  nearly  past  flowering;  but  I  sent 
it  to  confirm  an  ol)servation  in  the  London  Gardener's  Chronicle, 
which  states  that  the  balsams  worked  there  with  euano  came  with 
smaller  flowers.  It  is  evidently  the  case  here,  but  I  have  watched  it 
carefully,  and  found  that  not  a  single  flower  missed  bearing  its  seed 
vessel,  and  that  every  seed  vessel  I  have  opened  is  quite  full  of  per- 
fect seeds,  containing  from  fourteen  to  twenty  in  each.  1  wish  this 
point  to  be  carefully  remembered,  as  I  shall  found  some  farther  re- 
marks upon  it. 

From  what  I  have  seen  of  guano,  it  is  quite  clear  that  its  action  is 
rapid  and  powerful  on  the  stem  and  foliage,  increasing  their  size  and 
deepening  their  green  color:  of  this  fact  there  can  be  no  doubt.  I 
think  it  probable  that  it  diminishes  the  size  of  the  flower  in  some 
cases,  and  that  it  improves  the  seed,  both  in  quantity  and  quality  — 
of  this,  however,  much  more  experiment  is  required  to  prove  the  cer- 
tainty. 1  have  one  more  remark  to  make:  when  those  plants  were 
repotted,  which  received  a  second  application,  the  roots  were  very 
numerous,  and  appeared  in  the  most  vigorous  health — thick,  succu- 
lent, pure  white,  the  tips  with  that  hairy  appearance,  so  well  known 
by  cultivators  as  a  sign  of  strong  growth. 

In  Peru  it  is  customary,  when  using  guano  to  raise  pepper,  to  ma- 
nure three  times,  first  on  appearance  of  the  roots,  then  on  the  appear- 
ance of  the  leaves,  and  lastly  on  the  formation  of  the  fruit. 

I  think  the  experiment  of  its  action  on  all  fruits,  particularly  the 
larger  fruit  trees,  as  a[)ples,  pears,  peaches.  See,  will  be  extremely 
interesting,  as  well  as  on  the  vine,  which  is  well  known  to  be  ex- 
cessively greedy  for  rich  food,  particularly  for  bone  manure,  the 
chief  ingredient  of  which,  phosj)hate  of  lime,  guano  contains  in  con- 
siderable quantity. 

The  English  have  been  the  first,  we  believe,  to  make  usq 
of  guanoy  except  the  natives  of  South  America,  where  it  is 
obtained;  but  it  seems  some  of  our  amateur  cultivators  wer6 
aware  of  its  value  long  since.  A  writer  in  the  JVew  England 
Farmer,  as  long  ago  as  1832  or  '33,  called  the  attention  of 
cultivators  to  this  article,  as  an  important  manure;  but  we  are 
not  aware  that  any  experiments  have  been  tried  with  it,  except 
those  detailed  in  this  address. 

The  author  thus  pleasantly  alludes  to  the  prejudice  existing 
among  many  botanists,  against  those  transformations  in  flow- 
ers, generally  termed  by  them  "monstrosities:" — 

A  remnant  of  the  ignorance  of,  and  want  of  interest  in,  vegetable 
physiology,  of  the  older  botanists,  I  think  is  found  in  the  aversion 
many  of  them  still  entertain  towards  the  transformations  in  flowers, 
effected  by  the  art  of  the  horticulturist,  either  by  hybridization  or  by 
the  multiplication  of  parts,  causing  what  is  called  double  flowers. 
To  me  this  aversion  appears  to  arise  from  a  contracted  view  of  the 
subject — all  these  transformations  are  operations  of  nature,  all  take 
place  in  accordance  with  her  laws;  therefore  all  are  deserving  of 
study  and  of  systematic  arrangement,  and,  when  well  understood, 


422         Reviews. — Address  by  J.  E.   Tcscliemacher. 

they  must  throw  much  liijht  on  tlie  functions  of  different  parts,  as 
well  as  on  che  relations  these  parts  hear  to  each  other.  Every  devi- 
ation from  regular  structure,  called  by  the  man  of  science  abnormal, 
must  afford  insight  into  the  laws  of  that  structure;  and  I  am  con- 
vinced that  the  more  these  changes  are  studied  by  the  scientific  bot- 
anist, the  more  enlightened  will  become  the  views  on  those  portions 
of  the  vegetable  kingdom  which  are  now  comparatively  obscure. 

Mr.  Tescheinacher  next  offers  some  views  upon  the  nec- 
tariferous organs  of  flowers,  and  their  importance  in  the  econ- 
omy of  vegetation,  relating  an  experiment,  which  has  a  direct 
bearing  upon  the  subject  of  guano. 

The  nectariferous  juices,  or,  as  it  is  commonly  called,  the  honey 
in  flowers,  is  usually  separated  or  secreted  by  glandular  boilies  call- 
ed nectaries,  and  this  honey  has  by  many  been  supposed  to  be  of  in- 
disi)ensable  service  in  the  fecundation  of  the  seed;  but  there  are  also 
glands  on  the  leaves  and  leafstalks,  (petioles)  of  many  plants,  which 
perform  the  same  office  of  secreting  honey:  here,  of  course,  it  can- 
not be  of  use  for  this  purpose.  Such  glands  exist  on  the  petioles,  or 
leaf  stalks,  of  most  of  the  acacia  tribe,  on  the  tips  of  three  or  four 
of  the  lower  serratures  on  the  leaves  of  Grevvia,  on  various  parts 
of  the  leaves  or  stems  of  the  balsam,  on  passiflora,  and  many 
other  plants.  These  glands  only  secrete  honey  during  the  youth  and 
growth  of  the  leaf;  it  is  then  only  that  their  operation  and  beautiful 
structure  can  be  j)roperly  observed;  when  the  leaf  has  attained  its 
full  growth  and  perfection,  the  active  part  of  these  glands  dries  up, 
the  time  for  observing  their  powers  is  past,  and  the  leaf  then  pro- 
ceeds in  its  own  important  function  of  elaborating  the  sap.  It  has 
been  lately  surmised,  and  it  appears  to  me  with  every  probability  of 
truth,  that  this  honey  is  an  excretion  thrown  off,  of  the  superabundant 
and  useless  part  of  the  juices,  after  the  leaf  or  flower  has  selected  all 
that  is  necessary,  precisely  analogous  to  the  excretions  of  the  animal 
frame.  I  will  attempt,  very  briefly,  to  show  that  this  view,  if  cor- 
rect, is  of  some  importance,  both  to  agriculture  and  horticulture. 
Mr.  A.  A.  Hayes,  of  Roxbury,  in  a  beautiful,  simple,  and  I  believe 
original  experiment,  exhibited  before  the  Chemical  Society  of  Boston 
this  spring,  proved  the  existence  of  phosphoric  acid  (probably  com- 
bined in  several  seeds,)  by  immersing  sections  of  them  in  weak  solu- 


tions  of  sulphate  or  acetate  of  copper;  in  whatever  part  of  the  seed 
phosphoric  acid  existed,  on  that  part  was  deposited  a  precipitate  of 
phosphate  of  copper; — this  was  |)articularly  evident  in  the  seeds  of 
Indian  corn. 

A  certain  quantity  of  phosphoric  acid,  or  phosphates,  is  therefore 
necessary  to  the  existence  of  these  seeds;  and  that  ))art  of  the  plant, 
(probably  the  flower,)  destined  to  perform  the  function  of  preparing 
the  juices  for  these  seeds,  must  go  on  exerting  its  utmost  powers  in 
selecting  and  rejecting  until  the  requisite  quantity  of  phosjihates  and 
other  ingredients  for  the  seed  are  obtained.  Now  the  phos()hates  in 
most  soils  exist  in  extremely  minute  quantifies;  therefore,  those 
plants  and  flowers  whose  seeds  require  any  quantity,  must  extract 
large  portions  of  food  from  the  soil  before  they  can  select  the  amount 


' Reviacs. — Address  by  J.  E.   Teschemacher.         423 

of  pho.sphates  necessary  for  the  perfection  of  their  seeds;  and  proba- 
bly only  as  many  seeds  arrive  at  maturity  as  the  plant  can  procure 
phosphates  to  complete;  the  remainder,  embryos  of  which  are  always 
formed  in  abundance,  are  abortive, — that  is,  never  come  to  perfec- 
tion. 

The  same  line  of  reasoning  of  course  ajjplies  to  the  other  necessa- 
ry ingredients  of  seeds.  If,  therefore,  we  present  to  a  plant  food 
containing  an  abundant  supply  of  these  ingredients,  it  seems  reason- 
able to  suppose  that  we  shall  produce  more  seeds,  or  rather  that 
more  of  the  embryo  seeds  will  be  perfected.  Now  I  have  before 
stated  that  the  chemical  analysis  of  guano  shows  that  it  contains,  in 
abundance,  most  of  the  necessary  ingredients  of  plants  and  seeds,  the 
nitrogen  of  its  ammonia  being  absolutely  requisite  for  the  cellular, 
vascular  and  other  parts  of  the  stem  and  leaves,  and  its  phosphoric 
acid,  as  well  as  its  nitrogen,  for  the  seeds;  and  if  future  experience 
should  confirm  what  I  have  to-day  stated  as  an  opinion,  that  the 
flowers  of  plants  manured  with  guano  become  smaller,  it  may  be 
accounted  for  on  the  assumption  that  as  there  is  presented  to  the 
plant  these  ingredients  in  abundance,  particularly  those  necessary  for 
the  seed,  the  flower  and  its  glands,  whose  office  it  is  to  prepare  the 
latter,  have  less  work  to  perform,  less  food  to  analyze,  less  to  select 
and  less  to  reject;  hence  there  is  no  necessity  to  have  them  of  so  large 
a  size  as  where  much  exertion  of  these  functions  is  required.  The 
seed  will  also  be  larger  and  in  greater  quantity. 

I  offer  this  train  of  reasoning  on  an  abstruse  and  little  understood 
subject  with  the  utmost  diffidence,  and  certainly  under  the  impression 
that  we  have  not  yet  sufficient  evidence  or  experience  on  this  most 
interesting  manure  to  offiir  a  solid  and  well  grounded  opinion;  but  it 
is  at  all  events  a  sufficient  foundation  on  which  to  lay  the  superstruc- 
ture of  experiment. 

"Horticulture,"  continues  the  author,  "is  probably  still  in 
its  infancy  in  this  country;  but  if  so,  it  is  the  infancy  of  the 
giant." 

*****  How  few  have  hitherto  devoted  their 
whole  attention  to  raising  new  varieties  of  fruits,  flowers  or  vegeta- 
bles from  seed,  and  yet  we  have  alread}',  among  flowers,  the  almost 
unsurpassed  Camellia  Wilderi,  raised  by  our  indefatigable  President, 
with  several  others  of  great  beauty.  The  seedling  Pelargoniums, 
exhibited  this  spring  in  the  rooms  of  this  Society,  are  not  far  from 
some  of  the  best  imported  from  Europe.  In  fruits,  we  may  with 
pride  refer  to  the  Strawberry,  raised  by  an  active  member  of  this  So- 
ciety,* which  has  deservedly  acquired  so  much  celebrity, — to  many  of 
our  native  apples  and  pears,  to  Mr.  Manning's  cherries,  to  several 
new  plums  which  have  been  exhibited.  *  *  #  #         # 

Nature  has  been  lavish  in  her  gifts  to  this  climate.  The  glorious 
beauties  of  our  sunsets  amply  attest  the  purity  of  our  atmosphere, 
and  the  almost  tropical  sun  which  rides  over  our  heads  during  the 
summer  months,  jjerfectly  matures  the  wood,  the  juices,  the  pollen, 
and  the  seeds  of  our  plants.     For  the  grateful  shade  of  other  lands. 


*  Hoveys'  Seedling 


424         Reviews. — Mdress  by  J.  E.  Teschemacher. 

the  ingenuity  of  the  horticulturist  here  can  easily  find  a  substitute; 
but  to  produce  or  to  imitate  our  glorious  sunlight,  is  beyond  the  art 
of  those  of  many  other  countries. 

The  important  subject  of  ornamental  gardening  has  not 
escaped  notice;  and  it  must  be  regretted,  that  the  author  did 
not  extend  his  views  on  this  subject,  so  interesting  to  all:  we 
could  have  wished  that  he  had  devoted  a  considerable  portion 
of  the  address  to  an  attempt  to  impress  upon  the  minds  of 
gentlemen  who  possess  country  residences,  and  owners  of 
estates,  the  great  value  which  might  be  given  to  their  proper- 
ty by  a  liberal  planting,  and  judicious  selection,  of  ornamental 
trees  and  shrubs.  It  is  this  particular  feature  which  gives  the 
cottages  and  villas  of  England  that  picturesque  appearance  so 
universally  admired.  But,  beyond  the  beauty  of  such  planta- 
tions, how  necessary  are  they  in  another  point  of  view — as 
affording  shelter  from  the  bleak  winds  which  sweep  across 
some  portions  of  the  country,  and  shade  from  the  burning  sun 
of  our  clear  and  unclouded  skies.  Every  individual  who 
possesses  a  spot  of  ground,  should  not  neglect  to  plant  trees, 
whether  it  is  improved  or  unimproved — if  improved,  it  will 
be  rendered  so  much  the  more  ornamental,  and  if  unimproved, 
it  will  add  more  than  double  the  expense  of  planting  to  the 
value  of  the  ground. 

I  trust,  also,  that  in  a  few  years  attention  will  be  more  directed  to 
the  exhibition  of  true  taste,  whether  in  laying  out  the  small  garden 
plot  around  the  house,  or  in  more  extensive  ornamental  grounds. 
For  the  cost  is  the  same,  whether  the  labor  of  planting  and  making 
walks  be  expended  in  a  manner  consonant  to  true  taste  or  otherwise; 
and  the  principles  of  this  true  taste  are  extremely  simple  and  easy 
of  application.  Had  time  permitted,  I  should  like  to  have  laid  down 
a  few  of  these  principles,  and  also  to  have  said  a  few  words  on  the 
subject  so  essential  to  landscape  gardening,  of  harmony,  which 
should  be  studied  with  an  artist's  eye,  both  in  the  plantation  of 
masses  and  lines  of  trees,  with  regard  to  their  mode  of  growth  and 
foliage,  as  well  as  in  the  arrangement  of  the  colors  of  the  flower 
garden.  I  must  also  leave  untouched  another  subject  of  great  im- 
portance; I  mean  the  scientific  arrangement  of  trees  and  plants  in 
gardens,  an  object  which,  when  attained,  not  only  increases  immeas- 
urably the  interest  of  a  garden,  but  leads  even  those  unscientific 
minds,  which  are  strongly  imbued  with  a  love  of  order  and  arrange- 
ment, to  enjoy  and  delight  in  the  beautiful  domain  of  the  vegetable 
kingdom. 

The  importance  of  horticultural  publications,  which  have 
undoubtedly  tended  more  to  the  spread  of  a  taste  for  garden- 
ing than  all  other  means  combined,  does  not  escape  the  notice 


Domestic  Notices.  425 

of  the  author,  and  he  pays  the  following  tribute  to  their  use- 
fulness:— 

But  if  horticultural  societies  have  done  much  to  advance  this  pur- 
suit, horticultural  publications  have  perhaps  done  more.  I  was  an 
original  subscriber  to  Loudon's  Gardener's  Magazine,  the  first  of 
these  publications,  and  I  have  watched  with  much  interest  the  pro- 
gress and  effects  of  that  and  the  other  publications  which  have  sprung 
from  its  example.  I  do  not  hesitate  to  state  my  conviction  that,  with- 
out such  publications,  many  of  these  societies  would  not  now  be  in 
existence;  and  that  thousands  of  individuals,  who  have  found  innocent 
and  delightful  resources  and  excitement  in  horticulture,  would  have 
been  ruined  at  the  tavern  or  the  gambling-house, — finally,  that  it  is 
impossible  to  calculate  the  advantages  bestowed  on  mankind  by  the 
vast  diffusion  of  a  taste  for  hoi-ticulture,  which  these  publications 
have  mainly  contributed  to  produce.  I  cannot  now  enter  more  into 
detail  of  these  ailvantages;  besides  a  very  brief  instance  will  elucidate 
them  with  more  force. 

Mr.  Teschemacher  concludes  by  congratulating  the  Socie- 
ty upon  their  resolution  to  admit  the  ladies  to  take  a  part  in 
the  pleasures  of  their  tneetings,  and  pays  a  just  tribute  to  their 
virtues,  and  the  part  which  woman  has  always  taken  in  the 
promotion  of  horticulture. 


MISCELLANEOUS    LNTELLIGENCE. 

Art.  I.     Domestic  Notices. 

Notes  on  the  climate  of  Ohio,  and  the  state  of  Gardening  in  Cin- 
cinnati.— My  Dear  Sir:  When  I  left  the  East,  I  expected  to  leave 
behind  me  the  cool,  too  cool,  summers  to  which  1  had  been  accus- 
tomed, and  to  come  into  a  region  of  long,  dry,  sunnrier  heat.  I  was 
asked  by  almost  every  person  whom  I  knew,  if  I  had  ever  spent  a 
season  here;  and  then  came  pictures  of  drought  and  bilious  fever: — 
the  former,  I  supposed,  would  kill  my  trees — the  latter,  me.  As  it 
is,  I  have  hardly  ever  known  so  pleasant  a  season,  or  one  which  has 
been  more  generally  favorable  to  horticultural  operations.  We 
have  had  but  one  check  (in  May)  since  its  opening,  and  timely  show- 
ers have  come  to  temper  the  heat  of  the  long  sunshine  of  the  sum- 
mer's day. 

Two  crops  of  strawberries  and  raspberries  have  been  sold  in  our 

market;  a  fact  which  1  have  never  before  known  to  occur,  and  one, 

which  I  think,  deserves  to  be  chronicled.     Apples,  pears,  and  plums, 

I  have  seen  in  blossom  a  second  time;  raspberries  have  cast  their 

VOL.  VIII. — NO.  XK  54 


426  Domestic  jyotices. 

leaves,  and  shot  out  anew,  (some  of  mine-,)  and,  in  all  things  which 
came  under  my  observation,  a  vigorous  and  large  growth  has  been 
evident. 

Fruits,  mostly  apples  and  peaches,  have  been  very  abundant  and 
fine; — the  peach  trees  set  their  fruit  successfully,  and  were  beyond 
the  reach  of  danger  when  an  unfavorable  week  in  May  came  upon 
them.  The  greatest  difficulty  here,  with  those  fruits  that  are  sus- 
ceptible to  the  early  warmth,  has  been,  to  protect  them  against  the 
later  frosts,  which,  I  am  told,  are  very  commonly  destructive.  I 
have  recommended  to  plant  on  northern  ex{)osures;  but  advice 
which  costs  little,  is  of  course  little  valued  or  regarded. 

The  trees  (peach)  have  been  overloaded  with  fruit;  many  of  them 
have  broken  down  under  it,  and  are  spoiled  for  a  time,  if  not  for- 
ever: the  probability  is,  that  all  fruits,  next  year,  will  be  scarce. 
Notwithstanding  the  great  crop,  good  fruit  has  sold  well,  as  it  always 
does,  for  that  matter.  One  yellow  Spanish  cherry  tree  brought  to 
its  owner,  (as  he  told  me,)  twenty  dollars;  peaches  have  sold  at 
from  one  to  five  dollars  the  bushel;  pears  from  two  to  five;  and  good 
apples  now,  with  a  market  full  of  them,  sell  at  forty  to  fifty  cents. 
Good  fruits  have  of  course  been,  and  are  still,  rare;  but  the  new 
and  improved  sorts  are  now  coming  in  here  fast.  Nurseries 
are  starting  up  on  every  side,  and  should  they  all  succeed,  we 
shall  rival  Flushing.  Such,  however,  is  unlikely.  Many  now  are 
turning  every  way  to  keep  the  way  of  the  tree  of  life: — they  have 
the  impression  that  they  shall  live  pleasantly,  do  little,  and  sell 
much;  all  they  have  to  do  is  to  sit  still,  and  let  the  trees  grow; — 
these  will,  after  a  few  years  of  disappointment  and  vexation,  go  to 
something  which  requires  less  labor,  less  close  attention  and  perse- 
verance:— perhaps  I  shall  be  among  them. 

I  expected,  too,  to  leave  behind  me  most  of  that  gardening  taste 
which  now  so  distinguishes  Boston,  and  has  contributed  to  make  its 
environs  the  most  beautiful  and  interesting  of  any  in  the  country; — 
I  find  more  here  than  I  expected.  Mr.  i3uchanan,  Mr.  Brigham, 
Mr.  NeflT,  and  perhaps  others,  (beside  Mr.  Longworth,)  are  well 
known  as  liberal  and  successful  amateur  horticulturists. 

Mr.  Ernst's  is  perhaps  the  oldest  nursery  and  garden  in  this  vi- 
cinity. Without  paying  great  attention  to  floriculture,  he  has  a 
good  collection  of  bulbs,  and  this  season  had  a  beautiful  bed  of  car- 
nations in  bloom;  beside  these,  a  great  variety  of  hardy  flowering 
shrubs  and  plants. 

Mr.  Jackson  is  known  as  a  florist:  he  has  a  large  catalogue  of 
roses,  which  I  have  not  seen  in  bloom;  but  I  have  seen  at  his  place 
a  show  of  dahlias  which  would  have  done  honor  to  Boston's  exhi- 
bitions, and  I  think  finer  blooms  among  them  than  any  I  saw  there 
last  fall. 

Mr.  Sayre  is  hardly  established  yet,  and  I  have  not  had  time  to 
visit  him:  I  hear  him  well  spoken  of.  Of  my  own  garden  I  have 
nothing  now  to  say.     Give  me  time. 

I  hope,  next  year,  that  we  may  be  able  to  get  up  a  fruit  and  flow- 
er exhibition.  This  year  we  had  material  enough  for  it,  and  could 
have  made  a  very  creditable  one.  We  want  a  {"ew  more  such  men 
as  I  have  named,  to  take  the  thing  in  hand; — men  of  taste,  leisure, 
and  means — men  who  have  weight  and  character  to  make  the  start. 


Domestic  J^otices.  427 

These  "atherin^s  do  more  to  develop  the  propensity  for  cultivation, 
than  any  other  one  thing.  There  is  love  enough  here  for  it,  already, 
in  a  small  way,  (as  the  neat  gardens  and  few  window  plants,  so 
often  seen,  evidence,)  which  would  at  once  become  a  strong  inter- 
est, and  perhaps  enthusiasm,  if  it  could  be  brought  together.  Every 
man's  and  every  woman's  love  for  a  rose  tree  would  be  increased 
twenty  times,  if  there  were  twenty  others  to  love  it  with  him.  I 
have  to  wish  success  to  all  horticultural  efforts,  and  to  conclude, 
from  the  brilliant  reports  of  your  festival,  that  the  bantling  is  well 
fledged. —  rery  truly  yours,  Ch.  W.  Elliott,  Cincinnati,  Oct.  1842. 

The  Century  plant,  or  American  Aloe. — The  great  aloe  lately  in 
flower  in  tlie  garden  of  S.  Van  Rensselaer,  Esq.,  of  Albany,  has 
been  removed  to  New  York,  to  the  store  of  Mr.  G.  C.  Thorburn, 
John  Street,  where  it  will  be  exhibited  for  the  benefit  of  the  Orphan 
Asylum  of  Albany.  It  is  now  in  full  bloom,  and  will  remain  so  for 
some  time.  The  task  of  removing  the  plant  without  damage,  was 
no  easy  one;  but  in  New  York,  where  it  will  be  accessible  to  stran- 
gers from  all  parts  of  the  country,  the  sum  which  will  probably  be 
taken  while  it  is  on  exhibition,  will  be  of  great  assistance  to  the  Asy- 
lum. The  plant  will  show  to  great  advantage  in  Mr.  Thorburn's 
store;  the  flower  stem  will  rise  up  through  the  opening  to  the  sa- 
loon, on  the  second  floor,  and  from  its  great  height,  a  better  oppor- 
tunity will  be  offered  to  examine  it,  than  in  any  other  situation. 
Those  who  are  desirous  of  seeing  this  curious  plant  will  do  well  to 
call,  as  it  may  be  many  years  before  another  will  bloom. — Ed. 

Crop  of  grapes  in  Ohio. — My  promise  of  grapes  was  flattering.  1 
have  not  been  at  all  the  vineyards,  but  learn  all  have  suffered  more 
or  less  by  the  rot.  I  expected  to  make  five  hundred  barrels  of  wine; 
I  shall  be  certain  to  make  between  three  and  four  hundred,  as  the 
grapes  are  now  beginning  to  ripen,  and  the  rot  has  ceased  its  ravag- 
es. But  in  these  temperance  times  rny  tenants  will  be  compelled  to 
turn  their  attention  to  other  culture,  unless  they  can  meet  a  sale  for 
it  east  for  sacramental  purposes;  their  wine  l)eing  the  pure  juice  of 
the  grape,  without  the  addition  of  alcohol.  One  of  my  German  ten- 
ants, last  spring,  made  some  of  the  best  champaigne  wine  I  have 
ever  tasted.  It  was  the  pure  juice  of  an  American  grape.  If  equal- 
ly successful  next  season,  I  will  send  you  a  sample.  I  will  this 
fall  send  you  a  few  varieties  of  native  wine,  for  trial  at  your  horticul- 
tural fair.  Let  me  know  its  time  of  meeting.  Among  them  will  be 
a  sample  of  dry  wine,  of  the  hock  character,  from  the  same  cask 
from  which  the  champaigne  was  made.  I  believe  it  will  bear  a  com- 
parison with  the  best  dry  hock  in  Boston,  of  last  year's  vintage. — 
Yours,  N.  Longworth,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Agricultural  and  Horticultural  Exhibition  in  King's  Co.,  N.  Y. — 
Our  horticultural  friends  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  and  vicinity,  held  an 
exhibition  on  the  20th  of  October,  at  Flatbush.  There  was  quite  a 
display  of  dahlias  and  other  flowers,  and  several  premiums  were 
awarded  for  the  beat  specimens.  I'he  Society,  we  believe,  has  been 
recently  organized,  and  this  was  the  first  exhibition.  All  the  agri- 
cultural and  horticultural  products  for  premiums  must  be  raised  in 
the  county.  An  address  was  delivered  on  the  occasion,  by  Prof,  C, 
S.  Henry,  of  the  New  York  University. 


423  Domeslic  JSTotices. 

Our  correspondent  at  Brooklyn  has  promised  us  a  report  of  the 
exhibition,  which  will  apj)ear  in  our  December  number. — Ed. 

The  Ohio  grape. — An  ojiportunity  oft'ering  by  Dr.  Biites,  I  send 
you  two  bunches  of  my  Ohio  grape.  They  are  not  more  than  two 
thirds  their  usual  size;  and  as  they  have  already  been  four  days  off 
the  vine,  and  not  calculated  for  long  keeping,  do  not  ex|)ect  them  to 
reach  you  in  eating  order.  The  vine  is  very  vigorous,  hardy,  a  fiue 
bearer,  free  from  mildew,  without  the  hard  pulp  conmion  to  all  other 
native  grapes,  and  equal,  for  the  table,  to  the  Muesinier,  or  Miller's 
Burgundy.  1  will  next  season  send  you  a  fairer  sample. —  Yours,  JV. 
Longworth,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Sept.  1842. 

[The  grapes  came  to  hand  in  tolerably  good  order.  The  variety 
appears  to  l)e  a  good  one,  but  it  has  much  the  appearance  of  Herl)e- 
mont's  Madeira.  Does  Mr.  Longworth  know  its  origin?  for  we  are 
inclined  to  think  it  identical  with  the  latter. — Ed.] 

Gardening  in  Indiana. — Much  spirit  has  been  shown  within  one 
or  two  years  past,  in  this  State,  in  cultivating  fruits  and  flowers. 
We  have  formed  a  State  Horticultural  Society,  whose  exhibitions 
are  attracting,  and  beginning  to  deserve,  much  attention.  At  our 
meeting  in  October,  we  shall  exhibit  a  lar^^e  number  of  new  varieties 
of  apples.  Considerable  attention  is  directed  to  originating  new 
kinds,  and  our  premiums  have  tended  chiefly  to  that  point.  We 
suppose  our  soil  and  climate  to  be  admirably  adapted  to  the  fruits 
belonging  to  the  middle  States,  and  doubtless  Indiana  will,  in  a  few 
years,  be  one  of  the  largest  fruit-growing  States  in  the  Union.  The 
apple  and  the  pear  are  the  especial  objects  of  cultivation,  and  in 
every  direction,  as  farms  are  opening,  large  and  thrifty  young  or- 
chards will  be  found. 

It  will  give  me  pleasure,  if  any  thing  worthy  of  note  is  presented 
at  our  October  exhibition,  to  give  you  descriptions  of  it;  and  1  may 
be  able  to  send,  by  private  hands,  some  specimens  of  new  winter 
ai)ples. — H.  JV.  Beecher,  Indianopolis,  la.,  Sept.  29,  1842. 

iridea.  Gladiolus  natalinsis. — Roots  of  this  fine  exotic,  planted 
out  so  late  as  July  16th,  are  now  blooming  finely  in  the  open  air, 
notwithstanding  several  severe  frosts  have  occurred;  they  causing 
the  foliage  only  to  turn  a  little  yellowish,  although  of  sutiicient  pow- 
er to  completely  destroy  the  foliage  of  the  dahlia. — R.,  Oct.  12,  1842. 

Fair  of  the  American  Institute. — The  fourteenth  Annual  Fair  of 
this  Institute  was  held  in  New  York,  from  the  11th  to  the  26th  of 
October,  at  Niblo's  Garden,  Broadway.  We  were  present  at  the 
exhibition,  at  the  close  of  the  second  week,  and  were  much  pleased 
with  that  part  of  the  Fair  devoted  to  agricultural  implements,  and 
garden  productions  of  flowers,  fruits,  and  vegetables.  Nearly  an 
entire  room  was  devoted  to  the  three  latter,  and  a  very  fine  display 
was  made.  Around  the  two  sides  of  the  hall  were  arranged  large 
stands,  on  which  the  dahlias  were  placed;  between  these  stands, 
(which  occupied  only  the  space  against  the  wall,)  in  front  of  the  sev- 
eral windows,  were  vegetables  of  various  kinds:  at  the  end  waa 
placed  the  exhibition  of  fruits,  consisting  of  a  very  good  assortment 
of  kinds,  the  largest  collection  of  which  was  from  our  corresjiond- 
ents,  Messrs.  A.  J.  Downing  &  Co.,  of  Newburgh,  N.  Y.  Other 
fine  collections  were  seat  by  Messrs.  Keid,  of  the  Murray  Hill  Nur- 


Retrospective  Criticism.  429 

sery,  and  Mr.  Mantel,  on  the  Bloomingdale  Road,  each  of  which 
contained  some  large  and  fine  specimens. 

The  greatest  exhibitors  of  dahlias  were  Messrs.  Dunlap,  Thor- 
burn,  Reid,  Kent,  Van  Buien,  and  Hogg,  and  among  them  were 
some  very  superb  specimens  of  flowers,  such  as  Dowaeer  Lady 
Cooper,  Widnall's  Queen,  Alba  purpurea.  Duchess  of  Richmond, 
Catileugh's  Eclipse,  Phenomenon,  Maria,  Le  Grand  Baudine,  &c. 

The  exhibition  of  vegetables  was  excellent.  The  squashes,  cab- 
bages, onions,  turnips,  beets,  &c.,  were  there  in  profusion,  of  large 
size,  and  well  grown. 

Had  we  not  been  promised  the  reports  of  the  several  committees 
awarding  the  premiums,  we  should  have  extended  our  present  re- 
port, and  made  mention  of  all  the  prominent  articles  exhibited;  but 
as  these  reports  will  appear  in  our  next  number,  we  shall  refer  our 
readers  to  them  for  a  full  account  of  the  exhibition  of  the  horticul- 
tural department. 

We  should  not  omit  here  to  mention  the  exertions  of  Mr.  Bridg- 
man,  in  the  arrangement  of  the  articles  exhibited,  or  of  his  endea- 
vors to  serve  the  interests  of  the  Institute,  in  drawing  up  the  awards 
of  premiums,  and  promoting  the  interests  of  horticulture  general- 
ly.—i<U 


Art.  n.     Retrospective  Criticism. 


Errata. — In  our  September  number,  page  350,  lines  26th  and  28th 
from  the  top,  for  "  IVitcomb  ^  Ring,''  read  "  Wilcomb  S^  King;"  an 
error  which  escaped  our  notice  until  too  late  for  correction. — Ed. 

