I
ml
School and College Edition.
MANUAL «
BOTANY
NORTHERN UNITED STATES,
INCLUDING
VIRGINIA, KENTUCKY, AND ALL EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI;
ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM.
HMtfon,
WITH
GARDEN BOTANY, &c.
BY ASA GRAY,
FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATDRAL BISTORT IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
WITH SIX PLATES.
ILLUSTRATING THE GENERA OF FERNS, ETC.
Ca!!*brn!a CcSIcso cf Pharmacy
NEW YORK:
IVISON, PHINNEY, & CO., 48 & 50 WALKER STREET.
CHICAGO:
S. C. GRIGGS & CO., 39 & 41 LAKE STREET.
1862.
Entered according to the Act of Congress, In th« year 1862, b>
IVISON. P1IIXNEY & COMPANY.
It) the Clerk's Oillce of the District Conrt of the United States tor th<- Southern District
ADVERTISEMENT
TO THE REVISED EDITION, 1862.
THE additions and alterations of the Revised Edition of this work, now
issued, are mainly the following.
1. The addition of an entirely new part, entitled GARDEN BOTANY,
AN INTRODUCTION TO A KNOWLEDGE OF THE COMMON CULTIVATED
PLANTS : see pp. xxix. - Ixxxix. By this, the common exotics, no less
than the wild plants, are made available for botanical classes, which will
be a great convenience in many cases. Most of these cultivated plants
are everywhere common, and generally at hand for botanical illustration ;
and it is desirable that they should be scientifically known and rightly
named. And there is no great difficulty in studying them, if double flow-
ers, and those which are otherwise in a monstrous or unnatural condition,
be avoided, at least by beginners. It is obviously absurd and highly in-
convenient to mix in the cultivated with the wild plants in such a work
as this. But a separate account of the common exotics, annexed and sub-
sidiary to the Botany of the Northern United States, in the School Edition,
will doubtless be popular and useful. Directions for the use of the Garden
Botany will be found on p. xvii. and p. xxix.
2. The ANALYTICAL KEY, p. xvii., — upon which the pupil so greatly
depends, — has been altogether revised, much simplified, adapted to the
Garden Botany as well as to the Botany of the Northern States, and printed
in a larger type.
3. Numerous corrections in particulars have been made throughout the
body of the work, whenever the required alterations could well be effected
upon the stereotype plates. Many others, suggested by acute and obliging
correspondents, or by my own observation, are necessarily deferred until
the work can be recomposed.
4. The plants which have been newly detected within our limits, and
one or two which were before accidentally omitted, are enumerated and
characterized in the ADDENDA, p. xc.
The flattering success which the Manual has met with stimulates the
author's endeavors towards its continued improvement; — in regard to
which he still solicits aid from his correspondents.
HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CAMBRIDGE,
March 10, 1862.
3994
1
TO
JOHN TORREY, LL.
CORRESP. MEMBER OF THE LINN.EAN SOCIETY. ETC..
THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED,
IN GRATEFUL ACKNOWLEDGMENT
OF THE FRIENDSHIP WHICH HAS HONORED AND THE COUNSEL
WHICH HAS AIDED
THE AUTHOR
FROM THE COMMENCEMENT OF HIS BOTANICAL PURSUITS.
CAMBRIDGE, January 1, 1848.
PREFACE.
THIS work is designed as a compendious Flora of the .Northern portion
of the United States, arranged according to the Natural System, for the
use of students and of practical botanists.
The first edition was hastily prepared to supply a pressing want. Its
plan, having been generally approved, has not been altered, although the
work has been to a great extent rewritten. Its increased size is mainly
owing to the larger geographical area embraced in it, being here extended
southward so as to include Virginia and Kentucky, and westward to the
Mississippi River.
This southern boundary coincides better than any other geographical
line with the natural division between the cooler-temperate and the warm-
temperate vegetation of the United States; very few characteristically
Southern plants occurring north of it, and those only on the low coast of
Virginia, in the Dismal Swamp, &c. Our western limit, also, while it
includes a considerable prairie vegetation, excludes nearly all the plants
peculiar to the great Western woodless plains, which approach our borders
in Iowa and Missouri. Our northern boundary, being that of the United
States, varies through about five degrees of latitude, and nearly embraces
Canada proper on the east and on the west, so that nearly all the plants
of Canada East on this side of the St. Lawrence, as well as of the deep
peninsula of Canada West, will be found described in this volume.
The principal facts respecting the geographical distribution of the plants
which compose the flora of our district, will be presented in another
place. In this work I endeavor briefly to indicate the district in which
each species occurs, or in which it most abounds, in the following manner :
1. When the principal area of a species is northward rather than south-
ward, I generally give first its northern limit, so far as known to me, if
within the United States, and then its southern limit if within our boun-
daries, or add that it extends southward, meaning thereby that the species
Viii PREFACE.
in question occurs in the States south of Virginia or Kentucky. Thus
Magnolia glauca, p. 16, a prevailingly Southern species, but which is spar-
ingly found as far north as Massachusetts, is recorded as growing " near
Cape Ann and New York southward, near the coast"; M. acuminate,
'* W. New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and southward " ; &c. While in
species of northern range, the southern limits are mentioned ; as, Nupliar
Kalmicmcij p. 23, "New England, New York, and northward"; Cardamine
pntfentip, p. 33, " Vermont to Wisconsin, northward," &Q. • And so of
Western plants; e.g. Isopyrum biternatum, p. 11, " Ohio, Kentucky, and
westward"; Psoralea argophylla, p. 94, "Wisconsin and westward";
Amorpha canescens, p. 95, "Michigan to Wisconsin, and south westward.'*
2. Where no habitat or range is mentioned, the species is supposed to be
diffused over our whole area, or nearly so, and usually beyond it. 3. When
the species is of local or restricted occurrence, so far as known, the special
habitat is given ; e. g. Vesicaria Shortii and V. Lescurii, p. 38 ; SuUicanlia
Ohionis, p. 144, &c. Except in such cases, the want of space has generally
demanded the omission of particular localities, which are so appropriate
and so useful both in local Floras and in more detailed works, but for
which there is no room in a manual like this.
For the same reason, I could not here undertake to specify the range of
those species which extend beyond the geographical limits of this work, or
beyond the United States. Nevertheless, to facilitate the comparison of
our flora with that of Europe, I have appended the mark (Eu.) to those
species which are indigenous to both.
Foreign plants which have become denizens of the soil are of course enu-
merated and described along with the genuine indigenous members of our
flora ; but the introduced species are distinguished by the specific name be-
ing printed in a different type, namely, in small capitals (e. g. Ranunculus
ACKIS, p. 10), while the names of the indigenous species are in full-face
letter (e. g. B. repeiis). Moreover, the country from which they were
introduced is specified (mostly Europe), as well as the nature of the deni-
zenship. That is, following the suggestions of M. Alphonse De Candolle,
I have classified our introduced plants as well as I could into two sorts, the
thoroughly naturalized, and the adventive ; the first comprising those species
which have made themselves perfectly at home in this country, propagating
themselves freely by seed beyond the limits of cultivated grounds ; the sec-
ond, those which are only locally spontaneous, and perhaps precarious, or
which are spontaneous only .in cultivated fields, around dwellings, or in
manured soil, and which, still dependent upon civilized man, would prob-
ably soon disappear if he were to abandon the country. (I here rank with
the adventive plants those which De Candolle terms plants cultivated with
out or against man's will.) Accordingly the species naturalized from Europt
are indicated, at the close of the paragraph, by the phrase " (Nat. froir
PREFACE. IX
Eu.)": those adventive, or imperfectly naturalized from Europe, by the
phrase " (Adv. from Eu.)," &c.
Such varieties as are marked and definite enough to require names are
distinguished in this edition into two sorts, according to their degree of ap-
parent distinctness : — 1 . Those which, I think, can hardly be doubted to
be varieties of the species they are referred to, at least by those who hold
sound views as to what a species is, have the name printed in small capi-
tals ; e. g. Nasturtium palustre, var. HISPIDUM, p. 30 ; Vitis cordifolia,
var^ RIPARIA, p. 78. 2. Those so peculiar that they have not only for the
most part been taken for species, but may still be so regarded by many
most excellent botanists ; some of them I may myself so regard hereafter,
on further and more critical examination of the apparently connecting
forms. The names of these are printed in the same full-face type as those
of the indigenous species (e. g. Ranunculus aquatilis, var. divaricatus,
p. 7 ; Actasa spicata, var. rubra, and var. alba, p. 14) ; and they usu-
ally stand at the head of a separate paragraph.
Another important feature of the present edition consists in the plates,
fourteen in number, crowded with figures, illustrating the genera of the six
Cryptogamous Orders (Mosses, Ferns, &c.) embraced in the work. The
eight most elaborate and admirable plates illustrating the Mosses and Liv-
erworts are furnished by my generous friend, MR. SULLIVANT, the author
of that portion of this work.* The remaining six plates, devoted to the
Ferns and their allies, were drawn from nature, and executed by MR.
ISAAC SPHAGUE.
MR. SULLIVANT has included in this edition all the species of Musci
and Hepaticce known to him as natives of any part of the United States east
of the Mississippi, and has sedulously elaborated the whole anew ; not only
laying a broad foundation for a knowledge of North American Muscology,
but furnishing botanical students with facilities for the study of these two
beautiful families of plants such as have never before anywhere been
afforded in a book of this kind.f
* The illustrations of forty of the genera, as indicated in the Explanation of the Plates at
the close of the volume, are entirely original productions of Mr. Sullivant's pencil. Seven of
them represent new species, and for most of the others those species were chosen which have
before been only imperfectly if at all figured. The rest of the genera were taken from Schim-
per. Bicchoff, or Hooker, but amended or altered in accordance with the object in view, and
the suggestions of an actual examination of the plant, which was always made.
t The reference i{ Muse. Bor.-Amer.," appended to many new or rare Mosses, is made to an
almost complete arranged collection of the Musci and Hepatictz east of the Mississippi, the
types in great measure of the present elaboration of these families, all critically studied by
Messrs. Sullivant and Lesquereux, and published in sets of specimens by the latter.
The materials from which those sets have been prepared are chiefly Mr. Lesquereux's own
very extensive collections, the result of his numerous journjys made during the last six or
seven yeai-s, especially in the southern ranges of the Alleghany Mountains. To these have
been added Mr. Sulliv.aut's ample accumulations, embracing the collections of the lamented
X PREFACE.
Probably the time is now not far distant when, as the result especially
of the labors and investigations of PROF. TUCKERMAN upon our Lichenes.
of tin; KKV. DR. CURTIS upon our Funyi, and of PROF. HARVEY upon
our Alyce, as well as of Messrs. SULLIVANT and LESQUEUKUX upon our
JJ/u.sxex, all our Cryptogamia may be in a similar manner presented to the
student, in the form of a supplementary volume, separate from that com-
prising the Phaenogamous or Flowering Plants.
I have omitted from this edition the concise Introduction to Botany, and
the Glossary, prefixed to the first; supplying their place with a more
extended, familiar, and copiously illustrated elementary work, especially
intended for beginners (First. Lessons in Botany), and which may, Avhen
desired, be bound up with the present volume. Or the student may use
the author's Botanical Text-Book for the same purpose. In either of these,
all the technical terms employed in this volume are explained and illus-
trated. Having prepared this Manual for students rather than for learned
botanists, I have throughout endeavored to smooth the beginner's way by
discarding many an unnecessary technical word or phrase, and by casting
the language somewhat in a vernacular mould, — perhaps at some sacrifice
pf brevity, but not, I trust, of the precision for which botanical language is
distinguished.
Botanists may find some reason to complain of the general omission of
synonymes ; but it should be considered that all synonymes are useless to
the beginner, — whose interests I have particularly kept in view, — while
the greater part are needless to the instructed botanist, who has access to
more elaborate works in which they are plentifully given. By discarding
them, except in case of some original or recent changes in nomenclature, 1
have been able to avoid abbreviations (excepting those of author's names,
and some few customary ones of States, &c.), to give greater fulness to the
characters of the species, and especially of the genera, (a point in which I
conceive most works of this class are deficient,) and also to add the deriva-
tion of the generic names.
The Natural Orders are disposed in a series which nearly corresponds,
in a general way, with De Candolle's arrangement, beginning with the
highest class and ending with the lowest; and commencing this first and
far the largest class (of Dicotyledonous or Exogenous Plants) with those-
orders in which the flowers are mostly provided with double floral enve-
Mr. Oakes in the White Mountains, of Fcndler in New Mexico, and of Wright in Texas The
title of the work is " Musci Boreali-Auiericaui, sire Specimina Exsiccata Muscoruni in Anieri-
cse Rebuspublicis Foederatis detectorum, conjunctis studiia W. S. SULLIVANT et L. LESQUEREUX,
1856." Mr. Sullivan t's connection with the work extends no further than to a joint and equal
responsibility in the determination of the species. This most extensive and valuable collec-
tion ever made of American Mosses, which has cost much labor and expense, and comprise
nearly 400 species and marked varieties, is published at $20 for each set, and will doubtless
be eagerly sought after by Bryological students.
PREFACE. XI
lopes, viz. with both calyx and corolla, and in which the corolla consists of
separate petals (the Polypetalous division) ; beginning this series with those
orders in which the several organs of the flower are most distinct and
separate (liypogynous), and proceeding to those which have the parts most
combined among themselves and consolidated with each other (periyynous
and epigynous) ; then fallow those with the petals combined into a mono-
petalous corolla (the Monopetalous division) ; and, finally, those destitute of
a corolla or destitute of all floral envelopes (the Apetalous division). The
class of Monocotyledonous or Endogenous Plants opens with orders exhibit-
ing one form of simplified flowers, passes to those with the organs most
combined and consolidated, then to those most perfect and less combined,
and closes with other simplified and reduced forms. The present problem
in Botany is to group the numerous Natural Orders in each class into nat-
ural alliances. But this has not yet been done in such a manner as to be
available to the ordinary student.
I do not here attempt, therefore, to group the orders naturally, but let
them follow one another in what seems to be on the whole the most natu-
ral and practically convenient sequence. And, by means of an Analytical
Artificial Key to the Natural Orders* (p. xvii.), I enable the student very
readily to refer any of our plants to its proper Family. This Key is
entirely remodelled in the present edition, is founded on characters of
easy observation, and is so arranged as to provide for all the exceptional
instances and variant cases I could think of. I shall be disappointed if the
attentive student is not able by it to refer to its proper order any to him
unknown plant of the Northern States of which he has flowering speci-
mens. Referring to the Order indicated, the student will find its dis-
tinctive points, which he has chiefly to consider, brought together and
printed in italics in the first sentence of the description.
Then, to abridge the labor of further analysis as much as possible, I
have given a synopsis of the genera under each order, whenever it com-
prises three or more of them, enumerating some of their leading characters,
and grouping them under their respective tribes, suborders, &c., as the
case may be. I have also taken pains to dispose the species of every ex-
tensive genus under sections (§) or subgenera (§ with a name in capitals),
subsections ( * ), and subordinate divisions (-»-, ++, &c.) ; and whenever
there are two or more species under a division, I have italicized some of
the principal distinctions (after the manner of Koch's Flora Germanica'),
so that they may at once catch the student's eye.
To aid in the pronunciation of the generic and specific names, &c., I
* No Linnaean Artificial Arrangement is here given, experience having shown that, as a Key
to the Natural Orders or to the genera, it offers no clear advantage on the score of facility over
a well-devised Analytical Key; which the learner will find equally certain, and much more
satisfactory in its results.
XI] PREFACE.
Lave not only marked the accented syllable, but have followed London's
mode of indicating what is called the long sound of the vowel by tho
grave (N), and the short sound by the acute accent-mark ('). In respect
to this, my friend, MR. FOLSOM, has obligingly rendered most important
assistance throughout the pages of this volume.
The imperative necessity of economizing space to the utmost, alone liaa
debarred me from more largely recording my acknowledgments to nu-
merous obliging correspondents, in all parts of the country, who have con-
tributed to this work, either by notes of corrections, observations, or cata-
logues, or by communicating specimens of rare or local plants. In the
comparison of our flora with that of Europe, I am greatly indebted to my
excellent friend and correspondent, M. GODET of Neuchatel, author of
the Flore du Jura, for a suite of authentically determined plants of that
district, and for a series of acute and very important critical notes upon
many of our own identical or related species.
As to special collaborators in the preparation of the work, in addition to
the acknowledgments made in the preface to the former edition, I have
again to express my particular indebtedness to my friends, JOHN CAREY,
ESQ., now of London, for various emendations in the genus Carex, formerly
elaborated by him for this work ; and DR. ENGELMANN of St. Louis, for
full notes upon the botany of our Western borders, many critical obser-
vations upon various genera, and for contributing the articles upon Cus-
cuta, Euphorbia, and the three genera of Alismece. The renewed and
still more extensive contributions of MR. SULLIVANT have already been
referred to, — contributions which introduce a new era in the study of
American Muscology, and which justly claim, not only my warm per-
Bonal acknowledgments, but the gratitude of all the votaries of our science
in this country.
I renew the request, that those who use this book will kindly furnish
information of all corrections or additions that may appear to be necessary,
so that it may be made more accurate and complete in a future edition.
HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CAMBRIDGE,
June 30&, 1856.
ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK.
I. PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS.
Adans. =
Adanson.
Hartm. =•
Hartmann.
Ait.
Alton.
Hedio.
Hcdwig.
Andr.
Andrews.
Boffin.
Hoffmann.
Am.
Arnott.
Hook.
Hooker.
Anbl.
Aublct.
Hook.f. (filim)
J. D. Hooker.
Bart.
Barton.
Hornsch.
Hornschuch.
Bartl.
Battling.
Huds.
Hudson.
Beauv.
Pulisot de Beauvois.
Hub.
Hiibener.
Benth.
Bcntham.
Jacq.
Jacqttin.
Bernh.
Bcrnhardi.
Juss.
JUSSIEU.
Bieb.
Bieberstein.
L. or Linn.
LINNJEUS.
Biyel.
Bigelow.
Lag.
Lagasca.
Br. fr Sch.
Bruch and (W.P.) Schiraper.
Lam.
Lamarck.
Brid.
BrideL
Lamb.
Lambert.
Brongn.
Brongniart.
Ledeb.
Ledebour.
Cass.
Cassini.
L'Her.
L'Heritier.
Cav.
Cavanilles.
Lehm.
Lehmann.
Cham.
Chamisso.
Lesqx.
Lesquereux.
C/iav.
Cliavannes.
Lestib.
Lestibudois.
DC.
De Candolle.
Lindenb.
Lindenberg.
A. DC.
Alphonse De Candolle.
Lindl.
Lindley.
Desf.
Desfontaines.
Mich.
Micheli.
Dew.
Dewey.
Michx.
Michaux (the elder).
Dill.
Dillcnius.
Michx. f.
F. A. Micbaux (the
Dinnort.
Duraortier.
Mill.
Miller. (younger).
Ehrh.
Ehrhart.
Mitch.
Mitchell.
Ell
Elliott.
Mont.
Montagne.
Endl.
Endlicher.
Muhl.
Muhlenberg.
E tig dm.
Engelmann.
Mull.
C. Muller.
Gcertn.
Gsertner.
Nees.
Nees von Esenbeck.
G.L.SfN.
Gottsche,Lindenberg, & Nees.
Nutt.
Nuttall.
Gmel.
Gmelin.
Pav.
Pavon.
Good.
Goodenough.
Pers.
Persoon.
Grev.
Greville.
PluJc.
Plukenet.
Griscb.
Grisebach.
Plum.
Plumier.
Gronov.
Gronovius.
Poir.
Poiret.
6
XIV
ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS.
R. Br. =
fiOBERT BROWN.
Steud. =
Raf.
liafinesque.
SuUiv.
Rich.
Kichard.
Tni/l.
Richards.
Richardson.
Ton:
Rocm.
Bcemer.
T>n: Sc Gr.
Sdlisb.
Salisbury.
Tourn.
Schimp.
W. P. Schimper.
Trin.
Schk.
Si-hkuhr.
1 uckerm
Schlecht.
Schlcchtendal.
r»a,
Sehmd.
Schrader.
Vent.
Schreb.
Schreber.
Vill.
Schvlt.
Schultcs.
Wold.
Schw. or Schwein.
Schweinitz.
Walt.
Schwtvgr.
Schwajgrichen.
Web.
Scop.
Scopoli.
Willd.
Soland.
Solander.
Wils.
Spreng.
Sprengel.
Wulf.
Steudel.
. Sullivant.
J. Taylor.
Torrey.
Torrey and Gray.
Toumefort.
Trinius.
Tuckerman.
Vaillant.
Ventcnat.
Villars.
Wahlenberg.
Walter.
Weber.
Willdenow.
Wilson.
Wulfen.
H. SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK.
(J) An annual plant.
© A biennial plant.
U. A perennial plant.
? A mark of doubt.
! A mark of affirmation or authentication.
1°, 2', 3". To save space, the sign of degrees (°) is used for feet; of min-
utes; 0 for inches; of seconds ("); for lines, — the (English) line being the
twelfth part of an inch.
The dash - between two figures, as 5-10, means from 5 to 10, &c.
DIRECTIONS TO THE UNPRACTISED STUDENT.
THE Student is supposed to have a general acquaintance with the rudiments
of Structural Botany, such as is readily to be acquired from the author's First
Lessons in ]3otany, or his Botanical Text-Book, or from any other similar trea-
tise. One of these will be needed for reference while using this Manual. The
former is much the simplest, and was expressly prepared for the beginner's use
To learn the meaning of all words he meets with, and which he does not precise
ly understand, he has only to refer, as occasion requires, to the Glossary or Dic-
tionary of Botanica1 Terms appended to either of these books, especially to that
in the Lessons on Botany.
To show the beginner how to proceed in using the Manual for the purpose of
ascertaining the name, and the place in the system, &c. of any of our wild plants,
we will take an example. Suppose him to make his first trial with the common
Spidcrwort, which grows wild throughout the southern and western parts of our
country, is cultivated in most gardens, and blooms the whole summer long.
With a flowering specimen in hand, let the student turn to the following Arti-
ficial Key to the Natural Orders, p. xvii. Having flowers, it is evident the plant
belongs to the great series of Phwnogamous or Flowering Plants, To which of
its two classes is the first question. To answer this, let the student compare
the plant with the characters — that is, the enumeration of the principal distinc-
tions— of Class I. given on p. xviii., and of Class II. 011 p. xxviii.b Without the
seeds, which may not be ripe, — and if they were it might require more skill
than could be expected of the beginner to dissect them, — we cannot directly
ascertain whether the embryo is monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous. But the
other characters are abundantly sufficient, and easy to verify. Take first the
stem; is it formed on the exogenous or endogenous plan? A slice across it
plainly shows, to the naked eye, or by the aid of a common magnify ing-glass,
that there is no distinction of parts into pith, bark, and a ring of wood or woody
tissue between these two : but the woody part of the stem is here represented by
separate bundles, or threads, whose cut ends, as seen in the cross-section in the
form of dots, are scattered throughout the whole diameter, — just as in a stalk
of Indian Corn, a rattan, or a Palm-stem, — leaving no central pith and showing
no tendency to form a ring or layer of wood. It is therefore endogenous. The
simple, parallel-veined leaves show the same thing, and so does the arrangement
of the flower with its parts in threes, — namely, three sepals, three petals, six
(twice 3) stamens; and even the pistil, if the ovary be cut across, is found to
have three cells. So the plant plainly belongs to Class II. Monocotyledonous or
Endogenous Plants.
We have next to refer it to its proper Order under this Class, which is readily
done by following the successive subdivisions in the Artificial Key. The first
X\'i DIRECTIONS TO THE UNPRACTISED STUDENT.
division is into three groups, marked A. B. and C. Our plant, having dis-
tiuct floral envelopes and neither spadix nor glumes, must belong to B., the
Petaloideous Division. This is subdivided into three sections, designated by
stars. The parts of the flower being all separate from each other, our plant
evidently falls under the third section, with three stars, viz: '•*** pi:
wholly free from the ovary (inferior)." Next, as its perianth consists of three
green sepals and three colored petals, it belongs to the subdivision -* — *-.
Under this there are four alternatives, based 011 differences in the pistil.
The numerous distinct pistils exclude the first ; the many or several seeds in
each cell exclude the second ; the one-celled ovary, <fcc., exclude the fourth ;
while the third, having a single pistil with a 2-3-celled ovary, and only one
or two ovules or seeds in each cell, agrees with our plant ; which we are thus
brought to conclude must belong to the order Commelynacece. The number,
485, affixed to this name, refers to the page in the body of the work where
this order is characterized.
After comparing the plant with the ordinal character, especially with that por-
tion of it in italic type, and noting the agreement, let the student proceed to de-
termine the Genus. We have only two genera in this order, viz. : 1. Commdyna,
which has irregular flowers, petals unlike and on long claws, and the stamens
of two sorts, Oiily three of them bearing perfect anthers, — all of which is very
different from the plant we arc studying; and 2. Tradescantia (p. 486), with the
characters of which our plant will be found perfectly to accord.
Let the student then proceed to ascertain the Species, of which three are de-
scribed under this genus. Of the two sections, marked with stars ( * ), our
plant belongs to the first, having a sessile umbel. And of its two species, a
comparison with the characters of each fixes our plant as belonging to the first,
viz. T. Vtrgitrica.
The abbreviated name or letter after the name of the genus and that of the
species, denotes the founder of the genus or the species; — in this instance Lin-
naeus, whose name is indicated by the abbreviation L.
Whenever an order comprises several genera, a synopsis of them is given, like
that of Ranunculaceie, p. 2, by the aid of which the student will readily deter-
mine the genus of the plant under examination. The number prefixed to the
name of the genus, in the synopsis, is that under which it stands, farther on, in
the full account. The genera in the synopsis are often ranked under their proper
Tribes, or Suborders, &c. ; and the student will first determine the Tribe, or
other great group to which the plant he is examining belongs, and then the
Genus under that tribe, &c.
Sometimes a genus embraces two or more strongly marked sections, or Sub-
(jcm-ni, which arc designated by the mark § followed by a name. For example,
Cimidfuga, p. 14, has two subgcnera, § 1. ilfucrotys, and § 2. Cimicifvga proper,
each with its own characters ; and the genus Rhus, p. 76, has three subgcnera,
viz. § 1. Sumac, § 2. Tojcicodcndron, and § 3. Lobadium. These names, how-
ever, do not make a part of the appellation of a plant, which is called by its
generic and its specific name only; as. Cimidfuga racemosa, the Black Snake-
root ; Rlius (jlabra, the Smooth Sumac, &c.
ANALYTICAL KEY
TO THE NATURAL ORDERS, Ac. OF ALL THE PLANTS DESCRIBED IN THIS
WORK, BOTH INDIGENOUS AND EXOTIC.
THIS Artificial Analytical Key is a contrivance to lead the pupil, with a plant
in his hand to him unknown, by a succession of easy steps, up to the name of
the natural order to which the plant, under examination belongs.
The name at the end of the line, to which the student is brought, is that of the
natural order sought, for example : MAGNOLTACE^E.
The numbers prefixed to the name indicate the page upon which the order is
described or treated of, for example: 15 (31) MAGNOLIACE^E.
The numbers without parentheses refer to the body of the volume, the indige-
nous Botany of the Northern States. Those within parentheses refer to the
Garden Botany, which is paged in continuation of the Key.
If the plant under examination should be a wild one, the first or unenclosed
number is alone to be regarded, and the pupil will turn to that page in the body
of the volume. But if an exotic, or a plant here known only in cultivation, the
pupil, after reading over the description of the order in the body of the work, as
before, (for this description of course is not repeated,) will turn to the page in
the Garden Botany indicated by the number enclosed in parentheses. If the only
reference is to the Botany of the Northern States, follow that ; for many plants
in cultivation are also among our wild plants.
Although this Key is a purely artificial contrivance, it is a very necessary
one to beginners ; who, however, will very soon get to know the Classes, Sub-
classes, £c. at sight, and, after considerable practice, will by degrees be able to
recognize at a glance all the commonest natural orders in almost any examples
of them they take in hand. The Key is based on the easiest and most obvious
botanical characteristics that can be made to answer the purpose ; yet it will
bring out, one by one, the principal points, especially in the structure of the
flower, by which plants are classified and the natural orders distinguished.
XV111 ANALYTICAL KKY.
SERIES I. PILENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS, those
producing real flowers and se«
CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONOUS OR EXOGENOUS PLANTS.
Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith ; the wood forming a layer be-
tween the other two, and increasing, when the stem continues from year
to year, by the annual addition of a new layer to the outside, next the
bark. Leaves netted-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons,
or in Subclass II. often 3 or more in a whorl. Parts of the flower mostly
in fours or fives.
SUBCLASS I. ANGIO SPERMS. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary
which contains the ovules and the seeds.
DIVISION I. POLYPETALOUS : the calyx and corolla both present;
the latter of separate petals.
A. Stamens numerous, at least more than 10.
1. Calyx entirely free and separate from the pistil or pistils.
# Stamens unconnected either with the calyx or corolla, hypogynous.
Pistils numerous but cohering over each other in a solid
mass on an elongated receptacle. Page 15 (31) MAGNOLIACEJE.
Pistils several, separately immersed in hollows of the up-
per surface of a top-shaped receptacle. 21 NELCMBIACE.S:.
Pistils more than one, wholly separate.
Filaments scarcely any, much shorter than the anther: trees. 17 ANONACEJE.
Filaments longer than the anther.
Flowers dioecious : twiners with alternate leaves. 18 MENISPERMACE.SJ.
Flowers perfect : if climbers, the leaves opposite.
Leaves not peltate : petals deciduous. . 2 (30) RANDNCULACE^E.
Leaves peltate : petals persistent : aquatics. . . 22 CABOMBACE^E.
Pistils 3 to 6 with their ovaries partly united, or one 3-6-lohed.
Ovules and seeds borne at the centre. Nigella, (30) RANUNCUXACE,®.
Ovules and seeds parietal 41 (34) RESEDACE.E.
Pistils strictly one as to the ovary : the styles or stigmas may be several.
Ovary 2-20-cellcd, or else one-celled with 2 or more parietal placentae.
Leaves punctate under a lens with transparent dots, and
Opposite: styles or its lobes or the stigmas 2-5. 48 HYPERICACE^S.
Alternate : style and stigma one, undivided. (38) ADRANTIACE.E.
Leaves not punctate with transparent dots.
Calyx caducous, of 2 or 3 sepals, or a narrow cap. 24 (32) PAP AVERAGES.
Calyx deciduous, of
Four sepals : ovary one-celled. . . 40 (34) CAPPARIDACE/E.
Five sepals, valvato in the bud ; ovary 5-celled. . 69 TILIACEJS.
ANALYTICAL KEY.
Calyx persistent after flowering.
Ovary 8 - 18-celled : ovules many, on the partitions. 22
Ovary 5-celled : ovules many: placentas in the axis. 23 SARRACENIACE^.
Ovary 1 -celled or partly 3-celled : placentae parietal. 45 Ci STAGED.
Ovary 1-celled, compound (stigmas 3 or more) ; the
placenta central : sepals 2, deciduous. . 63 PORTULACAOE^E.
Ovary 1-celled, simple, with one parietal placenta.
Herb, with two peltate leaves and one large flower. 19 BERBERIDACE.ZE.
Herbs, with palmately dissected or twice or thrice ter-
nately compound leaves. ... 2 (30) RANUNCULACE.S:.
Shrubs or trees, with twice or thrice pinnate leaves or
phyllodia in their place. Acacia, &c. (43) LEGUMINOS.E.
* * Stamens united with the base of the (hypogynous) petals.
Calyx valvate in the bud : stamens monadelphous : an-
thers kidney-shaped, 1-celled. ... 65 (36) MALVACE^S.
Calyx imbricated in the bud: anthers 2-celled. 70 (38) CAMELLIACE.E.
* * # Stamens and petals inserted on the calyx (perigynous).
Stamens just twice as many as the petals, 12, 14, or 16.
Pistils as many as the petals, separate: leaves fleshy. (53) CRASSULACE-E.
Pistil only one, 1 -2-celled, many-seeded. . 127 (50) LYTHRACE^B.
Stamens more than twice as many as the 5 petals (in
natural flowers) : leaves alternate, with stipules. 110 (45) ROSACES.
Stamens (short) and petals both indefinitely numerous:
leaves opposite : pistils many, enclosed in a hol-
low receptacle 116 (49) CALYCANTHACEJB.
2. Calyx more or less coherent with the surface of the (compound) ovary; i.e. the
ovary inferior or partly so.
Ovary several-celled, the cells in two sets, one above the
other. Tree, with showy scarlet flowers. Punica. (49) MYRTACE^E.
Ovary 2 - 5-celled.
Leaves punctate with pellucid dots under a lens. (49) MYRTACEJE.
Leaves not punctate with pellucid dots,
With stipules, not unequal-sided : fruit fleshy. 110 (45) ROSACEJE.
With stipules, strikingly unequal-sided : ovary 3-angled. (53) BEGONIACEJS.
Without stipules,
Alternate, not fleshy : stamens adhering to the bases
of the petals. Shrubs 265 STYRACACE^E.
Opposite, not fleshy: stamens not on the petals.
Shrubs. Philadelphus. 141 (54) SAXIFRAGACE^E.
Opposite or alternate, thickened and fleshy : petals
numerous and narrow. . . (51) MESEMBRYANTHEMACE^E.
Ovary 10-30-celled: ovules many, covering the partitions :
petals very numerous ; aquatic. ... 22 NYMPH.EACE2E.
XX ANALYTICAL KEY.
Ovary one-celled, with the ovules parietal.
Fleshy plants with no true foliage : petals many. . '136 (51) CACTACE^B.
Rough-leaved plants : petals 5 or 10. . . . 135 LOASACE^!.
Ovary one-celled, half free from the 2-cleft calyx ; ovules
on slender stalks from a central placenta rising
from the base of the cell 63 (36) PORTULACACE^E.
IS. Stamens of the same number as the petals and opposite them.
Pistils 3 - 6, separate. Flowers diojcious. "Woody vines. 18MENISPERMACE2E.
Pistil only one.
Ovary one-celled : anthers opening by uplifted valves. 19 (32) BERBERIDACE^B.
Ovary one-celled : anthers not opening by uplifted valves.
Style and stigma one : ovules more than one. . . 270 PRIMULACE^B.
Style one : stigmas 3 : sepals 2 : ovules several. 63 PORTULACACE.E.
Styles 5 : ovule and seed only one. . . 270 (62) PLUMBAGIXACE^S.
Ovary 2-4-celled.
Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete : petals valvate. 77 (41) VITACEJB.
Calyx 4 - 5-cleft, valvate in the bud : petals involute. 78 RHAMXACE.S.
C. Stamens not more than 10, or at least not more than twice as many as the petals,
when of just the number of the petals then alternate with them.
1. Calyx free from the ovary, i. e. ovary wholly superior.
# Ovaries 2 or more, separate.
Stamens united with each other and with a large and
thick stigma common to the two ovaries. . . 350 ASCLEPI ADAGES.
Stamens unconnected,
Inserted on the receptacle, free from the calyx.
Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. ... 74 (40) RDTACE^:.
Leaves not pellucid-punctate.
Tree, with pinnate leaves : flowers polygamous
or dioecious. (40) SIMARUBACE^J.
Low shrub with pinnate leaves and perfect \
flowers in racemes. . ZaMhorhiza in £ 2 (30) RANUNCULACE^E.
Herbs with the leaves not thickened.
Herbs with thickened succulent leaves. . 139 (53) CRASSULACE^.
Inserted on the calyx,
Just twice as many as the pistils : leaves thick and
succulent. 139 (53) CRASSULACE^J.
More than twice as many as the two, or occasionally
three, many-seeded pistils. . . .141 (54) SAXIFRAOACEJB.
Seldom just twice the number of the few-seeded pis
tils : leaves not succulent or thick, mostly fur-
nished with stipules. 110 (45) ROSACEJB.
ANALYTICAL KEY. Xxi
* * Ovaries 2-5, more or less united into one below, but at the apex separate, as
well as their styles.
Leaves strong-scented, punctate with pellucid dots. . . (40) RDTACE^J.
Leaves scentless, not pellucid-punctate.
Herbs, without real stipules or stipels. . . 141 (54) SAXIFRAGACE^S.
Shrubs, with opposite compound (trifoliolate) leaves,
caducous stipules and stipels. . Staphylea, 82 SAPINDACE^E.
* ^ ^ Ovaries or lobes of a compound ovary 2 to 5, united by a common single style.
Stamens distinct : ovaries or lobes commonly 3.
Flower irregular, spurred : cress-scented plants. (40) TROP^OLACE^G.
Flower regular. 74 LIMNANTHACE^E.
Stamens monadelphous at the base : ovary 5-lobed. 72 (38) GERANIACE.E.
* * * * Ovary only one.
Ovary simple (of one carpel), with only one parietal pla-
centa and a single perfectly undivided style and
stigma. Flowers mostly irregular, the corolla
papilionaceous, rarely regular or nearly so. . 88 (43) LEGUMINOS^B.
Ovary one-celled, but either the styles or the stigmas more
than one or lobed, or the placentae more than one,
showing the pistil to be compound.
Corolla irregular,
Of 4 petals : stamens 6 in two sets. ... 26 (32) FUMARIACE.ZE.
Of 5 petals : stamens 5, their anthers united. . . 41 (35) VIOLACE.E.
Corolla regular or nearly so.
Ovule solitary and hanging in the cell. . . Isatis, (33) CRUCIFER^J.
Ovule solitary at the base of the cell : stigmas 3. 76 (41) ANACARDIACE.E.
Ovules more than one, in the centre or bottom of the cell.
Petals not on the calyx 53 (35) CARYOPHYLLACE^.
Petals on the throat of a bell-shaped or tubular calyx. 127 LYTHRACE^:.
Ovules several or many, on two or more parietal placentas.
Stamens inserted on the calyx 141 SAXIFRAGACE^B.
Stamens 5, borne on the long stalk of the ovary :
styles 3 : climbing plants with tendrils. 138 (33) PASSIFLORACE^:.
Stamens inserted on the receptacle.
Sepals deciduous after flowering,
Four, with 4 petals and 6 stamens. . . (34) CAPPARIDACE^J.
Five, with regular 5 petals and 5 stamens : style
one: shrub, with coriaceous leaves. . (35) PITTOSPORACEJE.
Sepals persistent, 5, or rarely 3.
Leaves punctate Avith pellucid and dark dots,
all of them opposite and entire. . . 48 HYPERICACE2B.
Leaves not pellucid-punctate, and
Not beset with gland-bearing bristles.
ANALYTICAL KEY.
Sterile filaments or some appendages resem-
bling them before each veiny petal. 48 PARNASSIACEJE
No sterile filaments : style 1 or none. 45 CISTACE^S.
Beset with strong bristles tipped with a clam-
my gland : styles divided so as to be
twice as many as the 3-5 placentae. 47 DROSERACE.SS.
Ovary 2 - several-celled.
Flowers irregular.
Stamens diadelphous or monadelphous,
Six or eight, connected with the corolla : anthers
one-celled, opening at the top. ... 85 POLYGALACE^E.
Ten, free from the corolla: anthers 2-celled. (As-
tragalus, &c.) 88 LEGUMINOS^:.
Stamens 5, the anthers somewhat monadelphous or
united over the stigma 73 (40) BALSAMINACE^B.
Stamens distinct both as to the filaments and the anthers.
Anthers opening at the apex. . Rhodora, 245 ERICACEAE.
Anthers opening lengthwise.
Calyx spurless 82 (41) SAPINDACE^J.
Calyx with a spur (40) TROP^OLACE^E.
Flowers regular or nearly so.
Stamens (2 or 3) fewer than the 4 petals. . . . 356 (72) OLEACE^B.
Stamens more numerous than the petals, but not twice as many,
Triadelphous : leaves opposite 48 HYPERICACE^B.
Distinct, usually 6 or 8, of equal length. . . 84 (41) SAPINDACE^.
Tetradynamous, i. e. 2 short and 4 long : petals 4. 28 (33) CRUCIFER^J.
Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals.
Ovules and seeds only 1 or 2 in each cell.
Herbs : flowers monoecious : styles fewer than the
sepals, mostly 3. 385 EUPHORBIACE.SS.
Herbs : styles or stigmas as many as the petals or sepals.
Sepals, petals, and lobes of the ovary 3 : stamens 6. 74 LIMNANTHACE.SS.
Sepals and petals 5 : ovary and pod 10-celled. 70 (38) LINAGES.
Sepals, petals, and cells or lobes of the ovary 5 :
stamens 5-10 72 (38) GERANIACE.E.
Shrubs or trees.
Leaves palmately veined and lobed : fruit two-
winged, a double samara. . . Acer, 84 (41) SAPINDACBJB.
leaves pinnately veined, not lobed.
Calyx not minute : pod colored, dehiscent :
seeds enclosed in a pulpy aril. . . 81 CELASTRACE^E.
Calyx minute: stigmas sessile : fruit a berry-
like drupe. 263 AQUIFOLIACE^S.
Ovules (and usually seeds) several or many in each cell.
Stipules between the opposite and simple leaves. 52 ELATIXACE.S:.
ANALYTICAL KEY. XXlil
Stipules between the opposite and compound
leaves (but they are caducous). Stuphylea, 82 SAPINDACE.E.
Stipules none when the leaves are opposite.
Stamens 5, monadclphous in a 10 -toothed tube
or cup : leaves simple, all radical. . . 262 GALACINE^S.
Stamens 10, monadelphous at the base. Leaf-
lets 3, obcordate. 71 OXALIDACE^E.
Stamens distinct, free from the calyx.
Style 1, undivided. 245 (61) ERICACEAE.
Styles 2 - 5, separate. . . . 52 (35) CARYOPHYLLACEJE.
Stamens distinct, inserted on the calyx.
Styles 2 (rarely 3), or splitting into 2 in fruit. 141 (54) SAXIFRAGACE.E.
Style 1 : pod enclosed in the calyx, becoming
1-cellcd at maturity. . . .127 (50) LYTHRACE^E.
2. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, at least to its lower half.
Tendril-bearing and often succulent herbs. . . 138 (52) CUCURBITACE^J.
Not tendril-bearing.
Ovules and seeds more than one in each cell.
Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled from the base. . 63 (36) PORTULACACE^E.
Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or 3 parietal few - many-seeded placentae.
Herbs : fruit a capsule 141 SAXIFRAGACE^E.
Shrubs : fruit a berry. .... 136 (53) GROSSULACE^E.
Ovary 2 -several-celled.
Anthers opening by pores at the apex : style 1. 127 MELASTOMACE^J.
Anthers not opening by pores.
Stamens on a flat disk which covers the ovary. 81 CELASTRACE^E.
Stamens on the calyx.
Style 1 : petals 4, rarely 5 . . . 129 (50) ONAGRACE^E.
Styles 2 or 3, or only one and 3 - 5-cleft. 141 (54) SAXIFRAGACE^E.
Ovules and seeds only one in each cell.
Stamens 10 (instead of many) accidentally and rarely in some 111 POME^E.
Stamens 2, 4, or 8.
Herbs : flowers not in an involucrate head. . 129 ONAGRACE.E.
Herb : flowers in a head, surrounded by a colored
§ involucre : stamens 4 161 CORNACE^E.
Shrubs or trees : petals narrow.
Stamens 4: style and stigma 1. . . . 161 CORNACE.E.
Stamens 8 : styles 2 147 HAMAMELACE.E.
Stamens 5 : flowers in umbels, or rarely in heads.
Fruit dry, splitting in two at maturity : styles 2 :
flowers mostly in compound umbels. 148 (54) UMBELLIFER^E.
Fruit fleshy or berry-like : styles 2-5, separate, or
united into one 159 (55) ARALIACIWE.
XXIV ANALYTICAL KEY.
DIVISION II. MONOPETALOUS ; calyx and corolla both present ; the
latter with its petals united more or less into one piece.
A» Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla.
Ovary 1 -celled with one parietal placenta. (Trifolium and
some Mimoseat) may be taken for monopetalous.) 88 (42) LEGUMINOSJE.
Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placenta. Adlumia, &c. 26 FUMARIACE.SJ.
Ovary 1-cellcd with the ovules at the centre or base. 265 STYRACACE^E.
Ovary 3 - many-celled.
Stamens free or nearly free from the corolla, distinct. 245 (61) ERICACE.SJ.
Stamens inserted on the base or tube of the corolla.
Filaments monadclphous : anthers 1-celled. . 65 (36) MALVACEAE.
Filaments somewhat mouadelphous at the base or 5-
adelphous : anthers 2-celled.
Calyx free from the ovary 70 (38) CAMELLIACEJE.
Calyx adherent with the ovary or with its base. 265 STYRACACE^E.
Filaments wholly distinct : calyx free, persistent. . 266 EBENACE^J.
JB* Stamens (fertile ones) as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them.*
Ovary 5-celled : corolla appendaged with scales inside. 267 SAPOTACE.S.
Ovary 1-celled : pod several - many-seeded : style 1. 270 (62) PRIMULACE^S.
Ovary 1-celled : utricle 1-seeded : styles 5, or only one
and 5-cleft 270 (62) PLUMBAGINACEJB.
C. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, or fewer.*
* Ovary adherent to the calyx-tube (inferior).
Tendril-bearing herbs: anthers often united. . 138 (52) CDCURBITACE^S.
Tendrils none.
Stamens united by their anthers into a ring or tube.
Flowers capitate, the head involucrate. . . 177 (56) COMPOSITE.
Flowers separate, irregular ; the tube of the corolla
cleft down one side 241 (60) LOBELIACE^B.
Stamens separate, and
Free from the corolla or nearly so ; leaves alternate,
without stipules : juice of the stem milky. 243 (60) CAMPANULACE^S:.
Inserted on the corolla,
Didynamous : ovary 1-celled, with two parietal
and many-ovuled placentae. . . . (63) GESNERIACE^S.
Not didynamous.
One to three, always fewer than the lobes of the
corolla 174 (56) VALERIANACE^S.
* Beware here of Mirabilis .' which seems to be monopetalous, with the ovary between the
calyx and corolla ; but it is really apetalous. See pp. Ixiv. and 360.
ANALYTICAL KEY. XXV
four or five, generally as many as the lobes of the corolla.
Flowers in an involucrate head : stipules none. 176 (56) DIPSACE.E<
Flowers if in heads not involucrate.
Leaves whorled without stipules. •»
Leaves opposite, or rarely whorled, with 1-168 (56) BuBiACE2E.
stipules. J
Leaves opposite without stipules (or some-
times with appendages to the petioles
imitating them). . . . 163 (55) CAPRIFOLIACE.SJ,
* * Ovary free from the calyx (superior}.
t- Corolla irregular : stamens (with anthei's) 4 and didynamous, or only 2.
Ovules and seeds solitary in the (1-4) cells.
Ovary 4-lobed, the style rising from between the lobes. 300 (67) LABIATE.
Ovary not lobed, the style from its apex. . . 298 (66) VERBENACEJE.
Ovules numerous or as many as 2 in each cell.
Ovary and pod 1 -celled,
With a free central placenta : stamens 2 : aquatics. 275 LENTIBULACEJS.
With 2 or more parietal placentas : stamens 4.
Plants with ordinary foliage (63) GESNERIACE.E.
Plants leafless, root-parasitic. . . . 279 OROBANCHACEJS.
Ovary and fruit more or less 4 - 5-celled. Martynia, /
Ovary and pod 2-celled, but the 2 placentae parietal. ) M
Ovary and pod 2-celled : placentae in the axis.
Seeds numerous, rarely few, not on hooks, &c. 281 (64) SCROPHULARIAOE.E.
Seeds few, borne on hook-like, or slender, or else cup-
shaped projections of the placentas. . 296 (66) ACANTHACE^:.
H— H— Corolla somewhat irregular : stameth (with anthers] 5.
Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so : anthers open-
ing by a hole at the top of each cell. . Azalea, 245 (61) ERICACEAE.
Stamens inserted on the corolla.
Filaments or some of them woolly. Verbascum, 281 SCROPHULARIACE^.
Filaments not woolly 338 (71) SOLANACE^S.
••-•*-•»— Corolla regular.
++ Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla.
Ovaries 2, separate ; their
Styles and stigmas also wholly separate. Dichondra, 332 CONVOLVULACEJB.
Stigmas and sometimes styles united into one.
Filaments distinct : pollen in ordinary grains. 349 (72) APOCYNACE^E.
Filaments commonly monadelphous : anthers united
with the stigrna : pollen in masses. . 350 (72) ASCLEPIADACE^.
Ovary one, but deeply 4-lobed around the style. 319 (69) BORRAGINACE.E.
ANALYTICAL KEY.
Ovary one : pod 2-lobed or 2-horned at the summit. Loganieae, 169 RCBIACEJS.
Ovary one, not divided nor deeply lobed,
One-celled, simple : style and stigma 1, undivided. 88 (43) LEGUMINOS.E.
One-celled, compound : styles, stigmas, or parietal placenta? 2.
Leaves (or in Menyanthes 3 leaflets) entire. . . 341 GENTIANACE.E.
Leaves toothed, lobed or pinnately compound. ^
Imperfectly 2-celled by two broad parietal pla- X26 (69) HYDROPHYLLACE.E.
centse meeting each other. . . J
Two- to ten-celled.
Leafless and parasitic twining plants. Cuscuta, 332 CONVOLVULACE.E.
Plants with ordinary green leaves.
Style none : corolla deeply 4 - 6-parted. . . 263 AQUIFOLIACE.E.
Style present.
Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so. 245 (61) ERICACEAE.
Stamens inserted on the corolla,
Four : corolla scarious : pod 2-celled, opening
transversely, the top falling as a lid. 268 PLANTAGINACE^E.
Four: ovary 2-4-celled, with one ovule in each. 299 VERBENACE^:.
Five or rarely more.
Leaves opposite, with stipules, or a transverse
line in their place. Gelsemium, p. 296, and 169 LOGANIE.E.
Leaves mostly opposite, no stipules. 1
Leaves alternate : style 3-cleft at apex.
^•329 (70) POLEMONIACEJE.
Leaves alternate and opposite : an-
thers transversely 2-valved.
Leaves alternate : style undivided or rarely 2-cleft.
Ovules and seeds very numerous.
Corolla imbricated in the bud. 281 SCROPHULARIACE.E.
Corolla cither plaited, val vate, or twisted
in the bud 338 (71) SOLAN ACE^B.
Ovules and seeds 1 or 2 in each cell.
Style short : fruit splitting into two or
four seed-like nutlets. . 319 (69) BORRAGINACE^B.
Style long : flowers showy : fruit a
2 - 3-valved pod. . . 332 (70) CONVOLVDLACE^E.
++ ** Stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla.
Stamens 4, didynamous.
Ovary 2-celled; the cells 2 -few-seeded. . . 296 (66) ACANTHACEJE.
Ovary 2 - 4-celled ; the cells 1-seeded. . . 298 (66) VERBENACE.B.
Stamens 2, rarely 3 : ovary 2-celled.
Low herbs : corolla scarious, withering on the pod. 268 PLANTAGINACEJK.
Herbs (rarely shrubs) : corolla rotate, or somewhat funnelform,
slightly irregular, deciduous. Veronica, 281 (64) SCROPIIULARIACEJE,
Shrubs or trees.
ANALYTICAL KEY. XXV11
Lobes of the corolla 4,valvate in the bud : seeds suspended. 356 (73) OLEACE.SJ.
Lobes of the corolla 5 or more, convolute in the bud : seeds
erect from the base of the cells. . . . (73) JASMINACE^E.
DIVISION III. APETALOUS : corolla (and sometimes the calyx) wanting.
A« Flowers not in catkins.
* Ovary or its cells containing many ovules.
Ovary and pod inferior (i. e. calyx-tube adherent to the ovary),
Six-celled: stamens 6-12 359 AmsTOLOCHiACEyE.
Four-celled: stamens 4. .... Ludwigia, 129 ONAGRACE^E.
Three-celled : flowers monoecious : stamens many. (53) BEGONIACE^:.
One-celled, with 2 parietal placentas. Chrysosplenium, 141 SAXIFRAGACE.E.
Ovary and pod wholly naked (there being no calyx),
Two-celled, 2-beaked : flowers capitate, monoecious : tree. 147 HAMAMELACEJS.
Two-celled, many-ribbed : aquatic herb. . . 384 PODOSTEMACE^.
Ovary and pod, &c. superior, i. e. free from the calyx,
Five-celled and 5-beaked, opening across the beaks
which fall off at maturity : stamens 10. Penthorum, 139 CRASSULAOE.E.
Three - 5-celled, opening round the middle. Sesuvium, 63 PORTULACACE.E.
Three-celled and 3-valved. . . Mollugo, 53 CARYOPIIYLLACE^E.
Two-celled or 1-celled : placentce central.
Stamens inserted on the throat or tube of the calyx. 127 (50) LYTHRACE^J.
Stamens inserted on the receptacle or the base of the calyx,
Alternate with the 5 sepals. . . . Glaux, 270 PRIMULACE^B.
Opposite the sepals when of the same number.
Flowers with scarious or colored bracts. . 367 AMARANTACE^:.
Flowers without such bracts. ... 52 CARYOPIIYLLACE-ZE.
One-celled, with one parietal placenta. ... 1
> 2 KANUNCULACE^S.
Ovaries 2 or more, separate, simple )
* * Ovary or its cells containing only 1 or 2, rarely 3 or 4, ovules.
•*- Pistils more than one, and distinct or nearly so.
Stamens inserted on the calyx. Leaves with stipules. 110 (45) ROSACES.
Stamens inserted on the receptacle.
Leaves punctate, with pellucid dots. . . Zanthoxylum, 74 RUTACE^B.
Leaves not dotted.
Calyx present, usually colored or petal-like. 2 (30) RANUNCULACE^E.
Calyx absent. Flowers entirely naked, perfect, spiked. 383 SAURURACE^B.
•*- ••- Pistil one, either simple or compound.
Ovary partly inferior, the calyx coherent to its lower half,
2-celled : styles 2 : stamens many. . . . 147 HAMAMELACE^S.
XXV111 ANALYTICAL KEY.
Ovary wholly inferior in perfect or pistillate flowers.
Aquatic herbs : ovary 3-4-celled, or (Hippuris) 1-celled. 129 HALORAGEJS.
Woody plants : style or stigma one, entire : ovary 1-celled.
Stigma running down one side of the style. Nyssa, 160 CORNACE^E.
Stigma terminal, with or without a style.
Parasitic on the branches of trees : anthers sessile. 382 LORANTHACE^E.
Not parasitic above ground : anthers on filaments. 381 SANTALACE^:.
Ovary really free from the calyx, but permanently invested
by its tube, or the base of it, so as to seem inferior.
Shrubs, with scurfy leaves : flowers mostly dioecious. 380 EL^AGNACE^E.
Herbs : calyx colored like a corolla : flowers perfect. 360 (74) NYCTAGINACE^.
Ovary plainly free from the calyx, which is sometimes wanting.
Stipules (ochreae) sheathing the stem at the nodes.
Tree : calyx none : flowers monoecious, in heads. 400 PLATANACE.E.
Herbs : calyx present and often colored. . 371 (75) POLYGONACE^E.
Stipules not sheathing the stem, or none.
Aquatic herbs, submersed or nearly so.
Leaves whorled-dissected : style 1. . . 383 CERATOPIIYLLACE;E.
Leaves opposite, entire : styles 2 : ovary 4-celled. 384 CALLITRICHACE^E.
Not aquatics, herbs.
Ovary 10-celled : berry 10-seeded. . . 361 PHYTOLACCACEJE.
Ovary 3-celled, rarely 1 - 2-celled : juice milky. 385 (76) EUPHORBIACE^E.
Ovary one-celled : juice not milky.
Style and tufted stigma one, or rarely two : leaves
pinnate and with stipules. . Sanguisorba, 110 ROSACEJE.
Style, if any, and stigma only one : leaves simple :
no scarious bracts around the flowers. . . 394 URTICE^J.
' Style or stigmas 2 or 3 : embryo coiled or curved.
Stipules not scarious : leaves palmately cleft
or palmately compound. . . 395 (76) CANXABINKJE.
Stipules scarious 54 ILLECEBRE^E.
Stipules and scarious bracts none : stamens
inserted high up on the tube of the calyx. 54 SCLERANTIIE^:.
Stipules none : but scarious bracts crowded
around the flowers. . . . 367 (75) AMARANTACE;E.
Stipules and scarious bracts none. 361 (74) CHENOPODIACE^E.
Shrubs or trees.
Ovules a pair in each cell of the ovary.
Fruit a 3-cclled pod : leaves evergreen. Buxus, (76) EUPHORBIACE^B.
Fruit 2-celled, a double samara 82 ACERIM..K.
Fruit a 1-celled 1 -seeded samara or drupe. . 356 (73) OLEACE.E.
Ovules single in each cell of the
Three -9-celled ovary: leaves small and heath-like. 393 EMPETRACE^E.
Three-celled ovary : leaves broad. ... 78 RHAMNACE.S:.
ANALYTICAL KEY. XXV1118
One - two-celled ovary: styles or stigmas 2-cleft. 394 (76) URTICACE.E.
One-celled ovary : style and stigma single and entire.
Anthers opening longitudinally. . 380 (75) THYMELEACE^E.
Anthers opening by uplifted valves like trap-doors. 378 LAURACE..E.
B. Flowers (monoecious or dicecious) one or both sorts in catkins.
* Only one sort of flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads.
Fertile flowers in a short catkin, head, or strobile. . 394 (76) URTICACEYE.
Fertile flowers single or clustered : sterile ones in slender catkins.
Leaves pinnate : fertile flowers and fruit naked. 401 (77) JCGLANDACE^E.
Leaves simple : fertile flowers 1-3 in an involucre or
cupule. 403 (77) CDPULIFER.E.
* * Both sterile and fertile flowers in catkins or heads.
Ovary and pod 1 -celled, many-seeded : seeds furnished
with a downy tuft at one end. . . . 413 (78) SALICACB^E.
Ovary and woody pod 2-celled, many-seeded. Liquidambar, 148 HAMAMELACE^:.
Ovary 1- 2-celled, only one ovule in each cell : fruit 1-seeded.
Parasitic on trees : fruit a berry 382 LORANTHACE^E.
Trees or shrubs, not parasitic.
Calyx regular, conspicuous, that of the fertile flowers
succulent in fruit 394 (76) URTICACE.E.
Calyx none, or rudimentary and scale-like.
Style and stigma one, simple : flowers in heads. 400 PLATANACE^J.
Styles or long stigmas 2.
Fertile flowers 2 or 3 under each scale of the
catkin : nutlets naked, winged or woody. 410 BETULACE.E.
Fertile flowers single under each scale : nutlets
naked, globose, mostly waxy-coated or
drupe-like. 409 MYRICACE^E.
• Fertile flowers single in a membranous sac. Ostrya, ^
Fertile flowers 2, subtended by a one-sided and i-403 CUPDLIFER^E.
lobed leafy involucre. Carpinus, J
SUBCLASS IT. GYMNO SPERM JE. Pistil an open scale or altered
leaf, bearing naked ovules on its margin or its upper surface, or in Taxus
entirely wanting. Flowers monoecious or dicecious.
Leaves simple : stems branched 420 (78) CONIFERS.
Leaves pinnate, rigid : stem or caudex simple : plants
therefore resembling Palms in aspect. . . . (80) CYCADACE^J.
XXVllla ANALYTICAL KEY.
SERIES II. CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS:
those destitute of stamens and pistils, in fructification producing spores
instead of seeds.
CLASS III. ACROGENOUS PLANTS.
Plants with a stem containing woody tissue and vessels, as does the
foliage when there is any (in the form of veins).
Fructification borne on the leaves (fronds), commonly on
their backs or margins 587 FILICES.
Fructification of several spore-cases borne on the under
side of the shield-shaped stalked scales of a terminal
spike or cone. Leaves none, except a whorl of teeth
at each joint of the stem 585 EQUISETACE^J.
Fructification of spore-cases in the axil of small simple
leaves or bracts. 602 LYCOPODIACE^E.
Fructification at the base of leaves or naked branches.
Aquatics 605 HYDROPTERIDES.
CLASS IV. ANOPHYTES. (MOSSES.)
Plants consisting of cellular tissue only, with stem and foliage distinct,
or sometimes the two confluent into a foliaceous body (frond).
Spore-cases mostly opening by a lid. Leaves distinct. . . 607 Musci.
Spore-cases not opening by a lid. Leaves sometimes con-
fluent into a frond. 682 HEPATICEJE.
GARDEN BOTANY:
AN INTRODUCTION TO A KNOWLEDGE OF THE
COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS.
THIS simple Introduction to a knowledge of the plants commonly cultivated
in this country, whether for use or ornament, is prepared as a useful accom-
paniment to the Botany of the Northern United States, and is made as
extensive as the needful limits of such a volume will allow. It will serve the
purpose of enabling pupils to study our ordinary exotic as well as indigenous
plants, to ascertain their names, and to refer them to their place in the system.
It is to be used wholly in connection with the foregoing Artificial Key, p. xv.,
which is arranged to lead the pupil, if he has an exotic or other cultivated plant
in hand, to this Garden Botany, — if a wild plant, to its order in the proper
Botany of the Northern United States. If the cultivated plant be one which is
described in the main body of the work, — as may frequently be the case, —
the analysis will conduct to a reference, " Man. p. . . /' where the plant in ques-
tion may be found described. It is needless to repeat the description of such
species.
For the same reason, the character or brief description of the orders and of
the genera already in the Botany of the Northern United States is not repeated
in the Garden Botany; but a reference, "Manual," or "Man.," followed by
the page, directs the student to the place where the order or the genus, &c. is
characterized.
Since by far the greater part of the names of the genera, &c. of our cultivated
plants occur in the body of the work, where they are duly accentuated to in-
dicate their proper pronunciation, the accents are not introduced here, except
in the case of a few words, for the most part not already in the Manual, which
are particularly liable to be mispronounced.
As this Garden Botany is intended to be used only for exercise in botanical
analysis, an Index of the names of the plants contained in it, for obvious rea-
sons, is purposely omitted.
XXX GARDEN BOTANY.
ORDER R ANTING ULACE.2E. CROWFOOT FAMILY.
See Manual, p. 2. — The cultivated sorts may be known by having many
stamens inserted on the receptacle, and from 2 to many separate pistils, except
ilmt the annual Larkspurs have only one pistil, and in Fennel-Flower the live
pistils are partly united into one.
Climbers, with opposite and usually compound leaves. . . Genus 1. CLEMATIS.
Herbs, except the Tree Pseony, not climbing.
Pistils many in a head, one-seeded, in fruit resembling seeds.
Calyx like a corolla, no real petals 2. ANEMONE.
Calyx and corolla present : the petals conspicuous,
With a little scale inside on the claw 3. RANUNCULUS.
Without any scale 4. ADONIS.
Pistils several-seeded, in fruit becoming pods.
Calyx like a corolla : petals small and stamen-like.
Pistils 5, partly united, making a 5-horned pod. ... 5. NIGELLA.
Pistils 9 or more, separate : flower yellow, globe-like. . . 6. T110LLIU3.
Pistils 6 : flower white or greenish, open. .... 7. IIELLEBORUS.
Calyx like a corolla, regular ; the petals large spurs. . . 8. AQUILEGIA.
Calyx like a corolla, irregular.
Upper sepal spurred behind : petals 1 to 4, small. . . 9. DELPHINIUM.
Upper sepal helmet-shaped : petals 2, hammer-shaped. . . 10. ACONITUM.
Calyx green or greenish : petals large 11. P.ZEONIA.
1. Clematis, VIRGIN'S-BOWER. Man. p. 3. No. 5 is sometimes cult.; also
C. Viticella, VINE-BOWER. Flower solitary, long-peduncled, large,
blue or purple, in summer; styles naked.
C. Flammula, SWEET VIRGIN'S-BOWER. Flowers paniclcd, white,
sweet-scented, in late summer; leaves pinnate; styles plumose in fruit.
2. Anemone COronaria, the original of most of the showy GARDEN
ANEMONIES, of various colors, single or double, fl. in spring.
3. Ranunculus, CROWFOOT or BUTTERCUPS. No. 14 and 15, in Man.
p. 10, furnish the hardy YELLOW DOUBLE BUTTERCUPS of our gardens, and
R. AsiatiCUS furnishes the DOUBLE RANUNCULUSES with large flowers,
white, red, and other colors, resembling Anemonies.
4. Adonis. Like Ranunculus, but without any scale on the petals ; these
are usually 6 to 12. Leaves very finely divided.
A. vernalis, SPRING ADONIS. Low perennial ; flowers large, yellow.
A. autumnalis, PHEASANT'S-EYE. Annual ; petals small, red, dark at
the base, late in summer.
5. Nigella, FENNEL-FLOWER. Annuals, with finely divided leaves, petals
much smaller than the white or bluish sepals, and five pistils partly united
into one pod, containing rather large, dark-colored, spicy seeds.
N. Damascena, FENNEL-FLOWER, RAGGED-LADY. Flower overtopped
by a leafy involucre; pod smooth and bladdery, the lining of the 5 cells
separating from the outer part, making 5 outer empty cells.
N. sativa, NUTMEG-FLOWER. Flower naked ; pod rough, less inflated.
6. TrolllUS Europaeus, GLOBE-FLOWER. Flower golden-yellow, globe-
shaped (instead of wide open, as in our wild species, Man. p. 12), in early
spring. Resembles a large and showy Buttercup.
GARDEN BOTANY.
7. Helleborus niger, CHRISTMAS ROSE. Rare in gardens, should be
common, being very hardy, and handsome (not dull green, like H. viridis, Man.
p. 12) ; the large pedate leaf evergreen ; flower from the ground in earliest
spring, 1^' across ; sepals white, persistent, and turning green.
8. Aquilegia VUlgaris, COMMON COLUMBINE. Spurs of the variously
colored flower (single or double) hooked at the end; the parent of all the
common garden Columbines.
9. Delphinium, LARKSPUR. Man. p. 12. Several are cult, for ornament.
* Annuals, with finely divided leaves, petals united in one body, and a single
pistil : /lowers blue, varying to pink or white.
D. Consolida, COMMON or FIELD LARKSPUR. Flowers scattered on
the spreading branches ; pod smooth.
D. Ajacis, ROCKET LARKSPUR. Flowers crowded in a close spike or
racenfe ; spur shorter ; some marks on the base of the united petals were
fancied to read ALAI = Ajax.
=fc * Perennials, with 4 separate petals of 2 sorts, and 2 to 5 pistils : flowers
various shades of blue, rarely ivhite.
H— Loiv, branching species : lower petals not notched.
D. Sinense, CHINESE LARKSPUR. Cultivated only with double flowers,
of deep indigo-blue ; leaves bright green, rather rigid.
D. grandiflorum, GREAT-FLOWERED L. ^Leaves cut into distant
narrowly linear lobes ; flowers single or double, of various tints of blue.
D. cheilanthum, with lanceolate or oblong lobes to the leaves, is the
parent of some of the choice varieties of the Great-flowered Larkspurs.
H- Tall and single-stemmed: lower petals notched.
D. elatum, BEE LARKSPUR. Leaves cleft into 3 to 7 wedge-shaped,
gashed and toothed lobes ; lower petals strongly bearded. Many varieties.
10. Aconitum Napellus, ACONITE, MONKSHOOD. An upright species,
with 5-parted leaves many-cleft into narrow lobes; the broad, erect helmet
short-pointed in front, is the parent of the common sorts of MONKSHOOD in
the gardens.
11. Pseonia, PEONY. Perennials, with thick roots, compound and cleft
leaves, and very large flowers : calyx leafy : petals 5 in the natural state,
white or red. Pistils 2, 3, or more, becoming thick pods.
P. officinalis is the COMMON PEONY of all gardens, generally with full
double flowers ; pods downy.
P. albiflora, SWEET PEONY, has smaller, sweet-scented, mostly white
flowers, and smooth recurved pods.
P. Moutan, TREE PEONY, has shrubby stems, pale leaves, very large
flowers (white, purple, or variegated), and the pistils enclosed in a curious
urn-shaped cup (disk), which bursts as the pods grow.
ORDER MAGNOLIACE2E. MAGNOLIA FAMILY.
Manual, p. 15. — Besides the Magnolias described, p. 16, one from Japan and
two of the Southern States arc planted, viz. : —
1. Magnolia purpurea, PURPLE M., from Japan : a shrub with petals
about 3' long, erect, pink-purple outside, white inside, beginning to flower in
early spring before the obovate bright green leaves appear.
XXX11 GARDEN BOTANY.
M. grandiflora, GREAT LAUREL MAGNOLIA of the Southern States,
barely hardy in the Middle States : tree with evergreen coriaceous leaves,
oblong or ohovutc, shining above, rusty beneath ; flower like that of M. glauca
on a mueh larger scale and more fragrant.
M. COrdata. Like M. aeuminata, but leaves ovate or slightly cordate,
darker green above ; flowers pure light yellow.
ORDER BERBEKIDACEJE. BARBERRY FAMILY.
Manual, p. 19. — Besides COMMON BARBERRY, described p. 19, the only
common cultivated plant of the order is
1. Berberis (or Mahonia) Aquifolium, of Rocky Mountains and
Oregon : leaves pinnate, evergreen ; leaflets spiny-toothed ; flowers in clus-
tered racemes in early spring ; berries blue.
'
ORDER PAPAVERACEJE. POPPY FAMILY.
Manual, p. 24. — Besides three naturalized plants of the order, Poppies and
Eschscholtzias are common in the gardens.
Juice of the stem yellow or saffron-colored.
Pod short, prickly : leaves prickly and blotched : flowers yellow,
rarely white. . . ^ Man. p. 25. ARGEHONE.
Pod long and slender, smooth (flowers yellow, &c.),
One-celled, with 2 placentae Man p. 25. CHELIDONIDM.
Two-celled by a spongy partition. . . Man. p. 26. GLAUCIUM.
Juice of the stem white : pod partly many-celled by the several
strongly projecting placentae. 1. PAPAYER,
Juice of the stem colorless, with the odor of muriatic acid : calyx
like a candle-extinguisher, falling off whole : peduncle inflated
under the flower : pod slender, striate : stigmas slender. 2. ESCHSCHOLTZIA.
1. Papaver, POPPY. Man. p. 25. Cultivated for ornament, and one of
them for medical use.
P. somniferum, OPIUM POPPY. Annual, smooth, glaucous; leaves
wavy and clasping ; flowers white, purple, &c., often double ; in summer.
P. Rhceas, CORN POPPY. Annual, low, bristly ; leaves nearly pinnate ;
flowers scarlet, in gardens double, colors various.
P. orientale, ORIENTAL POPPY. Perennial, rough-hairy ; leaves almost
pinnate ; flowering stems tall, bearing a very large red flower, in June.
2. Eschscholtzia. Low annuals of California and Oregon, with finely
divided leaves and showy 4-petalled flowers, produced all summer.
E. Californica. Petals orange-yellow ; receptacle flat-bordered.
E. Douglasii. Petals pure yellow (and a white variety) ; no flat border
to the receptacle.
ORDER FITMAB,IACE-SS. FUMITORY FAMILY.
Manual, p 26. — The only cultivated plant not in the Manual, and a very
handsome one, is the Chinese or Tartarean
1. Dicentra spectabilis. Large, with leafy stems, Peony-like leaves,
and heart-shaped, pink-red flowers an inch long, in drooping one-sided
racemes ; blooming in spring.
GARDEN BOTANY.
ORDER CBTTCIFEIL33. MUSTARD FAMILY.
Manual, p. 28. — Well known by the pungent taste, flowers of 4 sepals, 4
petals with claws, 6 tetradynamous stamens, and the kind of pod called a silique
or silicle. The following is a simple key to the cultivated species.
Flowers deep orange or brownish yellow, sweet-scented. . . 1. CHEIRANTHUS.
Flowers pure yellow.
Pod long or longish, beak -pointed, several-seeded : seeds spherical.
Mostly biennials : sepals erect : upper leaves sessile or clasping. 2. BRASSICA.
Annuals : sepals loose or spreading : leaves cut. Man. p. 36. SINAPIS.
Pod slender, not beaked, several seeded : seeds flat. Man. p. 35. BARBAREA.
Pod flat, wing-like, 1-celled, 1-seeded, hanging, not opening. . 3. ISATIS.
Pod very short, 2-celled, few-seeded : low plants. ... 10. ALYSSUM.
Flowers pale yellow, turning white or purple : pod jointed. . . 4. RAPHANUS.
Flowers not yellow, white, pink, or purple.
Seeds spherical , several in a beak-pointed thick and indehiscent pod. 4. RAPHANUS.
Seeds several or many in a long and narrow pod. *
Leaves green, toothed : flowers fragrant chiefly at night. . . 5. HESPERIS.
Leaves hoary, entire : flowers fragrant in the day. ... 6. MATTHIOLA.
Seeds many or few in a shortish pod : flowers white. Man. p. 30. NASTURTIUM.
Seeds several in a broad and flat pod, having a broad and silvery
partition : flowers purple, large 7. LUNARIA.
Seeds one or sometimes two in each cell of a short pod.
Corolla irregular ; 2 exterior petals larger than the other two. 8. IBERIS.
Corolla regular, as in all the rest of the order, white, small.
Leaves cut or toothed : partition of the pod very narrow. . 9. LEPIDIUM.
Leaves narrow, entire : partition oval. . .10. ALYSSUM.
1. Cheiranthus Cheiri, WALLFLOWER. Perennial, with narrow and
entire pointed leaves ; cultivated everywhere for its deliciously fragrant orange
or red-yellow flowers.
2. Brassica. So much like Sinapis botanically, that the two should form
only one genus. Cult, as biennials for food.
B. oleracea, CABBAGE, with roundish, thickish, strongly-veined, gla-
brous and glaucous fleshy leaves, in cultivation forming a head the first year.
Var. BROCCOLI has fleshy irregular branches bearing clusters of abortive
flower-buds, instead of a head.
Var. CAULIFLOWER has a depressed head, formed of short and fleshy flower-
branches changed into a dense fleshy mass.
Var. KOHLRABI has the main stem, thickened below into a sort of turnip
above-ground.
Var. KALE is more nearly the natural wild state, leaves not forming a head.
B. campestris, with lower leaves rough-hairy and pinnatifid, upper ones
clasping by an auricled base, and flowers brighter yellow, is the original of the
Var. TURNIP, with depressed fleshy (napiform) white root, and (probably)
Var. RUTABAGA, or SWEDISH TURNIP, with a longer yellowish root.
Var. COLZA, or BAPE-SEED, is near the wild state, with the small root
annual ; cult, for the oil of the seeds.
3. Isatis tinctoria, DYER'S WOAD. Tall biennial, with branching racemes
of small yellow flowers, succeeded by hanging 1-seeded pods, not opening,
winged, like a small samara : formerly cultivated for a blue dye.
XXXIV GARDEN BOTANY.
4. Raphanus sativus, RADI sir. Lower leaves lyratc ; flowers purple and
whitish ; pods thick, knobby, pointed, never opening, the seeds separated by
pithv partitions : cult, for the tender and fleshy pungent root.
R. Raphanistrum, WILD RADISH or JOINTED CHARLOCK, a trou
blesome weed : see Man. p. 40.
5. Hesperis Hiatronalis, ROCKET. A rather coarse ornamental peren-
nial of country gardens, tall, pubescent ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong,
toothed ; flowers light purple, in summer, hardly fragrant except at evening.
6. Matthi'ola, STOCK, GILLIFLOWER. Garden or house plants, with hoary
leaves, cult, for their fresh fragrant, commonly pink or reddish, sometimes
white, often double flowers.
M. incana, COMMON STOCK. Perennial, almost woody : flowers mostly
full double.
M. anmia, TEN-WEEK STOCK. Annual : flowers commonly single, pur-
ple or white.
7. Lllnaria, HONESTY, SATIN-FLOWER. Hardy plants, with heart-shaped
leaves, and broad flat pods, which are raised out of the calyx on a stalk of their
own ; their broad white partition, of satiny lustre, remaining after the valves
have fallen.
L. biennis, COMMON HONESTY, is occasionally met with in the country:
root biennial ; pods broadly oval and obtuse.
L. rediviva, the perennial kind, with lanceolate pods, is still more rare.
8. Ib'eris, CANDYTUFT. Well marked by the irregular corolla, the two petals
on the lower or outer side of the flower larger than the other two : leaves nar-
row. Low plants, cult, for ornament.
I. umbellata. Annual ; flowers purple, in summer ; pod deeply notched,
I. saxatilis. Almost shrubby, fleshy-leaved ; flowers white, in spring.
9. Lepidium sativum, GARDEN PEPPERGRASS. Annual, smooth ; leaves
much cut ; pods round-oval : rarely cult, as a Cress.
10. Alyssum saxatile, ROCK ALYSSUM, a low, hoary-leaved species, full
of bright yellow flowers, occasionally cultivated for ornament.
A. maritimum, SWEET A., of the subgenus Koniga, with white flowers,
scarcely hoary linear-lanceolate leaves, and small white sweet-scented flowers,
blooming in long succession, is commonly cultivated for bouquets, &c.
ORDER CAPPARIDACEJE. CAPER FAMILY.
Manual, p. 40. — Rather common as a garden annual is one species of
1. Cleome. Sepals and petals 4, spreading, the latter with long claws. Sta-
mens 6. Ovary long-stalked, becoming a many-seeded narrow pod.
C. pungens. Clammy-pubescent; leaves digitate; leaflets 5 -9 ; stipules
spine-like ; flowers pink or purple.
ORDER RESEDACE.ZE. MIGNONETTE FAMILY.
Manual, p. 41. — A most common and favorite species in cultivation is
1. Reseda odorata, COMMON MIGNONETTE. Cult, as an annual, 1(
and spreading, with many of the leaves 3-cleft, and a raceme of greenish- wl
very fragrant flowers ; anthers orange.
GARDEN BOTANY. XXXV
ORDER VIOLACE-SU. VIOLET FAMILY.
Manual, p. 41. — Some of our Wild Violets are occasionally cultivated in
gardens, and the following are common.
1. Viola odorata, SWEET VIOLET, of Europe. Stemless perennial, spread-
ing by creeping shoots, the round-cordate leaves and scapes all from the root-
stock ; flowers blue, violet, and a white variety, single or double, produced
in early spring, often again in autumn.
"V. tricolor, PANSY, HEARTSEASE. Biennial or annual, with leafy stems,
ovate or cordate leaves, and large pinnatitid stipules ; flowers violet, whitish,
or yellow, or a mixture of the three, in many varieties, spring and summer.
ORDER PITTOSPORACEJE. PITTOSPORUM FAMILY.
Has to be included for the sake of a shrub or small tree from Japan, cultivated
as a house plant in winter, because of its sweet-scented flowers and coriaceous
evergreen leaves, which bear the dry air of our parlors better than most plants, viz. :
1. Pitto'sporum Tobi'ra. Sepals, petals (with connivent claws), and sta-
mens 5, ivgular. Style 1 : ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placenta}, in fruit
forming a thick-walled pod, with several pitchy-coated seeds. Flowers white.
Leaves obovate, retuse.
ORDER CARYOPHYLLACEJE. PINK FAMILY.
Manual, p. 52. — The common garden species are all of the Pink Family
proper, viz. Pinks and the like.
Calyx-tube furnished with scaly bracts at its base : styles 2. . . 1. DIANTHUS.
Calyx-tube naked, i. e. without such bracts.
Styles 2.
Tube of the calyx not angled Man. p. 54. SAPONARIA.
Tube of the calyx strongly 5-angled Man. p. 65. VACCARIA.
Styles 3 Man. p. 65. SILENE.
Styles 5, or sometimes 4 2. LYCHNIS.
1. DiantliUS, PINK. Man. p. 54. The common cultivated sorts belong to
the following species.
* Flowers solitary and pedunckd or scattered: leaves narrow, glaucous.
D. Caryophyllus, CLOVE PINK, with the petals merely toothed, the
scales under the calyx very short and broad, is the original of all the varieties
of CARNATION, PICOTEE, &c.
D. Chinensis, CHINA PINK, with the petals merely toothed, is known
by its greener leaves, and the leaf-like scales as long as the calyx itself.
D. plumarius, PHEASANT'S-EYE or PLUMED PINK, has short scales
under the calyx, the (white and pink-purple) petals deeply cut into a fringe,
and often fringe-bearded at the top of the claw.
•% * Flowers many, crowded in a close jlat cluster.
D. Carthusianorum, CARTHUSIANS' PINK, has narrow leaves, black-
ish bracts (making the cluster dark-colored), and small crimson flowers.
D. barbatus, SWEET-WILLIAM or BUNCH PINK, has oblong-lanceolate
green leaves, and a very flat cluster of various-colored flowers.
2. Lychnis. The following are common and hardy garden perennials.
L. coronaria, MULLEIN-PINK or ROSE-CAMPION, with ovate-lanceolate
and white-tomentose leaves ; flowers pink or red.
XXXVI GARDEN BOTANY.
Ii. Chalccdonica, SCARLET LYCHNIS, a tall herb, rather hairy, with
ovate-lanceolate slightly cordate and clasping green leaves, and a close flat-
topped cluster of many flowers ; the 2-lobed petals usually bright scarlet.
L. Plos-cuculi, RAGGED-ROBIN, is somewhat clammy-pubescent ; leaves
lanceolate ; flowers panicled ; petals rose-red, and cut into 4 narrow lobes,
commonly double-flowered in the gardens.
ORDER PORTTJLACACEJE. PURSLANE FAMILY.
Manual, p. 63. — The common garden species wholly belong to the genus
1. Portulaca, PURSLANE. The Common Purslane is a weed, rather than
a cultivated plant, although sometimes used as a pot-herb.
P. grandiflora, SHOWY P., has slender and cylindrical fleshy leaves,
with a beard in their axils, and large, brilliant red, scarlet, or purple flowers
(or in some varieties white or yellow), with a 5-angled white eye under the yel-
low stamens.
P. Gilliesii is like the last (probably a mere variety of it, or else they have
crossed freely), but has shorter leaves and no white eye to the flower. "These
two arc the handsome Portu!acas so common in the gardens, blossoming all
summer, opening only in sunshine and but once.
ORDER MALVACEAE. MALLOW FAMILY.
Manual, p. 65. — Known at once by the numerous monadclphous stamens,
with kidney-shaped anthers.
Ovaries many and heaped together in a head.
Involucel, like an outer calyx, 6- 9-leaved or cleft. ... 1. KIT Al DELIA.
Involucel of 3 heart-shaped leaves 2. MALOPE.
Ovaries or cells of the compound ovary 5 or more in a'circle.
Each one-seeded: stigmas capitate, 5-10. . . . Man. p. 67. SIDA.
Each one- seeded: stigmas running down the branches of the style:
fruit a circle of 9 to 30 carpels round a solid centre.
Petals truncate at the end, wedge-shaped 3. CALLIRRIIOE.
Petals obcordate, or obovate with a notch at the end.
Involucel 3-leaved 4. MALVA.
Involucel 3-lobed 5. LAVATERA.
Involucel of 6 or more lobes or leaves. .... 6. ALTHJSA.
Each several-seeded : no involucel under the calyx. ... 7. ABUTILON.
Each of the 5 or only 3 cells many-seeded.
Involucel under the calyx of many narrow pieces.
Calyx 5-cleft, not falling off. 8. HIBISCUS.
Calyx splitting down one side, and falling off early. . . 9. ABELMOSCIIUS.
Involucel of 3 broad toothed or cut leaves : seeds bearing long wool. 10. GOSSYPIUM.
1. Kitaibelia vitifolia is a tall, leafy, hardy perennial, with heart-shaped,
5-lobed, toothed leaves, and white petals.
2. Malo'pe malacoides is a low annual, with ovate crenate leaves, and
long-peduncled purplish or white flowers : rare.
3. Callirrhoe, Man. p. 66. — The following from the South and West are
very ornamental in gardens, especially the first. Leaves palmately parted or
cleft and cut.
C. pedata. Erect and smooth biennial or annual, with rich mauve-
crimson flowers, no involucel, produced all summer. Texas.
GARDEN BOTANY. XXX VU
C. Papaver. Low perennial, with ascending stems, rather hairy ; flowers
red-purple, very long-peduncled ; iuvolucel none or small.
C. involucrata,. Perennial, with root like a turnip ; the hairy stems
prostrate ; peduncle shortish ; flower red-purple ; involucre 3-leaved, large.
4. Malva sylvestris, HIGH MALLOW, is already described, Man. p. 66.
M. Mauritiana, TREE MALLOW. Taller than the last, 4° to 6°, with
5-lobed leaves and deep purple flowers, in autumn.
M. moschata, MUSK MALLOW. Perennial, 2° high ; leaves dissected
into linear lobes, faintly musk-scented ; flowers rose-color.
M. crispa, CURLED MALLOW. Tall annual ; leaves rounded, toothed,
much crisped around the edge, with small white flowers in their axils.
5. Lava'tera trimestris, THREE-MONTH L. Annual, with smoothish,
round and heart-shaped leaves, scarcely lobed, and large rose-colored or
sometimes white flowers ; the fruit covered by a broad and flat umbrella-like
enlargement of the receptacle. Commoner in gardens than
L. TLmringiaca. Perennial, rather downy ; upper leaves 3-lobed ;
petals deeply obcordate, rose-purple, with darker stripes ; a conical projection
from the centre of the fruit.
'3. Althaea rosea, HOLLYHOCK. A familiar tall biennial or annual, with
a simple hairy stem, round and cordate angled leaves ; the large flowers (of
various colors, single or double) forming a long spike.
A. ficifolia, FIG-LEAVED HOLLYHOCK, with deeply 7-lobed leaves, is
a much rarer species.
7. Abutilon. Besides the common VELVET-LEAF, Man. p. 67, there is
A. Striatum, STRIPED A. Cult, in all greenhouses, shrubby, nearly
smooth, the thin leaves with 5 taper-pointed lobes ; flowers gracefully hanging
on long peduncles ; petals orange, with darker stripes and veins.
3. Hibiscus, Man. p. 68. Besides No. 3 there described, the following are
more or less cultivated for ornament.
H. Syriacus, TREE HIBISCUS, called SHRUBBY ALTH^A. A hardy
shrul), 8° to 14° high, with smooth wedge-ovate and 3-lobed leaves, and short-
peduncled flowers, red-purple, white, £c., either single or double, in autumn.
H. Rosa-Sinensis, CHINA ROSE-MALLOW. Shrubby, smooth, with
ovate pointed and somewhat toothed leaves, and bright red flowers on slender
peduncles ; a green-house plant.
H. COCCineus, GREAT RED R. A tall herb of the S. States, smooth,
with a perennial root ; leaves deeply cleft into 5 long and narrow lobes ;
flowers red, 8' to 11' broad, in autumn.
9. Abelmoschus esculentus, OKRA. An annual, with round-cordate
more or less 5-lobed leaves, and greenish-yellow flowers, succeeded by narrow
and angled pods, 4 inches long, which when green are very mucilaginous, and
are eaten as a garden vegetable or in soups ; common at the South.
A. Manihot, sometimes cultivated for ornament, has a large and hand-
some sulphur-yellow flower, with a dark purple eye, and the leaves 5-parted
into long and narrow divisions.
10. Gossypium herbaceum, COTTON-PLANT. The genus differs from
Hibiscus in having an involucel of 3 toothed or incised green leaves, heart-
shaped and a little united at the base, and the seeds covered with the long and
soft wool which now makes so large a part of human clothing. The Common
Cotton is an herb, with broad 3 -5-lobed leaves, and pale yellow corolla with
XXXV111 GARDEN BOTANY.
a purple eye, often turning reddish ; the seeds green or brownish. SEA -ISLAND
COTTON is a variety with black seeds and longer wool ; the stein becoming
woody at the bottom. TREE COTTON (G. arboreum), which it has been pro-
posed to cultivate (but which will not answer), grows to a shrub in warm
climates, and has narrower lobes to the leaves, the flower often reddish.
ORDER CAMELLIACE^. CAMELLIA FAMILY.
Manual, p. 70. — Two Chinese and Japanese showy-flowered shrubs of tins
order are familiar, viz. the Tea-plant, which is rare in green-houses, and the
Camellia, which is very common. They are so much alike that they ought to
belong to the same genus.
1. Th8Ba Chinensis, TEA PLANT, has rather small white flowers, the pet-
als and the stamens nearly distinct ; the anthers roundish.
2. Camellia Japonica, CAMELLIA, has large flowers (white, pink-red. &<•.,
single or double), the base of the petals and of the stamens united together,
and the anthers oblong. The varieties are many : the flowers, produced in
winter, are much prized.
ORDER AUBANTIACE^I. ORANGE FAMILY.
The shrubs or trees of this order common in cultivation, in houses, &c., are
known by their evergreen alternate leaves, which are pellucid-punctate (i. e.
through a glass they appear as if riddled with small holes), and with a joint
between the blade and the petiole, which last is generally leafy-winged or mar-
gined ; the flowers white and very fragrant ; the stamens rather many in a single
row, on an hypogynous disk. They arc all of the genus CITRUS, and originally
perhaps of one species.
1. Citrus vulgaris, BITTER ORANGE, with a broadly winged petiole, the
fruit with a bitter and acid pulp.
C. Aurantium, SWEET ORANGE, with a narrow wing or margin to the
petiole, and a sweet pulp.
C. Limonium, LEMON, with a narrow wing or margin to the petiole,
oblong and acute toothed leaves, and a very acid pulp.
C. Limetta, LIME, with wingless petiole, and roundish serrate leaves, a
harder rind, and sweetish pulp.
C. Medica, CITRON, with wingless petiole, oblong leaves, and a very
thick rind to the fruit, the pulp acid.
ORDER LHTACE2E. FLAX FAMILY.
Manual, p. 70. — Two or three species of Flax are cultivated in gardens fo
ornament, and one in the fields for its fibres and seeds.
1. Linum USitatissimum, COMMON FLAX. Annual, with narrow lar
ceolate leaves, blue flowers, pointed sepals, and a 10-celled pod.
L. perenne, PERENNIAL FLAX. Sparingly cult, in gardens ; with bit
flowers and oval blunt sepals.
L. grandiflorum, with oval leaves and showy red or crimson flower
produced all summer in gardens.
ORDER GERANIACE.ZE. GERANIUM FAMILY.
Manual, p. 72. — The common cultivated plants, especially honsc-plai
prized for their scented leaves as well as handsome blossoms, are from the
GARDEN BOTANY. XXXIX
jof Good Hope, have the flowers a little irregular, with a hollow tuhe extending
prom the base of one of the sepals some way down one side of the peduncle,
pome of the 10 filaments without anthers; and so, although called Geraniums,
[belong to the genus
1. Pelargonium. There are a great many varieties and hybrids in cultiva-
I tion. Most of the common sorts come from the following botanical species ;
t but some of them are much mixed.
* Leaves peltate, fleshy : stems trailing.
P. peltatum, IVY-LEAVED P. Smooth or smoothish, the 5-angled 5-lobcd
i leaves fixed near the middle ; the flowers pink.
* •% Leaves rounded or round-cordate, crenate, toothed, or moderately lobed.
P. ZOnale, HORSE-SHOE P. Shrubby, with thick and juicy branches ;
I the roundish-cordate leaves marked on the upper face with a dark semicircle ;
flowers many in a close umbel ; petals narrow, scarlet, red, or sometimes
| white.
P. in'quinans, STAINING or SCARLET P. Resembling the foregoing,
I but velvety-pubescent and clammy, the leaves without the horse-shoe mark ;
I petals broadly obovate, intense scarlet, also with pale varieties.
P. CUCUllatum, COWLED P. Shrubby, not juicy, softly villous ; leaves
, round-reniform and cupped ; umbels panicled ; flowers rather large, pink-
purple.
P. cordatum, HEART-LEAVED P. Like the last, or smoother, with open
?ordate-ovate leaves.
P. angulosum, MAPLE-LEAVED P. Shrubby, harsh-hairy; the leaves
[ not cordate at the base, sharply-toothed, angled, and more or less lobed ;
I flowers much like the two last, pink-purple, with dark streaks.
P. capitatum, ROSE-SCENTED P. Scarcely shrubby, spreading, softly
[ hairy, with the rose-scented leaves round-cordate and moderately lobed, the
lobes short and broad ; peduncle bearing many sessile flowers in a head ;
!. petals short, rose-purple.
P. odoratissimum, NUTMEG-SCENTED P. Low, with herbaceous and
, weak branches, and soft-velvety round and crenate leaves, which are sweetly
I iromatic ; the flowers white and insignificant.
* # ^ Leaves conspicuously lobed, cleft, or compound.
P. grandifiorum, GREAT-FLOWERED P. Shrubby, smooth and glau-
?ous ; leaves palmately 5-7-clefD; peduncles bearing abouf 3 large flowers,
8 ,vith white petals, the 2 upper larger and elegantly veined, sometimes varie-
• rated with pink or rose-color.
P. tricolor, THREE-COLORED P. Low, rather shrubby; the long-
K'tiolcd small leaves silky-hoary, oblong, incised, and 3-lobed or pinnatih'd ;
x'dunclcs bearing 2 or 3 showy flowers ; the three lower petals white, the two
\ ipper crimson, with a dark spot at their base.
P. exstipulalum, PENNY-ROYAL P. Low, rather shrubby, with the
eaves small, velvety, roundish-ovate, truncate at the base, 3-lobed, also
. ricised, with the scent of Penny-Royal or Bergamot ; stipules obsolete ; flow-
ers few, small, and white.
P. quercifolium, OAK-LEAVED P. Shrubby, hairy and glandular;
eaves deeply sinuute-pinnatifid, with a cordate base and wavy-toothed blunt
1 obes, often spotted, strong-scented ; flowers rather few, purplish.
P. grave' olens. Leaves more deeply cleft into 5 or 7 obtuse lobes, more
wiry, and the scent balsamic; peduncles many-flowered; otherwise resem
jling the last.
P. Ra'dula, ROUGH P. Very rough and hairy with short and rigid
Dristles ; the balsamic or mint-scented leaves palmately parted, and the divis-
il GARDEN BOTANY.
ions pinnatifid, lobes linear ; peduncles few-flowered ; petals small, pale pur-
ple, with darker streaks. This and the two preceding are much mixed.
P. myrrhifolitim. Stems slender, herbaceous or nearly so, hairy ,
leaves once or twice pinnatifid, with narrow linear lobes ; peduncles few-
flowered ; petals often only 4, white, the two upper obovate and with purple
veins, the two lower linear and much smaller.
P. triste, SAD or NIGHT-SCENTED P. Stem succulent and very short
from a tuberous rootstock, or none; leaves pinnately decompound, hairy, the
lobes unequal ; umbel many-flowered ; petals dull brownish-yellow with darker
spots, sweet-scented at night.
ORDER TROP.ZSOIiACE.a3. INDIAN-CRESS FAMILY.
South American twining or straggling herbs, with the pungent taste and smell
of cresses, and showy, irregular flowers, with a spur to the calyx, — all of the
genus
1. Tropseolum, commonly called NASTURTIUM, which is the botanical
name of the true Cress.
T. majus, COMMON NASTURTIUM. Low annual ; leaves rounded, an-
gled, peltate ; flowers yellow, varying towards red, the claws of three of the
petals fringed.
T. peregrinum, CANARY-BIRD FLOWER. Annual, climbing high;
leaves deeply lobed and cut ; petals pale yellow, all cut-fringed.
ORDER BALSAMINACE^l. BALSAM FAMILY.
Manual, p. 73. — Many varieties are common in gardens of the familiar
1. Impatiens Balsamina, GARDEN BALSAM or TOUCH-ME-NOT. A
low annual, with succulent stems, crowded lanceolate leaves, and very showy
(white, red, or purple, mostly double) flowers in their axils ; spur shoVt.
ORDER BUTACE^J. RUE FAMILY.
Manual, p. 74. — Besides Ptelea, which is sometimes planted in grounds, the
following are cultivated, both very strong-scented plants.
1. Buta gratfeolens, RUE. A very strong-scented and acrid-bitter peren-
nial of country gardens, almost woody at the base, with decompound coarsely
punctate leaves, and oblong or obovate leaflets ; flowers pale yellow, cymose ;
petals 4, concave ; stamens 8, short ; pod globular, 4-lobed.
2. Dictamnus Fraxinella, FRAXINELLA, is a pleasanter-scented peren-
nial, with pinnate leaves, and a stout erect raceme of large, rather irregular
flowers; petals 5, either white or purple; stamens 10; filaments loi,
dined, glandular towards the summit ; fruit of 5 compressed pods united with
each other in the axis.
ORDER SIMABUBACE-33, which we may call Rutaceae without
dotted leaves, is represented by the cultivated
1. Ailanthus glandulosus, TREE-OF-HEAVEN. A shade tree of rapid
growth, with large pinnate leaves of many pairs of leaflets, and small, pnlvira-
mous or dioecious, greenish flowers. Lobes of the calyx and the p<
Stamens 10 in the staminate, 2 or 3 in some, of the fertile flowers. Pisi;
5, with somewhat lateral styles. Fruit a samara, much like that ol
Staminate flowers of very unpleasant smell.
GARDEN BOTANY. xli
ORDER AN AC AUDI ACE J33. CASHEW FAMILY.
Manual, p. 76. — One foreign species is much planted as an ornamental shrub,
iz. : —
. Rhus Co'tinus, VENETIAN SUMACH, or SMOKE-TREE. Smooth ;
leaves simple and entire, obovate ; flowers greenish-yellow, in a panicle, which
afterwards becomes a great feathery mass (looking like a cloud of smoke), by
a growth from its branches and pedicels into long, hair-like threads.
ORDER VITACEJE. VINE FAMILY.
Manual, p. 77. — The various cultivated varieties of Grape fall by their bo-
anieal characters under three of the American species described in the Manual,
nd under
, Vitis vinifera, EUROPEAN GRAPE. Leaves very soon glabrous ; flow-
ers all perfect.
ORDER SAPINDACE-S. SOAPBERRY FAMILY.
Manual, p. 82. — Besides those described, there are some foreign Maples
laated, a Buckeye or two, and a climbing annual in the gardens.
erb, climbing by tendrils, with alternately compound leaves and
bladdery 3-celled pods 1. CARDIOSPERMUM.
retis or shrubs, with the leaves opposite and
P ilmately compound : fruit a leathery or prickly few-seeded pod. 2. JESCULUS.
Simple, palinately lobed : fruit 2 samaras united at their base. 3. ACER.
, Cardiospermum Halieacabum, HEART-SEED or BALLOON VINE.
A delicate annual, climbing by a pair of short tendrils on the peduncle, with
t-vicc-ternate leaves, and small white flowers (sepals and petals 4, irregular:
s;amens 8), succeeded by an inflated 3-celled 3-seeded pod; seeds globular,
hard, marked with a heart-shaped spot.
. JEsculus Hippocastanum, HORSE-CHESTNUT, and the common
I'.UCKEYKS, are described in Man. p. 83.
.53. parviflora, SMALL-FLOWERED BUCKEYE. Shrub 3° to 6° high,
v ith stalked and narrow leaflets, and a long and slender panicle of smallish
v hite flowers : stamens very long ; fruit smooth. Planted for ornament, from
the S. States.
. Acer, MAPLE. Man. p. 84. Some of the wild Maples are much planted
for shade trees ; also
A, Pseudo-Platanus, SYCAMORE M. A fine tree, from Europe, with
Irrge leaves having 5 strong and acuminate serrate lobes, and hanging racemes
o? greenish flowers, appearing soon after the leaves: wings of the fruit rather
spreading.
A. platanoides, NORWAY M. A handsome tree, from Europe, with
b.*ight-green arid thin leaves, having rather small pointed lobes, and very few
and coarse teeth ; yellowish flowers in an erect corymb, appearing with the
leaves ; the fruit with large and divaricate wings.
A., macrophyllum, the LARGE-LEAVED M., from Oregon and Cali-
fcrnia, — a fine tree, with deeply 5-lobed leaves, 6' to 9' broad, and drooping
n.cemes of yellow flowers, — is 'beginning to be planted. So is
A. Circinatum, ROUND-LEAVED M., from Oregon ; a tall shrub, the
leaves round-cordate, moderately 7-9-lobed, plaited, serrate; flowers greenish,
it a corymb ; wings of the fruit divaricate.
ilii
GARDEN BOTANY.
ORDER LEGUMINOS.53. PULSE FAMILY.
Manual, p. 88. — Many are cultivated for food or ornament. Some of them
are in the Manual, and have only to be led up to by the following easy key.
1. Flowers papilionaceous ; the standard covering the other petals in the bud.
# Stamens monadelphous or diadelp/ious.
Leaves digitate, of 5 to 15 leaflets ; flowers in an erect raceme.
Leaves of 3 leaflets, or the uppermost sometimes simple.
Shrubs or undershrubs, with yellow and monadelphous flowers.
Flowers single or in pairs in the axils of small leaves along the
rigid, upright, angled, green branches : style long and coiled. 2.
Flowers in racemes : style subulate 3.
Shrubs or plants with a thick and woody base, with large red
flowers, the wing-petals wanting or minute. • • . 4.
Herbs, not twining nor disposed to twine.
Leaves sweet-scented ; pods short and wrinkled. Man. p. 93'.
Leaves not sweet-scented.
Flowers capitate : pod small, enclosed in the calyx. Man. p. 92.
Flowers in a raceme or spike, or few : pods curved or coiled. 5.
Herbs with the stems twining or disposed to twine.
Keel with the included stamens and style coiled. ... 6.
Keel incurved, but not coiled 7.
Leaves pinnate : leaflets serrate. 8.
Leaves pinnate : leaflets entire, as in almost all the order.
With a tendril, or a rudiment of one, at the end of the common petiole.
Style flattened, hairy on the upper side 9.
Style filiform : stigma villous or hairy. .... 10.
Style filiform : stigma naked : pod 2-seeded. . . 11.
Without any tendril.
Leaflets only 4, none at the end .12.
Leaflets an odd number, one of them terminal.
Ovary and small indehiscent pod 1-seeded. Herb. . . 13.
Ovary and pod 1 - 2-seeded : petal only one. Shrubs. Man. p. 95.
Ovary and pod several-seeded.
Flowers umbelled or capitate ; pod narrow. ... 14.
Flowers racemed.
Herbs : keel spurred on each side 15.
Shrubs or trees, with hanging or drooping racemes,
Of few yellow flowers : pod inflated 16.
Of many white or rose-colored flowers : pod flat. Man. p. 96.
Woody twining plants with lilac or purple flowers. . . 17.
# * Stamens distinct.
Tree, with pinnate leaves and hanging white flowers. Man. p. 107.
Perennial herbs, with palmate leaves of only 8 leaflets. Man. p. 107.
2. flowers not papilionaceous :
Appearing papilionaceous, but the standard covered by the other
petals : tree, with simple and cordate leaves. . Man. p. 108.
Not at all papilionaceous.
Leaves simply pinnate: flowers yellow, perfect: stamens 10 or
sometimes fewer. Man. p. 108.
Leaves some simply, others twice pinnate: flowers polygamous,
greenish, in spikes : stamens 3 to 5 : a thorny tree. Man. p. 109.
1. LUPINUS.
SAROTHAMNUS.
CYTISUS.
ERYTIIRINA.
MELILOTUS.
TRIFOLITJM.
MEDIUAGO.
PIIASEOLT7S.
DOLICIIOS.
CICER.
LATIIYRUS.
VICIA.
EllVUM.
ARA.CHIS.
ONOBUYCH1S.
AMORPIIA.
CORONILLA.
INDIGOFERA.
COLUTEA.
ROBINIA.
WISTARIA.
CLADRASTIS.
BAPTISIA.
CERCIS.
CASSIA.
QLEDITSCIIIA.
GARDEN BOTANY.
Leaves unequally twice pinnate : flowers dioecious, in a raceme or
corymb, dull white : a tree with rough bark. Man. p. 109. GYMNOCLADUS.
Leaves twice or thrice pinnate, with small leaflets, or if simple
then vertical or edgewise (phyllodia) : flowers small but many
in a head or spike, perfectly regular, often monopetalous.
Stamens 4 or 5, or 8-10, distinct: flowers rose-color j pod break-
ing up into joints leaving a slender framework. . . .18. MIMOSA.
Stamens 10-15, monadelphous at the base, purplish. . . 19. ALBIZZIA.
Stamens very many, yellow or yellowish 20. ACACIA.
1. Lupinua, LUPINE. Man. p. 91. Handsome garden plants.
L. albus is the Lupine which the ancients cultivated as pulse, an annual,
with obovate-oblong leaflets, hairy underneath but smooth above, and white
flowers alternate in the raceme.
L. pilosus is an old garden annual Lupine, all over very villbus with
white hairs, the flowers in loose whorls in the raceme, flesh-color, rose-color,
or light blue.
L. luteus is the old yellow annual Lupine, the flowers in whorls in a long
dense spike ; the leaves mostly radical.
L. mutabilis, cultivated as an annual, from S. America, is a large and
very smooth species, with broadish leaflets, and large pale bluish flowers with
some yellow.
L. Cruckshanksii is a fine variety of the last with bluer flowers.
L. polyphyllus, from Oregon, is the fine perennial Lupine of the gar-
dens, with 13 to 15 lanceolate leaflets, and a very long and dense raceme of
blue flowers ; there is also a white variety.
2. Sarothamnus scoparius, the COMMON BROOM of Europe, is a smooth
shrubby plant, 3° to 5° high, with rigid green branchlets, bearing small round-
ish leaflets (upper leaves simple), and large, yellow, scattered flowers.
3. Cy'tisus Laburnum, COMMON LABURNUM or GOLDEN CHAIN; a
small tree with long hanging racemes of golden-yellow showy flowers ;
I leaflets 3, oblong or oval.
Erythrina Crista-galli. A green-house shrubby plant, planted out
in summer, with large leaves of 3 leaflets, and a long raceme of very large red
flowers : the genus is known by having the two wing petals so small that they
are concealed in the calyx.
5. MedicagO SCUtellata, SNAIL MEDICK. A low annual, spreading,
with small yellow flowers, but rather large and singular pods, coiled up like a
snail-shell or shaped like a bee-hive, smooth.
M. sativa, LUCERNE, Man. p. 93, is cultivated for fodder.
6. Phaseolus, KIDNEY BEAN, &c. Man. p. 104. We cultivate the fol-
lowing : —
P. COCCineus, SCARLET RUNNER, with bright scarlet flowers in long
racemes (rarely varying to white), for ornament.
P. vulgaris, COMMON STRING BEAN or POLE BEAN, with white flow-
ers and straight linear pods.
P. nanus, DWARF or FIELD BEAN, is a cultivated variety of the last,
growing low and bushy, not twining.
P. lunatus, LIMA BEAN, SIEVA BEAN, of several varieties, has rather
small white flowers, and broad, curved, or scymitar-shaped pods, with large*
and flat seeds.
GARDEN BOTANY.
7. Dolichos Lablab, EGYPTIAN or BLACK BEAN, cultivated for orna-
ment, rarely fur its beans, is a smooth twiner, with showy red-purple flowers
(also a white variety) an inch in diameter, and thick oblong pointed pods;
seeds black or tawny with a white scar.
D. Sinensis, CHINA BEAN, the var. melanophthalmus, BLACK-
EYED BEAN, with long peduncles bearing only 2 or 3 (white or pale) ilowers
at the end, the beans (whicli are good) white with a black circle round the
scar, is occasionally met with.
8. Cicer arietinum, CHICK PEA, is like a Vetch, but has its obovate
leaflets serrate, and usually one at the end of the stalk instead of a tendril ;
flowers white, solitary ; pod turgid, containing 2 large seeds which are shaped
somewhat like the head of a sheep, and are used as a substitute for coffee.
9. Lathyrus, PEA. Man. p. 103. This genus must include Pisum.
L. Pisum, FIELD PEA. Lobes of the calyx leafy; seeds spherical ; leaf-
lets mostly 2 pairs, broad ; corolla white, sometimes variegated with purple or
red ; cult, for food.
L. odoratus, SWEET PEA. Annual, pubescent, with the stems some-
what winged ; leaflets one pair ; the long peduncles bearing 2 or 3 sweet-
scented large flowers, white with the standard rose-color or red-purple ; culti-
vated for ornament.
Xi. latifolius, EVERLASTING PEA. Root perennial ; plant smooth,
wing-stemmed, with one pair of leaflets ; peduncle bearing several pink-purple
flowers, not fragrant, but ornamental.
10. Vicia, VETCH. This common Vetch or Tare, described Man. p. 102, is
a weed, but hardly cultivated here.
V. Faba, WINDSOR or HORSE BEAN, is a Vetch which grows upright
with hardly any tendrils, but bears one or two pairs of large leaflets, and a
small raceme of white flowers with a dark spot ; pod short and broad ; seeds
large, flattish, oval, with the scar at one end ; prized in England, but a poor
bean where better will grow.
11. Ervum Lens, LENTIL. A low annual, like a small Vetch, with broad
2-seeded pods ; rarely cultivated here for soup.
12. A'rachis hypogsea, PEANUT, also called GROUND-NUT, here occasion-
ally raised, but cult, at the South for its well-known fruit, which is a thick
reticulated pod, ripening under ground, containing one or two large eatable
seeds. Known by its euen-pinnate leaves of 4 obovate leaflets ; flowers small,
yellow.
13. Ono'brychis sativa, SANFOIN, cult, for fodder, like Lucerne, in Eu-
rope, but rarely in this country, is a perennial, with pinnate leaves, and long-
peduncled spikes of handsome pink flowers ; pod small, indehiscent, 1-seeded,
prickly-toothed, and veiny.
14. Coronilla, CORONILLA. Two species cultivated for ornament, viz. : —
C. varia, COMMON CORONILLA. A hardy low perennial, with running
roots, numerous oblong leaflets, and long-peduncled heads or close umbels of
handsome rose-colored flowers.
C. E'merus, SCORPION SENNA. A hardy low shrub, with 7-9 obovate
small leaflets and few-flowered peduncles ; petals yellow, with very long claws.
J.5. IndigO'fera tinctoria, INDIGO-PLANT, common at the South, now
rarely cult., is a rather hoary herb, with 9 or 11 oval or obovate leaflets, small
flowers in racemes, and small deflcxed pods.
GARDEN BOTANY. xlv
i
16. Colutea arborescens, BLADDER SENNA, is a common hardy shrub
in country gardens, with pinnate leaves, oval leaflets, and a raceme of 5 or 6
yellow flowers, succeeded by bladdery inflated pods.
C. cruenta has obovate leaflets, saffron-colored or blotched flowers, and
pods opening by a little slit at the top.
17. Wistaria. Man. p. 96. The handsome wild species is occasionally cul-
tivated for ornament ; but we more commonly meet with
W. Sinensis, the beautiful Chinese and Japanese species : this has
longer hanging racemes, of paler blue-purple flowers, in spring ; wing-petals
with only one auricle ; ovary pubescent.
18. Mimosa pudica, COMMON SENSITIVE-PLANT, well known for its
leaves closing at die touch, is a low or trailing plant, with bristly stems ;
petiole bearing 4 partial petioles on its apex, each with many linear-oblong
leaflets ; stamens 4 or 5, of the same number as the sepals or the petals, the
latter united in a cup.
19. Albizzia Jlllibrissin, planted at the South, a rare house-plant at the
North, is a tree witli twice-pinnate leaves, of many obliquely oblong leaflets,
their midrib at one margin, and heads of rather large purple or rose-colored
i flowers ; the stamens being the showy part.
520. Acacia. True Acacias are green-house plants, flowering in winter, known
by their yellow bunches of flowers, consisting almost entirely of stamens.
A- doalbata, with glaucous, almost hoary-white twice-pinnate leaves,
and very small leaflets, the flowers in heads which are loosely panicled, is the
commonest species of the kind with compound leaves.
A. linearis, with long and linear simple leaves and pale yellow flowers
in interrupted spikes, — and
A. longifolia, with broader, lanceolate leaves and deep yellow flowers, —
are the commonest of the Australian Acacias, having leaves turned edgewise,
or phyilodia, instead of true and compound leaves.
ORDER ROSACES. ROSE FAMILY.
Manual, p. 110. — Important for the fruits and the ornamental flowers it fur-
r ishes.
Vistil only 1, entirely free from the calyx, becoming a drupe or stone-fruit.
Stone wrinkled or rough on the surface : flowers pink or rose-color. 1. AMYGDALUS.
Stone smooth and even : flowers white 2. PRUNUS.
Pistils 1 or 2, becoming achenia, enclosed in the tube of the dry calyx:
flowers perfect : herb, with pinnate leaves. Man. p. 115. SANGUISORBA
Pstils from 2 to many, free from the calyx, which is never fleshy.
Pistils only 2, or even 1, in the fertile fl. : stamens many in the
sterile : flowers monoecious, spiked : petals none : leaves pinnate. 3. POTERIUM.
Pistils about 5 (or 3 to 15) in a circle.
Shrub, with yellow flowers, usually full double. ... 4. KERRIA.
Shrubs or .herbs, with an open calyx and usually broad (white or
pink) petals 5. SPIR.EA.
Perennial herbs, with a narrow tubular calyx and narrow
petals. Man. p. 114. GILLENIA.
Pistils many, heaped on the receptacle, the ovaries
Becoming dry achenia on a dry receptacle 6. POTENTILLA
Becoming dry achenia on an enlarged juicy receptacle. . . 7. FRAGARIA
Becoming juicy or berry-like 8. RUBUS-
Xlvi GARDEN BOTANY.
Pistils many (becoming bony achenia in fruit), enclosed in the hollow
tube or cup of the calyx, which is fleshy, and becomes thick
and pulpy in fruit. Prickly shrubs 9. ROSA.
Pistils 2 to 5 combined into one by their ovaries to make a compound
ovary, which is coherent with the thick tube of the calyx ; this
becomes fleshy or pulpy in fruit : all shrubs or trees.
Only one ovule and one seed in each cell, the latter stony in fruit.
One thick stone in the fruit, having 2 to 5 cells. Man. p. 123. CRAT^OUS.
Three to five small and 1-sceded stones iu the fruit. . . 10. COTONEASTKR.
Two or few ovules and seeds in each cell. 11. PYRUS.
Many ovules or seeds in each cell 12. CYDONIA.
1. Amyg'dalu.8 nana, DWARF ALMOND. The DOUBLE-FLOWERING va-
riety is common in gardens (but not the single), its numerous rose-colored
flowers appearing early in the spring, before the narrow and lanceolate leaves.
A. Persica, the PEACH, with rose-pink-colored flowers, broadly lance-
olate leaves, and downy-coated fruit.
Var. laevis, the NECTARINE, has the fruit smooth, like a Plum, but came
originally from the Peach.
2. Primus, PLUM, CHERRY. Besides Nos. 1, 7, and other species in the
Man. p. Ill, 113, the following are common in cultivation : —
P. Armeniaca, the APRICOT, with almost sessile white flowers appear-
ing much before the leaves, which are ovate and somewhat cordate, the yel-
lowish fruit with a velvety surface. In this respect it is like the preceding
genus ; but the flowers, the smooth stone, &c. are as in the Plum.
P. Domestica, the GARDEN PLUM, of many varieties, has thornless
branches and lanceolate-ovate leaves ; it is thought to be a long-cultivated
production of P. instititia, the Bullace Plum, and this a variety of the SLOE,
Man. p. 112.
P. Cerasus, the GARDEN CHERRY, with ovate-lanceolate or oblong-
ovate smooth and veiny leaves, and flowers in sessile umbels, opening at the
same time as the leaves ; this is the original stock as well of the OXHEART
or DUKE CHERRY as of the SOUR CHERRY, MORELLO, &c.
3. Poterium Sanguisqrba, GARDEN BURNET. A common low peren-
nial in country gardens, with small and ovate deeply-toothed leaflets, and a
head of greenish or purplish flowers, the lower ones staiuiuate, the upper ones
pistillate.
4. Kerria Japonica, is called CORCHORUS in the gardens, where it is a
common shrub, with ovate and pointed coarsely toothed leaves, and full
double yellow flowers. The state with single or natural flowers has lately
been introduced from Japan.
5. Spiraea. Man. p. 113. Several of our wild species and the following
exotics are cultivated for ornament.
* Shrubs or undershrubs.
S. trilobata. Low shrub, with recurved branches ; leaves smooth, glau-
cous, rounded, and cut-lobed ; flowers very many in umbel-like corymbs,
white, showy.
S. hypericifolia, ITALIAN MAY, or ST. PETER'S WREATH. Shrub,
with long recurved branches ; leaves small, cuncate-oblong, a little eremite or
lobed at the end ; flowers small, white, in small umbels.
S. Douglasii, of Oregon, is coming into the gardens : it resembles S.
tomentosa (Man. p. 114), but has longer, narrower, and blunter leaves, and
deeper rose-purple flowers.
GARDEN BOTANY.
S. sorbifolia, with pinnate leaves, oblong-lanceolate and acuminate
sharply serrate leaflets, and a large panicle of white flowers.
* * Herbs, perennial.
S. TJlmaria, ENGLISH MEADOW-SWEET. Leaves pinnate with a large
3-lobecl leaflet at the end, and smaller lateral ones, also minute ones inter-
mixed, whitish-downy underneath ; flowers yellowish-white in a compound
cyme, sometimes double.
S. Filipendllla, DROPWORT. Root fibrous, some of them swollen
below ; leaves mostly radical, smooth and green both sides, with very many
small pinnatifid or cut leaflets ; flowers fewer and larger than in the last, white
often tipped with reddish ; both single and double-flowered.
6. Potentilla, CINQUEFOIL. Man. p. 118. The three following red-flow-
ered, perennial, digitate-leaved species are rather common in gardens, where
they are much crossed and mixed. The first is from the Mexican, the two
others from the Himalajan Mountains.
P. hema'tochrus. Silky or velvety ; leaflets 7 or 5 on the lower, 5 and
3 on the upper leaves ; flowers deep red or crimson.
P. Nepalensis. Leaflets green both sides, 5 or only 3 in the upper
leaves ; flowers rose-red.
P. atrosanguinea. Leaflets white-downy underneath, 3 in all the
IF leaves ; flowers dark purple-crimson or brown-red.
P. recta : a coarse, hirsute, erect, yellow-flowered species ; leaflets 5 or
7, digitate, narrowly cuneate-oblong, coarsely toothed.
I 7. Fragaria, STRAWBERRY. Man. p. 119. The originals of the cultivated
varieties are mainly these : —
F. vesca yields the ALPINE STRAWBERRY, the PERPETUAL, &c., with
small, verv fragrant fruit.
F. elatior of Europe, the HAUTBOIS, a taller plant, with calyx strongly
reflexed away from the fruit, which is deep red with a peculiar musky odor.
F. Virginiana, the parent of the AMERICAN SCARLET, and similar
sorts; and its crosses with the next have given origin to the PINE-APPLE, and
the greater part of the large sorts now cultivated.
F. Chilensis, with thick leaves very silky underneath, and the large
fruit erect in ripening (instead of hanging as in the rest), is the parent of the
QUEEN VICTORIA and WILMOT varieties, &c.
F. Indica has creeping leafy stems, yellow flowers, and tasteless fruit.
j! 8. Rubus IdSBUS, the GARDEN RASPBERRY, is very much like our wild
Red R. (Man. p. 121), but is taller, larger-leaved, the prickles hooked, and
the fruit larger and firmer, pale red, amber-colored, £c.
j' 9. Rosa, ROSE. Man. p. 122. Besides the SWEET-BRIER, and the varie-
ties of our wild PRAIRIE ROSE (already described), the common cultivated
Roses come from the following. But many of them, especially the tender
ones, are so mixed and altered by long cultivation, that it is difficult, if not
impossible, for the student to refer them to their true types.
# Styles not projecting oat of the calyx-cup nor cohering.
R. cinnamomea, CINNAMON ROSE. Tall, 5° to 8° high, with brownish-
: .1 red bark, and some straightish prickles, pale leaves downy underneath, and
small pale-red cinnanlon-scented (double) flowers, not showy.
R. spinosissima, BURNET or SCOTCH ROSE Low, 1° or 2° high,
exceedingly prickly with straight prickles, with 7 to 9 small and roundish
smooth leaflets, and small early flowers, single, double, and while, pink, and
even yellow.
xlviii C.AKDKN BOTANY.
R. SUlphurea, the old YELLOW ROSE. Tall, with scattered straight
prickles, glaucous or pale leaves, and sulphur-yellow (double) flowers.
R. Eglanteria, YELLOW EGLANTINE HOSE. Like a Sweet-Brier, but
lower, 3° -5° high, with straight prickles; leaves deep-given (not pale. a> in
the last); (lowers deep yellow, mid sometimes variegated with red, cither
single or double.
R. Damaseena, DAMASK ROSE. Flowers white or red, single or
double ; the parent of nianv sorts, such as the Red and ll'/iite. Mmit /////, Yurie
and L<Dinixti-r. &<•. ; distinguished from the next by its greener bark anil larger
(curved) prickles, long rcflezed se]>als, and elongated hij>s.
R. centifolia, PROVENCE, CABBAGE, and HUNDRED-LEAVED ROSE.
Flowers drooping, large, white, blush, or red, mostly full double, and the pet-
als curved inwards; calyx clammy; the hips short or roundish ; prickles un-
equal, the larger ones curved.
Var. muscosa, the Moss-RosES of various sorts, have the clammy
glands of the calyx grown out into a moss-like covering.
R. Gallica, FRENCH ROSE. Flowers red or crimson (sometimes white) ;
of many varieties ; differs from the last by the rigid coriaceous leailers, erect
flowers, and spherical hips ; less sweet-scented, and petals more astringent.
R. alba, WHITE ROSE. Flowers white or with a delicate blush, fragrant ;
sepals pinnate, reflexed, but conniving and remaining on the oblong hip ;
prickles straightish ; leaflets glaucous. Many common varieties.
R. Indica, TEA ROSE. Came from China, and has furnished endless
sorts ; the leaflets are only 3 or 5, ovate, acuminate, thickish, smooth, and
shining. NOISETTE Roses are thought to have originated in a cross .between
this and the Musk Rose.
R. semperflorens, PERPETUAL CHINA or BENGAL ROSE. Many
sorts, usually with red or crimson flowers, with very little fragrance; leaflets
as in the last, from which they probably originated, at least in part.
R. Lawrenceana, FAIRY ROSE. Dwarf, very small-flowered Chinese
Roses, often only 6 inches high, which came from the last.
R. Banksi8B, BANKSIA ROSE. A slender, tall climbing species from
China, cult, in greenhouses, well marked by having no prickles, 3 to 5 lanceo-
late leaflets, and very small (white or buff, violet-scented) flowers, many
together in an umbel-like corymb.
* * Styles cohering in a column which projects outoft/ie calyx-cup.
R. multiflora, MANY-FLOWERED ROSE. A well-known climbing spe-
cies, from Japan and China, with 5 or 7 soft and somewhat rugose leaflets,
slender scattered prickles, and full corymbs of small flowers, white or pale
red, not sweet-scented. The BOURSALT ROSE is a more hardv, climbing, ml
Rose, said to come from the multtflora, but probably from a cross with some
hardy European species.
R. HLOSChata, MUSK ROSE. Rambling, but hardly climbing, with re-
curved prickles; the leaflets lanceolate, pointed, nearly smooth ; flowers white,
with a yellowish base to the petals, mostly simple, in umbel-like clusters, very
fragrant, especially at evening.
R. sempervirens, EVERGREEN ROSE. Climbing, hardy at the South,
with coriaceous bright-green leaves, curved prickles, and nearly solitary white
flowers, not double. The AYRSHIRE ROSE is a more hardy variety, the leaves
deciduous.
10. Cotoneaster VUlgaris is a low shrub, sparingly planted, with the small
oval leaves while-downy beneath, and small greenish-white flowers ; the fruit
like that of Hawthorns, but including 3 or 4 littlo seed-like stones.
GARDEN BOTANY. xlix
11. Pyrus, PEAR, APPLE. Man. p. 124. — Besides the American Crab, we
have in common cultivation, —
P. COmmunis, PEAK. Leaves ovate, smooth ; flowers pure white ; fruit
tapering clown to the peduncle.
P. Malus, APPLE. Leaves ovate, obtusely toothed, mostly downy be-
neath ; flowers tinged with pink ; fruit globular, sunk in at both ends.
P. primifplia, SIBERIAN CRAB. Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, ser-
rate, smooth ; fruit smaller than that of the American Crab-Apple, and yellow-
ish ; cult, for the fruit. This is probably a mere variety of P. baccuta, in
which the lobes of the calyx fall away from the fruit.
P. spectabilis, CHINESE FLOWERING-APPLE. Leaves oblong, finely
serrate, smooth ; flowers large and showy, rose-red, usually semi-double ; cult.
for ornament.
P. aucuparia, EUROPEAN ROWAN-TREE, or MOUNTAIN-ASH. A larger
tree than our wild Mountain-Ash, and more commonly planted, except in the
interior of the Northern States; leaflets 9- 15, narrowly oblong, not taper-
pointed.
12. Cydonia vulgaris, COMMON QUINCE. Flowers solitary at the tips
of the branches, white, appearing after the leaves; leaves ovate and entire,
downy as well as the leaf-like lobes of the calyx ; fruit pear-shaped, and in one
variety apple-shaped.
C. Japonica, JAPAN QUINCE. Flowers on side spurs of the thorny
branches, with short and rounded lobes to the calyx, and large scarlet petals
(single or partly double, also a pale or white variety), appearing a little before
the sjnooth oval leaves ; fruit like a small apple, not eatable. A very orna-
mental shrub.
ORDER CALYCANTHACEJE. The Calycanthuses, although here
generally met with only as planted shrubs, are all natives of the United States,
and are described in the Manual, p. 126.
ORDER MYRTACE.ZE. MYRTLE FAMILY.
Differs from the Pear Family, i. e. suborder Pome as of Rosaceas, by having
the leaves punctate with pellucid dots (under a magnifying-glass), and generally
opposite. But two of the three following are exceptions in the latter particular,
and the Pomegranate in both.
Leaves not punctate, often alternate or whorled : ovary with two
tiers of cells, one above the other 1. PUNIC A.
Leaves punctate, undei- a lens,
Alternate, turned edgewise by a twist : stamens very long and red. 2. CALLISTEMON.
Opposite, horizontal, in the usual way : stamens not so long, white. 3. MYIITUS.
1. Punica Granatum, POMEGRANATE. Low tree, with smooth and thin
narrowly oblong leaves; flowers solitary at the end of the branchlets, large,
bright scarlet (often full double) ; fruit red, containing many seeds invested by
an edible pulp.
2. Calliste'mon lanceolatum, called BOTTLE-BRUSH, on account of
the appearance of the flowers (sessile all round the stem below the latei
leaves) with their very long red stamens, is a greenhouse shrub from Austra-
lia, with the leaves turned edgewise by a twist.
3. Myrtus communis, MYRTLE. Shrub, with oblong-ovate smooth
leaves, and small white flowers, single or double.
BOTANY.
ORDER LYTHRACEJ3. LOOSE-STRIFE FAMILY.
1. Lager Strcemia Indica, CHAPE MYRTLE, a handsome greenhouse
shrub, which stands the winter farther south, is known not to he a real Myrtle
by its dotless leaves, and the calyx free from the ovary. Flowers showy, in
panicles, purple ; petals 6, on long claws, crisped.
2. Cuphea ignea (wrongly called pktt i/centra) is a very handsome low
undcrshrub, with oval bright-green leaves, and vermilion-red Mowers, with
th"ir dark-colored tips bordered with white. The showy part is the calyx,
which is spurred, the petals minute or none : it flowers all winter in the green-
house, and all summer in the garden.
3. Lythrum Salicaria, Man. p. 128, is not uncommon in old gardens.
ORDER ONAGRACE.33. EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY.
Manual, p. 130. — Besides some of our wild Evening Primroses, the following
are cultivated for their showy flowers.
Shrubs (of the greenhouse, &c.) with hanging flowers, a calyx re-
sembling a corolla (red, or white in some varieties), and blue petals
convolute around the lower part of the 8 stamens : fruit a berry. 1. FUCHSIA.
Herbs : fruit a 4-celled pod.
Stamens 8 : scarlet flowers like those of Fuchsia, but with a pod
like that of Epilobium, having hairy-tufted seeds. . . 2. ZAUSCHNT3RIA.
Stamens only 4 : calyx prolonged above the ovary into a slender
tube : petals short-clawed and 3-lobed 3. EUCHAtUDIUM.
Stamens 4 good ones, and 4 sterile with abortive anthers or none :
petals with long claws 4. CLARKIA.
Stamens 8 with anthers : petals with hardly any claws, entire or
notched at the end : seeds not tufted 5. (ENOTHFJIA.
1. Fuchsia, FUCHSIA or LADIES' EAR-DROP. The cultivated kinds, now
so common, are from the following, but much crossed and varied. They came
from Mexico, Chili, &c.
F. microphylla has small leaves as well as flowers, the latter globular
in the bud, and the stamens not protruded.
F. COCCinea is the parent of all the common Fuchsias with short flow-
ers, the lobes of the calyx longer than its tube, and the stamens long-exserted.
F. fulgens is the parent of the commonest long-flowered sorts (2^-3
inches long), the short lobes of the calyx often greenish-tipped, the stamens
little exserted.
2. Zauschneria Californica, a very choice ornamental perennial, from
California, low, pubescent, with lanceolate or oblong leaves.
3. Eucharidilim COncinnum : a low, California annual, like a Clarkia,
except in the particulars mentioned above ; flowers pink-purple.
4. Clarkia pulchella, from Oregon, a handsome garden annual, with
lanceolate leaves, large 3-lobed petals (rose-purple, and a white variety), with
a pair of teetli on the claw, and 4 dilated stigmas.
C. elegans, from Oregon and California, is taller, with ovate and serrate
leaves, the rhomboid rose-purple petals not lobed.
5. CEnothera, EVENING PRIMROSE. Nos. 1, 4, 5, of the Manual, p. 130,
occur in gardens.
GARDEN BOTANY. li
OS. Missouriensis, from Missouri and Texas. Cinereous, very low ;
leaves broadly lanceolate ; corolla yellow, 4' to 6' across ; pod 4-winged ; root
perennial.
CE. speciosa, from Arkansas and Texas, with large white flowers fading
to rose-color, and club-shaped pods.
CE. acaulis, from Chili, with very large white flowers close to the ground ;
the stem short and creeping ; leaves pinnatifid.
CE. purpurea, from Oregon and California, a low annual with purple
flowers opening in the sunshine ; and some others of the same section (GoDE-
TIA), with rose, lilac, or nearly white petals with a purple spot, are occasion-
ally raised.
ORDER CACTACE^E. CACTUS FAMILY.
Manual, p. 136. — Hundreds of species are cultivated by amateurs; the fol-
lowing are the most generally met with.
Stem globular or melon-shaped : flowers immersed in a mass of wool. 1. CACTUS.
Stem cylindrical and ribbed, or triangular : flowers mostly ephemeral. 2. CEREUS.
Stem or branches flat, leaf-like, smooth, and not prickly, often jointed :
flowers rose-colored, tubular, lasting day after day. ... 3. EPIPHYLLUM.
Stem or branches jointed, flat or flattish, bearing prickles or bristles :
flowers not tubular, mostly yellow. . . . Man. p. 136. 4. OPUNTIA.
1. Cactus Melocactus, TUKK'S-CAP. Plant melon-shaped, a foot or
more high, many-ribbed, with star-like clusters of spines on the ribs, sur-
mounted, when about to flower, by a cylindrical woolly mass like a muff in
which the small red flowers are partly imbedded. Brought occasionally from
the West Indies.
2. Ce'reilS grandiflorus, NIGHT-BLOOMING CEREFS, with very long and
rooting cylindrical stems, and producing a very large flower, with many narrow
yellow sepals and broader white petals, opening at night and shrivelling before
morning, — is only occasionally met with in conservatories.
C. flagelliformis is more common, as a house-plant, with long and
slender flexible stems, clothed with clusters of short and bristly prickles, bear-
ing rather small pink-red flowers.
C. SpeciosissimilS, with erect and only 3 -4-angled stems, very large
bright-red flowers with a tinge of violet inside, and white stamens, is one of the
most showy of all, and is common.
3. Epiphyllum phyllanthoides, known by the flat and leaf-like or
winged steins, with crenate margins, from which spring the flowers ; these
are 4' long, narrow, tubular below, rose-colored, and lasting several days.
E. truncatum, known by its flat and jointed recurved branches, which
are more or less toot bed ; the flowers from the truncate apex of the joints,
only 2 or 3 inches long, rose-color, with a short tube, below bearing spreading
petaloid sepals, above very oblique ; continuing in bloom for several days.
ORDER MESEMBBYANTHEMACE^. MESEMBRYANTHEMUM
FAMILY.
Mesembryanthemums are fleshy-leaved plants, with an adherent calyx, bear-
ing a great many petals and stamens ; the fruit dry and several-celled.
1. Mesembryanthemum spectabile is the commonest as a house-
plant, with long triquetrous and acute opposite leaves, rather woody stems,
and large red flowers.
In GARDEN BOTANY.
M. crystallinum, called ICE-PLANT, because the oval and wavy alter-
nate leaves and the branches look as if frosted over with white transparent
vesicles ; flowers white, small.
ORDER GROSSULACEJE3. CURRANT FAMILY.
Manual, p. 136. — The cultivated Currants and Gooseberries generally met
with are, —
1. Ribes GroSSlllaria, GARDEN GOOSEBERRY. Prickly ; leaves obtusely
3— 5-lobed ; flowers solitary or in pairs on short pedicels, green ; calyx cam-
panulate; berry large, prickly or smooth.
R. rubrum, COMMON CURRANT, with flat greenish flowers in hanging
racemes, and red berries, also a white variety. See Man. p. 137.
R. nigrum, GARDEN BLACK CURRANT, has black berries, like those of
our R. florid urn, but the greenish flowers are fewer in the racemes and shorter,
and the braets minute.
R. aureum, BUFFALO or MISSOURI CURRANT, from the Far West, with
smooth 3-lobed leaves and a tubular calyx, is planted for its bright-yellow
spicy-scented flowers, appearing in early spring; berries blackish, use!
R. sanguineum, RED-FLOWERED CURRANT, from Oregon and Cali-
fornia, has rounded and 5-lobed leaves, downy beneath, and hanging racemes
of red or rose-colored flowers ; cultivated for ornament.
R. speciosum, SHOWY GOOSEBERRY, from California, a prickly species,
with small and shining leaves, deep-red hanging flowers, and long-exserted
red stamens ; when trained on a wall and protected is a beautiful species.
ORDER PASSIFLORACEJE. PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY.
Manual, p. 138. — Out of a number of Passion-Flowers of conservatories, the
following are commonest, and may be planted out in summer.
1. Passiflora CSerulea. Leaves deeply 5-lobed, the lobes narrow and
not serrate ; crown blue of varied tints, purple at the base, shorter than the
white corolla.
P. edulis, GRANADILLA. Leaves shining-green, large, 3-lobed, the
lobes and bracts serrate ; flower pale blue or whitish ; fruit eatable.
ORDER CUCURBITACE^l. GOURD FAMILY.
Manual, p. 138. — A few are cultivated for ornament, and others for their
edible fruit.
Corolla G-parted, smalt : fruit soft-prickly, 2-celled, 4-seeded. Man. p. 189. ECHINOCYSTIS.
Corolla moderately 5-lobed, bell-shaped, large, yellow. ... 1. CUCURBITA.
Corolla of 5 almost separate large and \vhite petals. ... 2. LAGENARIA.
Corolla 5-cleft beyond the middle, buff or sulphur-color. . ; 3. CITRULLUS.
Corolla 5-parted to the calyx, or nearly of 5 petals, yellow. . 4. CUCUMIS.
Corolla 6-parted, white, the divisions cut into a delicate fringe. 5. TKICIIOSANTIIES.
1. Cucurbita. The common Pumpkin and the Squashes, in great variety,
are shown by a recent investigation to belong to only two botanical species
the fruit of each of which is immensely variable.
C. Pepo, PUMPKIN, WINTER SQUASH, £c. Stalks and veins of the leaves
very rough with hispid hairs, almost prickly ; leaves more or less 5-lobed ;
GARDEN BOTANY. j£ii
stalk of the fruit woody, strongly 5-8-ridged with deep intervening grooves.
The little ORANGE GODRD (0. ovlfera) is probably the original of this.
C. maxima, SQUASH, CYMLING, &c. Less rough leaf-stalks, and
rounder less lobed leaves than in the foregoing ; stulk of the fruit thick, not
deeply grooved, but inany-striate.
2. Lagenaria VUlgaris, BOTTLE GOURD, is well marked by its large
white flowers on long peduncles, and its hard-rinded fruit of diverse shapes,
used for bottles, dippers, &c.
3. Citrullus vulgaris, WATERMELON. Leaves deeply 3-5-lobed, and
the divisions again lobed or sinuate-pinnatifid, pale or bluish; the edible pulp
of the fruit consists of the enlarged and juicy placenta) (reddish or rarelv
white) ; a variety with hard flesh is cultivated for preserving, under the name
of Citron,
4. CuvCUmis. The genus includes two familiar esculents, viz. the CUCUM-
BER and the True MPJLON.
C. Melo, MELON, MUSKMELON. Leaves round-cordate or reniftmn,
the lobes if any and sinuses rounded ; fruit with a smooth rind and sweet flesh,
the edible part being the inner portion of the pericarp, the thin and watery
placentae being discarded with the seeds. The SERPENT MELON, sometimes
called SERPENT-CUCUMBER, is a strange variety, occasionally met with, with
a long and snake-like fruit.
C. sativus, CUCUMBER. Leaves more or less lobed, the lobes acute,
the middle one more prominent, often pointed ; fruit rough or muricate when
young, smooth when ripe, eaten unripe.
5. TrichosanthCS COlubrina, SNAKE-PLANT. Cult, for ornament in
hot-houses, &c. ; the white flowers remarkable for having the petals cut into
slender fringes ; the fruit imitating a snake, green mottled with whitish and
Yellowish, when ripe turning red, from 4° to 7° long.
ORDER BEGONIACE^. BEGONIA FAMILY.
Begonia. Many species are cultivated in hot-houses, some for their curious
leaves, others for their pretty flowers. They are known by their leaves, which
are always incequilateral, one side being much larger than the other, and by
their monoecious flowers ; the starninate flowers having one large pair of
rounded petaloid sepals, and within a pair of smaller ones or petals, and many
stamens. The pistillate flowers have a triangular or 3-winged inferior ovary,
and usually 5 less unequal sepals, resembling petals.
