S. DEPARTMENT. Gl: AGRICULTURE.
'
BUkl \NIMAl. INDUSTRY— KUI.U-.TIN No. oO
D. E. SALMON, 0'. V. M., Chief of B,,
HANSON'S EYE WORM OF CHICKENS
(Oxyspirura Mansoni),
WITH A GENERAL REVIEW OF NEMATODES PARASITIC
IN THE EYES OF BIRDS,
NOTES ON THE SPINY-SUCKERED TAPEWORMS OF CHICKENS
i Dai'ainca echinobothrida ( = Txnia botrioplites} and/?, tetragona).
BY
B. H. RANSOM, B. Sc., A. M.,
Scientific Assistant in Charge of the Zoological Laboratory,
Bureau of Animal Industry,
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1904.
ORGANIZATION OF THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
Chief: D. E. SALMON, D. Y. M.
Assistant cliiff: A. D. MELYIN, D. V. S.
Chief clerk: E. B. JONES, LL. M., M. D.
, chief; CLARENCE B. LANE, B. S., assistant chief.
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(jiiaraittini ' Itlrisiuii: RICHARD AV. HTCKMAN, Ph. G., V. M. D., chief.
Editor: GEORGE FAYETTE THOMPSON, M. S.
Artist: W. S.'D. HAINES.
E.cpcrt in Animal Husltandnj: GEORGE^! ROMMEL, B. S. A.
Librarian: BEATRICE C. OBERLY.
LABORATORIES.
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BURN, D. V. S., acting assistant chief.
Zoological Division: BBAYTON H. RANSOM, B. Sc., A. M., acting zoologist.
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INSPECTORS IN CHARGE.
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Bulletin No.6O, B. A. I.
PLATE 1.
HEADS OF CHICKENS AFFECTED WITH MANSON'S EYE WORM.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY— BULLETIN No. 60.
D. E. SALMON, D. V. M., Chief of Bureau.
MANSON'S EYE WORM OF CHICKENS
(Oxyspirura. Mansoni],
WITH A GENERAL REVIEW OF NEMATODES PARASITIC
IN THE EYES OF BIRDS,
NOTES ON THE SPINY-SUCKERED TAPEWORMS OF CHICKENS
(Davainea echinobothrida ( = Txnia botrioplites} and D. tetragona).
BY
B. H. RANSOM, B. Sc., A. M.,
Scientific Assistant in Charge of the Zoological Laboratory,
Bureau of Animal Industry.
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1904.
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY,
Washington, D. C. , July £5, 1904.
SIR: I have the honor to submit herewith for publication the man-
uscript of two articles entitled, respectively, "Manson's eye worm
of chickens ( Oxyspirura JIansoni), with a general review of nematodes
parasitic in the eyes of birds," and "Notes on the spiny-suckered tape-
worms of chickens, Davainea echinobothrida (= Tsenia botrioplites) and
D. tetragona^ by B. H. Ransom, B. Sc., A. M., scientific assistant in
charge of the Zoological Laboratory of this Bureau.
The first-named paper is in two parts. The first part comprises a
complete account of a parasitic nematode, the presence of which in
North America has not previously been recorded. This parasite is
found beneath the nictitating membrane of the eyes of chickens and
peafowl, and chickens thus affected frequently exhibit a severe oph-
thalmia, which, if left untreated, ends in the loss of the eyes and may
even lead to fatal results. The second part contains a complete sum-
mary of all the parasites allied to Oxyspirura Mansoni which occur in
the eyes of birds.
The second article consists in a discussion of two important tape-
worms of chickens. These worms, although distinctly different species,
show such close anatomical similarities that they have hitherto been
much confused, and indeed their specific identity seems so far never
to have been clearly and precisely recognized. One of them (Davainea
echinobothrida =- Tsenia botrioplites) is the form which frequently
produces the nodular disease of the intestines, first reported for this
country in 1895 by Dr. Veranus A. Moore, at that time pathologist in
this Bureau; while the other (Davainea tetragona) produces no appar-
ent lesions.
The economic importance of recognizing and distinguishing between
the two species is evident. Upon the basis of the specific diagnoses
given in this paper, the worms may be readily identified and separated
from each other, the characteristic differences between the two forms
being here given for the first time.
The illustrative work necessary for the articles has been done by
W. S. D. Haines, the artist of this Bureau.
Very respectfully,
D. E. SALMON,
Chief of Bureau.
Hon. JAMES WILSON,
Secretary.
CONTENTS.
Page.
MANSON'S EYE WORM (Oxyspirura Mansoni) OF CHICKENS 7
Introduction 7
Symptoms 7
Treatment 8
Historical review 9
Anatomy 10
External appearance 10
Internal anatomy 13
Nervous system 13
Excretory system 14
Muscle system 15
Digestive system 15
Reproductive system 16
Life history and development 18
GENERAL REVIEW OF NEMATODES PARASITIC IN THE EYES OF BIRDS 20
List of species, with synonymy and specific diagnoses 20
Compendium of nematodes parasitic in the eyes of birds, arranged accord-
ing to hosts 45
Bibliography 50
NOTES ON THE SPINY-SUCKERED TAPEWORMS OF CHICKENS (Daminea echinobo-
thrida ( = Txnia botrioplites) and D. tetragona) 55
General discussion and historical review 55
Specific diagnoses of Davainea ietragona and D. echinobolhrida 63
Bibliography 66
INDEX TO TECHNICAL NAMES.. 70
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PLATE.
Page.
Heads of chickens affected with Hanson's eye worm Frontispiece.
TEXT FIGURES.
FIG. 1. Manson's eye worm (Oxyspirura Mansoni): Male and female worms,
natural size 7
2. Manson's eye worm ( Oxyspirura Mansoni} : Anterior view" of head 11
3. Manson's eye worm ( Oxyspirura Mansoni) : Dorsal view of head 11
4. Manson's eye worm (Oxyspirura Mansoni): Ventral view of posterior
end of male, showing papillse 12
5. Manson's eye worm (Oxyspirura Mansoni): Side view of anterior end
of body 14
6. Manson's eye worm (Oxyspirura Mansoni) : Side view of posterior end
of male 16
7. Manson's eye worm (Oxyspirura Mansoni) : Side view of posterior end
of female 17
8. Manson's eye worm ( Oxyspirura Mansoni) : Eggs 17
9. Manson's eye worm ( Oxyspirura Mansoni); Embryos 18
10. Oxyspirura anacanthura: Posterior end of male 21
11. Oxyspirura anacanthura: Right spicule 21
12. [? Oxyspirura~\ anolabiata: Lateral view of head 22
13. [? Oxyspirura] brevipenis: Posterior end of male 22
14. Oxyspirura cephaloptera: Anterior view of head 24
15. Oxyspirura cephaloptera: Posterior end of male 24
16. Oxyspirura ophthalmica: Head 26
17. Oxyspirura ophthalmica: Side view of posterior end of male 26
18. Oxyspirura ophthalmica: Transverse section through lateral field of
body wall 26
19. [? Oxyspirura'] papillosa: Anterior view of head 27
20. [? Oxyspirura] papillosa: Posterior end of male 27
21. Oxyspirura siamensis: Side view of posterior end of male 28
22. Oxyspirura sygmoidea: Posterior end of male 29
23. Ceratospira vesiculosa: Posterior end of male 30
24. Ceratospira ophthalmica: Anterior end 31
25. Ceratospira ophthalmica: Ventral view of posterior end of male 31
26. [? Filaria] campanulata: Female, natural size 34
27. [? Filaria~] campanulata: Anterior end of female, enlarged 34
28. [? Filar ia] campanulata: Posterior end of female, enlarged 34
29. Filaria obtmo-caudata: Posterior end of male 36
30. Filaria obtuso-caudata: Anterior end of male 36
31. [? Spiroptera] tenuicauda: Anterior view of head 39
32. Aprocta cylindrica: Posterior end of male 40
4
ILLUSTRATIONS. 5
Page.
FIG. 33. Aproda orbilalis: Cross section 41
34. Aprocta orbitalis: Posterior end of male 41
35. Physaloptera acuticauda: Posterior end of male 42
36. Physaloptera acuticauda: Inner view of lip 42
37. Physaloptera sp.: Anterior end of female, showing wing-like append-
ages and lips 43
38. Syngamus lari: Female 44
39. Syngamus lari: Anterior end of female ' 44
40. Syngamus lari: Vulva .. 44
41. Head of Davainea tetragona 58
42. Head of Daminea echinobothrida 58
43. Hooks from the rostellum of Davainea tdragona 58
44. Hooks from the rostellnm of Davainea echinobothrida 58
45. Hooks from the suckers of Davainea tetragona 59
46. Hooks from the suckers of Davainea echinobothrida 59
47. Segment of Davainea tetragona, showing reproductive organs 60
48. Segment of Davainea echinobothrida 60
49. Gravid segment of Davainea letragona 61
50. Gravid segment of Davainea echinobothrida 61
51 . Cirrus sac of Davainea tetragona 62
52. Cirrus sac of Davainea echinobothrida.. 62
MANSON'S EYE WORM OF CHICKENS
(OXYSPIRURA MANSONI),
WITH A GENERAL, REVIEW OF NEMATODES PARASITIC
IN THE EYES OF BIRDS.
By B. H. RANSOM, B. Sc., A. M.,
Scientific Assistant in Charge of Zoological Laboratory, Bureau of Animal Industry.
MANSON'S EYE WORM (OXYSPIRURA MANSONI) OF CHICKENS.
INTRODUCTION.
The attention of the Bureau of Animal Industry has recently been
called to the occurrence of a parasite in the United States which has
hitherto not been published for this country. The parasite in question
is a round worm known as Oxyspirura Mansoni { — Filaria Mansoni=-
Spiroptera Emmerezii) and is found beneath the
nictitating membrane of the eye of chickens. The
worms of this species are white, small, and thread-
like, measuring a little over half an inch in length,
with the thickness of a fine sewing needle. The
body is thickest near the middle and tapers grad-
ually toward each end. The posterior end is the
more pointed, and in the male is more or less «>«*•)• Male on the left
curved ventrally, while in the female it is straight,
The females are generally slightly larger than the
males. The number which ma}^ be present in a subject varies from
few to many; Mr. H. C. Niles, of Summerland Key, Key west, Fla.,
states that he has taken nearly 200 from the eyes of a single chicken.
•
SYMPTOMS.
The presence of these worms in the eye is frequently borne by chickens
without any apparent inconvenience. For example, the chicken men-
tioned above was said to be perfectly healthy and entirely without
symptoms. On the other hand, it seems that considerable irritation
of the ocular membranes would be produced by the movements of the
worms, which are seen to be very active when the nictitating membrane
is drawn away from the cornea so as to expose them to view. Apart
7
8 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
from the possibility of an actively irritating influence, the worms
undoubtedly have an injurious effect merely from their presence
as foreign bodies. • It would appear in any case that the presence of
these parasites in a locality so sensitive would tend to establish an
inflammation, and at least be a condition predisposing to inflammation
from other causes.
While the presence of the parasites, as already mentioned, is com-
monly borne without seeming inconvenience, such is not always the
case. Distinct symptoms of irritation become evident at times.
Emmerez (Emmerez & Megnin, 1901a) observed that an affected bird
shows signs of uneasiness and scratches at its eyes, which exhibit an
acute inflammation accompanied by an abundant secretion of tears.
The first stages of the inflammation seem to be confined almost entirely
to the eye itself. The nictitating membrane, which is swollen and
projects slightly beyond the eyelids at the corner of the eye, is kept
in continual motion to and fro, as if to remove some foreign body.
The eyelids become stuck together and a white cheesy matter, easily
removed, gathers beneath them.
Further sy mptoms appear which seem to be due to a complication
with catarrh. The tissues surrounding the eye and the infra-ocular
sinuses become highty inflamed, and are reddened and swollen. (See
Frontispiece.) The eyeball is likely to be involved; the cornea becomes
opaque, and later the entire eyeball is destroyed and the orbital cavity
is filled with a yellow purulent material. When this stage is reached
the worms are no longer to be found in the eye. The nostrils may
also be affected and become obstructed in the catarrhal process, and
finally fatal results may follow. The bird becomes somnolent, scarcely
eats, declines in strength, becomes anemic, and dies in three or four
weeks.
TREATMENT.
The treatment consists in the removal of the worms, combined with
the treatment of the associated catarrh. The worms may be removed
either by direct mechanical means, as with small forceps, which opera-
tion is more or less dangerous and 'painful to the fowl, or by irrigating
with a solution of bicarbonate of soda or a 1 or 2 per cent solution of
'creolin. The irrigation has the effect of partially dislodging the
worms, which may then be removed entirety by wiping away with a
soft cloth.
Further treatment is directed toward alleviation of the inflammation
or the cure of the catarrh which may have been established. Irriga-
tion of the eyes with a mildly antiseptic solution, such as a 4 per cent
boric acid solution or 1 per cent creolin solution, is indicated, together
with irrigation, also, of the nose and mouth if the nostrils are affected.
Anointing the eyes with a mixture of lard 9 parts and iodoform 1 part.
MANSON 8 EYE WORM OF CHICKENS. 9
or with carbolized vaseline, is likely to give good results in some cases.
The general sanitary conditions should also be attended to and stimu-
lating food furnished as in the treatment of simple catarrh.
Prophylaxis. — No special prophylaxis is evident, as the life history
of the parasites is so far unknown (see p. 18). Certain general pre-
cautions which are likely to prevent the spread of this as well as of
other parasitic diseases should, however, be taken. Affected fowls
should be isolated. The chicken houses should be kept clean and dis-
infected frequently by the use of boiling water and whitewash, with
which carbolic acid, creolin, or other disinfectant has been mixed.
The }*ards likewise should be kept clean and free from excessive
moisture. Chickens should not be allowed to drink from stagnant
pools, but pure drinking water should be furnished in vessels which
can be frequently cleaned.
HISTORICAL REVIEW.
We find this species first referred to by Cobbold (1879b, p. 440) in
the following words:
Here I may mention that on the 10th of April, 1878, I received a letter from Doctor
Manson, of Amoy, announcing his acquaintance with a filaria infesting the eye of
the fowl. On the 9th of May I also received from Doctor Manson the head of a bird
showing examples of the worm. As the species is new to science I have proposed
to call it Filaria Mansoni, after the discoverer. The male is five-eighths inch and the
female three-fourths inch in length.
Magalhaes (1888) was the next observer to encounter this worm,
which he described from specimens collected in Brazil, five from the
eye of a fowl and two from the eye of a peacock.
Seven years later (1895) he published a French translation of his
original Portuguese paper. In his later paper he was able to change
to a positive statement his earlier expressed belief as to the identity
of the Brazilian form with Filaria Mansoni, having had in the mean-
time opportunity to study specimens collected by Manson in China.
Emmerez & Megnin (1901a) noticed a peculiar ophthalmia among
chickens on the island of Mauritius. Following the account which
they have given, the disease is very contagious and frequently ends in
death. It begins as an ordinary ophthalmia. The bird affected
appears uneasy and scratches at its eyes, which become much inflamed
and watery. The eyelids stick together and a white, cheesy matter,
easily removed, gathers beneath them. At other times there is a com-
plication of nasal catarrh, together with great inflammation and edema
of the infra-ocular sinuses. In such cases the condition of the bird
may be considered very serious. With its eyes almost always closed
it remains in one place, eats but little and with difficulty, becomes
anemic, and dies in twenty to thirty days.
10 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
One of the fowls which had begun to show symptoms of the disease
was isolated, and Doctor Emmerez observed the following:
The trouble seemed to be confined to the eye itself, while the eyelids exhibited no
inflammation, except that the nictitating membrane was slightly swollen and pro-
jected at the corner of the eye. It was drawn rapidly and constantly across the
eye, as if to remove some foreign body. When the membrane was lifted a large
number of little white slender worms in active motion were seen beneath. Doctor
Emmerez was able to remove them all, to the number of about 50.
Treatment becomes very simple after the discovery of the worms. A solution of
bicarbonate of soda is dropped in the eye several times a day. Under the influence
of this treatment the worms come out from under the membrane, fall between and
under the eyelids, and are carried outward with the tears. A fine cloth should be
used to finally remove them, as they very quickly regain their position under the
membrane. As an alternative, one may remove the worms with fine forceps and
complete the treatment by bathing the eye with a warm 4 per cent solution of boric
acid.
Taken at the start this affection offers nothing serious, but if allowed to become
complicated with nasal catarrh it may prove fatal.
In addition to the above account Megnin gives a short zoological
description with figures and proposes to name the worm Spiroptera
Emmerezii, believing it to be a new species, but the description leaves
no doubt as to its identity with the previously described Filaria
Mansoni.
In 1901 and 1902 Mr. F. C. Clark collected numerous specimens at
Laughlands, Jamaica, which are preserved in the helminthological
collection (Nos. 3182 and 3257) of the Bureau of Animal Industry,
Department of Agriculture. The Bureau is under obligations to Mr.
H. C. Niles, Key west, Fla., for supplying a number of chickens
infected with this parasite.
Attention may here be called to the fact that so far the worm has
been reported only from localities on or near the seacoast. This point
may prove to be of significance in the life history or it may be only a
coincidence, but in any case it is worthy of remark.
ANATOMY.
EXTERNAL APPEARANCE.
•
The worms are white, with the customary slender threadlike form
of the nematodes, and are attenuated at both ends. The attenuation
is greater toward the posterior end, which is pointed, while the anterior
end is rounded (fig. 1).
Males may be distinguished from females by their generally smaller
size, and by the tail, which is curved ventrally (fig. 1).
The cuticula is very transparent and perfectly smooth. Magalhaes
(1888, 1895) describes the cuticula as finely striated transversely, but
M6gnin (Emmerez & Me"gnin, 1901a) remarks that there is no visible
HANSONS EYE WORM OF CHICKENS.
11
FIG. 2.— Hanson's eye worm (Oxj/spt-
rura Mangvni). Anterior view of
head: c. o. r., circumoral cuticular
ring; I.p., lateral papilla; m, mouth;
s. I.p., sublateral papilla; s. m.p.,
submedian papilla. Enlarged.
Original.
•o.o .r.
striation of the cuticula, nor have I seen such markings in any of a
large number of specimens examined.
The muscle fibers of the body wall are plainly visible through the
cuticula, under low magnification, as coarse longitudinal striations,
and in favorable specimens much of the
internal anatomy is also apparent.
On each side of the body 350 to 400 //
from the anterior end is a very small
rounded cervical papilla, scarcely discerni-
ble, provided with a short projecting hair-
like process, evidently a sense organ. A
pair of very small conical papilla?, each
with a tiny opening, is situated near the
tip of the tail in both sexes (fig. 4.)
The mouth (fig. 2, m.) is circular or oval,
and is surrounded by a chitinous ring (figs.
2, 3, c. o. r.) divided into six lobes by nar-
row clefts extending inward from the
outer edge. These clefts correspond to the
lateral and submedian longitudinal lines.
Projecting from the surface of the head
near the outer edge of the ring and in rela-
tion with the clefts are six small papilla?
(figs. 2, 3, 1. p., *. m. p.} to be distinguished
only with difficulty and usually only when
the head is viewed en face under a high
power. On the sides of the head, poste-
rior of the circle of papilla? just referred
to, are four papillae (figs. 2, 3, *. 1. p.}
which from their position may be desig-
nated sublateral papilla, as they are lo-
cated midway between the lateral and sub-
median lines. The sublateral papillae
measure 4 to 6 )* in length, and are slender
and conical in shape. They project out-
ward almost at right angles to the surface,
and under a moderately high power are
readily apparent in a lateral view of the head.
The excretory pore (fig. 5, ex. p.} is situated in the ventral line at
about the level of the cervical papillae; that is, 350 to 400 /* from the
anterior end of the body.
Male: Cobbold (1879b) gives the length of the male as five-eighths of
an inch (about 16 mm.); Magalhaes (1888, 1895), 14 mm.; and Megnin
(Eminerez & Megnin, 1901a), 12 mm. The maximum length of the speci-
FIG. 3.— Manson's eye worm (Oxytpi-
rura Mansoni). Dorsal view of
head: c.o.r., circumoral cuticular
ring; es., esophagus; I. p., lateral
papilla; ph., pharynx; s.l.p., sub-
lateral papilla; t.m.p., submedian
papilla. Enlarged. Original.
12
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
mens which I have measured was 14 mm. , the minimum 10 mm. Speci-
mens of the latter length were clearly immature; 12 to 13 mm. was the
usual size of mature worms. The diameter of the body is 50 ^ at the
anterior end, 200 to 350 /< at the middle, and 65 to 150 /* at the opening
of the cloaca, which is situated 320 to 400 ft from the tip of the tail.
As already mentioned, the tail is more or less curved ventrally and
may describe one complete revolution of a spiral, or less. There are six
pairs of genital papillae (fig. 4) in the immediate neighborhood of the
anal opening — two pairs postanal and four pairs preanal. Megnin
(Emmerez & Megnin, 1901a) mentions but five pairs of papilla?;
Magalhaes (1888, 1895), on the other hand,
states that there are eight pairs — three post-
anal and five preanal. In the considerable
number of specimens which I have examined
there were in no case more nor less than six
pairs of genital papillae.
The papillae (fig. 4) of the first and second
pair are situated a short distance on either
side of the median line. -The second pair is
just posterior of the anus, and the first pair
about 50 n behind the second. The .papilhe of
the third pair, adanal rather than preanal,
are almost on a line with the anal opening, and
are so far distant from the median line as to
be sublateral in position. The fourth pair is
30 to 40 yu, the fifth pair 60 to TO yu, and the
sixth pair 100 to 130 yw, anterior of the anus.
Of any two successive pairs, the fourth and
fifth pairs are generally the nearest together,
while the fifth and sixth are the farthest apart
(the lateral distance which separates the papil-
lae of the third pair from the others not con-
sidered). Passing forward from the first pair
of papillae, which are the closest together, and
leaving out of consideration the third pair, the lateral distance
between the papillae of each pair gradually increases, reaching a
maximum in the sixth pair, which are situated nearly on the sub-
median lines. The papillae of the sixth, fifth, fourth, second, and
firpt pairs are thus located on two converging lines which meet
a short distance posterior of the anus. There is more or less asym-
metry in the arrangement of the papillae, so that the papillae of
any one pair are not always exactly opposite. Owing to this cir-
cumstance it is sometimes difficult, from a lateral view alone, to
determine the exact number of papillae and their arrangement into
pairs. The spicules (fig. 6, up.) are often seen extruding from the anal
FIG. 4. — Manson's eye worm
(Oxyitpirura Mansoni}. Ven-
tral view of posterior end of
male, showing papillae. En-
larged. Original.
HANSONS EYE WORM OF CHICKENS.
13
opening. One of the spicules is long and .slender, and the extruded
portion may measure 1 mm. or more in length, while the other is
short and thick and is only slightly protrusible. In no specimen
examined was there any evidence of lateral cuticular membranes in
relation with the tail, as described by Megnin (Emmerez & Megnin,
1901a).
Female: The females measure from 12 to 18 mm. in length, 50yu in
diameter at the anterior end, 400 to 430 /* at the middle of the body,
210 to 280 /* at the vulva, and 90 to 100 /* at the anus. The vulva (fig.
7, ind.) is in the posterior part of the bodjr, 1 to 1.4 mm. from the tip
of the tail. It is an almost circular opening 40 or 50 ft in diameter,
surrounded by a very prominent raised border. The anus (fig. 7) is
situated 400 to 530 /* from the tip of the tail, and its location is fre-
quently indicated by a small papilla- like swelling of the cuticula.
Magalhaes (1888, 1895) gives the following table of measurements of
five females:
Measurements of Manson's eye worm (female).
No. 1.
No. 2.
No. 3.
No. 4.
No. 5.
Length
mm.
15.00
mm.
15.00
mm.
16.00
mm.
17 00
mm.
18 00
Diameter at anterior end
.04
.04
.04
.05
05
Diameter a little farther back.
.09
.08
.08
07
07
Diameter at middle third
.42
.41
.42
.41
.43
Diameter at level of vulva
.22
.22
.28
.28
.21
Diameter at level of anus
.10
.09
.10
.10
.10
Diameter at extremity of tail
.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
Diameter of mouth opening
03
03
03
03
03
Diameter of esophagus
.05
.05
05
05
05
Diameter of vulva
.06
07
06
05
.05
Distance of vulva from tip of tail :
1.00
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.33
Distance of anus from tip of tail
40
40
40
40
53
INTERNAL ANATOMY.