Glout  Morceau  Pear. — Mr.  Editor:  The  subscriber  would  remark, 
in  reply  to  the  communication  of  "A  Fruit  Grower,"  p.  312,  that  at 
least  one  of  his  statements  is  not  in  accordance  with  the  facts  in  the 
case.  We  stated,  in  our  former  note,  that  we  had  no  intention,  (not 
instruction,  as  it  appears  by  a  typographical  error,)  to  go  behind  the 
authority  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society,  and  that  the  error 
"rests  with  the  printer  or  the  writer,  no  matter  which;"  your  corres- 
pondent has  defined  our  position,  Ity  stating  that  it  "could  not  have 
been  an  error  of  the  printer."  in  this  he  labors  under  a  mistake. 
We  had  hoped  that  our  former  statement,  coupled  as  it  was  with  our 
frank  acknosvledgment  of  the  mistake,  would  have  been  sufficient  on 
this  point;  but  we  now  feel  constrained  to  say  that  the  printer  did 
make  the  alteration  on  his  own  responsibility. 

We  fully  agree  with  your  correspondent,  that  the  French  and 
Flemish  pears,  in  many  instances,  have  local  name*  attached  to  them, 
for  which  it  would  be  almost  impossible  to  give  a  proper  and  cor- 
rect siiinification.  Nothing  probably  can  be  satisfactory,  on  this 
head,  without  knowing  the  intention  of  the  original  namer  of  the 
fruit;  it  \s  probable  that  Glout,  the  abbreviation  of  Glouton,  will  be 
found  wide  of  the  mark;  and  as  our  only  aim  is  to  gain  information, 


430      JVew  York  Horticultural  and  Floricultural  Soc. 

we  submit  the  following,  from  a  French  provincial  dictionary: — 
Glout — greedy,  passionate,  to  love  to  excess.  We  will  venture  to 
suggest  the  signification  of  Glout  rnorceau  to  be — Jl  morsel  loved  to 
excess,  in  preference  to  ''A  greedy  mouthful." 

We  are  under  the  impression  that  the  term  greedy  would  be  more 
applicable  to  thejoerson  eating,  than  to  the  thing  eaten;  however,  we 
may  be  all  in  the  wrong,  and  therefore  asain  respectfully  ask  further 
information  from  "A  Fruit  Grower." — Yours,  truly,  Samuel  Walk- 
er, Roxbury,  Sept.  28th,  1842. 


Art.  III.     Neiv  York  Horticultural  and  Floricultural  Society. 

[We  have  been  favored  with  the  following  report  of  the  first  ex- 
hibition held  by  this  newly  organized  Society  in  the  city  of  New 
York;  and  on  a  recent  visit  to  that  city,  one  of  the  members  pre- 
sented us  with  a  copy  of  the  constitution  and  bye-laws  of  the  insti- 
tution. From  it  we  learn,  that  the  Society  was  instituted  last  March, 
and  has  been  in  existence  little  over  six  months. 

The  officers  of  the  Society  consist  of  a  President,  two  Vice  Pres- 
idents, a  Treasurer,  and  a  Secretary.  The  annual  election  takes 
place  on  the  second  Tuesday  in  March:  meetings  are  held  once  a 
month  throughout  the  year,  and  other  exhibitions  on  such  days  as 
the  Society  may  direct. 

It  is  some  time  since  the  old  New  York  Horticultural  Society  ceas- 
ed its  operations.  A  year  or  two  ago,  a  new  society,  called  the  Hor- 
ticultural Association  of  the  Valley  of  the  Hudson,  was  organized, 
and  one  or  two  exhibitions  were  held  in  New  York  and  Albany — but 
it  seems  also  to  have  met  the  same  fate  as  its  predecessor:  no  meet- 
ings, we  believe,  have  been  held  for  upwards  of  a  year;  and,  though 
we  hope  it  has  not  been  abandoned,  yet  we  fear  that  the  members 
are  too  scattered  to  effect  any  really  important  results.  New  York, 
however,  should  not  be  without  a  Horticultural  Society,  and  we  see 
no  reason  why  an  association,  properly  conducted,  cannot  be  estab- 
lished upon  a  foundation  which  shall  be  lasting,  and  be  the  means  of 
increasing  and  disseminating  a  taste  for  flowers  and  fruits.  It  can- 
not be  that  there  is  a  want  of  able  amateurs  and  gardeners  around 
New  York  city,  to  compose  such  a  society:  a  hearty  co-operation  is 
all  that  is  needed,  to  create  the  same  interest,  and  awaken  the  same 
zeal,  which  has  sustained  associations  of  the  same  kind  in  Boston 
and  Philadelphia.  We  hope  our  friends  will  take  hold  of  the  mat- 
ter in  good  earnest,  and  not  allow  any  feelings  of  a  personal  consid- 
eration to  deter  them  from  pursuing  an  onward  course.  Let  their 
motto,  like  that  of  the  late  Mr.  Knight,  be— "We  have  persevered; 
we  will  persevere." 

We  hope  some  of  our  friends  will  furnish  us  with  a  list  of  officers 
for  the  current  year. — Ed.] 


JN'eic  York  Ilorlicullural  and  Floricullural  Soc.      431 

The  first  annual  Exhibition  of  the  Society  was  held  on  the  21st, 
22d,  23d,  and  24th  days  of  September,  at  Constitution  Hall,  a  spa- 
cious saloon  in  Broadway. 

The  weather,  during  the  whole  time,  was  rather  unfavorable,  es- 
pecially the  first  two  days,  and  the  air  was  exceedingly  keen,  which, 
tosether  with  a  very  high  wind,  prevented  many  from  seeing  the  ex- 
hibition who  probably  would  have  done  so,  had  the  weather  been  fine. 
The  saloon  was  arranged  and  decorated  in  a  very  tasteful  manner, 
and  was  very  much  admired  by  all  who  witnessed  it.  In  the  centre 
was  a  large  circular  table,  decorated  with  plants,  arranged  in  the 
form  of  a  pyramid;  the  most  conspicuous  among  them  was  it  plant  of 
Manettza  cordifolia,  about  six  feet  high;  also,  Ardisia  solanacea,  Eu- 
phorbia splendens,  &c.,  from  Mr.  Thomas  Hogg.  Croton  yiictum, 
Araucaria  hraziiiensis,  Abulilon  striatum,  fuchsias,  roses,  &.C.,  from 
Mr.  J.  Buchanan.  A  large  specimen  of  Magnolm  Exmouth/i,  Pitt- 
osporum  tobira,  fol.  variegata,  acacias  and  other  fine  plants,  from 
Mr.  William  Reid.  A  lovely  specimen  of  Erica  gracilis,  completely 
covered  with  its  bright  pink  flowers,  Gardoquia  Hookeru  in  fine 
bloom,  &c.,  from  Mr.  Francis  Briell.  Gesneria  faucialis,  Gardo- 
quia Hookerw,  jErica  persoluta  alba,  and  Fuchsia  fulgens,  all  dis- 
playing their  beautiful  flowers,  from  Mr.  John  Briell.  Petunias, 
roses,  fuchsias,  Sec,  from  Mr.  Joseph  Monk.  From  two  sides  of  the 
centre  table,  extending  through  the  middle  of  the  saloon,  were  placed 
two  tables,  one  for  fruit,  and  the  other  fitted  up  for  dahlias,  both  or- 
namented with  rare  and  beautiful  plants.  On  the  fruit  table  were  two 
splendid  specimens  of  Araucaria  braziliensis,  each  about  five  feet 
high,  from  Mr.  John  B.  Mantel,  who  also  exhibited  a  very  large 
plant  of  Magnolia  exoniensis  pra^'cox,  and  a  fine  hybrid  Jihododen- 
dron.  Yiicca  gloriosa  fol.  variegala,  three  and  a  half  feet  high,  from 
Mr.  Thomas  Hogg,  looked  exceedingly  fine;  as  also  beautiful  speci- 
mens of  Cycas  revoMta,  and  Zamia  horrida,  from  Messrs.  Niblo  & 
Dunlap.  Bomipknia  jiincea,  from  Mr.  Alexander  Smith.  iShodo- 
dendron  Russelliana,  Fiichsia  fulgens,  Jasminum  Sdmbac,  verbenas, 
&c.,  from  Mr.  William  White. 

The  display  of  fruit  was  most  excellent,  but  the  Isabella  grapes 
were  not  generally  well  ripened,  on  account  of  the  backwardness  of 
the  season.  The  pears  and  apples  from  Mr.  Mantel,  and  from  Mr. 
William  Reid,  were  most  beautiful  fruit,  and  probably  could  not  be 
surpassed  for  size  and  flavor.  Mr.  Mantel  exhibited  two  Duchess 
d'Angouleme  pears,  weighing  2  lbs.  4  oz.,  Comte  de  Lamy,  Belle 
Henriette,  Beurre  dore,  "Pear  Ladec,  Bergamotte  d'Automme,  Belle 
de  Martigny,  one  fruit  weighing  9  oz.,  Beurre  tanne,  Bonne  I^ouise 
d'Avranches,  Ah  !  Mon  Dieu,  Beurre  Gris,  St. Michael,  Epine  Dumas, 
Bonne  Louise,  Beurre  d'Aremberg,  Pear  Dumortier,  Chaumontel, 
Vrai  Doyenne  d'hiver,  Verte  longue  panache,  Pear  Cuvillier,  Pear 
DelphiUj'Gilogil,  one  fruit  weighing  8  oz.,  Mouille-bouche,  Royale 
d'hiver,  Lansac  Dauphine,  Bonne  de  Malines,  Francreal,  Wilhelmi- 
ne,  and  Virgoulouse;  Apples — Princesse  Nol)le,  one  weighimr  12  oz., 
Reinette  de  Caux,  Late  pippin,  Calville  Royale,  Reinette  d'Angle- 
terre,  Reinettede  Holland,  Reinette  de  Bretagne,  and  Canterbury  pip- 
pin; also,  Portugal  and  apple  quinces,  and  German  Medlars.  Mr. 
William  Reid  exhibited  Pears— Catillac,  one  fruit  weighing  12  oz., 


432      JVew  York  Horticultural  and  Floricultural  Soc. 

Duchess  d'Angouleme,  three  fruit  weighing  2  lbs.,  Doyenne  Gris, 
Gilogil,  two  fruit  weighinj;  18  oz..  Flemish  Beauty,  Chaumontel, 
Francreal,  Winter  Virgoulouse,  Mouilie-bouche,  Rushniore  Bon 
Chretien,  Marie  Louise,  Martin  Sec,  Uverlales  St.  Germain,  Rousselet 
de  Rheims,  Napoleon,  and  Glout  Morceau.  Mr.  William  White  ex- 
hibited fine  white  Chasselas  grapes,  raised  in  the  open  air,  and  Isabel- 
las. Mr.  John  Johnson  exhibited  Royal  russet  apples.  Mr.  N. 
Hickok  exhibited  pear  quinces,  weighing  1  lb.  each.  Mr.  Samuel 
Cox  pear  quinces,  weighing  1  lb.  each,  and  Isabella  grapes.  Mr. 
Andrew  Hislop  exhibited  fine  white  Magnum  Bonum  plums,  five 
fruit,  weighing  1  lb.,  and  Seckel  pears.  There  were  also  exhibited 
fine  Monstrous  pippin  apples,  some  weighing  17  oz.,  Roxbury  russet 
apples,  Maiden  Blush  apples,  St.  Michael  pears,  &c. 

The  dahlia  table  was  very  showy,  and  contained  many  fine  flow- 
ers, but  there  was  not  that  quantity  of  superior  specimens  that  there 
would  have  been  had  the  weather  been  more  favorable.  Mr.  George 
C.  Thorburn  exhibited  a  fine  stand,  containing  Bridesmaid,  Pickwick, 
Alba  purpurea,  Andrew  Hofer,  Dowager  Lady  Cooper,  Coudrey's 
Scarlet  Defiance,  Beauty  of  England,  Grand  Tournament,  Conqueror 
of  the  World,  Alexander,  Poole's  White,  Constancv.  Lady  Jermyn, 
Frances,  Maid  of  Bath,  Metella,  Charles  XII.,  Widnall's  Queen, 
Scarlet  Eclipse,  Will  Watch,  Orange  Boven,  &c.  Mr.  William 
Russell,  of  Brooklyn,  exhibited  Argo,  Widnall's  Queen,  Andrew  Ho- 
fer, Pickwick,  Ne  Plus  Ultra,  Maid  of  Bath,  Unique,  Phenomenon, 
Scarlet  le  Grand,  Striata  formosissima,  Squibb's  Advancer,  President 
of  the  West,  Reliance,  Miss  Johnson,  Fair  Maid  of  Clifton,  Lewis- 
ham  Rival,  Ruby  Superb,  Grand  Tournament,  Virgin  Queen,  Grace 
Darling,  and  a  very  fine  seedling  named  Lady  Asbburton — the  flower 
is  white,  delicately  laced  with  a  bright  pink,  a  good  petal,  and  well 
up  in  the  centre,  being  altogether  distinct  from  any  other  variety. 
Mr.  Dunlap  exhibited  a  fine  stand  of  the  newest  and  best  varieties, 
as  also  Messrs.  Briell,  Mr.  A.  A.  Leggett,  Mr.  William  Reid,  Mr. 
E.  E.  Dean,  Mr.  Daniel  Boll,  Mr.  William  White,  Mr.  William 
Brownlee,  Mr.  Alexander  Smith;  Mr.  Thomas  Hogg  exhibited  An- 
drew Hofer,  Metella,  Charles  XII.,  Striata  formosissima,  President 
of  the  West,  Rouge  et  Noir,  Arao,  Suffolk  Hero,  Ne  Plus  Ultra, 
Calliope,  Miss  Percival,  Frances,  Grace  Darling,  Pickwick,  Unique, 
Mary  of  Burgundy,  Poole's  White,  Conservative,  Glory  of  the  West, 
&c.  &c. 

A  stand  of  roses  by  Mr.  Daniel  Boll,  and  seedling  pansies  from  Mr. 
Briell,  attracted  much  attention.  Among  the  most  conspicuous  plants 
on  this  table  were  a  fine  Ardisia  crenulata  from  Mr.  William  White; 
Passiflora  Kermesina  from  Mr.  Joseph  Monk;  fine  coxcombs  in  pots 
from  Mr.  Briell;  an  elegant  RusselU'ajuncea  in  fine  flower  from  Mr. 
Alexander  Smith;  and  DraciB^na  australis  from  Mr.  Hogg. 

The  vegetable  table  was  filled  vvith  a  fine  assortment  of  vegetables. 
Mr.  Ruth,  gardener  to  John  Beekman,  Esq.,  exhibited  egg  plants, 
four  fruits  from  one  plant,  weighing  22  lbs.,  club  squash,  20  ll>s.  each, 
and  3i  feet  long,  Turnip  cabbage,  one  weighing  17  lbs.,  parsnips  and 
beets,  4  lbs.  each,  mangel  wurtzel,  8i  lbs.  each,  white  Virginia  corn, 
sixteen  feet  hiirh,  fine  peppers,  &.c.  Mr.  John  Briell  exhibited  su- 
gar beet,  weighing  8^  lbs.  each,  three  egg  plants,  5  lbs.  each,  six 


Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society.  433 

onions,  2  lbs.  each,  fine  celery,  carrots,  beets,  &.c.  Mr.  Francis  Briell 
exhibited  fine  blood  beet,  turnip  beet,  long  white  beet,  Victoria  and 
Mammoth  rhubarb,  five  stalks  of  the  latter  weighing  6  lbs.  A  brace 
of  fine  cucumbers,  measurinff  seventeen  inches,  from  Mr,  Thomas 
Galvin,  gardener  to  William  B.  Cozzens,  Esq.  Tomatoes,  from  Mr. 
E.  E.  Dean.  Large  Bull-nose  peppers,  four  weiiihing  1  lb.  from  Dr. 
Doane,  Staten  Island.  Onions,  six  weighing  2  lbs.,  from  Mr.  Ed- 
ward Hobbs.     Victoria  rhuiiarb,  tVom  Mr.  Livingston,  &c. 

A  large  table,  filled  with  cacti  and  other  curious  plants,  presented 
a  singular  appearance,  and  were  justly  admired.  Mr.  J.  Buchanan 
exhibited  Cereus  senilis,  C.  multangularis,  Echinocactus  EyriesiV,  and 
other  species,  Mesembryanthemum  tigrinum,  M.  truncabillum,  M. 
monanthe,  -Euphorbia  eneagoua,  E.  s|)lendens,  &c.  Mr.  Thomas 
Hogg  exhibited  Cereus  senilis,  C.  cliiliensis,  C.  peruvianus,  Melo- 
cactus  amoB^na,  Opuntia  microdysas,  O.  lactea  spina,  O.  cochinillife- 
ra,  Mamillaria  chrysacantha,  M.  Schmannw',  M.  longimamma,  M.  un- 
cinata,  M.  cerifera,  Echinocactus  latispina,  E.  Eyriesw,  &c.  Mr. 
Alexander  Smith  exhibited  Mamillkria  Schmannu,  M.  uncinata,  Ce- 
reus senilis,  and  several  new  species  not  named. 

The  saloon  was  most  profusely  decorated  with  bouquets,  festoons, 
and  cut  flowers.  Mr.  Joseph  Meister,  of  Harlaem,  exhibited  a  very 
large  and  beautiful  bouquet.  Mr.  John  B.  Mantel  exhibited  a  large 
pyramid  of  flowers,  arranged  with  great  taste.  Mrs.  Bulow  exhibit- 
ed a  splendid  bouquet,  consisting  of  tuberose,  tiger  flowers,  and  oth- 
er choice  flowers;  also  a  basket  of  fine  dahlias.  Although  the  con- 
tributors were  not  very  many,  yet  the  exhibition  was  managed  with 
great  spirit,  and  showed  the  increasing  taste  for  such  displays. 


Art.  IV.     Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society. 

Saturday,  October  1,  1842. — The  annual  meeting  of  the  Society 
for  choice  of  oflicers  for  the  ensuing  year,  was  held  to-day — the 
President  in  the  chair.  The  Committee  appointed  at  the  last  meet- 
ing, to  nominate  a  list  of  oflicers,  reported  the  same  upon  a  printed 
ticket,  agreeably  to  the  vote  of  the  Society,  requesting  them,  that 
if  they  found  it  expedient,  the  name  of  no  member  should  ap- 
pear on  more  than  one  committee:  the  report  was  accepted,  and 
laid  upon  the  table  for  distribution. 

The  meeting  then  proceeded  to  ballot:  Messrs  French  and  Macon- 
dry  were  appointed  a  committee  to  sort  and  count  the  votes:  the  polls 
remained  open  five  minutes,  after  which  the  whole  number  of  votes 
was  reported  as  thirty-seven — and  the  following  gentlemen  were 
elected  for  the  ensuing  year — the  term  of  office  commencing  with 
the  first  Saturday  in  April,  1843,  and  ending  the  first  Saturday  in 
April,  1844. 

VOL.  VIII. — NO.   XI.  55 


434  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society. 

President. — Marshall  P.  Wilder. 

Vice  Presidents.— B.  V.  French,  Jona.  Winship,  Cheever  New- 
hall,  E.  M.  Richards. 

Treasurer. — Samuel  Walker. 

Corresponding  Secretary. — J.  E.  Tesohemacher, 

according  Secretary. — Ebenezer  V/ight. 

Professor  of  Botany  and  Vegetable  Physiology. — John  Lewis 
Russell,  A.  M. 

Professor  of  Entomology. — T.  W.  Harris,  M.  D. 

Professor  of  Horticultural  Chemistry. — S.  L.  Dana,  M.  D. 

Standing  Committees. 

Committee  on  Fruits. — B.  V.  French,  Chairman;  P.  B.  Hovey, 
Jr.,  O.  Johnson,  S.  Pond,  J.  Lovett,  2d,  L.  P.  Grosvenor,  J.  Breck, 
Jona.  Winship,  D.  Ha^i^gerston,  J.  L.  L.  F.  Warren,  J.  F.  Allen. 

Committee  on  Floivers. — Samuel  Walker,  Chairman;  H.  W.  Dut- 
ton,  S.  Sweetser,  S.  R.  Johnson,  J.  Stickney,  W.  E.  Carter,  P. 
Barnes. 

Committee  on  Vegetables. — J.  A.  Kenrick,  Chairman;  W.  B. 
Kingsbury,  John  Hovey,  A.  D.  Williams,  J.  C.  Howard,  A.  Bow- 
ditch,  John  Hill. 

Committee  on  the  Library. — C  M.  Hovey,  Chairman-;  R.  T. 
Paine,  C  K.  Dillaway,  J.  E.  Teschemacher,  E.  Wight,  R.  M. 
Copeland. 

Committee  on  Synonyms  of  Fruits. — R.  Manning,  Chairman;  S. 
Downer,  W.  Kenrick,  J.  Prince. 

Executive  Committee. — M.  P.  Wilder,  Chairman;  Enoch  Bart- 
lett,  A.  Aspinwali,  F.  W.  Macondry,  J.  J.  Low. 

Finance  Committee. — E.  Vose,  Chairman;  Cheever  Newhall,  E. 
M.  Richards. 

It  was  voted,  that  the  sum  of  fifty  dollars  be  presented  to  R.  Man- 
ning, Esq.,  for  his  valuable  and  successful  efforts  in  pomology,  and 
for  the  varied  and  beautiful  collection  of  fruits  which  he  contributed 
at  the  annual  exhibition. 

The  thanks  of  the  Society  were  presented  to  Mr.  C.  Downing,  of 
Newburgh,  N.  Y.,  for  the  donation  of  a  copy  of  the  Treatise  on 
Landscape  Gardening  and  Cottage  Residences,  by  A.  J.  Downing. 

Mr.  C.  W.  Hartwell,  of  Andover,  and  Rev.  F.  Parkman,  of  Bos- 
ton, were  admitted  subscription  members. 

Adjourned  four  weeks,  to  October  29th. 

DAHLIA   EXHIBITION. 

A  Subscription  Dahlia  Show  took  place  to-day.  The  weather 
having  been  very  favorable,  several  amateur  cultivators  were  desir- 
ous of  making  another  exhibition  of  this  beautiful  flower,  as  the  last 
occurred  at  a  time  when  the  weather  had  been  unpropitious,  and  the 
flowers  less  i)erfect  than  might  be  expected  from  the  fine  weather 
since  that  show  took  place.  A  subscription  list  was  drawn  up,  con- 
taining the  following  schedule  of  prizes — the  entrance  fees  being  the 
amount  to  be  distributed  in  premiums. 


Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society.  435 

CLASS  r. 
For  the  best  twenty-four  dissimilar  blooms. 
For  the  second  best  twenty-four  dissimilar  blooms. 

CLASS    11, 
For  the  best  twelve  dissimilar  blooms. 
For  the  second  best  twelve  dissimilar  blooms. 

CLASS  III. 
For  the  best  six  dissimilar  blooms. 
For  the  second  best  six  dissimilar  blooms. 

CLASS  IV. 

For  the  best  specimen  bloom. 

For  the  second  best  specimen  bloom. 

Some  of  the  cultivators  out  of  town  could  not  compete  for  the 
prizes,  owinuj  to  tho  destruction  of  their  ])lants  by  frost;  and,  in  con- 
sequence, the  MUinlier  of  entries  was  consideral)ly  less  than  bad  been 
expected.  The  blooms  that  were  shown  were  remarkaliiv  fine,  and 
the  stands  of  six,  as  well  as  the  single  blooms,  were  superior  to  any 
ever  seen  in  the  Society's  room. 

The  judges  for  awardin^r  the  premiums  were  Messrs.  S.  Walker, 
J.  H.  VVhite,  and  S.  Sweetser.     Their  award  was  as  follows: — 

CLASS    I. 

Best  twenty-four  blooms — To -Messrs.  Hovey  &  Co.,  for  Le  Grand 
Baudine,  Mary,  Eva,  Bridesmaid,  Ne  Plus  Ultra,  Quilled  Perfection, 
Grand  Tournament,  Andrew  Hofer,  Annot  Lyle,  Constantia,  Hero 
of  Tippecanoe,  Lady  Bathurst,  Sylph,  Marshal  Soult,  Princess  Vic- 
toria, Hiirhgate  Rival,  Unique,  Sulphurea  eleirans,  Pickwick,  Rienzi, 
Queen  Victoria,  Mrs.  Cox,  Maid  of  Bath,  Bishop  of  Winchester. 

Second  best  tioentij-four  blooms — To  P.  Barnes,  for  Advancer,  Fire 
B:dl,  Metella,  Victory,  Essex  Rival,  Regina,  Unique,  Marshall  Soult, 
Mrs.  Jones,  President  of  the  West,  Pickwick, Primrose, Rosa,  Queen  of 
Beauties,  Dennisii,  Andrew  Hofer,  Striata  formosissima,  Sunbury 
Hero,  King  of  Roses,  Parson's  Rival,  Blandina,  Grand  Tournament, 
Bloomsbury,    Eva. 

CLASS  II. 

Best  twelve  blooms — To  J.  Stickney,  for  Ne  Plus  Ultra,  Le  Grand 
Baudine,  Pickwick,  Julia,  Andrew  Hofer,  Uxbridge  Magnet,  Quilled 
Perfection,  Middlesex  Rival,  Queen  of  Saruni,  Constanlia,  Unique, 
Rosa. 

Second  best  twelve  blooms — To  Hovey  &  Co.  for  Quilled  Perfec- 
tion, Sulphurea  elegans,  Maid  of  Bath,  Metella,  Pickwick,  Lady 
Bathurst,  Le  Grand  Baudine,  Rienzi,  Princess  Victoria,  Unique, 
Bishop  of  Winchester,  Marshal  Soult. 

CLASS   ni. 

Best  six  blooms — To  Hovey  &  Co.,  for  Pickwick,  Le  Grand  Bau- 
dine, Unique,  Mrs.  Cox,  Widnall's  Queen,  Marshal  Soult. 

Second  best  six  blooms — To  J.  Cadiiess,  for  Uni(jue,  Constanlia, 
Pickwick,  Marshal  Soult,  Margaret,  Rouge  et  Noir. 


436  JMassachusetts   Horticultural  Society. 

CLASS    IV. 

Best  specimen  bloom — To  Hovey  &  Co.,  for  Widnall's  Queen. 
Second  best  specimen  bloom — To  F.  Putnam,  Salem,  for  Marshal 
Soult. 

Among  the  blooms  which  were  particularly  remarkable,  may  be 
noticed,  Widnall's  Queen,  which  stands  pre-eminent  as  the  tin  est 
flower  of  the  season — of  splendid  form,  lovely  color,  and  withal  of 
constant  habit.  Pickwick,  exhibited  in  most  of  the  stfinds,  was  an- 
other superior  variety,  well  deserving  a  place  in  any  collection.  Be- 
sides these,  there  were  fine  flowers  of  Marshal  Soult,  Le  Grand 
Baudine,  Andrew  Hofer,  Uxbridge  Magnet,  and  Bridesmaid,  all 
desirable  show  dahlias.  The  show  was  particularly  interesting  to 
amateur  cultivators,  giving  them,  as  it  did,  an  opportunity  of  seeing 
many  varieties  in  greater  perfection  than  they  had  ever  before  been 
exhibited. 

In  addition  to  the  stands  exhibited  for  premiums,  there  was  a  fine 
display  of  flowers  from  the  President  of  the  Society,  Hovey  &  Co., 
J.  L.  L.  F.  Warren,  J.  H.  White,  A.  H.  Hovey,  J.  F.  Trull,  S. 
Walker,  F.  Putnam,  and  J.  Downing,  of  Salem,  W.  McClure,  J. 
Hovey,  W.  Meller,  J.  Stickney,  H.  W.  Button,  and  others. 

J.  Cabot,  Esq.,  of  Salem,  exhibited  fine  specimens  of  .^conitum 
sinense,  and  Sieboldw,  the  latter  very  beautiful.  From  S.  Svveetser, 
white  and  yellow  tea,  Lamarque,  Triumph  of  Luxembourg,  Madame 
Desprez,  and  other  roses.  Carnations,  pinks,  and  bouquets,  from 
S-  Walker.     Bouquets  and  other  flowers  from  W.  Meller. 

Fruit:  From  F.  Tudor,  specimens  of  pears  grown  at  Nahant,  and 
remarkable  for  their  size  and  beauty,  viz: — Duchess  d'Anjionleme, 
brown  Beurre,  Belle  et  Bonne,  Napoleon,  Louise  Bonne  of  Jersey, 
St.  Michael  Archangel,  Beurre  Diel,  Fortunee,  Grosse  de  Biusseils 
(.'',)  and  Beurre  Bronze;  also  Brabant  Bellflower,  and  Calville  ap- 
ples. From  R.  Manning,  Belle  Lucrative,  Belle  et  Bonne,  Capiau- 
mont.  Jalousie  de  Fontenay  Vendee,  Styrian,  Frederick  de  Wur- 
temburg,  and  Alpha  pears;  also,  Catharine,  and  Robinson  Crusoe 
peaches;  all  very  fine  specimens.  From  Capt.  Loveit,  brown 
Beurre,  Cabot,  St.  Michael,  and  Bezi  de  la  Motte  pears;  also,  En- 
dicott  seedling  apples,  from  the  original  tree,  some  of  which  had  a 
dull  russety  appearance,  and  others  more  or  less  striped  with  red, 
so  as  to  appear  like  an  entirely  different  fruit;  Capt.  Lovett  also  ex- 
hibited red  rareripe,  and  Royal  George  peaches. 

From  J.  Hooper,  Jr.,  Marblehead,  Bergamotte  de  Pacques,  gold- 
en Beurre  of  Bilboa,  and  Beurre  d'  Isambert  (syn.  of  the  brown 
Beurre)  pears;  also,  a  few  specimens  of  the  Imperial  water-melon. 
From  H.  Vandine,  beautiful  and  large  specimens  of  Coe's  golden 
Drop  plums.  From  J.  A.  Kenrick,  large  orange  quinces.  From 
W.  Meller,  Heath  peaches.  From  C.  Newhall,  Beurre  Diel  and 
St.  Germain  pears;  peaches,  and  Gravenstein  apples.  From  A. 
Putnam,  Danvers,  Aunt  Hannah  apples,  and  President  peaches. 
From  J.  Lincoln,  Hingham,  Seek-no-further  apples.  From  C.  W. 
Hartwell,  Andover,  fine  specimens  of  Kilham  Hill,  and  Phillips's 
red  winter  sweet  api)les,  the  latter  a  variety  of  recent  introduction 
to  notice.  From  J.  F.  Trull,  orange  quinces,  and  Catillac  pears. 
From   Dr.  S.  A.   ShurtlefF,  seedling  grapes.     From  H.  J.  Oliver, 


Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society.  437 

large  red  apples  without  name,  and  Dutch  codlins.  From  S.  Walk- 
er, Williams's  Bon  Chretien  pears.  From  D.  L.  Giddings,  Way- 
land,  handsome  Seckei  pears.  From  J.  L.  L.  F.  Warren,  lemon 
clingstone  peaches.  From  W.  Lawrence,  Groton,  a  variety  of  ap- 
ples, without  names.  From  G.  B.  Perry,  Bradford,  Bellflower,  fall 
Harvey,  Gravenstein,  Kilham  Hill,  and  long  russett  apples.  From 
Mrs.  T.  Bigelow,  Heath  peaches.  From  F.  Walker,  Newton,  large 
Chelmsford  pears. 

October  8th. — Exhibited.  Flowers:  The  exhibition  to-day  was 
nearly  confined' to  dahlias.  Messrs.  Hovey  &  Co.,  H.  W,  Dutton, 
Jos.  Stickuey,  P.  Barnes,  and  R.  M.  Copehind,  were  the  principal 
contributors.  Bouquets  were  also  shown  by  Messrs.  S.  Walker, 
and   W.  Kenrick. 

Fruits:  From  R.  Manning,  good  specimens  of  Beurre  Bosc,  Bezi 
de  la  Motte,  Beurre  Bronze,  brown  Beurre,  Jalousie,  Urbaniste, 
Pope's  russet,  and  Fulton  pears.  From  W.  Kenrick,  Louise  Bonne 
de  Jersey,  and  Capiauinont  pears.  From  J.  Hovey,  Catawba,  and 
Sweetwater  grapes,  and  quinces.  From  S.  Pond,  Heathcot  pears. 
From  J.  M.  Ives,  Boxford  stump,  Swaar,  Raml)o,  Quince,  Michael 
Harvey  pippin,  and  Piper  apples;  also,  Cataline  (?,)  Columbian 
Virgoulouse,  Belle  Lucrative,  Beurre  Bosc,  Beurre  Romain,  Buf- 
fum,  and  Capiaumont  pears;  red  cheek  Melacaton,  and  seedling 
peaches;  and  Coe's  late  red  plum. 