ORDER CEASSULACEJE. ORPINE FAMILY.
Manual, p. 140. — All the Sedums in the Manual, except No. 3, are more or
less cultivated ; also
1. Sedum acre, Moss STONECROP, WALL-PEPPER. Spreading on the
ground and rooting, moss-like, with very small and thick ovate leaves and
scattered yellow flowers ; cult, for garden edgings, &c.
2. Sempervivum tectorum, HOUSELEEK. Spreading by offsets, the
leaves thick and broad, in bulb-like rosettes ; rarely flowering here; flower-stem
a foot high ; flowers cymose, with 6 or more sepals, petals, and pistils, and
twice as many purplish petals.
liv GARDEN BOTANY.
ORDER SAXIFRAGACE2E. SAXIFHAGE FAMILY.
Manual, p. 141. — Several are cult, for ornament, especially shrubby species.
Herbs : stamens 10 : pod 2-cellsd and 2-beaked, or else two pods. 1. SAXIFRAGA.
Shrubs, with opposite leaves : calyx coherent with the ovary.
Stamens twice as many as the petals : styles mostly 2.
Flowers in cymes, the marginal ones much larger and neutral. 2. HYDRANGEA.
Flowers panicled or racemed, and all alike : filaments dilated. 3. DEUTZIA.
Stamens very numerous : filaments slender : style 3-6-clcft. 4. PUILADELPHUS.
1. Saxifraga sarmentosa, BEEFSTEAK SAXIFRAGE, is an old-fashioned
house-plant, from. Japan, with Strawberry-like runners ; the leaves round-
cordate, toothed, rather tlesliv, on shaggy petioles, the lower surfiu'c reddish,
the upper green variegated with white ; flowers on a scape, panieled, three of
the petals pink and spotted, two of them much larger, paler, and hanging.
S. crassifolia is a showy hardy species, with large and thick roundish
leaves, and an ample cluster of large rose-colored flowers on a scape, from a
short creeping rootstock, in early spring.
2. Hydrangea Hortensia, the COMMON HYDRANGEA of house culture,
from Japan, is very smooth, with large and oval, coarsely toothed, bright-
green leaves, and the flowers of the cyme nearly all neutral and enlarged, blue,
purple, pink, or white.
H. radiata, of the South, is hardy in our gardens, and differs from H.
arborescens (Man. p. 146) in having the leaves white-downy beneath.
H. quercifolia, also of the Southern States, has the leaves sinuato-
lobed and pubescent underneath ; not quite so hardy.
3. Deutzia. Fine ornamental white-flowered shrubs, from Japan, now be-
coming common, and mostly hardy.
D. gracilis, the least hardy, is low and smooth, with ovate-lanceolate
pointed leaves, and bright white flowers.
D. SCabra is a tall shrub, with the leaves rough, veiny, nearly sessile,
oblong-ovate, and the filaments not toothed on each side, as they are in both
the others. The shrub generally cultivated under this name is
D. crenata, with the filaments toothed, leaves ovate, crenulate, rough,
short-petioled, flowering in summer.
4. Phliadelphus coronarius, MOCK-ORANGE, also called STRINGA.
Shrub with erect branches, oblong-ovate leaves having the taste and smell of
cucumbers, and crowded clusters of handsome and odorous cmim-white flow-
ers ; stvles distinct almost to the base. A common shrub, flowering rather
earlier and for a shorter time than
P. inodoms, var. grandiflorus, Man. p. 146 ; varieties of which are
often planted ; its flowers are pure white, larger but less numerous than in
the last, and nearly scentless.
ORDER UMBELLIFE 11-33. PARSLEY FAMILY.
Manual, p. 148. — The plants of this family are classified mainly by the fruit.
It will not be difficult to make out the common cultivated species, with much
recourse to technical characters.
Flowers yellow : fruit flat, wing-margined : leaflets coarse, incised. Man. p. 152. PASTINACA.
Flowers yellow : fruit terete, wingless: leaflets filiform, aromatic. 1. FCKN1CULUM.
GARDEN BOTANY. Iy
Flowers greenish-yellow or whitish : fruit ovate, somewhat flattened
laterally : leaflets lobed and incised 2. PETROSELINUM.
Flowers white : fruit prickly, in dense concave umbels. Man. p. 152. DAUCUS.
Flowers white : fruit smooth, not winged.
Calyx-teeth conspicuous on the globose strongly aromatic fruit. 3. CORIANDRUM.
Calyx-teeth none.
Leaflets filiform : fruit pleasantly aromatic 4. CARUM.
Leaflets coarse and broad, wedge-shaped, incised: plant
heavy scented 6. APIUM.
1. FCBnicillum VUlgare, FENNEL, a tall perennial, with decompound
leaves, very slender leaflets, and large loose umbels of small yellow flowers,
is cultivated in country gardens for its sweet-aromatic leaves and fruits.
2. Petroselinum sativum, PARSLEY, a biennial, familiar in kitchen-
gardens, particularly the crisped-leaved or Curled Parsley.
3. Coriandrum sativum, CORIANDER, a low annual, with pinnately
dissected strong-scented leaves and small umbels of few rays, occasionally
cultivated for its aromatic fruit, the Coriander-seed of the shops.
4. Carum Carui, CARAWAY, a familiar biennial or perennial, in all country
gardens, cultivated for its aromatic fruit. In some parts of New England it is
beginning to run wild.
6. Apium graveolens, CELERY. A coarse and strong-scented biennial,
of which a cultivated state has enlarged and succulent petioles of the radical
leaves, which, after being blanched by covering with earth, become mild and
spicy, and are largely used for winter salad.
ORDER ARALIACE-ZE. GINSENG FAMILY.
Manual, p. 159. — The only cultivated plant to be added to those already
described is,
1. He'dera Helix, ENGLISH IVY, a woody vine, climbing by rootlets,
with evergreen, ovate, angled, or lobed leaves, and short umbels of yellowish-
green flowers ; styles united into a single short one.
ORDER CAPRIPOLIACE-5J. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.
Manual, p 163. — The common species cultivated are the SNOWBERRY,
Man. p. 164, the SNOW-BALL or GUELDER ROSE, a state of Viburnum Opu-
lus, p. 168, and the following Honeysuckles.
1. Lonicera sempervirens, TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE, with long and
tubular almost regular corolla, Man. p. 164.
L. Periclymenum, WOODBINE H., with the deeply 2-lipped corolla
purple red outside, sweet-scented ; leaves all separate.
L. Caprifolium, ITALIAN H. Flowers like the last, but paler outside ;
leaves glaucous, the upper pairs connate-perfoliate. Much like L. grata, of the
Manual, which is also cultivated.
L. Japonica, JAPAN HONEYSUCKLE. Twining, like the foregoing, but
flowers only a pair in the axil of the leaves (which are pubescent and all
separate), very sweet-scented at evening; corolla deeply 2-lipped, reddish
outside, white Inside, turning yellowish.
Ivi GARDEN BOTANY.
L. Tartarica, TARTARIAN HONEYSUCKLE. An upright much branched
shrub, smooth, with cordate-ovate leaves ; flowers a single pair on an axillary
peduncle, rose or pink-colored, in spring, the two berries often united by their
bases as they grow.
ORDER RUBIACEJE. MADDER FAMILY.
Manual, p. 168. — The useful plant which gives its name to the order is
1. Rllbia tinctoria, MADDER. Like a Galinm, but the parts of the
flower in fives, and the fruit a berry ; leaves in whorls of 6, rough-edged ;
flowers greenish or yellowish : cult, for its deep, perennial, red roots, which
furnish the well-known dye.
ORDER VALERIAWACE^l. VALERIAN FAMILY.
Manual, p. 175. — Two are species common in gardens : —
1. Valeriana officinalis, COMMON VALERIAN. Stems tall and simple ;
leaves pinnate, with many lanceolate leaflets; flowers white or pinkish;
stamens 3. The strong-scented rootstock furnishes the Valerian of the
druggist.
2. Centranthus ruber, RED VALERIAN. Smooth or glaucous, with
ovate-lanceolate entire leaves and light-red flowers (also a white variety), with
a spur, and only one stamen ; root perennial.
ORDER DIPSACE.33. TEASEL FAMILY.
Manual, p. 176. — Besides the Fuller's Teasel, p. 177, a Scabious is com-
mon, viz. : —
1. Scabiosa atropurpurea, SWEET SCABIOUS, or MOURNING BRIDE.
The genus differs from Dipsacus in having round heads of flowers with soft
scales or bristles on the receptacle ; the corolla oblique, often 5-lobed, but
only 4 stamens ; the limb of the calyx a little cup bearing 4 or 5 long and
naked bristles or awns. Our cultivated species is an annual or biennial, wiili
pinnate leaves, a long-peduncled head of dark crimson-purple flowers, with
rose-colored and even white varieties.
ORDER COMPOSITE. COMPOSITE FAMILY.
Manual, p. 177. — There are many weeds, but not a great many commonly
cultivated plants of this order, considering that between an eighth or a tenth of
all flowering plants belong to it. There are, however, a good number of rarer
ornamental sorts, both of greenhouse and gardens, which we cannot here take
into account.
* Juice of the stem not milky : strap-shaped corollas, if any, not bearing stamens.
Pappus consisting of numerous bristles or hairs,
With also a little bristly cup surrounding its base. . . 2. CALLISTEPHUS.
With no outer cup, scales, or the like.
Involucre a single row of equal scales, or with only some
very short ones at the base 16. SENECIO.
Involucre imbricated.
A row of strap-shaped marginal flowers, which are
Purple, blue, white, &c., never yellow. Man. p. 190. ASTER.
Yellow, and very numerous and narrow. Man. p. 208. INULA.
GARDEN BOTANY.
Ivii
No strap-shaped flowers, but with a ray of enlarged and cleft
tubular flowers
Flowers all tubular and alike : scales of the involucre fleshy.
Pappus of several, or more than 2, conspicuous chaffy scales,
which are often awned or bristle-pointed.
Rays none : flowers all alike, tubular, mostly blue. .
Rays or marginal strap-shaped flowers conspicuous, yellow, or
partly brown or purple.
Involucre of separate leafy scales : leaves not punctate.
Involucre a solid cup : strong-scented herbage glandular-
punctate with coarse pellucid dots
Pappus none, or a small cup, or of only 2 teeth, scales, or awns.
Heads with rays or larger strap-shaped flowers round the mar-
gin, or in cultivation sometimes all the corollas changed
into such (double) flowers.
Achenia incurved, rough, not flattened : flowers yellow.
Achenia not incurved except in Coreopsis.
Involucre double, of few scales, the outer different from
the inner, each in one row or nearly : leaves opposite.
Ray-flowers many in the cultivated varieties.
Ray -flowers, 6 or 8, broad, neutral : achenia compressed.
Involucre not double, but usually imbricated.
Receptacle bearing chaffy scales among the flowers.
Rays persistent without fading, paper-like, pistillate.
Rays not persistent,
Neutral : pappus of 2 deciduous chaffy scales.
Neutral : pappus a little cup or none. Man. p. 214.
Pistillate, numerous, elongated
Pistillate, few, short and broad. . .
Receptacle naked, i. e. no chaff among the flowers.
Receptacle conical
Receptacle flat or convex.
Heads without any obvious rays,
Rose-colored or white : a quilled state of the Daisy. . .
t Orange, large, with a leafy and spiny involucre.
Yellow or greenish, small, not prickly : strong-scented plants.
Pappus a minute cup or none : heads hemispherical.
Pappus none : heads globular, very small. ...
18. CENTAUREA.
19. CYNARA.
1. AGERATUM.
8. GAILLARDIA.
9. TAGETES.
10. CALENDULA.
6. DAHLIA.
7. COREOPSIS.
4. ZINNIA.
6. HELIANTHUS.
RUDBECKIA.
12. ANTHEMIS.
13. ACHILLEA.
3. BELLIS.
11. CHRYSANTHEMUM.
3. BELLIS.
17. CARTHAMUS.
14. TANACETUM.
15. ARTEMISIA.
* * Juice of the stem milky : flowers all perfect and with strap-shaped corollas.
Pappus a row of many short scales united into a cup or crown :
flowers 20 or less, blue, ephemeral. . Man. p. 235. CICHORIUM.
Pappus of 5 to 7 long and pointed scales : scales of the involucre
scarious, imbricated : flowers blue. . ... 20. CATANANCHE.
Pappus of many strongly plumose stout bristles : achenia long-
beaked : flowers purple or purplish 21. TRAGOPOGON.
Pappus a tuft of soft and white smooth hairs : achenia flat, with
a long and slender beak : flowers yellow. ... 22. LACTUCA.
1. Ageratum conyzoides, var. Mexicanum, is a tender annual, with
ovate and cordate pubescent and veiny opposite leaves, and loose corymbs of
small heads of sky-blue flowers ; the most prominent part of these consists
of the club-shaped styles.
Iviii GARDEN BOTANY.
2. Callistephus Chinensis, CHINA ASTER. An annual, with alternate
spat unite and toothed leaves, and solitary large heads, the involucre leafv and
spreading : the showy rays of various colors : the choicer sorts are double-
lowered by the change of most of the disk-flowers into rays.
3. Bellis perennis, ENGLISH DAISY. Leaves all from the root, obovate
and spatulate ; seape 3 or 4 inches high, bearing a single head, with a yellow
centre and white or pink rays : but the full double varieties are generally cul-
tivated, especially the quilled form, with the corollas all changed into tubes.
4. Zinnia. Showy garden annuals, with opposite entire and sessile leaves,
and a large head of flowers on a thick peduncle ; the broad and short ravs
parchment-like, and lasting a long while without withering.
Z. multiflora has ovate-lanceolate leaves, and one-awned achcnia ; the
rays red, yellow, &c. Not now common.
Z. elegans, with cordate-ovate leaves and large heads, of various-colored
flowers, is now the common garden ZINNIA.
5. Helianthus anntlUS, COMMON or ANNUAL SUNFLOWER, its great
head with a flat and brown disk, 4' to 10' in diameter.
H. tuberosus, JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE (see Man. p. 219), with well-
known edible tubers, has small heads with a yellow and convex disk, flower-
ing in autumn.
6. Dahlia variabilis, the COMMON DAHLIA, too familiar to need de-
scription, as usually cultivated has all the flowers changed into rays. In its
natural state it resembles a Coreopsis on a larger scale, but with rays pistillate.
7. Coreopsis, Man. p. 219. The perennial species Nos. 7, 8, 10, 11, there
described, are often in gardens : also the following more showy annuals and
biennials, from Texas, Arkansas, &c.
C. tinctoria. Leaves pinnate, with linear leaflets ; rays yellow with a
brown-purple base, or nearly all brown-purple ; achenia, wingless. Common
in all gardens.
C. Drummondi. Leaflets 3 to 7, oblong or obovate; rays broad,
golden-yellow with a black-purple spot at the base; disk dark-colored ; ache-
nia wingless.
C. coronata. Leaves simple and spatulate or oblong, or some of them
3 - 5-parted ; rays broad, golden-yellow, crowned with dark-purple or brown
and tawny stripes or marks above the base ; disk yellow, achenia winged.
8. Gaillardia. Head, coarsely-toothed rays, &c. much like Coreopsis, but
leaves alternate, and the pappus consisting of 5 or more thin and awned or
bristle-pointed scales.
G. pulchella, from Southwestern States, is the commonest species, an
annual or biennial, with nearly glabrous leaves, and a large and showy head
of flowers, the rays 12 or more, reddish or brown-purple with yellow tips.
G. aristata, from Nebraska and Oregon, has a perennial root, pale and
pubescent leaves, and pure yellow rays.
9. Tagetes, FRENCH MARIGOLD. Strong-scented annuals, the herbage
dotted with pellucid glands ; flowers yellow or orange, sometimes partly
brown or purple.
T. patula. Leaves pinnate; leaflets linear-lanceolate, sharply serrate;
peduncle hollow, cylindrical.
T. erecta. Larger in all parts and coarser than the other ; peduncle in-
flated and club-shaped. Flowers often full-double. Called African Mariyold:
but both this and the last came from South America.
GARDEN BOTANY. lix
10. Calendula officinalis, COMMON MARIGOLD ; a familiar low annual,
with simple alternate leaves, a leafy involucre, yellow flowers with many rays,
the disk-flowers sterile ; found in all country gardens.
11. Chrysanthemum, including Pyrethrum, &c. The summer-flowering
CHRYSANTHEMUM of country gardens is
C. COronarium, an annual, with twice-pinnately-parted and sessile
alternate leaves, solitary heads with a very scarious involucre, and yellow
flowers, or the rays varying to white.
C. Parthenium, FEVERFEW, perennial, with corymbed heads and
white rays. Matricaria Parthenium, Man. p. 226.
C. Indicum, a perennial with rather woody stems and ovate pinnatifid
and incised leaves, is the parent of the autumn-flowering CHINESE CHRYSAN-
THEMUMS, of various colors.
12. Anthemis, Man. p. 225. CHAMOMILE heads of the shops come from
A. nobilis, COMMON CHAMOMILE, a low creeping herb, with aromatic
scent, the leaves dissected into setaceous divisions ; heads solitary ; white rays.
A. tinctoria, YELLOW C., is an erect rather tall perennial, the leaves
not so finely cut ; the heads larger ; rays yellow.
13. Achillea Ptarmica (Man. p. 226), in gardens, both semi-double, and
with all the flowers changed into white rays.
A. Millefolium, YARROW (Man. p. 226) ; a rose-colored variety is
rather common in gardens.
14. Tanacetum vulgare, COMMON TANSY, a familiar strong-scented
and bitter herb ; see Man. p. 227.
T. Balsamita, COSTMARY, a low perennial, with a pleasant balsamic
scent, oblong and toothed leaves, and corymbed flower-heads.
15. Artemisia, Man. p. 227, where COMMON WORMWOOD and the MUG-
WORT are described. Besides, the gardens have
A. Dracunculus, TARRAGON. Perennial, green and glabrous ; stem-
leaves linear-lanceolate, mostly entire.
A. Abrotanum, SOUTHERNWOOD. Shrubby ; leaves once or twice
pinnate, capillary, pleasant-scented.
16. Senecio, Man. p. 230. The following species are commonly cultivated.
S. cruentUS, from the Canaries, is the original of manifold arieties of
the common Cineraria of the greenhouses, a perennial, with very veiny leaves,
downy underneath, the lower ones round-cordate and angled or obscurely
lobed, their petiole winged, at least at the base, which is auricled and clasping,
the upper leaves sessile, the base partly clasping; heads corymbed, with nu-
merous ray-flowers, purple, crimson, blue, white, &c.
S. populifolius resembles the last, but is less common, the stem a little
woody ; leaves whiter beneath, with nearly naked petioles ; ray-flowers fewer,
yellow or white.
S. Cineraria, an old-fashioned house-plant, ash-white all over (whence
the name Cineraria) with a woolly coating ; leaves deeply pinnatifid; heads
corymbed, with ray flowers, yellow.
S. COCCineus, TASSEL-FLOWER (Emilia sagittata, DC.) : a common
garden annual, with the stem-leaves sagittate and clasping and minutely
toothed, the stem naked above, and bearing a corymb of a few heads of orange-
red flowers, without any rays.
IX GARDEN BOTANY.
17. Carthamus tinctorius, SAFFLOWER. A coarse annual of kitchen
gardens, with ovate-lanceolate primly-toothed leaves, those of the large invo-
lucre somewhat similar ; the orange-colored flowers used as a substitute for
saffron ; whence the plant is often called SAFFRON.
18. Centaurea Cyanus, BLUEBOTTLE, very common in country gardens,
is described in Man. p. 232.
C. Americana, from Arkansas, a showy annual, with oblong-lanceolate
leaves, and a very large flower-head on a stout peduncle ; scales of the invo-
lucre with pectinate appendages ; flowers pale purple, the marginal ones much
larger and forming a ray.
19. Cynara Scolymus is the true ARTICHOKE, a kind of Thistle with
large heads, the receptacle and the lower part of the ovate scales of the invo-
lucre thick and fleshy, forming the eatable portion. Not widely cultivated in
this country.
20. Catananche CSerulea. An annual, cult, for its handsome blue flow-
ers ; head solitary on a long peduncle, with a dry and scarious involucre ;
leaves linear, villous.
21. Tragopogon porrifolius, SALSIFY, OYSTER-PLANT. A smooth and
somewhat glaucous herb, with a biennial fusiform root, — for which the plant
is cultivated as an esculent, — long grass-like leaves which taper from a clasp-
ing base to a slender apex ; the peduncle enlarged at the summit under the
large head ; involucre about 8-leaved ; corolla brownish-purple or violet.
22. Lactuca satiya, GARDEN LETTUCE. Cult, for the tender root-leaves
as a salad ; these broad and rounded, often wavy or crisped, and crowded into
a head ; leaves of the flowering stem cordate-clasping ; flowers yellow ; achenia
obovate.
ORDER LOHELIACE^I. LOBELIA FAMILY.
Manual, p. 241. — The Cardinal-Flower is often cultivated. The two follow-
ing Lobelias, from the Cape of Good Hope, with small blue flowers, blossom all
winter in greenhouses or all summer in gardens.
1. Lobelia Erf mis. Annual, glabrous, with diffuse filiform stems, small
lanceolate upper leaves, and small bright blue corolla not much longer than
the linear lobes of the calyx.
L. bicolor. Perennial, slightly pubescent ; corolla larger (£ inch long)
and its tube longer than in the last, white in the throat.
ORDER C AMP ANUL ACE-SI. CAMPANULA FAMILY.
Manual, p. 243. — The following Campanulas are commonly cultivated for
ornament, most of them both single and double-flowered, all blue and with white
varieties.
1. Campanula Medium, CANTERBURY BELLS. A hairy and tall bien-
nial, with very large and erect flowers, the tube of the calyx covered by re-
flexed appendages ; corolla oblong-campanulate and 2' or 3' long.
C. glomerata. A hairy perennial, a foot or so high ; the stem-leaves
oblong or lanceolate and sessile by a cordate base ; flowers sessile in small
axillary clusters, at the summit forming a leafy head ; corolla open-campami-
late, about an inch long.
C. Trachelium. A rough-leaved perennial ; stem-leaves ovate, short-
petioled, very coarsely toothed ; flowers two or three together in the upper axils
GARDEN BOTANY. Ixi
or at the summit of the stem, drooping, on very short peduncles ; calyx
bristly ; corolla 1' or so long, campanulate.
C. rapimCTlloides. A slender smootbish perennial, with the stem-
leaves ovate-lanceolate and acuminate ; flowers single in the axils of small
bracts, forming a terminal raceme; corolla oblong-campanulate, about 1' long.
C. persicsefolia. A smooth perennial; slender stems 1° or 2° high;
root-leaves lance-obovate, stem-leaves lance-linear ; flowers few in a terminal
raceme ; corolla large, open-campanulate.
C. Carpathica. Smooth perennial, forming a large tuft on the ground ;
slender stems branching, 6' to 10' high, leaves round-cordate or ovate, toothed,
petiolcd ; peduncles terminal and axillary, slender, 1-flowered ; corolla broadly
campanulate, 1' long.
C. pyramidalis. Not quite hardy, cultivated as a biennial, smooth ;
lower leaves cordate, upper ones oblong-lanceolate ; stem producing a long
pyramidal panicle of very many flowers ; corolla widely expanded and
deeply 5-cleft.
C. grandiflora, a low, hardy, very smooth perennial, with ovate-lance-
olate coarsely serrate leaves, and few or solitary terminal flowers, the large
corolla balloon-shaped in bud, 5-lobed and widely expanded when it opens, —
makes the genus Platycodon, its pod opening at the top instead of on the
sides.
ORDER BRIGADES. HEATH FAMILY.
Manual, p. 245. — The cultivated species to be added all belong to the
suborder Ericinece, the proper Heath Family. Many of our wild ones are
planted as ornamental shrubs.
Corolla withering on the receptacle instead of soon falling off,
Deeply 4-cleft, shorter than the calyx 1. CALLUNA.
Only 4-toothed or 4-lobed, of various shapes 2. ERICA.
Corolla deciduous after flowering. (Buds scaly.)
Leaves thin and deciduous : stamens commonly 5. ... 3. AZALEA.
Leaves coriaceous, persistent : stamens usually 10. ... 4. RHODODENDRON.
1. Calluna vulgaris, SCOTCH HEATHER, is seldom cultivated except as
a greenhouse plant, along with true Heaths. A patch has recently been dis-
covered wild in Tewksbury, Mass.
2. Erivca, HEATH. The Heaths (a few of which are from Europe, but a
vast number from the Cape of Good Hope) belong not to common, but only
to choice cultivation : we cannot enumerate the many species which adorn
conservatories.
3. Azalea. Man. p. 257. Besides the wild species, there is one tender and
one hardy exotic.
A. Pontica. A hardy shrub, with large and clammy yellow flowers, pre-
ceding the pubescent leaves.
A. Indica, CHINESE AZALEA. A common greenhouse species, with the
flowers (purple, red, rose, white, &c.) later than the leaves; sepals green in-
stead of scale-like, and the stamens commonly 10.
4. Rhododendron, Man. p. 257. Besides our wild ones, Nos. 1 and 2 :
R. punctatum, of the Southern Alleghanies : a much-branched shrub,
with slender and drooping branches, small leaves clotted with rusty globules,
and fine rose-colored flowers, in June.
Ixii GARDEN BOTANY.
R. Ponticum, from Armenia, hardy, but here growing low, with smooth
lance-oboviue leaves green on both sides, and large purple flowers.
R. arboreum is the commonest greenhouse species, with obovate-lanceo-
late leaves, either silvery-white or reddish-brown underneath ; and the ovary
of 8 or 10 cells ; flowers large, red, purple, or white.
ORDER PLUMBAGINACE^I. LEADWORT FAMILY.
Manual, p. 270. — One hardy and one tender greenhouse plant represent the
order in cultivation.
Stems leafy, branching : flowers in a loose spike ; corolla monopetalous,
salver-shaped, with a slender tube : style one : stigmas 5. . . 1. PLUMBAGO.
Caespitose perennials, with narrow and rigid radical leaves, and naked
scapes, bearing a head of nearly 6-petalous flowers : styles 5. 2. ARMEIUA.
1. Plumbago Capensis, CAPE LEADWORT ; has rather woody and an-
gled stems, oblong-spatulate leaves, and handsome pale lilac-blue corollas,
the tube l£' long.
2. Armeria Vlllgaris, COMMON THRIFT. Familiar in gardens, where it
is used for edging ; the densely tufted leaves narrow linear ; scape 3' to 6'
high ; flowers rose-color, intermixed with scarious bracts.
ORDER PRIMULACEJE. PRIMROSE FAMILY.
Manual, p. 270. — Several are familiar in gardens or greenhouses, cultivated
for ornament.
Corolla salver-shaped or narrowly funnel-shaped : leaves all radical. 1. PRIMULA.
Corolla deeply 5-parted, the divisions reflexed : leaves all radical,
From a fibrous root : scape many-flowered. . . Man. p. 272. DODECATIIEOX.
From a flat corm : scape 1-flowered. 2. CYCLAMEN.
Corolla deeply 5-parted, rotate : stems leafy.
Filaments beardless : pod not opening round the middle. . . 3. LYSIMAC1ITA.
Filaments bearded : pod opening round the middle. . . 4. ANAGALLIS.
1. Primula Sinensis, CHINESE PRIMROSE. A common house-plant,
pubescent ; leaves 7 - 9-lobcd and toothed, rounded, with a cordate base ; umbel
many-flowered, often proliferous ; calyx conical-inflated, nearly as long as
the tube of the large and showy pink or white corolla. Some varieties have
double flowers.
P. veris, COMMON PRIMROSE. Leaves many in a tuft, wrinkled, pale-
green, denticulate, oblong, with the base contracted into a short-winded
petiole ; corolla straw-yellow, but varying in cultivation into many colors, the
lobes notched at the end. — The POLYANTHUSES are cultivated varieties. The
English COWSLIP is the form with the umbel of flowers raised on a peduncle
above the leaves, the corolla smaller and its limb concave. The true English
PRIMROSE is a variety with a large and flat limb to the corolla, and the com-
mon peduncle wanting, so that the umbel is sessile, and the flowers thus appear
as if radical among the leaves. The OXLIP is between these two.
P. Auricula, AURICULA. Leaves obovatc-spatulatc, sessile, thick, and
very smooth, pale, often nu-aly; umbel raised on a scape; corolla funnel-
shaped, of many colors, single, double, &c.
2. Cyclamen Europseum, COMMON* CYCLAMEN, and occasionally one
or two other species, are, pri/.cd for house-culture; the broad and Hat corm sends
up thick and smooth round-cordate leaves, often purple underneath, on slender
GARDEN BOTANY.
stalks, and one-flowered scapes, on the apex of which the gracetul flower is
recurved, so that the reflexed divisions of the corolla turn up ; this is rose-
colored or white with a pink base.
3. Lysimachia, LOOSESTRIFE. Man. p. 272. Two species are com-
monly met with in gardens : —
L. nummularia, MONEYWORT. Smooth, creeping over the ground
and rooting, with opposite small orbicular leaves, and solitary axillary light-
yellow flowers. It flourishes in moist places, and is often grown in hanging
pots.
L. vulgaris, ENGLISH LOOSESTRIFE. A stout perennial, more or less
downy, Avith whorls of ovate-lanceolate leaves and a leafy panicle of deep-
yellow flowers. In old gardens.
4. Anagallis arvensis, PIMPERNEL. Man. p. 274. The common red
variety is frequent in gardens ; the larger blue one is choicer.
ORDER GESNERIACEJE. GESNERIA FAMILY.
Tropical plants with 2-lippcd or somewhat irregular corollas, didynamous
stamens, a one-celled ovary with two parietal many-seeded placentae, — therefore
botanically like Orobanchaceae, Man. p. 279, but with green herbage, and not
parasitic, — and the common cultivated species have the tube of the calyx co-
herent at least with the base of the ovary. Many, and some very showy, plants
of this order are in the conservatories"; the commonest are the following, all
perennials.
1. Gloxinia speciosa. An almost stemless herb, with ovate and crenately
toothed leaves and 1 -flowered s-cape-likc peduncles; the corolla deflexed or hor-
izontal, '!' long, ventricose, between bell-shaped and funnel-form, gibbous, Avith
a short and spreading, somcAvhat unequal, 5-lobed border, pale violet with a
deeper-colored throat, in one variety altogether white.
2. Gesneria zebrina. Stem tall, leafy ; leaves petioled, cordate, velvety,
purple-mottled ; a terminal raceme of shoAvy flowers nodding on erect pedicels ;
corolla tubular-ventricose, Avith a small 5-lobed and someAvhat 2-lipped border,
glandular, scarlet, Avith the under side and inside yelloAv and dark-spotted. —
There are several other species.
3. Achime'nes longiflora. Stem leafy ; flowers in the axils of oblong or
ovate hairy leaves, Avhich they exceed ; tube of the obliquely salver-shaped
corolla over an inch long, narrow, the very flat 5-lobed limb 2' or more broad,
violet-colored above, — also a Avhite variety. Propagates by scaly bulblets
from the root.
ORDER BIGNONIACE^. BIGNONIA FAMILY.
Manual, p. 277. — The following are common ornamental exotics : —
1. Tecoma grandiflora, GREAT-FLOAVERED TRUMPET-CREEPER. Like
our T. radicfins, but less hardy, therefore less climbing, and with a larger but
proportionally shorter orange-red corolla, its proper tube scarcely exceeding
the calyx.
T. Capensis. A bushy greenhouse species, with the flowers croAvded,
the red-orange corolla tubular and curved, the stamens exserted.
T. jasminoides. A fine greenhouse species, twining, very smooth,
with the leaflets pinnate, lance-ovate, entire, bright green ; corolla white, pink-
purple in the throat.
Ixiv
<;AKI>I:X BOTANY.
ORUKR SCROPHULARIACE^J. FIG WORT FAMILY.
Manual, p. 281. — The following represent this order in the gardens.
Stamens 5, rather unlike : corolla nearly wheel-shaped. Man. p. 283. VEUB ASCUM.
Stamens 4 with anthers, and sometimes a fifth sterile filament.
Corolla with a very short tube and a large deeply 2-lipped and
6-cleft spreading limb : leaves all opposite or whorlcd. 1. COLL1NSIA.
Corolla with a more or less elongated tube or cup.
Personate, i. e. 2-lipped and the throat closed with a palate.
Spurred at the base on the lower side ...... 2. LTNARIA.
Saccate at the base on the lower side ..... 3. ANTIRRHINUM.
Scarcely gibbous at the base : palate small ..... 4. MAURANDIA.
Open at the throat.
Herbs (climbing by the petioles and peduncles).
Seeds wingless ......... 4. MAURANDIA.
Seeds winged .......... 5. LOPHOSPEKMUM.
Not climbing : a tree with opposite and cordate leaves. . 6. PAULO \VNIA.
Not climbing, herbs or somewhat shrubby plants.
Leaves hardly any or minute : branches slender and rush-
like, drooping : corolla slender, tubular. . . 7. RUSSELLIA.
Leaves opposite.
Calyx 5-parted : a sterile filament conspicuous. . . 8. PENTSTEMON.
Calyx 5-tootbed, 5-angled : sterile filament none. . . 9. MIMULUS.
Leaves alternate.
Calyx 5-parted : flowers nodding : sterile filament none. 10. DIGITALIS.
Calyx 5-toothed : sterile filament present. . . 11. SALPIGLOSSIS
Stamens only 2 with anthers.
Calyx 5-parted : corolla rotate, very irregular, its divisions once
or twice cleft or cut-lobed ........ 12. SCIIIZANTUUS.
Calyx 4-parted : corolla 2-lobed, the larger or lower lobe inflated
into a sort of bag or slipper ....... 13. CALCEOLARIA.
Calyx 4-parted, rarely 5-parted : corolla rotate or salver-shaped :
the limb mostly 4-parted, one or two of the lobes smaller
than the others .......... 14. VERONICA.
1. Collinsia bicolor. A showy Californian annual, with many more
flowers than in C. verna (Man. p. 284) ; pedicels shorter than the' calyx;
upper lip of corolla white, lower purple.
leaves 3 or 4 in
violet
2. Linaria triornithophora. Perennial, tall, glaucous ; leaves 3 (
a whorf, ovate-lanceolate ; flowers 1^' long, on slender peduncles, pale
with purple stripes, and a long spur. For other species see Man. p. 284.
3. Antirrhinum majus, GREAT SNAPDRAGON. Perennial, erect; leaves
linear-oblong ; raceme many-flowered ; corolla l£' to 2' long.
4. Maurandia. Perennials, cult, as annuals; the leaves mostly alternate,
with long petioles and long 1-ilowcred peduncles in their axils; by means of
both the plant climbs.
M. antirrhiniflora. Leaves hastate ; corolla 1' long, violet or white,
with a hairy palate nearly closing the throat.
M. semperflorens. Corolla without a palate ; otherwise like the last.
M. Barclayana. Like the last, but handsomer ; leaves broadly trian-
gular-cordate.
GARDEN BOTANY. IxV
5. Lophospermum. Like Maurandia, hut with a more leafy calyx and
open corolla. Leaves triangular-cordate, toothed, and slightly lobed.
L. scandens. Corolla 2' long, purple, smooth, as also the leaves.
L. erubescens. Corolla 3' long, rose-color, pubescent ; leaves downy.
6. Paulownia imperialiS. Tree, from Japan, with leaves like those of
Catalpa, but white-downy when young, appearing a little after the flowers,
which are panic-led ; calyx and panicle rusty-downy ; corolla lilac or pale
violet, with a cylindrical tube and a large 5-lobed border. Seeds winged.
7. Russellia juncea. Cult, in greenhouses, with slender bright-scarlet
flowers, hanging on the rush-like drooping filiform branches.
8. Pentstemon. Besides those in the Manual, p. 286, the following are
commonest in the gardens, from Mexico, &c.
P. barbatUS. Wholly glabrous, pale, 2° - 4° high ; leaves linear-lan-
ceolate; flowers in a loose elongated panicle ; corolla long and narrow, bright
red or scarlet ; upper lip erect, lower reflexed, and sterile filament usually
bearded.
P. Hartwegi. Glabrous ; leaves lanceolate, entire, the upper broader
at the base and clasping ; peduncles elongated, 3-flowcred ; corolla 2' long, deep
red or red-purple, the border almost equally 5-cleft ; sterile filament naked.
P. campanulatus. Glabrous ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, sharply
serrate, the base clasping ; flowers in a raceme-like one-sided panicle j corolla
ventricose above, purple or rose-colored ; sterile filament bearded.
9. MimulllS, MONKEY-FLOWER. Man. p. 287. From W. America are, —
M. cardinalis. Erect, clammy-pubescent ; leaves wedge-oblong, partly
clasping ; flowers large, brick-red.
M. luteus. Erect, smooth ; leaves ovate or cordate-clasping; flowers
showy, yellow, often spotted with rose or brown.
M. moschatus, MUSK-PLANT. Weak and diffuse, rooting, clammy-
villous, smelling strong of musk ; flower small, pale yellow.
10. Digitalis purpurea, PURPLE FOXGLOVE. A very showy and hardy
perennial, with rugose pubescent leaves, and a long raceme of large and showy
drooping flowers, in summer, the corolla cylindrical-campanulate, 2' long,
with the lobes hardly any, purple, or a white variety, spotted within.
11. SalpiglOSSis Sinuata. Cult, as an annual ; clammy-pubescent ; leaves
sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid, with a tapering base ; flowers large and showy,
much like those of a Petunia; corolla 1' or 2' long, funnel-form and inflated
above, purple, straw-color, or variegated, 4 fertile stamens.
12. Schizanth-US pinnatUS. A handsome garden annual, from Chili,
with clammy-pubescent branches ; leaves alternate, once or twice pinnately
dissected ; corolla widely spreading, one lip small, 3-lobed, violet-colored, the
other paler, often blotched, much larger and 5-partcd, its divisions 2-cleft, and
their lobes generally cleft again
13. Calceolaria. Several species, from the Andes, are in greenhouses;
but the common ones are too much crossed and varied to tell the species.
14. Veronica, SPEEDWELL. Man. p. 289. Besides our V. Virginica, there
are in the gardens, —
V. spicata. Erect hardy perennial, 1° high ; with oblong-lanceolate
crenate-toothed leaves, and racemes or spikes of delicate blue flowers ; also
mixtures of this with two other European species.
Ixvi GARDEN BOTANY.
V. speciosa, with oval or obovate leaves, and dense spikes of violet-
blue flowers, and
V. salicifolia, with lanqeolate leaves and large spikes of blue flowers,
are showy tall-shrubby species from New Zealand, cult, ill conservatories.
ORDER ACANTHACE2E. ACANTHUS FAMILY.
Manual, p. 296. — Many adorn the richer conservatories; but the only com-
monly cultivated plants of the order belong to
1. Thunbergia. Differs from the rest of the order in having a cartilagi-
nous ring or cup, in place of a hook, supporting the seed. A pair of large
bracts cover the calyx; tube of the corolla more or less inflated, the almost
equally 5-parted border widely spreading : stamens 4, anthers bearded. Pod
2-4-secded, globular, pointed with a long flat beak. They are cultivated
as annuals : the common sorts belong to
T. alata. Twining, hairy ; leaves cordate-sagittate, the petiole winged ; co-
rolla yellow, buff, or white, with a dark purple eye.
ORDER VERBENACE-ZE. VERVAIN FAMILY.
Manual, p. 298. — Comprises some familiar ornamental plants, such as Ver-
benas.
Flowers in heads, spikes, or racemes.
Calyx tubular, 5-angled or plaited : corolla salver-shaped : herbs. . . 1. VERBENA.
Calyx tubular, not plaited : corolla funnel-form, or somewhat 2-lipped. 2. LI L'I'IA.
Calyx very short : corolla salver-shaped or tubular-funnel-form : shrubs. 3. LANTANA.
Flowers in cymes or cymules which are mostly panicled or spiked : corolla
2-lipped : shrubs with palinately-compound leaves. . .4. VITEX.
1. Verbena. The handsome Verbenas which adorn the gardens and houses
mainly consist of the following botanical species and their mixtures : —
V. Aubletia, Man. p. 299, known by the glandular appendage which
tips the larger stamens, and the deeply cleft or pinnatifid and incised leaves :
flowers purple, violet, and varying to white.
V. chamsedrifolia, the SCARLET V., with procumbent rooting stems,
oblong-lanceolate coarsely serrate leaves, nearly all sessile, and most intense
red or scarlet flowers, in a flat cluster.
V. phlogifLor'a, also named TWEEDIANA. Eesembles the last, but
nearly upright ; the leaves decidedly pctioled ; the flowers inclined to form an
oblong spike, and crimson, varying to rose, but not to scarlet.
V. incisa. Differs from the last in the pinnatifid-incisod loaves, the
petioled ones with a cordate base ; flowers in flat clusters or spikes, rose-color
or purple.
V. teucroides. Erect or spreading, with ovate-oblong and incised ses-
sile leaves, and a lengthened spike of white or pale rosy flowers, which are
very sweet-scented, especially at nightfall. All but the first come from Buenos
Ayres and that region.
2. Lippia (or Aloysia) Citriodora is the name of the S. American
shrub, called LEMON-SCENTED or SWEET VEKIJENA, from the tine fragrance
of its leaves : these are linear-lanceolate, roughish with glandular dots, and
whorled in threes or fours ; flowers small in slender spikes.
3. Lantana. Tropical shrubby plants, planted out in summer, when they
flower freely until frost comes ; stems often rough-prickly ; herbage and flow
GARDEN BOTANY.
Ixvii
ers odorous, in some pleasant, others not so. The fruit is a berry-like drupe,
commonly sky-blue. Flowers in a depressed head or cluster.
"L. Camara. Flowers deep yellow, turning first to orange, then to red.
L. mixta. Flowers opening white, turning yellow, orange, and then red.
L. nivca. Flowers white, pleasant-scented, unchanging.
L. odorata. Not prickly, small-leaved ; flowers lilac-purple.
4. Vitex Agnus-castus, CHASTE-TREE, with 5-7 lanceolate entire leaf-
lets, white underneath, and bluish flowers with the clusters spiked, stands only
at the South.
V. incisa, which stands at the North (a native of N. China), has the leaf-
lets pinnatifid or incised, and the cymules peduncled and corymbose.
ORDER LABIATJE. MINT FAMILY.
Manual, p. 300. — Most common Labiatae in gardens are already described in
the Manual. They have only to be indicated by a simpler key, and a few species
added.
Stamens only 2 with anthers.
Calyx 5-toothed : anther of 2 cells confluent end to end. Man. p. 309. MONARDA.
Calyx 2-lipped : anther halved, i. e. with only one good cell, and
that borne on one end of a long connective, the other end bear-
ing a rudiment of the other cell or none at all. Man. p. 309. 1. SAL VIA.
Stamens 4 with anthers.
Filaments decurved towards the lower lip or side of the corolla.
Flowers in an interrupted raceme : calyx deflexed after flowering. 2. OCIMUM.
Flowers in a virgate spike : calyx not deflexed : leaves hoary. . 3. LAVANDULA.
Filaments erect or ascending towards the upper side of the flower.
Corolla almost equally 4-lobed, small : calyx erect. Man. p. 303. MENTHA.
Corolla 5-lobed, hardly 2-lipped : calyx nodding in fruit. . .4. PERILLA.
Corolla more or less strongly 2-lipped.
Upper or inner pair of stamens longer than the other pair.
Upper lip of corolla merely concave. . . Man. p. 311. NEPETA.
Upper lip of corolla arched or hooded. . . Man. p. 318. PHLOMIS.
Upper or inner pair of stamens shorter than the other pair.
Stamens diverging or parallel and distant,
Long-exserted : calyx 15-nerved. . . Man. p. 304. HTSSOPUS.
Short-exserted or included : calyx 10 - 13-nerved.
Calyx naked in the throat : leaves linear. Man. p. 307. SATUREIA.
Calyx hairy in the throat.
Flowers surrounded by colored bracts. Man. p. 306. 6. ORIGANUM.
Flowers without conspicuous colored bracts. Man. p.306. 6. THYMUS.
Stamens above incurved under the upper lip. Man. p. 308. MELISSA.
Stamens ascending parallel, approximate under the upper lip.
Flowers in simple spikes, one to each bract. Man. p. 313. PHYSOSTEGIA.
Flowers several in each cluster or half-whorl.
Anthers included in the tube of the corolla Man. p. 315. MARRUBIUM.
Anthers not included in the tube of the corolla, and
Opening transversely by 2 unequal valves, one of them
ciliate Man. p. 316. GALEOPSIS.
Opening lengthwise.
Corolla dilated at the throat : flowers not spiked,
and the calyx-teeth not spiny. Man. p. 318. LAMIUM.
GARDEN BOTANY.
Corolla dilated in the throat : flowers densely spiked. 7. BETONICA.
Corolla not dilated in the throat.
Calyx-teeth shorter than the corolla. ... 7. BETONICA.
Leaves not cleft or incised. Man. p. 316. 8. STACHYS.
Leaves 3 - 6-cleft and incised. Man. p. 317. LEONURUS
Calyx expanded into a membranaceous reticu-
lated open cup longer than the corolla. 9. MOLUCCELLA.
1. Salvia, SAGE. Man. p. 309. The common ones in gardens are, —
S. Officinalis, GARDEN SAGE. Woody at the base, hoarv-tomcntose ;
leaves elongated-oblong, crenulate, rugose; corolla light-blue* or purplish.
Cultivated in kitchen gardens.
S. patens. Leaves hairy, triangular-ovate ; flowers very large and deep-
blue, the lips widely gaping. Cultivated for ornament.
S. splendens, the SCARLET SAGE, so commonly cultivated and showy,
with corollas, calyx, and floral leaves all bright scarlet ; stem-leaves ovate,
acuminate, glabrous.
S. fulgens, the MEXICAN RED SAGE, has a green calyx, leaves cordate-
ovate and downy beneath, and deep scarlet and hairy corolla 2' long.
S. pseudO-COCCinea has red corollas about an inch long, more or less
pubescent, the lower lip twice the length of the upper ; the stems hairy ;
leaves mostly cordate.
S. COCCinea, which is wild in the Southern States, is much like the last,
but the corollas are glabrous, and the stem as well as the lower face of the
cordate leaves hoary-pubescent, not hairy.
2. O'cimum Basilicum, SWEET BASIL. A low kitchen-garden annual,
with ovate-oblong fragrant leaves, and small bluish flowers ; the calyx re-
flexed in fruit, and its upper lip enlarged.
3. Lavandula vera, GARDEN LAVENDER. A low, undershrubby, hoary
plant, with linear-lanceolate leaves, and long-peduncled naked and interrupted
spikes of small bluish flowers.
4. Perilla Nankinensis. An annual herb, prized in ornamental garden-
ing for its lustrous dark-purple foliage ; the leaves are broadly ovate, coarsely-
toothed and crisped ; the purplish flowers insignificant.
6. Origanum Majorana, SWEET MARJORAM. One of the sweet herbs
of the kitchen garden, scarcely a foot high, downy and hoary, with small and
roundish leaves, and dense clusters of small whitish flowers. Cultivated along
with Savory, &c.
6. ThymilS VUlgaris, GARDEN THYME. Plant forming perennial large
tufts on the ground, with small oblong-ovate leaves, and clusters of purplish
small flowers in the axil of the upper ones ; cultivated as a sweet herb.
7. Betonica grandiflora, GREAT BETONT. A handsome garden peren-
nial, with cordate-obtuse leaves, and 2 or 3 whorls of flowers forming a naked
spike ; the showy purple corolla 1^' long.
B. Officinalis, WOOD BETONY, has far smaller flowers, the cordate-
oblong leaves coarsely crenate and mostly radical ; spike dense.
8. Stachys COCCinea, SCARLET STACHYS, of Mexico, with ovate-oblong
and cordate leaves, and bright red corollas 1' long, is becoming rather common.
9. Moluccella Isevis, MOLUCCA BALM or SHELL-FLOWER. A glabrous
annual, much branched, with roundish leaves ; flowers in their axils with a
small whitish corolla in an immensely enlarged cup-shaped calyx, which has a
remarkable appearance.
GARDEN BOTANY.
ORDER BOKRAGINACE-ZB. BORRAGE FAMILY.
Manual, p. 319. — A number of species are cultivated for ornament.
Ovary deeply 4-lobed (the style rising from the centre between the
lobes), each in fruit forming a distinct nutlet.
Corolla rather irregular, blue : the stamens exserted. . Man. p. 319. ECHIUM.
Corolla regular, and
Trumpet-shaped, no scales in the throat : smooth plants. Man. p. 323. MERTENSIA.
Tubular, enlarged above, with long scales closing the throat:
rough and coarse plants. Man. p. 320. SYMPIIYTUM.
Rotate, with scales closing the throat : rough-bristly plants. . 1. BORRAGO.
Short salver-form or very short funnel-form, throat partly closed
by short scales : delicate plants.
Nutlets or lobes of the ovary attached by their base only,
erect, smooth and even 2. MYOSOTIS.
Nutlets or lobes of the ovary fixed to the base of the style,
cupped when full grown 3. OMPHALODES.
Ovary not lobed, the style or stigma borne on its summit. . . 4. HEL10TROPIUM.
1. BorragO Officinalis, BORRAGE. A rough, hairy annual or biennial
of country gardens, with oblong or lanceolate leaves, and rather large flowers ;
corolla exactly rotate, 5-parted, blue, with dark projecting anthers.
2. Myosotis, FORGET-ME-NOT. The cultivated sorts are varieties of No. 1,
in Manual, p. 323, and of
M. sylvatica, with a rather stout perennial root, bright-blue corolla,
and 5-parted calyx, erect when in fruit, its hairs spreading and minutely hooked.
3. Omphalodes verna, BLUE NAVELWORT. Flowers like those of a
Forget-me-not, but larger, produced in early spring, bright azure-blue ; leaves
ovate, the radical ones cordate and long-petioled ; plant spreading by runners
and creeping rootstocks.
4. Heliotropiiyn Peruvianum, SWEET PERUVIAN HELIOTROPE. The
common shrubby species of house cultivation, with vanilla-scented pale blue-
purple flowers, and ovate-lanceolate rugose-veiny leaves.
H. COrymbosum , cultivated with the other, has rougher leaves and
deeper-colored and larger flowers, of much less fragrance.
ORDER HYDROPHYLLACEJE. WATERLEAP FAMILY.
The synopsis of the genera, Man. p. 326, will serve, adding the following spe-
cies, cultivated for ornament ; also Whitlavia, — nearly all Californian annuals.
1. Nemo'phila insignis. Flowers bright blue, 1' in diameter, very long-
pedunded ; leaves deeply pinnatih'd.
"N. atomaria. Flowers smaller, white, finely spotted with chocolate.
N. maculata. Flowers white, with a large violet blotch on each lobe.
2. Phacelia COngesta, from Texas ; pubescent, with irregular pinnate
leaves, the leaflets ovate or oblong, incised ; flowers in a compact cyme, small,
blue; stamens scarcely exserted.
P. tanacetifolia, from California, is taller, bristly-hairy ; the leaflets
linear-oblong and pinnatifid ; flowers larger, crowded ; stamens long-exserted.
P. (Eutoca) viscida, from California ; clammy-pubescent, leaves ovate,
serrate ; flowers large, deep blue, in a loose raceme ; pod many-seeded,
1XX GARDEN BOTANY.
3. Whitlavia grandiflora, a showy low Californian annual, with round-
ovate coarsely-toothed leaves, and a lax raceme of tubular-bell-shaped blue
flowers, over an inch long ; s amens exserted ; seeds numerous.
ORDER POLEMONIACE^l. POLEMONIUM FAMILY.
Manual, p. 329. — Furnishes many ornamental plants to the gardens, all but
a few North American, many from California and Texas.
Herbs, not climbing.
Corolla salver-form with a long tube : stamens enclosed in the tube,
inserted at unequal heights : leaves entire, sessile, all but the
uppermost opposite. 1. PHLOX.
Corolla of various shapes : stamens equally inserted, not declined :
leaves often cleft or compound 2. GILIA.
Corolla between bell-shaped and wheel-shaped : stamens declined,
hairy appendaged at the base : leaves pinnate. ... 3. POLEMONIUM.
Climbing by tendrils at the end of the pinnate leaves : calyx of 5 large
and ovate foliaceous sepals : corolla campanulate : stamens
declined : a large and fleshy 5-lobed disk around the base of the
ovary : seeds winged. 4. COB(EA.
1. Phlox. Man. p. 330, where the perennial species cult, in gardens are de-
scribed. The handsome annual Phloxes recently common all come from
P. Drummondi. Low, widely branched, glandular-pubescent ; leaves
oblong and lanceolate, the upper cordate-clasping at base ; corolla crimson,
purple, varying to rose and white.
2. Gilia tricolor. Californian annual, with 2 - 3-pinnately divided alternate
leaves, linear divisions, and a few loosely panicled flowers ; corolla between
bell-shaped and funnel-form, bluish-lilac with a purple throat and yellow tube.
G. capitata. Annual from Oregon, twice-pinnate leaves, alternate, with
almost filiform divisions, and a head of light blue flowers.
G. androsaeea. Californian annual, low and slemfer ; leaves opposite,
palmately 5 - 7-cleft, divisions narrowly linear ; flowers capitate-clustered ;
corolla salver-shaped, with a very long tube, lilac or whitish with a dark eye.
G. COronopifolia, CYPRESS GILIA. Biennial, from S. States, 3° -5°
high, strict, very leafy ; leaves pinnately divided into filiform divisions ; flow-
ers in a long and very narrow thyrsus ; corolla l£' long, tubular-funnel-form,
light scarlet with whitish specks inside.
3. Polemonium CSeruleum, GREEK VALERIAN. Stem erect, leafy ;
leaflets many, lanceolate ; corymbs many-flowered ; flowers deeper blue than
in P. reptans, Man. p. 330.
4. Cobcea scandens, from Mexico, cult, as an annual, climbing high ,
corolla green turning dull violet, 2' or more in diameter.
ORDER CONVOLVULACEJE. CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.
Manual, p. 332. — Most of those there described are cultivated for ornament;
also the following : —
1. Quamoclit vulgaris, CYPRESS-VINE. Annual twiner ; leaves deli-
cate, pectinate ; corolla trumpet-shaped with a spreading border, crimson or
scarlet.
GARDEN BOTANY.
Ixxi
2. Ipomcea Learn. Like the common I. purpurea (Man. p. 333), but
with violet- blue flowers 4' across, some of the leaves 3-lobed.
I. Bona-nox, of the section or genus Calonyction, the corolla salver-form,
limb 5' across, on a tube 3' or 4' long, opening at evening, white.
I. Batatas, SWEET POTATO. Low and spreading from the fleshy root
(for which the plant is cultivated) rarely twining; leaves angled, lobed, or
pedate ; corolla bell-shaped, rose-purple.
3. Convolvulus tricolor. A diffuse low annual, not twining, pubescent,
with oblong-spatulate leaves, the showy open-funnel-form flowers opening in
sunshine, blue, white in the throat, and yellow in the tube.
ORDER SOIiANACE-ZE. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.
Manual, p. 338. — Some cult, for ornament, others for food or medicine.
Parts of the flower in cultivated species often more than five.
Corolla wheel-shaped : anthers connivent and sometimes connate.
Anthers longer than their filaments, opening by a hole at the end. 1. SOLANUM.
Anthers longer than their filaments, united by a membrane at
their tips, opening lengthwise 2. LYCOPERSICUM.
Anthers shorter than their slender filaments, opening lengthwise. 3. CAPSICUM.
Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, &c. ; anthers separate.
Calyx bladdery -inflated after flowering, enclosing the red or yel-
low berry : corolla short, and
Five-parted: berry dry, 3- 5-celled. . . . Man. p. 340. NICANDRA.
Five-cleft : berry juicy, red or yellow, eatable, 2-celled. . . 4. PHYSALIS.
Calyx urn-shaped, with a spreading reticulated border, enclosing
the pod, which opens by a lid : corolla dull-colored, veiny,
short, open-funnel-form, rather irregular. . Man. p. 340. HYOSCYAMUS.
Calyx long and prismatic : corolla funnel-form : pod naked, usu-
ally prickly, more or less 4-celled 6. DATURA.
Calyx 5-parted nearly to the base, foliaceous.
Corolla bell-shaped, dull purple : berry black on the enlarged
and open calyx. 6. ATROPA.
Corolla funnel-form : fruit a dry pod 7. PETUNIA.
Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft, not prismatic, urn-shaped, nor inflated,
Covering the pod : annuals or cultivated as annuals ; corolla
funnel-form or salver-form.
Tube of the corolla filiform : stigma kidney-shaped. 8. NIEREMBERGIA.
Tube of the corolla not filiform : stigma capitate. 9. NICOTIANA.
Under or only partly covering the berry : shrubby plants.
Corolla short-funnel-form, 5-cleft : stamens exserted. 10. LYCIUM.
Corolla tubular or narrow-funnel-form : stamens included. 11. CESTRUM.
1. Solatium Dulcamara, BITTERSWEET, with ovate-cordate leaves, some
of them lobed at base, and purple-blue flowers : described in Man. p. 339.
S. tuberosum, POTATO. Cult, from the tubers ; leaves pubescent, pin-
nate, with several ovate leaflets and some minute ones intermixed; flowers
blue or white ; berries round and green.
S. Melonge'na, EGG-PLANT. Annual, with ovate downy leaves, prickly
stems, violet-blue flowers, and an oblong fruit, violet-colored or white, 2' to 6'
long, eatable when cooked.
S. Pseudo-Capsicum., JERUSALEM CHERRY. Low, tree-like shrub,
Ixxii GARDEN BOTANY.
with lance-oblong and smooth entire leaves, and small white flowers ; cult, in
houses for the bright red berries, resembling cherries, ornamental in winter.
2. Lycopersicum esculentum, TOMATO. A hairy., rank-scented annual ;
leaves interruptedly pinnate, their larger leaflets incised or pinnatifid ; flowers
yellowish ; berry red, by cultivation large, esculent.
3. Capsicum annuum, CAYENNE or RED PEPPER. A smooth annual,
with ovate entire leaves, small white flowers with a truncate calvx, and a dry
berry (for which the plant is cultivated) either globose or oblong, sometimes
very large, red or green, most pungent and acrid.
4. Physalis Alkekengi, called STRAWBERRY TOMATO, is a cultivated
perennial GROUND CHERRY : stem not much branched; leaves deltoid-ovate,
tapering into a long petiole ; corolla yellowish ; fruiting calyx turning red.
5. Datura. Besides the common STRAMONIUM, Man. p. 341, which has
erect fruit, the following more showy ones are cult, for ornament.
D. Metel. Clammy-pubescent; corolla white, limb 10-toothed, 4' broad,
fruit nodding.
D. meteloides. Pale, almost glabrous ; corolla white or purplish, limb
5-toothed, 5' or 6' broad ; fruit nodding. Recently introduced from New
Mexico ; very handsome.
D. arborea is a greenhouse shrub or tree, with hanging white flowers 6'
or 7' long.
6. A'tropa Belladonna, DEADLY NIGHTSHADE, of Europe, a smoothish
perennial, with ovate entire leaves, one-flowered nodding peduncles ; berry
poisonous.
7. Petunia nyctaginiflora, the original PETUNIA of the gardens, with
clammy leaves and flowers ; the tube of the white corolla narrow and 3 or 4
times longer than the calyx. This is much crossed with
P. violacea, now more common, with weaker stems and a violet or pur-
ple corolla, its shorter and broader ventricose tube hardly twice the length of
the calyx.
8. Nierembergia gracilis. A low, slender, pubescent annual, with nar-
row spatulate-linear leaves, and white corollas streaked with purple, violet in
the throat, the almost thread-shaped tube 1' long.
N. fllicaulis is similar, but diffuse and spreading, glabrous; tube of
corolla shorter, limb broader, 1^' wide, lilac or white, with violet streaks and
yellow in the throat.
9. Nicotiana Tabacum, COMMON TOBACCO. Clammy-pubescent, 4° to
6° high; leaves lance-ovate, the lower 1° or 2° long, the upper lanceolate,
pointed, sessile, decurrent; flowers paniculate; corolla funnel-form, 2' long,
greenish, with the limb rose-colored. Cultivated in fields as far north as hit.
42° or 43°.
10. Lycium Barbarum, MATRIMONY-VINE. A smooth shrub with long
and lithe branches, trained against walls and buildings ; leaves small, oblan-
ceolate or spatulate; peduncles slender; corolla greenish and purple, bearded
in the throat.
11. Oestrum nocturnum. A shrub of house-culture, with ovate-oblong
smooth leaves, and axillary clusters of yellowish green slender flowers, very
sweet-scented at night.
GARDEN BOTANY. Ixxiii
ORDER APOCYNACE.aS. DOGBANE FAMILY.
Manual, p. 349. — To the synopsis there given add the following exotics : —
Corolla salver-form or the tube more or less funnel-form,
Hose-colored, crowned with appendages in the throat 1. NERIUM.
Blue, or sometimes pink or white, naked at the throat 2. YINOA.
1. Nerium Oleander, OLEANDER. Shrub, of common house culture,
with smooth and coriaceous lanceolate leaves, often in whorls, and clusters
of large and showy rose-colored flowers, single or double.
2. Vinca minor, COMMON PERIWINKLE. Stems prostrate, rooting more
or less, only tlie short flowering ones erect ; leaves evergreen, ovate or oblong,
shining above ; flowers blue, in spring, also a white variety.
V. major, GREAT PERIWINKLE, is rarer and not quite hardy, with
larger and round-ovate leaves (often variegated with white), larger flowers,
and sterile stems not so prostrate.
V. herfoacea is hardy ; stems reclining ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, not
evergreen ; lobes of the blue corolla oblong.
V. rosea is a tender low shrub, with oblong leaves, the showy corolla
pink-purple, or white with a pink eye.
ORDER ASCLEPIADACEJE. MILKWEED FAMILY.
Manual, p. 350. — No common hardy plants, excepting some of our wild spe-
cies, are found in the gardens. In house-culture the only common ones are, —
1. Hoya carnosa, WAX-PLANT ; a climbing plant, with opposite and
oval smooth leaves of very thick and firm texture, and an umbel of wheel-
shaped flowers, which look as if made of wax.
2. Stapelia. Two or three species, looking like Cactuses, having fleshy
and lumpy stems and no leaves ; flowers solitary, large, wheel-shaped, lurid,
of strange appearance and disgusting odor.
ORDER JASMIK"ACE-ffiJ. JESSAMINE FAMILY.
Shrubs, often twiners, with compound leaves and fragrant flowers ; corolla
salver-form, convolute in the bud, usually 5-lobed ; the stamens only 2 ; ovary
2-celled, a single erect ovule in each cell. One or two Jessamines are common
house-plants.
1. Jasminum odoratissimum, YELLOW SWEET JESSAMINE. Leaves
alternate, with 3 or 5 leaflets ; corolla yellow, an inch long.
J. officinale, WHITE JESSAMINE. Leaves opposite, with 7 leaflets;
corolla white ; teeth of the calyx slender.
ORDER OLEACE^l. OLIVE FAMILY.
Manual, p. 356. — This order furnishes some familiar flowering shrubs.
Corolla with a tube longer than its lobes and longer than the calyx,
Salver-form, the tube elongated : pod flattened 1. SYRINGA.
Funnel-form, small : fruit a berry. . . . Man. p. 366. LIGUSTRUM.
Corolla 4-parted or 4-petaled : leaves simple.
Leaves Earlier than the flowers : petals long-linear, white. . . CHIONANTHUS.
GAKDEN BOTANY.
Leaves evergreen, coriaceous : lobes of white corolla narrow. . 2. OLEA.
Leaves later than the showy yellow flowers, which appear in early
spring, along the last year's shoots : seeds numerous ! . . 3. FORSYTHIA.
Corolla of 2 or 4 greenish petals or none : flowers polygamous or
dioecious : leaves pinnate 4. FRAXINUS.
1. Syringa, LILAC. Hardy shrubs, everywhere familiar, with large and
dense panicles of fragrant flowers, in spring.
S. vulgaris, COMMON LILAC. Leaves ovate or cordate ; flowers in dense
panicles, lilac, and a white variety.
S. Persica, PERSIAN LILAC. Leaves lanceolate-oblong ; branches slen-
der; panicles loose; flowers of various shades of lilac, also a white variety.
2. Olea fragrans is a greenhouse shrub, with green and glabrous oblong
leaves, and small panicles of small white flowers, very sweet-scented.
3. Forsythia Viridissima, a Chinese shrub, recently introduced, perfectly
hardy, much prized for its handsome bright-yellow flowers on the naked long
shoots in early spring ; the leaves oblong and lanceolate, shining green.
4. Fraxinus, ASH. Besides our own species, Man. p 357, two European
ones are planted, viz. : —
P. excelsior, ENGLISH ASH. Leaflets 9 to 13, bright green, lanceolate-
oblong, almost sessile, serrate ; petals none ; key broadly linear.
P. Ornus, FLOWERING ASH. Leaflets 7 or 9, lanceolate ; petals 4. Not
ORDER NYCTAGINACE-33. FOUR-O'-CLOCK FAMILY.
Manual, p. 360. — Two genera are in the gardens, one of them very common.
Flower solitary, apparently with a green cup-shaped calyx and a mono-
petalous corolla ; but the calyx is really an involucre, which in
other cases surrounds several flowers, and the apparent corolla is
a colored calyx. Stamens 5 1. MIRABILIS
Flowers capitate, with an involucre of small bracts : calyx colored like a
corolla, salver-form, plaited. Stamens 5 2. ABRONIA.
1. Mirabilis, MARVEL OF PERU, or FOUR-O'-CLOCK. Huge-rooted peren-
nials, with opposite ovate or cordate leaves, and large showy flowers, opening
towards evening.
M. Jalapa, COMMON M. Flower tubular-bell-shaped, red, white, yel-
low, &c., also variegated.
M. longiflora, LONG-FLOWERED M. Flower with a very long and nar-
row tube, white or pinkish, fragrant.
2. Abronia umbellata, from California. Prostrate ; leaves oblong; flow-
ers rose-purple, handsome.
ORDER CHENOPODIACEJ93. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.
Manual, p. 361. — Two exotic esculents and one ornamental plant, viz. : —
I. Beta vulgaris, GARDEN BEET. Flowers perfect, nearly as in Cheno-
podium, but the fruit hardened or corky in the dry calyx ; leaves ovate-oblong
wavy, smooth, often purplish ; root fleshy, biennial. •
GARDEN BOTANY.
2. Spinacia Oleracea, SPINACH. Flowers dioecious ; calyx greenish,
4 — 5-parted in the sterile, ventricose-tubular and 2-3-toothed in the fertile
flowers ; styles 4, long and slender : achenium enclosed in the globular cap-
sule-like calyx, which is often 2 -4-horned on the back ; root annual ; leaves
sagittate or hastate and lanceolate, petioled : the best of potherbs.
3. Boussingaultia baselloides grows from tubers like potatoes ; these
send up twining stems, climbing high, bearing smooth and succulent cordate-
ovate leaves, and in autumn bear long racemes or spikes of small, white,
sweet-scented flowers ; sepals and stamens usually 6 ; style 1 : stigmas 3, thick.
ORDER AMARAWTACEJE. AMARANTH FAMILY.
Manual, p. 367. — A few are cultivated ; their dry and scarious bracts, being
brightly colored and persistent, render these plants lastingly ornamental, al-
though the flowers themselves arc insignificant.
Utricle (little pod) many-seeded, opening transversely by a lid. . 1. CELOSTA.
Utricle one-seeded, opening transversely by a lid : anthers 2-celled. 2. AMARANTUS.
Utricle one-seeded : anthers 1-celled : flowers in heads. ... 3. GOMPHRENA.
1. Celosia cristata, COCKSCOMB. Annual; with coarse herbage and
dense crimson spikes, which are flattened, in the choicer sorts much dilated,
wavy and crested, resembling cocks' combs.
2. Amarantus hypochondriacus and A. paniculatus, Man. p. 368,
are the coarser sorts of PRINCE'S FEATHER in gardens.
A. caudatus, LONG-TAILED A. or PRINCE'S FEATHER. Annual, 3° or
4° high ; leaves ovate or lance-oblong, often purplish ; flowers in a panicle of
many slender drooping spikes, the terminal one very long, deep crimson ;
bracts short.
A. melancholicus, LOVE-LIES BLEEDING. Cult, for the purple or
blood-red (oblong-ovate) leaves, the flower-clusters inconspicuous, being in
the axils and much shorter than the petioles. Var. tricolor; leaves green
or purplish, marked with red.
3. Gomphrena globosa, GLOBE AMARANTH. Low branching annual,
pubescent, with oblong entire leaves, hardly petioled, and round heads of
flowers, very compact, with firm unfading bracts, crimson, rosy, or white.
ORDER POLYGOWACE^J. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.
Manual, p. 371. — BUCKWHEAT, cult, for its grain, Polygonum orientate (also
called PRINCE'S FEATHER), for ornament, described in Man. p. 372, 375, and
1. Rheum Rhaponticum, GARDEN RHUBARB or PIE-PLANT. Flowers
panicled, with 6 white sepals and 9 stamens ; leaves round-cordate or kidney-
shaped, mostly radical, very large, the fleshy acid petioles cooked in spring.
ORDER THYMELACEJE. MEZEREUM FAMILY.
Manual, p. 380. — Cultivated for ornament are two species of the genus
1. Daphne. Calyx salver-form or somewhat funnel-form, 4-lobed ; the sta-
mens 8, included ; almost no filaments : berries red.
D. Mezereum, MEZEREUM. A hardy shrub, 1° to 3° high, with bright
rose-colored flowers, in fascicles along the shoots of the previous year, in
earliest spring, the lanceolate leaves coming later.
GARDEN BOTANY.
D. Odora, SWEET DAPHNE. A house shrub, with evergreen smooth
oblong leaves, and a terminal cluster of sessile purple or whitish flowers, in
winter, very fragrant.
ORDER EUPHOBBIACE-E. SPURGE FAMILY.
Manual, p. 385. — The following exotics of this order are to be noticed : —
1. Euphorbia, SPURGE. Man. p. 385. Three showy shrubs of this genus
are winter ornaments of most conservatories.
E. jacquiniflora. Smooth, with slender recurved branches and broadly
lanceolate leaves ; peduncles shorter than the petioles, few-flowered ; what
appears like a 5-elcft corolla are the bright red lobes of the cup or involucre
containing stamens and a pistil.
E. splendens, of the Mauritius, with thick and horridly prickly stems,
oblong-spatulate mucronate leaves, and slender peduncles bearing a cyme of
several deep-red apparently 2-petalous flowers ; but the seeming petals are
bracts around a cup which "encloses stamens and pistil.
E. pulcherrima, or POINSETTIA, of Mexico. A wide-branched shrub,
with ovate or lanceolate-oblong angled or sinuate-toothed leaves, those next
the flowers (which are in globular green involucres, bearing one great gland
at the top on one side) mostly entire and of the brightest vermilion-red.
2. Ricinus communis, PALMA-CHRISTI, CASTOR-OIL PLANT. Cult.
as an annual for its magnificent foliage, also for the seeds, from which castor-
oil is expressed ; a stately plant, with large palmately 5 — 7-lobed and glandu-
lar serrate leaves, and greenish inonoacious flowers in a terminal panicle ; the
staminatc ones below and polyandrous ; the pistillate above, ovary bearing 3
plumose 2-partcd stigmas, and becoming a prickly-pointed 3-lobed pod.
3. BUXUS Sempervirens, Box. Cult, as a shrub, usually dwarf, and
for borders ; leaves evergreen, oval or obovate, with small and yellowish mo-
noecious flowers in their axils.
ORDER URTICACEJE. NETTLE FAMILY.
Manual, p. 394. — A few species are to be added, mostly trees.
Trees, -without milky or colored juice : flowers not capitate.
Flowers polygamous : fruit a berry-like drupe. Man. p. 894. CELTIS.
Flowers often perfect : fruit winged (a samara). Man. p. 894. 1. DLMUS.
Trees, with milky or yellowish juice, monoecious or dioecious.
Both kinds of flowers iu spikes or catkins, usually monoecious,
the pistillate catkin becoming berry-like in fruit. . . 2. MORU3.
Staminate flowers in spikes : pistillate iu close round heads which
become fleshy : dioecious 3. BROUSSONET1A.
Staminate flowers in racemes : pistillate in a large round head,
yellow and fleshy in fruit : dioecious 4. MACLURA
Both kinds lining the inside of a closed fleshy receptacle (like a
rose-hip), which becomes pulpy in fruit : stipules coavolute,
caducous 6. FICUS.
Herbs, without milky juice,
Erect, annual : leaves palmately compound. Man. p. 400. CANNABIS
Twining : leaves palmately lobed. . . . Man. p. 400. 1IUMULUS.
GARDEN BOTANY.
1. Ulmus montana, WYCH or SCOTCH ELM. Resembles onr Slippery
Elm, but the buds not rusty-downy ; flowers short-pedicelled, and fruits more
leaf-like : occasionally planted.
U. campestris, ENGLISH ELM. A large tree with the branches spread-
ing at right angles from the trunk ; leaves small and smoothish ; fruit obovate,
not eiliate, with a deep notch at the apex reaching nearly to the cell : occa-
sionally planted as a shade-tree.
2. Mprus nigra, BLACK MULBERRY, from W. Asia, to be added to those
described in Man. p. 397. Leaves heart-shaped, with shallow lobes or none,
rough ; fruit oblong, red or black, edible.
3. Bl'OUSSOnetia papyrifera, PAPER MULBERRY. A shade-tree, from
Japan, &c., spreading by suckers, with a tough bark ; leaves rough above,
downy beneath, serrate, some of them ovale or slightly heart-shaped, others
3-elcft or variously lobed : flowering in spring.
4. Madura aurantiaca, OSAGE ORANGE, BOW-WOOD (Bois d'arc). A
low bushv tree, from Arkansas, £c., multiplying rapidly by the root, used for
hedges; branches slender, armed with slender spines; leaves lance-ovate,
pointed, entire, smooth and shining above, roughish beneath ; fruit (consisting
of the ooalescent pistillate flowers) when ripe of the size, shape, and color of
an orange. Tough wood, used for bows.
6. Ficus Carica, FIG-TREE. Cult, as a shrub or small tree, a house-plant
at the North, with stout branches full of acrid milky juice; leaves large, 3-5-
lobed, cordate at the base, rough above, pubescent beneath ; figs pear-shaped,
produced singly in the axils of the leaves, seemingly without any flower, the
flowers being minute and inside, lining the walls of the fig, which is a hollow
flower-stalk, becoming pulpy, sweet, and luscious.
F. elastica, the INDIA-RUBBER-TREE of East Indies (not that of South
America, which belongs to the Spurge Family) ; a handsome tree, of house
culture, full of milky juice (India-rubber or caoutchouc); with large, coria-
ceous, entire, elliptical or oblong, verv smooth, bright green and shining leaves
having straight transverse veins ; figs small and sessile in the axils, not eatable,
seldom produced in cultivation.
ORDER JUGLANDACE.33. WALNUT FAMILY.
Manual, p. 401. — To the wild species already described, add
1. Juglans regia, the true WALNUT, called ENGLISH WALNUT, because
we received it from the mother country, but it is a native of Asia; a fine tree
in the Middle States ; leaflets oval, aeutish, entire, smooth or nearly so ; fruit
round-oval, smoothish ; the nut with a nearly smooth surface, thin-shelled ;
seldom ripening well in this country, usually imported.
ORDER CUPULIFE 11-33. OAK FAMILY.
Manual, p. 403. — Several species are beginning to be introduced in orna-
mental planting ; but only two are at all common, viz. : —
1. Quercus Robur, ENGLISH OAK. Belongs to the same section with
our White Oak ; but leaves smaller than in that species, not glaucous beneath,
sinuate-lobed but hardly pinnatifid ; acorn oblong, over an inch long, — one
or a few in a cluster nearly sessile in the axils in var. SESSILIFLORA, — raised
on a slender peduncle in var. PEDUNCULATA.
Ixxviii GARDEN BOTANY.
2. FagUS sylvatica, ECTROPEAN BEECH, with shorter and less toothed
leaves than ours, — a variety with copper or bronze-colored leaves is planted.
3. Corylus Avellana, EUROPEAN HAZEL-NCT or FILBERT. Shrub 6°
to 10° high ; leaves roundish-obovatc, slightly heart shaped ; involucre smooth-
ish, not much lacerate, not longer than the oval nut, which is larger than in
ours.
ORDER SALICACE-S3. WILLOW FAMILY.
Manual, p. 413, where the cult. Willows are sufficiently described, except
1. Salix Babylonica, WEEPING-WILLOW ; a fine ornamental tree with
slender hanging branches, and linear-lanceolate taper-pointed leaves; catkins
terminating short leafy branches of the season. Var. annularis, KING-
LEAVED or HOOP WILLOW, is a singular variety, with the leaves curled into
a ring.
2. Populus, POPLAR, — BALM OF-GILEAD or BALSAM POPLAR, Man. p.
419, is common as a planted tree, but rarely seen indigenous.
P. dilatata, LOMBARDY POPLAR ; formerly much planted in avenues,
a tall still' and slender tree with strictly erect branches ; leaves small, deltoid.
acuminate, smooth both sides. Supposed to be a remarkable variety of P.
niyra, the Black Poplar of Europe and Asia.
P. alba, WHITE POPLAR or ABELE. Tree with spreading branches, and
roundish heart-shaped leaves green above but white-tomentose beneath. The
contrast in hue makes the tree handsome in plantations ; but it becomes a
nuisance by spreading widely from the root.
ORDER CONIFER-Si. PINE FAMILY.
Manual, p. 420. — The exotic Coniferous trees of the choicer kinds recently
introduced into ornamental planting are numerous, and arc mostly from Califor-
nia, Japan, and the Himalaya Mountains. But only the following are now
at all common. The indigenous kinds are all included in the following key,
which is so simple that any one can at once make out the genus of any common
Coniferous tree by the most obvious marks.
Leaves all deciduous in the autumn, and
Dilated, fan -shaped or wedge-shaped, lobed or incised at the end, petioled. 9. SALISBURIA.
Linear and 2-ranked, except on flowering shoots. Man. p. 424. 6. TAXODIUM.
Needle-shaped, many in a cluster, but scattered on shoots of the season. 3. LARIX.
Leaves persistent, evergreen,
Many in a cluster, as in Larix, but evergreen and rigid. . . .10. CEDIIUS.
Two to five in a cluster (no scattered ones), long and needle-shaped. 1. PIN US.
Not in cluster?, linear or needle-shaped, spreading, none scale-like.
Bearing cones, and with two winged seeds under each scale. . 2. ABIES.
Bearing a nut-like seed in a berry-like cup 8. TAXUS.
Bearing a berry like and few-seeded fruit, without a cup. . . 7. JUNIPERUS
Not in clusters, a large part of them small and scale-like, imbricated
and adherent to the branch, those on other shoots subulate.
Fruit berry-like, the scales fleshy and coalescent, few-seeded. Man. p.425. 7. JUNIPERUS.
Fruit a dry cone of few scales.
Scales overlapping, fixed by their base, 2-seeded. ... 4 THUJA.
Scales not overlapping, peltate, several-seeded. ... 5. CUPRESSUS
GARDEN BOTANY.
1. Pinus, PINE. Man. p. 421. The commoner exotic species are, —
P. sylvestris, SCOTCH PINE, wrongly called Scotch Fir, the common
Pine of N. Europe ; with leaves in twos, bluish, seldom over 2' long, a reddish
bark on the trunk, and small cones, the scales armed with a short deciduous
point.
P. Laricio, especially the var. Austriaca, AUSTRIAN PINE, has dark
green leaves like those of our P. riyida, but in twos, 3' to 5' long, and ovate-
conical cones 2' or 3' long.
P. Cembra, CEMBRAN PINE, of the Alps, &c., is a handsome small
tree, with the leaves in fives and much crowded on the branches ; the cones
ovate, erect, their scales not thickened on the back.
P. excelsa, HIMALAYAN WHITE PINE, resembles our White Pine, but
has longer and whiter drooping leaves, and the cones (never produced here)
much longer.
2. Abies, SPRUCE, FIR. Man. p. 422. One European Fir is occasionally,
and a Spruce very commonly planted.
A. pectinata, SILVER FIR. A handsome tree, not perfectly hardy in
the Northern States, resembling our Balsam Fir, but with leaves longer and
more decidedly two-ranked on the side branches, greener above ; cones 6' to 8'
long, with slender exserted points to the bracts.
A. excelsa, NORWAY SPRUCE. A fine, hardy tree, with compressed-
4-angled needle-shaped leaves, like those of our Black Spruce, but longer, the
growth more vigorous, and the cylindrical cones hanging at the end of the
branches 4' to 6' long.
3. Larix Europsea, EUROPEAN LARCH, is the species commonly planted,
a finer tree and of more rapid growth than the American, its leaves longer,
and its cones larger, Itp long.
4. Thuja orientalis, ORIENTAL ARBOR- VIT^, is less hardy than ours ;
leaves furrowed down the middle ; cones roundish, the seeds crustaceous and
wingless, wherefore it has been separated as a genus, Biota.
5. CupressilS sempervirens, ORIENTAL or TRUE CYPRESS. Not
hardy at the North, in growth like our Red Cedar ; branchlcts 4-sided, slen-
der ; cone globose, 1' in diameter, resembling that of Taxodium.
6. 7. See the Manual, pp. 424, 425, for the species of these two genera.
8. Taxus baccata, EUROPEAN YEW. Like our Yew botanically, except
that it becomes an erect tree : rarely grows well in this country.
T. Hibernica, IRISH YEW, is a marked variety, with branches stiffly
erect, and the leaves equally spreading all round the branchlet instead of
two-ranked.
9. Salisburia adiantifolia, GINKGO-TREE, of Japan, though hardy,
rarely flowers and does not fruit here. It is of the Yew Family, but of most
remarkable foliage, the leaves being wedge-shaped or fan-shaped, on a slender
petiole, with parallel simply forked veins in the manner of a Fern, the end or
mai-gin erosely toothed or cleft.
10. Cedrus, CEDAR, i. e. True Cedar (what are popularly called Cedars in
this country are Junipers, Cypresses, Arbor-Vita?, &c.) is botanically between
Larch and" Pine, but nearer the former, from which it mainly differs in the
leaves being evergreen, therefore more rigid, and pungent, and the cones large,
short, and thick, with broad and thin scales, closely packed. The type is the
1XXX GARDEN BOTANY.
C. Iiibani, CEDAR OF LEBANON, with dark green foliage, horizontal
side-branches, and terminal shoot, erect. Not hardy northward.
C. Deodara, DEODAR, of the Himalayas, is a nearly related species or
marked variety, with pale glaucous foliage, lighter spray, and drooping lead-
ing shoots, unfortunately little if any more hardy here.
ORDER CYCADACE^!. CTCAS FAMILY.
1. Cycas revoluta, a plant with the aspect of a Palm, and wrongly called
Sar/o Palm, represents this singular order in our conservatories, but endures the
winter on the coast of the Southern States. The pistillate plant only is met
with : the large obovate ovules are naked on the margins of reduced pinnate
leaves, where- they take the place of leaflets, and grow into red drupe-like
seeds as large as hickory-nuts or larger.
ORDER ARACEJE. ARUM FAMILY.
Manual, p. 426. — The familiar cultivated representative of the order is, —
1. Richardia Africana, called EGYPTIAN or ^ETHIOPIAN CALLA, but a
native of Cape of Good Hope, largely cultivated for its ample sagittate green
leaves and showy white one-leaved spathe, both on long radical stalks, the
latter convolute at its base around the cylindrical spadix, which is thickly
covered below with minute pistils, above with yellow anthers.
2. Colocasia antiquorum is a kind of huge Arum, raised in greenhouses,
or planted out in moist places in summer, for its immense sagittate-ovate and
peltate leaves, sometimes variegated in color. The flowers are uncommon
and insignificant; the spadix enclosed in a greenish spathe, pistillate at the
base, neutral for a small distance, then staminate, and the summit slender
and naked.
ORDER CANNACE-S3. CANNA or ARROWROOT FAMILY.
Known by its irregular flowers with an inferior 3-celled ovary, and only one
good stamen (free from the style), its anther one-celled. Tropical plants ; two
are cultivated for ornament.
1. Canna Indica, INDIAN SHOT (so called from the round hard seeds) :
tuberous-rooted, planted out in summer; the stems sheathed with the bases
of the large oblong pointed leaves, the nerves of which spring from the mid-
rib ; flowers red, or yellow towards the base ; pod rough or warty, several-
seeded.
2. Maranta zebrina, rarely flowers, but is a magnificent leaf-plant in con-
servatories ; the oblong leaves 2 or 3 feet long being purple underneath, the
upper surface satiny and deep green with alternating pale stripes.
ORDER AMARYLLIDACE.2E. AMARYLLIS FAMILY.
Manual, p. 455. — Furnishes several common ornamental plants.
A cup or crown on the throat of the perianth ; its
Divisions short and broad : stamens included in the cup. . . 1. NARCISSUS.
Divisions long and slender : stamens exserted from the edge of the cup. 2. PANCRATIUM.
GARDEN BOTANY.
No cup or crown within or on the perianth.
Anthers erect, not versatile or swinging free on the filament.
Stems leafy, branching, leaves twisted : flowers irregular. . 3. ALSTRQ3MERIA.
Stems naked, simple, scape-like,
From a tuber : flowers numerous in a spike, fragrant. . . 4. POLIANTHES.
From a coated bulb : spathe 1-leaved, 1 - few-flowered.
The three petals notched and shorter : anthers long-pointed. 6. QALANTHUS.
The three petals and three sepals alike : anthers blunt. 6. LEUCOIUM.
Anthers versatile, fixed by their middle and swinging free on the
long filament.
Leaves herbaceous and 1 - few-flowered scape from a coated bulb. 7. AMARYLLIS.
Leaves thick and fleshy, with hard rind : no bulb : flowers pani-
cled or racemose, greenish 8. AGAVE.
1. Narcissus, NARCISSUS. Fine ornamental plants, flowering in spring,
or as house-plants in winter, from coated bulbs. All but the Daffodil have a
slender tube and a short crown or cup to the sweet-scented flower.
IT. poeticus, POET'S N. Leaves nearly flat ; scape 1 -flowered; crown
of the white flower edged with pink, hardly at all projecting from the yellow-
ish throat : in double-flowered varieties the crown disappears.
N. biflorus, TWO-FLOWERED N., or PRIMROSE PEERLESS of the old
gardeners, has two white or pale straw-colored flowers, and the crown in the
form of a short yellow cup.
N. polyanthos is the parent of the choicer sorts of POLYANTHUS N. ;
flowers numerous, white, the cup also white.
!N". Tazetta, POLYANTHUS N. Leaves as of the preceding linear and
nearly flat, glaucous ; flowers numerous in an umbel, yellow or sometimes
white, with the crown a golden or orange-colored cup one third or almost one
half the length of the divisions.
N. Jonquilla, JONQUIL. Leaves narrow, rush-like or half-cylindrical ;
flowers 2 to 5, yellow, as also the short cup, very fragrant.
N. Pseudo-Narcissus, DAFFODIL. Leaves flat, and 1 -flowered scape
short ; flower large, yellow, with a short and broad tube, and a large bell-
shaped cup. having a wavy-toothed or crisped margin, equalling or longer than
the divisions : common double-flowered in country gardens.
2. Pancratium rotatum, Man. p. 456, the bulbs brought from the South,
with very handsome flowers, is sometimes cultivated, and more rarely some
exotic species.
3. Alstrcemeria. Lily-like plants from South America, with leafy stems
often disposed to climb, twisted leaves, tuberous roots, and large, rather irregu-
lar, usually party-colored or spotted flowers, cultivated in conservatories. The
commonest arc, —
A. Pelegrina. Flowers few or solitary at the end of the branches, open,
rose-colored or whitish, blotched with pink and spotted with purple, with some
yellow towards the base of the inner divisions.
BA. psittacina. Flowers umbelled, funnel-form in shape, the spatulato
divisions more erect and close, red, tipped with green and brown-spotted.
4. Polianthes tuberosa, TUBEROSE. A choice house-plant, with linear
leaves and a many-flowered scarTe, rising from a bulbous tuber ; the flowers
spiked, funnel-form, white, very sweet-scented.
6. Galanthus nivalis, SNOWDROP, the earliest harbinger of spring ; its
bulb sending up a pair of linear leaves and a scape, bearing usually only one
Ixxxli GARDEN BOTANY.
nodding white flower, the 3 proper petals shorter than the sepals, obcordate
and tipped with green : sometimes double-flowered.
6. Leucoium vernum, SPRING SNOWFLAKE. Like the Snowdrop on
a larger scale, but the six pieces of the perianth all alike, ovate and entire, white,
with a green spot outside near the apex ; anthers blunt.
L. sestrvum, SUMMER SNOWFLAKE, is commoner than the last in gar-
dens, taller (the 2-edged scape and leaves 1° or 2° high) ; flowers several and
smaller, in June.
7. Amaryllis, AMARYLLIS. Man. p 455. Plants with strap-shaped leaves
and a simple scape from a coated bulb ; flowers one or more, generally red or
pink, large and showy, lily-like, regular or considerably irregular. Many hy-
brids are cultivated.
A. Belladonna. Flowers several in an umbel, 4' long, between funnel-
form and bell-shaped, with hardly any tube, rose-colored, almost regular ; sta-
mens arid style declined ; leaves "appearing after the flowering season.
A. ReginSB, with 2-4 equally large deep-red flowers ; leaves two-ranked.
A. formosissima, JACOBJEA LILY, or ST. JAMES'S CROSS. Scape
bearing one large rich crimson-red flower, which is declined, with hardly any
tube, and as it were 2-lipped, three of its divisions upwardly recurved-spread-
ing, the other 3 turned down, their lower portion involute around the base
of the deflexed stamens and style.
8. Agave. Man. p. 456. To this belongs that very striking plant of con-
servatories, the Mexican
A. Americana, CENTURY-PLANT, AMERICAN ALOE, with very thick
and large spiny-pointed and spinulose-margined leaves in a close cluster
at the root : it propagates freely by offsets from the root : when it blossoms
(which it does in its native tropics in 7 or 8 years, but in the colder northern
countries after so many years that it has obtained the name of Century-Plant) %
it rapidly sends up a scape as thick as a man's leg, 15 to 30 feet high, bearing
an immense panicle of yellowish-green flowers ; and the plant dies as the pods
ripen their seeds. A variety has the leaves striped with yellowish or white.
ORDER IRIDACEJE. IRIS FAMILY.
Manual, p. 459. — Furnishes several common ornamental plants of the gar-
dens.
Filaments monadelphous in a long and slender tube sheathing the
style: stigmas 3 each 2-parted, slender: perianth widely spread-
ing, spotted, the 3 outer divisions very large, the 3 inner divis-
ions small. 1- TIGRIDIA-
Filaments distinct and separate : stigmas more or less dilated.
Perianth irregular, more or less bilabiate : flowers in a 1-sided spike. 2. GLADIOLUS.
Perianth with the divisions unlike, the 3 outer (or sepals) recurved,
the 3 inner alternate with them (or petals) erect : stigmas petal-
like, arching over the stamens 8. IRIS.
Perianth regular and the 6 divisions alike or nearly so,
Widely spreading, spotted, without any tube above the ovary :
stem leafy, branching above. ...*.... 4. PARDANTITOS.
Less spreading, broad, with a slender tube between them and the
ovary, which is underground ; no proper stem : leaves all
radical, not equitant 6. CROCUS.
I
GARDEN BOTANY.
1. Tigridia pavonia, TIGER-FLOWER, from Mexico : the scaly-coated
hulb, planted out in summer, sends up a simple or branching stem 2° high,
hearing hroadisli ensiform and plaited leaves, and 1 to 3 very showy large
flowers (5' or 6' across) crimson-red with a yellow middle and violet-tinged
centre, spotted with purple or crimson, opening in sunshine, hut only once
and for a few houra.
2. Gladf olllS, GLADIOLUS or CORN-FLAG. Familiar garden plants, raised
from solid hulhs or conns, sending up tall and simple leafy stems, terminating
in a spike of flowers all turned to one side, very showy late in summer, the
6-cleft perianth more or less oblique, or as it were 2-lipped ; filaments slender.
G. COmmunis is the old-fashioned hardy species, with rather few rose-
red (rarely white) flowers ; the filaments longer than the anthers.
G. Byzantinus is larger in all its parts, with more flowers in the spike
and more showy ; filaments shorter than the linear anthers.
G. blandus, of the Cape of Good Hope, is the parent of the tender white
or pale rose-colored varieties.
G. psittacinus is a tall and robust species, its numerous large flowers
with very broad divisions, yellow, mixed or bordered with scarlet. This is the
parent of G. GANDAVENSIS, now so much cultivated, and from which so many
fine varieties have been produced, with scarlet, red and yellow, orange, and,
other colors.
3. Iris, IRIS, FLOWER-DE-LUCE. Man. p. 459. The CRESTED DWARF IRIS,
No. 4, is iu some gardens.
3t A bearded crest on the base of the three outer divisions of the perianth.
I. pumila, DWARF IRIS. Stem very short ; the violet and purple flower
close to the ground, with obovate divisions, hardly exceeding the short swordx"'^
shaped leaves, in early spring.
I. Germanica, COMMON FLOWER-DE-LUCE of the gardens ; stems 2°
high, several-flowered ; flowers scentless, very large, the outer reflexed divis-
ions deep violet, the inner erect ones about as large, obovate, lighter-colored
and bluer; anthers as long as the filament.
I. sambucina, ELDER-SCENTED F., is taller, 3° or 4° high, and longer- .
leaved ; the flower not so large and later in the summer, the outer divisions
less reflexed. violet, but whitish and yellowish toward the base, painted with
deeper-colored lines or veins ; upper divisions pale or dull blue ; anthers shorter
than the filament.
I. Florentina, FLORENCE or SWEET F. Less tall than the Common
F., with broader leaves, and white or bluish faintly sweet-scented flowers.
I. variegata, VARIEGATED F. Stem several-flowered ; divisions of the
perianth oblong-obovate, the inner ones yellow, the outer white or whitish with
dark-purple veins, and usually purple toward the extremity.
* * No beard or crest to thejloiver.
I. graminea, GRASS-LEAVED F. Leaves and 1 - 3-flowered stem slen
dcr; flower small, with narrow divisions, violet-purple, with yellow stripes on
the outer ones.
I. Persica, PERSIAN IRIS. Dwarf, nearly stemless from a kind of bulb,
from which the flower rises on a long tube, earlier than the leaves ; this is del-
icately fragrant, bluish, with a deep-purple spot at the tip of the outer divis-
ions, the inner divisions very small and spreading. A choice house-plant.
4. Pardanthus Chinensis, BLACKBERRY LILT, — so called because the
cluster of black berry-like seeds after the valves of the pod fall looks like a
blackberry ; — a common plant in gardens, the foliage, &c. resembling an
Ixxxiv
GARDEN BOTANY.
Iris ; perianth 6-parted down to the ovary, the divisions all alike, buff-yellow
or orange, with darker spots.
5. Crocus vernus, SPRING CROCUS. Corm or solid bulb sending up its
flower (yellow and of various other colors) in early spring, and soon after-
wards producing the short leaves. To this belong all our common and hardy
Crocuses of the gardens.
C. sativus, FALL CROCUS, with violet purple and more fragrant flowers,
in autumn, is hardly ever seen in this country. Its orange-red stigmas are
saffron.
ORDER DIOSCOREACEjE. YAM FAMILY.
Manual, p. 460. — Recently introduced into cultivation as an esculent is
1. DioSCOrea Batatas, a glabrous species from China, with cordate-3-lobed
or cordate-hastate leaves, and long and deep farinaceous roots ; proposed as a
substitute for the potato ; of not much account.
ORDER LILIACE-SI. LILY FAMILY.
Manual, p. 465. — Furnishes some esculent and many well-known ornamental
plants.
Bulbous plants, the simple stem or scape rising from a bulb.
Stem few-leaved toward the base, terminated by a large and
showy erect flower, of bell-shaped form ; perianth 6-leaved :
style none : stigma sessile : ovary 3-sided : bulb coated. . 1. TULIP A.
Stem many-leaved : flowers large, 6-leaved : style elongated.
A pearly nectariferous gland at the base of each piece of the
perianth : a crown of green leaves above the whorl of nod-
ding flowers : bulb coated 2. PBTILITJM.
No conspicuous glands to the perianth : bulb scaly. . . 3. L1LIUM.
Scape leafless, from a coated bulb : flowers not very large.
Perianth divided to the base or 6-leaved.
Flowers cory tubed ; style 3-sided. . . Man. p. 468. ORNITHOGALUM.
Flowers umbelled, from a spathe 4. ALLIUM.
Perianth 6-toothed, globular or ovoid : flowers racemed. • 6. MUSCAKI.
Perianth 6-cleft, short funnel-form : flowers racemed. . . 6. HYACINTHTJS.
Not bulbous, but with rootstocks, tubers, or fibrous roots.
Perianth tubular at the base : stamens more or less declined and
curved : flowers large, and
Blue, in a many-flowered umbel : leaves linear. ... 7. AGAPANTHUS.
Blue or white, in a raceme : leaves ovate or heart-shaped. . 8. FUNKIA.
Yellow or orange, few ; leaves linear, keeled 9. 1IEMEKOCALLIS.
Perianth bell-shaped, 6-lobed : flowers small, white, in a raceme. 10. CONVALLARIA.
Perianth 6-parted or 6-leaved, greenish : flowers small, axillary :
fruit a berry : stems (from matted rootstocks) much branched :
leaves (which are strictly speaking leaf like branchlets) spring-
ing from the axil of a small scale.
Stem erect : leaves bristle-shaped or thread-like, fascicled. . 11. ASPARAGUS.
Stem twining and climbing: leaves ovate, single. . . 12. MYRSIPHYLLUM
Perianth 6-leaved, white, large, tulip-like: flowers in a large
panicle terminating a woody stem : leaves persistent, rigid,
spiny-pointed Man. p. 471. YUCCA.
GARDEN BOTANY. IxXXV
1. Tulipa Gesneriana COMMON TULIP. Leaves oblong, glaucous;
flower of various colors, its divisions broad and very obtuse ; in spring.
T. suaveolens, SWEET TULIP. Low, the short scape somewhat pu-
bescent ; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; flower sweet-scented, its divisions acutish,
scarlet bordered with yellow ; often double.
T. sylvestris, a rarer species in gardens, has lanceolate leaves, a tall
scape-like stem, the yellow flower nodding in the bud, its divisions lance-ovate
and acute.
2. Petilium imperiale, CROWN IMPERIAL : a stately ornament of the
gardens in spring, with a circle of showy reddish-orange or yellow flowers hang-
ing under the tuft of leaves which crowns the summit of the stem.
3. Lilium, LILY. Man. p. 470. Our splendid wild species, no. 1 and 4,
are sometimes cultivated.
L. candidum, COMMON WHITE LILT. Tall, with scattered lanceolate
leaves, and several hardly nodding white flowers, of bell-shaped form.
L. Japonicum, JAPAN WHITE L. Flower only one, horizontal, twice
the length of the common White Lily, and more funnel-shaped, often pur-
plish outside towards the base ; leaves on the stem somewhat petioled.
L. longiflorum, LONG-FLOWERED WHITE L. Like the last, but the
stem short, and the flower 5' or 6' long.
L. speciosum, another showy species from Japan, becoming common ;
stem 2° or 3° high; leaves scattered, ovate or oblong, pointed; flowers few,
nodding, the divisions revolute, white or rose-colored, marked inside with
purple warty projections.
L. tigri'num, TIGER BULBLET-BEARING L. Stem tall, woolly, bearing
bulblets in the axils of the scattered lanceolate leaves, and at the summit a
considerable number of large orange-red nodding flowers, the divisions re-
curved, strongly dark-spotted inside.
L. bulbiferum, COMMON BULBLET-BEARING L. Not so showy as the
last, but more common in country gardens ; stem not woolly ; flowers erect,
more bell-shaped, reddish-orange, with brownish spots inside and rough pro-
jections towards the base.
4. Alliurn, ONION, GARLIC, LEEK, &c. Man. p. 469.
A. Moly, GOLDEN GARLIC. Leaves flat, lanceolate ; scape a foot high,
bearing an umbel of large yellow flowers ; ornamental.
A. sativum, GARDEN GARLIC. Bulbs clustered ; leaves nearly flat,
lance-linear ; flowers pale purple, or bulblets in their place.
A. Porrum, GARDEN LEEK. Bulb single ; leaves linear-oblong, keeled
or folded ; flowers violet-purple, crowded.
A. Sclioenoprasum, CHIVES, with slender terete leaves and rose-
colored flowers : see Man. p. 470.
A. Cepa, ONION. Both leaves and scape terete and hollow, the latter
usually inflated in the middle, bearing a large umbel of whitish flowers, or ia
TOP ONION a set of bulbs in their place.
5. Muscari, GRAPE-HYACINTH. The flowers — which appear in early
spring, in a raceme or spike on a low scape — in the common species resemble
small blue berries.
M. racemosum, which is the commonest, has flaccid leaves, and the
deep-blue flowers ovoid, densely racemed.
M. botryoides has stiffer leaves and almost globular blue flowers.
IxXXVi GARDEN BOTANY.
M. moschatum has dull purplish ovate-oblong flowers, musky-scented,
of no beauty ; but a monstrous variety, later in the season, produces from the
scape a large paniclod mass of abortive, contorted, bright blue branehlets, of a
striking and handsome appearance.
6. Hyacinthus orientalis, HYACINTH, most familiar iii cultivation ;
the fragrant flowers, originally blue, have sported into many colors, arc single,
double, &c.
7. Agapanthus umbellatus. A showy house-plant, from the Cape of
Good Hope ; the tall scape bearing an umbel of pretty large blue flowers, the
six divisions as long as the tube and widely spreading.
8. Funkia. — The blue and white DAY LILIES, so called, are very different
from Hemeroeallis, having long-petioled leaves, with an ovate or cordate blade
and a midrib, from which most of the ribs or main nerves spring (the.-e con-
nected by some netted veins) ; the flowers numerous in a raceme, nodding or
drooping ; stamens on the receptacle ; seeds winged and flat.
F. SUbCOrdata is the species with long, white, and tubular-funnel-fonu
flowers.
F. ovata, with smaller, more nodding, blue or violet flowers, abruptly
expanded above the narrow tube.
9. Hemeroeallis flava, YELLOW DAY-LILY. Less large than H.fnlva
(described in Man. p 468) and not so common in country gardens ; flowers
light yellow, the inner divisions acute.
10. Convallaria majalis, LILY-OF-THE- VALLEY. Described in Man. p.
467, because wild in the Allegheny Mountains ; but students ordinarily will
meet with it only in gardens, where it everywhere abounds.
11. Asparagus officinalis, GARDEN ASPARAGUS, having run wild in a
few places, is described in Man. p. 466.
12. Myrsiphylllim asparagoides is a rather common, small, climbing
plant, of house arid conservatory culture, with slender angled brandies, and
small flowers like those of Asparagus ; the leaves bright green, narrowly
ovate, acute, often obscurely heart-shaped at the base, nearly sessile, commonly
curved, many-nerved, each proceeding from the axil of a little scale which
represents the true leaf; the apparent leaves being (here and in Asparagus)
of the nature of branehlets.
ORDER MELANTHACE-SJJ. COLCHICUM FAMILY.
Manual, p. 472. — The only cultivated exotic of this group to be noticed is
1. Colchicum autumnale, FALL COLCHICUM. Flower purple, some-
times white or variegated, of 6 similar divisions on a long and slender tube
which rises from the conn underground, like a Crocus, in autumn, without
preen leaves, which appear the next spring. The free ovary, 3 separate styles,
and 6 stamens, distinguish Colchicum from Crocus.
ORDER COMMELYNACE.SI. SPIDERWORT FAMILY.
Manual, p. 485. — The common cultivated Spiderworts, &c. are natives of the
United States, and are described in the Manual.
GARDEN BOTANY.
Ixxxvii
ORDER GB, AMINES. GRASS FAMILY.
Manual, p. 535. — The cultivated meadow Grasses are all described in the
Manual. The following very simple key leads up to them, and also to the few
ornamental Grasses, and the cereal grains, &c.
Flowers of two very distinct sorts and sexes : the staminate in a
terminal cluster of spike-like racemes ; the pistillate in
2 or 3 great axillary spikes covered with husks, from
the lower part of the same stem. .... 1
Flowers of two kinds, one stamiuate, the other pistillate, on differ-
ent plants, in a very large compound panicle, the pis-
tillate flowers (only cultivated) beset with long white
silky hairs
Flowers in only one kind of inflorescence, viz. :
In two or more one-sided spikes at the top of the culm.
Spikelets several-flowered, densely crowded in the spike,
Awn-pointed and very much flattened. . Man. p. 554.
Awnless and blunt. Man. p. 554.
Spikelets with only one perfect flower.
Glumes nearly equal : a creeping perennial. Man. p. 554.
Glumes very unequal, the lower minute : annual. Man p. 577.
In many racemed or panicled spikes, awned or more or less
pointed, . . Man. p. 580. Echinochloa, § of
In a single terminal spike or contracted panicle looking like a spike
Spikelets or flowers on all sides of the jointless axis or rhachis,
in clusters on very short side-branches, so that it is not
a simple spike : only one perfect flower to a spikelet.
Awns rough, springing from the shout pedicels. Man. p. 581.
Awns short, one terminating each glume. Man. p. 541.
Awn low down on the back of the single palea. Man. p. 540.
Awns none : glumes winged : an abortive flower each side of
the base of the perfect one. . . Man. p. 574.
Spikelets borne directly on the rhachis, at the joints, alter-
nately on opposite sides, each spikelet
Several-flowered, edgewise : only one glume. Man. p. 569.
Several-flowered, flatwise, with a pair of glumes. . . i
Two-flowered, only one spikelet at each joint of the rhachis,
nearly as in the last, long-awned. ....
Two - three-flowered, two or three spikelets on each joint of
the rhachis, awned, . . Man p. 579.
One perfect flower only to each spikelet, long-awned. .
In a panicle.
Spikelets strictly 1-flowered and with only two paleae, i. e. no
empty paleae or rudiments of a second flower.
Paleae indurated, much flattened laterally : stamens 6.
Paleae indurated, rolled up in a cylinder : one long awn. 7.
Palese thin and delicate, smaller than the glumes. Man. p. 543.
Spikelets 1-flowered, and with a single palea or a pair of empty
paleae between the perfect flower and the lower glume.
Paleae of the perfect flower chartaceous or coriaceous. Man. p. 576.
Paleac all delicate ; glumes coriaceous. . . . .8.
Spikelets with a short rudiment, or abortive pedicel, at each side
of the base of the chartaceous perfect flower. Man. p. 574.
ZEA.
2. GYNERIUM.
DACTYLOCTENIUM.
ELEUSINE.
CYNODON.
DIGITARIA.
PANICUM.
SETARIA.
PHLEUM.
ALOPECURUS.
PHALARIS.
LOLIUM.
TRITICUM.
4. SECALE.
ELYMUS.
HORDE UM.
G.
ORYZA.
STIPA.
AGROSTIS.
PANICUM.
SORGIIUM.
PHALARIS.
Ixxxviii
GARDEN BOTANY.
Spikelets 1 -flowered, with an awned palea on each side of the
chartaceous perfect flower and larger than it. Man. p. 574.
Spikelets with one perfect flower and a staminate flower on
each side of it Man. p. 574.
Spikelets with one (or rarely 2) perfect and one staminate flower.
Lower flower perfect and awnless ; the upper staminate and
awned on the back Man. p. 573.
Lower flower imperfect (its pistil more or less abortive) and
merely pointed, the next one awned on the back, the
uppermost a rudiment. . . . Man. p. 573.
Spikelets with two or more perfect flowers.
One of the two or three large flowers awnless, the others
bearing a twisted awn on the back. . .
All the flowers alike, or an uppermost abortive one, and
Awned from towards the base of the lower palea ; flowers
in the spikelet only 2. ... Man. p. 571.
Awned or bristle-pointed from just below the tip of the
lower palea : flowers many in the spikelet. Man. p. 566.
Awned or sharp-pointed from the tip of the lower palea, this
Keeled or laterally compressed. . . Man. p. 557.
Convex or rounded on the back. p
Awnless and pointless. > Man. p. 565.
Narrow, rounded on the back, few-nerved. ^
Ovate or heart-shaped, ventricose on the back, dry and
papery when old without falling, obscurely nerved. 10.
Rounded on the back, strongly 5 - 7-nerved, falling away
when old, the axis breaking into joints. Man. p. 558.
Keeled on the back, scarious-margined. Man. p. 561.
ANTHOXANTHUM.
niEROCHLOA.
HOLCUS.
ARRIIENATHERUM.
9. AVENA.
AIRA.
BROMUS.
DACTYLIS.
FESTUCA.
BRIZA.
GLYCERIA.
POA.
1. Zea Mays, MAIZE, INDIAN CORN. Culm solid (not hollow as in most
Grasses), terminated by the clustered racemes of staminate flowers (the /HS.SV-/),
in 2-flowered. spikelets ; the pistillate flowers in a dense and many-rowed
spike home on a short axillary branch, 2 flowers within each pair of glumes,
but the lower one neutral, the upper pistillate, with an extremely long style,
the silk.
2. Gynerium argenteum, PAMPAS GRASS. A reed-like grass, from
S. America, planted out for ornament, with a large tuft of rigid linear and
tapering recurved-spreading leaves, several feet in length, the flowering stem
6 to 12 feet high, in autumn bearing an ample silvery-silky panicle of (pistil-
late) flowers.
3. Triticum, WHEAT. Produces the troublesome COUCH GRASS, described
in Man. p. 569, and the most valuable cereal or bread plant, viz.
T. VUlgare, COMMON WHEAT. Annual (Spring Wheat), or more com-
monly by autumn-sowing raised as a sort of biennial (Winter Wheat) ; spike
dense, somewhat four-sided; the spikelets imbricated, turgid, 4 - 5-flowered ;
lower palea either awned or merely mucronate : many varieties.
4. Secale cereale, RYE. Similar to Wheat in structure, but taller and
earlier, with bluish glaucous foliage, the spikelets decidedly two-ranked, only
two-flowered, always long awned ; grain oblong, brown, hairy at the summit
6. Hordeum, BARLEY. Differs from Wheat and Rye in having three
spikelets side by side on each joint of the rhachis (although the lateral ones
are sometimes small and sterile), perfecting only one flower : annual.
GARDEN BOTANY.
H. VUlgare, COMMON BARLEY. All three spikelets producing a fer-
tile awned dower and a subulate rudiment, the spike therefore six-rowed or
four-rowed.
H. distichum, TWO-ROWED BARLEY. Lateral spikelets at each joint
sterile and avvuless, the middle one alone fertile and awned.
6. Oryza sativa, RICE. Annual, rough-leaved ; spikelets in an open pani-
cle, one-flowered, very much flattened contrary to the short glumes and hard
and rough palese, which are conduplicate ; the latter firmly enclosing the
grain, the lower one awned or awnless. Cult, southward.
7. Stipa pennata, FEATHER GRASS, of Europe, is occasionally raised in
gardens for ornament, the awn of the flower being several inches long and
beautifully plumose, instead of naked, as in the wild species, Man. p. 549.
7. Sorghum VUlgare, SORGHO, DODRRA, GUINEA CORN, &c. Stem
solid, tall; leaves broadly linear-lanceolate; flowers in an ample terminal
panicle, short-awned or awnless. BROOM CORN is a variety of this species,
with long branches to the large and open panicle, which is made into brooms.
SUGAR SORGHUM is a form of the same with sweeter steins, a northern sub-
stitute for Sugar-Cane. GUINEA CORN, or DOURRA, the original cereal grain
of tropical Africa, has the panicle densely contracted and the grain larger.
9. Avena sativa, COMMON OAT. Annual, with a loose panicle of very
large and drooping two-flowered spikelets ; paleae enclosing the grain, that of
one flower with a long and twisted awn on the back, the other awnless.
10. Briza maxima, GREAT QUAKING-GRASS. Annual, resembles B. media
of Man. p. 565, but the spikelets are larger, over half an inch long, and very
turgid : occasionally cultivated in gardens for ornament.
ADDENDA
TO THE
EOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES,
Page 5.
i». Anemone Caroliniana, Walt. Stem 3' to 6' high from a small
tuber, hairy above, simple, one-flowered, bearing a 3-parted sessile involucre at
or below the middle, its divisions wedge-shaped and 3-cleft ; root-leaves 3-parted
or divided with the divisions incised, or again 3-cleft and incised ; sepals 11-20,
linear-oblong, purplish ; head of fruit oblong. — N. and W. Illinois ( 0. Everett,
J. W. Powell, M. S. Bebb, E. Hall, T. J. Hale, &c.) and southward. May.
P. 57.
Lychnis vespertlna, Sibth. Resembles Silene noctiflora, p. 56, but
has 5 styles, therefore belonging to Lychnis, and is usually dioecious ; a coarse,
hairy biennial, more or less viscid, loosely branched above ; leaves oblong or
ovate-lanceolate; flowers opening in the evening; petals white or pinkish, 2-cleft,
crowned ; fertile calyx ovoid in fruit, with long lance-linear teeth. — Waste
places, &c. Elmira, N. Y., Philadelphia, and Wilmington, Del., E. Tatnall.
(Adv. from Eu.)
P. 73.
3*. GERANIUM COLUMB!NUM, L. Somewhat hairy, decumbent ; leaves 5-7-
parted and the, divisions once or twice 3-cleft into linear lobes; peduncles and
pedicels long and slender ; sepals awn-pointed, about as long as the entire or
barely notched purple petals ; seeds strongly reticulated. — Lancaster, &c., Penn.,
Prof. Porter. (Adv. from Eu.)
P. 94.
6. Psoralea escillenta, Pursh. (POMME BLANCHE, or POMMK DE
PRAIRIE.) Hirsute with rough hairs; stem 3' to 12' high from a farinaceous
tuberous root ; leaflets 5, lance-oblong ; peduncles elongated ; spike short and
dense ; lobes of the calyx lanceolate, about equalling the blue corolla. — On the
Wisconsin River (Mr. Spears, T. J. Hale, &c.) and northwestward. June.
P. 98.
4*. Astragalus alpillUS, L. Stem diffuse, 6' to 12' high; leaflets
13-25; corolla 5" or 6" long, violet-purple or at least the keel tipped with
violet or blue ; teeth of the calyx nearly the length of the tube ; pods black-
ADDENDA TO THE BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN STATES. XC1
hairy, narrowly oblong, with the dorsal suture decidedly introflexed and pro-
jecting internally, raised on a stalk longer than the calyx ; otherwise much like
A. Robbinsii. (Phaca astragalina, DC.) — Willoughby Mountain, Vermont,
Rev. Mr. Blake ; a form with rather elongated racemes of smallish flowers. Coast
of Maine, Dr. Scammon, &c. On the Aroostook and St. John's Rivers, Maine,
G. L. Goodale, and northward. June, July. — In the former edition specimens
of this were confused with A. Robbinsii, which has smaller white flowers, a broad
and flatter pod, with very slight dorsal introflexion, and is nearer the European
Phaca australis, L. (Eu.)
Oxytropis Lamberti, Pursh. ? , the same as the plant growing near
Quebec, was detected by Mr. G. L. Goodale on the St. John's River, in Maine,
in 1861, in fruit only. I am still uncertain whether it belongs to 0. Lamberti,
which approaches the borders of Wisconsin, or to O. Uralensis. The genus
is distinguished from Astragalus by its mucronately pointed keel.
P. 108.
2*. Cassia Obtlisifolia, L. Leaflets 3 or rarely 2 pairs, obovate,
obtuse, with an elongated gland between those of the lower pairs or lowest pair ;
pods slender, 6' long, curved ; root annual. — Banks of the Ohio River, Illinois
(Dr. Vasey), and southward.
P. 116.
1». Oeuin nrbanum, L. Petals yellow; otherwise nearly as in G.
album. — E. Fairfield, Ohio, S. B. McMillan. — I have seen only incomplete
specimens ; the petals very small.
P. 120.
3. FRAGARIA INDICA, L., or DUSCHESNEA FRAGARIOIDES, Smith, — which
differs from the true Strawberries in having leafy runners, the calyx with incised
leafy bractlets larger than the sepals, yellow petals, and an insipid fruit, — grows
in copses around Philadelphia, Mr. Charles E. Smith. (Adv. from Ind., &c.)
P. 128.
3. A ill iim ii ilia Nlitt:tllii. Submersed aquatic, or sometimes terres-
trial, rooting in the mud ; leaves linear, when immersed elongated, thin, and
closely sessile by a broad base, when out of water shorter and contracted at the
base ; flowers mostly solitary in the axils, sessile, small ; calyx with broad tri-
angular lobes, the appendages at the sinuses obsolete or wanting ; petals none ;
style very short ; ovary 2-celled. (Peplis diandra, Nutt., but stamens usually 4.
Hypobrichia Nuttallii, M. A. Curtis.) — Wisconsin and Minnesota (T. J. Hah],
Illinois (Buckley, Vasey, Hall, &c.), and southward. June -Aug. — When in
water, stems l°-3° long, very leafy.
P. 130.
EPILOBIUM HiRstiTUM, L., a branching species, soft-villous all over, of
our second division, only the flowers are large, the rose-purple petals ^' long,
is established as a wild plant at New Bedford, Mass., T. A. Greene. (Adv
from Eu.)
XC11 ADDENDA TO THE
P. 132.
10. (Enothcra serrulata, Nutt. Stoms low, slightly woody at the
base, leaves lance-linear, oblanceolate, or linear-spatulate, sharply serrulate or
toothed ; flowers axillary ; tube of the calyx funnel-form, shorter than the ovary,
with 4 strong nerves which are continued as keels to the lobes ; petals yellow,
obovate, wavy-crenulate, much longer than the stamens ; anthers oblong ; stigma
discoid, merely crenulate ; pods cylindrical, puberulent. — Falls of St. Anthony,
Wisconsin (Lesquereux)^ and westward.
2. Jussiaea repens, L. Glabrous or nearly so ; stem creeping, or
floating and rooting ; leaves oblong, tapering below into a slender petiole ; flow-
ers large, long-peduncled ; calyx-lobes and slightly obcordate petals 5 ; pod
cylindrical, with a tapering base. 1|. — In water, Illinois, Kentucky, and south-
ward.
P. 136.
2. Opuntia RliSSOlirieilSiS, DC. Prostrate, with narrow and obo-
vate tuberculate joints, the axils bristly and all armed with 5 to 10 slender radi-
ating prickles, some of them stronger ; flowers yellow ; berry prickly. — Bor-
ders of Wisconsin and westward.
P. 143.
9. Saxifraga Stcllaris, L. var. coniosa, Willd. Leaves wedge-
shaped, more or less toothed ; scape a span high, bearing a small contracted
panicle ; many or most of the flowers changed into little tufts of green leaves,
the perfect flowers with a free reflexed calyx ; petals unequal, lanceolate, white,
with two yellowish spots on the base, which is narrowed into a distinct claw. —
Mount Katahdin, Maine, Rev. J. Blake.
P. 156. To Discopleura capillacea add : —
Var. ? COStata. Larger ; rays of the umbel and divisions of the involucre
numerous ; ribs of the fruit stronger. — S. Illinois, Vasey.
Helosciadium nodinomin, Koch. A remarkable aquatic form
of this European species, or perhaps an allied new species, was discovered in
brooks on the Pocono Mountain, Pennsylvania, by Prof. Traill Green. For
lack of mature fruit the determination is still uncertain.
P. 169, after line 13 from bottom, add to the Synopsis : —
9. POLYPREMUM. Corolla (white) and single style very short. Pod ovoid, many-seeded,
loculicidal. Leaves slightly connected at the base, very narrow.
10. GELSEMIUM. Corolla large, yellow, style long and slender : stigmas 2, each 2-parted.
Pod flat, several-seeded. Seeds winged. Leaves ovate or lanceolate : stipules obsolete.
See p. 296.
P. 174. 9. POL.YPREUIU]JI, L. POLYPREMUM.
Calyx 4-parted, persistent ; the divisions awl-shaped from a broad scarious-
margined base. Corolla not longer than the calyx, almost wheel-shaped, bearded
in the throat ; the 4 lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4, very short : anthers
globular. Style 1, very short: stigma ovoid, entire. Pod ovoid, a little flat-
BOTANY OF THE XOUTIIE11X UNITED STATES. XCU1
tened, notched at the apox, loculicidally 2-vaIved, many-seeded. — A smooth,
diffusely spreading and much-branched, small annual, with narrowly linear or
awl-shaped leaves, connected at their base across the stem by a slight stipular
line ; the small flowers solitary and sessile in the forks and at the ends of the
branches ; corolla inconspicuous, white. (Name altered from TroXvirpep-vos,
many-stemmed)
1. P. procunibens, L. — Dry fields, mostly in sandy soil, Virginia
and southward. June - Sept.
P. 196.
30a. Aster ametliystiims, Nutt. Differs from A. oblongifolius in its
more upright growth, more hirsute and cinereous pubescence (that of the stem
widely spreading), which is not at all glandular or viscid, more racemose heads
of smaller size, the scales of the involucre erect or less spreading, the rays of a
light clear blue. — E. Massachusetts, Dr. Rolbins, W. Doott ; and meadows near
Amherst, Prof. Tuckerman. Athens, Illinois, Mr. E. Hall.
P. 200.
3. Boltonia diffusa, L'Her. Stem diffusely branched ; leaves lance-
linear, those on the branchlets very small and awl-shaped ; heads panicled, very
small ; pappus of several very short bristles and 2 short awns. — Prairies near
Centralia, Illinois, Vasey. Common southwestward.
P. 205.
27a. Solida£ro Radula, Nutt. Stem and oblong or obovate-spatulate
leaves rigid and very rough, not hoary, the upper sessile ; scales of the involucre
oblong, rigid ; rays 3-6 : otherwise much as in No. 27. — Dry hills, W. Illinois
and southwestward. — Probably runs into S. ncmoralis.
P. 227.
3*. Artemisia, dracimculoides, Pursh., a perennial species, com-
mon west of the Mississippi, with leaves linear and entire or the lower 3-cleft,
cinereous or nearly glabrous, and small panicled heads, has been found in S. W.
Illinois by Dr. Vasey.
7*. A. frigida, L., of the third section (p. 228), a low species, slightly
woody at the base, white all over with a soft silky wool, the leaves pinnatcly
parted, their divisions 3 - 5-cleft and linear, was found at the Falls of St. Anthony
by L. Lesquereux and E. Hall, and is common thence northwestward.
P. 231.
5. SeilCCiO palatStriS, Hook. Root biennial ; stem stout j°- 3° high,
woolly when young, glabrous with age ; leaves laciniate or irregularly cut-
toothed, the upper with a cordate-clasping base ; heads many in a corymb, with
20 or more short rays, the pappus becoming very long. — N. W. Wisconsin ( T.
J. Hale) and northward. (Eu.)
6. S. lobfttUS, Pers. ( BUTTER-WEED.) Annual, glabrous, or loosely
woolly at first; leaves rather fleshy, lyrate or pinnately divided ; the divisions
crenate or cut-lobcd, variable ; heads many in a corymb, small ; rays about 12.
— Low banks of the Ohio and Mississippi, Illinois, and southward.
XC1V ADDENDA TO THE
P. 237.
jftncea, Don. Flowers nearly as in Nabalus (only 5 in
the head), purple or rose-colored, the heads erect and solitary ; pappus copious,
soft and whitish ; stems branched, rush-like, 1° high, striate, with few lanceolate
or subulate rigid leaves. — St. Croix River, Wisconsin, E. Hall ; and common
northward.
P. 250.
Caillina VlllgaiiS, Salisb., the HEATHER of Europe, was recently
discovered by Mr. Jackson Dawson well established in Tewksbury, Massachu-
setts, in low grounds, whether indigenous or in some way introduced is still in
question.
P. 318.
3. LAMIUM ALBUM, L., a perennial species, with rather large white flowers,
and petioled coarsely crenate leaves, is found in waste grounds around Boston
by Mr, D. Murray. (Adv. from Eu.)
P. 326.
Hydro lea quadrivalviS, Walt. The genus differs from most
Hydrophyllaccae in having the ovary and pod 2-celled or nearly so, by the pla-
centae united in the axis, and the numerous seeds : the species is a pubescent
perennial ; the stem ascending from a creeping base, with a slender spine in the
axil of most of the broadly lanceolate leaves ; flowers axillary ; corolla blue. —
In water or wet places, S. Illinois ( Vasey] and southward.
P. 330.
2. Polemoililim coerulciim, L. Stem erect (l°-.3° high) ; leaflets
9-21, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; flowers numerous, blue; stamens and
style mostly exserted ; pod rather many-seeded. — Borders of a marsh 3 miles
east of Charlottesville, Schoharie County, New York, Dr. E. C. Howe. July -
Aug. Otherwise found in this country only high north, and in the Rocky
Mountains and westward, but common in gardens. (Eu.)
P. 352.
2a. Asclepias Meadii, n. sp. Torr. Very smooth, pale ; stem simple
(1° high), bearing a single terminal umbel (on a peduncle 3' long); leans all
opposite, sessile, oblong, the upper ovate-oblong or somewhat heart-shaped, ob-
tuse, mucronate, the plane (not wavy] margins and the numerous Hither sknck-r
pedicels downy when young; divisions of the greenish-white corolla oblong ovate
(4" long), half the length of the pedicel ; hoods of the slightly stifn'tate crown fli-sliy
below, rounded-truncate at the summit, longer than the thickish incurved /torn, fur-
nished with a small sharp tooth at the inner margin on each side towards the
summit. — Augusta, Illinois, Mead. — Leaves about 4 pairs, l^'-2£' long.
Fruit not seen ; so that it is uncertain whether the species should stand next to
A. Sullivantii or A. obtusifolia.
P. 354.
1*. Acerates monocepliala, n. sp. Lapham in herb. Low (6' -12
BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES. XCV
high), rather stout, hirsute ; leaves lanceolate, almost sessile (about 2' long and
£' wide) ; umbel solitary and terminal, peduncled, very many-flowered; divis-
ions of the greenish corolla oblong (2^" long), more than twice the length of the
calyx, several times shorter than the pedicels ; hoods of the crown sessile at the
base of the tube of filaments, strongly concave, oblong, erect, with the obtuse
apex somewhat spreading, equalling the anthers. — Prairies of Wisconsin, Lap-
ham, Mr. Cornell. July. — Intermediate in several respects between A. viridiflora
and A. longifolia ; having the sessile crown of the former, and flowers not larger
than those of the latter. Hoods more cucullate than those of A. viridiflora ; the
two small appendages within each, and the still smaller pairs of appendages
alternate with the hoods, more conspicuous than in the last-named species ;
otherwise very similar. Pollen-masses also thicker and less club-shaped. — A.
longifolia is well distinguished by the raised crown, of broader hoods, much
shorter than the anthers, and by the thick and short pollen-masses. — Should
Dr. Engelmann's surmise prove correct (as is most likely), this species will bear
the name of A. lanuginosa, Decaisne.
2a. A. fmiliculilta, Decaisne. Almost glabrous ; stems short, about a
foot high ; leaves alternate, short-petioled, elongated-oblong, 1' -2' wide ; umbels
several in a cluster, short-peduncled ; flowers large (!' in diameter), green, with
a short purplish crown ; pods oblong-ovate, often bearing some soft spinous pro-
jections. — Prairies, Illinois ( Vasey, Bebb), and southward. June.
P. 362.
Corispcriiiuni liyssopifdlium, L. An annual, smooth or some-
what hairy, branching herb, with slender striatc branches, narrowly linear, thick-
ish leaves, the upper ones small and short, ovate-lanceolate, scarious-margined,
and forming the bracts of the slender spikes, a solitary and perfect flower sessile
under each one ; fruit round-oval, convex on. the back, wing-margined, resem-
bling a small bug, whence the name of the genus. — Sandy shores, Illinois (near
Chicago, Dr. Scammon, &c., Menard Co., E. Hall], and northwestward.
P. 378.
11. RlllilCX Engelllianili, Ledeb. (R. hastulatus, Baldw., not of
Campd ), a dioecious species, with narrow and hastate leaves, or the lowermost
cordate, distinguished from No. 10 by its very simple panicle, and the valves of
the fruit enlarging and samara-like, occurs in S. W. borders of Illinois, thence
southward raid westward.
Briliuiicllia cirrliosa, Banks, a Southern plant of this family, climb-
ing by tendrils, and with the fruiting calyx and its pedicel winged on one side.
is said by Dr. Brundel to occur in S. Illinois. I have seen no specimen.
P. 435.
8a. PotaillOg^tOll crisplis, L. Leaves lance-oblong or oblong-linear,
wavy-crisped, obtuse, sessile, serrate, 3-nervcd ; stems much branched ; spikes
long-peduncled, few-flowered. — Streams, Wilmington, Delaware, E. Tatnall,
&c. Lehigh River, Pennsylvania, T. Mcehan ; Susquehanna, at Lancaster, Prof.
XCV1 ADDENDA TO THE
Porter. Abundant where it occurs ; probably indigenous ; flowering in May
and June, earlier than the others. (The remarks on p. 436 to !><• erased.) (Eu.)
P. 439.
Saglttaria calyclna, Engelm. Pedicels of the two kinds of flowers
of equal length, the fruit-bearing ones recurved ; flowers polygamous, the sterile
ones with a few rudimentary pistils and numerous stamens, their filaments
smoothish, and about the length of the broadly ovate anthers, the fertile ones
with 7 to 12 stamens; style longer than the ovary and erect, hut horizontal on
the lunate or obovate narrowly-winged achcnium ; sepals orbicular, strictly ap-
prcssed to the head of fruit. — Kennebunk, Maine, Ifr. Swan, growing under
water, with no blade to the leaves, the petioles stout, subulate. Haekensaek
marshes, New Jersey, C. F. Austin; mostly with a small and halberd-shaped
emersed blade to the leaves. Wilmington, Delaware, E. Tahmll; the blade
rudimentary, or oblong and entire, or halberd-form or sagittate, short, obtuse.
Athens, Illinois, E. Hall, with well-developed sagittate acute leaves. Probably
not uncommon.
P. 448.
SpirantheS grammea, Lindl. ? has been detected in New York and
New Jersey by C. F. A ust in, and some other species or forms are apparently con-
fused with S. cernua. They must be studied hereafter with fresh materials, and
identified with Lindley's various species.
P. 459.
2*. Iris ciiprea, Pnrsh. Stem tall and slender; leaves linoar-sword-
shaped (£' wide) ; flowers copper-colored, or dull yellow tinged with blue, the
tube longer than the ovary. — Cairo, S. Illinois, growing with I. versicolor, Dr.
Vasey. Common in the Southern States.
F. 461, 465, 472.
The anthers are so attached to the filament as to be really extrarse in Medeola
(as ascertained by Prof. H. G. Clark), and in Lilium (as shown by Dr. Chap-
man), Hemcrocallis, &c. Other distinctions having also given way, it becomes
apparent that Smilaceaj and Melanthaceae will have to be merged in the -rcut
order Liliaceae.
P. 497.
10. EleocliariS COlllprCSSa, Sulliv. This is common in Illinois and
westward, in a taller form, with elongated and many-flowered spikes (£'-!'
long) : the style is 2-cleft, the achenium well formed, smooth, or nearly so, with
a rather large tubercle ; and the hypogynous bristles generally present, shorter
than or surpassing the achenium, and retrorsely barbed. The species should
stand after No. 6.
P. 498, 500.
1*. ScirpllS pzmcifldrilS, Lightfnot Culms striatc-angled, 3'- 9' high ,
the sheaths leafless ; spike ovate, chestnut-colored ; glumes nearly 2-ranked,
blunt, the lower and larger ones not equalling the uppermost ; bristles 3-6, re-
BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES. XCV11
trorsely barbed, about the length of the conspicuously beak-pointed triangular
achenium. — Watertown, near Lake Ontario, New York, Dr. Crowe (mistaken
for S. planifolius) ; Point de Tour, Lake Michigan (State coll.) ; Ringwood, N
Illinois, on the borders of a pond, Dr. G. Vasey. Also in the northern Rocky
Mountains. This and Eleocharis No. 7, with other species, serve to combine
Eleocharis with Scirpus. (Eu.)
8*. S. (Isdlepis) Ilallii, n. sp. Like S. debilis in general appearance,
but stems more slender (5'-12' high), sometimes 1-leaved above the middle;
s|)ikes 1-5, ovate-fusiform, becoming cylindrical (4'' or 5" long, hardly 1^"
thick), some of them occasionally short-stalked ; scales ovate, the greenish cen-
tre strongly keeled, sharp-pointed ; stamens 2 ; bristles none ; achenium strongly
rugose transversely, plano-convex or (especially in Texan specimens, coll. C.
Wright) triangular. — Along ponds, Athens, Illinois, with S. debilis, E. Hull;
St. Louis, Dr. Engclmunn, and southwestward. Varies, like No. 8, with 2-3-
cleft style. I refer it to Scirpus, as the Scirpeous genera will probably have
to be reduced.
P. 514.
32*. Carex TVorvegica, Schk. Pale; stem 1° or less high, angled;
spikes 2 - 5, rather approximate, oblong, short-bracted, with a few staminate
flowers at their base, or the terminal all staminate ; perigynia oval or oblong,
lenticular, many-nerved, with a short entire beak, equalling the obtuse scale. —
Salt marsh, Wells, Maine, Rev. J. Blake. (Eu.)
P. 454.
130*. C. Oliieyi, Boott. Near C. bullata, but with stouter stem, broader
leaves, and more numerous (4-6, usually 5) spikes, the fertile ones longer and
narrower (so as to appear more like those of C. vesicaria), more approximate,
the perigynia smaller, and with a shorter beak. — In swamps, Rhode Island,
Olney.
P. 541.
CHYPSIS SCHO5NOIDES, Lam. A dwarf grass, with decumbent branched
culms, short and rather rigid pointed leaves, and somewhat inflated sheaths
hairy at the throat, the uppermost partly inclosing the condensed spike-like pan-
icle : the structure of tl\£ spikelcts is nearly as in Vilfa. (C. Virginica, Nutt.)
Streets of Philadelphia and vicinity. (Adv. from Eu.)
P. 542.
2ft. Vilfa cuspidata, Torr. Root perennial ; culms and leaves more
slender than in No. 2 ; panicle exserted, very simple and narrow ; spikelets
smaller, the glumes very acute, and the lower palea cuspidate. — Borders of
Maine (on the St. John's River, G. L. Goodale) and northwestward.
P. 547.
la. Calamagrostis I^aiigsdorfHi, Trin. Panicle purple-tinged;
the spikelets considerably larger than in C. Canadensis, and with a larger awn
inserted lower down ; glumes strigose-scabrous. (C. hirtigluma, Stead.) — Lake
XCV111 ADDENDA TO THE BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN STATES.
of the Clouds, White Mountains of New Hampshire, W. Boott. (Labrador and
Saskatchawan to N. W. coast.) (Eu.)
P. 556.
Grapll£phorillll mclicoldcs, Beauv., is to replace Dupontia Coo-
ley i. See Ci'ui/ in Ann. Dot. Soc. CawtfL, and Proceed. Amer. Acad. 5, p. 190.
P. 573
A/KA (rather than A vena) CARYOPIIYLEA, L., resembling A. praecox, but
taller, and with a very diffuse paniele of purplish and at length silvery scarious
spikelets. was detected in abandoned fields reverting to forest, near Newcastle,
Delaware, by Win. M. Canty. (Nat. from Eu.)
P. 576.
ia Paspaliim Walterifiniun, Sennit. Spikes few (3-7), the
lowest scarcely emerging from the sheath, the mcmbranaceous rhachis blunt
and not projecting ; spikelets glabrous. — Delaware, E. Tatnall, and southward,
in very wet places.
P. 592
3. Chcilailthos laimgind§a, Nutt. in herb. Hook. Stalks slender,
at first hairy, black or brown, shining ; fronds (3' -8' high) delicate, lanceolate
in outline, woolly with soft whitish hairs, becoming smoother above, 3-pinnate ;
pinnae ovate, the lower ones distant ; pinnules crenately pinnatifid, or mostly di-
vided into minute roundish segments, the herbaceous margin recurved, forming
an almost continuous involucre. (C. vestita, Hook, &e. C. gracilis, Mctten.) —
In dense tufts on dry, exposed rocks and cliffs, along rivers, &c., Wisconsin ( T.
J. Hale), Iowa, and westward. — Ultimate pinnules exceedingly small and
crowded.
P. 606. 3. OTARSIUEA, L.
Submersed or cmersed aquatic plants, with slender creeping rootstocks, send-
ing up elongated petioles, which bear at their apex a whorl of 4 nervose-veincd
leaflets, and at or near their base, or sometimes on the rootstoek, one or more
globular but somewhat excentric sporocarps. These sporocarps or fruit arc 2-
celled vertically, and with many transverse partitions, and split or burst into 2
lobes at maturity. On the partitions are inserted numerous short-stalked spo-
rangia, of two sorts intermixed ; the larger ones containing a single oval or ob-
long spore, the smaller containing many very minute spores.
1. Iff. quadrifolia, L. Leaflets broaeUy obovate-cuncate, glabrous ; spo-
rocarps usually 2 or 3 on a short peduncle from near the base of the petioles,
pedicelled, glabrous or somewhat hairy. — In water, the leaflets commonly float-
ing on the surface, Bantam Lake, Litchfield, Connecticut, Dr. T.F. A/Lm. Tho
only known habitat in America ! (Eu.)
2. J?I. vestita. Hook and (Jrov., with hairy leaflets and villons short-stalked
or sessile sporocarps, will doubtless be found in the western part of Wisconsin.
BOTANY
OP THE
NORTHERN UNITED STATES.
SERIES I.
PHJENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS.
VEGETABLES bearing proper flowers, that is, having sta-
mens and pistils, and producing seeds, which contain an
embryo.
CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONOUS OR EX6GE-
NOUS PLANTS.
Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith ; the wood form-
ing a layer between the other two, increasing, when the
stem continues from year to year, by the annual addition
of a new layer to the outside, next the bark. Leaves net-
ted-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons,
or rarely several in a whorl. Flowers having their parts
usually in fives or fours.
SUBCLASS I. ANGIOSPER]VLE.