An extensive account of the internal anatomy is deemed unnecessary
for the purposes of this article, and accordingly no attempt has been
made to elaborate the finer anatomical and histological details. The
following discussion is therefore confined to the more general rela-
tions of internal structure.
NERVOUS SYSTEM.
A nerve ring (fig. 5, n. r.) surrounds the esophagus about 250 /*
from the anterior end of the body. It is thus some distance anterior
of the excretoiy pore.
In the immediate neighborhood of the nerve ring are a number of
large cells with prominent nuclei, which, from their position, were
interpreted by Magalhaes as ganglion cells. Some of them are smaller
than the rest and stand in direct relation with the fibers of the nerve
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
1.1.
n.r.
ring. The remainder are arranged in four groups, corresponding to
dorsal, ventral, and lateral ganglia. The lateral groups are embedded
in the substance of the lateral
bands on each side of the nerve
ring. The dorsal group is com-
posed of four or five pyriform
cells with processes extending to
the body wall in the dorsal line.
The ventral group is largest, and
extends from the nerve ring to
the excretory pore. In cross
section it is triangular, with the
apex of the triangle joining the
body wall in the ventral line,
while the base is closely applied
to the ventral surface of the
esophagus. Cells of similar ap-
pearance to the above occur in a
group in each lateral band oppo-
site the terminal portion of the
intestine in both male and female.
The following nerves were seen :
A prominent ventral and a small
dorsal nerve extending backward
from the nerve ring in the ven-
tral and dorsal lines, respectively,
and one or two nerves extending
forward from the nerve ring in
each lateral band. The ventral
nerve divides into two a short
distance posterior of the nerve
ring, and the two portions, after
passing one on either side of the
common excretory canal, unite
again on the median line.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM.
The lateral bands (fig. 5, I. I.)
extend the length of the body,
and measure 15 to 20 ft in width.
They have the usual structure,
contain numerous nuclei, and
through them run the longitudi-
nal excretory canals, which unite posterior of the nerve ring, and open
by the common tube thus formed at the excretory pore (fig. 5, ex. p.].
FIG. 5.— Hanson's eye worm (Oxyspirura Mansoni).
Side view of anterior end of body: cs., esophagus;
ex. p., excretory pore; int., intestine; 1. L, lateral
line; n. r., nerve ring; ph., pharynx. Enlarged.
Original.
MANSON'S EYE WORM OF CHICKENS. 15
There appears to be a connection posteriorly between the excretory
canals and the openings through the small papilkc (fig. 4), near the tip
of the tail, already mentioned, but this relation could not be deter-
mined with certainty.
MUSCLE SYSTEM.
The muscles of the body wall have the well-known polymyarian
arrangement.
A fan-like system of fibers (figs. 6, 7) is found in the tail of both
male and female in relation with the terminal portion of the intestine.
Beginning close together in the neighborhood of the anus, the fibers
extend in divergent lines to attach to the dorsal wall of the body.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
The circular or oval mouth (fig. 2, m.) opens into a chitinous mouth
capsule, or pharynx (figs. 3, 5, ph.], in which two distinct portions
may be defined, anterior and posterior, the former somewhat shorter
and broader than the latter, and marked off from it by a prominent
irregular ridge projecting forward on the inner surface. The pharynx
is triangular in cross section. Its length is 40 to 60 /<. The anterior
portion measures 15 to 25 /* in length \>y 25 to 30 /* in width; the pos-
terior portion 25 to 30 /* in length by 20 to 25 /* in width.
The esophagus (figs. 3, 5, es.), which begins at the base of the
pharynx, is a thick-walled muscular organ with a narrow triradiate
lumen lined by cuticula, and belongs to the filariform type. It is
club-shaped, gradually increasing in size toward the posterior end.
The diameter of its anterior end is abput 40 /*; of its posterior end,
80 to 100 yu; and the length is about 1.5 mm. The posterior end is
rounded and slightly bulbous, and at the extremity, which projects
into the lumen of the intestine, prolonged into a rounded conical tip,
without muscular elements and apparently composed entirely of chitin.
Except for irregular dilations the intestine (figs. 5, 6, 7, int.) varies
little in diameter during its almost straight course from esophagus to
rectum and measures in that dimension from 50 to 100 yw. Its compara-
tively thin wall is composed of columnar cells about 8 /* in length,
covered internally by the peculiar cuticular lining of the nematode
intestine. The cells (fig. 7, x.) forming the wall of that portion of the
intestine just in front of the rectum are larger and less closely crowded
than elsewhere and the wall is thicker. In a ventral view of the
female this region of the intestine is seen to be sharply marked off
from the rectum by a straight transverse line.
The rectum (tig. 7, ret.) tapers gradually toward its opening at the
anus. Its wall is compact and lined inwardly by a dense layer of
cuticula. It measures 100 to 120 j* in length. The fan-like system of
fibers extending from its terminal portion to the dorsal wall of the
body has already been mentioned.
16
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.
Sp.
int
Male: The testis begins anterior of the middle of the body as a
slender cord, which makes a number of short loops backward and
forward and gradually increases in diameter. It may extend into the
anterior part of the body almost to the nerve ring. From about the
middle of the body, where it has attained a size of 50 to 60 jw, its far-
ther course backward is almost a straight line. About 1.5 mm. in
front of the anus there is a constriction which marks the beginning
of the terminal portion or
ejaculatory duct (fig. 6, dct.
ej.). The wall of this por-
tion is thick, composed of
tall columnar cells, and the
lumen is narrow. The por-
tion immediately anterior
of the constriction, with
thin walls and wide lumen,
serves as a seminal vesicle
(fig. 6, v. s.). The ejacula-
tory duct becomes smaller
near its terminus and joins
the intestine on the ventral
side of the latter, 80 to 100
/* from the anal opening, to
form the cloaca.
The long spicule measures
3 to 3.5 mm. in length by 8
to 10 i* in diameter; the
short spicule, 200 to 220 fit
in length by 30 j-i in maxi-
mum thickness. The spi-
cules are hollow. There is
no opening through their
Lateral rounded distal ends, while
their proximal ends are
squarely cut off and open.
The short spicule may be
compared roughly to a boat. On its ventral surface it has a longitu-
dinal depression or groove, which serves as a guide for the slender
spicule. The delicate transverse striation of the spicules is not super-
ficial but affects their entire thickness. The spicules are situated on
opposite sides of the cloaca. If the long spicule is on the right side,
the short spicule is on the left side, and vice versa, and this relation
varies in different individuals. Each spicule is surrounded by a close-
fitting sheath, which opens into the dorso-lateral side of the cloaca near
its terminus. The walls of the spicule sheaths are well supplied with
FIG. 6.— Hanson's eye worm (Oxyspirura Mansoni).
view of posterior end of male: dct. ej., ejaculatory duet;
MANSON 8 EYE WOKM OF CHICKENS.
17
longitudinal muscle fibers, and a strong bundle of muscle fibers (fig. 6)
extends forward from the anterior end of each spicule attaching finally
to the body wall near the ventral line.
Female: The female organs begin in the posterior portion of the
worm as two slender tubes, the ovaries (fig. 7, ov.), which describe a
number of loops in their course forward,
and increasing gradually in size are trans-
formed into two large uteri filled with
eggs in various stages of development.
Besides lesser loops each uterus describes
a long loop, the two limbs of which ex-
tend nearly the entire length of the worm,
so that in a cross section near the middle
of the body each uterus is cut twice. The
bend of the long loop of the uterus is in
the anterior part of the body. The two
uteri ultimately unite in the posterior
ov.
^ _ VUl.
0V.
int.
FIG. 7. — Hanson's eye worm (Oxyspi-
rura ifansoni). Lateral view of
posterior end of female: int., intes-
tine; ov., ovary; ret., rectum; vg.,
vagina; vul., vulva; x., cells sur-
rounding rectum. Enlarged. Orig-
inal.
PIG. 8. — Hanson's eye worm (Oxyspi-
rura Mansorti). Eggs containing em-
bryos. Enlarged. (Drawings by E. C.
Stevenson.)
part of the body about 1.5 to 2 mm. in front of the vulva to form
the vagina (fig. 7, -y^.), which extends in a nearly straight course
backward to the vulvar orifice. The vagina measures about 50 /* in
diameter, the uteri about 100 yw in maximum diameter. The wall of
the vagina increases in thickness posteriad, due to the gradual accu-
mulation of circular muscle fibers. The eggs are forced along the
narrow lumen of the vagina in a single row, but in the uterus as many
as 15 or 20 may be counted in a single cross section.
4241— No. 60—04 2
18
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
Segmentation of the eggs does not begin until after the formation
of the shells. At this time the eggs are much elongated, with rather
square ends, and measure 24 by 12 //. With progressing development
the eggs increase in size and become more rounded, so that in the
later stages, wherein the worm-like embryo is rolled up inside the
shell, they are almost perfectly oval and measure 50 by 40 to 65 by
45 fi (fig. 8).
LIFE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT.
The life history has not been determined. Megnin (Emmerez &
Megnin, 1901a) ventures the opinion that eggs are deposited outside
the ej^e, since Emmerez never observed free eggs or embryos in the eye,
FIG. 9.— Manson'seye worm (Cte/spirura 3fanso7u). Embryos. Enlarged. Original.
and he surmises that development takes place in water. Experiments
bearing upon the life history have been performed in this laboratory,
but they have been almost barren of results.
On July 17, 1903, two female worms were removed from the eye of
a chicken into salt solution, and on the following day were placed in
water and torn into small pieces with needles, thus setting free a large
number of eggs containing embryos. The embryos were kept at the
temperature of the room. Two days later there was no apparent
19
change, but on the following day, July 21, many of the embryos had
hatched.
Iri the hatching of the embryo (fig. 9) a small cap splits off from
each pole of the egg, following a smooth even line of fracture, leaving
the body of the eggshell in the form of a barrel without head or bot-
tom. In many instances but one cap splits off. The newly hatched
embryo is only slightly attenuated toward each end. The anterior
end is rounded and the posterior end only very bluntly pointed.
Little could be distinguished of the internal structure, which was still
in a very incomplete condition of development. The cuticular lining
of the filariform esophagus was distinctly evident, leading backward
from a small cup-like cavity in the anterior end, indicating a rudi-
mentary mouth capsule or pharynx. The embryos measure 225 to
250 /* long by 12 /* in maximum thickness; the esophagus has a length
of about 50 jw.
The above-mentioned embryos were quiescent when they were first
seen after hatching, and apparently dead, with the exception of one,
which exhibited feeble movements, but it also became quiet in a short
time. The embryos manifested no further signs of life and were
entirely decomposed at the end of a few days.
A female worm from the same lot was also cut up on July 18 and
the eggs contained were transferred to the eye of a healthy chicken.
Two weeks later, August 1, the eye seemed to be slightly swollen and
a small white opaque spot was apparent on the cornea; on August (>
the other eye appeared to be affected also. Careful examination of
the eyes, however, failed to reveal any of the parasites. The inference
is that the embryos did not develop, and that the slight affection of
the eyes noted was due to other causes.
Further attempts at infection have been made, but with negative
results. Eggs containing embryos were placed in the eye of a young
fowl February 20, 1904. On the same date, also, eggs containing
embryos were fed to a young fowl and to a full-grown hen. Both
young chickens died April 4. No eye worms were found on post-
mortem examination. Examination of the remaining chicken to which
eggs had been fed showed that eye worms were absent April 19.
These few incomplete experiments, all resulting negatively, will
warrant no definite conclusions concerning the life history of Oxyspl-
rura Mansoni. It seems probable, however, that it is necessary for
the embiTos to pass a certain period of their existence either free or
in an intermediate host before they will develop to maturity. If fur-
ther investigations continue to show, as all observations so far have
shown, that the parasite is restricted to localities bordering on the sea-
coast, this fact will be of considerable significance in connection with
the life history, indicating either that some marine form serves the
20 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
parasite as an intermediate host, or that certain conditions, peculiar to
the seashore but yet unknown, are necessary to enable the parasite to
complete the cycle of its development.
The entire question of the life history of Oxyspirura Mansoni, there-
fore, still remains to be solved.
GENERAL REVIEW OF NEMATODES PARASITIC IN THE EYES
OF BIRDS.
In connection with the study of Oxyspifru.ra Mansoni it was found, so
far as was possible to trace in the literature, that only one other nema-
tode (" Filaria oculi" p. 20) has been recorded parasitic in the eyes
of birds in the United States. Taking the entire world, however,
about 38 species, altogether, have been reported, collected from the
eyes of about 43 different species of birds. It therefore seems very
evident that a considerable number of species probably occur in the
eyes of birds in the United States which have hitherto been over-
looked, chiefly, it is presumed, on account of a lack of due attention
by collectors of parasites to the eyes of animals examined. The fact
that over half the known species are the result of the work of a single
collector (Natterer) of South American birds would indicate that the
eyes are much more frequently the location of nematode parasites
than is commonly supposed.
Since the literature concerning the nematodes parasitic in the eyes
of birds is scattered in numerous publications, mostty foreign and not
generally available, it is believed that a summary of our knowledge
concerning them will be found useful. Such a summary seems espe-
cially desirable, not only because these parasites are of particular inter-
est in the present connection, but because a resume of the forms in
question may, in the first place, serve to direct attention to a neglected
but important field, and, in the second place, afford a convenient and
readily accessible basis of reference. The following review includes
practically all the nematodes which have been reported up to the
present time from the eyes of birds. The synonymy and bibliography
are based upon the card catalogue of the Zoological Laboratory.
LIST OF SPECIES, WITH SYNONYMY AND SPECIFIC DIAGNOSES.
GENUS OXYSPIRTTRA DRASCHE (IN STOSSICH, 1897).
GENERIC DIAGNOSIS. — FilariitUe: Mouth without lips, surrounded by two lateral
and four submedian papillae. Pharynx present. Membranous alse on head generally
lacking. Tail usually slender and acutely pointed.
Tail of male without bursal membranes, and with papillae. Spicules two, unequal;
one long and filiform; the other short and thick. Vulva as a rule situated in the
posterior part of the body, a short distance in front of the anus.
TYPE KPECiBs.—Oxyspiruracephaloptera (Molin, 1860) Stossich, 1897. a
oSee nematode check-list, by Stiles & Hassall (MS.).
HANSONS EYE WORM OF CHICKENS.
21
OXYSPIRURA ANACANTHURA (MoLIN, 1860) STO8SICH, 1897.
(Figs. 10, 11.)
SYNONYMY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1860: Spiroptcra anacanthura MOLIN, 1860, pp. 966-967, 993.— DIESING, 1861a, p. 678.— LINSTOW, 1878,
p. 71.— IDEM, 1889, p. 29.- DRASCHE, 1884a, pp. 203, 213, pi. 14, figs. 15, 16.— STOSSICH, 1897, p.
123 [as synonym of Oxyspirura anacanthura} .
1860: Spiroptera crotophagse ani MOLIN, 1860, p. 966 [as synonym of S. anacanthura] .
1860: Spiroptera crotophagse majoris MOLIN, 1860, p. 966 [as synonym of S. anacanthura; not S.
crotophagse majoris Molin, 1860, p. 940=S. lanceolata Molin].
1897: Oxyspirura anacanthura (Molin, 1860) STOSSICH, 1897, pp. 123-124, 148.
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS. — Oxyspirura: Body straight and slender, gradually attenuated
toward both ends, truncated anteriorly and acutely pointed pos-
teriorly without mucronate caudal tip. Head with two voluminous
lateral cuticular membranes.0 Mouth large, circular, surrounded
by six very small membranous lobules, and four submedian papillse.
Pharynx short. Cuticula of body closely striated transversely.
Male: 8 to 10 mm. long by 0.1 mm. thick. Caudal extremity
coiled in a single turn, without bursal membranes; two pairs of (?)
preanal papilte, and a variable number of asymmetrically arranged
postanal papillae, up to as many as five pairs. Spicules two, un-
equal; right spicule short, thick-set, with boat-shaped
tip; left spicule filiform, acutely pointed, alate, five
times as long as the right spicule.
Female: 11 to 13 mm. long by 0.2 mm. thick.
Vulva prominent, a short distance anterior of anus.
HABITAT. — Common smooth-billed ani, Crotophaga
ani; under nictitating membrane; Brazil (Molin,
1860). — Greater ani, Crotophaga major; under nictitat-
ing membrane; Brazil (Molin, 1860).
TYPE SPECIMENS. — In Vienna Museum.
Molin (1860, p. 966) based this species on
nine males and two females from Crotophaga
ani collected by Natterer in 1829, and four
males and six females from C. major col-
lected by Natterer in 1825. All but three
were well preserved and perfect^ trans-
parent. The original material was reexam-
ined by Drasche (1884a).
0 o
FIG. 10.— Oxyspi-
rura anacan-
thura. Poste-
rior end of
male. x 60.
(Haines del.,
after Drasche,
1884a, pi. 14, fig.
15.)
FIG. 11.— Oxy-
spirura ana-
cant hur a .
Right spi-
cule. x 280.
(Haines del.,
afterDrasche,
1884a, pi. 14,
fig. 16.)
[?OXYSPIRURA] ANOLABIATA (MOLIN, 1860) RANSOM, 1904.
(Fig. 12.)
SYNONYMY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1860: Spiroptcra anolabiata MOLIN, 1860, pp. 981, 992.— LINSTOW, 1878, p. 124.— IDEM, 1889, p. 47.
— DRASCHE, 1884a, p. 206, pi. 12, fig. 23. — STOSSICH, 1897, p. 51 [as synonym of FUaria anolabiata}.
1860: Spiroptera cracis alectoris MOLIN, 1860, p. 981 [as synonym of S. anolabiata].
1897: FUaria anolabiata (Molin, 1860) STOSSICH, 1897, pp. 51, 149.
1904: [? Oxyspirura] anolabiata (Molin, 1860) RANSOM, 1904, p. 21.
a Molin (1860, p. 966) describes four membranes on the head arranged in the form
of a cross, but Drasche (1884a, p. 203) , who examined Molin's original material, failed
to find this structure.
22
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS. — ? Oxyspirura:
Male: Unknown.
Female: 8 to 17 mm. long by 0.4 mm. thick. Anterior end of body abruptly
attenuated with truncated apex. Cuticular rings with
sharply cut posterior border encircle the body. Mouth
large, surrounded by six small lips or lobes, two lateral
and four submedian. In relation with each lip is a
finger-like process extending inward from the periph-
ery of the head. These processes divide the annular
border of the mouth into six lobes. Mouth opens
into a broad short pharynx. Tail straight, abruptly
conical, with blunt curved tip. Position of vulva not
determined.
HABITAT. — Spix curassow, Orax fasdolata; under
nictitating membrane and free in the eye; Brazil (Molin,
1860).
TYPE SPECIMENS. — In Vienna Museum.
This species is based upon specimens of five females, collected by
Natterer in 1825 and 1827. It was listed with species inquirendde by
Molin, on account of the lack of specimens of the male.
The original material was reexamined by Drusche
(1884a). It is very probable that this species belongs
in the genus Oxyspirura. There is a striking similarity
between the figure (fig. 12) given by Drasche (1884a),
and the head of Oxyspirura Mansoni (fig. 3).
FIG. 12. — [? Oxyspirura] anola-
liata. Lateral view of head,
x 280. (Haines del., after
Drasche, 1884a, pi. 12, fig. 23.)
[? OXYSPIRURA] BREVIPENIS (MOLIN, 1860) STOSSICH, 1897.
(Fig. 13.)
00
SYNONYMY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1860: Spiroptera brevipenis MOLIN, I860, pp. 921, 991.— DIESING, 1861a, p. 676.—
LINSTOW, 1878, p. 137.— IDEM, 1889, p. 51.— DRASCHE, 1884a, pp. 194, 218,
pi. 14, fig. 14.— STOSSICH, 1897, p. 126 [as synonym of Oxyspirura
brevipenis} .
1860: Spiroptera microdactyli maryravii MOLIN, 1860, p. 921 [as synonym of Spirop-
tera brevipenis] .
1897: Oxyspirura brevipenis (Molin, 1860) STOSSICH, 1897, pp. 126, 150.
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS.— 1 Oxyspirura: Body straight, slender, fili-
form. Anterior extremity attenuated with truncated apex.
Mouth large, orbicular, without lips or papilke. Pharynx absent.
Male: 16 to 22 mm. long by 0.4 mm. thick. Tail coiled in two
turns, bodkin-shaped with sharp point, and without bursal mem-
branes; six pairs of preanal and six pairs of postanal papillae,
the latter inconstant in number and asymmetrical in arrangement.
Spicules two, nearly equal, very short, curved, saber-like.
Female: 11 to 27 mm. long byO.l to 0.5 mm. thick. Tail straight,
slender, conical, with thickened tip. Anus remote from caudal
tip. Vulva near anus, prominent, with swollen posterior lip.
HABITAT. — DicholophtU mtirgruvi [ = seriema, Cariama cristata]; under nictitating
membrane; Brazil (Molin, 1860).
TYPK SPECIMENS. — In Vienna Museum.
Molin (1860, p. 921) based his description of this species on seven-
teen male and twenty-one female specimens, collected by Natterer in
FIG. 13.— ['Oryxpi-
rura] brci'ipenis.
Posterior end of
male, x GO.
(Haines del.,
after Drasche,
1884a, pi. 14, fig.
14.)
HANSON'S EYE WORM OF CHICKENS. 23
1824, all well preserved and perfectly transparent. The original
material was redescribed by Drasche (1884a).
The absence of a pharynx, and the occurrence of short, nearly equal
spicules makes it very doubtful whether this species can be classed in
the genus Oxyspirura.
OXYSPIRURA BREVISUBULATA (MoLIN, 1860) STOSSICH, 1897.
SYNONYMY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1860: Spiroptera brevi&abulata MOLIN, 1860, pp. 959-960, 998.— DIESING, 1861a, p. 677.— DRASCHE, 1884a,
pp. 201-202.— LIXSTOW, 1889, p. 40.— PARONA, 1889, p. 775.— STOSSICH, 1897, p. 124 [as synonym
of Oxyspirura brevisubulala] .
1860: Spiroptera strigis N. 16 MOLIN, 1860, p. 960 [as synonym of Spiroptera brevisubulata; not Spiroptera
strigis Rudolphi, 1819, p. 28; not S. strigis N. 16 Molin, I860, p. 939 =.S. penihamata],
1878: Spiroptera brevissubulata (Molin, 1860) LINSTOW, 1878, p. 105 [misprint for Spiroptera brevisubu-
lata} .
1897: Oxyspirura brevisubulata (Molin, 1860) STOSSICH, 1897, p. 124.
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS. — Oxyspirura: Body filiform, gradually attenuated anteriorly
with truncated apex; two lateral cervical spines directed backward. Cuticula
raised from the body between the head and cervical papillae forming a bladder-like
expansion on either side.« Mouth hexagonal, without lips, surrounded by two
lateral and four submedian papillte.
Male: 15 mm. long by 0.3 mm. thick. Tail coiled in two turns, short, abruptly
subulate, with acute point. Bursa absent; four pairs preanal and (?) eight pairs
postanal papilla?. Spicules two, unequal; right spicule short and thick; left spicule
filiform and twice as long as the right.
Female: 21 mm. long by 0.5 mm. thick. Tail short, subulate, with acute point.
Anus remote from caudal tip. Vulva very prominent, a short distance anterior of
the anus.
HABITAT. — Strix atricapilla [= Brazilian screech owl, Otus cholibd] ; under nictitating
membrane; Brazil (Molin, 1860).
TYPE SPECIMENS. — In Vienna Museum.
This species is based on specimens of two males and one female,
badly preserved and opaque, collected by Natterer in 1826 (Molin,
1860, p. 960). The original material was redescribed by Drasche
(1884a).
OXYSPIRURA CEPHALOPTERA (MOLIN, 1860) STOSSICH, 1897.
(Figs. 14,15.)
SYNONYMY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1860: Spiroptera cephaloptera MOLIN, 1860, pp. 956-957, 994, 997— DIESING, 1861a, p. 68f> [as synonym of
Cheilospirura ccphaloptcn^.—LiKsmw, 1878, pp. 73, 97.— IDEM, 1889, p. 30.— DRASCHE, 1884a,
p. 213 [as synonym of Cheilospirura cephaloptera]. — STOSSICH, 1897, p. 124 [as synonym of Oxys-
pirura cephaloptera] .
1860: Spiroptera momoti brasiliensis MOLIN, 1860, p. 957 [as synonym of »<?. cephaloptera].
1860: Spiroptera orioli N. 642 MOLIN, 1860, p. 957 [as synonym of S. cephaloptera].