From  the  President  of  the  Society,  fine  Portugal  and  common 
quinces.  From  E.  Marsh,  Quincy,  Heathcot  and  licwis  pears. 
From  S.  W.  Jackson,  Orange  quinces.  From  H.  Vandine,  Cam- 
bridgeport,  beautiful  s|)ecimens  of  Coe's  Golden  Drop  plums,  and 
quinces.  From  Rev.  G.  B.  Perry,  apples  without  names.  From 
K.  Tufts,  Cambridgeport,  very  superior  specimens  of  Baldwin  and 
Roxbury  russett  apples.     From  George  Walsh,  Sweetwater  grapes. 

October  Ibth. — Exhibited.  Flowers:  A.  very  splendid  exhibition 
of  the  dahlia  was  made  to-day  by  the  cultivators  of  this  flower  in 
the  city,  whose  plants  had  not  been  injured  by  the  frosts.  Mr.  Jos. 
Stickney  exhibited  upwards  of  three  hundred  blooms,  many  of  thein 
extremely  beautiful  and  perfect  flowers.  Messrs  Dutton,  P.  Barnes, 
R.  M.  Copeland,  Hovey  &  Co.,  and  others,  also  exhibited  a  great 
number  of  excellent  blooms. 

Fruit:  From  E.  Vose,  Columbian  Virgoulouse,  and  Prince's  St. 
Germain  pears;  Pickman's  pippin,  and  King  of  the  Pii)pins  apples; 
and  white  Chasselas  grajies.  From  S.  Pond,  very  fine  Dix  pears. 
From  Dr.  Robert  Underbill,  Croton  Point,  N.  Y.,  handsome  Cataw- 
ba grapes.  From  James  Arnold,  New  B'jdford,  twenty-six  varieties 
of  pears,  numbered,  but  without  the  names;  the  committee  recog- 
nized the  following: — No.  2,  Beurre  Diel;  4  and  14,  Louise  Bonne 
de  Jersey;  5,  Marie  Louise;  6  and  13,  identical,  but  name  uncertain; 
7,  Bezi  de  la  Motte;  8,  Pope's  Quaker;  9,  Monsieur  le  Cure;  10, 
Napoleon;  12,  Glout  Morceau.  From  T.  Dowse,  Cambridgeport, 
beautiful  Seckei  and  Broca's  Bergamot  pears.  From  J.  L.  L.  F. 
Warren,  Isabella  grapes,  seedling  peaches,  and  a|)j)les.  Frofu  M. 
P.  Sawyer,  Boston,  Belle  of  F'landers  pear.  From  C.  Kingsly, 
Northampton,  Manunoth  pip[)in,  weighing  1  lb.  2  oz.  From  A. 
Bowditch,  russett  apples. 


438 


Fanenil  Hall  Market. 


AtiT.   V".     Fnneuil  Hall  Market. 


'Roots,  Tubers,  ^c. 
Polaloes,  new: 

°         i  per  bjsliel,. 

Common  J  P^^'^=*';■■^''••• 
5  pel'  bushel,.  .  . 

Eastports  J  f  ^''  [carrel,... 
i  per  bushel,.-  . 

Nova  Scotia,  l  P^'"  'f '.^V 
3  per  bushel. 

Sweet,  per  bushel, 

Turnips,  per  bushel: 

C  immon,.  .  .  , 

Ruia  liaga, 

Onions: 

Red,  per  bunch, 

White,  per  bunch, 

Yellow,  per  bu*hel, 

White,  per  bushel 

Beets,  per  bii.«hel, 

Carrots,  per  hnshel 

Parsnips,  per  bushel 

Salsify,  per  dozen  roots,.  .  .  . 
Horseradish,  per  pound,.  .  .  . 
Garlic,  per  pound 


Cabbages,  Salads,  fyc. 

Cabbages,  per  dozen: 

Drumheads, 

Savoys, 

Red  butch 

Brocolis,  each, 

Cauliflowers,  each,..  ., 

Lettuce,  per  head, 

Celery,  per  root, 

Cucumbers, (pickled)  pr  gal. 

Peppers, (pickled,)  per  gallon 

Pot  and  Sweet  Herbs. 

Parsley,  per  half  peck.,. .  . . 

Sage,  per  pound, 

Marjorum,  per  bunch, 

Savory,  per  bunch, 

Spearmint,  green,  per  bunch, 


From 
f  cts. 

75 
30 
75 
30  i 
1  25  , 
50  I 
75 
30 
75 

17 

25 

2k 

62i 

62^ 

50 

50 

75 

8 
12^ 


37,^ 

37^ 

50 

S 


To 

^cts. 

1  00 


1  50 
G24 
1  00 


20 

37^ 

3 

3 

75 

75  I 
75  1 

75 ; 


12i 


50 
50 


12i 


12| 

—  1 

4 

6 

6 

8  1 

25 

37k 



20 

17 

20 

6 

I2ii 

6 

m'[ 

3 

4  Jl 

Squashes  and  Pumpkins. 

Squashes,  per  pound : 

Autumnal   Marrow, 

Canada  Crookneck, 

Winter  Crookneck, 

Pumpkins,  each , . .  . 

Fruits. 

Apples,  dessert  and  cooking: 
Baldwins,  per  barrel,.  . .  . 
Greenings,    per  barrel,.  .  . 

Russelts,  per  barrel, 

Spice,  per  barrel, 

Common,  per  barrel, 

Blue  Pearniains,per  barrel 
Seek-no-further,  per  barrel 
Lady  apple,  per  half  peck. 
Porter  apple,  per  dozen.  . 
Dried  apples,  per  pound,.. 
Sweet,  per  bushel, 

Pears,  per  half  peck  or  doz: 

Dis,  per  dozen, 

Beurre  Dicl,  per  dozen,..  . 
Winter  Doyenne,  per  doz: 
Duchess  d'Angouleme,  " 
Messire  Jean,  per  hnli'p'k 
Chaumontel,  per  half  p'k, 
St.  Michael,  per  dozen,..  . 
Baking,  per  bushel, 

American  Citron,  per  pound, 

Quinces,  per  bushel, 

Berberries,  per  bushel, 

Cranberries,  per  bushel,.  .  . . 

Tomatoes,  per  dozen, i 

Grapes  per  pound: 

Black  Hamburg, 

Wliite  Sweetwater, i 

Isabella, 

Catawba, 

Malaga,  while i 

Malaga,  purple, ] 

Pine-apples,  each, | 

Lemons,  per  dozen, 

Oranges,  |)er  dozen, 

Chestnuts,  per  bushel, 

Walnuts,  per  bushel I 


From  I  To 
^  cts.  i^'  els. 


25  ;i 

25  |] 


2i 

3 

2 

\2k 


50 
50 
50 
50 


II 
|1 
]  00 
1  50 


4^ 


1  00    1  25 


37^ 

50 

25 

75 

50 

50 

50 

1  50 

2 

2  00 

1  00 

2  50 
12^ 

37i 
20 
8 
8 
25 
25 
25 


3  00 
1  50 


50 

37i 
I  00 


1  25 

2  75 


25 
10 
10 


50 


3  50 
1  75 


Remarks. — Never  was  there  a  more  jjlorious  October  witnessed 
than  the  present.  There  has  been  scarcely  a  single  cloudy  day — 
rain  has  fallen  only  two  or  three  times,  and  then  in  small  quantities; 
aiid'the  temperature  has  been  extremely  moderate,  no  severe  frosts 
having  occurred  up  to  this  date.     In   the  gardens  of  the   city,  the 


Obituary  J^otice.  439 

dahlias  are  still  flowerinsj  in  great  beauty.  A  more  favorable  time 
for  harvesting  the  bountiful  crop,  was  never  experienced  by  the  New 
England  farmer.  Prices,  for  produce  of  all  kinds,  are  extremely 
low;  yet  the  great  abundance  will,  in  part,  make  up  for  this  deficien- 
cy between  the  present,  and  the  usual  high  rates. 

Vegetables. — Potatoes  now  come  in  from  the  eastward,  and  from 
the  Provinces,  in  great  abundance,  and  prices  have  fallen  down  ex- 
ceedingly low:  great  quantities  have  been  taken  for  shipping,  but, 
notwithstanding  this,  there  is  a  constantly  accumulating  stock:  Nova 
Scotias  are  abundant,  although  the  duty  is  ten  cents  per  bushel; 
prime  Eastports  command  our  prices,  and  are  in  tolerable  request: 
Sweet  are  very  plentiful,  and  of  good  quality.  Turnips  now  come 
in  abundant,  and  of  fine  appearance  and  size.  Onions  remain  the 
same.  Parsnips  now  come  to  hand.  Salsify  is  brought  in,  and  is 
taken  in  small  quantities.  Horseradish  is  plentiful,  and  of  good 
size.  Cabbages  are  remarkably  plentiful:  Drumheads  are  generally 
too  large,  from  the  favorable  weather;  prices  have  fallen  off  since 
our  last.  Brocolis  and  cauliflowers  are  tolerably  abundant,  and  of 
fine  growth.  Lettuce  is  scarcer,  but  comes  to  hand  of  excellent 
quality.  Celery  is  plentiful  and  cheap;  the  autumn  has  been  highly 
favorable  for  the  winter  crop.  In  Squashes,  there  is  not  much  alter- 
ation: fruit  is  so  abundant,  the  demand  has  been  rather  limited. 

Fruit. — Apples  continue  plentiful,  and  prices  low:  considerable 
quantities  have  been  shipped;  a  few  fine  Porters  remain,  which  sell 
freely  at  our  prices.  Pears  are  scarce,  with  the  exception  of  one  or 
two  sorts:  some  superb  Duchess  d'Angoulemes  have  been  received: 
the  winter  Doyenne  is  a  very  valuable  variety.  Quinces  are  plenty, 
and  of  good  size.  Berberries  are  rather  scarce.  Late  arrivals  of 
Malaga  grapes  have  stocked  the  market,  and  prices  have  been  re- 
duced for  all  kinds.  Cranberries  are  very  scarce,  and  in  good  de- 
mand at  our  quotations.  Lemons  are  tolerably  plenty;  but  of  good 
oranges,  there  are  but  few  in  market.  Chestnuts,  of  the  new  crop, 
now  come  in,  but  the  supply  is  exceedingly  limited.  Walnuts  are 
plenty,  and  of  good  quality. — M.  T.,  Boston,  October  28j  1842. 


Art.  VL     Obituary  Notice. 


Death  of  Robert  Manning,  Esq. — It  becomes  our  painful  duty  to 
record  the  death  of  our  estimable  correspondent  and  friend,  Mr. 
Manning,  of  Salem.  He  died  at  his  residence,  on  Thursday,  the 
27th  of  October.  We  had  intended  to  have  prepared  a  few  remarks 
upon  Mr.  Manning's  connection  with  horticulture,  and  his  valuable 
assistance  in  cultivating  and  proving  fruits,  to  which  he  has  devoted 
the  hitter  years  of  his  life;  but  want  of  room  has  compelled  us  to 
postpone  this  till  our  next. — Ed. 


440  Horticultural  JMemorancla. 


HORTICULTURAL  MEMORANDA 

FOR  NOVEMBER. 


FRUIT  DEPARTMENT. 

Grape  Vines,  by  this  time,  will  probably  have  the  fruit  nearly  or 
quite  all  cut.  The  leaves  will  now  begin  to  fall,  and  the  wood  will 
ripen  very  fast.  Give  an  abundance  of  air  in  fine  weather,  but  con- 
tinue to  close  up  the  house  early  on  cold  nights.  Neither  syringing 
nor  watering  will  be  required  now. 

Strawberry  beds  will  need  some  care.  If  the  weeds  continue  to 
grow,  they  should  be  destroyed. 

Raspberry  plantations  may  be  made  this  month,  with  good  suc- 
cess. 

Currant  and  Gooseberry  bushes  may  be  set  out  in  November,  and 
they  will  do  well  next  season. 

Fruit  trees,  of  all  sorts,  may  be  planted  this  month  with  safety. 
In  some  situations  we  think  the  autumn  the  most  favorable  time. 

FLOWER    DEPARTMENT. 

The  Dahlias  should  all  be  taken  up  immediately,  if  not  already 
done,  and  placed  away  iu  the  cellar;  or,  if  there  is  a  green-house, 
under  the  stage.  See  that  each  root  is  carefully  marked,  and  the 
label  secured  by  copper  wire. 

Tulips  and  Hyacinths  should  be  planted  as  soon  in  the  month  as 
may  be  convenient,  though  they  will  do  well  any  time,  as  long  as 
the  ground  continues  open. 

Roses,  in  the  open  ground,  should  be  taken  up  and  potted,  and 
placed  in  a  frame  or  green-house. 

Calla  cethiopica  should  now  be  potted. 

PcEonies  may  be  successfully  removed  this  month. 

Oxalis  cernua,  rosea,  and  versicolor,  may  be  potted  this  month. 

Verbenas  should  be  protected  in  a  frame,  or  in  the  green-house. 

Camellias  will  now  begin  to  be  objects  of  more  attention,  as  they 
commence  swelling  their  buds.  See  that  they  are  duly  watered. 
The  seeds  may  be  planted  now. 

Azaleas  will  need  attention.  They  will  not  require  much  water 
at  this  season. 

Ixias  and  Sparaxises  should  all  be  repotted  this  month. 

Ericas. — Any  cuttings,  now  rooted,  should  be  potted  off. 

Erythrina  crista  galli  roots  should  be  placed  in  the  cellar. 

Ten  week  stocks  should  now  be  removed  to  a  frame  or  the  green- 
house. 

Hardy  perennial  plants  may  yet  be  transplanted  with  safety. 

Carnations  should  be  protected  by  a  frame. 

Beds  of  Pansies  should  be  protected  by  a  thin  covering  of  leaves. 

Cactuses  may  be  grafted  at  this  season. 

Annual floiver  seeds,  such  as  coreopsis,  double  larkspur,  clarkias, 
godetias,  candytufts,  Silene  compacta,  &c.,  should  be  sown  this 
month,  for  early  spring  flowering. 

Mignonette  should  be  carefully  watered  this  month. 


THE    MAGAZINE 

OF 

HORTICULTURE. 


DECEiMBER,  1842, 


MISCELLANEOUS    liNTELLIGENCE. 

Art.  I.     Foreign  Notices. 

ENGLAND. 

English  Dahlia  Exhibitions  for  1842. — The  season  for  the  dahlia 
having  now  passed,  and  our  papers  containing  the  reports  of  the 
principal  exhibitions  in  England  having  come  to  hand,  we  doubt  not 
but  that  an  abstract  of  the  several  shows  will  be  particularly  interest- 
ing to  our  readers,  esj)ecially  those  who  are  cultivators  of  the  dahlia. 

The  cultivation  of  this  favorite  and  popular  flower  has  been  carri- 
ed to  such  a  degree  of  perfection,  and  the  standard  of  a  good  bloom 
has  been  set  so  high,  that  few  seedlings  among  the  thousands  and 
tens  of  thousands  which  are  annually  raised,  can  be  found,  which  will 
come  near  to  the  requisite  qualities  of  a  first  rate  flower.  The  con- 
sequence of  this  nice  discrimination  by  the  English  florists  has  had  a 
good  tendency:  it  has  prevented  the  palming  off  a  new  variety  upon 
the  public,  merely  because  it  has  a  new  name,  or  has  obtained  one  or 
two  prizes  at  exhibitions,  where  probably  the  selection  of  the  flowers 
was  made  from  a  hundred  plants  of  the  same  kind. 

The  London  F'loricultural  Society,  a  society  which  has  sprung  up 
out  of  the  old  Metropolitan,  has  instituted  regular  exhibitions  of  the 
dahlia  during  the  flowering  season,  when  new  seedlings  may  be  ex- 
hibited, under  certain  restrictions,  for  premium.  One  of  these  restric- 
tions was,  that  at  least  six  blooms  of  any  one  sort  should  be  shown  to 
be  entitled  to  a  prize. 

The  Society,  in  their  attempt  to  produce  a  systematic  judgment, 
have  proposed  that  the  form  for  the  dahlia  should  be  drawn  up  as 
follows: — 

DAHLIA. 

CLASS  — . 

Name   .  Exhibitor  . 

C  Shape, 
Petal,  <.  Substance, 

(  Arrangement. 

Color,   . 

Eye, 


Depth, 

Size,  — 
Form, 


Class  of  quality, 


Under  this  standard  all  the  awards  for  seedlings  will  be  made. 
VOL.  VIII. NO.  XII.  56 


442  Foreign  J^otices. — England. 

The  season  in  England  appears  to  have  been  a  favorable  one,  and 
the  character  of  the  exhibitions  more  beautiful  than  heretofore — not 
perhaps  so  much  in  the  profusion  of  the  flowers,  as  in  their  superior 
and  improved  quality — far  more  splendid  than  those  of  previous 
years. 

Our  synopsis  of  the  exhibitions  will  he  the  same  as  heretofore;  that 
is,  giving  the  names  of  the  flowers  which  took  the  premium,  or  the 
highest  prize,  at  the  diflferent  societies  which  will  be  named — and, 
lastly,  an  account  of  the  several  new  seedlings  which  are  deemed 
worthy  of  cultivation. 

Royal  South  London  Floricultural  Society. — This  exhibition  was 
very  superior,  being  held  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  some  of  the 
most  celebrated  growers.     Meeting  Sept.  13. 

Amateur  Class.  Best  twenty-four  blooms. — Maria,  Lady  Mid- 
dleton,  Duchess  of  Richmond,  Regina,  Beauty  of  the  Plain,  Great 
Western,  Le  Grand  Baudine,  President  of  the  West,  Bridesmaid, 
Springfield  Rival,  Unique,  Marquis  of  Lansdowne,  Penelope,  Bed- 
ford Surprise,  Phenomenon,  Springfield  Purple,  Beauty  of  Wakefield, 
Andrew  Hofer,  Argo,  Metella,  Maid  of  Bath,  Indispensable,  Wid- 
nall's  Queen,  and  Burnhain  Hero. — Gold  medal  to  Mr.  Brasg. 

Nurserymen's  Class.  Best  fifty  blooms. — Candidate,  Phenom- 
enon, Hylas,  Chef  d'Ouvre,  Duchess  of  Richmond,  Indispensable, 
Springfield  Rival,  Nicholas  Nickleby,  Argo,  Metella,  Lady  Ann 
Murray,  Conductor,  Vitruvius,  Optima,  North  Star,  Ne  Plus  Ultra, 
Duke  of  Cornwall,  Beauty  of  the  Plain,  Catlleugh's  Eclipse,  Unique, 
Maid  of  Bath,  Bedford  Surprise,  Constancy,  Springfield  purple, 
Marquis  of  Lansdowne,  Eva,  Majestic,  Cattleugh's  Tournament, 
Lady  Middleton,  Bridesmaid,  Widnall's  Eclipse,  Will  Watts,  Prince 
of  Wales,  Grace  Darling,  Pickwick,  Climax,  Rienzi,  Le  Grand  Bau- 
dine, Penelope,  Emperor  of  China,  Amato,  Maria,  President  of  the 
West,  Widnall's  Queen,  Admirable,  Union  Tournament,  Conserva- 
tive, Hero  of  Nottingham,  and  Andrew  Hofer. — Gold  medal  to  Mr. 
Brown,  of  Slouirh. 

Leamington  Grand  Dahlia  Show. — A  splendid  exhibition,  held  on 
the  5th  and  6th  of  September. 

Premier  Prize.  Twenty-four  blooms. — Lord  of  the  Isles  (seed- 
ling of  1842,)  Warwickshire  Champion  (seedling,)  Bedford  Rival, 
Sir  Robert  Throgmorton,  Arethusa  (union,)  Count  Stalberg  (union,) 
President  of  the  West,  Charles  XII.,  Pickwick,  Springfield  Rival, 
Rouge  et  Noir,  Highgate  Rival,  Danecroft  Rival,  Lee's  Bloomsbury, 
Phenomenon,  Beauty  of  the  Plain,  Tournament  (union,)  yellow  De- 
fiance, Argo,  Unique,  Indispensable,  Andrew  Hofer,  Climax,  and 
Hope. — An  elesant  silver  cup  to  Messrs.  Mayle  4'  Co. 

Wisbeach  Horticultural  Society. — The  exhibition  took  place  on 
Wednesday,  September  7th. 

First  Prize.  Twenty-four  blooms. — Widnall's  Conductor,  E- 
clipse.  Majestic,  and  Queen,  Hudson's  Princess  Royal,  Dodd's  Prince 
of  Wales,  Maria,  Reirina,  Phenomenon,  Pamplin's  Charles  XII-, 
Unique,  Cattleugh's  Eclipse,  Suffolk  Hero,  Tournament,  Andrew 
Hofer,  Metella,  Egyptian  Prince,  Duchess  of  Richmond,  Royal 
Standard,  Bridesmaid,  Sir  Frederick  Johnstone,  Indispensable,  Lady 
Cooper. — The  silver  cup,  value  £5,  to  Mr.  Widnall. 


Foreign  JSTotices. — England.  443 

Moricullural  Society. — This,  together  with  the  South  London  ex- 
hibition, may  be  considered  as  the  two  best  shows  of  the  dahlia  in 
England. 

Professional  Cultivatoks.  Best  thirty-six  blooms. — Cattleugh's 
Eclipse,  Bedford  Surprise,  Lady  Cooper,  Rienzi,  Royal  Standard, 
Penelope,  Indispensable,  Unique,  Tournament,  Hope,  Nioliolas 
Nickleby,  Pickwick,  Burnham  Hero,  Phenonipiion,  Cliniax,  Fanny 
Keynes,  Maid  of  Bath,  Suffolk  Hero,  Metella,  Hylas,  Optima,  Beau- 
ty of  the  Plain,  Lady  Ann  Murray,  Marquis  of  Jiansdowne,  Duch- 
ess of  Richmond,  Prince  of  Wales,  Anmto,  Widiiall's  Eclipse,  Hud- 
son's Princess  Royal,  Springfield  purple,  Rival  Sussex,  VVidnall's 
Queen,  Andrew  Hofer,  Ne  Plus  Ultra,  Lady  Middleton. — Mr. 
Brown,  of  Slough. 

Nottingham  Floral  and  Horticultural  Society. — Last  show  of  the 
season   Sept.  51,  1842. 

Amateur  Class.  Best  twenty-four  blooms. — Bloomsbury,  Lewis- 
ham  Rival,  Defiance,  Optima,  Springfield  Rival,  Beauty  of  the  Plain, 
Nicholas  Nickleby,  Le  Grand  Bauiiine,  Countess  of  Pembroke, 
Charles  XII.,  Grace  Darling,  Pickwick,  Metella,  Haidee,  Maria, 
Rouiie  et  Noir,  Amato,  Bloomsbury  (Pamplin's,)  Rienzi,  Constancy, 
Lady  Middleton,  Conservative,  Regina,  President  of  the  West. — To 
Mr.  J,  Neville. 

Thanel  Floricultural  and  Horticultural  Society. — A  splendid  exhi- 
bition which  took  j)lace  on  the  8th  of  September. 

Premier  Prize.  (Open  to  all  Enslaud.)  Best  twenty-four  blooms. 
• — Burnham  Hero,  Egyptian  Prince,  Perpetual  Grand,  Prince  of 
Wales,  Andrew  Hofer,  Marquis  of  Lansdoune,  Maid  of  Bath,  Wid- 
nall's  Queen,  Le  Grand  Baudine,  Hojjc,  Climax,  Bedford  Surprise, 
Duchess  of  Richmond,  Bridesmaid,  Pickwick,  Unique,  Maria,  Seed- 
ling, Fanny  Keynes,  Metella,  Phenomenon,  Indispensable,  and  Pe- 
nelope.— 'i'o  M.  Brown,  of  Slough,  the  prize  of  £10. 

Warwick  Horticultural  Society. — This  show  was  very  splendid, 
and  several  prizes  were  awarded. — Sept.  14. 

Nurserymen's  Class.  (Open  to  all  England.) — Bishop  of 
Winchester,  Lee's  Bloomsbury,  Countess  of  Pembroke,  Cattleugh's 
Eclipse,  Maid  of  Bath,  Maria,  Le  Grand  Baudine,  Andrew  Hofer, 
Duchess  of  Richmond,  Admirable,  yellow  Defiance,  Lewisham  Ri- 
val, Squibb's  Defender,  Eva,  Metella,  Phenomenon,  President  of 
the  West,  Conductor,  Unique,  Grace  Darling,  Nicholas  Nickleby, 
Pickwick,  Rouge  et  Noir. 

Cambridgeshire  Horticultural  Society- — A  Society  which  has  al- 
ways held  beautiful  dahlia  shows: — 

Premier  Prize.  Best  twelve  blooms. — VVidnall's  Conductor  and 
Eclipse,  Marchioness  of  Exeter,  VVidnall's  Queen,  Cattleugh's 
Eclipse,  Tournament,  Prince  of  Wales,  Osgar,  Stella,  Duchess  of 
Richmond,  Nicholas  Nickleby,  Princess  Royal. — Mr.  VV'idnall. 

A  greater  number  of  the  reports  than  usual  do  not  give  the  names 
of  the  winning  flowers;  only  the  individuals  who  gained  the  |)rizes 
are  mentioned.  We  have,  however,  in  the  above  list,  given  the 
names  of  the  dahlias  which  took  the  prizes  at  the  two  greatest  shows 
in  England,  viz.  the  South  London  and  the  Floricultural  Society.  The 
dahlias  grown  by  the  comjietitors  at  these  shows  are  jirobably  the 
very  newest  and  best  in  the  kingdom,  and  afford  a  much  better  test 
of  the  character  of  the  kinds  than  the  provincial  exhibitions. 


444  Foreign   J^otices. — England. 

The  dahlias  which  appear  to  have  been  the  most  successful  in  the 
several  classes,  are  the  followinj:: — Bridesmaid,  Widnall's  Queen, 
Prince  of  Wales,  Princess  Royal,  Le  Grand  Baudine,  Burnham 
Hero,  Lady  Cooper,  Pickwick,  indispensable,  Andrew  Hofer,  Duch- 
ess of  Richmond,  Maid  of  Bath,  Cattleutfh's  Eclipse,  ire.;  the  four 
first,  new  ones  of  the  |)resent  year;  and  the  others  older  and  well 
known  sorts.  Widnall's  Queen  has  taken  nearly  all  the  prizes  as 
the  best  rose — Prince  of  Wales  as  the  best  yellow — Bridesmaid  as 
the  best  edged — P^ssex  Trium|)hant  as  the  best  dark  flower — Lewis- 
ham  Rival  as  the  best  white — Blooms!)ury  as  the  best  scarlet. 

Many  of  the  old  favorites  yet  continue  to  contest  the  palm  with 
the  new  ones.  Ne  Plus  Ultra,  Grace  Darling,  Rejrina,  Rienzi,  Hope, 
Unique,  Conservative,  Virgin  Queen,  and  Duchess  of  Richmond,  ap- 
pear in  a  great  number  of  stands. 

In  the  whole  of  the  successful  flowers,  there  are  not  more  than  six 
or  eight  kinds  which  have  not  been  shown  at  the  exhibitions  of  the 
Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society  the  past  fall.  A  great  portion 
of  the  new  seedlings  advertised  last  spring  have  proved  imworthy  of 
cultivation,  and  far  inferior  to  the  older  sorts.  This  should  be  an  ad- 
ditional inducement  to  amateurs  to  |)urchase  sparingly  of  those  va- 
rieties of  which  they  have  no  knowledge  but  such  as  is  contained  in 
an  advertisement.  It  will  also  induce  them  to  cultivate  a  greater 
number  of  those  standard  kinds  which  are  always  sure  to  produce  good 
show  flowers,  rather  than  a  great  number  of  indifferent  sorts,  merely 
to  swell  out  a  long  list  of  names. 

Mr.  Brown,  of  Slough,  has  been  a  remarkably  successful  exhib- 
itor, and  has  taken  ihe  first  prize  at  ten  or  more  of  the  greatest  ex- 
hibitions in  the  kingdom. 

Seedlings. — The  princi|)al  seedlings  of  this  year  were  shown  at 
the  meetings  of  the  Floricuitural  Society,  and  at  the  Salt  Hill  Grand 
Dahlia  Show:  the  greatest  number  at  the  latter.  Without  attempt- 
ing to  condense  the  accounts  of  these  exhibitions,  which  would  re- 
quire much  labor,  we  give  that  of  the  Salt  Hill  entire,  and  extracts 
from  the  other;  and,  after  reading  them,  amateur  cultivators  will  at 
once  see  the  relative  merits  of  each  of  the  seedlings  exhibited. 

Sail  Hill  Shoxo. — Seedlings  of  1841.  Four  blooms  required  to  be 
exhibited  of  each  variety.  Those  selected  for  j)rizes  were  placed  in 
the  following  order: — 1.  Bragg's  Antagonist,  white;  this  is  a  full 
sized  and  finely  formed  flower,  with  good  petals,  and  great  purity  of 
color.  In  consequence  of  its  being  placed  first  by  the  judges,  Mr. 
Wildman's  prize  of  five  guineas,  for  the  best  seedling  white  of  1841, 
was  decided  in  its  favor;  and,  as  it  obtained  the  first  prize  at  the  last 
evening  meeting  of  the  Floricuitural  Society,  the  point  by  the  decis- 
ion at  Salt  Hill  is  now  settled.  2.  Essex  Triumi)hant  (Turvill,) — 
this  noble  flower  is  quite  a  model  of  perfection,  fine  in  form  and  deep 
in  petals,  with  a  centre  high  and  finely  developed;  the  color  is  a  very 
deep  rich  maroon,  the  petals  are  finely  cupped,  of  good  substance, 
and  well  arranged.  3.  Virgil  (Mountjoy's,) — deep  crimson,  a  flow- 
er possessing  a  very  fine  form,  with  a  good  centre,  and  full  depth  of 
petals.  4.  Beauty  of  Sussex  (Mitchell's) — this  is  a  desirable  flower, 
and  very  striking  tVom  the  peculiarity  of  its  tints;  the  ground  color  of 
the  petals  is  a  delicate  rose,  with  a  deep  edging  of  mottled  cherry  col- 
or; it  is  a  good  sized  flower.  5.  Empress  of  the  Whites  (Smith,  of 
Hornsey,) — better  blooms  than  we  had  previously  seen  of  this  flow- 


Foreign   JVotices.' — England.  445 

er;  with  well  formed  petals  of  good  substance;  the  white  is  good,  and 
the  centre  better  developed  than  at  previous  exhibitions.  6.  Sir  R, 
Sale  (Smith,  of  Hackney,) — deep  crimson;  this  combines  good  gene- 
ral form,  with  a  firm  and  well  shaped  petal;  the  eye  is  well  up,  with 
good  depth  of  petals.  7.  Hero  of  Stonehenge  (Whale,) — crimson; 
a  flower  of  good  general  form,  but  the  arrangement  of  the  petals  is 
rather  confused.  8.  Miranda  (Brown,) — a  full  sized  flower;  color 
light,  mottled  with  crimson.  These  eight  flowers  were  selected  by 
the  judges  for  the  prizes,  and  two  others  were  recommended.  9.  Per- 
petual Grand  (Brown's) — fine  crimson;  a  large  and  very  useful  flow- 
er; centre  finely  formed.  10.  Swindon  Rival  (Compton's) — rosy 
crimson;  this  flower  has  a  well  formed  petal,  but  it  did  not  ap|)ear  to 
be  any  improvement  upon  flowers  already  out  in  the  same  way. 
There  were  many  other  seedlings  exhibited,  amounting,  in  all,  to 
twenty-one  kinds.  Of  the  seedlings  of  1841,  Stein's  Sir  H.  Chester 
appears  to  promise  well:  there  were  three  seedlings  from  Mr.  Bragg, 
a  dark  with  good  proportions;  an  orange,  novel  in  color;  and  a  curi- 
ous colored  ])urple,  with  a  fine  petal. 