Pistil consisting of a closed ovary, which contains the ovules and
forms the fruit. Cotyledons only two.
1
2 RANUNCULACEvE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
DIVISION I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.
Floral envelopes double, that is, consisting of both calyx and co-
rolla ; the petals not united with each other.*
ORDER 1. RANUNCUL-ACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
Herbs (or woody vines) with a colorless acrid juice, polypetalous, or apeta-
lonx with the calyx often colored like a corolla, hypogynous ; the sepals, petals,
numerous stamens, and many or few (rarelij single') pistils all distinct and
unconnected. — Flowers regular or irregular. Sepals 3-15. Petals 3-
15, or wanting. Stamens indefinite, rarely few : anthers short Fruits
either dry pods, or seed-like (achenia), or berries, 1 - several-seeded.
Seeds anatropous, with fleshy albumen and a minute embryo. — Stipules
none. Leaves mostly dissected, their stalks dilated at the base. (A large
family, mostly of acrid plants, some of them acrid-narcotic poisons.)
Synopsis of the Genera.
TRIBE I. CIiEMATIDE.ffi. Sepals valvate in the bud, or with the edges bent inwards.
Petals none, or small and stamen-like. Acheuia numerous, tailed with the feathery or
hairy styles. Seed solitary, suspended. — Vines : leaves all opposite.
1. ATRAGENE. Petals several, small, and resembling sterile stamens.
2. CLEMATIS. Petals none.
TRIBE II. ANEMOBJE^S. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals none, or very small
and stamen-like. Achenia numerous or several. Seed solitary. — Stem-leaves often op-
posite or whorled, forming an involucre.
* Seed suspended.
8. PULSATILLA. Achenia bearing long plumose tails. Petals resembling sterile stamens.
4. ANEMONE. Achenia merely pointed, numerous, not ribbed nor inflated. Involucre re-
mote from the flower, and resembling the other leaves.
6. HEPATICA. Achenia several, not ribbed. Involucre close to the flower, of 3 simple leaves,
and resembling a calyx
6. TUALICTRUM. Achenia 4 - 10, ribbed, grooved, or inflated. Involucre none, or leaf-like.
* * Seed erect.
7. T.RAUTVETTERIA. Achenia inflated and 4-angled. Involucre none.
TRIBE III. RANUNCULEJE. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals evident, often
with a scale or pore inside. Achenia numerous. Seed solitary.
8. RANUNCULUS. Sepals not appendaged. Achenia in a head. Seed erect.
9. MYOSURUS. Sepals spurred at the base. Acheuia in a long spike. Seed suspended.
TRIBE IV. HE£IiEBORI2VE.flE. Sepals imbricated in the bud, deciduous, rarely
persistent, petal-like. Petals (nectaries of the earlier botanists) tubular, irregular, or
2-lipped, often none. Pods (follicles) few, rarely single, few - several-seeded. — l^avea
all alternate.
* Flower regular. Pods several-seeded. Herbs.
10. ISOPYRUM. Petals none (in our species). Pods few. Leaves compound.
11. CALTHA. Petals none. Pods several. Leaves kidney-shaped.
* In many exceptional cases some species or some genera belonging to polypetalous orcleri
are destilute of petals , as Clematis, Anemone, our Isopyruin, and other plants of the Crow-
foot Family.
RANUNCULACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 3
12. TROLLIUS. Petals many, minute and stamen-like, hollowed near the base Pods 8- 15,
sessile. Leaves divided.
13. COPTIS. Petals 5-6, small, hollowed at the apex. Pods 3-7, long-stalked. Sepals decid-
uous. Leaves divided.
14. I1ELLEBOI10S. Petals 8 - 10, small, tubular, 2-lipped. Pods several, sessile. Sepals 6,
persistent, turning green with age.
15. AQUiLEGIA. Petals 5, ?pur-shaped, longer than the 5 deciduous sepals. Pods 5.
# * Flower uus\ umietrical and irregular. Pods several-seeded.
16. DELPHINIUM. Upper sepal spurred. Petals 4, of two forms ; the upper pair with long
spurs, enclosed in the spur of the calyx.
17. ACON1TUM. Upper sepal hooded, covering the 2 long-clawed petals.
# * * Flower FJ nuuetrical Pods ripening only one seed. Shrubbj'.
18. ZANTIIOIUIIZA. Petals 5, small, 2-lobed, with claws. Stamens 5-10. Flowers in droop-
ing compound racemes, polygamous.
TRIBE V. COIICIFUGEJE. Sepals imbricated, falling off as the flower opens. Petals
small and il-it, or none. Pistils 1- several. Fruit a 2 - several-seeded pod or berry.
Leaves al! alternate.
19. UYDKASTIS. Flower solitary. Pistils several in a head, becoming berries in fruit, 2-
seeded. Leaves simple, lobed. Petals none.
20. ACT/KA. Flowers in a single short raceme. Pistil single, forming a many-seeded berry.
Leaves 2-3-temately compound. Petals manifest.
21. CIMICIFUGA. Flowers in long spiked racemes. Pistils 1 - 8, in fruit forming dry several-
seeded pods. Leaves 2-3-ternately compound.
1. ATKAGENE, L. ATRAGENE.
Sepals 4, colored, their valvate margins slightly turned inwards in the bud.
Petals several, much smaller than the sepals, passing gradually into stamens.
Achenia numerous in a head, bearing the persistent styles in the form of long
plumose tails. — Perennial vines, climbing by the leafstalks ; stems a little
woody. Buds scaly. Leaves opposite, compound. Peduncles 1 -flowered. (A
name of obscure derivation, given to a clinching plant by Thcophrastus.)
1. A. Americana, Sims. (AMERICAN ATRAGENE.) Leaflets stalked,
ovate, pointed, entire or a little toothed, sometimes slightly heart-shaped. ( Clem-
atis vcrtk-illaris, DC.) — Shady rocky hills, Maine and Western N. England to
Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, and mountains of Virginia. April, May. — From
each of the opposite buds in spring arise two ternate leaves with long-stalked
leaflets, and a peduncle which bears a bluish-purple flower, 2-3 inches across.
2. CL.ENIATIS, L. VIRGIN'S-BOWER.
Sepals 4, colored, the valvate margins turned inwards in the bud. Petals
none. Achenia numerous in a head, bearing the persistent styles as naked,
hairy, or plumose tails. — Perennial herbs or vines, a little woody, and climbing
by the twisting of the leafstalks. Leaves opposite. (KXjjjLum's, a name of Di-
oscoridcs for a climbing plant with long and lithe brarches.)
* Peduncles bearing single large nodding flowers : calyx leathery : anthers lincai.
•<— Stem erect and mostly simple : calyx silky outside.
1. C. ocliroleuca, Ait. Leaves simple and entire, ovate, almost sessile,
silky beneath, reticulated and soon smooth above; tails of the fruit very plu-
4 KANUNCULACEuE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
mose. — Copses near Brooklyn, New York; Pennsylvania and Virginia' rare.
May. — A foot high. Calyx yellowish within.
+- •*- Stems climbing : leave* pinnate: calyx (and foliage) glabrous or pubendent.
2. C. Yionia, L. (LEATHER-FLOWER.) Calyx ovate and at length
bell-shaped ; the purplish s<:pals very thick and leathery, with abrupt edges, tipped
with short recurved points; the long tails of the fruit very plumose ; leaflets 3-7,
ovate or oblong, sometimes slightly cordate, 2- 3-lohed or entire; uppermost
leaves often simple. — Kich soil, Penn., Ohio, and southward. May -Aug.
3. C. Pitclicri, Torr. & Gray. Calyx bell-shaped; the dull publish
$ejKils icifh iittrrotr find slightly margined recurved points; tails of the fruit Jilifonn
andlxin/i/ />n/><. wiit ; leaflets 3-9, ovate or somewhat cordate, entire or 3-lohed,
much reticulated; uppermost leaves often simple. — Illinois, on the Mississippi,
and southward. June.
4. C. cylindrical, Sims. Calyx cylindraceous below, the upper half of
the bluish-purple sepals dilated and widely spreading, with broad and imrtj tit in
margins ; tails of the fruit silky ; leaflets 5-9, thin, varying from oblong-ovate
to lanceolate, entire or 3-5-parted. — Virginia near Norfolk, and southward.
May -Aug.
* * Flowers in panicked clusters : sepals thin : anthers oblong.
5. C. Virgiiiiftiia, L. (COMMON VIRGIN'S-BOWER.) Smooth ; leaves
nearing 3 ovate acute leaflets, which are cut or lobed, and somewhat heart-shaped
at the base ; tails of the fruit plumose. — River-banks, &e., common ; climbing
over shrubs. July, August. — The axillary peduncles bear clusters of numerous
white flowers (sepals obovate, spreading), which are polygamous or dioecious;
the fertile are succeeded in autumn by the conspicuous feathery tails of tte fruit.
3. PUL.SATIL.L.A, Toum. PASQUE-FLOWER.
Sepals 4-6, colored. Petals none, or like abortive gland-like stamens.
Achcnia with long feathery tails. Otherwise as Anemone ; from which the
genus does not sufficiently differ. (Derivation obscure. The popular name
was given because the plant is in blossom at Easter.)
1. I*. Ntittalliail.t. Villous with long silky hairs ; flower erect, devel-
oped before the leaves; which are ternately divided, the lateral divisions 2-part-
ed, the middle one stalked and 3-parted, the segments deeply once or twice cleft
into narrowly linear and acute lobes ; lobes of the involucre like those of the
leaves, at the base all united into a shallow cup; sepals 5-7, purplish, spread-
ing. (P. patens, ed. 1. Anemone patens, Hook, $*c. not of L. A. Is'uttalliana,
DC. A. Ludoviciana, Nutt.) — Prairies, Wisconsin (Lapfmm) and westward.
April. — A span high. Sepals !'-!£' long. Tails of the fruit 2' long. More
like P. vulgaris than P. patens of Europe.
4. AftEUI^MVE, L. ANEMONE. WIND-FLOWER.
Sepals 5-15, petal-like. Petals none. Achenia short-beaked or blunt. Seed
suspended. — Perennial herbs with radical leaves; those of the stem 2 or 3 to-
RANUNCTJLACEuE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 5
gether, opposite or whorlecl, and forming an involucre remote from the flower.
(Name from ave/xos, the wind, because the flower was thought to open only when
the wind blows.) See Addend.
* Pistils many, crowded in a very dense head, clothed with long matted wool in fruit:
sepals downy or silky underneath.
1. A. parviflora, Michx. (SMALL ANEMONE.) Somewhat pubescent ;
Btem slender and simple, one-flowered ; leaves roundish, 3-parted, their divisions
wedge-shaped, crenate-lobed ; involucre of 2 almost sessile leaves ; sepals 6, oval,
whitish; head of fruit globular. — Lake Superior; thence northward. Plant
2' -12' high.
2. A. iiiultifida, DC. (MANY-CLEFT ANEMONE.) Silky-hairy; prin-
cipal involucre 2-3-leaved, bearing one naked and one or two 2-leaved pedun-
cles ; leaves of the involucre short-petioled, similar to the root-leaves, twice or
thrice 3-parted and cleft, their divisions linear ; sepals 5-8, obtuse, red, sometimes
greenish-yellow or whitish; head of fruit spherical or oval. — Bocks, Western
Vermont and Northern New York, Lake Superior, &c. : rare. June. — Plant
6' - 1 2' high : sepals £' long.
3. A. cylsmlrica, Gray. (LONG-FRUITED ANEMONE.) Slender,
clothed with silky hairs; flowers 2-6, on very long and upright naked pedun-
cles ; leaves of the involucre long-petioled, twice or thrice as many as the flower-
stalks, 3-divided ; their divisions wedge-shaped, the lateral 2-parted, the middle
one 3-cleft ; lobes cut and toothed at the apex ; sepals 5, obtuse, greenish- white ;
head of fruit cylindrical (!' long). — Sandy or dry woods, Massachusetts and
Rhode Island to Wisconsin and Illinois. May. — Plant l°-2° high. Pedun-
cles 7' -12' long, all appearing together from the same involucre, and naked
throughout, or sometimes part of them with involucels, as in No. 4.
4. A. Virgilimiia, L. (TALL ANEMONE.) Hairy; principal involucre
3-leaved ; the leaves long-petioled, 3-parted ; their divisions ovate-lanceolate, pointed,
cut-serrate, the lateral 2-parted, the middle 3-cleft; peduncles elongated, the
earliest naked, the others with a 2-leaved involucel at the middle ; sepals 5, acute,
greenish (in one variety white and obtuse) ; head of fruit oval or oblong. — Woods
and meadows ; common. June -August. — Plant 2° -3° high ; the upright pe-
duncles 6' -12' long. In this and the next species the first flower-stalk is leaf-
less; but from the same involucre soon proceed one or two lateral ones, which
are 2-leaved at the middle; these, partial involucres in turn giving rise to similar
peduncles, thus producing a succession of flowers through the whole summer.
* * Pistils fewer, in a rather loose head, hairy or pubescent.
5. A. Pemisylvanica, L. (PENNSYLVANIAN ANEMONE.) Hairy ,
involucres (or stem-leaves) sessile; the primary ones 3-lenved, bearing a naked
peduncle, and soon a pair of branches or peduncles with a 2-leaved involucre
at the middle, which branch similarly in turn; leaves broadly wedge-shaped, 3-
cleft, cut and toothed; radical leaves 5 - 7-parted or cleft ; sepals obovate, white;
head of fmit spherical; the carpels flat, orbicular, hairy. — W. New England
to Ohio and Wisconsin. June -Aug. — Plant rather hairy, 6' high when it be-
gins to blossom, but continuing to produce branches, each terminated by a naked
peduncle, through the summer ; flowers l£' broad, handsome.
6 RANHNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
6. A. licmorosa, L. (WIND-FLOWER. WOOD ANEMONE.) Low,
smoothish; stem perfectly simple ; flower single on a naked peduncle ; leaves of
the involucre 3, long-petioled, 3-divided, toothed and cut ; the lateral divisions'
often (var. QUINQUEFOLIA) 2-parted; radical leaf single; sepals 4-7, oval, white,
sometimes tinged with purple outside; carpels only 15-20, oblong, with a
hooked beak. — Margin of woods. April, May. — A delicate and pretty vernal
species; the spreading flower 1' broad. (Eu.)
5. HE PAT 1C A, Dill. LIVER-LEAF. HEPATICA.
Involucre simple and 3-leaved, very close to the flower, so as to resemble a-
calyx ; otherwise as in Anemone (of which this genus may be viewed as only a
section). — Leaves all radical, heart-shaped and 3-lobed, thickish and persistent
through the winter, the new ones appearing later than the flowers. Flowers
single, on hairy scapes. (Name from a fancied resemblance to the liver in the
shape of the leaves.)
1. II. trilolm, Chaix. (ROUND-LOBED HEPATICA.) Leaves with 3
ovate obtuse or rounded lobes ; those of the involucre also obtuse. — Woods;
common ; flowering soon after the snow leaves the ground in spring. Sepals
6-9, blue, purplish, or nearly white. Achenia several, in a small loose head,
ovate-oblong, pointed, hairy. Lobes of the leaves usually very obtuse, or
rounded. (Eu.)
2. II. acutiloba, DC. (SHARP-LOBED HEPATICA.) Leaves with 3
ovate and pointed lobes, or sometimes 5-lobed ; those of the involucre acute 01
acutish. — Woods, Vermont and New York to Wisconsin. Sepals 7-12, pala
purple, pink, or nearly white. Perhaps runs into No. 1.
6. TIIAL,ICTIiUUI, Tourn. MEADOW-RUE.
Sepals 4 or more, petal-like or greenish. Petals none. Achenia 4-15, tipped
by the stigma or short style, grooved or ribbed, or else inflated. Seed suspend-
ed.— Perennials, with 2-3-ternately compound leaves, the divisions and tho
leaflets stalked. Flowers in corymbs or panicles, often polygamous. (Deriva-
tion obscure.)
* Stem-leaves forming an involucre at the summit, as in Anemone: root tubtrous-
t/tickened and clustered : flowers perfect : fruits sessile, grooved.
1. T. ancmonoldes, Michx. (RUE-ANEMONE.) Low; root-leaves
twice or thrice 3-divided ; the leaflets and the long-stalked leaflets of the invo-
lucre obtusely 3-lobed at the apex ; flowers few in a simple umbel. (Anemone
thalictroidcs, L., Biyel.) — Woods: common. April, May. — A pretty plant,
more like Anemone than Thalictrum in aspect. The stem bears 2 or 3 leaves
at the very summit, like those from the root, but without the common petiole,
so that they seem like a whorl of long-stalked simple leaves. Sepals 5-10,
half an inch long, not falling off before the stamens, white, or tinged with pink.
Pistils several in a little head, tipped with a flat stigma.
* * Stem-leaves scattered, 3-4 times compound: root fibrous : flowers dioxious or
RANUNCULACE^:. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 7
polygamous: sepals 4 — 5, falling away early : fruits sessile, tipped with long stig-
mas, ribbed-angled.
2. 1\ dioiciftin, L. (EARLY MEADOW-RUE.) Leaves all with general
petioles: leaflets rounded and 5-7-lobed; flowers in compound panicles, green-
ish. — Rocky woods and hill-sides ; common northward. April, May. — A foot
or so high, with very pale and delicate foliage, and slender yellowish anthers on
capillary filaments.
3, T. CorilUti, L. (MEADOW-RUE.) Stein-leaves without general peti-
oles ; leaflets 3-lobed at the apex, the lobes acutish ; flowers in very compound
large panicles, white. — Meadows and along streams. June, July. — Stem
3°-9° high, furrowed. Leaves whitish and glandular, or downy beneath. Fila-
ments slightly club-shaped ; anthers oblong.
7. TRAUTYETTERIA, Fischer & Meyer. FALSE BUGBANE.
Sepals 4 or 5, concave, petal-like, very caducous. Petals none. Achenia
numerous, in a head, membranaceous, compressed-4-anglcd and inflated. Seed
erect. — A perennial herb, with palmately-lobed leaves, all alternate, and corym-
bose (white) flowers. (Dedicated to Prof. Trautvetter, a Russian botanist.)
1. T. palmata, Fischer & Meyer. (Cimicifuga palmata, Michx.)
"Woods, along streams, Virginia and Kentucky along the mountains : also spar-
ingly in Ohio and Illinois. July, Aug. — Root-leaves large, 5 - 9-lobed ; the
lobes toothed and cut. Stems 2° -3° high.
8. RAi\ilNCUL,US, L. CROWFOOT. BUTTERCUP.
Sepals 5. Petals 5, flat, with a little pit or scale at the base inside. Ache-
nia numerous, in a head, mostly flattened, pointed ; the seed, erect. — Annuals
or perennials : stem-leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or somewhat corymbed,
yellow, rarely white. (Sepals and petals rarely only 3, the latter often more
than 5. Stamens occasionally few in number.) — (A Latin name for a little
frog ; also applied by Pliny to these plants, the aquatic species growing where
those animals abound.)
§ 1. BATRACHIUM, DC. — Petals with a pare or naked pit at the base, ivhite,
the claw ijcllow : achenia turgid, transversely wrinJded: aquatic perennials, with
the immersed foliage dissected into capillary lobes.
1. R. aqii5 tills, L., var. divaricatus. (WHITE WATER-CROW-
FOOT.) Floating ; leaves all immersed and similar, compoundly dissected into
many capillary lobes, which are rather rigid, and all widely spreading in a hori-
zontal plane, making an orbicular outline ; petals obovate, much longer than
the calyx ; receptacle of fruit hispid. (R. divaricatus, Schrank. R. circinatas,
Sibthoi-p.) — Ponds and slow streams : common. June -Aug. (Eu.)
§ 2. Petals with a little scale at the base (yellow in all our species).
* Achenia smooth.
•*- Aquatic, perennial : immersed leaves JilifomiJy dissected.
2. R. Pursliii, Richards. (YELLOW WATISR -CROWFOOT.) Stem
floating, with the leaves all dissected into several times forked capillary divis
RANUNCULACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
ions ; or sometimes rooting in the mud, with the emersed leaves kidney-shaped
or round and variously lobed or cleft; petals 5-8, much larger than the calyx,
carpels in a spherical head, pointed with a straight heak. (R. multiiidus, Pursh,
ttincl. R. lacustris, Beck.) — Stagnant Tvater ; most common northward. May -
July. — Stems 2° -4° long, round and tubular. Petals bright yellow, mostly as
large as in the common Buttercup.
*- +- T( rrcstrial : perennial, except Nos. 6 and 9, which are at least sometimes
annual.
** Leaves all undivided : plants glabrous.
3. R. alisniacfolius, Geycr, Benth. (WATER-PLANTAIN SPEAR-
WORT.) Stems hollow, ascending, often rooting from the lower joints; leaves
lanceolate, mostly denticulate, the lowest oblong, all contracted into a margined
petiole with a mcmbranaceous dilated and half-sheathing ba>e ; petals 5-7,
much longer than the calyx, bright yellow; carpels flattened, pointed with a long
and slntii/ht subulate sharp beak, collected in a globular head. (R. Flamnmla &
R. Lingua, Amer. authors.) — Wet or inundated places; common northward.
June - Aug. Stems 1° - 2° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Flower 5" - 6", in Ore-
gon and California 7" -9", broad. Carpels much larger than in the next.
4. R. Fl;miiiinl;i, L. (SPEARWORT.) Stem reclining or ascending,
rooting below ; leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest oblong-lanceolate, en-
tire or nearly so, mostly petioled ; petals 5 - 7, much longer than the calyx,
bright yellow ; carpels turgid, mucronate with a very short and usually c.urvcd blunt
point, forming a small globular head. — Shore of L. Ontario (a small form) ;
thence northward. June - Aug. Corolla 4" - 6" broad. (Eu. )
Var. iv plans. (CREEPING SPEARWORT.) Much smaller and slenderer :
the filiform prostrate stems rooting at all the joints. (R. reptans, L. R. tili-
formis, Michx.) — Gravelly or sandy banks of streams, &c. New England and
Penn. to Wisconsin, northward. Stems 4' -6' long. (Eu.)
5. R. pusillllS, Poir. Stem slender, ascending ; root-leaves ovate or round-
ish, obtuse, entire, often rather heart-shaped, on long petioles ; the lower stem-
leaves similar ; the uppermost becoming linear-lanceolate, obscurely toothed,
scarcely petioled ; petals 1-5, commonly 3, about as long as the cahj.r, y<:ll(»n'*h ;
stamens few (5 - 10) ; carpels slightly pointed or blunt, in a globular head. — Wet
places, S. New York, New Jersey, and southward near the coast. July. —
Stems 5' -12' high.
6. R. Cymlmlfirin, Pursh. (SEA-SIDE CROWFOOT.) Stem sending
off long runners from the base which are rooting and leafy at the joints ;
all round/nil, niosfli/ heart-shaped at the base., coarsely crenate-toothcd, rather ilcshy,
on long petioles ; fower-stalks (scapes) leafless, 1 -7-flowcrcd ; petals 5 - 8, bright
yellow ; carjiels in oblong heads, very numerous, short-b.-<;Ld, ttriate-ix inn! on the
sides. — Sea-shore, Maine to New Jersey. Salt springs, Salina, New York, to
Illinois and westward. June-Aug. — Scapes 3'-6' high.
•*•«• -M- Root-fcavrs undivided, often cleft, but not to the base.
7. R. rllOIIll>oi<lcil$, Goldie. Dwarf, hairy; root-leave* roundish, or
rhombic-ovate, rarely subcordate, toothed or crcnate; lowest stem- leaves similar
or 3 - 5-lobed ; the upper 3 - 5-parted, almost sessile, the lobes linear ; carpels
RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 9
orbicular with a minute beak, in a spherical head ; petals large, exceeding the calyx
(Also R. brevicatilis & ovalis, Hook.} — Prairies, Michigan to Illinois, April,
May. — Stems S'-G' high, sometimes not longer than the root-leaves. Flower
deep yellow, as lai'ge as in N"o. 12.
8. R. abortlVUS, L. (SMALL-FLOWERED CROWFOOT.) Glabrous and
very smooth; primary root-leaves round heart-shaped or kidney-form, barely crenate,
the .succeeding ones often 3-lobed or 3-parted ; those of the stem and branches
3 — 5-parted or divided, subsessile ; their divisions oblong or narrowly wedge-
form, mostly toothed ; carpels in a globular head, mucronate with a minute curved
bmk : petals shorter than the rejlexed calyx. — Shady hill-sides and along brooks,
common. April -June. — Stem erect, 6' -2° high, at length branched above,
the pale yellow flowers very small in proportion.
Var. mi*' 3V BltllllS. Pubescent; root-leaves seldom at all heart-shaped,
some of them 3-partcd or 3-dividcd; divisions of the upper stem-leaves more
linear and entire; peduncles more slender. (R. micranthus, Nutt.) — Massa-
chusetts (near Boston, C. J. Sprague], Michigan, Illinois, and. westward.
9. R. scelcratus, L. (CURSED CROWFOOT.) Smooth and glabrous ;
ro>>1 -lea ves 3-lobcd, rounded ; lower stem-leaves 3-partcd, the lobes obtusely cut
and toothed, the uppermost almost sessile, with the lobes oblong-linear and near-
ly entire ; carpels barely mucronulate, very numerous, in oblong or cylindrical heads ;
petals scarcely exceeding the calyx. — Wet ditches : appearing as if introduced.
June -Aug. — Stem thick and hollow, 1 ° high. Leaves thickish. Juice acrid
ami blistering. Flowers small, pale yellow. (Eu.)
10. R. reci.tr vfttus, Poir. (HOOKED CROWFOOT.) Hirsute; leaves
of the root and stem nearly alike, long-petioled, deeply 3-cleft, large, the lobes broad-
ly wedge-shaped, 2 - 3-cleft, cut and toothed towards the apex ; carpels in a glob-
ular Jim id, flat and margined, conspicuously beaked by the long and recurved hooked
styles ; petals shorter t/ian the rejlexed calyx, pale. — Woods, common. May, June.
— Stem l°-2° high.
•»-». •*-»- ++ Leaves all ternately parted, or compound, the divisions cleft : achenia fiat.
a. Head of carpels oblong : petals pale, not exceeding the calyx.
11. R. Pennsylvaiiicus, L. (BRISTLY CROWFOOT.) Hirsute with
rough spreading bristly hairs ; stem stout, erect ; divisions of the leaves stalked,
somewhat ovate, unequally 3-clcft, sharply cut and toothed, acute ; carpels
pointed with a sharp straight beak. — Wet places, common. June -Aug. — A
coarse plant, 2° -3° high, Avith inconspicuous flowers.
b. Head of carpels globular: petals bright yellow, much larger than the calyx.
12. R. fascicularis, Muhl. (EARLY CROWFOOT.) Low, pubescent
with close-pressed silky hairs; root a cluster of thickened fleshy fibres ; radical
AI//V.S appearing pinnate, the long-stalked terminal division remote from the ses-
sile lateral ones, itself 3 - 5-dividcd or parted and 3 - 5-cleft, the lobes oblong or
linear ; stems ascending ; petals spatulate-oblong, twice the length of the spread-
ing calyx ; carpels scarcely margined, tipped with a slender straight or rather
curved beak. — Rocky hills. April, May. — Plant 5' -9' high; the bright yel-
low flower 1' broad; petals rather distant, the base scarcely broader than the
scale, often 6 or 7.
10 RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
13. R. repcns, L. (CREEPING CROWFOOT.) Low, hairy or nearly
glabrous ; stems amending, and some of them fonniny long runners; leaves 3-divid-
ed ; the divisions all stalked (or at least the terminal one), broadly wcd^e-shaped
or ovate, unequally 3-clcft or parted and variously cut; peduncles furrowed;
petals obovate, much larger than the spreading calyx ; carpels strongly manj'nud,
pointed by a stout straightish beak. — Moist or shady places, wet meadows, £c.,
May -Aug. — Extremely variable in size and foliage, commencing to flower by
upright stems in spring before the long runners are formed. Flowers as large
as those of No. 12, or often larger. (Eu.)
14. IS. BULu6sus, L. (BULBOUS CROWFOOT, BUTTERCUPS.) Hairy,
stem trcct from a bulb-like base ; radical leaves 3-dividcd ; the lateral divisions ses-
sile, the terminal stalled and 3-parted, all wedge-shaped, cleft and toothed ; pedun-
cles furrowed ; petals round, wedge-shaped at the base, much longer than the
reflexcd calyx; carpels tipped with a very short beak. — Meadows and pas-
tures; very abundant only in E. New England; seldom found in the interior.
May- July. — A foot high. Leaves appearing as if pinnate. Petals often 6 or
1, deep glossy yellow, the corolla more than an inch broad. (Nat. from Eu.)
15. R. ACRIS, L. (TALL CROWFOOT, BUTTERCUPS.) Hairy; stem
erect ; leaves 3-divided ; the divisions all sessile and 3-cleft or paitcd, their seg-
ments cut into lanceolate or linear crowded lobes ; peduncles not furrowed ;
petals obovate, much longer than the spreading calyx. — Meadows and fields.
June -Aug. — Plant twice the height of No. 14, the flower nearly as large, but
not so deep yellow. — The Buttercups are avoided by cattle, on account of their
very acrid juice, which, however, being volatife, is dissipated in drying, when
these plants arc cut with hay. (Nat. from Eu.)
* # Achenia beset with ivugh points or small prickles : annuals.
16. R. MURICATUS, L. Nearly glabrous; lower leaves roundisli or reni-
form, 3-lobed, coarsely crenate ; the upper 3-cleft, wedge-form at the base ;
petals longer than the calyx ; carpels flat, spiny-titierculate on the sides, strongly
beaked, surrounded with a wide and sharp smooth margin. — Eastern Virginia
and southward. (Nat. from Eu.)
17. R. PARVIFL6RUS, L. Hairy, slender, and diffuse ; lower leaves round-
ish-cordate, 3-cleft, coarsely toothed or cut ; the upper 3 - 5-parted ; petals not
longer than the calyx; carpels minutely hispid and rough, beaked, narrowly mar-
gined.— Norfolk, Virginia, and southward. (Nat. from Eu.)
9. MYOStlRUS, Dill. MOUSE-TAIL.
Sepals 5, spurred at the base. Petals 5, small and narrow, raised on a slen-
der claw, at the summit of which is a nectariferous hollow. Stamens 5-20.
Achenia numerous, somewhat 3-sided, crowded on a very long and slender
spike-like receptacle (whence the name, from /i£y, a mouse, and ovpa, a tail) ,
the seed suspended. — Little annuals, with tufted narrowly lim-ar-spatulate root-
leaves, and naked 1 -flowered scapes. Flowers small, greenish.
1. HflL, minimus, L. Carpels blunt. — Alluvial ground, Illinois and
Kentucky, thence south and west. (Eu.)
KANTJNCULACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 11
1O. ISOF^RUM, L. (ENEMION, Eaf.)
Sepals 5, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5, minute, wanting in the American
species. Stamens 10-40. Pistils 3-6 or more, pointed with the styles. Pods
ovate or oblong, 2 - several-seeded. — Slender smooth herbs, with 2 - 3-ternately
compound leaves ; the leaflets 2-3-lobed. Flowers axillary and terminal,
white. (Name from tcrosr, equal, and Trvpos, wheat; of no obvious application.)
1. I. bitemaium, Torr. & Gray. Petals none; pistils 3-6 (com.
monly 4), divaricate in fruit, 2-3-seeded; seeds even. 1J. — Moist shady pla-
ces, Ohio, Kentucky, and westward. May. — Fibres of the root thickened here
and there into little tubers. Aspect and size of the plant much like Thalictrum
anemonoides.
11. CAH-THA, L. MARSH MARIGOLD.
Sepals 6-9, petal-like. Petals none. Pistils 5-10, with scarcely any styles.
Pods (follicles) compressed, spreading, many-seeded. Glabrous perennials, with
round and heart-shaped, or kidney-form, large, undivided leaves. (Name from
KaXados, a goblet, in allusion to the golden flower-cup or calyx.)
I. C. paliasfris, L. (MARSH MARIGOLD.) Stem hollow, furrowed;
leaves round or kidney-shaped, either crenate or nearly entire; sepals about 6,
broadly oval (bright yellow). — Swamps and wet meadows, common north-
ward. April, May. — This well-known plant is used as a pot-herb in spring,
when coining into flower, under the name of COWSLIPS ; but the Cowslip is a
totally different plant, namely, a species of Primrose. The Caltha should bear
with us, as in England, the popular name of Marsh Mangold. (Eu.)
12. TR^L-I^IUS, L. GLOBE-FLOWER.
Sepals 5-15, petal-like. Petals numerous, small, 1 -lipped, the concavity
near the base. Stamens and pistils numerous. Pods 9 or more, sessile, many-
seeded. — Smooth perennials with palmately parted and cut leaves, like Ranun-
culus, and large solitary terminal flowers. (Name thought to be derived from
the old German word troll, a globe, or something round.)
1. T. liixiis, Salisb. (SPREADING GLOBE-FLOWER.) Sepals 5-6,
spreading; petals 15-25, inconspicuous, much shorter than the stamens. —
Deep sAvamps, New Hampshire to Delaware and Michigan. May. — Flowers
twice the size of the common Buttercup ; the sepals spreading, so that the name
is not appropriate, as it is to the European Globe-flower of the gardens, nor is the
blossom showy, being pale greenish-yellow.
13. COPTIS, Salisb. GOLDTHREAD.
Sepals 5-7, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5-7, small, club-shaped, hollow at
ft^e apex. Stamens 15-25. Pistils 3-7, on slender stalks. Pods divergent,
mcmbranaceous, pointed with the style, 4-8-seeded. — Low smooth perennials,
with ternately divided root-leaves, and small white flowers on scapes. (Name
from ACOTTTO), to cut, alluding to the divided leaves.)
12 RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
1. C. trifolia, Salisb. (THBEE-LEAVED GOLDTHIIEAD.^ Leaflets 3,
obovute-wedge-form, sharply toothed, obscurely 3-lobed; scape l-flu\vered. —
Bop>, abundant northward ; extending south to Maryland along the mountains.
May. — Root of long, bright yellow, bitter fibres. Leaves evergreen, shining.
Scape naked, slender, 3' -5' high. (Eu.)
14. HEL,I,tBORUS, L. HELLEBORE.
Sepals 5, petal-like or greenish, persistent. Petals 8-10, very small, tubu-
lar, 2-lippcd. Pistils 3-10, sessile, forming coriaceous many-seeded pods. —
Perennial herbs of the Old World, with ample palmate or pedate leaves, and
large, solitary, nodding, early vernal flowers. (Name from eXelv, to injure, and
/Sopa, food, from their well-known poisonous properties.)
1. II* vfuiDis, L. (GREEN HELLEBORE.) Root-leaves glabrous, pedate ,
calyx spreading, greenish. — Near Brooklyn and Jamaica, Long Island. (Adv.
from Eu.)
15. AQUILEGIA, Tourn. COLUMBINE.
Sepals 5, regular, colored like the petals. Petals 5, all alike, with a short
spreading lip, produced backwards into large hollow spurs, much longer tluin
the calyx. Pistils 5, with slender styles. Pods erect, many-seeded. — Peren-
nials, with 2 - 3-tcrnately compound leaves, the leaflets lobcd. Flowers largo
and showy, terminating the branches. (Name from aquila, an eagle, from some
fancied resemblance of the spurs to talons.)
1. A. Canadt»nsis, L. (WILD COLUMBINE.) Spurs inflated, sud-
denly contracted towards the tip, nearly straight ; stamens and styles longer
than the ovate sepals. — Rocks, common. April -June. — Flowers 2' long,
scarlet, yellow inside, nodding, so that the spurs turn upward, but the stalk be-
comes upright in fruit. — More delicate and graceful than the
A. VULGARIS, L., the common GARDEN COLUMBINE, from the Old World,
which is beginning to escape from cultivation in some places.
16. DELPHINIUM, Toura. LARKSPUR.
Sepals 5, irregular, petal-like; the upper one prolonged into a spur at the
base. Petals 4, irregular, the upper pair continued backwards into long spurs
which arc enclosed in the spur of the calyx; the lower pair with short dav;;:
rarely only 2 united into one. Pistils 1-5, forming many-seeded pods in
fniit. — Leaves palmately divided or cut. Flowers in terminal racemes. (Name
from Defy/tin, in allusion to the shape of the flower, which is sometimes not un-
like the classical figures of the dolphin.)
1. D. cxaltatum, Ait. (TALL LARKSPUR.) Loaves deeply 3-5-
cleft; the divisions narrow wedge-form, diverging, tt-ck-ft at the- sipt-x, acute;
rt/rr/;/i.s wand-like, panicled, many-flowered ; spur straight; jtods 3, trtvt. U —
Rich soil, Penn. to Michigan, and southward. July. — Stem 2C - 5° hii;h. Low-
er leaves 4' - 5' broad. Flowers purplish-blue, downy.
RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 13
2. D. fricornc, Michx. (DWARF LARKSPUR.) Leaves deeply 5-pait-
ed, their divisions unequally 3-5-cleft; the lobes linear, acutish ; raceme few-
flowered, loose; spur straightish, ascending; pods strongly diverging. ]\. — W.
Penn. to Illinois and southward. April, May. — Root a tuberous cluster. Stem
simple, 6'- 12' high. Flowers bright blue, sometimes white.
3. I>. azi&reiiin, Michx. (AZURE LARKSPUR.) Leaves deeply 3-5-
partcd, the divisions 2-3 times cleft; the lobes all narrowly linear; raceme
strict ; spur ascending, usually curved upwards ; pods 3-5, erect. Ij. — Wiscon-
sin, Illinois, and southward. May, June. — Stem l°-2° high, slender, often
softly pubescent. Flowers sky-blue or whitish.
4. I>. CONSOLIDA, L. (FIELD LARKSPUR.) Leaves dissected into nar-
row linear lobes ; racemes rather few-flowered, loose ; pedicels shorter than the
bracts ; petals all combined into one body ; pod one, glabrous. @ — Penn. ( Mer-
cersburg, Porter) and Virginia, escaped from grain-fields : and sparingly along
road-sides further north. (Nat. from Eu.)
17. ACONITUM, Toura. ACONITE. MONKSHOOD. WOLFSBANE.
Sepals 5, petal-like, very irregular ; the upper one (helmet) hooded or helmet-
shaped, larger than the others. Petals 2 (the 3 lower wanting entirely, or very
minute rudiments among the stamens), consisting of small spur-shaped bodies
raised on long claws and concealed under the helmet. Pistils 3-5. Pods sev-
eral-seeded. Seed-coat usually wrinkled or scaly. — Perennials, with palmately
cleft or dissected leaves, and showy flowers in racemes or panicles. (The an-
cient Greek and Latin name, said to be derived from Acone, in Bithynia.)
1. A, miciiifatllin, L. (WILD MONKSHOOD.) Glabrous; stem slen-
der, erect, but weak and disposed to climb ; leaves deeply 3 - 5-lobcd, petiolcd ; the
lobes ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed ; flowers blue; helmet erect, obtusely conical,
compressed, slightly pointed or beaked in front. — Rich shady soil along streams,
S. W. New York, and southward along the mountains. June -Aug.
2. A. reel in fa tuiti, Gray. (TRAILING WOLFSBANE.) Glabrous;
stems trailing (3° -8° long) ; leaves deeply 3-7 '-cleft, petioled, the lower orbicu-
lar in outline; the divisions wedge-form, incised, often 2-3-lobed; flowers white,
in very loose panicles ; helmet soon horizontal, elongated-conical, with a straight
beak in front. — Cheat Mountain, Virginia, and southward in the Allcghanies.
Aug. — Lower leaves 5' -6' wide. Flowers 9" long, nearly glabrous.
18. ZANTHORHIZA, Marshall. SHRUB YELLOW-ROOT.
Sepals 5, regular, spreading, deciduous. Petals 5, much smaller than the
sepals, concave and obscurely 2-lobed, raised on a claw. Stamens 5 to 10.
Pistils 5-15, bearing 2 or 3 pendulous ovules. Pods 1 -seeded, oblong, the
short style becoming dorsal in its growth. — A low shrubby plant; the bark
and the long roots deep yellow and bitter. Flowers polygamous, dull purple,
in compound drooping racemes, appearing, along with the 1 - 2-pinnate leaves,
from large terminal buds in early spring. (Name compounded of £av66s, yellow
and pifai root.)
14 RANTJNCULA-CEjE. (CROWTOOT FAMILY.)
1. Z. nj>ii folia, L'Her. — Shady banks of streams, in the mountains of
Pennsylvania and southward. Sherburne, New York, Dr. Dow/lass. Stems
clustered, 1° - 2° high. Leaflets cleft and toothed. — The roots of this, and also
of the next plant, were used as a yellow dye by the aborigines.
19. IIYDRASTIS, L. ORAXGE-ROOT. YELLOW PUCCOON.
Sepals 3, petal-like, falling away when the flower opens. Petals none. Pistils
12 or more in a head, 2-ovuled : stigma flat, 2-lipped. Ovaries becoming a head
of crimson l-2-seedcd berries in fruit. — A low perennial herb, sending up in
early spring, from a thick and knotted yellow rootstoek, a single radical leaf,
and a simple hairy stem, which is 2-leaved near the summit, and terminated by
a single greenish-white flower. (Name perhaps from vSo>p, water, and Spd&>,
to act, alluding to the active properties of the juice.)
1. II. CanadcilSiS, L. — Rich woods, New York to Wisconsin and
southward. — Leaves rounded, heart-shaped at the base, 5-7-lobcd, doubly
serrate, veiny, when full grown in summer 4' - 9' wide.
2O. ACTjA, L. BANEBERRY. COHOSH.
Sepals 4 or 5, falling off when the flower expands. Petals 4-10, small, flat,
spatulate, on slender claws. Stamens numerous, with slender white filaments.
Pistil single : stigma sessile, depressed, 2-lobed. Fruit a many-seeded berry.
Seeds smooth, flattened and packed horizontally in 2 rows. — Perennials, with
ample 2-3-ternately compound leaves, the ovate leaflets sharply cleft and
toothed, and a short and thick terminal raceme of white flowers. (Name from
OKTT/, the Elder, from some resemblance in the leaves.)
1. A. spicsita, L. (A. Americana, Pursh. A. brachyp6tala, DC.)
Called HERB CHRISTOPHER in Europe.
Var. rubra, Michx. (RED BANEBERRY.) Petals about half the length
of the stamens; pedicels slender; berries cherry-red, oval. (A. rubra, Willd.,
!}/</</. <j-c. Rich woods, New England to Penn. and Wisconsin, and northward.
April, May. Plant 2° high. (Eu.)
Var. alba, Michx. (WHITE BANEBERRT or COHOSH.) Petals rather
longer and narrower; pedicels thickened both in flower and fruit; buries milk-
white, short-oval or globular. (A. alba, Ui'/cL A. pachypoda, Kit.) — Rich
woods, more common southward, extending to Virginia and Kentucky. May. —
Plant 2° -3° high. Pedicels in fruit often almost as thick as the main peduncle.
Berries sometimes tinged with red or purple, very rarely deep red (J)r. A"/,/V.s-
Icern) ; while in some districts white berries occur abundantly on slender pedi-
cels (Mr. Oakes, Prof. Chadbourne) ; also in Siberia. Ner docs the length of the
petals afford marked distinctions. So that all probably belong to one sp<
21. CIUIICiFUCA, L. BUGBANB.
Sepals 4 or 5, falling off soon after the flower expands. Petals, or rather
transformed stamens, 1-8, small, on claws, 2-horned at the apex. Stamens as
MAGNOLIACEJ2. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) 15
in Actjea. Pistils 1-8, forming dry dehiscent pods in fruit. — Perennials, with
2 - 3-ternately-divided leaves, the leaflets cut-serrate, and white flowers in elon-
gated wand-like racemes. (Name from cimex, a bug, and fug o, to drive away;
the Siberian species being used as a bugbane.)
$ 1. MACRAJTYS, Kaf. — Pistil I, sometimes 2-3: seeds smwth, flattened and
packed horizontally in the pod in two rows, as in Actasa : stigma broad and flat,
1. C. raccmosa, Ell. (BLACK SNAKEROOT.) Racemes very long;
pods ovoid, sessile. — Rich woods, Maine and Vermont to Michigan, and south-
ward. July. — Plant 3° - 8° high, from a thick knotted root-stock : the racemes
in fruit becoming l°-2° long.
$2. CIMICIFUGA, L. — Pistils 3-8: seeds flattened laterally, covered with
chaffy scales, and occupying one row in the membranaceous pods : style awl-shaped:
stigma minute.
2. C. Americana, Michx. (AMERICAN BUGBANE.) Racemes slen-
der, panicled; ovaries mostly 5, glabrous; pods stalked, flattened, veiny, 6-8-
secded. — Mountains of S.Pennsylvania and southward throughout the Alle-
ghanics. Aug. — Plant 2° - 4° high, more slender than No. 1.
AD6NIS AUTUMNALIS, L., the PHEASANT'S EYE of Europe, has been found
growing spontaneously m Western New York, and in Kentucky, but barely es-
caped from gardens.
NIGELLA DAMASCENE, L., the FENNEL-FLOWER, which offers a remark-
able exception, in having the pistils partly united into a compound ovary, so as
to form a several-celled pod, grows nearly spontaneously around gardens.
PyEoxiA, the PyEONY, of which P. OFFiciNALis is familiar in gardens, forms
a sixth tribe of this order, distinguished by a leafy persistent calyx, and a fleshy
disk surrounding the base of the follicular pistils.
ORDER 2. MAGNOLJACE^E. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.)
Trees or shrubs, with the leaf-buds sheathed by membranous stipules, poly-
petalous, hypogynous, polyandrous, polygynous ; the calyx and corolla colored
alike, in three or more rows of three, and imbricated in the bud. — Sepals
and petals deciduous. Stamens in several rows at the base of the recep-
tacle : anthers adnate. Pistils many, mostly packed together and covering
the prolonged receptacle, cohering with each other, and in fruit forming a
sort of fleshy or dry cone. Seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel, anatropous : albu-
men fleshy : embryo minute. — Leaves alternate, not toothed, marked with
minute transparent dots, feather-veined. Flowers single, large. Bark
aromatic and bitter. — There are only two Northern genera, Magnolia and
Liriodendron.
1. MAGNOLIA, L. MAGNOLIA.
Sepals 3. Petals 6-9. Stamens with very short filaments, and long anthers
opening inwards. Pistils aggregated on the long receptacle and cohere at in a
mass, together forming a fleshy and rather woody cone-like red fruit ; each car-
16 MAGNOLIACE.E. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.)
pel at maturity opening on the back, from which the 1 or 2 berry-like seeds hang
by an extensile thread composed of unrolled spiral vessels. Inner seed-coat
bony. — Buds conical, the coverings formed of the successive pairs of stipules,
each pair enveloping the leaf next above, which is folded lengthwise, and ap-
plied straight against the side of the next stipular sheath, and so on. (Gained
after Magnol, Professor of Botany at Montpellier in the 17th century.)
# Leaves all scattered along the branches : buds silky.
1. 1TI. glaiica, L. (SMALL or LAUBEL MAGNOLIA. SWEET BAT.)
Leaves oblong or oval, obtuse, white beneath ; petals white, rounded-obovate ; cone
of fruit small, oblong. — Swamps, from near Cape Ann and New York south-
ward, near the coast ; in Pennsylvania as far west as Cumberland Co. June-
Aug. — Shrub 4° - 20° high, with thickish leaves, which farther south are ever
green, and sometimes oblong-lanceolate. Flower very fragrant, 2' - 3' broad.
2. M. acuminata, L. (CUCUMBER-TREE.) Leaves oblomj, pointed,
green and a little pubescent beneath; petals glaucous-green tinged with yellow,
oblong; cone of fruit small, cylindrical. — Bich woods, W. New York, Pemi.,
Ohio, and southward. May, June. — Tree 60-90 feet high. Leaves thin, 5'-
10' long. Flower 3' broad. Fruit 2' -3' long, when young slightly resembling
a small cucumber, whence the common name.
3. M. macropbylla, Michx. (GREAT-LEAVED MAGNOLIA.) Lc-ares
obovate-oblong, cordate at the narrowed base, pubescent and white bmaith ; petals
white, with a purple spot inside at the base, ovate ; cone of fruit ovoid. — ] lock-
castle and Kentucky Rivers, S. E. Kentucky. Occasionally planted farther
north. May, June. — Tree 20° -40° high. Leaves 2£° -3° long. Flower
8' - 10' broad when outspread.
# # Leaves crowded on the summit of the Jlowering branches in an umbrella-like
circle : buds glabrous.
4. Iff. Umbrella, Lam. (UMBRELLA-TREE.) Leaves obovate-lanceolate,
pointed at both ends, soon glabrous, petals obovate-oblong. (M. tripetala, L.)
— York and Lancaster counties, Penn. (Prof. Porter,) to Virginia and Kentucky
along the Alleghanies. May. — A small tree. Leaves l°-3° long. Flowers
"white, 7'-8' broad. Fruit rose-color, 4/-6/ long, ovoid-oblong.
5. M. Frjiscri, Walt. (EAR-LEAVED UMBRELLA-TREE.) Leaves ol>-
long-obovate or spatulate, auriculate at the base, glabrous ; petals obovate-spatulate,
with narrow claws. (M. auriculata, Lam.} — Virginia and Kentucky along the
Alleghanies, and southward. April, May. — Tree 30° - 50° high. Leaves 8' -
12' long. Flower (white) and fruit smaller than in the preceding.
M. CORDATA, Michx., the YELLOW CUCUMBER-TREE, of Georgia, and
M. GRANDIFLORA, L., the GREAT LAUREL MAGNOLIA, of the Southern
States (a noble tree, remarkable for its deliciously fragrant flowers, and thick
evergreen leaves, which are shining and deep green above and rusty-colored be-
neath), are the only remaining North American species. The former is hardy
as far north as Cambridge. One tree of the latter bears the winter and blos-
soms near Philadelphia. The Umbrella-tree attains only a small size in New
England, where M. macrophylla is precarious.
ANONACE.E. (CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.) 17
2. LIRIOD^NDRON, L. TULIP-TREE.
Sepals 3, reflcxed. Petals 6, in two rows, making a bell-shaped corolla. An-
thers linear, opening outwards. Pistils flat and scale-form, long and narrow,
imbricated and cohering together in an elongated cone, dry, separating from
each other and from the long and slender axis in fruit, and falling away whole,
like a samara or key, indehiscent, 1 - 2-seeded in the small cavity at the base.
Buds flat, sheathed by the successive pairs of flat and broad stipules joined
at their edges, the folded leaves bent down on the petiole so that their apex
points to the base of the bud. (Name from Xfptor, lily or tulip, and SeVSpov,
tree.)
1. L.. Tlllipifera, L. — Kich soil, S. New England to Michigan, Illi-
nois, and southward. May, June. — A most beautiful tree, sometimes 140°
high and 8° - 9° in diameter in the Western States, where it is called wrongly
POPLAR. Leaves very smooth, with 2 lateral lobes near the base, and 2 at the
apex, which appears as if cut off abruptly by a broad shallow notch. Corolla
2' broad, greenish-yellow marked with orange.
ORDER 3. ANONACE^E. (CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.)
Trees or shrubs, with naked buds and no stipules, a calyx of 3 sepals, and
a corolla of 6 petals in two rows, valvate in the bud, hypogynous, polyandrous.
— Petals thickisk. Anthers adnate, opening outwards : filaments very
short. Pistils several or many, separate or cohering in a mass, fleshy or
pulpy in fruit. Seeds anatropous, large, with a crustaceous seed-coat, and
a minute embryo at the base of the ruminated albumen. — Leaves alter-
nate, entire, feather-veined. Flowers axillary, solitary. Bark, &c. acrid-
aroinatic or fetid. — A tropical family, except one genus in the United
States, viz. :
1* ASIMINA, Adans. NORTH AMERICAN PAPAW.
Petals 6, increasing after the bud opens ; the outer set larger than the inner.
Stamens numerous in a globular mass. Pistils few, ripening 1-3 large and
oblong pulpy several-seeded fruits. Seeds horizontal, flat, enclosed in a fleshy
aril. — Shrubs or small trees, with unpleasant odor when bruised ; the lurid
flowers axillary and solitary. (Name from Asiminier, of the French colo-
nists.)
1. A. trilolm, Dunal. (COMMON PAPAW.) Leaves thin, obovate-lan-
ceolate, pointed ; petals dull-purple, veiny, round-ovate, the outer ones 3-4
tunes as long as the calyx. (Uvaria, A. DC., Torr. Sf Gray.} — Banks of
streams in rich soil, "W. New York and Penn. to III and southward. April,
May. — Tree 10° -20° high; the young shoots and expanding leaves clothed
with a rusty down, soon glabrous. Flowers appearing with the leaves, 1 £' wide.
Fruits 2' -3' long, yellowish, sweet and edible in autumn.
A. PARVIFL6RA., a smaller-flowered and small-fruited low species, probably
does not g^w so ar north as Virginia.
2*
18 BIENISPERMACE^E. (MOONSEED FAMILY.)
ORDER 4. MENISPERMACE^E. (MOONSEED FAMILY.)
Woody climbers, with palmate or peltate alternate leaves, no stipules ; the
sepals and petals similar, in three or more rows, imbricated in the bud; hypo-
gynous, dioecious, 3 - G-gynous ; fruit a 1-seeded drupe, with a large or long
curved embryo in scanty albumen. — Flowers small. Stamens several.
Ovaries nearly straight, with the stigma at the apex, but often incurved
in fruiting, so that the seed and embryo are bent into a crescent or ring.
Properties bitter-tonic and narcotic. — Chiefly a tropical family : there are
only three species, belonging to as many genera, in the United States.
Synopsis.
1 COCCULUS. Stamens, petals, and sepals each 6. Anthers 4-celled.
2. MENISPE11MUM. Stamens 12-24, slender. Petals 6 -8. Sepals 4 -8. Anthers 4-celled.
3. CALYCOCARPUM. Stamens in the sterile flowers 12, short ; In the fertile flowers 6, abor-
tive. Petals none. Anthers 2-celled.
1. COCCUL.US, DC. CoccuLrs.
Sepals, petals, and stamens 6, the two latter short. Anthers 4-celled. Pistils
3-6 in the fertile flowers: style pointed. Drupe and seed as in Moonseed.
Cotyledons narrowly linear and flat. — Flowers in axillary racemes or panicles.
(An old name, from coccum, a berry.)
1. C. CarolinilS, DC. Minutely pubescent; leaves downy beneath,
ovate or cordate, entire or sinuate-lobed, variable in shape ; flowers greenish ;
the petals in the sterile ones auriculate-inflexed below around the filaments ;
drupe red (as large as a small pea). — Kiver-hanks, S. Illinois, Virginia, and
southward. July.
2. PttENISPERMUM, L. MOONSEED.
Sepals 4 -8. Petals 6-8, short. Stamens 12-20 in the sterile flowers, as
long as the sepals : anthers 4-celled. Pistils 2 - 4 in the fertile flowers, raised
on a short common receptacle : stigma broad and flat. Drupe globular, the
mark of the stigma near the base, the ovaiy in its growth after flowering being
strongly incurved, so that the (wrinkled and grooved) Ink-rally flattened stone
(pntamcn) takes the form of a large crescent or a ring. The slender embryo
therefore is horseshoe-shaped : cotyledons filiform. — Flowers white, in axillary
panicles. (Name from prjvr], moon, and oWp/xa, seed.)
1. Itt. Canadense, L. (CANADIAN MOONSEED.) Leaves peltate near
the edge, 3-7-anglcd or lobed. — Banks of streams ; common. June, July.
Drupes black with a bloom, ripe in September, looking like frost grapes.
3. CAL-YCOCARPUM, Nutt. CUPSEED.
Sepals 6. Petals none. Stamens 12 in the sterile flowers, short : anthers
2-ccllcd. Pistils 3, spindle-shaped, tipped with a radiate many-cleft stigma.
Drupo not incurved ; but the thin crustaceous putainen hollowed out like a cup
BERBERIDACEJE. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) 19
on one side. Embryo foliaceous, heart-shaped. — Flowers greenish- white, in
long racemose panicles. (Name composed of KciXu£, a cup, and Kapnos, fruit,
from the shape 3f the shell.)
1. C. layout, Nutt. (Menispcrmum Lyoni, Pursh.) — Rich soil, S. Ken-
tucky. May. — Stems climbing to the tops of trees. Leaves large, thin, deeply
3 - 5-lobed, cordate at the base j the lobes acuminate. Drupe an inch long,
globular, greenish ; the shell crested-toothed on the edge of the cavity.
ORDER 5. BERBERIDACE^E. (BARBERRY FAMILY.)
Shrubs or herbs, with the sepals and petals both imbricated in the bud in 2
or more rows 0/2-4 each ; the hypogynous stamens as many as the petals
and opposite them : anthers opening by 2 valves or lids hinged at the top.
(Podophyllum is an exception, and Jeffersonia as respects the sepals in one
row.) Pistil single. Filaments short. Style short or none. Fsuit a ber-
ry or a pod. Seeds few or several, anatropous, with albumen. Leaves
alternate.
Synopsis.
TRIBE I. BERBERIDEjE. Shrubs. Embryo large : cotyledons flat. (Berries acid
and innocent. Bark astringent ; the wood yellow.)
1. BEKBEKJS. Petals 6, each 2-glandular at the base.
Tarns II. STANDINE^E. Herbs. Embryo short or minute. (Hoots and foliage some-
tunes drastic or poisonous.)
* Anthers opening by uplifted valves.
2. GA DLOPUYLLUM. Petals 6, thick and gland-like, short. Ovules 2, soon naked
3. DIP1IYLLE1 A. Petals 6, flat, much longer than the calyx. Berry 2 -4-seeded.
4. JEFFEHSOXIA. Petals 8. Pod many-seeded, opening on one side by a lid.
* * Anthers not opening by uplifted valves.
5. PODOPHYLLUM. Petals 6-9. Stamens 6 - 18 ! Fruit pulpy, many-seeded.
1. BERBERIS, L. BARBERRY.
Sepals 6, roundish, with 2 or 6 bractlets outside. Petals 6, obovate, concave,
with 2 glandular spots inside above the short claw. Stamens 6. Stigma cir-
cular, depressed. Fruit a 1 -few-seeded berry. Seeds erect, with a crustaceous
integument. — Shrubs, with yellow wood and inner bark, yellow flowers in
drooping racemes, and sour berries and leaves. Stamens irritable. (Derived
from Berberys, the Arabic name of the fruit.)
1. B. VULGAIUS, L. (COMMON BARBERRY.) Leaves scattered on the
fresh shoots of the season, mostly small and with sharp-lobed margins, or re-
duced to sharp triple or branched spines ; from which the next season proceed
rosettes or fascicles of obovate-oblong closely bristly-toothed leaves, and droop-
ing many-flowered racemes ; petals entire; berries oblong, scarlet. — Thickets and
waste grounds, in E. New England, where it has become thoroughly wild : else-
where rarely spontaneous. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. B. Caiiadeiisis, Pursh. (AMERICAN BARBERRY.) Leaves re-
pandly-toothed, the teeth less bristly-pointed ; racemes few-flowered ; petals
iJO BERBERIDACE^E. (BARBERRY FAMILY.)
notched at the apex ; berries oval (otherwise as in No. 1, of which Dr. Hooker
deems it a variety, perhaps with reason). — Alleghanies of Virginia and south-
ward : not in Canada. June. — Shrub l°-3° high.
B. (MAHONIA) AguiF6LiUM, Pursh, of Western N. America, — belonging
to a section of the genus with mostly evergreen pinnate leaves and blue ber-
ries, — is not rare in cultivation, as an ornamental shrub.
2. CAULOPHi'LLUJa:, Michx. BLUE COHOSH.
Sepals 6, with 3 small bractlets at the base, ovate-oblong. Petals 6 thick and
gland-like somewhat kidney-shaped or hooded bodies, with short claws, much
smaller than the sepals, one at the base of each of them. Stamens 6 : anthers
oblong. Pistil gibbous : style short : stigma minute and unilateral : ova 17
bursting soon after flowering by the pressure of the 2 erect, enlarging seeds,
and withering away ; the spherical seeds naked on their thick seed-stalks, look-
ing like drupes ; the fleshy integument turning blue : albumen of the texture of
horn. — A perennial glabrous herb, with matted knotty rootstocks, sending up
in early spring a simple and naked stem, terminated by a small raceme or pani-
cle of yellowish-green flowers, and a little below bearing a large triternately
compound leaf without any common petiole (whence the name, from Kav\6s->
stem, and <£uXAoi/, leaf; the stem seeming to form a stalk for the great leaf).
Leaflets obovate-wedge-form, 2-3-lobed.
1. C. tlmlictroides, Michx. (Also called PAPFOOSE-ROOT.) Ledn-
tice thalictroides, L, — Deep rich woods. April, May. — Stems l°-2£° high.
Flowers appearing while the leaf is yet small. A smaller bitemate leaf often
at the base of the panicle. Whole plant glaucous when young, also the seeds,
which are of the size of large peas.
3. DIPIIYLLEIA, Michx. UMBRELLA-LEAF.
Sepals 6, fugacious. Petals 6, oval, flat, larger than the sepals. Stamens 6 :
anthers oblong. Ovary oblong : style hardly any : stigma depressed. Ovules 5
or 6, attached to one side of the cell below the middle. Berry few-seeded
Seeds oblong, with no aril. — A perennial glabrous herb, with thick horizontal
rootstocks, sending up each year either a huge, centrally peltate and cut-lobed,
rounded, umbrella-like radical leaf on a stout stalk, or a flowering stein bearing
two similar (but smaller and more 2-clcft) alternate leaves which are peltate near
one margin, and terminated by a cyme of white flowers. (Name composed of
toiSt twice, and <£uXXoi/, leaf.)
1. D. cymosa, Michx. Wet or springy places, mountains of Virginia
and southward. May. — Root-leaves l°-2° in diameter, 2-clcft, each division
5 - 7-lobed ; lobes toothed. Berries blue.
4. JEFFERS6NIA, Barton TWIN-LEAF.
Sepals 4, fugacious. Petals 8, oblong, flat. Stamens 8 : anthers oblong-
linear, on slender filaments. Ovary ovoid, soon gibbous, pointed : stigma 2-
lobed. Pod pear-shaped, opening half-way round horizontally, the upper part
NELUMBIACE^. (NELUMBO FAMILY.) 21
making a lid. Seeds many in several rows on the lateral placenta, with a fleshy
lacerate aril on one side, — A perennial glabrous herb, with matted fibrous roots,
long-petioled root-leaves, parted into 2 half-ovate leaflets, and simple naked l-
flowercd scapes. (Named in honor of Thomas Jefferson.)
1. J. ilipiiylla, Pers. — Woods, W. New York to Wisconsin and south-
ward. April, May. — Low. Flower white, 1' broad : the parts rarely in threes
or fives. — Called Rheumatism-root in sonic places.
5. PODOPHYJLL.UM, L. MAY-APPLE. MANDRAKE.
Flower-bud with 3 green bractlets, which early fall away. Sepals 6, fuga-
cious. Petals 6 or 9, obovato. Stamens as many as the petals in the Hima-
layan species, twice as many in ours : anthers linear-oblong, not opening by up-
lifted valves. Ovary ovoid •. stigma sessile, large, thick, and undulate. Fruit a
large fleshy berry. Seeds covering the very large lateral placenta, in many rows,
each seed enclosed in a pulpy aril, all forming a mass which fills the cavity of
the fruit. — Perennial herbs, with creeping rootstocks and thick fibrous roots.
Stems 2-leaved, 1 -flowered. (Name from TroCs, a foot, and <pv\\ov, a leaf, from
a fancied resemblance of the 5 - 7-parted leaf to the foot of some web-footed
animal.)
1. P. peltatuni, L. Stamens 12-18; leaves 5-9-parted; the lobes
oblong, rather wedge-shaped, somewhat lobed and toothed at the apex. — Rich
woods, common. May. — Flowerless stems terminated by a large, round, 7-9-
lobcd leaf, peltate in the middle, like an umbrella. Flowering stems bearing 2
one-sided leaves, with the stalk fixed near the inner edge ; the nodding white
flower from the. fork, nearly 2' broad. Fruit ovoid, 1'- 2' long, ripe in July,
slightly acid, mawkish, eaten by pigs and boys. Leaves and roots drastic and
poisonous !
ORDER 6. NELUMBIACE^. (NELUMBO FAMILY.)
Huge aquatics, like Water-Lilies, but the pistils distinct, forming acorn-
shaped nuts, and separately imbedded in cavities of the enlarged top-shaped
receptacle. Seeds solitary, filled with the large and highly developed embryo :
albumen none. — Sepals and petals colored alike, in several rows, hypogy-
nolis, as well as the numerous stamens, and deciduous. Leaves orbicular,
centrally peltate and cup-shaped. — Embraces only the singular genus
1. N E L, tllTI B I U UI , Juss. NELUMBO. SACKED BEAN.
Character same as of the order. (Name Latinized from Nelumbo, the Cey-
lonese name of the East Indian species.)
1. N. lutciini, Willd. (YELLOW NELDMBO, or WATER CHINQITEIMN.)
Corolla pale yellow : anthers tipped with a slender hooked appendage. — Wa-
ters of the Western and Southern States ; rare in the Middle States : introduced
into the Delaware below Philadelphia. Big Sodus Bay, L. Ontario, and in the
Connecticut near Lyme ; perhaps introduced by the aborigines. June, July
22 NYMPILEACE^E. (WATER-LILY FAMILY.)
— Leaves l°-2° broad. Flower 5' -8' in diameter. Tubers farinaceous.
Seeds also eatable. Embryo like that of Nympha;a on a large .scale. Cotyle-
dons tbick and fleshy, enclosing a plumule of 1 or 2 well-formed young leaves,
enelosed in a delicate stijmle-like sheath.
ORDER 7. CABOMBACE^E. (WATER-SHIELD FAMILY.)
Aquatics, like Water-Lilies ; but the hypogynous sepals, petals, stamens (in
threes, persistent), and pistils much fewer (definite) in number, all distinct
a, id separate. Seeds very few. — Really no more than a simple state ol
Nymphaeaceae : embraces Cabomba, of the Southern States, and the follow-
ing genus.
1. BRASENIA, Schreber. WATER-SHIELD.
Sepals 3 or 4. Petals 3-4, linear, sessile. Stamens 12-18 : filaments fili-
form: anthers innate. Pistils 4-18, forming little club-shaped indchiseent
pods. Seeds 1—2, pendulous on the dorsal suture! Embryo enclosed in a
peculiar bag, at the end of the albumen next the hilum. — Rootstock creeping.
Leaves alternate, long-petioled, centrally peltate, oval, floating on the water.
Flowers axillary, small, dull-purple. (Name of uncertain origin.)
1. B. pelt fata, Pursh. (Hydropcltis purpurea, Michx.) — Ponds and
slow streams June -Aug. — Stalks coated with clear jelly. Leaves entire,
2A-3' aoross. (Also a native of Puget Sound, Japan, Australia, and Eastern
India 1)
ORDER 8. NYMPHAEACEAE. (WATER-LILY FAMILY.)
Aquatic herbs, with round or peltate floating leaves, and solitary showy
flowers from a prostrate rootstock ; the partly colored sepals and numerous
petals and stamens imbricated in several rows ; the numerous pistils combined
into a many-celled compound ovary. Embryo small, enclosed in a little bag
at the end of the albumen, next the hilum, with a distinct plumule, en-
closed by the 2 fleshy cotyledons. — Sepals and petals persistent, h;
nous or perigynous ; the latter passing into stamens: anthers adnate,
opening inwards. Fruit a pod-like berry, ripening under water, crowned
with the radiate stigmas, 14-30-celled ; the many anatropous seeds at-
tached to the sides and back of the cells. — Rootstocks imitating the endo-
genous structure (astringent, with some milky juice, often farinaceous).
1. NYMPH Jte A, Tourn. WATER-NYMPH. WATEK-LILY.
Sepals 4, green outside. Petals numerous, in many rows, the inner narrower
and gradually passing into stamens, imbricately inserted all over the surface of
the ovary. Stamens inserted on the top of the receptacle, the outer with petal-
like filaments. Fruit depressed-globular, covered with the bases of the deca\vd
petals. Seeds enveloped by a sac-like aril. — Flowers white rose-color, or blue,
very showy. (Dedicated by the Greeks to the Water-Nymphs.)
SARRACENIACE^E. (PITCHER-PLANTS.) 23
1. N. odorfiisi, Ah. (SWEET-SCENTED WATER-LILT.) Leaves orbic-
ular, sometimes almost kidney-shaped, cordate-cleft at the base to the petiole,
the margin entire ; flower white, fragrant ; petals obtuse ; anthers blunt. — Va-
ries occasionally with the flowers rose-color. — Ponds, common; the trunks im-
bedded in the mud at the bottom, often as large as a man's arm. June - Sept.
— Flower closing in the afternoon.
2. NITPHAR, Smith. YELLOW POND-LILY. SPATTER-DOCK.
Sepals 5 or 6, partly colored, roundish. Petals numerous, small and glandu-
lar, inserted with the stamens into an enlargement of the receptacle under the
ovary, shorter than the circular and sessile many-rayed peltate stigma. Fruit
ovoid, naked. Aril none. — Flowers yellow. Leaves roundish, sagittate-cor-
date. (Name from Neufar, the Arabic name for the Pond-Lily.)
1. N. Jidvcaia, Ait. Leaves floating, or oftener emersed and erect, on
stout half-cylindrical petioles ; sepals mostly 6, very unequal ; petals narrowly
oblong, very thick and fleshy, truncate, resembling the very numerous stamens
and shorter than they; anthers much longer than the filaments ; stigma 12-24-
raycd ; the margin entire or repand ; fruit strongly farrowed, ovoid-oblong, trun-
cate, its summit not contracted into a beak. — In still or stagnant water ; com-
mon. May -Sept. — Leaves 8' -12' long, thick, rounded or oblong-ovate in
outline. Flower 2' broad.
2. W. Kalifimna, Pursh. Leaves floating, on slender or filiform peti-
oles ; sepals 5 ; petals spatulate, as long as the moderately numerous stamens ;
ant.'i. -r.s shorter than the filaments ; stigma 8- 14-rayed, the margin crenate ; fntit
tint fitrrotrcd, ovoid-globose, contracted under the stigma into a narrow and angled
beak. (N. lutea, var. Kalmiana, Torr. fr Gray, and ed. 1. N. intermedium,
/,„/,/). ?) — Ponds, &c., New England, New York, and northward. July, Aug.
— Leaves l£'-4' long, roundish, the veins beneath much fewer and more
branched than in the last. Flower l'-l£ broad. (Eu. ?)
N. LfjTEA, Smith, I have not seen anywhere in the United States.
ORDER 9. SARRACENIACE/E. (PITCHER-PLANTS^
Pohjandrous and hypogynous bog-plants, with hollow pitcher-form or trum-
pet-shaped leaves, — comprising one plant in the mountains of Guiana, an-
other (Darlingtonia, Torr.) in those of California, and the following genua
in the Atlantic United States
1. SARRACENIA, Tourn. SIDE-SADDLE FLOWER.
Sepals 5, with 3 bractlets at the base, colored, persistent. Petals 5, oblong
or obovate, incurved, deciduous. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Ovary
compound, 5-cclled, globose, crowned with a short style, which is expanded at
the summit into a vciy broad and petal-like 5-angled, 5-rayed, umbrella-shaped
body ; the 5 delicate rays terminating under the angles in as many little hooked
stigmas. Capsule with a granular surface, 5-celled, with many-seeded placentos
24: PAPAVEUACEJE. (POPPY FAMILY.)
in the axis, 5-valvcd. Seeds anatropous, with a small embryo at tho base of
fleshy albumen. — Perennials, yellowish«green and purplish ; the liollow leaves
all radical, with a wing on one side, and a rounded arching hood at the apex.
Scant' naked, 1 -flowered : flower nodding. (Named by Tonrnefort in honor
of Dr. &irmzin of Quebec, who first sent our Northern species, and a botanical
account of it, to Europe.)
1. S. purpltrca, L. (SIDE-SADDLE FLOWEK. PITCIIER-PLAXT.
HUNTSMAN'S Cur.) Leaves pitcher-shaped, ascending, curved, broadly wing d,
the hood erect, open, round heart-shaped; flou:pr <!<'/> jmrjil''. ; tlie tiddle-sliajx d
petals arched over the (greenish-yellow) stvlc. — Varies rarely with greenish-
yellow flowers, and without purple veins in the foliage. (S. heterophylla,
Eaton.) — Teat-bogs ; common from N. England to Wisconsin, and southward
east of the Allcghanies. June. — The curious leaves are usually half filled
with water and drowned insects : the inner face of the hood is clothed with stiff
bristles pointing downward. Flower globose, nodding on a scape a foot high :
it is difficult to fancy any resemblance between its shape and a side-saddle, but
it is not very unlike a pillion. (Illinois, Dr. Vasey.)
2. S. llfsva, L. (TRUMPETS.) Leaves long (V-3°) and trumpet-shaped,
erect, with an open mouth, the erect hood rounded, narrow at the base ; wing
almost none ; Jloicer yellow, the petals becoming long and drooping. — Bogs,
Virginia and southward. April.
ORDER 10. PAP AVERAGES. (POPPY FAMILY.)
Herb* with milky or colored juice, regular flowers with the parts in twos or
fours, fugacious sepal*, polyandrous, hypogynous, the oc-ary \-celled with 2 or
more parietal placentcc. — Sepals 2, sometimes 3, falling when the flower
expands. Petals 4-12, spreading, imbricated in the bud, early deciduous.
Stamens 16 -many, distinct. Fruit a dry 1-celled pod (in the Poppy im-
perfectly many-celled, in Glaucium 2-celled). Seeds numerous, anutro-
pous, often crested, with a minute embryo at the base of fleshy and oily
albumen. — Leaves alternate, without stipules. Peduncles mostly 1-flow-
ered. Juice narcotic or acrid.
Synopsis.
* Petals more or less crumpled or corrugate in the bud.
•<- Pod partly many-celled by the projecting placenta), not valved.
1 PAP AVER. Stigmas united in a radiate crown : style none.
+- «- P6d strictly 1-celled, 2-6-valvcd ; the valves separating by their edges from the thread
like placentae, which remain as a framework.
2. ARGEMONK. Stigmas (sessile) and placentae 4-6. Pod and leaves prickly.
8. STYLOPIIORUM. Stigmas and piun-nt.-!- 3-4. Style distinct, columnar. Pod bristly.
4. CHEL1DON1UM. Stigmas and placentae 2. Pod linear, smooth. Petals 4.
•I- .»- H- Pod 2-cellcd by a spongy partition between the placentae, 2-valved.
6. GLAUCIUM. Stigma 2-lobed. Pod linear. Petals 4.
» * Petals not crumpled in the bud.
6 SANGDINARIA. Petals 8 -12. Pod oblong, turgid, 1-celled, 2-valved.
PAPAVERACE^E. (POPPY FAMILY.) 25
1. PA PAVER, L. POPPY.
Sepals mostly 2. Petals mostly 4. Stigmas united in a flat 4-20-raycd
crown, resting on the summit of the ovary and capsule ; the latter short and
turgid, with 4-20 many-seeded placenta projecting like imperfect partitions,
opening by as many pores or chinks under the edge of the stigma. — Herbs
with a white juice ; the flower-buds nodding. (Derivation obscure.) — Two
species of the Old World are sparingly adventive ; viz.
1. P. SOMNLFERUM, L. (COMMON POPPY.) ® Smooth, glaucous ; leaves
clasping, wavy, incised and toothed ; pod globose ; corolla mostly white or pur-
ple.— Near dwellings in some places. (Adv. from Eu.)
2. P. DUBIUM, L. (SMOOTH-FRUITED CORN-POPPY.) (D Pinnatifid leaves
and the long stalks bristly • pods club-shaped, smooth ; corolla light scarlet. —
Cult, grounds, Westchester, Penn. and southward : rare. (Adv. from Eu.)
2. ARGEMONE, L. PRICKLY POPPY.
Sepals 2 or 3. Petals 4-6. Style almost none : stigmas 3-6, radiate. Pod
oblong, prickly, opening by 3-6 valves at the top Seeds crested. — Herbs,
with prickly bristles and yellow juice. Leaves sessile, sinuate-lobed, and with
prickly teeth, blotched with white. Flower-buds erect, short-peduncled. (Name
from apyepa, a disease of the eye, for which the juice was a supposed remedy.)
1. A. MEXIC\NA, L. (MEXICAN PRICKLY POPPY.) (i) (g) Flowers sol-
itary (pale yellow or white); calyx prickly. — Waste places; not common.
July -Oct. (Adv. from trop. Amer.)
3. STYL.OPHORUM, Nutt. CELANDINE POPPY.
Sepals 2, hairy. Petals 4. Style distinct, columnar: stigma 3-4-lobed.
Pod ovoid, bristly, 3-4-valved to the base. Seeds conspicuously crested. —
Perennial herb, with pinnatifid or pinnately divided leaves like Celandine, the
uppermost in pairs, subtending one or more slender 1 -flowered peduncles ; the
buds and pods nodding. Juice yellow. Corolla yellow. (Name from oruXos,
a style, and (/>epo>, to bear ; indicating one of its characters.)
1. S. dLipliylluni, Nutt. (Meconopsis diphylla, DC.) —Woods, W.
Pcnn. to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May. — Divisions of the leaves 5-7, sinu-
ate-lobed. Flower 2' broad.
4. CHEL-IDONIUM, L. CELANDINE.
Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens 16-24. -Style nearly none: stigma 2-lobcd.
Pod linear, slender, smooth, 2-valved, the valves opening from the bottom up-
wards. Seeds crested. — Perennial herbs, with brittle stems, saffron-colored acrid
juice, pinnately divided or 2-pinnatifkl and toothed or cut leaves, and small yel-
low flowers. (Name from ^eXiSwv, the Swallow, because, according to Dios-
corides, it begins to flower at the time the swallows appear.)
1. C. MAJUS, L. (CELANDINE.) Flowers several, in umbel-like clusters. —
Waste grounds near dwellings. May- Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)
26 FUMARIACE^E. (FUMITORY FAMILY.)
X5. GLAtlCIUlfl, Tourn. HORN-POPPY.
Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens indefinite. Style none : stigma 2-lobed or 2-
horned. Pod very long and linear, completely 2-celled by a spongy false par-
tirion, in which the crestless seeds are ]>artly immersed. — Annuals or biennials,
with saffron-colored juice, clasping leaves, and solitary yellow flowers. (The
Greek name, yKavmov, from the glaucous foliage.)
1. O. LtiTEUM, Scop. Glaucous; lower leaves pinnatifid ; upper ones sin-
mitc-lobed and toothed, cordate-clasping; pods rough (6' -10' long). — Waste
places Maryland and Virginia; not common. (Adv. from Eu.)
6. SANGUINARIA, Dill. BLOOD-ROOT.
Sepals 2. Petals 8-12, spatulate-oblong, the inner narrower. Stamens
about 24. Style short: stigma 2-groovcd. Pod oblong, turgid, 1 -celled, 2-
valved. Seeds with a large crest. — A low perennial, with thick prostrate root-
stocks, surcharged with red-orange acrid juice, sending up in earliest spring a
rounded palmatc-lobed leaf, and a 1 -flowered naked scape. Flower white, hand-
some. (Name from the color of the juice.)
1. S. Canadensis, L. — Open rich woods ; common. April, May.
ESCHSCHOLTZIA CALIFORNIA, and E. DouGLAsn, now common orna-
mental annuals in the gardens, are curious Papaveraceous plants from Califor-
nia and Oregon. Their juice is colorless, but with the odor of muriatic acid.
ORDER 11. FUMARIACE^E. (FUMITORY FAMILY.)
Delicate smooth herbs, with icatery juice, compound dissected leaves, irregu-
lar flowers, tvith 4 somewhat united peta},s, 6 diadelphous stamens, and pods
and seeds like those of the Poppy Family. — Sepals 2, small and scale-like.
Corolla flattened, closed ; the 4 petals in two pairs ; the outer with spread-
ing tips, and one or both of them spurred or saccate at the base ; the inner
pair narrower, and with their callous crested tips united over the stigma.
Stamens in two sets of 3 each, placed opposite the larger petals, hypogy-
nous ; their filaments often united; the middle anther of each set 2-ceIlod,
the lateral ones 1-celled. Stigma flattened at right angles with the ovary.
Pod 1-celled, either 1 seeded and indehiscent, or several-seeded with 2 pa-
rietal placentas. — Leaves usually alternate, without stipules. (Slightly
bitter, innocent plants.)
Synopsis.
» Pod slendar : the 2 valves separating from the persistent filiform placentae.
1. ADUJMIA. Corolla heart-flhaped, perriatant ; petals united. Seeds crest!
2. DICENTHA. Corolla honrt-sh;<iH>(l or 2-spurred at the base. Seeds crested.
8. COKYDALIS. Corolla 1-spurred at the base. Seeds crested.
* * Pod Ik-shy, iiulfhisi-ent, globulur, 1-seeded,
4. FUMA11IA. Corolla 1-spurred at the baae Seed crestless.
FUMARIACEJ2. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) 27
I. AI>L,ilITB[I A, Raf. CLIMBING FUMITORY.
Petals all permanently united in an ovate corolla, 2-saccate at the base, be-
coming dry and persistent, enclosing the small few-seeded pod. Seeds not
crested. Stigma 2-crested. Stamens diadelphous. — A climbing biennial vine,
with thrice-pinnate leaves, cut-lobed delicate leaflets, and ample panicles of
drooping whitish flowers. (Dedicated by Rafinesque to Major Adltnn.)
1. A. cirrliossi, Raf. (Corydalis fungosa, Vent.) — Wet woods; com-
mon westward. July -Oct. — A handsome vine, with delicate foliage and pale
flesh-colored blossoms, climbing by the tendril-like young leafstalks over high
bushes ; cultivated for festoons and bowers in shaded places.
2. DI CENTRA, Bork. DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES.
Petals slightly united into a heart-shaped or 2-spurred corolla, either decidu-
ous or withering. Stigma 2-crested and sometimes 2-horned. Filaments slightly
united in two sets. Pod 10-20-scedcd. Seeds crested. — Low, mostly stem-
less perennials, with ternately compound and dissected leaves, and racemose
nodding flowers. Pedicels 2-bracted. (Name from Si's, twice, and /teVrpoi>, a
sjmr.)
1. D. Cliciallfiiia, DC. (DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES.) Granulate-bulbous;
lobes of the leaves linear ; raceme simple, few-flowered ; corolla with 2 divergent
spurs longer than the pedicel ; crest of the inner petals minute. — Rich woods, es-
pecially westward. April, May. — A very delicate plant, sending up in early
spring, from the cluster of little grain-like tubers crowded together in the form
of a scaly bulb, the finely cut long-stalked leaves and slender scape, the latter
bearing 4-10 pretty, but odd, white flowers tipped with cream-color.
2. I>. Caiiadi'lisis, DC. (SQUIRREL-CORN.) Subterranean shoots
tnberiferous ; leaves and raceme as in No. 1 ; corolla merely heart-shaped, the
spurs very short and rounded ; crest of the inner petals conspicuous, projecting. —
Rich woods, Maine to Wisconsin and Kentucky, especially northward. April,
May. — Tubers scattered, round, flattened, as large as peas or grains of Indian
Corn, yellow. Calyx minute. Flowers greenish-white tinged with red, with the
fragrance of Hyacinths.
3. D. exilllia, DC. Subterranean shoots scaly ; divisions and lobes of
the leaves broadly oblong ; raceme compound, clustered ; corolla oblong, 2-saccate
at the base ; crest of the inner petals projecting. — Rocks, W. New York, rare
( Thomas, Sartwell], and Alleghanies of Virginia. May - Aug. — A larger plant
than the others. Flowers reddish-purple.
3. CORYDAL.IS, Vent. CORYDALIS.
Corolla 1 -spurred at the base (on the upper side), deciduous. Style persist-
ent. Pod many-seeded. Seeds crested. Flowers in racemes. Our species
are biennial and leafy-stemmed. (The ancient Greek name for the Fumitory.)
1. C. aiireii, Willd. (GOLDEN CORYDALIS.) Stems low, spreading ; ra-
cemes simple ; spur incurved ; pods pendent ; seeds with a scalloped crest. — •
28 CRUCIFEILE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)
Rocks by streams, Vermont to Wisconsin and Kentucky. April -July. — Glau-
cous : flowers golden-yellow and showy, or paler and less handsome. Pods
1 ' long, uneven.
2. C. gl«liic«l, Pursh. (PALE CORYDALIS.) Stem ipriyht ; racemes
panicled ; spur short and rounded ; pods erect, slender, elongated ; seeds with a
small entire crest. — Rocky places; common. May -July. — Corolla whitish,
shaded with yellow and reddish.
4. FUMARIA, L. FUMITORY.
Corolla 1 -spurred at the base. Style deciduous. Emit indehisccnt, small,
globular, 1-seeded. Seeds crestless. — Branched annuals, with finely dissected
compound leaves, and small flowers in dense racemes or spikes. (Name from
funms, smoke.)
1. F. OFFICINA.LIS, L. (COMMON FUMITORY.) Sepals ovate-lanceolate,
acute, sharply toothed, narrower and shorter than the corolla (which is flesh-
color tipped with crimson) ; fruit slightly notched. — Waste places, about dwell-
ings. (Adv. from Eu.)
ORDER 12. CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)
. Herbs with a pungent watery juice and cruciform tetradynamous flowers:
fruit a silique or silicle. — Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, hypogyuous, reg-
ular, placed opposite each other in pairs, their spreading limbs forming a
cross. Stamens 6, two of them inserted lower down and shorter. Pod
2-celled by a thin partition stretched between the 2 marginal placenUe,
from which when ripe the valves separate, either much longer than broad
(a silique), or short (a silicle or poucli), sometimes indehiscent and nut-like
(nucumentaceoua), or separating across into 1-seeded joints (lt>in< ntat
Seeds campylotropous, without albumen, filled by the large embryo, which
is curved or folded in various ways : i. e. the cotyledons accumbcnt, viz.
their margins on one side applied to the radicle, so that the cross-section of
the seed appears thus oQ ; or else incumbent, viz. the back of one cotyle-
don applied to the radicle, thus c([). In these cases the cotyledons are
plane ; but they may be folded upon themselves, as in Mustard, where t liey
are conduplicate, thus. c^>. In Leavenworthia alone the whole embryo is
straight. — Leaves alternate, no stipules. Flowers in terminal racemes or
corymbs: pedicels not braeted. — A large and very natural family, of
pungent or acrid, but not poisonous plants. (Characters taken from the
pods and seeds ; the flowers being nearly alike in all.)
Synopsis.
I. SILIQUOS^E. Pod long, a silique, opening by valves.
TRIBE T. ARABIDE-flE. Pod elongated (except in Nasturtium) Seeds Oat to nod. Co-
tyledons accurubent, plane.
CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 29
* Pod terete, or slightly flattened ; the valves nerveless.
1 N \STURTIUM. Pod linear, oblong, or even globular, turgid. Seeds irregularly In two
rows in each cell, small.
2. IODANTI1US. Pod linear, elongated. Seeds in a single row in each cell.
* Pod flat ; the valves nerveless. Seeds hi one row in each cell.
3. LEAVENWOIITIIIA. Pod oblong. Seeds winged. Embryo straight ! Leaves all radical
4. DENTARIA. Pod lanceolate. Seeds wingless, on broad seed-stalks. Stem few-leaved.
6. CARDAMINE. Pod linear or linear-lanceolate. Seeds wingless, on slender seed-stalks.
Stems leafy below.
* * * Pod flattened or 4-angled, linear ; the valves one-nerved in the middle, or veiny.
6. ARABIS. Pods flat or flattish. Seeds in one row in each cell. Flowers white or purple.
7. TURR1TIS. Pods and flowers as in Arabis, but the seeds occupying two rows in each cell.
8. BARBAHEA. Pod somewhat 4-sided. Seeds in one row in each cell. Flowers yellow
TRIBE II. SISYPflBRIE^E. Pod elongated. Seeds thickish. Cotyledons incumbent,
narrow, plane.
9 EKYSIMUM. Pod sharply 4-angled, linear. Flowers yellow.
10. S1SYMBRI UM. Pods terete, or obtusely 4 - 6-angled, or flattish. Flowers white or yellow.
TRIBE III. BRASSICE.flE. Pod elongated. Seeds globular. Cotyledons incumbent
and conduplicate, folded round the radicle.
11. SIN APIS. Pod terete; the valves 1-5-nerved. Calyx spreading.
II. SILICULOSJE. Pod short, a silicle or pouch, opening by valves.
TRIBE IV. AL.YSSINE.flE. Pod oval or oblong, flattened parallel to the broad parti-
tion, if at all. Cotyledons accumbent, plane.
12. DRABA. Pod flat, many-seeded : valves 1 - 3-nerved or nerveless.
13. VESICARIA. Pod globular, inflated, 4 - several-seeded : valves nerveless.
1. NASTURTIUM. Pod turgid, many-seeded : valves nerveless.
TRIBE V. CAMEL.INE.3E. Pod ovoid or oblong, flattened parallel to the broad parti-
tion. Cotyledons incumbent, plane.
14. CAMELINA. Pod obovoid, turgid : valves 1-nerved. Style slender.
TRIBE VI. LEPIDIXEJK. Pod short, the boat-shaped valves flattened contrary to
the narrow partition. Cotyledons incumbent (accumbent in one instance), plane.
15. LEl'IDIDM. Pod two-seeded.
16. CAPS ELLA. Pod many-seeded, inversely heart-shaped-triangular.
TRIBE VII. SUBUL.ARIE.flE. Pod oval, turgid, somewhat flattened contrary to th«
broad partition. Cotyledons long and narrow, transversely folded on themselves and
incumbent.
17. SUBDLARIA. Pod several-seeded : the valves convex-boat-shaped.
TRIBE VIII. SENEBIERE.3E. Pod compressed contrary to the very narrow parti-
tion ; the cells separating from the partition at maturity as two closed one-seeded nut-
lets. Cotyledons as in Tribe 7.
18. SENEB1ERA. Nutlets or closed cells roundish, reticulated.
III. LOMENTACEJE. Pod articulated, i. e. separating across into two
or more closed joints.
TRIBE IX. C AKILiINE^E. Cotyledons plane and accumbent, as in Tribe 1.
19. CAKILE. Pod short, 2-jointed : the joints 1-celled and 1-seeded.
TRIBE X. RAPHANE^E. Cotyledons conduplicate and incumbent, as in Tribe 3.
20. RAPHANU8. Pod elongated several-seeded, transversely intercepted.
3*
30 CRUCirERuE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)
1. NASTURTIUM, R. Br. WATER-CRESS.
Pod a short silique or a silicic, varying from oblong-linear to globular, terete
or nearly so, often curved upwards : valves nerveless. Seeds small, turgid,
raarginless, in 2 irregular rows in each cell. Cotyledons accumbcnt. — Aquat-
ic or marsh plants, with yellow or white flowers, and pinnate or pinnatifid
leaves, usually glabrous. (Name from Nasus tortus, a convulsed nose, alluding
to the effect of its pungent qualities.)
§ I. Petals white, twice the length of the calyx : pods linear : leaves pinnate.
1. !¥• OFFICINALE, R. Br. (WATER-GUESS.) Stems spreading and root-
ing; leaflets 3 -11, roundish or oblong, nearly entire; pods (6" -8" long) on
slender widely spreading pedicels. 1J. — Brooks and ditches; rare: escaped
from cultivation. (Nat. from Eu.)
$ 2. Petals yellow or yelloivish, seldom much exceeding the calyx : pods linear, oblong,
ovoid, or globular : leaves mostly pinnatijid.
# Perennial from creeping or subterranean shoots: flowers rather large, bright yellow.
2. N. SYLVESTRE. R. Br. (YELLOW CRESS.) Stems ascending; leaves
pinnatcly parted, the divisions toothed or cut, lanceolate or linear ; pods linear
(4"_6" long), on slender pedicels; style very short. — Wet meadows, near Phila-
delphia; and Newton, Massachusetts, C. J. Sprague. (Adv. from Eu.)
3. N. Simmtllin, Nutt. Stems low, diffuse; leaves pinnatcly cleft, the
short lobes nearly entire, linear-oblong ; pods linear-oblong (4" -6" long), on
slender pedicels ; style slender. — Banks of the Mississippi and westward. June.
* * Annual or ^biennial, rarely perennial? with simple fibrous roots : Jlowers small
or minute, greenish or yellowish : leaves somewhat lyrate.
4. N. SCSSiliflorilin, Nutt. Stems erect, rather simple ; leaves obtusely
incised or toothed, obovate or oblong ; Jlowers minute, nearly sessile ; pods elon-
gated-oblong (5" -6" long), thick; style very short. — With No. 3 and south-
ward. April - June.
5. N. Ol>t JiSlim, Nutt. Stems much branched, diffusely spreading ;
leaves pinnately parted or divided, the divisions roundish and obtusely toothed or
repand ; Jloicers minute, short-pedicelled ; pods longer than the pedicels, varying
from linear-oblong to short-oval; style short. — With No. 3 and 4.
6. Nt pal Astro, DC. (MARSH CRESS.) Stem erect; Imies pinnatdy
cleft or parted, or the upper laciniate ; the lobes oblong, cut-toothed ; pedicels
al)out as long as the small Jlowers and mostly longer than the oblong, ellipsoid, or
ovoid pods ; style short. — Wet ditches and borders of streams, common. Juno
-Sept. — Flowers only l"-l£" long. Stems l°-3° high. — The typical form
with oblong pods is rare (W. New York, Dr. Sartu-cll). Short pods and hirsute
stems and leaves are common. Var. uisrlDUM (N. hispidum, DC.) is this,
with ovoid or globular pods. (Eu.)
4 3. Petals white, much longer than the calyx : pods ovoid or globular : leaves undi-
vided, or the lower ones pinnatijid. ( Armoracia.)
7. N. lacustre, Gray, Gen. 111. 1, p. 132. (LAKE CRESS.) Aquatic,
immersed leaves 1 - 3-pinnately dissected into numerous capillary divisions;
emersed leaves oblong, entire, serrate, or piunatifid ; pedicels widely spreading ;
CRUCIFERJE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 31
pods ovoid, one-celled, a little longer than the style. 1J. (N. natans, ed. 1. N. natans,
var. Americanum, Cray. Armoracia Americana, Arn.) — Lakes and rivers,
N. New Fork to Illinois and Kentucky. July.
8. N. ARMOKACIA, Fries. (HORSERADISH.) Root-leaves very large, ob-
long, eremite, rarely pinnatifid ; those of the stem lanceolate ; fruiting pedicels
ascending; pods globular (seldom fonned) ; style very short. 1J. (Cochlearia
Armoracia, L.) — Boots large and long ; — a well-known condiment. Escaped
from cultivation into moist ground. (Adv. from Eu.)
2. IOI>A]\THUS, Torr. & Gray. FALSE KOCKET.
Pod linear, elongated, terete ; the valves nerveless. Seeds in a single row in
each cell, not margined. Cotyledons accumbent. Claws of the violet-purple
petals longer than the calyx. — A smooth perennial, with ovate-oblong pointed
and toothed leaves, the lowest sometimes lyrate-pinnatifid, and showy flowers in
paniclcd racemes. (Name from 10)8775, violet-colored, and avQos, flower.)
1. I. liespeiidoides, Torr. & Gray. (Hesperis pinnatifida, Michx.) —
Banks of rivers, west of the Alleghanies. May, June. — Stem l°-3° high.
Petals 5" long, spatulate. Pods 1' to nearly 2' long, somewhat curved upwards.
3. I, EAV EN WORT HI A, Torr. LEAYENWORTHIA.
Pod linear or oblong, flat ; the valves nerveless, but minutely reticulate-
veined. Seeds in a single row in each cell, flat, surrounded by a wing. Em-
bryo straight ! or the short radicle only slightly bent in the direction which if
continued would make the orbicular cotyledons accumbent. — Little biennials or
hyemal annuals, glabrous and stemless, with lyrate root-leaves and short one-
few-flowered scapes. (Named in honor of Dr. M. C. Leavenworth, the discoverer
of one species.)
1. It. MicllStikxii, Torr. Scapes one-Jlowered ; petals white or purplish,
yellowish towards the base. (Cardamine uniflora, Michx.} — On flat rocks,
Southeastern Kentucky (also Tennessee and Alabama, whence Prof. Hatch scuds
it with purple flowers). March, April.
2. L. aiirea, Torr. Scapes 1 -8-flowered; petals yellow, larger than in the
other (perhaps not distinct). — With No. 1, and southwestward.
4. I>E]VTARIA, L. TOOTHWORT. PEPPER-ROOT.
Pod lanceolate, flat, as in Cardamine, but broader. Seed-stalks broad and
flat. — Perennials, with long, horizontal, fleshy, sometimes interrupted, toothed
rootstocks of a pleasant pungent taste ; the low simple stems bearing 2 or 3
petioled compound leaves about the middle, and terminated by a single raceme
of large white or purple flowers. (Name from dens, a tooth.)
1. D. <lij>liy!Ia, L. Rootstock long and continuous, toothed ; stem-kaves 2,
similar to the radical ones, close together, of 3 rhombic-ovate coarsely toothed
leaflets. — Rich woods, Maine to Kentucky. May. — Rootstocks 5' -If)' long,
crisp, tasting like Water-Cress. Flowers white.
:*2 CRUCIFER^. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)
2. D. maxima, Nutt. Rootstock interrupted, forming a string of toothed
xiriK-lctu-cs (2-7) mostly 3 and alternate ; leaflets 3, ocate, obtuse, coarsely
toothed ;uid incised, often 2-3-cleft. (D. laciniata, var. 8., Torr. $- Gr.) — W.
NY\v York, and Pcnn., Nuttall! Watcrtown, New York, Dr. Crawe! May. —
IS turn 10' -2° (Nutt.) high: raceme elongated. Flowers larger than in !No. 1,
purple. Joints of the rootstock l'-2r long, £' thick, starchy. The leaves are
intermediate between No. 1 and No. 3.
3. D. laciniata, Muhl. Rootstock necklace-form, consisting of a chain
of 3 or 4 nearly toothless oblong tubers ; stem-leaves 3 in a whorl, 3-pctrted ; the
leaflets linear or lanceolate, obtuse, irregularly cut or cleft into narrow teeth, the
lateral ones deeply 2-lobed. — Rich soil along streams, W. New England to
Wisconsin and Kentucky. May. — A span high: raceme scarcely longer than
the leaves. Flowers pale purple. Root-leaves much dissected.
4. D. hctcropliylla, Nutt. Rootstock necklace-form, obscurely toothed ;
stem-leaves 2 or 3, small, alternate, 3-parted, the leaflets lanceolate and marly <?/////> ,
root-leaves of 3 round-ovate obtuse somewhat toothed and lobed Icujuts. — AYest-
em Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Kentucky. May. — A span high, slender:
stem-leaves 1' long. Flowers few, purple.
5. CARDAMINE, L. BITTER CRESS.
Pod linear, flattened, usually opening elastically from the base ; the valves
nerveless and veinless, or nearly so. Seeds in a single row in each cell, wing-
less ; their stalks slender. Cotyledons accumbent. — Flowers white or purple.
(From KapSafioi/, an ancient Greek name for Cress.) — Runs into Dentaria on
the one hand, into Arabis on the other.
# Root perennial : leaves simple or 3-foliolate.
1. C. rliomboidea, DC. (SPRING CRESS.) Stems upright, tuberifer-
ous at the base ; stems simple ; root-leaves round and rather heart-shaped ; lower
stem-leaves ovate or rhombic-oblong, somewhat petioled, the upper almost lan-
ceolate, all somewhat angled or sparingly toothed ; pods linear-lanceolate, point-
ed with a slender style tipped with a conspicuous stigma ; seeds round-oral. —
Wet meadows and springs ; common. Flowers large, white. April -June.
Var. purpiirca, Torr. Lower (4' -6' high) and slightly pubescent;
leaves rounder; flowers rose-purple, appearing earlier. — Along streams in rich
soil, W. New York to Wisconsin.
2. C. rotuiidifolia, Michx. (AMERICAN WATER-CRESS.) £*rms
bruin-hint/, iraik or decumbent, with creeping runners; root fibrous ; leaves all much
alike, roundish, somewhat angled, often heart-shaped at the l>u>r, prtioled, the
lowest frequently 3-lobed or of 3 leaflets; pods linear-awl-shapi-d, pointed with
the style; stigma minute; seeds oval-oblong. (Sill. Journal, 42. p. 30.) — Cool,
shaded springs, IVnn., and southward along the mountains. May, June.—
Leaves with just, the taste of the English Water-Cress. Runners in sunnne-
l°-3° long. Flowers white, smaller than in No. 1.
3. C. bclUdifolia, L. Dwarf (2'-3' high), tufted; leaves ovate, en-
tire, or sometimes 3-lobed (4" long), on long petioles ; pods upright, linear ; stylf
I
CRUCIFER^:. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 33
aeail/ iionc. — Alpine summit of the White Mountains, New Hampshire. July.
— Flowers 1 -5, white. Pods 1' long, turgid, the convex valves 1-nerved: so
that the plant might as well be an Arabia ! (Eu.)
* * Root perennial : leaves pinnate : /lowers showy.
4. C. pmteiisis, L. (CUCKOO-FLOWER.) Stem ascending ; leaflets 7-
13, those of the lower leaves rotindcd and stalked; of the upper ones oblong or
linear, entire, or slightly angled-toothed ; petals (white or rose-color) thrice the
length of the calyx ; style short but distinct. — Wet places and bogs, Vermont
to New Jersey, Wisconsin, and northward ; rare. May. (Eu.)
* * * Root biennial or annual : leaves pinnate : flowers small.
5. C. ilirsiita, L. (COMMON BITTER CRESS.) Mostly smooth in the
United States, sometimes hairy; leaves pinnate with 5-13 leaflets, or lyrate-
pinnatitid ; leaflets of the lower leaves rounded, angled or toothed ; of the upper
oblong or linear, often entire; petals twice as long as the calyx (white); the
narrow pods and the pedicels upright : style shorter than the width of the pod.
(C. Pennsylvanica, Muhl.) — Moist places, everywhere : a small delicate variety,
with narrow leaflets, growing on dry rocks, is C. VIRGINICA, Michx. (not of
lib. Linn.} May -July. (Eu.)
6. ARAB IS, L. ROCK CRESS.
Pod linear, flattened ; the valves plane or convex, 1-nerved in the middle, or
longitudinally veiny. Seeds in a single row in each cell, usually margined or
winged. Cotyledons accumbent. — Flowers white or rose-color. (Name from
the country, Arabia. See Linn. Phil. Bot., § 235.)
* Leaves all pinnatehf parted : root annual or biennial. (Aspect of Cardamine.)
1. A. Ludovicifiim, Meyer. Nearly glabrous, diffusely branched
from the base (5' -10' high) ; divisions of the almost pinnate leaves numerous,
oblong or linear, few-toothed or incised; flowers very small; pods erect-spread-
ing, flat (9" -12" long, 1" wide), the valves longitudinally veiny (not elastic) ;
seeds wing-margined. (Cardamine Ludoviciana, Hook. Sisymbrium, Nutt.) —
Open fields, &c., Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. April.
* * Stem-leaves, if not the root-leaves, undivided : annuals or doubtful perennials.
•*- Seeds wingless or slightly margined.
2. A. lyrata, L. Diffusely branched, low (4' -10' high), glabrous ex-
cept the Iyrnte-pinuat(/id radical leaves ; stem-leaves spatulate or lanceolate, tapering
to the base, the upper entire; petals (white) twice the length of the calyx ; pods
spreading, long and slender, pointed with a short style. — Rocks. April- June. —
Radicle sometimes oblique. — A vai-iety ? from Upper Michigan and northward,
(Sisymbrium arabidoides, Hook.) has erect pods, and the cotyledons often whol-
ly incumbent.
3. A. «li;in t:\ta, Torr. & Gray. Roughish-pubescent, diffusely branched
(l°-2° high), leaves oblong, very obtuse, unequally and sharply toothed ; those
of the stem half-clasping and eared at the base, of the root broader and tapering
into a short petiole ; petals (whitish) scarcely exceeding the calyx, pods spread-
ing, straight} short-stalked ; style scarcely any. — New York and Illinois to Virgin-
34 CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)
ia and Kentucky May. — About 1° high, slender. Pods 1' long, almost fili-
form ; the valves obscun ly nerved.
4. A. pfitCllS, Sulliv. Downy with spreading hairs, ereet (l°-2° high);
itrm-lnu'cs oMony-ovate, acutish, coarsely toothed or the uppermost entire, lialf-
cla.-j>iiig hy the lieart-shaped base; petals (bright white) twice the length of the
calyx; />edicels slender, spreading ; pods spreading and curving upwards, tijqxd
with a distinct style. — Rocky banks of the Scioto, Ohio, Sullivant. Penn., Prof.
Porter. May. — Flowers thrice as large as in No. 5. Pods l%'-2' long.
5. A. hii'MBtn, Scop. Rough-hairy, sometimes smoothish, strictly erect
(l°-2° high) ; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or toothed, partly clasp-
ing by a somewhat arrow-shaped or heart-shaped base; petals (greenish-white)
small, but longer than the calyx ; pedicels and pods strictly upright ; style scarcely
any. — Rocks, common, especially northward. May, June. — Stem 1° - 2° high,
simple or branched from the base. Root-leaves spatulate-oblong, sessile or near-
ly so. Flowers small. (Eu.)
•*- t- Seeds winged; their stalks adherent to the partition: petals narrow, whitish.
6. A. liBVlgata, DC. Smooth and glaucous, upright; stem-leaves partly
clasping by the arrow-shaped base, lanceolate or linear, sparingly cut-toothed or
entire ; petals scarcely longer than the calyx ; pods long and narrow, recurved-
s]>rcading. — Rocky places, Maine to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May. — Stein
l°-3° high. Pods 3' long, on short merely spreading pedicels. (This is also
A. heterophylla, Nutt.)
7. A. CaiKKli'iisis, L. (SICKLE-POD.) Stem upright, smooth above ;
stun -/eaves pubescent, pointed at both ends, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, the lower
toothed; petals twice the length of the calyx, oblong-linear; pods drooping, Jlat,
tcythe-shaped. (A. falcata, Michx. ) — Woods. June - Aug. — Stem 2° - 3° high.
Pods 3' long and 2" broad, veiny, hanging on rough-hairy pedicels, curved like
a scymitar.
•7. TTJRRITIS, Dill. TOWER MUSTARD.
Pod and flowers, &c., as in Arabis ; but the seeds occupying 2 longitudinal
rows in each cell. — Biennials or rarely annuals. Flowers white or rose-color.
(Name from turns, a tower.)
. 1. T. glabra, L. Stem-leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, smooth arid glau-
cous, entire, half-clasping by the arrow-shaped base; the yellowish white jxtuls
little longer than the calyx ; flowers and the long and narrow (3' long) straight
pods strictly erect. — Rocks and fields ; common northward. June. (Eu.)
2. T. Stricta, Graham. Smooth (l°-2° high); stem-leaves lanceolate, or
linear, half-clasping by the arrow-shaped base, entire or nearly so ; petals twice
the length of the calyx ; pedicels erect in flower ; the linear elongated flat pods up-
right or spreading at maturity. Jefferson and Chenango Counties, New York,
Worth Illinois, and noithward. May. — Root-leaves small. Petals white,
tinged with purple. Ripe pods 2£' -4' long, 1" wide.
3. T, brcldiyc&rpa, Torr. & Gray. Smooth and glaucous ; stem-leaves
linear-lanceolate, acute, arrow-shaped ; pedicels of the flowers nodding, of the short
CKUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.; 35
and broadish pods spreading or ascending. — Fort Gratiot, &c., Michigan. —
Koot-leaves hairy. Pod 1' long. Flowers pale purple.
8. BARBARA A, K. Br. WINTER CRESS.
Pod linear, terete or somewhat 4-sided ; the valves being keeled by a mid-
nerve. Seeds in a single row in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons accumbent.
— Mostly biennials : flowers yellow. (Anciently called The Herb of St. Bar-
bara.)
1. B. vulgaris, K. Br. (COMMON WINTER CRESS. YELLOW KOCK-
ET.) Smooth; lower leaves lyrate, the terminal division round; upper leaves
obovate, cut-tootlied, or pinnatifid at the base; pods convex-4-angled, much
thicker than the pedicel, erect, pointed with a manifest style ; — or, in the var.
STRATA, rather flatter, tipped with a thicker and very short style (B. pnecox;
Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am., &c.) ; — or, in var. ARCU\TA, ascending on spreading ped-
icels when young. — Low grounds and road-sides. May. — Probably naturalized
from Europe. But the varieties here indicated are indigenous from Lake Supe-
rior northward and westward. (Eu.)
B. PR^ECOX, R. Br. (B. patula, Fries), — occasionally cultivated for salad
in the Middle States, under the name of Scurvy-Grass, — is becoming spon-
taneous farther south. It is readily known by its longer and less erect pods,
scarcely thicker than their pedicels, and by the linear-oblong lobes of most of
the stem-leaves.
9. ER^SIMUUl, L. TREACLE MUSTARD.
Pod linear, 4-sided ; the valves keeled with a strong midrib. Seeds in a single
row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons (often obliquely) incumbent.
Calyx erect. — Chiefly biennials, with yellow flowers ; the leaves not clasping.
(Name from eputo, to draw blisters.)
1. E. clfteiranthoides, L. (WORM-SEED MUSTARD.) Minutely
roughish, branching, slender; leaves lanceolate, scarcely toothed ; flowers small;
pods small and short (7" -12" long), very obtusely angled, ascending on slender
divergent pedicels. — Banks of streams, New York, Penn., Illinois, and north-
ward : apparently truly indigenous. July. (Eu.)
2. E. Arkansamim, Nutt. (WESTERN WALL-FLOWER.) Minutely
roughish-hoary ; stem simple ; leaves lanceolate, somewhat toothed ; pods nearly
erect on very short pedicels, elongated (3' - 4' long), exactly 4-sidcd ; stigma 2-lobed.
— Ohio (on limestone cliffs) to Illinois, and southwestward. June, July. —
Plant stout, l°-2° high; the crowded bright orange-yellow flowers as large as
those of the Wall-flower.
1O. SISYMBRIUM, L. HEDGE MUSTARD.
Pod terete, flattish, or 4 - 6-sided ; the valves 1 - 3-nerved. Seeds oblong,
marginless. Cotyledons incumbent. Calyx open. — Flowers small, white or
yellow. (An ancient Greek name for some plant of this family. )
#6 CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)
1. S. OFFicixALE, Scop. (HEDGE MUSTARD.) Leaves -nnirinate; flow-
ers very small, pule yellow ; pods close pressed to the stem, awl-shaped, scarcely
stalked. (1) — Waste places. May -Sept. — An unsightly, branched weed,
2° -3° liigh. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. S. THALIANUM, Gaud. (MOUSE-EAR CRESS.) Leaves obovate or oblong,
entire or barely toothed; flowers white; pods linear, somewhat 4-sided, longer
than the slender spreading pedicels. @ — Old fields and rocks, Massachusetts
to Kentucky, &<•. April, May. — A span high, slender, branched, hairy at the
base. (Nat. from Eu.)
3. S. canesceiis, Nutt. (TANSY MUSTARD.) Leaves 2-pinnati/id, the
diviMons small and toothed; flowers whitish or yellowish, very small ; pods in
long racemes, oblong or rather club-shaped, not longer than the spreading pedi-
cels ; seeds irregularly in 2 rows in each cell, (j) — Penn. and Ohio to Wiscon-
sin, and southward and westward. — Slender, 1° high, often hoary-pubescent.
11. SIN APIS, Tourn. MUSTARD.
Pod nearly terete, with a stout beak (which is either empty or 1 -seeded) ; the
valves 3-5- (rarely 1-) nerved. Seeds globose, one-rowed. Cotyledons incum-
bent, folded around the radicle. Calyx open. — Annuals or biennials, with yel-
low flowers. Lower leaves lyrate, incised, or pinnatifid. (Greek name Su/cnri,
which is said to come from the Celtic nap, a turnip.)
1. S. ALBA, L. (WHITE MUSTARD.) Pods bristly, turgid, on spreading
pedicels, shorter than the sword-shaped one-seeded beak; leaves all pinnatifid. —
(Cult, and adv. from Eu.)
2. S. ARVENSIS, L. (FIELD MUSTARD. CHARLOCK.) Pods smooth, knot-
ty, about thrice, the length of the conical 2-edged usually empty leak ; upper leaves
merely toothed. — A noxious weed in cultivated fields, New York and Wiscon-
sin. (Adv. from Eu.)
3. S. N!GRA, L. (BLACK MUSTARD.) Pods smooth, 4-corinrrd (tin- rulrm
\-nerved only), appressed, tipped with a slender persistent style (rather than beak ) ;
leaves lyrate or lobed, the upper narrow and entire. — Fields and waste places.
The acrid seeds furnish the mustard of our tables, &c. (Adv. from Eu.)
12. DRAB A, L. WHITLOW-GRASS.
Pouch oval, oblong, or even linear, flat; the valves plane or slightly convex,
1-3-ncrved: partition broad. Seeds several or numerous, in 2 rows in each
cell, marginlcs*. Cotyledons accumbcnt. Calyx equal. Filaments not toothed.
— Low herbs, with entire or toothed leaves, and white or yellow flowers. Pu-
bescence mostly stellate. (Name from 8pa/3f/, acrid, in allusion to the pungency
of the leaves.)
§ 1. DRAB A, DC. — Petah undivided.
* Perennial, tufted, leafy-stemmed: flowers white : pods twisted when ripe.
1. D. rnmoSiSSinia, Dcsv. Diffusely much branched (5'- 8' high),
pubescent ; leaves laciniate-toothed, linear-lanceolate, the lower oblanccolate ; ra-
(MUSTARD FAMILY.) 37
cemes corymbose-branched; pods hairy, oval-oblong or lanceolate (2" -5" long),
on slender pedicels, tipped with a long style. — Cliffs, Harper's Ferry, Natural
Bridge, &c., Virginia, to Kentucky River, and southward. April, May.
2 D. aiMibisans, Michx. Slightly pubescent ; flowering stems (6' -10
high) erect and mostly simple; leaves oblong-lanceolate, linear, or the lower spatu-
late, spariny'ty toothed; racemes short, usually simple; pods glabrous, oblong-
lanceolate (5" -6" long), on rather short pedicels, tipped with a very short style.
— Rocky banks, Vermont, Northern New York, Upper Michigan, and north-
ward. May, June. — Petals large.
* * Annual or biennial : leafy stems short : flowers white or in No. 4 yellow : style
none. (Leaves oblong or obovate, hairy, sessile.)
3. D. bracliycarpa, Nutt. Low (2' -4' high), minutely pubescent,
stems leafy to the base of the dense, at length elongated raceme ;' leaves narrowly
oblong or the lowest ovate (2^"-4" long), few-toothed or entire ; flowers small ;
pods smooth, narrowly oblong, acutlsh (2" long), about the length of the ascending
pedicels. — Dry hills, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. April.
4. D. nemorosa, L. Leaves oblong or somewhat lanceolate, more
or less toothed ; racemes elongated (4'- 8' long in fruit) ; petals cmarginate, small ;
pods elliptical-oblong, half the length of the horizontally spreading pedicels, pubescent
(D. nemoralis, Ehrh.), or smooth (D. lutea, DC.). — Fort Gratiot, Michigan,
and northward. (Eu.)
5. D. cimeifoiia, Nutt. Leaves obovate, wedge-shaped, or the lowest
spatulate, toothed; raceme somewhat elongated in fruit (l'-3'), at length equal-
ling the naked peduncle ; petals emarginate, much longer than the calyx ; pods
obi ou (j -linear, minutely hairy t longer than the horizontal pedicels. — Grassy places,
Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. March, April.
6. D. Caroliniatia, Walt. Small (l'-4' high); leaves obovate, most-
ly entire ; peduncles scape-like ; petals twice the length of the calyx ; raceme
short or corymbose in fruit (£'-!' long) ; pods broadly linear, smooth, much longer
than the ascending pedicels. — Sandy fields, Rhode Island to Illinois, and
southward. March - June.
7. I>. micr«tntlia, Nutt. Pods minutely hairy ; flowers small or minute;
raceme sometimes elongated ; otherwise as in No. 6, of which Mr. Bebb proves
it to be a variety. — From Wisconsin southwestward.
$ 2. ER6PHILA, DC. — Petals 2-cleft. (Annual or biennial: flowers white.)
8. D. vcrna, L. (WHITLOW-GRASS.) Small (scapes l'-3'high) ; leaves
all radical, oblong or lanceolate ; racemes elongated in fruit ; pods varying from
round-oval to oblong-lanceolate, smooth, shorter than the pedicels. — Sandy
waste places and road-sides : not common. April, May. — Not found north of
Lower Canada. The same as the plant of Europe, and perhaps introduced.
(Eu.)
13. VESICAR1A, Lam. BLADDER-POD.
Pouch globular and inflated, or more or less flattened parallel to the orbicular
partition ; the hemispherical or convex thin valves nerveless. Seeds few or ec v-
38 CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)
eral, flat. Cotyledons accumbent. Filaments toothless. — Low herbs, pubes-
cent or hoary with stellate hairs. Flowers mostly yellow. (Name from tv.s/m,
a bladder, from the inflate 1 pods.)
1. V, Sll6l'tii, Ton-. & Gray. Annual, decumbent, slender, somewhat
hoary; leaves oblong, entire or repand ; raceme loose ; style filiform, longer than
the (immature) small and caiiuinnt spherical pod ; seeds not marij'nud, 1 -2 in each
cell. — Rocky hanks of Elkhora Creek, near Lexington, Kentucky, Short.
2. V.I Lcsciirii, n. sp. Somewhat pubescent, but green ; stems diffusely
ascending from a biennial root: leaves oblong or oval, sparingly toothed, those
of the stem half-clasping by a sanittnte base; racemes elongated, many-flowered ;
pedicels ascending; filaments inflated at the base; style half the, lem/th of the his-
pid orbicular or broadly oval flattened pod; seeds wing-margined, 1-4 in each
cell. — Hills near Nashville. Tennessee, Leo Lesquereux. April, May. — Flow-
ers golden yellow. Pods so flat that, as far as they arc concerned, the species
should rather belong to Alyssum. Plant to be sought in Southern Kentucky.
14. CAMEL.INA, Crantz. FALSE FLAX.
Pouch obovoid or pear-shaped, pointed, turgid, flattish parallel to the broad
partition: valves 1 -nerved. Seeds numerous, oblong. Cotyledons incumbent.
Style slender. Flowers small, yellow. (Name from xaP^^ dwarf, and \lvov,
flax. It has been fancied to be a sort of degenerate flax.)
1. C. SAT!VA, Crantz. Leaves lanceolate, arrow-shaped; pods margined,
large. (J) — Flax-fields, &c. A noxious weed. (Adv. from Eu.)
15. L.EPIDIUIW, L. PEPPERWORT. PEPPERGRASS.
Pouch roundish, much flattened contrary to the narrow partition, usually
notched at the apex ; the valves boat-shaped and keeled. Seeds 1 in each cell,
pendulous. Cotyledons incumbent or in No. 1 accumbent! Flowers small,
white. Stamens often only two ! (Name from Xf7ri'8ioi>, a little scale, alluding
to the small flat pods.) Ours arc annuals or biennials.
1. I^» Virginicum, L. (WILD PEPPERGRASS.) Pods orbicular, irinn-
less, notched ; cotyledons accumbent ; upper leaves lanceolate, toothed or incised ;
the lowest pinnatifid; petals 4; stamens 2. Road-sides. June -Sept. — A
weed which has immigrated from farther South.
2. L.. intermedium, Gray. Cotyledons incumbent ; upper leaves linear
or lanceolate, entire: otherwise like No. 1. — From Michigan northward and
Bouthwestward. — Petals often thrice the length of the calyx.
3. It, RUDER\LE, L. Pods oval and smaller; cotyledons incumbent; petals
none; stem? diffusely much branched: otherwise much as in No. 1. — Road-
sides, near towns ; sparingly. (Adv. from Eu.)
4. JL. CAMi'ESTttE, L. Pods ovate, wim/fd, roinjh with minute scales, notched;
leaves arrow-shaped, toothed, downy; stamens 6. Fields, sparing from Massa-
chusetts to Delaware. (Adv. from Eu.)
I
(MUSTARD FAMILY.) 39
1C. CAFSEL.1LA, Vent. SHEPHERD'S PURSE.
Pouch inversely heart-shaped-triangular, flattened contrary to the narrow par-
tition ; the valves boat-shaped, wingless. Seeds numerous. Cotyledons incum-
bent. — Annuals : flowers small, white. (Name a diminutive of capsula, a pod.)
1. C. BURSA-PASTORIS, Moench. Root-leaves clustered, pinnatifid or
toothed ; stem-leaves arrow-shaped, sessile. — Waste places ; the commonest of
weeds. April -Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)
17. SUBU£,ARIA, L. AWLWORT.
Pouch oval, turgid, somewhat flattened contrary to the broad partition. Seeds
several. Cotyledons long and narrow, incumbently folded transversely, i. e.
the cleft extending to the radicular side of the curvature. Style none. — A
dwarf stemless perennial, aquatic ; the tufted leaves awl-shaped (whence the
name). Scape naked, few-flowered, l'-3' high. Flowers minute, white.
1 . S. aqmUica, L. — Lakes ; Maine, K Hamp. (TucTcerman.) (Eu.)
18. SE1VEBIERA, DC. WART-CRESS. SWINE-CRESS.
Pouch flattened contrary to the narrow partition ; the two cells indehiscent,
but falling away at maturity from the partition as closed nutlets, strongly wrin-
kled or tuberculate, 1 -seeded. Cotyledons as in the last. — Low and diffuse or
prostrate annuals or biennials, with minute whitish flowers. Stamens often only
2. (Dedicated to Senebier, a distinguished vegetable physiologist.)
1. S. (tidy ma, Pers. Leaves 1 - 2-pinnately parted; pods notched at the
apex, rough-wrinkled. (S. pinnatifida, DC. Lepidium didymum, L.) — Waste
places, at ports, &c., Virginia and Carolina : an immigrant from farther South.
2. S. CORON6PUS, DC. Leaves less divided, with narrower lobes; pods not
notched at the apex, tubercled. Virginia, Pursh. Rhode Island, Robbins. (Adv.
from Eu.)
19. CAKIL.E, Toura. SEA-ROCKET.
Pod short, 2-jointed across, angular, fleshy, the upper joint flattened at the
apex, separating at maturity; each indehiscent and 1-celled, 1-seeded; the lower
sometimes seedless. Seed erect in the upper, suspended in the lower joint.
Cotyledons rather obliquely accumbent. — Sea-side, branching, fleshy annuals.
Flowers purplish. (An old Arabic name.)
1. C. Americana, Nutt. (AMERICAN SEA-ROCKET.) Leaves obo-
vate sinuate and toothed ; lower joint of the fruit obovoid, emarginate ; the
upper ovate, tiattish at the apex. — Coast of the Northern States and of the
Great Lakes. July -Sept. — Joints nearly even and fleshy when fresh; the
upper one 4-angled and appearing more beaked when dry.
2O. RAPHANUS, L. RADISH.
Pods linear or oblong, tapeiing upwards, 2-jointed ; the lower joint often seed-
less and stalk-like ; the upper necklace-form by constriction between the seeds,
40 CAPPARIDACE^E. (CAPER FAMILY.)
with no proper partition. Style long. Seeds as in the Mustard Tribe. — An-
nuals or biennials. (The ancient Greek name from pa, quickly, and <paiva>, to
appear, alluding to the rapid germination.)
1. B. RAPHANfSTRUM, L. (WlLD RADISH. JOINTED CHARLOCK.) Pods
necklace-form, long-beaked ; leaves lyre-shaped, rough ; petals yellow, turning
whitish or purplish, veiny. — A troublesome weed iu fields, in E. New England
and New York. (Adv. from Eu.)
The most familiar representatives of this order in cultivation, not already
mentioned, are
CHEIRANTHUS CHEIRI, the well-known WALL-FLOWER.
MATTHfoLA ANNUA, and other sorts of STOCK.
HESPERIS MATRONALIS, the ROCKET, which begins to escape from gardens.
BRASSICA OLER\CEA, of which the CABBAGE, KOIIL-RABI, CAULIFLOWER,
and BROCCOLI are forms : B. CAMPESTRIS, which furnishes the SWEDISH TUR-
NIP or RUTABAGA : and B. RA.PA, the COMMON TURNIP. The latter become*
spontaneous for a year or two in fields where it has been raised.
RAPHANUS SATIVUS, the RADISH ; inclines sometimes to be spontaneous.
LUNA.RIA BIENNIS, the MOONWORT or HONESTY, with its broad flat pods.
IBERIS UMBELLATA, the CANDY-TUFT, and ALYSSUM MARITIMUM, the
SWEET ALYSSUM.
LspfDiuM SATIVUM, the cultivated PEPPERGRASS.
ISATIS TINCT6RIA, the WOAD, of the division Nucumentacece, having inde-
hiscent 1 -celled fruit.
ORDER 13. CAPPARIDACE^. (CAPER FAMILY.)
Herbs (when in northern regions), with cruciform flowers, but 6 or more
not tetradynamous stamens, a l-celled pod with 2 parietal placentas, and kid-
ney-shaped seeds. — Pod as in Cruciferas, but with no partition, often
stalked : seeds similar, but the embryo coiled rather than folded. — L
alternate, mostly pabnately compound. — Often with the acrid or pungent
qualities of Cruciferce (as is familiar in capers, the flower-buds of Cappa-
ris spinosa) ; also commonly bitter and nauseous. Represented within our
limits only by the following plant
1. POL AN I SI A, Raf. POLANISIA.
Sepals 4. Petals 4, with claws, notched at the apex. Stamens 8 - 32, une-
qual. Receptacle not elongated, bearing a gland behind the base of the ovary.
Pod stalkless or nearly so, linear or oblong, veiny, turgid, many-so-drd. —
Fetid annuals, with glandular or clammy hairs. Flowers in leafy rarmn-s.
(Name from TTO\VS, mam/, and aviaos, unequal, points in which the genus differs
in its stamens from Cleome.)
1. P. graveolens, Raf. Leaves with 3 oblong leaflets ; stamens about
11, scarcely exceeding the petals; style short; pod slightly stalked. — Gravelly
(VIOLET FAMILY.) 41
shores, from Connecticut and Vermont to "Wisconsin and Kentucky. June-
Aug. — Flowers small: calyx and filaments purplish: petals yellowish-
white.
ORDER 14. RESEDACE^E. (MIGNONETTE FAMILY.)
Herbs, with unsymmetrical 4 - 7-merous small flowers, with a fleshy one-
sided hypogynous disk between the petals and the (3-40) stamens, bearing
the latter. Calyx not closed in the bud. Pod 3 - 6-lobed, 3 - Q-horned, 1-
celled with 3-6 parietal placentce, opening at the top before the seeds (which
are as in Order 13) are full grown. — Leaves alternate. Flowers in ter-
minal spikes or racemes. — A small and unimportant family, of the Old
World, represented by the Mignonette (Reseda odorata) and the Dyer's
Weed.
1. RESEDA, L. MIGNONETTE. DYER'S ROCKET.
Petals 4-7, often cleft, unequal. Stamens 12 -40, turned to one side. (De-
riv. from resedo, to calm or assuage, in allusion to supposed sedative properties.)
1. K. LUTEOLA, L. (DYER'S WEED or WELD.) Leaves lanceolate; ca-
lyx 4-parted ; petals 4, greenish-yellow ; the upper one 3 - 5-cleft, the two lateral
3-cleft, the lower one linear and entire ; pods depressed, (i) — Road-sides in W.
New York, £c. — Plant 2° high. Used for dyeing yellow. (Adv. from Eu.)
ORDER 15. VIOLACE^E. (VIOLET FAMILY.)
Herbs, with a somewhat irregular l-spurred corolla of 5 jietals, 5 hypogy-
nous stamens with adnate introrse anthers conniving over the pistil, and a 1-
celled 3-valved pod with 3 parietal placentce. — Sepals 5, persistent. Petals
imbricated in the bud. Stamens with their short and broad filaments con-
tinued beyond the anther-cells, and often coherent with each other. Style
usually club-shaped, with the simple stigma turned to one side and hol-
low. Valves of the capsule bearing the several-seeded placentas on their
middle. Seeds anatropous, rather large, with a hard seed-coat, and a large
and straight embryo nearly as long as the albumen: cotyledons flat. —
Leaves alternate, with stipules. Flowers axillary, nodding. (Roots slight-
ly acrid, or emetic.) — Two genera in the Northern United States.
1. SO LEA, Ging., DC. GREEN VIOLET.
Sepals not prolonged at the base. Petals nearly equal in length, but the low-
er one larger and gibbous or saccate at the base, more notched than the others
at the apex. Stamens completely united into a sheath enclosing the ovary, and
bearing a broad gland on the lower side. Style hooked at the summit. — A
homely perennial herb, with stems leafy to the top, and 1-3 small greenish-
white flowers in the axils, on short recurved pedicels. (Named in honor of W.
Sole, author of an essay on the British Mints.)
4*
42 VIOLACE^E. (VIOLET FAMILY.)
1. S. Ctincolor, Ging. (Viola concolor, Pursh, &c.) — Woods, New
York to Illinois and southward. Juno. — Plant 1°- 2° high. Loaves oblong,
pointed at both ends, entire. Pod 1' long: after opening, each valve as it dries
folds together lengthwise firmly, projecting the large round seeds to a consider-
able distance. The same thing occurs in many Violets. -,^; * .-•_,
2. ViOI/A, L. VIOLET. HEARTS-EASE.
ff*. <."•' ' -L/ . ' V v i ' '•••* •• i •" J . ~: : A
Sepals extended or eared at the base. Petals somewhat unequal, the lower
one spurred at the base. Stamens closely surrounding the ovary, often slightly
cohering with each other; the two lower ones bearing spurs which project into
the spur of the corolla. (The ancient Latin name of the genus.)
* Stemless ; the leaves and scapes all from subterranean or prostrate rootstocks ; peren-
nial. ( Commonly producing apetalous flowers all summer lony, on shorter peduncles
concealed under the leaves, or on runners : these ripen seed much more freely than
the ordinary blossoms.)
•»- Flowers light yellow (small ; spur very short).
1. V. rotundifolia, Michx. (BOUND-LEAVED VIOLET.) Leaves
ronnd-ovate, heart-shaped, slightly crenate ; lateral petals bearded and marked
with brown lines. — Cold woods, Maine to Michigan, and south along the Allo-
ghanies. April, May. — Smoothish : leaves 1' broad at flowering, increasing to
3' or 4' in the summer, then close pressed to the ground, shining above.
•»- •«— Flowers white ; the lower petals veined with lilac : spur short.
2. V. lanceolata, L. (LANCE-LEAVED VIOLET.) Smooth; leaves
lanceolate, erect, blunt, tapering into a lony petiole, almost entire ; petals beardless.
— Damp soil, Maine to Illinois, Kentucky, and southward ; common near the
coast. May.
3. V. priniulaefolia, L. (PRIMROSE-LEAVED VIOLET.) Smooth or
a little pubescent ; leaves oblong or ovate, abrupt or somewhat heart-ahaptd at the
base; petals often acute, the lateral ones usually sparingly bearded. (V. acuta,
Bigelow.) — Damp soil ; with No. 2 : intermediate between it and No. 4.
4. V. 1>I:tmln, Willd. (SWEET WHITE VIOLET.) Leaves round-Jnart-
shaped or kidney-form, minutely pubescent; petals beardless. — Damp places,
Maine to Wisconsin and Kentucky. April, May. — Flowers small, faintly
sweet-scented.
-«- t- •*- Flowers violet or blue.
5. V. palustris, L. (MARSH VIOLET.) Smooth ; leaves round-heart-
shaped and kidney-form, slightly crenate; flowers (small) pale lilac with ptirplo
streaks, nearly beardless; spur very short and obtuse. — Alpine summits of the-
White Mountains, New Hampshire ; June. (Eu.)
6. V. Sclkirkii, Goldic. (GREAT-SPURRED VIOLET.) Leaves round-
hcart -shaped with a deep narrowed sinus, hairy abov*, lying flat on the ground ;
spur marhi <is lonq as the beardless petals, thickened at the end; anther-spurs very
long. — Shaded hills, W. Massachusetts and the adjacent parts of New York,
thence northward. May. — A rare and delicate species, 2' high; the flower*
large in proportion.
VIOLACE^E. (VIOLET FAMILY.) 4.3
7. V. CUCUllata, Ait. (COMMON BLUE VIOLET.) Leaves all long-
petiolcd and upright, heart-shaped with a broad sinus, varying to kidney-shaped and
dilated-triangular, smooth, or more or less pubescent, the sides at the base rolled
inwards when young, obtusely serrate; lateral, and often the lower petals bearded-,
spur short and thick; stigma obscurely beaked or beaklcss. — Low grounds,
common everywhere. April -June. — Very variable in size, &c. and in the
color and size of the (usually large) flowers, which arc deep or pale violet-blue
or purple, sometimes nearly white, or variegated with white. Scapes 3' -10'
high. Passes by intermediate forms of all sorts into
Var. palsifiata. (HAND-LEAF VIOLET.) Leaves variously 3-7-cleJl or
parted, or the earlier ones entire on the same individual. (V. palmata, L.) —
Common, especially southward.
8. V. villdsa, Walt., Nutt. (HAIRY VIOLET.) Leaves mostly short-
petioled and lying flat on the ground, orbicular or round-heart-shaped with a narrow
or closed sinus, hairy especially above, or nearly smooth, thickish ; lateral and
mostly the lower petals bearded ; spur short and thick ; stigma beaked. ( V.
cordifolia, Schwein. V. sororia, Le Conte, &c., scarcely of Willd.) — Dry hills
and woods, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and southward. April, May. — Smaller
than the last, 2' -4' high: "corolla reddish-blue." Probably only a round-
leaved variety of the next.
9. V. sagittfifa, Ait. (ARROW-LEAVED VIOLET.) Smoothish or
hairy ; leaves on shoi't and margined, or the later often on long and naked petioles,
varying from oblong-heart-shaped to halberd-shaped, arrow-shaped, oblong-lanceolate
or ovate, denticulate, sometimes cut-toothed near the base, the lateral or occasion-
ally all the (purple-blue) petals bearded; spur short and thick; stigma beaked.
(V. ovata, Nutt., & V emarginata, Le Conte, are states of this variable species.)
— Dry or moist open places, New England to Illinois and southward. April,
May. — Flowers rather large.
10. V. delpliinifdlia, Nutt. (LARKSPUR VIOLET.) Leaves all pal-
mately or pedately 5-7-parted, the divisions 2- 3-cleft ; lobes linear; lateral petals
bearded,- stigma short-beaked. — Rich prairie soil, Illinois and westward. April.
— Mui-h resembles the next.
11. V. peclata, L. (BIRD-FOOT VIOLET.) Nearly smooth; leaves all
3-5-divided, or the earliest only parted, the lateral divisions 2-3-parted, all
linear or narrowly spatulate, sometimes 2-3-toothed or cut at the apex; petals
beardless; stigma nearly beakless. — Sandy or gravelly soil, New England to
Illinois and southward May. — Flower large and handsome, 1' broad, pale or
deep lilac-purple or blue; the two upper petals sometimes deep violet and vel-
vety like a Pansy.
* * Leafy-stemmed, from subterranean perennial root stocks.
- Stems leafy from the base to the summit, branching ; flowers not yellow, sometimes
produced all summer long.
12. V. rostrata, Pursh. (LONG-SPURRED VIOLET.) Stems ascending
(3' -6' high); leaves roundish-heart-shaped, serrate, the upper acute; stipules
lanceolate, fringe-toothed, large ; spur slender, longer than the pale violet beardless
petals ; style straight and slender ; stigma terminal, beakless. — Shaded hill-
44 VIOLACEjE. (VIOLFT FAMILY.)
sides, Maine to Ohio and Kentucky ; rare. June, July. — Spu:' £' long. An-
ther-spurs also very long.
13. V. Mulaleiibergii, Torr. (AMERICAN DOG VIOLET.) Stems
ascending (3' - 7' long), at length with creeping branches ; leaves round-heart-
shaped, or the lowest kidney-form, eremite, the uppermost slightly pointed;
stipules lanceolate, fringe-toothed; spur cylindrical, about half the Imyth of the
pale violet petals, the lateral ones slightly bearded ; stigma beaked. — Shaded wet
places ; common. May, June.
14. V. Striitta, Ait. (PALE VIOLET.) Stems angular, ascending,
branching (6 -10' high); leaves heart-shaped, finely serrate, often acute; sti-
pules oblong-lanceolate, large, strongly fringe-toothed ; spur thickish, much shorter
tiian the cream-colored petals, the lateral ones bearded, the lower striped with
purplish lines; stigma beaked. — Low grounds ; common, especially westward.
April -Oct.
15. V. Canadensis, L. (CANADA VIOLET.) Upright (1°- 2° high);
leaves heart-shaped, pointed, serrate ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire ; petals white
or whitish inside, the upper ones tinged with violet beneath, the lateral bearded ;
spur very short ; stigma beaklcss, hairy on each side. — Rich woods ; common
northward and along the Alleghanies. May - Aug.
+- H- Stems mostly simple, erect, naked below, and 2 — 4-leaved above : stipules nearly
entire : flowers yellow : stigma not beaked, but bearded on each side.
16. V. piitwscens, Ait. (DOWNY YELLOW VIOLET.) Softly pubes-
cent (6' -12' high) ; leaves very broadly heart-shaped, toothed, somewhat pointed;
stipules ovate or ovate-lanceolate, large ; spur extremely short ; lower petals
veined with purple. — Woods ; common. May - Aug.
Var. eriocdrpa, Nutt. More pubescent? stout, l°-2°high; pods wool-
ly. (V. erioearpa, Schwein.) — Common westward.
Var. ScabrillSCllla, Torr. & Gray. Smaller and greener, slightly
pubescent; stems often decumbent ^-10' high). — Rhode Island to Ohio and
Kentucky.
17. V. liastuta, Michx. (HALBERD-LEAVED VIOLET.) Nearly gla-
brous, slender (4' -10' high) ; stem-leaves halberd-shaped, slightly serrate, acute ;
stipules ovate, small; spur very short. — Mountains of Pennsylvania and south-
ward. June.