1861: Cheilospirura cephaloptera (Molin, 1860) DIESING, 1861a, p. 686.— DRASCHE, 1884a, p. 212, pi. 11,
fig. 22, pi. 14, fig. 17.— STOSSICH, 1897, p. 124 [as synonym of Otyspirura cephaloptera].
1897: Oxyspirura cephaloptera (Molin, 1860) STOSSICH, 1897, pp. 124-125, 145, 147.
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS. — Oxyspirura: Body gradually attenuated anteriorly, with
rounded apex; tail awl-shaped, drawn out into a slender acute point. Cuticula
« Drasche (1884a, p. 202), who examined Molin's original material, failed to find
the four membranous ahe on the head mentioned by the latter author.
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
FIG. 14. — Oxyspirura cephal-
oplera. Anterior view of
head, x 470. (Hainesdel.,
after Drasche, 1884a, pi. 11,
fig- 22.)
densely striated transversely. Head with membranous alae dilated and rounded ante-
riorly. Mouth hexagonal surrounded by a membranous border, and two lateral and
four submedian papillae. Lips absent.0
Male: 13 to 15 mm. long by 0.2 mm. thick. Tail coiled twice. Bursa absent;
seven pairs preanal and six pairs postanal papillae, the
latter more or less inconstant and asymmetrical. Spicules
two, unequal; right spicule short, thick, navicular, with
blunt rounded tip; left spicule filiform, pointed, alate, five
times as long as the right.
Female: 10 to 13 mm. long by 0.3 mm. thick. Anus re-
mote from tip of tail. Position of vulva not determined.
HABITAT. — Momotus brasiliensis [— motmot, Momotus
momota']; under nictitating membrane; Brazil (Molin,
1860). — Orange-backed troupial, Icterus croconotus; under
nictitating membrane; Brazil (Molin, 1860).
TYPE SPECIMENS. — In Vienna Museum.
The original description (Molin, 1860, pp. 956-957) is based on three
males well preserved, and eight females badly preserved, collected by
Natterer from Momotus brasiliensis in 1834, and two
males well preserved and a fragment collected by Nat-
terer from Icterus croconotus in 1824. The original
material was reexamined by Drasche (1884a).
[? OXYSPIRURA] HETEROCLITA (MOLIN, 1860) RANSOM, 1904.
SYNONYMY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1860: Spiroptera heteroclita MOLIN, 1860, pp. 944-945, 992.— DIESING, 1861a, p. 677.—
LlNSTOW, 1878, p. 124.— STOSSICH, 1897, pp. 115, 149.
1860: Spiroptera cracis MOLIN, 1860, p. 944 [as synonym of S. heteroclita; not S.
cram N. of Molin, 1860, p. 983, as synonym of S. tenuicauda] .
1904: [? Oxyspirura] heteroclita (Molin, 1860) RANSOM, 1904, p. 24.
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS. — ? Oxyspirura: Body attenuated anteriorly
with truncated apex. Cuticula finely striated transversely. Mouth
orbicular, large, without lips.
Male: 12 mm. long by 0.3 mm. thick. Head without mem-
branes. Tail awl-shaped, sharply pointed, curved into a hook,
without bursal membranes. Two pairs postanal papillae. Spicules
two, unequal; short spicule thick with curved point; long spicule
filiform, half as long as body.
Female: 15 mm. long by 0.4 mm. thick. Head with four short,
semilunar membranes, arranged in the form of a cross. Tail grad-
ually attenuated, awl-shaped, with obtuse apex. Aniis remote
from tip. Position of vulva not determined.
HABITAT. — Crax urumutum [=urumutu, Nothocrax urumutum};
under nictitating membrane; Brazil (Molin, 1860).
TYPE SPECIMENS. — In Vienna Museum.
FIG. 15. — Oxyspi-
rura cephaloptcra.
Posterior end of
male, x 120.
(Haines del.,
after Drasche,
1884a, pi. 14, fig.
17.)
This species is based on one male and one female,
well preserved, collected by Natterer in 1834 (Molin, 1860, p. 945).
So far as may be determined from Molin's incomplete description this
species seems to belong in Oxyspirura.
^According to Drasche (1884a, p. 212); but Molin (1860, p. 956) mentions two large
rounded lips.
HANSON'S EYE WORM OF CHICKENS. 25
OXYSPIRURA MANSONI (COBBOLD, 1879) RANSOM, 1904.
(Figs. 1-9.)
SYNONYMY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. ,
1879: FUaria Mansoni COBBOLD, 1879b, pp. 440-441 [not FUaria Mawoni Huber, 1896, pp. 604, 620, nsed
as synonym of F. sanguinis hominis and of Trichina cystica Salisbury.— SIMON, 1897, p. 97,
copies Huber, 1896, p. 604].— IDEM, 1880k, p. 131.— MAG ALII A ES, 1888, pp. 5-12, figs. 1-6.— IDEM
1895, pp. 241-244.— NEUMANN, 1888, p. 648.— IDEM, 1892 [French ed.], p. 735.— IDEM, 1892 [Eng.,
ed.], p. 759.— LINSTOW, 1889, p. 46.— RAILLIET, 1893, p. 633.— STOSSICH, 1897, pp. 35, 149.—
GEDOELST, 1903a, p. 47.— IDEM, 1903a, p. 90 [as synonym of Spiroptera Mansoni].
190]; Spiroptera Emmerczii EMMEREZ & MEGNIN, 1901a, pp. 933-935, figs. A-E.
1903: Spiroptera Mansoni (Cobbold, 1879) GEDOELST, 1903, pp. 90, 103.
1903: Spiroptera Emmcrczi (Emmerez & Mi'gnin, 1901) GEDOELST, 1903, p. 48. — IDEM, 1903a, p. 90 [as
synonym of Spiroptera Mansoni] .
1904: Oxyspirura Mansoni (Cobbold, 1879) RANSOM, 1904, pp. 7-20, 25.
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS. — Oxyspirura: Body attenuated at both ends, anterior end
rounded, posterior end pointed. Cuticula smooth. Membranous appendages absent
in both sexes. A pair of small cervical papilla? 350 to 400 // from anterior end, and
a pair of small papillae near tip of tail in both sexes. Mouth circular, surrounded
by a six-lobed chitinous ring; two lateral and four submedian papillae in relation with
the clefts between the lobes of ring; four sublateral papillae slightly more posterior.
Excretory pore in ventral line at about the level of cervical papillae. Nerve ring
between excretory pore and anterior end of body, about 250 n from latter. Pharynx
40 to 60 /* long; the shorter, wider, anterior portion, 15 to 25 // long by 25 to 30 n
wide, separated by a slight constriction from the longer narrower posterior portion,
25 to 30 ^i long by 20 to 25 n wide. Esophagus club-shaped, about 1.5 mm. long.
Intestine almost straight.
Male: 10 to 16 mm. long by 0.35 mm. thick. Tail curved ventrally. Bursal mem-
branes lacking. Cloacal opening 320 to 400 /< from tip of tail. Two pairs postanal
and four pairs preanal papillae. Spicules two, unequal; one long and slender, 3 to
3.5 mm. long by 8 to 10 /* in diameter; the other short and thick, 200 to 220 p long
by 30 n in diameter.
Female: 12 to 18 mm. long by 0.43 thick. Anus 400 to 530 /* from tip of tail.
Vulva in posterior part of body, 1 to 1.4 mm. from tip of tail. Uterus and ovary
double; vagina measures 1.5 to 2 mm. long. Eggs oval, 50 by 40 n to 65 by 45 /* in
diameter.
LIFE HISTORY. — Unknown. Embryos hatch in two or three days after eggs are
deposited, measure 225 to 250 p. in length by 12 fj. in thickness, with esophagus 50 fj.
long.
HABITAT. — Chicken, Gallus domesticus; under nictitating membrane; Amoy,
China (Cobbold, 1879b); Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Magalhaes, 1888); Mauritius
(Emmerez & M£gnin, 1901a); Laughlands, Jamaica, and Key West, Fla. (Ransom,
1904). — Peafowl, Pavo cristatus; under nictitating membrane; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
(Magalhaes, 1888).
TYPE SPECIMENS. — [?]. Above diagnosis based on B. A. I. specimens Nos. 3182
and 3257.
This species is based on specimens of both sexes collected by Manson
from chickens at Amoy, China (Cobbold, 1879b), but not described
except as to length. Specimens collected and described by Magalhaes
(1888) in Brazil from chickens and peacock have been compared
(Magalhaes, 1895) with specimens collected by Manson and found to
be of the same species as the latter.
26
BUKEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
OXYSPIRURA OPHTHALMICA (LlNSTOW, 1903) RANSOM, 1904.
(Figs. 16-18.)
SYNONYMY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1903: CheUospirura ophthalmica LINSTOW, 1903, p. Ill, pi. 5, figs. 7-9.
1904: Oxyspirura ophthalmica (Linstow, 1903) RANSOM, 1904, p. 26.
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS. — Oxyspirura: Cuticula finely striated transversely. Mouth
surrounded by two lateral and four submedian papilla?. Pharynx short and
FIG. 17. — Oxyspirura ophthalmica. Posterior
end of male. Side view. Enlarged.
(Haines del., after Linstow, 1903, pi. 5,
fig. 8.)
FIG. 16. — Oxyspirura ophthalmica.
Head. Enlarged. (Haines del.,
after Linstow, 1903, pi. 5. fig. 7.)
widened posteriorly. Esopha-
gus, in male ^, in female
the length of the body, is thick-
ened behind and broader than
the beginning of the intestine.
Nerve ring 0.21 to 0.22 mm.
from the anterior end. Lateral
fields 0.042 mm. broad, i. e.,
about ^ the circumference of
the body; each contains an ex-
cretory vessel, 0.0028 mm. in
diameter, visible through the cuticula. Excretory pore in ventral line
0.40 mm. from the anterior end in the male, 0.44 mm. in the female.
Male: 14.4 mm. long by 0.31 mm. in Avidth. The conical, finely
pointed tail equals ^ of the entire body length. The two unequal
spicules measure 0.18 and 0.29 mm. in length. One pair of preanal
papillae, and about twenty-six pairs of postanal papillae decreasing
gradually in size toward the anus are present. Testicle occupies only
about the posterior £ of the body.
Female: 21 mm. long by 0.53 mm. in width. Tail conical, equal in length to -fa of
the entire body. Uteri occupy the posterior f of the body. Vulva near posterior
end, dividing the body in the ratio of 102 to 5. Vagina runs anteriorly from vulva;
0.4 mm. from the latter divides into two uteri. Eggs thick-shelled, 0.039 mm. long
by 0.026 mm. broad; cleavage takes place in the uterus.
HABITAT. — Indian bustard-quail, Turnix taigoor; eye; Siam (Linstow, 1903).
TYPE SPECIMENS.—? In collection Linstow.
This species is based on specimens received from A. E. Shipley by
Linstow (1903, p. 111).
Linstow classified the species under discussion in the genus Cheilo-
spirura, evidently because of the similarity between it and Oxyspirura
cephaloptera ( = Cheilospirura cephalopterd). Such an arrangement
seems, however, entirely untenable, unless it be also held that cephal-
optera, one of the original species of Oxyspirura, is the type species
FIG. 18.— Oxy-
spirura oph-
thalmica.
Transverse
section
through the
lateral field
of body
wall. En-
larged.
(Haines
del., after
Linstow,
1903, pi. 5,
fig. 9.)
MANSON 8 EYE WORM OF CHICKENS.
27
of Cheilospirura, with which genus it was listed by Diesing. In the
original publication of the genus, Diesing (1861a, pp. 683-686), without
definitely designating a type, defines the group as consisting of Spi-
ropterse spec, bilabiatse Molin, and includes eight species, the last of
which in the list is a species inquirenda, and the next to the last
cephaloptera.
Since the chief character upon which Diesing founded the genus is
the presence of two lips, it is not only desirable but practically impera-
tive, other things being equal, to confine the choice of a type to such
species as present this character. Although Molin (1860) mentions
two large rounded lips, Drasche (1884a), who made a study of the
material upon which Molin based the original description, states that
the species cepJialoptera is without lips. Of the six remaining species,
five are characterized by the possession of two lips. One of the latter
should therefore be selected as type rather than cephaloptera which
seems to be without lips.
Unless cephaloptera be taken as type of Cheilospirura, which has
been shown to be virtually out of the question, the inclusion of
Oocyspimra in Cheilospirura would result in
grouping together forms which, according to
present generally accepted ideas, vary too widely
to rank in the same genus, and I therefore prefer
to recognize two distinct genera. The species
ophthalmica, as well as the species siam.ensis, of
Linstow, I have accordingly transferred to the
genus Oxyspirura.
[?OXYSPIRURA] PAPILLOSA ( MOLIN, 1860) KANSOM, 1904.
(Figs. 19,20.)
SYNONYMY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1860: Spiroptera papillosa MOLIN, 1860,
pp. 929-930, 998.— DIESING, 1861a,
p. 676.— LINSTOW, 1878, pp. 110,
115.— IDEM, 1889, p. 41.— DRASCHE,
1884a, p. 195, pi. 12, fig. 20; pi. 13,
fig. 7.— STOSSICH, 1897, pp. 95, 141.
1860: Spiroptera falcon is Icptoporlis MOLIN,
1860. p. 930 [as synonym of N.
papillosa] .
I860: Spiroptera falconis gavial rcalis
MOLIN, 1860, p. 930 [as synonym
of S. papillosa] .
1860: Spiroptera falconis MOLIN, 1860, p.
930; S. falconis N. 872 MOLIN, 1860,
p. 930 [as synonyms of .V. papil-
losa; not S. falconis Rudolphi.
1819, pp. 28, 254-255; not S. falconis N. 698, S. falconis N. 11 Molin, 1860, p. 494, as synonyms of
Dispharagus rectits Molin].
1904: [?Oxyspirura] papillosa (Molin, 1860) RANSOM, 1904, p. 27.
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS. — tOxyspirura: Anterior end of body abruptly attenuated with
very obtuse rounded apex. Surface of body crenated with dense cuticular annu-
lations. Neck armed with rows of very delicate spines directed backward, each row
FIG. 19. — pOxyspirura] pa-
pillosa. Anterior view of
head, x 280. (Hainea
del., after Drasche, 1884a,
pi. 12, fig. 20.)
FIG. 20.— poryfpirura] pa-
pittosa. Posterior end of
male, x 120. (Haines
del., after Drasche,
1884a, pi. 13, fig. 7.)
28
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
corresponding to a cuticular ring. Mouth large, orbicular, with tumid border. Lips
absent; two lateral and four submedian head papillae.
Male: 8 to 20 mm. long by 0.3 mm. thick. Tail of male more attenuated than
anterior end, with very obtuse rounded tip, only slightly curved; four pairs of small
preanal papillae situated far forward (according to Molin, seven pairs of preanal
papillae) and two pairs of postanal papillae. Spicules two, unequal; right spicule
very short and broad with blunt point; left spicule six times as long as the right,
slender, filiform, alate.
Female: 15 to 26 mm. long by 0.3 to 0.5 mm. thick. Tail gradually attenuated
with rounded obtuse tip. Anus remote from caudal tip, prominent, with bilabiate
tumid border. Vulva in anterior part of body not far posterior of the mouth.
HABITAT. — Falco destructor [=harpy eagle, Thrasaetus harpyia}; under nictitating
membrane; Brazil (Molin, 1860). — Falco gracilis[=gra.y crane hawk, Geranospizias
cserulescens]; under nictitating membrane; Brazil (Molin, 1860).
TYPE SPECIMENS. — In Vienna Museum.
This species is based on specimens described by Molin (1860, p. 930)
and reexamined by Drasche (1884a, p. 195). Of these, 5 females were
collected by Natterer in 1833, 6 females in 1834, and 8 males and 12
females in 1833, all from Falco destructor, and 2 males and 1 female
in 1826 from Falco gracilis. The characters given agree in the main
with those typical of Oxyspi-
rura, and the species may be
referred provisionally to that
genus.
OXYSPIRURA SIAMENSIS (LlNSTOW, 1903)
KANSOM, 1904.
(Fig. 21.)
SYNONYMY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1903: Cheilospirura siamensis LINSTOW, 1903, p.
112? pi. 5, fig. 10.
1804: Oxyspirura siamensis (Linstow, 1903) RAN-
SOM, 1904, p. 28.
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS. — Oxyspirura: Cut-
icula very finely striated transversely.
Pharynx small. Esophagus, in male
yV, in female y1^, of the entire body
length, is widened behind to a diameter
somewhat greater than that of the in-
testine. Nerve ring situated T2o%, ex-
cretory pore yVo) of the length of the
esophagus from the anterior end of the
body. Posterior portion of esophagus
separated from remainder by a con-
striction. Tail conical. Sexual organs lie in posterior half of body in both sexes.
Male: 8.9 mm. long by 0.26 mm. broad. Tail, curved ventrally, equals ^ of the
entire body length. Two unequal spicules 0.47 and 0.25 mm. long. About twenty-
eight pairs preanal papillae becoming gradually smaller anteriorly.
Female: 9.8 mm. long by 0.46 mm. broad. Tail equals J7 of the entire body length.
Vulva opens a short distance anterior of anus, 0.62 mm. from tip of tail. Vagina
runs anteriorly from vulva and 0.26 mm. from latter divides into two uteri.
HABITAT. — Centropus siamensis [= Indian ground cuckoo, Centropus sinensis];
probably from the eye; Siam (Linstow, 1903).
TYPE SPECIMENS. — ? In collection Linstow.
FIG. 21. — Oxyxpirura xinmensis. Posterior end of
male. Side view. Enlarged. (Haines del., after
Linstow, 1903, pi. 5, fig. 10.)
HANSONS EYE WORM OF CHICKENS.
29
This species is based on specimens received by Linstow (1903) from
A. E. Shipley. I have placed this species in Oaeyaptru/ra for reasons
given in the discussion of Oxyspirura ophthalmica (see p. 26).
[? OXYSPIRURA] STEREURA (RUDOLPHI, 1819) RANSOM, 1904.
SYNONYMY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1819: Spinjptera stcreura RUDOLPHI, 1819, pp. 23, 237, 555.— WESTRUMB, 1821, p. 69.— RAYER, 1843, p.
145.— GURLT, 1845a, p. 246.— DujARDiN, 1845n, pp. 52, 93.— DiESiN-;, lS51a, p. 212.— IDEM, 1861a,
p. 678.— MOLIN, 18(iO, pp. 967, 999.— SCHNEIDER, 1866, pp. 73, 108 [as probably belonging in
Ceratospira].— LINSTOW, 1878, p. 113.— STOSSICH, 1889, p. 183.— IDEM, 1897, pp. 119-120, 142.
1904: [? Ojyspirura] stcreura (Rudolphi, 1819) RANSOM, 1904, p. 29.
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS. — ? Oxyspirura: Body slightly curved, thick, attenuated ante-
riorly with truncated apex. Cuticula annulated with numerous small campanulifonn
folds. Head without membranous appendages. Mouth orbicular without lips.
Male: 12 to 15 mm. long by 0.8 mm. thick. Tail coiled once spirally, without
bursal membranes. Tip extended into a short appendage with knob-like end.
Spicules two, unequal; short spicule, stylo'd with very acute point; long spicule,
filiform. More than four pairs of preanal papilla? (Schneider, 1866, p. 108).
Female: 12 to 17 mm. long by 1 mm. thick; 2 lateral cervical spines. Tail acutely
conical, tip prolonged into a styloid appendage, with rounded knob-like extremity.
Anus at base of appendage. (?) Vulva in anterior part of body.
HABITAT. — Falco naevius [=Aquila nicma = spotted eagle, Aquila maculata] ; under
nictitating membrane and in auditory meatus; Vienna (Ru-
dolphi, 1819); orbit; Croatia (Stossich, 1889).
TYPE SPECIMENS. — ? In Berlin or Vienna Museum.
This species is based on 1 male and 1 female
specimen from the collection of the Vienna Mu-
seum (Rudolphi, 1819, p. 237). Specimens of 2
males and 4 females in the same collection were
examined by Molin (1860, p. 967) and Rudolphi's
original description added to. The characters
given seem to warrant a provisional classification
in the genus Oxyspirura.
OXYSPIRURA SYGMOIDEA (MOLIN, 1860) STOSSICH, 1897.
(Fig. 22.)
SYNONYMY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1851: Spiroptcra anthuris RUDOLPHI, 1819, of DIESING, 1851a, p. 215 [in
part].— MOLIN, 1860, p. 920 [in part; as synonym of Xpiroptera
sygmoidca] .
1860: Spiroptcra sygmoidca MOLIN, 1860, pp. 920, 995.— DIESING, 1861a,
p. 676.— DRASCHE, 1884a, pp. 194, 213, pi. 13, fig. 3.— STOSSICH,
1897, p. 125 [as synonym of Oxyspirura sygmoidea] .
1878: Spiroptera sygmoides LIXSTOW, 1878, p. 100 [misprint for SpiropUra
sygmoidca].— iD^yi, 1889, p. 38.
1878: Filaria anthuris LINSTOW, 1878, p. 100 [not Filaria anthuris. (Rud.)
Schneider, 1866, p. 96].
1897: Oxyspirura sygmoidea (Molin, 1860) STOSSICH, 1897, pp. 125, 146.
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS.— Oxyspirura: Body sygmoidal, attenuated at both ends,
truncated anteriorly, slender and acutely pointed posteriorly. Cuticula finely
striated transversely. Mouth large, orbicular, without lips; four submedian head-
papillae.
FIG. 22. — Oxyspirura syg-
moidca. Posterior end
of male, x 120. (Haiues
del., after Drasche,
1884a, pi. 13, fig. 3.)
30
BUEEAU OF ANIMAL TNDUSTEY.
Male: 11 mm. long by 0.4 mm. thick. Tail coiled in two turns, without bursa,
four pairs postanal papillae; papillae of third pair (counting from behind) laterad of
the others. Preanal papillae apparently absent. Spicules two, unequal; right
spicule short, thick, somewhat curved, with very blunt point; left spicule, filiform,
pointed, alate, 2\ times as long as the right.
Female: 11 to 15 mm. long by 0.5 mm. thick. Anus a transverse slit, some distance
from tip of tail. Position of vulva not determined.
HABITAT. — Rook, Corvus frugilegus; orbital cavity; Vienna (Diesing, 1851a).
TYPE SPECIMENS. — In Vienna Museum.
This species is based on 1 male and 3 females, specimens perfectly
transparent (Molin, 1860, p. 920). The original material was reexam-
ined by Drasche (1884a, p. 194).
GENUS CERATOSPIRA SCHNEIDER, 1866.
GENERIC DIAGNOSIS. — Filariidae: Mouth surrounded by
papillae. Pharynx present. Tail of male with bursa and
ten or more papillae. Spicules two, unequal. Vulva in
anterior part of body. Viviparous.
TYPE SPECIES. — Ceratospira vesiculosa Schneider, 1866.
CERATOSPIRA VESICULOSA SCHNEIDER, 1866.
(Fig. 23.)
SYNONYMY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1866: Ceratospira vesiculosa SCHNEIDER, 1866, p. 109, 1 fig.— LINSTOW,
1878, p. 68.
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS. — Ceratospira: Head rounded, with
(?) papillae. Mouth opens into a short pharynx. Cuticula
marked by widely separated annulations with sharp pro-
jecting edges.
Male: 20 mm. long. Tail rolled spirally. Bursa pres-
ent with thick vesicular borders. Papillae asymmetrical,
eleven on one side, twelve on the other; one pair posterior
of the anus near the tip of the tail; three pairs forming a
group on either side of the anus. The remaining, 7 on
one side and 8 on the other, are situated at unequal inter-
vals in front of the anus. Spicules two, unequal; one very
short, cornet-shaped, the other very slender, over 3 mm.
long.
Female: ? Length (specimen incomplete). Tail rounded.
Vulva in anterior part of l>ody, near the end of the esophagus. Vagina runs pos-
teriad from vulva. Viviparous.
HABITAT. — Psittacus sinensis [= red-sided eclectus, Eclectus pecloraiis]; orbital cav-
ity; zoological garden, Berlin (Schneider, 1866).
TYPE SPECIMENS — ? In Berlin Museum.
CERATOSPIRA OPHTHALMICA (LINSTOW, 1898) RANSOM, 1904.
(Figs. 24,25.)
SYNONYMY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1898: Ancyracanthus ophthalmicus LINSTOW, 1898, pp. 285-286, pi. 22, figs. 11-12.
1904: Ceratoxpira ophthalmica (Llnstow, 1398) RANSOM, 1904, p. 30.