Floricultural  Society — and  last  exhibition  of  the  season.  This  So- 
ciety divi<ie3  the  seedlings  into  two  classes,  as  follows — six  blooms 
required: — 

Seedlings  of  1841. — First  Class:  1.  Essex  Triumphant;  at  this 
exhibition  it  was  [)laced  first;  thirty-six  blooms  were  shown  as  a  test 
of  its  constancy,  and  all  uniformly  good.  2.  Virgil.  Second  Class: 
1.  Beauty  of  Sussex.  2.  Hero  of  Stonehenge.  3.  Great  Mogul 
(Brown  &  Atwill,)  a  full  sized  flower,  of  a  dull  shaded  red;  the  pe- 
tals are  good,  but  rather  flat;  the  substance  and  arrangement  are 
both  good;  the  eye  is  a  little  sunk,  and  the  flower  rather  flat.  4.  Em- 
press of  the  Whites.      5.   Sir  R.  Sale. 

S'edliiigs  of  184-2. — The  following  received  second  class  prizes: 
1.  Q,!ieen  of  Roses  (Hale,) — a  bright  and  desiralde  color.  2.  Auran- 
tia  (Spang,) — a  dull  orange.  3.  Cheltenham  Queen  (Hodire's,)  — 
white.  4.  VVashington  (Smith,) — purple.  The  followin;:  seedlings 
were  also  exhibited,  but  did  not  receive  prizes  : — 1841,  Veims 
(Gaines's;)  Beeswing  (Brown;)  Aurantia,  Orb,  Sphere,  Victor 
(Widnall's;)  Twyford  Rival  (Headland;)  Branca  (Smith's;)  Pet  Ri- 
val (Bushell:)  Prime  Minister  (Lawrence;)  Venus  (Brown  &  At- 
will;)  Rotherham  North  Midland  (Eran's;)  six  blooms  of  a  new  seed- 
ling, called  Mrs.  James  Richardson,  were  sent  for  the  opinion  of  the 
Society  by  Mr.  Edwards,  of  York.  It  was  decided  to  be  well  form- 
ed, eye  good,  depth  full,  color  vvhile  tifiped,  and  quality  first  rate. 

From  this  it  ajipears  that  only  ten  seedlings  of  1841  are  really  worth 
cultivating,  viz:  Essex  Triumphant,  Virgil,  Beauty  of  Sussex,  Hero 
of  Stonehenge,  Empress  of  the  Whites,  Sir  R.  Sale,  Great  Mogul, 
Antagonist,  Mnanda,  and  Perpetual  Grand. 

Such  judgment  as  the  above  will  have  a  tendency  to  dampers  the 
enthusiasm  of  those  who  advertise  every  new  seedling  as  possessing 
remarkable  properties  and  beauties,  when,  in  truth,  they  are  often  in- 
ferior to  the  older  sorts:  so  comtnon  has  this  practice  become,  and 
the  public  have  been  so  deceived  it)  their  purchases,  that  it  was  ne- 
cessary some  check  should  be  j)ut  upon  it.  The  Floricultural  Socie- 
ty, in  attemjjting  this,  have  performed  a  good  service,  and  one  which 
will  command  the  thanks  of  ull  who  are  interested  in  the  cultivation 
of  the  dahlia. — Ed. 


446  Exhibitions  of  Horticultural   Societies. 


Art.  II.     Exhibitions  of  Horticultural  Societies. 

The  exhibitions  for  the  year  ha.\'mg  all  taken  place,  we  present  our 
readers  with  the  reports  of  such  societies  as  we  have  received.  It 
gives  us  pleasure  to  state  that  these  reports  are  longer  than  usual, 
and  embrace  among  the  flowers  and  fruits,  particularly  the  latter, 
many  varieties  of  very  recent  introduction,  thus  showing  how  rapidly 
the  newest  fruits  are  disseminated  over  the  country. 

The  season  has  been  propitious  for  both  fruits  and  vegetables, 
and  the  specimens  have  been  large  and  of  fine  appearance:  it  will  be 
seen  that  vegetables  are  attracting  more  attention  by  our  horticultu- 
ral societies,  and  we  feel  gratified  that  this  is  the  case — for  if  we  are 
deficient  in  any  one  thing,  it  is  in  adhering  to  the  cultivation  of  many 
of  the  older  kinds  of  vei;etables  when  far  superior  ones  can  be  pro- 
duced, if  cultivators  will  only  procure  the  proper  seed.  A  careful 
notice  of  the  reports  below  will  convince  all  that  greater  efforts  have 
been  made  to  get  up  the  exhibitions  than  in  any  previous  year. 

Essex  County  Natural  History  Society. — The  horticultural 
exhibitions  at  the  Society's  hall,  during  the  present  season,  have  been 
well  sustained.  They  are  gradually  diflfusing  a  more  general  taste 
for  the  cultivation  of  beautiful  flowers  and  delicious  fruit  throughout 
our  community;  every  revolving  season  bears  testimony  to  this  fact, 
in  the  greater  variety  of  fruits  and  flowers  exhiliited,  and  the  larger 
number  of  contributors.  Fourteen  weekly  exhibitions  have  been  held 
on  Wednesday  of  the  respective  weeks,  and  the  annual  exhibition  on 
Wednesday,  Thursday,  and  Friday,  Sept.  21,  22,  and  23.  Floweis 
exhibited  about  nine  hundred  species  or  varieties — one  hundred  and 
sixty  natives  of  the  fields  and  meadows — the  others,  the  product  of 
the  green-house  or  garden.  Of  these  last,  two  hundred  were  dahlias, 
one  hundred  and  forty  roses,  sixty  geraniums,  fifteen  paeonies,  &c.  Of* 
three  hundred  and  ten  varieties  of  fruit,  one  hundred  and  twelve 
were  pears — seventy-two  apples — thirty  peaches — twenty-five  cher- 
ries— twenty  plums — twelve  strawberries — twelve  gooseberries — ten 
grapes — six  melons — three  currants — two  raspberries;  nectarines,  ap- 
ricots, figs,  oranges,  almonds,  mulberries,  one  each.  This  variety  of 
fruits  and  flowers  were  contributed  by  one  hundre<l  and  forty-eight 
individuals — of  whom  one  hundred  and  twenty-nine  were  residents  of 
this  city,  and  the  remaining  nineteen  of  the  adjacent  towns,  with  the 
exception  of  two  or  three  from  more  distant  parts  of  the  State. 

We  subjoin  a  list  of  the  exhibitions,  contributors,  &c. 

Wednesday,  June  8,  1842. — Flowers:  From  Mrs.  J.  D. Tread  well, 
bouquets  of  pseonies,  iris,  tulips.  Sic.  J.  C.  Lee,  Glycine  sinensis, 
Cytisus  Laburnum,  .;3ristpl6chiasii)ho,  -Sednm,  carnations,  &c.  J.  S. 
Cabot,  paeonies,  nine  varieties,  viz:  Banksice,  /japaveracea,  rosea, 
rosea  odorata,  carnea,  (Moiitan,)  rosea,  paradoxica  fimbriata,  &.C.; 
roses — Harrison  and  William  IV.;  iiemerocallis,  pansies,  lupinus, 
&,c.  W.  F.  Gardner,  Peeonia  carnea,  &.c.,  dwarf  rocket  larkspur, 
stocks,  geraniums,  &c.  W.  P.  Richardson,  bouquets  of  paeonies, 
roses,  geraniums,  &.c.  F.  Putnam,  Alstroemerza  tricolor,  Peeoma, 
BankseVe, /)apaveracea,  rosea  odorata;  geraniums,  Hill's  Champion, 


Essex  Co.  J^atural  History  Society.  447 

Speculum  mundi,  &c.  F.  Lamson,  bouquets  and  geraniums,  roses, 
heliotropes,  pansies,  Sac;  also  several  species  of  native  plants.  G.  A, 
Perkins  and  H.  Wheatland,  native  plants,  viz:  Geum  nivale,  E'rige- 
ron  6eilidif61i»m,  &c. 

June  15— Flowers:  From  Mrs.  J.  D.  Treadwell,  Miss  M.  B.  Ives, 
M.  B.  Mansfield,  and  W.  P.  Richardson,  bouquets  of  pfeonies,  roses, 
hemerocallis,  tradescantia,  geraniums,  &c.  J.  Bovvker,  dahlias, 
several  varieties,  first  exhibited  this  season;  also  geraniums,  stocks, 
&c.  F.  Putnam,  roses, — General  Harrison,  William  IV^.;  Cereus 
Jenkinsonu  and  speciosus;  also  j^eraniums  and  paeonies.  J.  C.  Lee, 
and  H.  Wheatland,  Native  Plants, —  Cornus  alba,  Cypripedium 
acaule,  Melampyrum  americanum,  &c. 

Fruit: — From  C.  F.  Putnam,  early  Virginia  strawberries,  (six 
boxes.) 

June  22. — Flowers:  From  Mrs.  J.  D.  Treadwell,  Miss  M.  B. 
Ives,  N.  B.  Mansfield,  T.  Perkins,  John  Lewis  Russell,  bouquets  of 
roses,  pteonies,  digitalis,  lychnis,  &c.  Mrs.  W.  Dean,  Fseonia  Hume*, 
and  VVhitlle/t.  J.  S.  Cabot,  roses,  thirty -three  varieties,  viz:  Ceri- 
sette,  Victor  Trac}',  St.  Brunnes,  Rivers's  George  IV.,  Wellington, 
Watt's  Celestial,  white  Globe,  Mount  Vesuvius,  &c.;  Pseonies — 
Whittle/;,  Hiimez",  fragrans,  Reevesii,  and  PottsiY;  Dracocephalum 
Kuyschidtiuni,  Clematis  integrifolia,  Betoiiica  coeriilea,  Sec.  J.  C. 
Lee,  Sempervivum  globiferum,  CEnotbera  Frazerj,  verl)enas,  carna- 
tions, &,c.  W.  F.  Gardner,  jtfemerocallis,  stocks,  verbenas,  roses, 
&c.  James  Upton,  Pseonia  Whittle/i,  pinks,  roses,  &c.  G.  D. 
Phippen,  W.  P.  Richardson,  H.  Wheatland,  bouquets  of  lysimachia, 
pinks,  hemerocallis,  roses,  &c.  J.  F.  Allen,  Fseonia  Hiimez  and 
Whittle/i,  (large  clusters.)  F.  Putnam,  roses — Negro  Panache, 
Grand  Pompadour,  Sombers's  Superb,  new  beautiful  Provence,  pink 
Boursault,  Gloriosa  Superba  Nova,  Rivers's  George  IV.,  &c.;  Pse- 
onies Reevesw,  Humei,  &c.;  Cactus  speciosissimus.  F.  Lamson, 
Calceolaria  corymbosa,  in  pot.  H.  Cross,  beautiful  specimens  of 
Kalnu'a  latifolia,  from  the  woods  in  Beverly. 

Fruit: — From  T,  Cruickshank,  fine  specimens  of  several  varieties 
of  strawberries,  viz.,  Keen'sseedling,  Virginia  scarlet,  Milne's  seed- 
ling, a  variety  recently  received  from  Aberdeen,  in  Scotland,  &c.  W. 
F,  Gardner,  Pine,  and  other  varieties  of  strawberries.  W.  C.  Bar- 
ton, cherries.  J.  C.  Lee,  Royal  scarlet  and  Mulberry  strawberries; 
also  cherries. 

June  29.— Flowers:  From  Mrs-  J,  D.  Treadwell,  Miss  M.  B. 
Ives,  Miss  H.  Rogers,  G.  D.  Phippen,  and  W.  P.  Richardson, 
bouquets  of  campanula,  digitalis,  roses,  honeysuckles,  pinks,  &c. 
E.  H.  Derby,  iVymphse^a  odor^ta,  Liriodendron  tuli[)ifera,  passifiora, 
agapanthus,  cactus,  <§'c.  J.  S.  Cabot,  roses — Lee's  crimson  Per- 
petual, Queen  of  Perpetuals,  Pulchra,  La  Mienne,  Village  Maid, 
Duchess  d'  Orleans,  Belle  African,  Duchess  de  Berri,  European 
Maiden's  Blush,  Adonis,  Belle  Liloise,  Jerusalem,  Crick's  rose,  Leo- 
nore,  Waterloo  Real,  Lady  Alciford,  King  of  Reds,  La  Tourturelle, 
&,c.  R.  Manning,  Fseonia  Whittle/i  and  fragrans.  C.  A.  Andrew, 
Pwonia  Hiimez,  roses,  &c.  J.  C.  Lee,  Kalnu'a  latifolia,  Crassula, 
carnations,  &c.  F.  Lamson,  roses — Madame  Desprez,  Agrippina, 
yellow  Tea,  &,c.;  also  bouquets.     J.  Bowker,  J.  M.  Ives,  T.  Ropes, 


448  Exhibitions  of  Horticultural   Societies. 

Jr.,  J.  Upton,  and  W.  F,  Gardner,  bouquets  of  pseonies,  roses,  trad- 
escantia,  honeysuckles,  digitalis,  &c.  F.  Putnam,  roses — Mary 
Stuart,  Irene,  Delicatesse,  Gloria  Mundi,  Imperial  Blush,  &c.;  pee- 
onies — Whittle/i,  fragrans,  &c.;  also,  cactus.  H.  Wheatland,  and 
Andrew  Nichols,  of  Danvers,  native  plants. 

Fruit: — From  J.  S.  Cabot,  Hovey's  seedling  strawberry.  R. 
Manning,  cherries — early,  black  heart,  Holman's  Duke,  Madison's 
Bigarreau,  Bowyer's  early  heart,  Jeffrey's  Royal  Duke.  J.  M.  Ives, 
Warren's  seedling  strawberries;  white  heart  cherries,  (natural  fruit.) 
W.  F.  Gardner,  wood,  and  pine  strawberries.  J.  F.  Allen,  Royal 
George  clingstone  peaches.  E.  H.  Derby,  cherries.  C.  F.  Putnam, 
Hovey's  seedling,  Bishop's  orange,  and  Royal  scarlet  strawberries. 

July  6. — Flowers:  From  JMrs.  J.  D.  Treadwell,  dahlia,  first  this 
season,  in  open  culture;  also,  bouquets.  Mrs.  W.  Dean,  lilies,  lark- 
spurs, &c.  H.  F.  King,  lilies.  N.  B.  Mansfield,  Celestial,  and  Je- 
rusalem roses;  pseonies,  lilies,  &,c.  Miss  M.  B.  Ives,  Miss  Nichols, 
W.  P.  Richardson,  G.  A.  Perkins,  H.  Wheatland,  bouquets  of  py- 
rethrum,  lilies;  larkspur,  roses,  &.c.  Miss  Very,  Kalmia  latifolia, 
and  bouquets.  Miss  H.  Rogers,  basket  of  cut  flowers,  beautifully 
arranged.  Mrs.  W.  D.  Waters,  Arethiisa  bulbosa.  S.  P.  Fowler, 
of  Danvers,  .Antirrhinum  linaria.  C.  Ratford,  dahlia  (Dennisii  )  in 
pot  with  several  flowers.  J.  C.  Lee,  Pentstemon  ovatum,  leptan- 
dra,  carnations,  &c.  G.  D.  Phippen,  Campanula  ^ersicseflora  fl.  pi. 
J.  M.  Ives,  Fanny  Parard,  crimson  moss,  Tuscany,  and  other  roses. 
W.  F.  Gardner,  stocks,  roses,  lilies,  larkspurs,  &c.  F.  Putnam, 
Belle  Aurora,  Belle  Hebe,  perpetual  white  moss,  Snowball,  Glory 
of  France,  Eryphilla,  and  other  roses.  F.  Lamson,  Triumph  of 
Luxembourg,  and  blush  Tea  roses;  Naumkeag,  Diadematum  su- 
perbum,  geraniums;  also,  carnations,  verbenas,  pansies,  &,c.  J.Up- 
ton, larkspurs,  and  pinks.  J.  S.  Cabot,  roses,  viz:  Charles  II., 
Duchess  d' Orleans,  Empress  of  France,  Clifford,  Leopoldine  de 
Napoleon,  L'Obscurite;  also,  Pentstemon  digitalis,  Wahlenbergfa 
grandiflora,  /delphinium  Hulmiz,  Campanula  gracilis,  ^c.  H.  Cross, 
several  species  of  native  or  introduced  plants,  as  Pyrola  umbellkta, 
E^chium  vulgare,  &c. 

Fruit: — From  Mrs.  N.  Silsbee,  black  Tartarian  cherries.  Mrs. 
J.  D.  Treadwell,  cherries.  J.  F.  Allen,  Royal  George  clingstone 
peaches;  monthly  strawberries.  J.  S.  Cabot,  cherries;  Hovey's 
seedling  strawberries.  J.  C.  Lee,  Sweetwater  grapes.  G.  A.  Per- 
kins, seedling  cherries.  R.  Manning,  common  white  Bigarreau, 
black  heart,  black  Eagle,  Waterloo,  Holman's  Duke,  and  Elton 
cherries.  W.  F.  Gardner,  Wood  strawberries;  Royal  George  free- 
stone peaches;  and  black  Tartarian  cherries.  J.  M.  Ives,  mottled 
Bigarreau  (seedling,)  Manning's  fine  red,  and  Honey  heart  cherries; 
also,  Warren's  seedling  strawberries.  E.  Emmerton,  white  Bigar- 
reau cherries.  W.  Ives,  cherries.  W.  P.  Richardson,  black  mul- 
berries; also,  cherries. 

Juhj  13.— Flowers:  From  Mrs.  J.  D.  Treadwell,  Mrs.  Moody, 
W.  P.  Richardson,  T.  Perkins,  J.  Upton,  J.  C.  Lee,  and  T.  Ropes, 
Jr.,  bouquets  of  dahlias,  lilies,  poppies,  carnations,  spiraea,  verbenas, 
&c.  Mrs.  W.  Dean,  Lychnis  flosciiculi  plena.  Miss  M.  A.  Ward, 
beautiful   plant  (in  pot)   of  the    C&ntua  coronopifdlia.     Miss  M.  J. 


Essex  Co.  J^aiural  History  Society.  449 

Howard,  native  plants,  viz:  Azalea  viscosa,  Epilobium  angustifoli- 
um.  F.  Lamson,  bouquets  of  roses,  dahlias,  lilies,  &c.;  also  native 
plants.  J.  S.  Cabot,  roses — Attelaine  de  Bourbon,  Fair  Maid  of 
Perth,  Proserpine,  Pulchra  perpetual,  Unique,  8tc.;  also,  /^ychnis 
chalcedonica  fl.  pL,  Clematis  Sieboldw, -Betonica  grandiflora,  &.c.  A. 
Bosson,  Calceolaria  bicolor,  dahlias,  and  verl)enas;  also,  Azalea  vis- 
cosa, Epilobium  angustifolium.  C.  Ratford,  Orobanche  uniflora, 
Pyrdia  rotundifolia,  &c.  J.  VV,  Downing,  dahlias.  Quilled  Perfec- 
tion; also,  bouquets.  F.  Putnam,  a  plant  of  the  Echinocactus  Eyrie- 
sii,  containing  three  beautiful  flowers.  W.  F.  Gardner,  a  fine  spike 
of  the  Yucca  filamentosa.  G.  Driver  and  E.  Buswell,  dahlias— Mar- 
shal Soult,  Ne  Plus  Ultra;  also,  bouquets.  G.  A.  Perkins  and  H. 
Wheatland,  native  plants,  viz:  Pogonia  oj)hioglossoides,  JWedic^go 
lupulinus,   &c. 

Fruit:  From  B.  H.  Silsbee,  Ox  heart  cherries.  R.  S-  Rogers, 
seedling  mazard  cherries.  John  Clark,  a  branch  containing  nume- 
rous almonds  (unripe.)  Andrew  Nichols,  of  Danvers,  cherries.  W. 
P.  Richardson,  cherries  and  mulberries.  J.  M.  Ives,  Cowan's  seed- 
ling [?]  raspberries;  Napoleon  Bigarreau  cherries;  English  black,  and 
Morgan's  red  cherries;  Scotch  early  red  Warrington  gooseberries. 
J.  Cross,  curious  growth  of  the  stalk,  containing  the  seed  vessels  of 
the  beet.  W.  F.  Gardner,  Wood  straw^berries;  Royal  George  Free- 
stone peaches. 

Vegetables:  From  J.  M.  Ives,  large  specimens  of  short  top  rad- 
ishes. 

July  20. — {"lowers:  From  Mrs.  J.  D.  Treadwell,  Ca<«/pfflcordif61ia, 
Azalea  viscosa;  also,  bouquets.  Mrs.  Moody,  Centaurea  suaveolens, 
iJemerocallis,  lilies,  &c.  A.  L.  Pierson,  F,  Lamson,  G.  D.  Phippen, 
C.  A.  Andrew,  N.  B.  Mansfield,  J.  C.  Lee,  and  H.  Wheatland, 
bouquets  of  dahlias,  lilies,  petunias,  verbenas,  digitalis,  &c.  T. 
Ropes,  Jr.,  dahlias — Striata  formosissima,  Sussex,  Countess  of  Pem- 
broke, &c.;  also,  bouquets.  Mrs.  Day,  O.  Thayer,  A.  Bosson,  dah- 
lias and  bouquets.  G.  Driver  and  E.  Buswell,  dahlias — Unique, 
Suffolk  Hero,  Lady  Arabella,  &c.  J.  F.  Allen,  Amie  Vibert  roses. 
S.  P.  Fowler,  of  Danvers,  Lilium  japonicum;  also,  native  plants,  as 
Lobeh'a  cardinalis,  O'rchis  |)syc6des,  &c.  Andrew  Nichols,  of  Dan- 
vers, Brachystemum  virginicum. 

Fruit:  From  E.  Emmerton,  Scotch  gooseberries,  four  varieties; 
Early  Harvest  apples.  W.  P.  Richardson,  red  and  white  currants. 
C.  A.  Andrew,  Scotch  gooseberries.  J.  F.  Allen,  black  fies,  from 
St.  Michaels;  sweet  Montmorency  seedling  cherries.  J.  M.  Ives, 
currants  and  gooseberries.  B.  H.  Silsbee,  cherries  and  white  cur- 
rants. R.  Manning,  cherries — Gridley,  Cerise  du  Nord,  Manning's 
white  mazard.  Belle  Magnifique,  May  Duke  (second  crop.)  N.  B. 
Mansfield,  Scotch  gooseberries,  and  red  and  white  currants.  J.  S. 
Cabot,  Beauty  of  Summer  pears.  R.  S.  Rogers,  cherries.  S.  P. 
Fowler,  of  Danvers,  seedling  gooseberries,  a  hybrid  produced  by 
cross  fertilization  between  the  Scotch  and  native  gooseberries,  not  li- 
able to  mildew.     J.  C.  Lee,  Franconia  raspberries. 

July  27.— Flowers:  From  Mrs.  J.  D.  Treadwell,  J.  Upton,  C.  A. 
Andrew,  Miss  C.  Lee,  J.  C.  Lee,  and  H.  Wheatland,  bouquets  of 
hemerocallis,  dahlias,  gladiolus,  verbenas,  geraniums,  &.c.     A.  L. 

VOL.  VIII. NO.   XII.  57 


450  Exhibitions  of   Horticultural   Societies. 

Pierson,  Centanr^a  moschata  var.  alha,  dahlias,  &c.  G.  Driver  and 
E.  Buswell,  nineteen  varieties  of  dahlias,  viz:  Miss  Johnstone,  Lady 
Sondes,  Anne  Augusta  Broadwood,  Red  Kover,  &c.  F.  Lamson, 
Bartonia  aiiiea,  Collinsm  tiicolor,  &,c.  J.  B.  Ferguson,  dahlia — 
Helen.  L.  Upton,  dahlia — Striata  formosissinia.  T.  Ropes,  jr., 
dahlias — Quilled  Perfection,  JNIackenzie's  Perfection,  &c.  J.  A. 
Goldthwaite,  dahlias — Lady  Powlett,  Lady  Dartmouth,  &,c.  N.  B. 
Mansfield,  Asclepias  tuherosa;  also,  bouquets.  W.  Mack,  Mauran- 
dya  Barclaj  (i?ia.  H,  Cross,  Girardm  flava,  Sijiree^a,  Sf^c.  A.  Bosson, 
i/oheU'a  cardinalis,  X..inflata,  »S'pirae^a,  &c.  Andrew  Nichols,  of  Dan- 
vers,  Gratiola  aiirea,  Neottia  cernua,  &c.  H.  Wheatland,  O'rchis 
blephariglottis,  ^ujjatorium  pur[)ureum,  &,c. 

Fruit:  From  B.  H.  Silsbee,  Madeleine  pears.  J.  Upton,  Early 
Harvest  apples.  R.  Mannning,  Plumstone  Morello  cherries.  A.  L. 
Pierson,  red  Dutch  currants.  J.  C.  Lee,  several  large  clusters 
of  the  Sweetwater  and  white  Frontignac  grapes. 

Vegetables:  From  C.  A.  Andrew,  a  variety  of  bean,  well  adapted 
for  culinary  purposes;  seed  received  from  the  Patent  Office,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 

Jlug.  3.— Flowers:  From  Mrs.  J.  D.  Tread  well,  T.  Perkins,  B.  W. 
Stone,  F.  Lamson,  J.  C.  Lee,  A.  L.  Pierson,  and  J.  B.  Black,  of  Dan- 
vers,  bouquets  of  dahlias,  lilies,  coreofisis,  phlox,  carnations,  &c. 
Miss  Warden,  an  interostinsr  plant,in  por,  of  Melocactussp.from  Mon- 
tevideo, S.  America.  Mrs.  Day,  dahlias.  J.  Upton,  dahlias — Canute, 
Fireball,  Argo,  &c.  F.  Putnam,  roses — yellow  Noisette,  Noisette 
de  Bourbon,  Musk  cluster,  Julie  de  Loynes;  also,  Passiflora  Lou- 
doni,  verbenas,  and  carnations-  S.  P.  Fowler,  of  Danvers,  native 
plants,  viz:  iiibiscus  palustris,  Lobeh'a  cardinalis,  &lc.  A.  Bosson, 
Sagittaria  sagittifolia,  lobelia,  and  spiraea.  H.  Wheatland,  and  G. 
A.  Perkins,  native  plants,  viz-  Cwscwia  americana,  Lobeh'a  cardina- 
lis, Gnaphaliurn,  £pil6bium,  £upat6rium.  G.  D.  Phippen,  dahlias, 
viz:  Premier,  Lady  Arabella,  Striata  formosissinia,  &c.  G.  Driver, 
and  E.  Buswell,  the  following  dahlias, — Eva,  Fanny,  Coronation, 
Argo,  &C. 

Fruit: — From  J.  M.  Ives,  Madeleine  pears;  also,  gooseberries  and 
currants.  W.  Ives,  early  Harvest  apples;  and  Sugartop,  Madeleine, 
and  Petit  Muscat  pears.  W,  Stearns,  red  Juneating  apples,  and 
Madeleine  pears.  F.  R.  Vincent,  early  Harvest  apples.  G.  Driver, 
green  citron  melons.  A.  W.  Dod<ie,  of  Hamilton,  early  sweet  ap- 
ples. J.  C.  Lee,  black  Hamburg,  Sweetwater,  and  white  Frontignac 
grapes.  E.  Emmerton,  early  Harvest,  and  Summer  pearmain  apples; 
also,  Sugartop  pears. 

August  10. — Flowers:  From  Mrs.  J.  D.  Treadwell,  Clethra  alni- 
folia,  Phytolacca  decandra.  Gladiolus,  and  petunias.  Mrs.  Moody, 
C'entaurea  suaveolens,  and  bouquets.  Miss  H.  Rogers,  H.  F.  King, 
C.  A.  Andrew,  Vv  .  P.  Richardson,  N.  B.  Mansfield,  bouquets.  J. 
Upton,  Globe,  and  Bride  of  Abydos  dahlias.  E.  Emmerton,  iS^ym- 
phae^a  odorata.  J.  Buffington,  Striata,  and  Golden  Sovereign  dahlias; 
also,  fine  balsamines.  J.  C.  Lee,  Sarah,  and  Golden  Sovereign 
dahlias;  also,  Ipomae^a  Quamoclit,  Achillea  plenifolia.  F.  Lamson, 
Hoya  carnosa,  dahlias,  hibiscus.  G.  Driver,  and  E.  Buswell,  Gem, 
Fireball,  and  Duchess  of  Richmond  dahlias.     C.    M.  Richardson, 


Essex  Co.  JVatural  History  Society.  451 

Striata,  and  Sulphurea  elegans  dahlias.  T,  Ropes,  Jr.,  Grace  Dar- 
ling, and  Striata  dahlias.  A.  Bosson  and  J.  W.  Downing,  fine  bal- 
sarnines.  F.  Putnam,  yellow  Tea,  and  Flageolet  roses.  H.  Wheat- 
land, native  plants. 

Fruit: — From  B.  P.  Chamberlain,  a  branch  containiag  large  clus- 
ters of  Beriramot  pears.  C.  A.  Andrew,  Jargonelle  pears.  J.  Up- 
ton, early  Harvest,  and  red  Astrachan  apples.  J.W.Cheever,  Sugar- 
top  pears,  and  early  Harvest  apj)les.  E.  Emmerton,  Sopsavine  ap- 
ples. R.  Manning,  Charlumoski,  Tetoflsky,  red  Margaret,  and  red 
Astrachan  ajjples;  also.  Peach  apricot;  and  Morocco  jjlunis.  N.  B. 
Mansfield,  early  Harvest  ap])les,  and  Madeleine  pears.  W.  F. 
Gardner,  Royal  George  freestone  peaches.  J.  C.  Lee,  Williams's 
Favorite  a|>ples;  white  Frontiguac,  Zinfindal,  and  Sweetwater  grapes. 
W.  Dean,  black  Hamluirg,  and  black  and  red  Frontignae  grapes. 
G.  Driver,  apples  and  melons.  H.  Wheatland,  Catharine  pears.  J. 
S.  Cabot,  Bloodii'ood,  Madeleine,  and  Fondante  d'  Ete  pears.  S. 
Cook,  Roxbury  russet  apples  (urowth  of  1841.)  J.  M.  Ives,  Beauty 
of  Summer  |)ears;  Monsieur  Hatif  plums;  and  early  Bough  apples, 
a  variet}'^  from  Stratham,  N.  H. 

Jiu'^ust  17. — Flowers:  From  Mrs.  J.  D.  Tread  well,  Mrs,  L.  Sal- 
tonstall,  xMrs.  L.  Bowditch,  Mrs.  Day,  Miss  M.  B.  Ives,  J.  C.  Lee, 
C.  A.  Anflrew,  W.  P.  Richardson,  and  F.  Lamson,  bouquets  of 
dahlias,  zinnias,   pecunias,   verbenas,  gladiolus,  fee.     G.  Driver,  and 

E.  Busuell,  fifty-one  varieties  of  dahlias,  viz:  Rainbow,  Corinne, 
Fanny,  Ari^o,  &c.  T.  Ropes,  Jr.,  dahlias,  viz:  Premier,  Metelia, 
Defiance,  Beauty  of  Kingscote,  &c.  J.  Upton,  dahlia.s — Argo,  Rien- 
zi,  Mrs.  Rushton,  &,c.  J.  A,  Goldthwaite,  dahlias — Pickwick,  Mar- 
shal Soult,  Countess  of  Mansfield,  &c.  H.  K.  Oliver,  dahlias,  viz: 
Horticulturist,  Eva,  Bontisholl,  Canute,  &,c.;  also,  balsamines.  J. 
W.  Downing,  dahlias,  viz:  Sulphurea  elegans.  Conqueror,  Stc.  C. 
H.    S.iunders,  (iahlias,    viz:   Striata  formosissima,    Red    Rover,  &c. 

F.  Putnam,  dahlias,  viz;  Pickwick,  Unique,  Sulphurea  elegans,  &c.; 
also,  roses.  W.  Very,  Act?e\i  alba,  Andromeda  paniculata.  A. 
Nichols,  and  H.  Wheatland,  native  plants. 

Fruit: — From  IMrs.  L.  Saltonstall,  English  red  cheek  pears;  and 
early  Harvest  apples.  J.  S.  Cabot,  E.  Putnam,  and  N.  B.  Mans- 
field, Jargonelle  pears.  B.  H.  Silsbee,  early  Bough  apples.  Wm. 
Ives,  several  varieties  of  pears.  G.  Driver,  New  York  Pine-apple 
green  flesh  melons.  R.  S.  Rogers,  summer  Rose  apples.  J.  W. 
Rogers,  Summer  Rose,  and  Alexander  apples.  T.  Honeycomb, 
Bloodgood  pears.  E.  Emmerton,  English  red  cheek,  and  Blood- 
good  pears.  J.  M.  Ives,  Skinless,  Empress  of  Summer,  and  Blood- 
good  pears;  also,  apples,  plums,  and  strawberries.  VV.  Stearns, 
summer  Franc  Real,  Jargonelle,  and  Empress  of  Summer  pears.  R. 
Manning,  early  Rousselet,  green  summer  sugar,  and  Blanquet  pears; 
also,  early  Bough  apples.  J.  C.  Lee,  Skinless,  and  Jargonelle  pears. 
F.  Watson,  cherry  plum,  Myrobalan. 