* * * Leafy-stemmed annuals or biennials : the 4 ripper petals ascending.
18. V. TRf COLOR, L. (PANSY. HEART'S-EASE.) Stem angled and
branched; leaves roundish, or the upper oval and the lowest heart-shaped, < -re-
Bate or entire; stipules very large and leaf-like, lyrate-pinnatifid ; pel tils vari-
able in color or variegated (yellow, whitish, violet-blue and purple) ; — in var.
ARVEN8I8 shorter or rather longer than the calyx. — Dry or sandy soil, New
York to Kentucky and southward : doubtless only a small state of the Garden
Pansy run wild. (Nat. from Eu.)
V. OI*OR\TA, the SWEET VIOLET of Europe, which far excels all the Amer-
ican species in fragrance, sometimes grows spontaneously near dwellings.
. (ROCK-HOSE FAMILY.) 45
ORDER 16. CIST ACE JE. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.)
Low shrubs or herbs, with regular flowers, distinct and hypogynous mostly
indefinite stamens, a persistent calyx, a 1-celled 3 - 5-valved pod with as many
parietal placentae borne on the middle of the valves, and orthotropous albu-
minous seeds. — Sepals 5 ; the two external small, like bracts, or sometimes
wanting ; the three others a little twisted in the bud. Petals 3 or 5, usu-
ally fugacious, convolute in the opposite direction from the calyx in the
bud. Anthers short, innate, on slender filaments. Style single or none.
Ovules few or many, on slender stalks, with the orifice at their apex. Em-
bryo long and slender, straightish or curved, in mealy albumen : cotyledons
narrow. — Leaves simple and mostly entire, the lower usually opposite, and
the upper alternate. (Inert plants. A small family : mostly of the Medi-
terranean region.)
Synopsis.
1. HELIANTIIEMUM. Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious. Stamens and ovules nu-
merous in the petal-bearing flowers. Style none.
2. HUDSONIA. Petals 5, fugacious. Stamens 9-30. Style long and slender. Pod strictly
1-celled, 2- 6-eeeded.
J| LECHEA. Petals 3, persistent. Stamens 3-12. Style none. Pod partly 8-celled, the
imperfect partitions bearing broad 2-seeded placenta;.
1. IIEL.IANTHEITIU1TI, Tourn. ROCK-ROSE.
Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious. Style short or none : stigma 3-
lobed. Capsule strictly 1-celled. Embryo curved in the form of a hook or
ring. — Flowers in most N. American species of two sorts, viz., 1. the primary,
or earliest ones, with large petals, indefinitely numerous stamens, and many-
seeded pods : 2. secondary, or later ones, which are much smaller and in clus-
ters, with small petals or none, 3-10 stamens, and much smaller 3 -few-seeded
pods. The yellow flowers open only once, in sunshine, and cast their petals by
the next day. (Name from 77X105, the sun, and avdepov, flower.)
1. H. Canadense, Michx. (FROST-WEED.) Petal-bearing flowers soli-
tary ; the small secondary flowers clustered in the axils of the leaves, nearly sessile ;
calyx of the large flowers hairy-pubescent ; of the small ones hoary, like the stem
and lower side of the lanceolate-oblong leaves. — A variety is more hoary, and
with a stronger tendency to multiply the minute clustered flowers. — Sandy or
gravelly dry soil, Maine to Wisconsin and southward, but rare west of the Alle-
ghanios. June -Aug. — Stems at first simple. Corolla of the large flowers 1'
wide, producing pods 3" long : pods of the smaller flowers not larger than a
pin's head. — Late in autumn, crystals of ice shoot from the cracked bark at the
root, whence the popular name.
2. H. corynlfodsiim, Michx. Flowers all clustered at the summit of the
stem or branches, the petal-bearing ones at length on slender stalks : calyx
woolly. — Pine ban-ens, New Jersey and southward along the coast.
46 CISTACE^E. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.)
2. IIUDSOXIA, L. HUDSONIA.
Petals 5, fugacious (lasting hut a day), much larger than the calyx Stamens
9-30. Style long and slender : stigma minute. Pod oblong, enclosed in the
calyx, strictly 1-celled, with 1 or 2 seeds attached near the base of each nerve-
like placenta. Kmbryo coiled into the form of a closed hook. — Bushy heatk-
like little shruhs (seldom a foot high), covered all over with the smxll awl-
shaped or scale-like persistent downy leaves, producing numerous (small but
showy) bright yellow flowers crowded along the upper part of the branches.
(Named in honor of Hudson, an English botanist contemporary with Lin-
naeus.)
1. II. ericoides, L. Downy but greenish; leaves awl-shaped, loose;
flowers on slender naked stalks. — Diy sandy soil near the coast, Maine to Vir-
ginia : extending interior as far as Con way, New Hampshire. May.
2. II. tomeiltosa, Nutt. Hoary with down; leaves oval or oblong,
close-pressed and imbricated ; flowers sessile. — Sandy coasts from Maine to
Maryland, and on the Great Lakes from Champlain to Superior. May, June.
— Flowers 5" broad.
3. LKCIIEA, L. PINWEED.
Petals 3, narrow, flat in the bud : not longer than the calyx, withering-persist-
ent. Stamens 3-12. Style scarcely any : stigmas 3, plumose. Pod globular,
appearing partly 3-cclled ; the 3 broad and thin placenta; borne on impeifcct
partitions, each bearing 2 seeds on the face towards the valve : in our species,
the placenta; curve backwards and partly enclose the seeds. Embryo straight-
ish. — Homely perennial herbs, with very small greenish or purplish flowers.
(Named in honor of Leche, a Swedish botanist.)
1. JL. major, Michx. Hairy; stem upright, simple, producing slender
prostrate branches from the base; leaves elliptical, mucronate-pointed, alternate
and opposite or sometimes whorled; flowers densely crowded in panieled clusters ;
pedicels shorter than the globose-depressed (very small) pods. — Sterile wood-
lands; Maine to Kentucky and southward, chiefly eastward. July -Sept. —
Plant l°-2° high, stout.
2. Jj. tliyillifolia, Pursh. Hoary with appresscd hairs, especially the
decumbent stout leafy shoots from the base ; flowering stems ascending,
loosely branched, with the leaves linear or oblanccolatc ; those, of the. shintx ( ///)>-
tit-al, whorled, crowded ; flowers scattered in small and loose clusters ; pedicels
as long as the globose pods. — Sandy coast, Maine to New Jersey and south-
ward. July -Sept. — Scarcely a foot high, tufted, rigid ; the pods Inruer than
in No. 1.
3. It. minor, Lam. Minutely h<n'n/; stems slender, upright or ditVuse ;
leafy shoots densely tufted at the base; leaves linear ; flowers /«*,/// nn-nntd on
the slender branchlets; pedicels mostly longer than the globose pods. — Dry
open soil; common. June-Sept. — Plant 5'-15' high, slender, running into
numberless variations according to the soil, season, and exposure. Podi small-
er than in No. 2.
DROSERACEJE. (SUNDEW FAMILY.) 47
ORDER 17. DROSERACE^E. (SUNDEW FAMILY.)
Bog-herbs, mostly glandular-haired, ivith regular liypogynous flowers, pen*
tamerous and withering-persistent calyx, corolla, and stamens, the anthers
fixed ly their middle and turned outwards, and a 1-celled pod with twice as
many separate styles or stigmas as there are parietal placentce, — Calyx im-
bricated. Petals convolute. Seeds numerous, anatropous, with a short
and minute embryo at the base of the albumen. — Leaves circinate in the
bud, i. e. rolled up from the apex to the base as in Ferns. (A small fam-
ily, of no known qualities, except a slight bitterness, &c. ; the Sundews
impart a purple stain to paper in which they are dried.) Only one genus
within our limits, viz.
1. DROSERA, L. SUNDEW.
Stamens 5. Styles 3, or sometimes 5, deeply 2-parted so that they are taken
for 6 or 10, slender; stigrnatose above on the inner face. Pod globular or ob-
long, 3- (rarely 5-) valved, the valves bearing the numerous seeds on their mid-
dle for the whole length. — Low perennials; the leaves clothed with i eddish
gland-bearing bristles, in our species all in a tuft at the base ; the naked scape
bearing the flowers in a 1 -sided raceme-like inflorescence, which nods at the un-
developed apex, so that the fresh-blown flower (which opens only in sunshine)
is always highest. (The glands of the leaves exude drops of a clear fluid, glit-
tering like dew-drops, whence the name, from dpoafpos, dewy.)
1. I>. rotunilifolia, L. (ROUND-LEAVED SUNDEW.) Leaves orbicu-
lar, abruptly nan-owed into the spreading hairy petioles; seeds spindle-shaped,
the coat loose and chaff-like ; flowers white, the parts sometimes in sixes. —
Peat-bogs, common, especially northward. July -Aug. (Eu.)
2. I>. loeigifolia., L. Leaves spatulate-oblong, tapering into the long rather
erect naked petioles ; seeds oblong, with a rough close coat ; flowers white.
(1). intermedia, Jfayne.) — Bogs, chiefly northward and eastward. June -Aug.
— Plant raised on its prolonged caudex when growing in water. (Eu.)
3. I>. liucaris, Goldie. (SLENDER SUNDEW.) Leaves linear, obtuse,
the blade (2' -3' long, scarcely 2" wide) on naked erect petioles about the same
length ; seeds oblong, with a smooth and perfectly close coat; flowers white. —
Shore of Lake Superior. July.
4. I>. fiiiformis, Raf. (THREAD-LEAVED SUNDEW.) Leaves very long
and filiform, erect, witli no distinction between the blade and the stalk ; seeds
spindle-shaped; flowers numerous, purple rose-color (^' broad). — Wet sand,
near the coast, Plymouth, Massachusetts, to New Jerwsy, Delaware, and south-
ward. Aug. — Scapes 6' - 12' high ; and the singular leaves nearly as long.
DION.EA MuscfpuLA, Ellis, the VENUS'S FLY-TRAP, — so noted for the ex-
traordinary irritability of its leaves, closing forcibly at the touch, — is a native
of the sandy savannas of the eastern part of North Carolina. It differs in sev-
eral respects from the character of the order given above ; the stamens being 15,
the styles united into one, and the seeds all at the base of the pod.
48 HYPERICACE^E. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.)
ORDER 18. PARNASSIACE^E. (PARNASSIA FAMILY.)
Character that of the single genus Parnassia, technically most like
but the leaves alternate and dotless, — sometimes clearly
and therefore perhaps nearer Saxifragaceae, — the 4 sessile
slif/mas situated directly over the parietal placenta !
1. PARJVASSIA, Tourn. GRASS OF PARNASSUS.
Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 5, veiny, spreading, at
length deciduous, imbricated in the hud : a cluster of somewhat united gland-
tipped sterile filaments at the base of each. Proper stamens 5, alternate with
the petals: filaments persistent: anthers opening inwards. Ovary 1-cellcd, with
4 projecting parietal placenta) : stigmas 4, sessile, directly over the placentae.
Pod 4-valved, the valves hearing the placentae on their middle. Seeds very nu-
merous, anatropous, with a thick wing-like seed-coat and no albumen. Embryo
straight : cotyledons very short. — Perennial smooth herbs, with the entire leaves
chiefly radical, and the solitary flowers terminating the long naked stems.
Petals white, with greenish or yellowish veins. (Named from Mount Parnassus :
called Grass of Parnassus by Dioscorides.)
1. P. palustlis, L. Petals sessile; rather longer than the calyx, few-
veined; sterile filaments 9 — 15 in each set, slender. — Shore of Lake Superior,
Upper Michigan, and northward. Aug. — Stalks 3' -10' high. Leaves all
heart-shaped. Flower nearly 1' broad. (Eu.)
2. P. C.irolitiifina, Michx. Petals sessile, more than twice the length
of the calyx, many-veined; sterile filaments 3 in each set, stout, distinct almost to
the base. — Wet banks, New England to Wisconsin and southward, especially
along the mountains. July -Sept. — Leaves thickish, ovate or rounded, often
lieiirt-shaped, usually but one on the stalk, and that low down and clasping,
Stalk 1°- 2° high. Flower !'-!£' broad.
3. P. asarifolia, Vent. Petal* abruptly contracted into a claw at the
b:i<e ; sterile. jil<iw< 'jits 3 in each set ; leaves round d lidin //-shaped : otherwise as in
No. 2. — High Alleghanies of Virginia, and southward.
ORDER 19. HYPERICACEJE. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.)
// ,-lx or shrills, with opposite entire dotted leaves and no stipules, rcyuhir
hypogynous flowers, the petals mostly oblique and convolute in the bud, and
infiii// or J'i ii' */<i/itt us commonly collected in 3 or more clusters or bun<ll< s.
Pod 1-i'fflrd irit/i 2-5 parietal placentce, and as IIKIII// styles, or 3-5-celled
by the union of (he placentce in the centre: dehiscence wpticidal. — Sepals 4
or 5, imbricated in the bud, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 4 or 5, mostly
deridnoiis. Pod 2-5- (rarely 6-7-) lobed, with as many prrsi>lrnt
styles, which are at first sometimes united. Seeds very numerous, small,
anatropous, with no albumen. Embryo cylindrical : the cotyledons very
HYPERICACE^E. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.) 49
short. — Plants with a resinous juice (of acrid and balsamic qualities),
dotted with pellucid or dark glands, usually smooth. Leaves mostly ses-
sile. Flowers solitary or cyrnose.
Synopsis.
1. ASCYRUM. Sepals 4, very unequal. Petals 4, oblique, convolute, yellow.
2. HYPERICUM. Sepals 5. Petals 5, oblique,, convolate, yellow.
8. ELODEA. Sepals 5. Petals 5, equal-sided, imbricated, naked, purplish. Glands 3-
1. ASCYRUM, L. ST. PETER'S-WORT.
Sepals 4 ; the 2 outer very broad and leaf-like ; the inner much smaller. Pet-
als 4, oblique, very deciduous, convolute in the bud. Stamens numerous ; the
filaments distinct and scarcely in clusters. Pod strictly 1-celled, 2-4-valved. —
Low, rather shrubby plants, with pale black-dotted leaves, and nearly solitary
pale yellow flowers. (Name from a, without, and cntvpos, roughness, being very
smooth plants.)
1. A. stilus, Michx. (Sx. PETER'S-WORT.) Stem simple or branched
above, 2-edged, l°-2° high, stout; leaves oval or oblong, somewhat clasping, thick
ish; petals obovate ; styles 3-4. — Pine barrens, Long Island, New Jersey, and
southward. July, Aug. — Flowers showy, almost sessile: outer sepals round-
heart-shaped.
2.* A. Crwx-AnclreiJe, L. (Si. ANDREAV'S CROSS.) Low, much
branched and decumbent ; leaves narrowly obovate-oblong, contracted at the base,
thin; petals linear-oblong; styles 2, very short; pod flat. — Pine barrens, New
Jersey to Illinois, and southward. July -Sept. — Petals scarcely exceeding
the outer sepals, approaching each other in pairs over them, in the form of a St,
Andrew's cross.
2. HYP ERIC UITI, L. ST. JOHN'S-WORT.
Sepals 5, somewhat equal. Petals 5, oblique, convolute in the bud. Stamens
numerous or few, united or clustered in 3-5 parcels: no interposed glands.
Pod 1- or 3-5-cclled. Seeds usually cylindrical. — Herbs or shrubs, with
cymose yellow flowers. (An ancient name, of obscure origin.)
$ 1. Stamens very numerous, 5-adelphous : pod 5- (rarely 6-7-) celled, with the pla-
centa turned far hick into the cells : herbaceous, perennial : Jlowers very largt
1. II. pyramidshtum, Ait. (GREAT ST. JOHN'S-WORT.) Branches
2 - 4-angled ; leaves ovate-oblong, partly clasping ; petals narrowly obovate. not,
deciduous until after they wither; stigmas capitate. — Banks of rivers, rare, W.
New England to Wisconsin and Illinois. July. — Plant 3° -5° high. Leaves
2' -3' long. Petals 1' long. Pod f long, conical.
§ 2. Stamens very numerous : pod 3 - 5-celled by the union of the placentae, which are
seed-bearing on the outer face.
* Shrubs, leafy to the top : styles (at first united) and cells of the pod 3 or 5 : calyx
leafy, spreading : stamens scarcely at all clustered-,
5
50 HYrEuiCACEjE. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY )
2. H. Kalllliftmim, L. Bushy, l°-3° high; branches 4-an»lod :
brim •'. - crowded, glaucous, oblanccolatc ; flowers few in a
i-lu-t-T ; /W> nr>i'e 5-cJ!(d. — Wet rocks, Niagara Falls and Northern lakes.
Aug. — Leaves 1 ' - 2 ' long. Flowers 1 ' wide.
3. II. prolificum, L. (SHRUBBY ST. JOHX'S-WORT.) Branehlcts 2-
iidtred ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, mostly obtuse, narrowed at the base; flowers
numerous, in simple or compound clusters ; pods oblong, 3-cell«l. — New Jersey
to Mi'.-higan, Illinois, and soutliward. July- Sept. — Shrub l°-4° high, with
long rather simple shoots, leaves 2' long and £' or more wide, and flowers :\' - 1
in diamct'.T. Varies greatly in size, &c.
Var. deiisifloriim. Exceedingly branched above, l°-6° high, the
branches slender and crowded with smaller leaves; flowers smaller (£' -§' in
diameter) and more numerous, in crowded compound cymes. (II. densiflomin,
& II. galioides, Pui-sh.) — Pine barrens of New Jersey, and glades of Western
Maryland, Kentucky, and southward.
* * Perennial herbs: styles (diverging) and cells of the pod 3 : petals and anthers
irilh black dots : calyx erect : stamens distinctly in 3 or 5 clusters.
4. H. PERFORATUM, L. (CoM3iON ST. JoHN's-woRT.) Stem much
branched and corymbed, somewhat 2-edged (producing runners from the base) ;
leaves elliptical-oblong or linear-oblong, with pellucid dots ; petals (deep yellow)
twice the length of the lanceolate acute sepals ; flowers numerous, in open leafy
cymes. — Pastures and meadows, &c. June -Sept. — Too well known every-
where as a pernicious weed, which it is difficult to extirpate. Its juices are very
acrid. (Nat. from Eu.)
5. II. COI1) Illbosuill, Muhl. Conspicuously marked with both black
and pellucid dots; stem terete, sparingly branched; leaves oblong, somewhat
clasping; jlotrers crowded (small); petals pale yellow, much longer than tho
oblong sef>als. — Damp places ; common. July - Sept. — Leaves larger and
Bowers much smaller than in No. 4; the petals 2" -3" long, marked with black
lines as well as dots.
$ 3. Stamens very numerous, obscurely clustered : pod l-cel.led, or incompletely 3-celled,
the 3 placenta; sometimes borne on short partitions, but not joined in the centre :
perennial herbs or loiv shrubs.
# Sepals foliaceoiis and spreading, unequal : styles more or less united into one.
6. H. Cllipticum, Hook. Stem simple, herbaceous (1° high), obscure-
ly t-angled ; leaves spreading, <ll/}>tical-ol>long, obtuse, thin ; cyme nearly naked,
rather few-flowered; sepals oblong; pods ovoid, very obtuse, purple, 1 -celled. -
Wet places, New England and Pennsylvania to Lake Superior and northward
July, Aug. — Petals light yellow, 3" long.
7. II. ad prtiSSll HI, Barton. Stem simple, herbaceous, or slightly woody
at tin- base ( 1°- 2° high), obscurely 4-angled below and 2-edged above; lean's
ascending, lanceolate or linear-oblong, often acute, thin ; cyme leafy at the base,
tew-flowercd ; sejxt/s linear-lanceolate; pods ovoid-oblong, inconij>le1eh/ 3 - ^-celled. —
Moist places, Kliode Island (Olney), New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and southwest-
ward. July, Aug. — Leaves 1 $' long. Petals bright yellow, 3" - 5" long.
HYPERICACE^. (ST. .TOHN's-WOTIT FAMILY.) 51
8. II. dolalM'iforiZKC, Vent. Stems branched from the decumbent
base, woody below (6' -20' high), terete; leaves linear-lanceolate, widely spread-
ing, veinless ; cyme leafy, few-flowered ; sepals oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, about
the length of the very oblique petals (5"-G" long); pods ocate-conical, pointed,
strictly l-celied, the walls very thick and hard. (II. procumbens, Micltx.) — Dry
hills and rocks, barrens of Kentucky and westward. June -Aug.
9. H. spliwrociirpou, Michx. Stem simple or branched above, her-
baceous, scarcely angular (l°-2° high); leaves widely spreading, Many-linear
or lanceolate, very obtuse, thickish, nearly veinless ; cyme compound and rnany-
fiowered, flat, naked ; scjials oval.e ; pods depressed-globular, strictly l-cclled, rather
thin. — Rocky banks of the Ohio and Kentucky Rivers. July, Aug. — Petals
about 3" long.
10. IB. mulifloruin, Michx. Stems branched, woody at the base,
sharply 4-anglcd or almost winged above (1° — 4° high); leaves oblong or oval-
lanceolate, obtuse, obscurely veined, pale ; cyme compound, many-flowered,
naked ; sepals oblong ; pods ovate-conical, pointed, almost 3-celled. — Low grounds,
Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward. July. — Petals 3" -4" long.
* * Sepals herbaceous, erect, equal : styles 3, separate.
11. II. ailglllosuni, Michx. Stem slender, strict, simple, sharply 4-
anglcd, herbaceous (l°-2° high); leaves opaque, ovate or oblong-lanceolate,
acute (^'-l' long), ascending, closely sessile by a broad base ; cyme compound,
naked, the branches prolonged and ascending, with the scattered flowers raceme-
like ; sepals enclosing the ovoid l-cclled pod. — Wet pine barrens of New Jersey
and southward. Ouly-Sept. — Petals copper-yellow, 4" - 5" long, much longer
than the calyx, furnished with a tooth on one side.
§ 4. Stamens 5-12, distinct or in 3 clusters: pod (brown-purple) l-celled, with 3
strictly parietal placenta : styles short, distinct : petals oblong or linear, small: sepals
narrow, erect : slender annuals, with ^-angular branches.
12. II. mutillllil, L. Stem flaccid, widely branching (6' -10' high);
leaves ovate or oldoitg, obtuse, partly clasping, 5-nerved ; cymes leafy ; pods ovate-
conical, rather longer than the calyx. (H. parviflorum, Mahl.} — Low grounds,
everywhere. — Flowers 2" broad.
13. II. Caiiadeiise, L. Stem strict (6' -20' high), with the branches
erect ; haves linear or lanceolate, 3-nerved at the base ; cymes naked ; pods conical-
oblong, usually much longer than the calyx. — Wet, sandy soil: common. June-
Oct. — Flowers copper-yellow, 2" -3" broad when expanded.
14 II. DBTiiiimoiadii, Torr. & Gray. Stem and the mostly alternate
bushy branches rigid, erect (10' -18' high); leaves linear-subulate, nearly erect,
l-nerved (3" -9'' long) ; flowers scattered along the upper part of the leafy
branches, short-pedicel led ; pods ovoid, not longer than the calyx. (Sarothra Drum-
mondii, Grev. fr Hook.) — W. Illinois and southward, in dry soil. July -Oct.
— •Sepals 2" -3" long, mostly exceeding the petals.
15. H. S.irotlira, Michx. (ORANGE-GRASS. PIXE-WEED.) Stem and
bushy branches thread-like, wiry (4' -9' high); leaves minute awl-shaped scales,
oppressed ; foicers minute, mostly sessile and scattered along the erect branches ;
52 ELATIN iCE^E. (WATER-WORT FAMILY.)
pods ovatt:-l<inr<olate, acute, rmicti longer than the calyx. (Sarothra gentianoides,
L. ) — Sandy fit-Ids ; common. June - Oct.
II. OKAVKOI.KNS, Buckley, & species with foliage like No. 5, but with large
flowers, & II. BircKLEYi, Curtis, a low suffruticose species with large flowers,
l>oth natives of the mountains of Carolina, may be expected in those of Vir-
ginia.
3. E LODE A, Pursh. MARSH ST. JOHN'S-WORT.
Sepals 5, equal, erect. Petals 5, equal-sided, oblong, naked, imbricated in
the bud. Stamens 9 (rarely 12 or 15), united in 3 sets; the sets separated by
as many large and ovate orange-colored glands. Pod 3-celled, oblong : styles
di-tinct. — Perennial herbs, growing in marshes or shallow water, with small
close clusters of flesh-colored flowers in the axils of the leaves and at the sum-
mit of the stem. (Name from cXo>5i}?, growing in marshes.)
1. E. Virgillica, Nutt. Leaves closely sessile or dii*i>hi<i by <i broad base,
oblong or ovate, very obtuse; filaments united below the middle. (Hypericum
Virginicum, L.) — Common in swamps. July, Aug.
2. E. pctiolata, Pursh. Leaves tapering into a short petiole, oblong : fila-
ments united beyond the middle. — From New Jersey southward and west-
ward.
ORDER 20. ELATINACE^G. (WATER-WORT FAMILY.;
Little marsh annuals, vrith opposite dotless leaves and membranaceous stip~
tiles, minute axillary flowers like Chickweeds, but the pod 2 - 5-cetted, and
the seeds as in St. John's- wort — The principal genus is
1. EL, A TINE, L. WATER-WORT.
Sepals 2-5, persistent. Petals 2-5, hypogynous. Stamens as many, rarely
twice as many, as the petals. Styles, or sessile capitate sri^m.-ss, 2-5. Pod
2-5-celled, several -many -seeded, 2-5-valved; the partitions left attached to
the axis, or evanescent. Seeds cylindrical, straightish or curved. (A Greek
name for some obscure herb.)
1. E. Americana, Arnott. Dwarf (!' high), creeping, routing in the
mud, tufted ; leaves obovate ; flowers sessile; sepals, petals, stamens, and stig-
mas 2, rarely 3 ; seeds 5 or 6 in each cell, rising from the base. (Peplis Amer-
icana, fiirsh. Crypta minima, Nutt.) — Margin of ponds, &c.,N. Hampshire,
to Kentucky. Pod very thin and delicate; the seeds large in proportion,
Btraightish.
ORDER 21. CARYOPHYL.L.ACE.E. (PINK FAMILY.)
Herbs, with opposite entire leaves, symmetrical 4 - 6-merous flowers, with or
V'it/mut petals; tie distinct stamens no more than twice the number of the
sepals, either hypogynous or perigynous ; styles 2 - 5 ; seeds attached to the
CARYOPHYLLACEuE. (PINK FAMILY.) 53
base or the central column of the l-celled (rarely 3-5-celled) podjivith a
slender embryo coiled or curved around the outside of mealy albumen. —
Bland herbs ; the stems usually swollen at the joints ; uppermost leaves
rarely alternate. Leaves often united at the base. Calyx imbricated or
valvate, persistent. Styles stigmatic along the inside. Seeds amphitro-
pous or campy lotropous. — There are several suborders, of which the first
three are the principal.
Synopsis.
SUBORDER I. SILENE.ZE. THE PROPER PINK FAMILY.
Sepals united into a tubular calyx. Petals and stamens borne on the
stalk of the many-seeded pod, the former with long claws included in the
calyx-tube, mostly convolute in aestivation. Seeds numerous. — Stipules
none. Flowers mostly showy.
* Calyx with scaly bractlets at the base. Seeds flattened : embryo nearly straight.
1 DIANTIIUS. Calyx terete, mostly cylindrical. Styles 2.
* # Calyx naked. Seeds globular or kidney-shaped : embryo curved or coiled.
2. SAPONARIA. Calyx terete. Styles 2.
8. VACCARIA. Calyx 5-angled and in fruit 6-winged. Styles 2.
4. SILKNE. Calyx 5-toothed. Styles 3, rarely 4.
6. AGROSTEMMA. Calyx with 5 narrow leafy lobes. Styles 6.
SUBORDER II. ALSINE^B. THE CHICKWEED FAMILY.
Sepals distinct or nearly so. Petals without claws (sometimes none),
mostly imbricated in sestivation, and with the stamens inserted at the base
of the sessile ovary, or into a little disk which often coheres with the
base of the calyx. Pod splitting into valves, few - many-seeded. Stamens
opposite the sepals, when not more numerous than they. — Low herbs.
Stipules none.
• Styles opposite the sepals, or, when fewer, opposite those which are exterior in the bud.
H- Valves of the pod as many as the styles (usually 3), and entire.
6 HONKENYA. Seeds few, at the base of the pod. Stamens borne on a thick and glandu-
lar 10-lobed disk.
7. ALSINE. Seeds many, attached to a central column, naked.
•»- •»- Valves or teeth into which the pod splits twice as many as th^re are styles.
•H- Pod splitting to the middle or farther into valves.
8. ARENARIA. Petals 5, entire. Styles 3. Pods at first 3-valved, the valves soon 2-cleft,
making 6. Seeds rough, naked.
0. MCEIIRINGIA. Petals 4-5, entire. Styles 2-4. Pods 4-8-valved. Seeds smooth and
shining, appendageJ at the hilum.
10. STELLARIA. Petals 4-5, mostly 2-cleft, sometimes minute or none. Styles (2-5) most-
ly 8. Pods splitting into twice as many valves. Seeds not appendaged.
•»f -M- Pod opening only at the top by teeth.
11. HOLOSTEUM. Petals 5, denticulate at the end. Stamens and styles mostly 3.
12. CERASTIUM. Petals 4 - 6, usually 2-cleft. Styles as many as the petals.
# * Styles alternate with the sepals : stamens as many as they, sometimes twice as many.
18. SAGINA. Petals 4 -5, undivided, or none. Styles 4 -5. Pod 4-5-valved.
5*
54 CARYOPHYLLACEuE. (PINK FAMILY.)
SUBOKDER III. ILLECEBREJ3. THE KNOTWORT FAMILY.
Character same as of the Chickweed Family, but with dry scale-like
stipules, the uppermost leaves rarely alternate, and the 1-celled pods some-
times 1 -seeded.
* Pod (capsule) many-seeded. Styles 3 -6. Petals usually conspicuous.
14. 8PEKGULAKIA. Styles 8-6. Leaves opposite.
15. BPKKGULA. Styles 6. Valves of the pod opposite the sepals. Leaves whorled.
* « Pod (utricle) 1-seeded. Styles 2, often united. Petals bristle-form or none. Stamens
plainly inserted on the base of the calyx.
16. ANYCIIIA. Petals none. Sepals flattish, unarmed.
17. PAKONYCIIIA. Petals minute or bristle-form. Sepals concave, awned.
SUBORDER IV. SCLERANTHE^. THE KXAWEL FAMILY.
Characters of the preceding, but no stipules, and the sepals more united
below into an indurated tube surrounding the utricle ; the stamens inserted
at the throat.
18. SCLERANTIIUS. Petals none. Stamens 5 or 10.
SUBORDER V. MOLLUGINE^J. INDIAN-CHICKWEED FAMILY.
Stamens alternate with the sepals when of the same number, when fewer
alternate with the cells of the 3-celled ovary : — otherwise as in Suborders
2 and 3.
19. MOLLUGO. Petals none. Stamens 8 -5. Stigmas 3. Pod 3-celled, many-seeded.
SUBORDER L SIL^NEJE. THE PROPER PINK FAMILY.
1. DIANTHUS, L. PINK. CARNATION.
Calyx cylindrical, 5-toothed, supported at the base by 2 or more imbricated
bractlets. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod long-stalked, 1-celled, 4-valved at the
apex. Seeds flattish : embryo scarcely curved. — Ornamental plants, of well-
known aspect and value in cultivation, none natives of this country. (Name
from Atoy, of Jupiter, and avdof, flower, i. e. Jove's own flower.)
1. I>. ARMERIA, L. (DEPTFORD PINK.) Flowers in close clusters ; bract-
lets of the calyx and bracts lance-awl-form, downy, as long as the tube ; leaves
linear, hairy ; flowers small, scentless, rose-color with white dots, eremite. (D
— Fields, &c., Pennsylvania and E. Massachusetts. July. — (Adv. from Eu.)
D. CARYOPHYLLUS, L., is the original of the CLOVE-PINK or CARNATION,
&c. of the gardens, D. BARBATUS is the SWEET-WILLIAM or BUNCH PINK.
2. SAPONARIA, L. SOAPWORT.
Calyx tubular, terete and even, 5-toothed, naked at the base. Stamens 10.
Styles 2. Pod short-stalked, 1-celled, or partly 2-celled at the base, 4-toothcd at
the apex. Embryo coiled into a ring. — Flowers cymose-clustered. (Name
CARYOPHYLLACILE. (PINK FAMILY.) 55
from sapo, soap, the mucilaginous juice of the common species forming a lather
with water.)
l. S» OFFICINALIS, L. (COMMON SOAPWORT. BOUNCING BET.) Clus-
ters corymbed ; calyx cylindrical, slightly downy ; petals crowned with an ap-
pendage at the top of the claw; leaves oval-lanceolate. 1|. — Road-sides, &c.
July - Sept. — A stout plant with large rose-colored flowers, which are com-
monly double. (Adv. from Eu.)
3. VACClRlA, Medik. COW-HERB.
Calyx naked at the base, ovoid-pyramidal, 5-angled, 5-toothed, enlarged and
wing-angled in fruit. Petals not crowned. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod in-
completely 4-cellcd at the base. — A smooth annual herb, with pale red flowers
in corymbed cymes, and ovate-lanceolate leaves. (Name from Vacca, a cow.)
1. V. VULGARIS, Host. (Saponaria Vaccaria, L.) — Escaped from gardens
and -becoming spontaneous in some places. (Adv. from Eu.)
4. S1L.I31VE, L. CATCHFLY. CAMPION.
Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked at the base. Stamens 10. Styles 3, rarely 4.
Pod 1-cellcd, or 3-celled at least at the base, opening by 6 teeth at the apex.
Embryo coiled. — Flowers solitary or in clustered cymes. Petals mostly
crowned with a scale at the base of the blade. (Name from o-i'aXov, saliva,
in allusion to the viscid secretion on the stems and calyx of many species.
The English name Catchfly alludes to the same peculiarity.)
-^ Calyx bladdery -inflated : perennial : flowers panicled, white.
\. S. Stellata., Ait. (STARRY CAMPION.) Leaves in ivhorls of 4, ovate-
lanceolate, taper-pointed ; calyx bell-shaped ; petals cut into a fringe, crownless. —
Wooded banks, Rhode Island to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward. July.
— Stem 3° high, minutely pubescent, with a large and open pyramidal panicle.
Corolla I' broad. (Cucubalus stellatus, L.}
2. S. Ilivca, DC. Leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong, taper-pointed ; ca-
lyx oblong; petals wedge-form, 2-cleft, minutely crowned. — Columbia, Pennsyl-
vania, to Ohio and Illinois: rare. July. — Stem 1°- 2° high, almost smooth.
Flowers few, larger than in No. 1.
3. S. INFLATA, Smith. (BLADDER CAMPION.) Glaucous; leaves opposite,
ovate-lanceolate ; calyx globular, much inflated, elegantly veined ; petals 2-cleft,
nearly crownless. — Fields and road-sides, E. New England. July. — Afoot
high. Flowers loosely cymose. (Nat. from Eu.)
# * Calyx elongated or club-shaped, not inflated except by the enlarging pod : flowers
cytnose or clustered^ : perennial, pubescent with viscid hairs, especially the calyx :
petals crmcned, red or rose-color.
4. S. Penusylvanica, Michx. (WILD PINK.) Stems low (4' -8.
high) ; root-leaves narrowly spatulate, nearly glabrous, tapering into hairy peti-
oles; stem-leaves (2-3 pairs) lanceolate; flowers clustered, shoit-stalked ; calyx:
club-shaped ; petals wedge-form, slightly notched and eroded at the end, purple rose-
56 CARYOPHYLLACE.fi. (PINK FAMILY.)
M/OT. — Rocky or gravelly places, Eastern New England to Pennsylvania, Ken-
tucky, and southward. April -June.
5. S. Virgiiiica, L. (FIKE PINK. CATCHFLY.) Stems slender (l°-
Vu lugh) ; leaves thin, spatnlate, or the upper oblong-lanceolate ; flowers few and loose-
iy cymose, pedunclcd ; calyx oblong-cylindrical, soon obconieal ; petals oblong, 2-
cltft, deep crimson; the limb 1' long. — Open woods, W. New York (Sarticell) to
Illinois and southward. June -Aug.
6. S. regia, Sims. (ROYAL CATCHFLY.) Stem roughish, erect (3° -4°
high) ; leaves thickish, ovate-lanceolate, acute ; flowers numerous, short-stalked, in
clusters, forming a strict panicle; calyx ovoid-club-shaped in fruit ; petals sputn-
Lalt-lanceolate, mostly undivided, deep scarlet. — Prairies, Ohio, Kentucky, and
southward. July.
7. S. rotundifolia, Nutt. (ROUND-LEAVED CATCHFLY.) Viscid-
hairy ; stems weak, branched, decumbent (2° long) ; haves thin, round, abruptly
pointed, the lower obovate ; flowers few and loosely cymose, stalked ; calyx elon-
gaird ; petals 2-cleft and cut-toothed, deep scarlet. — Shaded banks of the Ohio, and
in Kentucky. June -Aug. — Leaves and flowers large. This and No. 6 may
pass into No. 5.
* * * Calyx not inflated, except by the enlarging pod : annual : flowers rose, flesh-
color, or white, opening only at night or in cloudy weather (except No. 8).
•»- Glabrous throughout : a portion of each joint of the stem mostly glutinous.
8 S. ARMERIA, L. (SWEET-WILLIAM CATCHFLY.) Glaucous; leaves
ovatfrlanceolate ; flowers cymose-clustered'; calyx club-shaped, purplish, as well as
the petals, which are notched, and crowned with awl-shaped scales. — Escaped
from gardens to waste places; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)
* S. antirrlilna, L. (SLEEPY CATCHFLY.) Stem slender (8'-30'
high) ; leaves lanceolate or linear; flowers small, paniculate; calyx ovoid; petals
obcordate, crowned, small or inconspicuous, rarely seen expanded. — Dry soil ;
common in waste places. June-Sept.
•*- •»- Viscid-pubescent : flowers white or nearly so, sweet-scented at night.
iO. S. NOCTtJRNA, L. (NIGHT-CATCHFLY.) Leaves short, the lower spatu-
late, the upper linear; flowers small, alternate in a strict l-sided spike ; petals 2-
parted. — Introduced sparingly in Pennsylvania, according to Schnrinit:. (Adv.
from Eu.)
U.S. NOCTIFLORA, L. (NlGHT-FLOWERING CATCHFLY.) Viscid-hairi/,
tall (l°-3° high); lower leaves large and spatulate; the upper lanceolate,
taper-pointed ; flowers loosely cymose, peduncled; calyx cylindrical, soon ovoid
with long awl-shaped teeth ; petals rather large, 2-parted, crowned. (S. noc-
turna, Bigelow.) — Cultivated grounds. (Nat. from Eu.)
* # * # Dwarf, t nffed, smooth : perennial, I- flowered.
12. S. acaillis, L. (Moss CAMPION.) Tufted like a moss (!' -2' high) ,
linear, crowded to the summit of the short stems; flowers almost sessile ;
calyx slightly inflated; petals purple or rarely white, inversely henrt-sliapol
crowned. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire. July.
(Ea.)
CARYOPHYLLACK^E. (PINK FAMILY.) 57
5. AGROSTEMMA, L. CORN-COCKLE.
Calyx naked, tubular, coriaceous, its limb of 5 long and linear foliareous
teeth or lobes, longer than the corolla, which fall off in fruiting. Petals not
crowned, entire. Stamens 10, those opposite the petals adhering to the base of
their claws. Styles 5, alternate with the calyx-teeth. Pod 1-celled, opening at
the top by 5 teeth. Embryo coiled. — Annual or biennial, erect and branching,
pubescent, with long linear leaves, and large purple flowers on long peduncles.
(Name dypov ffW/ti/ia, crown of the field, being a handsome corn-weed.)
1. A. GITHAGO, L. (Lychnis Githago, Lam.) Wheat-fields; too common;
the black seeds of Cockle being injurious to the appearance of the flour. (Adv.
from Eu.)
LYCHNIS, Tourn., to which the Cockle was once referred, is represented in,
our gardens by L. CORONARIA, the MULLEIN PINK ; L. CHALCEDONICA, the
SCAULET LYCHNIS ; and L. FLOS-ctrcuLi, the BAGGED ROBIN.
*.
SUBORDER II. AL.siltfE.ZE. THE CHICK WEED FAMILY.
6. HONK.ENYA, Ehrhart. SEA-SANDWORT.
Sepals 5, fleshy. Disk at the base of the ovary conspicuous and glandular,
10-notched. Petals 5, obovate-wcdge-shaped, tapering into a short claw. Sta-
mens 1 0, inserted on the edge of the disk. Styles 3-5, short, opposite as many
of the sepals. Ovary more or less 3 - 5-celled. Pod fleshy, opening by as many
valves as styles, few-seeded at the base. Seeds smooth, short-beaked next the
naked hilum. A very fleshy maritime perennial, forked, with ovate or oblong
leaves, and solitary axillary flowers, more or less polygamo-dicecious. Petals
white. (Named in honor of Honckeny, a German botanist.)
1. II. peploides, Ehrhart. (Arenaria peploides, L.} — Sea-beach,
Maine to New Jersey. May, June. — Grows in large tufts hi the sands, 6'- 10'
high. Leaves f ' long, partly clasping, very thick. (Eu.)
7. A L, SINE, (Tourn.) Wahl. GROVE SANDWORT.
Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire, or rarely notched at the apex. Stamens 10, in-
serted on a small disk. Styles 3. Ovary 1-celled. Pod many-seeded, 3 valved
to the base ; the valves entire, opposite the inner sepals. Seeds usually rough,
naked at the hilum. — Small tufted herbs, with narrow leaves, and mostly white
flowers, which are solitary and terminal or cymose. (Name from oXo-os, a
yrove.) — This and No. 9 are comprised in Arenaria by many botanists.
* Leaves rigid, awl-shaped or bristle-shaped,
1. A. squarrosa, Fenzl. (PINE-BARREN SANDWORT.) Densely tuft-
ed from a deep perpendicular root ; leaves closely imbricated, but spreading, awl-
shaped, short, channelled,- branches naked and minutely glandular above, several-
flowered; sepals obtuse, ovate, shorter than the pod. 1J. (Arenaria squarrosa,
Michx.) — In pure sand, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward along the
coast. May - July
58 CARYOPHYLLACE^E. (PINK FAMILY.^
2. A. IVIicliauxii, Fcnzl. Erect, or usually diffusely spreading from a
small root, smooth ; Ituws slender, between awl-shaped and bristle-form, with many
others rlusti ml in the axils ; cyme diffuse, naked, many-flowered ; sepals pointed,
S-ribbed, ovate, as long as the pod. 1J. (Arcnaria stricta, Mic/tx.) — Rocks and
dry wooded banks, Vermont to Wisconsin and Kentucky. July.
* # Leaves soft and herbaceous, filiform-linear : petal* retime, or notched.
3. A. patlila. Diffusely branclied from the slender root ; steins filiform
(6' -10' long) ; branches of the cyme diverging; peduncles long; sepals lanceo-
late, acuminate, 3-nerved, petals spatulate, emarginate. (Arenaria patula, ~Michx.)
— Cliffs of Kentucky River, and mountains of Western Virginia. July. —
Smoothish : leaves £'-!' long.
4. A. Groenldndica, Fenzl. (MOUNTAIN SANDWORT.) Densely
tufted from slender roots, smooth; stems filiform, erect (2' -4' high), few-flow-
ered ; sejxils oblong, obtuse, nerveless ; petals obovate, somewhat notched. 1J.
(Stellaria Grcenlandica, Retz. Arenaria Groenlandica, Spreng.) — Summit of
the Shawangunk, Catskill,*and Adirondack Mountains, New York, and of all
the higher mountains of New England, and northward ; alpine or subalpine.
At Bath, Maine, on river-banks near the sea. June -Aug. — Leaves and pedun-
cles 3" -6" long; flowers large in proportion.
A. GiABRA, of the mountain-tops in Carolina, may occur on those of Virginia.
8. ARENARIA, L. SANDWORT.
Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire, rarely wanting. Stamens 10. Styles 3, rarely 2
or 4. Ovary 1 -celled. Pod many-seeded, opening above by as many valves as
there are styles, each valve soon splitting into two. Seeds naked at the hiluni.
(Name from arena, sand, in which many of the species love to grow.)
1. A. 8ERPYLLIF6LIA, L. (THYME-LEAVED SANDWORT.) Diffusely
branched, roughish (2'- 6' high) ; leaves ovate, acute (small) ; sepals lanceolate,
pointed, 3 - 5-nervcd, about as long as the petals and the 6-toothed pod. ® —
Sandy waste places. June -Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)
A. DiFFtiSA, Ell., will probably be found in Southern Virginia.
9. ilICEHIlilVGIA, L. MOSHRINGIA.
Seeds strophiolate, i. e. with a thickish appendage at the hilum, smooth.
Young ovary 3-celled. Otherwise nearly as in Arenaria. — Flaccid herbs; the
parts of the flower sometimes in fours. (Named for Moekring, a German botanist.)
1. M. latcriflora, L. Sparingly branched, erect, minutely pubescent;
leaves oval or oblong, obtuse; peduncles 2- (rarely 3-4-) flowered, becoming
lateral ; sepals oblong, obtuse, shorter than the petals. 1J. (Arenaria latcri-
flora, £.) — Shady gravelly banks, Maine to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and
northward. May, June. — Leaves £' to 1' long : corolla $' broad, white. (Eu.)
1O. STEL.I.ARIA, L. CHICKWEED. STARWORT.
Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, deeply 2-cleft, sometimes none. Stamens 8, 10,
or fewer. Styles 3 - 4, rarely 5, opposite as many sepals. Ovary 1 -celled. Pod
CARYOPHYLLACE^. (riNK FAMILY.) 59
ovoid, opening by twice as many valves as styles, several - many-seeded. Seeds
naked. — Flowers (white) terminal, or appearing lateral by the prolongation of
the stem from the upper axils. (Name from Stella, a star, in allusion to the
star-shaped flowers.)
* Stamens usually fewer than 10 : leaves broad.
1. S. MEDIA, Smith. (COMMON CHICKWEED.) Stems spreading, marked
with an alternate pubescent line ; leaves ovate, the lower on hairy petioles ; petals
•2-parted, shorter than the calyx; stamens 3-10. ® (§) — Fields and around
dwellings, everywhere. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. S. pftfrera, Michx. (GREAT CHICKWEED.) Stems spreading,
marked with 2 opposite hairy lines ; leaves all sessile, oblong or ovate (2' long) ;
pef.als deeply 2-cleft, longer than the calyx, 1J. — Shaded rocks, Penn. to Kentucky,
and southward. May.
* * Stamens mostly 10: manifestly perigynous : perennial: leaves narrow, sessile:
plants glabrous throughout.
•— Scaly-bracted : petals ^-parted, equalling or surpassing the calyx.
3. S. loiigifolia, Muhl. (STITCHWORT.) Stem branching above;
weak, often with rough angles (8' -18' high) ; leaves linear, acutish at both ends,
spreading ; cymes naked and at length lateral, peduncled, many-flowered, the slen-
der pedicels spreading ; petals 2-parted, soon longer than the calyx ; seeds smooth.
— Grassy places, common, especially northward. June, July. (Eu.)
4. S. loiigipcs, Goldie. (LONG-STALKED STITCHWORT.) Shining or
somewhat glaucous, very smooth ; leaves ascending, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
acute, broadest at the base, rather rigid ; cyme terminal, few-flowered, the long
pedicels strictly erect ; petals longer than the calyx ; seeds smooth. — Maine to
Wisconsin, rare : common farther north. (Eu.)
5. S. llligiiiosa, Murr. ( SWAMP STITCHWORT.) Stems weak, de-
cumbent or diffuse, at length prolonged, leaving the naked and usually sessile
cymes lateral ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, veiny ; petals and ripe pods as long as the
calyx; seeds roughened. (S. aquatica, Pollich, frc.) — Swamps and rills, Phila-
delphia and Westchester, Pennsylvania (Darlington, <fcc.). New Hampshire
(Blake), and northward in British America. (Eu.)
+- +- Leafy-bracted, the flowers in the forks of the stem or of leafy branches, even
the latest with foliaceous bracts ; petals 2-parted, small, or often none ; styles 3-4;
pod longer than the calyx.
6. S. crassi folia, Ehrhart. Stems diffuse or erect, flaccid ; leaves rather
fleshy, varying from linear-lanceolate to oblong ; petals longer than the calyx, or
wanting; seeds rugose-roughened. — An apetalous 4-6-androus state is Sagina
fontinalis, Short #• Ptter. Cliffs of Kentucky River and Elkhorn Creek, form-
ing broad mats in springy places, SJtort. Kingwood, Illinois, Vasey. April,
May. — Also in British America. (Eu.)
7. S. borealis, Bigclow. (NORTHERN STITCHWORT.) .Stems erect or
spreading, flaccid, many times forked, at lepgth resolved into a leafy cyme ;
leaves varying from broadly lanceolate to ovate-oblong ; petals 2-5, shorter than
tfte calyx, or oftener none ; sepals acute ; styles usually 4 ; seeds smooth, — Shaded
60 CARYOPHYLLACE^E. (PINK FAMILY.)
swamps, &c., Rhode Island to Wisconsin northward, and north to the arctic re-
gions June -Aug. (Eu.)
11. HOL,<frSTEU]H, L. JAGGED CIIICKWKED.
Sepals 5. Petals 5, usually jagged or denticulate at the point. Stamens 3 -
5, rarely 10. Styles 3. Pod ovoid, 1-celled, many-seeded, opening at the top
by 6 teeth. Seeds rough. — Annuals or biennials, with several (white) flowers
in an umbel, borne on a long terminal peduncle. (Name composed of o'Xos, all,
and oorcoy, bone, by autiphrasis, these plants being soft am": tender.)
1 If. UMIJELLATUM, L. Leaves oblong ; peduncle and upper part of the
stem glandular-pubescent; pedicels reflexed after flowering. — Hills around
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, abundant, Prof. Porter. (Adv. from Eu.)
12. CERASTIUM, L. MOUSE-EAR CIIICKWEED.
Svpols 5, rarely 4. Petals as many, 2-lobed or cleft, rarely entire. Stamens
twice as many, or fewer. Styles equal in number to the sepals, and opposite
them. Pod 1 -celled, usually elongated, membranaceous, opening at the apex by
twice as many teeth as there were styles, many-seeded. Seeds rough. — Flow-
ers white, in terminal cymes. (Name from Kepas, a horn, alluding to the shape
of the pods in many species.)
§ 1. Petals 2-cleJl or obrordate : parts of the flower in Jives : pods (except in No. 5)
longer than the calyx, and usually more or less curved.
# Petals hardly longer than the calyx, often shorter, sometimes altogether
wanting : stamens occasionally only 5.
1. C. VULGA.TUM, L. (MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED.) Very hairy and rather
clammy, nearly erect (4' -9' high) ; leaves ovate or obovate ; bracts herbaceous;
flowers (small) in very close clusters at first; pedicels even in fruit not longer
than the acute sqxds. Q[) (f) — Grassy banks. May -July. — The names of this
and the next were transposed by Linnaeus himself, and have consequently Urn
differently applied by different authors ever since. This is the C. vtilgatum of
English botanists, and of the Linnaean herbarium : but the next is so called in
Sweden and on the Continent generally. (Nat. from Eu.)
'2 C. viscOsuM, L. (LARGER MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED.) Stems clum-
.iry, spreading ((>'- 15' long) ; leaves oblong, greener; upper bracts scarious-
margined; flowers at first clustered; pedicels longer than the obtuse sepals, the
eii icr ones in fruit much longer. (,£) y. — Grassy fields and copses. May- July.
- A. larger and coarser plant than No. 1, the flowers larger. (Nat. from Eu.)
# # Petals longer than the calyx.
1. C. iifitsms Raf. Clammy-pubescent; stems erect, slender, grooved,
diffusely branched (6' -20' high); cyme loose and open, many-flowered; leaves
obkng-lanceolate, acute, the lowest spatulate; peduncles mostly elongated ; petals
longer than the calyx ; pods nodditfg on the stalks, curved ujxntrdx, thrice the length
of t/ie calyx, (i) ® — Moist places, Vermont to Kentucky and southward.
July.
CARYOPHYLLACE^. (PINK FAMILY.) 61
4. C. Ofrlongafoliaim, Torr. Stems ascending, viltous (6' -12' high),
many-flowered ; leaves oblong-lanceolate and ovate ; peduncles clammy -hairy ; pet-
als (2-lobed) and ripe pods about twice the length of the calyx. 1J. — Rocky places,
New York and Pennsylvania to Illinois; rare. May. — Stouter and larger
flowered than the following species.
5. C. arveiise, L. (FIELD CHICKWEED.) Stems ascending or erect,
tufted, downy, slender (4' -8' high), naked and few-flowered at the summit;
leaves linear ; petals obcordate, more than twice the length of the calyx ; pods
scarcely longer than the calyx. 1J. — Dry or rocky places, Northeastern States,
and northward, where it is indigenous. May, June. (Eu.)
§2. MCENCHIA, Ehrhart. — Petals entire or merely refuse: parts of the flower
commonly in fours : pod ovate, not longer than the calyx.
6. C. QUATERNELLUM, Fenzl. Smooth and glaucous ; stem simple, erect
(2' -4' high), 1 -2-flowered ; leaves lanceolate, acute ; petals not exceeding the
calyx; stamens 4. (J) (Sagina erecta, L. Moenchia quaternella, Ehrhart.
M. erecta, Smith.) — Near Baltimore, in dry ground. (Adv. from Eu.)
13. S A GIN A, L. PEARLWORT.
Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5, undivided, often obsolete or none. Stamens as
many as the sepals, rarely twice their number. Styles as many as the sepals
and alternate with them. Pod many-seeded, 4 - 5-valved ; the valves opposite
the sepals. Seeds smooth. — Little, matted herbs, with thread-like or awl-shaped
leaves, and small flowers. (Name from sagina, fattening ; of no obvious appli-
cation to these minute weeds.)
* Parts of the flower all in fours, or sometimes in fives.
1. S. procuml>CllS, L. Perennial, depressed ; leaves thread-form or nar-
rowly linear ; peduncles ascending in fruit ; stamens 4 - 5 ; petals shorter than the
broadly ovate sepals, sometimes none. — Springy places, Maine to Pennsylvania.
May -Aug. (Eu.)
2. S. APETALA, L. Annual, erect ; leaves almost bnstle-form ; stamens 4 ; pet-
als obsolete or none. — Sandy fields, New York to 111. ; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)
* * Sepals, petals, styles, and valves 5 or 4 stamens 10.
3. S. nodosa, Fenzl. Perennial, tufted; stems ascending (3' -5' high),
branching; leaves thread-form, the upper short and awl-shaped, with minute
ones fascicled in their axils so that the branchlets appear knotty ; petals much
longer than the calyx. ( Spergula nodosa, L. ) — Wet sandy soil, Isle of Shoals;
coast of Maine near Portland ; shore of Lake Superior, and northward.
July. (Eu.)
S. ELLIOTTII, Fenzl (Spergula decumbens, Ell.) may occur in S. Virginia.
SUBORDER III. IULECEBREJE. THE KNOTWORT FAMILY.
14. SPERGULARIA, Pers. SPURREY-SANDWORT.
Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 2 -10. Si yles and valves of the many-
seeded pod 3-5, when 5 the valves alternate with the sepals! Era\ryo not
6
C2 CARYOPHYLLACE^. (PINK FAMILY.)
coiled into a complete ring. — Low herbs, growing on or near the sea-coast, with
fleshy opposite leaves, and smaller ones often clustered' in the axils : stipules
scaly-membranaceous. (Name altered from Spcrgula.)
1. S. I'llbra, Pcrs. Much branched, upright or spreading, smooth or vis-
cid-pubescent; leaves filiform-linear, rather fleshy; petals purple-rosc-color ;
seeds marginlrss. (5) (Arenaria rubra, L.) — Sandy soil, often considerably re-
mote from salt water, Maine to Virginia and southward. June - Sept. — Leaves
mostly shorter than the joints. Flowers about 2" broad. (Eu.)
Var. marina. Larger; the leaves longer and more fleshy; flowers 2-4
times larger; pods equalling or exceeding the calyx ; seeds margin'ess (Arena-
ria rubra, var. marina, L.), or wing-margined (A. media, L.). (l) 1J.? — Sea-
coast; common. (Eu.)
15. SP^ROUL-A, L. SPURREY.
Stamens 5 or 10. Styles 5. The 5 valves of the pod opposite the sepals.
Embryo spirally annular. Leaves in whorls. Otherwise as in Spergularia.
(Nanie from spargo, to scatter, from the seeds.)
1. S. ARVENSIS, L. (CORN SPURREY.) Leaves numerous in the whorls,
lincar-thread-shaped (l'-2' long); stipules minute; flowers white, in a stalked
panicled cyme ; seeds rough, with a narrow and sharp edge. ® — Grain-fields,
&c. (Adv. from Eu.)
1G. ANYCHIA, Michx. FORKED CIIICKWEED.
Sepals 5, scarcely concave, indistinctly mucronate on the back, greenish.
Petals none. Stamens 2-3, rarely 5. Stigmas 2, sessile. Utricle 1 -seeded,
larger than the calyx. Radicle turned downwards. — Small, many times forked
annuals, with small stipules and minute flowers in the forks. (Same derivation
as the next genus.)
1. A. <licli6toma, Michx. Erect or spreading; leaves varying from
lanceolate to elliptical, somewhat petioled. Varies much ; in woods or rich
soil being veiy smooth, erect (6' -10' high) and capillary, with long joints, the
leaves broader and thinner (5" -10" long), and the flowers more stalked (A.
capillacea, Nutt., & Qucria Canadensis, L.): in sterile or parched soil it is some-
what pubescent, low and spreading, short-jointed, narrower-leaved, and the flow-
ers nearly sessile and more clustered (A. dichotoma, DC.). — Common through-
out. June - Aug.
17. I» AltO NY CHI A, Tourn. WHITLOW-WORT.
Sepals 5, linear or oblong concave, awned at the apex. Petals bristle-form,
or minute teeth, or none. Stamens 5. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Utricle 1-
sccdcd, enclosed in the calyx. Radicle ascending. — Tufted herbs, with dry and
silvery stipules, and clustered flowers. (A Greek name for a whitlow, and for a
plant thought to cure it.)
1. P. arsryr6coma, Nutt. (SILVER CHICKWEED.) Densely matted,
much branched, spreading ; leaves linear ; flowers capitate, clustered, surrounded
PORTULACACE^E. (PURSLANE FAMILY.) Go
by conspicuous large silvery bracts ; calyx hairy, short-awncd ; petals mere teeth
between the stamens. 1J. — Slides in the Notch of the White Mountains, New
Hampshire, and bare summits above : a recent discovery. Alleghany Moun«
tains from Virginia southward. July.
2. P. dicliotoma, Nutt. Smooth, tufted; stams (6' -12' high) ascend-
ing from a rather woody base ; leaves and bracts awl-shaped ; cymes open, many-
times forked ; sepals short-pointed ; minute bristles in place of petals. 1J. —
Rocks, Harper's Ferry, Virginia, and southwestward. July - Sept.
SUBORDER IV. SCLERANTIIEJE. THE KNAWEL FAMILY.
18. SCL.ERANTHTJS, L. KNAWEL.
Sepals 5, united below in an indurated cup, enclosing the 1 -seeded utricle.
Petals none. Stamens 10 or 5. Styles 2, distinct. — Homely little weeds, with
awl-shaped leaves, obscure greenish clustered flowers, and no stipules. (Name
from <TK\T]p6s, hard, and avdos, flower, from the hardened calyx-tube.)
1. S. ANNUUS, L. Much branched and spreading (3' -5' high); flowers ses-
sile in the forks ; calyx-lobes scarcely margined, (i; — Sandy waste places.
(Nat. from Eu.)
SUBORDER V. MO.LL.irGINE.aE. LNDIAN-CHICKWEED FAMILY.
19. MO Li LIT GO, L. INDIAN-CHICKWEED.
Sepals 5, white inside. Petals none. Stamens hypogynous, 5 and alternate
with the sepals, or 3 and alternate with the 3 cells of the ovary. Stigmas 3.
Pod 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal, the partitions breaking away from the many-
seeded axis. — Low homely annuals, much branched; the stipules obsolete.
(An old Latin name for some soft plant.)
1. M. verticil la ta, L. (CARPET-WEED.) Prostrate, forming patches •,
leaves spatulate, clustered in whorls at the joints, where the 1 -flowered pedicels
form a sort of sessile umbel ; stamens usually 3. — Sandy river-banks, and cul-
tivated grounds. June -Sept. (An immigrant from farther south.)
ORDER 22. PORTULACACE^E. (PURSLANE FAMILY.;
Herbs, with succulent leaves, and regular but unsymmetrical flowers ; viz.,
sepals usually fewer than the petals ; the stamens opposite the petals when of
the saine number, but often indefinite : otherrvise nearly as Chickweecls. —
Sepals 2, rarely 3 or 5. Petals 5, or sometimes none. Stamens mostly
5 - 20. Styles 3-8, united below, or distinct, stigmatic along the inside.
Pod 1 - 5-celled, with few or many campylotropous seeds rising on slender
stalks from the base, or from a central placenta. Embryo curved around
mealy albumen. — Insipid and innocent herbs, with opposite or alternate
entire leaves. Corolla opening only in sunshine, mostly ephemeral, then
shrivelling.
64 PORTULACACEJE. (PURSLANE FAMILY.)
Synopsis.
* Sepals 5. Petals none. Pod 3-6-celled, opening by a lid.
L 8ESUVIUM. Stamens 5-60, inserted on the free calyx.
* * Sepals 2. Petals 5. Pod 1-celled.
2. PORTULACA. Stamens 7 - 20, on the partly adherent calyx. Pod opening by a lid.
8. TALINUM. Stamens more numerous than the petals, hypogynous. Pod many-seeded.
4. CLAYTONIA. Stamens as many as the hypogynous petals, and attached to their base. Pod
8-6-seeded.
1. SESCrVIlTM, L. SEA PURSLANE.
Calyx 5-parted, purplish inside, persistent, free. Petals none. Stamens 5 -
60, inserted on the calyx. Styles 3-5, separate. Pod 3 - 5-celled, many-seed-
ed, opening transversely (circumscissile), the upper part falling off as a lid. —
Prostrate maritime herbs, with succulent stems and (opposite) leaves, and axil-
lary or terminal flowers. (An unexplained name.)
1. S. Portulacilstnini, L. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, flatfish; flow-
ers sessile or short-peduncled ; stamens many. 1J. — Coast of New Jersey and
southward. July - Sept.
2. PORTUL.ACA, Tourn. PURSLANE.
Calyx 2-cleft ; the tube cohering with the ovary below. Petals 5, rarely 6,
with the 7-20 stamens inserted on the calyx, fugacious. Style mostly 3-8-
parted. Pod 1-celled, globular, many-seeded, opening transversely, the upper
part (with the upper part of the calyx) separating like a lid. — Fleshy annuals,
with scattered leaves. (An old Latin name, of unknown meaning.)
1. P. OLERXcEA, L. (COMMON PURSLANE.) Prostrate, very smooth;
leaves obovate or wedge-form; flowers sessile (opening only in sunny morn-
ings); sepals keeled; petals pale yellow; stamens 7-12; style deeply 5-6-
parted ; flower-bud flat and acute. — Cultivated and waste grounds ; common.
(Nat. from Eu.)
P. RET USA, Engelm., too closely resembling the common Purslane, is indi-
genous west of the Mississippi.
P. GILLIESII, P. GRANDIFL6RA, &c. are species, or varieties, with terete
leaves, hairy axils, and showy red or purple flowers, cultivated in gardens for
ornament.
3. TAL.INUM, Adans. TALINUM.
Sepals 2, distinct and free, deciduous. Petals 5, ephemeral. Stamens 10-
80. Style 3-lobed at the apex. Pod 3-celIed at the base when young, longitu-
dinally 3-valved, with many seeds on a globular stalked placenta. (Derivation
of the name obscure.)
1. T. tcretifolium, Pursh. Leafy stems low, tuberous at the base ;
leaves linear, cylindrical; peduncle long and naked, bearing an open cyme of
purple flowers (§' broad) ; stamens 15-20. 1J. — Serpentine rocks, We>u liester,
Pennsylvania, Falls of St. Croix River, Wisconsin, and southward. June - Aug.
— Peduncles 3' -6' long.
MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) Gt
4. CL.AYTONIA, L. SPRING-BEAUTY.
Sepals 2, ovate, free, green and persistent. Stamens 5, adhering to the short
claws of the petals. Style 3-lobed at the apex. Pod 1-celled, 3-valved, 3-6-
seeded. — Our two species are perennials, sending up simple stems in early
spring from a small deep tuber, bearing a pair of opposite leaves, and a loose
raceme of pretty flowers. Corolla pale rose-color with deeper veins, opening
for more than one day ! (Named in honor of Clayton, one of the earliest bot-
anists of this country, who contributed to Gronovius the materials for the Flora
Virginica. )
1. C. Virginica, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated (3' -6' long).
— Moist open woods ; common, especially westward and southward.
2. C. Ca.rolinia.naiy Michx. Leaves spatulate-oblong or oval-lanceo-
late (l/-2/ long.) — Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward along the Alleghanies.
ORDER 23. MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.)
Herbs or shrubs, with alternate stipulate leaves and regular flowers, the
calyx valvate and the corolla convolute in the bud, numerous stamens mono-
delphous in a column, which is united at the base with the short claws of the
petals, 1-celled anthers, and kidney-shaped seeds. — Sepals 5, united at the
base, persistent, often involucellate with a whorl of braetlets outside, form-
ing a sort of exterior calyx. Petals 5. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening
along the top. Pistils several, with the ovaries united in a ring, or forming
a several-celled pod. Seeds with little albumen : embryo large, curved,
the leafy cotyledons variously doubled up. — Mucilaginous, innocent plants,
with tough bark, and palmately-veined leaves. Flower stalks with a joint,
axillary.
Synopsis.
TRIBE I. MAI/VEJE. Column of stamens anther-bearing at the top. Ovaries and pods
(carpels) 5-20 or more, closely united in a ring around a central axis, from which they
separate after ripening.
* Stigmas occupying the inner face of the styles : carpels 1-seeded, falling away separately.
1. ALTILEA. Involucel of 6 to 9 braetlets.
2. MALVA. Involucel of 3 braetlets. Petals obcordate. Carpels rounded, beakless.
8. CALLIRRHOE. Involucel of 3 braetlets or none. Petals truncate. Carpels beaked.
4. NAPjEA. Involucel none. Flowers dioecious. Stamens few.
* * Stigmas terminal, capitate : carpels 1 - few-seeded, opening before they fall away.
5. SIDA. Involucel none. Carpels or cells 1-seeded. Seed pendulous.
6. ABUTILON. Involucel none. Carpels or cells 3 - several-seeded.
7. MODIOLA. Involucel of 3 braetlets. Carpels 2-seeded, and with a transverse partition
between the seeds.
TRIBE II. HIBISCE^E. Column of stamens anther-bearing for a considerable part of
its length, naked and 5-toothed at the very apex. Pod mostly 5-celled, loculicidal, leav-
ing scarcely any axis in the centre after opening.
8. KOSTELETZKYA. Involucel of several braetlets Pod 5-celled, 5-seeded.
0. HIBISCUS Involucel of many braetlets. Calyx persistent. Pod 5-celled, many-seeded.
6*
66 MALVACEJE. (MALLOW FAMILY.)
1. AL.TIIJEA, L. MARSH-MALLOW.
Calyx surrounded by a 6- 9-clcft involuccl. Othcnvisc as in Malvu. (Name
from ttA$o), to cure, in allusion to its healing properties.)
1. A. OFFICINALIS, L. (COMMON MARSH-MALLOW.) Stem erect; leaves
ovate or slightly heart-shaped, toothed, sometimes 3-lobed, velvety-downy : pe-
duncles axillary, many -flowered, y. — Salt marshes, coast of New England and
New York. Aug., Sept. — Flowers pale rose-color. Hoot thick, abounding in
mucilage, the basis of the Pdtes de Guimauve. (Nat. from Eu.)
A. R6SEA, and A. FICIFJOLIA, are the well-known garden HOLLYHOCKS.
2. MAL.VA, L. MALLOW.
Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel at the base, like an outer calyx. Petals ob-
cordate. Styles numerous, stigmatic down the inner side. Fruit depressed,
separating at maturity into as many 1 -seeded and indehisccnt round kidney-
shaped blunt carpels as there are styles. Radicle pointing downwards. (An
old Latin name, from /iaXa^?;, soft, alluding to the emollient leaves.)
1. M. ROTUNDir6LiA, L. (COMMON MALLOW.) Stems short, simple, de-
cumbent from a deep biennial or perennial root ; leaves round-heart-shaped, on
very long petioles, crenate, obscurely lobed ; petals twice the length of the calyx,
whitish; carpels pubescent, even. — Way-sides and cultivated grounds; com-
mon. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. M. SYLVESTRIS, L. (HIGH MALLOW.) Stem erect, branched (2° -3°
high); leaves rather sharply 5 -T -lobed; petals thrice the length of the calyx,
large, purple and rose-color; carpels wrinkled- veiny. 1J. — Way-sides. (Adv.
from Eu.)
M. CRfspA, the CURLED MALLOW, and M. MOSCHATA, the MUSK. MALLOW,
are occasionally spontaneous around gardens.
3. CALLIRRHOE, Nutt. CALLIRRHOE.
Calyx either naked or with a 3-leaved involucel at its base. Petals wedge-
shaped and truncate (usually red-purple). Styles, &c. as in Malva. Carpels
10-20, straight ish, with a short empty beak, separated within from the 1-seedcd
cell by a narrow projection, indchiscent or partly 2-valvcd. Radicle pointing
downwards. — Flowers perfect.
1. C. trimiglllsitsi, Gray. Hairy-pubescent; stems nearly erect (2°
high) from a tuberous root ; leaves triangular or halberd-shaped, or the lowest
rather h^art-shaped, coarsely crenate ; the upper incised or 3 - 5-clcft ; flowers
panidcd, short-pcdicelled (purple) ; involucel as long as the calyx ; carpels short-
pointed, crcstless. (Malva triangulata, Lcavemvorth. M. Houghtonii, Toi*r. $'
Gray.) — Dry prairies, Wisconsin, Illinois, and southward. July.
2. C» alcaeoIdCS) Gray. Strigosc-pubescent ; stems slender (1° high) ;
lower leaves triangular-heart-shaped, incised ; the upper 5-7-parted, hu-iniate,
the uppermost divided into linear segments ; flowers corymbose, on slender pe-
MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 67
duncles (rose-color or white) , involucel none; carpels obtusely beaked, crested and
strongly wrinkled on the back. 1| (Sida alcseoides, Michx.) — Barren oak-lands,
S. Kentucky and Tennessee.
4. NAP^EA, Clayt. GLADE MALLOW.
Calyx naked at the base, 5-toothed. Flowers dioecious ; the stamin&le flowers
entirely destitute of pistils, with 15-20 anthers ; the fertile with a short column
of filaments but no anthers. Styles 8-10, stigmatic along the inside. Fruit
depressed-globular, separating when ripe into as many kidney-shaped 1 -seeded
beakless and scarcely dehiscent carpels as there are styles. Radicle pointing
downwards. — A tall and roughish perennial herb, with very large 9 - 1 1 -parted
lower leaves, the pointed lobes pinnatifid-cut and toothed, and small white flow-
ers in panicled clustered corymbs. (Named by Clayton from vanr), a wooded
valley or glade, or, poetically, the nymph of the groves, alluding to the place
where he discovered the plant.)
1. N. dioica, L. (Sida dioica, Cav.) — Limestone valleys, Penn. and
southward to the Valley of Virginia, west to Ohio and Illinois ; rare. July.
5. SIDA, L. SIDA.
Calyx naked at the base, 5-cleft. Petals entire, usually oblique. Styles 5 or
more : the ripe fruit separating into as many 1 -seeded carpels, which remain
closed, or commonly become 2-valveA at the top, and tardily separate from the
axis. Embryo abruptly bent ; the radicle pointing upwards. Stigmas termi-
nal, capitate. — Flowers perfect. (A name used by Theophrastus.)
1. S. Nap&a, Cav. Nearly glabrous, tall (2° -4° high), erect; leaves 5-
clejl, the lobes oblong and pointed, toothed ; flowers (white) umbellate-corymbed,
large; carpels 10, pointed, ty (Napasa laevis & hermaphrodita, L.} — Rocky
river-banks, Penn., Muhlenberg. Kanawha Co., Virginia, Rev. J. M. Brown.
(Cultivated in old gardens.)
2. S. Elliottii, TOIT. & Gray. Nearly glabrous (l°-4° high); leaves
linear, serrate, short-petioled ; peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered, short ; /lowers (yd-
low] rather large ; carpels 9 - 10, slightly and abruptly pointed, forming a depressed
fruit. 1J. — Sandy soil, Virginia (near Petersburg) and southward. May- Aug.
3. S» SPINOSA, L. Minutely and softly pubescent, low (10'-20' high), much
branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, serrate, rather long-petioled ; pedun-
cles axillary, 1 -flowered, shorter than the petiole ; /lowers (yellow) small ; nii-fxln
5, combined into an ovate fruit, each splitting at the top into 2 beaks. A little tu-
bercle at the base of the leaves on the stronger plants gives the specific name,
but it cannot be called a spine. 0 — Waste places, common southward and
eastward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer. or Afr.)
6. ABUTH.OTT, Toum. INDIAN MALLOW.
Carpels 2 - 9-seeded, at length 2-valvcd. Radicle ascending or pointing in-
wards. Otherwise as in Sida. (Name of unknown origin.)
68 MALVACEJ5. (MALLOW FAMILY.)
1. A. AVICKSN*, Gxrtn. (VELVET-LEAF.) Tall (4° high) ; leaves round-
ish-hcait-slin pod, taper-pointed, velvety ; peduncles shorter than the leaf-sulks ;
corolla yellow ; pods 12-15, hairy, beaked. ® —Waste places, escaped from
gardens. (Adv. from India.)
7. MOI>iOL,A, Mcench. MODI OLA.
Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel. Petals ohovate. Stamens 10-20. Stig-
mas capitate. Carpels 14-20, kidney-shaped, pointed and at length 2-valved
at the top ; the cavity divided into two by a cross partition, with a single seed
in each cell. — Humble, procumbent or creeping annuals or biennials, with cut
leaves and small purplish flowers solitary in the axils. (Name from modiolus,
the broad and depressed fruit of combined carpels resembling in shape the Ro-
man measure of that name,)
1. M. 111 BI Hi fill a, Mrench. Hairy; leaves 3-5-clcft and incised; sta-
mens 15-20 ; fruit hispid at the top. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward.
8. KOSTEl.ETZK.YA, Presl. KOSTELETZKTA.
Pod depressed, with a single seed in each cell. Otherwise as Hibiscus.
(Named after Kosteletzky, a Bohemian botanist.)
1. K. Virginica, Presl. Roughish-hairy (2° -4° high); leaves hal-
berd-shaped and heart-shaped; the lower 3-lobed. U (Hibiscus Virginicus, L.)
— Marshes on the coast, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward. Aug.—
Corolla 2' wide, rose-color. Column slender.
9. HIBISCUS, L. ROSE-MALLOW.
Calyx involucellate at the base by a row of numerous bracelets, persistent, 5-
cleft. Column of stamens long, bearing anthers for much of its length. Styles
united : stigmas 5, capitate. Fruit a 5-celled pod, opening into 5 valves which
bear the partition on their middle (loculicidal). Seeds several or many in each
cell. — Herbs or shrubs, usually with large and showy flowers. (An old Greek
and Latin name of unknown meaning.)
1. H. MoscliefktOS, L. (SWAMP ROSE-MALLOW.) Leaves ovate,
pointed, toothed, the lower 3-lobed, whitened underneath with a fine soft down ;
the 1 -flowered peduncles often united at the base with the petioles ; calyx not in-
flated; seeds smooth. 1J. — Borders of marshes along and near the coast, and
banks of large rivers. Salt springs, New York to Illinois. Aug., Sept. — Plant
stout, 5° high. Corolla 5' in diameter, pale rose-purple, or white with a crim-
son eye, showy.
2. II. militaris, Cav. (HALBERD-LEAVED MALLOW.) Smooth throw/h-
oot ; lower leaves ovate-heart-shaped, toothed, 3-lobcd ; upper tnnrs Jialhml-form,
the short lateral lobes spreading at the base,^ie middle one prolonged and tn pen-
pointed: peduncles slender; fruiting calyx inflated; seeds hairy. 1J. — River-
oanks, Penn. to 111., and southward. Aug. — More slender and smaller-flow-
ered than the last : corolla pale rose-color.
TILIACE^E. (LINDEN FAMILY.) 69
3. II. TRIONUM, L. (BLADDER KETMIA.) Somewhat hairy ; upper leaves
deeply 3-parted, with lanceolate divisions, the middle one much the longest;
fruiting calyx inflated, monbranaceous, with bristly ribs, b-winged at the summit;
seeds rough. (5) — Escaped from gardens into cultivated grounds. Corolla
pale greenish-yellow with a dark eye, ephemeral ; hence the name Floiver-of-an-
hour. (Adv. from Eu.)
II. SYRIACUS, the SHRUBBY ALTH.EA of the old gardeners, is cultivated
about houses.
ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS, the OKRA, and A. MANIHOT (the genus
characterized by the spathaceous calyx, bursting on one side and deciduous),
arc common in gardens southward.
GOSSYPIUM HERBAGE UM, the COTTON-PLANT, is the most important plant of
this family.
ORDER 24 TILJACE^E. (LINDEN FAMILY.)
Trees (rarely herbs'), with the mucilaginous properties, Jibrous bark, and
valvate calyx, fyc. of the Mallow Family ; but the sepals deciduous, petals
imbricated in the bud, the stamens usually polyadelphous, and the antJ'.ers
2-celled ; — represented in Northern regions only by the genus
1. TIL.IA, L. LINDEN. BASSWOOD.
Sepals 5. Petals 5, spatulate-oblong. Stamens numerous : filaments coher-
ing in 5 clusters with each other (in European species), or with the base of a
spatulate petal-like body placed opposite each of the real petals. Pistil with a
5-celled ovary and 2 half-anatropous ovules in each, a sjigle style, and a 5-
toothcd stigma. Fruit a sort of woody globular nut, becoming 1-cclled and 1 -
2-seeded. Embryo with a taper radicle, and a pair of leaf-like somewhat heart-
shaped and lobed cotyledons, which are a little folded. — Fine trees, with soft
and white wood, more or less heart-shaped and serrate leaves, oblique and often
truncate at the base, deciduous stipules, and small cymes of flowers, hanging on
an axillary peduncle which is united to a leaf-like bract. Flowers cream-color,
honey-bearing, fragrant. (The classical name of the genus.)
1. 1*. Americana, L. (BASSWOOD.) Leaves green and glabrous or
nearly so, thickish. — Rich woods. May, June. — This familiar tree is rarely
called Lime-tree, oftener White-wood, commonly Bassu-ood; the name (now obso-
lete in England) alluding to the use of the inner bark for mats and cordage.
Var. piil>esceilS. Leaves softly pubescent underneath, often thin. (T.
pubescens, Ait. T. laxiflora, Michx.) — Common from Maryland southward
and westward.
2. T. hcteropliylla, Vent. (WHITE BASSWOOD.) Leaves smooth
and bright green above, silvery -whitened with a fine down underneath. (T.
alba, Michx.) — Mountains of Penn. to Kentucky and southward. — Leave?
larger than in No. 1, often 8' broad.
T. EDROP^A, the EUROPEAN LINDEN, which is planted in and near our
cities as an ornamental tree, is at once distinguished from any native species by
70 CAMELLIACE.fi. (CAMELLIA FAMILY.)
the absence of the petal-like scales among the stamens. This tree (the Lin)
gave the family name to Linnteus.
ORDER 25. CAMELLJACE^E. (CAMELLIA FAMILY.)
Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple feather-veined leaves, and no stipules f
the regular flowers hypogynous and polyandrous, the sepals and petals both
imbricated in (estivation, the stamens more or less united at the base with each
other (monaflct/'lioiis or 3 - 5-adclphous) and with the base of the petals. —
Anfhers 2-celled, introrse. Fruit a woody 3-5-celled loculicidal pod
Seeds few, with little or no albumen. Embryo large, with broad cotyle-
dons. — A family with showy flowers, the types of which are the well-known
Camellia and the more important Tea Plant, — represented in this country
by the two following genera.
1. STUARTIA, Catcsby. STUAUTIA.
Sepals 5, rarely 6, ovate or lanceolate. Petals 5, rarely 6, obovate, crenulate.
Stamens monadelphous at the base. Pod 5-celled. Seeds 1-2 in each cell,
crustaceous, anatropous, ascending. Embryo straight, nearly as long as the
albumen : radicle longer than the cotyledons. — Shrubs with membnmaceous
deciduous oblong-ovate serrulate leaves, soft-downy beneath, and large short-
peduncled flowers solitary in their axils. (Named for John Stuart, the well-
known Lord Bute.)
1. S. Virgillica, Cav. Petals 5 white (!' long) ; sepals ovate ; style 1 ;
stigma 5-toothed ; pod globular, blunt; seeds not margined. (S. Malachoden-
dron, L.) — Woods, Virginia and southward.
S. PENxAoYNA, L'Her., with cream-colored flowers, 5 styles, and an angled
and pointed pod, may be found in the Alleghanies of S. Virginia.
2. GOKBONIA, Ellis. LOBLOLLY BAY.
Sepals 5, rounded, concave. Petals 5, obovate. Stamens 5-adelphous, one
cluster adhering to the base of each petal. Style 1. Pod ovoid, 5-valvcd ; the
valves separating from the persistent axis ; cells 2 - 8-seedcd. Seeds pendulous.
Embryo straightish, with a short radicle, and thin longitudinally phiited cotyle-
dons.— Shrubs or small trees, with large and showy white (lowers on axillary
peduncles. (Dedicated by Dr. Garden to his "old master, Dr. James Gordon
of Aberdeen," and by Ellis to a London nurseryman of the same name.)
1. O. LasiailtllllS, L. (LOBLOLLY BAY.) Leaves coriaceous and
persistent, lanceolate-oblong, narrowed at- the base, minutely serrate, smooth and
shining; pod pointed; seeds winged above. Swamps near the coast, Virginia
and southward. May- July. — Petals 1^' long.
ORDER 26. LINACEvE. (FLAX FAMILY.;
Herbs, with regular and symmetrical hypogynous flowers, 4-5-»/r/-o'/v
throughout, strongly imbricated calyx and convolute petals, the 5 stamens
OXALIDACEJS. (WOOD-SOKREL FAMILY.) 71
monadelphms at the base, and an 8-W-seeded pod, having twice as many
cells (complete or incomplete} as there are styles ; — consisting chiefly of the
genus
1. JLWUBI, L. FLAX.
Sepals (persistent), petals, stamens, and styles 5, regularly alternate with each
other. Pod of 5 united carpels (into which it splits in dchisccncc) and 5-ccllcd,
with 2 seeds hanging- from the summit of each ; but eaeh cell is partly or com-
pletely divided into two by a false partition which projects from the back of the
carpel, thus becoming 10-celled. Seeds anatropous, mucilaginous, flattened,
containing a large embryo with plano-convex cotyledons. — Herbs, with a tough
fibrous bark, simple and sessile entire leaves (alternate or often opposite), with-
out stipules, but often with glands in their place, and with corymbose or pani-
cled flowers. Corolla usually ephemeral. (The classical name of the Flax.)
1. L.. Virgiuifiiiuaii, L- (Wn.D FLAX.) Traces oblong-lanceolate, the
upper acute ; flowers small, scattered on the corymbose or paniclcd branches, on
very short peduncles turned to one side ; sepals ovate, pointed, smooth ; petals
yellow; styles distinct. — Dry woods. June -Aug. 1J. — Stem l°-2° high.
Pods depressed-globose, 10-celled, splitting at length into 10 closed pieces.
2. l«. fSootfii, Planchon. (LARGER YELLOW FLAX.) Leaves linear,
pointed ; flowers racemose-scattered on the cymose branches ; sepals ovate-Ian-
ce'olate, sharp-pointed, 3-nerved, with rough glandular margins, scarcely longer
than the globular imperfectly 10-celled pod; petals suljrfuir yellow; styles united
for £ - ^ their length, i (L. rigidum, Torr. Sf Gray, in part.) — Dry soil, Rhode
Island, Connecticut, Michigan to Wisconsin, and southward. June -Aug. —
Stem slender, l°-2° high. This is L. sulcatum, Riddel, an earlier name.
L. RIGIDUM, Pursh, may possibly occur in the western part of Wisconsin.
L. USITATISSIMUM, L., the COMMON FLAX, is occasionally spontaneous in
cultivated grounds.
ORDER 27. OXALJDACEJE. (WOOD-SORREL FAMILY.)
Plants with sour juice, compound leaves, and regular, symmetrical, hypo-
gynous, o-merous, I0-androus, somewhat monadelplious Jlowers, the calyx im-
bricated and the petals convolute in the bud, 5 separate styles, and a ^-celled
several-seeded pod. — The principal genus is
1. OX A L. IS, L. WOOD-SORREL.
Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, withering after expansion. Stamens 10,
monadelplious at the base, alternately shorter. Pod membranaceous, deeply 5-
lobed, 5-celled, each cell opening on the back. Seeds few in each cell, pendu-
lous from the axis, anatropous, their outer coat loose and separating. Embryo
large and straight in fleshy albumen : cotyledons flat. — Herbs, with alternate or
radical stipulate leaves, mostly of 3 obcordate leaflets, which close and droop at
nightfall. (Nama from ogvs, sour.)
72 GERANIACEJE. (GERANIUM FAMILY.)
* Stfitnlcss: /wfv.< mi/? snipes from a rootstock or bull: cells few-seeded.
1. O. Acctos«'Ila, L. (COMMON V>'ooD-SoRREL.) Root stock creeping
and scaly-toothed ; srn/>r- \-fl<>in-r<d ; petals white with reddish veins, often
notcln-d. — Dfi-p cold woods, Massachusetts to L. Superior and northward:
aNo southward in the Alloghanics. June. — Plant 2' -5' high, sparsely hairy:
the flower :{' broad, leaflets; broadly obcordate. (Eu.)
2. O. X'iolficca, L. (VIOLET WOOD-SORREL.) Bulb scaly ; scapes um-
beUately several^flowered, longer than the leaves; petals violet. — Kocky places :
most connnon southward. May, June. — Nearly smooth, 5' -9' high. Leaves
very broadly obeordate. Sepals tipped with a gland. Corolla 1' brand.
# * Steins leafy : pedant-Its (ixiUtiri/ : nils scr(nt!-wfdcd.
3. O. Strict «l, L. (YELLOW WOOD-SORREL.) Annual or perennial?
by running subterranean shoots; stems at first erect, branching; peduncles 2-
6-flowcred, longer than the leaves; petals yellow; pods elongated, erect, in fruit.
— Borders of woods, fields, and cultivated grounds common. May -Sept. —
Varies greatly in appearance and in the size of its flowers, according to season
and situation. 0. comiculata, L. is probably the same species. (Eu. ?)
ORDER 28. GERANIACE^E. (GERANIUM FAMILY.)
Plants with mostly regular and symmetrical hypogynous 5-merous flowers^
imbricated sepals and convolute petals, 10 stamens slightly monadelphous at
the base, the alternate ones shorter and sometimes sterile, and 5 pistils coher-
ing to a central prolonged axis, from ichich they separate at maturity by the
curling back of the styles elastically, carrying with them the small 1-seeded
pods. — Calyx persistent. Ovules 2 in each carpel, pendulous, anatropous,
usually but one ripening. Pods small and membranaceous, cohering to 5
shallow excavations in the base of the prolonged axis, usually torn open
on the inner face when they are carried away by the recurving styles.
Seed without albumen : cotyledons folded together and bent down on the
short radicle. — Strong-scented herbs (or the Pelargoniums, which have
somewhat irregular flowers, shrubby plants), with opposite or alternate
stipulate leaves, and bitter astringent roots.
1. GERANIUM, L. CRANESBILL.
Stamens 10, all with perfect anthers, the 5 longer with glands at their basu
(alternate with the petals). Styles not twisted in fruit when they separate from
the axis, smooth inside. — Stems forking. Peduncles 1 -3-llowered. (An old
Greek name, from yepavos, a crane; the long fruit-bearing beak thought to re-
semble the bill of that bird.) See addend.
* Root perennial.
\. G. maculfitlllll, L. (WILD CRANKSRILL.) Stem erect, hairy;
leaves about 5-parted, the wedge-shaped divisions lobed and cut at the end ;
sepals slender-pointed ; petals entire, light purple, bearded on the claw (£' long).
BALSAMINACEJS. (BALSAM FAMILY.) 73
— Open woods and fields. April -July. — Leaves somewhat blotched with
whitish as they grow old.
* ^ Root biennial or annual.
2. G. Carolinifuiiim, L. (CAROLINA CRANESBILL.) Stems dif-
fusely branched from the base, hairy ; leaves about 5-parted, the divisions cleft
and cut into numerous oblong-linear lobes ; sepals awn-pointed, as long as the
emarginate (pale rose-color) petals; seeds very minutely reticulated ( under a lens),
— Barren soil and waste places. May -July. — Flowers small: the peduncles
and pedicels short. — A state with more notched petals and more reticulated
seeds passes sometimes for G. dissectum, L.
3. G. rusiLLUM, L. (SMALL FLOWERED CRANESBILL.) Stems procum-
bent, slender, minutely pubescent ; leaves rounded kidney-form, 5 - 7-parted, the
divisions mostly 3-cleft ; sepals aivnless, about as long as the 2-cleft (bluish-pur-
ple) petals ; seeds smooth. — Waste places, New York & Mass. (Nat. from Eu.)
4. G. Robert! flllllBll, L. (HERB ROBERT.) Sparsely hairy, diffuse ;
leaves 3-divid<d, the divisions 2-pinnatiJid ; sepals awned, shorter than the (purple)
petals ; pods wrinkled ; seeds smooth. — Moist woods and shaded ravines. June-
Oct. — Plant strongly odorous. ( Eu. )
2. ERODIUM, L'Her. STORKSBILL.
The 5 shorter stamens sterile. Styles in fruit twisting spirally, bearded in-
side. Otherwise as Geranium. (Name from epcoStoy, a heron.)
1. E. CICUTARIUM, L'Her. Annual, hairy; stems low, spreading; leaves
pinnate; the leaflets sessile, 1 -2-pinnatifid; peduncles several-flowered. — Shore
of Oneida Lake, New York, Knieskern. (Adv. from Eu.)
ORDER 29. BAL,SA31INACE^3. (BALSAM FAMILY.)
Annuals, ivith succulent stems gorged with a bland watery juice, and very
irregular hypogynous flowers, the 5 stamens somewhat united, and the pod
bursting elastically. — Characters as in the principal genus,
1. IMP ATIENS, L. BALSAM. JEWEL-WEED.
Calyx and corolla colored alike and confounded, imbricated in the bud. Se-
pals apparently only 4 ; the anterior one, which is notched at the apex, probably
consisting of two combined ; the posterior one (appearing anterior as the flower
hangs on its stalk) largest, and forming a spurred sac. Petals 2, unequal-sided
and 2-lobed (each consisting of a pair united). Stamens 5, short : filaments
appendaged with a scale on the inner side, the 5 scales connivent and united
over the stigma : anthers opening on the inner face. Ovary 5-celled : stigma
sessile. Pod with evanescent partitions, and a thick axis bearing the several
anatropous seeds, 5-valvcd, the valves coiling elastically and projecting the
seeds in bursting. Embryo straight: albumen none. — Leaves simple, alter-
nate, without stipules. Flowers axillary or panic-led ; often of two sorts, viz,
7
74 LTMXANTITACE^. (LIMXAXTTIES FAMILY.)
the larger ones, 1 above, which seldom ripen seeds, and very small
ones, which are fertili/ed early in the bud, when the floral envelopes never ex-
pand, nor grow to their full si/e, but are foreed off by the growing pod and ear-
ried upwards on its apex. (Name from the sudden bursting of the pods when
touched, whence also the popular appellation, Touch-me-not, or Snap-weed.)
1. I. piallula, Nutt. (PALE TOUCH-ME-NOT.) Flowers pale yellow, spar-
ni>/t>/ dotted with brownish-red ; sac dilated and very obtuse, broader than long,
tipped with a short incurved spur. — Moist shady places and along rills, in rich
soil; most common northwestward. July -Sept. — Larger and greener than
th'- next, with larger flowers. Leaves ovate, petioled, toothed.
2. I. fulva, Nutt. (SPOTTED TOUCH-ME-NOT.) Flowers oranye-color,
t/tick/i/ s]>otl.rd icith reddish-brown ; sac longer than broad, acutely conical, taper-
ing into a stroiKjIi/ inflexed spur. — Rills and shady moist places ; common,
especially southward. June -Sept. — Plant 2° -4° high: the flowers loosely
panicled at the ends of the branches, hanging gracefully on then- slender nod-
ding stalks, the open mouth of the cornucopioe-shaped sepal upward. A variety
is occasionally found with spotless flowers, which differs from the I. Noli-tangere
of Europe chiefly in the more inflexed spur and smaller petals.
I. BALSAMINA, L., is the BALSAM or Ladies' slipper of the garden.
Tnor-ioLUM MAJUS, the familiar NASTURTIUM of gardens, is the type of a
group intermediate between the Balsam and Geranium families and the next.
ORDER 30. LIMNANTHACE^E. (LIMNANTIIES FAMILY.)
Annual low herbs, witli pinnated alternate leaves without stipules, and reg-
ular 3 - 5-merous flowers : calyx valvate in the bud : stamens twice as many
as the petals: the one-seeded little fleshy fruits separate, but their styles united.
— Consists of one 5-merous Californian genus (Limnanthes) with hand-
some flowers, sometimes cultivated in gardens, and the insignificant
1. FL.CERKEA, Willd. FALSE MERMAID.
Sepals 3. Petals 3, shorter than the calyx, oblong. Stamens 6, nearly hy-
pogynous. Ovaries 3, opposite the sepals, united only at the base ; the style
rising in the centre: stigmas 3. Fruit of 3 (or 1-2) rough ish fleshy achenia.
Seed anatropous, erect, filled by the large embryo with its hemispherical fleshy
cotyledons. — A small and inconspicuous annual, with minute solitary flowers
on axillary peduncles. (Named after Floerke, a German botanist.)
1 . F. proscrpinacoidcs, Willd. — Marshes and river-banks, W. New-
England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. April -June. — Leaflets 3-5, lanceo-
late, sometimes 2 - 3-cleft. Taste slightly pungent.
*
ORDER 31. RUTACE^E. (RuE FAMILY.)
Plants tvith simple or compound leaves, dotted with pellucid ylands, abound-
ing tri/h a punyent or bitter-aromatic acrid volatile oil, Iif/jim/i/nons rct/iJar
3 - 5-nwrous Jl ;/•</>•, i/tc xtamcns as many or twice as many as the sepals; tlie
RUT ACE JE. (RUE FAMILY.) 75
2-5 pistils separate or combined into a compound ovary of as many
raised on a prolongation of the receptacle (gynopfore) or glandular disk. —
Embryo large, curved or straight, usually in fleshy albumen. Styles com-
monly united or cohering, even when the ovaries are distinct. Fruit usu-
ally capsular. Leaves alternate or opposite. Stipules none. — A large
family, chiefly of the Old World and the Southern hemisphere ; the I'roper
Rutacea;, represented in gardens by the Rue (Ruta graveolens, Zr.), are
mostly herbs; while our two genera, of trees or shrubs, belong to what
has been called the order Zanthoxylacece, but are not distinct from the
1. ZANTHOXYLUM, Golden. PRICKLY ASH.
Flowers dioecious. Sepals 4 or 5, obsolete in one species. Petals 4 or 5, im-
bricated in the bud. Stamens 4 or 5 in the sterile flowers, alternate with the
petals. Pistils 2-5, separate, but their styles conniving or slightly united.
Pods thick and iic.shy, 2-valved when ripe, 1 -2-secded. Seed-coat cmstaceous,
black, smooth and shining. Embryo straight, with broad cotyledons. — Shrubs
or trees, with mostly pinnate leaves, the stems and often the leafstalks prickly.
Flowers small, greenish or whitish. (Name from £avdosj yellow, and £vXoi/,
wood.)
1. Z. Aiiacricanuni, Mill. (NORTHERN PRICKLY ASH. TOOTH-
ACHE-TREE.) Leaves and flowers in axillary clusters; leaflets 4-5 pairs and an
odd one, ovate-oblong, downy when young ; calyx none ; petals 5 ; pistils 3-5,
with slender styles; pods short-stalked. — Rocky woods and river-banks; com-
mon northward. April, May. — A prickly shrub, with yellowish-green flowers
appearing with the leaves. Bark, leaves, and pods very pungent and aromatic.
2. Z. CaroBi ill & mini, Lam. (SOUTHERN PRICKLY ASH.) Glabrous;
leaflets 3-5 pairs and an odd one, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, oblique, shining
above ; flowers in a terminal cyme, appearing after the leaves ; sepals and petals
5 ; pistils 3, with short styles ; pods sessile. — Sandy coast of Virginia, and south-
ward. June. — A small tree, with very sharp prickles.
2. PTEL.EA, L. SHRUBBY TREFOIL. HOP-TREE.
Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3-5. Petals 3-5, imbricated in the bud.
Stamens as many. Ovary 2-celled : style short : stigmas 2. Fruit a 2-cellcd
and 2-seedcd samara, winged all round, nearly orbicular. — Shrubs, with 3-foli-
olate leaves, and greenish-white small flowers in compound terminal cymes.
(The Greek name of the Elm, applied to a genus with a somewhat similar fruit.)
1. P. trifolmta, L. Leaflets ovate, pointed, downy when young. —
Rocky places, Penn. to Wisconsin and southward. June. — A tall shrub. Fruit
bitter, used as a substitute for hops. Odor of the flowers disagreeable ; but not
so much ?o as those of the
AILANTHUS GLANDULOSUS, or TREE-OF-HEAVEN, — a cultivated tree allied
to this family, — whose flowers, especially the staminate ones, redolent of any-
76 ANACARDIACE-fi. (CASHEW FAMILY.)
thing hut "airs from heaven," offer a serious objection to the planting of this
ornamental tree near dwellings.
OKDKR 32. ANACARDIACE^. (CASHEW FAMILY.)
Trees or shrubs, with a resinous or milky acrid juice, dotless alternate
leaves, and small, often polygamous, regular pentandrous flowers, with a 1-
celled and 1-ovuled ovary, but with 3 styles or stigmas. — Petals imbricated
in the bud. Seed borne on a curved stalk that rises from the base of the
cell, without albumen. Stipules none. Often poisonous. — Represented
only by the genus
1. R H ITS, L. SUMACH.
Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 5, inserted under the edge or between the lobes
of a flattened disk in the bottom of the calyx. Fruit small and iiulehiscent, a
sort of dry drupe. — Leaves (simple in R. Cotinus, the Smoke-Plant of gardens)
usually compound. Flowers greenish- white or yellowish. (The old Greek and
Latin name of the genus.)
$ 1. SIjMAC, DC. — Flowers polygamous, in a terminal tJiyrsoid panicle: fruit
globular, clothed with acid crimson hairs ; the stone smooth : haves odd-pinnate.
(Not poisonous.)
1. R. typllliia, L. (STAGHORN SUMACH.) Branches and stalks densely
velvety-hairy; leaflets 11-31, pale beneath, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate.
— Hill-sides. June. — Shrub or tree 10° -30° high, with orange-colored wood.
2. R. glabra, L. (SMOOTH SUMACH.) Smooth, somocltut glaucous;
leaflets 11-31, whitened beneath, lanceolate-oblong, pointed, serrate. — Rocky
or barren soil. June, July. — Shrub 2° - 12° high.
3. R. copal Una, L. (DWARF SUMACH.) Brandies and stalks doirny ;
petioles wtng-maryined between the 9-21 oblong or ovate-lanceolate leaflets,
which are oblique or unequal at the base, smooth and shining above. — Rocky
hills. July. — Shrub l°-7° high, with running roots. Leaflets variable, en-
tire or sparingly toothed.
4 2. TOXICOD&NDRON, Tourn.— Flowers polygamous, in loose and sl,,id<r
axillary paniofa: fruit globular, glabrous, whitish or dun-colored; the stone strintc :
leaves odd-pinnate or 3-foliolate, thin. (Poisonous to the touch : even tin ' /'/uriuin,
in sunshine affecting some persons.)
4. R. venenata, DC. (Poison SUMACH or DOGWOOD.) Smooth,
or nearly so; lotjhfs 7-13, obovate-oblong, entire. (R. Vernix, L., partly.) —
Swamps. June. — Shrub 6° -18° high. The most poisonous species. Also
called, inappropriately, Poison Elder and Poison Dogwood.
5. R. Toxicodcndron, L. (POISON IVY. POISON OAK.) Climb-
ing by rootlets over rocks, &c., or ascending trees ; leaflets 3, r/iottibic-onite,
mostly pointed, and rather downy beneath, variously notched or cut-lobed, or
entire — When climbing trees, it is R. radlcans, L. — Thickets, &c. June.
VITACEJE. (VINE FAMILY.) 7?
§3. LOBADIUM, Ilaf. — Flowers polygamo-dicecious, in clustered scaly-bracted
spikes like catkins, preceding the leaves: disk 5-parted, large: fruit as in § 1, but
flattish: leaves 3-f olio! ate. (Not poisonous.)
6. K. aromatica, Ait. (FRAGRANT SUMACH.) Leaves pubescent
when young, thickish when old ; leaflets 3, rhombic-ovate, unequally cut-toothed,
tiie middle one wedge-shaped at the base ; flowers pale yellow. — Dry rocky
soil, Vermont to Michigan, Kentucky, and westward. April. — A low strag-
gling bush, the crushed leaves sweet-scented.
ORDER 33. VITACE^E. (VINE FAMILY.)
Shrubs with watery juice, usually climbing by tendrils, with small regular
flowers, a minute truncated calyx, its limb mostly obsolete, and the stamens as
many as the valvate petals and opposite them ! Berry 2-cellcd, usually 4-
seeded. — Petals 4-5, very deciduous, hypogynous or perigynous. Fila-
ments slender: anthers introrse. Pistil with a short style or none, and a
slightly 2-lobed stigma: ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect anatropous ovules
from the base of each. Seeds bony, with a minute embryo at the base of
the hard albumen, which is grooved on one side. — Stipules deciduous.
Leaves palmately veined or compound : tendrils and flower-clusters oppo-
site the leaves. Flowers small, greenish. (Young shoots, foliage, &c.
acid.) — Consists of Vitis and one or two nearly allied genera.
1. VtTIS, Tourn. GRAPE.
Calyx very short, usually with a nearly entire border or none at all, filled
with a fleshy disk which bears the petals and stamens. — Flowers in a com-
pound thyrsus; pedicels mostly umbellate-clustered. (The classical Latin
name of the Vine.)
§ 1. VITIS proper. — Petals 5, cohering at the top while they separate at the base,
and so the corolla usually falls off without expanding : 5 thick glands or lobes of the
disk alternating with the stamens, between them and the base of the ovary : flowers
dioecious-polygamous in all the American species, exhaling a fragrance like that, of
Mignonette : leaves simple, rounded and heart-shaped, often variously and variably
lobed.
* Leaves woolly beneath, when lobed having obtuse or rounded sinuses.
1. V. Labrusca, L. (NORTHERN FOX-GRAPE.) Branchlets and vouna
leaves very icoolly ; leaves continuing rusty-woolly beneath ; fertile panicles compact ;
berries large (|'-| in diameter). — Moist thickets, common. June. — Berries*
ripe in Sept., dark purple or amber-color, with a tough musky pulp. Improved
by cultivation, it has given rise to the Isabella Grape, &c.
2. V. BBStivaliS, Michx. (SUJIMER GRAPE.) Young leaves downy with
loose cobwtbby hairs beneath, smoothish when old, green above ; fertile panicles com-
pound, long and slender : berries small (J' or $ in diameter), black with a bloom.
— Thickets, common ; climbing high. May, June. — Berries pleasant, ripe in.
Oct.
7*
78 RHAMNACE.E. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.)
* * Leaves smooth or nearly so and green both sides, commonly pubescent on the veins
beneath, either inciscly lobed or undivided.
3. V. cordifolia, Michx. (WINTER or FROST GRAPE.) Leaves thin,
not shining, heart-shaped, acuminate, sharply and coarsely toothed, often ob-
scurely 3-lobcd ; jitnticles compound, large and loose; berries small (^' broad), blue
or black with a bloom, very acerb, ripening after frosts. — Var. RIPARIA : with
the leaves broader and somewhat inciscly toothed and cut-lobed. (V. riparia,
Michx.) — Thickets and river-banks; common. May, June. — Flowers very
sweet-scented.
4. V. vialpiita, L. (MUSCADINE or SOUTHERN FOX-GRAPE.) Leaves
sJtining both sides, small, rounded with a heart-shaped base, very coarsely toothed
with broad and bluntish teeth, seldom lobed; panicles small, densely flowered;
berries large (£'-5' in diameter), musky, purplish without a bloom, ripe early in
autumn. — River-banks, Maryland to Kentucky and southward. May. —
Bark of stem close, not separating, as in the other species. Branchlets mi-
nutely warty. Fruit with a thick and tough skin. This yields the Catawba
and the Scuppernong Grape, <fec.
$ 2. CfSSUS, L. — Petals 4 or 5, usually expanding before or when they fall: disk
thick and broad, usually 4 — 5-lobed, often somewhat perigynous : flowers commonly
perfect.
5. V. indivisa, Willd. Nearly glabrous ; tendrils few and small ; leaves
heart-shaped or truncate at the base, coarsely and sharply toothed, acuminate,
not lobed ; panicle small and loose ; petals and stamens 5 ; style slender ; ber-
ries small (of the size of a pea), 1-3-seeded. — River-banks, TV. Virginia,
banks of the Ohio, and southward. June.
6. V. 1>i pi ai 11 at a, Torr. & Gray. Nearly glabrous, bushy and rather
upright ; leaves twice pinnate or ternate, the leaflets cut-toothed ; tendrils none ;
panicle small, cymose ; petals and stamens 5 ; calyx 5-toothed ; disk very thick,
adherent to the ovary ; berries black, obovate when young. ( Ampelopsis bipin-
nata, Michx.) — Rich soils, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward.
2. AMPELOPSIS, Michx. VIRGINIAN CREEPER.
Calyx slightly 5-toothed. Petals concave, thick, expanding before they fall.
Disk none. — Leaves digitate, with 5 oblong-lanceolate leaflets. Flower-clusters
cymose. Tendrils fixing themselves by dilated sucker-like disks at their tips.
(Name from a/ATTfXos, a vine, and ttyts, appearance.)
1. A. quiiiquefolia, Michx. — A common woody vine, growing in
low or rich grounds, climbing extensively, blossoming in July, ripening its small
blackish berries in October. Also called American Ivy. Leaves turning bright
crimson in autumn.
ORDER 34. RHAMNACEJE. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.)
Shrubs or small trees, with simple leaves, small and regular flowers (some-
times apetalous), with the 4 or 5 perigynous stamens as many as the valvate
sepals and alternate with them, and accordingly opjwsite the petals ! Drupe
RHAMNACEJE. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) 79
or pod with only one seed in each cell, not drilled. — Petals folded inwards
in the bud, hooded or concave, inserted along with the stamens into the
edge of the fleshy disk which lines the short tube of the calyx and often
unites it to the lower part of the 2-5-celled ovary. Ovules solitary,
anatropous, erect. Stigmas 2-5. Embryo large, with broad cotyledons,
in sparing fleshy albumen. — Flowers often polygamous. Leaves mostly
alternate : stipules small or obsolete. Branches often thorny. (Slightly
bitter and astringent : the fruit often mucilaginous, commonly rather nau-
seous or drastic.)
Synopsis.
* Calyx and disk free from the ovary.
1. BEHCIIEMIA. Petals sessile, entire, as long as the calyx. Drupe with thin flesh and a
2-celled bony putamen.
2. RHAMNUS. Petals small, short-clawed, notched, or none. Drupe berry-like, with the
2-4 separate seed-like nutlets concave on the back : cotyledons leaf-like, revolute.
3. FRANGULA. Petals, &c. as in No. 2. Seed-like nutlets convex on the back : cotyledons
plane, fleshy.
* * Calyx with the disk coherent with the base of the ovary.
4. CEANOTHUS. Petals long-clawed, hooded. Fruit dry, at length dehiscent.
1. BERCHEMIA, Necker. SUPPLE-JACK.
Calyx with a very short and roundish tube ; its lobes equalling the 5 oblong
sessile acute petals, longer than the stamens. Disk very thick and flat, filling
the calyx-tube and covering the ovary. Drupe oblong, with thin flesh and a
bony 2-celled putamen. — Woody twining and climbing vines, with the pinnato
veins of the leaves straight and parallel, the small greenish-white flowers in
small panicles. (Name unexplained.)
1. B. voliibilis, DC. Glabrous; leaves oblong-ovate, acute, scarcely
serrulate; style short, 2-toothed at the apex. — Damp soils, Virginia, and
southward. June. — Ascending tall trees. Stems tough and very lithe, whence
the popular name.
2. RHAMNUS, Tourn. BUCKTHORN.
Calyx 4 - 5-cleft ; the tube campanulate, lined with the disk. Petals small,
short-clawed, notched at the end, wrapped around the short stamens, or sometimes
none. Ovary free, 2-4-celled. Drupe berry-like (black), containing 2-4 sep-
arate seed-like nutlets, of cartilaginous texture, which are grooved on the back,
as is the contained seed. Cotyledons foliaceous, the margins revolute. — Shrubs
or small trees, with loosely pinnately veined leaves, and greenish polygamous or
dioecious flowers in axillary clusters. (The ancient Greek name, from the nu-
merous branchlcts.)
* Lobes of the calyx, petals, and stamens 4. .
1. B. CATHARTICUS, L. (COMMON BUCKTHORN.) Leaves ovate, minutely
serrate; fruit 3 - 4-seeded ; branchlets thorny. — Cultivated for hedges; spon-
taneous on the Hudson River, New York. (Adv. from Eu.)
80 RHAMNACE^K. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.)
2. R. lailceolatUS, Pursh. Leaves oblong-lanceolate and acute, or on
flowering shoots oblong and obtuse, finely serrulate, smooth or minutely downy
beneath ; petals deeply notched ; fruit 2-seedcd. Hills and river-banks, Penn.
(Mercerslmrg, I3rof- Green) to Illinois, and southward. May. — Shrub tall,
not thorny ; the yellowish-green flowers occurring under two forms, both com-
monly perfect : one with the short pedicels clustered in the axils and with long
styles ; the other, and more fruitful, with the pedicels oftener solitary, and the
style very short.
* * Lobes of the calyx and stamens 5 : petals wanting.
3. B. alaiif olius, L'Hcr. Leaves oval, acute, serrate, nearly straight-
veined : fruit 3-seeded. — Swamps, Maine to Penn. and Illinois, northward.
June. — Shrub 1° - 4° high.
3. FBANGUL.A, Tourn. ALDER-BUCKTHORN.
Seeds not grooved or concave (but convex) on the back. Cotyledons plane,
large and thick. Flowers perfect ; the lobes of the calyx, petals, and stamens
almost always 5. Leaves with nearly straight and parallel veins. Otherwise as
in Rhamnus. (Name fromfrango, to break, in allusion to the brittleness of the
stems.)
1. F. Caroliiiiana, Gray. Thornless; leaves (3'-4' long) oblong,
obscurely serrulate, nearly glabrous, deciduous ; peduncle of the small umbel of
flowers very short; drupe spherical, 3-seeded. — River-banks, Virginia, Ken-
tucky, and- southward. June. — A tall shrub.
4. CEANOTIIUS, L. NEW JERSEY TEA. RED-ROOT.
Calyx 5-lobed ; the lobes colored and incurved ; the lower part with the thick
disk cohering with the ovary, the upper separating across in fruit. Petals hood-
form, spreading, on slender claws longer than the calyx. Filaments also elon-
gated. Fruit 3-lobed, dry and splitting into its 3 carpels when ripe. Seed as in
Frangula. — Shrubby plants ; the flowers in little umbel-like clusters, which are
crowded in dense panicles or corymbs at the summit of naked flower-branches :
calyx and pedicels colored like the petals. (A name of Thcophrastus, of un-
known meaning and application.)
1. C. AiiH'i i< .suns, L. (NEW JERSEY TEA.) Leaves ovate or ob-
long-ovate, 3-ribbcd, serrate, downy beneath, often heart-shaped at the base ;
common peduncles elongated. — Dry woodlands. July. — An undcrshrub, 1°-
3° high from a dark red root, varying exceedingly : branches downy. Flowers
in pretty white clusters. — The leaves were used as a substitute for tea during
the American Revolution.
2. C. ovstlis, Bigelow. Leaves narrowly oval or elliptical-lanceolate,
finely glandular-serrate, glabrous or nearly so, as well as the short common pe-
duncles.— Dry rocks, W. Vermont to Wisconsin, and westward. May. — A
handsome low shrub, with the white flowers larger than in No. 1, more
corymbed, and narrower smooth leaves, mostly acute at both ends. It also
varies greatly.
CELASTRACEJE. (STAFF-TREE FAMILY.) 81
OKDER 35. CELASTRACE^E. (STAFF-TREE FAMILY.)
Shrub* with simple leaves, and small regular flowers, the sepals and the
petal* both imbricated in the bud, the 4 or 5 perifjynous stamens as many as
the petals and alternate with them, inserted on a disk which fills the bottom of
the calyx. Seeds arilled. — Ovary 2-5-celled, with one or few anatropous
(erect or pendulous) ovules in each cell: styles united into one. Fruit 2-
5-celled, free from the calyx. Embryo large, in fleshy albumen : cotyledons
broad and thin. Stipules minute and fugacious. Pedicels jointed. — Hep-
resented in the Northern States by two genera.
I. CEL,ASTRUS,L. STAFF-TREE. SHRUBBY BITTER-SWEET.
Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Petals (crenulate) and stamens 5, inserted on
the margin of a cup-shaped disk which lines the tube of the calyx. Pod glo-
bose (orange-color and berry-like), 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1-2
in each cell, erect, enclosed by a pulpy scarlet aril. — Leaves alternate. Flow-
ers small, greenish, in raeeme-like clusters terminating the branches. (An
ancient Greek name for some evergreen, which our plant is not.)
1. C. SCcindens, L. (WAX-WORK. CLIMBING BITTER-SWEET.)
Woody, sarmentosc and twining ; leaves ovate-oblong, finely serrate, pointed. —
Along streams and thickets. June. — The opening orange-colored pods, dis-
playing the scarlet covering of the seeds, are very ornamental in autumn.
2. EUONYMUS, Tourn. SPINDLE-TREE.
Flowers perfect. Sepals 4 or 5, united at the base, forming a short and flat
calyx. Petals 4-5, rounded, spreading. Stamens very short, inserted on the
edge or face of a broad and flat 4 - 5-angled disk, which coheres with the calyx
and is stretched over the ovary, adhering to it more or less. Style short or
none. Pod 3 - 5-lobed, 3 - 5-valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1-3 in each cell, en-
closed in a red aril. — Shrubs, with 4-sided branchlets, opposite serrate leaves,
and loose cymes of small flowers on axillary peduncles. (Deriv. from eu, good,
and ovofj-a, name, because it has the bad reputation of poisoning cattle. Tourn.)
1. E. atropurpureus, Jacq. (BURNING-BUSH. WAAHOO.) Shrub
tall (G°-14° high) and upright; leaves petioled, oval-oblong, pointed; parts of
the (dark purple) flower commonly in fours; pods smooth, deeply lobed. — New
York to Wisconsin and southward: also cultivated. June. — Ornamental in
autumn, by its copious crimson fruit, drooping on long peduncles.
2. E. America mis, L. (STRAWBERRY BUSH.) Shrub low, upright
or straggling (2° -5° high) ; leaves almost sessile, thickish, bright green, varying
from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed ; parts of the greenish-purple
flowers mostly in fives ; pods rough-warty, depressed, crimson when ripe, the aril
scarlet. — Wooded river-banks, W. New York to Illinois and southward. June.
Var. o1>OVittu§, Ton-. & Gray. Trailing, with rooting branches ; flower-
ing stems l°-2° high ; leaves thin and dull, obovate or oblong. (E. obovatus,
Nutt. \ — Low or wet places.
82 SAriNDACFJE. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.)
ORDER 3G. SAPINDACE^E. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.)
Trees, shrubs, or rarely herbs, with simple or compound leaves, mostly un-
symmctricdf and often irregular Jloicers, the 4-5 sepals and petals both im-
bricated in aestivation, the 5-10 stamens inserted on a fleshy (periyynous or
hyitoyynoui) disk, a 2 -3-celled and lobed ovary, with 1-2 (or rarely more)
ovules in each cell, and the embryo (except Staphylea) curved or convolute,
without albumen. — A large order, the true Sapindaceae principally tropi-
cal, none of them indigenous in the Northern States, except the Buckeyes :
— to it may be appended the Bladder-nut and Maple Families.
SUBORDER I. STAPHYLEACEJE. THE BLADDER-NUT FAMILY
Flowers (perfect) regular ; stamens as many as the petals. Ovules 1-8
in each cell. Seeds bony, with a straight embryo in scanty albumen. —
Shrubs with opposite pinnately compound leaves, stipulate and stipellate.
1. STAPHYLEA. Lobes of the colored calyx and petals 5, erect. Stamens 5. Fruit a 3-celled
bladdery-inflated pod.
SUBORDER II. SAPINDACEJE proper (including HIPPOCASTANE^K).
Flowers (often polygamous) mostly unsymmetrical and irregular; the
stamens commonly more numerous than the petals or sepals, but rarely
twice as many. Ovules 1 - 2 in each cell. Albumen none. Embryo
curved or convolute, rarely straight: cotyledons thick and fleshy. — Leaves
alternate or sometimes opposite, destitute of stipules, mostly compound.
2. J2SCULUS. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 4 or 6. Stamens commonly 7- Fruit a leathery pod.
Leaves opposite, digitate.
SUBORDER HI. ACERINE^J. THE MAPLE FAMILY.
Flowers (polygamous or dioecious) regular, but usually unsymmetrical.
Petals sometimes wanting. Ovary 2-lobed and 2-celled, with a pair of
ovules in each cell. Winged fruits 1-seeded. Albumen none. Embryo
coiled or folded ; the cotyledons long and thin. — Leaves opposite, simple
or compound.
8. ACER. Flowers polygamous. Leaves simple, or rarely digitately compound.
4. NEGUNDO. Flowers dioecious. Leaves pinnate, with 3-5 leaflets.
SUBORDER I. STAPHYL.EACEJE. THE BLADDER-NUT FAMILY.
1. §TAPHY:LEA, L. BLADDER-NUT.
Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes erect, whitish. Petals 5, erect, spatulnte,
inserted on the margin of the thick perigynous disk which lines the base of the
calyx. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Pistil of 3 several-ovuled carpels,
united in the axis, their long styles cohering at first. Pod lur^v, membnma-
ceous, inflated, 3-lobed, 3-celled, at length bursting at the summit ; th<> cells
containing 1-4 bony anutropous seeds. Aril none. Embryo laruv jmd straight,
in scanty albumen ; cotyledons broad and thin. — Upriulit shrubs, with opposite
pinnate leaves of 3 or 5 serrate leaflets, and white flowers in drooping raceme-
SAPINDACEJE. (SOAPBERRY TAMIL t.) 83
like clusters, terminating the branchlets. Stipules and stipek deciduous. (Name
from OTcxfrvXr], a cluster.)
1. S. trifolia, L. (AMERICAN BLADDER-NUT.) Leaflets 3, ovate,
pointed. — Thickets, in moist soil. May. — Shrub 10° high, with greenish
striped branches.
'SUBORDER II. SAPINDACE^E PROPER.
2. JE§CUL,US, L. HORSE-CHESTNUT. BUCKEYE.
Calyx tubular, 5-lobcd, often rather oblique or gibbous at the base. Petals 4,
sometimes 5, more or less unequal, with claws, nearly hypogynous. Stamens
7 (rarely 6 or 8) : filaments long and slender, often unequal. Style 1 : ovary
3-celled, with 2 ovules in each, only one of which, or one in each cell, forms
a seed. Seed very large, with a thick and shining coat, and a large and round
pale scar, without albumen. Cotyledons very thick and fleshy, their contiguous
faces more or less united, remaining under ground in germination : plumule
2-lcavcd : radicle curved. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, digitate : leaf-
lets serrate, straight-veined, like a Chestnut-leaf. Flowers in a terminal thyrsus
or dense panicle, often polygamous, the greater portion with imperfect pistils
and sterile. Pedicels jointed. Seeds farinaceous, but imbued with an intensely
bitter and narcotic principle. (The ancient name of some Oak or other mast
bearing tree.)
§ 1. ./ESCULUS PROPER. — Fruit covered with prickles when young.
1. JE. HlPPOCASTANUM, L. (COMMON HORSE-CHESTNUT.) Corolla
spreading, white spotted with purple and yellow, of 5 petals ; stamens declined ;
leaflets 7. — Commonly planted. (Adv. from Asia via Eu.)
2. JE, gl«\1>ra, Willd. (FETID or OHIO BUCKEYE.) Stamens curved,
much longer than the pale yellow corolla of 4 upright petals ; fruit prickly when
young; leaflets 5. — River-banks, W. Penn. and Virginia to Michigan and
Kentucky. June. — A large tree; the bark exhaling an unpleasant odor, as
in the rest of the genus. Flowers small, not showy.
§ 2. PAVIA, Boerh. — Fruit smooth : petals 4, erect and conniving ; the 2 upper
smaller and longer than the others, consisting of a small and rounded blade on a
ctnj long claw.
3. JE, flava, Ait. (SWEET BUCKEYE.) Stamens included in the yellow
corolla; calyx oblong-campanulate ; leaflets 5, sometimes 7, glabrous, or often
minutely downy underneath. — Rich woods, Virginia to Ohio, Indiana, and
southward. May. A large tree, or a shrub.
Var. purpurrisceiis. Flowers (both calyx and corolla) tinged with
flesh-color or dull purple; leaflets commonly downy beneath. (M. discolor,
Pursh, $-c.) — From W. Virginia southward and westward.
4. JE. Piavia, L. (RED BUCKEYE.) Stamens not longer than the
corolla, which is bright red, as well as the tubular calyx; leaflets glabrous or
soft-downy beneath. — Fertile valleys, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward.
May. — A shrub or small tree.
84 8APINDACEJE. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.)
SUBORDER III. ACERfNILE. THE MAPLE FAMILY.
3. ACER, Tourn. MAPLE.
Flowers polygamous. Calyx colored, 5- (rarely 4 -12-) lobed or parted. Pet-
als cither none, or as many as the lobes of the calyx, equal, with short claws
if any, inserted on the margin of the lobcd disk, which is either perigynous or
hypogynous. Stamens 4 -12. Ovary 2-celled, with a pair of ovules in each :
styli-s 2, long and slender, united only below, stigmatic down the inside. From
the back of each ovary grows a wing, converting the fruit into two 1 -seeded, at
length separable, closed samaras or keys. Seed without albumen. Embryo
variously coiled or folded, with large and thin cotyledons. — Trees, or some-
times shrubs, with opposite palmately-lobed leaves, and small flowers. Pedi-
cels not jointed. (The classical name, from the Celtic ac, hard.)
* Flowers in terminal racemes, greenish, appearing after the leaves: stamens G - 8.
1. A. SVnnsylvfmk ami, L. (STRIPED MAPLE.) Leaves 3-lobcd
at the apex, finely and sharply doubly serrate ; the short lobes taper-pointed,
and also sen-ate; racemes drooping, loose ; petals obovate ; fruit with large diverg-
ing wings. (A. striatum, Lam.) — Rich woods, Maine to Wisconsin, and north
ward along the Alleghanics to Virginia and Kentucky. June. — A small and
slender tree, with light-green bark striped with dark lines, and greenish flowers
and fruit. Also called Striped Dogwood, and Moose-Wood.
2. A. spicfitum, Lam. (MOUNTAIN MAPLE.) Leaves downy under-
neath, 3- (or slightly 5-) lobed, coarsely serrate, the lobes taper-pointed ; racemes
u/tright, dense, somewhat compound ; petals linear-spatulate ; fruit with small very
divergent wings. (A. montanum, Ait.) — Moist woods, with the same range
as No. 1 . June. — A tall shrub, forming clumps.
• # # Flowers iimbef/ate-cori/mbed, greenish-yellow, appearing with the luirm.
3. A. sac cliari mini, Wang. (SUGAR MAPLE. ROCK MAPLE.)
Leaves 3 - 5-lobed, with rounded sinuses and pointed sparingly sinuate-toothed
lobes, either heart-shaped or nearly truncate at the base, whitish and smooth or
a little downy along the veins beneath ; flowers from terminal leaf-hearing and
lateral leafless buds, drooping on very slender hairy pedicels ; calyx hairy at the
apex ; petals none ; wings of the fruit broad, slightly diverging. — Rich woods,
especially northward and along the mountains southward. April, May. — A
large, handsome tree.
Var. aii^riiiii. (BLACK SUGAR-MAPLE.) Leaves scarcely paler beneath,
but often minutely downy, the lobes wider, the sinus at the base often closed.
(A. nigrum, Michx.) — With the ordinary form.
# * * Flowers in umbel-like clusters arising from lateral leajless buds, preceding the
leaves: stamens 3-6.
4. A. dasycarpimi, Ehrhart. (WHITE or SILVER MAPLE.) /
very (li'f/il// 5-/obid with the sinuses rather acute, silvery -white (and when young
downy) underneath, the divisions narrow, cut-lobed and toothed ; flowers
(greenish-yellow) on short pedicels; petals none; fruit trouf/i/ when young, with
• iiviTgi-nt wings. — River-banks, most common southwaitl and westward.
March, April. — A fine ornamental tree.
POLYGALACE.E. (jlILKWORT FAMILY.) 85
6. A. rill) mm, L. (RED or SWAMP MAPLE.) Leaves 3-5lobedw\th
the sinuses acute, whitish underneath ; the lobes irregularly serrate and notehed,
acute , the middle one usually longest ; petals linear-oblong ; flowers on very short
pedicels (scarlet, crimson, or sometimes yellowish) ; but the fruit smooth, on pro-
longed drooping pedicels. — Swamps and wet woods ; everywhere. March,
April. — A small tree, with reddish twigs ; the leaves varying greatly in shape,
turning bright crimson in early autumn.
A. PSEUDO-PL AT ANUS, L., the FALSE SYCAMORE, and A. PLATANOIDES,
L., called NORWAY MAPLE, are two European species occasionally planted.
4. N EG UNDO, Mcench. ASH-LEAVED MAPLE. BOX-ELDER.
Flowers dioecious. Calyx minute, 4 - 5-cleft. Petals none. Stamens 4 -5.
— Sterile flowers in clusters on capillary pedicels ; the fertile in drooping ra-
cemes, from lateral buds. Leaves pinnate, with 3 or 5 leaflets. (Name un-
meaning. The genus, apparently of only a single species, is too near Acer
itself.)
1. N. aceroides, Moench. (Acer Negundo, L.) Leaflets smoothish
when old, very veiny, ovate, pointed, toothed ; fruit smooth, with large rather
incurved wings. — River-banks. Penn. to Wisconsin, and southward. April.
— A small but handsome tree, with light-green twigs, and very delicate droop-
ing clusters of small greenish flowers, rather preceding the leaves.
ORDER 37. POLYGALACEJE. (MILKWORT FAMILY.)
Plants with irregular, as if papilionaceous, hypoyynous flowers, 4-8 dia-
delpjious or monad elphous stamens, their l-celled anthers opening at the top
by a pore or chink; the fruit a 2-celled and 2-seeded pod. — Represented
by the typical genus
1. POL.1TGAL,A, Tourn. MILKWORT.
FloAver very irregular. Calyx persistent, of 5 sepals, of which 3 (the upper
and the 2 lower) are small and often greenish, while the two lateral or inner
(called ivinr/s) are much larger, and colored like the petals. Petals 3, hypogy-
nous, connected with each other and with the stamen-tube, the middle (lower)
one keel-shaped and often crested on the back. Stamens 6 or 8 : their filaments
united below into a split sheath, or into 2 sets, cohering more or less with the
petals, free above : anthers l-celled, often cup-shaped, opening by a hole or
broad chink at the apex. Ovary 2-celled, with a single anatropous ovule pen-
dulous in each cell : style prolonged and curved : stigma various. Fruit a
small, loculicidal 2-seedcd pod, usually rounded and notched at the apex, much
flattened contrary to the very narrow partition. Seeds with a caruncle, or vari-
ously shaped appendage, at the hilum. Embryo large, straight, with flat and
broad cotyledons, surrounded by a sparing albumen. — Bitter plants (low herbs
in temperate regions), with simple entire leaves, often dotted, and no stipules :
sometimes bearing concealed fertile flowers also next the ground. (An old
8
86 TOLYGALACE.E. (MILKWORT FAMILY.)
name, from TroXvs, much, and ydXa, milk, from a fancied property of its in-
creasing this secretion.)
* Biennial (6' -12' high) : flowers yellow : crest of the keel small.
1. P. liitca, L. Flowers in solitary ovate or oblong heads, terminating the
stem or simple branches (bright orange-yellow); leaves (l'-2' long) obovate or
spatulate ; lobes of the caruncle nearly as long as the seed. — Sandy swamps, New
and southward, near the coast. June -Sept. — Stems at first simple.
llrad of flowers |' in diameter, showy.
2. P, railiosa, Ell. Flowers (citron-yellow) in numerous short and dense
sj>fk- -/ike. rur.-iiiix collected in a flat-topped compound cyme ; leaves oblong-linear,
the lowest spatulate or obovate ;. seeds ovoid, minutely hairy, twice the length of
tiie caruncle. (P. cymosa, Poir., not of Walt. P. corymbosa, Nntt.) — Damp
pine-barrens, New Jersey ? Delaware, and southward. — Flowers turning green
in drying. (The allied P. CYM6SA, Walt., which is P. graminifolia, Poir., P.
attenuata, Nutt., P. acutifolia, Torr. Sf Gray, — known by its simpler cymes,
stem naked above, narrower leaves, and globular seeds with no caruncle, —
probably occurs in S. Virginia.)
# # Annual : Jlowers purple or white, in spikes ; no subterranean blossoms : crest of
the keel minute, except in Nos. 3, 9, and 10.
•»- Leaves all alternate or scattered : Jlowers purple or Jlesh-color.
3. P. ilicarilfita, L. Glaucous ; stem slender, simple or sparingly
branched (1° high); leaves small, linear-awl-shapcd ; spike oblong or cylindri-
cal ; wings much shorter than the conspicuously crested corolla ; claws of the petals
united in a very long and slender cleft tube ; caruncle 2-lobed, longer than the stalk
of the hairy seed. — Dry soil, Maryland and Ohio to Wisconsin and southward.
July.
4. P. sangllinea, L. Stem branched at the top (f/ -10' high) ; leaves
oblong-linear ; spikes roundish or oblong, dense, very obtuse ; wings broadly ovate,
obtuse; caruncle almost as long as the seed. (P. purpurea, Nutt.) — Sandy and
moist ground; common. July -Sept. — Spikes £' thick, reddish-purple: the
axis, as in Nos. 5 and 6, beset with the persistent awl-shaped scaly bracts after
the flowers have fallen.
5. P. fastigiata, Nutt. Stem slender, at length much branched above ;
leaves linear ; spikes shoit ; wings ovate-oblong, tapering at the base into </ixtiiu;t
r/nirn ; caruncle as long as, and nearly enveloping, the stalk-like base of the minntdy
fia in/ seed. (P. sanguinea, Torr. $ Gr., excl. syn. ; not of Nntt., nor L.) —
Pine ban-ens of New Jersey (Nuttall) to Kentucky and southward. — Spikes
looser, and the rose-purple flowers much smaller, than in No. 4, brighter-colored
than in the next, which it most resembles.
6. P. Nllttallii, Torr. & Gr. (Fl. 1, p. 670, excl. syn., & descr.) Stem,
branched above (4' -9' high); leaves linear; spikes oblong, dense ; n-ings r////>-
tirnt, un rcry short claws; caruncle small and uj>/>/i<fl to one side of tin- stalk-liki base
of the very lun'ry seed. (P. sanguinea, Nntt., not of L. P. Mariana, &<-., /"'/.-.,
t. 437. P. ambigua, Torr. Sf Gr., FL, not of Nutt.) — Dry sandy soil, i-oa-t of
Massachusetts to Penn. and southward. Aug. — Spikes .'/ in diameter; tho
flowers light purple and greenish, duller-colored than in the last, with thicker
POLYGALACE^E. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) 87
wings on shorter claws ; and the narrow caruncle not longer than the slalk-like
base of the pear-shaped seed.
•*- -i— Leaves, at least the lower ones, in whorls.
•IH- Flowers middle-sized, in thick spikes, rose-color or greenish-purple.
7. P. Ci'iicuafa, L. Low, with spreading opposite branches ; leaves
nearly all in fours (rarely fives), linear and somewhat spatulate or oblanceolate ;
spikes sessile or nearly so, dense, oblong becoming cylindrical ; bracts persistent ;
wings broadly deltoid-ovate, slightly heart-shaped, tapering to a bristly point ; caruncle
nearly as long as the seed. — Margin of swamps, Maine to Virginia and south-
ward near the coast, and along the Great Lakes. Aug. - Sept. — Stems 3' - 10'
high, Avith almost winged angles. Spikes fully £' in diameter.
8. P. ftrevifolia, Nutt. Rather slender, branched above ; leaves in fours,
or scattered on the branches, narrowly spatulate-oblong ; spikes peduncled, ob-
long, rather loose; wings lanceolate-ovate, pointless or barely mitrronate. — Margin
of sandy bogs, Rhode Island (Olney), New Jersey and southward. Sept. —
Closely allied to the last, probably only a marked variety of it.
K-w- Flowers small, in slender elongated spikes, greenish-ivhite, rarely tinged with
purple : the crest rather large in proportion.
9. P. verticillata, L. Slender (6' -10' high), much branched; stem-
^~ives in fours or Jives, those of the brandies scattered, linear, acute , spikes pedun-
cled, dense, acute; bracts falling with the flowers; wings round, clawed; the
2-lobed caruncle half the length of the seed. — Dry soil ; common. June - Oct.
10. P. ailll>iglia, Nutt. Very slender, loosely branched; lowest stem-
leaves in fours, tlie rest scattered, narrowly linear ; spikes long-peduncled, very slen-
der, the flowers often scattered ; wings oval ; caruncle shorter ; otherwise nearly
as in No. 9 (of which it is probably a mere variety). — Dry woods, from New
York southward.
* * # Perennial : floivers white, spiked ; no subterranean blossoms.
11. P. Senega,, L. (SENECA SNAKEROOT.) Stems several from a
thick and hard knotty root, simple (6' -12' high) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, with rough margins, alternate ; spike cylindrical, the flowers on
extremely short pedicels ; wings round-obovate, concave ; crest short ; caruncle
nearly as long as the seed. — Rocky open woods or plains, W. New England
to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and Virginia. May, June.
Var. latifolia, Torr. & Gray. Taller (9' -16' high), sometimes branched;
leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, very large (2' -4' long), tapering to each end.
Kentucky, Short.
# * * * Biennial or perennial: flowers rose-purple, showy, crested; also bearing
whitish and inconspicuous more fertile ones, with imperfect corollas, on subterranean
branches.
12. P. polygama, Walt. Stems numerous from the biennial root,
mostly simple, ascending, very leafy (6' to 9' high) ; leaves oblanceolate or oblong,
alternate ; terminal raceme many-jlowered, the broadly obovate wings longer than
the keel; stamens 8; radical flowers racemed on short runners on or beneath
the ground; lobes of the caruncle 2, scale-like, shorter than the seed. (P.
rubella, Muhl.) — Dry sandy soil; common eastward. — July.
88 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.)
13. P. pailCifolia, Willd. Perennial; flowering stems short (3; -4'
high), and leafy chiefly at the summit, rising from long and Render prostrate or
subterranean shoots, which also bear concealed fertile ilowers ; lower leaves
small and scale-like, scattered; the upper leaves ovate, jxtiohd, croinl d ; Jlou-frs
1-3, larye, peduncled ; wings obovatc, rather shorter than the conspicuously
fringe-crested keel ; stamens 6 ; caruncle of 2 - 3 awl-shaped lobes longer than
the seed. — Woods in light soil; not rare northward, extending southward
along the Alleghanies. May. — A delicate plant, with large and very hand-
some flowers, I' long, rose-purple, or rarely pure white. Sometimes called
Flowering Wintergreen, but more appropriately FRINGED POLYGALA.
ORDER 38. LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.)
Plants with papilionaceous or sometimes regular flowers, 10 {rarely 5, and
sometimes many*) monadelphous, diadelphous, or rarely distinct stdiiiaix, ami
a single simple free pistil, becoming a legume in fruit. Seed* u'itlimtt
albumen. Leaves alternate, with stipules, usually compound. One of the
sepals inferior (i. e. next the bract) ; one of the petals superior (i. e.
next the axis of the inflorescence). — A very large order (nearly free from
noxious qualities), of which the principal representatives in this and
other northern temperate regions belong to the first of the three sub-
orders it comprises.
SUBORDER I. PAPILIONACEJ3. THE PROPER PULSE FAMILY.