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS. — Ceratospira: Head with a circle of six papillae; pharynx wide,
squarely cut off behind. Tip of tail rounded in both sexes. Cuticula marked by
FIG. 23. — Ceratospira vesicu-
losa. Posterior end of
male. X 50. (Haines
del., after Schneider, 1866,
p. 109.)
HANSON'S EYE WORM OF CHICKENS.
31
FIG. 24. — Ceratospira ophthalmica. An-
terior end. Enlarged, (Raines del.,
after Linstow, 1898, pi. 22, fig. 11.)
transverse rings 0. 013 mm. wide, with swollen posterior edges. The musculature is
weakly developed.
Male: 14.6 mm. long by 0.39 mm. thick. Esophagus -fa, tail T^, of the body
length. Posterior end of body curved hook-like, and furnished with a broad bursa.
Nine to ten preanal papillae on each side. Post-
anal papillae small, four on each side. Spicules
unequal; right spicule short and broad, 0.264
mm. long; left spicule long and slender, measur-
ing 0. 968 mm. in length.
Female: 18 mm. long by 0.47 mm. thick.
Oesophagus -fa, tail T£T of the body length.
Vulva near anterior end of body, dividing the
body into two parts in the ratio of 1 to 45.
The ends of the ovaries lie close together at the
junction of the third and fourth fifths of the
body. From this point one ovary runs forward,
the other backward. Eggs very numerous, 0. 023
mm. long by 0. 016 mm. wide.
HABITAT. — Carpophaga brenchleyi [= Brenchley fruit
pigeon, Zoncenas brenchleyi]; orbital cavity; Bismarck
Archipelago (Linstow, 1898).
TYPE SPECIMENS. — No. 3364, Berlin Museum.
Linstow (1898) classed this species in Ancyra-
canthus, but the characters as given seem to
correspond more closely to Ceratospira, to which
genus I have transferred it.
GENUS FILARIA MULLER, 1787.
GENERIC DIAGNOSIS. — Filariidae: Body very slender and
much elongated. Musculature poly myarian. Mouth with
or without lips. Tail of male usually possesses four
preanal papillae and a variable number of postanal papillae
and is in some species furnished with a bursa. Spicules
two, unequal. Vulva in anterior part of body, near the
head.
TYPE SPECIES. — Filaria martin Gmelin, 1790, or F. falconis
Gmelin, 1790.«
FlLARIA ABBREVIATA RUUOLPHI, 1812
SYNONYMY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
FIG. 25. — Ceratospira ophthal-
mica. Posterior end of
male. Ventral view. En- 1819: puaria abbreviata RCDOLPHI, 1819, pp. 4-5, 210, 655.— WESTRUMB,
larged. (Haines del., after
Linstow, 1898, pi. 22, fig. 12.)
1821, p. 72.— NORDMANN, 1832, p. 17.— ALESSANDRIXI, 1838, p.
12.— DUJARDIN, 1845a, p. 52.— GURLT, 1845a, pp. 246, 259.— CREP-
LIN, 1846b, pp. 155, 159, 160, 161, 162, 164, 172.— DlESING, 1851a,
p. 268. — IDEM, 1851a, p. 226 [in part; as synonym of Spiropterapliilomclx Diesing]. — IDEM, 1861a,
p. 702.— MOLIN, 1858, pp. 396-397.— IDEM, 1858, p. 425 [considers F. myotherx chrysopygx from
under skin near the eye of Myothcra chrysopyga possibly identical with F. abbreviata] .—WAL-
TER, 1866, p. 74, pi. 1. fig. 6.— LINSTOW, 1878, pp. 80, 84, 86, 90, 91, 92, 95, 97.— IDEM, 1883, p. 286.—
IDEM, 1886, p. 11.— STOSSICH, 1897, pp. 57, 143, 144, 145, 147.— MttHLING, 1898, p. 50.
1819: Filaria turdorum RUDOLPHI, 1819, p. 9 [as doubtful species and possible synonym of F. motacil-
larum; no description; specimens not seen by Rudolphi; abdomen of Turdus pilaris and of
T. viscivorm}.— DIESING, 1851a, p. 268 [as synonym of F. abbreviata] .— MOLIN, 1858, p. 397 [as
synonym of F. abbreviata}. — STOSSICH, 1897, p. 57 [as synonym of F. abbreviata].
«See nematode check-list by Stiles & Hassall (MS.).
32 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
1819: Filaria motacillarum RUDOLPHI, 1819, p. 9 [as doubtful species and possible synonym of F. tur-
dorum; no description; specimens not seen by Rudolphi; abdomen of Motacilla rubecula and
of Motacilla aenantlic; about the ears, cheeks, and neck of Motacilla philomela} . — DIESING, 1851a,
p. 268 [in part, exclusive of specimens from Sylvia philomela; as synonym of F. abbre-
viata]. — MOLIN, 1858, p. 397 [follows Diesing, 1851a]. — STOSSICH, 1897, p. 57 [as synonym of F.
abbreviata].
1819: Filaria motacittx RUDOLPHI, 1819, pp. 635-636 [as doubtful species and synonym of F. motacil-
larum; abdomen of Muscicapa N. 144, Brazil]. — DIESING, 1851a, p. 268 [as synonym of F. abbre-
viata} . — MOLIN, 1858, p. 397 [as synonym of F. abbreviata] . — STOSSICH, 1897, p. 57 [as synonym
of F. abbreviata] .
1851: Spiroptera philomelas DIESING, 1851a, p. 226. — LINSTOW, 1878, pp. 87, 92.
1888: Filaria abreviata MAGALHAES, 1888, p. 11 [misprint for Filaria abbreviata].
1897: Filaria philomelas DIESING of STOSSICH, 1897, p. 57 [error for Spiroptera philomelx; as synonym of
F. abbreviata}.
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS. — Filaria: Body elongated, armed with deciduous spines arranged
in longitudinal series; anterior extremity abruptly attenuated, truncated; posterior
extremity thicker. Mouth without papillae; infundibuliform pharynx supplied with
six tooth-like organs, three on the dorsal and three on the inferior surface.
Male: 12 to 25 mm. long by 0.5 mm. thick. Caudal extremity curved, truncated.
Spicules two, unequal; short spicule ensiform; long spicule twisted spirally.
Female: 30 to 50 mm. long by 0.5 to 1 mm. thick. Caudal extremity straight,
obtuse.
HABITAT. — Motacilla stapazina [= Russet wheatear, Saxicola rufaj; orbital cavity;
? Europe (Rudolphi, 1819). — Motacilla melanocephala [^Sardinian warbler, Melizoph-
ilus melanocephalus) ; abdomen; ? Europe (Diesing, 1851a). — Sylvia rubecula [=robin
redbreast, Erithacus rubecula]; abdomen; ? Europe (Diesing, 1851a). — Sturnus pyr-
rhocephalus [=scarlet-headed marsh bird, Amblyrhamphus holosericeus]; abdomen;
Brazil (Molin, 1858). — Thnjothorus polyglottus [=Brazilian short-billed marsh wren,
dstothorus polyglottus'] ; abdomen; Brazil (Molin, 1858). — Tanagra jacapa [— Jacapa
tanager, Ramphocelus jacapa']; kidney; Brazil (Molin, 1858). — Red oven bird, Fur-
narius rufus; abdomen and kidneys; Brazil (Molin, 1858). — Pale-footed oven bird,
Furnarius leucopus; abdomen; Brazil (Molin, 1858).
In the following hosts parasites have been found which have been identified
provisionally as Filaria abbreviata: White wagtail, Motacilla alba; thoracic cavity;
Europe (Walter, 1866). — Fieldfare, Turdus pilaris; abdomen; ? Europe (Rudolphi,
1819). — Mistletoe thrush, Turdus viscivorus; abdomen; '/Europe (Rudolphi, 1819). —
Motacilla rubecula [=robin redbreast, Erithacus rubecula~\; abdomen; ? Europe
(Rudolphi 1819). — Motacilla cenanthe f=wheatear, Saxicola cenanthe~\; abdomen;
? Europe (Rudolphi, 1819). — Motacilla philomela [=thrush nightingale, Aedon lus-
cinia]; about the ears, cheeks, and neck; ? Europe (Rudolphi, 1819). — Muscicapa sp.
[=probably some species of Tyrannida3]; abdomen; Brazil (Rudolphi, 1819). —
Falconsevius [^spotted eagle, Aquila rnaculata']; eyes and nares; ? Europe (Rudolphi,
1819). — Saxicola sp. ; body cavity; Turkestan (Linstow, 1883).
TYPE SPECIMENS. — ?In Berlin Museum.
The above description is taken from that given by Molin (1858, p.
396). Rudolphi's (1819, p. 210) original description based on 3 speci-
mens, females, from the orbit of Motacilla stapazina, gives the length
as 16 to 18 mm.; body of uniform thickness; head slender, obtuse;
mouth orbicular; tail rounded; intestine of uniform thickness, dark
yellow in color. A few remarks are made also concerning the female
organs, but no distinctive characters are given.
Rudolphi (1819, p. 555) also describes briefly some worms from the
collection of the Vienna Museum, said to have been taken from the ears
and around the eyes of Falco ndzvius. These worms were apparently
HANSON'S EYE WORM OF CHICKENS. 33
of the same species as those from Motacilla stapazina. It seemed,
however, doubtful to Rudolph i that birds so different should harbor
the same species of parasite, and he therefore inclined to the belief
that some error had been made in the identification of the o»e or the
other host. He places the worms from Falco nxmus in his list of
doubtful forms. Subsequent authors have, however, generally included
them with Filaria abtoeviata. There were a number of males present,
measuring 12 to 14 mm. in length, with a tail coiled once spirally,
terminating in a very short point; spicule recurved. The females
had a tail with a very short depressed tip.
[? FILARIA] ARMATA GESCHEIDT, 1833.
SYNONYMY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. •
1833: Filaria armata GESCHEIDT, 1833a, pp. 442-444, 445.— IDEM [1834a, p. 65].— RAYER, 1843, pp. US-
He, 148, 149 [includes translation of Gescheidt, 1833a, pp. 442-444] .— CREPLIN, 1846b, pp. 160,
163, 172.— DIESING, l&51a, p. 275.— IDEM, 1861a, p. 703.— MOLIN, 1858, pp. 404, 448.— LEUCKART,
1876, v. 2, Lief. 3, p. 627.— LINSTOW, 1878, p. 112.— STOSSICH, 1897, pp. 60, 140.
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS. — ? Filaria: Species inquirenda.
Male: Unknown.
Female: Body 7 mm. long by 1 mm. thick, slightly broader at the tail. Head with
four nodular spines. Tail obtuse, rounded, with short, blunt mucronate tip.
HABITAT. — Falco lagopus [= rough-legged hawk, Archibuteo lagopus]; vitreous body
of eye; ? Europe (Gescheidt, 1833a).
TYPE SPECIMENS. — The single specimen on which the species is based is probably
not in existence.
? FILARIA ATTENUATA RUDOLPHI, 1802.
Linstow (1879, p. 315), in a list of parasites collected by Doctor von
Hering, Stuttgart, mentions a worm from the eyes of the black crow,
Corvus corone, considered possibly identical with Filaria attenuata.
The specimens were very poorly preserved.
To this species Shipley (1903, p. 605) also refers provisionally a
roundworm collected by Hawker in the Soudan from the orbit of an
eagle owl (Bubo sp.). The species named, however, can scarcely come
into consideration in this connection.
The original Filaria attenuata Rudolphi, 1802, came from crows,
and though later Rudolphi assigned worms from hawks and falcons to
the same species, Molin (1858, pp. 375-376, 394-395) has shown that
the latter are a distinctly different species from the former, and that
F. attenuata probably does not occur in the latter group of birds.
[? FILARIA] BONASI.E RAYER, 1843.
SYNONYMY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1832: Filaria sp. NORDMANN, 1832, pp. 16-17.— GESCHEIDT, 1833a, p. 423.— GURLT, 1845a, p. 263.— CREP-
LIN, 1846D, p. 175.
1843: FUaria bonasix RAYER, 1843, p. 149.— DUJARDIN, 1845a, p. 56.— DIESING, 1851a, p. 282.— MOLIN,
1858, pp. 426, 442.— LINSTOW, 1878, p. 120.— STOSSICH, 1897, pp. 62, 149.
1851: Filaria tetraoms bonasix DIESING, 1851a, p. 282 [as synonym of Filaria bonasias] .— MOLIN, 1858,
p. 426 [as synonym of F. bonasies].
4241— No. 60—04 3
34
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTEY.
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS. — ? Filaria: Species inquirenda. Length 10 to 12 mm. ; color white.
HABITAT. — Tetrao bonasia [=hazel hen, Tetrastes bonasia]; posterior chamber of
eye; Gulf of Finland (Nordmann, 1832).
TYPE SPECIMENS. — Probably not in existence.
Reported but once; a single specimen collected.
[? FILARIA] CAMPANULATA MOLIN, 1858.
(Figs. 26-28.)
SYNONYMY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
FIG. 26.— [1 Fila-
ria] campanu-
lata. Female
Natural size
(Haines del.
after Molin
1858, pi. 2, fig
5.)
1858: Filaria companulata MOLIN, 1858, pp. 392-393, 448,
pi. 2, figs. 5-7.— DIESING, 1861a, p. 702.— LiN-
STOW, 1878, p. 116.— STOSSICH, 1897, pp. 63, 141.
1858: Filaria falconis magnirostris MOLIN, 1858, p. 392 [as
synonym of F. campctnulata] .
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS. — ? Filaria:
' Male: Unknown.
Female: 15 mm. long by 0.5 mm. thick. Anterior extremity
of body attenuated, obtuse. Surface of body
annulated; annulations campaniform, imbri-
cated. Tail nearly straight, pointed. Vulva
in anterior portion of body.
HABITAT. — Falco magnirostris [=large-
billed hawk, Rupornis magnirostris]; under
nictitating membrane; Brazil (Molin, 1858).
TYPE SPECIMENS. — In Vienna Museum.
This species is based upon a single
specimen collected by Natterer in
Brazil, and was placed in the genus
Filaria by Molin (1858, p. 393) on
account of the position of the vulva.
FIG. 28.— [IFilaria]
campanulata. Pos-
terior end of fe-
male. Enlarged.
(Haines del., after
Molin, 1858, pi. 2,
fig. 7.)
FILARIA CIRRURA LEIDY, 1886.
SYNONYMY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1886: Filaria cirrura LEIDY, 1886, p. 309.— LINSTOW,
1889, p. 37.— STOSSICH, 1897, p. 64.
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS. — Filaria: Body cylin-
drical, nearly equal, cephalic end conical,
rounded truncate, smooth ; mouth a minute
funnel-like orifice without papillse or in-
ternal armature.
Male: 10 mm. long by 0.375 mm. thick.
Caudal end closely rolled inward, conical,
blunt, without alse or papillse; penal spiculse
strongly curved, with the points projecting
from the prominent genital aperture situated above the tail
end.
Female: 16 mm. long by 0.5 mm. thick. Caudal end slightly
FIG. 27.— [">. Filaria]
campanulata. An-
terior end of fe-
male. Enlarged.
(Haines del., after
Molin, 1858, pi. 2,
fig. 6.)
curved or nearly straight, conical, obtusely rounded, without
appendages. [Vulva about 0.4 mm. from the cephalic end.]
HABITAT. — Quiscalus major [= boat-tailed grackle, Megaquiscalus
major]; orbit; Florida (Leidy, 1886).
TYPE SPECIMENS. — In Helminthological Collection, U. S. National Museum,
No. 66.
HANSON'S EYE WOEM OF CHICKENS. 35
The above diagnosis comprises the original description of Leidy
(1886) which was based upon specimens of 4 females and 2 males.
After examining the original material I am able to add one item to
Leidy's diagnosis, namely, the position of the vulva.
[? FILARIA] DENDROCOLAPTIS PROCURVI LACRYMALIS MOLIN, 1858.
SYNONYMY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
18">8: Filaria dendrocolaptis procurvi lacrymalis MOLIN, 1858, pp. 425, 443.
1858: Filaria dendrocolaptis MOLIN, 1858, p. 425 [as synonym of Filaria dendrocolaptis procurvi lacry-
malis; not F. dendrocolaptis Molin, 1858, p. 399=.Fitaria quadriverrucosa Molin, 1858, p. 398].
1879: Filaria dendrocolapti procurvi LINSTOW, 1878, p. 80.
1897: Filaria dendrocolaptis procurvi STOSSICH, 1897, pp. 67, 147.
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS. — ? Filaria: Species inquirenda. Ten mm. long by 0.5 mm. thick.
Anterior extremity of body pointed. Surface of body thickly striated transversely.
Posterior extremity thickened, curved. Mouth without lips.
HABITAT. — Dendrocolaptes procurvus [=curve-bill woodhewer, Xiphorhijnchus pro-
curvus}; eye; Brazil (Molin, 1858).
TYPE SPECIMENS. — In Vienna Museum.
This form is listed among species inquirendde by Molin (1858, p.
425). The sex of the single specimen examined by him could not be
determined.
[? FILARIA] MYOTHER^E CAMPANISONJS MOLIN, 1858.
SYNONYMY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1858: Filaria myotherse campanisonse MOLIN, 1858, pp. 425, 444.— LINSTOW, 1878, p. 81.— STOSSICH, 1897,
pp. 74, 144.
1858: Filaria turdi MOLIN, 1858, p. 425 [as synonym of F. myotlierx campanisonx; not F. turdi Molin,
1858, p. 396, as synonym of F. flliformis; not F. turdi Molin, 1858, p. 423, as synonym of F. turdi
olivascentis (palpebralis); not F. turdi n. sp. Linstow, 1877, pp. 173-174].
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS. — ? Filaria: Species inquirenda.
Male: Unknown.
Female: 25 mm. long by 0.5 mm. thick. Anterior end of body attenuated, poste-
rior end thickened.
HABITAT. — Myothera campanisona [—short-tailed ant thrush, Chamseza brevicauda];
eye; Brazil (Molin, 1858).
TYPE SPECIMENS. — In Vienna Museum.
Only a single opaque specimen of this species was examined by
Molin (1858).
FILARIA OBTUSO-CAUDATA RUDOLPHI, 1819.
(Figs. 29, 30.)
SYNONYMY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1819: Filaria obtuso-caudata RUDOLPHI, 1819, p. 634 [not Filaria oUusocaudata Schneider, 1866,
p. 101=Filaria Schneideri Stossich, 1897] .— DUJAKDIN, 1845a, p. 55.— GURLT, 1845a, p. 250.—
CRKPLIN, 1846b, pp. 155, 160, 161, 172.— DIESING, 1851a, p. 277.— IDEM, 1861a, p. 710 [as synonym
of Monopetalonema obtuse-caudatum].—MoLiyt, 1858, pp. 413-414, 442, 443, 447.— LINSTOW, 1878,
pp. 74, 75.— IDEM, 1879, pp. 315, 327.— PARONA, 1889, p. 762, fig. 4.— STOSSICH, 1897, pp. 37, 144,
148, 149.
1819: Filaria cotturionis subcutanea RUDOLPHI, 1819, pp. 8, 217 [in part; under skin of Lanius minor
and L. pomeranus] .—DIESING, 1851a, p. 274 [as synonym of F. nodulosa] .— MOLIN, 1858, p. 413
[as synonym of F. obtuso-caudata].— DUJARDIN, 1845a, p. 52 [in part].— PARONA, 1889, p. 762
[as synonym of F. obtuso-caudata] .
1851: Filaria nodulosa RUDOLPHI, 1820 of DIESING, 1851a, pp. 274-275 [in part; under skin of Lanius
minor and L. pomeranus] .— MOLIN, 1858, p. 413 [as synonym of F. obtuso-caudata] .— DIESING,
1861a, p. 710 [as synonym of Monopetalonema obtuse-caudatum] .— PABONA, 1889, p. 762 [as syn-
onym of F. obtuso-caudata].
36
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
FIG. 29.— Fttaria ob-
ttiso-caudata.
Posterior end of
male. Enlarged.
(Haines del.,
after Parona,
1889, p. 762, fig. 4.)
1858: Filaria tetraonis MOLIN, 1858, p. 413 [as synonym of F. obtuso-caudata; not F. tetraonis Molin,
1858, p. 427=.F. perdicis dentatas] .
1861: Monopetolonema dbtuse-caudatum (Rudolphi, 1819) DIESING, 1861a, p. 710.— STOSSICH, 1897, p. 37
[as synonym of Fttaria obtuso-caudata] .
1879: Menopetatonema obtus [ecaudatum] LINSTOW, 1878, p. 74 [misprint for Monopetalonema obtusecau-
datum; as synonym of Fttaria obtuso-caudata] .
1883: ? Fttaria obtuso-caudata LINSTOW, 1883, pp. 284-285.— IDEM, 1886, p. 10.
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS. — Filaria: Anterior end of body obtuse, with 8 nodules; pos-
terior end gradually attenuated. Mouth bilabiate with unarmed truncate conical lips.
Male: 20 to 37 mm. long by 0.5 mm. thick. Tail curved, with
a slender 5-ribbed membrane on each side. Spicules two, un-
equal, very straight and slender; long spicule 2.5 to 3 mm. long;
short spicule 0. 36 mm. long.
Female: 30 to 125 mm. long by 0.5 to 1 mm. thick. Tail
straight, obtuse. Position of vulva not determined.
HABITAT. — Picas lineatus [=lineated woodpecker, Ceophlceus lin-
eat MS] ; thoracic cavity ; Brazil (Rudolphi, 1819). — Picus flavescens
[=black and yellow woodpecker, Cele us flavescens]; subcutaneous
connective tissue of neck ; Brazil (Diesing, 1851a); under skin of
neck and superorbital region, and in walls of esophagus; Brazil
(Molin, 1858). — Picus robustus [—Brazilian ivory-billed wood-
pecker, Campephilus robustus~\; muscles of neck; Brazil (Diesing,
1851a). — Picus passerinus [=sparrow woodpecker, Veniliornis pas-
serinus']; orbital cavity; ? Brazil (Diesing, 1851a) ; under skin of neck; Brazil (Molin,
1858). — Picus aurulentus [^Brazilian green woodpecker, Chloronerpes aurulentus];
muscles of neck; Brazil (Diesing, 1851a; Molin, 1858); under skin of neck; Brazil
(Molin, 1858). — Picus leucolsemus [= white-throated green woodpecker, Chloronerpes
leucolsemus]; subcutaneous connective tissue of neck; Brazil (Diesing, 1851a). — Picus
mmana [=Jumana woodpecker, Celeus jumana~\ ; muscles and subcutaneous con-
nective tissue of neck; Brazil (Diesing, 1851a) ; under skin of and in tumor of neck;
Brazil (Molin, 1858). — Picus rubricollis [=red-necked ivory-billed
woodpecker, Campephilus rubricollis]; muscles of neck; Brazil
(Diesing, 1851a); under skin of neck; Brazil (Molin, 1858). — Lesser
gray shrike, Lanius minor; under skin; ? Europe (Rudolphi, 1819). —
Lanius pomeranus [=pomerine shrike, Lanius senator, or rufous
shrike, Lanius rutilus] ; under skin; ? Europe (Rudolphi, 1819). —
Lanius rufus [=rufous shrike, Lanius rutilus]; under skin near
eye; ? Europe (Linstow, 1879). — Laniussp. ; under skin in occipital
region; Abyssinia (Parona, 1889).
In the following hast a parasite was found which was identified
provisionally as Filaria obtuso-caudata. — Lanius sp. ; ? location;
Turkestan (Linstow, 1883). — Perdix leucostricta [=stellated par-
tridge, Odontophorus stellatus]; wing muscles; Brazil (Molin,
1858).
TYPE SPECIMENS. — ? In Vienna or Berlin Museum.
This species is based on a single specimen of female collected from
the thoracic cavity of Picus lineatus by Natterer in Brazil. Rudolphi
(1819, p. 634) described this specimen as slender, gradually attenuated
posteriorly, with rather acute head, apex of tail very obtuse and short.
Length, 20 mm. (15 lines). Mouth orbicular, unarmed. Two unequal
spicules. Diesing (1851a, p. 277) enlarged slightly upon Rudolphi's
FIG. 30.— Filaria
obtuso-caudata.
Anterior end of
male. Enlarged.
(Haines del.,
after Parona,
1889, p. 762, fig.
4.)