[Owing  to  the  great  length  to  which  the  report  extends,  we  have 
been  obliged  to  omit  the  reports  of  the  weekly  meetings  between 
this  and  the  annual  exhibition:  they  are  the  least  interesting  of  the 
season- — Ed.^ 


452  Exhibitions  of  Horticultural   Societies. 

ANNUAL  EXHIBITION. 

The  annual  exhibition  of  fruits  and  flowers  took  place  on  Wed- 
nesday, Thursday,  and  Friday,  September  21st,  22d,  and  23d. 

The  Hall  was  decorated  with  festoons,  wreaths,  &c.  of  ever- 
greens, which,  in  contrast  with  the  varied  colors  of  the  gorgeous 
dahlia,  and  other  autumnal  flowers,  presented  a  beautiful  appear- 
ance. Over  the  entrance  was  inscribed  the  name  of  Pomona;  and 
on  both  sides,  the  tables  were  loaded  profusely  with  the  choicest  of 
her  various  and  bounteous  gifts.  Of  these  there  were  five  hundred 
and  fifty  plates,  containing  ninety-eight  varieties  of  pears,  sixty  of 
api)les,  twenty-five  of  peaches,  besides  plums,  grapes,  melons,  nec- 
tarines, figs,  and  oranges,  both  gathered  and  growing  on  the  trees. 
To  these  may  be  added,  a  liberal  display  from  the  vegetable  king- 
dom, including  mammoth  squashes,  huge  beets,  large  carrots,  &c. 
Over  the  tables  of  fruit,  were  placed  the  names  of  Lowell  and  Man- 
ning, alike  distinguished  in  the  annals  of  horticultural  science,  and 
whose  memories  will  long  be  endeared  to  us,  as  successful  intro- 
ducers and  cultivators  of  many  of  our  choicest  varieties  of  fruit. 

Over  another  part  of  the  Hall,  the  name  of  Flora  was  inscribed; 
beneath  and  around  were  the  gorgeous  and  showy  flowers  of  her 
kingdom.  Of  these,  the  dahlia  was  the  most  conspicuous;  more 
than  twelve  hundred  blooms  of  this  favorite  flower  of  autumn  were 
placed  in  the  stands,  and  a  legion  of  others  mingled  in  the  bouquets, 
with  other  flowers. 

On  the  eastern  side,  and  opposite  to  the  entrance,  was  constructed 
a  rustic  arbor,  filled  with  a  group  of  native  plants  culled  from  the 
woods,  fields,  and  meadows,  and  over  were  inscribed  the  names  of 
Linnceus  and  Jussieu,  the  founders  of  our  present  systems  of  botany. 

We  ought  not  to  pass  over  in  silence  the  great  assistance  rendered 
in  decorating  the  Hall,  by  several  ladies,  who  generously  volunteered 
their  services;  and  it  is,  in  a  great  measure,  owing  to  their  sugges- 
tions and  handywork,  that  the  decorations  won  such  universal  admi- 
ration, for  the  neatness,  simplicity,  and  beauty,  therein  displayed. 

The  interest  was  kept  up  throughout,  and  the  Hall  was  filled  with 
admiring  visitors. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  contributors,  and  a  sketch  of  the 
numerous  articles  exhibited: — 

Cut  Flowers: — From  JVlrs.  J.  D.  Treadwell,  Camellm  japonica 
&lba  pleno,  dahlias,  autunmal  crocus;  also,  bouquets  of  asters,  zin- 
nias, gladiolus,  &.C.  Mrs.  S.  C.  Phillips,  «Salvia  splendens,  dahlias, 
asters,  and  petunia.  Mrs.  J.  W.  Treadwell,  dahlias,  spirsea,  asters, 
&c.  Mrs.  E.  Austin,  bouquets  of  dahlias,  stocks,  coreopsis,  &c. 
Misses  Lawrence,  ^Salvia  spieutlens,  autumnal  crocus,  pansies,  dah- 
lias, pinks,  Sic.  T.  Cruickshank,  a  large  bouquet  of  asters  and 
dahlias.  J.  Kimball,  dahlias,  viz:  Corinne,  Marshal  Soult,  Re- 
liance, &c.  F.  Lanison,  bouquets  of  dahlias,  roses,  asters,  helio- 
tropes, <^'C.  N.  B.  Mansfield,  dahlias,  viz:  Striata,  Bride  of  Abydos, 
&.C.;  also,  Boursault  roses  (second  bloom,)  rudhrckia,  phlox.  G. 
Masury,  of  Beverly,  dahlias — Maid  of  Bath,  PickwiL-k,  Eva,  and 
Argo;  Erythrina  crista  galli,  verbenas,  roses.  E.  Pi.  Derby,  many 
large  bouquets  of  hemerocallis,  stocks,  dahlias,  disitalis,  salvia,  &.c. 
W.  Mack,  bouquets  of  dahlias,  maurandya,  asters,  &c.     N.  Cleaves, 


Essex    Co.  J^atural  History   Society.  453 

dahlias — Ne  Plus  Ultra,  Calliope,  Grandis,  Mrs.  Broadwood;  also, 
asters.  VV.  Weeks,  bouquet  of  dahlias,  rudbeckia,  marigolds,  &c. 
J.  A.  Goldthwaite,  dahlias — Pickwick,  Ari^o,  Francis,  Eva,  and  Cas- 
tanda.  J.  W.  Downing,  dahlias — Fireball,  Premier,  Miss  John- 
stone, liB  Grand  Baudine,  and  Eva.  J.  H.  &  G.  D.  Phippen,  dah- 
lias— Rainbow,  Unique,  Blandina,  Clio,  Sarah,  and  Napoleon.  G. 
Driver  and  E.  Buswell,  dahlias — Grace  Darling,  Coronation,  Argo, 
Calliope,  and  Daphne.  T.  Ropes,  Jr.,  dahlias — Corinne,  Marshal 
Souk,  Pickwick,  and  Eva.  C.  Hoffman,  iSalvia  grandiflora,  Manettza 
cordifolia;  roses — Bougere,  Phcenix,  Noisette,  and  Lamarque. 

From  F.  Putnam,  dahlias — Pickwick,  Fireball,  Fanny,  Eva,  &c.; 
roses,  asters,  passion  flowers,  ^-c.  H.  K.  Oliver,  daliiias — Argo, 
Eva,  Conservative,  Crichton,  Fireball,  Miss  Percival,  &c.  Mrs.  D. 
Cook,  dahlias,  amarantus,  malope,  &,c.  J.  Upton,  dahlias — Canute, 
Argo,  Rienzi,  Suffolk  Hero,  &,c.  W.  F.  Gardner,  dahlias — Fireball, 
Rienzi,  Mrs.  Rushton,  &c.  J.  Buffington,  dahlias — Premier,  Hon. 
Mrs.  Harris,  Henry  Fletcher,  ^-c;  asters.  C.  H.  Saunders,  dahlias 
—  Countess  of  Torringron,  Striata,  Conqueror  of  Europe,  &c.  O. 
Carlton,  dahlias — Bride  of  Ahydos  and  Mrs.  Rushton.  A.  L.  Pier- 
son,  bouquets  of  dahlias,  asters,  marigolds,  zinnias,  &c.  Miss  H. 
Rogers,  bouquets  of  dahlias,  phlox,  asters,  &c.  H.  F.  King,  dahlias 
— Marquis  of  Tavistock,  Red  Rover,  Sec;  also  asters.  J.  Farnum, 
cinnamon  roses,  second  bloom.  J.  F.  Allen,  roses — Triumph  of 
Luxembourg,  Silene,  London  Superb,  and  Flageolet.  J.  C.  Harvey, 
dahlias — Beauty  of  Kingscote,  Blan<lina,  and  Helen  of  Troy.  H. 
Wheatland,  dahlias,  asters,  stocks,  verbenas,  and  gladiolus.  SV.  P. 
Richardson,  dahlias,  larkspurs,  asters,  &c.  J.  C.  Lee,  dahlias — Ri- 
enzi, Napoleon,  and  Rising  Sun;  also,  amarantus,  asters,  gladiolus, 
&c. 

Pot  Plants: — From  Mrs.  S.  C.  Phillips,  Arnucaria  excelsa,  Begoniffl, 
English  holley,  acacia,  roses,  &c.  H.  K.  Oliver,  tuberose.  F.  Put- 
nam, Nerine  curviflora;  Cactus  Ackermannf?.  F.  Lainson,  acacia. 
Mrs.  W.  Dean,  oranire  tree,  lemon,  and  myrtle  oranue.  J.  How- 
ard, Jr.,  Dio^c6re«  alata,  from  Sumatra;  Glycine,  sp.  from  Africa. 
C.  Lawrence,  of  Danvers,  black  Hamburg  grapes.  T.  Ro|)es,  Jr., 
dahlia — Marshal  Soidt.     Josiah  Hayward,  orange  tree  in  fruit. 

Native  Plants  : — FroiTi  Mrs.  J.  D.  Treadvvell,  fruit  of  AVum 
triphyllum;  also,  asters,  solidago,  &.c.  J.  C.  Lee,  asters  and  solida- 
go.  H.  Cross,  GenUtma  crinita.  J.  Safford,  gnaphalium,  Oeno- 
thera, solidago,  &c.  Mi--s  Nichols,  asters  and  solidago.  S.  P.  Fowl- 
er, of  Danver.<,  Gentiuna  crinita.  Miss  Very,  fruit  of  A'rum  triphvl- 
lum  and  Actse^a  alba.  A.  Nichols,  of  Danvers,  Geutiima  crinita, 
Gnaphalium  uliginosum.  H.  S.  Saunders,  Neottia  cernua,  Ge)itid- 
na  crinita.  R.  Wheatland,  jEnpatorium,  asters,  &c.  F.  Liimson, 
Genti<m«  crinita,  and  Helianthus.  W.  P.  Richardson,  fruit  of  A\-um 
triphyllum,  anrl  Convallaria  racemosa.  Mrs.  J.  W.  Treadvvell, 
Genlidna  saponaria.     H.  Wheatland,  asters,  solidago,  and  lolielia. 

Fruit  : — From  Andrew  Dodire,  of  Wenham,  apples — Kilhain 
Hill,  Baldwin,  red  peartnain,  Phinehas,  Dodge's  Sun)mer  sweet, 
Dodge's  sweeting,  early  Winter  sweeting,  honey  {)ink,  golden  rus- 
set. Winter  sweet,  Ribstone  pippin,  Danvers  sweet;  pears — Seckel, 
Chelmsford,    autumn  Vert,   Parkinson's  Warden;    peaches.     H.   F. 


454  Exhibitions  of  Horticultural   Societies. 

Kins,  Seckel  pears;  orange  quinces.  G.  Barker,  of  Marhlehead, 
Hooper's  Bilboa  pears.  W.  F.  Gardner,  pears — Rousselet  de 
Rheims,  Bezi  Montigny,  Gore's  Heathcot,  Messire  Jean,  Johon- 
not,  Bartlett;  seedling  peaches.  Daniel  Adams,  3J,  of  Newbury, 
Nonsuch  apples;  St.  Michael,  Capiautnonr,  Bartlett,  and  seedling 
pears;  Adams's  seedling  yjeaches.  J.  Upton,  apples — Cathead, 
Fall  Harvey,  Pomme  de  Pasteana;  jjcars — Messire  Jean,  Urba- 
niste,  Josephine,  &c.;  orange  and  pear  quinces.  W.  P.  Richard- 
son, Ribstone  pippin  apples;  Washington,  Easter  Beurre,  Rousselet 
de  Rheims,  Gansel's  Bergamot,  and  Seckel  pears;  orange  quinces. 
W.  Stearns,  apples — Siberian  crab,  Drap  d'Or,  Baldwin,  Hodge's 
early  red  Juneating,  Rhode  Island  greening,  Kilhani  Hill,  Blood- 
good's  sweet.  Monstrous  pippin,  Jarvis;  pears — winter  Nelis,  orange, 
Bishop's  Thumb,  Easter  Beurre,  Chaumontelle,  Rousselet  de 
Rheims,  Summer  Thorn,  Napoleon,  Chelmsford,  St.  Germain,  St. 
Michael,  Franc  Real  d'Ete,  brown  Beurre,  Endicott,  Josepliine, 
Seckel,  Bartlett,  Ronvilie;  orange  quinces;  Isaltella  and  native 
grapes. 

From  J.  C.  Lee,  apples — Baldwin,  Kilham  Hill,  Wormsley 
pippin.  Glory  of  the  West,  &c.;  pears — brown  Beurre,  Henry 
IV.,  Beurre  Bronze,  Dix,  Josephine,  Chaumontelle,  Bezi  Vaet, 
St.  Michael,  Johonnot,  Bon  Chretien,  Fondante  de  Vilmorin,  Na- 
poleon, Seckel,  Passe  Coimar,  Fulton,  Delices,  Hardenpoiit,  Har- 
vard, Easter  Beurre,  Urbaniste,  Winter  Nelis,  Rousselet  de 
Rheims,  Parkinr^on's  Warden,  Lewis,  Bleeker's  Meadow,  Glout 
Morceau,  Gilogil,  Gore's  Heathcot,  VVinter  orange,  Lodge,  Bonne 
Louise  d'Avranche,  long  green,  BufFum,  Messire  Jean,  Duchess 
d'Angouletue  ;  grapes — black  Hamburg,  sweetwater,  variegated 
Chasselas,  r(jse  Chasselas;  Mountain  Sprout  water-melons;  Defi- 
ance, pine-apple,  and  common  green  musk-melons;  clingstone 
peaches.  N.  B.  Mansfield,  apples — Marquis,  Rhode  Island  |)ippin, 
Tolman's  sweet.  Cloth  of  Gold,  red  Calville,  Danvers  winter  sweet, 
golden  russet,  Basketfull;  jjears.  Belle  et  Buime,  Buffum,  Sugar, 
Seckel,  Gore's  Heathcot,  Chelmsford,  Wilkinson,  Surpasse  Virsrou- 
louse,  Beurre  Diei,  Cushing,  Messire  Jean,  brown  Beurre,  Pope's 
Quaker,  Raymond,  and  Queen  of  the  Low  Countries;  peaches — 
Morris's  white,  yellow  Melacaton,  Williamson's  Diana,  Howes,  La- 
fayette clingstone.  A.  L.  Pierson,  St.  Ghislain  pears;  seedling 
peaches.     Mrs.  S.  C.  Phillips,  Harvard  pears,  'Sic. 

From  R.  Mamiimr,  apples — fail  Harvey,  Ribstone  pip|)in.  Snow, 
Sam.  Younir,  Murpiiy,  Camlxithnethan;  pears — Cabot,  Queen  of 
the  Low  Countries,  CapiaunuMit,  Duchess  d' Anixouleme,  Belle  et 
Bonne,  Roi  de  VVurteml>urif,  Belle  of  Flanders,  Beurre  d'Amanlis, 
Jalousie,  Pope's  russet.  King  Edward,  Washington,  Bezi  de  la 
Motte,  Beurre  Bronze,  Beurre  Van  Mons,  Beurre  Bosc,  Alpha, 
golden  Beurre,  long  green,  Monsieur  le  Cure,  French  autmnn  Berga- 
mot, Bartlett  (second  crop;)  peaches — Cole's  early.  Cutter's  yellow 
rareripe,  Jersey  rareripe,  golden  rareri|)e.  Heath,  yelloW'  rareripe, 
New  York  rareripe,  Nivette,  Robinson  Crusoe,  Bonaparte;  j)lums — 
Coe's  Golden  Drop,  Field  Marshal,  Styrian.  Mercy  Upton,  Orange 
})ears. 

From  J.  M.  Ives,  apples — Swaar,  Brownite,  Diana,  Michael  Hen- 


Essex   Co.  J\^atural  History  Society.  455 

ry  pippin,  Reinette  of  Canada,  Rambo,  Cann,  Danvers  winter 
sweet,  golden  Reinette,  Superb  8weet,  Kilham  Hill,  Melacarla,  Piper, 
Hubbardston  Nonsuch,  Boxford  Stump,  Carthouse,  Catline,  Quince; 
pears — Princess  of  Oran^'e,  Hunt's  winter,  Wilkinson,  Napoleon, 
Josephine,  Cumberland,  Bleeker's  Meadow,  Beurre  Bosc,  Roi  de 
Wurtembur;;,  Capiaumont,  lonij  green,  green  suirar,  Bartlett,  brown 
Beurre,  iMichaux,  Brugmansbirne,  Columbian.  Virgoulouse,  Beurre 
Romain,  Buftum,  Harvard,  Bezi  Montigny,  Belle  Lucrative,  Gilo- 
gi  I,  Fulton,  St.  Michael,  Duchess  d'Angouleme,  Bergatnot  du  Pacques, 
autumn  Bergamot,  Burgomestre  (.?),  Olive,  Easter  Beurre,  Andrews, 
winter  Nelis,  Passe  Colmar,  d'Avranches;  peaches — Washington, 
Noblesse,  yellow  Melacaton,  seedling,  Jacques's  yellow,  Beauty  of 
Vitry,  red  and  yellow  rareripe;  plums — Roe's  yellow  gage,  blue 
Imperatrice,  Coe's  Golden  Drop,  Coe's  late  red.  Frost  <rage. 

From  J.  S.  Cabot,  pears — Duchess  d'Angouleme,  Fig  Extra  of 
Van  Mons,  Cutiin's  Virsroulouse,  Capiaumont,  Lewis,  Seckel,  Cum- 
berland, Princess  of  Orance,  brown  Beurre,  Chaumontelle,  winter 
Nelis,  Washington,  Maria  Louise  Nova,  Surpasse  Virgoulouse,  An- 
drews, St.  Ghislain,  golden  Beurre,  Belle  et  Bonne,  Gendesim,  Bart- 
lett, Alpha,  Beurre  Bronze,  Roi  de  Wurtemburg,  Jalousie,  autunm 
Bergamot,  Bon  Chretien  Fondante,  Belle  Lucrative,  CoUimbian, 
Passe  Colmar,  Surpasse  St.  Germain,  Poire  d'Amour,  Hericart, 
Smith's  Pennsylvania,  long  green.  Napoleon,  St.  Michael,  Musca- 
dine, Bonne  Louise  d'  Avranches,  Wilkinson,  Passans  du  PortUiral, 
Urbaniste,  Cajjsheaf,  Pope's  Quaker,  Williur,  Fulton,  Cabot,  Beurre 
Diel,  seedling,  Stc.  E.  Emmerton,  pears — Muscadine,  Bonne  Lou- 
ise (l'x\vranches,  Capshenf,  Glout  Morceaii,  St.  Michael,  Duchess 
d'Angouleme,  Surpasse  Virgoulouse,  Prince's  St.  Germain,  Maria 
Louise,  golden  Beurre,  Beurre  Diel,  Bishop's  Thundi,  Napoleon, 
Henry  IV.,  Broca's  Bergamot,  Urbaniste,  Seckel,  Princess  of  Orange, 
VV"ashinL^ton,  Roi  de  Wurtendiuru;  also,  Baldwin  apples,  Orange 
quinces,  and  l)lue  Imperatrice  plums. 

From  N.  L.  Rogers,  Kilham  Hill  apples;  Bartlett,  and  Broca's 
Bersramot  pears;  and  Orange  quinces.  Wm.  Osborn,  of  Lynn, 
Bartlett  pears,  and  several  varieties  peaches.  J.  Winchester,  pear 
quinces.  B.  H.  Silsliee,  Bishoi)'s  Thumb,  brown  Beurre,  Messire 
Jean,  Harvard,  and  Rousselet  de  Rheims  pears.  A.  Thorndike,  of 
Beverly,  brown  Beurre,  and  St.  Michael  pears.  Andrew  Nichols, 
of  Danvers,  fall  Harvey,  and  Danvers  sweet  apples;  Osborn's  seed- 
ling pears;  seedling  peaches,  and  native  grapes.  J.  B.  Osirood,  Os- 
good's favorite  apples;  Bartlett,  Seckel,  Napoleon,  and  Wilkinson 
pears.  Mrs.  H.  M.  Johnson,  seedling  peaches.  A.  Kimball,  orange 
quinces.  8.  Cook,  Osgood's  favorite,  and  Roxbury  russet  (growth 
of  1841,)  apples;  St.  Ghislain,  and  Poire  d'Amour  pears.  J.  Btif- 
fington,  seedlin<r  peaches.  W.  Dean,  Andrews,  Urbaniste,  Seckel, 
Oranse,  and  Bartlett  pears;  white  and  black  Handuirg  grapes.  J. 
W.  Rogers,  Alexander  apples;  Fulton,  Colviile,  Blanc,  Harvard, 
Surpasse  Virgoulouse,  and  long  green  pears.  S.  C.  Phillips,  pears — 
St.  Michael,  long  green,  Messire  Jean,  Broca's  Bergamot,  Andrews, 
brown  Beurre,  stri[)ed  long  green,  &c.:  also,  peaches. 

From  D.  W.  Lincoln,  of  Worcester,  apples.  J.  Bryant,  of  Bever- 
ly, seedling  peaches.     John  Wilkins,   Fall  Harvey  apples;    St.  Mi- 


456  Exhibitions  of  Horticullural  Societies. 

chael  pears.  Joel  Bowker,  Baldwin  a|)])les;  Bartlett  and  Chelms- 
ford pears;  peaches;  Isahella  and  svveetwater  grapes.  0.  B.  Lan- 
der, of  Daiivers,  apples — Kilhain  Hill,  and  Eppes's  sweeting;  pears 
— brown  Beurre,  and  Broca's  Ber;iamot,  \V.  D.  Pickman,  pears — 
Gore's  Heathcot,  Harvard,  St.  Michael,  Andrews,  Broca's  Bergamot; 
orange  quinces.  M.  Pitman,  russet  pearmain  apples;  St.  Michael 
jjears.  Geo.  Lee,  of  West  Cainiiridge,  Ribstone  pi|)pin  api)les; 
peaches.  S.  B.  Ives,  Baldwin  and  Gilliflower  apples;  long  green, 
|)Ound,  Broca's  Bergamot,  and  St.  Michael  pears.  W.  Ives,  Ron- 
ville  and  Seckel  pears;  peaches.  John  Gardner,  of  Danvers,  Roi  de 
Wnrtemburg  pears.  J.  Farnum,  St.  Michael  pears.  John  Pickering, 
pearmain  apples.  W.  Sargent,  Buftum  pears.  B.  W.  Stone,  Stone's 
seedling  pears.  R.  Wheatland,  apples.  Mrs.  J.  D.  Treadwell, 
pear  quinces;  peaches.  J.  G.  Sprague,  Bartlett  pears;  orange 
quinces.  James  Barr,  St.  Michael  pears.  Joseph  Dalton,  native 
Isabella  grapes. 

From  N.  Silsbee,  Jr.,  apples;  pears — Napoleon,  Josephine,  Seck- 
el, Capiaumont,  Rousselet  de  Rheims,  Heathcor,  Easter  Beurre, 
Bezi  Montigny,  Bartlett,  Harvard,  and  bleeker's  Meadow;  grapes — 
white  Chasseias,  black  Hamburg,  and  Zinfindal.  B.  P.  Chaiiiber- 
lain,  pears — Washington,  Seckel,  St.  Michael,  orange,  Broca's  Ber- 
gamot, and  Bartlett.  J.  B.  Goodhue,  apples — Baldwin,  Roxbury 
russet,  Minister,  golden  russet,  Eppes's  sweeting,  Kilham  Hill,  and 
New  York  greening.  E.  Busweli,  Ribstone  pippin  apples.  J.  Ber- 
tram, Rousselet  de  Rheims  and  Glout  Morceau  pears.  E.  Burley,  of 
Beverly,  Bartlett  pears;  early  red  rareripe.  President,  and  Royal 
George  peaches.  W.  Hunt,  Bartlett  pears.  Daniel  Millet,  Glory 
apples.  C.  Hoffman,  St.  Michael  and  St.  Ghislain  pears;  black 
Hamburg  grapes.  G.  Masury,  of  Beverly,  orange  quinces,  first 
and  second  crop.  J.  A.  Goldthwaite,  rock  cantaloupe  melons.  R. 
S.  Rogers,  Bartlett  pears;  black  Hamburg,  Tokay,  and  Chasseias 
grapes.  D.  Harris,  apples.  Edward  Putnam,  Bartlett  pears.  A. 
Lackey,  Isabella  grapes.  J.  W.  Shannon,  Lafayette  peaches.  J. 
F.  Allen,  pears — Bartlett,  Bonne  Louise  de  Jersey,  St.  Michael, 
Broca's  Bergamot,  Seckel;  peaches — seedling  clingstone.  Noblesse, 
Royal  George  clingstone;  grapes — Black  Hamburg,  Black  Prince, 
svveetwater,'^Muscat  of  Alexandria,  nectarine,  golden;   also,  figs. 

Vegetables: — From  J.  A.  Goldthwaite,  white  sugar  beets;  Cana- 
da crookneck  squash.  C.  B.  Lander,  of  Danvers,  white  sugar  beets. 
J.  C.  Lee,  pumpkins;  Harrison  squash;  sugar  beets;  carrots;  toma- 
toes. C.  F.  Putnam,  Harrison  squash;  sugar  beets;  Silesian  and 
orange  carrots.     T.  Cruickshank,  Chenango  potatoes. 

The  hall  adjoining,  which  contains  the  Society's  collection  of  Nat- 
ural History,  was  also  opened:  here  many  visitors  were  seen  to 
pause  for  a  while,  to  behold  the  varied  forms  of  animated  nature.  A 
living  specimen  of  the  Chelouia  imbricata  (shell  tortoise  of  com- 
merce,) attracted  considerable  notice.  It  was  brought  into  this  port 
from  the  Fejee  Islands,  and  was  swimming  about  in  a  large  tub, 
nearly  filled  with  sea  water,  its  native  element;  also,  several  living 
specimens  of  a  curious  and  interesting  species  of  toad  (Scaphiopus 
solitarius.)  A  location  for  the  habitat  of  this  species  has  recently 
been  discovered  in  Danvers:  its  habits  are  subterraneous;  it  digs  for 


Middlesex  Co.  Horticultural  Society.  457 

itself  caverns  in  the  earth,  where  it  hybernates  during  the  Avinter 
season,  and  resides  during  the  day  in  the  mild  weather  of  summer, 
only  leaving  its  retreat  by  niijht,  in  search  of  food. 

'I'his  is  the  closing  exhil)ition  this  season,  and  again  we  take  admo- 
nition from  surrounding  nature,  to  withdraw  ourselves  into  winter 
quarters;  where,  after  a  period  of  rest,  we  trust  that,  at  the  ap- 
proach of  the  ensuing  spring,  to  break  the  chrysalis  state,  and  again 
emerge  into  life,  with  increased  and  renewed  efforts  to  sustain  the 
cause  of  horticulture,  and  to  diffuse  more  widely  the  taste  for  the  cul- 
tivation of  the  treasures  of  Flora  and  Pomona. —  W.,  Salem,  Nov., 
1842. 

Middlesex  County  Horticultural  Society. — This  Society 
held  its  annual  exhibition  at  the  Mechanics'  Hall  in  Lowell,  on  Wed- 
nesday, the  21st  October.  The  following  report  we  condense  from 
the  Lowell  Courier: — 

The  Exhibition  opened  on  Wednesday,  and  continued  until  Thurs- 
day evening,  when  it  concluded  with  a  delightful  social  party,  con- 
sisting of  ladies  and  gentlemen  of  this  city,  and  alsofriends  from  the 
neighboring  towns.  We  visited  the  Hall  on  Wednesday,  when  every 
thing  was  in  its  place  for  exhibition.  The  first  object  which  met  the 
eye  on  enterinjr,  was  the  table  in  the  centre,  on  which  was  placed  a 
rare  and  beautiful  datura,  which  bears  a  large  and  delicate  flower, 
and  emits  a  very  pleasing  odor.  This  is  the  property  of  Mr.  Nath'l 
Wright,  Jr.  The  tal)le  was  of  a  cone-like  form,  and  around  it  were 
placed  a  great  variety  of  splendid  dahlias,  contributed  i)y  Mr.  Gard- 
ner Parker  of  Biilerica,  A.  Hackett,  N.  Wri^^ht,  Jr.,  J.  B.  Francis, 
E.  Sheldon,  P.  W.  Warren,  C.  M.  Marvell,  Mr.  Rolfe,  Tilton 
Clark,  and  P.  P.  Spalding,  of  this  city.  Large  and  beautiful  bouquets 
were  also  tastefully  arranged. — They  were  contributed  by  Mr,  Ken- 
rick  of  Newton,  A.  H.  Hovey,  Cambridgeport,  George  D.  Hodges, 
MrsC.  M.  Marvell,  Tilton  Cbirk,  Asa  Clements,  Mr.  Parker  of 
Biilerica,  and  the  Messrs  Winships  of  Brijjhton.  There  were  sev- 
eral other  plants  with  long  hard  names,  which  we  do  not  find  it  con- 
venient just  now  to  remember.  The  eag  plant  was  a  curiosity.  It 
was  the  best  imitation  of  an  egg  we  have  ever  seen.  The  following 
schedule  of  fruits  was  noted  down  on   Wednesday: — 

By  P.  P.  Coburn  of  Dracut,  nine  varieties  of  peaches,  twelve  va- 
rieties of  apples,  native  grapes  and  pears.  This  was  the  first  table 
on  entering  the  Hall,  at  theri<i;ht  hand,  and  its  fine  exhibition  of  fruits 
attracted  much  attention.  By  Amos  Carleton  of  Chelmsford,  native 
grapes,  highly  cultivated;  Si)rtnish  watermelons,  a  fine  high  colored 
variety;  muskmelons;  six  varieties  of  pears,  among  which  were  the 
"  B-irtlett,"  from  a  scion  of  one  year's  growth;  and  nine  handsome 
varieties  of  apples,  among  which  were  two  very  handsome  specimens 
of  russets.  This  also  was  one  of  the  best  tables.  By  Asa  Clement, 
Jr.,  of  Dracut,  the  native  grape.  Pine  Apple  melon,  and  several  fine 
specimens  of  apples.  Mr.  Parker  of  Biilerica,  exhibited  his  usual 
well  loaded  table  of  fruit,  consisting  of  very  fine  apples,  lar^e  ami 
handsome  pears,  Isabella  and  native  grapes,  and  quinces  of  remark- 
able size.  The  Society  is  always  obliged  to  this  gentleman  for  his 
essential  aid  in  their  exhibitions,  and  not  less  so  this  year  thao  usual,. 
VOL.  VIII. NO.  XII.  5S 


458  Exhibitions  of  Horticultural  Societies. 

By  Stephen  Carleton,  of  Lowell,  the  Royal  Blush  and  Royal  seed- 
ling peaches,  very  large  and  handsome.  Fine  peaches  were  also 
exhibited  by  our  townsmen,  Charles  C.  Nichols,  from  his  own  gar- 
den, the  largest  measuring  nine  and  a  half  inches  in  circumference; 
and  also  large  and  fine  clingstone  peaches,  raised  by  Robert  Brad- 
ford, from  a  tree  set  out  last  year  in  the  small  yard  in  the  rear  of  his 
shop  on  Merrimack  street.  Also,  seedling  peaches,  four  years  old 
from  the  stone,  by  Master  George  W,  Carleton,  Peaches  by  James 
B.  Francis.  Grapes,  by  Joshua  Merrill.  Pears  and  crab  apples,  by 
G.  A,  Hodges.  Peaches,  by  Benjamin  Cutter,  of  Pelham.  Very  fair 
and  handsome  apples  and  plums,  by  John  Avery.  Plums,  by  Miss 
J,  Wright.  By  Daniel  P.  Coburn,  of  Tyngsboro',  large  water-mel- 
ons and  apples.  The  tnost  attractive  part  of  the  exhibition,  so  far  as 
the  fruit  is  concerned,  is  acknowledged  to  have  been  the  very  rich 
show  of  peaches,  raised  by  Mr.  Benj.  F.  Hodges,  on  his  farm  ia 
Chelmsford.  There  were  but  three  varieties,  the  orange  clingstone, 
a  large  red  rareripe,  and  the  golden  rareripe.  But  the  beautiful  col- 
or and  form,  and  the  uniform  large  size  of  these  specimens  exceeded 
any  thing  of  the  kind  we  have  had  the  good  fortune  to  witness. 
There  can  have  been  no  doubt  in  the  minds  of  the  committee,  as  to 
whom  the  peach  premium  should  be  awarded,  notwithstanding  the 
formidable  competitor. 