Calyx of 5 sepals, more or less united, often unequally so. Corolla pe-
rigynous (inserted into the base of the calyx), of 5 irregular petals (or very
rarely fewer), imbricated in the bud, more or less distinctly papilionaceous,
i. e. with the upper or odd petal, called the vexillum or standard, larger
than the others and enclosing them in the bud, usually turned backward or
spreading ; the two lateral ones, called the wings, oblique and exterior to
the two lower petals, which last are connivent and commonly more or less
coherent by their anterior edges, forming a body named the carina or keel,
from its resemblance to the keel or prow of a boat, and which usually en-
closes the stamens and pistil. Stamens 10, very rarely 5, inserted with the
corolla, monadelphous, diadelphous (mostly with 9 united in one set in a
tube which is cleft on the upper side, i. e. next the standard, and the tenth
or upper one separate), or occasionally distinct. Ovary 1 -celled, sometimes
2-celled by an infolding of one of the sutures, or transversely many-celled
by cross-division into joints : style simple : ovules amphitropous, very ra re-
ly anatropous. Cotyledons large, thick or thickish : radicle almost always
incurved. — Leaves simple or simply compound, the earliest ones in gci mi-
nation usually opposite, the rest alternate : leaflets almost always quite en-
tire. Flowers perfect, solitary and axillary, or in spikes, racemes, or pan-
icles.
LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 89
Synopsis.
TRIBE I. IJOTE^E. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous (9 & 1). Pod continuous
and 1-celled, or sometimes 2-celled lengthwise. Cotyledons becoming green leaves in
germination. — Not twining, climbing, nor tendril-bearing. (Wistaria is an exception in
its climbing stems.)
Subtribe 1. &ENISTE.E. Stamens monadelphous : anthers of 2 forms. Leaves simple or
palmately compound.
1 LUPJNUS. Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Keel scythe-shaped. Pod flattish. Leaves palmate.
2 CROTALARIA. Calyx 5-lobed. Keel scythe-shaped. Pod inflated.
8. GENISTA. Calyx somewhat 2-lipped. Keel straight. Pod flat. Leaves simple.
Subtribe 2. TRIFOLIE.E. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) : anthers uniform. Leaves palmately
or rarely pinnately 3 - 5-foliolate ; the earliest ones in germination after the cotyledons
alternate ! — Herbs or scarcely shrubby plants.
4. TRIFOLIUM. Flowers capitate. Pods membranaceous, 1 - 6-seeded.
6. MELILOTUS. Flowers racemed. Pods coriaceous, wrinkled, 1-2-seeded.
6. MEDICAGO. Flowers racemed or spiked. Pods curved or coiled.
Subtribe 3. PSORALE.E. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Pod 1-seeded and inde-
hiscent, mostly included in the calyx, rarely 2-seeded. Plants sprinkled with dark dots
or glands. Earliest true leaves opposite.
7. PSORALEA. Corolla truly papilionaceous. Stamens 10, more or less diadelphous, half of
the anthers often imperfect.
8. DALEA. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous. Stamens 9 or 10, monadelphous ; the cleft
tube of filaments bearing 4 of the petals about its middle.
9. PETALOSTEMON. Corolla scarcely at all papilionaceous. Stamens 6, monadelphous;
the cleft tube of filaments bearing 4 of the petals on its summit.
10. AMORPHA. Corolla consisting of only one petal! the standard. Stamens 10, monadel-
phous at the base.
Subtribe 4. GALEGE^!. Stamens mostly diadelphous. Pod several-seeded, at length 2-valved,
1-celled. Leaves pinnate.
11. ROBINIA. Wings of the corolla free from the keel. Pod flat and thin, margined on one
edge. Trees or shrubs : leaflets stipellate.
12. WISTARIA. Wings free from the falcate keeL Pod tumid, marginless. Woody twiners :
leaflets not stipellate.
IS. TEPHROSIA. Wings cohering with the keel. Pod flat, marginless. Herbs.
Subtribe 6. ASTRAOALE^S. Stamens diadelphous. Pod 2-celled lengthwise by the intro-
flexion of the dorsal suture, or 1-celled with one or the other suture somewhat turned
inward. Leaves pinnate.
14. ASTRAGALUS. Keel not pointed. Herbs, or low scarcely woody plants.
TRIBE II. HEDYSAREJE. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Pod (loment)
transversely 2 - several -jointed, the reticulated 1-seeded joints remaining closed, or some-
times reduced to one such joint.
* Leaves pinnate, with several leaflets.
15. ^SCHYNOMENE. Stamens equally diadelphous (5 & 5). Calyx 2-lipped. Pod several-
jointed.
16. HEDYSARUM. Stamens unequally diadelphous (9 & 1). Calyx 5-cleft. Pod several
jointed.
* * Leaves pinnately 3-folSolate.
17. DESMODIUM. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) or monadelphous below. Calyx 2-lipped.
Pod several-jointed. Flowers all of one sort and complete. Leaflets stipellate.
90 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.)
18. LESPEPEZA. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) : anthers uniform. Pod 1 - 2-jointod. Flow-
ers often of 2 sorts, the more fertile ones apetalous. Leaflets not stipellate.
19. 8TYLOSANTHES. Stamens monadclphous : antliers of 2 forms. Pod 1 - 2-jointed. Flow-
ers of 2 sorts intermixed, the fertile apetalous. Leaflets not stipellate.
TRIBE HI. VICIEJE. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Pod continuous, 1-oelled. Coty-
ledons very thick and fleshy (as in a pea), not rising to the surface, but remaining under
ground in germination. — Herbs, with abruptly pinnate leaves, the common leafstalk
produced into a tendril or bristle. Peduncles axillary.
20. VICIA. Stylo filiform, bearded round the apex, or down the side next the keel-petals.
21. LATIIYKUS. Style flattened, bearded on the side towards the standard.
TRIBE IV. PHASEOLEJE. Stamens more or less diadelphous (9 & 1). Pod contin-
uous, not jointed, nor more than 1-celled, except by cellular matter sometimes deposited
between the seeds, 2-valved. Cotyledons thick and fleshy, usually rising to the surface,
but remaining nearly unchanged (as in a bean, seldom foliaceous) in germination. —
Twining or trailing plants, with pinuately 3-foliolate, rarely 5 - 7-foliolate leaves, mostly
stipellate, destitute of tendrils. Flowers often clustered in the racemes.
* Keel spirally twisted. Cotyledons thick, nearly unchanged in germination.
22. PHASEOLUS. Keel spiral. Leaves 3-foliolat«, stipellate.
23. APIOS. Keel incurved, at length twisted. Leaves 5 - 7-foliolate, not stipellate.
* * Keel straight. Cotyledons not so thick.
+- Ovary 1 - 2-ovuled. Leaflets not stipellate. Flowers yellow.
24. RHYNCHOSIA. Calyx 4-«left, somewhat 2-lipped, or 4-parted. Pod 1 - 2-seeded.
•i- •«- Ovary several ovuled. Leaflets usually stipellate. Flowers not yellow.
26. GALACTIA. Calyx 2-bracteolate, 4-cleft, the upper lobe broadest and entire. Bracts
deciduous.
26. AMPHICARP-SIA Calyx not bracteolate, 4 - 5-toothed. Peduncles many-flowered.
Bracts persistent.
27. CLITOKIA Calyx 2-bracteolate, tubular, 6-cleft. Peduncles 1 - 3-flowered.
28. CENTROSEMA. Calyx 2-bracteolate, short, 6-cleft. Peduncles few-flowered. Standard
with a spur at its base.
TRIBE V. SOPHOREJE and PODALYRIEJE. Stamens 10, distinct
29. BAPTISIA. Calyx4-6-lobod. Keel-petals distinct. Pod inflated. Herbs. Leaves pal-
mately 3-foliolate or simple.
80. CLADRAST1S. Calyx 5-toothed. Keel-petals distinct. Pod very- flat. Tree, with pin-
nate leaves.
SUBORDER II. C^SALPINIE^). THE BRASILETTO FAMILY.
Corolla imperfectly or not at all papilionaceous, sometimes nearly regu-
lar, imbricated in the bud, the upper or odd petal inside and enclosed by
the others. Stamens 10 or fewer, commonly distinct, inserted on the calyx.
Seeds anatropous. Embryo usually straight.
* Flowers imperfectly papilionaceous, perfect.
81. CERCIS. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Pod flat, wing-margined. Leaves simple.
* * Flowers not papilionaceous, perfect.
82. CASSIA. Calyx of 5 n^arly distinct sepals. Leaves simply pinnate.
* * * Flowers not at all papilionaceous, not perfect.
83. GYMNOCLADUS. Flowers dioecious. Petals 5, regular, inserted on the summit of the
tubular-funnel-form calyx. Stamens 10. Leaves doubly pinnate.
84 GLEDIT^CIIIA. Flow-era polygamous. Petals, divisions of the open calyx, and staim-ns
8-5. Leaves 1-2-uincAte.
LEGUMIXOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 01
SUBORDER III. MIMOSEJE. THE MIMOSA FAMILT.
Corolla valvate in aestivation, often united into a 4 - 5-lobed cup, hypogy-
nous, as are the (often very numerous) stamens, regular. Embryo straight.
Leaves twice or thrice pinnate.
85. DESMANTIIUS. Petals distinct. Stamens 5 - 10. Pod smooth.
86. SOIIRANKIA. Petals united below into a cup. Stamens 8 or 10. Pod covered with
small prickles or rough projections.
SUBORDER I. P API LION ACE^]. THE PROPER PULSE FAMILY.
1. I, UP IN US, Tourn. LUPINE.
Calyx very deeply 2-lippcd. Sides of the standard reflexed : keel scythe-
shaped, pointed. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens entire : anthers alter-
nately oblong and roundish. Pod oblong, flattened, often knotty by constric-
tions between the seeds. Cotyledons thick and fleshy. Herbs, with palmately
1 - 15-foliolate leaves, and showy flowers in terminal racemes or spikes. (Name
from Lupus, a wolf, because these plants were thought to devour the fertility of
the soil.)
1. L-. pcreilllis, L. (WILD LUPINE.) Somewhat hairy; stem erect
(l°-2°); leaflets 7-11, oblanceolate ; flowers in a long and loose raceme,
pods very hairy. 1J. — Sandy soil, common. June. — Flowers showy, purplish-
blue, rarely pale or white. — Some S. European Lupines in gardens, and others
from Oregon have recently been introduced, especially L. polyphyllus.
2. CROTALAR1A, L. RATTLE-BOX.
Calyx 5-clcft, scarcely 2-lipped. Standard large, heart-shaped : keel scythe-
shaped. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens cleft on the upper side : 5 of the
anthers smaller and roundish. Pod inflated, oblong, many-seeded. — Herbs
with simple leaves. Flowers racemed, yellow. (Name from KporaXoz/, a rattle ;
the loose seeds rattling in the coriaceous inflated pods.)
1. C. sagitttllis, L. Annual, hairy (3' -6' high) ; leaves oval or oblong-
lanceolate, scarcely pctiolcd ; stipules united and decurrent on the stem, so as
to be inversely arrow-shaped ; peduncles few-flowered ; corolla not longer than
the calyx. — Sandy soil, Massachusetts to Virginia near the coast, Illinois and
southward. July.
3. GENISTA, L. WOAD-WAXEN. WHIN.
Calyx 2-lipped. Standard oblong-oval, spreading: keel oblong, straight,
scarcely enclosing the stamens and style. Stamens monadelphous, the sheath
entire; 5 alternate anthers shorter. Pod flat, several-seeded. — Shrubby plants,
with simple leaves, and yellow flowers. (Name from the Celtic gen, a bush.)
1. G. TINCT6RIA, L. (DYER'S GREEN-WEED.) Low, not thorny, with
Btriate-anglcd erect branches ; leaves lanceolate; flowers in spiked racemes.—
92 LKGUMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.)
Peekskill, New York, and E. Massachusetts, where it is tin. roughly established
on stciilc hills in Essex Couuty. June. (Adv. from Eu.J
4. TRI FOLIUM, L. CLOVER. TRKFOIL.
Calyx persistent, 5-clcft, the teeth bristle-form. Corolla withering or persist-
ent: standard longer than the wings, these mostly longer than the keel, and
united with it by their slender claws. Stamens more or less united with the
corolla. Pods small and membranous, often included in the calyx, 1 -6-seeded,
indcliisccnt, or opening by one of the sutures. — Tufted or diffuse herbs. Leaves
mostly palmatcly 3-foliolatc : leaflets often toothed. Stipules united with the
petioles. Flowers chiefly in heads or spikes. (Name from tns, three, and
folium, a leaf.)
# Flowers sessile in dense heads : corolla purple or purplish, witli<>rir,cj away afler
flowering, tubular below, the petals more or less coherent in't/t each other.
H- Calyx-teeth silky-plumose, longer fhan the whitish corolla.
1. T. ARVENSE, L. (RABRIT-FOOT CLOVER. STONE CLOVER.) Silky,
branching (5' -10' high) ; leaflets oblanceol ate; heads becoming very soft-silky
and grayish, oblong or cylindrical. ® — Old fields, &c. (Nat. from Eu.)
+- •»- Calyx almost glabrous, except a bearded ring in the throat, short tr than the rose-
red or purple elongated-tubular corolla. (Flowers sweet-scented. )
2. T. PRATEXSE, L. (RED CLOVER.) Stems ascending, somewhat hairy;
leaflets oval or obovate, often notched at the end and marked on the upper side
with a pale spot ; stipules broad, bristle-pointed; heads ovate, sessile. (1 1J. — Fields
and meadows ; largely cultivated. (Adv. from Eu.)
3. T. aiEDiuM, L. (ZIGZAG CLOVER.) Stems zigzag, smoothish ; leaflets
oblong, entire, and spotless ; heads mostly stalked; flowers deeper purple and larger :
otherwise like the last. 1J.— Dry hills, Essex Co., Massachusetts. (Adv.
from Eu.)
# * Flowers pedicclled in umbel-like round heads on a naked peduncle, their short
pedicels reflexed when old: corolla white or rose-color, withering-persistent and turn-
ing brownish in fading ; the tubular portion short.
4. T. reflexum, L. (BUFFALO CLOVER.) Stems ascending, Joicny ;
leaflets obovate-oblong, finely toothed; stipules thin, ovate; calyx-teeth hairy;
pods 3-5-seeded. (J) @ — Western New York (rare) to Kentucky and south-
ward.— Heads and flowers larger than in No. 2 : standard rose-red ; wings and
keel whitish.
5. T. Stolon ifcrum, Muhl. (RUNNING BUFFALO-CLOVER.) Smooth ;
stems irith long runners from the base ; leaflets broadly obovate or obi-ordatf, minutely
toothed; heads loose; pods 2-seedcd. 1J. — Open woodlands and prairies,
Ohio to Illinois, Kentucky, and westward. — Flowers white, tinged with purple,
as large as No. 4, which this too closely resembles.
6. T. repens, L. (WHITE CLOVER.) Smooth; the slender stems
tpnadutff and tn-eping ; leaflets inversely heart-shaped or merely notched, obscurely
toothed; stipules scale-like, narrow; petioles and especially the peduncles very
long; heads small and loose; pods about 4-seeded. 1J.— Pastures, waste
LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 93
places, and oven in woodlands. Appearing like a naturalized plant; but mani-
festly indigenous northward. (Eu.)
* * # Flowers short-pedicelled in close heads, reflexed when old: corolla ycllvw,
persistent, turning dry and chestnut-broicn with age, the standard bccomh.y hood-
shaped.
7. T. AGRARIUM, L. (YELLOW or HOP-CLOVER.) Smoothish, somewhat
upright (6' -12' high); leaflets obovate-oblong, all three from the sam>>. point (pal-
mate) and nearly sessile; stipules narrow, cohering with the petiole for more than
half its length. @ — Sandy iields, Massachusetts to Penn. (Nat. from Eu.)
8. T. PROCUMBENS, L. (Low HOP-CLOVER.) Stems spreading or as-
cending, pubescent (3' -6' high) ; leaflets icedge-oborate, notched at the end ; the
lateral at a small distance from the other (pinnately 3-foliolate) ; stipules ovate, short.
(D — Sandy fields and road-sides, N. England to Virginia. Also var. MINUS
(T. minus, Relh.), with smaller heads, the standard not much striate with age.
Wit.li the other, and Kentucky, in cultivated grounds. (Nat. from Eu.)
5. MELILOT US, Tourn. MELILOT. SWEET CLOVER.
Flowers much as in Clover, hut in spiked racemes, small : corolla deciduous,
the wings not united with the keel. Pod ovoid, coriaceous, wrinkled, longer
than the calyx, scarcely dehiscent, 1-2-seeded. — Herbs, fragrant in drying,
with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves ; leaflets toothed. (Name from /ze'Xi, honey, and
Acoros, some leguminous plant.)
1. WI. OFFicixXLis, Willd. (YELLOW MELILOT.) Upright (2° -4°
high) ; leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse; corolla yellow ; the petals nearly of equal
length, (g) — Waste or cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Eu.)
2. M. ALBA, Lam. (WHITE MELILOT.) Leaflets truncate; corolla white,
the standard longer than the other petals. @ (M. leucantha, Koch.) — In simi-
lar places to the last, and much like it. (Adv. from Eu.)
:
6. ME DIC A GO, L. MEDICK.
Flowers nearly as in Melilotus. Pod 1 - several-seeded, scythe-shaped,
curved, or variously coiled. — Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. Stipules often cut.
(l)criv. from MqSt/oj, the name applied to Lucerne, because it came to the Greeks
from Media.)
1. M. SATIVA, L. (LUCERNE.) Upright, smooth ; leaflets obovate-oblong,
toothed ; flowers (purple) racemed ; pods spirally twisted. 1J. — Cultivated for
green fodder, rarely spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.)
2. M. LUPULINA, L. (BLACK MEDICK. NONESUCH.) Procumbent, pu-
bescent ; leaflets wedge-obovate, toothed at the apex ; flowers in short spikes
(yellow); pods kidney-form, 1-secded. (|) — Waste places; sparingly. (Adv.
from Eu.)
3. M. MACULATA, Willd. (SPOTTED MEDICK.) Spreading or procum-
bent, somewhat pubescent; leaflets obcordate, with a purple spot, minutely
94 Li;<;r.MiNos,K. (ITLSK FAMILY.)
toothed ; peduncles 3 - 5-floicered ; flowers yellow ; pod* couijxtclftj spiral, of 2 or 3
turns, compressed, furroind on the thick eilye, and fringed with a double row of
curved prickles. (T; — Introduced with wool into waste grounds in some places.
(Adv. from Eu.)
4. M. I>ENTICUL\TA, Wilhl. Nearly glabrous; pods loosely spiral t deeply
reticnlati-d, and with a thin keeled edge: otherwise like the last. — Sparingly in-
troduced into New England, £e. (Adv. from Eu.)
7. PSORAL.EA, L. PSORALEA.
Calyx 5-eleft, persistent, the lower lobe longest. Stamens diadelphous or
sometimes monadelphous : the 5 alternate anthers often imperfect. Pod seldom
longer than the calyx, thick, often wrinkled, indehiseent, 1 -seeded. — Perennial
herbs, usually sprinkled all over or roughened (especially the calyx, pods, vie.)
with glandular dots or points. Leaves mostly 3-5-foliolate. Stipules cohering
with the petiole. Flowers spiked or racemed, white or mostly blue-purplish.
Root sometimes tuberous and farinaceous. (Name from ^copaXeoy, scurfy, from
the glands or dots.)
# Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate.
1. P. OaidforyclliS, Nutt. Nearly smooth and free from glands, erect
(3° -5° high); leaflets lanceolate-ovate, taper-pointed (.'3' long); stipules and bracts
au-l->i/t(ipcd ; racemes axillary, elongated; peduncle shorter than the leaves;
pods roughened and wrinkled. — River-banks, Ohio to 111. and southward. July.
— Flowers very small.
2. P. Stipuliltsi, Ton-. & Gray. Nearly smooth and glandless ; struts dif-
fuse; leaflets orate-elliptical, reticulated ; stipules ovate ; flowers in heads on axil-
lary rather short peduncles ; bracts broadly ovate, sharp-pointed. — Rocks, Falls
of the Ohio, Kentucky. June.
3. P. mclilotoldes, Miehx. Somewhat pubescent, more or less glan-
dular; steins erect (l°-2°high), slender; leaflets lanceolate or narrowly oblong}
sjii/ds Monn, long-peduncled ; ttipule* aid-shaped; bracts ovate or lanceolate,
taper-pointed ; pods strongly wrinkled transversely. (Also P. eglandulosa, Ell.)
— Dry soil, Ohio to Illinois, Virginia, and southward. June.
* * Leaves palmately 3 - 5-foliolate.
4. P. floribltilda, Nutt. Slender, erect, much branched and bushy
(2C -4° high), minnttly hoary.-pubesc&tt when young; leaflets varying from linear
to obovate-oblong (^'-l£' long), glandular-dotted; racain^ panirU-d ; lobes of
the calyx and bracts ovate, acute; pod glandular. — Prairies of Illinois and
southwestward. June - Sept. — Flowers 2" or 3" long.
5. P. argopliylia, Pursh. Silvery silky-u-hftr all over, erect, divergently
branched (l°-3° high); leaflets elliptical-lanceolate; spib* int<mipt< d ; lohea
of the calyx and bracts lanceolate. — High plains, Falls of St. Anthony, Wis-
consin, and westward. June. — Flowers 4"- 5'' long.
P. KSCLI.KNTA, Pursh., of the same region as the last, — the INDIAN Tt;i<-
MI-, POMME BLANCHE, or POMME DE PUAIIIIE, used as food by the aborigi-
ucs, — may possibly occur on the Wisconsin side of the Mississippi. See add.
LEGUMIXOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 95
§. I>AL,EA, L. DALEA.
Calyx 5-clcft or toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous : petals all on
claws : the standard heart-shaped, inserted in the bottom of the calyx : the keel
and wings borne on the middle of the monadelphous sheath of filaments, which
is cleft do\\n one side. Stamens 10, rarely 9. Pod membranaccous, 1 -seeded,
indehiscent, enclosed in the persistent calyx. — Mostly herbs, more or less dotted
with glands, with minute stipules, the flowers in terminal spikes or heads.
(Named for Thomas Dale, an English botanist.)
1. !>. alopecuroides, Willd. Erect (l°-2°high), glabrous, except
the dense and cylindrical silky-villous spike; leaves pinnate, of many linear-
oblong leaflets ; corolla small, whitish. (J) — Alluvial soil, Illinois and south-
ward. July. (Numerous species occur farther southwest.)
9. FETAL.OSTEMON, Michx. PRAIRIE CLOVER.
Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla indistinctly papilionaceous : petals all on thread-
shaped claws, 4 of them nearly similar and spreading, borne on the top of the
monadelphous and cleft sheath of filaments, alternate with the 5 anthers ; the
fifth (standard) inserted in the bottom of the calyx, heart-shaped or oblong.
Pod membranaceous, enclosed in the calyx, indehiscent, 1 -seeded. — Chiefly
perennial herbs, upright, dotted with glands, with crowded odd-pinnate leaves,
minute stipules, and small flowers in very dense terminal and pcdunelcd heads
or spikes. (Name combined of the two Greek words for petal and stamen,,
alluding to the peculiar union of these organs in this genus.)
1. P. violftceiis, Michx. Smoothish; leaflets 5, narrowly linear,
heads globose-ovate, or oblong-cylindrical when old ; bracts pointed, not longer
than the silky-hoary calyx; corolla rose-purple. — Dry prairies, Michigan, Wis-
consin, and southward. July.
2. P. c&ftidid us, Michx. Smooth ; leaflets 7-9, lanceolate or linear-
oblong ; heads oblong, when old cylindrical ; bracts awncd, longer than the
nearly glabrous calyx ; corolla white. — Wisconsin to Kentucky and westward.
July.
1O. AM OR P II A, L. FALSE INDIGO.
Calyx inversely conical, 5-toothed, persistent. Standard concave, erect : the
other petals entirely wanting ! Stamens 10, monadelphous at the very base,
otherwise distinct. Pod oblong, longer than the calyx, 1 - 2-seeded, roughened,
tardily dehiscent. — Shrubs, with odd-pinnate leaves; the leaflets marked with
minute dots, usually stipellate. Flowers violet, crowded in clustered terminal
spikes. (Name, apopfa, wanting form, from the absence of 4 of the petals.)
1. A. frilficossi, L. (FALSE INDIGO.) Rather pubescent or smoothisk;
leaflets 8 -12 pairs, oval, scattered ; pods 2-seeded. — River-banks, S. Penn. to
Wisconsin and southward. June. — A tall shrub: very variable.
2. A. cafil€SC«HS, Nutt. (LEAD-PLANT.) Low (l°-3° high), whitened
with hoary down; ballets 15-25 pairs, elliptical, crowded, small, the upper
96 i.EGUMiNOS-fi. (PULSE FAMILY.)
surface sinootliish with age; pods 1 -seeded. — Prairies and crevices of rocks,
Michigan to Wisconsin and southwcstward. July. — Supposed to indieate
the prc-eiicc oi' lead-ore.
11. It OSS INI A, L. LOCUST-TREE.
Calyx short, 5-toothed, slightly 2-lipped. Standard large and rounded,
turned hack, scarcely longer than the wings and keel. Stamens diadelphous.
Pod liii'-ar. Hat, several-seeded, margined on the seed-bearing edge, at length 2-
valved. — Trees or shrubs, often with prickly spines for stipules. Leaves odd-
pinnate, the ovate or oblong leaflets stipellate. Flowers showy, in hanging
axillary racemes. Base of the leaf-stalks covering the buds of the next year.
(Named in honor of John Robin, herbalist to Henry IV. of France, and his sou
I'tsji'ixitnt Rabin, who first cultivated the Locust-tree in Europe.)
1. R. Pscudacacia, L. (COMMON LOCUST, or FALSE ACACIA.)
Branches naked ; racemes slender, loose ; flowers white, fragrant ; pod smooth. —
S. Pennsylvania to S. Illinois and southward. Commonly cultivated as an orna-
mental tree, and for its invaluable timber : naturalized in some places. June.
2. R. viscosa, Vent. (CLAMMY LOCUST.) Branchlets and leafstalks
dmiiinif ; flows crowded in oblong racemes, tinged with rose-color, nearly inodor-
ous ; pod glandular-hispid. — S. W. Virginia and southward. Cultivated, like
the la.st, a smaller tree. June.
3. R. Ilispida, L. (BRISTLY or ROSE ACACIA.) BrancMcts and stnlks
bristly ; flowers large and deep rose-color, inodorous ; pods glandular-hispid. —
Varies with less bristly or nearly naked branchlcts ; also with smaller flowers,
&c. — Mountains of S. Virginia and southward: commonly cultivated. May,
June. — Shrubs 3° - 8° high.
12 WISTARIA, Nutt. WISTARIA.
Calyx campanulate, somewhat 2-lippcd; upper lip of 2 short teeth, the lower
of 3 longer ones. Standard roundish, large, turned back, with 2 callosities at
its base : keel scythe-shaped : wings doubly anriclcd at the base. Stamens
diadelphous. Pod elongated, thiekish, nearly terete, knobby, stipitate, many-
seeded, at length 2-valved. Seeds kidney-shaped, large. A twining shrubby
plant, with minute stipules, pinnate leaves of 9-13 ovate-lanceolate leaflets, not
stipcllate, and dense racemes of large and showy lilac-purple flowers. (Dedi-
cated to the late Professor Wislar, of Philadelphia.)
1. W. fl'UtuSCCIlS, DC. — Rich alluvial soil, Virginia to Illinois and
southward. Sometimes cultivated for ornament. May.
13. TEPIIROSIA, Pers. HOAKY PEA.
Calyx about equally 5-cleft. Standard roundish, usually silky outside,
turned back, scarcely longer than the coherent wings and keel. Stamens
monadelphottfl or diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded, :>-valvcd. —
Hoary perennial herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and white or purplish raeemed
t. Leaflets mucronate, veiny. (Name from re^por, (lull-colored or hoary-)
I/KGUMINOS.#:. (PULSE FAMILY.) 97
1. T. Virginiaaia, Pers. (GOAT'S EUE. CATGUT.) Silky-villousw'ith
whitish hairs when young; stem erect and simple (l°-2° high), leafy to the top;
leaflets 17-29, linear-oblong; flowers large and numerous, clustered in a termi-
nal oblong dense raceme or panicle, yellowish-white marked with purple. — Dry
sandy soil, June, July. — Roots long and slender, very tough. Flower almost
as large as a pea-blossom.
2. T. Spicata, Torr. & Gray. Villous with rusty hairs ; stems branched
bolow, straggling or ascending (2° long), few-ltaved ; leaflets 9-15, obovate or
oblong-wedge-shaped, often notched at the end ; flowers feic, in a loose inter-
rupted spike raised on a very long peduncle, reddish. — Dry soil, E. Virginia and
southward. July.
3. T. Ilispiilllla, Pursh. Hairy with some long and rusty or only
minute and appressed pubescence; stems slender (9' -24' long), divergently
branched, straggling; leaflets 5-15, oblong, varying to obovate-wedge-shaped
and oblanccolate ; peduncles longer than the leaves, 2 - 4 flowered ,• flowers reddish-
purple. — Dry sandy soil, Virginia and southward.
14. ASTRAGALUS, L. MILK- VETCH.
Calyx 5-toothcd. Corolla usually long and narrow : standard small, equal-
ling or exceeding the wings and blunt keel, its sides reflexcd or spreading.
Stamens diadelphous. Pod several - many-seeded, various, mostly turgid, one
or both sutures usually projecting into the cell, either slightly or to such a de-
gree as to divide the cavity lengthwise into two. Seed-stalks slender. — Chiefly
herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves and spiked or racemed flowers. (The ancient
Greek name of a leguminous plant, as also of the ankle-bone ; but the connec-
tion between the two is past all guess.)
$ 1. Pod very thick and juicy when fresh, globular, resembling a plum, 2-ceUcd, inde-
hiscc-nt, or tardily separable through the partition into 2 closed portions.
1. A. caryocierpus, Kcr. (GROUND PLUM.) Pale and minutely
appresscd-pubesccnt ; stems low, decumbent; leaflets numerous, narrowly ob-
long ; flowers in a short spike-like raceme ; corolla violet-purple ; fruit glabrous,
ovate-globular, more or less pointed, about f in diameter. 1J. — Dry soil, on the
Mississippi River, at the junction of the St. Peter's, and westward and south-
ward. May.
2. A, IVIexicfeiillS, A. DC. Smoother, or pubescent with looser hairs,
larger; stems usually ascending; leaflets roundish, obovate, or oblong ; flowers
larger (10" -12" long) ; calyx softly hairy; corolla cream-color, bluish only at the
tip ; fruit ylobular, very obtuse and pointless, 1' or more in diameter : otherwise
like the last : — the unripe fruits of both arc edible, and are eaten, raw or cooked,
by travellers. (A. trichocalyx, Nutt.) — Prairies and open plains, from Illinois
opposite St. Louis westward and southward.
^ 2. Pod dn/ and dehiscent, partly or completely 2-celled by the turning inward of the
dorsal suture.
3. A. Canadi'nsis, L. Tall and erect (l°-4° high), somewhat pubes-
cent; leaflets 21-27, oblong; flowers greenish cream-color, very numerous, in
9
98 LEGUMIXOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.)
long and close spikes (4'- 9'); pods ovoid-oblong, coriaceous, completely 2-
celled. 1|. — River-banks, common from N. New York westward July -Aug.
4. A. «list6rtais, Torr. & Gray. Low and spreading, branched from the
base, smoothish ; leaflets 11 -23, oblong or obovatc ; flowers purplish or violet,
10-20 in a short spike, the standard deeply notched at the summit; pods ob-
long, turgid, incurved (§' long), coriaceous, incompletely 2-celled. JJ. — Mason
Co.. Illinois, /'/. M<«d. May. (Also in Arkansas and Texas.)
$ 3. Pod dry and dehiscent, l-celled, or incompletely 2-cel/ed by the projection of the
ventral (seed-bcariny) suture. (Phaca, L., DC.)
5. A. Codperi. Nearly smooth, erect; leaflets 11-21, elliptical or ob-
long, somewhat notched at the end, minutely hoary underneath ; jxduncles about
the lem/th of the leaces ; flowers ichite ; pods not stalked in the cali/x, globose-ovoid,
in/liitid, thinnish (\* long), pointed, grooved at the tivo sutures, which are both turned
inwards, but especially the inner. 1J. (Phaca neglecta, Torr. <f Gray.) — Grav-
elly banks of rivers, &c., W. New York to Wisconsin. June, July. — Plant
l°-2° high, greener and less coarse than A. Canadcnsis, with pure white flowers
in shorter and more open spikes: calyx shorter. (Named for William Cooper,
Esq., the discoverer: there being an A. neglectus.)
6. A. Rol>"a>«lisii. Nearly sjnooth and erect (1° high) ; slender; leaflets
7-11, elliptical, often notched; peduncles much longer than the leans; racems
loose, nearly 1-sided in fruit; flowers white (4" long) ; pods hunt/in;/, xt<dked in
the. calyx, obloii'j, boat-shaped, obtuse, the seed-bearing suture convex, the other
nearly straight. (Phaca llobbinsii, Oakes.) — Rocky ledges of the Onion River,
near Burlington, Vermont, Dr. Rolibins (1829). (Allied to Phaca austral
&c.) June. — Pods 6" -7" long, l-celled, papery and veiny, smooth, the
outer suture often slightly turned inwards. See addend.
15. jESCHYJVOUIENE, L. SENSITIVE JOINT VETCH.
Calyx 2-lippcd ; the upper lip 2-, the lower 3-cleft. Standard roundish : keel
boat-shaped. Stamens diadelphous in two sets of 5 each. Pod flattened, com-
posed of several square easily scpai-able joints. — Leaves odd-pinnate, with sev-
eral pairs of leaflets, sometimes sensitive, as if shrinking from the touch (whence
the name, from alo~xyvop.€V7), being ashamed).
1. IE. llispida, Willd. Erect, rough-bristly; leaflets 37-51, linear;
racemes 3-5-flowored ; pod stalked, G-10-jointed. (i) — Along rivers, S.
Pcnn., Virginia, and southward. Aug. — Flowers yellow, reddish extvrnally.
16. IIEDYSARUJJI, Tourn. HEDYSARUM.
Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes awl-shaped and nearly equal. Keel nearly straight,
obliquely truncate, not appcndagcd, longer than the wings. Stamens diadcl-
phous, 9 & 1. Pod flattened, composed of several equal-skied separable round-
ish joints connected in the middle. — Leaves odd-pinnate. (Name composed of
fjtovs, street, and apco/za, s/mll.)
1. II. borcfilC, Nutt. Leaflets 13-21, oblong or lanc.-olate, nearly
glabrous ; stipules scaly, united opposite the petiole, raceme of many ddlcxcd
LEGUMINOS,^. (PULSE FAMILY.) 99
purple flowers ; standard shorter' than the keel ; joints of the pod 3 or 4, smooth,
reticulated. '4 — Mountain above Willoughby Lake, Vermont, Wood; and St.
Johus's River, Maine, Goodale. Also northward.
17. DESJJldDIUM, DC. TICK-TKEFOIL.
Calyx usually more or less 2-lipped. Standard obovate : wings adherent to
the straight or straightish and usually truncate keel, by means of a little trans-
verse appendage on each side of the latter. Stamens diadelphous, 9 & 1, or
monadelphous below. Pod flat, deeply lobed on the lower margin, separating
into few or many flat reticulated joints (mostly roughened with minute hooked
hairs by which they adhere to the flceee of animals or to clothing). — Perennial
herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate (rarely 1-foliolate) leaves, stipellatc. Flowers in
axillary or terminal racemes, often panicled, and 2 or 3 from each bract, purple
or purplish, often turning green in withering. Stipules and bracts scale-like,
often striate. (Name from deo-pos, a bond or chain, from the connected joints of
the pods.)
$ 1. Pod raised on a stalk (stipe) many times longer than the slightly toothed calyx
and nearly as long as the pedicel, straightish on the upper margin, deeply sinuate on
the lower ; the 1-4 joints mostly half-obovate, concave on the back : stamens inona-
di'lphoiis bsJotv : plants nearly glabrous : stems erect or ascending: raceme terminal,
panicled: stipules brist'e-furm, deciduous.
1. D. midifidrillti, DC. Leaves all crowded at the summit of the sterile
stems ; leaflets broadly ovate, bluntish, whitish beneath ; raceme elongated, on a
prolonged ascending leaftess stalk or scape from the root, 2° long. — Dry woods ;
common. Aug.
2. I>. clClllIBBEBfefailll, DC. Leaves all crowded at the summit of the stem,
from which arises the elongated naked raceme or panicle; leaflets round-ovate, taper-
pointed, green both sides, the end one round (4' — 5' long). — Rich woods. July.
3. I>. paucifloniHl, DC. Leaves scattered along the low (8f- 15' high)
ascending stems ; leaflets rhombic-ovate, bluntish, pale beneath ; raceme few-
flowered, terminal. — Woods, W. New York and Penn. to Illinois and south-
westward. Aug.
§2. Pod short-stalked, of 3-5 joints: calyx-teeth longer than the tube: stipules
ovate, striate, pointed, persistent : stems prostrate : racemes axillary and terminal,
small, scarcely panicled.
4. D. lllllllif ilSlllll, Beck. Smoothish; leaflets ovate or oval; stipules
orate-lanccolate ; pods slightly sinuate along the upper margin, the joints obtusely
triangular. — Woods, E. Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, rare. Aug. — Re-
sembles the next.
5. D. rotuildifoliuill, DC. Hairy all over ; leaflets orbicular, or the
odd one slightly rhomboid ; stipules large, broadly ovate ; pods almost equally
sinuate on both edges; the joints rhomboid-oval. — Dry rocky woods. Aug.
§ 3. Pod slightly if at all stalked in the calyx; the teeth of the latter longer thin the.
tube : racemes panicled.
100 LKGUMINOSJB. (PULSE FAM fLY.)
* Stftus tall ami met ; the persistent stipules anil (deciduous) bracts large and coil-
s/'icii' >;(.->, .nniti or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed: pods of 4-7 unequal-sided rhom-
bic joints, which are considerably longer than broad, about £' long. (Flowers
rather large.)
6. D. caneSCCIlS, DC. Stem loosely branched (3° -5° high), hairy;
'ii-nte, bluntish, about the length of the petioles, whitish and reticulated beneath,
both sides ronghish 'with a close-pressed fine pubescence ; joints of the pod very
adhesive. — Moist grounds, Vermont to Michigan, Illinois, and southward.
Aug. — Branches clothed with minute and hooked, and long spreading rather
glutinous hairs.
7. I>. CUSpidatUin, TOIT. & Gray. Very smooth throughout; stem
straight ; leaflets lanceolate-ovate and taper-pointed, green both sides ; longer than
the petiole (3' -5') ; joints of the pod rhomboid-oblong, smoothish. — Thickets.
July. — The conspicuous bracts and stipules £' long.
* * Steins (2° -5° high) erect: stipules as well as the bracts mostly deciduous, small
and inconspicuous : pods of 3-5 triangular or half-rhombic or rny unequal-tided
rhomboidal joints, which are longer than broad, ^ or less in length. (Flowers mid-
dle-sized. )
8. D. ISDVigfltUHl, DC. Smooth or nearly so throughout ; stem straight ;
leaflets ovate, bluntish, pale beneath (2' -3' long); panicles minutely rough-
pubescent. — Pine woods, New Jersey and southward.
9. D. viridifloniHl, Beck. Stem very downy, rough at the summit;
leaflets broadly ovate, very obtuse, rough above, whitened with a soft velvety down
underneath (2' -3' long). — S. New York and southward. Aug.
10. I>. Dilleilii, Darlingt. Stem pubescent; leaflets oblong or cMony-oi-atu,
commonly bluntish, pale beneath, softly and finely pubescent (mostly thin, 2' -3'
long). — Open woodlands, common. Aug.
11. I>. panicillatlllll, DC. Nearly smooth throughout; stem slender ,
leaflets oblong -lanceolate, or narrowly lanceolate, tapering to a blunt point, thin (3' -5'
long) ; racemes much panicled. — Copses, common. July.
12. D, strictum, DC. Smooth; stem very straight and slender, simple,
leaflets linear, blunt, strongly reticulated, thickish (l'-2' long, ^' wide) ; panicle
wand-like; joints of the pod 1 -3, semi-obovate or very gibbous (only 2" long).
— Pine woods of New Jersey, and southward. Aug.
* * * Stipules small and inconspicuous, mostly deciduous : pods of few roundish or
obliquely oval or sometimes roundish-rhomboidal joints, 1^'' to 2^" long.
•*- Stems erect: bracts before flowering conspicuous: racemes densely flowered.
13. D. Caiiadcnse, DC. Stem hairy (3° -6° high); l<ajl<ts oblong-
lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, with numerous straightish veins, much
l>n<j<r than the petiole ( l£'- 3' long) ; floivers showy, larger than in any other
species (£'-$' long). — Dry, rich woods, common, especially northward. Aug.
14. D. sessilifoliillil, Torn & Gray. Stem pubescent (2° -4° high);
Ifttns nnn-lt/ .srss/A ; li-ojlts linxir or linear-oblong, blunt, thickish, reticulated,
rough above, downy beneath; branches of the panicle long ; flowers small. —
Copses, Penn, and Michigan to Illinois and southward. Aug.
(1'ULSE FAMILY.) 101
•»-•*- Stems ascending (l°-3° high): bracts small; racemes or panicles elongated
and loosely flowered : flowers small.
15. I>. rigidlllll, DC. Stem branching, somewhat hoary, like the lower
surface of the leaves, with a close roughish pubescence; leaflets ovate-oblong,
blunt, thickish, reticulated-veiny, rather rough above, the lateral ones longer than
the petiole. — Dry hill-sides, Mass, to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Aug.
— Intermediate, as it were, between No. 16 and No. 10.
16. D. cilifirc, DC. Stem slender, hairy or rough-pubescent ; haves crowded,
on very short hairy petioles ; leaflets round-ovate or oval, thickish, more or less hairy
on the margins and underneath (£'-1' long). — Dry hills and sandy fields;
common, especially southward. Aug.
17. J>. ITIarilitBKliciim, Boott. Nearly smooth throughout, slender;
leaflets ovate or roundish, very obtuse, thin, the lateral ones about the length of the
slender petiole: otherwise as No. 16. (D. obtusum, DC.) — Copses, common.
July - Sept.
-»- H- -t- Stems reclining or prostrate: racemes loosely flowered.
18. D. lineatiiin, DC. Stem minutely pubescent, striate-angled ; leaflets
orbicular, smoothish '(£'- 1' long), much longer than the petiole; pod not
stalked. — Virginia and southward.
18. L,ESVPEI>EZA-, Michx. BUSH-CLOVER.
Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes nearly equal, slender. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) :
anthers all alike. Pods of a single 1-seeded joint (sometimes 2-jointed, with
the lower joint empty and stalk-like), oval or roundish, flat, reticulated. —
Perennials with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, not stipellate. Stipules and bracts
minute. Flowers often polygamous. (Dedicated to Lespedez, the Spanish
governor of Florida when Michaux visited it.)
* Flowers of two sorts, the larger (violet-purple) perfect, but seldom fruitful, panicled
or clustered; with smaller pistillate and fertile but mostly apetalous ones intermixed,
or in subsessile little clusters.
1. L.. prociilllbens, Michx. Soft-downy, except the upper surface of
the leaves, trailing, slender ; leaflets oval or elliptical ; peduncles slender, mostly
simple, few-flowered. — Sandy soil, commonest southward. Aug. — The apet-
alous fertile flowers, as in the rest, have short hooked styles.
2. L,. repens, Torr. & Gray. Smooth, except minute close-pressed scattered
hairs, prostrate, spreading, very slender; leaflets oval or obovatc-elliptical (£'
long); peduncles slender and few-flowered; pods roundish. — Dry sandy soil,
S. New York to Kentucky and southward. — Much like the last.
3. It. violacea, Pers. Stems upright or spreading, branched ; leaflets
varying from oval-oblong to linear, whitish-downy beneath with close-pressed
pubescence; peduncles or clusters few-flowered ; pods ovate. — The principal vari-
eties are, 1. DIVERGENS, with oval or oblong leaflets and loosely panicled
flowers ; this runs into, 2. SESSILIFI^RA, with the flowers principally on pe-
duncles much shorter than the leaves, and clustered ; and a more distinct form
is, 3. ANGUSTIF6LIA, with closely clustered flowers on straight branches
9*
102 LKGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.)
crowded leaves, and narrowly oblong or linear leaflets, which are often silky. —
Dry copses, common. Aug. - Sept. — Pods ripening from both sorts of flowers.
4. L. Stllvci, Nntt. Stems uprirjht-spreading, bushy, downy ; leaflets oval
or roundish, longer than the petiole, silky or white-woolly beneath (and some-
tiim-s above); clusters many -flowered, crowded; pods ovate, downy. — Dry hills,
and sand, Plymouth, Mass, to Virginia, Michigan, and southward. — Appear-
ing intermediate between No. 3 and No. 5.
* * Flowers all alike and perfect, in close spikes or heads : corolla whitish or cream-
color with a purple sj>ot on the standard, about the length of the downy calyx: stems
upright, wand-like (2° -4° high).
5. L. hil'ta, Ell. Peduncles longer than the leaves ; petioles slender ; leaflets
roundish or oval, hairy ; spikes cylindrical, rather loose ; pods nearly as long asl
the calyx. (L. polystachia, Michx.) — Dry hill-sides. Aug., Sept.
6. L. capital til, Michx. Peduncles and petioles short; leaflets elliptical
or oblong, thickish, reticulated and mostly smooth above, silky beneath ; spikes
or heads short ; pods much shorter than the calyx. — Varies greatly, most of
all in var. ANGUSTirdLiA : slender; leaflets linear; peduncles sometimes elon-
gated. — Dry and sandy soil ; the narrow variety only found near the coast and
southward. Sept. — Stems woolly, rigid.
19. STYL.OSANT.HES, Swartz. PENCIL-FLOWER.
Flowers of two kinds intermixed in the clusters ; one sort complete but un-
fruitful ; the other fertile, and consisting only of a pistil between 2 bractlcts. —
Calyx with a slender tube like a stalk, 2-lipped at the summit; upper lip 2-, the
lower 3-cleft. Stamens monadelphous : 5 of the anthers linear, the 5 alternate
ones ovate. Fertile flowers with a hooked style. Pod reticulated, 1 - 2-jointed ;
the lower joint when present empty and stalk-like, the upper ovate. — Low
perennials, branched from the base, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves ; the stipules
united with the petiole. (Name composed of oruAos, a column, and avBos^ a
flower, from the stalk-like calyx-tube.)
1. S. Clatior, Swartz. Tufted, low, often bristly, wiry ; leaflets lanceo-
late, strongly straight-veined ; heads or clusters small and few-flowered. — Pine
barrens, Long Island to Virginia and southward. Also Illinois, Vasey. July-
Oct. — Flowers small, yellow.
2O. VICIA, Tourn. VETCH. TARE.
Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth often shorter. Style thread-
shaped, hairy all round the apex or down the outer side (next the keel). Pod
2-valved, 2 - several-seeded. Stamens diadelphous, 9 & I. Seeds globular.
Cotyledons very thick, remaining under ground in germination. — Climbing
shrubs. Leaves abruptly pinnate, the petiole terminating in a tendril. Stipules
usually half arrow-shaped. (The old Latin name.)
* Annual: Jlowers 1 -2 in the axils, nearly sessile, largr, violet-purple.
1. V. SATlv*, L. (COMMON VETCH or TARE.) Somewhat pubescent;
A«m simple ; leaflets 5 -7 pairs, varying from obovatp-oblong to linear, notched
LEGUMINOS.fi. (PULSE FAMILY.) 103
and mucronate at the apex ; pod linear, several-seeded. — Cultivated fields and
waste places; both the common form and the var. ANGUSTIFOLJA, with longer
and narrow leaflets. (Adv. from Eu.)
# * Annual : peduncles elongated: flowers small. (Species of Ervum, L.)
2. V, TETRASPERMA, L. Peduncles \-Z-flowered; leaflets 4-6 pairs,
linear-oblong, obtuse ; calyx-teeth unequal ; pods narrowly oblong, ^-seeded, smooth.
— Waste or open places, near the coast. — An insignificant plant, 6' -12' high,
with whitish flowers. (Nat. from Eu.)
3. V. HIRSUTA, Koch. Peduncles 3 - ^-flowered ; leaflets 6-8 pairs, trun-
cate ; calyx-teeth equal; pods oblong, 2-seeded, hairy. (Ervum hirsutum, L.) —
Massachusetts to Virginia. — A slender straggling plant, with small purplish-
blue flowers. (Nat. from Eu.)
* * * Perennial : peduncles elongated; calyx-teeth very unequal: pod several-seeded.
4. V. Cracca, L. Downy-pubescent; leaflets 20-24, oblong-lanceolate,
strongly mucronate; peduncles densely many-flowered; calyx-teeth shorter than the
tube. Borders of thickets, New England to Kentucky and northward. July.
— Flowers blue, turning purple, £' long, one-sided in the spike, reflexed. (Eu.)
5. V. Carolinian:!, Walt. Nearly smooth; leaflets 8-12, oblong, ob-
tuse, scarcely mucronate ; peduncles loosely flowered ; calyx-teeth very short. —
River-banks, &c. May. — FloAvers more scattered than in No. 4, whitish, the
keel tipped with blue. .
6. V. Alliericfina, Mtthl. Glabrous; leaflets 10 - 14, elliptical or ovate-
oblong, very obtuse, many- veined ; peduncles 4 - 8-jloivered. — Moist thickets,
New York to Kentucky and northward. June. — Flowers purplish-blue, f
long.
21. L.ATIIYRUS, L. VETCHLING. EVERLASTING PEA.
Style flattish, not grooved above, hairy along the inner side (next the free sta-
men). Otherwise nearly as in Vicia. (AdOvpos, a leguminous plant of Theo-
phrastus.) — Our wild species are perennial and mostly smooth plants.
1. L,. mai'itiniilS, Bigelow. (BEACH PEA.) Stem stout (1° high);
leaflets 4-8 pairs, crowded, oval or obovate; stipules broadly halberd-shaped,
nearly as large as the leaflets; peduncles 6 - 10-flowered. — Sea-coast, from New
Jersey northward, and shore of the Great Lakes. June - Aug. — Flowers large,
purple. Leaflets very veiny, as also are those of the other species. (Eu.)
2. ft. vcnosus, Muhl. Stem climbing (2° - 5° high) ; leaflets 5-7 pairs,
scattered, oblong-ovate, often downy beneath ; stipules very small and usually slen-
d<,\ lidlf arrow-shaped ; peduncles many -flower ed ; corolla purple. — Shady banks,
Michigan, Wisconsin, and southward. June.
3. L. ochrolcilCUS, Hook. Stem slender (l°-3° high); leaflets 3-4
pairs, ovate or oval, smooth, glaucous, thin ; stipules half heart-shaped, about half
as large as the leaflets; peduncles 7 -10-flowercd ; corolla yellowish-white. — Hill-
sides, W. Vermont to Penn., and westward and northward. July.
4. It. palustris, L. (MARSH VETCHLING.) Stem "slender (l°-2°
h'igh), often wing-margined; leaflets 2-4 pairs, lanceolate, linear, or narrowly
104 LEGUMINOSJS. (PULSE FAMILY.)
oblong, mncrunate-pointed ; stipules small, lanceolate, half arrow-shaped, sharp-
puintcd at both cuds; peduncles 3 - 5-flowered ; corolla blue-purjile. — Moist
places, N. England to Penn., Illinois, and northward. July. (En.)
Var. HiyrtiloliiiS. Taller, climbing 2c-4° high; leaves oblong or
ovate-elliptical; UJIJKT stipules larger: corolla pale purple. (L. myrtifolius,
Mufti.) — W. New England to Pcnn., and northward.
L. LATIF6LIU8 (EVERLASTING PEA) and L. ODORATUS (SWEET PEA)
are commonly cultivated species.
PISUM SAiivuM, the PEA; FABA VULGARIS, the HORSE-BEAN , and CICER
AUIEI-LNUM, the CHICK-PEA, are other cultivated representative* of the same
tribe.
22. PIIAStOL.US, L. KIDNEY BEAN.
Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft, the 2 upper teeth often higher united. Keel of the
corolla, with the included stamens and style, spirally coiled or twisted, or curved
into a ring. Stamens diadelphous. Pod linear or scythe-shaped, several -
many-seeded, tipped with the hardened base of the style. Cotyledons thick
and fleshy, rising out of the ground nearly unchanged in germination. — Twin-
ing or prostrate herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate stipellate leaves. Flowers
often clustered on the knotty joints of the raceme. (The ancient name of the
Kidney Bean.)
# Potis 'scymetar-shaped : racemes long and loose, paniclcd.
1. P. pcreimis, Walt. (WILD BEAN.) Stem climbing high; leaflets
roundish-ovate, short-pointed ; pods drooping, strongly curved, 4-5-seedcd. 1|.
— Copses, Connecticut to Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Flowers purple,
handsome, but small.
* # Pods long and straight, linear, rather terete: flowers few in a short clustered ra-
ceme like a head. (Strophostylcs, Ell.)
2. P. diversifolillS, Pers. Annual; stem prostrate, spreading, rough-
hairy ; leaflets ovate-3-lobed, or angled towards the base, or some of them oblong-
ovate and entire ; peduncles at length twice the length of the leaves. — Sandy
fields and banks, Massachusetts to Illinois and southward. July, Aug. — Corol-
la greenish-white tinged with red or purple. Pod thickish.
3. P. helvollis, L. Perennial, hairy ; stems diffuse, slender ; leaflets
orate or oblong, entire or obscurely angled; peduncles 3-6 times the length of the It-arcs.
— Sandy fields, S. New York to Illinois and southward. Aug. — More slender
than the last: pods narrower: flowers as large and similar.
# # Pods straight and linear, flat: p«lnnct< x 1 —few-flowered at the summit : flowen
small : keel slightly twisted.
4. P. pauciflorilS, Benth. Annual ; stems diffuse, but twining, slen-
der, pubescent; leaflets varying from oblo_ng-lanceolate or ovate-oblong to linear.
(P. lcio>pennns, Torr. fr Gr.) — "Hiver-banks, Illinois (Mead] and so nth west-
ward. July -Sept. — Flowers 3" long, purple. Pod 1' long, pubescent.
P. vuLo\Ris is the common KIDNEY BEAN or HARICOT.
P. LUN\TUS is the LIMA BEAN of our gardens.
LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 105
23. AP1OS, Boerh. GROUND-NUT. WILD BEAK.
Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, the 2 lateral teeth being nearly obsolete, the lower
one longest. Standard very broad, reflexed : the incurved scythe-shaped keel
at length coiled. Stamens diadelphous. Pod straight or slightly curved,
linear, elongated, thickish, many-seeded. — A perennial herb, bearing edible
tubers on underground shoots, twining and climbing over bushes. Leaflets
5-7, ovate-lanceolate, not stipellate. Flowers in dense and short, often branch-
ing racemes, clustered. (Name from amov, a pear, from the shape of the
tubers.)
1. A. tubcrosa, Mcench. (Glycine Apios, L.) — Moist thickets, com-
mon. Aug. — Flowers brown-purple, fragrant.
24. RHYNCHOSIA, Lour., DC. EHYNCHOSIA.
Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, or deeply 4-5-parted. Keel scythe-shaped, not
twisted. Stamens diadelphous. Ovules 2. Pod 1 - 2-seeded, short and flat,
2-valved. — Usually twining or trailing perennial herbs, pinnately 3-foliolate, or
with a single leaflet, not stipellate. Flowers yellow, racemose or clustered.
(Name from pvvxos, a beak, from the shape of the keel.)
1 . R. I omciltdsa, Torn & Gray. More or less downy ; leaflets round-
ish ; racemes short or capitate ; calyx about as long as the corolla, 4-parted,
the upper lobe 2-cleft ; pod oblong. — Very variable.
Var. llionopliylla, Torr. & Gray. Dwarf and upright (3' -6' high);
leaves mostly of a single round leaflet (l'-2' wide). — S. Virginia and south-
ward, in dry sandy soil.
Var. volubilis, Torr. & Gray. Trailing and twining, less downy; leaf-
lets 3, roundish ; racemes few-flowered, almost sessile in the axils. — S. Virginia
and southward.
Var. erecta, Torr. & Gray. Upright (l°-2° high), soft-downy; leaflets
3, oval or oblong. — Maryland and southward.
25. GAL.ACT1A, P. Browne. MILK PEA.
Calyx 4-clcft; the lobes acute, the upper one broadest. Keel scarcely in-
curved. Stamens diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded (some few of
them are occasionally partly subterranean and fleshy or deformed). — Low,
mostly prostrate or twining perennial herbs. Leaflets usually 3, stipellute.
Flowers in somewhat interrupted or knotty racemes, purplish. (Name from
•yuXa, -a*ros, milk; some species being said to yield a milky juice, which is un-
likely.)
1. G. glabclla, Michx. Stems nearly smooth, prostrate ; leaflets elliptical
or ovate-oblong, sometimes slightly hairy beneath ; racemes short, 4 - 8-flowercd ;
po>ls somewhat hairy. — Sandy woods, S. New York and New Jersey to Virginia
near the coast, and southward. July - Sept. — Flowers large for the genus,
rose-purple.
2. G. inollis, Michx. Stems (decumbent and somewhat twining) and
106 LEGUMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.)
leaves bcncdlh mfl-<linrt<y and liwinj ; leaflets oval ; racemes many-flowered ; pods
very downy. — S. Pennsylvania, Maryland, and southward. July.
26. AMPIIICARP^A, Ell. HOG PEA-NUT.
Flowers of 2 kinds, those of the racemes from the upper brandies perfect, but
seldom ripening fruit; those near the base and on creeping branches imperfect,
with the corolla none or rudimentary, and few free stamens, but fruitful. Calyx
about equally 4- (rarely 5-) toothed, with no bracelets. Keel and wing-petals
similar, nearly straight ; the standard partly folded round them. Stamens dia-
delphous. Pods of the upper flowers, when formed, somewhat scymetar-shapcd,
3-4-seedcd; of the lower, obovate or pear-shaped, fleshy, ripening usually but
one large seed, commonly subterranean, or concealed by decaving leaves.—
Low and slender perennials ; the twining stems clothed with brownish hairs.
Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate : leaflets rhombic-ovate, stipellate. Flowers small,
in clustered or compound racemes, purplish. Bracts persistent, round, partly
clasping, striate, as well as the stipules. (Name from a/z<£i, at loth cuds, and
Kapnos, fruit, in allusion to the two kinds of fruit, one at the summit, the other
at the base of the plant.)
1. A. monoica, Nutt. Racemes nodding; bracts each supporting 2 or
more flowers, shorter than the pedicels ; subterranean pods hairy. — Rich wood-
lands. Aug., Sept. — A delicate vine.
27. CL-ITdRIA, L. BUTTERFLY PEA.
Calyx tubular, 5-toothcd. Standard much larger than the rest of the flower,
rounded, notched at the top, not spurred on "the back : keel small, shorter than
the wings. Stamens monadelphous below. Pod linear-oblong, flattish, knotty,
several-seeded, pointed with the base of the style, the valves nerveless. — Erect
or twining perennials, with mostly pinnately 3-foliolate stipellate leaves, and
very large flowers. Peduncles 1 -3-flowered: bractlets opposite, striate. (Deri-
vation obscure.)
1. C. Mariaira, L. Smooth; leaflets oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate ;
stipules and bracts awl-shaped; peduncles short; 1 -3-flowercd. — Dry banks,
Long Island to Virginia and southward. July. — Low, ascending or twining;
the showy pale-blue flowers 2' long.
28. CENTROSEMA, DC. SPURRED BUTTERFLY PEA.
Calyx short, 5-clcft. Corolla, &c. much as in Clitoria, but the standard with
n spur-shaped projection on the back. Pod long and linear, flat, pointed with
the awl-shaped style, many-seeded, thickened at the edges, the valves marked
with a raised line on each side next the margin. — Twining perennials, with 3-
foliolatr stipdlatc leaves and large showy flowers. Stipules, bracts, and bract-
lets striate, the hit rr longer than the calyx. (Name from Kevrpov, a spur, and
the 8ltinrl,ir<l.)
1. C. Virguiir&iiiBill, Beiith. Rather rough with minute hairs ; leaflets
LEGUMTNOSuE. (PCLSE FAMILY.) 107
varying from oblong-ovate to lanceolate and linear, very veiny, shining ;
peduncles 1 - 4-flowered ; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped. — Sandy dry woods,
Virginia and southward. July. — Corolla 1' long, violet. Pods straight, nar-
row, 4' -5' long.
29. BAPTIS1A, Vent. " FALSE INDIGO.
Calyx 4 - 5-toothed. Standard not longer than the wings, its sides reflexed :
keel-petals nearly separate, and, like the wings, straight. Stamens 10, distinct.
Pod stalked in the persistent calyx, roundish or oblong, inflated, pointed, many-
seeded. — Perennial herbs, with palmately 3-foliolate (rarely simple) leaves,
which generally blacken in drying, and racemed flowers. (Named from /3a7TTi'£<B,
to dye, from the economical use of some species, which yield a sort of indigo.)
1. B. tiiactoria, R, Brown. (WILD INDIGO.) Smooth and slender
( 2° - 3° high), rather glaucous; leaves almost sessile; leaflets rounded wedge-
obovate (|' long); stipules and bracts minute and deciduous ; racemes few-flowered,
terminating the bushy branches ; pods oval-globose, on a stalk longer than the
calyx. — Sandy dry soil, common. June - Aug. — Corolla yellow, £' long.
2. B. australis, R. Brown. (BLUE FALSE-INDIGO.) Smooth, tall
and stout (4° -5°); leaflets oblong- wedge-form, obtuse; stipules lanceolate, as
long as the petioles, rather persistent ; raceme elongated (l°-2°) and many-flowered,
erect ; bracts deciduous ; stalk of the oval-d)long pods about the length of the calyx.
— Alluvial soil, from Penn. westward and southward: often cultivated. June.
— Flowers 1' long, indigo-blue. Pods 2' -3' long.
3. B. leucuiBilm, Torr. & Gr. Smooth; stems, leaves, and racemes as
in No. 2 ; stipules early deciduous ; pods oval-oblong, raised on a stalk fully twice the
length of the calyx. — Alluvial soil, Ohio to Wisconsin and south westward. July.
— Flowers white; the standard short. Pods 2' long.
4. B. ii3?>:i, R. Brown. Smooth (l°-3°high); the branches slender and
widely spreading ; petioles slender , stipules and bracts minute and deciduous ; leaf-
lets oblong or oblanccolate ; racemes slender on a long naked peduncle ; pods
linear-oblong (I'-li' long), short-stalked. — Dry soil, Virginia and southward.
May, June. — Flowers white, ^'-§' long.
5. B. Iciicopll&a, Nutt. Hairy, low (1° high), with divergent branches,
hives almost sessile ; leaflets narrowly oblong-obovate or spatulate ; stipules and
bracts large and leafy, persistent ; racemes long, reclined ; flowers on elongated pedicels ;
pods ovoid, hoary. — Michigan to Wisconsin and southward. April, May. —
Raceme often 1° long: pedicels l'-2', the cream-colored corolla 1', in length.
3O. Ct, ADR AST IS, Raf. YELLOW- WOOD.
Calyx 5-toothed. Standard large, roundish, reflexed : the distinct keel-petals-
and wings straight, oblong. Stamens 10, distinct : filaments slender, incurved
above. Pod short-stalked above the calyx, linear, flat, thin, marginless, 4-6-
seeded, at length 2-valved. — A small tree, with yellow wood, nearly smooth,
with pinnate leaves of 7-11 oval or ovate leaflets, and ample panicled racemes
of showy white flowers drooping from the end of the branches. Stipules obso-
108 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.)
lete. Base of the petioles hollow, and enclosing the leaf-buds of the next year.
Bracts minute and fugacious. (Name of obscure derivation.)
1. C. tillCtoria, Raf. (Virgilia lutea, Mldix. f.) Ricli hill-sides, E.
Kentucky and Tennessee. May. — Racemes 10'-20' long. Flowers 1' long.
SUBORDER II. CJESAL-PINIE^E. THF BRASILETTO FAMILY.
31. CERCIS, L. RED-BUD. JUDAS-TREE.
Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous : standard smaller thr.n
the wings, and enclosed by them in the bud: the keel-petals larger and not
united. Stamens 10, distinct, rather unequal. Pod oblong, flat, many-seeded,
the upper suture wifh a winged margin. Embryo straight. — Trees, with
rounded-heart-shaped simple leaves, deciduous stipules, and red-purple flowers
in little umbel-like clusters along the branches, appearing before the leaves, acid
to the taste. (The ancient name of the Oriental Judas-tree.)
1. C. Canad£nsiS, L. (RED-BUD.) Leaves pointed; pods nearly
sessile above the calyx. — Rich soil, New York to Ohio, Kentucky, and south-
ward. March - May. — A small ornamental tree, often cultivated : the blossoms
smaller than in the European species.
32. CASSIA, L. SENNA.
Sepals 5, scarcely united. Petals 5, unequal, not papilionaceous, spreading.
Stamens 5-10, unequal, and some of them often imperfect, spreading: anthers
opening by 2 pores or chinks at the apex. Pod many-seeded, often with cross
partitions. — Herbs (in the United States), with simply and abruptly pinn.ite
leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. (An ancient name, of obscure derivation.)
* Leaflets large: stipules deciduous: the 3 upper anthers deformed and iinp<rj'<ct :
flowers crowded in short axillary racemes, tfte upper ones paniclid.
1. C. IVIarilftBldica, L. (WiLD SENNA.) Leaflets 6-9 jxiira, Inner o-
late-ol)lony, obtuse ; petiole with a club-shaped gland near the base; ;W.s- linear,
slightly curved, flat, at first hairy (2'-4'). 1| — Alluvial soil, common. July.
— Stem 3° -4° high. Leaves used as a substitute for the officinal Sennit.
2. C. OCCIDENTALS, L. Leaflets 4 -6 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, acute or point-
ed; an ovate gland at the base of the petiole; ]>ods elongated-linear (5' long;
with a tumid border, (//abrous. (J) U ? — Virginia and southward. Auir
(Adv. from Trop. Amer.) See addend.
# * Lniflrts snutll, somewhat sensitive to the touch: stipules striate, persistent : a cnp-
s/mpcil i/htnd InutatJi the lowest pair of leaflets • anthers all perfect: flower* in
. small clusti'i-s altar,- tin- a n'/s : podsflai.
3. C. CliamSJCCriSta, L. (PARTRIDGE PEA.) Leaflets 10-15 pairs,
linear-oblong, oblique at the base; floiw-rn (l«ryc) on slender pediceh.; anthers 10,
cloiifftitcd, Him/mil (4 of them yellow, the others purple); style slender. (1; —
Sandy fields; common, especially southward. Aug. — Stems spreading, lc
long : 2 or 3 of the showy yellow petals often with a purple spot at the bare.
LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 109
4. C. nictitans, L. (WILD SENSITIVE-PLANT.) Leaflets 10-20
pairs, oblong-linear; flowers (very small) on very short pedicels ; anthers 5, nearly
equal ; style very short. ® — Sandy fields, New England, near the coast, to
Illinois and southward. Aug.
33. GYMNOCL.ADUS, Lam. KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE.
Flowers dioecious, regular. Calyx tubular below, 5-cleft. Petals 5, oblong,
equal, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube. Stamens 10, distinct, short,
inserted with the, petals. Pod oblong, flattened, hard, pulpy inside, several-
seeded. Seeds flattish. — A tall large tree, with rough bark, stout branchlets,
not thorny, and very large unequally twice-pinnate leaves. Flowers whitish, in
axillary racemes. (Name from yvp.vos, naked, and K\ddos, a branch, alluding
to the stout branches destitute of spray.)
1. G. CaiiadcnsiS, Lam. Rich woods, by rivers, W. New York and
Penn. to Illinois and southwestward. June. — Cultivated as an ornamental
tree : timber valuable. Leaves 2° - 3° long, with several large partial leafstalks
bearing 7-13 ovate stalked leaflets, the lowest pair with single leaflets. Pod
6'- 10' long, 2' broad; the seeds over £' across.
34. GLEDITSCHIA, L. HONEY-LOCUST.
Flowers polygamous. Calyx of 3 - 5 spreading sepals, united at the base.
Petals as many as the sepals, and equalling them, the 2 lower sometimes united
Stamens as many, distinct ; inserted with the petals on the base of the calyx.
Pod flat, 1 - many-seeded. Seeds flat. — Thorny trees, with abruptly once or
twice pinnate leaves, and inconspicuous greenish flowers in small spikes.
Thorns above the axils. (Named in honor of Gleditsch, a botanist contem-
porary with Linnreus.)
1. G. triaCttnthos, L. (THREE-THORNED ACACIA, or HONEY-LO-
CUST.) Thorns stout, often triple or compound; leaflets lanceolate-oblong, some-
what serrate; pods linear, elongated (l°-lj° long), often twisted, filled with
sweet pulp between the seeds. — Rich woods, Penn. to Illinois and southwest-
ward. June. — Common in cultivation as an ornamental tree, and for hedges.
2. G. moiiosperma, Walt. (WATER-LOCUST.) Thorns slender;
mostly simple ; leaflets ovate or oblong; pods oval, l-seeded, pulpless. — Swamps,
Illinois and southwestward. July. — A small tree.
SUBORDER III. UIIUIOSEJE. THE MIMOSA FAMILY.
35. DESMANTHUS, Willd. DESMANTHUS.
Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothcd. Petals !>,
distinct. Stamens 5 or 10. Pod flat, membranaceous or somewhat coriaceous,
several-seeded, 2-valved, smooth. — Herbs with twice-pinnate leaves of numer-
ous small leaflets, and with one or more glands on the petiole, setaceous stipules,
and axillary peduncles bearing a head of small greenish-white flowerr,. (Name
composed of Seoyza, a bond, and avBos, flower.)
10
110 KOSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.)
1. I>. I>racliylo1>llS, Bcnth. Nearly glabrous, erect (l°-4° high);
partial petioles 6-15 pairs ; leaflets 20 - 30 pairs ; stamens 5 ; pods oblong or
lanceolate, curved, scarcely 1 long, 2-6-secdcd. 1|. (Darlingtonia brachyloba
& glandulosa, DC.) — Prairies and alluvial banks, Illinois and southwestward.
36. SCHRiNKIA, Willd. SENSITIVE BRIAR.
Flowers polygamous. Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Petals united into a funnel-
form 5-cleft corolla. Stamens 10-12, distinct, or the filaments united at the
base. Pods long and narrow, rough-prickly, several-seeded, 4-valved, i. e. the
two narrow valves separating on each side from a thickened margin. — Peren-
nial herbs, the procumbent stems and petioles prickly, with twice-pinnate sensi-
tive leaves of many small leaflets, and axillary peduncles bearing round heads
of small rose-colored flowers. (Named for Schrank, a German botanist.)
1. S. UllCinata, Willd. Prickles hooked; partial petioles 4-6 pairs;
leaflets elliptical, reticulated with strong veins beneath ; pods oblong-linear, nearly
terete, short-pointed, densely prickly (2' long). — Dry sandy soil, Virginia,
Illinois? and southward. June -Aug.
2. S. angUStata, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets oblong-linear, scarcely veined;
pods slender, taper-pointed, sparingly prickly (about 4' long). — With the pre-
ceding.
ORDER 39. ROSACEJE. (ROSE FAMILY.)
Plants with regular flowers, numerous (rarely few) distinct stamens insert-
ed on the calyx, and 1 - many pistils, which are quite distinct, or (in the Pear
tribe) united and combined with the calyx-tube. Seeds (anatropous) 1 -few
in each ovary, without albumen. Embryo straight, with large and thick coty-
ledons. Leaves alternate, with stipules. — Calyx of 5 or rarely 3-4-8
sepals (the odd one superior), united at the base, often appearing double
by a row of bractlets outside. Petals as many as the sepals (rarely want-
ing), mostly imbricated in the bud, and inserted with the stamens on the
edge of a disk that lines the calyx-tube. Trees, shrubs, or herbs. This
important family comprises three principal suborders, viz. : —
SUBORDER I. AMYGDALEJE. THE ALMOND FAMILY.
Calyx entirely free from the solitary ovary, deciduous. Style terminal.
Fruit a drupe (stone-fruit). — Trees or shrubs, with simple leaves, the bark
exuding gum, and the bark, leaves, and kernels yielding the peculiar flavor
of prussic acid. Stipules free.
1. PRUNUS. Stone of the drupe smooth, or merely furrowed on the edges.
SUBORDER II. ROSACE^E PROPER.
Calyx free from the ovaries, but sometimes enclosing them in its tuln>.
Pistils few or many (occasionally single). Stipules commonly united with
the petiole.
(ROSE FAMILY.) Ill
TRIBE I. SPIRJEEJE. Pistils mostly 5, forming follicles in I ruifc : styles terminal.
2. SPIRJSA. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals obovate, equal, imbricated in the bud.
g. GILLENIA. Calyx elongated, 5-toothed. Petals slender, unequal, convolute in the bud.
TRIBE II. DRYADE.K. Pistils numerous (rarely 1-2), forming seed-like achenia oi
little drupes in fruit. Calyx-tube dry in fruit ; the lobes commonly valvate in the bud.
Subtribe 1. SAXGUISORBEJE. Calyx-tube constricted at the throat. Petals often wanting
Stamens 4 - 15. Pistils 1 - 4, dry in fruit, enclosed in the calyx.
4. AGR1MONIA. Petals 5. Stamens 12-15. Pistils 2 : style terminal.
6. SANGUISORBA. Petals none. Stamens 4. Pistil 1 : style terminal.
6. ALCIIEMILLA. Petals none. Stamens and pistils 1 - 4 : style lateral.
Subtribe 2. CHASLERIIODE^E. Calyx open. Stamens & pistils 5 -10 : styles lateral. Fruit dry.
7. SIBBALDIA. Stamens 5, alternate with the minute petals.
Subtribe 3. EUDRYADE^. Calyx open. Stamens and pistils few — many. Fruit of dry
achenia, tipped with terminal styles. Seed erect. (Radicle inferior.)
8. DRYAS. Calyx8-9-parted. Petals 8 -9. Styles persistent, plumose.
9. GEUM. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5. Achenia numerous : styles persistent.
10. WALDSTE1NIA. Calyx 5-cleft. Achenia few: styles deciduous from the base.
Subtribe 4. FRAGARIE^I. Calyx open and flattish, bracteolate. Stamens and pistils numer-
ous : styles often lateral, deciduous Fruit of dry achenia. Seed suspended or ascend-
ing, inserted next the base of the style. (Radicle always superior.)
11. POTENTILLA. Receptacle dry, flat, convex, or oblong.
12. FRAGARIA Receptacle conical, enlarged and succulent in fruit, edible.
Subtribe 5. DALIBARDE^. Calyx open, not bracteolate. Stamens and usually the pistils
numerous : styles terminal, deciduous. Achenia mostly fleshy, or becoming little drupes
Seed suspended (ovules 2, collateral : radicle superior).
13. DALIBARDA. Fruit of 5 - 10 almost dry achenia, in the bottom of the calyx.
14 RUBDS. Fruit of numerous (rarely few) pulpy drupaceous achenia, aggregated on a flat-
tish or elongated receptacle.
TRIBE III. ROSE JE. Pistils numerous, forming achenia, inserted on the hollow recep-
tacle which lines the urn-shaped and fleshy calyx-tube. Calyx-segments imbricated.
15. ROSA. Leaves pinnate : stipules cohering with the petiole.
SUBORDER III. POME^E. TIIE PEAR FAMILY.
Calyx-tube thick and fleshy in fruit (forming a pome), including and co-
hering with the 2-5 ovaries. Stipules free.
16. CRAT^GUS. Carpels bony in fruit, 1-seeded.
17. PYRUS. Carpols papery or cartilaginous in fruit, 2-seeded.
18. AMELANCIIIER. Carpels cartilaginous, each divided into 2 cells by a partition : cells 1-
eeeded.
SUBORDER I. AMYGDAL.EJE. THE ALMOND FAMILY.
1. PRUNUS, L. PLUM & CHERRY.
Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 15-30. Ovary with 2 pen-
dulous ovules. Drupe fleshy; the stone smooth and even. — Small trees or
shrubs. Flowers commonly white. (The ancient classical name of the
Plum.)
112 ROSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.)
§ 1. PRtlNTJS, Tourn. (PLUM.) — Drupe usually with a bloom, the stone flat-
tened, or at least wider than thick: leaves convolute in the bitd,flc<wers more or less
preceding the leaves, from lateral buds; the pedicels few or several, in simple umbel-
like clusters.
\. P. Americana, Marsh. (WILD YELLOW or RED PLUM.) Leaves
ovate or somewhat obovate, conspicuously pointed, coarsely or doubly sen-ate, very
veiny, glabrous when mature ; fruit nearly destitute of bloom, roundish-oval, yel-
low, orange, or red, £'-§' in diameter, with the turgid stone more or less acute
on both margins, or in cultivated states 1' or more in diameter, having a flat-
tered stone with broader margins (pleasant-tasted, but with a tough and acerb
skin). — Open ground, common. May. — Tree or bush thorny, 8° - 20° high.
2. P. maritima, Wang. (BEACH PLUM.) Low and straggling (2°-
5°) ; leaves ovate or oval, finely serrate, softly pubescent underneath ; pedicels short,
pubescent; fruit globular, purple or crimson with a bloom (£'-!' in diameter),
the stone very turgid, acute on one edge, rounded and minutely grooved on the
other. (P. littoralis, Bigelow.) — Varies, when at some distance from the coast,
with the leaves smoother and thinner, and the fruit smaller. (P. pygmaea,
Wittd.) — Sea-beach and the vicinity, Massachusetts to New Jersey and Vir-
ginia. April, May.
3. P. Chicasa, Michx. (CHICKASAW PLUM.) Stem scarcely thorny
(8°- 15° high) ; leaves nearly lanceolate, finely serrulate, glabrous, little veiny;
fruit globular, red, nearly destitute of bloom (£'-§' in diameter); the ovoid
stone almost as thick as wide, rounded at both sutures, one of them minutely
grooved. — Kentucky and Illinois (probably not indigenous) and southwestwurd :
naturalized in some places. April.
4. P. 8PIN6SA, L. (SLOE. BLACK THORN.) Branches thorny; leaves
obovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, at length glabrous; pedicels gla-
brous ; fruit small, globular, black with a bloom, the stone turgid, acute on
one edge. — Var. INSIT^TIA (BULLACE-PLUM), is less spiny, the pedicels
and lower side of the leaves pubescent. (P. insititia, L.) — Road-sides &nd
waste places, E. New England, Penn., &c. (Adv. from Eu.)
§2. CERASUS, Tourn. (CHERRY.) — Drupe destitute of bloom; the stone
globular and marginkss; leaves folded (conduplicate) in Vie bud: wfiorescence as
in $ 1.
5. P. pumila, L. (DWARF CHERRY.) Smooth, depressed and trait-
ing (6' -18' high) ; leaves obovate-lanceolate, tapering to the base, somewhat toothed
near the apex, pale underneath ; flowers 2 - 4 together ; fruit ovoid, dark red. —
Rocks or sandy banks, Massachusetts northward to Wisconsin, and soutli to
Virginia along the mountains. May.
6. P. Pcnnsylvailica, L. (WiLD RED CHERRY.) Leaves oblong-
lanceolate, pointed, finely and sharply sen-ate, shining, green and smooth loth wA .< ;
flowers many in a cluster, on long pedicels; fruit globose, light red. — Hoi-ky
woods; common, especially northward. May. — Tree 20°-3C° high, with
light red-brown bark, and very small fruit with thin and sour flesh.
ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 113
§ 3. PADUS, Mill. (CHERRY.) — Drupe, frc. as in §2: flowers in racemes
terminating the branches, developed after the leaves.
7. P. Vilgilimna, L. (CHOKE-CHERRY.) Leaves oval, oblong, or obo-
vate, abruptly pointed, very sharply (often doubly) serrate with slender teeth, thin ;
racemes short and close ; petals roundish ; fruit red turning to dark crimson. —
River-banks ; common, especially northward. May. — A tall shrub, seldom a
tree, with grayish bark ; the fruit very austere and astringent till perfectly ripe.
(P. obovata, Bigelow. P. serotina, of many authors.)
8. P. SCrotilia, Eb.rb.art. (WiLD BLACK CHERRY.) Leaves oblong or
lanceolate-oblong, taper-pointed, serrate with incurved short and callous teeth, thickish,
shining above ; racemes elongated ; petals obovate ; fruit purplish-black. —
Woods, common. — A fine large tree, with reddish-brown branches, furnishing
valuable timber to the cabinet-maker. Fruit slightly bitter, but with a pleasant
vinous flavor.
P. DOMESTICA, L., the CULTIVATED PLUM, is now deemed by the best
botanists to have sprung from the Sloe.
P. ARMENIACA, L., the APRICOT, represents another subgenus of Prunus.
The PEACH belongs to a very closely related genus.
P. AVIUM and P. CERASUS, L., of Europe, are the originals of the cultivated
Cherries.
SUBORDER II. ROSACES PROPER. THE TRUE ROSE FAMILY.
2. SPIR/EA, L. MEADOW-SWEET.
Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, obovate, equal, imbricated in the bud.
Stamens 10-50. Pods (follicles) 3-12, several- (2 -15-) seeded. — Flowers
white or rose-color, sometimes dioecious : rarely the parts are 4 instead of 5.
(Name probably from (TTreipaw, to wind, alluding to the fitness of the plants to
be formed into garlands.)
§ 1. PHYSOCARPOS, Camb. — Shrubs, with simple palmately-lol>ed leaves and
umbel-like corymbs : pods inflated and diverging when grown, 2 - ^-seeded.
1. S. oplllifolia, L. (NINE-BARK.) Leaves roundish, somewhat 3-
lobed and heart-shaped ; pods 3-5. — Rocky river-banks. June. — Shrub
4° - 10° high, with recurved branches and white flowers, succeeded by mem-
branaccous purplish pods : the old bark loose and separating in thin layers.
§2. SPIRAEA PROPER. — Shrubs, with simpk leaves, the stipules obsolete: pods
(mostly 5) not inflated, several-seeded.
2. S. corymbosa, Raf. Nearly smooth (l°-2°high); leaves oval or
ovate, cut-toothed towards the apex ; corymbs large, flat, several times compound.
— Alleghanies of Penn., to Virginia and Kentucky. June. —Flowers white.
3. S. salicifolia, L. (COMMON MEADOW-SWEET.) Nearly smooth
(2° -3° high); leaves wedge-lanceolate, simply or doubly serrate ; flowers in a
crowded panicle ; pods smooth. — "Wet grounds: also cultivated. July. —
Flowers white or flesh -color. (Eu.)
10*
114 ROSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.)
4. S. tomcntdsa, L. (HARDHACK. STEEPLE-BUSH.) Stems and lower
surface of the ovate or oblong serrate leaves very woolly ; flowers in short racemes
crowded in a dense panicle; pods woolly. — Low grounds ; commonest in New
England. July. — Flowers rose-color.
i 3. ULMARIA, Mcench. — Perennial herbs, with pinnate leaves and panided
cymose flowers : calyx reflexed : pods 5-8 in number, 1 - 2-seeded.
5. S. lobata, Murr. (QUEEN OP THE PRAIRIE.) Glabrous (2° -8°
high) ; leaves interruptedly pinnate ; the terminal leaflet very large, 7 - 9-parted,
the lobes incised and toothed; stipules kidney-form; panicle compound-clus-
tered, on a long naked peduncle. — Meadows and prairies, Penn. to Michigan,
Illinois, and Kentucky. June. — Flowers deep peach-blossom color, handsome,
the petals and sepals often in fours !
$4. ARtJNCUS, Scringe. — Perennial herbs, with dioecious whitish flowers, in
slender spikes disposed in a long compound panicle ; leaves thrice-pinnate ; the
stipules obsolete : pods 3-5, several-seeded : pedicels reflexed in fruit.
6. S. Aruncus, L. (GOAT'S-BEARD.) Smooth, tall ; leaflets thin,
lanceolate-oblong, or the terminal ones ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply
cut and serrate. — Rich woods, Catskill and Alleghany Mountains and west-
ward. June. (Eu.)
S. FILIPENDULA, the DROPWORT ; S. ULMARIA, the MEADOW-SWEET of
Europe ; S. HYPERICI£ 6nA (ITALIAN MAY) ; and S. 8ORBir6LiA, are com-
mon in gardens.
3. GILLENIA, Mcench. INDIAN PHYSIC.
Calyx narrow, constricted at the throat, 5-toothed ; teeth erect. Petals 5,
somewhat unequal, linear-lanceolate, inserted in the throat of the calyx ; convo-
lute in the bud. Stamens 10-20, included. Pods 5, included, 2-4-seeded. —
Perennial herbs, with almost sessile 3-foliolate leaves, the thin leaflets doubly
serrate and incised. Flowers loosely paniculate-corymbed, pale rose-color or
white. (Dedicated to an obscure botanist or gardener, A. Gille, or Gillenius.)
1. G. trifoliata, Mcench. (BOWMAN'S ROOT.) Leaflets ovate-oblong,
pointed, cut-serrate ; stipules small, awl-shaped, entire. — Rich woods, from
W. New York southward, and sparingly in the Western States. July.
2. G. stipulacea, Nutt. (AMERICAN IPECAC.) Leaflets lanceolate,
deeply incised; stipules large and leaf-like, doubly incised. — From W. Penn-
sylvania and New York to Illinois and Kentucky. June.
4. AGRIMONIA, Tourn. AGRIMONY.
Calyx-tube top-shaped, contracted at the throat, armed with hooked bristles
above, indurated and enclosing the fruit ; the limb 5-cleft, closed after flowering.
Petals 5. Stamens 12-15. Achenia 2 : styles terminal. Seed suspended.—
Perennial herbs, with interruptedly pinnate leaves and yellow flowers in slender
spiked racemes : bracts 3-cleft. (A corruption of Argemonia, of the same deri-
vation as Argemone.)
ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 115
1. A. Ellpatdria, L. (COMMON AGRIMONY.) Leaflets 5-7 with mi-
nute ones intermixed, oblong-obovate, coarsely toothed ; petals twice the length of
the calyx. — Borders of woods, common. July -Sept. (Eu.)
2. A. parvifldra, Ait. Lea/lets crowded, 11-19, with smaller ones inter-
mixed, lanceolate, acute, deeply and regularly cut-serrate, as well as the stipules ;
petals small. — Woods and glades, Pennsylvania and southwestward. July.
5. SANOU1SORBA, L. GREAT BDRNET.
Calyx colored, 3-bracted, the tube 4-angled, constricted ; the lobes 4, spread-
ing. Petals none. Stamens 4 ; the filaments usually enlarging upwards. Pis-
tils 1 or rarely 2 : style slender, terminal : stigma pencil-form, tufted. Achenium
included in the indurated 4-wingcd calyx-tube. Seed suspended. — Herbs, with
unequally pinnate leaves, and small flowers, sometimes polygamous, in close
spikes or heads. (Name from sanguis, blood, and sorbeo, to absorb ; the plants
having been esteemed as vulneraries.)
1. S. Canadcnsis, L. (CANADIAN BDRNET.) Stamens much longer
than the calyx ; spikes cylindrical and elongated in fruit ; leaflets numerous,
ovate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, obtuse, heart-shaped at the base, stipe Hate ;
stipules serrate. Ij. — Bogs and wet meadows ; chiefly northward. Aug. -OcL
— A tall herb : flowers wliite, sometimes purple.
POTERIUM SANGUISORBA, the COMMON BURNET of the gardens, has mo-
noecious polyandrous flowers.
6. ALCIIERliLLA, Tourn. LADY'S MANTLE.
Calyx-tube inversely conical, contracted at the top ; limb 4-parted, with as
many alternate bractlets. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Pistils 1 - 4 ; the slen-
der style arising from near the base of the ovary ; the achenia included in the
persistent calyx. — Low herbs, with palmately lobed or compound leaves, and
small corymbed greenish flowers. (From Alkemelych, the Arabic name.)
1. A. ARVENSIS, L. (PARSLEY PIERT.) Stems (3' -8' high) leafy ; leaves
3-parted, with the wedge-shaped lobes 2 - 3-clcft, pubescent ; flowers sessile in the
axils, (j) — Eastern Virginia. (Adv. from Eu.)
A. ALPINA, L., is said by Pursh to grow on the Green and White Mountains,
New England : but there is most probably some mistake about it.
7. SIBBA&.DIA, L. SIBBALDIA.
Calyx flattish, 5-cleft, with 5 bractlets. Petals 5, linear-oblong, minute. Sta-
mens 5, inserted alternate with the petals into the margin of the woolly disk
which lines the base of the calyx. Achenia 5-10; styles lateral. — Low arid
depressed mountain perennials. (Dedicated to Dr. Silbald, Prof, at Edinburgh
at the close of the 17th century.)
1. S. procumbeiis, L. Leaflets 3, wedge-shaped, 3-toothed at the
apex; petals yellow. Alpine summits of the White Mountains of New Hamp-
shire, and northward. (Eu.)
116 ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.)
8. DRY AS, L. DRYAS.
Calyx flattish, 8 - 9-partcd. Petals 8-9, large. Otherwise like Geum § Sio-
versia. — Dwarf and matted slightly shrubby plants, with simple toothed leaves,
and solitary large flowers. (Name from Dryades, the nymphs of the Oaks, the
foliage of some species resembling oak-leaves in miniature.)
1. I>. integfl'ifolia, Vahl. Leaves oblong-ovate, slightly heart-shaped,
with revolute margins, nearly entire, white-downy beneath, flowers white. —
White Mountains, New Hampshire, Prof. Peck, according to Pursh ; but not
since met with : therefore very doubtful. (Eu.)
9. GEUUI, L. AVENS.
Calyx bell-shaped or flattish, deeply 5-cleft, usually with 5 small bractlets at
the sinuses. Petals 5. Stamens many. Achenia numerous, heaped on a coni-
cal or cylindrical dry receptacle, the long persistent styles forming hairy or
naked and straight or jointed tails. Seed erect. — Perennial herbs, with pin-
nate or lyrate leaves. (Name from y«vo>, to give an agreeable flavor, the roots
being rather aromatic.) See addend.
$ 1. GEUM PROPER. — Styles jointed and bent near the middle, the lower portion
smooth and persistent, naked, hooked at the end after the deflexed and mostly hairy
upper joint jails away : head of fruit sessile: calyx-lobes reflexed. (Flowers some-
what panicled at the summit of the leafy stem.)
1. G» iillHiBiB, Gmelin. Smoothish or softly pubescent ; stem slender
(2° high) ; root-leaves of 3 - 5 leaflets, or simple and rounded, with a few minute
leaflets on the petiole below ; those of the stem 3-dividcd, lobed, or only toothed ;
stipules small ; petals white (3" long), obovate or oblong, fully as long as the
calyx; receptacle and ovaries bristly-hairy ; upper joint of the style a little hairy.
Borders of woods, common. May - Aug. — Near the European G. urbanum.
2. G. Virginianum, L. Bristly-hairy, especially the stout stem;
lower and root-leaves pinnate, very various, the upper mostly 3-parted or
divided, ineiscd ; stipules small ; petals greenish-white, shorter than the calyx ; re-
ceptacle and ovaries glabrous. — Woods and low grounds ; common northward. —
Clearly different from the last.
3. G. iBiacropliylliim, Willd. Bristly-hairy, stout (l°-3° high);
root-leaves lyrately and interruptedly pinnate, with the terminal leaflet very large
and ronnd-hcart-shapfd ; lateral leaflets of the stem-leaves 2-4, minute, the ter-
minal roundish, 3-c.left, the lobes wedge-form and rounded ; petals yellow, u'
longer titan (he calyx ; receptacle of fruit nearly naked; achenia bristly :tbove. —
Around the base of the White Mountains, New Hampshire : also North Illinois
and northward. June. (Eu.)
4. G. StrictUllt, Ait. Somewhat hairy (3° -5° high) ; root-leaves inter
ruptedly pinnate, the leaflets wedge-obovate ; leaflets of the si an -/((ices 3-5,
rhombic-ovate or oblong, acute; petals yellow, roundish, longer than the calyx ; recep-
tacle domiy ; ada-nia bristly above. — Moist meadows; common, especially
northward. July. (Eu.)
ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 117
§ 2. ST YLIPUS, Raf. — Styles smooth : head of fruit conspicuously sialked in the
calyx : bracllets of the calyx none : otherwise as § 1 .
5. O. verailllll, Torr. & Gr. Somewhat pubescent; stems ascending,
few-leaved, slender ; root-leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3-5-lobed, or some of
them pinnate, with the lobes cut ; petals yellow, about the length of the calyx ;
receptacle smooth. — Thickets, Ohio to Illinois and Kentucky. April -June.
§ 3. CARYOPIIYLlATA, Tourn. — Style jointed and bent in the middle, the
upper joint plumose : flowers large : calyx erect or spreading : petals erect.
6. €». rivsale, L. (WATER or PURPLE AVENS.) Stems nearly simple,
several-flowered (2° high); root-leaves lyrate and interruptedly pinnate ; those
of the stem few, 3-foliolate or 3-lobed; petals dilated-obovate retuse, contracted
into a claw, purplish-orange ; head of fruit stalked. — Bogs and wet meadows,
N. England to Wisconsin and northward. May. — Blossoms nodding, but the
feathery fruiting heads upright. Calyx brown-purple. (Eu.)
$4- SIEVERSIA, Willd. — Style not jointed, wholly persistent and straight : head
of fru.it sessile: flowers large : calyx erect or spreading. (F lowering stems simple,
and bearing only bracts or small leaves.)
7. G. trifloruill, Pursh. Low, softly hairy; root-leaves interruptedly
pinnate ; the leaflets very numerous and crowded, oblong-wedge-form, deeply
cut-toothed ; flowers 3 or more on long peduncles ; bractlets linear, longer than the
purple calyx, as long as ilie oblong purplish erect petals; styles very long (2'), strongly
plumose in fruit. — Rocks, New Hampshire and N. New York northward to
Wisconsin ; rare. April -June.
8. O. reuliilflllll) Michx. Hirsutely hairy or smoothish ; root-leaves
rounded-kidney-shupcd, radiate-veined (2' -5' broad), doubly or irregularly cut-
toothed and obscurely 5-7-lobed, also a set of minute leaflets down the long
petiole ; stems (8' - 18' high) 1 - 5-tiowered ; bractlets minute ; petals yellow, round-
obovate and more or less obcordate, exceeding the calyx (^' long), spreading;
styles naked except the base. (High mountains of Carolina.)
Var. Peckii. Nearly glabrous, or the stalks and veins of the leaves
sparsely hirsute. (G. Peckii, Pursh.) — Alpine tops of the White Mountains of
New Hampshire. July - Sept.
1O. WAXDSTEINIA, Willd. (COMAROPSIS, DC.)
Calyx-tube inversely conical ; the limb 5-cleft, with 5 often minute and decid-
uous bractlets. Petals 5. Stamens many, inserted into the throat of the calyx.
Achcnia 2-6, minutely hairy ; the terminal slender styles deciduous from the
base by a joint. Seed erect. — Low perennial herbs, with chiefly radical 3-5-
lobed or divided leaves, and small yellow flowers on bracted scapes. (Nainctl
in honor of Francis ?;on Waldstein, a German botanist.)
1. W. fragas'ioides, Tratt. (BARREN STRAWBERRY.) Low; leaf-
lets 3, broadly wedge-form, cut-toothed ; scapes several-flowered ; petals longer
than the calyx. (Dalibarda fragarioides, Michx.) — Wooded hill-sides, common
northward, and southward along the Allcghanies.
118 KOSACEJE. (ROSE FAMILY.}
11. POTENTI L.JLA, L. CINQUE-FOIL. FIVE-FINGEK.
Calyx flat, deeply 5-eleft, with as many bractlets at tlic sinuses, thus appear-
ing K)-cleft. Petals 4-5, usually roundish. Stamens many. Achenia many,
collected in a head on the dry mostly pubescent or hairy receptacle : styles
lateral or terminal, deciduous. — Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with compound leaves,
and solitary or cymose flowers. (Name a kind of diminutive from patens, pow-
erful, alluding to the reputed medicinal power, of which in fact these plants
possess very little, being merely mild astringents, like the rest of the tribe.)
§ 1. Style terminal, or attached above the middle of the ovary : achenia glabrous.
* Annuals or biennials: petals pale yellow, small, not exceeding the calyx: receptacle
globular, ovoid, or even oblony in fruit.
1. P. Norvegica, L. Hairy, erect, branched above; leaves palmately 3-
foliolate ; leaflets obovate-oblong, cut-toothed. — Fields : common, especially
northward. A homely weed. (Eu.)
2. P. parad6xa, Nutt. Somewhat pubescent, spreading or decumbent,
branched ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5-9, obovate-oblong, cut-toothed ; achcnia
with a thick appendage at the base. — Banks of the Ohio and Mississippi.
# * Perennial herbs : petals yellow, commonly longer than the calyx.
•*- Low: leaves palmate, of 3 or 5 leajlits.
3. P. frigida, Vill. Dwarf (l'-3' high), tufted, villous when young,
stems or scapes mostly 1-flowered ; leaflets 3, broadly wedge-obovate, deeply cut into
5-7 oblong approximate teeth. (P. Robbinsiuna, Oakes.) — Less villous with
age and smaller-flowered than P. frigida of the Alps, but agreeing closer with it
than with P. minima, which probably is only another form of the same species.
Alpine summits of the high mountains of New Hampshire. (Eu.)
4. P. Canadcnsis, L. (COMMON CINQUE-FOIL or FIVE-FINGER.)
Hairy or pubescent, procumbent and ascending, producing runners ; peduncles axil-
lary, elongated, I -flowered ; leaflets 5, oblong or obovatc-wedgc-form, cut-toothed
towards the apex. (P. sarmentosa, Mu/il.) — Var. 1. PUMILA is a dwarf, early-
flowering state, in sterile soil. Var. 2. sf MPLEX is a taller and greener state,
with slender ascending steins. (P. simplex, Michx.) — Abounds among grass
in dry fields, &c. April - Oct.
5. P. argentca, L. (SILVERY CINQUE-FOIL.) Stems ascending,
cymose at the summit, many-flowered, white-woolly ; leaflets 5, wedge-oblong, al-
most pinnatifid, entire towards the base, with revolute margins, green above,
white with silvery wool beneath. — Dry barren fields, &c. June - Sept. (Eu.)
•«- •*- Taller : leaves pinnate, of 3-9 leaflet*.
6. P. Pennsylvania, L. Stems erect, hairy or woolly ; cymose at
the summit, many-flowered ; leaflets 5-9, oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid, silky-wool-
ly with white hairs, especially beneath, the upper ones larger and crowded;
petals scarcely longer than the calyx. — Pennsylvania? New Hampshire (1>1<- of
Shoals, Rabbins), Maine (Cape Elizabeth, C. J. Spraaue), and northward. July.
§ 2. Slyle deeply lateral, attached at or beneath the middle of the ovary : petals yellow
or white, deciduous.
BGSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.) 119
* Achenia glabrous : style thickened above : receptacle conical in fruit.
7. P. argllta, Pursh. Stem erect and stout (2° -4° high), brownish
hair}-, clammy above ; leaves pinnate, of 3 - 9 oval or ovate cut-serrate leaflets,
downy underneath; flowers cymose-clustered ; petals yellowish or whitish; disk
thick and glandular. — llocky hills ; common northward and westward. July.
•^ * Achenia (at least below) and the convex receptacle villous.
8. P. Anserilia, L. (SILVER- WEED.) Herbaceous, creeping by slen-
der rootiny runners ; leaves all radical, pinnate; leaflets 9-19, with minute pairs
interposed, oblong, pinnatifid-serrate, green and nearly smooth above, silvery-
white with silky down underneath ; stipules many-cleft ; flowers solitary (yellow), on
long scape-like peduncles. Brackish marshes, river-banks, &c., New England
to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. June -Sept. (Eu.)
9. P. frtiticosa, L. (SHRUBBY CINQUE-FOIL.) Stem erect, shrubby
(2° -4° high), very much branched; leaves pinnate; leaflets 5-7, closely crowd-
ed, oblong-lanceolate, entire, silky, especially beneath ; stipules scale-like ;
flowers numerous (yellow), terminating the branchlets. — Bog-meadows; same
range as the last. June -Sept. (Eu.)
10. P. tridetitata, Ait. (MOUNTAIN CINQUE-FOIL.) Stems low
(4' -6' high), rather woody at the base, tufted, ascending, cymosely several-
flowered ; leaves palmate ; leaflets 3, wedge-oblong, nearly smooth, thick, coarsely
3-toothed at the apex : petals white ; achenia and receptacle very hairy. — Rocks,
on mountains ; Cape Cod, Cape Ann, and in Maine at the level of the sea ;
shore of Lake Superior and northward. June.
§3. Styles moderately lateral: petals (sJu»ter than the calyx, ovate-lanceolate) and
filaments more or less persistent : disk thick and hairy: achenia glabrous: recepta-
cle hair i/, convex, at length large and spongy. (Comarum, L.)
11. P. palaistris, Scop. (MARSH FIVE-FINGER.) Stems ascending
from a creeping base (1° -2° high) ; leaves pinnate, of 5-7 lanceolate or oblong
crowded serrate leaflets, whitish beneath; flowers somewhat cymose; calyx (!'
broad) dark purple inside; petals purple. 1J. (Comarum palustre, L.) — Bogs,
N.England to Penn., Illinois, and northward. June -Aug. (Eu.)
12. FRAGARIA, Toura. STRAWBERRY.
Flowers nearly as in Potentilla. Styles deeply lateral. Receptacle in fruit
much enlarged and conical, becoming pulpy and scarlet, bearing the minute dry
achenia scattered over its surface. — Stemless perennials, with runners, and with
white cymose flowers on scapes. Leaves radical : leaflets 3, obovate-wedge-
form, coarsely serrate. Stipules cohering with the base of the petiole, which
with the scapes are usually hairy. (Name from the fragrance of the fruit.) —
The two species are indiscriminately called WILD STRAWBERRY.)
1. F. VirgilliiYna, Ehrhart. Achenia embedded in the deeply pitted recep-
tacle,— Fields and rocky places ; common April -June. - Scapes commonly
shorter than the leaves, which are of a rather coriaceous or lirm texture. Fruit
roundish-ovoid.
120 ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.)
2. F. VCSCa, L. Achenia superficial on the conical or hemispherical fruiting
•••It (not .sunk in pits). — Fields and rocks, common: indigenous, especial-
ly northward. — Leaves thin; the wild fruit often long and slender. (Eu.)
13. DAL.IBARDA, L. DALIBARDA.
Calyx deeply 5-6-parted, 3 of the divisions larger and toothed. Petals 5,
. deciduous. Stamens many. Ovaries 5-10, becoming nearly dry seed-
like drupes: styles terminal, deciduous. — Low perennials, with creeping and
densely tufted stems or rootstoeks, and roundish-heart-shaped crenate leaves on
slender petioles. Flowers 1-2, white, on scape-like peduncles. (Named in
honor of Dalibard, a French botanist.)
1. !>• rep*»ilS, L. Downy; sepals spreading in the flower, converging
and enclosing the fruit. — Wooded banks; common northward. June -Aug.
— Leaves much like those of a stemless Violet.
14. RIJBUS, L. BRAMBLE.
Calyx 5-parted, without bractlets. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens numerous.
Achenia usually many, collected on a spongy or succulent receptacle, becoming
Finall drupes : styles nearly terminal. — Perennial herbs, or somewhat shrubby
plants, with white (rarely reddish) flowers, and edible fruit. (Name from the
Celtic rub, red.)
$ 1. Fruit, or collective mass of drupes, falling off whole from the dry receptacle when
ripe, or of few grains which fall separately. (RASPBERRY.)
# Leaves simple : flowers larye : prickles none : fruit and receptacle flat
1. R. odorsilus, L. (PURPLE FLOWERING-RASPBERRY.) Stem shrub'
ly (3° -5° high) ; branches, stalks, and calyx bristly with alandnlar clammy hairs;
leaves 3 - 5-lobcd, the lobes pointed and minutely toothed, the middle one pro-
longed; peduncles many-flowered; calyx -lobes tipped with a long narrow ap-
pendage; petals roundfd, purple rose-color ; fruit ripening several reddish grains.
— Rocky banks, common northward. June -Aug. — Flowers showy, 2' broad.
2. K. TVlitkttliliS, Moc.ino. (WHITE FLOWERING-RASPBERRY.)
glandular, scarcely bristly ; leaves almost equally 5-lobcd, coarsely toothed ;
peduncles few-flowered; petals oval, white. (R. parvifl .'>rus, Nn/t.) — Upper
Michigan, and northwestward along the Lakes. Much like No. 1 ; but smaller.
3 II. CliailliElllorilS, L. (CLOUD-BERRY.) Herbaceous, low, diwcious ;
stem simple, 2-3-leaved, I flowered ; leaves roumlish-kidney-form, somewhat 5-
lobed, serrate, wrinkled; calyx-lobes pointless; petals obovate, white; fruit of
few grains, amber-color. — White Mountains of New Hampshire at the limit of
trees : also Lubcck, Maine, and northward. (Eu.)
# # Leaflet ft (pinnately) 3 - 5 : petals small, erect, white.
•*- Srems annual, herbaceous, not prickly : fruit offeio sejxini/' </m/>/.s-
4. R. tri llorilS, Richardson. (D\v.\i:i- RASPISKKUV.) Stems sisccnding
(6'- 12' high) or trailing ; leaflets 3 (or pcdately 5), rhombic-ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, acute at both ends, coarsely doubly serrate, thin smooth ; peduncle
=
ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 121
1 -3-flowered. — "Wooded hill-sides, Rhode Island to Perm., Wisconsin, and
northward. June. — Sepals and petals often 6 or 7.
-t-H— Stems biennial and wvuu'y, prickly : receptacle oblong: fruit hemispherical.
5. R. Strig6sus9 Michx. (WILD RED RASPBERRY.) Stems upriuht,
and with the stalks, &c. beset with stiff straight bristles (some of them becoming
weak hooked prickles), glandular when young, somewhat glaucous ; leaflets 3-
5, oblong-ovate, pointed, cut-serrate, whitish-do \vny underneath; the lateral ses-
sile ; petals as long as the sepals ; fruit light red. — Thickets and hills ; common,
especially northward. — Fruit ripening from June to Aug., finely flavored, hut
more tender and watery than the Garden or European Raspberry (R. Idieus),
which it too closely resembles.
6. R. occidcnt&lis, L. (BLACK RASPBERRY. THIMBLEBERRY.)
(j/aucous all over ; steins recurved, armed like the stalks, &c. with hooked prickles,
nut bristly ; leaflets 3 (rarely 5), ovate, pointed, coarsely doubly sen-ate, whitened-
downy underneath ; the lateral ones somewhat stalked ; petals shorter than the
pals ; fruit purple-black. — Thickets and fields, especially where the ground has
en burned over. May. — Fruit ripe early in July, pleasant. ( Some curious
forms are known, with fruit intermediate between this and the last.)
^ 2. Fruit, or collective drupes, not separating from the juicy receptacle, mostly ovate
or oblong, blackish. (BLACKBERRY.)
7. R. villdsits, Ait. (COMMON or HIGH BLACKBERRY.) Shrubby
(10 -6° high), furroAved, upright or reclining, armed with stout curved prickles;
branrhlcts, stalks, and lower surface of the leaves hairy and glandular ; leaflets 3
(or IK (lately 5), ovate, pointed, unequally serrate; the terminal one somewhat
heart-shaped, conspicuously stalked; flowers raccmed, numerous, bracts short;
sepals linear-pointed, much shorter than the obovate-oblong spreading petals. -^-
Var. 1. FRONo6sus : smoother and much less glandular; flowers more corym-
bose, with leafy bracts; petals roundish. Var. 2. HUMiFtrsus : trailing, small-
er; peduncles few-flowered. — Borders of thickets, &c., common. May, June:
the pleasant large fruit ripe in Aug. and Sept. — Plant very variable in si/e,
aspect, and shape of the fruit.
8. R. Caaiadcnsis, L. (Low BLACKBERRY. DEWBERRY.) Shrubby,
cxti'iixin-Jii trailing, slightly prickly ; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5-7), oval or ovate-
lanceolate, mostly pointed, thin, nearly smooth, sharply cut-serrate ; flowers ra-
cemed, with leaf-like bracts. (R. trivialis, Pursh, Bigel, frc. ; not of Michx.) —
Rocky or gravelly hills, common. May ; ripening its large and sweet fruit
earlier than No. 7.
9. R. Itispidtis, L. (RUNNING SWAMP-BLACKBERRY.) Stems slender,
somewhat shrubby, extensive! [>/ procumbent, beset -with small reflexed prickles ; leaflets 3
(or rarely pedately 5), smooth, thickish, mostly persistent, obovate, obtuse, coarsely
serrate, entire towards the base ; peduncles leafless, several-flowered, often bristly \
flowers small. (R. obovalis, Mickr. R. sempcrvircns and R. setosus, B/'gelow.)
— Low woods, common northward. June. — Flowering shoots short, ascend-
ing, the sterile forming long runners. Fruit of a few large grains, red or pur-
ple, sour.
11
122 ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.)
10. R. ClincifolillS, Pursh. (SAND BLACKBERRY.) Shrubby (l°-3°
high), upi;'t;/it, nrnrd /rit/i stout, named prickles { brti/if/ilcts and lower surface of
'i/tis/t-tcool/y ; leaflets 3-5, wedge-obovate, thick ish, serrate above;
p'-duueles 2 - 4-flo\vered ; petals large. — Sandy woods, S. New York to Virginia
and southward. .May- July ; ripening its well-flavored black fruit in August.
11. R. trivia I is, Michx. (Low BUSH-BLACKBERRY.) Shrubby, procum-
bent, bristly and prickly ; leaves evergreen, coriaceous, newly glabrous ; leaflets 3 (or
pedately 5), ovate-oblong or lanceolate, sharply serrate; peduncles 1-3-flow-
ered ; petals large. — Sandy soil, Virginia and southward. March - May.
15. ROSA, Tourn. ROSE.
Calyx-tube urn-shaped, contracted at the mouth, becoming fleshy in fruit.
Petals 5, obovate or obcordatc, inserted, with the many stamens, into the edge
of the hollow thin disk that lines the calyx-tube and bears the numerous pistils
over its inner surface. Ovaries hairy, becoming bony achenia in fruit. — . Shrub-
by and prickly, with odd-pinnate leaves, and stipules cohering with the petiole:
stalks, foliage, &c. often bearing aromatic glands. (The ancient Latin name.)
* Styles cohering in a column, as long as the stamens.
1. R. SCtigcra, Michx. (CLIMBING or PRAIRIE ROSE.) Stems climb-
ing, armed with stout nearly straight prickles, not bristly ; leaflets 3 — 5, orate, acute,
sharply serrate, smooth or downy beneath; stalks and calyx glandular; flowers
corymbcd; sepals pointed ; petals deep rose-color changing to white; fruit (hip)
globular. — Borders of prairies and thickets, Ohio to Illinois and southward.
July. — A fine species, the only American climbing Rose ; the strong shoots
growing 10° -20° in a season.
# # Styles separate, nearly included in the calyx-tube : petals rose-color,
2. R. Carolina, L. (SWAMP ROSE.) Stems tall (4° -7° high), armed
with stout /looked prickles, not bristly ; leaflets 5-9, elliptical, often acute, dull
above and pale beneath ; stipules narrow ; flowers numerous, in corymbs; calyx and
peduncles glandular-bristly, the former with leaf-like appendages; fruit (hip)
depressed-globular, somewhat bristly. — Low grounds, common. June- Sept.
3. R. lucida, Ehrhart. (DWARF WILD-ROSE.) Stems (l°-2° high),
armed with mm/iuil bristly prickles, which are mostly deciduous, the stouter per-
sistent ones nearly straight, slender; leaflets 5-9, elliptical or oblong-lanceolate,
shini)ig aboiv, sharply serrate; stipules broad; peduncles 1 -3-flowercd, and wirh
the appendage*! calyx-lobes glandular-bristly ; fruit depressed -globular, smooth
when ripe. — Common in dry soil, or along the borders of swamps. May -
July. — R. nitida, Willd., is a smooth and narrow-leaved form.
4. R. bltfnda, Ait. (EARLY WILD-ROSE.) Nearly unarmed, or with
scattered straight deciduous prickles (l°-3° high); leaflets 5-7, oral or oblong,
r////.sr, jxtl,- on both siibs and minutely do/my or hoary beneath, serrate; stipules
large; f lowers 1 -.'>, the pcd'imJcs and ca/y.r-tube smooth and glaucous ; fruit glo-
• rownrd with the persistent erect and connivcnt entire calyx-loins. —
KIM-US and bunks, Vermont to Penn. and Wisconsin, chiefly northward. May,
June. — Petals light rose-color.
KOSACK^E. (ROSE FAMILY.) 123
5. R. RITBIGIN<!. SA, L. (TRUE SWEET-BRIER.) Climbing high;
numerous, ike larger ones strong and hooked, and the smaller awl-sliaped; leaflets
doubly serrate, rounded at the base; downy and clothed with fragrant russet
glands beneath ; fruit pear-shaped or obovate, crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes.
— -Road-sides and thickets. June -Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)
6. R. MICRAXTHA, Smith. (SMALLER-FL. SWEET-BRIER.) Prickles uni-
form and hooked ; fruit elliptical and ocate; calyx-lobes deciduous; flowers smaller:
otherwise as No. 5. — E. New England. (Nat. from Eu.)
SUBORDER III. POMEJE. THE PEAR FAMILY.
16. CKAT^EOUS, L. HAWTHORN. WHITE THORN.
Calyx-tube urn-shaped, the limb 5-cleft. Petals 5, roundish. Stamens many,
or only 10-5. Styles 1-5. Fruit (calyx-tube) fleshy, containing 1 - 5 bony
1 -seeded carpels. — Thorny shrubs or small trees, with simple and mostly lobed
leaves, and white (rarely rose-colored) blossoms. (Name from Kparos, strength,
on account of the hardness of the wood.)
# Corymbs many-flowered.
•*- Fruit very small, depressed-globose (not larger than peas), bright red: flowers small:
calyx-teeth short and broad: styles 5 : plants glabrous andglandless throughout.
1. C. Spatliulata, Miclix. Leaves thickish and shining, spatulate or oblan-
ceolatc, with a long tapering base, crenate above, rarely cut-lobed, nearly sessile. —
Virginia and southward. May. — Shrub 10° - 15° high.
2. C. cordata, Ait. (WASHINGTON THORN.) Leaves broadly ovate or
triangular, mostly truncate or a little heart-shaped at the base, on a slender petiole,
variously 3 - 5-cleft or cut, and serrate. — Virginia, Kentucky, and southward.
June. — Trunk 1 5° - 25° high.
•»- ••- Fruit small (£'- £' long), ovoid, deep red: flowers rather large : styles 1-3.
3. C. OXYACANTHA, L. (ENGLISH HAWTHORN.) Smooth ; leaves obovate,
cut-lobed and toothed, icedge-fonn at the base ; calyx not glandular. May. —
More or less spontaneous as well as cultivated. (Adv. from Eu.)
4. C. apiifolia, Michx. Softly pubescent when young, becoming gla-
brous ; leaves roundish, with a broad truncate or slightly heart-shaped base, pin-
nately 5-7-cleft, with the crowded divisions cut-lobed and sharply serrate;
petioles slender ; calyx-lobes glandular-toothed, slender. — Virginia and south-
ward. March, April.
+-+. H_ Fruit large (£'-§' long), red; flowers large: styles and stones of the fruit
even in the same species 1-3 (when the fruit is ovoid or pear-shaped) or 4- 5 (when
the fruit is globular) : stipules, calyx-teeth, bracts, $-c. often beset with glands.
5. C. COCCsiiea, L. (SCARLET-FRUITED THORN.) Glabrous through-
out; leaves thin, roundish-ovate, sharply toothed and cut, or somewhat cut-lobed,
usually abrupt at the base, on slender petioles ; flowers white, often with a rosy
tinge (§' broad); fruit bright scarlet-red, ovoid (£' broad), scarcely edible. — •
Thickets and rockv banks ; common. May. — A low tree.
124 BOSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.)
G. C. toinenta»sa, L. (BLACK or PEAR THORN.) Downy or vittous-
pubescent, at least when young, oil the peduncle*, ciilyx, i.nd lower side of the
; linns thickisli, rather large, oval or ovate-oblong, sharply toothed and
often cut, abruptly narrowed at the base into a somewhat margined petiole, the up-
per surface more or less furrowed along the veins ; flowers large (often 1' broad),
white ; fruit crimson or onnif/t-nd, usually largo (§'-!' broad), globular or some-
what pear-shaped, edible. — Thickets ; common. May, June. — A tall shrub or
low tree, of many varieties, of which the following are the most marked.
Var. pyri folia. Leaves sparingly pubescent beneath when young, soon
glabrous, smooth and shining above, often slightly cut-lobcd ; fruit large, bright-
colored, sparingly dotted, of a pleasant flavor. (C. pyrifulia, Ait.)
Var. piiiietala.. Leaves rather small, mostly wedge-obovute, with a
longer tapering and entire base, unequally toothed above, rarely cut. vilious
pubescent when young, smooth but dull when old, the numerous veins more
strongly impressed on the upper surface and prominent underneath; fruit glo-
bose, usually dull red and yellowish with whitish dots. (C. punctata, . 7m •<•/.)
Var. lia6lliS. Leaves rounded, abrupt or somewhat heart-shaped at tho
base, soft-downy both sides, or at least beneath, very sharply doubly-toothed and
cut; fruit often downy. (C. subvillosa, Schrader. C. coccinea, var. 1 rnollis,
Torr. $• Cray. ) — Michigan, Illinois, and south westward.
7. C. CrilS-gaJli, L. (COCKSPUR THORN.) Glabrous; h-avcs thick,
sJiiu'uKj aboce, wedye-obovate and oblanceolate, tapering into a very short petiole,
serrate above the middle; fruit globular, bright-red (£' broad). — Thickets.
June. — Shrub or tree 10° -20° high, with firm dark green leaves very shining
above, and slender sharp thorns often 2' long. This is our best species for hedges.
# Corymbs simple few- (1 -6-) flowered: calyx, bracts, $~c. glandular.
8. C, Ilava, Ait. (SUMMER HAW.) Somewhat pubescent or glabrous ;
I, a res n:(ih/<'.-olxjrtile or rltoiiibic-obovate, narrowed at the base into a glandular
petiole, ti/icyttally toothed and somewhat cut above the middle, ralln.r thin, the teeth,
&c. ylandular; styles 4-5; fruit somewhat pear-shaped, yellowish, greenish, or
reddish (£'-§' broad). — Sandy soil, Virginia and southward. May. — Tree
15° -20° high, with rather large flowers, 2-6 in a corymb.
Var. pubcsceiis. Downy or villous-pubescent when young ; 1
thickish, usually obtuse or rounded at the summit. (C. clliptiea, Ait. C. glan-
duK>sa, MitJix. C. Virginica, Lodd.) — Virginia and southward.
9. C. parvifolia, Ait. (DwARF THORN.) Downy ; leaves thick, <•/
tpatulate, n-utntr-ttMii/n-d (%'- \§' long), almost sessile, the upper surface at length
shining; flowi-rs solitary or 2-3 together, on very short peduncles; cahj.r-^
lony as thf jxld/s ; styles 5; fruit globular or pear-shaped, greenish -vellow. — •
Sandy soil, New Jersey to Virginia and southward. May. — Shrub 3° - 6° high.
17. PYRUS, L. PEAR. APPLE.
Calyx-tube urn-shnpcil, the limb 5-cleft. Petals roundish or obovate. Sta-
mens numerous. Styles 2-5. Fruit (pome) fleshy or berry-like ; the 2-5 car-
pels of a papery or cartilaginous texture, 2-scedrd. — Trees or shrubs, with
handsome flowers in corymbed cymes. (The classical name of the Pear-tree.)
ti
(ROSE FAMILY.) 125
§ ! MALUS, Tourn. — Leaves simple : cymes simple and umbel-like : fruit fleshy,
(jlc.bular, sunk in at the attachment of the stalk. (APPLE.)
1. P. coroaiaria, L. (AMERICAN CRAB- APPLE.) Lea ves ovate, often
rather heart-shaped, cut-serrate or lobed, soon glabrous ; styles woolly and united at
tfie base. — Glades, W. New York to Wiseorisin and southward. May. — Tree
20° high, with few, but very large, rose-colored fragrant -blossoms, and translu-
cent, fragrant, greenish fruit.
2. P. afifelistifolia, Ait. (NARROW-LEAVED CRAB-APPLE.) Leaves
oblong or lanceolate, often acute at the base, mostly* toothed, glabrous; styles dis-
tinct. — Glades, from Pennsylvania southward. April.
P. MALUS, the APPLE-TREE, is often found in deserted fields and copses.
P. COMMUNIS, the PEAR-TREE, represents the typical section of the genus.
2. ADENORACIIIS, DC. — Leaves simple, the midrib beset ivith glands along
the upper side: cymes compound: styles united at the base : fruit berry -like, small.
3. P. arlmiiiolia, L. (CHOKE-BERRY.) Leaves oblong or obovate,
finely serrate ; fruit pear-shaped, or when ripe globular. — Var. 1. ERYTHRO-
cARPA has the cyme and leaves beneath woolly, and red or purple fruit. Var.
2. MBLANOCARPA is nearly smooth, with black fruit. — Damp thickets, common.
May, June. — Shrub 2° - 10° high. Flowers white, or tinged with purple.
§3. S(3RBUS, Tourn. — Leaves odd-pinnate: cymes compound: styles separate:
fruit berry-like, small.
4. P. Americana, DC. (AMERICAN MOUNTAIN-ASH.) Leaflets
13-15, lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate with pointed teeth, smooth ;
cymes large and flat. — Swamps and mountain woods, N. England to Wiscon-
sin northward, and along the Alleghanies southward. June. — A slender shrub
or low tree, with white blossoms ; greatly prized in cultivation for its ornamen-
tal clusters of scarlet fruit (not larger than large peas) in autumn and winter.
P. AucupAiuA, Gaertn., the cultivated EUROPEAN MOUNTAIN-ASH or ROW-
AN-TREE, is known by its paler, shorter, and blunt leaflets, and larger fruit.
18. AMELANCHIER, Medic. JUNE-BERRY.
Calyx 5-cleft. Petals oblong, elongated. Stamens numerous, short. Styles
5, united below. Fruit (pome) berry-like, the 5 cartilaginous carpels each di-
vided into 2 cells by a partition from the back; the divisions 1-seeded. — Small
trees or shrubs, with simple sharply serrated leaves, and white flowers in ra-
cemes. (Amelancier is the popular name of A. vulgaris in Savoy.)
1. A. CanaclcnsiS, Torr. & Gray. (SHAD-BUSH. SERVICE-BERRY.)
Calyx-lobes triangular-lance-form; fruit globular, purplish, edible (sweet, ripe
in June). — Along streams, &c. : common, especially northward. April, May.
— Variss exceedingly; the leading forms are, —
Var. Bofryapilim ; a tree 10° -30° high, nearly or soon glabrous;
leaves ovate-oblong, sometime* heart-shaped at the base, pointed, very sharply
serrate ; flowers in long drooping racemes ; the oblong petals 4 times the length
of the calyx. (Pyrus Botryapium, Willd.)
11*
126 CALYCANTIIACK^E. (CAROLINA-ALLSPICE FAMILY.)
Yur. ol> 1 on gl folia; a smaller tree or shrub; leaves oblong, beneath, like
the branchlet-s, white-downy when young ; racemes and petals shorter.
Var. rotlliltlifolia; with broader leaves and smaller petals than in the
first variety ; racemes 6 - 10-flowered.
Var. alilifolia; shrub, with the roundish leaves blunt or notched at both
ends, serrate towards the summit ; racemes dense and many-flowered. — Chiefly
in the Western States, and westward.
Var. Oligocarpa; shrub, with thin and smooth narrowly oblong leaves,
2-4-flowm'<l racemes, the broader petals scarcely thrice the length of the calyx.
— Cold and deep mountain swamps, northward.
CYD6NIA VULOARIS, the QUINCE, and C. JAP6NICA, the ornamental JAPAN
QUINCE, differ from the order generally in their many-seeded carpels.
ORDER 40. CALYCANTHACE^E. (CAROLINA-ALLSPICE
FAMILY.)
Shrubs with opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the sepals and petals similar
and indefinite, the anthers adnate and extrorse, and the cotyledons convolute :
— otherwise like Rosaceas. Chiefly represented by the genus
1. CALiYCANTHUS, L. CAROLINA ALLSPICE. SWEET-
SCENTED SHRUB.
Calyx of many sepals, united below into a fleshy inversely conical cup (with
some leaf-like bractlets growing from it) ; the lobes lanceolate, mostly colored
like the petals ; which are similar, in many rows, thickish, inserted on the top
of the closed calyx-tube. Stamens numerous, inserted just within the petals,
short; some of the inner ones sterile (destitute of anthers). Pistils several or
many, enclosed in the calyx-tube, inserted on its base and inner face, resembling
those of the Hose. Fruit like a rose-hip, but dry when ripe, and larger, en-
closing the large achcnia. — Shrubs, with opposite entire leaves, and large lurid-
purple flowers terminating the leafy branches. Bark and foliage aromatic ; the
crushed flowers exhaling more or less the fragrance of strawberries. (Name
composed of *aAu£, a cup or calyx, and avQos, flower, from the closed cup which
contains the pistils.)
1. C. (16 rid us, L. Leaves oval, sofl-<loivny underneath. — Virginia? and
southward, on hill-sides in rich soil. Common in gardens. April -Aug.
2. C. laevigatllS, Willd. Leaves oblong, thin, either blunt, or taper-
pointed, bright green and ylabrous or nearly so on both sides, or rather pale be-
neath; flowers smaller. — Mountains of Franklin Co., Pcnn. (Prof. Porter),
and southward along the Alleghanics. May - Aug.
3. C. glaftcus, Willd. Leaves oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; conspic-
uously 1aper-pQwtedt gHavcw+v&iU baiatih, roughish above, glabrous, larger tlmn
in the others (4' -7' long) ; the flowers also larger. — Virginia? near the moun-
tains and southward. May - Aug.
MELASTOMAC^EE. (MELASTOMA FAMILY.) 127
ORDER 41. MELASTOMACE^E. (MELASTOMA FAMILY.)
Myrtle-like plants, idth opposite ribbed leaves, and anthers opening by
pores at the apex ; otherwise much as in the Evening-Primrose Family. —
All tropical, except the genus
1. RUE XI A, L. DEER-GRASS. MEADOW-BEAUTY.
Calyx-tube urn-shaped, coherent with the ovary below, and continued above
it, persistent, 4-cleft at the apex. Petals 4, convolute in the bud, oblique, in-
serted, along with the 8 stamens, on the summit of the calyx-tube. Anthers
long, 1 -celled, inverted in the bud. Style 1 : stigma 1. Pod invested by the
permanent calyx, 4-celled, with 4 many-seeded placentae projecting from the
central axis. Seeds coiled like a snail-shell, without albumen. — Low perennial
herbs, often bristly, with sessile 3 - 5-nerved and bristle-edged leaves, and large
showy cymose flowers ; the petals falling early. (Name from pij^is, a rupture.
applied to this genus for no obvious reason.)
* Anthers linear, curved, with a minute spur on the back at the attachment of the
filament above its base : flowers cymose, peduncled.
1. R. Virgillica, L. Stem square, with wing-like angles; leaves oval-
lanceolate, acute ; petals bright purple. — Sandy swamps, Massachusetts along
the coast, to Virginia, Illinois, and southward. July.
2. K. JTIarifailH, L. Stems cylindrical; leaves linear-oblong, narrowed
below ; petals paler. — Sandy swamps, N. Jersey, Kentucky, and southward.
* * Anthers oblong, straight, without any spur: flowers few, sessile.
3. R. cilios:i, Michx. Stem square, glabrous ; leaves broadly ovate,
ciliate with long bristles ; calyx glabrous. — Maryland and southward.
ORDER 42. LYTHRACE^S. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.)
Herbs, with mostly opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the calyx enclosing,
but free from, the 1 - 4-celled many-seeded ovary and membranous pod. and
bearing the 4-7 deciduous petals and 4-14 stamens on its throat; the latter
lower down. Style 1 : stigma capitate, or rarely 2-lobed. — Flowers axillary
or whorled, rarely irregular. Petals sometimes wanting. Pod often 1-
celled by the early breaking away of the thin partitions : placentae in the
axis. Seeds anatropous, without albumen. — Branches usually 4-sided.
Synopsis.
* Flowers regular, or very nearly so.
1. AMMANNIA Calyx short, 4-angled, not striate. Petals 4, or none. Stamens 4.
2 LYTHRUM. Calyx tubular-cylindrical, striate. Petals 4 -7. Stamens 5-14.
3. NESJEA Calyx short-campanulate. Stamens 10 - 14, exserted, mostly unequal.
* * Flowers irregular : petals unequal.
4. CUPIIEA. Calyx spurred or enlarged on one side at the base. Stamens 12.
See addend
128 LYTHRACE.E. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.)
1. AMUIA1V1VIA, Houston. AMMAXXIA.
Calyx globular or bell-shaped, 4-angled, 4-toothul, with a little horn-shaped
appendage ut each sinus. Petals 4 (purplish), small and deciduous, sometimes
wanting. Stamens 4, short. Pod globular, 4-celled. — Low arid inconspicuous
smooth herbs, with opposite narrow leaves, and small greenish flowers in their
axils. (Nanu-d afW Ainmt/mi, a Russian botanist anterior to Linna-us.)
1. A. llllinilis, Miclix. Leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong, tapering into a
slit;ht !><-ii<>lc, or the base somewhat arrow-shaped; flowers solitary or 3 together
in the axils of the leaves, ses.-ilo ; style very short. ® — Low and wet places,
from Massachusetts and Micliigan southward. July - Sept.
2. A. lalifoli.'l, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate (2' -3' long), mth a broad
auricled sessile base; style mostly slender. ® — Ohio, Illinois, and southward.
2. L, If Til RUM", L. LOOSESTRIFE.
Calyx cylindrical, striate, 4 - 7-toothed, with as many little processes in the
sinuses. Petals 4-7. Stamens as many as the petals or twiee the number, in-
serted low down on the calyx, commonly nearly equal. Pod oblong, 2-celled. *
— Slender herbs, with opposite or scattered mostly sessile leaves, and purple
(rarely white) flowers. (Name from Xv#poi/, blood ; perhaps from the crimson
blossoms of some species.)
* Stamens and petals 5 - 7 : flowers small, solitary and nearly sessile in the axils of
tltc, mostly scattered upper leaves : proper calyx-teeth often shorter than the interme-
diate jirwcuscti : plants smooth.
1. L.. JLrssoi'iFdLiA, L. Low (6' -10' high), pale; leaves oblong-linear, ob-
tuse, longer than the inconspicuous flowers; petals (pale purple) 5-6. (D —
Marshes, coast of Massachusetts, &c. (Nat. from Eu. "?)
2. li. alutmil, Pursh. Tall and wand-like ; branches with margined
angles ; leaves ran/ing from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, the upper not longer than the
flowers ; petals (deep purple) 6. 1|. — Michigan, Wisconsin, and southward.
3. L.. lilieare, L. Stem slender and tall, bushy at the top, tico of the
amfft's margined ; Icarus lint-ar, short, chiefly opposite, obtuse, or the upper acute
and scarcely exceeding the flowers; calyx obscurely striate; petals (whitish) 6.
1J. — Brackish marshes, N. Jersey and southward. Aug. — Stem 3° -4° high.
* * Stamens 12-14, tn-ice tin: number of the petals, half of them smut t>' we* much
slinrtrr : flowcn lnrt/f, crowded and ichorlcd in (tn l/i/i-rrn/ifrd wand-like npilcc..
4. L. Salicaria, L. (SPIKED LOOSESTRIFE.) Leaves lanceolate,
heart-shaped at the base, sometimes whorlcd in threes. — Wet meadows, Eastern
New England, and Orange County, New York : also cultivated. July. — Plant
more or less downy, tall : flowers large, purple. (Eu.)
3. NESjlEA, Commcrson, Juss. SWAMP LOOSESTRIFE.
Calyx short, broadly hell-shaped or hemispherical, with 5-7 er ct teeth and
as many longer and spreading horn-like processes at the sinuses. Petals 5.
Stamens 10-14, exscrtcd. Pod globose, 3 -5-celled. — Perennial herbs or
slightly shrubby plants, with opposite or whorled leaves, and axillary flowers.
ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 129
1 ]\T. vefi'ticillata, H. B. K. Smooth or downy; stems recurved (2°-
8° ioHu1), 4 -6-sided ; leaves lanceolate, nearly sessile, opposite or whorled, the
upper with clustered flowers in their axils on short pedicels ; petals 5, wedge-
lanceolate, rose-purple (^' long) ; stamens 10, half of them shorter. (Decodon
verticillaturn, Gindin,) — Swampy grounds, common eastward. July-Sept.
4. CIJP HE A, Jacq. CUPHEA.
Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed, somewhat inflated below, gibbous or spurred at the
base on the upper side, 6-toothed at the apex, and usually with as many little
processes in the sinuses. Petals 6, very unequal. Stamens mostly 12, approxi-
mate in 2 sets, included, unequal. Ovary with a curved gland at the base next
the spur of the calyx, 1-2-celled: style slender: stigma 2-lobed. Pod oblong,
few-seeded, early ruptured through one side. — FloAvers solitary, stalked. (Namn
from Kvtyus, yibbous, from the shape of the calyx, &c.)
1. C. viscosissilllcl, Jacq. (CLAMMY CUPHEA.) Annual, very vis-
cid-hairy, branching; leaves ovate-lanceolate; petals ovate, short-clawed, purple.
— Dry fields, from Connecticut to Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Seeds
flat, borne on one side of the placenta, which is early forced out the pod.
ORDER 43. ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)
Herbs, with 4-merous (sometimes 2 - 3-merous') flowers ; the tube of the
calyx cohering with the 2 - 4-celled ovary, its lobes valvate in the bud, or obso-
lete, the petal* convolute in the bud, and, the stamens as many or twice as
many as the petals or calyx-lobes. — There are two suborders, viz. : —
SUBORDER I. ONAGRACE^E PROPER.
Calyx-tube often prolonged beyond the ovary ; the petals (rarely want-
ing) and stamens inserted on its summit. Pollen-grains connected by cob-
webby threads. Style single, slender : stigma 2- 4-lobed or capitate. Pod
locnlicidally 4-celled and 4-valved, or indehiscent : placentas in the axis.
Seeds anatropous, no albumen.
1 EPTLOB1UM. Stamens 8. Petals 4. Seeds with a large downy tuft at the apex.
2. fENOTIIERA Stamens 8. Petals 4. Calyx-tube prolonged. Seeds naked, numerous.
3. GAUHA Stameus 8.. Petals 4 Calyx-tube prolonged. Pod 1-4-seeded, indehiscent
4. JUSSIJEA Stamens 8 12. Petals 4 - 6. Calyx-tube not prolonged. Pod many-seeded.
5 LUDWIGIA. Stamens 4 Petals 4, or none Calyx and pod as in No 4.
G CIIIC2EA. Stamens 2. Petals 2. Calyx slightly prolonged. Pod 1 - 2-celled. 1 - 2 seeded .
SUBORDER II. HALORAGE^E.
Calyx-tiibe not at all prolonged beyond the ovary, the lobes obsolete.
Petals often none. Stamens 1-8. Fruit indehiscent, 1- 4-celled, with a
solitary suspended seed in each cell. Albumen thin. — Aquatic plants,
with very small axillary sessile flowers, often mono3cious or dioecious.
7. PROSERPINACA. Stamens 3. Fruit 3-sided, 3-celled. Flowers perfect.
8 MYKIOPIIYLLUM. Stamens 4 - 8. Fruit 4-nugled, 4-celled. Flowers monoecious
9 IIIPPUKIS. Stamen 1. Fruit 1- celled. Style slender. Flowers perfect.
130 ONAURACEwE. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)
SUBORDER I. ONAGBACE^E PROPER.
1. EPIL.6BIUM, L. WILLOW-HERB.
Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary ; limb 4-cleft, deciduous. Petals
4. Stamens 8 : anthers short. Pod linear, many-seeded. Seeds with a tuft of
long hairs at the end. — Perennials, with nearly sessile leaves, and violet, purple,
or white flowers. (Name composed of eVi Ao/3ou <W, viz. a violet on a pod.)
* Flowers large in a long spike or raceme: petals widely spreading, on claws: sta-
mens and style turned to one side : stigma with 4 long lobs : It aces scattered.
1. E. ail&rustifolium, L. GREAT WILLOW-HERB.) Stem simple,
tall (4° -7°); leaves lanceolate. — Low grounds, especially in newly cleared
land; common northward. July. — Flowers pink-purple, very showy. (Eu.)
* * Flowers small, corymbed or panicled: petals, stamens, and style erect : stigma
club-shaped: lower leaves opposite, entire or denticulate.
'2. E. alpimilll, L. Low (2' -6' high); nearly glabrous; stems ascending
from a stoloniferous base, simple; leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, obtuse,
nearly entire, on short petioles ; flowers few or solitary, drooping in the bud ;
petals purple ; pods long, glabrous. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains
of New Hampshire, and Adirondack Mountains, New York. (Eu.)
Var. ma jus, Wahl. Taller ; upper leaves more or less acute and toothed ;
pod glabrous or somewhat pubescent. (E. alsinifolium, Vill. E. origaniibli-
um, La •«.) — With the typical form. (Eu.)
3. E. pall'lStre, L., var. liliearc. Erect and slender (l°-2° high),
branched above, minutely hoary-pubescent ; stem roundish ; leaves narrowly-lanceo-
late or linear, nearly entire ; flower-buds somewhat nodding; petals purplish or
white; pods hoary. (E. lineare, Mutt. E. squamatum, Nutt.) — Bogs, .N. Eng-
land to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. There is also a small and simple
1 -few-flowered form (4' -9' high), less hoary or nearly glabrous, with shorter
leaves (E. oliganthum, MicJix.), found in N. New York, White Mountains of
New Hampshire and northward. This is E. nutans, Sommerf. & E. lineare, Frus,
but the pods are usually a little hoary. (Eu.)
4. E. mollc, Torr. Sojl-downy all over, strictly erect (l°-2£° high), at
length branching; leaves crowded; linear-oblong or lanceolate, blunt, mostly peti-
oled ; petals rose-color, notched (2" -3" long). — Bogs, Rhode Island and Penn.
to Michigan, and northward. Sept.