EYE WORM OF CHICKENS. 37
original description and added a number of hosts. The description and
list of hosts was still further extended by Molin (1858, pp. 413-414)
and a part of Filaria nodulosa Rudolphi of Diesing (1851a), transferred
to the species under discussion. Diesing (1861a, p. 710) placed this
form in the genus Monopetalonema. Linstow (1879, 1883, 1886) and
Farona (1889) have added one or two points to our incomplete knowl-
edge of the anatomy of this form, and record new hosts and localities.
FILARIA OCULI OF "C. W. W.," 1891.
" C. W. W." (1891, p. 290) mentions a nematode found in the interior
chamber of the eye of a parrot. No microscopic examination was
made.
FILARIA PAPILLOSO-ANNULATA MOLIN, 1858.
SYNONYMY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1851: Filaria attenuaia RUDOLPHI of DIESING, 1861a, p. 266 [in part; from the orbit of Falco swain-
sonii, Brazi1].
1858: Filaria papiUoso-annulata MOLIN, 1858, pp. 399-400, 448.— DIESING, 1861a, p. 702.— LINSTOW, 1878,
p. 118.— STOSSICH, 1897, pp. 75, 141.
1858: Filaria attenuaia falconis picti MOLIN, 1858, p. 400 [as synonym of F. papilloso-annulata; not
F. attenuata falconis picti Molin, 1858, p. 392, as synonym of F. vcrrucosa.]
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS. — Filaria:
Male: Unknown.
Female: 50 mm. long by 1 mm. thick. Anterior end of body obtusely attenuated,
closely annulated as far as the vulva. Mouth surrounded by eight papillae. Posterior
end of body thickened, with very acute caudal tip.
HABITAT. — Falco sivainsonii [=Vigors hawk, Gampsony.v swainsoni]; in posterior
region of orbit; Brazil (Diesing, 1851a).
TYPE SPECIMENS. — In Vienna Museum.
This species is based upon two female specimens (Molin, 1858, p.
400) collected by Natterer, the same apparently as those from the orbit
of Falco swainsonii mentioned by Diesing (1851a) and identified by
him as Filaria attenuata.
[? FILARIA] SYLVIA DIESING, 1851.
SYNONYMY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1832: Filaria sp. NORDMANN, 1832, p. 17.
1851: Filaria sylvix NORDMANN of DIESING 1851a, p. 281 [not F. sylvix Molin, 1858, p. 425, as synonym
of F. myotherx chrysopygse] .— MOLIN, 1858, pp. 423, 447.— LINSTOW, 1878, p. 86.— STOSSICH, 1897,
pp. 82, 143.
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS.— tFilaria: Species inquirenda.
Length, 37.5 mm.
HABITAT. — Sylvia abietina [=chiffchaff, Phylloscopus minor]; orbital cavity; Ger-
many (Nordmann, 1832.)
TYPE SPECIMENS. — Probably not in existence.
Reported but once. A single specimen collected by Doctor Gloger
in Breslau (Nordmann, 1832, p. 17).
38 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
[? FILAEIA] TINAMI VAKIEGATI MOLIN, 1858.
SYNONYMY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1858: Filaria tinami variegati (palpebralis) MOLIN, 1858, pp. 427, 441.
1858: Filaria tinami variegati MOLIN, 1858, p. 427 [as synonym of F. tinami variegati (palpebralis)} .—
LINSTOW, 1878, p. 125.— STOSSICH, 1897, p. 83.
1858: ? Filaria labiotruncata MOLIN, 1858,~p. 427 [as possible synonym of F. tinami variegati (palpebralis)] .
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS. — ? Filaria: Species inquirenda.
No description.
HABITAT. — Tinamusvariegatus [= variegated tinainou, Orypturus variegatus}; under
nictitating membrane; Brazil (Molin, 1858).
TYPE SPECIMENS. — In Vienna Museum.
Molin (1858, p. 427) examined a single specimen collected by Nat-
terer in poor state of preservation, which seemed to be a female belong-
ing to Filaria Idbiotruncata, but he separated it from the latter on
account of the difference in habitat.
[? FILAEIA] TURDI OLIVASCENTIS (PALPEBRALIS) MOLIN, 1858.
SYNONYMY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1858: Filaria turdi olivascentis (palpebralis) MOLIN, 1858, pp. 423, 446.
1858: Filaria turdi MOLIN, 1858, p. 423 [not F. turdi Molin, 1858, p. 396 = F. Jttiformis; not F. turdi
Molin, 1858, p. 425 = F. myotherx campanisonse; not F. turdi Linstow, 1877, pp. 173-174.]
1878: Filaria turdi olivascentis LINSTOW, 1878, p. 90.— STOSSICH, 1897, pp. 85, 143.
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS. — ? Filaria: Species inquirenda. No description.
HABITAT. — Tiirdus olivascens [identity of host unknown; this name not found in
ornithological literature] ; under nictitating membrane; Brazil (Molin, 1858).
TYPE SPECIMENS. — In Vienna Museum.
Molin (1858) remarks that the two specimens of this form collecteu
by Natterer were in too bad condition to be studied.
GENUS SPIROPTERA « RUDOLPHI, 1819.
GENERIC DIAGNOSIS. — Filariidse: Scarcely distinguishable from Filaria. Body gen-
erally shorter and thicker. Vulva usually at a considerable distance from anterior
end of body. Tail of male rolled spirally and furnished with lateral membranes.
TYPE SPECIES. — Probably Spiroptera euryoptera Rudolphi, 1819. &
? SPIROPTERA OAPRIMULGI MOLIN, 1860.
Shipley (1903, p. 606) mentions a worm from the orbit of a "Night
jar" (Caprimulgus europseus or C. segyptius] collected by R. M. Hawker
in the Soudan, and refers it provisionally to Spiroptera caprimulgi
Molin, a species based upon a single specimen collected in Brazil from
the stomach walls of Caprimulgus megalurus and listed among species
inquirendse by the latter author.
«As will be shown in a forthcoming check list of the nematodes by Stiles and Has-
sall, the name Acuaria Bremser, 1811, must replace the name Spiroptera, as the latter
is simply the genus Acuaria renamed. Since the generic relationship of each of the
three species, caprimulgi of Shipley, feai, and tenuicauda, is very doubtful, I have, in
order to avoid a multiplication of names, retained in the present paper the name
Spiroplera, with which the species in question were originally listed.
&See nematode check-list by Stiles & Hassall (MS.).
HANSON'S EYE WORM OF CHICKENS. 39
[? SPIROPTERA] FEAI STOSSICH, 1897.
SYNONYMY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1889: Spiroptera sp. PARONA, 1889, pp. 775,779.— STOSSICH, 1897. p. 114 [as synonym of S. Feai Stossich)].
1897: Spiroptera Feat STOSSICH, 1897, pp. 114, 142.
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS. — ? Spiropterd:
Male: Unknown.
Female: 16 mm. long by 1 nim. thick. Heaa rounded, with two conical papillae.
Caudal extremity very obtuse, not pointed.
HABITAT. — Burmese hawk-owl, Ninox scutulata; orbital cavity, behind the eyeball;
Burma (Parona, 1889).
TYPE SPECIMENS. — [?]
This species is based on Parona's (1889) description of material
collected by Leonardo Fea in Burma. On account of our incomplete
knowledge of the anaton^ of this form its classification in the genus
/Spiroptera may be considered only provisional.
[? SPIROPTERA] TENUICAUDA MOLIN, 1860.
(Fig. 31.)
SYNONYMY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1860: Spiroptera tenuicauda MOLIN, 1860, pp. 983-984, 991, 992.— LINSTOW, 1878, pp. 124, 146.— IDEM, 1889,
p. 53.— DRASCHE, 1884a, p. 207, pi. 12, fig. 17.— STOSSICH, 1897, pp. 88-89, 149.
1860: Spiroptera ciconix maguari MOLIN, 1860, p. 983 [as synonym of Spiroptera tenuicauda; not
S. ciconix maguari Molin, 1860, p. 932=S. excisa; not S. ciconisc maguari Molin, 1860, p. 486
=Dispharagus longevaginatus] .
1860: Spiroptera cram N. of MOLIN, 1860, p. 983 [as synonym of S. tenuicauda; not S. cram Molin, 1860,
p. 944 =S. heteroclita] .
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS. — ? Spiroptera:
Male: Unknown.
Female: 8 to 19 mm. long by 0.2 mm. thick. Body slender, increasing in thick-
ness anteriorly, posteriorly gradually attenuated. Anterior
end coiled in a single turn, apex truncated. Head with
two membranous ala3,« lips absent, mouth opening hex-
agonal, two lateral and four submedian papillae. Pharynx
absent. Esophagus ends in a bulb with dental apparatus.
Tail straight, slender, acutely conical, with very acute tip.
Anus remote from caudal tip. Position of vulva not deter-
mined. FlG- Si'—PSpinptera] te-
nuicauda. Anterior
HABITAT. — Oiconia maguari [= South American stork, view of liea(j x 280>
Euxenura maguari]; proventriculus; Brazil (Molin, 1860). — (Haincs del., after
Crax tomentosa [^Brazilian mitua, Mitua tomentosa']; under Draw-he, I884a, pi. 12,
nictitating membrane; Brazil (Molin, 1860).
TYPE SPECIMENS. — In Vienna Museum.
This species is based on specimens of two females collected by
Natterer in 1831 from the proventriculus of Ciconia maguari, and two
females and a fragment from under the nictitating membrane of Crax
tomentosa, also collected by Natterer in 1831. Molin (1860, p. 984),
considers it probable that the forms from Oiconia are of a different
species from those from Crax, but since he saw no males from either
« According to Molin (1860, p. 983), membranous appendages are lacking. Drasche
(1884a, p. 20), who reexamined Molin's material, found alte on the head.
40 BITEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTBY.
host, the great similarity in the females did not justify him, he believed,
in creating two species.
Drasche (1884a, p. 207), who reexamined the original material, does
not state whether he examined specimens from both hosts or from but
one. He doubts that the species belongs in the genus Spiroptera.
GENUS APROCTA LINSTOW, 1883.
GENERIC DIAGNOSIS.— Filariidse: Body rounded at both ends. Head attenuated.
Mouth without lips. Esophagus short. Anus lacking. Lateral fields very broad
and thin, without excretory vessels. Excretory pore lacking. Caudal extremity
without papillae, or with a single unpaired papilla near posterior end.
TYPE SPECIES. — Aprocta cylindrica Linstow, 1883.
APROCTA CYLINDRICA LINSTOW, 1883.
(Fig. 32.)
SYNONYMY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1883: Aprocta cylindrica LINSTOW, 1883, pp. 289-290,
pi. 7, fig. 21.— IDEM, 1889, p. 35.— IDEM,
1901, p. 188.
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS. — Aprocta: Head
rounded without lips or papillae. Tail
FIG. 32.— Aprocta cylindrica. Posterior end of rounded in both sexes. Esophagus short;
male. Enlarged. (Haines del., after Linstow, measures TV of the length of the body.
1883, pi. 7, fig. 21.) Anusabsent. Musculature meromyarian.
Lateral fields very broad and thin.
Male: 16 mm. long by 0.54 mm. thick. Genital opening prominent; one pair
postanal papillae. Tip of tail prolonged into short appendage. Spicules two, almost
equal, short, curved, 0.31 mm. and 0.28 mm. in length.
Female: 27 mm. long by 0.9 mm. wide. Eggs elliptical, 0.026 by 0.01 mm.
HABITAT. — Petrceca cyanea [=blue rock thrush, Petrophila cyanus}; orbital cavity;
Turkestan (Linstow, 1883).
TYPE SPECIMENS. — [?].
APROCTA OPHTHALMOPHAGA STOSSICH, 1902.
SYNONOMY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1902: Aprocta ophthalmophaga STOSSICH, 1902, p. 73.
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS. — Aprocta: Body thick, cylindrical, attenuated at both ends.
Head (lacking in all specimens studied).
Male: 20 to 24 mm. long. Tail coiled spirally, with rounded tip, lacking bursa
and papillae. Cloacal opening salient; spicules two, of equal length, short, with
hook-like points.
Female: 40 mm. long. Caudal extremity broad and rounded. Vulva prominent
near cephalic extremity. Eggs elliptical, with thick yellowish shell.
HABITAT. — Falcon, .Fa/co sp. ; behind eyeball; Abyssinia (Stossich, 1902).
TYPE SPECIMENS. — In Collection Parona.
This species is based upon a number of specimens collected by
Doctor Traverse in November, 1885.
MANSON'S EYE WORM OF CHICKENS. 41
APROCTA ORBITALIS LINSTOW, 1901.
(Figs. 33,34.)
SYNONYMY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1901: Aprocta orbitalis LINSTOW, 1901, p. 188, pi. 8, figs. 10, 11.
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS. — Aprocta: Anterior end of body rounded, somewhat conical,
without papillae. Esophagus short, anus absent, lateral fields very thin and broad,
each equal to £ of the periphery of the body. Excretory vessels and pore lacking.
Male: 21 mm. long by 1.03 mm. thick. Esophagus fa the body length. Tail
coiled into a double spiral. Tip prolonged into a short appendage with rounded
extremity. Appendage measures fa of the body length. Spicules two, short, 0.40
and 0.47 mm. in length. Genital opening rather prominent. Papillae absent.
FIG. 33.— Aprocta orbitalis. Cross section. En- FIG. 34.— Aprocta orbitalis. Posterior
larged. (Haines del., after Linstow, 1901, pi. end of male. Enlarged. (Haines
8, fig. 10.) del., after Linstow, 1901, pi. 8, fig. 11.)
Female: 38 mm. long by 1.26 mm. thick. Esophagus fa of the body length.
Vulva rather prominent, anterior, 0.79 to 1.03 mm. from the cephalic extremity.
Eggs thick-shelled, oldest contain worm-like embryos and measure 0.055 mm. long
by 0.036 mm. thick.
HABITAT. — Falco fuscoater [=black kite, Milvus korschwi}; orbit; ? locality (Lin-
stow, 1901).
TYPE SPECIMENS. — In Breslau Collection.
GENUS PHYSALOPTERA RUDOLPHI, 1819.
GENERIC DIAGNOSIS. — Filariidse: Mouth with two equal lips, each with three papil-
lae on the outer surface, and each armed with teeth at the extremity and usually also
on the internal surface. There are usually present cuticular expansions of variable
form behind the lips. Posterior extremity of male is lanceolate, spoon-like, sur-
rounded by a vesicular border. Two varieties of papillae: A series of external pedun-
culate papillae, four on each side, in the anal region, serving as supporting ribs for
the bursa; and internal papillae, almost always sessile; frequently an unpaired papilla
in front of the anus. Spicules two, unequal. Female with two ovaries; vulva in
anterior part of body. Oviparous.
TYPE SPECIES. — Physaloptera clausa Rudolphi, 1819.«
« See nematode check- list by Stiles & Hassall (MS.).
42
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
PHYSALOPTERA ACUTICAUDA MOLIN, 1860.
(Figs. 36,36.)
SYNONYMY AND BIBLIOGEAPHY.
1851: Physaloptera alata RUDOLPH: of DIESING, 1851a, p. 234 [in part] .— MOLIN, 1860, p. 661 [in part; as
synonym of P. acuticauda].
1860: Physaloptera acuticauda MOLIN, 1860, pp. 661-663, 669, 670.— LINSTOW, 1878, pp. 110, 114, 115, 116,
117, 118.— IDEM, 1889, p. 41.— IDEM, 1901, p. 413.— DRASCHE, 1883b, p. 127, pi. 8, figs. 4, 5.— STOSSICH,
1889, pp. 46, 56, pi. 2, fig. 14, pi. 3, fig. 33.
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS. — Physaloptera: Body filiform, more attenuated posteriorly.
Well-developed membranous expansions on the head.
Mouth bilabiate, anterior border of lips semicircular.
Each lip furnished with a large pointed outer tooth
and three small inner teeth.
Male: 20 to 32 mm. long by. 0.8 mm. thick. Tail
curved, with long semilanceolate bursal membranes;
four pairs of rib-like papillae supporting the bursal
membrane on either side, two postanal and two pre-
anal; near the median line five pairs of sessile post-
anal papillae, two just posterior of the anal opening,
two slightly farther back, and the remaining pair at
about two-thirds of the distance from the anus to the
tip of the tail; one pair of preanal papillae not far from
the median line a short distance in front of the anus,
and a single median unpaired papilla just anterior of
the anal opening; spicules two, unequal, one of them
very long and filiform.
Female: 20 to 43 mm. long by 0.8 to 1.2 mm. thick.
Tail long and conical, with rather acute tip. Anus
some distance from tip of tail. Vulva in anterior
part of body.
HABITAT. — Falcon, Falco sp. ; gizzard. — Falco cachi-
nans [= laughing falcon, Herpetotheres cachinnans];
esophagus and gizzard. — Falco gracilis [=gray crane-
hawk, Geranospizias cscrulescens] ; esophagus and giz-
zard.— Falco swainonii [= Vigors hawk, Gampsonyx
swainsoni]; esophagus. — Falco rutilans [=brown buz-
zard, Heterospizias meridionalis]; gizzard. —Falco ornatus [= Brazilian crested eagle,
Spizaetus mauduyti] ; esophagus and gizzard. — Falco palusiris
[= long-winged harrier, Circus maculosus\; esophagus and
gizzard. — Falco coronatus [=crowned harpy, Harpylialiaetus
coronatuz]; orbital cavity, free in occipital region and in
gizzard. — Falco urubutinga [=South American black hawk,
Urubitingaurubitinga']; gizzard. — Falco dispar [=long-tailed
kite, Elanusleucurus}; gizzard. — Falco atricapillus [=Vieillot
hawk, Sjriziaster melanoleucus] ; mouth, esophagus, and giz-
zard.— Falco cayennensis [=Cayenne falcon, Leptodon cayen-
•neim*]; gizzard. — Falco unicinctus [=one banded buzzard,
farabuteo unicinctus'] ; esophagus and gizzard. — Falco minutus
[=South American sharp-shinned hawk, Accipiter tinus]; gizzard. All the above
hosts were first reported by Molin (1860) from Brazil. — Black-winged kite, Elanus
caruleus; stomach; Lake Nyassa, Africa (Linstow, 1901).
TYPE SPECIMENS. — In Vienna Museum.
Drasche (1883b) has restudied tho original material.
FIG. 35. — Physaloptera acuticauda.
Posterior end of male, x 80.
( Hainesdel . , after Drasche, 1883b,
pi. 8, fig. 4.)
FIG. 36. — Phytaloptera acu-
ticauda. Inner view of
lip. x 165. (Hainesdel.,
after Drasche, 18831), pi.
8, fig. 5.)
MANSON'B EYE WORM OF CHICKENS. 43
PHYSALOPTERA SP. PARONA, 1886.
(Fig. 37.)
SYNONYMY AND BIBLIOGKAPHY.
1885: Physaloptera sp. PARONA, 1886, pp. 438-439, pi. 7, fig. 22.—
LINSTOW, 1889, p. 53.
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS. — Physaloptera:
Male: Unknown.
Female: 32 mm. long. Head with wing-like ap-
pendages and two or more papillae or lips.
HABITAT. — Sacred ibis, Ibis sethiopico; orbital
cavity; Abyssinia (Parona, 1885). PIG. 37.— Physaloptera sp. Anterior
TYPE SPECIMENS. — [?] end of female, showing wing-like
appendages and lips. x 75.
One specimen collected by P. Magretti in (Raines del., after Parona, 1885,
March, 1888.
GENUS SYNGAMTJS SIEBOLD, 1836.
GENERIC DIAGNOSIS. — Strongylidae: Head thick. Mouth large, followed by a
chitinous pharyngeal capsule.
Male: Truncated posteriorly with fan-like bursa and two spicules.
Female: With a double ovary. Vulva usually anterior of the middle of the body.
Copulation is permanent in many species.
HABITAT. — Usual habitat is the trachea and bronchi of birds and mammals.
TYPE SPECIES. — Syngamus trachealis Siebold, 1836.
SYNGAMUS LARI (BLANCHARD, 1849) STOSSICH, 1899.
(Figs. 38-40.)
SYNONYMY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1829: Nemataideum lari ridibundi CREPLIN, 1829b, p. 36.— IDEM [1846a, p. 140] .— DIESING, 1851a, p.
321 [as synonym of Strongylus lari ridibundi] . — LINSTOW, 1878, p. 168.
1837: Strongylus sp. SIEBOLD, 1837, p. 68.— CREPLIN, 1851b, p. 289 [=Nematoideum lari ridibundi Creplin,
1829 =Cyathostoma lari Blanchard, 1849] .
1849: Cyathostoma lari BLANCHARD, 1849a, pp. 183-185, pi. 7, fig. 5.— IDEM in CUVIER [? date] (zoophytes),
pi. 25, figs. 6, 6a, 66.— DIESING, 1851a, p. 306 [as synonym of Sclerostomum cyathostomum] .—IDEM,
1861a, p. 717 [as synonym of Sclerostomum cyathostomum]. — GERVAIS <fc VAN BENEDEN, 1859b,
p. 106.— MOLIN, 1861, p. 561 [as synonym of Sclerostomum tan'Molin].— RAILLIET, 1898, p. 402.—
STOSSICH, 1899, p. 100 [as synonym of Syngamus lari\ .
1851: Sclerostomum cyathostoimim DIESING, 1851a, pp. 306-307.— IDEM, 1861a, pp. 717-718.— MOLIN, 1861,
p. 561 [as synonym of Sclerostomum lari Molin] .— LINSTOW, 1878, p. 167.— PARONA, 1894, p. 235.—
MOHLING, 1898, p. 48. — STOSSICH, 1899, p. 100 [as synonym of Syngamus lari].
1851: Strongylus lari ridibundi DIESING, 1851a, p. 321.— IDEM, 1861a, p. 718 [us probable synonym of
Sclerostomum cyathostomum] . — MCHLING, 1898, p. 48 [as synonym of Sclerostomum cyathosto-
mum].
1861: Sclerostomum lari (Blanchard, 1849) MOLIN, 1861, p. 561.— STOSSICH, 1899, p. 100 [as synonym of
Syngamus lari] .
1899: Syngamus lari (Blanchard, 1849) STOSSICH, 1899, pp. 100-101.
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS.— SyngamuS: Body, red in color, attenuated anteriorly. Mouth
opens into a pharyngeal capsule, which is marked in front by an annulation. Esoph-
agus is thick and muscular, and increases gradually in diameter posteriorly. Intes-
tine rather sinuous, with thin delicate walls, dark in color.
44
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
Male: 6 to 8 mm. long (Siebold, 1837, p. 68). Body ends abruptly behind; mem-
branous fan-like bursa with six rays, of which the middle ones are the most marked;
two spicules of equal length. Testicle a single very wide
tube sinuous anteriorly.
Female: 6 to 8 mm. long (Creplin, 1829b, p. 36); 10 mm.
long by 0.5 to 0.7 mm. thick (Siebold, 1837, p. 68); 10 to 13
mm. long by about 1 mm. thick (Blanchard, 1849a, p. 183).
Body becomes gradually thicker in the anterior third, then
continues of equal thickness to the posterior extremity. Tail
with slender conical tip. Cuticula finely striated. Esophagus
equals about one-fifteenth of the length of the body. Ovaries
two, widening into capacious uteri, which unite to form a
vagina of about 2 mm. in length. The latter gradually de-
crease in diameter toward the vulva, a large prominent open-
ing, with salient lips, situated slightly posterior of the middle
of the body.
HABITAT. — Black-headed gull, Larus ridibundus; nasal
cavity; ? Europe (Creplin, 1829); orbital cavity; Sicily
(Blanchard, 1849). — Lesser black-backed gull, Larus fuscus;
infra-orbital cells; ? Europe (Siebold, 1837).— Gulls, Larus
sp. ; nasal fossae; Belgium (Gervais & Van Beneden, 1859).
TYPE SPECIMENS. — [?]
Creplin (1829, p. 36) is
the first to mention this
form, reporting the dis-
covery of a single fe-
male, found by Schilling
in 1826 in the nasal cav-
ity of Larus ridibundus.
FIG. SS.—Syngamus
lari. Female. En-
larged about 12
times. (Halnesdel.,
after Blanchard,
in Cuvier [?date]
(zoophytes), pi. 25,
fig. 6 A.)
FIG. 39. — Syngamus
lari. Anterior end
of female. Much
enlarged. (Haines
del., after Blan-
chard, in Cuvier
[?date] (zoophytes),
pi. 25, fig. 6 a.)
FIG. 40. — Syngamus
lari. Vulva. En-
larged. (Haines
del., after Blan-
chard, in Cuvier
[?date] (zoo-
phytes), pi. 26,
fig. 6 b.)