By  Dr.  Bartlett,  of  Chelmsford,  six  specimens  of  apples.  By  Noah 
Spaulding,  of  Chelmsford,  three  varieties  of  handsome  apples.  By 
P.  P.  Spaulding,  of  Chelmsford,  peaches,  apples,  and  very  fine  pears, 
especially  the  Bartlett,  which  appeared  to  excel  all  others  exhibited. 
By  John  P.  Cutter,  of  Dracut,  apples,  Water-melons,  seedling  peach- 
es, and  native  grapes.  Mr.  Kenrick,  of  Newton,  also  favored  the 
show  by  an  exhibition  of  fourteen  varieties  of  pears  and  several  of 
apples;  and  we  should  by  no  means  forget  in  our  enumeration  the 
beautiful  foreign  grapes,  of  which  there  were  exhibited  no  less  than 
thirteen  varieties,  from  the  green-house  of  our  worthy  Mayor,  Na- 
thaniel Wright,  Esq. 

In  the  evening  a  party  of  ladies  and  gentlemen  sat  down  to  an  en- 
tertainment, and  passed  a  social  hour;  songs  were  sung  and  senti- 
ments were  offered,  and  the  company  separated,  delighted  with  the 
exhibition,  and  the  occasion  which  had  been  the  source  of  much 
pleasure. 

Worcester  County  Horticultural  Society. — This  Society 
held  its  third  annual  exhibition  in  Worcester,  on  Wednesday,  Octo- 
ber 11,  1842. 

From  the  reports  of  this  exhibition,  as  given  by  the  several  com- 
mittees, it  appears  that  there  was  a  fine  display  of  fruits,  especially 
of  apples;  but  of  flowers,  owing  to  the  lateness  of  the  season,  there 
were  but  a  few  exhibited. 

The  Committee  remark  that  "it  is  in  the  exhibition  of  apples, 
mainly,  that  Worcester  County  can,  at  present,  modestly  challenge 
competition  with  her  sisters.  She  may  be  equal  to  them  in  the  cul- 
tivation of  other  fruits,  as  open  standards;  she  can  hardly  imitate 
the  cities  and  their  suburbs  in  the  growth  of  fruit  sheltered  by  art; 
but  reg-arding  the  substantial  excellencies  of  the  most  generally  use- 
ful fruit  of  New  England,  she  stands  upon  her  own  grQund.  Of 
this,  no  one  who  visited  the  Hall,  could  doubt. 


Worcester    Co.  Horticultural  Society.  469 

"  It  may  be  questionable,  whether  future  exhibitions  should  not  bo 
held  earlier  in  the  season.  But  the  lateness  of  the  period,  this  year, 
has  been  attends  1  with  the  advantage  of  bringing  out  our  resources 
in  the  desideratum  of  good  late  seedling  peaches,  more  fully  than 
could  otherwise  have  been  done." 

Fruits: — There  were  from  Walter  Bigelow,  Jr.,  of  Worcester, 
fine  apples — Pomme  Water,  and  Gilliflovver.  Col.  P.  Merrick's  ap- 
ples, in  beauty,  soundness,  and  size,  were  hardly  excelled.  Some  of 
the  names  do  not  appear  upon  the  book  of  entries,  but  among  them 
were  Roxbury  russets,  Rhode  Island  liieeniugs.  Nonsuch,  and  gold- 
en russets.  His  peaches  were  of  superior  beauty,  but  the  Commit- 
tee only  feasted  the  sense  of  sight.  From  Col.  Cushing,  of  Lunen- 
burg, good  specimens  of  Gloria  Mundi,  ijaldwin,  and  nameless  ap- 
ples. From  George  Flagg,  of  Holden,  good  specimens  of  sour  and 
sweet  seedling  apples.  John  Pratt  exhibited  good  Roxbury  russets, 
Baldwins,  Rhode  Island  greenings;  three  varieties  of  fine  peaches, 
one  a  clingstone;  and  some  pears.  From  Clarendon  Harris,  excel- 
lent Sweetwater  grapes,  raised  in  the  o})en  air;  Mr.  Harris  having 
only  one  competitor;  also,  two  beautiful  varieties  of  peaches;  St. 
Michael,  Bergamot,  Passe  Colmar,  and  Monsieur  Jean  pears;  Lady 
apples,  Lyscom,  sweet  russets,  Baldwin,  and  Nonsuch.  The  Pres- 
ident of  the  Society,  Dr.  John  Green,  brought  specimens,  such  as 
St.  Michael,  Duchess  d'  Angouleme,  Dix  (fine  examples,)  Seckel, 
Passe  Colmar,  Bleeker's  Meadow,  and  Burnet  pears,  a  winter  pear 
for  baking,  rime-honored  among  the  Doctor's  ancestors,  from  whom 
it  has  probably  been  disseminated,  commonly  called  the  Iron  pear  of 
Worcester,  being  probably  an  English  pear  of  the  same  name;  and 
two  nameless  pears;  also,  clingstone,  and  yellow  flesh  violet  peach- 
es, (fine;)  apples — Rhode  Island  greenings.  Peck's  pleasant,  Rox- 
bury russet,  russet  pearmain,  Baldwin,  beautiful  Hamburgs,  and  a 
winter  sweeting  of  high  merit.  John  M.  Earle,  who  has  a  taste  for 
all  material  good  things,  brought  Blood,  late  red  rareripe,  and  late 
Melacaton  jjeaches;  seven  varieties  of  late  specimens  of  a  white 
pear,Rushmore's  Bon  Chretien,  Duchess  d'Angouleme,  Louise  Eonne 
de  Jersey,  Beurre  d'Aremberg,  two  French  pears,  golden  Beurre  of 
Bilboa,  minute  pears  named  after  Tom  Thumb;  Nonsuch,  and  Rox- 
bury russet  apples. 

From  Hon.  Judge  Barton,  two  baskets  brown  Beurre  pears,  re- 
markably large,  sound,  and  fair,  and  unquestionably  the  finest  spe- 
cimens of  this  excellent  fruit  in  the  exhibition.  B.  F.  Thomas,  Esq.. 
exhibited  pears — Napoleon  (fine  specimens,)  Easter  Beurre,  and  two 
good  looking  varieties  without  names  attached;  also,  Baldwin  ap|)les, 
and  orange  quinces.  Abiel  Jacques,  Esq.  produced  a  fine  looking 
winter  pear,  of  aristocratic  origin,  from  an  ancient  tree  upon  the 
"Chandler  farm,"  which  is  not  the  Iron  pear  of  Worcester,  though 
of  equal  size,  and  superior  beauty;  it  was  imported  from  England 
in  a  by-gone  century:  he  also  sent  black  pear  of  Worcester,  beauti- 
ful Queening  apples  (rare  and  fine,)  larpe  Hubbardston  Nonsuch,  a 
nameless  apple  afterwards  found  to  be  the  Pound  sweeting,  and  the 
gray  Reinette  apple.  Booth  Bottomly,  of  Leicester,  sent  sonie  j)ears, 
and  two  baskets  of  fine  Isabella  grapes.  L.  Brummett,  of  Leicester, 
exhibited  handsome  examples  of  Lady   apjtles,  and  a  fine  looking 


460  Exhibitions  of  Horticultural   Societies. 

apple  under  the  name  of  Hubbardston  Nonsuch,  of  which  the  iden- 
tity with  that  fruit  was  queried,  but  which  appeared  to  deserve  a 
name  as  good. 

Our  old  friend  George  W.  White,  now  laudably  enfjaged  in  circu- 
lating and  disseminating  valuable  fruits  in  the  neighborhood  of  Low- 
ell, did  not  forget  to  favor  us  with  his  representation  of  Sudbury 
sweetings,  Hubbardston  Nonsuch,  Gardner  sweeting,  and  golden 
russet.  A  welcome  and  honored  curiosiiy  was  brought  by  Abner 
Harlow,  of  Shrewsbury,  which  he  called  the  Peregrine  White  apple; 
it  being  the  product  of  a  tree  planted  by  the  first  man  born  in  New 
England.  William  B.  Fox,  Esq.,  sent  Brewster  apples,  (sweet  and 
described  as  valuable,)  orange  (]uinces  and  good  late  white  peaches. 
From  Col.  Isaac  Davis  were  some  valuable  late  peaches.  From  G. 
W.  Rugg,  R.  1.  greenings,  and  two  varieties  of  apples  unknown. 
From  Loring  Young,  of  Leicester,  Harvey  apj)les,  and  very  large 
native  grapes,  from  a  vine  found  in  the  forest  and  t-nbjected  to  culti- 
vation; the  fine  quality  of  the  fruit  makes  it  worthy  of  propagation. 
From  Francis  T,  Merrick,  fine  pi[)pins.  From  Elbridge  G.  Daniels, 
of  South  Mendon,  very  large  cranberries.  From  Waldo  Flint,  Esq., 
of  Leicester,  baking  pears.  From  Elizabeth  Jackson,  of  lieicester, 
an  unknown  variety  of  pears.  From  Dr.  Edward  Flint,  of  Leices- 
ter, Rhode  Island  greenings.  Calvin  W.  Furbush,  Esq.,  of  Grafton, 
sent  from  his  excellent  orchard  a  fine  seedlii.g  apple,  the  scions  ob- 
tained from  a  tree  found  in  the  woods,  rare  Dutch  codlins.  Pound 
sweetings,  Rhode  Island  greenings.  Anthony  Chase,  three  plates  of 
late  freestone  peaches,  winter  sweetings.  From  Mr.  Weiss,  a  name- 
less white  sweet  apple,  of  extraordinary  size  and  fairness,  described 
by  him  as  of  merit.  By  J.  R.  Peirce,  excellent  Seckel  and  St.  Mi- 
chael pears. 

By  John  F.  Clark,  fine  Rhode  Island  greenings,  black  Gilliflower, 
Baldwin,  Boxford,  Nonsuch,  Pumpkin  sweeting,  Soden  sweeting, 
russet  sweeting,  John  Quinn,  Gardner  sweeting,  red  sweeting,  and 
two  nameless  apples.  Wm.  N.  Greene,  Esq.  sent  Gros  Rateau 
Gris  or  French  Iron  pear,  common  Iron  pear.  Passe  Colmar,  winter 
"Warden,  Louise  Bonne  de  Jersey,  Easter  Beurre,  Glout  Morceau, 
St.  Ghislain,  Wurtemburg,  Seckel,  Doyenne  Gris,  Napoleon,  one 
seedling,  and  two  unknown;  also,  Swaar,  golden  pippin,  French 
pippin,  and  very  fair  Worcester  sweet  russet  apples;  apple  and 
pear  quinces.  From  Charles  P.  Chapin,  a  beautiful  dish  of  cling- 
stone peaches,  and  some  sweet  russet  apples.  From  Jonathan 
Nichols,  of  Shrewsbury,  fine  orange  sweeting.  Porter,  and  Baldwin 
apples.  Asa  T.  Johnson's  large  and  beautiful  late  Crawford  Mela- 
caton,  and  orange  freestone  peaches,  and  Seckel  pears,  were  objects 
of  admiring  gaze;  he  also  exhibited  Easter  Beurre,  Prince's  St.  Ger- 
main, and  a  nameless  pear;  Pommewater,  winter  sweeting.  Harvest, 
green  russet,  Marlboro',  Nonsuch,  Walker,  and  sweet  greening  ap- 
ples. Silas  Allen,  of  Shrewsbury,  produced  clingstone  rareripes 
(very  large  and  beautiful,)  and  clingstone  Blood  peaches,  equally 
remarkable;  Seckel,  St.  Michael,  and  Woodbury  pears;  monstrous 
orange  quinces;  blue  pearmain,  Detroit,  Friar  or  Balk  apple,  red 
pearmain,  golden  russett,  russet  sweeting,  Roxbury  russet,  Bald- 
win, Spice  apple,  greenings,   Hapgood,  and  Porter  apples.     Gen. 


•  Worcester  Co.  Horticultural  Society.  461 

Thomas  Chamberlain  sent  Nonsuch,  Baldwin,  La  Fayette's  favorite, 
russet  pearmain,  and  greening  apples. 

From  Stephen  Salisbury,  FiSq.,  clingstone  peaches;  a  nameless 
pear;  Roxbury  russet,  Baldwin,  Nonsuch,  areeninjis,  and  a  name- 
less apple;  also,  a  beautiful  kind  of  small  yellow  gourd,  which  look- 
ed so  much  like  pears  as  justly  to  maintain  a  place  amonj^  the  plates 
of  that  fruit.  From  N.  C.  Moore,  sweet  russets,  fine  Lyscom  ap- 
ples, Marlboro',  beautiful  quince  apple,  Rhode  Island  greening,  Rox- 
bury ru-^set,  and  Nonsuch  apples.  From  Capt.  Southgate,  of  Lei- 
cester, Roxbury  russet  apples,  growth  of  1841,  in  good  preservation; 
and  excellent  brovvn  Beurre  pears.  From  Taft  Foster,  good  Isa- 
bella grapes;  sweet  russet,  Rhode  Island  greening  and  Roxbury 
russet  ap|)les,  and  a  large  pippin  and  mammoth  apple,  both  from 
Albany.  From  John  D.  Goddard,  of  Shrewsliury,  Isabella  grapes; 
fine  late  rareripe  peaches;  a  large  cluster  of  orange  quinces,  and 
some  apple  quinces.  From  Col.  Nyuqjiias  Pratt,  of  Shrewsbury, 
greening,  nameless  sweeting.  Nonpareil,  Baldwin,  and  Roxbury  rus- 
set apples.  From  Nathan  Howe,  of  Shrewsbury,  a  fruit  called 
Conie's  apple.  Asaph  Andrews,  of  the  same  excellent  fruit  growing 
town,  exhibited  a  Josephine  pear,  which  it  was  gratifying  to  find,  as 
it  is  one  of  the  new  Flemish  pears,  valuable  for  winter  eating.  The 
orchard  and  garden  of  Henry  Snow,  Esq.,  of  Shrewsbury,  who  pays 
much  and  well  rewarded  attention  to  the  production  of  fruits,  sent 
fine  examples  of  orange  quince;  very  large  red  cheeked  Melacaton 
peaches;  Lyscom,  pearmain,  Nonpariel,  spice,  Potr)mewater,  Bald- 
win, and  Nonsuch  apples.  Daniel  Tenney,  Esq.,  of  Sutton,  exhib- 
ited fine  Harvey  ap|)les,  a  fine  looking  russet  without  a  name,  but 
which  a|)peared  to  be  the  same  with  the  nameless  apple  of  Hon. 
Daniel  Waldo,  though  considered  by  Major  Tenney  a  seedling;  also, 
another  unnamed  apple.  Shrewsliury  again  appeared  by  Charles 
E.  Miles,  and  brought  in  large  orange  quinces;  Rhode  Island  green- 
ing, spice  (entered  as  Lyscom,)  Hapgood,  and  Baldwin  ajiples.  By 
Ephraim  Hapgood,  Hapgood,  Lyscom,  and  Baldwin  apples. 

Cyrus  Daniels,  of  Leicester,  sent  some  quinces;  if  the  season  has 
not  been  favorable  for  the  abundant  production  of  this  fruit,  it  cer- 
tainly has  matured  wonderful  s[)ecimens,  and  among  those  found  on 
the  Society's  tables,  were  some  of  every  known  variety,  and  proba- 
bly never  surpassed  in  size  and  beauty.  From  Horatio  Slocumb,  of 
Sutton,  seven  plates  of  apples,  all  of  merit;  Roxbury  russets  raised 
in  1841,  with  a  fresh  and  sound  look,  Porter,  pearmain,  Roxbury 
russet,  black  Gilliflower,  Rhode  Island  greenings,  and  Baldwins. 
Paine  Aldrich,  Esq.  exhibited  two  plates  of  splendid  apples,  i'resh 
from  the  banks  of  Niagara  river,  U|)per  Canada,  just  above  the 
Falls;  their  beauty  was  not  itnpaired  by  the  long  journey  they  had 
made,  and  they  were  fresh  as  if  still  washed  by  the  s|)ray  of  the 
tumbling  floods;  one  of  the  apples  was  identified  as  the  Fameuse  or 
Canada  Snow,  originally  a  seedling  of  that  Province,  and  of  which 
those  who  read  the  description  in  Kenrick's  Orchardist,  will  wish  to 
know  more.  S.  M.  Burnside,  Esq.  sent  plates  of  very  large  green- 
ing apples.  A  good  looking  seedling  apple,  by  Silas  Flagg.  From 
William  Barbour,  some  handsome  native  fruit,  sweeting,  and  Pomme- 
water  apples. 


462  Exhibitions  of  Horticultural  Societies. 

From  Noah  Allen,  of  Shrewsbury,  were  some  sweet  greeninirs. 
Friar  or  Balk  apple,  spice  apple;  and,  in  dimensions  the  lion  of  the 
exhibition,  in  the  form  of  a  pear,  the  first  and  only  product  of  a 
tree,  weighing  forty-two  ounces  good  by  the  scales,  measuring  20i 
inches  round,  and  whose  longest  circumference,  excluding  the  stem, 
was  27^  inches;  whether  this  fruit  has  particular  merits  the  commit- 
tee were  not  informed,  but  it  had  the  appearance  of  a  respectable 
baking  pear,  (Catillac.)  John  H.  Richardson,  Esq.,  of  Watertown, 
sent  fine  Roxbury  russets,  and  a  Bond  apple.  From  Oliver  Green, 
Crow's  Egg,  red  Gilliflower,  and  two  seedling  apples.  Col.  Asa  H. 
Waters,  of  Millbury,  from  his  excellent  fruitery,  contributed  large 
clusters  of  black  Hamburg  and  Sweetvvater  grapes,  whose  elegant 
festoons,  suspended  in  the  hall,  were  sore  temptations,  and  not  sour 
in  any  respect,  save  that  they  could  not  be  reached;  Col.  Waters  also 
sent  a  pomegranate.  From  John  McLellan,  Esq.,  of  Woodstock, 
Ct.,  were  sound  russets,  the  product  of  1841.  The  fruit  of  Oliver 
Johnson,  of  Sterling,  was  equal  to  any  in  the  Hall,  and  the  speci- 
mens all  in  remarkably  good  condition;  he  produced  Seckel  pears, 
St.  Michael,  and  a  variety  which  he  entered  as  unknown,  but  which 
is  proved  to  be  the  Princess  of  Orange;  also,  Morse's  sweeting  ap- 
ple, Porter,  Nonsuch,  striped,  Father  sweeting,  russet  pearmain, 
and  another  sweeting. 

Edmund  F.  Dixie,  whose  skill  is  adequate  to  the  production  of  al- 
most all  good  fruits,  and  whose  contribution  of  valuable  services  and 
fruits,  at  former  exhibitions,  has  been  so  essential  to  the  success  of  an 
infant  society,  was  determined  on  this  occasion  not  to  be  outdone  by 
his  anterior  self.  He  exhibited  apples— Iron, fall  orange, brown  Beurre, 
St.  Michael,  Passe  Colmar,  Pound  Pear,  Winter  orange,  Easter 
Beurre,  and  three  nameless;  also,  red  clingstone  peaches,  and  two 
varieties  of  white  ditto;  Lyscom  apples,  and  some  curious  looking 
Pine  potatoes,  which  were  christened  "Rohan  turtles."  Thomas  H. 
Kinnicutt  was  an  exhibitor  of  some  good  specimens  of  Bellflower  ap- 
ples, Rhode  Island  greenings,  and  russets.  Dr.  William  Workman's 
Isabella  grajjes  were  of  high  excellence,  the  bloom  scarcely  marred; 
he  also  exhibited  some  well  looking  late  peaches,  greenings,  blue 
pearmain,  beautiful  examples  of  Bellflower  apples,  and  Roxbury  rus- 
sets. Charles  Paine  sent  good  s[)ecimens  of  Hamburg  pippins  and 
Nonsuch  apples,  and  a  fine  looking  apple  without  a  name,  of  which 
the  scion  was  obtained  from  Washington. 

S.  H.  Colton  exhiliited  Lemon  clingstone,  red-cheeked  Melacaton, 
Burnett's  seedling,  Parie  Admirable  peaches;  apples — greening's, 
PommewBter,  Baldwin,  blue  pearmain,  Tolman's  sweet,  Nonsuch, 
Peck's  pleasant,  Honey  greenings;  pears — Beurre,  Cai)iaumont, 
Buffum  (fine,)  Seckel  (large  specimens,)  Frederic  of  Wurteniburg, 
St.  Michael,  brown  Beurre,  Easter  Beurre,  Beurre  P'ortune,  Passe 
Colmar;  also,  the  Japan  quince,  being  soinid  and  well  tTiatured  fruit 
of  the  beautiful  and  favorite  flowering  shrub,  Fyrus  japonica.  This, 
as  a  curiosity,  is  worthy  of  notice,  and,  so  far  as  the  committee  are  ac- 
quainted, is  the  first  mature  product  of  our  vicinity.  Ichabod  Wash- 
burn, Esq.  brought  two  large  baskets  of  Isabella  grapes,  well  ripened 
and  of  excellent  flavor,  and  Passe  Colmar,  Buffum,  and  Bleeker's 
Meadow  pears;  also,  fine  Portugal  quinces,  Pear  quince,  and  an  ap- 


Worcester  Co.  Horticultural  Society.  463 

pie  named  Autumn  sweeting.  Samuel  Perry  exhibited  Winter  rus- 
set sweetiugs.  It  was  matter  of  surprise  that  this  fine  variety  has 
been  so  little  disseminated.  No  particular  name  appears  to  be  claim- 
ed for  it.  Dr.  B.  F-  Heywood's  Isabella  grapes  were  not  distanced 
by  those  previously  mentioned;  his  two  varieties  of  seedling  apples 
were  worthy  of  names.  He  also  exhibited  Lyscom  apples,  Peck's 
pleasants,  and  a  basket  of  Burgundy  pears,  (being  the  only  contrib- 
utor of  this  variety,)  whose  tempting  richness  of  color  was  found  to 
be  equalled  by  the  fine  quality  of  the  fruit.  Mrs.  Conant,  of  Ster- 
ling, sent  a  dish  of  fine  autumn  dessert  apples,  which  were  identified 
as  the  "Connecticut  River  Seek-no-further,"  and  were  the  only  ex- 
amples of  that  variety  in  the  Hall.  From  Alfred  D.  Foster,  Esq. 
were  remarkably  good  blue  pearmains,  autumn  Bergamot,  and  a 
pear  recorded  nameless,  but  identified  by  a  cultivator  as  the  Tilling- 
ton. 

Dr.  John  Park  contributed  some  fine  seedling  peaches,  named, 
from  their  texture  and  color,  "Alabaster  clingstone;"  a  splendid  dish 
of  Porter  apples  attracting  all  eyes,  Baldwins,  and  Golden  russets. 
Fine  varieties  of  apples  were  sent  by  Isaac  Flagg,  Esq.,  viz:  Golden 
russet,  Hubbardston  Nonsuch,  Gloria  Mundi,  black  Gdliflower, 
Rhode  Island  greenin<js,  Porter,  russet  pearmain,  Spitzemberg  Bel- 
den,  some  nameless,  and  a  remarkable  cluster  of  Baldwins.  Maj.  S. 
Burt's  fruit  is  a  subject  of  commendation  for  its  excellence;  the  vari- 
eties were  blue  pearmain,  Leicester  winter  svveetimrs  (a  rare  and 
valuable  fruit;)  brown  Beurre,  St.  Michael  and  Seckel  pears.  Hen- 
ry K.  Newcomb,  sent  good  brown  Beurre,  and  Dix  pears,  and  two 
varieties  without  names.  D.  W.  Lincoln  produced  superior  Napo- 
leon pears,  Duchess  d'Angouleme,  Iron,  St.  Germain,  Seckel,  Easter 
Beurre,  Passe  Colmar,  large  specimens  of  brown  Beurre,  Colmar 
Sovereign,  and  two  nameless;  apples — Rhode  Island  greenings,  Rox- 
bury  russets,  sweet  russets,  russet  pearmain,  blue  pearmain,  Gloria 
Mundi,  Baldwin,  Tolman  sweetings,  Spice  apples,  Bellflower, 
Sleepy  rnsset.  Sweet  greening.  From  Dr.  O.  H.  Blood,  there  was  a 
basket  of  pears  without  a  name,  but  they  were  ascertained  to  be  the 
St.  Germain. 

Rev.  Joseph  Allen,  of  Northborough,  contributed  pumpkin  sweet- 
ings, and  large  and  very  beautiful  specimens  of  Lyscom  and  Porter 
apples.  From  George  T.  Rice,  good  brown  Beurre  and  Easter 
Beurre  pears.  From  David  T.  Brigham,  Esq.,  a  large  and  fine 
looking  apple,  from  St.  Louis,  which  it  is  proposed  to  call  the  Great 
Western.  From  Col.  Warner  Hinds,  Orange  quinces  of  extraordi- 
nary size  and  beauty.  From  Elisha  Harkness,  good  s|)ecimens  of 
Golden  russets,  Roxbury,  Baldwin,  Rhode  Island  greenings,  russet 
pearmains.  Nonsuch,  russet  sweetings,  pumpkin  ditto,  and  fine  Isa- 
bella grapes.  From  Hon.  Daniel  Waldo,  Nonsuch,  Rhode  Island 
greenings,  and  a  fine  looking  russety  apple,  supposed  by  the  exhibit- 
or to  be  a  seedling,  and  some  beautiful  quinces.  From  Dr.  H.  G. 
Davis,  large,  choice,  and  beautiful  apples,  from  Rochester,  N.  Y.; 
Long  John,  Michigan  pi[)pin,  two  nameless,  and  twenty  ounce  ap- 
ple, which  seemed  appropriately  named,  was  much  admired,  and  of 
which  Dr.  Davis  expects  to  be  furnished  with  some  scions  in  the 
spring,  for  distribution.     Dr.  Davis  also  brought  pearmain,  Lysconij 


464  Exhibitions  of  Horiicullural  Societies. 

sweet  russet,  Baldwin,  russet  peannain,  and  Wine  apples.  F.  W. 
Paine,  Esq.  contril)uted  a  fine  seedling  apple,  good  specimens  of  Iron 
pear,  hrown  Beurie,  and  two  nameless  pears.  From  Levi  A.  Dow- 
ley,  Five-quartered  Gilliflovver,  ribbed,  havinif  five  external  divisions, 
not  a  handsome,  but  reputed  a  very  valuable  fruit,  F'rom  Gardner 
Paine,  Fall  russet.  From  Harvey  Bancroft,  of  Leicester,  Rhode 
Island  greening,  Winter  greening,  and  Roxbury  russet.  Edward 
Earle  exhibited  three  varieties  of  late  peaches,  iron  pear,  St.  Mi- 
chael (superior,)  Gloria  Mundi,  July  sweeting  (an  apple  reputed  of 
mnch  merit,  ripening  early,  and  continuing  long  in  eating,)  Sweet 
pearmain,  Rhode  Island  greenin<,',  Tolman  sweeting,  russet  pear- 
main,  Baldwin,  Pommewater,  Ribstone  pippin,  Nonsuch,  Peck's 
pleasant,  Roxbury  russet.  Early  sweeting,  an(l  a  nameless  apple. 

William  H.  Weaver  generously  bore  to  us  fine  exam[)les  from  or- 
chards in  the  Granite  State;  long  fiill  russets,  Clyde,  and  an  import- 
ed fruit,  sometimes  not  poetically  called  Big  Gal  apple,  but  of  sur- 
passing beauty,  and  thought  by  some  visitors  to  outshine  all  other  ap- 
ples in  the  hall.  Its  merits  were  rejiorted  as  accordant  with  its  exte- 
rior. It  is  expected  that  a  few  scions  will  be  brought  into  the  county 
in  the  spriu^r.  These  fruits  were  raised  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Sparhawk,  of 
Walpole.  There  were  also  fine  Lyscom  apples,  Hubbardston  pip- 
pins, and  Golden  sweetings,  raised  l)y  Mr.  Fish,  of  Gilsum. 

Worcester  county  culiivators  surely  need  feel  no  discouragement, 
if,  in  this  generous  competition,  they  were  all  distanced  in  the  matter 
of  pears,  by  the  splendiil  array  of  those  fruits,  munificently  contribut- 
ed by  five  gentlemen  of  Salem,  at  the  instance  of  F.  W.  Paine,  Esq., 
of  the  committee  of  arrangements.  Scarcely  in  any  other  district  of 
the  country  could  so  fine  a  collection  have  been  made.  There  were 
from  E.  Emmerton,  Esq.,  fourteen  varieties;  from  John  C.  Lee, 
Esq.,  thirteen  varieties;  from  J.  M.Ives,  Esq.,  seven  varieties;  from 
J.  S.  Cabot,  Esq.,  fifty-nine  varieties  of  pears! 

[As  the  varieties  contributed  by  Messrs.  Emmerton,  Lee,  Ives  and 
Cabot  were  nearly  the  same  as  those  exhibited  by  the  same  centle- 
nien  at  the  exhibition  of  the  Essex  County  Natural  History  Society, 
we  have  omitted  the  names. — Ed.] 

Vegetables: — The  Committee  on  Vegetables  report,  that  the  vege- 
table |)roduciions  sent  in  for  exhibition  were  all  of  very  fine  quality, 
and  afforded  ijood  proof  that  the  growing  of  such  articles,  as  well  as 
of  fruits  and  flowers,  is  not  retrograding;  and  the  interest  manifested 
by  the  numerous  and  delighted  visitors,  evinces  an  increasing  and 
praiseworthy  attention,  on  the  part  of  this  community,  to  the  cultiva- 
tion of  veuetables,  fruits  and  flowers.  Charles  Paine  exhibited  fine 
samples  of  the  Early  white,  Pollard's  seedling,  Cowhorn,  and  Bart- 
lett  potatoes,  the  particular  ujerits  of  which  are  unknown  to  the 
committee.  Large  and  handsome  S|)ecimensof  the  good  old  fash- 
ioned crookneck  winter  squash  were  sent  in  by  Gov.  Davis,  D. 
S.  Messinger,  and  S.  H.  Colton.  Very  large  and  fine  marrow 
squashes,  from  Dr.  Green  and  Anthony  Chase;  this  is  decidedly  the 
best  squash  for  autumn  use  known  to  the  committee,  but  is  reputed 
a  poor  bearer.  S.  H.  Colton  sent  in  good  specimens  of  the  Cocoa- 
nut  squash — a  variety  not  generally  cultivated,  but  is  an  excellent  sorJ 
for  winter  use.     Dr.  Smith  exhibited  two  or  three  bandsotne  squash.* 


JVew  York  State  Agricultural  Society.  465 

es,  of  a  new  variety.  A  Seven  years'  pumpkin,  from  Elisha  Hark- 
ness.  But  one  solitary  specimen  of  the  common  pumpkin  was  sent 
in  for  exhibition,  and  that  was  a  i^ooil  one  hy  Hall  Barton.  Bela 
Carpenter,  of  Woodstock,  Ct.,  exhibited  a  crookneck  squash,  raised 
in  1841,  which  appeared  in  sood  order,  and  looked  as  if  it  might  be 
kept  another  year.  From  D.  S.  Messinger,  two  dishes  of  that  ex- 
cellent, and  now  very  generally  used  article,  the  red  and  yellow  to- 
mato. Handsome  silver  skinned  Chenango  potatoes,  from  C.  W. 
Rockwell,  Esq.,  Norwich.  Several  varieties  of  fit-Id  corn,  (all  of 
which  was  good,)  from  Levi  A.  Uowley,  Hall  Barton,  and  John 
Clai)p.  Egg  plant  and  fiourds,  from  Taft  Foster.  Fine  s[)ecimens 
of  the  Sugar  beet,  mangel  wurtzel,  yellow  carrot,  silver  skinned  on- 
ion, early  red  onion,  and  Dutton  corn,  grown  on  the  grounds  of  the 
State  Lunatic  Hospital.     (fVorcesler  Spy.) 