5. E. COloratlim, Muhl. Glabrous or nearly so ; stem roundish, not
angled, much brundu-d (l°-3° high), many-flowered; leaves lanceolate or ovate-
oblong, acute, denticulate, often petioled, not at all dccurrcnt, thin, usually purple-
veined ; flower-buds erect ; petals purplish, 2-cleft at the summit (l£* - 2" long)."
—Wet places ; common. July -Sept. See addend.
2. (EN OTHER A, L. EVENING PRIMROSE.
Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous ; the lobes 4, rcflexcd.
Petals 4. Stamens 8 : anthers mostly linear. Pod 4-valved, many-seeded.
ONAGRACE^:. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 131
Seeds naked. — Leaves alternate. (Name from oti/o?, ivine, and Ofjpa, a chase:
the application uncertain.)
§ 1 . Annuals or biennials : flowers nocturnal, odorous, withering the next day : pods
cylindrical, dosdy sessile.
1. CE. I>i€»imis, L. (COMMON EVENING-PRIMROSE.) Erect, mostly
hairy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, obscurely toothed ; flowers in a terminal
rather leafy spike ; calyx-tube much prolonged ; petals inversely heart-shaped
(light yellow) ; pods oblong, somewhat tapering above. — Varies greatly; as
Var. 1. MURICA.TA, with rough-bristly stem and pods, and petals rather longer
than the stamens. Var. 2. GRANDIFL6RA, with larger and more showy petals.
Var. 3. PARVIFLORA, with petals about the length of the stamens. Var. 4.
CRUCilTA, with singularly small and narrow linear-oblong petals, shorter than
the stamens, and smooth pods. — Common everywhere. June -Sept.
2. CE. rliombipetala, Nutt. Petals rhombic-ovate, acute; calyx-tube
very slender ; pods short, cylindrical : otherwise resembling a smoothish and
narrow-leaved state of No. 1. — Wisconsin, Illinois, and south-westward.
3. CE. smitata, L. Hairy, low, ascending, or at length procumbent;
leaves oblong or lanceolate, sinuate-toothed, often pinnatifid, the lower petioled ;
flowers (small) axillary ; petals not longer than the stamens (pale yellow, rose-
color in fading) ; pods cylindrical, elongated. — Sandy fields, New Jersey and
southward, principally a dwarf state. June.
§ 2. Biennials or perennials : flowers diurnal (opening in sunshine), yellow : pods
club-shaped, with 4 strong or winged angles and 4 intermediate ribs.
4. CE. g'la.iica, Michx. Very glabrous, glaucous; leaves ovate or ovate-
lanceolate; pods obovoid-oblong, 4-winged, almost sessile. ]\. — Mountains of
Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May - July. — Leaves broader and flow-
ers larger Than in the next.
5. €G. fruticosa, L. (SUNDROPS.) Hairy or nearly smooth; leaves
lanceolate or oblong ; raceme corymbed, naked below ; petals broadly obcordate,
longer than the calyx-lobes and stamens ; pods oblong-club-shaped, 4-winged, longer
than the pedicels. 1J. — Open places, from New York southward and westward.
June - Aug. — Plant 1° - 3° high, with several varieties. Corolla 1^' broad.
6. CE. ripiiria, Nutt. Scarcely pubescent; leaves linear-lanceolate, elon-
gated, tapering below and somewhat stalked ; flowers (large) in a rather leafy at
length elongated raceme ; petals slightly obcordate ; pods oblong-club-shaped, slen-
dcr-pedicelled, scarcely 4-winged. (5) — River-banks and swamps ; Quaker Bridge,
New Jersey, to Virginia and southward.
7. CE. linefsris, Michx. Slender, minutely hoary-pubescent; leaves
linear ; flowers (rather large) somewhat corymbed at the end of the branches,
pods obovate, hoary, scarcely 4-ivinged at the summit, tapering into a slender pedicel.
— Montauk Point, Long Island, to Virginia and southward. June. — Plant 1°
high, bushy-branched : flowers 1 ' wide.
8. CE. clirysiliitlia, Michx. Slender, smooth or pubescent; leaves lan-
ceolate, rather blunt ; flowers crowded or at first corymbed ; petals obovate, notched
at the end (orange-yelloiv), longer than the stamens ; pods all pedi veiled, oblong-club-
ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE TAMIL V.)
scarcely winy-anykd. @? — Banks, Oswcgo, New York, to .Michigan
ami northward. July. — Stem 12' -15' high; flowers larger than in No. 9,
from which it may not be distinct.
9. <E. pillllila., L. Almost smooth, small ; leaves lanceolate or obhinccolate,
mostly obtuse; flowers in a loose and prolonged leafy racem<- : -n-thite
(/ni/c ydloic), scarcely longer than the stamens ; pods almost scsm'li', oblong-club-
shaped, strongly wing-angled. (2) or 1|. ? — Dry fields, common northward,
iitnl southward along the Alleghanies. June. — Stems mostly simple, .V - 12'
high : the corolla £' broad.
3. GAIJRA, L. GAURA.
Calyx-tube much prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous ; the lobes 4 (rarely
3), rcflexed. Petals clawed, unequal or turned to the upper side. Stamens
mostly 8, often turned down, as also the long style. Stigma 4-lobcd. Fruit
hard and nut-like, 3-4-ribbed or angled, indehiscent or nearly so, usually be-
coming 1 -celled and 1 -4-secded. Seeds naked. — Leaves alternate, sessile.
Flowers rose-color or white, changing to reddish in fading, in wand-like spikes
or racemes; in our species quite small (so that the name, from yavpos, sn/:: ri>,
dix's not appear very appropriate).
1. G. bieniliS, L. Soft-hairy or downy (3° -8° high); leaves oblong-lance-
olittc, acute, denticulate ; fruit oval or oblong, nearly sessile, ribbed, (g — Dry
banks, from New York westward and southward ; common. Aug.
2. G. ftlipCS, Spach. Nearly smooth ; stem slender (2° -4° high) ; Icam
liii'-dr, mostly toothed, tapering at the base ; branches of the panicle very slen-
der, naked ; fruit obovate-club-shaped, 4-angled at the summit, slendcr-jicdlccllcd.
— Open places, from Ohio westward and southward. Aug.
4. JlTSSIJSfcA, L. JUSSIJEA.
Calyx-tube elongated, not at all prolonged beyond the ovary ; the lobes 4-6,
herbaceous and persistent. Petals 4-6. Stamens twice as many as the petals.
Pod 4-G-celk-d, usually long, opening between the ribs. Seeds very numerous.
— Herbs with mostly entire and alternate leaves, and axillary yellow llowu-s.
(Dedicated to Barnard de Jussieu, the founder of the Natural System of Botany
as further developed by his illustrious nephew.)
1. J. dccurrcns, DC. Glabrous; stem erect (1°- 2° high), branching,
winged by the de-current lanceolate leaves; calyx-lobes 4, as long as the petals;
stamens 8; pod oblong-club-shaped, wing-angled. 1J. — Wet places, Virginia,
Illinois, and southward. June -Aug. See addend.
5. LUDWIGIA, L. FALSE LOOSESTRIFE.
Calyx-tube not at all prolonged beyond the ovary ; the lobes 4, usually per-
sistent. Petals 4, often small or wanting. Stamens 4. Pod short or cylindri-
cal, manv-seeded. Seeds minute, naked. — Perennial herbs, with axilltliy
(rarely capitate) flowers. (Named in honor of Ludwig, Professor of Botany at
Leipsic, contemporary with Linnseus.)
ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 133
* Leaves alternate, sessile : flowers pedimcled : petals yellow, about equalling the calyx.
1. L>. alteruifolia, L. (SEED-BOX.) Smooth or nearly so, branched
(o° high) ; leaves lanceolate, acute or pointed at both ends; pods cubical, rounded
at tiie base, wing-angled. — Swamps; common southward and near the coast.
Aug. — Pods opening first by a hole at the end where the style falls off, after-
wards splitting in pieces.
2. L,. liirttilla, Raf. Hairy all over ; stems nearly simple (1°- 2° high) ;
leaves ovate-oblong, or the upper lanceolate, blunt at both ends ; pods nearly as in
the last, but scarcely wing-angled. — Moist pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia,
and southward. June - Sept.
# * Leaves alternate, sessile : flowers sessile : petals minute or none.
3. L,. splirerociirpa, Ell. Nearly smooth, much branched (l°-3°
high); leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering at the base; flowers solitary t without
bractlcts ; petals mostly wanting ; pods globular, not longer than the calyx-lobes, very
small. — Wet swamps, Massachusetts (Tewksbuiy, Greene), New York (Peeks-
kill, A'. /. Browne), New Jersey, and thence southward: also Illinois.
4. Jj. polyciirpa, Short & Peter. Smooth, much branched ; leaves
narrowly lanceolate, acute at both ends; flowers often clustered in the axils, with-
out petals ; bractlets on the base of the 1-sidcd top-shaped pod, which is longer than
the calyx-lobes. — Swamps, Michigan to Illinois and Kentucky. Aug. — Stem
!°-3° high, sometimes with runners.
5. It. liiicf&ris, Walt. Smooth, slender (1° high), often branched, with
narrow lanceolate or linear leaves ; bearing short runners with obovate leaves ;
flowers solitari], usually with (i/reenish-yellow) petals ; bractlets minute ; pods elon-
gated top-shaped, 4-sidcd, much longer than the calyx. — Bogs, pine barrens of New
Jersey and southward. Aug.
* * * Leaver opposite, petioled: flowers sessile : petals none or small. (Isnardia, L.)
6. It. palaistris, Ell. (WATER PURSLANE.) Smooth, low; stems pro-
cumbent, rooting or floating; leaves ovate or oval, tapering into a slender peti-
ole ; calyx-lobes very short ; pods oblong, 4-sided, not tapering at the base.
(Isnardia palustris, L.) — Ditches, common. July -Oct. — Petals rarely pres-
ent, small and reddish when the plant grows out of water. (Eu.)
•* * # * Litres opposite, sessile : flowers long-pcduncled : petals exceeding the calyx.
7. Li. arcil&ta, Walt. Smooth, small and creeping; leaves oblanceo-
late ; flowers solitary, yellow (£' broad); peduncles £'-!' long; pods oblong-
dub-shapcd somewhat curved (£' long). — Swamps, Eastern Virginia and south-
ward. May.
6. CIRCLE A, Tourn. ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE.
Calyx-tube slightly prolonged, the end filled by a cup-shaped disk, deciduous ;
lobes 2, reilexed. Petals 2, inversely heart-shaped. Stamens 2. Pod obovate,
. -2-eelled, bristly with hooked hairs: cells 1 -seeded. — Low and inconspicuous
perennials, with opposite thin leaves on slender petioles, and small whitish
flowers in racemes. (Najned from Circe, the enchantress.)
134 off A GRACED. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)
1. C. .Llltetiana, L. Stem, mostly pubescent (l°-2° high) ; leaves ovate,
pointed, Bllffhtly toothed ; bracts none; hairs of the roundish 2-ccl.l<-d fruit bristly.
— Mois; woodlands. July. (Eu.)
2. C» Sllpinzi, L. Low (3'-S' high), smooth and weak; leaves heart-ehaped,
thin, shining, coarsely toothed: bracts minute; hairs of the obovatc-oblong l-celled
fruit soft and slender. — Cold woods; common northward. July. (Eu.)
SUBORDER II. HAL.OKAGE JB. THE WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY.
7. PROSERPIWACA, L. MERMAID-WEED.
Calyx -tube 3-sided, the limb 3-parted. Petals none. Stamens 3. Stigmas
3, cylindrical. Fruit bony, 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-seeded, nut-like. — Low, peren-
nial herbs, with the stems creeping at the base (whence the name, from proserpo,
to creep), alternate leaves, and small perfect flowers sessile in the axils, solitary
or 3 - 4 together.
1. I*. pSil&BSfriSf L. Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate, the lower pecti-
nate when under water ; fruit sharply angled. — Wet swamps. June - Aug.
2. P. pcctinacca, Lam. Leaves all pectinate, the divisions linear-awl-
shaped ; fruit rather obtusely angled. — Sandy swamps, near the coast.
8. BIYRIOPIli'LLIJM, Vaffl. WATER-MILFOIL.
Flowers monoecious Or polygamous. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-parted, of
the fertile 4-toothed. Petals 4, or none. Stamens 4-8. Fruit nut-like, 4-
celled, deeply 4-lobed : stigmas 4, recurved. — Perennial aquatics. Leaves
crowded, often whorlcd; those under water pinnatcly parted into capillary
divisions. Flowers sessile in the axils of the upper leaves, produced above
water ; the uppermost staminate. (Name from pvpios, a thousand, and </>uAXoi/,
a leaf, i. e. Milfoil.)
# Stamens 8 : petals deciduous : carpels even : leaves whorled in threes or fours.
1. !?!• S]>icatiiBii, L. Leaves all pinnately parted and capillary, except
the floral ones or bracts; these are ovate, entire or toothed, and chiefly shorter than
the Jlowers, which thus appear to form an interrupted leafless spike. — Deep
water, common. July, Aug. (Eu.)
2. HI, verticillsYtlim, L. Floral leaves much longer than the Jlowers, pec-
tinate-pinmifijid: otherwise nearly as No. 1. — Ponds, &c. northward. (Eu.)
* # Stamens 4 : petals rather persistent : carpels 1 - 2-rtdged and rotu/hencd on the
back : leaves whorled in fours and Jives, the lower with capillary divisions.
3. M. heteropliylluin, Michx. Stem stout ; floral leaves ovate and
lanceolate, thick, crowded, sharply serrate, the lowest pinnatifid ; fruit obscurely
roughened. — Lakes and rivers, from N. New York westward and southward.
4. HI. SOabrntllin, Michx. Stem rather slender ; lower leaves pinnatcly
parted with few capillary divisions ; JJoral /Kins /incur (rarely scattered), /xctimtte-
toothcd or cnt-scmifc- : rar/K/s Rt rough/ 2-riili/ed and roughened on the back. — Shal-
low ponds, from Rhode Island and Ohio southward.
LOASACEJE. (LOASA FAMILY.) 135
* * * Stamens 4 : petals rather persistent : carpels even on the back : leaves chiefly
scattered, or wanting on the flowering stems.
5. UI. ctllibigimill, Nutt. Immersed leaves pinnately parted into about
10 very delicate capillary divisions ; the emerging ones pectinate, or the upper floral
linear and sparingly toothed or entire ; flowers mostly perfect; fruit (minute)
smooth. — Var. 1. NATANS : stems floating, prolonged. Yar. 2. CAPILLA-
CEUM: stems floating, long and very slender ; leaves all immersed and capil-
lary. Var. 3. LOi6suM : small, rooting in the mud; leaves all linear, incised,
toothed, or entire. — Ponds and ditches, Massachusetts to New Jersey, Penn.,
and southward, near the coast. July -Sept.
6. UI. tCliellum, Bigelow. Flowering stems nearly leafless and scape-like,
(3' -10' high), erect, simple; the sterile shoots creeping and tufted; bracts
fimall, entire ; flowers alternate, monoecious ; fruit smooth. — Borders of ponds, N.
New York, New England, and northward. July.
9. HIPPIFRIS, L. MARE'S-TAIL.
Calyx entire. Petals none. Stamen 1, inserted on the edge of the calyx.
Style single, thread-shaped, stigmatic down one side, received in the groove be-
tween the lobes of the large anther. Fruit nut-like, 1-celled, 1-seeded. — Peren-
nial aquatics, with simple entire leaves in whorls, and minute flowers sessile in
the axils, perfect or polygamous. (Name from tWos, a horse, and ovpa, a tail.)
L H. vulg&ris, L. Leaves in whorls of 8 or 12, linear, acute. — Ponds
and springs, New York to Kentucky and northward: rare. Stems simple, 1°-
2° high. Flowers very inconspicuous. (Eu.)
ORDER 44. LOASACE^. (LOASA FAMILY.)
Herbs, with a rouyli or stinging pubescence, no stipules, the calyx-tube ad-
herent to a 1-celled ovary with 2 or 3 parietal placentae, : — represented only
by the genus
1. MENTZELIA, Plum. (BART^NIA, Nutt.)
Calyx-tube cylindrical or club-shaped ; the limb 5-parted, persistent. Petals
5 or 10, regular, spreading, flat, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens in-
definite, rarely few, inserted with the petals on the throat of the calyx. Styles
3, more or less united into one : stigmas terminal, minute. Pod at length dry
and opening irregularly, few - many-seeded. Seeds flat, anatropous, with little
albumen. — Stems erect. Leaves alternate. Flowers terminal, solitary or
cymose-clustered. (Dedicated to C. Mentzel, an early German botanist.)
1. HI. Oligosperma, Nutt. Rough and adhesive (1°- 3° high), much
branched, the brittle branches spreading ; leaves ovate and oblong, cut-toothed
or angled ; flowers yellow (7 ''-10" broad), opening in sunshine ; petals wedge-
oblong, pointed; stamens 20 or more: filaments filiform : pod small, about 9-
eeeded. (1) U — Prairies and plains, Illinois and southwestward.
136 CACTACE.K. (CACTUS FAMILY.)
ORDER 45. CACTACE^E. (CACTUS FAMILY.)
Fleshy and thickened mostly leafless plants, of peculiar nspccf, alolntlar^
or columnar and many-anyled, or flattened and jointed, usttalf// irifli prickles.
Flowers solitary, turtle ; the sepals and petal* numerous, imbrica'fd in sev-
eral rows, adherent to the 1-celled ovary. — Stamens numerous, -with long
and slender filaments, inserted on the inside of the tube or cup formed by
the union of the sepals and petals. Style 1 : stigmas numerous. Fruit a
1-celled berry, with numerous campylotropous seeds on several parietal
placentae. Albumen little or none. — Represented east of the Mississippi
only by
1. OP1JNTIA, Tourn. PRICKLY PEAR. INDIAN FIG.
Sepals and petals not united into a prolonged tube, spreading, regular, the inner
roundish. Berry often prickly. Seeds with albumen. Cotyledons Iarp;e, folia-
ceous in germination. — Stem composed of joints, bearing very small awl-shaped
and usually deciduous leaves arranged in a spiral order, with clusters of
bristles and often spines also in their axils. Flowers yellow, opening in sun-
shine for more than one day. (A name of Theophrastus, originally belonging
to some different plant.)
1. O. VlllgariS, Mill. (Cactus Opuntia, L.) Low, prostrate-spreading,
pale, with flat and broadly obovate joints ; the minute leaves ovate-sulmlate and
appressed; the axils bristly, rarely with a few small spines; flowers sulphur-
yellow ; berry nearly smooth, eatable. — Sandy fields and dry rocks, from Nan-
tucket, Mass, southward, usually near the coast. June.
Var. ? KilliiU'Sqilii. Larger, dark green, mostly spiny, with spreading
and awl-shaped leaves. 0. Rafinesquii, Engelm. — Wisconsin to Kentucky,
and westward. See Addend.
ORDER 46. GROSSULACE^E. (CURRANT FAMILY.)
Low shrubs, sometimes prickly, with alternate and paknately-lobed leaves,
a 5-lobed calyx cohering with the l-celled ovary, an<l l/carint/ 5 *t<imens alter-
nating with as many small petals. Fruit a 1-celled berry, «•/.'// '2 parietal
placenta;, crowned with the shrivelled remains of the calyx. Seeds numer-
ous, anatropous, with a gelatinous outer coat, and a minute embryo at the
• >f hard albumen. Styles 2, distinct or united — Leaves mostly
plaited in the bud, often clustered in the axils, the small llowcrs from (lie
same clusters, or from separate lateral buds. — Comprises only the genus
1. HIRES, L. CURRANT. GOOSEBERRY.
Character same as of the order. (Name of Arabic origin.)
1 1. GROSSULARIA, Tourn. (GOOSEBERRY.).— Stuns »«W/// Ixariwj thorn
at the base of the !<•< if -italics ur dusters of /carts, and ofh-n tailli sw'^m/ bristly
prickles : berries prickly or smooth.
GROSSULACEJF, (CURRANT FAMILY.) 137
* Peduncles 1 - 3-Jloicered : leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3 -5-lobed.
1. R. Cyndsbati, L. (WILD GOOSEBERRY.) Leaves pubescent; po-
dunchs slender, 2 - 3-flowered ; stamens and undivided style not longer than the broad
calyx. — Rocky woods ; common, especially northward. May. — Spines slender.
Berry large, armed with long prickles like a burr, or rarely smooth.
2. R, Eiirt^Iltiiii, Michx. (SMOOTH WILD GOOSEBERRY.) Leaves
?omcwhat pubescent beneath ; peduncles very short, 1 - 2-flowcrcd, deflexed ; sta-
iii! ns and 2-cIcft style scarcely longer than the bell-shaped (purplish] calyx; fruit
smooth, small, pxirple, sweet. — Moist grounds, N. England to Wisconsin, com-
mon. May. — Stems either smooth or 'prickly, and with very short thorns, or
none. — This yields the commonest smooth gooseberry of New England, &c.,
and usually passes for R. trinoram, Willd., which name belongs to the next.
3. R. rotundifolium, Michx. (SMOOTH WILD GOOSEBERRY.)
Leaves nearly smooth; peduncles slender, 1 - 3-flowercd ; stamens and 2-parted
sh/la slender, longer than the narrow cylindrical calyx ; fruit smooth, pleasant. —
Rocks, W. Massachusetts to Wisconsin, and southward along the mountains to
Virginia, &c. June. — Leaves rounded, with very short and blunt lobes.
* * Racemes 5 - 9 -flowered, loose, slender, nodding.
4. R. lac lustre, Poir. (SWAMP GOOSEBERRY.) Young stems clothed
with bristly prickles, and with weak thorns ; leaves heart-shaped, 3 - 5-parted,
\\ ith the lobes deeply cut ; calyx broad and flat ; stamens and style not longer
than the petals ; fruit bristly (small, unpleasant). — Cold woods and swamps,
N. England to Wisconsin and northward. June.
$2. RIBESIA, Berl. (CURRANT.) — Stems neither prickly nor thorny: flowers
(greenish) in racemes: berries never prickly.
5. R. p rostra til III, L'Her. (FETID CURRANT.) Stems reclined;
leaves deeply heart-shaped, 5 - 7-lobed, smooth ; the lobes ovate, acute, doubly
sen-ate ; racemes erect, slender ; calyx flattish ; pedicels and the (pale-red) fruit
gland id ar-biistly. — Cold damp woods and rocks, from N. England and Penn.
northward. May. — The bruised plant and berries exhale an unpleasant odor.
6. R. fldridlim, L. (WILD BLACK CURRANT.) Leaves sprinkled with
resinous dots, slightly heart-shaped, sharply 3 - 5-lobed, doubly sen-ate ; racemes
drooping, downy ; bracts longer than the pedicels ; calyx tubular-bell-shaped,
smooth ; fruit round-ovoid, black, smooth. — Woods ; common. May. — Much
like the Black Currant of the gardens, which the berries resemble in sini-ll and
liavor. Flowers large.
7. R. riibi'i&m, L. (RED CURRANT.) Stems straggling or reclined;
leaves somewhat heart-shaped, obtusely 3 - 5-lobed, sen-ate, downy beneath when
young ; race/tics from lateral buds distinct from the leaf-buds, drooping ; calyx flat
(green or purplish) ; fruit globose, smooth, red. — Cold damp woods and bogs,
New Hampshire to Wisconsin and northward. Same as the Red Currant of the
gardens. (Eu.)
R. AUREUM, Pursh, the BUFFALO or MISSOURI CURRANT, remarkable for
the spicy fragrance of its early yellow blossoms, is cultivated for ornament, Its
leaves are convolute (instead of plaited) in the bud.
12*
138 PASSIFLORACE^E. (PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY.)
ORDER 47. PASSIFLORACE^E. (PASSION-FLOWER FAM.)
, di ml >b if] l>y tendrils, with perfect flowers, 5 monadelphous stamen*,
and a stalked 1-celled ovary free from the calyx, with 3 or 4 parietal placers
tee, and as many club-shaped styles; — represented by the typical genus
1. PASSIFL.ORA, L. PASSION-FLOWER.
Culyx of 5 sepals united at the base, imbricated in the bud, the throat crowned
with a double or triple fringe. Petals 5, arising from the throat of the calyx.
Stamens 5 : filaments united in a tube which sheathes the long stalk of the ovary,
separate above: anthers lai'ge, fixed by the middle. Berry (often edible) many-
seeded ; the anatropous albuminous seeds invested by a pulpy covering. Seed-
coat brittle, grooved. — Leaves alternate, palmately lobed, generally with stip-
ules. Peduncles axillary, jointed. (Name, from passio, passion, and flos, a
flower, given by the early missionaries in South America to these flowers, in
which they fancied a representation of the implements of the crucifixion.)
1. P. lutea, L. Smooth, slender; leaves obtusely 3-lobed at the summit, the
lobes entire; petioles glandless; flowers greenish-yellow (!' broad). 1J. — Damp
thickets, S. Penn. to III, and southward. July- Sept. — Fruit £' in diameter.
2. P. incarimta, L. Nearly smooth ; leaves 3-cleft ; the lobes serrate ;
petiole bearing 2 glands ; flower large (2' broad), nearly white, with a triple pur-
ple and flesh-colored crown ; involucre 3-leaved. — Dry soil, Virginia, Kentucky,
and southward. May -July. — Fruit of the size of a hen's egg, oval, called
Maypops.
ORDER 48. CUCURBITACE^. (GOURD FAMILY.)
Herbaceous mostly succulent vines, with tendrils, dioecious or monoecious
(often monopetalous) flowers, the calyx-tube cohering with the 1 - 3-cetted
ovary, and the 3-5 stamens commonly more or less united by their often tor-
tuous anthers as well as by the filaments. Fruit (pepo) fleshy, or son-'
membranaceous. — Limb of the calyx and corolla usually more or less com-
bined. Stigmas 2-3. Seeds large, usually flat, anatropous, with no albu-
men. Cotyledons leaf-like. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed or veined.
(Mostly tropical or subtropical.)
Synopsis.
1. SICYOS. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, 6-lobed. Fruit prickly, inde-
t, 1-celled, 1 seeded.
2. F,CIIINOCYSTIS. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, 6-parted. Pod prickly,
2-celled, 4-seeded, bursting at the top.
8. MELOTHKIA. Corolla of the sterile flowers somewhat campanulatc, 6-cleft. Berry
smooth, many-seeded.
1. SICYOS, L. ONE-SEEDED STAR-CUCUMBER.
Flowers monoecious. Petals 5, united below into a bell-shaped or flatfish
corolla. Stamens 3-5 all cohering Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended
CUCURBITACE^E. (GOURD FAMILY.; 139
ovule : style slender : stigmas 3. Fruit ovate, dry and indehisccnt, filled by
the single seed, covered with barbed prickly bristles which are readily detached.
— Climbing annuals, with small whitish flowers ; the sterile and fertile mostly
from the same axils, the former corymbed, the latter in a capitate cluster, loug-
peduncled. (The Greek name for the Cucumber.)
1. S. ailglllatllS, L. Leaves roundish-heart-shaped and 5-angled or
lobed, the lobes pointed ; plant beset with clammy hairs. — River-banks. July-
Sept.
2. E C II I N O C IT S T I S , Torr. & Gray. WILD BALSAM-APPLE.
Flowers monoecious. Petals 6, lanceolate, united at the base into an open
spreading corolla. Stamens 3, separable into 2 sets. Ovary 2-celled, with 2
erect ovules in each cell : stigma broad. Fruit large, ovoid, fleshy, at length
dry, clothed with weak prickles, bursting at the summit, 2-celled, 4-seedcd, the
inner part fibrous-netted. Seeds large, obovate-oblong. — An annual, rank, and
tall-climbing plant, nearly smooth, with deeply and sharply 5-lobed thin leaves,
and very numerous small greenish-white flowers; the sterile in compound ra-
cemes often 1° long, the fruitful in small clusters or solitary, from the same
axils. (Name composed of exivoy, a hedgehog, and KIHTTIS, a bladder, from the
prickly covering of the at length bladdery fruit.)
1. E. lolKuta, Torr. & Gr. (Sieyos, Mlchx. Momdrdica eehinuta, Muhl.)
— Rich soil along rivers, W. New England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. July-
Oct. — Fruit 2' long.
3. MEJLOTHRIA, L. MELOTHRIA.
Flowers polygamous or monoecious ; the sterile campanulate, the corolla 5-
lobed ; the fertile with the calyx-tube constricted above the ovary, then campan-
ulate. Anthers 3 or 5, more or less united. Berry fleshy, filled with many flat
and horizontal seeds. — Tendrils simple. Flowers very small. (Altered from
MfawOpov, an ancient name for a sort of white grape.)
1. HI. piinclllla, L. Slender, climbing ; leaves small, roundish and
heart-shaped, 5-angled or lobed, roughish; sterile flowers few in small racemes;
the fertile solitary, greenish, or yellowish; berry oval (^'-1' long), green, ty
— Copses, Virginia and southward. June -Aug.
CUCUMIS SATIVUS, the CUCUMBER; C. MELO, the MUSKMELON, C. Ci-
TTUJLLUS, the WATERMELON; CUCURBITA PEPO, the PUMPKIN, C. MELO-
PEPO, the ROUND SQUASH ; C. VERRUC6SA, the LONG SQUASH ; C. AURAN-
TIA, the ORANGE GOURD ; and LAGENARIA VULGARIS, the BOTTLE GOURD,
are the most familiar cultivated representatives of this family.
ORDER 49. CRASSULACE^. (ORPINE FAMILY.)
Succulent herbs, with perfectly symmetrical flowers ; viz. the petals and
pistils equalling the sepals in number (3-20), and the stamens the same or
double their number. — Sepals persistent, more or less united at the basa
140 CRASS ULACE^E. (ORPINE FAMILY.)
Petals imbricated in the bud (rarely wanting), inserted, with the distinct
stamens, on the base of the calyx. Pistils distinct (united Vdow in Pen-
thoruiu), usually with a little scale at the base of each, forming pods (folli-
cles) which open along the inner suture. Seeds anatropous : the straight
embryo surrounded by thin albumen. Flowers usually cyniose, small.
Leaves chiefly sessile.
Synopsis.
* Pistils entirely separate. (True Crassulaceae.)
1. TILLJEA. Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4, distinct.
2. SEDUM. Sepals, petals, and pistils 4 or 5, distinct. Stamens 10 - 8.
* * Pistils united below into a 6-celled many -seeded pod.
8. PENTIIORUM. Sepals 5. Petals commonly none. Stamens 10. Pod 6-beaked.
1. TILLJ&A, L. TILL^A.
Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4. Pods 2 - many-seeded. — Very
small tufted annuals, with opposite entire leaves and axillary flowers. (Named
in honor of Tilli, an early Italian botanist.)
1. T. Simplex, Nutt. Rooting at the base (l'-2' high); leaves linear-
oblong ; flowers solitary, nearly sessile ; calyx half the length of the (greenish-
white) petals and the narrow 8-10-seeded pods, the latter with a scale at the
base of each. (T. ascendens, Eaton.) — Muddy river-banks, Nantuckct to E.
Penn. July - Sept.
2. SEDUM, L. STONE-CROP. ORPINE.
Sepals and petals 4 or 5. Stamens 8 or 10. Pods many-seeded ; a little
scale at the base of eaeh. — Chiefly perennial, smooth, and thick-leaved herbs,
with the flowers cymose or one-sided. (Name from sedeo, to sit, alluding to the
manner in which these plants fix themselves upon rocks and walls.)
* Flowers one-sided on the spreading branches of the cyme, fqrming a sort of sjiike,
mostly with 4 petals, $*c. and 8 stamens, while the central flower commonly has 5
petals, Sfc. and 10 stamens.
1. S. plllclielllllll, Michx. Stems ascending (4' -12' high) ; leaves lin-
ear, nearly terete, scattei'ed; spikes of the cyme several, densely flowered; petals
rose-purple, lanceolate. — Virgina to S. Illinois, Kentucky, and southward.
2. S. terimtlim. (TIIREE-LEAVED STONE-CROP.) Stems spreading
(3' -6 high); leaves fiat, the lower whorled in threes, wedge-ol>ovate, the upper
scattered, oblong; cyme 3-spiked, leafy ; petals white, linear-lanceolate. Kocky
woods, Penn., to Illinois and southward. May, June. Also in gardens.
# # Flowers in close cymes, uniformly IQ-androns: leaves flat.
3. S. telcpliioiclcs, Miehx. (WILD ORPINE or LIVE-FOR-EVEK.;
Stems ascending (6' -12' high), stout, leafy to the top; leaves oblong or oval,
entire or sparingly toothed, scattered; cyme small; prtdlt flesh-color, ovate-lan-
ceolate, taper-pointed; pods tajxrh'.y into a slender style. — Dry rocks, Alle^hany
Mountains, from Maryland southward, and sparingly in New Jersey ? W. New
York "J and Indiana. June.
SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 141
4. S. TELEPHIUM, L. (GARDEN ORPINE or LIVE-FOR-EVIJR.) Stems
erect ('2° high), stout; leaves oval, serrate, obtuse, toothed; cymes compound;
petals purple, oblong-lanceolate ; pods abruptly pointed tcith a short style. — Rocks
and banks, escaped from cultivation, and spontaneous in some places. (Adv.
from Eu.)
5. ACRE, L., the MOSSY STONE-CROP or WALL-PEPPER, of Europe, — cul-
tivated for edgings, — has become spontaneous in a few places near Boston.
S. IviiooioLA, a dioecious species, is indigenous in New Brunswick and
northward ; and therefore may grow in Maine.
3. Pfe NT HO RUM, Gronov. DITCH STONE-CROP.
Sepals 5. Petals rare, if any. Stamens 10. Pistils 5, united below, forming
a 5-anglcd, 5-horned, and 5-cellcd pod, which opens by the falling oft' of the
beaks, many-seeded. — Upright weed-like perennials (not fleshy like the rest of
the family), with scattered leaves, and yellowish-green flowers loosely spiked
along the upper side of the naked branches of the cyme. (Name from TreVre,
Jive, and opos, a rule or mode, probably from the quinary order of the flower.)
1. P. secloides, L. Leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends. — Wet places,
everywhere. July -Oct. — About 1° high, homely.
SE^IPERVIVUM TECTORUM, L., is the cultivated HODSE-LEEK.
ORDER 50. SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)
Herbs or shrubs, with the pistils mostly fewer than the petals or divisions of
the calyx (usually 2, united below and separate or separating at the top} ;
and t lie petals with the (mostly 4-10) stamens inserted on the calyx, which is
either free or more or less adherent to 'he 1 - 4-celled ovary. — Calyx with-
ering-persistent. Petals rarely none. Stamens sometimes indefinitely
numerous. Pods several -many-seeded. Seeds small, anatropous, with a
slender embryo in fleshy albumen. — A large family, of which we have
three of the suborders.
SUBORDER I. SAXIFRAGES. THE TRUE SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.
Herbs ; the petals imbricated or rarely convolute in the bud. Calyx
free or partly adherent. Stipules none or adherent to the petiole.
* Pod 2-celled, 2-beaked, rarely 3-4-celled and beaked, or pods 2 or 3.
•i- Stamens twice as many as the petals or sepals. 10, rarely 8.
1. ASTILBE. Flowers polygamous. Seeds few, and with a loose coat. Leaves decompound.
2. SAXIFRAGA. Flowers perfect. Pod or follicles many -seeded Seed-coat close.
•»— •<- Stamens as many as the petals or sepals, namely 5.
8. BOYKINIA. Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the ovary. Seed-coat close, rough.
4. SULLIVANTIA. Calyx bell-shaped, nearly free from the ovary. Seeds wing-inargiu*d.
* * Pod one-celled with 2 parietal placentae.
t- Stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx, namely 5.
6. ILEUCHERA. Calyx bell-shaped, coherent with the ovary below. Petals small, entire.
142 SAXIFK \. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)
•»- «- Stan" my sis flit- lobes of the calyx, namely 8 or 10.
6. M1TKI.LA. Calyx p- : .vitli the depressed ovary. Petals .small, pinnatifid.
7. TIAi:i:U,A. Calyx nearly free from the slemler ovary. Petals entire.
8. CIIKYS.O.SPLKN1 I'M Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary Petals none.
SUBORDER II. ESCALLONIE^. THE ESCALLOMA FAMILY.
Shrubs, with alternate simple leaves and no stipules. Petals usually
valvate in the bud.
9. ITEA. Calyx free from the 2-celled ovary. Pod many-seeded. Stamens 5.
SUBORDER III. HYDRANGIE2E. THE HYDRANGEA FAMILY.
Shrubs, with opposite simple, leaves and no stipules.
10. HYDRANGEA. Calyx 4 - 5-toothed, the tube adherent to the imperfectly 2-celled ovary.
Petals valvate in the bud. Stamens 8 or 10. Styles 2, diverging
11. PJIILA DELl'II US Calyx 4 - 5-parted ; the tube adhering to the 3 5-celled ovary. Pet-
als convolute in the bud. Stamens 20 - 40. Styles united below.
SUBORDER.!. SAXIFRAOACE^E. TRUE SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.
1. ASTILBE, Don. FALSE GOATSBEARD.
Flowers dioeciously polygamous. Csilyx 4 -5-parted, small. Petals 4-5,
spatulatc, small, withering-persistent Stamens 8 or 10. Ovary 2-celled, almost
free, many ovuled : styles 2, short. Pod 2-celled, separating into 2 follicles,
each ripening few seeds. Seed-coat loose and thin, tapering at each end. —
Perennial herbs, with twice or thrice ternatcly compound ample leaves, cut-lohed
and toothed leallets, and small white or yellowish flowers in spikes or racemes,
which are disi>oscd in a compound panicle. (Name composed of d privative and
OTtA/3/7, a br'njld surface, because the foliage is not shining.)
1. A. dcctflldra, Don. Somewhat pubescent; leaflets mostly heart-
shaped; petals minute or wanting in the fertile flowers; stamens 10. — Rich
woods, Alleghanies of S. \V. Virginia and southward. July. — Plant imitating
Spiriva Arum-us, but coarser, 3°-5° high.
2. SAXIFRAGA, L. SAXIFRAGE.
Calyx free from, or cohering with, the base of the ovary, 5-clcft or parted.
Petals "), entire, commonly deciduous. Stamens 10. Styles '2. I'od lM>
2-cclled, opening down or between the beaks ; or sometimes 2 almost separate
follicles. Seeds numerous, with a close coat, — Chiefly perennial herbs, with
the root-leaves clustered, those of the stem mostly alternate. (Name from
saxum, a rock, andy/vw/o, to break ; many species rooting in the cr-f'ts of ro<-ks.)
# 8tem» prottrate, /«(fy: leaves opposite: calyx fnc from tin- pod.
1. S. oppositifolia, L. (MOUNTAIN SAXIFKAOE.) Leaves thick
and fleshy, ovate, keeled, ciliate, imbricated on the sterile branches (l"-2"
long); flowers solitary, large; petals purple, obovnte, much longer than the
5-clcft free calyx. — Hocks, \Villoughby Mountain, Vermont ( \\r<x*l), and north-
ward. (Eu.)
HAXIFRAGACE<E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 143
* * Sh-. ')>s ascending, leafy : stem-leaves alternate : calyx coherent below ivith the pod.
2. S. rivMliai'is, L. (ALPINE BROOK SAXIFRAGE.) Small; stems
weak, 8 - 5-flowered ; lower leaves rounded, 3 - 5-lobed, on slender petioles, the
upper lanceolate; petals 'white, ovate. — Alpine region of Mount Washington,
NeAV Hampshire, Oa/ces. Very rare. (Eu.)
3. S. aizoklcs, L. (YELLOW MOUNTAIN SAXIFRAGE.) Low (3' -5'
high), in tufts, with few or sevei'al corymbose flowers; leaves linear-lanceolate,
sal iff-, fli-sluj, spinulose-ciliate ; petals yellow, spotted with orange, ob'ong. — Wil-
loughby Mountain, Vermont; near Oneida Lake, New York; N. Michigan;
and northward. June. (Eu.)
4. S. triCUSpfdata, Retz. Stems tufted (4' -8' high), naked above;
flowers corymbose ; leaves oblong or spatidate, with 3 riyid pointed teeth at the sum-
mit ; petals obocate-oblong, yellow. — Shore of L. Superior and northward. (Eu.)
^ * Leaves clustered at the root : scape many -flowered, erect, clammy-pubescent.
5. S. Aizdon, Jacq. Leaves persistent, thick, spatalate, with white cartilagi-
nous toothed margins ; calyx partly adherent ; petals obovatc, cream-color, often
spotted at the base. — Moist rocks, Upper Michigan and Wisconsin ; Wil-
loughby Mountain (Mr. Blake], and northward. — Scape 5' - 10' high. (Eu.)
6. S. Virgiifiieiisis, Michx. (EARLY SAXIFRAGE.) Low (4' -9
high) ; leares obovate or oval-spatulate, narrowed into a broad petiole, erenatc-
toothed, thickish ; flowers in a clustered cyme, which is at length open and loose-
ly panic-led ; lobes of the nearly free calyx erect, not half the length of the oblony
obtuse (white) petals ; pods 2, united merely at the base, divergent, purplish. —
Exposed rocks ; common, especially northward. April- June.
7. S. Peunsylviailica, L. (SWAMP SAXIFRAGE.) Large (l°-2°
high); leaves oblanceolatc, obscurely toothed (4' -8' long), narrowed at the base
into a short and broad petiole; cymes in a large oblong panicle, at first clus-
tered ; lobes of the nearly free calyx recurved, about the length of the linear-lanceo-
late (•greenish) 8fi*ztt petals ; Jilaments aid-shaped: pods at length divergent. —
Bogs, common, especially northward. May, June. — A homely species.
8. S. erossi, Prrsh. (LETTUCE SAXIFRAGE.) Leaves oblong or oblanceo-
late, obtuse, sharply toothed, tapering into a margined petiole (8' -12' long) ; scape
Blender (l°-3° high); pank-le elongated, loosely flowered, pedicels slender;
calyx reflexedf entirely free, nearly as long as the oval ol>tuse (white) petals; jilanients
club-shaped; pods 2, nearly separate, diverging. — Cold mountain brooks, Penn.
tiylvania (near Bethlehem, Mr. Wolle), and throughout the Alleghanies south-
ward. June. See Addend.
S. LEUCANTHEMI FOLIA, Michx., S. CAREYANA, Gray, and S. CAROLINI-
A.NA, Gray, of the mountains of CaroUna, may occur in those of Virginia.
3. BOYKINIA, Nutt. BOYKINIA.
Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the 2-cellcd and 2-beaked pod. Sta-
mens 5, as many as the deciduous petals. Otherwise as in Saxifraga. — Peren-
nial herbs, with alternate palmatcly 5-7-lobed or cut pctiolcd leaves, and white
flowers in cymes. (Dedicated to the late Dr. Boyicin of Georgia.)
144 BAXiruAfiACi-M-:. (s.vxiFKAr.i: FAMILY.)
1. B. aconitifolia, Nutt. Stem glandular (6' -JO* high); leaves deep-
ly 5-7-lobcd. — Mountains of S. W. Virginia, and southward. July.
4. SUL.L.IVA1VTIA, TOIT. & Gray. SULLIVAXTIA.
Calyx bell-shaped, cohering below only with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft
Petals 5, entire, acutish, withering-persistent. Stamens 5, shorter than the pet-
als. Pud 2-ceIled, 2-bcaked, many-seeded, opening between the beaks: the
wing-margined, imbricated upwards. — A low and reclined-spreading pe-
rennial herb, with rounded and cut-toothed, or slightly lobed, smooth lea
slender petioles, and small white flowers in a branched loosely cymose panicle,
raised on a nearly leafless slender seape (6' -12' long). Peduncles and calyx
glandular: pedicels recurved in fruit. (Dedicated to the distinguished botanist
who discovered the only species.
1. S. Oliioflis, Torr. & Gr. [Gray, Clitoris Bor.-Arn., pi. 6.) — Limestone
dill's, Highland County, Ohio, Sullivant ; Wisconsin River, Lapham. June.
5. IIEUCIIEItA, L. ALUM-ROOT.
Calyx bell-shaped ; the tube cohering at the base with the ovary. f>-eleft. Pet-
als 5, spatnlate, small, entire. Stamens 5. Styles 2, slender. Pod 1 -celled,
with 2 parietal many-seeded placenta?, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks.
Seeds oval, with a rough and dose seed-coat. — Perennials, with the round
heart-shaped leaves principally from the rootstock ; those on the scapes, if any,
alternate. Petioles with dilated margins or adherent stipules at their
Flowers in small du-iers disposed in a prolonged and narrow panicle, greenish
or purplish. (Named in honor of Ih 'in-lirr, an early German botanist.)
* Flou-ei-s small, loosely jianiclcd : stamens and styles exsertcd : calyx regular.
1. II. Villosa, Miehx. Scapes (l°-3° high), petioles, and veins of the
acutely 7-9-lobed leaves beneath villous with rusty hairs; calyx \\" long; jx-tals
Sf>atnlafe-liiif.'(ii', about as lout/ us the stamens, soon twisted. — Rocks, Maryland,
Kentucky, and southward, in and near the mountains. July, Aug.
2. II. AmericfillSl, L. (COMMON ALUM-ROOT.) Scapes (2° -3° high)
£c. (/litndii/ar and more or less hirsute with short hairs; leaves roundish, with
short rounded lobes and crenate teeth; calyx broad, 2" long, the si«
not loiiycr t/uin its lobes. — llocky woodlands, Connecticut to Wisconsin and
southward. June.
* # Flowers linytr: calyx (3" -4" long) more or kss ol>Hque: stamens short : panicle
n n/ narrow : leaves rounded, slifjhth/ 5 - 9-lobed,
3. II. llf^pidilf Pursh. Hispid or hirsute, with long spreading hairs (or,
casionally almost glabrous), scarcely glandular ; st" . r titan
llic s/iatn/atc pdal*. (II. Riehardsonii, R. Br.) — Mountains of Virginia. Also
Illinois (Dr. M,-nd) and northwestward. May- July. — Sea]>es 2°-4° high.
4. II. pllbt'SCrilS, Pursh. Snipe (l°-.'30 high), &c. </raiiii!,ir-p'
t>r glandular above, toOt hairy, below often glabrous, a^ are usually the rounded
leaves; fUMOU xlurti-T tliatt lli>- A/'S of the nilij.r and the spatulate petals. —
Mouni MM. to Virginia and Kentucky. June, July.
SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 145
6. MITEI^IrfA, Tourn. MITRE-WORT. BISHOP'S-CAP.
Calyx short, coherent with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, slender,
pinnatifid. Stamens 10, included. Styles 2, very short. Pod short, 2-beakcd,
i -celled, with 2 parietal or rather basal several-seeded placentae, 2-valved at the
summit. Seeds smooth and shining. — Low and slender perennials, with round
heart-shaped alternate leaves on the rootstock or runners, on slender petioles ;
those on the scapes opposite, if any. Flowers small, in a simple slender raceme
or spike. (Name a diminutive from /u'rpa, a mitre, or cap, alluding to the form
of the young pod.)
1. UI. dipltyila,, L. Hairy, leaves heart-shaped, acute, somewhat 3-5
lobcd, toothed, those on the many-flowered-scape 2, opposite, nearly sessile. — Hill-
sides in rich woods, W. N. England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May. — -
Flowers white, in a raceme 6' -8' long.
2. ME. 11 fid si, L. Small and slender; leaves rounded or kidney -form, deeply
and doubly crenate ; scape usually leajless, few-flowered, very slender (4' — 6' high).
(M. cordifolia, Lam. M. prostrata, Michx.} — Deep moist woods with mosses,
Maine to Wisconsin and northward. May -July. — A delicate little plant,
shooting forth runners in summer. Blossoms greenish.
7. TIARELL.A, L. FALSE MITRE-WORT.
Calyx bell-shaped, nearly free from the ovary, 5-parted. Petals 5, with claws,
entire. Stamens 10, long and slender. Styles 2. Pod meinbranaceous, l-
celled, 2-valved, the valves unequal. Seeds few, at the base of each parietal
placenta, globular, smooth. — Perennials : flowers white. (Name a diminutive
from riapa, a tiara, or turban, from the form of the pod, or rather pistil, which
is like that of Mitella, to which the name of Mitre-wort properly belongs.)
1. T. COl'difolia, L. Leaves from the rootstock or summer runners
heart-shaped, sharply lobcd and toothed, sparsely hairy above, downy beneath ;
scape leafless (5' - 12' high) ; raceme simple ; petals oblong. — Rich rocky woods ;
common from Maine to Wisconsin, northward, and southward along the moun-
tains. April, May.
8. CHRYSOSPJLENIUJTI, Tourn. GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE.
Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary ; the blunt lobes 4-5, yellow within.
Petals none. Stamens 8-10, very short, inserted on a conspicuous disk.
Styles 2. Pod inversely heart shaped or 2-lobed, flattened, very short, 1-cellcd,
with 2 parietal placenta?, 2-valved at the top, many-seeded. — Low and small
smooth herbs, Avith tender succulent leaves, and small solitary or leafy-cymed
flowers. (Name compounded of xpvcr°s, golden, and <rir\r)v. the spleen, probably
from some reputed medicinal qualities.)
1. C. Alisericanum, Schwcin. Stems slender, diffusely spreading,
forking ; leaves principally opposite, roundish or somewhat heart-shaped, ob-
scurely crenate-lobed ; flowers distant, inconspicuous, nearly sessile (greenish
tinged with yellow or purple). 1| — Cold wet places ; common, especially north-
ward. April, May.
13
Ii6 SAXIFRAGACE.S:. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)
SUBORDER II. ESCAL.L.ONIE.3E. THE ESCALLONIA FAMILY.
9. ITEA, L. ITEA.
(Jalyx 5-cIcft, free from tlie ovary. Petals 5, lanceolate, mucli longer than
the calyx, mid longer than the 5 stamens. Pod oblong, 2-grooved, 2-cclled,
tipped with the 2 united styles, 2-parted (scpticidal) when nuiture, several-seeded.
— A shrub, with simple alternate and minutely serrate oblong pointed leaves,
without stipules, and white flowers in simple dense racemes. (The Greek name
of the Willow.)
1. I. Virgiiliea, L. — Wet places, New Jersey and southward, near the
coast. June. — Shrub 3° - 8° high.
SUBORDER ILL HYDRANGIEJE. THE HYDRANGEA FAMILY.
1O. HYDRANGEA, Gronov. HYDRANGEA.
Calyx-tube hemispherical, 8-10-ribbed, coherent with the ovaiy; the limb
4-5-toothed. Petals ovate, valvate in the bud. Stamens 8-10, slender. Pod
crowned with the 2 diverging styles, 2-celled below, many-seeded, opening by a
hole between the styles. — Shrubs, with opposite petioled leaves, no stipules,
nnd numerous flowers in compound cymes. The marginal fioAvers are usually
sterile and radiant, consisting merely of a membranaceous and colored flat aivl
dilated calyx, and showy. (Name from uScop, water, and ayyos, a vase.)
1. II* arboi'csccns, L. (WILD HYDRANGEA.) Glabrous or nearly
so ; leaves ovate, rarely heart-shaped, pointed, sen-ate, green both sides ; cymes
flat. — Rocky banks, N. Penn., to 111., and southward, chiefly along the moun-
tains. July. — Flowers often all fertile, rarely all radiant, like the Garden
1 [ydranyea.
11. PIIILiADEL.PIIUS, L. MOCK CHANGE or STRING A.
Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the ovary ; the limb 4 - 5-parted, spread-
ing, persistent, valvate in the bud. Petals rounded or obovate, large, convolute
in the bud. Stamens 20-40. Styles 3-5, united below or nearly to the top.
Stigmas oblong or linear. Pod 3- 5-celled, splitting at length into as msmj
pieces. Seeds very numerous, on thick placentae projecting from the axis, pen-
dulous, with a loose membranaceous coat prolonged at both ends. — Shrubs,
with opposite often toothed leaves, no stipules, and solitary or cymose-clustm-d
showy white flowers. (An ancient name applied by Linmcus to this genus for
no particular reason.)
1. P. iliodorus, L. Glabrous; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed,
entire or with some spreading teeth; flowers single or few at the ends of the
diverging branches, scentless; calyx-lobes acute, scarcely longer than the tube.
— Mountains of Virginia and southward.
Var. graildifloi'llS. Somewhat pubescent; flowers larger; calyx
longer and taper-pointed. — Virginia and southward, near the mountains.
HAMAMELACE^E. (\VITCII-HAZEL FAMILY). 147
May-July. — A tall shrub, -with loug and recurved branches : often cultivated.
P. OORONABIUS, L., the common MOCK OKANGE or SYRINGA of the gardens,
has cream-coloi-e 1, odorous flowers in fall clusters: the crushed leaves have
the odor and taste of cucumbers.
ORDER 51. HAMAMELACEvE. (WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY.)
Shrubs or tree*, witli alternate simple leaves arid deciduous stipules ; flowers
in heads or .sy?/A*w, often polygamous or monoecious; the calyx cohering with
the lose of the ocary ; which consists of 2 pistils united below, and forms a
2-beaked '2-celled woody pod opening at the summit, with a single .bony seed
in each cell, or several, only one or two of them ripening, — Petals inserted
on the calyx, narrow, valvate or involute in the bud, or often none at all.
btamens twice as many as the petals, and half of them sterile and changed
into scales, or numerous Seeds anatropous. Embryo large and straight,
in sparing albumen : cotyledons broad and flat. — We have a single repre-
sentative of the 3 tribes, two of them apetalous.
Synopsis.
TRIBE I. II AM AMEI.E.3E. Flowers with a manifest calyx and corolla, and a single
ovule suspended from the summit of each cell.
1 IIAMAM.EL1S. Petals 4, strap-shaped. Stamens and scales each 4, short.
TRIBE II. FOTHERGILL,E^. Flowers with a manifest calyx and no corolla. Fruit
and seed as in Tribe I.
2. FOTIIEltGlLLA. Stamens about 24, long : filaments thickened upwards. Flowers spiked.
TRIBE III. BAL.SAMIFL.U.ZE. Flowers naked, with barely rudiments of a calyx, and
no corolla, crowded in catkiu-like heads. Ovules several or many in each cell.
3. LIQUIDAMBAIl. Monoecious or polygamous. Stamens very numerous. Pods consoli-
dated by their bases in a dense head.
1. H AM AM E US, L. WITCH-HAZEL.
Flowers in little axillary clusters or heads, usually surrounded by a scale-like
3-leaved involucre. Calyx 4-parted, and with 2 or 3 bractlets at its base. Pet-
als 4, strap-shaped, long and narrow, spirally involute in the bud. Stamens 8,
very short ; the 4 alternate with the petals anther-bearing, the others imperfect
and scale-like. Styles 2, short. Pod opening loculicidally from the top ; the
outer coat separating from the inner, which encloses the single large and bony
seed in each cell, but soon bursts elastic-ally into two pieces. — Tall shrubs, with
straight-veined leaves, and yellow, perfect or polygamous flowers. (From a/za,
like to, and p.rj\is, an apple-tree; a name anciently applied to the Medlar, or
some other tree resembling the Apph, which the Witch-Hazel does not.)
1. H. Virgillica, L. Leaves obovate or oval, wavy-toothed, somewhat
downy when young. — Damp woods : blossoming late in autumn, when the
leaves are failing, and maturing its seeds the next summer.
148 UMBEI.LIFERJE. (PARSLET FAMILY.)
2. FOTIIERGIL.L.A, L. f. FOTIIERGILLA.
Flowers in a terminal catkin -like spike, mostly perfect. Calyx bell-shaped,
the summit truncate, slightly 5-7-toothed. Petals none. Stamens about 24,
borne on tin- margin of the ealyx in one row, all alike: filaments very long,
thickened at the top (white). Styles 2, slender. Pod cohering wjh the base
of the calyx, 2-lobed, 2-celled, with a single bony seed in each cell. — A low
shrub ; the oval or obovate leaves smooth, or hoary underneath, toothed at the
summit ; the flowers appearing rather before the leaves, each partly covered by
a scale-like bract. (Dedicated to the distinguished Dr. Fothefgill.)
1. F. alllifolia, L. f. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward. April.
3. L.I QUID AM BAR, L. SWEET-GUM TREE.
Flowers usually monoecious, in globular heads or catkins ; the sterile arranged
in a conical cluster, naked: stamens very numerous, Intel-mixed with minute
scales : filaments short. Fertile flowers consisting of many 2-celled 2-beaked
ovaries, subtended by minute scales in place of a calyx, all more or less coher-
ing and hardening in fruit, forming a spherical catkin or head ; the pods open-
ing between the 2 awl-shaped beaks. Styles 2, stigmatic down the inner side.
Ovules many, but only one or two perfecting. Seeds with a wing-angled seed-
coilt. — Catkins racemed, nodding, in the bud enclosed by a 4-leaved deciduous
involucre. (A mongrel name, from liquidus, fluid, and the Arabic anthar, am-
ber; in allusion to the fragrant terebinthine juice which exudes from the tree.)
1. L,. Sfyruciflua, L. (SWEET GUM. BILSTED.) Leaves rounded,
deeply 5-7-lobcd, smooth and shining, glandular-serrate, the lobes pointed. —
Moist woods, Connecticut to Illinois, and southward. April. — A large and
beautiful tree, with h'ne-grained wood, the gray bark with corky ridges on the
branchlets. Leaves fragrant when bruised, turning deep crimson in autumn.
The woody pods filled mostly with abortive seeds, resembling sawdust.
ORDER 52. UMBELLJFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)
Herbs, with the flowers in umbels, the calyx entirely adhering to the ovary,
Oie 5 pt'.ldls (UK/ 5 x/d/ncns inserted on the disk that crowns tlx- urar/i and fur-
rounds the base of the 2 styles. Fruit consisting of 2 seed-like dr// c<ir/» />•.
Linil) of the calyx obsolete, or a mere 5-toothed border. Petals mostly
with the point inflexed. Fruit of 2 carpels (called mericarps) cohering by
tlu-ir inner fare (the commissure), when ripe separating from each other
and usually suspended from the summit of a slender prolongation of the
axis (cdr/>i>//ltore) : cadi carpel marked lengthwise with 5 /jrinuir// rihs,
and often with a intermediate (.xvrom/V//-//) ones; in the Infers/ices or inter-
vals between them arc commonly lodged the oil-tubes (vil/<r), which are
longitudinal canals in the substance of the fruit, containing aromatic oil.
(These are best seen in slices made across the fruit.) Seeds solitary and
suspended from the summit of each cell, unatropous, with a minute embryo
UMBELLIFERjE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 149
in hard, horn-like albumen. — Steins usually hollow. Leaves alternate,
mostly compound, the petioles expanded or sheathing at the base. Um-
bels usually compound; when the secondary ones are termed umbellets:
each often subtended by a whorl of bracts (involucre and involucels). — •
A large family, some of the plants innocent and aromatic, others with
very poisonous (acrid-narcotic) properties ; the flowers much alike in all,
— therefore to be studied by their fruits, inflorescence, &c., which like-
wise exhibit comparatively small diversity. The family is therefore a
difficult one for the young student. See Addend.
Synopsis*
I. Inner face of each seed flat or nearly so (not hollowed out).
* Umbels simple or imperfect, sometimes one growing from the summit of another.
1. IIYD110COTYLE. Fruit orbicular, flat. Leaves orbicular or rounded.
2. OJIANTZIA. Fruit globular. Leaves thread-shaped, fleshy and hollow.
* * Umbels or umbellets capitate, imperfect : i. e. the flowers sessile in heads.
& SANICULA. Fruit clothed with hooked prickles. Flowers polygamous.
4. EllYNGIUM. Fruit clothed with scales. Flowers in thick heads, perfect.
* * * Umbels compound and perfect ; i. e. its rays bearing umbellets.
4- Fruit beset with bristly prickles, not flat.
6. DAUCUS. Fruit beset with weak prickles in single rows on the ribs.
•*- •*- Fruit smooth, strongly flattened on the back, and single-winged or margined at the june-
tion of the 2 carpels (next to the commissure).
6. POLYTJSNIA. Fruit surrounded with a broad and tumid corky margin thicker than the
fruit itself, which is nearly ribless on the back.
7. IIERACLEUM. Fruit broadly wing-margined : the carpels minutely 5-ribbed on the back :
lateral ribs close to the margin. Flowers white, the marginal ones radiant.
8. PASTINACA. Fruit wing-margined : ribs of tho carpels as in No. 7. Flowers yellow, the
marginal ones perfect, not radiant.
9. ARCIIEMORA. Fruit broadly winged : the 5 ribs on the back equidistant ; the 2 lateral
ones close to the wing. Flowers white. Leaves pinnate or 3-foliolate.
10. TIEDEMANNIA. Fruit winged, much as in No. 9. Leaves simple, long and cylindrical,
hollow, with some cross partitions.
4-4-4- Fruit smooth, flat or flattish on the back, and double-winged or margined at the edge,
each carpel also 3-ribbed or sometimes 3-winged on the back.
31. ANGELICA. Carpels with 3 slender ribs on the back ; a single oil-tube in each interval.
Seed not loose.
12. ARCH ANGELICA. Carpels with 3 rather stout ribs on the back, and 2 - 3 or more oil-
tubes in each interval, adhering to the loose seed.
13. CONIOSELINUM. Carpels wjth 3 wings on the back narrower than those of the margins.
4- 4- 4- 4- Fruit smooth, not flattened either way, or slightly so, the cross-section nearly orbic-
ular or quadrate ; the carpels each with 5 wings or strong ribs.
14. 2ETHUSA. Fruit ovate-globose : carpels with 5 sharply keeled ridges, and with single oil-
tubes in the intervals.
15. LIGUSTICUM. Fruit elliptical : carpels with 5 sharp almost winged ridges, and with
several oil-tubes in each interval.
16. TIIASPIUM. Fruit elliptical or ovoid : carpels 5-winged or 5-ribbed, and with single oil-
tubes in each interval. Flowers yellow or dark purple.
4- 4- 4- 4- -i- Fruit smooth, flattened laterally or contracted at the sides, wingless.
17. ZIZIA. Flowers yellow. Fruit oval, somewhat twin : the carpels narrowly 5-ribbed : oil-
tubes 3 in each interval. Leaves compound.
13*
150 UM1JKLLIFER2E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)
18. BOPLEUKUM. Flowers yellow. Fruit OToid-oblong : the carpels somewhat 5-ribbed
Leaves all simple.
19. DISCO PLEURA. Flowers white. Fruit OToid : the lateral ribs united with a thick corky
margin. Leaves cut into capillary divisions.
20. CICUTA. Flowers white. Fruit subglobose, twin : the carpels strongly and equally 6-
ribbed. Leaves twice or thrice ternate.
21. SIUM. Flowers white. Fruit ovate-globose: the carpels 5-ribbed. Leaves all simply
pinn.-itc.
22. CRYPTOT.ENIA. Flowers white. Fruit oblong. Leaves 3-parted. Umbel irregular.
II. Inner face of the seed hollowed out lengthwise, or the margins involute,
so that the cross-section is semilunar. (Umbels compound.)
23. CILEKOPHYLLUM. Fruit linear-oblong, narrowed at the apex : ribs broad.
24. OSMOK1U11ZA. Fruit linear-club-shaped, tapering below : ribs bristly.
25. CON7IUM. Fruit ovate, flattened at the sides : ribs prominent, wavy.
26. EULOPHUS. Fruit ovoid, somewhat twin, nearly destitute of ribs.
HI. Inner face of the seed hollowed in the middle, or curved inwards at
the top and bottom, so that the section lengthwise is semilunar.
27. ERIQENIA. Fruit twin ; carpels nearly kidney-form. Umbellets few-flowered.
1. IIYDROC^TYLE, Toura. WATER PENNYWORT.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened laterally, orbicular or shield-shaped ;
the carpels 5-ribbed, two of the ribs enlarged and often forming a thickened
margin: oil-tubes none. — Low and smooth marsh perennials, witli slender
stems creeping or rooting in the mud, and round shield-shaped or kidney-form
leaves. Flowers small, white, in simple umbels or clusters, which are either
single or proliferous, appearing all summer. (Name from vSo>p, water, and
icoriX^, a flat cup, the peltate leaves of several species being somewha; cup-
bhaped.)
* Stems procumbent and brandling : flowers 3-5 in a sessile cluster.
1. II. Americana, L. Leaves rounded kidney-form, doubly crenate,
somewhat lobed, short-pe doled ; fruit orbicular. — Shady springy places ; com-
mon northward.
* * Umbels on scape-like naked peduncles, arising, with the long-petioled leaves, from
the joints of creeping and rooting stems.
2. II. raminculoiflcs, L. Leaves rou/irf-re/n/on/j, 3 - 5-c/e/?, the lobes
eremite; peduncles much shorter than the petioles; umbel 5- 10-flowered; ped-
icels very short ; fruit orbicular, scarcely ribbed. — Penn. and southward.
S. II. illtcri'lipta, Muhl. leaves peltate in the middle, orbicular cre-
nate; peduncles about the length of the leaves, bearing clusters of few and .s/.s.s//e
flou-crs interruptedly along its length ; fruit broader than long, notched at the
base. — New Bedford, Massachusetts, and southward along the coast.
4. II. lllllbcllata, L. Leaves peltate in the middle, orbicular, notched
at the base, doubly cn-nate ; peduncle elongated (3' -9' lu.uh), bearing a intiny-
flouxrcd uinM (.sometimes proliferous with 2 or 3 umbels); pedicels slender;
fruit notched at the base and apex. Massachusetts and souths urd near tho
coast.
UJIBELLTFEILE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 151
2. CRANTZIA, Nutt. CRANTZIA.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit globose ; the carpels corky, 5-ribbed : an oil-tube
in eacli interval. — Minute plants, creeping and rooting in the mud, like Hydro-
cotyle, but with fleshy and hollow cylindrical or awl-shaped petioles, in place of
leaves, marked with cross divisions. Umbels few-flowered, simple. Flowers
white. (Named for Prof. Crantz, an Austrian botanist of the 18th century.)
1. €. Imeata, Nutt. (Hydrocotyle lineata, Michx.) Leaves somewhat
club-shaped, very obtuse (l'-2' long) ; lateral ribs of the fruit projecting, form-
ing a corky margin. Ij. — Brackish marshes, from Massachusetts southward
along the coast. July.
3. SAIVICUL.A, Tourn. SANICLE. BLACK SNAKEROOT.
Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Fruit globular ; the carpels not separating
spontaneously, ribless, thickly clothed with hooked prickles, each with 5 oil-
tubes. — Perennial herbs, with palmately-lobed or parted leaves, those from the
root long-petioled. Umbels irregular or compound, the flowers (greenish or
yellowish) capitate in the umbellets, perfect, and with staminate ones intermixed,
Involucre and involucels few-leaved. (Name from sano, to heal.)
1. S. Canadensis, L. Leaves 3-5- (the upper only 3-) parted; sterile
flowers few, scarcely pedicel led, shorter than the fertile ones ; styles shorter than the
prickles of the fruit, — Copses. June - Aug. — Plant l°-2° high, with thin
leaves ; their divisions wedge-obovate or oblong, sharply cut and serrate, the
lateral mostly 2-lobed. Fruits few in each umbellet.
2. S. IHarilamlica, L. Leaves all 5 - 7-parted ; sterile flowers numerous,
un slender pedicels, about the length of the fertile ; styles elongated and conspicuous,
recurved. — Woods and copses, common. — Stem 2° -3° high; the leaves more
rigid and with narrower divisions than in the former, with almost cartilaginous
teeth. Fruits several in each umbellet.
4. ERYNGIUM, Tourn. BUTTON SNAKEROOT.
Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Styles slender. Fruit top-shaped, covered
with little scales or tubercles, with no ribs, and scarcely any oil-tubes. — Chiefly
perennials, with coriaceous, toothed, cut, or prickly leaves, and blue or white
braeted flowers closely sessile -^n dense heads. (A name used by Dioscorides,
of uncertain origin.)
1. E. yiiccsufdliiim, Michx. (RATTLESNAKE-MASTER. BUTTON
SNAKEROOT.) Leaves linear, taper-pointed, rigid, grass-iike, nerved, Iristly-
frinqed ; leaflets of the involucre mostly entire and shorter than the heads. 1J.
(E. aquaticum, L. in part; but it never grows in water.) — Dry or damp pine-
barrens or prairies, New Jersey to Wisconsin, and southward. July.
2. E. Virgilliiiauilll, Lam. Leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate with hooked
or somewhat spiny teeth, veiny ; leaflets of the invclucre cleft or spiny -toothed,
longer than the cymose whitish or bluish heads, (g) — Swamps, New Jersey
and southward near the coast. July.
152 UMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)
5. DA IJC US, Tourn. CARROT.
Calyx 5-toothcd. Corolla irregular. Fruit ovoid or oblong; the carpels
pcarccly flattened on the back, with 5 primary slender bristly ribs, two of tlv m
on the inner face, also with 4 equal and more or less winged secondary
each bearing a single row of slender bristly prickles : an oil-tube under each of
these ribs. — Biennials, with finely 2-3-pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, cleft invo-
lucres, and concave umbels, dense in fruit. (The ancient Greek name.)
1. 1>. CARC'>TA, L. (COMMON CARROT.) Stem bristly; involucre pinnnti-
fid, nearly the length of the umbel. — Spontaneous in old fields in certain ;
July -Sept. — Flowers white or cream-color, the central one of each umbel let
abortive and dark purple. Umbel in fruit dense and concave, resembling a
bird's nest. (Adv. from Eu.)
6. POLYT^NIA, DC. POLYNESIA.
Calyx 5-toothcd. Fruit oval, very flat, with an entire broad and thick corky
margin, the impressed back very obscurely ribbed: oil-tubes 2 in each inter-
val, and many in the corky margin. — A smooth herb, resembling a Parsnip,
with twice-pinnate leaves, the uppermost opposite and 3-cleft, no involucres,
bristly involueels, and bright yellow flowers. (Name from TTO\VS, many, and
rcztpui, a jiUet, alluding to the numerous oil-tubes.)
1. P. IVuttuIlii, DC. — Barrens, Michigan, Wisconsin, and southwest-
ward. May. — Stem 2° - 3° high.
7. HER ACL, £17 M, L. COW-PARSNIP.
Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit as in Pastinaca, but the oil-tubes shorter than the
carpels (reaching from the summit to the middle). Petals (white) inversely
heart-shaped, those of the outer flowers commonly larger and radiant, appearing
2-clcft. — Stout perennials, with broad sheathing petioles and large flat umbels.
Involucre deciduous : involueels many-leaved. (Dedicated to Hercules.)
1. II. lanfatum, Michx. Woolly; stem grooved; leaves 1-2-temately
compound ; leaflets somewhat heart-shaped ; fruit obovate or orbicular. — Moist
rich ground; most common northward. June. — A very large, strong-scented
plant, 4° -8° high, in some places wrongly called Masterwoi-t.
8. PASTINACA, Tourn. PARSNIP.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval, flat, with a thin single-winged margin ; the
carpels minutely 5-ribbcd ; three of the ribs equidistant on the back, the lateral
ones distant from them and contiguous to the margin : an oil-tube in each inter-
val running the whole length of the fruit. Petals yellow, roundish, entire ; none
of the flowers radiant. — Chiefly biennials, with spindle-shaped roots, and pin-
nat.-lv-rompound leaves. Involucre and involueels small or none. (The Latin
name, from /*/>•///.<, food.)
1. P. SATlvA, L. (COMMON PARSNIP.) Steir. grooved, smooth; leaflets
or oblong, obtuse, cut-toothed, somewhat shining above. — Fields, &c
July. (Adv. from Ku.)
(PARSLEY FAMILY.) 153
9. ARC HEM OR A, DC. COWBANE.
Calyx 5-toothcd. Fruit with a broad single-winged margin, oval, flattish;
the carpels with 5 obtuse and approximated equidistant ribs on the convex
back : oil-tubes one in each interval, and 4-6 on the inner face. — Smooth
perennials, with rather rigid leaves of'3-9 lanceolate or linear leaflets. Invo-
lucre nearly none : involucels of numerous small leaflets. Flowers white.
(Name applied to this poisonous umbelliferous plant in fanciful allusion, to
Archemonis, who is said to have died from eating parsley. DC.}
1. A. rigidcl, DC. Leaves simply pinnate; leaflets 3-9, varying from
lanceolate to ovate-oblong, entire or remotely toothed, or, in Var. AMiif G UA,
linear, long and narrow. — Sandy swamps, N. Jersey and W. New York to
Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Stem 2° -5° high.
1O. TIEDEITIA^nVIA, DC. FALSE WATER-DROPWORT.
Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit with a single winged margin, obovate, flattish ; the
carpels with 5 equidistant slender ribs on the convex back : oil-tubes one in each
interval, and 2 on the inner face. — A smooth and erect aquatic herb, with a
hollow stem (2° -6° high), and cylindrical pointed and hollow petioles (the
cavity divided by cross partitions) in place of leaves. Involucre and involucels
of few subulate leaflets. Flowers white. (Dedicated to the anatomist, Prof.
Tiedeniann, of Heidelberg.)
1. T. tcrctiiolia, DC. — Virginia (Harper's Ferry) and southward. Aug.
11. ANGELICA, L. ANGELICA.
Calyx -teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened, with a double-winged margin at the
commissure ; i. e. the lateral rib of each oval carpel expanded into a wing, their
flattish backs each strongly 3-ribbed : an oil-tube in each interval, and 2-4 on
the inner face. Seed adherent to the pericarp. — Stout herbs, more or less aro-
matic, with first temately, then once or twice pinnately or temately divided
leaves, toothed and cut. ovate or oblong leaflets, large terminal umbels, scanty
or no involucre, and small many-leaved involucels. Flowers white or greenish.
Petioles membranaceous at the base. (Named angelic, from its cordial and
medicinal properties. )
1. A. Curtisii, Buckley." Nearly glabrous; leaves twice ternate or the
divisions quinate ; leaflets thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed, sharply cut
and toothed; involucels of small subulate leaflets; wings of the fruit broad.
1C — Mountains of Peiin. (Prof. Porter), Virginia, and southward in the Alle-
ghauies. Aug.
12. ARCHAI\CtEL,ICA, Hoffm. ' ARCHANGELICA.
Calyx-teeth short. Seed becoming loose in the pericarp, coated with numer-
ous oil-tubes which adhere to its surface. Otherwise as in Angelica, from which
the species have been separated.
1. A. llirsitta, Torr. & Gr. Woolly or downy at the top (2° -5° high),
rather slender; leaves twice pinnately or ternately divided ;. leaflets tliic'kislx,
154 UMBELLIFER<£. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)
ovate-oblong, often blunt, serrate; involucels as long as the umbellets; pedun-
cles ami fruit tiuicni/, broadly idiujal. 1J. (Angelica triquinata, Nutl.) — Dry
open woods, New York to Michigan, and southward. July. — Flowers white.
2. A. atropurpui'ca, Iloifm. (GREAT ANGELICA.) Smooth; stem
dark purple, my stout (4°-G° high), hollow; leaves 2-3-temately compound;
the leaflets ji innate, 5-7, sharply cut serrate, acute, pale beneath ; petioles much
inflated; involucels very short ; fruit smooth, iriiujcd. y. (Angelica triquinata,
Miclu-.) — Low river-banks, N. England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward.
June. — Flowers greenish-white. Plant strong-scented; a popular aromatic.
3. A. peregrina, Nutt. Stem a little downy at the summit (l°-3°
high) ; leaves 2-3-ternatcly divided, the leaflets ovate, acute, cut-serrate,
glabrous; involucels about as long as the umbellets ; fruit oblong with 5 thick
and corky wing-like ribs to each carpel, the marginal ones little broader than the
others. y. — Rocky coast of Massachusetts Bay and northward. July. —
Flowers greenish-white. Plant little aromatic. Fruit so thick and so equally
ribbed, rather than winged, that it might be taken for a Ligusticum. It is A.
Gmelini, of N. W. America.
13. COIVIOSELtlVUilI, Fischer. HEMLOCK PARSLEY.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval ; the carpels convex-flattish and narrowly
3-winged on the back, and each more broadly winged at the margins : oil-tubes
in the substance of the pericarp, 1 -3 in each of the intervals, and several on the
inner face. — Smooth herbs, with finely 2 - 3-pinnately compound thin leaves,
inflated petioles, and white flowers. Involucre scarcely any: leaflets of the
involucels awl-shaped. (Name compounded of Conium, the Hemlock, and
ReUnum, Milk-Parsley, from its resemblance to these two genera.)
1. C. CanadcilSC, Torr. & Gr. Leaflets pinnatifid; fruit longer than
the pedicels. 1J. — Swamps, Vermont to Wisconsin northward, and southward
in the Alleghanies. Aug. — Herbage resembling the Poison Hemlock
14. M TIIl)S A, L. FOOL'S PARSLEY.
Calyx -teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate-globose ; the carpels each with 5 thick
t-lmrply-kccled ridges : intervals with single oil-tubes. — Annual, poisonous
herbs, with 2 - 3-ternately compound and many-cleft leaves, the divisions pin-
nate, and white flowers. (Name from aWa>, to bum, from the acrid taste.)
1. .flE. CYN\PIUM, L. Divisions of the leaves wedge-lanceolate ; involucre
none ; involucels 3-lcaved, long and narrow. — About cultivated grounds, New
England, &c. July. — A fetid, poisonous herb, with much the aspect of Poison
Hemlock, but with dark-green foliage, long hanging involucels, and unspotted
stem. (Adv. from Eu.)
15. LIGilSTICUIU, L. LOVAOE.
Calyx-trcth small or minute. Fruit elliptical, round on the cross-section, or
slightly flattened on the sides; the carpels each with 5 sharp and projecting or
narrowly winged ridges : intervals and Inner face with many oil-tubes. — Peren-
UMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 155
nials, with aromatic roots and fruit, 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves, and white
flowers. (Named from the country Liguria, where the oificiual Lovage of the
gardens, L. Levisticum, abounds.)
1. Li. 8c6ticiim, L. (SCOTCH LOVAGE.) Very smooth; stem (2°
high) nearly simple; leaves 2-ternate; leaflets rhombic-ovate, coarsely toothed
or cut ; leaflets of the involucre and involucels linear ; calyx-teeth distinct ;
fruit narrowl ij oblong. — Salt marshes, from Rhode Island northward. Aug. —
Root acrid but aromatic. (Eu.)
2. Li. a,c£c!3ifo3iU3n, Michx. (NOXDO. ANGBLICO.) Smooth; stem
(3° -6° high) branched above; the numerous umbels forming a loose and naked
somewhat whorled panicle, the lateral ones mostly barren ; leaves 3-ternate; leaf-
lets broadly ovate, equally serrate, the end ones often 3-parted; calyx-teeth
minute ; ribs of the si tort fmit wing-like. — Rich woods, Virginia, Kentucky,
and southward along the mountains. July, Aug. — Root large, with the strong
aromatic odor and taste of Angelica. (Michaux's habitat, "Banks of the St.
Lawrence," is probably a mistake.)
16. THASPIUM, Nutt. MEADOW-PARSNIP.
Calyx-teeth obsolete or short. Fruit ovoid or oblong, somewhat flattish or
contracted at the sides (the cross-section of each seed orbicular and somewhat
angled or 5-angular) ; the carpels each with 5 strong and equal ribs or wings,
the lateral ones marginal : oil-tubes single in each interval. — Perennial herbs,
with 1 -2-ternntely divided leaves (or the root-leaves simple), umbels with no
involucre, minute few-leaved involucels, and yellow or sometimes dark-purple
flowers. (Name a play upon Thapsia, a genus so called from the island of
Thapsus.) — I include in this genus Zizia, Koch, — because what is apparently
the same species lias the fruit either ribbed or winged, — and retain the name
of Zizia for Z. intcgcrrima, DC.
# Stems loosely branched, 2° — 5° high, mostly pubescent on the joints: calyx short but
muni fist : corolla light yellow : leaves all temately compound.
1. T. bai'biildile, Nutt. Leaves 1- 3-ternate; leaflets ovate or lance-
ovate and acute, mostly -with a wedge-shaped base, above deeply cut-serrate, often
2-3-cleft or parted, the terminal one long-stalked (l'-2' long) ; fruit oblong,
§ -\Q-winged (3" long), some of the dorsal wings often narrow or obsolete. ~
Rivcr-lumks, W. Now York to Wisconsin, and southward. July.
2. T. |>illiiat:lidllffll. Branchlets, umbels, &c. roughish-puberulent ;
leaves 1 -3-ternate ; leaflets 1 - 2-pinnatifld, the lobes linear or oblong ; fruit oblong,
narrmcly 8- IQ-winged (!£' long), the intervals minutely scabrous. (Zizia pin-
natifida, Bucldcy. Thaspium Walteri, Shuttlew., excl. syn. Walt.) — Ban-ens
of Kentucky (Short), and southward in the mountains.
* * Stems somewhat branched; the whole plant glabrous : calyx-teeth obscure.
3. T. aiireillll, Nutt. Leaves all 1 -2-ternately dicidtd or parted (or rarely
some of the root-leaves simple and heart-shaped) ; the divisions or leaflets oblong'
lanceolate, very sharply cut-serrate, with a wedge-shaped entire base ; flowers deep
yellow; fruit oblong-oval, with 10 winged ridges. Moist river-banks, &c., not
rare. June. — Leaves of a rather firm texture.
156 UMBELLIFKIl.fi. (I'AKSLEY FAMILY.)
Var. icptcriim. Fruit with strong and sharp ribs in place of wings.
(Smyrnium aureum, L. Zi/.ia aurca, Koch.) — With the winged form.
4. T. trifoliatilill. Root-leaves or some of them round and heart-shaped ;
strm-tcdns fiiiiiji/ij termite or quinute, or 3-parted ; the divisions or leaflets opa'e-lance-
olate or roundish, mostly abrupt or heart-shaped at the base, rn-mttdij t<»>!l/«l ;
flowers deep yellow ; fruit, globose-ovoid, with 1 ) winged ridges. Rocky thickets,
Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward ; rare eastward. June.
Var. atropurpiircillll, Torr. & Gr. Petals deep dark-purple. (Tli'»p-
sia trifoliata, L. Smyrnium cordatum, Walt. Thaspium atropurpurcum, Nutt.)
— From New York westward and southward.
Var. aptcrillll. Petals yellow : fruit with sharp ribs in place of wings.
(Zizia cordata, Koch, Torr.) With the preceding form.
17. ZB ZIA, DC. partly. (ZiziA § T.BNIDIA, Torr. & Gr.)
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovoid-oblong, contracted at the junction of the
carpels so as to become twin, the cross-section of each seed nearly orbicular :
carpels somewhat fleshy when fresh, with 5 slender ribs (which are more con-
spicuous when dry) : oil-tubes 3 in each interval and 4 on the inner face. — A
perennial smooth and glaucous slender herb (2° -3° high), with 2 - 3-ternatcly
compound leaves, the leaflets with entire margins; umbels with long and slen-
der rays, no involucre, and* hardly any involucels. Flowers yellow. (Named
for 7. D. Ziz, a Rhenish botanist.)
1. Z. integer lima, DC. — Rocky hill-sides ; not rare. May, June.
18. BUPL.EIJRUM:, Tourn. THOROUGH-WAX.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate-oblong, flattened laterally or somewhat
twin, the carpels 5-ribbed, with or without oil-tubes. Plants with simple entire
leaves and yellow flowers. (Name from /3oCs, an ox, and TrXeupoi/, a rib ; it is
uncertain why so called )
1. 15. ROTUXDIFOLIUM, L. Leaves broadly ovate, pel-foliate ; involucre
none; involucels of 5 large ovate leaflets. — Fields, New York, Penn., and Vir-
ginia; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)
19. DISCOPL.EITRA, DC. MOCK. BISHOP-WRED.
Calyx-teeth a\vl-sbaped. Fruit ovoid ; the carpels each with 3 strong ribs on
the back, and '2 broad lateral ones united with a thickened corky margin : inter-
vals with single, oil-tubes. — Smooth and slender branched annuals, with the
Icuvs finely dissected into bristle-form divisions, and white flowers. Involucre
and involucels conspicuous. (Name from Si'ovcos, a disk, and n\€vpov, a rib.)
1. I>. capillfscea, DC. Umbel few-rayed; leaflets of the involucre
3-5-elcft; involucels longer than the umbellets ; fruit ovate in outline. —
Brackish <wnmp<, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. July- Oct.
2. D. Nllttflllii, DC. Umbel many-rayed ; leaflets of the involucre
mostly entire and shorter; fruit globular. — Wet prairies, Kentucky aiul south-
ward.
UMBELLIFER.E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 157
20. CICUTA, L. WATER HE3ILOCK.
Calyx minutely 5 -toothed. Fruit subglobose, a little contracted at the sides,
the carpels with 5 flattish and strong ribs : intervals with single oil-tubes. —
Marsh perennials, very poisonous, smooth, with thrice pinnately or ternately
compound leaves, the veins of the lanceolate or oblong leaflets terminating in
the notches. Involucre few-leaved : involucels many-leaved. Flowers white.
(The ancient Latin name of the Hemlock.)
1. C. BBicic&iliita, L. (SPOTTED COWBANE. MUSQUASH-ROOT. BEA-
VKR-Poisox.) Stem streaked with purple, stout ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate,
coarsely serrate, sometimes lobed, pointed. — Swamps, common. Aug. — Plant
3° - 6° high, coarse ; the root a deadly poison.
2. C. l>uH>Efer<i, L. Leaflets linear, remotely toothed or cut-lobed ; upper
axils bearing clusters of bulblets. — Swamps ; common northward : seldom ripen-
ing fruit.
21. SilJM, L. WATER PARSNIP.
Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Fruit ovate or globular, flattish or contracted
at the sides ; the carpels with 5 rather obtuse ribs : intervals with 1 - several
oil-tubes. — Marsh or aquatic perennials, smooth, poisonous, with grooved
stems, simply pinnate leaves, and lanceolate serrate leaflets, or the immersed
ones cut into capillary divisions. Involucre several-leaved. Flowers white.
I Name supposed to be from the Celtic siu, water, from their habitation.)
* Pericarp thin between the strong projecting ribs : lateral ribs marginal.
1. S. li ii e:\re, Michx. Leaflets linear, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
tapering gradually to a sharp point, closely and very sharply serrate ; calyx-
teeth scarcely any; fruit globular, with corky and very salient ribs, or rather
wings ; oil-tubes 1 - 3 in each interval. — Swamps and brooks ; common. July
- Sept.
S. LATIFOLIUM, L., of Europe, I have never seen in this region.
* Pericarp of a thick texture, concealing the oil-tubes : ribs not strong, the lateral not
quite marginal. (Berula, Koch.}
2. S. aiigUStifolium, L. Low (9' -20' high); leaflets varying from
oblong to linear, mostly cut-toothed and cleft ; fruit somewhat twin. — Michigan
and westward. (Eu.)
22. CKYPTOT^fe]\IA, DC. HONE WORT.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, contracted at the sides; the carpels
equally and obtusely 5-ribbed : oil-tubes very slender, one in each interval and
one under each rib. Seed slightly concave on the inner face. — A perennial
smooth herb, with thin 3-foliolatc leaves, the umbels and umbellcts with very
unequal rays, no involucre, and few-leaved involucels. Flowers white. (Name
composed of tcpv-trros, hidden, and reui/m, a Jil/.et, from the concealed oil-tubes.)
1. C. CaiiatlensiS, DC. — Rich woods, common. June -Sept. — Plant
2° high. Leaflets large, ovate, pointed, doubly sen-ate, the lower ones lobed.
158 TJilBELLIFEILE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)
23 CII^EROPHYL,L,tJ]?I, L. CHERVIL.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear or oblong, pointed but not beaked, con-
tracted at the sides; the carpels 5-ribbed: inner face of the seed deeply furrowed
lengthwise : intervals with single oil-tubes. — Leaves ternately decompound;
the leaflets lobcd or toothed: involucre scarcely any: involucels many-leaved.
Flowers chiefly white. (Name from gOi/TO, to gladden, and (pv\\ov, a leaf,
alluding to the agreeable aromatic odor of the foliage.)
1. C. procuillbcilS, Lam. Stems slender (6' -18'), spreading, a little
hairy; lobes of the pinnatih'd leaflets obtuse, oblong ; umbels few-rayed (sessile
or ped uncled ); fruit narroAvly oblong, with narrow ribs. — Moist copses, New
Jersey to Illinois and southward. May, June.
24. OSITIOUUIltZA, Kaf. SWEET CICELY.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear-oblong, angled, tapering downwards into
a stalk-like base, contracted at the sides, crowned with the styles ; the carpels
with sharp upwardly bristly ribs : inner face of the nearly terete seed with a deep
longitudinal channel: oil-tubes none. — Perennials, with thick very aromatic
roots, and large 2 - 3-tcrnately compound leaves; the leaflets ovate, pinnatih'd-
toothcd. Involucre and involucels few-leaved. Flowers white. (Name from
6o-p.fjj a scent, and /5i£a, a root, in allusion to the anise-like flavor of the latter.;
1. O. longistylis, DC. (SMOOTHER SWEET CICELY.) Styles slender,
m-(irlij as long as the ovary ; leaflets sparingly pubescent or smooth when old, short'
pointed, cut-toothed, sometimes lobcd. — Rich moist woods, commonest north-
ward. Mar, June. — Plant 3° high, branching: stem red.
2. O. brevistylis, DC. (HAIRY SWEET CICELY.) Styles conical, not
longer than the breadth of the ovary ; fruit somewhat tapering at the summit ; leaf-
let* downy-hairy, taper-pointed, pinnatiftd-cut, — Common,. Root less sweet.
25. CONiUM, L. POISON HEMLOCK.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, flattened at the sides, the carpels with 5
prominent wavy ribs, and no oil-tubes : inner face of the seed with a deep nar-
row longitudinal groove. — Biennial poisonous herbs, with large decompound
leaves. Involucre and involucels 3-5-leaved, the latter 1-sided. Flowers
white. (Ktoi/ciov, the Greek name of the Hemlock, by which criminals and
philosophers were put to death at Athens.)
1. C. MACDLATUM, L. Smooth; stem spotted; leaflets lanceolate, pinnati-
fid; involucels shorter than the umbellets. — Waste places. July. — A largo
branching herb : the pule green leaves exhale a disagreeable odor when bruised.
A virulent narcotico-acrid poison, used in medicine. (Nat. from Eu.)
26. EtlI,OPIIUS, Nntt. EULOPHUS.
Calyx-teeth small. Fruit ovoid, contracted at the sides and somewhat twin;
the carpels smooth, indistinctly ribbed, and with a close row of oil-tubes : inner
fact, of the seed longitudinally channelled, the cross-section semilunar. — A
AKALIACE/E. (GINSENG FAMILY.) 159
slender and smooth tall perennial, with the leaves 2-tcrnately divided into nar-
row linear leaflets or lobes. Involucre scarcely any : involucels short and bristle-
form. Flowers white. (Name from eu, well, and \6(fros, a en it, not well
applied to a plant which has no crest at all.)
1. E. Amcricanus, Nutt. — Darby Plains, near Columbus, Ohio (Sid-
livant), Illinois, and south west ward. July. — Root a cluster of small tubers.
27. ERIGENIA, Nutt. HARBINGER-OF-SPRING.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obovate or spatulate, flat, entire. Fruit twin;
the carpels incurved at top and bottom, nearly kidney-form, with 5 very slender
ribs, and several small oil -tubes in the interstices : inner face of the seed hol-
lowed into a broad deep cavity. — A small and smooth vernal plant, producing
from a deep round tuber a simple stem, bearing one or two 2 - 3-ternately divided
leaves, and a somewhat imperfect and leafy bracted compound umbel. Flowers
few, white. (Name from qpiyevys, born in the spring.)
1. E. Imlbosa, Nutt. — Alluvial soil, Western New York and Penn., to
Wisconsin, Kentucky, &c. March, April. — Stem 3' - 9' high.
The cultivated representatives of this family are chiefly the PARSLEY (Apium
Petroselimim), CELERY (A. graveolens), DILL (Ancthum graveolens), FENNEL (A.
Fczniculum), CARAWAY (Carum Cdrui), and CORIANDER (Coridndrum satwuni),
ORDER 53. ARALIACE^E. (GINSENG FAMILY.)
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with much the same characters as Umbelliferae, but
with usually more than 2 styles, and the fruit a 3 - several-celled drupe.
(Albumen mostly fleshy. Petals flat.) — Represented only by the genus.
1. ARAL.IA, Tourn. GINSENG. WILD •SARSAPARILLA.
Flowers more or less polygamous. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, tho
teeth very short or almost obsolete. Petals 5, epigynous, oblong or obovate,
imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 5, epigynous, alternate with the
petals. Styles 2-5, mostly distinct and slender, or in the sterile flowers short
and united.^ Ovary 2-5-celled, with a single anatropous ovule suspended from
the top of each cell, ripening into a berry-like drupe, with as many seeds as
cells. Embryo minute. — Leaves compound or decompound. Flowers white
or greenish, in umbels. Roots (perennial), bark, fruit, &c. warm and aromatic.
(Derivation obscure.)
§ 1 . ARALIA, L. — Flowers monceciously polygamous or perfect, the umbels usually
in corymbs or panicles: styles and cells of the (black or dark purple) fruit 5 : stems
herbaceous or woody : ultimate divisions of the leaves pinnate.
* Umbels very numerous in a large compound panicle : leaves very large,, quinately or
p innately decompound.
1. A. spinosa, L. (ANGELICA-TREE. HERCULES' CLUB | SJmib, or
a low tree; Vie stout stem and stalks prickly; leaflets ovate, pointed, serrate, pale
160 CORNACE^E. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.)
beneath. — River-banks, Pennsylvania to Kentucky and southward : common in
cultivation. July, August.
2. A. racciliosa, L. (SPIKENARD.) Herbaceous; stem widely branched;
leaflets heart-ovate, pointed, doubly sen-ate, slightly downy; umbels raccmose-
panicled ; styles united below. — Rich woodlands. July. — Well known for its
Bpii-y-aromsitic large roots. There are traces of stipules at the dilated base of
the leafstalks.
# # Umbels 2-7, corymbed : stem short, somewhat woody.
3. A. liispid:i, Michx. (BRISTLY SARSAPARILLA. WILD ELDER.)
Stem (l°-2° high) bristly, leafy, terminating in a peduncle bearing several um-
bels; leaves twice pinnate; leaflets oblong-ovate, acute, cut-serrate. — Rocky
places ; common northward, and southward along the mountains. June.
4. A. midicailliS, L. (WiLD SARSAPARILLA.) Stem scarcely rising
out of the ground, smooth, bearing a single long-stalked leaf and a shorter naked scape,
with 2-7 umbels; leaflets oblong-ovate or oval, pointed, serrate, 5 on each of
the 3 divisions. — Moist woodlands ; with the same range as No. 3. May, June.
— The aromatic horizontal roots, which are several feet long, are employed as
a substitute for the ofiicinal Sarsaparilla. Leafstalks 1° high.
$2. GtNSENG, Decaisne & Planchon. (Panax, L.} — Flowers diceciously po-
lygamous : styles and cells of the (red or reddish) fruit 2 or 3 : stem herbaceous, low,
simple, bearing at its summit a whorl of 3 palmately 3 - T-foliolate leaves (or per-
haps rather a single and sessile twice-compound leaf), and a single umbel on a slen-
der naked peduncle.
5. A. quinqucfdlia. (GINSENG.) Root large and ppiitdle-shaped, often
forked (4' -9' long, aromatic) ; stem 1° high; leaflets long-stalked, mostly 5, large
and thin, obovafce-oblong, pointed ; styles mostly '2 ; fruit brig/it red. (Pnnax
quinquefolium, L.) — Rich and cool woods; becoming rare. July.
6. A. trifolia. (DWARF GINSENG. GROUND-NUT.) Root or tuber glob-
ular, deep in the ground (pungent to the taste, not aromatic) ; stems 4-8' high;
leaflets 3-5, sessile at the summit of the leafstalk, narrowly oblong, obtuse ; styles
usually 3 ; fruit yellowish. — Rich woods, common northward, April, May.
HEDERA HELIX, the European IVY, is almost the only other representative
of this family in the northern temperate zone.
ORDER 54. CORNACE^E. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.)
Shrubs or trees (rarely herbaceous), with oppositenr alternate simple leaves;
the calyx-tube coherent with the 1 - 2-celled ovary it* limb minute, the petals
(valvate in the bud) and as many stamens borne on the margin of an CJ>'KJ>I-
nous disk in the perfect flowers ; style one; a single amttropons antic, hang-
ing from the top of the cell; the fruit a I - 2-seeded drnpe ; embryo n«irl>j
the length of the albumen, ivith large and foliaceous cotyledons. — A small
family, represented by Cornus, and by a partly apetalous gunus, Nyss;v
(Bark bitter and tonic.)
CORNACEVE. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.) 161
]. COR TV US, Tourn. CORNEL. DOGWOOD.
Flowers perfect (or in some foreign species dioecious). Calyx minutely 4-
toothed. Petals 4, oblong, spreading. Stamens 4 : filaments slender. Style
slender : stigma terminal, flat or capitate. Drupe small, with a 2-celled and 2-
seeded stone. — Leaves opposite (except in one species), entire. Flowers small,
in open naked cymes, or in close heads which are surrounded by a corolla-like
involucre. (Name from cornu, a horn ; alluding to the hardness of the wood.)
§ 1. Flowers greenish, collected in a head or close cluster, which is surrounded by a
large and showy, 4-leaved, corolla-like, white involucre : fruit bright red.
1. C. Canadcnsis, L. (DWARF CORNEL. BUNCH-BERRY.) Stems
low and simple ( 5' -7' high) from a slender creeping and subterranean rather
woody trunk ; leaves scarcely petioled, the lower scale-like, the upper crowded
into an apparent whorl in sixes or fours, ovate or oval, pointed ; leaves of the
involucre ovate ; fruit globular. — Damp cold woods, common northward. June.
2. C. florida, L. (FLOWERING DOGWOOD.) Leaves ovate, pointed,
acutish at the base; leaves of the involucre inversely heart-shaped or notched (!£'
long) ; fruit oval. — Rocky woods ; more common southward. May, June. —
Tree 12° -30° high, very showy in flower, scarcely less so in fruit.
$ 2. Flowers white, in open and flat spreading cymes: involucre none: fruit spherical.
* Leaves all opposite : shrubs.
3. C. circinata, L'Her. (ROUND-LEAVED CORNEL or DOGWOOD.)
Branches greenish, warty-dotted ; leaves round-oval, abruptly pointed, woolly under"
neath (4' -5' broad) ; cymes flat; fruit light blue. — Copses; in rich soil. June.
— Shrub 6° - 10° high. Leaves larger than in any other species.
4. C. sericea, L. (SILKY CORNEL. KINNIKINNIK.) Branches pur-
plish ; the branchlt-ts, stalks, and lower surface of the narrowly ovate or elliptical
pointed leaves silky-downy (often rusty), pale and dull; cymes flat, close; calyx-
teeth lanceolate ; fruit pale blue. — Wet places ; common. June. — Shrub 3° -
10° high. Flowers yellowish- white.
5. C. StolOllifera, Michx. (RED-OSIER DOGWOOD.) Brandies, espe-
cially the osier-like annual shoots, bright red-purple, smooth ; leaves ovate, rounded at
the base, abruptly short-pointed, roughish with a minute close pubescence on
both sides, whitish underneath; cymes small and flat, rather few-flowered, nearly
smooth ; fruit white or lead-color. ~— Wet banks of streams ; common, especially
northward. It multiplies by prostrate or subterranean suckers, and forms large
dense clumps, 3° - 6° high. June.
6. C. asperifolia, Michx. (ROUGH-LEAVED DOGWOOD.) Branches
brownish; the branchlcts, frc. rough-pubescent; leaves oblong or ovate, on very short
petioles, pointed, rough with a harsh pubescence above, and owny beneath ; calyx-
teeth minute. — Dry or sandy soil, Illinois and southward. May, June.
7. C. Stricta, Lam. (STIFF CORNEL.) Branches brownish or reddish,
smooth ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, acutish at the base, glabrous,
of nearly the same hue both sides ; cymes loose, flatfish ; antJiers and fruit pale blue
— Swamps, &c. Virginia and southward. April, May. — Shrub 8° - 15° high.
14*
IG2 CORN/LCE^E. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.)
8. C. pailicillata, L'Hcr. (PAXICLED CORNEL.) Branches gmy,
smooth ; Icacts oc ale-lanceolate, taper-pointed, acute at the base, whitish beneath but
not downy; cymes convex, loose, often panic-led ; fruit ichite, depressed-globose. —
Thickc'ts and river-banks. June. — Shrub 4° -8° high, very much branched,
bearing a profusion of pure white blossoms.
# # Leaves mostly alternate, crowded at the ends of the branches.
9. C. altcriliiolia, L. (ALTERNATE-LEAVED COIINEL.) Branches
greenish streaked with white, alternate; leaves ovate or oval, long-pointed, acute at
the base, whitish and minutely pubescent underneath ; //v//£ deep blue. — Hill-
sides in copses. May, June. — Shrub or tree 8° -20° high, generally throwing
its branches to one side in a Saltish top, and with broad, very open cymes.
2* NITSSA, L. TUPELO. PEPPERIDGE. SOUR GUM-TREE.
Flowers dicecieusly polygamous, clustered or rarely solitary at the summit
of axillary peduncles. Stam. Fl. numerous in a simple or compound dense
cluster of fascicles. Calyx small, 5-parted. Stamens 5-12, oftcncr 10, inserted
on the outside of a convex disk : filaments slender : anthers short. No pistil.
Pist. Fl. solitary or 2 - 8, sessile in a bracted cluster, much larger than the stam-
inatc flowers. Calyx with a very short repand-truncate or minutely 5-toothed
limb. Petals very small and fleshy, deciduous, or often wanting. Stamens 5 -
10, with perfect anthers, or imperfect. Style elongated, revolutc, stigmatic
down one side. Ovaiy one-celled. Drupe ovoid or oblong, with a bony and
grooved or striate 1-celled and 1-seeded stone. — Trees, with entire or some-
times angulate-toothcd leaves, which are alternate, but mostly crowded at the end
of the branchlets, and greenish flowers appearing with the leaves. (The name
of a Nymph : " so called because it [the original species] grows in the water.")
1. N. iiiultifSora, Wang. (TUPELO. PEPPERIDGE. BLACK or SOUR
GUM.) Leaves oval or obovate, commonly acuminate, glabrous or villous-pnbc-s-
cent when young, at least on the margins and midrib, shining above when old
(2' -5' long) ; fertile flowers 3-8, at the summit of a slender peduncle ; fruit
ovoid, bluish-black (about £' long). (N. aquatica, L., at least in part; but the
tree is not aquatic. N. sylvutica, Marsh. N. villosa, Wil/d, £c., &c.) — Rich
soil, cither moist or nearly dry, Massachusetts to Illinois, and southward. April,
May. — A middle-sized tree, with horizontal branches and a light flat spray,
like the Beech : the wood firm, close-grained, and very unwcdgeablc, on account
of the oblique direction and crossing of the fibre of different layers. Leaves
turning bright crimson in autumn.
2. N. i: n i flora, Walt. (LARGE TUPELO.) Leaves oblong or ovate,
sometimes slightly cordate at the base, long-petioled, entire or angulate-toothrd,
pale and downy-pubescent beneath, at least when young (4' -12' long) ; fertile
flower solitary on a slender peduncle; fruit oblong, blue (!' or more in length).
(N. denticulata, Ait. N. tomentosa and angulisans, Mi<-h.r. N. grandidentata,
Mi- •/<./-. f.) — In water or wet swamps, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward
April. — Wood soft : that of the roots verj light and spongy, used for corks
CAPRIFOLIACE^E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 163
DIVISION II. MONOPETALOUS EX6GENOUS PLANTS.
Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter
composed of more or less united petals, that is, monopetalous.*
ORDER 55. CAPRIFOLJACEJE. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)
Shrubs, or rarely lierbs, with opposite leaves, no (genuine} stipules, the
calyx-tube coherent with the 2 - 5-ceUed ovary, the stamens as many as
(or one fewer than) the lobes of the tubular or wheel-shaped corolla, and
inserted on its tube. — Fruit a berry, drupe, or pod, 1 - several-seeded.
Seeds anatropous, with a small embryo in fleshy albumen.
Synopsis.
TRIBE I. LONICERE JE. Corolla tubular, often irregular, sometimes 2-lipped. Style
slender : stigma capitate.
1. LINNJ^A. Stamens 4, one fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Fruit dry, 3-celled, but
only 1-seeded.
2. SYMl'HORICARPUS. Stamens 4 or 5, as many as the lobes of the bell-shaped regular
corolla. Berry 4-celled, but only 2-seeded.
8. LONICERA. Stamens 5- as many as the lobes of the tubular and more or less irregular
corolla Berry several-seeded.
4. D1ERVILLA. Stamens ,5. Corolla funnel-form, nearly regular. Pod 2-celled, 2-valved,
many-seeded.
5. TRIOSTEUM. Stamens 5. Corolla gibbous at the base. Fruit a 3 - 5-celled bony drupe.
TBIBE II. SAMBTJCEJE. Corolla wheel-shaped or urn-shaped, regular, deeply 5-lobed.
Stigmas 1-3, rarely 5, sessile. Flowers in broad cymes.
6. SAMBUCUS. Fruit berry-like, containing 3 seed like nutlets. Leaves pinnate.
7 VIBURNUM. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded drupe, with a c mpressed stone. Leaves simple.
1. L< I N N JE A , Gronov. LINN^EA. TWIN-FLOWER.
Calyx-teeth 5, awl-shaped, deciduous. Corolla narrow bell-shaped, almost
equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, two of them shorter, inserted toward the base of
the corolla. Ovary and the smalt dry pod 3-celled, but only 1-seeded, two of
the cells being empty. — A slender creeping and trailing little evergreen, some-
what hairy, with rounded-oval sparingly eremite leaves contracted at the base
into short petioles, and thread-like upright peduncles forking into 2 pedicels at
the top, each bearing a delicate and fragrant nodding flower. Corolla purple
and whitish, hairy inside. (Dedicated to the immortal Linnceus, who first point-
* In certain families, such as Ericaceae, &c. the petals in some genera are nearly or quite
separate. In Composite and some others, the calyx is mostly reduced to a pappus, or to scales,
or a mere border, or even to nothing more than a covering of the surface of the ovary. The
Btudent might look for these in the first or the third division. But the artificial analysis pre-
fixed to the volume provides for all these anomalies, and will lead the student to bho ordes
whore they belong.
164 CAPRIFOLIACE.fi. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)
ed out its characters, and with whom tin's humble but charming plant was an
especial favorite.)
1. JL. borealis, Gronov. — Moist mossy woods and cold bogs; common
northward, but towards the south of rare occurrence as far as New Jersey, and
along the mountains to Maryland. June. (Eu.)
2. SYJJIPHORICARPUS, Dill. SNOWBERICY.
Calyx-teeth short, persistent on the fruit. Corolla bell-shaped, regularly 4-5-
lobed, with as many short stamens inserted into its throat. Ovary 4-celled, only
2 of the cells with a fertile ovule ; the berry therefore 4-celled but only 2-seeded.
Seeds bony. — Low and branching upright shrubs, with oval short-pctioled
leaves, which are downy underneath and entire, or wavy-toothed or lobed on the
young shoots. Flowers white, tinged with rose-color, in close short spikes or
clusters. (Name composed of <rv/i(£o/3e<», to bear together, and Kapiros^ fruit ;
from the clustered berries.)
1. S. OCCidcntalis, R. Brown. (WOLFBERRY.) Flowers in dense
terminal and axillary spikes ; corolla much bearded within ; the stamens and style
protruded; berries white. — Northern Michigan to Wisconsin and westward. —
Flowers larger and more funnel-form, and stamens longer, than in the next,
which it too closely resembles.
2. S. raceillOSUS, Michx. (SNOWBERRY.) Flowers in a loose and
somewhat leafy interrupted spike at the end of the branches ; corolla bearded in-
side; berries large, bright white. — Rocky banks, from W. Vermont to Penn-
sylvania and Wisconsin : common in cultivation. June - Sept. Berries re-
maining until winter.
3. S. vulgiiris, Michx. (INDIAN CURRANT. CORAL-BERRY.) Flowers
in small close clusters in the axils of nearly all the leaves ; corolla sparingly
bearded ; berries small, dark red. — Rocky banks, W. New York and Penn. to
Illinois, and southward : also cultivated. July.
3. L.ONICERA, L. HONEYSUCKLE. WOODBINE.
Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often gibbous at the
base, irregularly or almost regularly 5-lobcd. Stamens 5. Ovary 2 - 3-cclled.
Berry several-seeded. — Leaves entire. Flowers often showy and fragrant.
(Named in honor of Lonicer, a German botanist of the 16th century.)
$ 1. CAPRIFOLIUM, Juss. — Twining shrubs, with tie flowers in sessile, whorled
clusters from the arils of the (often connate) upper leaves, and forming interrupted
terminal spikes: calyx-teeth persistent on the (red or oran^ berry.
# Corolla trumpet-shaped, almost regularlij and equally 5-lobed.
1. L«. scnipcrvirens, Ait. (TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE.) Flowers in
•omewhat distant whorls ; leaves oblong, smooth ; the lower petioled, the upper-
most pairs united round the stem. — Copses, New York (near the city) to Vir-
ginia, and southward: common also in cultivation. May -Oct. — Li-avea
deciduous at the North. Corolla scentless, nearly 2' long, scarlet or deep red
CAPRIFOLIACE^E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.^ 165
outside, yellowish within : a cultivated and less showy variety has pale yellow
blossoms.
* * Corolla ringent : the lower Up narrow, the upper broad and 4-lobed.
2. 1*. gTiita, Ait. (AMERICAN WOODBINE.) Leaves smooth, glaucous
beneath, obovate, the 2 or 3 upper pairs united; flowers whorled in the axils of
the uppermost leaves or leaf-like connate bracts ; corolla smooth (whitish with a
purple tube, fading yellowish), not gibbous at the base, fragrant. — Rocky wood-
lands, New York, Penn., and westward : also cultivated. May.
3. l«. iliYva, Sims. (YELLOW HONEYSUCKLE.) Leaves smooth, very pale
and (jlaucous both sides, thickish, obovate or oval, the 2-4 upper pairs united into
a round cup-like disk ; flowers in closely approximate whorls ; tube of the
smooth (light yellow) corolla slender, somewhat gibbous; filaments almost or
quite smooth. — Rocky banks. Catskill Mountains (Pursh\ Ohio to Wisconsin
(a variety with rather short flowers), and southward along the Alleghany
Mountains. June.
4. JL. p<irvif!or«l, Lam. (SMALL HONEYSUCKLE.) Leaves smooth, ob-
long, green above, very glaucous beneath, the upper pairs united, all closely sessile ;
flowers in 2 or 3 closely approximate whorls raised on a pedrfncle ; corolla gib-
bous at the base, smooth outside (greenish-yellow tinged with dull purple], short (|'
long) ; filaments rather hairy below. — Rocky banks, mostly northward. May,
June. — Stem commonly bushy, only 2° — 4° high.
Var. !>oilgLisii. Leaves greener, more or less downy underneath when
young; corolla crimson or deep dull purple. (L. Douglasii, DC.) — Ohio to
Wisconsin northward.
5. LJ. liirsiita, Eaton. (HAIRY HONEYSUCKLE.) Leaves not glaucous,
downy-hairy beneath, as well as the branches, and slightly so above, veiny, dull,
broadly oval; the uppermost united, the lower short-petioled ; flowers in ap-
proximate whorls ; tube of the (omnge-yellow) clammy-pubescent corolla gibbous at
the base, slender. — Damp copses and rocks, Maine to Wisconsin northward.
July. — A coarse, large-leaved species.
§ 2. XYL6STEON, Juss. — Upright bushy shrubs: leaves all distinct at the base:
peduncles axillary, single, 2-bracted and 2-Jlowered at the summit ; the two berries
sometimes united into one : calyx-teeth not persistent.
6. Li. ciliiita, Muhl. (FLJ-HONEYSUCKLE.) Branches straggling (3°-
5° high); leaves oblong-ovate, often heart-shaped, petioled, thin, downy beneath;
peduncles shorter than the leaves ; bracts minute ; corolla funnel-form, gibbous at
the base (greenish-yellow, §' l°ne)> tnc lobes almost equal ; berries separate
(red). — Rocky woods; New England to Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, north-
ward. May.
7. !•. caerulea, L. (MOUNTAIN FLY-HONEYSUCKLE.) Low (l°-2°
high) ; branches upright ; leaves oval, downy when young ; peduncles very short ;
bracts aid-shaped, longer than the ovaries of the two flowers, which are united into one
(blue) berry. (Xylosteum villosum, Michx.) — Mountain woods and bogs, Mas-
&achusetts, New Hampshire, New York, and northward ; also Wisconsin. May.
• — Flowers yellowish, smaller than in No. 8. (Eu.)
1G6 CAPRIFOLIACEJZ. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)
8. It. ofrlongifolia, Muhl. (SWAMP FLY-HONEYSUCKLE.) Branches
upright ; A./r.s ohtnmj, downy when young, smooth when old; judni/r/ix lomj and
slender; bracts almost )<une ; corolla deeply 2-lipped ; for/vV.s (pvrple) farmed ly the
union of the two ovaries. — Bogs, N. Nuw York to Wisconsin. June. — Shrub
2° -4° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Corolla £' long, yellowish-white.
L. TATARICA, the TARTARIAN HONEYSUCKLE ; L. CAPUIFOLIUM, the
COMMON HOXKVSUCKLE ; and L. PEHICLY'MENUM, the true WOODBINE, are
the commonly cultivated species.
4. DIERVIL,L,A, Tourn. BUSH HONEYSUCKLE.
Calyx-tube tapering at the summit; the lobes slender, awl-shaped, persistent.
Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, almost regular. Stamens 5. Pod ovoid-oblong,
pointed, 2-eelled, 2-vaIved, septicidal, many-seeded. — Low, upright shrubs, with
ovate or oblong pointed serrate leaves, and c'ymoscly 8— several-flowered pedun-
cles, from the upper axils, or terminal. (Named in compliment to M. Dierville,
who sent it from Canada to Tourncfoit.)
1. D. trtfida, Moench. Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, petioled ;
peduncles mostly 3-flowered ; pod long-beaked. (D. Canadensis, Muhl.) —
Roeks ; common, especially northward. June -Aug. — Flowers houey-colos,
not showy.
D. SESSILIF6LIA, Buckley, of the mountains of North Carolina, may occur
hi those of S. W. Virginia.
5. TRIOSTEUUI, L. FEVER-WORT. HORSE-GENTIAN.
Calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, leaf-like, persistent. Corolla tubular, gibbous
at the base, somewhat equally 5-lobcd, scarcely longer than the calyx. Stamens
5. Ovary mostly 3-celled, in fruit forming a rather dry drupe, containing as
many angled and ribbed 1 -seeded bony nutlets. — Coarse, hairy, perennial herbs,
leafy to the top ; with the ample entire pointed leaves tapering to the base, but
connate round the simple stem. Flowers sessile, and solitary or clustered in
the axils. (Name from rpeis, three, and oore'oi/, a bone, alluding to three bony
seeds, or rather nutlets.)
1. T. perfolmtlim, L. Softly hairy (2° -4° high) ; Itares oral, abruptly
narrowed below, downy beneath; ilowers dull brownish-purple, mostly clustered*
— Rich woodlands; not rare. June. — Fruit orange-color, £' long.
2. T. august ilolBii Hi, L. Smaller; bristly-h<u'ri/ ; l«ms lancctJutc,
tapering to the base ; flowers greenish-cream-colo'r, mostly single in the axils. — •
S. Pennsylvania to Illinois, and southward. May.
6. SAMBtJCUS, Tourn. ELDER.
Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete. Corolla urn-shaped, with a broadly spread-
ing 5-eleft limb. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3. Fruit n berry-like juicy drupe, con-
taining .3 small seed-like nutlets. — Shrubby plants, with a rank smell when
bruised, pinnate leaves, serrate pointed leaflets, and numerous small and wince
CAPRIFOLIACE^:. (HONEYSUCKLE FAJIILY.) 167
flowers in compound cymes. (Name from cra/i/Su*?;, an ancient musical instru-
ment, supposed to have been made of Elder-wood.)
1. S. C<l3l«u1£iisis, L. (COMMON ELDER.) Stems scarcely woody
(5° -10° high) ; leaflets 7-11, Momj, smooth, the lower often 3-parted; cymes
flat ; fruit black-purple. — Rich soil, in open places. June. — Pith white.
2. S. pit beans, Michx. (RED-BERRIED ELDER.) Stems woody (2°-
18° high), the bark warty; leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate, downy underneath; cymes
panicled, convex or pyramidal ; fruit bright fed (rarely white). — Rocky woods ;
chieily northward, and southward in the mountains. May : the fruit ripening
in June.-— Pith brown.
7. VIBURNUM, L. ARROW-WOOD. LAUKESTIXUS.
Calyx 5-toothcd. Corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas
-3. Fruit a 1 -celled, 1 -seeded drupe, with soft pulp and a crustaceous flat-
tened stone. — Shrubs, with simple leaves, and white flowers in flat compound
cymes. Petioles sometimes bearing little appendages like stipules. Lcuf-budy
naked, or in No. 9 scaly. (The classical Latin name, of unknown meaning.)
§ 1. Flowers all alike and perfect. (Fruit blue or black, glaucous.)
* Leaves entire, or toothed, not lobed.
1. V. liud nisi, L. (\VITIIB-ROD.) Leaves thickish, oval, oblong or
lanceolate, dotted beneath, like the short petioles and a/mes, with small brownish scales,
smooth above, not shining, the margins entire or icavy-crenate; cyme short-peduncled ;
fruit round-ovoid. — Var. 1. CLAYTONI has the leaves nearly entire, the veins
somewhat prominent underneath, and grows in swamps from Massachusetts
near the coast to Virginia and southward. Var. 2. CASSINOIDES (V. pyrifo-
lium, Pursh, $-c.) has more opaque and often toothed leaves; and grows in cold
swamps from Pennsylvania northward. May, June. — Shrub 6° - 10° high.
2. V. prunifolilim, L. (BLACK HAW.) Leaves broadly oval, obtuse
at both ends, finely and sharp! i/ serrate, shinim/ above, smooth; petioles naked;
cymes x .s-.s/Ai ; fruit ovoid-oblong. — Dry copses, S. New York to Ohio, and
southward. May. — A tree-like shrub, very handsome in flower and foliage.
3. V. Leilt&g'O, L. (SWEET VIBURNUM. SHEEP-BERRY.) Leave*
ovate, strong/i/ pointed, closely and very sharply serrate, smooth, the long margined
petioles with the midrib and branches of the sessile cyme sprinkled with rusty
glands when young ; fruit oval. — Copses, common. May, June. — Tree
15° -20° high, handsome; the fruit ^' long, turning from red to blue-black,
and edible in autumn.
4. V. <V!5 OVa til 111, "Walt. Leaves obovate, obtuse, entire or denticulate, gla-
brous, thickish, small (!'-!£' long), shining; cymes sessile, small. — River-banks,
Virginia and southward. May. — Shrub 2° - 8° high.
5. V. dcaitfltum, L. (ARROW-WOOD.) Smooth; leaves broadly ovate,
coarsely and sharply toothed, strongly straight-veined, on slender petioles ; cymes pe-
duncled; fruit (small) ovoid-globose, blue. — Wet places; common. June.—
Shrub 5° - 10° high, with ash-colored bark; the pale leaves often with hairy tui'ta
in the axils of the strong veins.
1G8 RUBiACE.fi. (MADDER FAMILY.)
6. V. pllbeSCCHS, Ptu-sh. (DOWNY ARROW-WOOD.) Leans ovate or
obl<nii/-oralc, acute or pointed, coarsely toothed, rather strongly straight-veined,
tin- 1'nrir surface, and tin wry short petiole* velvety-downy ; cymes ped uncled-; fruit
ovoid. — Rocks, W '. Vermont to Wisconsin and Kentucky. June. — Shrub
liug, 2° -4° high. (V. molle, MicJix. is probably a form of this.)
# * Leaves 3-lobed, roundish; the lobes pointed.
7. V. accrifolililll, L. (MAPLE-LEAVED ARROW-WOOD. DOCK-
MA CKIK. ) Leaves S^ribbed and roundish or heart-shaped at the base, dotnty
jtt'iilh, coarsely and unequally toothed, the veins and stalks hairy ; cymes long-
peduneled, many-flowered ; fruit oval; filaments long. — Rocky woods, common.
May, June. — Shrub 3° - 5° high.
8. V. paiiciflorillll, Pylaie. Smooth, or nearly so; leaves mostly trun-
cate and 5-ribucd at the base, witli 3 short lobes at the summit, wiei/na/ly srrrtifc
thro'if/hout ; cymes small and simjt/e, peduncled ; filaments shorter than the corolla. —
ColJ woods, mountains of N. Hampshire and New York ; Wisconsin and north-
ward. (V. Oxycoccus, var. cradi.itum, Oakes.) — A low strangling shrub, with
larger leaves than No. 7, serrate all round, and less deeply lobed than in No. 9.
§2. 6PULUS, Toum. — Marginal flowers of the. cyme destitute of stamens and
pistils, and with corollas many times larger than the others, forming a kind of
ray, as in Hydrangea.
9. V, OplllllS, L. (CRANBERRY-TREE.) Nearly smooth, upright; leaves
stronf/ly 3-lolx.d, broadly wedge-shaped or truncate at the base, the spreading lobes
pointed, toothed on the sides, entire in the sinuses ; petioles bearing stalked
glands at the base; cymc.s peduncled; fruit ovoid, red. (V. Oxycoccus and V.
edule, Pursh.) — Shrub 5° -10° high, showy in flower. The acid fruit is used
as a (poor) substitute for cranberries, whence the name High Cranberry-bush, &c.
— The well-known SNOW-BALL TREE, or GUELDER-ROSE, is a cultivated state,
with the whole cyme turned into large sterile flowers. (Eu.)
10. V. liiiitsmoides, Michx. (HOBBLE-BUSH. AMERICAN WAYFAR-
ING-TREE.) Leaves round-ovate, abruptly pointed, heart-shaped at. the base, c/osc/y
sen-ate, many-veined ; the veins and veinlets underneath, along with the stalks
and branchlefs, very scurfy icith rusty-colored tufls of minute doirn ; <•////:<.-:
very broad and flat ; fruit ovoid, crimson turning blackish. — Cold moist woods,
New England to Penn. and northward, and southward in the Alleghanies. May.
— A straggling shrub ; the long, procumbent branches often taking root. Flow-
ers handsome. Leaves 4' - 8' across.
ORDER 56. RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.)
Shrubs or herbs, n-ith opposite entire leaves connected by iittcrjio.wl stipttlis,
or rarely in irhorls trithout apparent stipules, the calyx colun ut iri/h the 2-4-
ccllnl nrar;i. the slanifns as IIKIHIJ as iln> loins of 'the rcynlnr corolla (3-. 5),
and insi'i-ird on its tube.. — Fruit various. Seeds anntropous or amj)hitro-
pous. Embryo commonly pretty largo, in copious hard albumen. — A very
large family, the greater part, and all its most important plants (such as
RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) 169
the Coffee and Peruvian-Bark trees), tropical, divided into two suborders.
To these, in our Flora, it is convenient to append a third for a few plants
which are exactly llubiaceze except that the calyx is free from the ovary.
SUBORDER I. STELLATE. THE TRUE MADDER FAMILY.
Leaves whorled, with no apparent stipules. Ovary entirely coherent
with the calyx-tube. Coralla valvate in the bud. — Chiefly herbs.
1. GALIUM. Corolla wheel -shaped, 4- (or rarely 3-) parted. Fruit twin, 2-seeded, separating
into 2 indehiscent carpels.
SUBORDER II. CINCHONE^. THE CINCHONA FAMILY.
Leaves opposite, or sometimes in whorls, with stipules between them.
Ovary coherent with the calyx-tube, or its summit rarely free.
* Ovules and seeds solitary in each cell.
•(- Flowers axillary, separate. Fruit dry when ripe. Herbs.
2. SPERMAGOCE. Corolla funnel-form or salTer-form : lobes 4. Fruit separating when ripe
into 2 carpels, one of them closed, the other open.
8. DIODTA. Fruit separating into 2 or 3 closed and indehiscent carpels.
+- *- Flowers in a close and round long-peduncled head. Fruit dry. Shrubs.
4. CEPIIALANTIIUS. Corolla tubular : lobes 4. Fruit inversely pyramidal, 2- 4-eeeded.
•»- •(- -i- Flowers twin ; their ovaries united into one. Fruit a berry.
6 MITCHELLA. Corolla funnel-form ; its lobes 4. — A creeping herb.
* * Ovules and seeds many or several in each cell of the pod.
6. OLDENLANDIA. Lobes of the corolla and stamens 4, or rarely 5. Pod loculicidal.
SUBORDER III. LOGANIEJE. THE LOGANIA FAMILY.
Leaves opposite, with stipules between them. Ovary free from the ca-
lyx. Corolla valvate or imbricated in the bud.
7. MITREOLA. Corolla short. Ovary and pod mitre-shaped or 2-beaked ; the 2 short stylos
separate below, but at first united at the top. Seeds many.
8. 9PIGELIA. Corolla tubular-fuiincl-form. Style 1. Pod twin, the 2 cells few-seeded.
9. POLYPEEMUM. See Addend. *
SUBORDER I. STELLATE. THE TRUE MADDER FAMILY.
^-
1. GALIU]?!, L. BEDSTRAW. CLEAVERS.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Corolla 4-parted, rarely 3-partcd, wheel-shaped. Sta-
mens 4, rarely 3, short. Styles 2. Fruit dry or fleshy, globular, twin, separat-
ing when ripe into the 2 seed-like, indehiscent, 1 -seeded carpels. — Slender
herbs, witli small cymosc flowers, square stems, and whorled leaves : the roots
often containing a red coloring mutter. (Name from yciXa, milk, which some
species arc used to curdle.)
-•£ Annual : leaves about 8 in a whorl: peduncles 1 -2-jlowered, axillary,
1. O. Apm'inc, L. (CLKAVKUS. GOOSE-GI?ASS.) Stem weak and
reclining, bristle-prickly backwards, hairy at the joints; leaves lanceolate, taper-
ing to the base, short-pointed, rough on the margins and midrib (l/-2' long) ;
15
170 RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.)
flowers white; fruit (Iarr/e) bristly icith hooked prickles. — Moist thickets. Doubt-
ful if truly indigLMious in our district. (Eu.)
# * Perennial: leaves 4-6 (in the last species 8) in a wliorl.
•*- Peduncles axillary and terminal, few-flowered : flowers white or (jrcenish.
2. O« asprelliim, Michx. (ROUGH BEDSTRAW.) Stem weak, much
bram-hrd, rungh backwards with hooked prickles, leaning on bushes (3° -5°
high) ; linns in n-horls of 6, or 4- 5 on tlie branelilets, oval-lanceolate, ])ointe(l, with
almost ]>ii<-kly margins and midrih ; peduncles many, short, 2-3 times forked;
fivit usual!;/ smooth. — Low thickets, common northward. July. — Branchlets
covered with numerous but very small white flowers.
8. O. COllcilUlllin, TOIT. & Gr. Stems low, diffuse, with minutely
roughened angles; leaves all in whorls of 6, linear, slia/itly pointed, veinless, the
margins upwardly roughened; peduncles slender, 2-3 times forked, somewhat
panicled at the summit; pedicels short ; fruit smooth. — Peun. and Michigan to
Kentucky. June. — Plant 6' -12' high, slender, but rather rigid, nol turning
blackish in drying, like the rest.
4. O. triflclifiiis, L. (SMALL BEDSTRAW.) Stems weak, ascending
(5' -20' high), branching, roughened backwards on the angles ; leaves in whorls
of 4 to 6, linear or oblanceolate, obtuse, the margins and midrib rough ; peduncles
I -3-flowered; pedicels slender; corolla-lobes and stamens often 3; fruit smooth.
— Var. 1. TINCT6RIUM : stem stouter, with nearly smooth angles, and the parts
of the flower usually in fours. Var. 2. LATirdLiuM (G. obtusum, 7%eM :
stem smooth, widely branched ; leaves oblong, quite rough on the midrib and
margins. — Swamps; common, and very variable. June -Aug. (Eu.)
5. O. trifl 6 I'll ill, Michx. ( SWEET-SCENTED BEDSTRAW.) Stem weak,
reclining or prostrate (l°-3° long), bristly-roughened backwards on the angles,
shining ; leaves 6 in a wliorl, elliptical-lanceolate, bristle-pointed, with slightly
roughened margins (l'-2' long) ; peduncles 3-Jlowercd,tliG flowers all pedicelled;
fruit bristly with hooked hairs. — Rich woodlands, common. July. — Lobes of
the greenish corolla pointed. (Eu.)
•«- •«- Peduncles several- flowered : flowers dull purple or brownish (rarely cream-color) ;
petals mucronate or bristle-pointed i fruit denselt/ hooked-bristly.
6. O. pilosuill, Ait. Stem ascending, somewhat simple, hnlfij ; I •
fours, oval, dotted, hairy (!' long), scarcely 3-nerved ; peduncles twice or thrice
2-3-forke<l, the. Jloin -rs all pedicelled. — Dry copses, Rhode Island and Vermont
to Illinois and southward. June- Aug. — Var. PUNCTICI LOSU.M is a nearly
smooth form (G. pum-ticulosum, Michx.) : Virginia and southward.
7. G. circ&zaiis, Michx. (WILD LIQUORICE.) Smooth or downy,
erect or ascending (1° high) ; leaves in fours, oval, varying to ovate-oblong,
mostly olitiiM, 3-/U/-/VI/, ciliate (I'-l^' long); peduncle* nxu-t/ly once forked, the
bra/icht'K <-l<mtj<ited and widely diverging in fruit, bearing ^r, nil remnle _
on i', ,-ij N//O/V lateral p,dir<-ls, ivfli-xed in fruit; lobes of the forofla hairy outside
»bove the middle. — Uidi woods; common. June - Aug.— The var. MONTA-
NDM is a dwarf, broad-h-aved form, from mountain woods.
8. G. lauccolutuin, Torr. (WILD LIQUORICE.) Leaves in fours
KUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) 171
lanceolate o? ovate lanceolate, tapering to the apex (2' long) j corolla glabrous:
otherwise like the hist. — Woodlands ; common northward.
•<-•»-•*- Peduncles niauij-jloiccre d : flowers in open cymes, dull purple: fruit smooth.
9. O. laiifoSisiaui, Michx. Stems erect (l°-2°high), smooth; leaves
iu fours, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, the midrib and margins rough;
flowers all on long and slender spreading pe.ticels ; corolla-lobes bristle -pointed.
— Dry woodlands, Alleghauy Mountains from Maryland southward. July.
S. Peun.
-«- •*- -i- 4- Peduncles man i/ -flowered, in close terminal panicles.
10. G. boreale, L. (NORTHERN BEDSTRAW.) Stem upright (l°-2°
high), smooth; leaces in fours, linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved; panicle elongated;
flowers white ; fruit minutely bristly, sometimes smooth. — Kocky banks of
streams; common, especially northward. June -Aug. (Eu.)
11. CJ. VERUM, L. (YELLOW BEDSTRAW.) Stem upright, slender ; leaves
in eights, linear, grooved above, roughish, deflexed; flowers yellow, crowded; fruit
smooth. — Dry fields, E. Massachusetts. July. (Adv. from Eu.)
HDBIA TINCTORIA, L., the cultivated MADDER, — from which the order is
named, — has a berry -like fruit; the parts of the flower 5.
SUBORDER II. CINCIIONEJE. THE CINCHONA FAMILY.*
2. SPERMACOCE, L. BUTTON-WEED.
Calyx-tube short ; the limb parted into 4 teeth. Corolla funnel-form or
salver-form ; the lobes valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Stigma or style 2-cleft.
Fruit small and dry, 2-celled, 2-seeded, splitting when ripe into 2 carpels, one
of them carrying with it the partition, and therefore closed, the other open on
the inner face. — Small herbs, the bases of the leaves or petioles connected by a
bristle-bearing sripular membrane. Flowers small, crowded into sessile axillary
whorled clusters or heads. Corolla whitish. (Name compounded of (77rep/*a,
seed, and CJKCOK^, a point, probably from the pointed calyx-teeth on the fruit.)
1. S. glfibra, Michx. Glabrous; stems spreading (9' -20' long) ; leaves
oblong-lanceolate ; whorled heads many-flowered ; corolla little exceeding the
calyx, bearded in the throat, bearing the anthers at its base ; filaments and style
hardly any. y. — lliver-banks, S. Ohio, Illinois, and southward. Aug
3. DIODIA, L. BUTTON-WEED.
Calyx-teeth 2-5, often unequal. Fruit 2- (rarely 3-) celled ; the crustaceous
carpels into which it splits all closed and indehiscent. Otherwise nearly as in
Spermacoce. (Name from 810805, a thoroughfare; the species often growing by
the way-side.)
* In several genera, such as Mitchella, Oldenlandia, &c., the flowers, although perfect, are of
two sorts in different individuals ; — one sort having exserted stamens, borne in the throat of
the corolla, and short included styles ; the other having included stamens inserted low down io
the corolla, and long, usually exserted styles. Such we call diozciously dimorphous.
172 RUBIACE.E. (MADDER FAMILY.)
1. D. VirgSnica, L. Either smooth or hairy; stems spreading (l°-2°
long) ; Ira vis hnceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile ; flowers 1 -3 in each axil;
corolla white (£' long), the alcnih-r tube abruptly t.rj><inu«l into the. hinje. limb; style
•2-f>ait(d; fniit oh'uiKj, stroiii/ly furrowed, crowned mostly with 2 slender calyx-
teeth. U — Kiver-lmnks, Virginia and southward. May- Oct.
2. D. tCl'CS, Walt. Hairy or minutely pubescent ; stem spreading (3' -9-'
long), nearly terete; leaves linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, rigid; llowers 1-3
in each axil; corolla funnel-form (2" -3" long, whitish), with short lobes, not
exceeding the long bristles of the stipules; style undivided ; fruit obovate-turbi-
nate, not f unwed, crowned with 4 short calyx-teeth. © — Sandy fields, from
New Jersey and Illinois southward. Aug.
4. CEPIIAL.ANTHUS, L. BUTTON-BUSH.
Calyx-tube inversely pyramidal, the limb 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, 4-
toothed ; the teeth imbricated in the bud. Style thread-form, much protruded.
Stigma capitate. Fruit dry and hard, small, inversely pyramidal, 2-4-celled,
M-parating from the base upward into 2-4 closed 1 -seeded portions. — Shrubs,
with the flowers densely aggregated in spherical peduncled heads. Flowers
white. (Name composed of Kf^aAq, a head, and avBos, a flower.)
1. C. occideiitalis, L. Smooth or pubescent; leaves petioled, ovate-
oblong, pointed, opposite or whorled in threes, with short intervening stipules.
— Wet places ; common. July - Aug.
5. MITCHEL.L.A, L. PARTRIDGE-BERRY.
Flowers in pairs, with their ovaries united. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla fun-
nel-form, 4-lobcd; the lobes spreading, densely bearded inside, valvate in the
bud. Stamens 4. Style 1 : stigmas 4. Fruit a berry-like double drupe,
crowned with the calyx-teeth of the two flowers, each containing 4 small and
seed-like bony nutlets. — A smooth and trailing small evergreen herb, with
round-ovate and shining petioled leaves, minute stipules, white fragrant flowers
often tinged with purple, and scarlet edible (but nearly tastrl«-s>) dry berries,
which remain over winter. Parts of the flower occasionally in threes, fives, or
sixes. (This very pretty plant commemorates Dr. John Mitclidl, an early cor-
respondent of Linnreus, and an excellent botanist, who resided in Virginia.)
1. I?I. repcns, L. — Dry woods, creeping about the foot of trees: com-
mon. June, July. — Leaves often variegated with whitish lines.
6. OLDENLANDIA, Plum., L. BLUETS.
Calyx 4- (rarely 6-)lobed, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, salver-form,
or nearly wheel-shaped ; the limb 4- (rarely 5-) parted, valvate in the bud.
Stamens 4 (rarely 5). Style 1 or none: stigmas 2. Pod globular, ovoid, or
obcordatc, above often free and rising above the calyx, 2-celled, many-seeded,
opening loculicidally across the summit. Seeds concave on the inner face. —
Low herbs, with small stipules united to the petioles. Flowers white, purple, or
blue. (Dedicated, in 1703, to the memory of Oldenland, a German phy>ieian
RCBIACEJE. (MADDER FAMILY.) 173
and botanist, who died early at the Cape of Good Hope. HOUSTONIA, made
a section of this genus, was much later dedicated to Dr. Houston, an English
botanist of the days of Linnicus who collected in Central America.)
§ 1. OLDENLANDIA, L. Corolla wheel-shaped (or funnel-form), shorter or
scarcely longer t/ian the calyx-lobes : anthers short : pod wholly enclosed in and co-
herent with the calyx-tube : seeds very numerous, minute and angular. (Flowers
lateral or terminal.)
\ . O. gloilicrata, Michx. Pubescent or smoothish ; stems branched
and spreading (2' -12' high); leaves oblong (£'-§' long); flowers in sessile
clusters in the axils ; corolla nearly wheel-shaped (white), much shorter than
the calyx. ® (0. uniflora, L. Hedyotis glomerata, Ell) — Wet places, S.
New York to Virginia near the coast, and southward.
\ 2. HOUSTONIA, L. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, with the tube longer
titan the calyx-lobes: anthers linear: upper half or the summit of the pod free and
projecting beyond the tube of tfie calyx: the teeth of the latter distant: seeds rather
few (4 — 20) in each cell, saucer-shaped, with a ridge down the middle of the liol-
lowed inner face. (Flowers of two forms, dioeciously dimorpltous ; p. 171, note.)
* Corolla funnel-form, often hairy inside: stems erect: stem-leaves sessile: flowers
mostly in terminal small cymes or loose clusters, publish. (Connects Houstonia
and Oldenlandia.)