Siebold (1837, p. 68) reported a number of males and females found by
him in the inf raorbital cells of Larus fuscus* Blanchard (1849a, p. 183)
collected five females from the orbit of Larus ridibundus and gives a
HANSON'S EYE WORM OF CHICKENS. 45
description of the female. Gorvais & Van Beneden (1859b, p. 106)
found three females and two males in the nasal fossrc of birds of the
genus Larus from Belgium, and gave a short description of the male.
? GENUS ASCARIS.
ASCARIS LEPTOPTERA RuDOLPHI OP RAVER, 1843; NOT RuDOLPHI, 1810.
Rayer (1843, pp. 146, 148, 149, pi. 4, figs. 1-10) mentions and figures
a worm from beneath the palpebral conjunctiva of Emb&riza pecoris
[=Molothrm ater\ which he identifies as Ascaris leptoptera, a species
described by Rudolphi from the esophagus and stomach of a lion. No
description is given, and the figures are not sufficiently distinctive to
enable one to identify the form in question. From the figures, the
head is seen to possess lateral alse, and the tail has a slender acutely
pointed tip. Most authors have referred this form provisionally to
Spiroptera leptoptera Rudolphi, 1819, a parasite of falcons, but such an
arrangement seems hardly warranted by the facts in the case.
COMPENDIUM: or NEMATODES PARASITIC IN THE EYES OF
BIRDS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO HOSTS.
I am much indebted to Mr. H. C. Oberholser of the Biological Sur-
vey, U. S. Department of Agriculture, for his generous assistance in
determining the present-used scientific and common names of the hosts
here listed, and arranging them into orders and families.
The star (*) signifies that the parasite so indicated has been reported
from the eye of the host with which it is listed.
ORDER CRYPTURIFORMES.
Family
Crypturus variegatus (Latham). Variegated tinamou.
* [? Filaria] tinami variegati, p. 38.
ORDER CICONIIFORMES.
Family CICONIID.E.
Euxenura maguari (Temminck). South American stork.
[? Spiroptera] tenuicauda, p. 39.
Family IBIDID.E.
Ibis sdhiopica (Latham). Sacred ibis.
*Physaloptera sp., p. 43.
ORDER FALCONIFORMES.
Family FALCONID^E.
Accipiter tinus (Latham). South American sharp-shinned hawk.
Physaloptera acuticauda, p. 42.
Aquila maculata (Gmelin). Spotted eagle.
*[^.0ocyspirura\ stereura, p. 29.
*3Filaria abbreviata, p. 31.
46 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
Archibuteo lagopus (Gmelin). Kough-legged hawk.
*{?Filaria'] armata, p. 33.
Circus maculosus (Vieillot) . Long-winged harrier.
Physaloptera aculicauda, p. 42.
Elanus cseruleus (Desfontaines). Black-winged kite.
Physaloptera aculicauda, p. 42.
Elanus leucurus (Vieillot). White-tailed kite.
Physaloptera acuticauda, p. 42.
Falco sp. Falcon.
*Aprocta ophthalmophaga, p. 40.
Falco sp. Falcon.
Physaloptera acuticauda, p. 42.
Gampsonyx sivainsoni (Vigors). Vigors hawk.
*Filaria papilloso-annulata, p. 37.
Physaloptera acuticauda, p. 42.
Geranospizias ctcrulescens (Vieillot). Gray crane-hawk.
*[1 Oxyspirura'] papillosa, p. 27.
Physaloptera acuticauda, p. 42.
Harpyhaliaetus coronatus (Vieillot). Crowned harpy.
* Physaloptera acuticauda, p. 42.
Heterospizias meridionalis (Latham). Brown buzzard.
Physaloptera acuticauda, p. 42.
Leptodon cayennensis (Gmelin). Cayenne falcon.
Physaloptera acuticauda, p. 42.
Milvus korschun (Gmelin). Black kite.
* Aprocta orbitalis, p. 41.
Parabuteo unicinctus (Temminck). One-banded buzzard.
Physaloptera acuticauda, p. 42.
Rupornis magnirostris (Gmelin). Large-billed hawk.
* [? Filaria~] campanulata, p. 34.
Spizaelus mauduyti (Daudin). Brazilian crested eagle.
Physaloptera acuticauda, p. 42.
Spiziaster melanoleucus (Vieillot). Vieillot hawk.
Physaloptera acuticauda, p. 42.
Thrasaetus harpyia (Linnaeus). Harpy eagle.
* [? Oxyspirura] papillosa, p. 27.
Vrubitinga urubitinga (Gmelin). South American black hawk.
Physaloptera acuticauda, p. 42.
ORDER GALLIFORMES.
Family TURNICID^:.
Turnix taigoor (Sykes). Indian bustard-quail.
* Oxyspirura ophthalmica, p. 26.
Family CRACIDJE.
Crax fasciolata (Spix). Spix curassow.
*[? Oxyspirura'] anolabiata, p. 21.
Mitua tomentosa (Spix). Brazilian mitua.
* [1 Spiroptera] tenuicauda, p. 39.
Nolhocrax urumutum (Spix). Urumutu.
* [? Oxyspirura'] heteroclita, p. 24.
MANSON'S EYE WORM OF CHICKENS. 47
Family PHASIANIDJE.
Gallus domeslicus. Chicken.
* Oxyspirura Mansoni, pp. 7-20, 25.
Paw criMatus (Linnaeus). Peafowl.
,* Oxyspirura Mansoni, pp. 7-20, 25.
Family TETRAONID^E.
Odontophorus stellatus (Gould). Stellated partridge.
Filaria obtusocaudata, p. 35.
Tetrastes bonasda (Linnaeus). Hazel hen.
* [? Filaria'] bonasise, p. 33.
ORDER GRUIFORMES.
Family CARIAMIDJE.
Cariama cristata (Linnaeus). Seriema.
*[tOjcyspirura~\ breripenis, p. 22.
ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES.
Family LARID.E:.
Larusfuscus Linnaeus. Lesser black-backed gull.
Syngamus lari, p. 43.
Larus ridibundus Linnaeus. Black-headed gull.
* Syngamus lari, p. 43.
Larus spp. Gulls.
Syngamus lari, p. 43.
Family TRERONID.E.
Zoncenas brenchleyi (Gray). Brenchley fruit pigeon.
* Ceratospira ophthalmica, p. 30.
ORDER CUCULIFORMES.
Family CUCULID^:.
Centropus sinensis (Stephens). Indian ground cuckoo.
* Oxyspirura siamensis, p. 28.
Crolophaga ani (Linnaeus). Common smooth-billed ani.
* Oxyspirura anacanlhura, p. 21.
Crotophaga major (Gmelin). Greater ani.
* Oxyspirura anacanthura, p. 21.
Family PSITTACID^E.
Edectus pectoralis (Miiller). Red-sided eclectus.
* Ceratospira vesiculosa, p. 30.
? Genus. ? Species. Parrot.
* Filaria oculi, p. 37.
ORDER CORACIIFORMES.
Family PICID.E.
Campephilus robuslus (Lichtenstein). Brazilian ivory-billed woodpecker.
Filaria obtusocaudata, p. 35.
Campephilus rubricottis (Boddaert). Red-necked ivory-billed woodpecker.
Filaria obtusocaudata, p. 35.
48 BUBEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
Celeus flavescens (Gmelin). Black and yellow woodpecker.
Filaria obtusocaudata, p. 35.
Celeus jumana (Spix). Jumana woodpecker.
Filaria obtusocaudata, p. 35.
Ceophlaus lineatus (Linnaeus). Lineated woodpecker.
Filaria obtusocaudata, p. 35.
Chloronerpes aurulentus (Temminck). Brazilian green woodpecker.
Filaria obtusocaudata, p. 35.
Chloronerpes leucolsemus (Malherbe). White-throated green woodpecker.
Filaria obtusocaudata, p. 35.
Veniliornis passerinus (Linnaeus). Sparrow woodpecker.
*Filaria obtusocaudata, p. 35.
Family MOMOTIDJE.
Momotus momota (Linnaeus). Motmot.
*0xyspirura cephaloptera, p. 23.
Family STKIGID^:.
Ninox scwlulata (Raffles). Burmese hawk owl.
*[? Spiroptera] Feai, p. 39.
Otus choliba (Vieillot). Brazilian screech owl.
*0xyspirura brevisubulata, p. 23.
Asio (=Bubo sp.) Eagle owl.
*? Filaria altenuata, p. 33.
Family ASIONID.E.
Family CAPRIMULGID^E.
Caprimulgus europseus Linnaeus, or C. segyptius Lichtenstein. Nightjar.
*? Spiroptera caprimulgi, p. 38.
ORDER PASSERIFORMES.
Family DENDROCOLAPTID^;.
Xiphorhynchus procurvus (Temminck ) . Curve-bill woodhewer.
* [? Filaria'] dendrocolaptis procurvi lacrymalis, p. 35.
Family FURNARIID.E.
Furnarius leucopus Swainson. Pale-footed oven-bird.
Filaria abbreviata, p. 31.
Furnarius rufus (Gmelin). Red oven-bird.
Fuaria abbreviata, p. 31.
Family FORMICARIID^;.
Chamxza brevicauda (Vieillot). Short-tailed ant-thrush.
* [? Filaria] myotherx companisonse, p. 35.
? Family TYRANNIES.
Muscicapa ep. [= ? genus. ? species.]
? Filaria abbreviata, p. 31.
MANSON'S EYE WORM OF CHICKENS. 49
Family TURDID.E.
Aedon luscinia (Linnaeus). Thrush nightingale.
? Filaria abbreviata, p. 31.
Erithacus rubecula (Linnaeus). Robin redbreast.
Filaria abbreviata, p. 31.
PetropMla cyanus Linnaeus. Blue rock-thrush.
* Aprocta cylindrica, p. 40.
Saxicola cenanthe (Linnaeus). Wheatear.
? Filaria abbreviata, p. 31.
Saxicola ruf a (Stephens). Russet wheatear.
* Filaria abbreviata, p. 31 .
Saxicola sp.
? Filaria abbreviata, p. 31.
Turdus olivascens (doubtful form; name not found in ornithological literature).
* [? Filaria] turdi ofivascentis palpebralis, p. 38.
Turdus pilaris Linnaeus. Fieldfare.
? Filaria abbreinata, p. 31.
Turdus viscivorus Linnaeus. Mistletoe thrush.
? Filaria abbreviata, p. 31.
Family SYLVIID^E.
Melizophilus melanocephalus (Guielin). Sardinian warbler.
Filaria abbreviata, p. 31.
Phylloscopus minor (Forster). Chiff chaff.
* [? Filaria] sylvise, p. 37.
Family TROGLODYTID..E.
Cistothorus polyglottus (Vieillot). Brazilian short-billed marsh wren.
Filaria abbreviata, p. 31.
Family CORVID^E.
Corvus cor one Linnaeus. Black crow.
* ? Filaria attenuata, p. 33.
Corvus frugilegus Linnaeus. Rook.
* Oxyspirura sygmoidea, p. 29.
Family LANIID^:.
Lanius minor Gmelin. Lesser gray shrike.
Filaria obtusocaudata, p. 35.
Lanius senator Linnaeus. Pomerine shrike.
Filaria obtusocaudata,. p. 35.
Lanius rutilus Latham. Rufous shrike.
Filaria obtusocaudata, p. 35.
Lanius sp.
Filaria obtusocaudata, p. 35.
Lanius sp.
? Filaria obtusocaudata, p. 35.
Family MOTACILLID^:.
Motacilla alba Linnaeus. White wagtail.
? Filaria abbreviata, p. 31.
Family ICTERID^;.
Amblyrhamphus holosericeus (Scopoli). Scarlet-headed marsh-bird.
Filaria abbreviata, p. 31.
4241— No. 60—04 4
50 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
Icterus croconotus Gray. Orange- backed troupial.
*0xyspirura. cephaloptera, p. 23.
Megaquiscalus major (Vieillot). Boat-tailed grackle.
*Filaria drrura, p. 34.
Mololhrus ater (Boddaert). Cowbird.
*Ascaris leploptera of Rayer, p. 45.
Family TANAGRID^E.
Ramphocelus jacapa (Linnams). .Tacapa tanager.
Filaria abbreviate, p. 31.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
[The references may be consulted at the Governmental libraries in Washington, D. C., as designated:
W»=Library of the United States Department of Agriculture. Wc= Library of Congress. Wra= Library
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MANSON'S EYE WORM OF CHICKENS. 51
DIESINC, KARL MORITZ.
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VON DRASCHE, RICHARD.
1883 b. — Revision der in der Nematoden-Sammlung des k. k. zoologischen Hof-
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DUJARDIN, FELIX.
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EMMEREZ DE CHARMOY; & MEGNIN, PIERRE.
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GEDOELST, L.
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GERVAIS, PAUL; & VAN BENEDEN, PIERRE-JOSEPH.
1859 b. — Zoologie medicale. Expose methodique du regne animal, base sur 1'ana-
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GESCHEIDT, [LUDOVICUS] ANTONIUS.
1833 a. — Die Entozoen des Auges. Eine naturhistorische, ophthalmonosologi-
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55. [Wm.]
GURLT, E[RNST] F[RIEDRICH].
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LEIDY, JOSEPH.
1886.— Notices of nematoid worms <Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc., Phila. [3. s., v. 16]
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published Oct. 26.] [W, Wc.]
LEUCKART, RUDOLF.
1876. — Die menschlichen Parasiten und die von ihnen herriihrenden Krank-
heiten. Ein Hand- und Lehrbuch fiir Naturforscher und Aerzte. v. 2,
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VON LINSTOW, OTTO.
1878. — Compendium der Helminthologie. Ein Verzeichniss der bekannten Kel-
minthen, die frei oder in thierischen Korpern leben, geordnet nach
ihren Wohnthieren, unter Angabe der Organe, in denen sie gefunden
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Hannover. [Published May 16.] [Wa, Lib. Stiles.]
52 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
1879. — Helminthologische Untersuchungen <Jahresh. d. Ver. f. vaterl. Naturk.
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1883. — Nematoden, Trematoden und Acanthocephalen, gesammelt von Prof.
Fedtschenko in Turkestan <Arch. f. Naturg., Berl., 49, J., v. 1 (2), pp.
274-314, pis. 6-9, figs. 1-52. [W8.]
1886. — [Nematodes, trematodes, and acanthocephala collected by Fedschencko
in Turkestan.] [Russian text] <Izviest. Imp. Obsh. Liub., Estest-
vozn., Antrop., Moskva, v. 34 (3), 40 pp., 55 figs. (Fedschenko.
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1889. — Compendium der Helminthologie. Nachtrag. Die Litteratur der Jahre
1878-1889. xvi+151 pp. 8°. Hannover. [W, Lib. Stiles.]
1898. — Nemathelminthen gesammelt von Herrn Prof. Dr. F. Dahl im Bismarck-
Archipel <Arch. f. Naturg., Berl. (1897), 63. J., v. 1 (3), Marz, pp.
281-291, pis. 21-22, figs. 1-21. [W% W8.]
1901. — Beobachtungen an Helminthen des Serikenbergischen naturhistorischen
Museums, des Breslauer Zoologischen Instituts und anderen <Arch. f.
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[Wm.]
1901. — Helminthen von den Ufern des Nyassa-Sees, ein Beitrag zur Helminthen-
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[W", W»]
1903. — Parasiten, meistens Helminthen, aus Siam <CArch. f. mikr. Anat., Bonn,
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1858. — Versuch einer Monographic der Filarien <Sitzungsb. d. k. Akad. d.
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MANSON'S EYE WORM OF CHICKENS. 53
1892. — A treatise on the parasites and parasitic diseases of the domesticated
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1885. — Di alcuni elminti raccolti nel Sudan orientale da O. Beccari e P. Magretti
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1889. — Intorno all' Ascaris halicoris, Owen, ed a qualche altro nematode raccolti
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RANSOM, BRAYTON HOWARD.
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54 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
STOSSICH, MICHELE — Continued.
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WESTRUMB, AUG. HENR. LUDOV.
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NOTES ON THE SPINY-SlMERED TAPEWORMS OF
. CHICKENS
(DAVAINEA ECHINOBOTHRIDA (-TJNIA BOTRIOPLITES) AND D. TETRAGONA).
By B. H. RANSOM, B. Sc., A. M.,
Scientific Assistant in Charge of Zoological Laboratory, Bureau of Animal Industry.
Authors generally have looked upon Tdenia botrioplites Piana, 1881,
a spiny-suckered tapeworm producing tubercle-like nodules in the
intestines of chickens, as sj^nonymous with the worm very incom-
pletely described by Molin (1858, 1861) under the name of Tsenia
tetragona. Tsenia echinobothrida Megnin 1880 has also been consid-
ered by some (Stiles, 1896, p. 52) to belong to the same species, but
more commonly (Blanchard, 1891t, pp. 433, 436; Railliet, 1893, pp.
306-307) recognized as distinct from tetragona, while lotrioplites has
been looked upon as a synonym of tetragona.
As will be shown in this paper my own observations have led me
to conclusions in regard to these forms somewhat different from
any yet presented. In view of the fact that one of the worms is
responsible for a serious disease of chickens, while the other, with
which it has been much confused in the past on account of its great
similarity in structure, appears to be comparatively harmless, I believe
a detailed discussion of my investigations, which seem to clear up a
number of obscure points, will not be without value and interest.
GENERAL DISCUSSION AND HISTORICAL VIEW.
In connection with the present discussion a rather extensive con-
sideration of the worms in question from the historical standpoint is
necessary, and to this purpose I have quoted liberally from the com-
prehensive review given by Stiles (1896). That author (1896, p. 50)
comments as follows on the original description of Tsenia tetragona
Molin, 1858:
Like most of Molin's descriptions, this diagnosis gives us but little information
concerning the parasite he had before him. It should be noticed, however, that he
(probably erroneously ) describes the rostelluni as unarmed, the neck as short (a char-
acter of little or no value), the posterior segments subquadrate and imbricate, the
genital pores as unilateral, the length of the worm as 12 mm. to 90 mm., breadth as
2 mm. In other words, there is neither a single distinctive character nor a collec-
tion of characters given in this diagnosis. In his second paper (1861, pp. 254-255,
55
56 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
pi. 7, figs. 5-8) Molin repeats this diagnosis, gives four figures of the worm which
are almost useless except fig. 7, in which the genital pores are figured in the middle
of the lateral margin, and in which some irregularly shaped masses are drawn, which
evidently represent egg capsules. He also adds three observations to the effect that
he collected 42 specimens from one chicken, of which number only 2 were mature,
the others being very small. He describes a mosaic structure of the segment caused
by egg capsules, each of which contains from 5 to 20 ova. Although the rostellum is
unarmed, the form differs in organization from the other unarmed forms. These
are all the characters ever given by Molin to the species, and it must, indeed, be
admitted that they are not sufficient to determine any worm with certainty. Molin' s
diagnosis, without the type specimens, is therefore useless.
In addition to what Stiles has given it may be noted that in Molin's
fig. 7 the genital pore in one of the segments is shown at the middle of
the lateral margin; in the other two slightly in front of the middle. It
may also be stated here that a portion of Molin's original material,
presented by the Vienna Museum to the Bureau of Animal Industry,
is preserved in the Helminthological Collection of the latter, No. 1389.
An examination of this material, however, so far as any positive results
regarding T. tetragona were concerned, proved disappointing. Only
a few small fragments were present, evidently representing some of
the forty small specimens mentioned \>y Molin, and these were identical
with Ilymenolepis carioca (Magalhaes, 1898). Neither of the two large
worms of which Molin speaks and chiefly upon which he seems to have
based his diagnosis was present. If still in existence they probably
remain with the rest of the material in the Vienna Museum, and from
these only may the identity of Molin's species be determined with
absolute certainty.
Stiles (1896, p. 50) continues his discussion as follows:
As far as any original observations are concerned Molin's species T, telragona then
rested fora number of years. In 1880 Megnin (1880, p. 119) mentioned T. echino-
bothrida * * *. In 1881 two parasites of chickens, very similar to if not identical
with T. tetragona, were described as new. Megnin described and figured T. echino-
bothrida as a new species with the characters given in the diagnosis above [Stiles,
1896, p. 49]. A careful study of both figures and description shows that the most
important characters at present to be considered are the hooks upon the rostellum,
said to be about 100 in number, 8 // long, the rows of hooks upon the suckers (6-7
rows), those of the middle row being the largest; genital pores irregularly alternate;
eggs 90 n in diameter, spherical, arranged in groups of 6-7 in roundish egg capsules.
In March of the same year (1881) Piana (1882, pp. 387-391, 1 pi.) presented a
paper before the Accademia delle Scienze di Bologna, in which he described as a new
species T. bothrioplitis [Taenia botrioplites Piana, 1881, pp. 84-85], a cestode which he
found causing serioua damage to poultry, producing tubercles in the intestine. The
chief zoological characters taken as a basis for the species are as follows:
Head, 0.35 mm. in diameter; retractile hemispherical rostellum armed with hooks
(number not given, but evidently ca. 200, form shown in drawing); suckers with
seven or eight concentric rows of hooks (form as per drawing), hooks not all of same
size; neck very long, containing ovoid calcareous corpuscles; genital pores unilateral,
situated somewhat below (distallyl the middle of the lateral margin; cirrus short,
pyriform; eggs in egg sacs.
SPINY-SUCKERED TAPEWORMS OF CHICKENS. 57
* * * Piana was acquainted with M6gnin's paper, but separated his form from
M^gnin's species chiefly on account of the form of the hooks on the suckers, the
number of the hooks on the rostellum, and the arrangement of the genital pores.
Krabbe (1882, pp. 361-362, pi. 2, figs. 55-60) published as Ticnia telragona Molin
some cestodes which Fedschenko had found in chickens in Turkestan. He admits
the total inadequacy of Molin' s figures and descriptions, but determines his speci-
mens as T. tetragona on account of the egg capsules. The characters given are as
follows:
Length to 250 mm. ; breadth, 1.6 mm. ; posterior segments, 1.2 mm. long by 1.6 mm.
broad. Head provided with a short and broad retractile rostellum, surrounded by
about 200 hooks arranged in a double row; hooks measured 6 ju long from the apex of
the prong to the end of the dorsal root; ventral root 11 /< long; suckers surrounded by
several rows of * * * [variable unstable hooks similar to those of T. australis.]
Genital pores unilateral; cirrus smooth, 21 fj. long by 8 // thick. Eggs arranged in
egg sacs, 10-12 ova in a group, 40 to ca. 90 groups in a segment.
Since Krabbe's paper, authors have as a rule accepted T. tetragona as a good species.
Blanchard (1891, pp. 433, 436) recognized D. echinobothrida as a distinct species;
recognized D. telragona (Molin) as valid, and made T. bothrioplitis a synonym of
D. tetragona. Grassi & Rovelli ( 1892, p. 84) claim to have recognized both T1. tetra-
gona Molin and T. bothrioplitis Piana, and state that they have found both forms;
T. echinobothrida Megnin they did not find, but they think it is possibly identical
with T. bothrioplitis Piana. Railliet ( 1893, pp. 306-307) has followed Blanchard (1891).
From the above it is questionable whether Molin' s specific name tetragona can be
retained unless the originals can be found and redescribed, for the description given by
Molin is unrecognizable without the types. It might possibly be retained upon the
ground that it is impossible to show that T. tetragona of present authors is not iden-
tical with T. tetragona Molin. I refrain temporarily from suppressing the name, as
I hope the types may be reexamined. Krabbe's description of T. tetragona can hardly
be taken into consideration in this question, as there is nothing to show that his
specimens are identical with Molin's forms, and as Krabbe himself admits the use-
lessness of Molin's description and figures. The differences between the species
described by these three authors (Megnin, Piana, and Krabbe) are very slight and
can for the most part be explained by contraction, insufficiency of material, and lack
of details. The description of the hooks of the suckers of T. echinobothrida (as being
so simple) should, I believe, be taken with reserve. The hooks are very small and
not easily studied. The fact that the genital pores are described as irregularly alter-
nate by M£gnin and unilateral by Piana and Krabbe is not, in my opinion, a serious
difference in this genus. This opinion, radical as it may appear, is based upon the
following observations:
The worms which Doctor Moore found producing a nodular disease in chickens
give rise to the same pathological conditions as the form described by Piana, and
agree with Piana's species in regard to the armed rostellum, the form and size of th'e
hooks, both on the rostellum and suckers, and in almost every other character men-
tioned by Piana. The genital pores vary in different specimens. In some speci-
mens they are entirely unilateral; in other specimens all but one or two may be on
the same side of the worm, in fact it is often necessary to mount the entire strobila
before it is possible to find an alternating pore; in still other specimens the pores
are extremely irregular. The specimens with irregularly alternate genital pores
agree in all other respects, so far as I can see, with Piana's form. The only differ-
ence between these specimens and Megnin' s description appears to be (1) the num-
ber of hooks upon the rostellum (Megnin estimates them at about 100, the American
form possesses ca. 200-208); (2) the form of the hooks on the suckers (in Me'gnin's
form the largest hooks are in the center row, in the American form the largest
58
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
hooks are those of the external row). This latter point of difference should not be
given too much weight, as Megnin evidently made no microtome sections, and this
point could hardly be established definitely otherwise.