Horticultural  Exhibition  of  the  New  York  State  Agri- 
cultural Society. — This  exhibition  was  held  at  Albany,  in  the  last 
week  in  September,  and  from  the  reports  of  the  judges  awarding 
premiums,  there  apyjears  to  have  been  a  fine  display  of  flowers,  fruits, 
&c.  Owing  to  want  of  room,  we  are  compelled  to  condense  these 
reports  as  much  as  possible.  The  dahlias  were  cut  oft'  by  the  early 
frosts. 

Flowers. — The  second  floral  show  of  the  Society  was  held  on  the 
28th  and  29th  days  of  Sejjtember,  in  the  spacious  building  erected 
expressly  for  the  exhibition  of  the  products  of  the  garden  and  the 
farm,  on  the  Show  ground. 

The  committee  could  scarcely  have  been  furnished  with  a  more 
suitable  or  better  located  building,  to  accommodate  the  immense 
multitude  in  constant  attendance. 

On  entering  the  Hall,  the  rich  groups  of  native  and  exotic  plants, 
tastefully  arranged  and  decorated,  aftorded  a  pleasing  coup  d'  ceil;  an 
appropriate  and  beautiful  garnish  to  the  fruit  and  vegetable  inmates 
of  this  vast  arena. 

Among  the  most  striking  of  the  green-house  plants,  were  some 
fine  speciinens  of  ^Scacia  puiiescens,  Ji.  decurrens,  c^'ster  argophyl- 
lus,  Azalea  lateritia,  Mamillaria  acanthrophlegma,  Camelh'a  japon- 
ica  var.  [)hiladelphica,  C.  Bealii,  Chordzema  varium,  Chironta  decus- 
sata,  Citrus  medica  six  inches  high,  in  fruit,  C.  nobilis  or  JVIandarin 
orange,  Diosma  rubra,  D.  ericoides,  -firica  polytrichifdiia  from  the 
green-house  of  JMr.  L.  Menard,  who  also  contributed  some  thirty 
plants,  of  which  we  would  notice  Maniillaria  Chemknii,  M.  discolor, 
M.  scopa,  M.  cerifera,  Echinocactus  cornigera,  E.  elaucus,  Cereus 
Dep|iM,  C.  RusselhVt/ms,  Opuntia  pulvinata,  Calothamnus  villosa, 
CamelU'fl!  japonica  var.  fimbriata,  C.  soudjricata,  C.  nobilissinui  no- 
va, C.  AlltertMs,  Gladiolus  ramo^us,  Melaleuca  fulgens,  Metrosideros 
crassifolia,  Polvffala  cordata,  Buddica  madagascariensis,  JGrythrina 
crista  L'aHi,  Hoirzm  coccinea,  J^Lschynanthus  grandiflora.  Fuchsia 
corymbiflora,  F.  YoueiU',  F.  gloliosa,  F.  grandiflora,  F'.  Standishu', 
Calceolaria  ruL'osa  var.  meteor,  Manettza  cordiColia,  Weliotropiuni 
intermedium,  Pimelea  decussata.  These,  [)laced  on  the  extensive 
central  table,  sun'oumled  by  numberless  bou(]iiets  of  choice  cut  flow- 
ers, redolent  with  the  most  jjleasing  odors,  from  the  grounds  of 
Messrs  Jackson,  Heartt,  Downing,  Van  Rensselaer,  Warren,  Bur- 
den, WUson,  Buel,  Thorburn,  Walsh,  &c. 

VOL.   VIII. NO.   XII.  59 


46Q  Exhibilions  of  Horticultural  Societies. 

The  following  are  the  awards  of  the  committee: — 

On  the  greatest  quantity  and  variety  of  flowers: — 1st.  To  L.  Me- 
nard, VVatervliet.  Sid.  To  Prof.  J.  W.  Jackson,  Schenectady.  Sd. 
To  A.  P.  Heartt,  Troy. 

For  the  best  floral  ornament: — 1st.  To  Alexander  Walsh,  Lan- 
6in?l)ijrsh.     2d.  To  S.  E.  Warren,  Troy. 

For  the  best  twenty-five  varieties  of  dahlias: — 1st.  To  A.  J.  Down- 
ing, Newburgh.  2d.  To  S.  E.  Warren,  Troy.  Sd.  To  Prof.  J.  W. 
Jackson,  Schenectady. 

To  E.  Whitfield,  Albany,  for  several  beautiful  floral  paintings,  in 
water  colors  and  y)eiicillings — a  discretionary  premium. 

George  C.  Thorburn,  New  York,  contributed  twenty-five  varieties 
of  superb  dahlias,  too  late  to  com])ete  for  preiriium. 

E.  Holbrook,  Hyde  Park,  contributed  some  pretty  seedling  dah- 
lias. Owing  to  an  error  in  labelling,  they  were  not  inspected  by  the 
committee. 

All  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 

Fruit. — Of  ap[)les,  several  fine  collections  were  exhibited.  A  part 
only  were  correctly  and  distinctly  labelled;  confusion  and  repetition 
in  names  sometimes  occurred,  and  in  one  instance,  a  fine  and  exten- 
sive collection  contained  the  same  fruit  under  three  distinct  names. 
The  committee  particularly  observed  the  following: — 

An  extensive  collection  of  apples,  from  Elwanger  &  Barry,  nur- 
serymen, Mt.  Hope,  near  Rochester,  containing  some  excellent  and 
desirable  varieties;  a  large  collection  from  Hall  Colby,  of  Greece, 
Monroe  county,  presented  by  M.  B.  Bateham,  some  of  them  fine  and 
but  little  known,  of  which  the  committee  regret  they  are  unable  to 
furnish  a  list;  and  a  fine  collection  frotn  Gen.  R.  Harmon,  of  Wheat- 
land, Monroe  county.  There  were  also  presented  by  A.  P.  Heartt, 
of  Troy,  the  following  varieties: — fall  pippin,  Pound  sweeting,  Eso- 
pus  Spitzemburg,  Rhode  Island  greening,  King  sweeting,  American 
golden  pippin,  Baldwin,  sweet  russet,  Jersey  sweet.  Lady  sweet,  and 
several  others.  By  A.  J.  Downing  &  Co.,  Newburgh,  the  following 
varieties: — Beauty  of  Kent,  Blenheim  pippin,  Bedfordshire  Found- 
ling, Baldwin,  Benoni,  Cornish  Aromatic,  Canfield,  De  St.  Julian, 
Domine,  Downton  pippin,  English  golden  pippin,  English  Nonpa- 
reil, English  russet,  Federal  pearmain.  Flushing  Spitzemburg,  Grand 
Sachem,  Greenwich,  Holland  pippin,  Kirk's  Lord  Nelson,  Lemon 
pippin,  Lucombe's  seedling,  Porter,  Roe's  sweet,  Ross's  Nonpareil, 
Ribstone  pi|)pin,  red  Bellflower,  scarlet  pearmain,  summer  sweet 
Paradise.  Schoonmaker,  Watson's  Dumpling,  winter  spice.  Worms- 
ley  pippin,  Wine,  Royal  Calville,  yellow  Bellflower,  Zaiik,  Adams's 
pearmain,  Williams's  favorite,  with  several  other  well  known  and 
excellent  varieties.  By  Wrri.  P.  Buel,  Albany :— Duchess  of  Olden- 
burg, striped  pippin,  Astrachan,  Hoary  Morring,  Kerry  pi|)pin, 
Pumpkin  sweeting,  Drap  d'Or,  fall  pippin,  Cheeseboro'  russet,  Ger- 
man black,  Harrison,  black  apple,  Jonathan,  Swan's  Egg,  Winesap, 
golden  pippin.  Surprise,  Newark  pippin,  Newtown  pippin,  Newtown 
Spitzemburg,  Esopus  Spitzemburg,  Bahlwin,  Downton  pippin,  and 
many  others.  By  E.  Holbrook,  Hyde  Park,  handsome  seedling  aj>- 
ples.  Several  varieties  by  B.  Pollock,  Watervliet.  Very  large  spe- 
cimens of  mammoth  pippin,  by  Isaac  Lovejoy,  Greenbush.  Several 
varieties  from  A,  T,  Van  Slyck,  Coxsackie.     Six  varieties  from  Bar- 


J^eio  York  Slate  Agricultural  Society.  467 

mon  Bussing;  and  a  number  of  varieties  from  Peter  G.  Vandenburg, 
Watervliet. 

Of  pears,  but  a  very  few  collections  were  offered.  The  best,  de- 
cidedly, was  an  extensive  one  from  A,  J.  Downing  &  Co.,  New- 
burj^h,  consistina;  of  the  following  varieties: — Althorp  Crassane, 
Belmont,  Aniileterre,  brown  Beurre,  Beurre  Easter,  Beiirre  Rose, 
Belle  et  Bonne,  Beurre  Van  Marutn,  BiitFum,  Bezi  de  la  Motte,  Ber- 
gamotte  Suisse,  Easter  Ber^amot,  Bleeker's  Meadow,  Colmar  d'An- 
tomne,  Crassane,  Cotnte  de  Lainy,  Fulton,  Ca[)iaumonr,  Frederic 
de  Wurteinhiirir,  Gilojjil,  Hein-y  IV.,  Leon  le  Clerc,  Louise  Bonne, 
Passe  Colmar,  Princess  of  Oranjfe,  Swan's  Eir-j,  Seckel,  Urbaniste, 
Virifoiiloijsp,  Wilkinson,  winter  Nelis,  Beverly,  Steven's  winter, 
Flemish  Beauty,  Beurre  Knox,  Beurre  Rans,  &,c.  Wm,  P.  Buel, 
of  Albany,  [jiesented  specimens  of  Marie  Louise,  Barilett,  Virj:nu- 
louse,  gray  Doyenne,  Gansel's  Bergamot,  Beurre  Kans,  and  winter 
Nelis.  A.  P.  Heartt,  of  Troy,  fine  specimens  of  Bartlett  (or  Wil- 
liams's Bon  Chretien)  and  Viiioulouse.  G.  M.  Stevens,  of  Albany, 
Bartlett  and  Bay  pears.  A.  Ross,  of  Hudson,  very  fine  specimens 
of  V  irgonlouse. 

Only  three  collections  of  quinces  were  noticed  by  the  committee — 
one  from  E.  Holbrook,  Hyde  Park;  one  from  A.  Blake,  All)any;  and 
one  from  A.  Ross,  Hudson; — all  of  which  were  decidedly  fine. 

Very  few  peaches  were  presented,  only  one  collection  bein^j  large 
enough  for  the  State  premium,  which,  from  the  inferior  quality  of 
Bome,  the  committee  did  not  feel  authorized  to  award.  They  would, 
however,  notice  some  unnamed  specimens  from  A.  P.  Heartt,  Troy; 
from  S.  Van  Rensselaer,  Albany;  several  single  specimens  from  Ei- 
wanger  &  Barry,  Rochester;  and  a  very  large  and  fine  one  of  a  new 
variety,  which  irieasured  eleven  and  a  quarter  inches  in  circumfer- 
ence, from  S.  Comstock,  Lansingburgh. 

There  were  several  fine  specimens  of  plums — among  which  were, 
Coe's  Golden  Drop,  yellow  Egij,  green  Gage,  St.  Catharine  and 
some  others,  from  A.  P.  Heartt,  Troy;  yellow  Egg,  from  J.  McDon- 
ald Mclntyre,  and  from  A.  Van  Voast,  Albany;  and  unnamed  varie- 
ties from  A.  Ross,  and  Benson,  Hudson;  and  John  Bull,  Nev^ 

Lebanon. 

Only  one  collection  of  native  grapes  appeared  in  quantities  large 
enough  for  the  premium,  and  only  one  of  exotics.  The  committee, 
however,  noticed  four  very  fine  specimens  of  unlabelled  exotic  grapes 
from  S.  Van  Rensselaer,  Albany;  fine  specimens  of  white  Chasselas, 
Sweetwater,  Isabella,  and  red  Bland,  from  Elwanger&  Barry,  Roch- 
ester; and  of  Sweetwater  and  Spafford  grapes,  from  A.  Walsh,  Lan- 
fiin^iiurg, 

i'he  committee  made  the  following  awards: — 

For  the  greatest  collection  of  table  apples,  A.  J.  Downing  St  Co., 
Newbtirirh.  For  the  second  greatest  collection  of  table  apfdes,  Wil- 
liam P.  Buel,  Albany.  For  the  third  greatest  collection  of  table  ap- 
I)les,  A.  P.  Heartt,  Troy.  For  the  best  twelve  sorts  of  table  ap- 
ples, A.  J.  Downing  &  Co.,  Newburgh. 

For  the  greatest  variety  of  table  pears,  A.  J.  Dovvning  &  Co., 
Newburgh.  For  the  second  greatest  variety  of  table  pears,  Wiliiuin 
P.  Buel,  Albany.  For  the  greatest  variety  of  winter  pears,  A.  J. 
Downing  &.  Co.,  Newburgh. 


463       "       ExJtibitions  of  HoriicuUural    Societies. 

Fof  the  best  twelve  quinces,  E.  Holbrook,  Hyde  Park, 

For  the  best  twenty-four  plums,  A.  P.  Heartt,  Troy. 

For  the  l)est  six  bunches  native  grapes,  (Isabella,)  Alexander  Ross, 
Hudson.  For  the  l)est  six  bunches  of  foreign  grapes,  (black  Ham- 
burs?,)    A.  T.  Van  Slyck,  Coxsackie. 

The  committee  recommend  a  discretionary  premium  of  a  diploma, 
to  S.  Coiiistock,  of  Lansingburgh,  for  his  fine  seedling  peach;  and  al- 
so a  discretionary  premium  to  S.  Van  Rensselaer,  for  his  fine  speci- 
mens of  exotic  grapes. 

Vegetables: — The  display  of  garden  productions  was  very  fine. 
The  quantity,  variety  and  excellence  of  the  vegetables  exhibited,  re- 
flected much  credit  on  those  who  raised  them,  and  afforded  gratifying 
evidence  of  the  onward  progress  of  horticulture.  Notwithstanding 
the  very  limited  number  and  amount  of  the  premiums  offered  on  the 
occasion,  the  number  of  coinpetitors  was  quite  large,  and  the  Society 
are  nuich  indebted  to  several  gentlemen  for  their  pains  in  sending 
articles  a  considerable  distance,  to  enrich  this  department  of  the  ex- 
hibition. 

The  following  is  the  list  of  premiums  awarded: — 
For  six  best  stalks  celery,  V.  P.  Douw,  Ali)any,  $2.  For  two  best 
heads  brocoli,  James  Wilson,  Albany,  $2.  P'or  twelve  best  carrots, 
William  P.  Duel,  Albany,  $1.  For  twelve  best  beets,  E.  Holbrook, 
Hyde  Park,  |'l.  For  twelve  best  parsnips,  J.  B.  Nott,  Guilderland, 
$1.  For  twelve  best  onions,  J.  H.  Cole,  Hudson,  $1.  For  three 
best  cabbages,  James  Wilson,  Albany,  $1.  For  twelve  best  toma- 
toes, Solomon  Leonard,  Albany,  $1.  For  two  best  egg  jilants,  E. 
Holbrook,  Hyde  Park.  $1.  For  half  peck  Lima  beans,  E.  Ho|l)rook, 
Hyde  Park,  ^1.  For  the  best  bunch  curled  parsley,  J.  B.  Hudson, 
Albany,  ^1.  Three  best  squashes,  Dr.  Wendell,  Albany,  $1.  Larg- 
est pumpkin,  ninety-three  pounds,  E.  Chesebro,  Guilderland.  $1. 
Best  twelve  ears  of  seed  corn,  (Dutton,)  J.  Townsend,  Albany,  $1. 
Best  half  peck  of  potatoes,  Jesse  Buel,  Albany,  $?2.  Second  best 
half  peck  of  potatoes,  D.  Payne,  Bethlehem,  $?!."     {Cultivator.) 

Fifteenth  Annual  Fair  of  the  American  Institute. —  Hor- 
ticultural Exhibition.  The  following  are  the  reports  of  the 
conuiiittees  awarding  premiums: — 

Flowers. — Isaac  Buchanan,  corner  of  Twenty-ninth  Street  and 
Third  Avenue,  for  superior  specimens  of  green  and  hot-house  plants, 
together  with  a  pyramid  of  dahlias — Silver  medal.  Samuel  M.  Cox, 
Bloomingdale  Road,  for  su])prior  varieties  cut  flowers  from  hot-house 
])lants — Uowning^s  Rural  Jlr chit eclure.  Mrs.  J.  Brown,  Brooklyn, 
tor  a  beautiful  l)oiiquet,  containinj?  rare  flowers — Hovey's  Magazine 
of  Horticulture,  Botany,  ^c.  Thomas  Hogg,  Jr.,  Twenty-third  St., 
near  Broadway,  for  superior  bouquets  of  flowers — Jimerican  Flower 
Garden  Directory.  Richard  F.  Carman,  Fort  W^ishington,  N.  Y., 
for  superior  bouquets  of  choice  flowers — Bridgeman's  Gardener''s  As- 
sistant. Miss  Maria  A.  Pitcher,  Harlem,  for  superior  bouquet  of 
flowers  in  variety — Bridgeman^s  Florisfs  Guide.  Georg«  C.  Thor- 
burn,  15  Jobn  Street,  for  a  rich  display  of  rlablias  for  two  weeks,  in- 
cluding an  ornamental  figure — Silver  Cup.  William  Kent,  Brooklyn, 
for  superior  sj)ecimens  dahlias  and  other  flowers — Silver  Medal. 
Thomas  Hogg,  Twenty-Third  St.,  near  Broadway,  for  a  rich  display 
of  dahlias  for  two  weeks — Silver  medal.     John  Briell,  Jersey  City, 


Fair  of  the  American  Institute.  4G9 

(J.  Ettringham,  gardener,)  for  superior  varieties  of  dahlias  and  oth- 
er flowers — Doioning^s  Cottage   Architecture.     D.  Bolls,   Blooming- 
dale,  for  superior  varieties  dahlias  and  other  flowers — Doioning's  Ru- 
ral Architecture.    A.  Bridgeman,  corner  of  Eighteenth  St.  and  Broad- 
way, forsujjerior  varieties  of  dahlias,  including  an  ornamental  frame- 
work Fieur  de  Leu — Am.  Flower  Gard.  Direct.     T.  Dunlap,  Nii)lo's 
Garden,  for  an  ornamental  Gothic  temple,  decorated  with  flowers — 
Hoveifs  Mag.  of  Hort.  S,'C.     D.  &  W.  Phelan,  corner  of  Stanton  and 
Forsyth  Sir's.,  for  superior  varieties  dahlias — BueVs  Farmer'.i  Comp. 
W.  Russell,  Brooklyn,  for  superior  specimens  American  seedling  dah- 
lias—  Downing's  Cot.  Arch.     Moses  Van   Beuren,  Brooklyn,  for  su- 
perior varieties  of  dahlias — Bridg.  Gard.  Ass.     VV'm.  Reed,  corner 
of  Thirty-fourth  St.  and  Third  Avenue,  for  superior  specimens  dahlias 
— J\Ianning''s    Book  of  Fruits.     Henry  Brown,    Fifteenth   St.,  near 
Fifth  Avenue,   for  superior  specimens  flowers — Bridg.  Flor.  Guide. 
AV^  H.  Aspinwall.  Staten  Island,  J.  Kelly,  gaidener,  for  superior  spe- 
cimens flowers — Brids:.  Flor.  Guide.     T.  Sprunt,  Astoria,  for  a  kite 
frame  of  dahlias — Bridg.  Flor.  Guide.     H.  Bruen,  Perth  Amhoy,  for 
superior  specimens  dahlias — Bridg.  Flor.  Guide.     Geo.  Nixon,  Stat- 
en Island,  for  su|)erior  specimens  dahlias — Bridg.  Flor.  Guide.     T. 
Manning,  F'lushins,  L.  I.,  VV.  H.  King,   gardener,  for  two  houquets 
Rowdfri^— Bridg.    Flor.    Guide.     T.  Clemmins,   gardener  to  Thomas 
Addis  Emmett,  Seventy-ninth    St.,   for  superior  varieties  dahlias  and 
other  flowers— ^J7cfg.  "F/or.  Guide.     E.  Eastmond,  93  Eleventh  St., 
for  two    bouquets  dahlias — Bridg.  Flor.  Guide.     Miss  Catharine  C. 
Wakeman,  Bergen,  N.  J.,   for  a   bouquet   of  dahlias — Bridg.  Flor. 
Guide.     Oscar  V.  Dayton,  Fortv-second  St.,   for  bouquet  of  flowers 
— Bridg.  Flor.  Guide.     Grant  Thorhurn,  Jr.,   15  .John  St.,  for  l)ou- 
quet  of  flowers — Bridg.  Flor.  Guide.     Ja's  Le  Roy,  41  Ann  St.,  for 
superior  varieties  dahlias — Bridg.  Flor. Guide.    G.  Johnson,  N.York, 
for  two  bottles  blackberry  wine^— F/oc.  Guide.     W.  Kent,  Brooklyn, 
E.  White,  irardener,  for  regular  supplies  of  dahlias — Bridg.  Gar.  As. 
Fruit. — \Vm.    P.    Bnel,   Albany,  N.  Y.,  for  sixty-two  varieties  ap- 
ples—Silver  medal.     Richard  A. "Cornwall,  49  Dey  St.,  for  sujierior 
specimens  table  apples — Copy  of  Kenrick^s  American   Orchardist. 
Maurice  Cunningham,   gardener  to    Robert   L.  Pell,  Pelham,  Ulster 
Co.,  N.  Y.,  for  superior  specimens  winter  apples— Brzcrg-.  Gard.  As't. 
Peter  A.  Ross,  22.5  Thompson  St.,  for  superior  specimens   apples — 
United  States  Farmer.     S.  G.  Carpenter,  479  Bowery,  for  sui)erior 
specimens   apples — Cultivator.     Dr.  R.  T.  Underbill,  Croton  Point, 
for  superior  specimens   of  pippin  apples — Bridg.  Gard.  Ass.     A.  J. 
Downing  &  Co.,  for  thirty  varieties  pears,  and  fifty  of  apjiles — Sil- 
ver medal.     J.  P.  Mantel",  for   sixty-two   varieties  pears,   and  ten  of 
apples — Silver  medal.     Wm.  Reed,  corner  of  'I'hirly-fourth   St.  and 
Fourth  Avenue,  for  su[)erior  specimens  table  and  winter  pears — Ken. 
Am.  Or.     W.  Mosely,  New  Haven,  Ct..  for  superior  specimens  win- 
ter pears — Bridg.  Gard.  Ass.     Judge   T.  Dickerson,    Patterson,  N. 
J.,  for  superior  specimens  of  Seckel  pears— /iTen.  Am.  Or.     Maurice 
Cunningham,  gardener  to  Rt-  L.  Pell,  Pelham,  Ulster  Co.  N.  Y.,  for 
superior  specimens   quinces — Ken.   Am.    Or.     Dr.  R.  T .  Underbill, 
Croton  Point,   for  su|)erior  sjiecimens  of  quinces — Gray^s  Fractical 
Agriculture.     Hon.  Thomas  H.  Perkins,   Boston,  for  eleven  superb 
varieties  foreigo  grapes — Silver  medal.     Dr.  R.  T.  Uiiderhill,  Cro- 


470  Exhibitions  of  Horticultural  Societies. 

ton  Point,  for  superior  specimens  of  Isabella  and  Catawba  grapes — 
Johnsori's  Jlgricullural  Chemistry.  Matthew  Antanides,  Brooklyn, 
for  superior  specimens  IsHbeila  s,'rapes — Gray''s  Frac.  Jig.  John  P. 
Huff,  Fort  Lee,  N.  J.,  for  superior  specimens  of  field  grapes — U.  S. 
Farmer.  Edward  Classen,  219  Delancey  Street,  for  sufierior  spe- 
cimens of  Sweetwater  grapes — Manning's  Book  of  Fruits.  James 
W.  Burtis,  Brooklyn,  L.  I-,  for  superior  specimens  of  grapes — Man- 
ning's Book  of  Fruits.  M,  Floy,  Harlem,  for  su|)erior  specimens 
of  gooseberries — Ke7i.  Jim.  Or.  Barnum  Blake.  Franklin,  Mass., 
for  superior  si)ecimens  of  cultivated  cranberries — Am,  Ag. 

Vegetables. — John  Beekman,  Sixty-first  St.  (S.  Ruth,  gardener,) 
for  the  best  aiul  greatest  variety  of  culinary  vegetal)les — Silver  medal. 
J.  Jonas,  Hurl^ate,  for  the  best  and  greatest  variety  of  vegetables,  as 
a  field  crop — Silver  medal.  Richard  F.  Carman,  Fort  Washington, 
N.  Y.,  (J.  Ronset,  gardener,)  for  superior  specimens  sugar  beets — 
U.  S.  Farmer.  M.  Hughes,  Gowanus,  L.  I.,  for  superior  specimens 
mangel  wurtzel — Gray's  Prac.  Jig.  J.  C.  Thomjjson,  Tompkins- 
vilie,  Stafen  Island,  for  su[)erior  speciu)ens  of  Cape  brocoli,  &.c. — 
Bridg.  Gard.  Ass.  Daniel  C.  Folk,  Newtown,  L.  I.,  for  superior 
specimens  of  drumhead  cabbage — Doioning's  Rural  Architecture. 
John  E.  Ross,  225  Thompson  St.,  for  superior  specimens  drumhead 
cabbage — Diploma.  Samuel  A.  Wiiloughby,  Brooklyn,  (P.  Patter- 
eon,  gardener,)  for  superior  specimens  celery,  &c. — Johnson's  Ag. 
Chem.  T.  Clemmins,  gardener  to  Thomas  Addis  Emmeit,  Seventy- 
ninth  St,,  for  superior  speciniens  of  egg  plants,  &c. — Bridg.  Gard. 
Ass.  Corf>oration  Garden,  Blackwell's  Island,  (James  Wiggins,  gar- 
dener,) for  superior  specimens  white  and  silver  skinned  onions — Buel's 
Far.  Comp.  W,  Van  Wyck,  Fishkill,  N.  Y.,  for  superior  red  and  sil- 
ver skin  onions — Am.  Ag.  J.  Briell,  Jersey  City,  (J.  Ettringham,  gar- 
dener,) for  superior  species  and  varieties  culinary  vegetables — Gray's 
Pract.  Ag.  S.  B.  Wakeman,  Bergen,  N.  J.,  for  superior  specimens 
table  potatoes — Manning's  Book  of  Fruits.  H.  W.  Tibbits,  Yonkers, 
for  superior  specimens  potatoes — Johnson's  Ag.  Chem.  N.  B.  Smith, 
Woodbury,  Ct.,  for  superior  specimens  potatoes — Cultivator.  W.  J. 
Townsend,  Astoria,  L-  I.,  for  superior  specimens  potatoes  and  turnips 
— Gray's  Pract.  Ag.  N.  N.  Wyf^koff,  Bushwick,  Ij.  I.,  for  superior 
specimens  of  garden  products — Bridg.  Gard.  Ass.  N.  Wyckoff, 
Bushwick,  L.  I.,  for  su|>erior  s|)ecimeus  culinary  vegetables — Buel's 
Far.  Comp.     E.  Lord,  Staten  Island,  (J.    Boyce,  gardener,)  for  su- 

S)erior  specimens  squashes  and  pumpkins — Bndg.  Gard.  Ass.  A. 
^^loek,  616  Broadway,  for  a  superior  pumpkin — Am.  A^i.  J.  Foulk, 
Hm'Uate,  (S.  Johnson,  gardener,)for  an  extra  large  pum[)kin — Dana's 
Muck  Manual.  H.  Townsend,  Hyde  Park,  for  a  superior  pumpkin 
—  U.  S.  Farmer.  W.  Hughes,  Gowanus,  L.  I.,for  superitir  sjiecimens 
cocoanut  squashes,  &c. — Am.  Ag.  W.  Covert,  L.  I.,  for  superior 
specimens  of  garden  jjroducts — U.  S.  Farmer.  E.  S.  Swords,  Bloom- 
ingdale,  for  superior  specimens  of  Smyrna  squashes — Johnson's  Ag. 
Chem.  Maurice  Cunningham,  gardener  to  R.  L.  Pell,  Pelham,  Uls- 
ter Co.,  N.  Y.,  for  superior  s[»ecimens  culinary  vegetables — Dana's 
Muck  Man.  J.  P.  Hatf,  Fort  Lee,  N.  J.,  for  numerous  varieties  gar- 
den products — Am.  Ag.  H.  Delafield,  W.  Armstroni.',  gardener,  for 
€uperior  Sjiecimens  culinary  vegetables — Bridg.  Gard.  Ass.  D.  M. 
Oemarest,  N.  J.,  for  two  Smyrna  squashes,  and  a  case  of  eggs — Da- 


Fanettil  Hall  Market, 


471 


na's  Muck  Man.  S.  Courter,  28  Barrow  St.,  for  one  large  pumpkin 
— Diploma.  J.  Clowes,  Harsiimis,  N.  J.,  for  superior  specimens  of 
celery — Diploma.  H.  Funneil,  L.  I.,  for  superior  specimen  of  Rus- 
sia turnips — f^ol.  of  Neio  Genesee  Farmer. 


Art.   III.      Faneuil  Hall  Market. 


Roots,  Tubers,  fye. 
Potatoes,  new: 

ni,-..     ~         ^  per  barrel.  . 
Ol«enan»oes,  <*^      ,      ,    , 
°         (_  per  l)usliel,. 

Common,  ^''^'"  ,'>=";'"''['••• 
3  per  bushel,. .  . 

Eastports,  5  1"^'"  [''"71.... 
(  per  bushel,..  . 

Nova  Scolia,  I  P^'"  'j^";^';' 
3  per  bushel. 

Sweet,  per  bushel, 

Turnips,  per  busiiel: 

Common 

Ruta  llaga, 

Onions: 

Reii,  per  bunch, 

White,  per  bunch, 

Yellow,  per  bu.-hel, 

White,  per  bushel 

Beets,  per  bushel, 

Carrots,  per  bushel, 

Parsnips,  per  bushel, 

Salsify,  per  dozen  roots,.  .  .  . 
Horseradish,  per  pound,.  .  .  . 
Garlic,  per  pound, 


Cabbages,  Salads,  ^c. 

Cabbages,  per  dozen: 

Drumheads 

Savovs, 

Red  b.itch 

Brociilis,  each, 

Cauliflowers,  each,..  .,.,.. 

LetUico,  per  head, 

Celery,  per  root, 

Spinach,  per  peck, 

Cucumbers,  (pickled)  pr  go] 

Peppers, (pickled,)  per  gallon 

Pot  and  Sweet  Herbs. 


From 

liJcts. 


To 
$  cts. 


87^ '1  00 
30 
75 
30 
1  25 
50 
75 
30 
75 


17 
25 

2k 
2k 

62i 

75 

50 

50 

75 

12^ 
8 

12i 


1  00 
1  00 

20 

B7k 

3 

8 

75 

1  00 

75 

75 

12i 


37.1 

50 

37^. 

50 

50 

75 

8 

12^ 

124 

25 

4 

6 

6 

8 

25 

— 

25 

— 

37^ 

— 

25 

m 

17 

20 

6 

I2i 

6 

124 

3 

4 

Parsley,  per  half  peck.,.  .  . . 

Sage,  per  pound, 

Marjorum,  per  bunch, 

Savory,  per  buncli, 

Spaarinint,  green,  per  bunch, 

[Very  little  alteration  has  taken  place  in  the  market  since  our 
and  our  reporter's  remarks  are  omitted  for  want  of  room. — Ed.] 


Squaxhes  and  Pumpkins. 

Squashes,  per  pound: 

Autumnal    Marrow 

Canada  Crookneck, 

Winter  Crookneck, 

Pumpkin;^,  eacii, 


From 

$cts. 

2i 
2 

n 
10 


Frttiis. 

Apples,  dessert  and  cooking: 
Baldwins,  per  barrel,.  ...  1  50 
Greenings,   per  barrel,.  ..  1  50 

Ru.-seits,  per  barrel 1   50 

Spitzemburg,  per  barrel,,  il  75 

Common,  per  barrel, '     75 

Blue  Peannains,per  barrel  1  50 
Seek-no-further,  ixr  barrel  2  50 
Lady  apple,  per  half  pock.  I  25 
Dried  apples,  per  pound,. .  I       4 

Danvers   sweet, 1  00 

Common  sweet 1  00 

Pears,  per  lialf  peck  or  doz  :  I 

Dix,  per  dozen, |     37 5 

Bcurre  Die!,  per  dozen,..  .       50 
Winter  Doyenne,  per  doz:i     25 
Monsieur  Le  Cure,  per  doz. 
Passe  Colmar,  per  doz. . .  . 
Beurre  d'Aremberg,prdoz. 