2. O. purpurca. Pubescent or smooth (8' -15' high); leaves varying
from roundish-ovate to lanceolate, 3 - 5-ribbed ; calyx-lobes longer than the half free
globular pod. 1J. (Houstonia purpurea, L. H. varians, Michx.) — Woodlands,
W. Penn. to Illinois and southward. May - July. — Varying wonderfully,
into : —
Var. longifolia. Leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to linear, nar-
rowed at the base, 1-ribbed; calyx-lobes scarcely as long as the pod : stems 5'-
12' high. (Houstonia longifolia, Wittd.) — Maine to Wisconsin and southward.
— A narrow-leaved, slender form is II. tenuifolia, Nutt.
Var. ciliolfita. More tufted stems 3' -6' high; root-leaves in rosettes,
thickish and ciliate; calyx-lobes as long as the pod. (Houstonia ciliolata,
Torr.) — Along the Great Lakes and rivers, from N. New York to Wisconsin.
3. O. angUSti folia, Gray. Stems tufted from a hard or woody root
(6' -20' high) ; leaves narrowly linear, acute, 1-ribbed, many of them fascicled;
flowers crowded, short-pedi celled ; lobes of the corolla densely bearded inside ;
pod obovoid and acute at the base, only its summit free from the calyx, opening first
across the top, at length splitting through the partition. 1J. (Houstonia angus-
tifolia, Michx. Hedyotis stenophyUa, Torr. fr Gray.) —Plains and banks, from
Illinois southward. June - Aug.
* # Corolla salver-form, mostly blue : pod flattish laterally and notched at the broad
summit, or somewhat twin : plants commonly small and slender.
4. O. minima. Scabrous, at length branched and spreading (£'-3'
high) ; peduncles not longer than the linear-spat ulate leaves ; pod barely I free; seeds
smoothish. (T) ® (Houstonia minima, Beck.) — Dry hills, &c. Illinois and
southward. March - May.
15*
174 VALERIA&ACEJC. ( VALERIAN FAMILY.)
5. O. crcrillea. (BLUETS.) Glabrous; steins erect, slender, sparingly
branched (3' -5' high); leaves oblong-spatuhite (3" -4" long) ; peduncles JiU-
form, l'-2£' long; pod free to the middle; seeds rough-dotted. @ (Ilousto-
nia crerulea, L. Iledyotis, Hook.) — Moist and grassy places ; common. May -
Aug. — A delicate little herb, producing in spring a profusion of light-blue
flowers fading to white, with a yellowish eye.
O. SERPYLLIF6LIA (Houstonia scrpyllifolia, Michx.) may probably be found
in the high mountains of Virginia; and O. ROTUNDIFOLIA in the southeastern
part of the same State.
SUBORDER III. LOGANl^. THE LOGANIA FAMILY.
7. miTR^OJLA, L. MITRE- WORT.
Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla little longer than the calyx, somewhat funnel-form,
5-lobcd, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, included. Ovary free from the calyx,
except at the base, 2-celled : styles 2, short, converging and united above ; the
stigmas also united. Pod projecting beyond the calyx, strongly 2-horned or
mitrc-shapcd, opening down the inner side of each horn, many-seeded. — Annual
smooth herbs, with opposite leaves, small stipules between the leaves, and small
white flowers spiked along one side of the branches of a terminal petioled cyme.
(Name, a little mitre, from the shape of the pod.)
1. M. peliolata., Torr. & Gray. Leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, peti-
oled. — Damp soil, from Eastern Virginia southward. — Plant l°-2° high.
8. SPIOEf^IA, L. PINK-ROOT. WORM-GRASS.
Calyx 5-parted, persistent; the lobes slender. Corolla tubular-funnel-form,
5-lobed at the summit, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5 : anthers linear. Style
slender, hairy above, jointed near the middle. Pod short, twin, laterally flat-
tened, separating at maturity from the base into 2 carpels, which open loculici-
dally, few-seeded. — Chiefly herbs, with the opposite leaves united by means of
the stipules, and the flowers spiked in one-sided cymes. (Named for Prof.
Spigelius, who wrote on botany at the beginning of the 17th century.)
1. S. ITIarihinclica, L. Stems upright, simple (6' -15' high); leaves
Rcssile, ovate-lanceolate, acute; spike 3 - 8-flowered ; tube of the corolla 4 times
the length of the calyx, the lobes lanceolate ; anthers and style exscrted. 1|. —
Kich woods, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and southward. June, July. — Corolla
1^' long, crimson outside, yellowish within. — A well-known officinal anthel-
mintic, and a showy plant.
ORDER 57. VALERIANACETE. (VALERIAN FAMILY.)
Herbs, with opposite leaves and no stipules ; the calyx-tube coherent with
the ovary, which has one fertile l-ovuled cell and two abortive or ent]>t>/ tnic* ;
the stamens distinct, 1-3, fewer than the lobes of the corolla, (tint inserted
on it* tube. — Corolla tubular or funnel-form, ofteu irregular, mostly 5«
VALEKIANACE^E. (VALERIAN FAMILY.) 175
lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Style slender : stigmas 1-3. Fruit
indehiscent, 1-celled (the two empty cells of the ovary disappearing),
or 3-celled, two of them empty, the other 1-seeded. Seed suspended,
anatropous, with a large embryo and no albumen. — Flowers in panicled
or clustered cymes. (Roots often odorous and antispasinodic.) — Repre-
sented by only two genera.
1. VALERIANA, Tourn. VALERIAN.
Limb of the calyx of several plumose bristles (like a pappus) which are rolled
up inwards in flower, but unroll and spread as the seed-like 1-celled fruit ma-
tures. Corolla commonly gibbous at or above the base, the 5-lobed limb nearly
regular. Stamens 3. — Perennial herbs, with thickened sti'ong-scented roots,
and simple or pinnate leaves. Flowers in many species imperfectly dioecious,
or dimorphous. (Name from valere, to have efficacy, alluding to the medicinal
qualities.)
# Root fibrous : leaves thin. (Stems l°-3° high.)
1. V. psmciflorcl, Michx. Smooth, slender ; root-leaves ovate, heart-
shaped, toothed, pointed, sometimes with 2 small lateral divisions ; stem-leaves
pinnate, with 3-7 ovate toothed leaflets; branches cf the panic-led cyme few-
flowered ; tube of the (pale pink) corolla long and slender (%' long). — Woodlands,
Ohio and W. Virginia, Kentucky, S. Illinois, &c. June.
2. V. sylv&tica, Richards. Smooth or minutely pubescent; root-leaves
ovate or oblong, entire, rarely with 2 small lobes ; stem-leaves pinnate, with 5-11
oblong-ovate or lanceolate nearly entire leaflets ; cyme at first close, many-
flowered; corolla inversely conical (3" long, rose-color). — Cedar swamps, W.
Vermont and New York to Michigan, and northward. June.
* Root spindle-shaped, large and deep (6'- 12' long) : leaves thickish.
3. V. edulis, Nutt. Smooth, or minutely downy when very young; stem
straight (l°-4° high), few-leaved; leaves commonly minutely and densely
ciliate, those of the root mostly spatulate and lanceolate, of the stem pinnately
parted into 3-7 long and narrow divisions ; flowers in a long and narrow in-
terrupted panicle, nearly dioecious; corolla whitish, obconical (2" long). (V.
ciliata, Torr. $• Gr.) — Alluvial ground, Ohio to Wisconsin, and westward.
June. — Root with the strong sifiell and taste of Valerian : it is cooked and
eaten by the Oregon Indians.
2. FE1>IA, Grertn. CORN SALAD. LAMB-LETTUCE.
Limb of the calyx obsolete or merely toothed. Corolla funnel-form, equally
or unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 3, rarely 2. Fruit 3-celled, two of the cells
empty and sometimes confluent into one, the other 1-seeded. — Anmials and
bienniuls, usually smooth, with forking stems, tender and rather succulent leaves
(entire or cut-lobcd towards the base), and white or whitish cymose-clustered
and bracted small flowers. (Name of uncertain derivation.) — Our species all
have the limb of the calyx obsolete, and arc so much alike in aspect, flowers,
&c., that good characters are only to be taken from the fruit. They all have
176 DIPSACEJE. (TEASEL FAMILY.)
a rather short tube to the corolla, the limh of which is nearly regular,
and therefore belong to the section (by many botanists taken as a genus)
VALEKIAXELLA.
1. F. oLixOttiA, Vahl. Fruit compressed, oblique, at length broader thaii
long, with a corky or sjwngy mass at the back of t/ie fertile cell nearly as large as t/ie
(often confluent) empty cells ; flowers bluish. — Fields, Penn. to Virginia: rare.
(Adv. from Eu.)
2. F. Fagopfrum, Torr. & Gr. Fruit ovate-triangular, smooth, not grooved
betiveen the (at length confluent) empty cells, which form the anterior any!c, and are.
much smaller than the broad and flat fertile one; flowers white. — Low grounds,
from Western New York to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May, June. — Plant
l°-2° high.
3. F. r:i«li{it:i, Michx. Fruit ovoid, downy (rarely smooth), obtusely and
unequally somewhat 4-anyled; the empty cells parallel and contiguous, but with a
deep groove between them, rather nairower than the flattish fertile cell. — Low
grounds, Penn. to Michigan, and southward. — Plant 6' -15' high.
4. F. limbilicata, Sulliv. Fruit globular-ovate, smooth ; the much inflated
sterile cells wider and many times thicker than theflattish fertile one, contiguous, and
when young with a common partition, when grown, indented with a deep circular
depression in the middle, opening into the confluent sterile cells ; bracts not cili-
ate. — Moist grounds, Columbus, Ohio, Sidlivant. (Sill. Jour., Jan. 1842.)
5. F. patcllaria, Sulliv. Fruit smooth, circular, platter-shaped or disk-
like, slightly notched at both ends, the flattened-concave sterile cells widely diver-
gent , much broader than the fertile one, and forming a kind of wing around it
when ripe. — Low grounds, Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant. — Plant l°-2° high,
resembling the last, but with a very different fruit.
ORDER 58. DIPSACE^E. (TEASEL FAMILY.)
Herbs, with opposite or ivhorled leaves, no stipules, and the flowers in
dense heads, surrounded by an involucre, as in the Composite Family ; but
the stamens are distinct, and the suspended seed has albumen. — Represented
by the Scabious (cultivated) and the genus
1. DIPSACUS, Tourn. TEASEL.
Involucre many-leaved, longer than the chaffy leafy-tipped and pointed bracts
among the densely capitate flowers : each flower with a 4-leavcd calyx-like in-
volucel investing the ovary and fruit (achcnium). Calyx-tube coherent with
the ovary, the limb cup-shaped, without a pappus. Corolla nearly regular,
4-cleft. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla. Style slender. — Stout and coarse
biennials, hairy or prickly, with large oblong heads. (Name from 8t\^ao),
to thirst, probably because the united cup-shaped bases of the leaves in some
species hold water.)
1. D. syi.vi:sTni8, Mill. (WILD TEASEL.) Prickly; leaves lance-oblong;
leaves of the involucre slender, longer than the head; bracts (chart1) tapering
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 177
into a long flexible awn vr.ih a straight point. — Road-sides : rather rare. (Nat
from En.) Suspected to be the original of
I). FULLONUM, the cultivated FULLER'S TEASEL, which has a shorter invo-
lucre, and stiff chaff to the heads, with hooked points, — used for raising a nap
upon woollen cloth.
ORDER 59. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
Flowers in a close head (the compound flower of the older botanists), upon
a common receptacle, surrounded by an involucre, with 5 (rarely 4) stamens
inverted on the corolla, their anthers united in a tube (syngenesiotts). — Calyx-
tube united with the 1-celled ovary, the limb (called a pappus) crowning
its summit in the form of bristles, awns, scales, teeth, &c., or cup-shaped, or
else entirely absent. Corolla either strap-shaped or tubular ; in the latter
chiefly 5-lobed, valvate in the bud, the veins bordering the margins of the
lobes. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Fruit seed-like (achenium), dry, con-
taining a single erect anatropous seed, with no albumen. — An immense
family, chiefly herbs in temperate regions, without stipules, with perfect,
polygamous, moncecious or dioecious flowers. The flowers with a strap-
shaped (ligulate) corolla are called rays or ray-flowers : the head which
presents such flowers, either throughout or at the margin, is radiate. The
tubular flowers compose the disk ; and a head which has no ray-flowers is
said to be discoid. The leaves of the involucre, of whatever form or tex-
ture, are termed scales. The bracts or scales, which often grow on the re-
ceptacle among the flowers, are called the chaff: when these are wanting,
the receptacle is naked. — The largest order of Phaenogarnous plants,
divided by the corolla into three suborders, only two of which are repre-
sented in the Northern United States.
SUBORDER I. TUBULIFLORJE.
Corolla tubular in all the perfect flowers, regularly 5- (rarely 3 - 4-)
lobed, ligulate only in the marginal or ray-flowers, which when present are
either pistillate only, or neutrat (with neither stamens nor pistil).
The technical characters of the five tribes of the vast suborder Tubuliflnrcr,
taken from the styles, require a magnifying-glass to make them out, and will
not always be clear to the student. The following artificial analysis, founded
upon other and more obvious distinctions, will be useful to the beginner. (The
numbers are those of the genera.)
Artificial Key to the Genera of this Suborder.
§ 1. Rays or ligulate flowers none: corollas all tubular.
* Flowers of the head all perfect and alike.
•»- Pappus composed of bristles.
Pappus doubl e ; the outer composed of very short, the inner of longer bristles. . No. 1.
Pappus Biuiplo ; the bristles all of the same sort.
178 COMPOSITE. (C03IPOSITE FAMILY.)
Heads few-flowered, themselves aggregated into a compound or dense c.uster. . No. 2.
I!. :• \v-il<>\vert'd or many -flowered.
l;. •((•[, tju-le (wli.-n the flowers are pulled off) bristly hairy ..... 67,68,70.
KtTi-ptHcle deeply honeycomb-like. . ........ 69.
Pappus of plumose or bearded stiff bristles. Flowers purple ..... 4.
Pappus of very plumose bristles. Flowers whitish. ...... 5.
Pappus of slender but rather stiff rough bristles. . . . . 6, 7, 8, 20.
Pappus of very soft and weak naked bristles. ...... 62, 63.
•«- •»- Pappus composed of scales or chaff.
Receptacle naked. Leaves in whorls. . ....... 3.
Receptacle naked. Leaves alternate. . . ...... 45.
Receptacle bearing chaff among the flowers .......... 49.
•*- +- +- Pappus of 2 or few barbed awns or teeth. . . . 41, 42.
•*-•*-•!-«- Pappus none, or a mere crown-like margin to the fruit. . .56.
* * Flowers of two kinds in the same head.
Marginal flowers neutral and sterile, either conspicuous or inconspicuous. . . 65, 66.
Marginal flowers pistillate and fertile.
Receptacle elongated and bearing broad chaff among the flowers. . . .60.
Receptacle naked or bearing no conspicuous chaff.
Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre imbricated ....... 23, 58, 59.
Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre merely one row of scales. . 14, 61.
Pappus obsolete or none.
Achenia becoming much longer than the involucre ....... 11.
Achenia not exceeding the involucre ........ 29, 56, 57.
* * * Flowers of two kinds in separate heads ; one pistillate, the other staminate.
Heads dioecious ; both kinds many-flowered. Pappus capillary ..... 24, 59.
Heads monoecious ; the fertile 1 - 2-flowered and closed. Pappus none. . . .30, 31.
J 2. Rays present ; i. e. the marginal flowers or some of them with ligulate corollas.
* Pappus of capillary bristles. (Rays all pistillate.)
Rays occupying several rows, ... ...... 9, 10, 14
Rays in one marginal row, and
White, purple or blue, never yellow. ...... 12-16.
Yellow, of the same color as the disk.
Pappus double, the outer short and minute ........ 21.
Pappus simple.
Scales of the involucre equal and all in one row. Leaves alternate. . . 63.
Scales of the involucre in 2 rows. Leaves opposite ...... 64.
Scales of the involucre imbricated. Leaves alternate ...... 19, 22.
* * Pappus a circle of chaffy scales, dissected into bristles. ... 44.
* * * Pappus a circle of thin chaffy scales or short chaffy bristles.
Heads several-flowered. Receptacle chaffy .......... 50.
Heads 8 - 10-flowered. Receptacle naked .......... 1>.
Heads many-flowered. Receptacle deeply honeycombed. ..'... 48.
Heads many-flowered. Jloct-ptafle naked. ........ 46,47.
• » * Pappus none, or a cup or crown, or of 2 or 3 awns, teeth, or chaffy scales corresponding
with the edges or angles of the achenium, often with intervening minute bristles or scales.
•i- Receptacle naked.
Arhenia flat, wing margined. Pappus of separate little bristles or awns. ... 16.
Achenia flat, uiarginless. Pappus none. Km-i.t;u-le c-onical ...... 17.
Achenia terete or angled. Pappus none. Receptacle ilattish. . 54.
Achenia auglcd. Pappus a little cup or crown. Receptacle conical. . 66.
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 179
•i- -i- Receptacle chaffy.
Buys neutral (rarely pistillate but sterile) ; the disk-flowers perfect and fertile.
Iteceptacle elevated (varying from strongly convex to columnar), and
Chaffy only at the summit ; the chaff deciduous. Pappus none. . No. 61.
Chaffy throughout. Achenia flattened laterally if at all. . . 36-40.
Receptacle flat. Achenia flattened parallel with the scales or chaff. . 41, 42.
Rays pistillate and fertile ; the disk-flowers also perfect and fertile.
Acheniii much flattened laterally, 1 - 2-awned 48.
Acheaia flattened parallel with the scales and chaff. Pappus none. ... 63.
Achenia 3 - 4-ungulur terete or laterally flattish, awnless.
Receptacle convex or conical. Leaves alternate, dissected. .... 62.
Receptacle conical. Leaves opposite, simple.
Achenia obovoid Involucre a leafy cup. 32.
Achenia 4-angular. Involucre of separate scales 85.
Receptacle flat. Leaves opposite and simple. 33, 34.
r pistillate and fertile : the disk-flowers staininate and sterile (pistil imperfect).
Receptacle chaffy 25-28.
Systematic Synopsis,
TBIBE I. VERlVOKIACE^a. Heads discoid ; the flowers all alike, perfect and tubu-
lar. Branches of the style long and slender, terete, thread-shaped, minutely bristly-
hairy all over. — Leaves alternate or scattered.
1. VERNONIA. Heads several - many -flowered, separate. Involucre of many scales. Pap-
pus of many capillary bristles.
2. ELEP1IANTOPUS. Heads 3-5-flowered, crowded into a compound head. Involucre of
8 scales. Pappus of several chaffy bristles.
TRIBE II. ET/P ATORIACE^E. Heads discoid, the flowers all alike, perfect and tu-
bular; or in a few cases dissimilar, and the outer ones ligulate. Branches of the style
» thickened upwards or club-shaped, obtuse, flattish, uniformly minutely pubescent ; the
stigmatic lines indistinct.
Subtribe 1. EUPATORIE.E. Flowers all perfect and tubular, never truly yellow.
* Pappus a row of hard scales.
8. SCLEUOLEPIS. Head many-flowered. Scales of the involucre equal. Leaves whorled.
* * Pappus of slender bristles.
4. LIATRIS. Achenia many -ribbed. Bristles of the pappus plumose or barbellate. Corol-
las red-purple, 5-lobed.
6. KUHNIA. Acheuia many-ribbed. Bristles of the pappus very strongly plumose. Corollas
whitish, 5-toothed. -
6 EUPATOUIL'M. Achenia 5-angled.-^ Bristles of the pappus roughish. Scales of the invo-
lucre many or several. Receptacle of the flowers flat.
7 MIKANIA Achenia and pappus as No. 6. Scales of the involucre and flowers only 4.
8. CONOCLINIUM. Achenia, pappus, &c. as No. 6. Receptacle conical.
Subtribe 2. TUSSILAGINE.S. Flowers (sometimes yellow) more or less monoecious or dicecioua
at least of 2 sorts in the game head.
* Outer flowers of each (many-flowered) head pistillate and ligulate. Scape leafless.
9. NARDOSMIA. Heads corymbed. Flowers somewhat dioecious. Pappus capillary.
10 TUSSILAGO. Head single ; the outer pistillate flowers in many rows. Pappus capillarv.
* * Flowers all tubular. Stem leafy.
11. ADENOCAULON. Head few-flowered ; the outer flowers pistillate. Pappus none.
TIUBE III. ASTEROIDE^E. Heads discoid, with the Cowers all alike and tutmiar; or
radiate, the outer ones ligulate and pistillate Branches of the style in the peifcct flow-
180 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
ere flat, smooth op to where the conspicuous marginal stigmatic lines abruptly t«rmi-
nate, and prolonged above this into a flattened lance-shaped or triangular appenda#.
which is evenly hairy or pubescent outside. — Leaves alternate. Receptacle iiuked (des-
titute of chaff) in all our species.
Bubtribe 1 ASTERINRS. flowers of the head all alike and perfect, or the marginal onea
ligulate and pistillate. Anthers without tails at the base.
* Kay -flowers white, blue, or purple, never yellow.
•*- Pappus of numerous long and capillary bristles : receptacle flat.
12. SERICOCARPUS Heads 12 - 15-ttowered : rays 4 or 5. Involucre oblong or club-shaped,
imbricated, cartilaginous. Achenia short, narrowed downwards, silky.
IS ASTER. I leads many flowered. Involucre loosely or closely imbricated. Achenia flatfish.
Pappus simple.
14, ERIGERON. Heads many -flowered. Involucre of nearly equal narrow scales, almost in
one row. Achenia flattened Pappus simple, or with an outer set of minute scales.
16. PIPLOPAPPUS. Heads many-flowered. Involucre imbricated. Pappus double ; the
outer obs'-ure. of minute stiff bristles.
«- -i- Pappus of very short rigid bristles, or none : receptacle conical or hemispherical.
10. BOLTOMA. Achenia flat and wing-margined. Pappus very short.
17. IJELLIS. Achenia marginless. Pappus none. Receptacle conical.
* # Ray -flowers yellow (in one species of Solidago whitish), or sometimes none at all.
18. BRACII YCIL-ETA. Heads 8 - 10-flowered, clustered : rays 4 or 6. Pappus a row of minute
bristles shorter than the achenium.
19. SOLIDAGO. Heads few - many -flowered : rays 1-16. Pappus simple, of numerous slen-
der and equal capillary bristles.
20. BIGKLOV1A. Heads 3 - 4-flowered : rays none. Receptacle awl-shaped. Pappus simple,
a single row of capillary bristles.
21. CHRYSOPS1S. Heads many -flowered : rays numerous. Pappus double; the outer of
very small chaffy bristles, much shorter than the inner of capillary bristles.
Subtribe 2. INUL&E. Anthers with tails at their base : otherwise as Subtribe 1.
22. INULA. Heads many-flowered. Rays many. Pappus capillary.
Subtribe 3. BACCUARIPE.E & TARCHONANTHE.S. Flowers of the head all tubular, either
dioecious or monoecious, namely, the staminate and pistillate flowers either in different
heads on distinct plants, or in the same head. Corolla of the pistillate fertile flowers a
very slender tube sheathing the style, and truncate at the summit.
23. PLUCUEA. Heads containing a few perfect but sterile flowers in the centre, and many
pistillate fertile ones around them. Anthers tailed at the base. Pappus capillary.
24. BACCHAR1S. Heads dioecious, some all pistillate, others all staminate, on different plants.
Anthers tailless. Pappus capillary.
TRIBE IV. SENECIOKIDEJE. Heads various. Branches of the style in the fertile
flowers linear, thickish or convex externally, flat internally, hairy or pencil-tufted at the
apex (where the gtigmatic lines terminate abruptly), and either truncate, or continued
beyond into a bristly -hairy appendage. — Leaves either opposite or alternate.
Subtribe 1 MELAMPODINEJ?. Flowers none of them perfect, but either staminate or pi-til-
late ; the two sorts either in the same or in different heads. Anthers tailless. Pappus,
if any. never of bristles.
• Heads containing two kinds of flowers, radiate ; the ray-flowers pistillate, the central and
tubular staminate flowers liavmi: a pistil, but always sterile. Receptacle chaffy.
25. POLYMNIA. Achenia thick and tur<:iil. roundish. Pappus none.
26. CHKVSOCOM'M. Achenia '.', • one-sided 2-3-toothed chaffy crown.
27. SII.PHIU.M Acheni i vcn flat, \ung-tnarghiod, numerous in several rows : rays dcciduoun.
&. PAKT1IKN ;.ia flat, slightly margined, bearing a pappus of 2 chan\ scales and
the very short persistent ray -corolla.
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 181
* * Heads with two kinds of flowers, discoid ; pistillate flowers with a small tubular corolla.
29 IVA. Pistillate flowers 1-5 iu the margin. Achenia thickish. Pappus none.
* * * Heads of two sorts, one containing staminate, the other pistillate flowers, both borne on
the same plant ; the pistillate only 1-2, in a closed involucre resembling an acheniuin oi
a bur ; the stamimite several, in an open cup-shaped involucre.
80 AMBROSIA. Fertile involucre (fruit) small, 1-flowered, pointed and often tubercled.
81. XANTHIUM. Fertile involucre (fruit) an oblong prickly bur, 2-celled, 2-flowered.
Subtribe 2. HELIANTHEJS. Heads radiate, or rarely discoid ; the rays ligulate, the disk-
flowers all perfect and fertile. Receptacle chaffy. Anthers blackish, tailless. Pappus
none, or a crown or cup, or of one or two chaffy awns, never capillary, nor of several
uniform chaffy scales. — Leaves more commonly opposite.
* Rays pistillate and fertile : achenia 3 - 4-sided, slightly if at all flattened.
••- Involucre double ; the outer forming a cup.
82. TETRAGONOTIIECA. Outer involucre 4-leaved. Achenia obovoid. Pappus none.
•«- -i- Involucre of one or more rows of separate scales.
83. ECLIPTA. Receptacle flat ; its chaff bristle-shaped. Pappus obsolete or none.
84. BOKRICIIIA. Receptacle flat, its chaff scale-like and rigid. Pappus an obscure crown.
85. IIELIOPSIS. Receptacle conical ; its chaff linear. Pappus none or a mere border.
* * Rays sterile (either entirely neutral or with an imperfect style), or occasionally none;
achenia 4-augular or flattened laterally, i. e. their edges directed inwards and outwards, tho
chaff of the receptacle embracing their outer edge.
•»- Receptacle elevated, conical or columnar. Pappus none or a short crown.
86. ECIIINACEA. Rays (very long) pistillate, but sterile. Achenia short, 4-sided.
87. RUDBECKIA. Rays neutral. Achenia 4-sided flat at the top, marginless.
88. LEPACHYS. Rays few, neutral. Achenia flattened laterally and margined.
•*- •)- Receptacle flattish or conical Pappus chaffy or awned.
89. HELIANTHUS Rays neutral. Achenia flattened, marginless. Pappus of 2 very decid-
uous chaffy scales.
40. ACTINOJIERIS. Rays neutral, or sometimes none. Achenia flat, wing-margined, bearing
2 persistent awns.
* * * Rays sterile, neutral : achenia obcompressed, i e flattened parallel with the scales of the
involucre, the faces looking inwards and outwards. Involucre double ; the outer spreading
and often foliaceous. Receptacle flat.
41. COREOPSIS. Pappus of 2 (or rarely more) scales, teeth, or awns, which are naked or
barbed upwards, sometimes obsolete or a crown.
42. B1DENS. Pappus of 2 or more rigid and persistent downwardly barbed awns.
# * * * Rays pistillate or fertile (rarely none) : achenia laterally flattened, 2-awned.
43. VERBESINA. Rays few and small. Receptacle convex. Acheuia sometimes winged.
Subtribe 3. TAGETIXE.S. Heads commonly radiate ; the rays ligulate ; the disk-flowers all
perfect and fertile Receptacle naked, flat. Scales of the involucre united into a cup.
Pappus various. — Herbage strong-scented (as in Tagetes of the gardens), being dotted
•with large pellucid glands containing a volatile oil.
44 DYSODIA. Pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into many bristles,
Subtribe 4. HELENTK.E. Heads radiate or sometimes discoid ; the disk-flowers perf^t.
Pappus of several chaffy scales. Anthers tailless.
* Receptacle naked (not chaffy nor honeycombed).
J5 IIYMENOPAPPUS. Rays none. Receptacle flat Scales of the involucre colored
46. HE LENT (JM. Rays pistillate, 3- 6-cleft. Receptacle elevated. Involucre small, reflexed.
47. LEPTOl'ODA. Rays neutral or sterile : otherwise as No 46.
* * Receptacle deeply pitted, like honeycomb.
48. BALDW1NIA. Rays numerous, neutral. Involucre imbricated.
182 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
* * * Receptacle chaffy.
49. MARSHALL!*.. Rays none. Involucre of many narrow chaffy scales.
60. GALINSOGA. Rays 4 or 6, short, pistillate. Involucre of 4 or 5 ovate chaffy scales.
Subtribe 6. ANTHEMIDFJE. Ileads radiate or discoid ; the perfect flowers sometimes infer,
tile, and the pistillate flowers rarely tubular. Pappus a short crown or none. Other-
wise nearly as Subtribe 4.
* Receptacle chaffy, at least in part : rays ligulate.
61. MARUTA. Rays neutral. Achenia obovoid, ribbed. Pappus none.
62. ANT1IKMIS. Rays pistillate. Achenia terete or 4-angular. Pappus minute or none.
68. ACHILLEA. Rays pistillate, short. Achenia flattened and margined.
* * Receptacle naked.
61. LEUCANTIIEMUM. Rays numerous, pistillate. Receptacle flattish. Achenia striate or
ribbed Pappus none.
66. MATRICAUIA. Rays pistillate or none ; then all the flowers perfect. Receptacle conicaL
Pappus crown-like or none.
66. TANACETUM. Rays none, but the marginal flowers pistillate. Achenia broad at the top.
Pappus a short crown.
67. ARTEMISIA. Rays none ; some of the outer flowers often pistillate. Achenia narrow at
the top. Pappus none.
Subtribe 6. GNAPHALINEJ?. Ileads all discoid, with tubular corollas ; those of the fertile
flowers filiform. Anthers with tails at their base. Pappus of capillary bristles. Floc-
culent-woolly herbs : leaves alternate.
68. GNAPIIALIUM. Receptacle naked, flat. Ileads containing both perfect and pistillate
flowers Bristles of the pappus all slender.
69 ANTENNARIA. Receptacle naked, flat. Ileads dioecious, or nearly so. Pappus of the
staminate flowers thickened or club-shaped at the summit.
60. FILAGO. Receptacle columnar or top-shaped, chaffy. Pappus of the inner flowers capil-
lary, of the outer often none.
Snbtribe 7. SENECIONEJB. Heads radiate or discoid ; the central flowers perfect. Anthem
tailless. Pappus capillary. Receptacle naked. (Scales of the involucre commonly in a
single row. )
* Heads discoid, with two kinds of flowers, the outer pistillate and with filiform corollas.
61. ERECirmiTES. Pappus copious, very fine and soft. Flowers whitish.
* * Heads radiate, or discoid and then with perfect flowers only.
•»- Leaves alternate.
62. CACALIA. Heads 5 - many-flowered. Rays none. Flowers white or cream-color.
03. SEIS'ECIO. Heads many-flowered, with or without rays. Flowers yellow. Pappus soft
•«- •*— Leaves opposite.
64. ARNICA. Heads many-flowered, radiate. Pappus of rough denticulate bristles.
TRIBE V. CYKARE^J. Ileads (in our species) discoid, with the flowers tubular, or
some of the outer corollas enlarged and appearing like rays, but not ligulate. Style
thickened or thickish near the summit ; the branches stigmatic to the apex, without
any appendage, often united below. (Heads large.)
* Marginal flowers mostly neutral or sterile Pappus not plumose.
66. CENTAUREA. Achenia (Int. Pappus of short naked bristles, or none. Marginal neutral
flowers commonly enlarged.
66. CNICUS. Arlu-nia terete, bearing 10 horny teeth and a pappus of 10 long and 10 shorter
rigid naked bristles. Marginal flowers inconspicuous.
* * Flowers all alike in the ovoid or globular head.
67. CIRSIUM. Achenia smooth. Pappus of plumose bristles. Receptacle clothed with
long and soft bristles
68. GARDUUS. Pappus of naked bristles : otherwise as No 67.
4 v*
"
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 183
69. ONOPORDON. Achenia wrinkled transversely, 4-angled. Pappus not plumose. Recep-
tacle honeycombed
70. LAPP A. Achenia wrinkled, flattened. Pappus of short and rough bristles. Recep-
tacle bristly.
SUBORDER II. LIGULIFLOR^E.
Corolla ligulate in all the flowers of the head, and all the flowers per-
fect. — Herbs with milky juice. Leaves alternate.
* Pappus none.
71. LAMPSANA. Involucre cylindrical, of 8 scales in a single row, 8 - 12-flowered.
* * Pappus chaffy, or of both chaff and bristles.
72. CICIIORIUM. Pappus a small crown of little bristle-forin scales. Involucre double.
73. KRIG1A. Pappus of 5 broad chaffy scales, and 5 bristles.
CYNTIIIA. Pappus double ; the outer short, of many minute chaffy scales, the inner of
numerous long capillary bristles.
* * * Pappus plumose.
76. LEONTODON. Bristles of the pappus several, chaffy-dilated at the base.
* * * * Pappus composed entirely of capillary bristles, not plumose.
4- Pappus tawny or dirty white : achenia not flattened or beaked.
76. HIERACIUM. Achenia oblong : pappus a single series. Flowers yellow. Scales of the
involucre unequal.
77. NABALUS. Achenia cylindrical : pappus copious. Flowers whitish or purplish. Scales
of the involucre equal. See Addend.
•*- •«- Pappus bright white, except in No. 80 and in one Mulgedium.
78. TROXIMON. Achenia linear-oblong, not beaked. Pappus of copious and unequal bris-
tles, some of them rigid.
79. TARAXACUM. Achenia long-beaked, terete, ribbed. Pappus soft and white.
80. PYRKIIOPAPPUS. Achenia long-beaked, nearly terete. Pappus soft, reddish or tawny
81. LACTUCA. Achenia abruptly long-beaked, flat. Pappus soft and white.
82. MULGEDIUM. Achenia flattish, with a short thick beak. Pappus soft Flowers blue.
83. SONOHUS. Achenia flattish, beakless. Pappus very soft and fine. Flowers yellow.
1. VERNOIVIA, Schrcb. IRON-WEED.
Heads 15 -many-flowered, in corymbose cymes; flowers all perfect. Invo-
lucre shorter than the flowers, of many appressed closely imbricated scales.
Receptacle naked. Achenia cylindrical, ribbed. Pappus double ; the outer
of minute scale-like bristles; the-'inner of copious capillary bristles. — Peren-
nial herbs, with alternate leaves and mostly purple flowers. (Named in honor
of Mr. Vernon, an early English botanist who travelled in this country.)
1. V. Novel>oracensis, Willd. Scales of the involucre tipped with a
long bristle-form or awl-shaped spreading appendage or aivn; in some varieties
merely pointed. — Low grounds near the coast, Maine to Virginia; and river-
banks in the Western States, from Wisconsin southward. Aug. — A tall
coarse weed with lanceolate or oblong leaves.
2. V. fJlSCiCllliita, Michx. Scales of the involucre (all but the lowest)
rounded and obtuse, without appendage — Prairies and river-banks, Ohio to Wis-
consin and southward. Aug. — Leaves narrowly or broadly lanceolate : heads
mostly crowded. Very variable, and passing into No. 1.
184 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
2. EL,EPHA]\TOPtJS, L. ELKI-HANT'S-FOOT.
Heads 3- 5-flowcrcd, clustered into a compound head : flowers perfect. Invo-
lucre narrow, flattened, of 8 oblong dry scales. Achenia many-ribbed. Pappus
of stout bristles, chaHy-dilated at the base. — Perennials, with alternate leaves
and purplish flowers. (Name composed of ff\f(j)as, elephant, and Trots, foot.)
1. E. CaroIinianilS, Willd. Somewhat hairy, corymbose, leafy;
leaves ovate-oblong, thin. — Dry soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward.
3. SCL.ER6L.EPIS, Cass. SCLEROLEPIS.
Head many-flowered : flowers perfect. Scales of the involucre linear, equal,
in 1-2 rows. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia 5-angled. Pappus a single row of
almost horny oval and obtuse scales. — A smooth aquatic perennial, with simple
stems, rooting at the base, bearing linear entire leaves in whorls of 5 or 6, and
terminated by a head of flesh-colored flowers. (Name from o-K\rjp6s, Itard, and
\crrisj a scale, alluding to the pappus.)
1. S. verticillata, Cass. — Pine barrens, New Jersey and southward.
Aug.
4. LIATRIS, Schreb. BUTTON SNAKEROOT. BLAZING-STAR.
Head several -many-flowered: flowers perfect. Scales of the involucre im-
brionted, appressed. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-lobed. Achenia slender,
tapering to the base, about 10-ribbed. Pappus of 15-40 capillary bristles,
which are manifestly plumose, or only barbellate. — Perennial herbs, often
resinous-dotted, with rigid alternate entire leaves, and heads of handsome rose-
purple flowers, spicate, racemose, or panicled-cymose, appearing late in summer
or in autumn. (Derivation of the name unknown.)
$ 1 . Stem usually wand-like and simple, from a globular or roundish conn or tuber
(which is impregnated ivith resinous matter), very leafy : leaves narrow or (jrass-like,
l — 5-nerved: heads spicate or racemed: involucre toll iinbricattd: lobes of the
corolla long and slender.
* Pappus very plumose ; scales of the 5-Jlowered involucre with ovate or lanceolate
spreading petal-like (purple or sometimes white) tips, exceeding the Jlowers.
1. L.. t'JcgaiiS, Willd. Stem (3° -5° high) and involucre hairy; leaves
short and spreading; spike or raceme compact (1° long). — Ban-en soil, Vir-
ginia and southward.
# # Pappus very plumose : scales of the cylindrical many-flowered involucre imbri-
cated in many rows, the tips rigid, not petal-like: corolla hairy within.
2. L.. squarrosa, Willd. (BLAZING-STAR, £c.) Often hairy (l°-3°
high) ; leaves linear, elongated ; heads few (!' long) ; scales of the involucre mostly
with elongated and leaf-like spreading tips. — Dry soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois
and southward.
3. It. cyliliclracea, Michx. Commonly smooth (6'- 18' high) : leaves
linear; heads few (£'-§' long); scales of the in>\>ln<-re a/I with short and r>
tips. — Dry open places, Niagara Falls to Wisconsin, and south westward.
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 185
* ^ * Pappus not plumose to the naked eye : corolla smooth inside.
4. L.. scaiiosa, Willd. Stem stout (2° -5° high) pubescent or hoary ;
leaves (smooth, rough, or pubescent) lanceolate ; the lowest oblong-lanceolate or
obovate-obloiu/, tapering into a petiole; heads few or many, large, 30 - 40-flowered ;
scales of the broad or depressed involucre obovate or spatulate, very numerous, with dry
and scar ions often colored tips or margins. — Dry sandy soil, New England to
"Wisconsin, and southward. — A widely variable species: heads 1' or less in
diameter.
5. L,. pilosa, Willd. Beset with long scattered hairs ; stem stout ; leaves
linear or linear-lanceolate, elongated; heads few, 10-15-flowered; scales of tJie
top-shaped or bell-shaped involucre slightly margined, the outer narrowly oblong, very
obtuse, the innermost linear. — Mountains of Virginia and southward. Rare and
obscure. Perhaps a remarkable state of L. spicata ; but the flowers themselves
as large as in No. 4.
6. Li. spicata, Willd. Smooth or somewhat hairy; stems very leafy
(2° -5° high) ; leaves linear, the lower 3 - 5-nerved ; heads 8-12 flowered ($'-
£' long), crowded in a long spike; scales of the cylindrical-bell-shapcd involucre
oblong or oval, obtuse, oppressed, with slight margins ; achenia pubescent or smoothish.
— Moist grounds, common from S. New York to "Wisconsin and southward. —
Involucre somewhat resinous, very smooth.
7. .L,. gTaminifdlia, Willd. Hairy or smoothish; stem (l°-3°high)
slender, leafy ; leaves linear, elongated, 1 -nerved; heads several or numerous,
in a spike or raceme, 7 — 1 2-flo wcred ; scales of the obconical or obovoid involucre
spatulate or oblong, obtuse or someivliat pointed, rigid, oppressed ; achenia hairy. —
Virginia and southward. — Inflorescence sometimes panicled, especially in
Var. clilbia. Scales of the involucre narrower and less rigid, oblong, often
ciliate. (L. dubia, Barton.) — Wet pine barrens, New Jersey and southward.
8. l<. pycilOStaeliya, Michx. Hairy or smoothish: stem stout (3° -5°
high), very leafy; leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper very narrowly linear; spike
very thick and dense (G'-20' long) ; heads about 5-flowered (£' long) ; scales of the
cylindrical involucre oblong or lanceolate, with recurved or spreading colored tips. — :
Prairies, from Indiana southward and westward.
§ 2. Stem simple or branched above, not from a tuber : heads small, corymbed or pan-
icled, 4-lQ-jlowered: involucre little imbricated: lobes of the corolla ovate: pappu$
not plumose.
9. L.. odoratissima, Willd. (VANILLA-PLANT.) Very smooth; leaves
pale, thickish, obovate-spatulate, or the upper oval and clasping ; heads corymbed.
— Low pine barrens, Virginia and southward. — Leaves exhaling the odor of
Vanilla when bruised.
10. JLi. paniClllata, Willd. Viscid-hairy; leaves narrowly oblong or
lanceolate, smoothish, those of the stem partly clasping, heads panicled. — Vir-
ginia and southward.
CARPHEPHORUS, Cass., differs from Liatris in having some chaff among the
flowers ; and 0. TOMENTdsus perhaps grows in S. Virginia.
16*
18G COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
5. KiTIINIA, L. KDHNJA.
Heads 10-25-flo\vered : flowers perfect. Scales of the involucre few and
loosely imbricated, lanceolate. Corolla slender, 5-toothcd. Achcniu cylindrical,
mair'-striato. Pappus a single row of very plumose (white) bristles. — A peren-
nial herb, resinous-dotted, with mostly alternate lanceolate leaves, and panicu-
late-corymbose heads of cream-colored flowers. (Dedicated to Dr. Kuhn, of
Pennsylvania, who brought the living plant to Linnaeus.)
1. K. eupatorioides, L. Leaves varying from broadly lanceolate and
toothed, to linear and entire. — Dry soil, New Jersey to Wisconsin and south-
ward. Sept.
6. EUPATORIUlfl, Tourn. THQROUGHWORT.
Heads 3 - many-flowered : flowers perfect. Involucre cylindrical or bell-
shaped. Eeceptacle flat. Corolla 5-toothed. Aehcnin 5-angled. Pappus a
single row of slender capillary barely roughish bristles. — Perennial herbs, often
sprinkled with bitter resinous dots, with generally corymbose heads of white,
bluish, or purple blossoms, appearing near the close of summer. (Dedicated to
Eupator Mithridates, who is said to have used a species of the genus in medicine.)
* Heads cylindrical, 5 - 10-flowered ; the purplish scales numej-ous, closely imbri<-<ih-d
in several rows, of unequal length, slightly stiiate : stout herbs, with aitijile mostly
whorled leaves, and jlesh-colored flowers.
1. E. purpurcuili, L. (JOE-PYB WEED. TRUMPET-WEED.) Stems
tall and stout, simple ; leaves 3 - 6 in a whorl, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, point-
ed, very veiny, roughish, toothed ; corymbs very dense and compound. — Varies
greatly in size (2°- 12° high), &c., and with spotted or unspotted, often dotted
stems, &c., — including many nominal species. — Low grounds, common.
* * Heads 3-2Q-JloLcered: involucre of 8- 15 more or less imbricated and unequal
scales, the outer ones shorter : flowers white.
•»- Leaves all alternate, mostly dissected: heads panicled, vei'y small, 3 - 5-flowered.
2. E. foeiliculaceum, Willd. Smooth or nearly so, pank-ulately
much-branched (3° -10° high); leaves 1 - 2-pinnately parted, filiform. — Vir-
ginia, near the coast, and southward.
•»- •«- Leaves mostly opposite and sessile : heads 5 - 8-flowered, corymbed.
3. E. liyssopifoliimi, L. Minutely pubescent (l°-2° high); /«zr«j
narrow, linear or lanceolate, elongated, obtuse, 1-3-nerved, entire, or the lower
sparingly toothed, often crowded in the axils or whorled, acute at the base ;
of the involucrt obtuse. — Sterile soil, Massachusetts to Virginia, E. Kentucky
nnd southward.
4. E. Icucolepis, Torr. & Gr. Minutely pubescent, simple (l°-2°
high) ; leaves linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, l-nervcd, obtuse, serrate, rough both
niilis; corymb hoary; scales of the involucre with ir/u'tc and scarious acute tips. —
Sandy bogs, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward.
ft E* parvifloruill, Ell. Minutely velvety-pubescent, branching (2°-
8° high) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, triple-ribbtd and veiny, serrate above the
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 187
middle, tapering to the base, the lower slightly petiolcd ; scales of the short invo-
lucre obtuse. (Leaves sometimes 3 in a whorl, or the upper alternate.) — Damp
soil, Virginia and southward.
6. E. aliissillllllll, L. Stem stout and tall (3° -7° high), downy; leaves
lanceolate,, tapering at both ends, conspicuously 3-nerved, entire, or toothed above the
middle, the uppermost alternate; corymbs dense; scales of the involucre obtuse,
shorter than the flowers. — Dry soil, Penn. to Illinois, and Kentucky. —
Leaves 3' -4' long, somewhat like those of a Solidago,
7. E. ;1I1>UEII, L. Roughish-hairy (2° high) ; leaves Mong -lanceolate, coarse-
ly-toothed, veiny ; heads clustered in the corymb ; scales of the involucre closely
imbricated, rigid, narrowly lanceolate, pointed, white and scarious above, longer
than the flowers — Sandy and barren places, pine barrens of New Jersey to Vir-
ginia and southward.
8. E. tcucri folium, Willd. Roughish-pubescent (2° -3° high); leaves
ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or truncate at the base, slightly triple-
nerved, veiny, coarse/ ij toothed towards the base, the upper ones alternate ; branches
of the corymb few, unequal ; scales of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse,
at length short* r than the flowers. (E. verbemxifolium, Michx.) — Low grounds,
Massachusetts to Virginia and southward, near the coast. — Leaves sometimes
cut into a few vciy deep teeth.
9. E. rotllliclifolilllll, L. Downy-pubescent (2° high); leaves round-
ish-ovate, obtuse, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the base, deeply crenate-
toothed, triple-nerved, veiny, roughish (l'-2' long); corymb large and dense;
scales of the (5-flowered] involucre linear-lanceolate, slightly pointed. — Dry soil,
Rhode Island to Virginia, near the coast, and southward.
10. E. Bmb£sceilS, Muhl. Pubescent; leaves ovate, mostly acute, slightly
truncate at the base, serrate-toothed, somewhat triple-nerved, veiny; scales of the
7 - 8-Jhwered inrolitcre lanceolate, acute. (E. ovatum, Biyel.) — Massachusetts to
New Jersey, near the coast, and Kentucky. — Like the last, but larger.
11. E. scssilifolium, L. (UPLAND BONESET.) Stem tall (4° -6°
high), smooth, brandling ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering from near the
rounded sessile base to the. sharp point, serrate, veiny, smooth (3' -6' long) ; corymb
very compound, pubescent; scales of the 5- (or 5- 12-?) flowered involucre, oval
and oblong, obtuse. — Copses and bagks, Massachusetts to 111., and southward
along the mountains.
+_ H_ + Leaven opposite, clasping or united at the base, Jong and widely spreading :
heads 10- 15-flowered: corymbs very compound and large.
12. E. rcsinosnm, Torr. Minutely velvety-downy (2° -3° high); leaves
linear-lanceolate, elongated, serrate, partly clasping at the base, tapering to the
point, slightly veiny beneath (4' -6' long) ; scales of the involucre oval, obtuse.
— Wet pine ban-ens, New Jersey. — Name from the copious resinous globules
of the leaves.
13. E. pcrfoliatum, L. (THOKOTJGHWORT. BONESET.) Stem stout
(2° -4° high), hairy; leaves lanceolate, united at the base around the sfcm (connnte-
perfoliatc), tapering to a slender point, serrate, very veiny, wrinkled, downy
188 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
beneath (5' -8' long) ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate. — Low grounds-,
common, and well known. — Varies with the heads 30 - 40-flowered.
4- •»- •»- •»- Leaves opposite, the upper alternate, loixj-peiiolcd: heads 12- Ib-jloicered,
in compound corymbs.
14. E. ser6tiimm, Michx. Stem pulverulent-pubescent, bushy-branched
(3° -6° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a point, triple-nerved and
veiny, coarsely serrate (5' -6' long); involucre very pubescent. — Alluvial
ground, Illinois and southward.
# # # Heads 8 - 30-flotvered ; the scales of the involucre nearly equal and in one
ran- : leaves opposite, ovate, petioled, triple-nerved and veiny, not resinous-dotted :
flowers white.
15. E. ageratoides, L. (WHITE SNAKE-ROOT.) Smooth, branching
(3° high) ; leaves broadly ovate, pointed, coarsely and sharply toothed, lon</-)>etioled,
thin (4' -5' long); corymbs compound. — Kich woods and copses; common,
especially northward.
16. E. ai'OIlllitiClllll, L. Smooth or slightly downy; stems nearly
simple ; leaves on short petioles, ovate, rather obtusely toothed, not pointed, thiekish.
— Copses, Massachusetts to Virginia and southward, near the coast. Lower
and more slender than No. 15, with fewer, but usually larger heads.
7. MIKANIA, Willd. CLIMBING HEMP-WKKI,.
Heads 4-flowered. Involucre of 4 scales. Receptacle small. Flowers and
achenia, &c., as in Eupatorium. — Climbing perennials, with opposite com-
monly heart-shaped and petioled leaves, and corymbose-panicled flesh-colored
flowers. (Named for Prof. Mikan, of Prague.)
1. HI. SCantlenS, L. Nearly smooth, twining; leaves somewhat trian-
gular-heart-shaped or halberd-form, pointed, toothed at the base. — Copses along
streams, Massachusetts to Kentucky and southward. July - Sept.
8. CONDOMINIUM, DC. MIST-FLOWER.
Heads many-flowered. Involucre bell-shaped, the nearly equal lincar-awl-
shaped scales somewhat imbricated. Receptacle conical! Otherwise as in
Eupatorium. — Perennial erect herbs, with opposite petioled leaves, and violet-
purple or blue flowers in crowded terminal corymbs. (Name formed of KCOI>OP,
a cone, and K\ivrj, a bed, from the conical receptacle.)
1. C. ctrlcstimini, DC. Somewhat pubescent (l°-2° high); lonvrs
triangular-ovate and slightly heart-shaped, coarsely and bluntly toothed. — Rich
soil, Penn. to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Sept.
9. NARDOSITIIA, Cass. SWEET COLTSFOOT.
Heads many-flowered, somewhat dioecious : in the sterile plant with a single
row of ligulate pistillate ray-flowers, and many tubular ones in the disk ; in the
fertile plant with many rows of minutely ligulate ray-flowers, and a few tubular
perfect ones in the centre. Scales of the involucre in one row. Receptacle flat
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 189
Achenia terete. Pappus of soft capillary bristles, longer anc copious in the
fertile flowers. — Perennial woolly herbs, with the leaves all frojn the rootstoek,
the scape with sheathing scaly bracts, bearing heads of purplish or whitish
fragrant flowers in a corymb. (Name from i/ap§os, spikenard, and oo/xq, odor.)
1. N. palllt:ata, Hook. Leaves rounded, somewhat kidney-form, white-
woolly beneath, palmately and deeply 5- 7-lobcd, the lobes toothed and cut.
(Tussilago palmata, Ait. T. frigida, Biyel.) — Swamps, Maine and Mass, to
Michigan and northward: rare May. — Full-grown leaves 6' -10' broad.
1O. TTJSSILAGO, Tourn. COLTSFOOT.
Head many-flowered ; the ray-flowers narrowly ligulate, pistillate, fertile, in
many rows ; the tubular disk-flowers few, staminate. Scales of the involucre
nearly in a single row. Receptacle flat. Fertile achenia cylindrical-oblong.
Pappus capillary, copious in the fertile flowers. — A low perennial, with hori-
zontal creeping rootstocks, sending up scaly simple scapes in early spring,
bearing a single head, and producing rounded-heart-shaped angled or toothed
leaves later in the season, woolly when young. Flowers yellow. (Name from
tussis, a cough, for which the plant is a reputed remedy.)
1. T. FARFARA, L. — Wet places, and along brooks, northern parts of New
England and New York. (Nat. from Eu.)
11. ADElVOCAtlEON, Hook. ADEXOCAULON.
Heads 5-10-flowcred; the flowers all tubular and with similar corollas; the
marginal ones pistillate, fertile ; the others staminate. Scales of the involucre
equal, in a single row. Achenia elongated at maturity, club-shaped, beset with
stalked glands above. Pappus none. — Slender perennials, with the alternate
thin and petiolcd leaves smooth and green above, white woolly beneath, and few
small (whitish) heads in a loose panicle, beset with glands (whence the name,
from dSr)i>, a gland, and KauXoy, a stem).
1. A. l>iCOlor, Hook. Leaves triangular, rather heart-shaped, with angu-
lar-toothcd margins ; petioles margined. — Moist woods, shore of L. Superior,
and northwestward.
12. SERICOCARPIJS, Nees. WHITE-TOPPED ASTER.
Iliads 12-15-flowered, radiate; the rays about 5, fertile (white). Involucre
somewhat cylindrical or club-shaped; the scales closely imbricated in several
rows, cartilaginous and whitish, apprcssed, with short and abrupt often spread-
ing green tips. Receptacle alveolate-toothed. Achenia short, inversely py-
ramidal, very silky. Pappus simple, of numerous capillary bristles. — Peren-
nial tufted herbs (l°-2° high), with sessile somewhat 3-nerved leaves, and
small heads mostly in little clusters, disposed in a flat corymb Disk-flowers
pale yellow. (Name from orypiKoy, silky, and Kapnos. fruit.)
1. S. SOlidagjfilCllS, Nees. Smooth, slender; leaves linLar, rigid, ob-
tuse, entire, with rough margins, tapering to the base; heads narrow (3'r long),
190 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
in close clusters, few-flowered; pappus white. — Thickets, S. New England to
Virginia, near the const. July.
2. S. COIiyzoideS, Noes. Somewhat pubescent; leaves oblori(j-l<i negate
or the luu-er sjmtnlate, month/ serrate towards the apex, ciliate, winy; heads raiiier
loosely cor VIM I >ed, obeonicul (4" -6" long); pappus rusty-color. — Dry ground ;
common. July.
3. S. tortifolillS, Nees. Hoary-puhcsccnt ; leaves ol>ovate or oblong-spat u-
l(tti>, short (£'-!' long), turned edgewise, both sides alike, nearly veinless; heads
rather loosely corymbed, obovoid (4" -5" long) ; pappus white. — Pine woods,
Virginia and southward. Aug.
GALATELLA HYSSOPIF6LIA, Nees, is omitted, because it has not been found
in our district, and probably is not an American plant.
13. ASTER, L. STARWORT. ASTER.
Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the ray-flowers in a single series, fertile.
Scales of the involucre more or less imbricated, usually with herbaceous or leaf-
like tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Achenia generally more or less flattened.
Pappus simple, of capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs (or annual in § 6), with
corymbed, panicled, or racemose heads. Kays white, purple, or blue : the disk
yellow, often changing to purple. (Name dcrrrjp, a star, from the appearance
of the radiate heads of flowers.)
$ 1. BI&TIA, DC. — Involucre oboi-oid-bell-shaped ; the scales regularly imbricated
in several rotrs, appressed, nearly destitute of herbaceous tips: rays 6-15 (white, or
nearly so) : achenia slender: lower leaves larye, heart-shaped, pftio'nl, coarsely ser-
rate : heads in open corymbs.
1. A* coryillbosus, Ait. Stem slender, somewhat /.i;_/,!Lr; /"//vx thin,
smoothish, coarsely and unequally serrate with sharp spreading teeth, sharp-pointed,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, all but the uppermost heart-shaped at the base and on
slender naked petioles; rays 6-9. — Woodlands; common, especially north-
ward. July -Aug. — Plant 1°- 2° high, with smaller heads, looser corymbs,
rounder and less rigid cxtci-ior involucral scales, and thinner leaves, than the-
next; not rough, but sometimes pubescent.
2. A. inacropliyllllS, L. Stem stout and rigid (2° -3° high) ; /.///•«•*
thich'sh, rough, closely serrate, somewhat pointed ; the lower heart-shaped (4'- 10'
long, 3' -6' widd), long-petioled ; the upper ovate or oblong, sessile or on mar-
gined petioles; heads in ample rigid corymbs; rays 12-25 (white or bluish). —
Moist woods; common northward, and southward along the mountains. Aug.,
Sept. — Involucre A' broad; the outer scales rigid, oblong or ovate-oblong, the
innermost much larger and thinner.
i 2. CALLlASTKUM, Torr. & Gr. — Seal, -snf the inntlucre iinbrfnitid in
rotes, corMct-oiis, iri/h li< rlxwio\is ^>riadintj tips: rays 12-30, >•' / nar-
row (smonfhish) : jtappus of rii/id bristl,* »f uti«p/a/ thi"kn<.* W cJl
tessile ; lower ours not h«trl-s/u/ptd : heads fete, larye and shoiry. (Allied to
$ 1, and to Serieocarpus.)
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 191
3. A. Kit dill a, Ait. Stem simple or corymbose at the summit, smooth,
many-leaved (l°-3° high) ; leaves ol>long-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate in the
middle, very rough both sides and rugose-veined, closely sessile (2' -3' long), nearly
equal ; scales of the bell-shaped involucre oblong, appressed, with very short and
slightly spreading herbaceous tips; achcnia smooth. — Bogs and low grounds,
Delaware to Maine and northward, near the coast. Aug. — Kays light violet.
Involucre nearly smooth, except the ciliate margins.
4. A. surculdsilS, Michx. Stems slender (£°-l° high), from long and
slender, or here and there tuberous-thickened, creeping subterranean shoots or suck-
ers, roughish-pubescent above, 1-2- or corymbosely several-flowered ; leaves
roii!/hish, obscurely toothed, lanceolate or the lower oblong-spatulate ; involucre
obconical or bell-shaped (J'-^' long), the whitish and coriaceous scales with short
herbaceous tips, the outer ones shorter; achcnia slightly pubescent. — Var. GRAei-
LIS (A. gracilis, Nutt.) is a form with the scales of the narrower obconical invo-
lucre successively shorter and with very short and scarcely spreading green tips,
resembling a Sericocarpus. — Moist grounds, pine barrens of New Jersey and
southward. Sept. — Rays about 12, violet, £' long. — Perhaps runs into the
next.
5. A. spect&bilis, Ait. Stems (l°-2° high) minutely rough and glan-
dular-pubescent at the summit ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, roughish, obscurely toothed,
tapering to the base; scales of the short and almost hemispherical involucre liiuar-
obfanq, with conspicuous spatulate glandular-downy tij>s, the outermost scarcely shorter ;
achenia slightly pubescent. — Sandy soil, Massachusetts to New Jersey, near
the coast, and southward. Sept. -Nov. — One of the handsomest of the genus,
though the heads are few. The rays, about 20, are narrowly lanceolate, nearly
1' long, very deep violet-blue. Involucre ^' long and wide.
$ 3. ASTER PROPER. — Scales of the involucre imbricated in various degrees, ivith
herbaceous or leaf-like summits, or the outer ones entirely foliaceous : rays numerous:
pappus soft and nearly uniform : achenia flattened. (All flowering late in sum-
mer or in autumn.)
# Leaves silvery-silky both sides, all sessile and entire, mucronuktte : involucre imbri-
cated in 3 to several rows : rays showy, pintle-violet.
G. A. seraceus, Vent. Stems slender, branched ; leaves lanceolate or
oblong ; heads mostly solitary, terminating the short silvery branchlcts ; scales of
the globular involucre similar to the leaves, spreading, except the short coriaceous
base, silvery; achenia smooth, many-ribbed. — Prairies and dry banks, Wisconsin
to Kentucky and southward. — An elegant silvery species; the large heads with
20-30 rays of £' or more in length.
7. A. concolor, L. Stems wand-like, nearly simple ; leaves crowded, 06-
long or lanceolate, at 'pressed, the upper reduced to little bracts; heads in a simple or
compound wand-liks raceme; scales of the obovoid involucre closely imbricated iu
several rows, appressed, rather rigid, silky, lanceolate; achenia silky. — Dry sandy
soil, pine ban-ens of New Jersey and southward. — A handsome plant, l°-3°
high, with the short leaves 1' or less in length, grayish-silky and of the same
hue both sides. Rays bright violet-purple.
192 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
# # Luir,',- it arts not itmrt-sltapfd ; the njiper all sessile and more or less clasping by
a In art-shaj.-eif <>r attrirled l>use : In ads shon-y : scales of the run rst /// conical or bell-
shiipid in ml urn: rn/ii'arty imbricated in iv-reral rotrs, the outer sin-cessivfly shorter,
app. '•• ons, u-hitith, with short ' >'ps : rays large, purple or blue.
8. A. pattiiis, Ait. Rough-pubescent; stem loosely panicled above (1°- 8°
high), with widely spreading hranchos, tlic heads mostly solitary, terminating
the slender branehlets ; hi res oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, often contracted
below the middle, all clasping by a deep awrieledJeart-ihaped base, rough, especially
above and on the margins, entire ; scales of the minutely roughish involucre,
with spreading pointed tips; achcnia silky. — Var. riiLooiFm.irs is a form
which the plant assumes in shady moist places, with larger and elongated thin
se;ireely rough leaves, downy underneath, sometimes a little toothed above,
mostly much contracted below the middle. — Dry ground, common, especially
southward. Heads £' broad, and with showy deep blue-purple rays.
9. A. lifevis, L. Very smooth throughout ; heads in a close panicle ; leaves
thickish, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, chiefly entire, the upper more or less
clasping by an auricled or heart-shaped, base ; scales of the shoti-ohoroid or hemi-
s])heriatl involucre with oppressed green points ; rays sky-blue ; adierJa smooth. A
variable species, of which the two best-marked forms are : —
Var. laevigfltUS. Scarcely if at all glaucous ; leaves lanceolate or ob-
long; involucre nearly hemispherical; the scales lanceolate or linear, with nar-
row and acute green tips tapering down on the midnerve. (A. la:vi.s, L. A.
bjevigatus, Wilid.) — Dry woodlands ; rather common.
Var. cyiineilS. Very smooth, but pale or glaucous; leaves thicker; tho
upper often oblong or ovate-lanceolate, clasping by a heart-shaped base; invo-
lucre naiTowed at the base, of broader and more coriaceous scales with shorter
and abrupt tips. (A. cyaneus, Iloffm., frc.) — Border of woodlands ; common,
especially northward. — A very elegant species, with showy flowers.
10. A. tlirbill£l!il$, Lindl. Very smooth ; stem slender, paniculately
branched ; lea MS Inncculut, , tapering to each end, entire, with rough margins ; in-
volucre donyated-obconical or almost club-shaped (^' long) ; the scales linear, with
very short and blunt green tips ; rays violet-blue ; achcnia nearly smooth. — Dry
bills, &c., Illinois and southwestward.
* * * Lower Ixins till lu'drt-shapid and pctiohd, the upper sessile or petioltd : invo-
lucre inilin'rul'd nincli as in die last division, but the hauls smaller, rcry niii.-
racemose, or pa/iicled.
•*- Li arts ml, re or slit/lttly serrate: heads middle-sized : rays bright-Hue.
11. A. aziircus, Lindl. Stem rather rough, erect, racemose-compound
at the summit, the branches slender and rigid; haws rough; the loicer ovate-lance.,
date or olilon;/, heart-shaped, on long often hairy pitiuhs; the others lanceolate or lin-
ear, sessile, on the branches awl-shaped; involucre inversely conical. — (
and prairies, Ohio to Wisconsin and southward. — A handsome species: the in-
volucre much as in No. 9, but much smaller, and slightly pubescent; the rays
bright blue.
12. A. Slioi'tii, Boott. Stem slender, spreading, nearly smooth, bearing
very numerous heads in racemose panicles ; leaves smooth above, minutely pui
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 193
underneath, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, elongated, tapering gradually to a sharp
point, all bitt the uppermost more or less heart-shaped at the base and on naked peti-
oles; involucre bell-shaped. — Cliifs and banks, Ohio to Wisconsin and south-
ward.— A pretty species, 2° -4° high; the leaves 3 '-5' long.
13. A. liiidlllitUls, L. Pale or somewhat hoary with close pubescence;
stem spreading, bearing numerous heads in racemose panicles ; leaves ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, with wavy or slightly toothed margins, rouyhish above, downy under-
neath, the lowest heart-shaped on margined petioles, the others abruptly contracted
into short broadly winged petioles which are dilated and clasping at the base, or direct-
ly sessile by a heart-shaped base; involucre obovoid. (A. diversifolius, Michx.)
— Dry copses, common.
•«— •<— Leaves conspicuously serrate : heads small : rays pale blue or nearly white.
14. A. cordifolius, L. Stem much branched above, the spreading or
diverging branches bearing very numerous panicled heads; lower leaves all heart-
shaped, on slender and mostly naked ciliate petioles ; scales of the inversely coni-
cal involucre all appressed and tipped with short green points, obtuse or acutish. —
"Woodlands ; very common. Varies with the stem and leaves either smooth,
roughish, or sometimes hairy underneath. Heads produced in great profusion,
but quite small.
15. A. sagittifolius, Willd". Stem rigid, erect, with ascending branches
bearing numerous racemose heads ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed ; the lower
heart-shaped at the base, on margined petioles ; the upper lanceolate or linear,
pointed at both ends ; scales of the oblong involucre linear, tapering into awl-shaped
slender and loose tips. — Dry ground, New York and Penn. to Wisconsin and
Kentucky. — Usually more or less hairy or downy; the heads rather larger
than in the last, almost sessile. — A. Drummondii, Lindl., which probably
grows on the Illinois side of the Mississippi, is apparently only a downy-leaved
variety of" this.
$: % •%. %; Leaves none of them heart-shaped ; those of the stem sessile, narrow, rigid,
entire : involucre imbricated in several rows : the coriaceous scales appressed and
whitish at the base, with abrupt and conspicuous spreading herbaceous tips : heads
small and very numerous, paniculate-racemose : rays white.
16. A. CriCOldeS, L. Smooth or sparingly hairy (l°-l£° high); the
simple branchlcts or peduncles racemose along the upper side of the wand-like
spreading branches ; lowest leaves oblong-spatulate, sometimes toothed ; the others
liiiKir-lanceolate or linear-awl-shaped, acute at both ends ; scales of the involucre
broadest at the base, with acute or awl-shaped green tips. — Var. VILLAS us is a
hairy form, often with broader leaves; chiefly in the Western States. — Dry
•pen places, S. New England to Wisconsin and southward.
17. A. llllllfiflorns, Ait. Pale or hoary with minute close pubescence (1°
high), much branched and bushy; the heads much crowded on the spreading
racemose branches ; leaves crowded, linear, spreading, with rough or ciliate mar-
gins, the upper somewhat dilated and partly clasping at the base; scales of the invo-
lucre with spatulate spreading green tips broader than the lower portion, the outer
obtuse. — Dry gravelly or sandy soil; common.
17
194 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
* *c * * # L'-ircs none of them heart -shaped ; those of the stem taper! IK/ at the base,
sessile; in* ' •' the scales of unequal Umjtli, iritli short and narrow
(ij'jii'ixxtd or rather loose grceniah tips : heads small or middle-sized: rays white or
pale bluish-purple.
•*- Heads small. (Involucre |' - y long.)
18. A. dumoSUS, L. Smooth or nearly so, raccmosely compound, the
•ed heads mostly solitary at the end of the spreading branchlets ; leaves linear
or the upper oblong, crowded, entire or slightly serrate, with rough margins ;
scales of the closely imbricated involucre linear-epatolat/e, obtuse, in 4-6 rows. —
Thickets, in dry or moist soil; common. — A variable species, l°-3° high,
loosely branched, with small leaves, especially the upper, and an inversely con-
ical or bell-shaped involucre, with more abrupt green tips than any of the suc-
ceeding. Rays pale purple or blue, larger than in the next. Runs into several
peculiar forms.
19. A. TradesCcinti, L. Smooth or smoothish; the numerous heads closely
racemed along one side of the erect-spreading or diverging branches ; leaves
lanceolate-linear, elongated, the larger ones remotely sen-ate in the middle with
fine sharp teeth; scales of the involucre narrowly linear, acute or acutish, imbricated
in 3 or 4 rows. — Var. FRAciLis has the leaves entire or nearly so, except the
lowest, and the heads more scattered. — Moist banks, &c., very common. —
Stems 2° -4° high, bushy: heads very numerous, smaller than in the last.
Rays white or nearly so.
20. A, miser, L., Ait. More or less hairy, much branched ; the brandies
usually diverging, bearing racemose often scattered heads ; leaves lanceolate or ob-
long-lanceolate, tapering or pointed at each end, sharply sen-ate in the middle;
scales of the involucre linear, acute or rather obtuse, imbricated in 3 or 4 rows. —
Thickets, fields, &c., very common, and extensively variable. — Leaves larger
than in either of the preceding (2'- 5') ; the involucre intermediate between them,
as to the form of the scales. Rays mostly short, pale bluish-purple or white.
•*- •*- Heads middle-sized. (Involucre ,£'-£' long.)
21. A. Simplex, Willd. Smooth or nearly so (3° -6° high), much
branched; the branches and scattered heads somewhat corymbose at the summit;
leaves lanceolate, pointed, the lower serrate ; scales of the involucre linear-avd-shaped,
loosely and sjxtringly imbricated. — Shady moist banks, common. — Rays pale.
Approaches in its different forms the preceding and the two following.
22. A. teiauifolius, L. Nearly smooth ; stem much branched (12° -3°
high) ; the heads somewhat panicled or racemed ; learcs narroirly /</„,
tapering into a long slender point (2' -6' long), with rough margins, the lower some-
what serrate in the middle ; scales of the hemispherical involucre linear-awl-shaped,
very slender-pointed, numerous, closely imbricated. — Low grounds, New York to
Wisconsin, and southward. Rays short and narrow, pale purple or whitish.
23. A. Ctil'lieilS, Nces. Smooth, or the branches rougher pubescent;
leaves laiicioliitr, somewhat pointed, or the upper short and partly clasping;
heads raeunosc along the ascending leafy branches ; snihs of ./«- obanitt inn*
lucre lanceolate, abntptly acute, i 'lonely imbrinttid. — Moist soil ; common. Leaven
firm in texture, smooth, or rough above. Rays rather large, bluish, purplish,
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 195
violet-purple, or almost white. — On a thorough revision of the genus, older
names will be found and verified for this and No. 21, which here cover a mul-
titude of forms. A. mutahilis, L., is prohahly one of them.
* •%. * * * * Stem-leaves sessile, the upper more or less clasping : scales of the hem-
ispherical involucre loosely more or less imbricated, somewhat equal, with herbaceous
tips, or the outer often entirely herbaceous : heads middle-sized or large : rays blue
or purple. (The species of this group are still perplexing.)
24. A. SBStlVHS, Ait. Stem slender, row/h, bushy-branched; leaves nar-
roivly lanceolate-linear, elongated, taper-pointed, entire, with rough margins ; heads
corymbose, loose; scales of the involucre linear, loose; rays large, apparently light
blue. (A. laxifolius, Nees.) — Var. LJETIFI^RUS has very slender branches
and leaves, and the scales of the involucre unequal and more appressed. —
Moist shady places, Ohio to Wisconsin and northward. Heads about as large
as in A. puniceus, in some forms appearing more like A. carneus. Leaves
4' -7' long, y to £' wide.
25. A. IVovi-Belgii, L. Nearly smooth; stem stout; leaves oblong-lanceo-
late, pale, or somewhat glaucous, serrate in the middle, acute, tapering to each end;
scales of the involucre rather closely imbricated, with broadish acute herbaceous tips ;
rays pale blue or purplish. — Low grounds, not clearly known in a wild state.
The plant here in view is intermediate between No. 23 and No. 26. — Heads
smaller and less showy than in the next.
26. A. loilgifolitis, Lam. Smooth or nearly so ; stem branched, corym-
bose-paniclcd at the summit; leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lower ovate-lance-
olate, entire or sparingly sen-ate in the middle, taper-pointed, shining above ; scales
of the involucre imbricated in 3 — 5 rows, linear, with acute or awl-shaped spreading or
recurved green tips ; rays large and numerous, bright purplish-blue. — Moist
places, along streams, &c., common eastward. — Plant l°-5° high, with large
and showy heads ; very variable in the foliage, involucre, &c. ; its multiform
varieties including A. thyrsiflorus, Hoffm., A. laxus, Willd. (a form with more
leafy involucres), A. prsealtus, Poir., A. eludes, Torr. $• Gr., &c.
27. A. plllliceilS, L. Stem tall and stout, rough-hairy all over or in lines,
usually purple below, panicled above ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, clasping by an auri-
cled base, sparingly serrate in the middle icith appressed teeth, rough above, nearly
smooth underneath, pointed ; scale* of the involucre narrowly linear, acute, loose,
equal, in about 2 rows ; rays long and showy (lilac-blue, paler or whitish in
shade). — Low thickets and swamps, very common. — Stems 3° -6° high, in
open grounds rough with rigid bristly hairs.
Var. viinineilS (A. vimineus, Willd.) is a variety nearly smooth through-
out ; growing in shade.
28. A. prenantllOldeS, Muhl. Stem low (l°-3° high), coryrnbose-
paniclcd, hairy above in lines ; leaves rough above, very smooth underneath, ovate-lan-
ceolate, sharply cut-toothed in the middle, conspicuously taper-pointed, and tapering
below in a long contracted entire portion, which is abruptly dilated into an aurided-
heart-shaped clasping base; scales of the involucre narrowly linear, with recurved-
spreading tips ; rays light blue. — • Borders of rich woods, W. New York and
Feun. to Wisconsin.
196 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
**#***•* Leave.! entire, those of the stem sessile, the 6a.se iftcn clasping: heads
solitary terminating the branches or somewhat corymbed, large or middle-sized, showy ;
.s of the involucre very numerous, ivith loose and spreading or ri curved niosily
foliaceous tips, usually mure or less glandular or viscid, as arc the. brtnieldtls, <J-c.
•«- Tnvolttcre imbricated, the scales in several or man if ranks.
29. A. graiicliflorus, L. Rough with mfiuite hispid hairs; stems slender,
loosely much-branched (1° — 3° high); leaves very small (£' — !' long), oblong-
linear, obtuse, rigid; the uppermost passing into scales of the hemispherical
squarrose many-ranked involucre ; rays bright violet (!' long) ; achenia hairy. —
Dry open places, Virginia and southward. — Heads large and very showy.
30. A. OblOllgifollUS, Nutt. Minutely gla>tdular-pi<bcrulent, much
branched above, rigid, paniculate-corymbose (1°- 2° high) ; leans narrowly ob-
long or lanceolate, mucronate-pointcd, partly clasping, thickish (l'-2'long by
2" -5" wide); scales of the involucre broadly linear, oppressed at the base;
rays violet-purple; achenia canescent. — Banks of rivers, from Pcnn. (Hunting-
don County, Porter!) and Virginia to Wisconsin and Kentucky. — Flowers not
half as large as those of the next.
A. AMETHYSTINUS, Nutt., of Eastern Massachusetts, is a still wholly obscure
species.
•*- +- Involucre of many very slender equal scales appearing like a single row.
31. A. Novae-Allgliae, L. Stem stout, hairy (3° -8° high), corymbed
at the summit; leaves very numerous, lanceolate, entire, acute, auriculate-dasping,
clothed with minute pubescence : scales of the involucre lincar-awl-shapcd, loose, glan-
dular-viscid, as well as the branchlets ; rays violet-purple, sometimes rose-purple
(A. roseus, Dcsf), very numerous; acheuia hairy. — Moist grounds ; common.
— Heads large, corymbed.
******** Head and imbricated involucre with leafy tips as in the preceding
group ; b'jt the foliage as in * * =*.
32. A. ailtiinalus, Engelm. Somewhat hoary-pubescent ; stems slender
(2° -4° high), simple or racemose-branched above; leaves ovate or ovate-lance-
olate, pointed, entire or nearly so, the lower cordate and long-petioled, the upper
small and almost sessile; scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated in
several rows, apprcsscd, with linear spreading leafy tips ; achenia smooth. —
Limestone cliffs, W. Illinois (and Missouri), Engelmann. — Heads as large as
those of No. 30 : rays violet-purple.
$ 4. ORITR6PHIUM, Kunth. — Scales of the involucre narrow, nearly equal and
almost in a single row, more or less herbaceous: pappus of soft and uniform capil-
lary bristles : mostly loir perennials, bearing solitary orfeiv //tads.
33. A. tfi'Ulliillifolius, Pursh. Slightly pubescent, slender (6' -12'
high) ; Iea\v> very numerous, narrowly linear; branches prolonged into slender
naked peduncles, bearing solitary small heads; rays rose-purple or whitish. —
New Hampshire, about the White Mountains (Mr. Eddy in herb. Tucker man),
L. Superior, and northward.
$5. ORTIIOMKRIS, Torr. & Gr. — Scales of the invohtrre regularly imbricated,
t', <>/'/, a i;irin<i1<-, mt/i munbranaceous margins, enlinly d<'atitute. of herbaceous
tips : pajipus of sojl and \jntqual capillary bristles.
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 197
3 1. A. acuminatiiSy Michx. Somewhat hairy ; stem (about 1° high)
simple, zigzag, panieled-corymbose at the summit; peduncles slender; leaves
oblong-lanceolate, conspicuously pointed, coarsely toothed above, wedge-form and en-
tire at the base ; scales of the involucre few and loosely imbricated, linear-lan-
ceolate, pointed, thin (3"- 5" long) ; heads few or several; rays 12-18, white,
or slightly purple. — Cool rich woods, common northward and southward alt -rig
the Alleghanius, Aug. — There is a depauperate narrow-leaved variety on the
White Mountains of New Hampshire.
35. A. ncinorselis, Ait. Minutely roughish-pubescent ; stem slender,
simple or corymbose at the summit, veiy leafy (l°-2° high) ; leaves small (!'-
1^' long), rather rigid, lanceolate, nearly entire, with revolute margins ; scales of the
inversely conical involucre narrowly linear-lanceolate, the outer passing into
a \vl-shaped bracts; rays lilac-purple, elongated. — Bogs, pine barrens of New
Jersey to Maine along the coast, and northward. Also White Mountains of
New Hampshire ; a small form, with solitary heads. Sept.
36. A. ptarmicoiiles, Torr. & Gr. Smooth or roughish ; stems clus-
tered (6'- 15' high), simple; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid, entire, tapering
to the base, 1 -3-nerved, with rough margins (2' -4' long) ; heads small, in a fiat
fpryinb; scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, short; rays white
(2-" -3" long). — Diy rocks, W. Vermont to Wisconsin along the Great Lakes,
Illinois, and northward. Aug.
§ 6. OXYTHIP6LIUM, DC. — Scales of the involucre imbricated, without herba-
ceous tips, usually very acute, the outer passing into scale-like bracts : pappus soft
and capillary: acJtenia striate.
37. A. flexnosus, Nutt. Stem zigzag, rigid, forked (6' -20' high) ; the
branches bearing large solitary heads ; leaves linear, thick andjleshy, pointed, entire ;
scales of the bell-shaped involucre imbricated in many rows, ovate-lanceolate with
awl-shaped points ; rays numerous, large, pale purple. — Salt marshes, on the
coast, Maine to Virginia. Sept.
38. A. liilifolillS, L. Stem much branched (6' -24' high), the branches
bearing numerous racemose or panicled small heads ; leaves linear-lanceolate, pointed,
entire, flat, on the branches awl-shaped ; scales of the oblong involucre linear-awl-
shaped, in few rows ; rays someichat in two rows, short, not projecting beyond the disk,
more numerous than the disk-flowers, purplish. (A. subulatus, Michx.) — Salt
marshes, on the coast, Maine to Virginia.
14. ERICcERON, L. FLEABANE.
Heads many-flowered, radiate, mostly flat or hemispherical ; the narrow rays
very numerous, pistillate. Scales of the involucre narrow, nearly equal and
almost in a single row. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenia flattened, usually
pubescent and 2-nerved. Pappus a single row of capillary bristles, with minuter
ones intermixed, or with a distinct short outer pappus of little bristles or chaffy
scales. — Herbs, with entire or toothed and generally sessile leaves, and solitary
or corymbed heads. Disk yellow: ray white or purple. (Name frcin fa,
17*
198 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
spring, and yipa>v, an old man, suggested by the hoary appearfjice of some of
the vernal species.)
§ 1. CJENOTUS, Nutt. — Rays inconspicuous, in several rows, sccrcely longer than
the pa/>]»is : ilisk-<-oroUas 4-toothed: pappus simple : annuals and biennials: head*
very small, cylindrical.
1. E. Cauadeiise, L. (HORSE-WEED. BUTTER-WEED.) Bristly-
hairy; stem erect, wand-like (5' -5° high); leaves linear, mostly entire; those
from the root cut-lobed ; heads very numerous, panicled. — Waste places ; a com-
mon weed, now widely diffused over the world. July -Get. — Ligules mueh
shorter than their tube, white.
2. E. divaricatllin, Michx. Diffuse and decumbent (3' - 6' high) ; leaves
linear or awl-shaped; heads loosely corymbed; rays purple: otherwise like No. 1.
— Illinois, Kentucky, and southward.
§ 2. EUERf GERON, Torr. & Gr. — Rays elongated, crowded in one or more
rows: pappus simple. (Erect perennials: heads someivhat corymbed.)
3. E. bellidifolium, Muhl. (ROBIN'S PLANTAIN.) Hairy, producing
offsets from the base; stem simple, rather naked above, bearing few (1-9) large
heads on slender peduncles, root-leaves obovate and spatulate, sparingly
toothed ; those of the stem distant, lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, entire ;
rays (about 50) rather broadly linear, light bluish-purple. — Copses and moist
banks; common. May.
4. E. PliiladclplliCUlll, L. (FLEABANB.) Hairy ; stem leafy, cor-
ymbed, bearing several small heads ; leaves thin, with a broad midrib, oblong ;
the upper smoothish, clasping by a heart-shaped base, mostly entire ; the lowest
spatulate, toothed ; rays innumerable and very narrow, rose-purple or flesh-color.
(E. purpureum, Ait.) — Moist ground; common. June -Aug.
| 3. STENACTIS, Cass. — Some of the outer bristles of the pappus short and
minute, or rather chaffy: otfierwise as § 2.
5. E. glabclllim, Nutt. Stem (6' -15' high) stout, hairy above, the
leafless summit bearing 1-7 large heads; leaves nearly glabrous, except the
margins, entire, the upper oblong-lanceolate and pointed, closely sessile or
partly clasping, the lower spatulate and pctiolcd; rays (more than 100, purple)
more than twice the length of the hoary -hispid involucre. — Plains, St. Croix
River, Wisconsin, and northward. June.
§ 4. PIIALACROL6MA, Cass. — Rays numerous, but nearly in a single row,
conspicuous : ji'ijijms plainly double, (he outer a crown of minute cJiajfy-bristfe-form
scales; the inner of scanty capillary bristles which are deciduous, or entirely want-
ing in the ray : attnuaU and biennials.
6. E. anmium, Pers. (DAISY FLEABANB. SWEET SCABIOUS.) Stem
stout (3° -5° high), branched, fo-.sr/ irith spreading hairs; leaves coarsely and
shm-fily toothed; the loicent orate, tapering into a margined petiole; the upper
ovate-lanceolate, acute and entire at both ends; heads corymbed; rays white,
tinged with purple, not twice the length of the bristly imolucre. (E. hetero-
phyllum, ^flllll. E. strignsum, Biycl.) — Fields and waste places; a very
common weed. (Nat. in Europe.) June -Aug.
i>
:
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 199
7. E. strigosum, Muhl. (DAISY FLEABANE.) Stem panicled-corym-
bose at the summit, roughish like the leaves with minute oppressed hairs, or almost
smooth; leaves entire or nearly so, the upper lanceolate, scattered, the lowest
oblong or spatulate, tapering into a slender petiole ; rays white, twice the length
of the minutely hairy involucre. (E. integrifulium, Bigel.) — Fields, &c. ; com-
mon. June- Aug. — Stem smaller and more simple than the last, with smaller
heads but longer rays.
5. ERIGERfDIUM, Torr. & Gr. — Rays about 30, in a single row, rather
broad: pappus simple : achenia mostly ^-nerved : not perennial.
8. E. vcrimm, Torr. & Gr. Glabrous; leaves clustered at the root,
oval or spatulate; scape leafless, slender (l°-2° high), bearing 5-12 small
corymbed heads ; rays white. (E. nudicaule, Michx. Aster vernus, L.) — Low
grounds, E. Virginia and southward. May.
15. DIPJLOPAPPUS, Cass. DOUBLE-BRISTLED ASTER.
Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays 8-12, pistillate. Scales of the invo-
lucre imbricated, appressed, narrow, 1-nerved or keeled, destitute of herbaceous
tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Achenia flattish. Pappus double ; the outer
of very short and small stiff bristles, the inner of capillary bristles as long as
the disk-corolla. — Perennials with corymbose or simple heads : disk-flowers yel-
low; rays white or violet. (Name composed of SivrXoos, double, and TraTTzroy,
pappus, the character which distinguishes the genus from Aster.)
4 1. Rays violet, showy: head solitary, pretty large: involucre much imbricated,
achenia silky : bristles of the inner pappus all alike.
1. I>. liiiariifolius, Hook. Stems (6' -20' high), several from the
same woody root, mostly simple, very leafy; leaves rigid, spreading, linear,
strongly 1-nerved, smooth, with very rough margins. — Dry soil; common.
Sept., Oct.
$ 2. Rays white: heads small, corymbed: involucre shorter than the disk, imbricated
in about 3 rows : achenia smoothish : bristles of the inner pappus unequal, some of
them thickened at the tip : leaves large, scattered, membranaceous, veiny, entire.
2. D. limbellatllS, Torr. & Gr. Smooth, leafy to the top (2° -6°
high); leaves lanceolate, elongated, taper-pointed and tapering at the base (3' -6'
long) ; heads very numerous in compound flat corymbs ; scales of the involucre
rather closely imbricated, obtusish. — Moist thickets ; common, especially north-
ward. Aug.
3. D. ailiygdiilinilS, Torr. & Gr. Smooth or roughish above, leafy;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, abruptly narrowed at the base ; scales of the involu-
cre loosely imbricated, obtuse. — Low grounds, New Jersey, Penn., and south-
ward. Aug. — Very near the last, usually lower, rougher, and with broader and
shorter leaves.
4. I>. COrnifolillS, Darl. Stem (l°-2° high) pubescent, bearing few
heads on divergent peduncles ; leaves elliptical or ovate-lanceolate, conspicuously point'
ed at both ends, ciliate, hairy on the veins underneath. — Woodlands, E. Massa-
chusetts to Kentucky, and southward along the mountains. July - Sept.
200 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
16. BOL.T6NIA, L'llei. BOLTONIA.
Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numetous, pistillate. Scales of ihe
hemispherical involucre imbricated somewhat in '2 rows, appressed, with narrow
rncmbranareous margins. Receptacle conical or hemispherical, naked. Ache-
nia flat, obovate or inversely heart-shaped, margined with a callous wing, or in
the ray 3-wingcd, crowned with a pappus of several minute bristles and fre-
quently with 2-4 longer awns. — Perennial and bushy-branched smooth horba,
:-"en, with the aspect of Aster : the thickish leaves chiefly entire. II. •:;«'•<
corymbose or panicled: disk yellow: rays white or purplish. (Dedi-
cated to /. Bollon, an English botanist.) See Addeiid.
1. B. asteroides, L'Hcr. Leaves lanceolate; achenia broadly cval ;
pappus of few minute bristles and no awns. — Moist places along streams.
Transylvania (/MI ft ram) and southward along the Alleghanies : rare. Out. —
riant usually 6° high.
2. 15. glastifolia, L'Her. Leaves lanceolate, ascending, often turned
edgi'wisc by a twist; achenia obovate, broadly winged ; pappus of several short
bristles and, especially in the disk, of 2 or 3 short awns. — Rich moist soil,
Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward. Sept. — Plant 2° -4° high.
17. B ELLIS, Tourn. DAISY.
Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the
involucre herbaceous, equal, in about 2 rows. Receptacle conical, naked.
Achenia obovate, flattened, wingless, and without any pappus. — Low herbs
(all but one species natives of the Old World), either stemless, like the true
/Af/.s//, B. perennis, or leafy-stemmed, as is our species. (The Latin name,
from bellus, pretty.)
1. B. integrifolia, Michx. (WESTERN DAISY.) Diffusely branched
and spreading (4' -9' high), smoothish; leaves lanceolate or oblong, the lower
spatulatc-obovatc; heads on slender peduncles ; rays pale violet-purple. ® @
— Praiiies and banks, Kentucky and southwestward. March- June.
18. BKA€IIlrriI/ETA, Torr. & Gr. FALSE GOLDEN-ROD.
Heads and flowers nearly as in Solidago, except the pappus, which is a row
of minute rather scale-like bristles shorter than the achenia. — A perennial herb,
with rounded or ovate serrate leaves, all the lower ones heart-shaped ; the small
yellow heads in sessile clusters racemed or spiked on the branches. (Name com-
peted of ftpaxvs, short, and \alrri, bristle, from the pappus.)
1. B. COrdata, Torr. & Gr. (Solidago cordata, Short.) Wooded hills,
E. Kentucky and southward. Oct. — Plant 2° -4° high, slender, more or less
pubescent.
19. SOLIDAGO, L. GOLDEN-ROD.
I It ads few -many-flowered, radiate; the rays 1 to 16, pistillate. Scales of
the oblong involucre appressed, destitute of herbaceous tips (except No. 1).
Receptacle small, not chaffy Achenia many-iibbed, nearly terete. Pappus
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 201
simple, of equal capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with mostly wand-like
btems and nearly sessile stem-leaves, never heart-shaped. Heads small, racemed
or clustered: flowers both of the disk and ray (except No. 2) yellow. (Name
from solido, to join, or make whole, in allusion to its reputed vulnerary quali-
ties.) Flowering Aug. - Oct. See Addend.
$ 1. CHRYSASTRUM, Torr. & Gr. — Scales of the much imbricated rigid in-
volucre icith abruptly spreading herbaceous tips : heads in clusters or glomerate ra-
cemes disposed in a dense somewhat leafy and interrupted icand-like compound spike.
1. S. squarrdsa, Muhl. Stem stout (2° -5° high), hairy above; leaves
large, oblong, or the lower spatulate-oval and tapering into a margined petiole,
serrate, veiny; disk-flowers 16-24, the rays 12-16. — Rocky wooded hills,
Maine and W. Vermont to Penn., and the mountains of Virginia.
§ 2. VIRGAljREA; Tourn. Scales of the involucre destitute of herbaceous tips:
rays mostly fewer than the disk-flowers : heads all more or less pedicelled.
* Heads in close clusters or short clustered racemes in the axils of the feather-veined
leaves. (Rays 3 -6.)
2. S. biCOloa*, L. Hoary or grayish with soft hairs ; stem mostly simple ;
leaves oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute at both ends, or the lower oval and
tapering into a petiole, slightly serrate ; clusters or short racemes from the axils of
the upper leaves, forming an interrupted spike or crowded panicle ; rays small,
cream-cclor or nearly white. — Var. CONCOLOR has the rays yellow. — Dry copses
and banks, common : the var. in Pennsylvania and westward.
3. S, latif olia, L. Smooth or nearly so, stem angled, zigzag, simple or
paniculate-branched (l°-3° high) ; leaves broadly ovate or oval, very strongly and
sharply serrate, conspicuously pointed at both ends (thin, 3' -6' long); heads in
very short axillary sessile clusters, or somewhat prolonged at the end of the
branches. — Moist shaded banks, in rich soil; common northward, and along
the mountains.
4. S. Cii'Sia, L. Smooth; stem terete, mostly glaucous, at length much
branched and diffuse ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, pointed,
sessile ; heads in very short axillary clusters, or somewhat racemose-panicled
on the branches. — Moist rich woodlands ; common. Heads rather smaller than
in the last.
* * llacemes terminal, erect, either somewhat simple and wand-like, or compound and
panicled, not one-sided : leaves feather-veined. (Not maritime.)
*- Heads small : leaves nearly entire, except the lowermost.
5. S. Virgfltta, Michx. Very smooth throughout; stem strict and simple,
wand-like (2° -4° high), slender, beset with small and entire appressed lanceo-
late-oblong leaves, which arc gradually reduced upwards to mere bracts ; the
lowest oblong-spatulate, all thickish and smooth ; heads crowded in a very narrow
compound spicate raceme ; rays 5-7. — Damp pine barrens, New Jersey to Vir-
ginia and southward.
6. S. pllfoerilla, Nutt. Stem (l°-3° high, simple or branched) and
panicle very minutely hoary ; stem-leaves lanceolate, ac ite, tapering to the base,
smooth ish; the lowev wedge-lanceolate and sparingly toothed; heads very nu-
202 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
mcrous, crotoded in compact erect-spreading short racemes, forming u prolonged and
dense narrow or pyramidal panicle ; scales of tlie involucre linear-awl-shapcd, ap-
I>n-M <1 ; rays about 10. — Sandy soil, Maine to Virginia and southward, near
the coast.
7. S. StricUl, Ait. Very smooth throughout; stem simple, strict (2° -3°
hhh) ; Aarr.s lannulate, pointed, the lower tapering gradually into winged peti-
oles, partly sheathing at the base, minutely serrate above with, appressed teeth;
t ninrh croicdcd and appressed in a dense wand-like, panicle; scales of the
involucre linear-oblong, obtuse; rays 5-6, small. — Peat-bogs, Maine to Wis-
consin and northward. Root-leaves 6'- 10' long. It flowers earlier than its
allies, beginning in July.
•»- •»- Heads rather large, at least for the size of the plant.
8. S. Spcciosa, Nutt. Stem stout (3° -6° high), smooth; leaves thickish,
smooth with rough margins, oval or ovate, slightly sen-ate, the uppermost oblong-
lanceolate, the lower contracted into a margined petiole ; heads somewhat
crowded in numerous erect racemes, forming an ample pyramidal or thyrsiform pan-
icle; peduncles and pedicels rough-hairy; scales of the cylindrical involucre
oblong, obtuse; rays about 5, large. — Var. ANGUST\TA is a dwarf form, with
the racemes short and clustered, forming a dense interrupted or compound
spike. — Copses, Massachusetts to Wisconsin and southward. — A very hand-
some species; the lower leaves 4' -6' long and 2' -4' wide in the larger forms.
9. S. Virga-ailrca, L. Pubescent or nearly glabrous ; stem low (6'- 18'
high) and simple ; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, or the lowest spatulate or elliptical'
obovate and petioled, serrate with small appressed teeth or nearly entire ; racemes
thyrsoid or simple, narrow; scales of the involucre lanceolate. or linear, acute ;
rays 8-12. — An extremely variable species in the Old World and in our north-
ern regions. (Eu.)
Var. alpilia, Bigel. Dwarf (l'-8' high), with few (1-12) pretty large
heads (3" -4" long, becoming smaller as they increase in number); leaves
thickish, mostly smooth ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute or acutish ;
rays about 12. — Alpine region of the mountains of Maine, New Hampshire,
and New York ; and shore of Lake Superior.
Var. Iiii mills. Low (6' -12' high) and smooth, bearing several or nu-
merous loosely thyrsoid smaller heads, which, with the peduncles, &c., are
mostly somewhat glutinous ; scales of the involucre obtuse; rays 6-8, short;
leaves van-ing from narrowly lanceolate and nearly entire to oblanceolate and
serrate. (S. humilis, Pursh, Tan. Sf Gr.) — Rocky banks, W. Vermont, Lakes
Huron and Superior, and northward. At the base of the White Mountains of
New Hampshire, on gravelly banks of streams, occurs a form, with the mi-
nutely pubescent stout stem l°-2° high, the leaves larger and broader, and
the heads very numerous in an ample compound raceme ; the rays occasionally
almost white.
10. S. tliyrsoldca, E. Meyer. Stem stout (l°-4°high), wwd-like, pu-
bescent near the summit, simple ; leaves thin, ovate, irregularly and coarsely ser-
f's slnir/t xulient teeth, large (l'-4' long), all but the uppermost abruptly
contracted into long and margined petioles heads large (5" -6" long), many-
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 203
flowered, crowded in an oblong or wand-like raceme or contracted panicle
(2'-18' long); scales of the involucre loose and thin, long, lanceolate, taper-
pointed; rays 8 - 1 0, elongated ; achenia smooth. (S. Virga-aurea, Pursh. S.
leiocarpa, DC.} — Wooded sides of high mountains of Maine to New York (south
to the Catskills), shore of Lake Superior, and northward.
* * * Heads in a compound corymb terminating the simple stem, showy : leaves thick-
ish, mostly feather-veined from a strong midrib.
11. S. rigfida, L. Rough and somewhat hoary with a minute pubescence;
stem stout (3° -5° high), very leafy; the short compact clusters densely cor-
ymbcd at the summit; leaves oval or oblong, the upper closely sessile by a broad
base, slightly serrate, the uppermost entire, veiny; thick and rigid ; heads large,
about 34-flowercd; the rays 7-10. — Dry soil, Connecticut to Wisconsin and
southward.
12. S. OlliOtlllSlS, Riddell. Very smooth throughout; stem wand-like,
slender, leafy (2° -3° high); stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, flat, entire, closely
sessile, the lower and radical ones elongated, slightly serrate towards the apex,
somcAvhat veiny, tapering into long margined petioles ; heads numerous in a
flat-topped compound corymb, on smooth pedicels, 1 6 - 20-flowcred ; the rays
6 or 7. — Moist meadows or prairies, W. New York to Ohio and Wisconsin. —
Root-leaves 1° long; the upper reduced to l'-2', with rough margins, like the
rest. Heads smaller than in any other of this section, scarcely one third the
size of those of No. 11.
13. S. Riddellii, Frank. Smooth and stout (2° -4° high), very leafy, the
branches of the dense corymb and pedicels rough -pubescent ; leaves linear-lance-
olate, elongated (4' -6' long), entire, acute, partly clasping or sheathing, condupli-
cate and mostly recurved, the lowest elongated-lanceolate and tapering into a long
keeled petiole, obscurely 3-nervcd ; heads very numerous in close clusters, aggre-
gated in a spreading flat-topped compound corymb, 20 - 24-flowercd ; the rays
7-9. — Wet grassy prairies, Ohio to Wisconsin, and Illinois. — Heads larger
than in the last, 2" -3" long. Stem-leaves upright and partly sheathing at the
base, then gradually recurved-spreading.
14. S. Hoilgiitoilii, Torr. & Gray, ined. Smooth ; stem rather low and
slender (1°-1^° high); haves scattered, linear-lanceolate, acutish, flat, entire
tapering into a narrowed slightly clasping base, or the lower into margined peti-
oles ; heads several, crowded in a^small nearly simple corymb, 20 - 30-flowered ;
the rays 9 or 10. — North shore of Lake Michigan; collected in the Michigan
State Survey. Aug. — Leaves smooth, but not shining, rough-margined, 3' -5-
long, 1 -nerved, or the lower very obscurely 3-nerved above. Corymb minutely
pubescent. Heads large, nearly £' long. Scales of the involucre obtuse, mi-
nutely ciliate.
* * * * Heads in one-sided more or less spreading or recurved racemes : leaves
veiny, not 3-ribbed, but sometimes obscurely triple- nerved.
«- Leaves thickish, very smooth, entire, elongated, obscurely veiny : heads rather large.
15. S. SCllipervireilS, L. Smooth and stout (l°-8° high); leaves
fleshy, lanceolate, slightly clasping, or the lower lanceolate oblong, obscurely
triple-nerved ; racemes short, in an open or contracted panicle. — Varies, in less
204 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.;
brackish swamps, with thinner and elongated linear- lanceolate leaves, tapering
to each end, with more erect racemes in a narrower panicle. — Salt marshes, or
rocks on the shore, Maine to Virginia. — Heads showy: the golden rays 8-10.
«- •*- Leaves usually ample, serrate, loosely feather-veined, or rarely slightly triple-
nerved; heads middle-sized.
16. S. Clliptica, Ait. Smooth; stem stout (l°-3° high), very letijy ;
'fiijitical or oblong-lanceolate, acute (2' -3' long), closely sessile, slightly
serrate, strongly veined, thick, smooth both sides, shining above ; heads in dense
apn-aaing racemes ichich are crowded in a close pyramidal ]>ani<-le. ; peduncles and
achcnia strigose-pubescent. — Swamps (fresh or brackish) near the coast, New
Jersey, Carey. Rhode Island, -Olney. Sept., Oct. — Heads showy, 3" long; the
rays 8-12.
17. S. neglccta, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem stout (2° -3° high);
leaves thickish, smooth both sides, opaque ; tJie upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute
and nearly entire ; the lower ovate-lanceolate or oblong, sharply serrate, tapering
into a petiole ; racemes short and dense, at length spreading, disposed in an elon-
gated or pyramidal close panicle ; peduncles and achcnia nearly glabrous. —
Swamps, Maine to Penn. and Wisconsin. — Heads rather large, crowded ; the
racemes at first erect and scarcely one-sided.
18. S. piitllla, Muhl. Stem strongly angled, smooth (3° -5° high); leaves
(4' -8' long) ovate, acute, sen-ate, pale, very smooth and veiny underneath, but the
upper surface very rough, like shagreen ; racemes rather short and numerous on
the spreading branches. — Swamps ; common.
19. S. argllta, Ait. Smooth throughout (l°-4° high) ; radical and lou-er
stem-leaves elliptical or lanceolate-oval, sharjdy serrate with spreading teeth, pointed,
tapering into winged and dilate petioles ; the others lanceolate or oblong, slightly
triple-nerved, tapering to "each end, the uppermost entire; racemes dense, nak«l, at
length elongated and recurved, forming a crowded and fiat corymb-like panicle; rays
S- 12, small. — Var. 1. JUNCJSA has the leaves narrower and less serrate, or
all the upper entire. — Var. 2. SCABR£LLA is somewhat roughish-pubesceiit
(Wisconsin, £c.). — Copses and banks, common, especially the first variety. —
Well distinguished by its long or drooping racemes, and the closely apprcssed
rigid scales of the involucre, small rays, &c. But the name is a bad one, as
even the root-leaves arc seldom very sharply toothed.
20. S. Mlllllcilbcrgii, Torr. & Gr. Smooth; stemangl«i; leaves (large
and thin) oratr, and the upper elliptical-lanceolate, very sharp/// and strongly .s<r-
ratc, pointed at both c.nds, the lowest on margined petioles ; raccm<* f>/.:
tpnafKng, disposed in an don gat (d open panicle; rays 6-7, large. — Copsv
inn; i woods, N. I lamps] :ire to Penn. — Racemes much shorter and looser than
in the last ; the involucral scales thin and more slender.
21. S. lilioitlos, Solander. Smooth; sf.-w d, ndn-, simple. (10'-20' high) ;
lans Itinrtolutf, serrate with small appresserj teeth, narrowed at the base, the
lower tapering into margined eiliate petioles, the uppermost oblong; /
s/iort, rrotcdid in onf or 3-4 small one-sid(d fani'^s (.'}'- 4' long) ; heads small
jiii'l ('"w-Howcri'd ; rays 1-3. — Bogs, New England (near Boston y.nd Provi-
•K-iice), to the pine barrens of New Jersey.
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 205
«- H- H- Lccvea broad, not large, sessile or short-petioled, coarsely and sharply seirate,
copiously feather-veined; veinlets conspicuously reticulated: heads small: rays short.
22. S. altissima, L. Rough-hairy, especially the stem (2° -7° high) ; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, elliptical or oblong, often thickish and very rugose ; racemes pani-
cled, spreading ; scales of the involucre linear ; rays 6- 9; the disk-flowers 4-7.
— Borders of fields and copses; very common, presenting a great variety of
forms : but instead of the tallest, as its name denotes, it is usually one of the
lowest of the common Golden-rods.
23. S. uliiiifdlia, Muhl. Stem smooth, the branches hairy; leaves thin,
elliptical -ocate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, tapering to the base, loosely veined, be-
set with soft hairs beneath ; racemes panicled, recurved-spreading ; scales of the
involucre lanceolate-oblong ; rays about 4. — Low copses ; common. — Too
near the last ; distinguished only by its smooth stem and thin larger leaves.
24. S. DriimniOlldii, Torr. & Gr. Stem (l°-3° high) and lower sur-
face of the broadly ovate or oval somewhat triple-ribbed leaves minutely velvety -pubes-
cent, some of the leaves almost entire ; racemes panicled, short ; scales of the
involucre oblong, obtuse; rays 4 or 5. — Rocks, Illinois opposite St. Louis, and
southwestward.
«- •*- •*- -«- Leaves entire or nearly so, thickish, reticulate-veiny, but the veins obscure.
25. S. pildsa, Walt. Stem stout, upright (3° -7° high), clothed with spread-
ing hairs, often panicled at the summit ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, roughish, hairy
beneath, at least on the midrib, serrulate, the upper ovate-lanceolate or oblong
and entire, closely sessile ; racemes many, recurved, crowded in a dense pyram-
idal panicle; rays 7-10, very short. — Low grounds, pine ban-ens of New
Jersey to Virginia, and southward.
26. S. oclora, Ait. (SWEET GOLDEN-ROD.) Smooth, or nearly so through-
out; stem n!<-ndrr (2° -3° high), often reclined ; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, shin-
inir, pellucid-dotted ; racemes spreading in a small one-sided panicle; rays 3 — 4,
rather large. — Border of thickets in dry or sandy soil, Vermont and Maine to
Kentucky, and southward. — The crushed leaves yield a pleasant anisate odor.
•»- -t- •«- •*- H- Leaves grayish or hoary, thickish, feather-veined and slightly triple-
nerivd, obscurely sen-ate or entire; heads middle-sized.
27. S. llClllOrjiliS, Ait. Clothed with a minute and close grayish-hoary
(soft or roughish) pubescence; stem simple or corymbed at the summit (g°-2i°
high) ; leaves oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong, the lower somewhat crenate-
toothed and tapering into a petiole; racemes numerous, dense, at length re-
curved, forming a large and crowded compound raceme or panicle which is
usually turned to one side ; scales of the involucre linear-oblong, apprcssed •
rays 6 -9. — Dry sterile fields; very common. In the West occur less hoary
and rougher forms.
^ ^ ^ *f * Heads in one-sided spreading or recurved racemes, forming an ample
panicle : leaves plainly 3-ribbed, or triple-ribbed.
•*- Scales of the involucre thickish and rigid, closely imbricated, with somewhat green-
ish tips or midrib : leaves rigid, smooth and shining.
28. S. Sliortii, Torr. & Gr. Stem slender, simple (1°- 3° high), minute-
ly roughish-pubescent : leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, the lower sharply serrate
200 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
ibove the middle with scattered fine teeth ; racemes mostly short in a crowded
panicle; achcnia silky-pubescent. — Rocks, at the Falls of the Ohio, £e. — A
handsome species : heads 3" long, narrow.
29. S. UliSSOliricnsiS, Nutt. Smooth throughout (1°- 3° high) ; Aa/vs
linear-lanceolate, or the lower broadly fanceolate, tapering to both ends, with very-
rough margins, the lower very sharply serrate; heads and druse crowded vaccines
nearly as in No. 19 ; achenia nearly glabrous. — Dry prairies, from Illinois south-
ward and westward. — Heads l£"-2" long.
*- -i- Scales of the involucre narrow, thin and membranaccous : raccims mostly dun-
gated and numerous, forming a croicded ample panicle, (These all present inter-
mediate forms, and perhaps may be reduced to one polymorphous species.)
30. S. rtlpt'StriS, Raf. Stem smooth and slender (2° -3° high); /. ar,s
linear-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, smooth and glabrous, entire, or nearly so ;
panicle narrow; heads very small; rays very sliort. — Rocky river-banks, Ken-
tucky and Indiana.
31. S. Caiiadcnsis, L. Stem rough-hairy, tall and stout (3°-G° high) ;
leaves lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate (sometimes almost entire), more or less
pubescent beneath and rough above; heads small; rays very short. — Borders of thick-
ets and fields ; very common. — Varies greatly in the roughness and hairiness of
the stem and leaves, the latter oblong-lanceolate or elongated linear-lanceolate ;
— in var. ru6cERA, whitish-woolly underneath; and in var. SCABRA also very
rough above, often entire, and rugose-veined.
32. S. scrotilia, Ait. Stem very smooth, tall and stout (4° -8° high),
often glaucous ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrate, roughish above, smooth except
the veins underneath, which are more or less hairy ; rays short. — Thickets and low
grounds; common. — Intermediate in character, and in the size of the heads and
rays, between the last and the next.
33. S. grigtflltea, Ait. Stem stout (3° -7° high), smooth, often glaucous;
leaves quite smooth both sides, lanceolate, taper-pointed, very sharply serrate, ex-
cept the narrowed base, rough-ciliate ; the ample panicle pubescent; rays rather
long. — Copses and fence-rows ; common : — presenting many varieties, but with
decidedly larger heads and rays than in the preceding. Seldom very tall.
$ 3. EUTIlAMIA, Nutt. — Corymbosely much branched : heads small, sessile in
little cliuten which are crowded in flat-topjyed corymbs ; the closely oppressed sva/<s
of the involucre somewhat glutinous : receptacle fimbr ill at <>: rays 6-20, s/tort, more
numerous than the disk-Jlowers : leaves narrow, entire, sessile, crowded.
34. S. lanccolftta, L. Leaves lanceolate-linear, 3-5-ncrved, the nerves,
margins, and angles of the branches minutely rough-pubescent ; heads obovoid-
cylindrical, in dense corymbcd clusters; rays 15-20. — River-banks, &c. in
moist soil ; common. — Stem 2° - 4° high : leaves 3' - 5' long.
3.1 S. tCJlllifolia, Pursh. Smooth, slender; /cares m;// narrowly Hnntr,
iiiiisfli/ \-»< rnd, dulled; heads obovoid-elub-shaped, in numerous elustrrs of 2 OF
3, di-pfi>i'd in a loose corymb; rays 6-12. — Sandy fields, Massachusetts to
Illinois, and southward ; common near the coast.
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 207
2O. fSIGELOVSA, DC. RAYLESS GOLDEX-BOD.
Heads 3 - 4-flowered, the flowers all perfect and tubular : rays none. Invo-
lucre club-shaped, yellowish ; the rigid somewhat glutinous scales linear, closely
imbricated and appressed. Receptacle narrow, with an awl-shaped prolongation
in the centre. Achenia somewhat obconical, hairy. Pappus a single row of
capillary bristles. — A perennial smooth herb; the slender stem (l°-2° high)
simple or branched from the base, naked above, corymbose at the summit, bear-
ing small heads in a flat-topped corymb. Flowers yellow. Leaves scattered,
oblanceolate or linear, 1 - 3-nerved. (Dedicated by De Candolle to Dr. Jacob
Bigelow, author of the Florula Bostoniensis, and of the American Medical
Botany. )
1. B. midst ta, DC. — Low pine barrens, New Jersey and southward.
Sept.
21. CHUY§OPSIS, Nutt. GOLDEN ASTER,
Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of tke
involucre linear, imbricated, without herbaceous tips. Receptacle flat. Achenia
obovate or linear oblong, flattened, hairy. Pappus of all the flowers double,
the outer a set of very short and somewhat chaffy bristles, the inner of elongated
capillary bristles. — Chiefly perennial low herbs, woolly or hairy, with rather
large often corymbose heads terminating the branches. Disk and ray-flowers
yellow. (Name composed of xpvoos, gold, and o-^tc, aspect, from the golden
blossoms.) ••
* Leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear : achenia linear.
1. C. gramiili folia, Nutt. Silvery-silky, with long close-pressed hairs ;
stem slender, naked above, the few heads closely corymbed ; leaves lanceolate or
linear, elongated, grass-like, nerved, shining, entire. — Dry sandy soil, Delaware to
Virginia, and southward. July - Oct.
2. C. f alcsl ta, Ell. Stems (4' - 10' high) very woolly ; leaves crowded,
linear, rigid, about 3-nerved, entire, somewhat recurved or scythe-shaped, hairy, or
smooth when old, sessile ; heads (small) corymbed. — Dry sandy soil on the
coast, pine barrens of New Jersey to Nantucket, Massachusetts. Aug.
* * Leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or slightly serrate, mostly sessile, veined, not
nerved ; achenia obovate, flattened.
3. C. Goss^pisia, Nutt. Densely woolly all over; leaves oblong, obtuse,
(l'-2' long); heads larger than in the next. — Pine barrens, Virginia and
southward. Aug. - Oct. ^
4. C. TVI«iria.iia, Nutt. Silky with long and weak hairs, or when old
smoothish ; leaves oblong ; heads corymbed, on glandular penduncles. — Dry bar-
rens, from New York and Lancaster, Penn., southward, near the coast. Aug.-
Oct.
5. C. Villosa, Nutt. Hirsute and vittous-pubescent ; stem corymbosely
branched, the branches terminated by single short-peduncled heads ; leaves nar-
rowly oblong, hoary with rough pubescence (as also the involucre), bristly -ciliate
toward the base. — Dry plains and prairies, Wisconsin to Kentucky, and west-
ward. .Tnl v — Sent.
208 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
22. IIVUI^A, L. ELECAMPANE.
Outer scales of the involucre sometimes leaf-like. Achenia terete or 4-sided.
Pappus simple, of capillary bristles. Anthers with 2 tails at their base. Oth-
erwise much as in the last genus. (The ancient Latin name.)
1. I. HELENIUM, L. (COMMON ELECAMPANE.) Stout (3°-5° high);
leaves large, woolly beneath; those from the thick root ovate, petioled, the
others partly clasping ; rays very many, narrow. 1J. — Road-sides, escaped from
cultivation. Aug. — Heads very large. Root mucilaginous. (Adv. from Eu.)
23. PL,<JCHEA, Cass. MARSH FLEABANE.
Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular ; the central perfect, but sterile,
few, with a 5-cleft corolla ; all the others with a thread-shaped truncate corolla,
pistillate and fertile. Involucre imbricated. Anthers with tails. Acheuia
grooved. Pappus capillary, in a single row. — Herbs, somewhat glandular,
emitting a strong and disagreeable or camphoric odor, the heads in close com-
pound corymbs. Flowers purplish. (Dedicated to the Abbe PI ache.)
1. P. campliorata, DC. (SALT-MARSH FLEABANE.) Minutely vis-
cid, pale (l°-2° high) ; leaves scarcely petioled, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, thick-
ish, obscurely veiny, serrate ; corymb flat; involucre viscid-downy. (5) (Cony-
za camphorata, Bigel. C. Marylandica, Pursk.) — Salt marshes, Massachusetts
to Virginia and southward. Aug.
2. P. fffitida, DC. Almost smooth (2° -4° high); leaves distinitli/ petioled,
veiny, oval-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, serrate ; corymbs panic-led ; invo-
lucre smooth. 1|. — River-banks, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. Aug.
24. BACCIIARIS, L. GROUNDSEL-TREE.
Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, dioecious, viz. the pistillate and
staminate flowers in separate heads borne by different plants. Involucre imbri-
cated. Corolla of the pistillate flowers very slender and thread-like; of the
staminate, larger and 5-lobed. Anthers tailless. Achenia ribbed. Pappus of
slender capillary bristles, in the sterile plant scanty and tortuous ; in the fertile
plant very long and copious. — Shrubs, commonly smooth and resinous or glu-
tinous. Flowers whitish or yellow. (The name of some shrub anciently dedi-
cated to Bacchus.)
1. 15. lialimifolia, L. (SEA GROUNDSEL-TREE.) Smoolh and some-
what scurfy ; branches angled ; leaves obovate and wedge-form, comvcly
toothed, or the upper entire ; lieads scattered or in leafy panicles ; scales of the
involucre acutish. — Sea beach, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward.
S«-pl. -Oct.— Shrub 6°-12° high; the fertile plant conspicuous in autumn by
its very long and white pappus.
2. B. gloiticrillifldra, Pers. Leaves spatulate-oblong ; heads larger,
sessile in the axils or in clusters ; scales of the bell-shaped involucre broader
and very obtuse: otherwise like the last. — Pine barrens, Virginia near iho
coast, and southward.
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 209
25. POI^MNIA, L. LEAF-CUP.
Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays several, pistillate and fertile; the
disk-flowers perfect, but sterile. Scales of the involucre in two rows ; the outer
about 5, leaf-like, large and spreading ; the inner small and membranaceous,
partly embracing the thickened round-obovoid achenia. Receptacle flat, with a
membranaceous chaff to each flower. Pappus none. — Tall branching peren-
nial herbs, viscid-hairy, exhaling a heavy odor. Leaves large and thin, oppo-
site, or the uppermost alternate, lobed, and with dilated appendages like stipules
at the base. Heads in panicled corymbs. Flowers light yellow. (Dedi-
cated to one of the Muses, for no imaginable reason, as the plants are coarse
and inelegant.)
1. P. CaJiadensiS, L. Clammy-hairy; lower leaves deeply pinnatifid,
the uppermost triangular-ovate and 3 - 5-lobed or angled, petioled ; rays fao,
obovate or wedge-form, shorter than the involucre, whitish-yellow. — Moist shaded
ravines, W. New York to Wisconsin, and southward along the mountains.
July - Sept.
2. P. Uvedalia, L. Roughish-hairy, stout (4° -10° high) ; leaves broadly
ovate, angled and toothed, nearly sessile ; the lower palmately lobed, abruptly
narrowed into a winged petiole ; outer involucral scales very large ; rays 10-15,
linear-oblong, much longer than the inner scales of the involucre, yellow. — Rich soil,
W. New York to Illinois and southward. Aug.
26. CIIRYSOGONUM, L. CHRYSOGONUM.
Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays about 5, pistillate and fertile ; the
disk-flowers perfect but sterile. Involucre of about 5 exterior leaf-like oblong
scales, which exceed the disk, and as many interior shorter and chaff-like concave
scales. Receptacle flat, with a linear chaff to each disk-flower. Achenia all
in the ray, obovate, obcompressed, 4-angled, each one partly enclosed by the
short scale of the involucre behind it ; those of the disk-flowers abortive. Pap-
pus a small chaffy crown, 2 - 3-toothed, and split down the inner side. — A low
(2' -6' high), hairy, perennial herb, nearly stemless when it begins to flower, the
flowerless shoots forming runners. Leaves opposite, ovate or spatulate, crenate,
long-petiolcd. Heads single, long-peduncled. Flowers yellow. (Name com-
posed of xpucros1, golden, and yow, knee.)
1. C. Virgiiiiamun, L. Dry soil, from Pennsylvania (Mcrcersburg,
Porter) and Illinois southward. May -Aug. — Rays £' long.
2?. SILPHIUM, L. ROSIN-PLANT.
Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, pistillate and fertile, their
broad flat ovaries imbricated in 2 or 3 rows ; the disk-flowers perfect, but sterile.
Scales of the broad and flattish involucre imbricated in several rows, broad and
with loose leaf-like summits, except the innermost, which are small and resero.
ble the linear chaff of the flat receptacle. Achenia broad and flat, obcompressed,
surrounded by a wing which is notched at the top, destitute of pappus, or with
2 teeth confluent with the winged margin : achenia of the disk sterile and stalk-
18=*
210 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
like. — Coarse and tall rough perennial herbs, with a copious resinous juice,
and large corymbose-panicled yellow-flowered heads. (2i'A<£ioi/, the ancient
name of a plant which produced some gum-resin (assafoetida <), was transferred
by Linnums to this American genus.)
# Stem terete, naked above, alternate-leaved near the base (root very large and thick).
1. S. lacilliatlini, L. (ROSIN-WEED. COMPASS-PLANT.) Very rongh-
bri.ft.lt/ throughout ; stem stout (3° -6° high) ; leaves pinnately parted, petioled but
dilau-d and clasping at the base ; their divisions lanceolate or linear, acute, cnt-
lobed or pinnatifid, rarely entire; heads few (l'-2; broad), somewhat raccmed ;
scales of the involucre ovate, tapering into long and spreading rigid points; achenia
broadly winged and deeply notched. — Prairies, Michigan and Wisconsin, thence.
southward and westward. July. Lower leaves 12' -30' long, ovate in outline ;
on the wide open prairies, said to present their edges uniformly north and south,
and hence called Compass-Plant.
2. S. terebinthinaceum, L. (PRAIRIE DOCK.) Stem smooth, slen-
der (4° -10° high), panicled at the summit and bearing many (small) heads,
leafless except towards the base ; leaves ovate and ovate-oblong, somewhat heart-
shaped, serrate-toothed, thick, rough, especially beneath (l°-2° long, and on
slender petioles) ; scales of tlie involucre roundish, obtuse, smooth ; achenia nar-
rowly winged, slightly notched and 2-toothed. — Var. PINNAT^FIDUM has the
leaves deeply cut or pinnatifid, but varies into the ordinary form. — Prairies
and oak-openings, Ohio to Wisconsin and southward. July- Sept.
# * Stem terete 01 slightly 4-angled, leafy: leaves undivided (not large).
3. S. trifolifitiliii, L. Stem smooth, ojlen glaucous, rather slender (4° -6°
high), branched above, stem-/«zyes lanceolate, pointed, entire or scarcely serrate,
rough, dtort-petioled, in wJiorts of 3 or 4, the uppermost opposite ; heads loosely
panicled; achenia rather broadly winged, and sharply 2-toothed at the top. —
Dry plains and banks, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. Aug.
4. S. AstcriSClIS, L. Stem hispid (2° -4° high); leaves opposite, or the
I'jicer in whorls of 3, the upper alternate, oblong or oval-lanceolate, coarsely toothed,
rarely entire, rough-hairy, the upper sessile ; heads nearly solitary (large) ; aehe-
uia obovate, winged and 2-toothcd. — Dry sandy soil, Virginia and southward.
5. S. illtcgri folium, Michx. Stem rough, rather stout (2° -4° high),
rigid, 4-angular and grooved ; leaves all opposite, rigid, lanceolate-ovate, entire,
tapering to a sharp point from a roundish heart-shaped and partly clasping base,
rough-pubescent or nearly smooth, thick (3' -5' long) ; heads in a close forking
corymb, short-peduncled ; achenia broadly winged and deeply notched. — Var.
LkvE has the stem and leaves smooth or nearly so. — Prairies, Michigan to
Wisconsin, and southward. Aug.
* * * Stem square: leaves opposite, connate (thin and large, 6' -15' long).
6. S. pcrfoliattlill, L. (CUP-PLANT.) Stem stout, often branched
above (4° -8° high); leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, the upper united by their
bases and forming a cup-shaped disk, the lower abruptly narrowed into \
petioles which are connate by their bases; heads corymbose; achenia winged
and variously notched. — Rich soil along streams, Michigan to Wisconsin, and
southward ; common. July.
COMl'OjSITJE. (COMrOSlTE FAMILY.) 211
2§. PAKTHENIUM, L. PARTIIENIDM.
Heads many-flowered, inconspicuously radiate ; the 5 ray-flowers with very
short and broad obcordatc ligules not projecting beyond the woolly disk, pistil-
late and fertile ; the disk-flowers starainate with imperfect styles, sterile. Invo-
lucre hemispherical, of 2 ranks of short ovate or roundish scales. Receptacle
conical, chaffy. Achcnia only in the ray, obcomprcssed, surrounded by a slen-
der callous margin, crowned with the persistent ray-corolla and a pappus of 2
small chaffy scales. — Leaves alternate. Heads small, corymbed ; the flowers
whitish. (An ancient name of some plant, from irapOevos, viryin.)
1. P. iiitcgrrifoliieni, L. Rough-pubescent (l°-3° high); leaves ob-
long or ovate, crcnate-toothcd, or the lower (3' -6' long) cut-lobed below the
middle ; heads many, in a dense flat corymb. Ij. — Dry soil, Maryland to Wis-
consin, and southward.
29. IV A, L. MARSH ELDER. HIGHWATER-SIIRUB.
Heads several-flowered, not radiate; the pistillate fertile and the staminate
sterile flowers in the same heads, the former few (1-5) and marginal, with a
small tubular corolla ; the latter with a funnel-form 5-toothcd corolla. Scales
of 'the involucre few, roundish. Receptacle small, with narrow chaff among
the flowers. Achenia obovoid or lenticular. Pappus none. — Herbaceous or
shrubby coarse plants, with thickish leaves, the lower opposite, and small
greenish-white heads on short recurved peduncles in the axils of the leaves or
of bracts. (Derivation unknown.)
1. I. frilteSCCllS, L. Shrubby at the base, nearly smooth (3° -8° high);
leaves oval or lanceolate, coarsely and sharply toothed, rather fleshy, the upper
reduced to linear bracts, in the axils of which the heads are disposed, forming
leafy panicled racemes ; fertile flowers and scales of the involucre 5. — Salt
marshes, coast of Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. Aug.
2. I. Ciliata, Willd. Annual (2° -8° liigli) , rough and hairy ; leaves ovate,
pointed, coarsely toothed, downy beneath, on slender dilate petioles ; heads in dense
panicled spikes, with conspicuous ovate-lanceolate rough-ciliate bracts ; scales
of the involucre and fertile flowers 3-5. — Moist ground, from Illinois south-
ward. Aug. - Oct.
3O, AM 15 ISO SI A, Tourn. RAGWEED.
Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads on the same plant ; the
fertile 1-3 together and sessile in the axil of leaves or bracts, at the base of the
racemes or spikes of sterile heads. Sterile involucres flattish or top-shaped,
composed of 7-12 scales united into a cup, containing 5-20 funnel-form stami-
nate flowers ; with slender chaff intermixed, or none. Fertile involucre (fruit)
oblong or top-shaped, closed, pointed, and usually with 4-8 tubercles or horns
near the top in one row, enclosing a single flower which is composed of a pistil
only ; the elongated branches of the style protruding. Achenia ovoid : pappus
. — Chiefly annual coarse weeds, ^rith opposite or alternate lobed w (Ms
"212 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
scctL-d leaves, and inconspicuous greenish or whitish flcnrcrs. ('A/i/?po<na, tfa
fowl of the yods, an ill-chosen name for these worthless ami coarse weeds.)
$ 1. Sterile heads sessile, crowded in a dense cylindrical spike, the top-shaped involucre
with the truncate mart/in extended on one side into a larye, lanceolate, hooded,
recurved, bristly-hairy tooth or appendage ; fertile involucre oblong and 4-anf/k-d.
1. A. bidClltfita, Michx. Hairy (l°-3° high), very leafy; leaves al-
ternate, lanceolate, partly clasping, nearly entire, except a short lobe or tooth
on euch side near the base. Qp — Prairies of Illinois and southward. Aug.
$ 2. Sterile heads in sinyle or panicled racemes or spikes, the involucre regular.
* Leaves opposite, only lobcd : sterile involucre 3-ribbcd on one side.
2. A. trifida, L. (GREAT RAGWEED.) Stem square, stout (4°-12u
high), rough-hairy, as are the large deeply 3-lobed leaves, the lobes oval-lanceo-
late and serrate ; petioles margined ; fruit obovatc, G-ribbed and tuberclcd. (j)
— Var. INTEGUIF6LIA is only a smaller form, with the upper leaves or all of
them undivided, ovate or oval. — Moist river-banks ; common. Aug.
# * Leaves many of them alternate, once or twice pinnatijid.
3. A. arte in isiae folia, L. (ROMAN WORMWOOD. HOG-WEED. BIT-
TER-WEED.) Much branched (l°-3° high), hairy or roughish-pubescent ;
leaves thin, tivice-pinnat/Jid, smoothish above, paler or hoary beneath ; fruit obo-
void or globular, armed with about 6 short acute teeth or spines. (£1 — Waste
places everywhere. July - Sept. — An extremely variable weed, with finely
cut leaves, embracing several nominal species.
4. A. psilostacliya, DC. Paniculate-branched (2° -5° high), rough
and somewhat hoary with short hispid hairs ; leaves once pinnate/id, thickish, the
lobes acute, those of the lower leaves often incised ; fruit obovoid, without tuber-
cles or with very small ones, pubescent, (i) (A. coronopifolia, Torr. $- Gr.) —
Prairies and plains, Illinois and south westward. Aug.
31. XANTHIUM, Tourn. COCKLEBCR. CLOTBUR.
Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads on the same plant ; the
latter clustered below, the former in short spikes or racemes above. Sterile
involucres and flowers as in Ambrosia, but the scales separate. Fertile invo-
lucre closed, coriaceous, ovoid or oblong, clothed with hooked prickles so as to
form a rough bur, 2-ccllcd, 2-flowcrcd; the flowers consisting of a pistil with a
slender thread-form corolla. Achenia Oblong, flat ; destitute of pappus. —
Coarse and vile weeds, with annual roots, low and branching stout stems, and
alternate toothed or lobcd pctioled leaves. (Name from £«v$or, yellow, in allu
sion to the color the plants arc said to yield.)
1. X. strum a rill ill, L. (COMMON COCKLEBUR.) Rough; stems itn-
innrd ; /ra/vs di/nfi'il-friii>i(/ul"r and mure or A'.ss heart-doped, on long petioles,
toothed and cut or obscurely lobcd; fruit oval or oblong (i '-§' long), pubes-
cent on the lower part of and between the hooked prickles, and with two strong
and usually straight ImiL-s at the summit. — l>ani-yards, &c. (Nat. from Ku ) —
•\!" " -|M.u,..| -,\, M| nt'fi-n larrcr frnit (•$'-'' '
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 213
which is cither glabrous, glandular, or glandular hairy, the prickles longer and
the beaks often incurved. (X. Canadcnse, Mill, £c.) — River-banks, &c., com
mon westward ; apparently indigenous. And tkis passes into
Var. ecMiustum. (X. echinatum, Mwr.f &c.) Fruit turgid (!' long),
thickly clothed with long prickles, glandular-hispid, the beaks commonly in-
curved. — Sandy sea-shore, and along the Great Lakes and rivers. Perhaps an
immigrant from farther south. Now scattered over the warm parts of the world.
2. X. SPINOSTJM, L. (THORNY CLOTBUR.) Hoary -pubescent ; stems slen-
der, with slender yellow 3-parted spines at the base of the lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate leaves; these taper into a short petiole, arc \vhite-dowriy beneath, often
2-3-lobed or cut; fruit (J' long) pointed with a sinyle short b'eak.— Waste places
on the sca-lroard. Sept. -Nov. (Nat. from Trop. Amer. ?)
32. TETRAGONOTIIECA, Dill. TETHAGONOTHECA.
Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays 6-9, fertile. Involucre double ; the
outer of 4 large and leafy ovate scales, which are united below by their margins
into a 4-angled or winged cup ; the inner of as many small and chaffy scales as
there are ray-flowers, and partly clasping their achcnia. Receptacle convex or
conical, with narrow and mcmbranaccous chaff between the flowers. Achenia
roundish and obovoid, flat at the top. Pappus none. — An erect perennial herb,
viscidly hairy when young, with opposite and coarsely toothed oval or oblong
leaves, their sessile bases sometimes connate, and large single heads of pale
yellow flowers, on terminal peduncles. (Name compounded of TeTpdyuvos,
four-angled, and OTJKTJ^ a case, from the shape of the involucre.)
1. T. lieliaiUllOldes, L. — Sandy soil, Virginia and southward. June.
33. ECL.IPTA, L. ECLIPTA.
Heads many -flowered, radiate ; the rays short, fertile ; the disk-flowers per-
fect, 4-toothed. Scales of the involucre 10-12, in 2 rows, leaf-like, ovate-lan-
ceolate. Receptacle flat, with almost bristle-form chaff between the flowers.
Achcnia short, 3-4-sided, or in the disk laterally flattened, roughened on the
sides, hairy at the summit; the pappus none, or an obscure denticulate crown. —
Annual or biennial rough herbs, with slender stems and opposite lanceolate or
oblong leaves. Heads solitary, srifall. Flowers whitish : anthers brown. (Name
from e/cXeiTro), to be deficient, alluding to the absence of papptts.)T
1. E. procunibcns, Michx. Rough with close appressed hairs ; stems
procumbent, creeping, or ascending; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at each
end, sessile, slightly serrate; peduncles many times longer than the head. —
Var. BRACIIYPODA has the peduncles not more than twice the length of the
heads. — Wet river-banks, Penn. to Illinois, and southward. June- Oct.
34. BORRICIIIA, Adans. SEA OX-EYE.
Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays fertile. Scales of the hemispherical
involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, covered with lanceolate rigid and per-
listent chaff. Achenia somewhat wedge-shaped, 3 -4-angled. Pappus a short
214 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
4-toothcd crown. — Shrubby low maritime plants, coriaceous or fleshy, with
opposite Hourly entire leaves, and solitary pedunclcd terminal heads of yellow
flowers : anthers blackish. (Named for Olof Borrich, a Danish botanist.)
1. B. frutescens, DC. Whitened with a minute silky pubescence
(6' -12' high); leaves spatulatc-oblong or lanceolate, often toothed near the
base; chaff rigidly pointed. — Virginia and southward.
35. II ELI OPS IS, Pcrs. OX-EYE.
ir-ads many-flowered, radiate; the rays 10 or more, fertile. Scales of the
involucre in 2 or 3 rows ; the outer leaf-like and somewhat spreading, the inner
shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical : chaff linear. Achenia smooth, 4-
angular. Pappus none, or a mere border. — Perennial herbs, like Helianthus.
lit ads showy, pcduncled, terminating the stem or branches. Leaves opposite,
pctioled, triplc-ribcd, sen-ate. Flowers yellow. (Name composed of r/Xioy >
the sun, and o\^ts, appearance, from a resemblance to the Sunflower.)
1. II. lirvis, Pers. Nearly smooth (l°-4°high); leaves ovate-lanceo-
late or oblong-ovate. — Var. scXBRA has roughish foliage, and the involucre
somewhat hoary. — Banks and copses ; common. Aug.
36. EC II I IV ACE A, Moench. PURPLE CONE-FLOWER.
Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays very long, drooping, pistillate but
sterile. Scales of the involucre imbricated, lanceolate, spreading. Receptacle
conical ; the lanceolate chaff tipped with a cartilaginous point, longer than the
disk-flowers. Achenia thick and short, 4-sided. Pappus a small toothed border
— Perennial herbs, with the stout and nearly simple stems naked above and ter-
minated by a single large head ; the leaves chiefly alternate, 3 - 5-nervcd. Kays
rose-purple, rather persistent ; disk purplish. (Name formed from 'E^ti/os , the
llcdyeJiog, or Sea-urchin, in allusion to the spiny chaff of the disk.)
1. E. purpurCct, Moench. Leaves rough, often serrate; the lowest
ovate, 5-nerved, veiny, long-petiolcd ; the others ovate-lanceolate ; involucre imbri-
cated in 3-5 rows; stem smooth, or in one variety (E. scrotina, DC.) rough-
bristly, as well as the leaves. — Prairies and banks, from W. Penn. and Ohio
southward and westward. July. — Rays 15 -20, dull purple (rarely whitish),
l'-2' long. Root thick, black, very pungent to the taste, used in popular med-
icine under the name of Black Sampson.
2. E. ailgUStifolia, DC. Leaves, as well as the slender sircple stem,
bristly-hairy, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, entire ; involucre less imbri-
cated ; rays 12-15 (2' long), rose-color or red. — Plains, from Illinois and Wis-
consin southwcstward. June - Aug.
37. RUDBECKIA, L. CONE-FLOWER.
Heads many-flowered, radiate; tlio rays neutral. Scales of the involucre
leaf-like, in about "2 rows, spreadin • lammi , (lie short
rlmtVrntH-avr, i"»i rij/id Arlimta 4-angular, Hiioutli, not margined, flat at tin-
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 215
top, with no pappus, or a minute crown-like border. — Chiefly perennial herbs,
with alternate leaves, and showy heads terminating the stem or branches ; the
rays generally long and drooping, yellow. (Named in honor of the Professors
Rudbeck, father and son, predecessors of Linnaeus at Upsal. )
* Disk columnar in fruit, dull greenish-yellow : leaves divided and cut.
1. R. lacini&ta, L. Stem smooth, branching (3° -7° high); leaves
smooth or roughish, the lowest pinnate, with 5-7 cut or 3-lobcd leaflets ; upper
leaves irregularly 3 - 5-parted ; the lobes ovate-lanceolate, pointed, or the uppcr-
ost undivided ; heads long-peduncled ; chaff truncate and downy at the tip ;
tys linear (l'-2' long), drooping. — Low thickets ; common. July- Sept.
* Disk globular, pale brownish : lower leaves 3-parted : receptacle sweet-scented.
2. R. S19B>toaiieilt6sa, Pursli. Stem branching above (3° -4° high),
downy, as well as the lower side of the ovate or ovate-lanceolate serrate leaves ;
heads short-pcduncled ; chaff downy at the blunt apex. — Prairies, Wisconsin,
Illinois, and southward.
=fc * * Disk broad/i/ conical, dark purple or brown : leaves undivided, except No. 3.
3. R. triloba, L. Hairy, much branched (2° -5° high), the branches
Blender and spreading ; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, sparingly toothed, the lower
3-lobcd, tapering at the base, coarsely serrate (those from the root pinnately parted
or undivided) ; raijs 8, oval or oblong ; chaff of the black-purple disk smooth,
aimed. (2) — Dry soil, Penn. to Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Heads small,
but numerous and showy.
4. R. speciosa, Wender. Roughish-hairy (1°- 2° high), branched; the
branches upright, elongated and naked above, terminated by single large heads ;
leaves lanaolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, pet ioled, 3-5-7ierved, coarsely
and niiKiHidli] toothed or incisid; involucre much shorter than the numerous elon-
gated (I'-l.1,') rays; chaff of the dark purple disk acutish, smooth. — Diy soil,
W. Penn. to Ohio and Virginia. July.
5. R. fulgiila, Ait. Hairy, the branches naked at the summit and bear-
ing single heads ; leaves spatulate-oblony or lanceolate, partly clasping, triple-nerved,
the upper entire, mix/li/ obtuse. ; rays about 12, equalling or exceeding the involucre ;
chaff of the dark purple disk nearly smooth and blunt. — Dry soil, Penn. to
Kentucky and southward. — Variable, 1° - 3° high : the rays orange-yellow.