In short, I incline to the belief that tetragona, echinobothrida, and bothrioplitis all
represent one and the same species.
I have had opportunity to examine a large amount of tapeworm
material collected from chickens in various parts of the United States,
FIG. 41.— Head of Davainea tetra-
gona. Enlarged. Original.
FIG. 42. — Head of Davainea echinobothrida
Enlarged. Original.
and so far have found five distinct species — Hymenolepis carioca,
Choanotsenia infundibitUformis, Davainea cesticillus, and two spiny-
suckered forms. The last are fairly common and occasionally occur
Fio. 43.— Hooks from the rostellum
of Davainea tetragona. Enlarged.
Original.
FIG. 44. — Hooks from the rostellum
of Davainea echinobothrida. En-
larged. Original.
together in the same host. They are very similar to each other in
size and general appearance, possessing, besides armed suckers, hooks
on the rostellum, and numerous egg capsules. They show, however,
certain distinct anatomical differences and, what is important, differ
8PINY-SUCKERED TAPEWORMS OF CHICKENS. 59
very materially in their effects upon their hosts. One of them is the
form found by Moore (1895) producing nodules in the intestines of
chickens, and considered by Stiles (1896) identical with T. lotrioplites
Piana as well as with T. echinobothrida Megnin and T. tetragona Molin
of Krabbe. There can scarcely be any question as to the identity of
this form with the European species lotrioplites. Not only does it
and the intestinal lesions produced by it agree perfectly with Piana's
description, as Stiles has remarked, but it also agrees with specimens
[B. A. I. Collection No. 1069] which I have examined of tapeworms
collected from chickens in Genoa and identified by Parona as T.
botrioplitis. With these specimens is a piece of intestine showing the
characteristic nodules. There is also perfect correspondence with the
descriptions of the worms producing similar lesions found by Ratz
(1898) and other European authors. This species is characterized in
FIG. 45.— Hooks from the suckers '0/M'
of Davainea tetragona. En- Fro- 46.— Hooks from the suckers of Davainea
larged. Original. echinobothrida. Enlarged. Original.
part by the possession on the rostellum of a double row of about 200
hooks, 10 to 13 jn long (extreme length as measured in isolated hooks),
and on the suckers a number of rows of hooks of variable size, the
smallest 6 p and the largest 12 to 15 /t in extreme length. The gen-
ital pores of this species, usually irregularly alternate, are situated
behind the middle of the lateral margin of the segments, and the
cirrus pouch is large, measuring 130 to 180 /i in length. In con-
tracted specimens the neck is very thickset, and the head in general
is exactly similar in appearance to Megnin's figure of the head of
T. echinobothrida (Megnin, 1881, pi. 5, fig. 2).
The other species of spiny-suckered worm occurring in American
chickens possesses a less conspicuous rostellum than the first form. It
is armed with a single crown of about 100 hooks, which measure in
extreme length 6 to 8 /*, and acetabular hooks 3 to 8 /* long. The
genital pores are generally unilateral, and are situated in front of or
60
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
at the middle of the lateral margin of the segments. The cirrus
pouch is small, measuring 75 to 100 >u in length. This species also
shows an important difference from the other in that it does not seem
to produce nodules in the intestine of its host, so far at least as my
observations go. This is probably to be explained by the smaller size
FIG. 47. — Segment of Davainea tetrayona showing the reproductive organs. Enlarged.
Original.
of the hooks. It may also be remarked here that nodules are not
always to be found associated with the presence of the former species;
cases are frequently seen in which the adult worms occur without
apparent intestinal lesions. It is especialty in association with the
presence of young worms that nodules are found.
Although Megnin's descrip-
tion of T. echinobothrida leaves
much to be desired, I believe it
is sufficiently distinct, all things
considered and making allow-
ances for possible errors of in-
terpretation by Meguin, to
enable us to state with tolerable
certainty that T. echinobothrida
and T. hotrioplites are one and
the same form. It further seems evident that Krabbe (1882) based his
description of T. tetragona partly on specimens of echinobothrida and
partly on specimens of the small-hooked form. The details concerning
the head: 200 hooks arranged in a double row on the rostellum; the
hooks 0 /* long from the apex of the prong to the end of the dorsal
root; ventral root 11 /* long, certainly correspond mo re* nearly to the
former species, while the unilateral arrangement of the genital pores
agrees more closely with the normal condition in the latter. Krabbe's
drawings of segments also suggest the latter species in that the genital
pore in both drawings is farther anterior than is normal in echinobo-
thrida, and the cirrus pouch is much too small for echinobothrida :-,
although, to judge from the scale of magnification given by Krabbe,
slightly larger than is usual in the small-hooked species.
FIG. 48. — Segment of Davainea echinobothrida showing
the reproductive organs. Enlarged. Original.
SPINY-SUCKERED TAPEWOEMS OF CHICKENS.
61
FIG. 49.— Gravid segment of Davainea tetragona
Enlarged. Original.
The extensive description and numerous figures, which Filippi
(1892a, pp. 75-78, figs. 1-4; 1892c, pp. 249-294, pis. 1-10) gives of a
chicken tapeworm identified by him as Tsenia bothrioplitis, show very
clearly that the specimens which he studied did not belong to the
species named, but to the small-
hooked species, Davainea tetragona.
Returning now to Molin's descrip-
tion of T. tetragona, we have the
following possibilities to consider
in connection with the question of
the identity of the worms studied
by him: (1) Are they identical with
T. echinobothrid,a Megnin? (2)
Are they identical with the small-
hooked species mentioned in this paper? (3) Were specimens of both
species present in Molin's material? (4) Were specimens of neither
species under discussion but of a similar species present? (5) In addi-
tion to specimens of one or both of the forms under discussion, or of a
similar species, were
specimens of still other
species present?
The last possibility has
already been shown to be
true by the fact that the
original material upon
which Molin based his
species contained speci-
mens of Hymenolepis ca-
rioca. It seems not im-
probable, moreover, that he actually based his description and draw-
ing (1861, pi. 7, fig. 6) of the head of T. tetragona on specimens of
H. carioca, in which the head is small, globose, and unarmed."
«In a former paper (Ransom, 1902) I stated that in a head sectioned in situ with
a piece of intestine the suckers were armed with small hooks. All other specimens
of the head of It. carioca which I have seen showed no traces of hooks either on the
suckers or on the rostellum. It was then my opinion that in the latter, hooks had
probably been present at one time, but on account of their unstable nature had been
lost. Further study has, however, since shown that the hooks seen upon the head in
question are the same as those of the small-hooked tapeworm discussed in this paper.
This one head, therefore, belonged to the small-hooked species of spiny-suckered
tapeworm, and, consequently, so far as our present knowledge goes, the head of
H. carioca is never armed. The only possible evidence to the contrary we now
possess is the statement of Magalhaes (1898, p. 450) that he believed he saw in one
specimen what appeared to be little spines on the surface of the scolex near the inner
posterior borders of the suckers. He was, however, doubtful on this point, and,
moreover, found no trace of hooks on any other specimens examined.
FIG. 60. — Gravid segment of Davainea echinobothrida. Enlarged.
Original.
62
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
Concerning the possibility, first, that the original T. tetragona is iden-
tical with T. echinobothrida, there is nothing to show absolutely, with
our present knowledge, and without further examination of the type
material, that such is not the case. Since, however, the genital pores
are described as unilateral and since their position is indicated at or in
front of the middle of the lateral margin in Molin's figure 7, the second
possibility that Molin had before him specimens of the spiny-suckered
worm, with small hooks, seems more probable.
With regard to the third possibility that specimens of both species
were present in Molin's material, it may be said that in such case the
small-hooked species should bear
the name tetragona, since the
other form was eliminated by
Megnin when he applied to it
the name of echinobothrida.
The fourth possibility scarcely
needs to be considered at present.
PIG. 51. — Cirrus sac of Davainea tet-
ragona. Enlarged. Original.
FIG. 52. — Cirrus sac of Davainea echinobothrida.
Enlarged. Original.
So far as we know only two (unless D. paraechinobothrida Magalhaes
represent a third) species of tapeworm agreeing at all with Molin's
diagnosis occur in chickens, and unless on examination of his type-
specimens it is found that the original tetragona is different from
either, one of them should be so designated.
Not only, then, does the small-hooked species correspond rather
better than the large-hooked species to Molin's original diagnosis, but
the latter, as already said, has been eliminated as echinobothrida, and
so far as any present knowledge goes can not come into consideration.
Until it be shown, therefore, on further examination of the type-spec-
imens that echinobothrida is identical with the original tetragona, or
SPINY-SUCKERED TAPEWORMS OF CHICKENS. 63
that neither of the forms under discussion is represented in the orig-
inal material, we are not only fully justified in a provisional identifi-
cation of the small-hooked form as tetragona^ but in view of the
apparent facts in the case we have left practically no alternative.
It may be noticed here that Magalhaes (1898, pp. 442-443, 444) has
mentioned a tapeworm of Brazilian chickens which he would identify
with Davainea echinobothrida were it not for the fact that it possesses
unilateral genital pores, but on that account he would separate it
under the name D. paraechinobothrida. Whether in reality this
form represents a distinct species, or whether it is identical with D.
tetragona, or whether, perhaps, it should be considered only a variation
of echinobothrida can only be decided when further details of its anat-
omy are known. The occurrence of D. tetragona in Brazilian chick-
ens is established by specimens of this species in the Helminthological
Collection of the Bureau of Animal Industry, No. 1388. These speci-
mens, presented by the Vienna Museum, were labeled "Taenia sp.
Intest. Gallus gallinaceus dom. Brasilien (Natterer)."
The specific characters of D. tetragona and D. echinobothrida are
given in the following diagnoses:
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSES OF DAVAINEA TETRAGONA AND D.
ECHINOBOTHRIDA.
DAVAINEA TETRAGONA (MOLIN, 1858) BLANCHARD, 1891.
(Figs. 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51.)
SYNONOMY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
1868: J&nia tetragona MOLIN, 1858, p. 139 [a portion of the original material, B. A. I. No. 1389, consists
of Hymenolepis carioca] .— IDEM, 1861, pp. 254-255, pi. 7, figs. 5-8.— POLONIO, 1860, p. 222.—
DIESING, 1863b, p. 402.— KRABBE, 1869, p. 341.— IDEM, 1882, pp. 361-362, pi. 2, figs. 55-60 [in
part] .— PIANA, 1882, p. 393.— RAILLIET, 1886, p. 268.— IDEM, 1893, p. 306 [as synonym of
Davainea tetragona].— NEUMANN, 1888, p. 429.— IDEM, 1892, [French ed.], p. 465.— IDEM, 1892
[Eng. ed.], p. 478.— GRASSI & ROVELLI, 1892a, pp. 84, 85.— DOLLEY, 1894a, p. 1017.— MOSLER &
PEIPER, 1894, p. 40.— BRAUN, 1895b, pp. 194-195 [in part] .— SCHNEIDEMCHL, 189(5, p. 290.— STILES,
18%, pp. 49, 50, 51 52 [as synonym of Davainea tetragona] . — STOSSICH, 1895, p. 43 [as synonym of
Davainea tetragona}. — IDEM, 1898, p. 110 [as synonym of D. tetragona] . — HOLZBERG, 1898a, pp.
154, 155-174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 185, 186, 187, pi. 10, figs. 2-7, pi. 11, figs. 15-22.
1891: Davainea tetragona BLANCHARD, 1891t, p. 436, fig. 15 [in part].— IDEM, 1899d, pp. 211, 215, 216,
217 [in part].— RAILLIET, 1893, pp. 305, 306 [in part] .— MORELL, 1895, pp. 95, 99, 100.— STOSSICH,
1895, p. 43 [in part] .—STILES, 18%, pp. 10, 12, 15, 46, 49, 50, C., pi. 17, figs. 219-227, pi. 18, figs.
228-235 [in part] .— DIAMARE, 1898a, pp. 480-483.- STOSSICH, 1898, p. 110 [in part] .—HOLZBERG,
1898a, p. 174.— LCHE, 1900, p. 92.— PARONA, C., 1901, p. 6.— GEDOELST, 1903a, p. 32.
1892: Teenia botrioplitis of FILIPPI, 1892a, pp. 75-78, pi. 1, figs. 1-4 [not Tania botrioplites Piana, 1881].
1892: Txnia bothrioplitis of FILIPPI, 1892c, pp. 249-294, pis. 1-10 [uot Teenia botrioplitcx Piana, 1881].
1898: Davainaea tetragona DIAMARE, 1898, pp. 480-483 [misprint for Davainea tetragona] .
1898: Davainea paracchinobothrida [? synonym of Davainea tetragona] MAGALHAES, 1898, pp. 443, 444.—
BLANCHARD, 1899a, p. 217.
1901: Txnia (Davainea) tetragona VAULLEGEARD, 1901, p. 108.
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS. — Davainea: 10 to 250 mm. long by 1 to 4 mm. broad, these
dimensions varyipg with age and state of contraction. Head (fig. 41) 175 to 350 n
in diameter, with retractile rostellum 50 to 70 u in diameter, armed with a crown of
about 100 hooks arranged in a single row. Suckers oval, 50 to 90 « in diameter,
armed with 8 to 10 rows of hooks. Rostellar hooks (fig. 43) 6 to 8 u long through
longest axis, hammer-shaped, with long ventral root and short dorsal root, prong
64 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
short and recurved. Acetabular hooks (fig. 45) of various sizes, from 3 to 8 u, meas-
ured through longest axis, with long, thorn-like prong, dorsal root very short, ven-
tral root longer than dorsal root, but shorter than prong. Neck usually long and
slender. Segments (figs. 47, 49) trapezoidal and imbricate, edge of strobila serrate.
Ultimate segments usually longer than broad, bell-shaped. Genital pores unilateral,
situated at or in front of the middle of the lateral margin, frequently marked by a
papilla. Male and female canals pass on the dorsal side of the nerve and excretory
vessels.
Male genitalia (figs. 47, 51): Testes 20 to 30 in median field surrounding the female
glands, most of them lying on the aporose side of the latter. Vas deferens lies in
anterior third of segment, begins near the median line, and extends in a much con-
voluted course laterally to the base of the cirrus pouch, which it enters and after a
few coils in the basal portion of the latter becomes transformed into the cirrus.
Cirrus pouch (fig. 51) pyriform, 75 to 100 ju in length. Basal portion surrounded by a
prominent layer of longitudinal muscular fibers, neck with a thick layer of transverse
fibers. Cirrus without apparent spines.
Female genitalia (figs. 47, 49) : Ovary in middle of segment. Yolk gland posterior of
ovary, irregularly reniform, slightly longer in its transverse axis, about 100 u in diam-
eter. Shell gland prominent, 50 jn in diameter, immediately in front of yolk gland.
Vagina begins at the genital pore posterior of opening of cirrus pouch, at first very
slender, but at a distance of 15 to 25 u swells out into a thin- walled tube, functioning
as a seminal receptacle, which extends transversely across the segment and joins the
oviduct on the dorsal side of the ovary near the median line. The oviduct after
being joined in the shell gland by the vitelloduct proceeds forward and. ends on
the dorsal side of the ovary. A definite and persistent uterus is not developed.
The eggs as they pass from the distal end of the oviduct become embedded in a
fibrous and granular mass, which gradually fills up most of the segment. This mass
divides into 50 to 100 portions to form egg capsules (fig. 49), each surrounded by a
membrane and containing 6 to 12 or more eggs. The egg is surrounded by three
envelopes, an inner, close to the onchosphere; a middle, folded; and a smooth outer
envelope. The onchosphere measures 10 to 14 u in diameter, the outer envelope
from 25 to 50 u.
LIFE HISTORY: Unknown.
HOST: Chickens.
PATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS: So far as known, very slight.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe; Asia; North and South America.
DAVAINEA ECHINOBOTHRIDA (MEGNIN, 1880) BLANCHARD, 1891.
(Figs. 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52.)
SYNONYMY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1880: Txnia infundihuliformis [in part] of MEGNIN, 1880, pp. 396, 3%.— IDEM, 1880, p. 716.— IDEM, 1881,
pp. 125-126. — STILES, 1896, p. 49 [as synonym of Davainea echinobothrida] .
1881: Txnia echinobothrida MEGNIN, 1880, pp. 119, 120.— IDEM, 1881, pp. 35-38; pi. 5, figs. 1-11.— PIANA
1882, pp. 391-392.— RAILLIET, 1886, p. 267.— IDEM, 1893, p. 306 [as synonym of Davainea echin-
obothrida].— NEUMANN, 1888, p. 430.— IDEM, 1892 [French ed.], p. 466.— IDEM, 1892 [Eng. ed.],
pp. 479-480. — GRASSI & ROVELLI, 1892a, pp. 84, 85 [as possible synonym of Tsenia bothrio-
plitis].— DoLLEY, 1894a, p. 1014.— MORELL, 1895, p. 96.— STILES, 1896, pp. 49, 60, 51, 52 [as syno-
nym of Davainea echinobothrida].
1881: Tsenia echinobotrida MEGNIN, 1881, p. 44 [misprint for Txnia echinobothrida] .— PERRONCITO, 1886,
p. 245 [misprint] .
1881: Tvenia batrioplites PIANA, 1881, pp. 84-85 [misprint for Txnia botrioplites] .
1882: Txnia botrioplitisPiAm, 1882, pp. 387-395, 1 pi.— PERRONCITO, 1882, p. 211.— IDEM [? 1901] , p. 268.—
STOSSICH, 1889, p. 30.— IDEM, 1891, p. 114.— PASQUALE, 1890, p. 909.— FILIPPI, 1892c, p. 250.—
SCAGLIOSI, 1896, pp. 538-545, pi. 10, figs. 1-2.
1882: Tsenia tetragona MOLIN of KRABBE, 1882, pp. 361-362, pi. 2, figs. 55-60 [in part] .— BRAUN, 1895a,
pp. 194,195 [in part].
SPINY-SUCKERED TAPEWORMS OF CHICKENS. 65
1886: Tiniin bithrioplitis RAILLIET, 1886, p. 267 [orthographic emendation of botrioplitis] .—NEUMANN,
1888, pp. 429-430.— IDEM, 1892 [French ed.], p. 466.— IDEM, 1892 [Eng. ed.], p. 479.— GRASSI &
KOVKLLI, 1892a, pp. 84, 85, 89-90.— MOORE, 1895, pp. 2, 3.— MORELL, 1895, pp. 95, 96, 97, 98, 99,
100. — STILES, 18%, pp. 16, 49, 51, 52 [as synonym of Davainea tetragona] . — STIEDA, 1900, p. 435. —
PERRONCITO [? 1901], p. 268 [as synonym of Tsenia telragona botriopUHs], — HOLZBERG, 1898a,
p. 154 [as synonym of Txnia tetragona] .
1886: Ten in botrinjilitis PERRONCITO, 1886, p. 245 [misprint for Tsenia botrioplitis].
1891: Davainea echinobothrida BLANCH ARD, 1891t, p. 433, fig. 9.— IDEM, 1899d, pp. 214, 216, 217.—
RAILLIET, 1893, pp. 305, 306.— MOORE, 1895, p. 3.— STILES, 1896, pp. 10, 46, 49, 50, C., pi. 17, figs.
217-218.— MAGALHAES, 1898, p. 442.— GEDOELST, 1903a, p. 32.
1891: Davainea tetragona BLANCHARD, 1891t, p. 436, fig. 15 [in part].— IDEM, 1899d, pp. 211, 215, 216,
217 [in part].— RAILLIET, 1893, pp. 305, 306 [in part] .— MOORE, 1895, p. 3.— STOSSICH, 1895, p. 43
[in part].— IDEM, 1898, p. 110 [in part] .—STILES, 1896, pp. 10, la, 15, 46, 49, 50, C., pi. 17, figs.
219-227; pi. 18, figs. 228-235 [in part] .— RATZ, 1898, pp. 69-73, figs. 2-4.— IDEM, 1900, pp. 232-233.—
MINGAZZINI, 1900, pp. 134, 151, 152, 154, fig. 10.— PERRONCITO [? 1901], p. 268 [as synonym of
Tumid tetragona botrioplitis].
1891: Tifin'a bothrioplites BLANCHARD, 1891 1, p. 436 [orthographic emendation of botrioplites; as
synonym of Davainea tetragona]. — IDEM, 1899d, p. 215 [as synonym of Davainea tetragona] . —
RAILLIET, 1893, p. 306 [as synonym of Davainea tetragona] . — STOSSICH, 1895, p. 43 [as synonym
of Davainea tetragona] . — IDEM, 1898, p. 110 [as synonym of Davainea tetragona] . — STILES, 18%,
pp. 49, 51 [as synonym of Davainea tetragona] .
1894: Tsenia botryoplitis DOLLEY, 1894a, p. 1013 [misprint for Txnia botrioplitis].
18%: [Tsenia] botriophilitis SCAGLIOSI, 1896, p. 539 [misprint for botrioplitis].
1898: Davainea bothrioplitis MAGALHAES, 1898, pp. 442, 443, 444.
1898: Darainea paraechinobothrida [? synonym of Davainea echinobothrida] 'MAGALHA.ES, 1898, pp.443,
444.— BLANCHARD, 1899d, p. 217.
[1 1901] : Turnia tetragona botrwplitis PERRONCITO [? 1901], p. 268.
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS. — Davainea: Length to 250 u; width 1 to 4 min. Head (fig.
42) 250 to 450, u in diameter with retractile rostellum 100 to 150 u in diameter, armed
with a crown of about 200 hooks arranged in two ranks. Suckers round or oval, 90
to 200 ju in diameter, armed with 8 to 10 rows of hooks. Rostellar hooks (fig. 44)
similar in type to those of D. ietragona but larger, measuring 10 to 13 /* in length.
Acetabular hooks (fig. 46) likewise similar to those of D. tetragona but also larger,
the largest measuring from 12 to 15 u over all and the smallest 6 j.i. Neck generally
thicker and shorter than that of D. tetragona, frequently equal in width to the head.
Strobila resembling that of tetragona, but with serrate border more pronounced.
Ultimate segments in preserved specimens differ also from those of tetragona, being
less elongate and frequently marked by a median constriction. Owing to this con-
striction the adjacent borders of the most posterior segments pull apart in the median
line and remain joined only toward the sides, giving rise to a median series of
openings through the posterior portion of the strobila. Genital pores irregularly
alternate, or sometimes almost entirely unilateral, situated posterior of the middle
of the lateral margin (figs. 48,50). Male and female canals pass on the dorsal side
of the nerve and excretory vessels.
Male genitalia (figs. 48, 52) : Testes 20 to 30, arranged in median field as in tetragona.
Vas deferens similar to that of telragona. Cirrus pouch (fig. 52) flask-shaped, 130 to
180 n in length. Basal portion globular or ovoid, surrounded by a thick layer (10 u)
of longitudinal muscle fibers, inside of which is a thick layer ( 15 to 20 // ) of transverse
fibers. Neck of pouch measures 50 to 75 u in length by 15 to 20 // in diameter, sur-
rounded by a layer of transverse fibers, thickened at the distal end of the pouch to
form a sphincter. According to Megnin the cirrus is armed with minute spines.
Female genitalia (figs. 48,50): Female organs as in D. tetragona. Eggs similar in
size and structure.
LIFE HISTORY: Unknown. According to Piana (1882) its supposed larva occurs iii
snails.
HOST: Chickens.
PATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS: Produces a nodular disease of the small intestine.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe; Asia; Africa (Pasquale, 1890); North and
South America.
4241— No. 60—04 5
66 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
[The references may be consulted at the Governmental libraries in Washington, D. C., as designated:
W»=Library of the United States Department of Agriculture. Wc= Library of Congress. Wm=
Library of the Surgeon-General's Office. Ws=Library of the Smithsonian Institution.]
BLANCHARD, RAPHAEL.
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BRAUN, MAX.