Columbian,  per  doz 

Messire  Jean,  per  half  pk. 
Chanmontel,  per  half  pk. 
St.  Germain,  per  dozen,.  . 
liaking,  per  bushel, 1 

American  Citron,  per  pound. 

Quinces,  per  bushel, 3 

Cranberries,  per  bushel,. ...  3 

Tomatoes,  per  dozen,  .... 

Grapes  per  pound; 

Ulack  Hamburg, 

Malaga,  while, 

Malaga,  piuple, 

Pine-apples,  each, 

Lemons,  per  dozen,, ..... 

Oranges,  per  dozen, 

Chestnuts,  per  bushel,. .  .  . 

Walnuts,  per  bushel, 


To 

^  cts. 

3 

3 

2 

12i 


1  75 
1  75 

1  62i 

2  00 
1  00 
1  75 


4h 
1  25 
1  25 

50 

75 

37i 

37i 

75 

75 

75 


50 

3 

3  50 

25 

50 

50 
3  50 

last, 


472  Horticultural  jyiemoranda. 


HORTICULTURAL  MEMORANDA 

FOR     DECEMBER. 


FRUIT    DEPARTMENT. 

Little  can  be  done  in  this  department  at  this  season  of  the  year; 
out-door  work,  of  most  ail  kimls,  is  brought  to  a  close  by  the  setting 
in  of  cold  weather;  and  where  there  are  vineries  or  hot-beds  in  ope- 
ration, the  active  gardener  will  find  sufficient  to  employ  himself  about. 

Grape  vines  should  now  be  put  in  preparation  for  next  year's  bear- 
ing. First,  give  the  vines  a  proper  pruning;  second,  let  the  wood  he 
washed  with  a  solution  of  lime,  sulphur,  and  cowdunsr,  or  with  whale 
oil  soap.  After  this  the  branches  may  be  tied  together,  and  laid  in 
lengthwise  of  the  house,  near  the  front  of  the  glass,  unless  they  are 
intended  to  break  early,  when  they  may  remain  up. 

Raspberry  bushes  should  be  protected,  if  not  already  done. 

Scions  of  fruit  trees  may  be  now  cut  for  grafting  in  spring;  place 
them  in  the  cellar,  with  the  lower  ends  in  the  earth. 

FLOWER    DEPARTMENT. 

Camellias  w\\\  now  be  swelling  their  buds  rapidly,  and  will  soon  be 
in  full  bloom:  see  that  they  are  properly  watered:  if  the  plants  are 
dusty,  let  the  foliage  be  washed  with  a  sponge,  and  when  done  tie  up 
the  plants  to  small  stakes,  to  give  them  a  neat  appearance.  Seeds 
may  be  planted  now.     Cuttings  put  in  in  June  may  now  be  potted  off. 

Cactuses  should   be  sparingly  watered;   grafting  may  be  done  now. 

Roses  taken  from  the  ground,  should  now  be  pruned  for  flowering 
in  March.  Small  plants  may  be  shifted,  and  young  cuttings  potted 
off. 

Calceolarias  should  be  potted  off  now. 

Chrysanthemums  should  have  their  tops  cut  off  as  soon  as  they 
have  done  flowering,  and  the  pots  placed  in  a  frame  for  the  winter. 

Chinese  primroses  shou\d  now  be  repotted. 

Geraniums,  in  small  pots,  may  now  be  repotted. 

Schizanlhuses  may  be  shifted  now  into  larger  sized  pots. 

Jimaryllises  may  be  potted  this  month. 

Verbenas  should  be  placed  in  a  light,  airy  situation,  and  sparingly 
watered. 

Hyacinths  may  yet  be  potted  with  success. 

Cyclamens  will  now  require  more  water,  as  the  flower  buds  appear. 
Siiifi  into  larger  pots,  if  they  require  it. 

Azaleas  should  be  sparingly  watered  this  month.  Cuttings  put  ia 
in  June,  should  now  be  potted  off. 

Oxalises  should  all  be  planted  this  month,  if  not  yet  done. 

Heliotropes  should  be  shifted  into  lar<:er  pots,  if  they  require  it. 

Caltas  should  now  have  liberal  supplies  of  water. 
Tree  pczonies  may  be  brought  into  the  house  this  month,  for  flow- 
eriuiT  in  Martdi. 

Plants  in  frames  should  be  aired  in  fine  weather. 


INDEX 

TO 

PLANTS  ENUMERATED   IN  VOL.  Vlll. 


In  the  body  of  the  Magazine,  a  few  errors  occur  in  the  spelling  of  the  botanical  names, 
tlie  capitalizing  of  generic  and  specific  names,  their  derivation  and  accentuation.-  tliese 
are  all  corrected  in  the  following  list  of  plants.  The  synonymes,  in  several  instances, 
have  also  been  given,  where  plants  have  been  incorrectly  indicated. 


List  of  new  and  beautiful  annuals    .    .  142 

List  of  new  Pelargoniums     .    274.  299.  309. 

310.  344 

List  of  Roses 341 


List  of  new  Dahlias 107.  2G5 

List  of  the  various  species  of  0'.talis  in 
cultivation 131 


.^'bies  cephalonica 

190 

luscombeana 

190 

Menzi^sit 

190 

Sm'ahit 

190 

Ahutilon  striatum 

373 

Actc'iVL,  8  sp. 

191 

Cunninghimia 

191 

dKCurrens 

4G5 

Farnesid7ja 

420 

Julihrissiii 

65 

;iubescens 

465 

.4'cer  d  isycarp\i!n 

228 

Achillea  pleiiif61ia 

450 

Achimenes  c.iccinea  141.  098 
loUEiflora  141  226.297 
pedunculdta  298 

r6-ea  141 

Acrop^r.i  Loddigesij  192 

.4ct;e*a  alb:i  453 

iEschynintiius  grandiflo- 
rus  102 

aculedtu^  71.347 

iEonum  cruciatum  100 

Agapinthiis  umbellAtus    374 
Agatha;'a  coel^stis  272 

A'gave  americdna       292.  334 
Agnostus  sinuila  193 

Jlildntus  97 

.^lyssum  maritiraa  232 

A'loe  penlagdua  272 

verrucdsa  272 

Aldysia  citrioddra  374 

Alstromce'ria  Flos  Mar- 
tini 275 
Pele.irrina  275 
tricolor  446 
Amarylli,5  26.  94 
amabilis  272 
Bauksi'd?ia  179 
Belladuiina  374.  410 
formosissima  17.103.275 
grand  liOra  var. 

Banksiium  179 


Amaryllis  prat^nsia  298 

a  syn.   of  Habrinthus 

pratensis. 

jSnagillis  Mon^lli  348 

Andromeda  paniculata      451 

jSnenidiie  pennsylvanica  175 

rivuliiis  175 

Antholyza  a8tlii6pica      25.  94 

./Sntirrhinura  lindria  448 

jj'rabis  pdtens  66 

Ardliaspin6sa  191 

Arauciria  brazil  i^nsis       190. 

431 

exc^lsa  84. 453 

Ardisia  crenuldta       374.  432 

solanacea  431 

Arethusa  bull;6:^a  44S 

jSristoldchia  cili6sa  347 

siplio  274.416 

trilobAta  308 

Armt^ria  fasciculdris  68 

Artocirpus  integrifolius    273 

Ji'tum  triphyllum  453 

./?scl6pias  tuberiisa  450 

./3'ster  argophyllus      273.  465 

Astrintia  major  313 

jJiiruJa  japonica  191 

Azdiea  iiidica  dlba  272 

var.  Copei  44 

Danielsidna    72.  306 

Gledstandsji  306 

GrednJi  305 

Gillinghamij         272 

laterltia  72.  175.  233. 

305 .  4fi5 

phoenicea         72.  157 

alba         275.  305 

purpilrea  273 

ri'ibro  pl^na  272 

Smithii  coccinea  272 

specidsa  72 

speciosissima  72 

splendens  305 


Azdlea  i.  seedlings  272 

variegata        72.  \lf). 

272.  305 

Zedif61ia  157 

nuditldruni  coccineum 

227 
pontica  190.  227 

rub^scens  mdjor  296 

sinensis  272. 296 

viscosa  296.  449 

hybrid  41ta  cl^rense    295 
Bahidna  94 

Babing  6nia  camphor6sma 

J  76 
Bie'ckia  jyg 

Barlonia  aurea  195.450 

BaaeUa  tuber6sa  85 

Beaufortia  decussjkta  374 

Beg6nm  discolor  374 

Berberis  sp.  236.  293 

Betonica  c.Trulea  447 

grandifl6ra  449 

£etula  lascinidta  var.pen- 

dula  ]9o 

Bigii<in/a  grandiflora  371 

Bonapdrtea  juncea  43.431 
Bordniatriphyllavar.  lat- 

ifdlia  99 

Bossiie'a  disticlia  93 

Bracliycome  iberidifldra  15 
Brachystemum  virginiinuni 

449 
Brdwnea  grandiceps  67 

BrunsviL'ifl  Josephine;  86 

Bryopiiyllum  calycinum  £3 
Biuidlea  madajjascar^iisis  465 
Burchella  capensis  190 

Q'lcti  4-j 

Cdctusspeciosissimus        417 

see  C'^reus. 
Calknthe  fuscdta  jg-j 

Calceolaria  corymbdsa       447 
rugdsa  var.  meteor      465 


VOL.  VIII. — NO.   XII. 


60 


474 


LIST   OF  PLANTS. 


Calliopsis  tiiict6ria  232 

CAIlitris  190 

Calothimnus  vill6sa  41)5 

Cain^llm  13.  103 

japonica  245 

j.  alba  pltjno  452 

j.  Alberliis  465 

j.  aniabile  41 

j.  aiieinunefl6ra  191 

J.  Bealii  465 

j.  Binneyi    7.  13.  42.  156 

j.  bniinnia  223 

j.  cselestina  44.  72 

j.  cdriica  224 

j.Chaliiidm  137.156 

J. perfecta  174 

j.  Clidndleri  104 

j.  cliritas  72 

j.  cociinea  223 

j.  Colvlllit  104 

j.  cnralJina  104 

j.  Covingtdnii  123.  196 
j.  delicatisoima  44.  72 
j.  Donckelaerii  44.  72 
j.elata  44.72.196 

j.  E'siheri  41 

j.  fiiiibriEita  272.  465 

j.FloyJ  152 

j.  f  6rda  137 

J.  g^rdeniafiura  72 

j.  Gen.  JMelsoii  123 

j.  George  Mason  123 

j.  Gitesi!  72 

j.  Giun^llij  72 

j.  Gussoiim  191 

i.  tiemvsleidii        7.  136. 
152.  196 
j.  Henri  Favre  72 

j.  Hume's  blush  J 73 

j.  Judge  Washington  123. 
196 
j.  Juliana  44 

j.  King  44 

j.  Landrethi  136.  156.  196 
j.  Milleri  44 

j.  Montgomery  224 

j.  Mrs.  Gunntll  123 

j.  Mrs.  Madison  123 

j.  jMyrtildlia  136 

j.  fiubilissiina  44 

j. n6va  465 

j.  ochroleiica  41 

j.  Palmer's  Perfection  44 
j.  Peter  Francisco  123 
j.  pliilad61phica  41.  465 
j.  t'ierceii  174 

j.  ranunculifiira  stri- 
ata 72 
j.  rosea  pl6no  191 
j. s6ueca  224 
j.  Sherwcddii  72 
j.spectabilis  maculd- 

ta  72 

j.  tiicolor  44 

j.  Tripli6sa  72 

j.  Vaiixii  41 

j.  Welbanliid«a  72 

j.  VVilderi  7.  130.  423 
j.  var.  not  named  174 
malifldra  42.  171 

ivticulAta  192 

Sasanqua  42.  J91 


Camellia  Sasanqua  rdsea    171 

a  syn.  of  0.  tnalilidra. 

Campinuia  gracilis  448 

persica;f61ia  275. 448 

pyramidalis  374 

Cdntua  coronopifdlia  448 

Cissia  sp.  272 

Casuarina  190 

Catdlpa  97 

cordif61ia  449 

syriitgccfoW^  190 

Catas^lum  biconidtum       192 

luridum  192 

trlc<.lor  190 

Cavendisliifl  293 

C6drus  Deocldra  190 

p6ndula  190 

internifidia  190 

Celastris  scindens  24 

Cel6sia  crisiAla  4  0 

Centauriamoschitaalba  450 

suav6olens  449 

Cerat(inia  siliqua  273 

C^reus  Cifiruleus  225 

caerulescens  225 

chilensis  433 

D6ppeu  465 

flagelliformis  83. 272 

granditldrus  235. 536 

JenkinsoniJ  236. 309 

Mallas6ni  343 

multanguldtis  433 

Napole6nis  312 

peruvianus  433 

KussellioHUi  465 

senilis  42.374.433 

serpentinus  63 

specidsus  309.  343 

6X)eciosissimu3     188.275. 

309.  343 

triangularis  83.312 

new  varieties       293.  334 

ChaniEe'rops  hiimilis  190.  373 

Chir6nra  decuss^dta  465 

Chionaiithus  virginica     227. 

402 

Chor6zema  corditnm         110 

varium  37.  272.  465 

Cineraria  cru^nta  272 

Hendersdnii  272 

inslgnis  272 

King  272 

landta  272 

versicolor  272 

Some  of  these  are  hybrids. 

Qtrus  ni6dica  465 

nobilis  465 

Cldrkia  ^legans  142 

rosea  233 

pulchella  41ba  235 

CI6matis  alpina  277 

crenilea  308 

integriftilia  447 

Siebdidii       SOS.  347.  449 

vioriia  313 

viticella  313 

Cledme  aiirea  137 

ICitea  137 

Clerodindrura   flor.  rub. 

siniplici  191 

splindeus  178 

i  Clilhra  alnifdlia  450 


Cltthra  nrbdrea 

S95 

mexicdna 

295 

juercifilia 

295 

tritblia 

295 

CliAnthus  cArnfus 

98 

puniceus  98.  180.  194 

Clinlonw  pulchella  232 

Cobffi'a  sc^ndens  70.  181 

stipuldris  79 

C61ea  floriliunda  70 

Collinsia  bicolor  2i2 

granditlora  233 

tricolor  450 

Cok'itea  frutescens  273 

Combretum  purpurium      84. 

178 

Con6stylis  jiuicea  191 

Convalliria  racenidsa        453 

Convolvulus  minor  142 

Corcliorus  jaionica  236 

Coreopsis  L)riimin6iidii      316 

lanceolata  313 

Coriius  Alba  447 

florida  235 

paniculAta  227 

Coronllla  glauca  273 

Corrfe'a  specl6sa  191 

Crinum  amabile  22 

Cr6ton  pictum  431 

Crysdis  crocea  142 

Cunninghamia  exc^lsa      190 

imbricAta  190 

sinensis  190 

Okscuta  americdna  450 

Cycas  revoluta  374 

Cycn6ches  Loddigesit        192 

Cynoglossum  ancliusoides 

178 

glochidiitum  16 

Cyprinediura  acaiile  447 

barb^tiini  179 

insisne  179.  267 

spectibilis  277.313 

Cytisus  Laburnum  446 

racemosud  181 

ramdsus  272 

rhodaphne  272 

Dacrydium  eldtum  190 

Dahlia  rdpens  227.  235 

Ddmmaru  austr^lis       190.  194 

orientEllis  190 

Delphinium  BarWwJi         316 

Hulnit  448 

Driitzia  scabra  275 

X>ict4ranus  dlbus  275 

Di6clea  o-lycinoides  192 

Diosnia  alata  453 

ericoides  273.  465 

rubra  465 

Diospyrus  Mtus  191 

Diplolai'na  Uanipi^rn  100 

Dodecatiieon  Mead/a         236 

integrilblia  236 

DoryAntbes  exc^lsa      43.  292 

Dracce'na  austrAlis  191 

Draco  432 

Dracoiephaluni  atteiiuatum 

193 

canaritnse  272 

Rnyschiriiiuw  447 

Echeveria  acutifdlia  29.i 

I  gibi  dsa  im 


LIST  OF  PLANTS. 


475 


Echevdriarisea 

secunda 

virida 
Echinocactus  cornigera 

glaucus 

Eyriiisu  83. 337. 

latispina 
£'chium  vulg^re 
Eleocharis  americdnus 

compr^ssa 

Epid6ndruin  crassiWIium 

Epil6biuin  angustifoliiim 

Epiphyllum  AckerniAnii 

194.  274. 

Jtfayflv 

auillarditia  (?) 

Russellidnuin        175. 

specidsunt 

splendldum 

trunc4tuin 
E'pacris  grandifldia 
£rica  Bergidna 

Bowieanu 

cylindrica 

denticulita 

depr6ssa 

ilegans 

odordta  Alba 

persoluta  ilba 

polytrichifdlia 

prop^ndena 

rubra  calyx 

spl^iidens 

suav^olens 

tricolor 

veiitricosa 
carnea 

vestita  coccmea 
^rlgeron  bellidifrtliuin 
Eriobotrya  japiinica 
Eriost^iuon  cuspidatuin 

ftuxifolius 
Erysimum  arkaiisiinum 

Perolfskyartitm 
Erythriiia  Crista  gAlli 

356. 

Poidnthes 
Eschscynantliiis   grand!- 

fl6ra 
£upat6rium  purpiireum 
£uph6rbia  Bry6nj 

eneagdna 

Jacquiiiffi/Zora        41. 
123. 

Poins^ttia 

spl^ndens       84.  178. 
Eiithales  macrophylla 
Eutoca  viscida  232. 

JiUgus  sylvatica  var.  pur- 
purea 
Fidia  umbilica 
Ferrdn'a  iindulita 
Fuchsia  aff  inis 
cArnea 
cordifdlia 
cnrymbifl6ra        139. 

cylindrica 

fiilgens  189. 

glDb6sa  356. 

gracilis  139. 

grandifldra  374. 

I.ycioide3 


294    Fuchsia  macrost^mma  139 

14            macrophylla  139 

14            rddicans  138 

465  spl^ndens  356 
465            Standishii             233. 465 

449            stricta  374 

433            teii^lla  374 

448  (liymifdlia  139 
66  4  varieties  noticed  226 
eC    Gardenia  rddicans  272 

192    Gardoquia  Hook^iii  403 

449  GentiaHo  crinita  453 

sanonAria  453 

293    Gerardia  fliva  450 

194    Gesnera  discolor  103 

272           fauciilis  431 

226  longifl6ra  335 
275  magnitica  272 
343            zebrina  176 

227  G6ura  coccineum  235 
272  niv^ie  447 
342  Gladiolus  94 
342  communis  313 
342  floribundus  189. 357 
341  natal^nsis  357.  428 
341  psittacinus  189 
341  raraosus  465 
34i  GlobulElria  sp.  272 
431  Glossocomia  ovita  139 
465  Gloxinia  specidsa  374 
3 12  G  ycine  sinensis  446 
272    Gnaphdlium  uliginrisum  453 

341  Godetia  albescens  175 

342  bifrons  176 

341  conciiina  176 

342  .quadriviiliiera  176 
'Ml  ven^sa  176 
312  veniista  233 
447           viininea  176 

S2  !          Willdenbvii  176 

191  I  Gorapliol6bium  elAtum  191 
191  I          polyni6rphum       191.308 

66  I  Gratiola  aiirea  450 

232  :  Grevillea  robiista  191 
82.  I  Habrantlius  prat^nsis  298 
4.52    //a;mAntbns  25 

62     Hakea  gibbosa  374 

Hal^siatetrApiera  236 

465     ll^imia  salicifdlia  93 

450  var.  grandifldra  98 
272    i/eliotr6pium  intermedium 
4.13  465 
110.  I          peruvidnum  272 

196     ffeI16borus  orientdlis  294 

375     //emerocallis  caerulea  262 

272           fldva  274 

14            Grahdmii  275 
235    iKsperis  matronalis  pl6- 

no  275 

191    Hibiscus  paliistris  450 

66    Hoitzio  coccinea  "^'465 

189  !  H6peatinc'6ria  402 

138  I  Hdya  carn6sa        83. 314.  348 

233  I  Hydrolce'na  meledgris  336 

139  1  ;b6ris  coron^ta  233 
300  I  /'lex  fiqnifilium  193 
139  I  Illicium  floridjlnum  402 
420  !  indigotera  austrilis  191 
465  /mpatieus  Candida  68 
356  rdsea  68 
465  IponiEe'a/icifolia  15 
139           Hardingii                  "  308 


Iponia''a  Horsfallia 

Quamuclit 

scibra 
/'ris  pallida 

sib^rica 
Ism^ne  Mmtineas 

vir^scens 
7'xia 

Ix6ra  coccinea 
Jambosa  vulgaris 
Tasminum  cauddtum 

grandiflirum 

revokiium 

sdjnbac 
Justlcia  calytricha 


101.  347 

450 

308 

275 

275 

17 

17 

94 

272 

82 

297 

272 

272 

272.  431 

272 


Kalmia  latifblia      4.  275.  447 
KennddiabimaculAta         348 


cordif61ia 

longeraceradsa 

Marry  4tt(£ 

monophylla 

nigricans 

ovata 

rubicunda 

specidsa 
LachenAlia  p^ndula 

quiidricoloi 

tricolor 
Lse'lia  anceps  var.  Bark 

eridna 
Lagerstroe'mia  indica 
i^atbyrus 
iaiirns  cinnani6inuin 

glanduldsus 

nob  i  lis 
Lebret6nia  coccinea 
Lesclienaultia  biloba 


272 

191.  307 
181 

307. 348 
307 
181 
191 
272 
291 
290 
290 


no 

373 
189 
191 
273 
273 
189 
140 


formdsa  72.  140.  272.  375 

crandiflora  140 

Lidtris  177 

/milium  candidum  316 

eximiuni  316 

japdnica  316 

lancifdiium  ilbum  8.  300 

longitidriini  189 

speciosuni  292.  300 

tigrynum  300 

/.inum  tryginuni  235 

Liriodendron  tulipifera     275. 

447 

Lisianthus  Russellidnua        8 

Lissanthe  .«dpida  191 

Lobelia  azurea  232 

cardinalis  449 

inflata  450 

Lonicera  caucAsicum         236 

pubescens  277 

tartaricum  236 

Lophosp6rmum  erub^scens 

225 

erubescente-scandens  225 

'  Ilendersonii  223 

scandens  225 

Zupinus  Cruickshankii     235 

polyphyllus  274 

iychnis  chalcedonica  fl. 

pi.  316.  449 

flosciiculi  pieno   236.  448 

Lvcopddium  denticulatum 

181 
Z.ysirodchia  lobelioides  140 
Maclednia  393 


476 


LIST   OF  PLANTS. 


JMacliiro  aurdntia 

new  sp.  or  var. 
Magn6Ua  acuminata 

auriculita 

conspicua 

cordifdiia 

glauca 
var. 

exmouthii 


83 

83 

191 

274 

84 

227 

85.  227.  313 

313 

341 

exoni^nsis  prffi'cox     431 

fiiscata  85 

grandiflora  173. 401 

exoni^nsis  82 

macrophylla        275. 332. 

401 

purpurea  235 

Soulangedna  191 

tripetala  191-  227 

Maliernia    pinnita    var. 

cocclnea  233 

Mali6iiia  191 

Malaxis  paluddsa  23 

J1/4IUS  baccata  287 

hybrida  287 

macrotdrpa  286 

pruni  folia  287 

JWilva  sinensis  313 

Mammilliiria  acanthro- 

phl^gma  465 

cerifera  465 

Cheminii  465 

clirysacintha  433 

discolor  465 

lonjiimimma  433 

Schdmmit  433 

scopa  465 

uncinAta  433 

Mandevillea  suavcolens  334. 

356 

Man^ttid  bicolor  348 

cordifdila      308.  347.  453 

Marlynia  fidgrans 

ftlauriiidya  Barclaydjia 


16 
374. 
450 
307 
275 
419 
465 


pulch^lla 
semperfldrens 
JIfedicAgo  tiipuliiius 
Melaleuca  fulgens 
Mtlampyrum  americdnum 

447 
433 
273 
22 
433 
433 
433 
465 
272 
65 
294 


Melocactus  amse'na 
Meliinthus  niAjor 
Meseuibry^ntliemuni 

monanthe 

tigrynum 

trunciiblllum 
Metrosiddroa  crassifdlia 

finribunda 
Mimdsa  JaUbrissin 

uriigutnsis 


Jt/lmulus  cardinAlis  274 

Minabbdta  296 

Mirbi^ija  speci6sa  99 

Morac'a  flmbriita  272 

variegdta  272 

Miisa  Cavendishii  6 

JVandina  domestica  273 
Nemophila  intrignls       15.  232 

Neottia  cernna  450 

JVet^nthes  dislillat6ria  192. 

,  300 

Ner6nc  curvifI6ra      "  453 


JWreum  coronarium 
Nig^lla  hispanica 
Nipl]83"a  oblonea 
JVymphae'a  cserulea 
CEnoth^ra  Fras^ri 


374 

195 

141 

447 

275.  313. 

447 

fructicdsa  14 

var.  Indica  13 

macrocArpa  301 

Oncidiiim  Bau^rii  192 

Opiintia  brazili^nsis  83 

cocliinillifera  433 

Idctea  spina  433 

niicrodysas  433 

pulvinala  452 

vulgaris  83 

Crchis  psyc6des  449 

Ori.itliugalum  aureum       272 

divaricdtum  299 

Orobinche  unifldra  447 

O'robus  niger  275 

O'xalis  Bovvi^ii  374 

Oxyl6bium  elipticum         191 

Pseonia  albiflora 

var.  erub^-cens  274 

fragrans  275.447 
Hiiniet  275.  447 

P6ttsji  275.  447 

Reev^sii         275.  447 
Whiuldji       275.  447 
cdrnea  446 

var.  r6sea  274.  446 
rubra  236 

Moutan  190 

BAnksicc  137.236.446 
papaverdcea  236.446 
rosea  446 

rdsea  odordta  446 
nibra  pleno  137 

officinalis    Albicans 

pltno  274 

paradoxica  fimbridta  446 

tenuitl6ra  274 

Panddnus  liuniilis  191 

Papdver  MarseilU'i  357 

Passillora  aldta  272 

bracieata  275 

Kernies ina  347.  432 

Loud6nii  450 

Pauldwnia  imperialis  97 

Pelarg6niuni,  varieties      272 

Pentst^mon  dieitdlis  448 

232.  317 

232 

448 

190 

373 

101 

274 
335 
274 
307 
316 
15.  47.  350 
275 
232 
232 
277 
316 
]90 
450 


gentiaitoiiles 

coccineum 

ovatum 
Phae'nix 

rfactylifera 
Pharbdtis  Leirii 
Philadilphus    grandifl6 
rus 

niexicAnus 

pub6scens 
Philibi'rtJa  grandifldius 
Phl6x-  Cleopatra 

Drumin6nda 

Listonidno 

omnifiora 

paniculAta 

suav^olens 

TlioinpsonidJin 
Phormium  tenax 
Pbjtoliicca  decdndra 


Picea  Webbidiia 

190 

PimeWa  decussAta 

465 

hispidula 

67 

Aypercifolia 

273 

speclibilis 

67 

Pinus  aliissima 

590 

Bankstdna 

190 

Coult^ri 

190 

Gerard  idna 

190 

halppensis 

190 

Lanibertm 

190 

monticolor 

190 

spectAbilis 

190 

Pitt6sporuni  Tobira 

272 

■    undulatum 

272 

Plsicea  orniita 

102 

Platanus  occidentalis 

227 

Plectrinthiis  fructicosus 

273 

Plunibdgo  r(^sea 

272 

Podocirpns  latifolius 

190 

longifolius 

190 

nucifera 

190 

Pog6nia  ophioglossoides 

449 

Poincidjm  insignis 

374 

Poins^ttia  pulch^rrima 

84 

var. 

Poirrea  coccinea 

308 

Polygala  attenuita 

corddta 

465 

Posoqu^na  versicolor 

69 

Potentilla  nepal^nsis 

24 

Primns  virginiana 

37 

Pyrola  rotundiftlia 

448 

umbellata 

448 

Qiiddria  heteropliylla 

194 

Rafflt^sifl 

135 

Arnuldii 

136 

HorsfitMdJi 

136 

nianilidna 

135 

patma 

136 

Raphiolepis  indica 

272 

iJhododendron   alta  cle- 

r6nse 

295 

arbdieum 

227 

niaximuni 

273 

Russellid7!M?n 

431 

Riles  aureum 

266 

sangulneum        236. 

239. 

266 

new  var. 

266 

Ricbardia  cethi6pica 

273 

Kigid^lJa  fldmmea 

180 

inimacuUta 

180 

Roblnm  viscdsa 

84 

iJosa  devoni^nsis        195 

.334 

multiddra 

rubrildlia 

134 

new  var. 

134 

semperfiirens    var. 

capreolata 

135 

Russ^llm  jiincea         347 

.373 

Sagittaria  sagittif61ia 

450 

Salvia  coccinea               1 

7.  35 

fulgens 

229 

grandifltira 

4.53 

pitens    85.263.301. 

356. 

420 

r^cla 

17 

gpkndens        17.  35 

374. 

452 

4 

Salisbinia  adiantifolia 

Saiiserverta  guiiieeuBis 

273 

LIST   OP  PLANTS. 


477 


Sapiiim  beberldU'dyimn 
Sarracdnio  maculita 

purpurea^ 

variolaiis 
Saussurea  pulcli^Ua 
Scliizanthus  difl'dsus 

pinnAtus 
Sc6lua  dentita 

trapeznides 
Sempervivum  arbdreum 

globiferuin 
Sicyos  edulis  51.  : 

Siev^rsia  mnntina 
Solinum  macrantli^rum 
Sollya  lieterophylla 
Sparinaiinia  afdcAiia 
PparA-xis 
Spirs'a  japonica 

kamschiitica  var.  hi- 
malensis 

sorbifolia 

stipiildcea 

triloba 

ulmdria  14, 

variegata 

Kimifolia 
Sprekdiia  glauca 
.StadiiiaiinJa  au-tiiklis 
Slap^ha  ambigua 
Stdlice  arh6rea 

monop^tala 


194 

Stephan6tus  floribiindus 

308 

402 

Streblorhiza  speciisa 

98 

403 

Strobilinllies  scdbra 

70 

402 

Stylidiuin  Brunonidnum 

176 

177 

pil65uni 

335 

233 

TabernKmontdna  dicliot- 

273 

oma 

191 

189 

Ticoma  capensis 

374 

189 

T^llima  grandiflira 

23 

100 

Thuja  filif6rmi9 

298 

447 

p^ndula 

298 

109 

Tliunbergin  alata 

125 

23 

41  ba 

125 

16 

aurantiaca         8 

125 

307 

grand  iriAra 

317 

273 

Hawtayjiedvia 

308 

95 

Tigririium  pavdnia 

189 

275 

Tillandsin 

171 

Torryn  laxifd'ia 

97 

14 

Tragopogon  piirriWlius 

129 

3)3 

Trevirana  coccinea 

275 

rrifoliuin  incariiatum 

274 

313 

rdp'-ns 

23 

275 

Triptjiion  spindsum 

69 

316 

Troilliris  europa'us 

236 

313 

Tropa-Vilntn 

293 

17 

brachyseras 

347 

194 

edule 

308 

374 

peiitaphylhim 

181 

100 

polyphyiluin 

308 

lUO 

tricolorum 

308 

Tropae'olura  tuber6sum       308 

TuckerniAnia  californica  2-3o. 

272.  352 

marititna  352 

Twe^dm  cserulea  307 

f/'liiius  alata  4 

UvulAria  grandifldra  235 

I  Facciiiiuin  resinosum  248 
Kerbeiia  Eyredjia  232 

Tweediedna  235 

Veltheiinia  grandifldra  272 
Veronica  agr^stis  279 

austrjklis  313 

cArnea  313 

Finca  alba  332 

r6sea  332 

Virgilia  lutea  191 

Wahlenb^rgia  grandifldra  448 

Rdylei  139 

Wats6n  ia  95 

Wisikxia  Consequdna        236 

sinensis  297.  304 

Yucca  aloif6lia  22 

filamentdsa  301. 449 

gloridsa  316 

fol.  variegdta       431 

Zaniia  horrida  431 

Zicliya  cncclnea  307 

gliibrnta  307 

pann^sa  SOU 


END   OF  VOL.   VIII.