1895 b. — Die thierischen Parasiten des Menschen. Ein Handbuch fur Studirende
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DlAMARE, VlNCENZO.
1898 d. — Ueber die weiblichen Geschlechtsteile der Davainsea [sic] ' tetragona
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1863 b. — Revision der Cephalocotyleen. Abtheilung: Cyclocotyleen. [Pre-
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DOLLEY, CHARLES SUMNER.
1894 a. — Synonymatie table of the animal parasites of man and of tbe animals
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DE FILIPPI, CARLO.
1892 a. — Nota preliminare sul sistema riproduttore della Tsenia botrioplitis Piana
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287, 4. s., v. 7, pp. 249-294, 10 pis.
1892 c.— Idem. Reprint, pp. 249-294, 10 pis. 4°. Roma. [Lib. Ward.]
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GRASSI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA; & ROVELLI, GIUSEPPE.
1892 a. — Ricerche embriologiche sui cestodi <^Atti Accad. Gioenia di sc. nat. in
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HOLZBERG, KARL FRIEDRICH JOHANN LUDWIG BODO.
1898 a. — Der Geschlechtsapparat einiger Ttinien aus der Gruppe Davainea Bl.
<Zool. Jahrb., Jena, Abt. f. Anat., v. 11 (2), 26. Mai, pp. 153-192,
pis. 10-11, figs. 1-33. [W, W8.]
. KRABBE, H.
1869. — Bidrag til. Kundskab om fuglenes Bsendelorme <Vidensk. Selsk. Skrift.,
Kj0benh., Naturv. ogmath. Afd., 5. R., v. 8 (6), pp. 251-363, pis. 1-10,
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1882. — Nye Bidrag til Kundskab om Fuglenes Brendelorme <Vidensk. Selsk.
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SPINY-SUCKERED TAPEWORMS OF CHICKENS. 67
LUHE, MAX.
1900. — Untersuchungen iiber die Bothriocephaliden init marginalen Genital-
offnungen <Ztschr. f. wissensch. Zool., Leipz., v. 68 (1), 14. Aug., pp.
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DE MAGALHAES, PEI^RO S.
1898. — Deux nouveaux tenias de la poule doinestique. (Notes d'helminthologie
bresilienne. 8) <Arch. de parasitol., Par., v. 1 (3), juillet, pp. 442-451,
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MEGNIX, PIERRE.
1880. — De la caducite des crochets et duscolex lui-m£me chez les tenias. [Read
30 mars] <Bull. Soc. zool. de France, Par., v. 5 (1-2), Jan. -mars, pp.
117-120. [Published 20 aotit.] [Wc.] .
1880. — Sur la caducit^ des crochets et du scolex Iui-m6me chez les Tuenias
<Compt. rend. Acad. d. sc., Par., v. 90 (12), 22 mars, pp. 715-
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1880. — De la caducit6 des crochets et du scolex lui-meme chez les tenias <Rec.
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1881. — De la caducite" des crochets et du scolex lui-meme chez les tenias <J. de
1'anat, et physiol. [etc.], Par., v. 17 (1), 15 Jan., pp. 27-14, 1 fig., pis. 4-5.
[W'».]
1881. — Sur la caducit£ des crochets et du scolex lui-m£me chez les Tsenias
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124-127. [Wm.]
MlNGAZZIXI, PlO.
1900. — Nuove ricerche sulle cisti degli elminti <Arch. de parasitol., Par., v. 3
(1 ), 15 mai, pp. 134-162, figs. 1-12. [Wa.]
MOLIX, RAPHAELE.
1858. — Prospectus helminthum, quse in prodromo faunse helminthologicse Vene-
tise continentur <Sitzungsb. d. k. Akad. d. Wissensch., "\Vien, Math.-
naturw. Cl., v. 30 (14), 20. Mai, pp. 127-158. [W.]
1861. — Prodromus faunae helminthologicte venetise adjectis disquisitionibus ana-
tomicis et criticis <Denkschr. d. k. Akad. d. Wissensch., Wien, Math.-
naturw. CL, v. 19, 2. Abt, pp. 189-338, pis. 1-15. [W8.]
MOORE, VERAXUS A.
1895. — A nodular teeniasis in fowls <Circular No. 3, Bureau Animal Indust.,
U. S. Dept. Agric., Wash., 4 pp., figs. 1-2. [Wa.]
MORELL, ALEXANDER.
1895. — Anatomisch-histologische Studien an Vogeltiinien <Arch. f. Naturg.,
Berl., 61. J., v. 1 (1), Mai, pp. 81-102, pi. 7, figs. 1-11. [MS. dated
Nov. 1894.] [Wa, W8.]
MOSLER, F. ; & PEIPER, E.
1894.— Thierische Parasiten. xii+345 pp., 124 figs. 8°. Wien. (Nothnagel,
Hermann. Specielle Pathologic und Therapie, v. 6.) [Wm.]
NECMAXX, L. G.
1888. — -Trait4 des maladies parasitaires non microbiennes des animaux domes-
tiques. xv+673 pp., 306 figs. 8°. Paris. [Wa.]
1892.— Idem. 2. ed., xvi+767 pp., 364 figs. 8°. Paris. [W.]
1892. — A treatise on the parasites and parasitic diseases of the domesticated
animals. Translated and edited by George Fleming, xxiii-j-800 pp.,
364 figs. 8°. London. [W».]
68 BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
PARONA, COERADO.
1901. — Di alcuni cestodi brasiliani, raccolti dal Dott. Adolfo Lutz <Boll.
Mus. di zool. [etc.], Geneva (102), 12 pp. [Win.]
PASQUALE, ALESSANDRO.
1390. — Le tenie del polli di Massaua. (Descrizione di una nuova specie) <Gior.
internaz. d. sc. nied., Napoli, n. s., v. 12 (23), 15 die., pp. 905-910, 1
pi., figs. 1-11. [MS. dated 5 settembre.] [Wm.]
PERRONCITO, EDOARDO.
1882. — I parassiti dell' uomo e degli animali utili. Delle piu comuni malattie da
essi prodotte, profilassi e cura relativa. xii-f 506 pp. , 233 figs. , 14 pis.
8°. Milano. [Wa, Wm.]
1886. — Trattato teorico-pratico sulle malattie piu comuni degli animali domestic!
dal punto di vista agricolo, commerciale ed igienico, metodi di cura ed
appendice sui migliori metodi di disinfezione dei vagoni. xxiv+434
pp., 220 figs. 4 figs, by E. Semmer, p. 428. 8°. Torino. [Wa.]
[71901]. — I parassiti dell' uomo e degli animali utili e le piu comuni malattie da
essi prodotte. Prolifassi [sic] e cura relativa. [2. ed.], xv+632 pp.,
276 figs., 25 pis. 8°. Milano. [Wa.]
PlANA, GlAN PlETRO. ,
1881. — Una nuova specie di tenia delle galline (Tcenia [sic] bolrioplites) e di un
nuovo cisticerco delle lumachelle terrestri (Cisticercus botrioplites) .
[Abstract of Piana, 1882] <Rendic. Accad. d. sc. d. 1st. di Bologna
(1880-81), 17 mar., pp. 84-85. [W°.]
1882. — Di una nuova specie di tenia del gallo domestico (Tsenia botrioplitis) e di
un nuova cisticerco delle lumachelle terrestri (Cysticercus botriopli'is) .
[Read 17 mar. 1881] <Mem. Accad. d. sc. d. 1st. di Bologna, 4. s., v.
2, pp. 387-395, 1 pi., figs. 1-8. [Wc.]
POLONIO, ANTONIO FEDERICO.
1860. — Catalogo dei cefalocotilei italiani, e alcune osservazioni sul loro sviluppo
<Atti Soc. ital. d. sc. nat., Milano (1859-60), v. 2, pp. 217-229, pi. 7,
figs. 1-11. [Wc.]
RAILLIET, A.
1886. — Elements de zoologie medicale et agricole. xv+1053 pp., 705 figs. 8*.
Paris. [Wa.]
1893. — Trait^ de zoologie medicale e agricole. 2. £d., fasc. 1, 736 pp., 494 figs.
8°. Paris. [Wa.]
RANSOM, BRAYTON HOWARD.
1902. — On Hymenolepis carioca (Magalhaes) and H. megalops (Nitzsch), with
remarks on the classification of the group <Tr. Am. Micr. Soc., Lin-
coln, Nebr. (1901), v. 23, pp. 151-172, pis. 23-25, figs. 1-20. [Wm.]
1904. — Notes on the spiny-suckered tapeworms of chickens (Daminea echino-
.botJirida ( = Tsenia botrioplites} and D. tetragona) <Bull. 60, Bureau Ani-
mal Indust., U. S. Dept. Agric., Wash., pp. 55-69, figs. 41-52. [Wa.]
RATZ, ISTVAN.
1898. — Parasitologiai jegyzetek. (Eloleges kozlem6ny) <^Veterinarius, Buda-
pest, v. 21 (3), 1 feb., pp. 65-75, figs. 1-5. [Wa.]
1900. — Wurmknotchen am Diinndarme <Ztschr. f. Fleisch- u. Milchhyg., Berl.,
v. 10 (11), Aug., pp. 230-233. [Wa, W"1.] •
SCAGLIOSI, G.
1896. — Ueber einen seltenen Ausgang der von der Txnia botrioplilis im Huhndarm
herbeigefiihrten Verletzungen <Arch. f. path. Anat. [etc.], Berl., v.
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SPINY-SUCKERED TAPEWORMS OF CHICKENS. 69
SCHNEIDEMUHL, GEORG.
1896, — Lehrbut'h der vergleichenden Pathologie und Therapie des Menschen
und der Hausthiere fiir ThierJirzte, Arzte und Studirende. 2. Lief.:
Die Yergiftungen. Die du'rch thierische Parasiten hervorgerufenen
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STIEDA, ALEXANDER.
1900. — Durchbohrung des Duodenums und' des Pankreas durch eine Titnie
<Centralbl. f. Bakteriol., Parasitenk. [etc.], Jena, 1. Abt., v. 28 (14-15),
15. Oct. , pp. 430-437. [ W, Wm. ]
STILES, CH. WARDELL.
1896. — Report upon the present knowledge of the tapeworms of poultry
<^Bull. No. 12, Bureau Animal Indust., U. S. Dept. Agric., Wash., pp.
1-79, pis. 1-21, figs. 1-276. [Published July 11.] [Wa.]
STOSSICH, MICHELE.
1889. — Brani di elmintologia tergestina. Serie sesta <Boll. Soc. adriat. di sc. nat.
in Trieste, v. 11, pp. 23-30, pis. 13-14, figs. 55-61. [W».]
1891. — Ehninti veneti raccolti dal Dr. Alessandro Conte de Ninni. Seconda
serie. <Boll. Soc. adriat. di sc. nat. in Trieste, vol. 13 (1), pp. 109-116,
pi. 1, figs. 1-6. [W.]
1895.' — Notizie elmintologiche <Boll. Soc. adriat. di sc. nat. in Trieste, v. 16,
pp. 33-16, pis. 4-6, figs. 1-37. [Wa.]
1898. — Saggio di una fauna elmintologica di Trieste e provincie contermini.
[Reprint from Programma della civica scuola reale superiore published
at the end of the scholastic year 1898.] 162pp. 8°. Trieste. [Lib.
Stiles.]
VAULLEGEARD, A.
1901. — Mecanisme de 1'action des helminthes. [Review by Gallier] <Echo
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INDEX TO TECHNICAL NAMES.
[Synonyms in italics.]
Page.
Accipiter tinus 42, 45
Acuaria 38
Aedon luscinia 32, 49
Amblyrhamphus holosericeus 32, 49
Ancyracanthus 31
ophthalmicus 30
Aprocta 40,41
cylindrica 4,40,49
ophthalmophaga 40, 46
orbitalis 5,41,46
Aquila maculata 29, 32, 45
nssvia 29
Archibuteo lagopus 33, 46
Ascaris 45
leptoptera 45, 50
Asio 48
Asionidse 48
Bubo sp 33,48
Campephilus robustus 36, 47
rubricollis 36,47
Caprimulgidae 48
Caprimulgus segyptius 38, 48
europseus 38, 48
megalurus 38
Cariama cristata 22, 47
Cariamidse 47
Carpophaga brenchleyi 31
Celeus flavescens 36, 48
jumana 36, 48
Centropus siamensis 28
sinensis 28, 47
Ceophloeus lineatus 36, 48
Ceratospira 29, 30, 31
ophthalmica 4,30,31,47
vesiculosa 4, 30, 47
Chamseza brevieauda 35, 48
Charadriiformes 47
Cheilospirura 26, 27
cephaloptera 23, 26, 27
ophthalmica 26
siamcniris 28
Chloroncrpes aurulentus 36, 48
leucolseraus 36, 48
Choanotaenia infundibuliformis 58
Ciconia 39
maguari 39
Ciconiidse 45
Ciconiifonnes • . 45
Circus 1 1 1 ii i • 1 1 1 1 is 1 1 v 42, 46
Cistothorus polyglottus 32, 49
70
Page.
Coraciif ormes 47
Corvidse 49
Corvus corone 33, 49
f rugilegus 30, 49
Cracidae 46
Crax 39
fasciolata 22,46
tonientosa 39
urumutum 24
Crotophaga ani 21, 47
major 21, 47
Crypturiformes 45
Crypturus variegatus 38, 45
Cuculidse 47
Cuculif ormes 47
Cyathostoma lari 43
Davainaea tetragona 63
Davainea 63, 65
bothrio])litis 65
cestieillus 68
echinobothrida 2,
3, 5, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65
paraechinobothrida 62, 63, 65
tetragona 2,
3, 5, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65
Dendrocolaptes procurvns 35
Dendrocolaptidse 48
IHcholophus margravi 22
Dispharagus longevaginatus 39
rectus 27
Eclectus pectoralis 30, 47
Elanus caeruleus 42, 46
leucurus 42, 46
Emberlza pecoris 45
Erithacus rubecula 32, 49
Euxenura maguari 39, 45
Falco atricapillus 42
cackinans 42
caycnncnsis 42
coronatus '. 42
destructor 28
dispar 42
fuscoater 41
gracilis 28,42
layopus 33
magniroftris 34
n'linutiis 42
nxvius 29, 32, 33
ornatus 42
palustris 42
INDEX.
71
Page
Falco rutilans 42
sp 40,42,46
gwainsfjnii 37, 42
nnicinctug 42
urubntinya 42
Falconidae 45
Faleoniformes 45
Filaria 31.32,33,34,35,36,37,38
abbreviata 31, 32, 33, 45, 48, 49, 50
abreviata 32
anoldbiatu 21
anthuris 29
armata 33,46
attenuata 33, 37, 48, 49
attenuata falconis picti 37
bonasiee 33,47
campanulata 4, 34, 46
cirrura 34, 50
collurionis subcutanea 35
dendrocolapti procurvi 35
dendrocolaptis 35
dendrocolaptis procurvi 35
dendrocolaptis procurvi lacrymalis. 35, 48
falconis 31
Jalconis magnirostris 34
ftliformis 35,38
labiotruncata 38
Mansoni 7,9,10,25
martis 31
motacillx 32
motacillarum 31, 32
myotherae campanisonac 35, 38, 48
myotherae chrysopygse 31, 37
nodulosa 35, 37
obtuso-caudata 4, 35, 36, 47, 48, 49
oculi 20,37,47
papilloso-annulata 37,46
perdicis dentatx 36
philomelse 32
quadriverrucosa 35
sanguinis hominis 25
Schneider! 35
sp 33,37
sylvias 37, 49
tetraonis 36
tetraonis bonasix 33
tinami variegati 38,45
tinami variegati (palpebralis) 38
turdi 35,38
turdi olivascentis 38
turdi olivascentis (palpebralis).. 35,38,49 :
turdorum 31, 32
verrucosa 37
Filariidse 20,30,31,38,40,41
Formicariidse 48
Furnariidse 48
Furnarius leucopus 32, 48
rufus 32,48
Galliformes 46
Gallus domesticus 25, 47
gallinaceus dom 63
Gampsonyx swainsoni 37, 42, 46
Geranospizias cserulescens 28, 42, 46
Gruiformes 47
Harpyhaliaetus coronatus 42, 46
Herpetotheres cachinnans 42
Page.
Heterospizias meridionalis 42, 46
Hymenolepis carioca 56,58,61,63
Ibididce „. 45
Ibis sethiopica 43,45
Icteridse 49
Icterus croconotus 24, 50
Laniidae 49
Lanius minor 35, 36, 49
pomeranus 35, 36
rufus 36
rutilus 36,49
senator 36, 49
sp 36,49
Laridse 47
Larus 45
f uscus 44, 47
ridibundus 44, 47
spp 44, 47
Leptodon cayennensis 42, 46
Megaquiscalus major 34, 50
Melizophilus melanocephalus 32, 49
Menopetatonema obtuse-caudatum 36
Mil vus korschtm 41, 46
Mitua tomentosa 39, 46
Molothrus ater 45, 50
Mometidse 48
Momotus brasilicnsis 24
momota 24, 48
Monopetalonema 37
obtuse-caudatum 35, 36
Motacilla alba 32, 49
melanocephala 32
cenanthe 32
philomela 32
rubecula 32
stapazina 32, 33
Motacillidse *.... 49
Muscicapa sp 32, 48
Myothera campanisona 35
chrysopyga 31
Nematoideum lari ridibundi 43
Ninox scutulata 39, 48
Nothocrax urumutum 24, 46
Odontophorus stellatus 36, 47
Otuscholiba 23»48
Oxyspirura 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29
anacanthura 4, 21, 47
anolabiata 4, 21, 22, 46
brevipenis 4, 22, 47
brevisubulata 23, 48
cephaloptera 4, 20, 23, 24, 26, 48, 50
heteroclita 24,46
Mansoni 2,3,
4, 7, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 25, 47
ophthalmica 4,26,27,29,46
papillosa 4, 27, 46
siamensis 4, 27, 28, 47
stereura 29, 45
sygmoidea 4, 29, 49
Parabuteo unicinctus 42, 46
Passeriformes 48
Pavo cristatus 25, 47
Peraix leucostricta 36
Petrccca cyan'ea 40
Petrophila cyanus 40, 49
Phasianidoe... 47
72
INDEX.
Page.
Phylloscopus minor 37, 49
Physaloptera 41, 42, 43
» acuticauda 5,42,45,46
alata 42
clausa 41
sp 5, 43, 45
Picidse 47
Picus aurulentits 30
flavescenx 36
jumana 36
leucolsemus 36
lineatus 36
passerinus 36
robustus 36
rubricollis 36
Psittacidse 47
Psittacus sinensis 30
Quiscalus major 34
Ramphocelus jacapa 32, 50
Rupornis magnirostris 34, 46
Saxicola oenanthe 32, 49
ruf a 32, 49
sp 32,49
Sclerostomum cyathostomum 43
lari 43
Spiroptera 38, 39, 40
anacanthura 21
anolabiata 21
anthuris 29
brevipenis 22
brevissubulata 23
brevisubulata 23
caprimulgi 38, 48
cephaloptera 23
ciconix maguari 39
cracis 24, 39
cram alectoris 21
crotophagx ani 21
crotophagas majoris 21
Emmerezi 25
Emmerezii 7, 10, 25
euryoptera 38
exeisa 39
falconis '27
« falconis gavial realis 27
falconis leptopodis 27
Feai 38,39,48
lieterodita 24, 39
lanceolata 21
leptoptera 46
Mansoni 25
microdactyli mnrgravii 22
momoti bragilieneis 23
orioli 23
papilloea 27
penihamata 23
pliilomdy 31, 32
up 39
stereura 29
Page.
Spiroptera strigis 23
sygmoidea 29
sygmoides 29
tenuicauda "..... 4, 24, 38, 39, 45, 4ft
Spizaetus mauduy ti 42, 46
Spiziaster melanoleucus 42, 46
Strigidse 48
Slrix atricapilla 23
Strongylidse 43
Strongylux lari ridilmndi 43
sp 43
Sturnus pyrrhocephalus 32
Sylvia abietina 37
philomela 32
nibecula 32
Sylviidse 49
Syrigamus 43
lari 5,43,44,47
trachealis 4$
Teeiiia australis 57
bothrioplitcs 65
bothrioplitis 56, 57, 58, 61, 63, 64, 65
botriophilitis 65
tiotriopl'des 2, 3, 55, 56, 59, 60, 64, 65
botrioplitis 59, 63, 64, 65
botryoplitis 65
( Davainea) tetragona 63
ecliinobothrida .. 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 , 62, 64
echinobotrida 64
infiindibiiliformis 64
sp 63
tetragona . 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65
tetragona botrioplitis 65
Tanagra jacapa 32
Tanagridse 50
Tcnia botrioplitis 65
Tetrao bonasia 34
Tetraonidse 47
Tetrastes bonasia 34, 47
Thrasaetus harpyia 28, 46
Thryothorus polyglottus 32
Tinamidse 45
Tinamus variegatus 38
Tvenia botrioplites 63, 64
Treronidse 47
Trichina cystica 25
Troglodytidae 49
Turdidse 49
Turd us olivascens 38, 49
pilaris 31 , 32, 49
viscivorus 31 , 32, 49
Turnicidse 46
Turnix tuigoor 26, 46
Tyrannidfe 32, 48
Urubitinga urubitinga 42, 46
Veniliornis passerinus 36, 48
Xiphorhynchus procurvus 35, 48
Zoncenas brenenleyi 31, 47
o
r. L. Metsker, mom ±2. N". T. Armijo Building,
.i|iicn|iie. N. Mex.
Dr. ,1. S John Morrcll .V: Co., Ottumwa,
fpwa.
Dr. ('. L. Morin, St. Albatis, Vt.
Dr. A. 1!. Morse, care The Ayar Packing Co.. DCS
Moines, In\v:>.
Dr. W. J. Murphy, care Springfield Provision Co.,
Bright wood. Mass.
Dr. \V. X. Neil, care .lolm Cndahy Co., Wichita,
Kan
Dr. II. D. I';. -wiit .V Co., Fort Worth,
Tex.
Dr. F. M. I'.MTV, Foil Fairtidd. Me.
\V. Pope, Animal (Quarantine Station,
Atheiiin. N. .1.
Dr. II. T. Potter, Calais. Me.
Dr.J.d. F. I'riee, Care Brittain ,V Co., Marshall-
town, Iowa.
Dr. K. A. Ramsay, Fargo, X. Dak.
Dr. A. <i. <;. Richardson. 707 Fmpire Building,
Knoxville. Tenn.
Dr. A. !•:. K'ishel, eaf' Cndahy 1'acking Coini>any,
Los Angeles, C'al.
Dr. W. II. Rose, IS Broadway, Xew York,
Dr. F. L. Russell, drono. Me.
Dr. .1. K. Ryder, HI Milk st.. Boston, Mas-.
Dr. 1C. 1'. SehalVtiT. care Cleveland Provision Co.,
Cleveland, Ohio.
Dr. C. A. Sehauiler, i:U South Second st., Phila-
delphia, Pa.
Dr. Thos. \V. Scott, care The Rath Packing Co.,
Waterloo, Towa.
Dr. T. A. Shipley, care T. M. Sinclair A: Co., Ltd.,
Cedar Rapids, Iowa.
Dr. X. C. Sore/nson, care Kiniran ,v. Co., Indian-
apolis, ind.
Mr. \\'ni. II. Wade, Animal Quarantine Station,
Halethorp, Mil.
Dr. II. X. Waller. Ul'.t West 12d Bt, N<-w Vork, X. Y.
Dr. (J. W. Ward. Newport, Vt.
Dr. B. P. Wende, Livestock Exchange Building,
Fast BulValo. X. Y.
Dr. \V. II. \Vray,:;t Streathain Hill. London, S.W.,
England,
Dr. C. II. /ink, care Western Packing Co., Denver,
Colo.
DAIRY INSPECTUKS.
W. D. Collyer. L21D South \Vaterst., Chicago, 111.
ilcwes, '^110 North Charles St., Baltimore,
Md.
M. W. Lain;. Department of Agriculture, Wash-
illKtoi
McDonald, 58 and 59 Downs Block, Seattle,
b, 168 Chambers st,, New York, X. Y.
B. F. Van ValkenhurKli, liis Chamhers st., New
York, X. Y.
E. H. Webster (in the field, or), Manhattan,
Kans.
Levi Wells (Bradford County i. Spring Hill, Pa.
(J. M. Whitaker, P. (). box 1:;:!'J. Boston. Mass.
W. D. Mi-Arthur, 114 California St., Sail Frai,
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