6. R. liirta, L. Very rough and bristly-hairy throughout; stems simple
or branched near the base, stout (l°-2° high), naked above, bearing single
large heads ; leaves nearly entire ; the upper oblong or lanceolate, sessile ; the lower
spatulate, triple-nerved, petioled ; rays (about 14) more or less exceeding the
involucre ; chaff of the dull brown disk hairy at the tip, acutish. — Dry soil, W.
New York to Wisconsin and southward. Now common eastward, in meadows,
of recent introduction, with grass-seed from the West. June — Aug. Coarser
and less showy thau the preceding, variable in the size of the rays.
3§. I.EPACHYS, Raf. (OBELISCARIA, DC.)
Heads many-flowei-ed, radiate ; the rays few, neutral. Scales of the involucre
few and small, spreading. Receptacle oblong or columnar : the chaff truncate,
216 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.")
thickened, and bearded at the tip, partly embracing the flattened and margined
aclienia. Pappus none, or 2 teeth. — Verennial herbs, with alternate pinnate
leavis; the grooved stems or branches naked above, and terminated by single
showy heads. Kays yellow or party-colored, large and drooping ; the disk gray-
ish. (Maine, from Xnrtff, a scale, and Tra^vs, thick, referring to the thickened tips
of the chair.)
1. L. piiaiifitsi, Torr. & Gr. Hoary with minute apprcssed hairs, slen-
der (4° high), branching; leaflets 3-7, lanceolate, acute; disk oblong, much
shorter than the large and drooping light-yellow rays (which are 2' long). —
Dry soil, from Chatauque County, New York (Sa.ii.wdl), to Wisconsin and
southward. July. — The receptacle exhales an anisate odor when bruised.
Aehcnia slightly margined on the inner edge, obscurely 2-toothed at the top.
39. II ELI AN Til US, L. SUNFLOWER.
Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays several or many, neutral. Involucre
Imbricated. Receptacle flattish or convex ; the persistent chaff embracing the
4-sided and laterally compressed aehenia, which are neither winged nor mar-
gined. Pappus very deciduous, of 2 thin chaffy-awncd scales on the principal
angles of the achenium, and often 2 or more little intermediate scales. — Coarse
and stout herbs (often exuding a resin), with solitary or corymbed heads, and
yellow rays : flowering towards autumn. (Name from ryXtos, the sun, and tivfios,
a flower.} — All our wild species are perennial.
# Disk convex, dark purple : leaves opposite, or the upper alternate.
•+- Scales of the involucre tapering into narrow and spread/in/ herbaceous tips.
1. II. ailgllStifolius, L. Stem slender (2° -6° high); leavt* long and
l/iifir, sessile, entire, with revolute margins, 1-nerved, pale beneath; heads
(small) loosely corymbed, long-peduncled. — Low pine barrens, New Jersey to
Kentucky and southward.
•»- •»- Scales of the involucre regularly imbricated and oppressed, ovate or broadly
lanceolate, obtuse, ciluite, destitute of herbaceous tips. (Leaves nearly all opp,.
2. H. atrorubCIlS, L. Rough-hairy; stem slender (2° -5° high), smooth,
and naked and forking above ; /mms- thin, orate or oval, or the lowest heart-shaped
(3' -6' long), serrate, abruptly contracted into a margined petiole; heads small,
corymbed; rays 10-16; pappus of 2 fringed scales. — Dry soil, Virginia, Illi-
nois, and southward.
.3. II. rigidllS, Desf. Sl.em stout (l°-3° high), simple or sparingly
blanched, rou^h ; /«in-s r< n/ thick and rigid, rough both sides, oblong-1di»
usually pointed at both ends, nearly sessile, slightly serrate, the lowest oval ;
heads nearly solitary, pretty large; rays 20-25; pappus of 2 large and often
! small scales. — Dry prairies, Michigan to Illinois, and westward.
# # Disk conn.r, i/c/lnir : sea Irs of the involucre regularly imbricated and aj>,>
wiilt so/iti'trhiit t/iri'i.'diiii/ and acute (but notfnlinceoi:*) tij>s : hnns chi<J(i/ 0/7
4. II. ISCtiflortlS, Pers. Stout and rough (3°-4°high), branching above;
<-nt/-/(iin;»/rili', rtry rough built .s/«/es, iinrrvicid into short petioles, scrr,t!< , taper-
pointed, the uppermost alternate and nearly entire ; heads single or corymbed,
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 217
ou naked peduncles ; scales of the involucre ovate -lanceolate, pointed, ciliate. —
Dry open places, Ohio to Illinois, and southward — Leaves almost as thick as
in No. 3. Rays showy, l'-2' long.
5. II. OCCialciitiklBS, lliddell. Somewhat hairy ; stem slender, simple,
naked above (l°-3° high, and sending out runners from the base), bearing 1-5
small heads on long peduncles ; lowest leaves oval or lanceolate-ovate, 3-nerved,
obscurely serrate, roughish-pubescent beneath, abruptly contracted into long hairy peti-
oles; the upper small and remote (all opposite), entire; scales of the involucre
oval-lanceolate, pointed, ciliate. — Dry barrens, Ohio to Wisconsin, Kentucky,
and southward.
6. II. CillCl'CllS, var. Siillivantii, Ton-. & Gr. Gray with a close
roughish pubescence ; stem branching above, hairy ; leaves ovate-oblong, sessile by a
narrowed base, acute, obscurely serrate ; the upper small and remote; peduncles
,(ilender; scales of the involucre lanceolate, hoary. — Darby Plains, Ohio, Sulli-
vant. Stem 2° - 3° high, bearing few heads as large as those of the next.
7. II. mollis, Lam. Stem clothed with soft white hairs, simple, leafy to
the top (2° -4° high); leaves ovate, with a broad heart-shaped and clasping base,
pointed, nearly entire, hoary above, very soft white-woolly and reticulated under-
neath ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, downy. — Barrens and prairies, Ohio
to Illinois, and westward.
* # # Heads small : scales of the involucre few, shorter than the yellow disk, irregu-
larly imbricated, appressed, the outer with spreading foliaceous pointed tips : rays
5-8 : leaves all but the uppermost opposite.
8. II. niicrocepSialus, Torr. & Gr. Stem smooth (3° -8° high), with
numerous slender branches above ; leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, some-
what serrate, veiny, petioled, rough above, downy or hairy underneath ; pedun-
cles slender, rough ; scales of the involucre ovate and ovate-lanceolate, ciliate.
— Thickets, W. Penn. to Illinois, and southward. — Heads £' broad, the rays
nearly 1' long.
9. II. IscvigiUllS, Torr. & Gr. Stem slender (l°-4° high), simple or
sparingly branched, very smooth and glabrous throughout, as well as the slightly
serrate lanceolate leaves. — Dry soil, Alleghany Mountains, west of the Warm
Springs of Virginia, and southward.
j/e % ifc ^ Heads middle-sized or large : scales of the involucre irregularly imbricated,
loose, with spreading foliaceous tips, as long as the yellow disk or longer.
•*- Leaves chiefly alternate or scattered, feather-veined, sometimes obscurely triple-ribbed.
10. H. gigiilltetlS, L. Stem hairy or rough (3° -10° high), branched
above ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrate, very rough above, rough-hairy beneath,
narrowed and ciliate at the base, but nearly sessile ; scales of the involucre long,
linear-lanceolate, pointed, hairy, or strongly ciliate. — Var. AMirfouus has most
of the leaves opposite and closely sessile by an obtuse base, and approaches No.
13. — Low thickets and swamps; common. Heads somewhat corymbed : the
pale yellow rays 15-20.
11. H. grossc-scrratus, Martens. Stem smooth and glaucous, at least
below (5° -10° high); leaves elongated-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-
19
218 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
pointed, serrate, rough alx)ve, rounded or acute at the base, petioted,
ami do imi/ beneath; scales of the involucre lance-awl-shaped, slight-
ly ciliate. — Dry plains, Ohio to Illinois, and south west ward — Probably runs
into th
12. II. tOIllcntOSUS, Michx. Stem Iiairy, stout (4° -8° high); leaves
oblong-lanctolate, or the lowest ovate, taper-pointed, obscurely serrate, large (5' -12
long), somewhat petioled, very rough above, soft-doirnij bi-n«ilh ; scales of the in-
volucre with very long and spreading tips, hairy, the chat]' and tips of the disk-
ilosvcrs pubescent. (Disk 1' broad; rays 12-16, 1' long.) — Kich woods, Illi-
nois ? Virginia and southward along the mountains.
•»- •«- Leaves opposite, or the uppermost alternate, 3-nerved or triple-ribbed.
13. II. StniniOSUS, L. Stem rather simple (3° -4° high), smooth be-
low ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, taperiny gradually to a point, seirate ivith small oppressed
teeth, abniptly contracted into short margined petioles, rough above, n-Jiitish and
naked or minutely downy underneath ; scales of the involucre broadly lanceolate
with spreading tips, equalling the disk; rays mostly 10. — Var. MOLLIS has tire
leaves softly downy underneath. — River-banks and low copses ; common, espe-
cially westward.
14. II. divai'icatllS, L. Stem simple or forked and corymbed at tho
top (l°-4° high) smooth; leaves all opposite and divaricate, ovate-lanceolate, 3-
nervedfrom the rounded or truncate sessile base, tapering gradually to a sharp point
(3' -6' long), serrate, thickish, rough both sides; scales of the involucre lanceolate
from a broad base, pointed, equalling the disk ; rays 8-12. — Thickets and bar-
rens; common. — Disk £' wide; rays 1' long.
1 5. II. hirsiltlis, Raf. Stem simple or forked above, stout ( 1 ° - 2° high ),
bristly-hairy; traces more or less petioled, ovate-lanceolate, gradually pointed, slightly
serrate, rounded or obtuse at the base, very rough above, rough-hairy underneath ;
scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, pointed, equalling the disk ; rays about
12. — Dry plains, &c., Ohio to Illinois, and southward. — Too near the last.
16. II. tracliciiifolitis, Willd. Stem loosely branched, tall, hairy;
leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate,
smoothish or roiujhish-pnbescent both sides, contracted into short petioles; scales of
the involucre lanceolate-linear, elongated and very taper-pointed, loose, exceed-
ing the disk ; rays 12-15. — Copses, Penn. 1 Ohio to Illinois, and southward. —
Probably runs into the next.
17. II. dccapctalUS, L. Stem branching (3° -6° high), smooth be-
low; hares thin and green both sides, smooth or roughish, ovate, coarse/ 1/ serrate,
pointed, abruptly contracted into margined petioles; scales of the involucre
lanceolate-linear, elongated, loosely spreading, the outer longer than the disk ;
rays about 10. — Var. FROND6sus has the outer involucral scales foiiareous or
changinir to leaves. — Copses and low banks of streams; common, especially
northward. (II. multiflorus, L., is probably a cultivated stale of this.)
18. II. doroniCOldcS, Lam. Stem stout (5°-0° high), branching,
rough-lid! ni ahore ; latres ovate or oblony-la/icioldte, pointed, ^crrnlc, strongfy triple-
ocincd, rough above, ,;moothisli or douny underneath, the lower often heart-shaped
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 219
and on margined petioles; scales of the involicrc linear-lanceolate, pointed,
scarcely exceeding the disk; rays 12-15. — River-bottoms, Ohio to Illinois and
southward. — A coarse species, with showy heads, and ample thickish leaves
(the lower often 1° long) ; the upper ones frequently alternate. This is most
probably the original of
H. TUBEROSUS, L., the JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE, (i. e. Girasole of the Ital-
ians, meaning the same as sunflower, and corrupted in England into Jerusalem),
which has all the upper leaves alternate. It has escaped from old gardens into
fence-rows in some places.
H. A.NNUUS, L., the COMMON SUNFLOWER, which sometimes sows itself
around dwellings, belongs to the annual section of the genus, with large flat
heads and a brownish disk. It probably belongs to the warmer parts of North
America.
40. ACTllVOMERIS, Nutt. ACTINOMERIS.
Heads many-flowered ; the rays few or several, neutral, or rarely none. In-
volucre foliaeeous, nearly equal, in 1 to 3 rows. Receptacle convex or conical,
chaffy; the chalF embracing the outer margin of the flat (laterally compressed)
and winged achcnia. Pappus of 2 smooth persistent awns. — Tall and branch-
ing perennial herbs, with serrate feather-veined leaves, tapering to the base and
mostly decurrcnt on the stem. Heads corymbed : flowers chiefly yellow. (Name
from IIKTLV, a rat/, and /iepiff, a part ; alluding to the fewness or irregularity of
the rays.)
1. A. sqimiTOSa, Nutt. Stem somewhat hairy and winged above (4° -8°
high) ; leaves alternate or the lower opposite, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, point-
ed at both ends ; heads in an open corymbed panicle ; scales of the involucre in
2 rows, the outer linear-spatulate, reflexed ; rays 4-10, irregular ; achenia broad-
ly winged; receptacle globular. — Rich soil, W. New York (Sarttcell) to Michi-
gan, Illinois, and southward. Sept.
2. A. liciiaaitlioiilcs, Nutt. Stem hairy (l°-3° high), widely winged
by the ovate-lanceolate sessile alternate leaves, which are rough above and soft-
hairy beneath; heads few; scales of the involucre not spreading; rai/s 8-15,
regular, narrow ; achenia oval, slightly winged, tipped with 2 fragile bristly
awns ; receptacle conical. — Prairies and copses, Ohio to Illinois, and south-
ward. July.
41. COREOPSIS, L. TICKSEED.
Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays mostly 8, neutral, rarely wanting.
Involucre double ; each of about 8 scales, the outer rather foliaeeous and some-
what spreading; the inner broader and appresscd, nearly membranaceous.
Receptacle flat, with membranaceous chaff deciduous with the fruit. Achenia
flat (compressed parallel with the scales of the involucre), often winged, not
beaked or narrowed at the top, 2-toothed, 2-awned, or sometimes naked at the
summit, the awns never barbed downwardly. — Herbs, generally with opposite
leaves, and yellow or party-colored, rarely purple, rays. (Name from /copis,
a but], and otyis, resemblance; from the form of the fruit.) See Addend.
220 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
i 1 . Corolla of the ray and disk yellow : branches of the style tipped with a pointed
or acute appendage.
% Arhtnia irim/lcss, wedge-oblong, Jlat, 2-awned or 2-toothed : scales of the outer invo-
lucre li'iif'/, rijl/.ced: leaves opposite, petioled, generallj pinnatcly or tcniately com-
pound, the leajlr-ts serrate : biennials ? (Plants with the aspect of Bidcns, but
the awns barbed upwardly.)
*- Rays wanting.
1. C. discoid ea, Torr. & Gr. Smooth, diffusely branched; leaves ter-
.lately divided; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, coarsely sen-ate; heads panicu-
iate-corymhed ; outer involucre of 3 - 5 foliaccous bracts usually much longer than
the heads ; ache'iia hairy ; the awns or teeth as long as the corolla, barbed upward.
Swamps, 111., Ohio and southward. July- Sept. — Plant 1° -2° high.
2. C. bideiltoides, Nutt. Dwarf, diffusely branched, smoothish ; leaves
lanceolate-linear, cut-toothed, tapering into a petiole ; awns slender, upwardly
barbed, much longer than the corolla or the bristly young achenium. — Near Phil-
adelphia, Nuttall. — A very obscure species.
+- •*- Rays conspicuous (golden-yellow and showy).
3. C. trichospcrma, Michx. (TICKSEED SUNFLOWSR.) Smooth,
branched; leaves short-petiolcd, 5-7-dividcd; leaflets lanceolate or linear, cut-
toothed, or the upper leaves only 3 - 5-cleft and almost sessile; heads panicled-
corymbose ; achenia narrowly wedge-oblong, bristly-ciliate above, crowned with 2
triangular or awl-sliaped stout teeth, — Swamps, Massachusetts to Virginia near
the coast. Sept.
4. C. aristosa, Michx. Somewhat pubescent ; leaves 1 - 2-pinnately
5-7-dividcd, petioled; leaflets lanceolate, cut-toothed or pinnatifid ; heads pani-
cled-corymbose ; outer involucre of 10-12 leafy bracts; achenia oblong-obovate,
obscurely margined, bristly-ciliate, with 2-4 long and slender dim-ging amis (in
one variety awn less). — Swamps, Michigan to Wisconsin, and southward. Aug.
# * Achenia elliptical, narrowly winged, the narrowly notched summit of the wing
minutely lacerate-toothed : scales of the. outer involucre foliaceous, much smaller than
the inner, all united at the base : rays obtuse, entire : leaves opposite, petioled, 3 —
5-divt'dcd : perennial.
5. C. triptci'is, L. (TALL COREOPSIS.) Smooth; stem simple (4°-
9° high), corymbed at the top; leaflets lanceolate, acute, entire. (Chrysostem-
ma. Less.) — Penn, and Michigan to Illinois and southward. Aug. — Heads
exhaling the odor of anise when bruised : disk turning brownish.
* * * Achenia oblong, narrowly winged, minutely or obscurely 2-toothed at the sum-
mit: scales of (he outer involucre nairow, about the length of the inner, all unitul at
the base: ruys mostly entire and acute: hairs opposite, sessile, mostly 3-dividcd,
therefore appearing as if whorlcd: perennial (l°-3° high).
6. C. seiiifolia, Michx. Leaves each divided into 3 sessile ovate-lanceo-
late entire Imjlds, therufore appearing like 6 in a whorl : plant minutely soft-
pubescent. — Sandy woods, Virginia and southward. July.
Var. Stella ta, Torr. & Gr. Glabrous; the leaves narrower. (C. stellata,
Nutt.) Virginia, Kentucky, and southward.
I
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 221
7. C. <lelf>liiiii folia, Lam. Glabrous or nearly so; leaves divided in-
to 3 sessile leaflets which are 2 - 5-parted, their divisions lance-linear ( 1 " — 3" broad),
rather rigid; disk brownish. — Pine woods, Virginia and southward. July.
8. C. VCl'ticilista, L. Glabrous ; leaves divided into 3 sessile lea/lets
which are 1 - 2-pinnately parted into narrowly linear or filiform divisions. — Damp
soil, from Maryland and Michigan southward. Also in gardens. July -Sept.
9. C. pailimta, Nutt. Nearly smooth, simple; leaves broadly wedge-
shaped, deeply 3-cleft, rigid ; the lobes broadly linear, entire, or the middle one 3;
lobed. — Prairies, Michigan to Wisconsin, and south westward. July.
* * * * Achenia nearly orbicular, broadly winged, incurved, furnished with a callous
tubei'de on the inside at the top and bottom, crowned with 2 small chajf-Uke denticu-
late teeth : outer involucre about the length of the inner : rays large, coarsely 3-5-
tootJied: leaves opposite or the uppermost alternate: heads on long naked peduncles.
10. C. auriClllata, Linn. Pubescent or glabrous; stems l°-4°higli,
branching, sometimes with runners ; leaves mostly petioled, the upper oblong or oval-
lanceolate, entire ; the lower oval or roundish, some of them variously 3 - 5-lobed or
divided ; scales of the outer involucre oblong-linear or lanceolate, ty — Rich
woods and banks, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. June - Sept.
11. C. laaiccol-ata, L. Smooth or nalry (l°-2°high); stems short,
tufted, branched only at the base; leaves all entire, lanceolate, sessile, the lowest
oblanceolate or spatulate, tapering into petioles; scales of the outer involucre
ovate-lanceolate. 1\. — Rich or damp soil, Michigan to Virginia, Illinois,
and southward. July. Also cultivated. — Heads showy: rays 1' long.
§ 2. Branches of the style truncate: rays rose-color: disk yellow.
12. C. rosea, Nutt. (ROSE-FLOWERED COREOPSIS.) Stem branching,
leafy, smooth (6' -20' high) ; leaves opposite, linear, entire; heads small, some-
what corymbed, on short peduncles ; outer involucre very short ; rays 3-toothcd ;
achenia oblong, wingless; pappus an obscure crown-like border. 1J. — Sandy
and grassy swamps, Plymouth, Massachusetts, to New Jersey, and southward :
rare. Aug. >.
C. TINCT6RIA, Nutt., a native of the plains beyond the Mississippi, with
the rays yellow above, and brown-purple towards the base, is now everywhere
common in gardens.
42. BIDENS, L. BUR-MARIGOLD.
Heads many-flowered; the rays when present 3-8, neutral. Involucre dou-
ble, the outer commonly large and foliaccous. Receptacle flattish, the chaff
deciduous with the fruit. Achenia flattened parallel with the scales of the invo-
lucre, or slender and 4-sided, crowned with 2 or more rigid and persistent awns
which are downwardly barbed. — Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite vari
ous leaves, and mostly yellow flcwers. (Latin bidcns, two-toothed.)
* Achenia flat, not tapering at the summit. (All annuals ?)
]. 15. froiitlosa, L. (COMMON BEGGAR-TIOKS.) Smooth or rather
hairy, tall (2° -6° high) and branching; leaves 3-5-divided; the leaflets lanceo-
19*
222 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
late, pointed, coarsely toothed, mostly stalked; outer leafy involucre much longer
than the heiul, dilate he-low; rays none; achenia wedye-obocate, 2-awned, the mar-
gins ciliati' trilh upward bristles, except uear the summit. — Moist waste places, a
common coarse weed, very trouhlesome ; the aehcnia, as in the other species,
adhering by their retrorsely barbed awns to the dress, and to the fleece of ani-
mals. July -Sept. — In Western New York, Dr. Sartwell has found it with
one or two small rays !
2. IS. coat tiat a, Muhl. (SWAMP BEGGAR-TICKS.) Smooth (l°-2°
high); lidi-es lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, tapering
into margined petioles which are slightly united at the base ; the lower often 3-
dindi-d; the lateral divisions united at the base and decurrent on the petiole; scales of
the outer involucre longer than the head, mostly obtuse, scarcely ciliate ; rays
none; achenia narrowly wedge-form, 3- (2-4-) aimed, and with downwardly barbed
margins. (B. tripartita, Biyel.) — A thin-leaved more petiolcd form is B. petio-
lata, Nutt. — Wet grounds, New York to Illinois, and southward.
3. B. CO rim Si, L. (BUR-MARIGOLD.) Nearly smooth (5'- 10' high);
leaves all undivided, lanceolate, unequally serrate, scarcely connate; /tends nodding,
wit/i or without (light yellow) rays ; outer involucre longer than the head ; ache-
nia wedge-obovate, 4-awncd, the margins downwardly barbed. — Wet places,
New England to Wisconsin, and northward. — Rays, when present, smaller than
in the next, the leaves irregularly toothed, and the outer involucre more leaf-
like. (Eu.)
4. B. clirysantliemolcles, Michx. (BUR-MARIGOLD.) Smooth,
erect or reclining at the base (6' -30' high) ; leaves lanceolate, tapering at both
ends, more or less connate, regularly serrate ; heads erect or nodding, conspicuously
radiate; outer involucre mostly shorter than the golden-yellow (!' long) rays;
achenia wedge-shaped, with almost prickly downwardly barbed margins ; awns
2, 3, or 4. — Swamps ; common. Aug. - Oct. — Probably runs into No. 3.
* # Achenia linear-4-sided, slender, tapering at the summit.
5. B* Beckii, Torr. (WATER MARIGOLD.) Aquatic, smooth; sterna
long and slender, bearing crowded immersed leaves many times dissected into Jim
capillary divisions ; the few emerging leaves lanceolate, slightly connate, toothed ;
heads single, short-pcduncled ; involucre much shorter than the showy ((/olden-yel-
low) rays ; achenia linear, thickish, smooth (£' long), bearing 4-6 stout diver-
gent awns which are 1' long, barbed only towards the apex. 1J. — Ponds and
slow deep streams, Massachusetts (rare) to Illinois and Wisconsin.
6. B. bipinnata, L. (SPANISH NEEDLES.) Smooth, branched (1°-
4° high) ; leaves 1 - 3-pinnatcly parted, petioled; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, mostly
wedge-shaped at the base ; heads small, on slender peduncles ; outer involucre of
linear scales, nearly as long as the short pale yellow rays ; achenia long and slender,
4-grooved and angled, nearly smooth, 3 - 4-awned. (1) — Dry soil, Connecticut
to Illinois, and southward.
43. VERBESINA, L. CROTVNBEARD.
Heads several - many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, few, or sometimes none.
Scales of the erect involucre few, imbricated in 2 or more rows. Receptacle
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 223
•
rather convex, the chaff concave. Achenia flat (compressed laterally), winged
or wingless, 2-awned. — Perennial herbs; the toothed or lobed leaves decurrcnt
on the stem. ("Name altered from Verbena.")
1. V. §iegesl>£ckia, Michx. Stem tall, 4-winged ; leaves opposite, ovate,
triple-nerved, serrate, pointed at both ends, often pubescent beneath (large and
thin) ; heads in compound corymbs ; flowers yellow ; rays 1-5, lanceolate ; aehe-
nia wingless. — Rich soil, W. Penn. to Illinois, and southward. July.
2. V. Virgflilica, L. Stem narrowly or interruptedly winged, downy-
pubescent, like the lower surface of the ovate-lanceolate feather-veined alternate leaves;
heads in compound corymbs ; flowers white ; rays 3-4, oval ; achenia narrowly
winged. — Dry soil, Pennsylvania ? Illinois, and southward. Aug.
44. BYSODIA, Cav. FETID MARIGOLD.
Heads many-flowered, usually radiate ; the rays pistillate. Involucre of one
row of scales united into a firm cup, at the base some loose bractlets. Recep-
tacle flat, not chaffy, but beset with short chaffy bristles. Achenia slender, 4-
angled. Pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into numerous rough bristles.
— Herbs, dotted with large pellucid glands, which give a strong odor ; the heads
terminating the branches : flowers yellow. (Name oWcoSia, an ill smell, which
the plants possess.)
1. 1>. clirysantliemoides, Lag. Nearly smooth, diffusely branched
(6' -18' high); leaves opposite, pmnately paited, the narrow lobes bristly-
toothed or cut; rays few, scarcely exceeding the involucre. (D — Road sides,
bauks of rivers, from. Illinois southward : a common weed. Aug. -Oct.
TAGETES PATULA, L., the FRENCH MARIGOLD of the gardens, belongs to
the same group as the foregoing.
45. IIYUIENOPAPPUS, L'Her. HYMENOPAPPDS.
Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of the in-
volucre 6-12, loose and broad, thin, the upper part petal-like (usually white).
Receptacle small, naked. Corolla with large revolute lobes.' Achenia top-
shaped, with a slender base, striate. Pappus of 15-20 small and blunt scales
in a single row, very thin (whence the name of the genus, from v/ijp, membrane,
and TroTTTj-vy, pappus}. — Biennial or perennial herbs, with alternate mostly dis-
sected leaves, and corymbcd small heads of usually whitish flowers.
1. H. scateiOSJeus, L'ller. Somewhat flocculent-woolly when young
(l°-3° high); leaves 1 - 2-pinnately parted into linear or oblong lobes ; scales
of the involucre roundish, nearly all whitish. — Sandy barrens, Illinois and
southward. May, June.
46. IIEL.ENIUM, L. FALSE SUNFLOWER.
Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the spreading wedge-shaped rays several, 3 -
5-cleft at the summit, fertile. Involucre small, reflexed, the scales linear or awl-
shaped. Receptacle globose or oblong, naked. Achenia top-shaped, ribbed.
Pappus of 5-8 thin and 1 -nerved chaffy scales, the nerve extended into a bristle
224 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
or point. — Erect, branching herbs, with alternate leaves decurrcnt on the angled
stem and brandies, which are terminated by single or corymbed (yellow, rarely
purple) heads ; often sprinkled with bitter and aromatic resinous globules.
(Named after J/ilm, the wife of Mc:;elaus.)
1. II. autumnalc, L. (SNEEZE-WEED.) Nearly smooth ; leaves lan-
ceolate, toothed ; rays longer than the globular disk. Ij. — Alluvkil river-banks ;
common (except in New England). Sept. — Plant l°-3° high, bitter: the
forymbed heads showy.
47. L.EPTOPODA, Nutt. LEPTOPODA.
Kays neutral. Otherwise nearly as in Ilelenium. — In the true species (of
which L. puberula and L. brevifolia may be found in S. Virginia) the steim. arc
simple, naked above, like a long peduncle, -and bearing a single head (whence
the name, from Aorros, slender, and TTOUS, foot) ; but the following is leafy to the
top, and branched.
1. L. bracliypoda, Torr. & Gray. Stem corymbed at the summit (1°
-4° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, dccurrent on the stem; disk globular,
brownish; rays pretty large (£'-f long), yellow, or in one variety brownish-
purple, sometimes with an imperfect style, ty — Damp soil, from Illinois south-
ward. June - Aug.
48. BAI^DWINIA, Nutt. BALDWINIA.
Heads globular, many-flowered, radiate ; the long and narrowly wedge-shaped
rays neutral. Involucre short, of many thickish small scales imbricated in 3 or
4 rows, the outer obovate and obtuse. Receptacle strongly convex, with deep
honeycomb-like cells containing the obconieal or oblong silky-villous achenia.
Pappus of 7-9 lance-oblong erect chaffy scales. — A perennial herb, smoothish,
with slender simple stems (2° -3° high), bearing alternate oblanceolate leaves,
and the long naked summit terminated by 41 showy large head. Hays yellow
(!' long) ; the disk-flowers often turning dark purple. (Named for the late Dr.
William Baldwin.)
1. B. uni flora, Nutt. — Borders of swamps, Virginia and southward.
Aug.
49. MARSIIAJLL.IA, Schreb. MARSHALLIA.
Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of ihtT
involucre linear-lanceolate, foliaceous, erect, in one or two rows, nearly equal.
Receptacle convex or conical, with narrowly linear rigid chaff among the fl<
Lobes of the corolla slender, spreading. Achenia top-shaped, 5-angled. Pap-
pus of 5 or 6 mcmbranaccous and pointed chaffy scales. — Smooth and low
perennials, with alternate and entire 3-nerved leaves, and solitary heads (re-
sembling those of a Scabious) terminating the naked summit of the simple stem
or branches. Flowers purplish ; the anthers blue. (Named for Humphry
Marshall, of Pennsylvania, author of one of the earliest works on the trees and
shrubs of this country.)
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 225
1. Me lafifolici, Pursb. Stems leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed,
pessile. — Dry soil, Virginia and southward. (M. LANCEOLATA and M. AN-
GUSTIFOLIA may occur in S. Virginia.)
5O: GAL.INSOGA, Euiz & Pav. GALINSOGA.
Heads several-flowered, radiate; the rays 4-5, small, roundish, pistillate.
Involucre of 4 or 5 ovate thin scales. Receptacle conical, with narrow chaff
among the flowers, Achenia angled. Pappus of small oblong cut-fringed
chaffy scales (sometimes wanting). — Annual herbs, with opposite triple-nerved
thin leaves, and small heads : disk-flowers yellow : rays whitish. (Named for
Galinsoga, a Spanish botanist.)
1. G. PAKVIFL.6RA, Cav. Smoothish (l°high); leaves ovate, acute, some-
what toothed ; scales of the pappus 8-16. — Waste places; Cambridge, Mass.,
New York, and Philadelphia. (Adv. from S. Amer.)
51. MA BUT A, Cass. MAT-WEED.
Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays neutral. Involucre of many small
somewhat imbricated scales, shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical, bearing
slender chaff, at least near the summit. Achenia obovoid, ribbed, smooth.
Pappus none. — Annual acrid herbs, with a strong odor, finely thrice-pinnatcly
divided leaves, and single heads terminating the branches. Rays white, soon
reflexed; the disk yellow. (Derivation unknown.)
1. ]JI. COTULA, DC. (COMMON MAY-WEED.) Scales of the involucre
with whitish margins. — Road-sides ; very common. (Nat. from Eu.)
52. ANTHEMIS, L. CIIAMOMILE.
Heads and flowers as in Maruta, but the rays pistillate. Achenia terete, stri-
ate or smooth. Pappus none, or a minute crown. — Herbs with aromatic or
strong odor, 1 - 2-pinnately divided leaves, the branches terminated by single
heads. Rays white, the disk yellow. ('Avdepis, the ancient name, given in
allusion to the profusion of the flowers.)
1. A. ARVENSIS, L. (CORN CIIAMOMILE.) Pubescent; leaflets or divisions
linear-lanceolate, toothed, very acute ; branchlets leafless at the summit ; chaff
lanceolate, pointed, membrauaceous ; achenia crowned with a very short some-
what toothed margin ; those of the ray sometimes sterile. ' ® — Fields, N. Eng-
land and New York, sparingly introduced. — Much resembles the May-weed.
(Adv. from Eu.)
A. NOBILIS, L., the officinal CHAMOMILE, is said to be somewhat natural-
ized in Delaware.
53. ACHIL.I.EA, L. YARROW.
Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays few, fertile. Involucre imbricated.
Receptacle chaffy, flattish. Achenia oblong, flattened, margined. Pappus
none. — Perennial herbs, with small corymbose heads. (So named because its
virtues are said to have been discovered by Achilles.)
226 COMPOSITE. ^COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
1. A. IWillffoliiniB, L. (COMMON YARROW or MILFOIL.) Sterna
simple; leaves tvrice-pinnately parted ; the divisions linear, 3-5-cleft, crowded;
corymb compound, flat-topped; involucre oblony ; rays 4- 5, short, white (some-
times rose-color). — Fields and hills; common northward. Aug. (Ett.)
2. A. PTARMICA, L. (SNEEZE WORT.) Leaves simple, lance-linear, sharply
serrate with apprcssed teeth; corymb loose; rays 8 -12, much longer than the
involucre; flowers white. — Danvers, Massachusetts, &c. (Adv. from Eu.)
54. L,EUCANTIIEMUUI, Tourn. OX-EYE DAIST.
Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays numerous, fertile. Scales of the
broad and Hut involucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Keceptacle flatfish,
naked. Disk-corollas with a flattened tube. Achenia of the disk and ray sim-
ilar, striate, destitute of pappus. — Perennial herbs, with toothed or pinnatiu'd
leaves, and large single heads terminating the stem or branches. Hays white ;
disk yellow. (Name composed of Xeu/cos, white, and av8fp.ov, a flower, from
the white rays.)
1. JL. VULGARE, Lam. (OX-EYE or WHITE DArtr. WHITE-WEED.)
Stem erect, nearly simple, naked above; root-leaves spatulate, pctioled, the
others partly clasping, all cut or pinnatih'd-toothed ; scales of the involucre with
rusty brown margins. (Chrysanthemum Leucanthcmum, L.) — Fields and
meadows ; too abundant. June, July. A pernicious weed, with large and
showy heads : in Connecticut is a variety with short rays. (Nat. from Eu.)
55. MATRICARIA, Tourn. WILD CHAMOMILE. FEVERFEW.
Heads many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, or wanting. Scales of the invo-
lucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle conical or only convex,
naked. Disk-flowers flattened or terete. Achenia angular, wingless. Pappus
a membranaceous crown or border, or none. — Smooth and branching herbs,
with divided leaves and single or corymbed heads. Kays white : disk yellow.
(Named for reputed medicinal virtues.)
1. M. PARTHENIUM, L. (FEVERFEW.) Leaves twice-pinnately divided;
the divisions ovate, cut; heads corymbed, with rays. U (Pymhrum Parthenium,
Smith.) — Escaped from gardens in some places. (Adv. from Eu.)
2. III. discoldea, DC. Low (6' -9' high) ; leaves 2- 3-pinnately parted
into phort linear lobes ; heads rayless; scales of the involucre oval, with broad
margins, much shorter than the conical disk; pappus obsolete. (£) ©. — Illi-
nois, opposite St. Louis. An immigrant from Oregon ? (Eu. ?)
56. TANACfcTUJJI, L. TANSY.
Heads many-flowered, nearly discoid, all fertile ; the marginal flowers chiefly
pistillate and 3 - 5-toothed. Scales of the involucre imbricated, dry. Recepta-
cle convex, naked. Achenia angled or ribbed, with a large flat top. Pappus a
short crown. — Bitter and acrid strong-scented herbs, with 1 -2-piiniately dis-
sected leaves and rather large corymbed heads. Flowers yellow. (Nana; saiil
to be a corruption of aCawuria, undying, from its durable flowers.)
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 227
1. T. VULGARE, L. (COMMON TANSY.) Stem erect, smooth; leaves
twice-pinnately parted, the leaflets and the margined petiole cut-toothed ; cor-
ymb dense; pistillate flowers terete ; pappus 5-lobed. — Var. CRfSFUM has the
leaves more cut and crisped. 1| — Escaped from gardens, (Adv. from Eu.)
2. T. Murom' use, Nutt. Hairy or woolly when young, stout (l°-3°
high) ; leaves 2 - 3-pinnately dissected, the lobes oblong; heads large (j'-t
wide) and usually few; pistillate flowers flattened, 3 - 5-cleft ; pappus toothed.
Ij. — Shores of L. Huron, St. John's River, Maine, and no, th westward.
57. ARTEMISIA, L. WORMWOOD.
Heads discoid, few - many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, the marginal
ones pistillate, or sometimes all similar and perfect. Scales of the involucre
imbricated, with dry and scarious margins. Receptacle small and flattish, na-
ked. Achenia obovoid, with a small summit and no pappus. — Herbs or shrubby
plants, bitter and aromatic, with small heads in panicled spikes or racemes.
Corolla yellow or purplisk. (Dedicated to Artemis, the Greek Diana.)
§ 1. Receptacle smooth : marginal flowers pistillate and fertile : disk-flowers sterile.
1. A. boreAJis, Pallas. Low (3' -6' high), tufted, silky-villous or nearly
smooth ; lower leaves 3 - 5-cleJl at the apex, or like the others 1 - 2-pinnately parted,
the lobes lanceolate or linear ; heads few, hemispherical, pretty large, spiked or
racemed. IJ. — Shore of Lake Superior and northward. (Eu.)
2. A. Cauadeiisis, Michx. (CANADA WORMWOOD.) Smooth, or
hoary with silky down (l°-2° high) ; lower leaves twice-pinnately divided, tho
upper 3 - 7 -divided ; the divisions linear, rather rigid; heads rather large in pani-
cled racemes, ty — Shore of all the Great Lakes, arid northward. (Eu.)
3. A. caildfita, Michx. (SLENDER WORMWOOD.) Smooth (2° -5°
high); upper leaves pinnately, the lower 2 -3-pinnately divided; the divisions
thread-form, spreading ; heads small, the racemes in a wand-like elongated panicle. —
Sandy soil, coast of New Hampshire to New Jersey ; and in Illinois.
§ 2. Receptack smooth : flowers all fertile, a few pistillate, the others perfect.
4. A. Ludoviciaiia, Nutt. (WESTERN MUG WORT.) Whitened-wooU
ly throughout, branched (l°-5° high) ; leaves lanceolate, the lower mostly cut-
toothed or pinnatifid, the upper mostly entire, the upper surface often becoming
naked and smooth with age ; heads ovoid, mostly sessile, disposed in narrow
leafy panicles. IJ. — Dry banks, Lakes Huron and Michigan, and westward;
especially the var. GNAPHAL6DES, which has the elongated nearly entire leaves
very woolly both sides.
5. A. VDLG\RIS, L. (COMMON MUGWORT.) Branches and lower sur-
face of the leaves whitish-woolly ; stem-leaves pinnatifid, with the lobes variously cut
or entire, linear-lanceolate ; heads ovoid, in open leafy panicles. 1J. — Waste places,
near dwellings. (Adv. from Eu.)
6. A. bi£nnis, Willd. (BIENNIAL WORMWOOD.) Smooth, simple (1°
-3° high); lower leaves twice-pinnately parted, the upper pinnatifid; lobes linear,
acute, in the lower leaves cut-toothed ; heads in short axillary spikes, which are
228 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
crowded in a narrow and clustered leafy panicle. @ — River-banks, Ohio to
Illinois, and northward. Aug.
§ 3. Rcccptodt hairy : flowers all fertile, the marginal ones pistillate.
7. A. AusfxTHiUM. L. (COMMON WORMWOOD.) Rather shrubby, silky-
hoarv; leaves 2- 3-pinnately parted ; the lobes lanceolate ; heads panicled, nod-
ding.— Road-sides, sparingly escaped from gardens. (Adv from Eu.)
See AddVml.
5§. GNAPHALIUM, L. CUDWEED.
Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular; the outer pistillate and very
slender, the central perfect. Scales of the involucre dry and scarious, vrhite or
colored, imbricated in several rows. Receptacle flat, naked. Pappus a single
row of capillary rough bristles. — Woolly herbs, with sessile or decum-nt leaves,
and clustered or corymbed heads. Corolla whitish or yellowish. (Name from
yvdtyaXov, a lock of wool, in allusion to the floccosc down of the leaves.)
# Achenia nearly terete : pistillate flowers occupying several rows,
1. G. deciirrens, Ives. (EVERLASTING.) Stem stout, erect (2° high),
branched at the top> clammy-pubescent, white-woolly on the branches, bearing
numerous lieads in dense corymbed clusters ; leaves linear-lanceolate, partly clasping,
decurrent; scales of the (yellowish-white) involucre oval, acutish. y. — Hill-
sides, New Jersey and Penn. to Maine and northward. Aug. - Sept.
2. G. polyceplialum, Michx. (COMMON EVERLASTING.) Stem
erect, woolly ; leaves lanceolate, tapering at the base, with undulate margins, not
decurrent, smoothish above ; heads clustered at the summit of the panicled-corymbose
branches, ovate-conical before expansion, thenobovate; scales of the (whitish)
involucre ovate and oblong, rather obtuse ; perfect flowers few. © — Old h'elds
and woods; common. — Plant fragrant, l°-2° high.
3. G. llligiiiOSUUl, L. (Low CUDWEED.) Diffusely branched, woolly
all over (3' -6' high) ; leaves lanceolate or linear, not decurrent; heads (annr!!)
in ti rininal sessile capitate clusters subtended by leaves ; scales of the involucre ob-
long, (i) — Low grounds, and ditches by the road-side ; introduced ? (Eu.)
4. G. pur pure It III, L. (PURPLISH CUDWEED.) Stem simple, or
branched from the base, ascending (G'- 20' high), woolly; leaves oMorig-spatu-
latc, mostly obtuse, not decurrent, green above, very white with close wool un-
dernealh ; lu-ndu in sessile clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, and spilad at tht>
wand-like summit of ihe stem ; scales of the involucre lance-oblong, tawny-white,
the inner often marked with purple. — Sandy or gravelly soil, coast of Maine to
Virginia, and southward.
* * Achenia flattish : pistillate flowers in a single marginal row.
5. G. Siipilllim, Villars. (MOUNTAIN CUDWEED.) Dwarf and tufted;
leaves linear, woolly ; heads solitary or few and spiked on the slender simple
flowering stems ; scales of the involucre brown, lanceolate, acuie. ]\. — Alpiiic
summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire : rare. (Eu.)
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 229
59. ANTE NN AIS I A, Gartu. EVERLASTING.
Heads many-flowered, dioecious or nearly so ; the flowers all tubular : pistil*
late corollas very slender. Scales of the involucre dry and scarious, white or col-
ored, imbricated. Receptacle convex or flat, not chaffy. Pappus a single row
of bristles, which in the fertile flowers are capillary, and in the sterile thickened
and club-shaped or barbellate at the summit. — Perennial white-woolly herbs,
with _ entire leaves and corymbed (rarely single) heads. Corolla yellowish.
(So named from the resemblance of the sterile pappus to the antennae of many
insects.)
1. A. margaritficea, R. Brown. (PEARLY EVERLASTING.) Stem
erect (1° -2° high), corymbose at the summit, with many heads, leafy; leaves
linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sessile ; fertile heads often with a few imperfect
staminate flowers in the centre; scales of the pearly-white involucre obtuse or
rounded. — Dry hills and woods ; common northward. Aug.
2. A. i>IaaitagiBiifolia, Hook. (PLANTAIN-LEAVED EVERLASTING.)
S]>reading by offsets and runners, low (4'- 10' high) ; leaves silky-woolly when
young, at length green above and hoary beneath ; those of the simple and scape-
like flowering stems small, lanceolate, apprcssed ; the radical obovatc or oval-
spatulate, petioled, ample. 3-nerved ; heads in a small crowded corymb ; scales
of the (mostly white) involucre obtuse in the sterile, and acutish and .narrower
in the fertile plant. — Yar. MONOCEPHALA has a single larger head. (Phila-
delphia, Mr. Lea.) — Sterile knolls and banks, common. March -May.
GO. FILAGO, Tourn. COTTON-ROSE.
Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, the central ones perfect, but
often infertile ; the others pistillate, very slender and thread-form. Scales of the
involucre few and woolly. Receptacle elongated or top-shaped, naked at the
summit, but chaffy at the margins or toward the base; the chaff resembling the
proper involucral scales, each covering a single pistillate flower. — Pappus of the
central flowers capillary, of the outer ones chiefly none. — Annual, low, branch-
ing woolly herbs, with entire leaves and small heads in capitate clusters. (Name
(vomflltim, a thread, in allusion to the cottony hairs of these plants.)
1. F. GERMANICA, L. (HERBA IMPIA.) Stem erect, short, clothed with
lanceolate and upright crowded leaves, producing a capitate cluster of woolly
heads, from which rise one or more branches, each terminated by a similar head,
and so on : — hence the common name applied to it by the old botanists, as if
the offspring were undutifully exalting themselves above the parent. — Dry
fields, New York to Virginia. July- Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)
61. ERE CUT MIXES, Raf. FIREWEED.
Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and fertile ; the marginal pis
till ate, with a slender corolla. Scales of the cylindrical involucre in a single
row, linear, acute, with a few small bractlets at the base. Receptacle naked.
Achcnia oblong, tapering at the end. Pappus copious, of very fine and white
230 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
soft hairs. — Erect and coarse annuals, of a rank smell, with alternate simplo
, and panicolate-corymbed heads of whitish flowers. (The ancient name
of some Bpedefl of Groundsel, probably called after Enchllu-.ns.)
1. E. Ilicracifolia, Raf. (FIKEWEED.) Often hairy ; stem grooved;
leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute, cut-toothed, sessile ; the upper often with an
auric-led clasping base. (Senecio hicracifulius, L.} — Moist woods; Common,
especially northward, and in recent clearings, where the ground has been burned
over; whence the popular name. July -Sept. — Plant l°-5° high, with some-
what the aspect of a Sow-thistle.
62. C AC ALIA, L. INDIAN PLANTAIN.
Heads 5 - many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of the
involucre in a single row, with a few bractlets at the base. Receptacle naked.
Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Achenia oblong, smooth. Pappus of numerous capil-
lary bristles. — Smooth and tall perennial herbs, with alternate often petioled
leaves, and rather large heads in flat corymbs. Flowers white or whitish. (An
ancient name, of uncertain meaning.)
# Involucre 25 - 30-floiuercd, ivith several bracts at its base : receptacle jlat.
1. C. suaveolcms, L. Stem grooved (3° -5° high); li tires trfangnlar-
lanceolate, halberd-shaped, pointed, serrate, those of the stem on winged petioles.
— Rich woods, Connecticut to Wisconsin and Kentucky. Sept.
* * Involucre 5-leaved and 5-Jlowercd, its bracts minute or none : receptacle bearing a
more or less evident scale-like pointed appendage in the centre.
2. C. rcnifdrmis, Muhl. (GREAT INDIAN PLANTAIN.) Stem (4°-
9° high) grooved and angled ; leaves green both sides, dilated fan-shaped, or the low-
est kidney-form (l°-2° broad), repand-toothed and angled, palmately veined, peti-
oled; the teeth pointed ; corymbs large. — Rich damp woods, Penn. to Illinois,
and southward along the mountains. Aug.
3. C. atrfplici folia, L. (PALE INDIAN PLANTAIN.) Stem tcreto
(3° -6° high), and with the pahnateln reined and anr/ulate-lobed leaves glaucous;
lower leaves triangular-kidncy-form or slightly heart-shaped ; the upper rhom-
boid or wedge-form, toothed. — Rich woodlands, W. New York to "Wisconsin, and
southward. Aug.
4. C. tllberosa, Nutt. (TUBEROUS INDIAN PLANTAIN.) Stem angled
and grooved (2° -6° high), from a thick or tuberous root; leaves gn en both sides.
thick, strongly 5 — "-nerved; the lower lance-orate or oral, nearly entire, tapering
into long petioles ; the upper on short margined petioles, sometimes toothed
at the apex. — Wet prairies, &c., Ohio to Wisconsin, and southward. June.
63. SENECIO, L. GROUNDSEL.
Heads many-flowered ; the flowers nil perfect and tubular, or mostly with the
marginal oiu-s radiate; tin- rays pistillate. Scales of the involucre in a single
row, or with a few bractlets at the base. Receptacle flat, naked. Pappus of
numerous very soft and slender capillary bristles. — Herbs, in the United S rates,
COMPOSITE (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 231
with alternate leaves and solitary or corymbed heads. Flowers chiefly yellow.
fNaine from senex, an old man, alluding to the hoary hairs which cover many
species, or to the white hairs of the pappus.) See Addend.
•* Rays none : root annual,
1. S. vuLGAnis, L. (COMMON GROUNDSEL.) Nearly smooth (6'- 12'
high); leaves pinnatifid and toothed, clasping; heads loosely corymbed. —
Waste grounds, E. New England and New York. (Adv. from Eu.)
* * Rays present : root perennial : heads corymbed.
2. S. aurciiS) L. (GOLDEN RAGWORT. SQUAW-WEED.) Smooth, or
fioccose-woolly when young (10' -30' high) ; root-leaves simple and rounded, the lar-
ger mostly heart-shaped, crenate-toothed, long-petioled ; the lower stem-leaves lyre-
ihaped, upper ones lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid, sessile or partly clasping ; corymb
umbel-like; rays 8-12. — Varies greatly, the leading forms being, — Var. 1.
OBOV\TUS, with tho root-leaves round-obovate (growing in drier places). —
Var. 2. BALSAMIT^E, with the root-leaves oblong, spatulate, or lanceolate,
sometimes cut-toothed, tapering into the petiole. Rocky places. — Var. 3. LAN-
CEOL\TUS, Oakes, with the leaves all lanceolate-oblong, thin, sharply and un-
equally toothed, either wedge-shaped or somewhat heart-shaped at the base, the
upper merely pinnatifid-cut towards the base. (Cedar swamps, Vermont, Hob-
bins.) — Common everywhere ; the primary form in swamps. May, June.
3. §. Elli&ttii, TOIT. & Gr. Soon smooth, stem simple (1° high), often
nearly leafless, bearing a small corymb ; root-leaves thickish, oboivite. or roundish,
narroived into a short and ivingcd petiole, or sessile, crenate-toothed, sometimes ly-
rate ; stem-leaves small, cut-pinnatifid. — Rich soil, Virginia and southward
along the mountains. May.
4. S. tomCBitosilS, Michx. (WOOLLY RAGWORT.) Clothed with scarce
ly deciduous hoary wool (l°-2° high) ; root-leaves oblong, obtuse, crenate-toothed,
on slender petioles; the upper sessile; corymb flat-topped; rays 12-15. —
Mountains of Penn. (Pursh), Virginia and southward. May.
5. C\NUS, Hook., which too closely resembles the last, probably occurs
within our Northwestern borders.
64. ARNICA, L. ARNICA.
Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays pistillate. Scales of the bell-shaped
involucre lanceolate, equal, somewhat in 2 rows. Receptacle flat, fimbrillate.
Achcnia spindle-shaped. Pappus a single row of rather rigid and strongly
roughened-denticulatc bristles. — Perennial herbs, chiefly of the mountains and
cold northern regions, with simple stems, bearing single or corymbed large
heads and opposite leaves. Flowers yellow. (Name thought to be a corruption
of P tar mica. )
1. A. m61!is, Hook. Soft-hairy; stem leafy (l°-2° high), bearing 1 to 5
heads ; leaves thin, veiny, smooth ish when old, toothed ; the upper ovate-lanceolate,
closely sessile ; the lower narrower, tapering into a margined petiole ; scales of
the involucre pointed; pappus almost plumose. — Alpine rivulets, &c., White
Mountains of N". Hampshire and mountains «f K. Hew York: Lake Superior;
Prof, M'hitnty • ftud .theucd worth westward. July.
232 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
2. A. nudicailliS, Ell. Hairy and rather glandular (l°-3°high);
leaves tliiclcish, 3-5-nerved, ovate or olilong, all sessile, mostly entire; those of the
nakid stun small and only 1 or 2 pairs; heads several, corymbed, showy. —
Damp pine barrens, Virginia and southward. April, May.
65. CENTAUREA, L. STAR-THISTLE.
Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, the marginal mostly falsely
radiate and larger, sterile. Receptacle bristly. Involucre imbricated, the scales
margined or appcndaged. Achenia compressed. Pappus wanting, or of a few
bristles. — Herbs with alternate leaves and single heads. (Named from the
Centaur, Chiron.)
1. C. CYANUS, L. (BLUEBOTTLE.) Scales of the globular involucre
fringe-margined ; fake rays large, pappus very short ; leaves linear, entire, or
toothed at the base. © — Road-sides, escaped from gardens. July. — Flowers
blue, varying to purplish or white. (Adv. from Eu.)
2. C. NIGRA, L. (KNAPWEED.) Scales of the globular involucre appen-
dagcd, and with a stifF black fringe ; rays wanting ; pappus very short ; leaves
lanceolate, or the lower lyrate-anglcd, rough. 1J. — Waste places, E. New Eng-
land. Aug. — Flowers purple. (Adv. from Eu.)
3. C. CALcfTRAPA, L. (STAR THISTLE.) Stem diffusely much branded ;
leaves pinnuJLcly loled or spinulose-toothed ; heads sessile, the middle scales of the
ovoid involucre spiny ; pappus none ; flowers purple. (3) — Norfolk, Virginia.
(Adv. from Eu.)
C. AMERIC\NA, Nutt., a showy species of the Southwestern States, — the
only one which belongs to this country, — is cultivated in gardens.
66. C NIC US, Vaffl. BLESSED THISTLE.
Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers tubular and sterile, shorter than the
rest, which arc all tubular and perfect. Scales of the ovoid involucre coriaceous,
appresscd, extended into a long and rigid pinnately spinose appendage. Re-
ceptacle clothed with capillary bristles. Achenia terete, short, strongly striate,
crowned with 10 short and horny teeth, and bearing a pappus of 10 elongated
ri^iil bristles, and 10 short bristles alternate with the lost in an inner row. — An
annual smoothish herb, with clasping scarcely pinnatilid-cut leaves and largo
bractcd heads. Flo\ycrs yellow. (Name from xvifa, to prick.)
I. C. BEXEDfcTus, L. — Road-sides ; scarcely naturalized. (Adv. from Eu.)
67. CIRSIUrtf, Tourn. COMMON or PLUMED THISTLE.
II -nds many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, perfect and similar, or rarely
imperfectly din-clous. Scales of the ovoid or spherical involucre imbricated in
many rows, tipped with a point or prickle. Receptacle thickly clothed with
soft bristlis or h:tirs. Aehenia oblong, flattish, not ribbed. Papp is of nmncr-
ourt brii*il«-s united into a ring at the base, plumose to the middle, deciduous. —
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 233
Ilerbs, with sessile, alternate leaves, often pinnatifid, and prickly. Heads large,
terminal. Flowers reddish-purple or cream-color. (Name from Ki'pcros, a swelled
vein, for which the Thistle was a reputed remedy.)
* Scales of the involucre all tipped with spreading prickles.
1. C. LANCEOiAtuM, Scop. (COMMON THISTLE.) Leaves dccurrent on
the stem, forming prickly lobed wings, pinnatifid, rough and bristly above,
woolly with decidous webby hairs beneath, prickly; flowers purple. (|) — Pas-
tures and road-sides, everywhere, at the North. (Nat. from Eu.)
* * Scales of the involucre appressed ; the inner ones not prickly : filaments hairy.
Leaves white-woolly beneath, and sometimes also above: outer scales of the involucre
successively shorter, and tipped icith short prickles.
2. C. Pitclaeri, Torr. & Gr. White-woolly throughout, low; stem stout,
very leafy ; leaves all p innately parted into rigid narrowly linear and elongated divis-
ions, with revolute margins; flowers cream-color. 1J. — Sandy shores of Lakes
Michigan, Huron, and Superior.
3. C. imduBfUllin, Spreng. White-woolly throughout, low and stout,
leafy ; leaves lanceolate-oblong) partly clasping, undulate-pinnatijid, with prickly
lobes; flowers reddish-purple. g) — Islands of L. Huron and Michigan;
thence westward. July.
4. C. discolor, Spreng. Stem grooved, haiiy, branched, leafy ; leaven
all deeply pinnatifid, sparingly hairy and green above, ichitened with close wool be-
neath ; the diverging lobes 2 - 3-cleft, I i near-lanceolate, prickly-pointed ; flowers pale
purple. (D — Meadows and copses; not uncommon. Aug. — Plant 3° -6°
high : heads 1' or more in width.
5. C. altissim&liil, Spreng. Stem downy, branching, leafy to the heads:
leaves roughish-hairy above, whitened with close wool beneath, oblong-lanceolate,
sinuate-toothed, undulate-pinnatijid, or undivided, the lobes or teeth prickly, those
from the base pinnatifid; lobes short, Mong or triangular ; flowers chiefly purple,
Ij.? — Fields and copses, Penn. to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. Aug. —
Plant 3°- 10° high : leaves variable : the heads much as in the last.
G. C. Yirginifiiiuni, Michx. Stem woolly, slender, simple or sparingly
branched, the branches or long peduncles naked: leaves lanceolate, green above,
whitened with close wool beneath, ciliatc with prickly bristles, entire or sparingly
sinuate-lobed, sometimes the lower deeply sinuatc-pinnatifid ; outer scales of the
involucre scarcely prickly ; flowers purple. — Woods and plains, Virginia, Ohio,
and southward. July. — Plant 1°- 3° high; the heads seldom more than half
as large as in the last.
Var. filipciidlilum. Stem stouter, more leafy, corymbosely branched
above ; the heads on shorter peduncles ; leaves pinnatifid ; roots tuberous, en-
larged below. (C. filipendulum, Engelm.) — Illinois and southwcstward.
*- •»- Leaves green both sides, or only with loose webby hairs underneath : scales of the
involucre scarcely prickly-pointed.
7. C. BBlUtiCllIIl, Michx. (SWAMP THISTLE.) Stem tall (3° -8° high),
ungled, smoothish, panicled at the summit, the branches sparingly leafy and
bearing single or few rather largo naked heads ; leaves somewhat hairy abore,
20*
234 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.;
whitened with hose webby hairs beneath when young, deeply pinnatifid, the
binceolate, acute, eut-lobed, prickly-pointed; scales of the webby and glutinous invo-
lucre closely appressed, pointless or barely mucronate; flowers purple, ty—
Swamps and low woods ; common. Aug.
8. C. imiciiliiEii, Spreng. (PASTURE THISTLE.) Stem low and stout
l°-3° high), hairy, bearing 1-3 very large heads (l£' broad), which are some-
:rluit leafy-bracted at the base ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, green,
somewhat hairy, pinnatijid, with short and cut very prickly -margined lobes; outer
scales of the involucre prickly-pointed, the inner very slender ; flowers purple or
rarely white (fragrant, 2' long). (2) — Dry fields, Maine to Perm., near the
coast. Also Illinois and westward ; common. July.
9. C. laorridulnm, Michx. (YELLOW THISTLE.) Mem stout (l°-4°
high), webby-haired when young; leaves partly clasping, green, soon smooth,
lanceolate, pinnatijid, the short toothed and cut lobes very sjriny with yellowish
prickles ; heads large (!'- l£' broad), surrounded at the base by an involucrate whori
of leaf-tike and very prickly bracts, which equal or exceed the narrow and unarmed
scales of the involucre ; flowers pale yellow, often turning purple hi fading. —
Sandy fields, &c., Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward, near the coast.
. June -Aug.
* # * Outer scales of the appressed involucre barely prickly-pointed: filaments nearly
smooth : heads imperfectly dioecious.
10. C. ARVEXSE, Scop. (CANADA THISTLE.) Low, branched ; roots ex-
tensivcly creeping; leaves oblong or lanceolate, smooth, or slightly woolly
beneath, sinnatc-pinnatifid, prickly-margined; heads small and numerous ; flow-
ers rose-purple. 1[ — Cultivated fields and pastures; common at the North : a
most troublesome weed, which it is extremely difficult to eradicate. July, Aug.
(Nat. from Eu.)
6§. CARDUUS, Tourn. PLUMELESS THISTLE.
Bristles of the pappus naked (not plumose), merely rough or denticulate.
Otherwise as in Cirsium. (The ancient Latin name.)
1. C. xfjTANS, L. (MosK THISTLE.) Leaves decurrent, sinuate, spiny:
heads solitary, drooping; flowers purple. (2) — Fields near Harrisburg, Penn.,
Prof. Porter. (Adv. from Eu.)
69. ONOP6RDON, Vaill. COTTON THISTLE.
Heads and flowers nearly as in Cirsium. Scales of the involucre coriaceous,
tipped with a lanceolate prickly appendage. Receptacle deeply honeycombed.
Achcnia 4-an.jlcd, wrinkled transversely. Bristles of the pappus numerous,
slender, not plumose, united at the base into a horny ring. — Coarse, branching
hrrbs, with the stems winged by the dccurrcnt base of the lobed and toothed
somewhat prickly loaves. Heads large : flowers purple.
1. O. ACANTHI KM, L. Stern (2° -4° high) and leaves cotton-woolly; scales
® — Road-sides. New England. (Adr. from Eu.)
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 235
7O. L.APPA, Tourn. BURDOCK.
Heads many-flowered, the flowers all perfect and similar. Involucre globular;
the imbricated scales coriaceous and appressed at the base, tipped with an abrupt
and spreading awl-shaped hook -pointed appendage. Receptacle bristly. Ache-
nia oblong, flattened, wrinkled transversely. Pappus short, of numerous rough
bristles, not united at the base, deciduous. — Coarse biennial weeds, with very
large unarmed heart-shaped and petioled leaves, the lower surface somewhat
woolly. Heads small, solitary or clustered: flowers purple, rarely white.
(Name from Aa/3elz/, to lay hold, the involucre forming a hooked bur which holds
tenaciously to the dress, or the fleece of animals.)
1. JL. MA.JOR, Grcrtn. (COMMON BURDOCK.) Upper leaves ovate, the
lower heart-shaped ; involucre smoothish. (Arctium Lappa, L.) — Waste
places in rich soil and around dwellings. — A variety with woolly heads (L.
tomentosa, Lam.), rarely with pinnatifid leaves, .is occasionally seen. (Nat.
from Eu.)
SUBORDER II. LiIOULIFL.OR/'E. (CICHORACE^E.)
74. L, AM PS AN A, Tourn. NIPPLE-WORT.
Heads 8-12-flowered. Scales of the cylindrical involucre 8, erect, in one
row. Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong. Pappus none. — Slender branch-
ing herbs, with angled or toothed leaves, and loosely paniclcd small heads :
flowers yellow. (Name from AaTmo, to purge. It should rather be Lapsana, ad
written by Linnams.)
1. It. COMMUNIS, L. Nearly smooth ; lower leaves ovate, sometimes lyre-
shaped. (1) — Road-sides, near Boston. (Adv. from Eu.)
72. CICHORIUM, Toura. SUCCORY or CICUORY.
Heads several-flowered. Involucre double ; the outer of 5 short spreading
scales, the inner of 8-10 scales. Achenia striate. Pappus of numerous very
small chaffy scales, forming a short crown. — Branching perennials, with deep
roots ; the sessile heads 2 or 3 together, axillary and terminal. Flowers bright
blue, showy. (Altered from the Arabian name of the plant.)
1. C. INTYBUS, L. Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, the
lowest runcinate, those of the rigid flowering branches minute. — Road-sides ;
common near the coast, especially in Mass. July -Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)
73. K.RIGIA, Schrcber. DWARF DANDELION.
Heads 15- 20-flowered. Scales of the involucre several, in about 2 rows.
Achenia top-shaped, many-striate or angled. Pappus double ; the outer of 5
broad and rounded chaffy scales ; the inner of as many alternate slender bris-
tles. — Small annuals or biennials, branched from the base ; the leaves chiefly
radical, lyrate or toothed, the small heads terminating the naked scapes or
branches. Flowers yellow. (Named after D. Krieg, an early German botani-
cal collector in this country.)
236 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
1. K.. VirjjLBiica, Willd. Steins or scapes several, forking during the
season (!'- 10' high) ; earlier leaves roundish, entire, the others narrower, often
pinnatifid. — Var. DICHOTOMA is a branched and leafy summer state. — New
England to Illinois and southward, mostly near the coast. April - Aug.
74. CYNTHIA, Don. CYNTHIA.
Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre several, somewhat in 2 rows.
Achenia short, stria to. Pappus double ; the outer of numerous very small
chaffy bristles ; the inner of numerous capillary elongated bristles. — Low pe-
rennial herbs, nearly smooth and glaucous, with scattered or radical leaves ;
the scapes or naked peduncles (often bristly at the apex) bearing rather showy
single heads. Flowers yellow. (Probably named after Mount CynUuis.)
1. C. Virgillica, Don. Roots fibrous ; stem-leaves 1-2, oblong or lance-
olate-spat ulate, clasping, mostly entire ; the radical ones on short winged peti-
oles, often toothed, rarely pinnatifid ; peduncles 2-5. — Moist banks, New York
to Michigan and southward. June. — Stem 1° high, or more.
2. C. Dandelion, DC. Scapes leafless, from a tuberous root (6' -15'
high) ; leaves varying from spatulatc-oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or few-
lobed. — Moist ground, Maryland to Kentucky, and southward. March -July.
75. I^E^IVTODON, L., Juss. HAWKRIT. FALL DANDELION.
Heads many-flowered. Involucre scarcely imbricated, but with several bract-
lets at the base. Achenia spindle-shaped, striate, all alike. Pappus persistent,
composed of plumose bristles which are enlarged and flattened towards the base.
— Low and stemless perennials, with toothed or pinnatifid root-leaves, the scapes
bearing one or more yellow heads. (Name from XtW, a lion, and oSous, a tooth,
in allusion to the toothed leaves.) — The following belongs to the submenus
OronfNiA, with a tawny pappus of a single row of equal bristles.
1. L. AUTUMNALE, L. (FALL DANDELION.) Leaves more or less pin-
nntifid ; scape branched ; peduncles thickened at the summit and furnished with
small scaly bracts. Meadows and road-sides; common in E. New England.
Aug. - Oct. (Nat. from En. )
76. HIEUACIUUI, Tourn. HAWKWEED.
Heads many-flowered. Involucre more or less imbricated. Achenia oblong
or columnar, striate, not beaked. Pappus a single TOAV of tawny fragile capil-
lary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with entire or toothed leaves, and single or pan
icled heads of yellow flowers. (Name from iepag, a haick.)
* Heads large and broad: involucre imbricated: achenia tapering touxtrds the base.
1. II. Canadi'iisc, Michx. (CANADA HAWKWEED.) Stems simple.
leafy, corymbed at the summit (l°-3° high); leaves sessile, lanceolate or
Ovate-oblong, acute, remotely and very coarsely toothed, somewhat hairy, the
uppermost slightly clasping. — Dry woods, Massachusetts to Michigan, and
northward. Aug.
COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 237
* * Heads small : involucre cylindrical, scarcely imbricated.
2. II. SCfalM'UBSll, Michx. (IlouGH HAWKWEED.) Stem rather stout
(l°-3°high), leafy, ronnh-hairy ; tlic stiff flexuous panicle at iirst racemose,
at length rather corymbose; the thickish pednnclts and the hoary 40- 50-llow-
ereil involucre densely clothed with dark glandular bristles; achenia columnar, not
tapering at. the summit; leaves obovate or oval, nearly entire, hairy. — Dry open
woods ; common, especially northward. Aug.
3. II. foiagipiluni, Torr. (LOXG-BEARDED HAWKWEED.) Stem wand-
like, simple, stout (2° -3° high), very leafy towards the base, naked above, and
bearing a small racemed panicle ; the lower portion and both sides of the ob-
long-lanceolate or spatulate entire leaves tliickly clothed with very long and upright
britflis ; peduncles with the 20 - 30-flowered involucre glandular-bristly; achenia
tpindie-shaped, narrowed at the apex. — Prairies, Michigan to Illinois, and west-
ward. Aug. — Heads intermediate between the last and the next. Bristles
straight and even, as if combed, often 1' long !
4. II. Gl'Ollovii, L. (HAIRY HAWKWEED.) Stem wand-like, mostly
simple, leafy and very hairy below, naked above and forming a long and narrow
panicle; leaves oblong or obovate, nearly entire, hairy ; the slender peduncles
and the 20 - 30-fiowercd involucre sparingly glandular-bristly; achenia spindle-
shaj)ed, with a very taper summit. — Dry sterile soil ; common, especially south-
ward. Aug. — Varies from 1°- 4° high; with small heads and almost beaked
fruit, which well distinguishes the largest forms from No. 2, and the smallest
naked-stemmed states from the next.
5. II. veilOSUin, L. (RATTLESNAKE-WEED.) Stem or scape naked or
with a single leaf, smooth and slender, forking above into a spreading loose corymb ;
root-leaves obovate or oblong, nearly entire, scarcely petioled, thin and pale,
purplish and glaucous underneath (often hairy along the midrib), marked with
purple veins ; peduncles very slender ; involucre 20-flowered ; achenia linear, not
tapering above. — Var. SUBCAULESCENS has the .stem nioi-e or less leafy next
the base. — Dry plains and pine woods ; common. — Plant 1° - 2° high.
6. II. pan EC IB la turn, L. (PANICLED HAWKWEED.) Stem slender,
leafy, diffusely branched, hairy below (2° -3° high); leaves lanceolate, acute at
both ends, slightly toothed, smooth ; heads (very small) in a loose panicle, on slen-
der diverging peduncles, 12 - 2Q-floicered / achenia short, not tapering at the sum-
mit. — Open woods ; rather common.
7*7. NABAILTJS, Cass. KATTLESNAKE-ROOT.
Heads few -many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of 5 to 14 linear scales in
a single row, and a few small bractlets at the base. Achenia linear-oblong, stri-
ate or grooved, not contracted at the apex. Pappus of copious stra \v-color or
brownish roughish capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with upright leafy steins
arising from spindle-shaped (extremely bitter) tubers, very variable leaves, and
raccmosc-panicled mostly nodding heads. Flowers greenish-white or cream-
color, often tinged with purple. (Name probably from i/o/3Aa, a liarp, in allu-
sion to the lyrate leaves which these plants sometimes present.) Species of
Prenanthes, L. See Addend.
238 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
# Involucre smooth or nearly so, 5 - \2-flowered.
1. IV. :tlhus Hook. (WHITE LETTUCE. RATTLKSXAKK-KOOT.)
Smooth and glancotu ('1° — 4° high); stem corymbose-panicled at tin', summit:
leaves annulate or triangular-halberd-form, sinuate-toothed, 01 3-5-eleft; tlia
uppermost oblong and undivided; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales, 8-12-
floivered; p<ij>j>ns di-ep cinnamon-color. — Var. SERPENT\RIA is a form with deep-
ly divided leaves, their margins often rough-ciliate. — Borders of woods, in rich
soil ; common, especially northward. Aug. — Stouter and more corymbed than
the next, with thickish leaves and often purplish branches. Heads |' long.
2. N. altissimus, Hook. (TALL WHITE LETTUCE.) Smooth; stem
tall and slender (3° -6° high) ; the heads in small axillary and terminal loose
clusters forming a long and tcand-like leafy panicle ; leaves membranaceous, all
petiolcd, ovate, heart-shaped or triangular, and merely toothed or cleft, with
naked or winged petioles, or frecpucntly 3-5-partcd, with the divisions entire or
again cleft; involucre slender (greenish), of 5 scales, 5-Q-JJoiceral ; pappus dirty
white, or pale straw-color. — Rich moist woods ; common, especially northward.
Aug., Sept.
3. IV. Fraseri, DC. (LION'S-FOOT. GALL-OF-TIIE-EARTH.) Nearly
smooth ; stem corymbose-panicled at the summit (l°-4° high) ; leaves mostly del-
toid, roughish ; the lower variously 3 - 7-lobed, on margined petioles ; the upper •
oblong-lanceolate, mostly undivided, nearly sessile ; involucre (greenish or pur-
plish, sometimes slightly bristly) of about 8 scales, 8- 12-Jloin-n d ; pa/>j>us dull
straw-color. — Varies greatly in foliage: the var. iNTEGRiFftLius has the thick-
ish leaves all undivided and merely toothed. — Dry sandy or sterile soil, S. New
England to Virginia and southward. Sept.
4. IV. iifemis, DC. Smooth; stem low and simple. (5'- 10' high); the
heads in axillary clusters forming a narrow racemed panicle; leaves triangular-
halberd-shaped and very variously lobcd or cleft, on slender petioles ; involucre
(livid) 10- 13-flowered, of about 8 proper scales and several very short bract-like oneSj
which are triangular-ovate and appressed ; pappus dark straw-color. — Alpine
summits of the"White Mountains of New Hampshire, and Mount Marcy, New
York. Aug. - Oct.
5. IV. Bortttii, DC. Sft-m simple, dicarf (& - 6' high), pubescent at the
summit; the heads in an almost simple raceme ; lowest leaves halberd-shaped
or heart-shaped, the middle oblong, the upper lanceolate, nearly entire, tapering
into a margined petiole; involncn: (livid) 10- 18-Jloivercd, of 10- 15 very obtuse
pmpi r nooks, and s< n r<d liimir and loose erterior ones nearly half tin /tin/fh of the
former; pappus straw-color. — Higher alpine summits of the mountains of
Maine, New Hampshire, and N. New York. Aug.
6. IV. virgutllS, DC. (SLENDER RATTLKSNAKK-UOOT.) Smooth,
slightly glaucous ; stem vert/ simple (2° -4° high); product <} <//,«/-, intit a naked
and slrmlt r nj-i/.-nl ra<-< me (l^°-2° long), the heads clustered and mostly unilat-
eral; leaves lanceolate, acute, closely sessile, the upper reduced to bracts, the
lower toothed or pinnatilid ; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales, 8-12:/7o,
pappus st raw-color. — Sandy pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia, and south-
ward Sept.
COMPOSITES. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 239
* * Involucre 1 2 - 40-flowered, hairy, as well as the peduncles.
7. PV. raceifilOSUS, Hook. Stem wand-like, simple (2° -5° high), s)nooth,
as well as the oval or oblong-lanceolate denticulate leaves ; the lower taperin« '
into winged petioles (rarely cut-pinnatifid), the upper partly clasping; heads in
clusters crowded in a long and narrow interrupted!!/ spiked panicle ; involucre about
\2floicertd; pappus straw-color. — Plains, Ohio to Wisconsin, and northward.
Also Hackensack marshes, New Jei-sey. Sept. — Flowers flesh-color.
8. IV. sasper, Torr. & Gr. Stem wand-like, simple (2° -4° high), rough-
pubescent, as well as the oval-oblong or broadly lanceolate toothed leaves ; heads
in small clusters (mostly erect) disposed in a lone/ and narrow coio )ound raceme ;
involucre \2-l4-Jloivered; pappus straw-color. — Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio
to Illinois, and southward. Sept. — Flowers larger than No. 7, cream-color.
9. N. CrepidinenS, DC. Somewhat smooth ; stem stout (5° -8° high),
bearing numerous nodding heads in loose clusters on the corymbose-pamded
branches; leaves large (6' -12' long), broadly triangular-ovate or halberd-form,
strongly toothed, contracted into winged petioles ; involucre 20 - 40-jlowered ;
pappus brown. — Rich soil, Ohio to Illinois and southward. Sept. — Involucre
blackish ; flowers cream-color.
78. TKOXIUIOW, Nutt. TROXIMON.
Head many-flowered. Scales of the bell-shaped involucre ovate or lanceo-
late, pointed, loosely imbricated in 2 or 3 rows. Achcnia smooth, 10-ribbed,
not beaked. Pappus longer than tnc achcnium, white, of copious and unequal
rather rigid capillary bristles, some of the larger gradually thickened towards
the base. — Perennial herbs, with linear elongated tufted root-leaves, and a sim-
ple naked scape. Heads solitary, large : flowers yellow. (Name from rpa)£o}jiai,
to eat, first applied to a plant with an edible root.)
1. T. CUSpidatlini, Pursh. Leaves lanceolate, elongated, tapering to
a sharp point, woolly on the margins ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, sharp-
pointed. — Prairies, Wisconsin, N, 111., and westward. April, May.
•79. TARAXACUM, Hallcr. DANDELION.
Head many-flowered. Involucre double, the outer of short scales ; the inner
of long linear scales, erect in a single row. Achenia oblong, ribbed, and rough-
ened on the ribs, the apex prolonged into a very slender thread-like beak, bear-
ing the pappus of copious soft and white capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs,
producing a tuft of pinnatifid or runcinate radical leaves, and slender naked
hollow scapes, bearing a single large head of yellow flowers. (Name from
rapao-o-w, to disquiet or disorder, in allusion to its medicinal properties.)
1. T. Deiis-leoiiiS, Desf. (COMMON DANDELION.) Smooth, or at
first pubescent; outer involucre rcflexed. — Pastures and fields everywhere:
probably indigenous in the North. April -Sept. — After blossoming, the inner
involucre closes, the slender beak elongates and '•; Mscs up tli'> pappus while the
fruit is forming, the whole involucre is then reflexed, exposing to the wind the
naked fruits, with the pa;jpus displayed in an open globular head. (Ett.)
210 COMPOSITES. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
8O. PYRRIIOPAPPUS, DC. FALSE DANDELION.
Heads, &e. nearly as in Taraxacum; the soft pappus reddish or rusty-color,
and with a villons ring at the to]) ^f the long beak. — Mostly annual or biennial
herbs, often branching and leafy -stemmed. Heads solitary, pretty large, termi-
nating the naked summit of the stem or branches. Flowers deep yellow.
(Name composed of irvpposi flame-colored, and ncnnros- ;wyym.s.)
1. P. CaroliniunilS, DC. Stem branching below (l°-2° high),
leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire, cut, or pinnatiiid, the stem-leaves partly
clasping. — Sandy fields, from Maryland southward. April -July.
§1. LACTIJCA, Tourn. LETTUCE.
Heads several-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated in 2 or more sets
of unequal lengths. Achenia flat (compressed parallel to the scales of the invo-
lucre), abruptly contracted into a long thread-form beak, bearing a copious and
fugacious pappus of very soft and white capillary bristles. — Leafy-stemmed
herbs, with panicled heads; the flowers of variable color. (The ancient name
of the Lettuce, L. saliva; from lac, milk, in allusion to the milky juice.)
1. JLi. clongata, Muhl. (WiLD LETTUCE.) Stem tall and stout (2°-
9° high, hollow) ; leaves partly clasping, pale beneath ; the upper lanceolate
and entire; the lower runcinate-pinnatilid ; heads in a long and narrow naked
panicle ; achcnia oval ; flowers pale yellow, varying to purple. — Varies greatly ;
the leading form smooth or nearly so, with long leaves: — the var. INTEGKI-
F6LIA is mostly smooth, with the leaves nearly all entire, and the flowers yel-
low or bluish (L. intcgrifolia, Biyi-l.) : — the var. SANGU^NEA is smaller, mostly
hairy, and with runeinate leaves, and the flowers very variously colored (L. san-
guinea, Digel.). — Rich damp soil, borders of thickets, &c. July- Sept.
82. ]?IUL,GEDIUM, Cass. FALSE or BLUE LETTUCE.
Heads many-flowered. Involucre, &c. as in Lactuca. Achenia laterally
compressed, striatc or ribbed, the summit contracted into a short and thick beak
or neck, of the same texture, expanded at the apex into a ciliate disk, which
bears a copious rather deciduous pappus of soft capillary bristles. — Lcafy-
rtemmcd herbs, with the general aspect and foliage of Lactuca. Heads racemed
or panicled ; the flowers chiefly blue. (Name from undyco, to milk.)
* Pappus briylit white: flowers blue.
1. 1TI. aciimillfitUHl, DC. Smooth, panicled above (3° -6° high);
tft'm-friirrs omfc and ovate-lanceolate, pointid, merely tool f if -d, sometimes hairy on
the midrib beneath, contracted at the base into a winged petiole; the lowest
often sinuate; heads loosely panicled. @ — Borders of thickets, New York to
Illinois, and southward. — Probably only a state of the next.
1>. HI. Florid :i nil 111, DC. Nearly smooth (3°- 6° high) : Awv* all ly-
r>ii,ri'iiittt; the diviv.ons sharply toothed ; heads in a loose compound pan-
ir-1". (5) — Varies with the upper leaves clasping by a heart-shaped base, &e. —
Rich soil, S. Penn., and Ohio to Illinois, and southward. Aug.
LOBELIACEJL. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) 241
# * Pappus taivny : corolla pale blue, or cream-color turning bluish.
3. M. teucoph&uin, DC. Nearly smooth ; stem tall (3° -12° high),
very leafy ; leaves irregularly pinnatifid, sometimes runcinate, coarsely toothed,
the uppermost often undivided ; heads in a large and dense compound panicle
(f) — Low grounds ; common. Aug. — Lower leaves often 1° long.
M. FULCHELLUM, Nutt., of the plains of the Northwest, is to be expected in
Wisconsin.
83. SO IVC II US, L. SOW-THISTLE.
Heads many-flowered, becoming tumid at the base. Involucre more or less»
imbricated. Achenia flattened laterally, ribbed or striatc, not beaked. Pappus
copious, of very white exceedingly soft and fine capillary bristles. — Leafy-
Btemmed weeds, chiefly smooth and glaucous, with corymbed or umbellate
heads of yellow flowers. (The ancient Greek name.)
* Annual : flowers pale yellow.
1. S. OLER\CEUS, L. (COMMON SOW-THISTLE.) Stem-leaves runcinate-
pinnatifld, or rarely undivided, slightly toothed with soft spiny teeth, clasping
by a heart-shaped base, the auricles acute; involucre doAvny when young; ache*
nia striate, wrinkled transit-sell/. — Waste places in manured soil and around
dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. S. ISPER, Vill. (SPINY-LEAVED SOW-THISTLE.) Stem-leaves mostly
undivided, conspicuously spiny-toothed, the auricles of the clasping base round-
ed; achenia margined, 3-nerved on each side, smooth. — Waste places, like the last,
and much resembling it. (Nat. from Eu.)
* * Perennial : flowers bright yellow. (Heads large.)
3. S. ARVEXSIS, L. (CORN SOW-THISTLE.) Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid,
spiny-toothed, clasping by a heart-shaped base, the auricles obtuse; peduncles
and involucre bristly; achenia transversely wrinkled on the ribs. — Essex
County, Massachusetts, Staten Island, and New Jersey : rare. Sept. (Adv.
from Eu.) Cayuga Lake, &c. New York, //. B. Lord.
ORDER 60. LOBEI^IACE^S. (LOBELIA FAMILY.)
Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers, an irregidar
monopetalous 5-lobed corolla split down to the base on one side : the 5 stamens
free from the corolla, and united into a tube commonly by their fllaments and
always by their anthers. — Calyx-tube adherent to the many-seeded pod.
Style 1 : stigma fringed. Seeds anatropous, with a small straight embryo,
in copious albumen. — A family of acrid poisonous plants, represented only
by the jjenus
1. LOBELIA, L. LOBELIA.
Calyx 5-clcft, \\ath a short tube. Corolla with a straight tube, split down on
the upper side, somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper lip of 2 rather erect lobes, the
lower spread ing and 3-cleft. Two of the anthers in our species bearded at the
21
242 LOBELIACE.E. (LOBELIA FAMILY.)
top. Pod 2-cellcd, many-seeded, opening at the top. — Flowers axillary or
chiefly in bructcd racemes. (Dedicated to Lobe/, nn early Flemish herbalist.)
# Flowers d«'i> r«l, la rye: stem xinijtte.
1. L.. cardinally L. (CARDINAL-FLOWER.) Tall (2°-4° :
smoothish ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed ; raceme elongated, rather
1 -sided; the pedicels much shorter than the leaf-like bracts. — Low grounds;
common. July -Oct. — Perennial by offsets, with large and very showy in-
tensely red flowers, — rarely varying to rose-color! (Plymouth, Mr. Gilbert),
or even to white !
* # Floivers blue, or blue variegated with white.
•»- Stems leafy to the top, simple (l°-3° high) : leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate:
sinuses of the calyx with conspicuous deflexed auricles : flowers crowded in a long
spike or dense raceme.
2. It. syphilitica, L. (GREAT LOBELIA.) Somewhat hairy ; leaves thin,
acute at both ends (2' -6' long), irregularly sen-ate; flowers (nearly 1' long) pedi-
celled, longer than the leafy bracts ; calyx hirsute, the lobes half the length of
the corolla, the short tube hemispherical, y. — Low grounds; common. Aug.,
Sept. — Flowers light blue, rarely white.
3. JL. ptlberilla, Miehx. Finely soft-pubescent ; leaves thickish, obtuse (!'-
2' long), with small glandular teeth; spike rather 1-sided; calyx-lobes (find unite
bracts) little shorter than the corolla, the hairy tube top-shaped. 1J. — Moist grounds,
New Jersey to Ohio and southward. Aug. — Corolla bright blue, £' long.
4. Li. ItijMostciehys, A. DC. Smooth above; leaves obtuse, denticulate,
oblong-lanceolate, the upper gradually reduced to awl-shaped bracts ; raceme
ppike-likc, long and dense; lobes of the calyx nearly equalling the corolla, the
auricles in the form of 10 awl-shaped appendages as long as the hcmispht-rical tube.
1|. — Sandy soil, Illinois and southward. July, Aug. — Corolla 3" -4" long.
•»- •*- Stems leafy, mostly simple (l°-2£° high) : leaves lanceolate or oblong-laiino-
late : calyx-tube hemispherical, the sinuses destitute of auricles : flowers pretty large
(§'-!' long) and showy, in a loose nearly l-sided raceme: ant/iers sometimes beard-
ed on the back.
5. It. glandulosa, Walt. Sparingly hairy or pubescent ; leaves, bracts,
and usually the lobes of the calyx strongly glandular-toothed ; calyx-tube d<n*<ly
hispirl, rarely sparsely so, or smoothish. 1J. — Moist places, Virginia and south-
ward. Aug., Sept.
6. L. aillfrna, Michx. Glabrous (rarely minutely pubescent) ; leaves
and Sracts scarcely glandular-toothed ; calyx-lobes entire and slender. 1J. — Shady
moist places, Virginia and southward. Sept.
«-«-•»- Si fins leafy : calyx-tube ovoid or tapering to an acute base, Jio auricles or ap-
pendagct at the sinuses: Jlowers small (4'~^' ^°no)> Tocemed.
*+ PaaieulaUfy much branched: racemes leafy : root annual or biennial.
7. L. iiiflata, L. (INDIAN TOBACCO.) Somewhat pubescent (9'- 18'
high) ; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, toothed; lobes of the calyx equalling
tlu- corolla (2" -3" long), the tul>c and the inflated pod ovoid. — Dry open soil;
common. July - Sept. — A virulent poison and quack mcdieiuo.
CAMPA.XULACEAC. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.) 243
err sparingly panicled, slender : leaves entire or nearly so, the :-}>J>CT
'I bracts : root perennial or biennial.
8. I*. Spicaila, Lam. Minutely pubescent ; stem wand-like, simple (1°-
3° high) ; .-' or ktnceofafooblong ; raceme long and s/nke-like, com-
monly dense. (L. Chiytoniami, Mirhx.) — Dry grounds, Massachusetts to Wis-
consin, and southward. Aug. — Flowers pale blue.
9. L,. Ntlttallii, Kujm. & Sch. Stem vert/ slender (l°-2° high), minute-
ly roughened, /««.s7/y simple; roof-faire* ofwale ; those of tlic stem oblong-linear;
.ittcred in a small wand-like raceme; the thread-form pedicels
lonrjrr t/inu tit" bnn-t. Sorter than the flower, usually with minute bractlets mar lie.
base; lobes of the calyx short, awl-shaped. — Sandy swamps, Long Island, New
Jersey, and southward. July -Sept. Much resembles the next.
10. JL. K;il*liii, L. Stem slender, branching (4'- 18' high), smooth ; root-
<:mtiiliit? ; tliosti of tin- stem linear ; raceme loose, few-flowered; pedi-
cels shorter titan the linear leaf-like bracts, longer than the flower, with 2 minute bract-
lets above the middle. — Damp limestone rocks and banks, W. New England to
Wisconsin aloni; the Great Lakes. Also Pomi, Porter. July -Sept.
•»-•*-•»-•«- Stem simple and nearli/ leafless, / <-' •• ft ut or near the bctse : flowers in a
simple loose, raceme: leave* flaky t cnli/.r-tnbf. acute at the base; auricles none.
11. ii. paluddsa, Nutt. Nearly smooth ; stem slender (l°-2^° high);
//V/.-/V// but flat, scat t<rrd near the base, linear-.<if>aiii/ate or oblong-linear, den-
ticulate, mostly tapering into a petiole; lower lip of the corolla bearded in the
middle. 1J. — Bogs, Delaware and southward. — Flowers £' long, light blue.
12. Lu Dort ill anna, L. (WATER LOBELIA.) Very smooth; scape
tliif-kifih (5' - 12' high), few-flowered ; leaves all tufted at the root, linear, terete, hollow,
with a partition h-ngthwise, sessile ; lower lip of the pale-blue corolla slightly
hairy. ]\. — Borders of ponds, New York, New England, and northward. July
- Sept. — Flowers £' - §' long. Summit of the pod free from the calyx. (Eu.)
ORDKFI 01. CA3IPANUL.ACE^E. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.)
Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers ; the calyx
adherent to the ovary ; the regular 5-lobed corolla bell-shaped, valvate in the
bud ; the 5 xtamens free from the corolla and usually distinct. — Style 1, be-
Kt-t wilh collecting hairs above: stigmas 2 or more. Pod 2 - several-celled,
m.my-seeded. Seed small, anatropous, with a straight embryo in fleshy
albumen. — Flowers generally blue and showy. — Sparingly represented
in America, in the Northern States by only two genera.
1. CAMPANULA, Toura. BELLFLOWKR.
Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla generally bell-shaped, 5-lobcd. Stamens 5, separate,
the filaments broad and membranaceous at the base. Stigmas and cells of the
pod 3 in our species, the short pod opening on the sides by as many valves or
holes. — Herbs with terminal or axillary flowers. (A diminutive of the Italian
camjtana, a bell, from the shape of the corolla.)
244 CAMPANULACE.fi. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.)
* Flowers paniclfd (or rarely solitary), long-pcduncled : pods nodding.
1. C. rotlllHlifolia, L. (HAREBELL.) Slcndt-r, branching (5'-12-
high), 1 - 10-flowercd; root-lcaces round-heart-shaped or ovule.-, mostly toothed or
crcnntu, loiig-petioled, early withering away ; stein-leaves- numerous, linear or nar-
roiL'ly lanceolate, entire, smooth ; calyx-lobes awl-shaped, varying from i to 2 the
length of the bright-blue corolla. 1J. — Ilocky shaded hanks; common north-
ward, and along the mountains. Jnly. — A delicate and pretty, but variable
species, with a most inappropriate name, since the round root-leaves are rarely
conspicuous. Corolla £'-§' long. (Eu.)
Var. lillifolia. Stems more apright and rather rigid ; the lowest leaves
varying from heart-shaped to ovate-lanceolate ; corolla f'-l' long. (C. linifo-
lia, Lam.) — Shore of Lake Huron, Lake Superior, and northwestward. (Eu.)
2. C. apariiioitlcs, Pursh. (MARSH BELLFLOWER.) 6Vcm sinijile
and slender, weak (8' -20' high), few-flowered, somewhat 3-angled, rough Ixn-k-
wards on the angles, as are the slightly toothed edges and midrib of the lin«tr-/<nice-
olate leaves ; peduncles diverging, slender ; lobes of the calyx triangular, half the
length of the bell-shaped (nearly white) corolla. 1J.? (C. crinoidcs, Muld.) —
Bogs and wet meadows, among high grass. July. — Plant with somewhat the
habit of a Galium ; the corolla barely £' long.
3. C. divaricata, Michx. Very smooth; stem loosely branched (1°-
3° high) ; leaves oblong -lanceolate, pointed at both ends, coarsely and sharply tootJied;
Jloin-rs numerous on the branches of the large compound panicle, calyx-lobes awl-
s/ia/xi}, about half the length of the pale-blue small (£') corolla; style protruded.
1J. — Dry woods and rocks, mountains of Virginia, Kentucky, and southward.
July - Sept.
* # Ftowers numerous, nearly sessile, crowded in a long more or less leafy spike :
corolla almost wheel-shaped, deeply 5-lobed: pods erect.
4. C. Americana, L. (TALL BELLFLOWER.) Stem mostly simple
(3° -6° high) ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, mostly
on margined petioles, thin, somewhat hairy (2^' -6' long) ; the slender stylo
protruded and curved. 1J. — Moist rich soil, New York to Wisconsin, and
southward. July. — Spike l°-2° long. Corolla blue, 1' broad.
C. MEDIUM, L., the CANTERBURY BELLS, and some other species, are com-
mon in gardens. C. GLOMERXTA, L., has escaped from gardens at Dunvers,
Mass.
2. SPECULARIA, Heist. VENUS'S LOOKING-GLASS.
Calyx 5- (or 3-4-) lobcd. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, sep-
arate; the memliranaceous hairy filaments shorter than the anthers. Stipmaa
3. Pod prismatic or elongated-oblong, 3-cclled, opening by 3 small lateral
valves. — Low annuals ; the lower flowers in the American species (§ TRIODAL-
LU8, Raf.) fruiting precociously in the bud, without expanding their imperfect
corolla. (Name from /Speculum Veneris, the early name of the common Euro-
pean species.)
ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 245
1. S. perfoluita, A. DC. Somewhat hairy; leaves roundish or ovate,
clasping bj the heart-shaped base, toothed; flowers sessile, solitary or 2-3 to-
gether in the axils ; the upper and later ones only with a conspicuous expanding
(purple-blue) corolla; pod oblong, opening rather below the middle. — Dry hills
or open fields ; common. May - Aug.
ORDER 62. ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.)
Shrubs, sometimes kerbs, with the flowers regular or nearly so: the star/iens
as many or twice as many as the 4 — 5-lobed or 4 - 5-petalled coroUa,free
from but inserted with it : anthers 2-celled, commonly^ apptndaged or open-
ing by terminal chinks or pores: style 1 : ovary 3 -10-celled. Seeds small,
anatropous. Embryo small, or sometimes minute, in fleshy albumen — A
large family, very various in many of the characters, comprising four well-
inarked suborders, as follows : —
SUBORDER I. VACCINIE-3E. THE WHORTLEBERRY FAMILY.
Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, which forms an edible berry or berry-
like fruit, crowned with the short calyx-teeth. Anthers 2-parted. Pollen
compound (of 4 united grains). — Shrubs or somewhat woody plants, with
scaly buds.
1. QAYLUSSACIA. Ovary 8 - 10-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit a berried
drupe with 8-10 small nutlets.
2. VACCINIUM Berry 4 - 6-celled (or imperfectly 8 -10-celled by false partitions), many-
seeded. Anther-cells tapering upward into a tube.
8. CIIIOGENES. Berry 4-celled, many-seeded, its summit free. Anther-cells not prolonged
into a tube, but each 2-pointed.
SUBORDER II. ERICINE^E. THE PROPER HEATH FAMILY.
Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla monopetalous, or rarely nearly or
quite polypetalous, hypogynous. Pollen of 4 united grains. — Shrubs or
small trees.
TRIBE I. ARBUTE^E. Fruit indehiscent, a berry or drupe. Corolla deciduous.
4. A110TOSTAPI1YLOS. Corolla urn-shaped. Drupe berry-like, 6 -10-seeded.
TRIBE II. AIVDROMEDE JE. Fruit a pod opening loculicidally. Corolla deciduouj.
* Anthers upright in the bud, the cells opening lengthwise. Corolla salver-shaped.
6. EPIGJ3A. Calyx of 5 separate dry and pointed sepals. Anthers not appendaged.
* * Anthers upright in the bud, opening only at the top. Corolla monopetalous, either glob-
ular, urn-shaped, bell-shaped, or cylindrical.
•»- Calyx enlarged and berry-like in fruit.
0. GAULTIIERIA. Calyx 6-cleft, hi fruit enclosing the small many -seeded pod. Anthers 4«
awned at the top.
•*- •*- Calyx dry, not becoming fleshy after flowering.
7. LEUCOTHOE. Calyx imbricated in the bud. Corolla cylindraceous. 6-toothed. Pod de-
pressed, 5-lobed, the valves entire.
8. CASSANDRA. Calyx imbricated. Corolla cylindraceous, 5-toothed. Pod splitting when
ripe into an outer and inner layer, the inner of 10 valves.
21*
246 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.;
9. CASSIOPE, Caljx imbricated. Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 4--5-cleft. Pod
globular-ovoid, 4 -6-valv«d, the valves 2-clefL
10. ANDKOMKDA. Calya vabate and very early open in the bud. Pod globular. Seeds
mostly hanging
11. OXYDEMJKUM. Calyx valvate and opening early in the bud. Pod oblong-pyramidal
Seeds all ascending.
• * * Anthers turned over outwardly in the bud, afterwards upright ; the ceDs opening only
by a hole at the top. Corolla of 6 separate petals.
13. CLETIIRA. Sepals 6. Stamens 10. Style 3-cleft at the apex. Pod 3-valved.
TMBI IH. RIIODOREJE. Fruit a pod opening septicidally. Corolla deciduous.
* Anther-cells opening by a pore at the top.
•»- Flowers not from scaly buds ; the bracts leaf-like or coriaceous.
18. PIIYLLODOCE. CoroITa ovate or urn-shaped. Leaves narrow and heath-like.
14. KALMIA. Corolla broadly bell-shaped or wheel-shaped, with 10 pouches. Leaves broad.
••- *- Flowers developed from large scaly buds, the scales or bracts caducous.
16. MENZIESIA. Corolla globular-bell-Rhaped, 4-toothed. Stamens 8. Leaves deciduous.
16. AZALEA. Corolla open funnel-form, 6-lobed. Stamens 5. Leaves deciduous.
17. RHODODENDRON. Corolla bell-shaped or short funnel-form, 6-lobed. Stamens 10.
Leaves evergreen.
18. RIIODORA. Corolla irregular, ringent, two of the petals nearly separate from the rest
Stamens 10. Leaves deciduous.
19. LEDUM. Corolla regular, of 6 nearly distinct petals. Leaves evergreen.
* * Anther -cells opening lengthwise. Buds not scaly. Leaves evergreen.
20. LOISELEURIA. Corolla deeply 6-cleft. Stamens 5, included.
21. LE10PIIYLLUM. Corolla of 6 separate petals. Stamens 10, exserted.
SUBORDER HI. PYIiOLE^B. THE PYROLA FAMILY.
Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla of 5 distinct petals. Pollen, &c.
as in the preceding. Seeds with a very loose and translucent cellular cov-
ering much larger than the nucleus. — Nearly herbaceous ; with evergreen
foliage.
22. PYROLA. Flowers in a raceme. Petals not spreading. Filaments awl-shaped : anthers
scarcely 2-horned. Style long. Valves of the pod cobwebby on the edges.
2a MONESES. Flower single. Petals widely spreading. Filaments not dilated in the mid-
dle : anthers conspicuously 2-horned. Style straight, exserted : stigmas 6, radiate.
Valves of the pod smooth on the edges.
24. CIIIMAPHILA. Flowers corymbed or umbelled. Petals widely spreading. Filaments
dilated in the middle. Style very short and top-shaped, covered by a broad and or-
bicular stigma. Valves of the pod smooth on the edges.
SUBORDER IV. MONOTROPE^E. THE INDIAN-PIPE FAMILY.
Flowers nearly as in Suborders II. or III., but the plants herbaceous and
entirely destitute of green foliage, and with the aspect of Beechdrops.
Seeds as in Suborder III. Pollen simple.
* Corolla monopetalous : anthers 2-cellcd.
26. PTEROSPORA. Corolla ovate, 6-toothed, withering-persistent. Anthers 2-horned on too
back, opening lengthwise.
28. SCUWE1N1TZIA. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 6-lobed. Anthers opening at the top.
* * Corolla of 4 or 6 separate petals : calyx imperfect or bract-like.
27. MONOT110PA. Petals narrow. Anthers kidney -shaped, opening across the top.
ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 2-17
SUBORDER I. VACCINIEJE. THE WHORTLEBEHKY FAMILY.
1. GAYI^USSACIA, H. B. K. HUCKLEBERRY.
Corolla tubular, ovoid, or bell-shaped ; the border 5-cleft. Stamens 10 : an-
thers awnless ; the cells tapering upward into more or less of a tube, opening
by a chink at the end." Fruit a berry-like drupe containing 10 seed-like nutlets.
— Branching shrubs, with the aspect of Vaccinium, commonly sprinkled with
resinous dots ; the flowers (white tinged with purple or red) in lateral and bracted
racemes. (Named for the distinguished chemist, Gay-Lussac.)
* Leaves thick and evergreen, not resinous-dotted.
1. Cr. 1>radiycera, Gray. (BOX-LEAVED HUCKLEBERRY.) Very
smooth (1° high) ; leaves oval, finely crenate-toothed ; racemes short and nearly
sessile; pedicels very short ; corolla cylindrical-bell-shaped. — Dry woods, Per-
ry County, Penn., near Bloomfield (Prof. Baird), and mountains of Virginia.
May. — Leaves in shape and aspect like those of the Box.
*: * Leaves deciduous, entire, sjmnkled mare or less with resinous or waxy atoms.
2. G. dlliaidsa, Torr. & Gr. (DWARF HUCKLEBERRY.) Somewhat hairy
and glandular, low (1° high from a creeping base), bushy; leaves obovate-ob-
long, mucronate, green both sides, rather thick and shining when old ; racemes
elongated ; bracts leaf-like, oval, persistent, as long as the pedicels ; ovary bristly or
glandular; corolla bell-shaped ; fruit black (insipid). — Var. HIRTELLA has the
young branchlets, racemes, and often the leaves hairy. — Sandy low soil, Maine
to Virginia, near the coast, and southward. June.
3. O. frondosa, Torr. & Gr. (BLUE TANGLE. DANGLEBERRY.)
Smooth (3° -6° high) ; branches slender and divergent; leaves obovate-oblong,
blunt, pale, glaucous beneath ; racemes slender, loose ; bracts oblong or linear, decid-
uous, shorter than the slender drooping pedicels ; corolla globular-bell-shaped ; fruit
dark blue with a white bloom (sweet and edible). — Low copses, coast of New
England to Kentucky, and southward. May, June.
4. G. rcsindsa, Torr. & Gr. (BLACK HUCKLEBERRY.) Much branched,
rigid, t&ightly pubescent when young (l°-3° high); leaves oval, oblong-ovate, or
oblong, thickly clothed and at first clammy, as well as the. floicers, with shining
resinous globules ; racemes short, clustered, one-sided ; pedicels about the length
of the flowers ; bracts and bractlets (reddish] small and deciduous; corolla ovoid-
conical, or at length cylindrical with an open mouth ; fruit black, without bloom
(pleasant). — Woodlands and swamps; common. May, June. — The common
Huckltbsrry of the North. It sometimes occurs with white fruit.
2. VACCINIUM, L. CRANBERRY. BLUEBERRY. BILBERRY.
Corolla bell-shaped, urn-shaped, or cylindrical; the limb 4 -5-cleft, revolute.
Stamens 8 or 10 : anthers sometimes 2-awned on the back; the cells separate
and prolonged into a tube, opening by a hole at the apex. Berry 4- 5-cellcd,
many-seeded, or sometimes 8-10-celled by a false partition stretching from the
back of each cell to the placenta. — Shrubs with solitary, clustered,, or raccmed
flowers : the corolla white or reddish. (An ancient Latin name, of obscure
derivation.)
248 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.)
§ 1. OXYC6CCUS, Tourn. — Ovary 4-fdkd : corolla 4-parted, tie long and nar-
row divisions revolute: unifiers 8, awnless, tapering upwards into very iong t-.ibes
pedicels slender.
* Stems very slender, creeping or trailing ; leaves small, entire, whitened beneath, ever-
green: pedicels erect, with the pale rose-colored flower noddiny on their summit :
corolla deeply ^-parted : berries red, acid.
1. V. Oxyctfccus, L. (SMALL CRANBERRY.) Stems very slender
(4' -9' long); leaves ovate, acute, with strongly revolute margins (21 -3" Ion.;);
pedicels 1-4, terminal; filaments more than half the length of the anthers.
(Oxycoceus vulgaris, Pursh.) — Peat-bogs, New England and Penn. to Wis-
consin, and northward. June. — Berry 3" -4" broad, spotted when young, sel-
dom sufficiently abundant to be gathered for the market. (Eu.)
2. V. ill acrocfir poll, Ait. (COMMON AMERICAN CRANBERRY.)
Stems elongated (l°-3° long), the flowering branches ascending; leaves oblong t
ofaiM^gUacom underneath, less revolute (4" -6" long); pedicels several, be-
coming lateral ; filaments scarcely one third the length of the anthers. (0. ma-
crocarpus, Pers.) — Peat-bogs, Virginia to Wisconsin, and everywhere north-
ward. June. — Berry £' - 1 ' long.
* # Stem upright and leaves deciduous, as in common Blueberries : flowers axillary
and solitary : corolla deeply 4-cleft : berries turning purjile, insipid.
3. V. crytlirocarpon, Michx. Smooth, divergently branched (1°-
4° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, bristly serrate, thin. — Wooded
hills, mountains of Virginia and southward. July.
$ 2. VITIS-ID^EA, Tourn. — Ovary 4 - 5-celled : corolla bell-shaped, 4-5-lobed:
anthers 8-10, awnless : filaments hairy : flowers in short and bracted nodding ra-
cemes : leaves evergreen : berries red or purple.
4. V. Vitis-Id&a, L. (COWBERRY.) Low (6'-10' high); branches
erect from tufted creeping stems ; leaves obovate, with revolute margins, dark
green, smooth and shining above, dotted with blackish bristly points under-
neath; corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft. — Higher mountains of New England, also
on the coast of Maine, and at Danvers, Massachusetts (Oakcs), and northward.
June. — Berries dark red, acid and rather bitter, mealy, barely edible. (Eu.)
§ 3. BATOD^NDRON.— Ovary more or less completely 10-celled by false parti-
tions : corolla sprrtu/iiitj-aiinpanulate, 5-lobed : anthers 2-awned on the back: fila-
ments hairy : berries mawkish and scarcely edible, ripening few seeds : flowers soli-
tary on slender pedicels in the axils of the upper leaves, forming a sort of leafy
racemes.
5. V. stamineum, L. (DEERBERRY. SQUAW HUCKLEBERRY.)
Diffusely branched (2° -3° high), somewhat pubescent; leaves ovate or oval,
pale, whitish underneath, deciduous; tubes of the anthers much longer than the
corolla, short-awned ; berries globular or pear-shaped, greenish. — Dry woods,
Maine to Michigan, and southward. May, June.
(V. AUB<'' i\., the FAUKLK-BEHUY, a tall species of this section,
•••ill .-liininir oval leaves, nnth«Ts included in the white corolla,
and black berries, is fouud in S. Illinois by Dr. Vasei/.) '
I
(HEATH FAMILY.) 219
§ 4. EUVACClNIUM. — Ocary 4-5-celled, with no trace of false partitions: co-
jolla urn-shaped or globular, 4 — 5-toothed : anthers 2-awned on the back; filament!
smooth : flowers axillary, solitary, or 2 -3 together : berries Hue or black : northern
alpine plants, with deciduous leaves.
6. V. Ctespitdsnm, Michx. (DWARF BILBERRY.) Dwarf (3' -5'
high), tufted; leaves obovate, narrowed at the base, membranaceous, smooth
and shining, sen-ate ; flowers solitary on short peduncles ; corolla oblong, slightly
urn-shaped : stamens 10. — Alpine region of the White Mountains, New Hamp-
shire ; and high northward.
7. V. ialigm<5sum, L. (Boo BILBERRY.) Low and spreading (4'-S'
high), tufted; leaves entire, dull, obovate or oblong, pale and slightly pubes-
cent underneath; flowers single or 2-3 together from a scaly bud, almost
sessile; corolla short, urn-shaped; stamens chiefly 8. — Alpine tops of the high
mountains of New England and New York, and northward. (Eu.)
§ 5. CYANOCOCCUS. — Ovary more or less completely 10-celled by false parti-
tions: corolla oblong-cylindrical or sliyhtly urn-shaped, 5-toothed: anthers 10,
awnless : Jilaments hairy: berries blue or black with a bloom (sweet) : floivers in
clusters or very short racemes from scaly buds separate from and rather preceding
the leaves, on short pedicels, appearing in early spring. (Leaves deciduous in the
Northern species or proper 13luebcrries. )
8. V. PennsylvaiiBCiim, Lam. (DWARF BLUEBERRY.) Dwarf
(6' -15' high), smooth; leaves lanceolate or oblong, distinctly serrulate with bristle-
pointed teeth, smooth and shining both sides (or sometimes downy on the midrib
underneath); corolla short, cylindrical-bell-shapcd. — Var. ANGUSTirdLiuai is
a high mountain or boreal form, 3' -6' high, with narrower lanceolate leaves.
(V. angustifolium, Ait.) — Dry hills and woods ; common from Penn. far north-
ward.— Branches green, angled, warty. Berries abundant, large and sweet,
ripening early in July : the earliest blueberry or blue huckleberry in the market.
9. V. Caiia(i£iise, Kalm. (CANADA BLUEBERRY.) Low (l°-2°
high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, entire, downy both sides, as well as the
crowded branchlets ; corolla shorter : otherwise as No. 8. — Swamps or moist
woods, Maine to Wisconsin, and northward.
10. V. vacillailS, Solander. (Low BLUEBERRY.) Low (l°-2^° high),
f/'al/'ous ; leaves obovate or oval, pale or dull, glaucous, at least underneath, minute-
ly ciliolate-serrulate or entire ; corolla between bell-shaped and cylindraceous,
the mouth somewhat contracted. — Dry woodlands, especially in sandy soil,
common from Massachusetts and Vermont to Pennsylvania. — Branches yellow-
ish-green. Berries ripening later than those of No. 8.
11. V. corymbdsuin, L. (COMMON SWAMP-BLUEBERRY.) Tall
( 5° -10° high) ; leaves ovate, oval, oblong, or elliptical-lanceolate; corolla varying
from turgid-ovate and cylindrical-urn-shaped to oblong-cylindrical. — Swamps
and low thickets, everywhere common. — This yields the common blueberry or
blue huckleberry at the latter part of the season. The typical form has the leaves
entire and more or less pubescent, at least when young, as also the branchlets.
The species exhibits the greatest variety of forms, - - of which the last here men-
250 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.)
tioncd is the most remarkable, and the only one which has any claims to bo
regarded .is a species
Var. Khtbrillll. Wholly or nearly glabrous throughout; leaves entire.
Var. aiBlffiminft. Leaves bristly-ciliate, shining above, green both sides,
beneath somewhat pubescent on the veins. (V. amcenum, Ait., &c.)
Var. piillidillll. Leaves mostly glabrous, pale or whitish-glaucous, espe-
cially underneath, serrulate with bristly teeth. (V. pallidum, Ait.)
Var. atrococciim. Leaves entire, downy or woolly underneath even
when old, as also the branehlets; berries smaller, black, without bloom. (V.
fusciitum, Ait.? fr Ed. I.)
3. CIIl6OENES, Salisb. CREEPING SXOWBERRY.
Calyx-tube adherent to the lower part of the ovary ; the limb 4-partcd.
Corolla bell-shaped, deeply 4-cleft. Stamens 8, included, inserted on an 8-
toothed epigynous disk : filaments very short and broad : anther-cells ovate-
oblong, quite separate, not awned on the back, but each minutely 2-pointed at
the apex, and opening by a large chink down to the middle. Berry white, glob-
ular, crowned with the 4-toothed calyx, rather dry, 4-cellcd, many-seeded. — A
trailing and creeping evergreen, with very slender and scarcely woody stems,
and small Thyme-like ovate and pointed leaves on short petioles, with re volute
margins, smooth above, the lower surface and the branches beset with rigid
rusty bristles. Flowers very small, solitary in the axils, on short nodding pe-
duncles, with 2 large braetlets under the calyx. (Name from XL™VI snow, and
yevos, offspring, in allusion to the snow-white berries.)
1. C. hispidula, Ton-. & Gr. (Vaccinium hispiclulum, L. Gaulthcria
serpyllifolia, Pursh. G. hispidula, Muhl.) Peat-bogs and mossy mountain
woods, in the shade of evergreens ; common northward, extending southward in
the Alleghanies. May. — Plant with the aromatic flavor of the Boxberry, Win-
tergreen, or Birch. Leaves $' long. Berries 4/ broad, bright white.
SUBORDER II. EIUCIIM^. THE PROPER HEATH- FAMILY.
4. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adans. BEARBERRY.
Corolla ovate and urn-shaped, with a short revolutc 5-toothed limb. Stamens
10, included : anthers with 2 reflexed awns on the back near the apex, opening
by terminal pores. Drape berry-like, with 5 seed-like nutlets. — Shrubs with
alternate leaves, and scaly-bracted nearly white flowers in terminal racemes or
clusters. Fruit austere. (Name composed of ap/croy, a bear and crrac^uATJ,
a yrnpc or berry, the Greek of the popular name.)
1. A. Uva-iirsi, Sprang. (BEARBERRY.) Trailing; /m?vs thick and
n, ohovatc or spatulate, mitre, smooth ; fruit r<d. (Arbutus Uva-tirsi, L.)
— Rocks and bare hills ; New Jersey to Wisconsin, and northward. May. (En.)
2. A. alpitia, Sprang. (ALPINE BiiAitKKiiRY.) Dwarf, tufted and de-
• •• x (ln-if/iio'in, srmif<', irrin/c/itl with strong netted veins, obovatr ,
fruit, biick. — Alpine re-ion of the White Mountains, Now Hampshire, Mount
Katahdin, Maine, and high northward. (Eu.)
ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 251
«5. EPIGJEA, L. GROUND LAUREL. TRAILING ARBUTUS.
Corolla salver-form ; the tube hairy inside, as long as the ovate-lanceolate
pointed and scale-like nearly distinct sepals. Stamens 10, with slender fila-
ments : anthers oblong, awnless, opening lengthwise. Pod depressed-glol nlar,
5-lobcd, 5-celled, many-seeded. — A prostrate or trailing scarcely shrubby plant,
bristly with rusty hairs, with evergreen and reticulated rounded and heart-shaped
alternate leaves, on slender petioles, and with rose-colored flowers in small axil-
lary clusters, from scaly bracts. {Name composed of «ri, upon, and 777, the earth,
from the trailing growth.)
1. E. repeals, L. — Sandy woods, or sometimes in rocky soil, especially
in the shade of pines, common in many places. — Flowers appearing in early
spring, and exhaling a rich spicy fragrance. In New England called MAY-
6. GAUL.TIIIJRIA, Kalm. AROMATIC WINTERGREEN.
Corolla cylindrical-ovoid or a little urn-shaped, 5 toothed. Stamens 10, in-
cluded : anther-cells each 2-awned at the summit, opening by a terminal pore.
Pod depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valvcd, many-seeded, enclosed when ripe by
the calyx, which thickens and turns fleshy, so as to appear as a globular red
berry ! — Shrubs, or almost herbaceous plants, with alternate evergreen leaves
and axillary (nearly white) flowers : pedicels with 2 bractlets. (Dedicated by
Kalm to " Dr. Gaulthier," of Quebec; Linn. Amccn. Acad. 3, p. 15 ; very likely
the same person as the M. Gautier who contributed a paper on the Sugar-Maple
to the Memoirs of the French Academy ; but it is too late to alter the original
orthography of the genus.)
1. G. procAnibens, L. (CREEPING WINTERGREEN.) Stems slender
and extensively creeping on or below the surface ; the flowering branches as-
cending, leafy at the summit (3' -5' high) ; leaves obovate or oval, obscurely
serrate ; flowers few, mostly single in the axils, nodding. — Cool damp woods,
mostly in the shade of evergreens : common northward, and southward along
the Alleghanics. July. — The bright red berries (formed of the calyx) and the
foliage have the well-known spicy-aromatic flavor of the Sweet Birch. In the
interior of the country it is called Wintergreen, or sometimes Tea-berry. East-
ward it is called Checkerberry or Partridge-berry (names also applied to Mitcholla,
tlw latter especially so), and Boxberry.
7. LEUC6TIIOE, Don. LEUCOTHOE.
Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals, imbricated in the bud, not enlarged nor
fleshy in fruit. Corolla ovate or cylindraccous, 5-toothed. Stamens 10: an-
thers naked, or the cells with 1 or 2 erect awns at the apex, opening by a pore.
Pod depressed, more or less 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, the sutures not thick-
ened ; valves entire : the many-seeded placentae borne on the summit of the short
columclla, mostly pendulous. — Shrubs, with petiolcd and serrulate leaves, and
white scaly-bracted flowers crowded in axillary or terminal spiked, racemos.
(A mythological name.)
252 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.)
§ 1. LEUCOTIIOE PROPER. — Anthers awntess; the cells sometimes a bscurely 2-
pointcd: sti</ma de/tressed-capitate, 5-rayed: racemes sessile (dense), produced aL
the time of flowering from scaly buds in the axils of the coriaceous and shifting per-
sistent leaves of the preceding year, shorter than they: bract* persistent: braetlits
at the base of the s/tort pedicels. (Seed-coat loose and cellular, wiiKj-like.)
1. L. axillaris, Don. Leaves lanceolate-oblong or oval, abruptly pointed or
acute, somewhat spinulose-scrrulate, on very short petioles; sepals broadly ovate*
(Andromeda axillaris, Lam.) — Banks of streams, Virginia, in the low coun-
try, and southward. Feb. - April. — Shrub 2° - 4° high.
2. Li. Catesbcfei. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrulate with eili-
ate-spinulose appressed teeth, conspicuously petioled (3' -6' long) ; sepals ocate-
oblong, often acute. (Andr. Catesbsei, Walt. A. axillaris, Micfix. A. spinu-
losa, Pursh. L. spinulosa, Don.) — Moist banks of streams, Virginia along the
mountains, and southward. May. — Shrub 2° -4° high, with long spreading
or recurved branches. Flowers unpleasantly scented.
$ 2. EtlBOTRYS, Nutt. — Anthers awned: stigma simple: bractlets close to the
calyx, and, like the sepals, of a rigid texture, ovate or lanceolate, jointed: placenta
mere/i/ tpreading : flowers very short-pedicelled, in long one-sided racemes, which
mostly terminate the branches, formed with them in the summer, but the flower-buds
not completing their growth and expanding till the following spring : bracts awl-
shaped, deciduous : leaves membranaceous and deciduous, serrulate, the midrib and
veins beneath pubescent.
3. Li. reev'erva. Branches and racemes recurved-spreading ; leaves lanceo-
late or ovate, taper-pointed ; sepals ovate; anther-cells l-awned ; pod 5-lobed; seeds
flat and cellular-icinged. (Andr. recurva, Buckley.) — Dry hills, Allcghanies of
Virginia and southward. April. -Lower and more straggling than the next.
4. Li. raccmosa. Branches and racemes mostly erect; leaves oblong or
oval-lanceolate, acute ; sepals ovate-lanceolate ; anther-cells each 2-awned ; pod not
lobed ; seeds angled and wingless. (Andr. racemosa & A. paniculata, L.) — Moist
thickets, Massachusetts to Virginia near the coast, and southward. May, Juno.
—Shrub 4° - 6° high. Corolla cylindrical.
8. CASSANDRA, Don. LEATHER-LEAP.
Calyx of 5 distinct rigid ovate nnd acute sepals, imbricated in the bud, and
witli a pair of similar brartlcts. Corolla cylindrical-oblong, 5-toothed. Sta-
mons 10 : anther-cells tapering into a tubular beak, and opening by a pore at the
apex, awnless. Pod depressed, 5-eelled, many-seeded; the pericarp of 2 !
the outer 5-valved, and later the cartilaginous inner layer 10-valved. Seeds
flattened, wingless. — Low and much-branched shrubs, with nearly evergreen
and coriaceous leaves, which are scurfy, especially underneath. Flowers white,
iu the axils of the upper small leaves, forming small 1-si.led leafy racemes; the
flower-buds formed in the summer and expanding early the next spring. (Cas-
sandia, a daughter of Priam and Hecuba.)
1. €'. e.alyciilfeta, Don. Leaves oblong, obtuse, flat. (Andromeda
oulyculuta, L.) — Bogs, common northward. (Eu.)
ERIC AC EM. (HEATH FAMILY.) 253
9. CASSIOPE, Don. CASSIOPB.
Calyx without bractlets, of 4 or 5 nearly (Kstinct ovate sepals, imbricated in
the bud Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 4 - 5-cleft. Stamens 8 or 10 :
anthers fixed by their apex ; the ovoid cells each opening by a large terminal
pore, and bearing a long recurved awn behind. Pod ovoid or globular, 4-5-
celled, 4 - 5-valved ; the valves 2-cleft : placentie many-seeded, pendulous from
the summit of the columella. Seeds smooth and wingless. — Small, arctic or
alpine evergreen plants, resembling Club-Mosses or Heaths. Flowers solitary,
nodding on slender erect peduncles, white or rose-color. (Cassiope was the
mother of Andromeda.)
1. C. liyplioiclcs, Don. Tufted and procumbent, moss-like (l'-4'
high); leaves needle-shaped, imbricated ; corolla 5-cleft; style short, and coni-
cal. (Andromeda hypnoides, L.) — Alpine summits of the Adirondack Moun-
tains, New York (Dr. Parry), White Mountains, N. Hampshire, and Mount
Katahdin, Maine (Mr. Young), and high northward. (Eu.)
1 0. A TV I> IK O III E I> A , L. ( in part. ) ( Andromeda, Zenobia, Lyonia,
Nutt., £ Picris, Don.)
Calyx without bractlets, of 5 nearly or partly distinct sepals, valvate in tho
early bud, but very early separate or open. Corolla 5-toothed. Stamens 10:
anthers fixed near the middle, the cells opening by a terminal pore. Pod glob-
ular, 5-celled, 5-valved; the many-seeded placentae borne on the summit or
middle of the columella. — Shrubs, with umbelled, clustered, or panicled and
racemed (mostly white) flowers. (Fancifully named by Linnaeus for A. poli-
folia, in allusion to the fable of Andromeda.)
§ 1. ANDROMEDA PROI'ER. — Corolla globular -urn-shaped : filaments bearded,
not appendaged : anthers short, the cells each surmounted by a slender ascending
awn : seeds turned in all directions, oval, with a close and hard smooth coat. : flow-
ers in a terminal umbel : pedicels from the axils of ovate persistent scaly bracts :
leaves evergreen.
1. A. polifdlia, L. Smooth and glaucous (6'- 18' high) ; leaves thick,
lanceolate or oblong-linear, with strongly revolute margins, white beneath. —
Cold bogs, from Pennsylvania northward. May. (Eu.)
§2. POBTtFNA, Nutt. — Corolla ovoid-urn-shaped and ^-angled: filaments not
appendaged: anthers oblong, the cells each bearing a long reflexed awn near the in'
sertion : seeds mostly pendulous, and with a loose cellular coat : floivers in axillary
and terminal racemes, ivhich are formed in summer, but the blossoms expanding the
following spring : pedicels l-sided, bracted and with minute bractlets: haves thLk
and evergreen.
2. A. fioi'ibftiida, Pursh. Branches bristly when young; leaves hnce-
oblong, acute or pointed (2' long), pctioled, serrulate and bristly-ciliate ; racemes
dense, crowded in panicles. — Moist hills, in the Alleghanies from Virginia
southward. April. — A very leafy shrub, 2° -10° high, bearing abundance of
handsome flowers.
254 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.)
$ 3. PIERIS, Don. — Corolla ovoid-oblong or cylindraceous : filaments slender and
aivl-shapc-d, appendagcd u'ith a spreading or recurved bristle on each side at or below
the apex : antiiers oblong, awnlcss : sutures of the 5-angular pod with a more or less
thickened line or ridge, which often falls away separately when the pod OJH-H* .
turned in all directions, oblong, with a thin and rather loose reticuluttd coat : flowers
in umbel-like clusters variously arranged.
3. A. Marifina, L. (STAGGER-BUSH.) Nearly glabrous ; leaves decid-
uous, but rather coriaceous, oval or oblong, veiny ; flowers large and nodding,
in clusters from axillary scaly buds, which are crowded on naked branches of
the preceding year; sepals pretty large, leaf-like, deciduous with the leaves. —
Sandy low places, Rhode Island to Virginia near the coast, nnd southward.
May, June. — Shrub 2° -4° high : foliage said to poison lambs and calves.
(A. Nfrh>A, Bartram, the FETTERBUSH, belongs to this group, and may
grow in S. Virginia.)
$ 4. LYONIA, Nutt. — Calyx 5-cleft: corolla globular, pubescent: filaments and
anthers destitute of awns or appendages: pods prominently ribbed at the suture, the
ribs at length separating or separable: seeds slender, all pendulous, with a loose and
thin cellular coat: flowers small, mostly in clusters which are racemose-pan ickd :
bracts minute and deciduous: leaves pubescent or scurfy beneath.
4. A. liglistriiia, Muhl. Leaves deciduous, not scurfy, smoothish when
old, obovate-oblong varying to oblong-lanceolate ; flowers racemose-pnnicled on
branchlcts of the preceding year. — Swamps and low thickets, N. England along
the coast to Virginia, and southward. June, July. — Shrub 4°- 10° high.
11. OXYDEIVDRUM, DC. SORREL-TREE. SOUR-WOOD.
Calyx without bractlets, of 5 almost distinct sepals, valvate in the bud. Corol-
la ovate, 5-toothcd, puberulent. Stamens 10 : anthers fixed near the base, linear,
awnless, the cells tapering upwards, and opening by a long chink. Pod oblong-
pyramidal, 5-cellcd, 5-valved; the many-seeded placentas at the base of the cells.
Seeds all ascending, slender, the thin and loose reticulated coat extended at both
ends into awl-shaped appendages. — A tree with deciduous, oblong-lanceolate
and pointed, soon smooth, serrulate leaves, on slender petioles, and white flowers
in long one-sided racemes clustered in an open panicle, which terminates the
branches of the season. Bracts and bractlets minute, deciduous. Foliage sour
to the taste (whence the name, from o£vsj sour, and dtv&pov, tree).
1. O. arborcum, DC. (Andromeda arborea, L.)— Rich woods, from
Perm, and Ohio southward, mostly along the Alleghanies. June, July. — Tree
40° - GO0 high. Leaves in size and shape like those of the Peach.
12. C LI] Til It A, L. WHITE ALDER. SWEET PEPPERBUSH.
Calyx of 5 sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-oblong
petals. Stamens 10, often exserted : anthers inversely arrow-shaped, inverted
nnd refl>\ed in the bud, opening by terminal pores or short slits. Style sK nder,
3-clcft at tin- apex. Pod 3-valvcd, 3-celled, many-seeded, enclosed in the calyx.
Shrubs, with alternate and serrate deciduous leaves, and white llowers iu tcrmi-
ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 255
nal hoary racemes. Bracts deciduous. (KXrjQpa, the ancient Greek name of the
Alder, which this genus somewhat resemhles in foliage.)
1. C. alaiifolia, L. Leaves wedge-obocate, sharply serrate, entire towards
the base, prominently straight-veined, smooth, green both sides ; racemes upright,
panicled ; bracts shorter than the flowers; filaments smooth. — Wet copses, Maine
to Virginia near the coast, and southward. — Shrub 3° - 10° high, covered in
July and August with handsome fragrant blossoms. — In the South arc varieties
with the leaves rather scabrous, and pubescent or white-downy beneath.
2. C. acuilfiiiiafa, Michx. Leaves oval or oblong, pointed, thin, finely
serrate (5' -7' long), pale beneath; racemes solitary, drooping; bracts longer than
the flowers ; filaments and pods hairy. — Woods in the Alleghanies, Virginia
and southward. July. — A tall shrub or small tree.
13. PHYL.L.6DOCE, Salisb. PHTLLODOCB.
Corolla urn-shaped or bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Stamens 10 : anthers pointless,
shorter than the filaments, opening by terminal pores. Pod 5-celled, septici-
dally 5-valved (as are all the succeeding), many-seeded. — Low alpine Heath-
like evergreens, clothed with scattered linear and obtuse rough-margined leaves.
Flowers usually nodding on solitary or umbelled peduncles at the summit of the
branches. ("A mythological name.")
1. P. taxiioSia, Salisb. Corolla oblong-urn-shaped, purplish, smooth;
style included. (Menziesia cserulca, Smith.} — Alpine summits of the White
Mountains, New Hampshire, and Mount Katahdiu, Maine (Young). July •
Shrub 4' - 6' high, tufted. (Eu.)
14. K. A Li MI A, L. AMERICAN LAUREL.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped, 5-lobed,
furnished with 10 depressions in which the 10 anthers are severally lodged until
they begin to shed their pollen : filaments thread-form. Pod globose, 5-celled,
many-seeded. — Evergreen mostly smooth shrubs, with alternate or opposite
entire coriaceous leaves, and showy flowers. Pedicels bractcd. Flower-buds
naked. (Dedicated to Peter Kalm, a pupil of Linnaeus who travelled in this
country about the middle of the last century, afterwards Professor at Abo.)
§ 1 . Flowers in simple or clustered itmbel-liJce corymbs : calyx smaller tJian the pod,
persistent : leaves glabrous.
1, K. lafiifolia, L. (CALICO-BUSH. MOUNTAIN LAUREL. SPOON-
WOOD.) Leaves mostly alternate, bright green both sides, ovate-lanceolate or ellipti-
cal, tapering to each end, petioled ; corymbs terminal, many-flowered, clammy-
pubescent; pod depressed, glandular. — Rocky hills and damp ^ soil, rather
common from Maine to Ohio and Kentucky, as a shrub 4° -8° high; but in the
mountains from Pcnn. southward forming dense thickets, and often tree-like
(10° -20° high). May, June. — Flowers profuse, and very showy, light or deep
rose-color, clammy.
2. K. aiigustifojia, L. (SHEEP LAUREL. LAMBKILL.) Leaves corn*
nionly opposite or in threes, pale or whitish underneath, light green above, narrowly
256 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.)
oMong, obtuse, petiolcd; corymbs lateral (appearing later than lh< brunches of the
season), slightly glandular, many-flowered; pod depivs>ed, nc.irly smooth. —
Hill-sides, common. May -July. — Shrub 2° -3° high, upright: die flowers
more crimson, and two thirds smaller than in the la.-t.
3. K. glauca, Ait. (PALE LAUREL.) Branchlets 2-edaed ; leaves oppo-
site, nearly sessile, oblong, white-glaucous underneath, with revolute man/ins ; corymbs
terminal, few-dowered, smooth; bracts large; pod ovoid, smooth. — Var. ROS-
MAKIMFOLIA has linear and strongly revolute leaves. — Cold peat-bogs and
mountains, from Pennsylvania northward. July. — Straggling, about 1° high.
Flowers £' broad, lilac-purple.
§ 2. Flowers scattered, solitary in the axils of the leaves of the season : calyx leafy,
larger than the pod, nearly equalling the corolla, at length deciduous : leaves (alter-
nate and^pposite) and branches bristly-hairy.
4. K. llirSUta, Walt. Branches terete ; leaves oblong or lanceolate (4"
long), becoming glabrous. — Sandy pine-barren swamps, E. Virginia and south-
ward. May - Sept. — Shrub 1° high. Corolla rose-color.
15. MENZIESIA, Smith. MENZIESIA.
Calyx very small and flattish, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla cylindraccous-
nrn-shaped and soon bell-shaped, obtusely 4-lobed. Stamens 8, included :
anther-cells opening at the top by an oblique pore. Pod ovoid, Avoody, 4-celled.
4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds narrow, Avith a loose coat. — A IOAV shrub, with
the straggling branches and the oblong-obovate alternate deciduous leaves (like
those of Azalea) hairy and ciliate, with rusty rather chaff-like bristles. Flowers
small, developed Avith the leaves, in terminal clusters from scaly buds, greenish-
white and purplish, nodding. (Named for A. Mcnzies, who in Vancouver's
voyage brought the species from the Nortlnvest Coast.)
1. UI. ferrugiiiea, Smith: var. globularis. Corolla rather shorter
and broader perhaps than in the Oregon plant. — Alleghany Mountains, S.
Pennsyh'ania to Virginia, &c. June. — Leaves tipped with a gland.
J6. AZALEA, L. FALSE HONEYSUCKLE. AZALEA.
Calyx 5-partcd, often minute. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobcd, slightly irregu-
lar; the lobes spreading. Stamens 5, Avith long exserted filmm-ms, usually
declined, as Avell as the similar style : anthers short, opening by terminal pores,
pointless. Pod 5-ccllcd, 5-valved, many-seeded. Se<-ds scale-like. — Upright
shrubs, Avith alternate and obovate or oblong deciduous leaves, Avhich arc entire,
ciliate, and murronute with a glandular point. FloAvtjrs large and shoAvy, often
glandular and glutinous outside, in umbelled clusters from large sraly-imhri-
cated terminal buds. (Name from d£a\eos, arid, — most inappropriate as ap-
plied to our species, which grow in swamps.)
# Flowers appearing after the In
1. A. arfoorescens, Pursh. (SMOOTH AZALEA.) Branchlets smooth;
leaves obovate, obtuse, very smooth loth sides, shining n> <>r, , glaucous beneath, the
margins biistly-ciliate ; calyx-lobes long and conspicuous ; corolla slightly clammy;
:
ERICACE,£. (HEATH FAMILY.) 257
Stamens and style very much exserted. — Mountains of Penn. to Virginia, and
southward. June. — Shrub 3° -10° high, with thickish leaves, and very fra-
grant rose-colored blossoms larger than in No. 3.
2. A. viscosa, L. (CLAMMY AZALEA. WHITE SWAMP-HONEYSUC-
KLE.) Branchlets bristly, as well as the margins and midrib of the oblong-obo-
vate otherwise smooth leaves ; calyx-lobes minute ; corolla clammy, the tube much
longer than the lobes ; stamens moderately, the style conspicuously, exserted
Var. GLAUCA has the leaves paler and often white-glaucous underneath or both
sides, sometimes rough-hairy. Var. N^TIDA is dwarf, with oblanceolate leaves
green both sides. — Swamps, Maine to E. Kentucky, mostly near the coast.
June, July. — Shrub 4° - 10° high, very variable, with clammy fragrant flowers,
white or tinged with rose-color.
* * Flowers appearing before or with the leaves. v
3. A. nudiflora, L. (PURPLE AZALEA. PINXTER-FLOWER.) Branch-
lets rather hairy ; leaves obovate or oblong, downy underneath ; calyx very short;
tube of the corolla scarcely longer than the ample lobes, slightly glandular ; stamens
and style much exserted. — Swamps, Massachusetts and New York to Virginia,
and southward. April, May. — Shrub 2° - 6° high, with very showy flowers
varying from flesh-color to pink and purple. There are numberless varieties,
some of them exhibiting 10 or more stamens.
4. A. calcnduIJicea, Michx. (FLAME-COLORED AZALEA.) Branch-
lets and obovate or oblong leaves hairy; calyx-lobes oblong, rather conspicuous;
tube of the corolla shorter than the lobes, hairy ; stamens and style much exserted.
— Woods, mountains of Penn. to Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May. —
Shrub 3° -10° high, covered just when the leaves appear with a profusion of
large orange blossoms, usually turning to flame-color, not fragrant.
17. RHODODENDRON, L. ROSE-BAY.
Calyx 5-parted, minute in our species. Corolla bell-shaped or partly funnel-
form, sometimes slightly irregular, 5-lobed. Stamens 10 (rarely fewer), com-
monly declined : anthers, pods, &c. as in Azalea. — Shrubs or low trees, with
evergreen entire alternate leaves, and large showy flowers in compact terminal
corymbs or clusters from large scaly-bracted buds. ('Po§6dei/Spoi>, rose-tree; the
ancient name.)
1. R. maximum, L. (GREAT LAUREL.) Leaves elliptical-oblong or
lance-oblong, acute, narrowed towards the base, very smooth, with somewhat revo-
lute margins ; corolla bell-shaped. — Damp deep woods, sparingly in New Eng-
land, New York, and Ohio, but very common along shaded water-courses in the
ountains of Penn. and southward. July. — Shrub or tree 6° - 20° high. Leaves
- 10' long, very thick. Corolla 1' broad, pale rose-color or nearly white, green-
ish in the throat on the upper side, and spotted with yellow or reddish.
2. R. CatawfoieilSC, Michx. Leaves oval or oblong, rounded at both ends,
smooth, pale beneath (3' - 5' long) ; corolla broadly bell-shaped, lilac-purple ;
pedicels rusty-downy. — High summits of the Alleghanies, Virginia and south-
ward. June. — Shrub 3° - 6° high.
3. R. Lap}idiiicum, Wahl. (LAPLAND ROSE-BAY.) Dwarf, pros-
22*
258 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.)
trntc ; leaves elliptical, obtuse, dotted both sides (like the hranchcs) with rusty scales ;
umbels few-flowered ; corolla open bell-shaped, dotted ; stamens 5 - 10. — Alpine
summits of the high mountains of Maine, New Hampshire, and New York.
July. — Shrub 6' high, forming broad matted tufts ; the leaves £' long. Corolla.
violet-purple. (Eu.)
18. RIIOL>6RA, Duham. RIIODORA.
Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Corolla irregular and 2-lipped ; the upper lip usu-
ally 3-lobed or 3-cleft, and the lower 2-parted or of 2 distinct spreading petals.
Stamens 10, and with the slender style declined. Otherwise as in Azalea.
(Name from p68ov, a rose, from the color of the showy flowers.)
1. K. CanadcilSiS, L. — Damp cold woods and swamps, New England
to Penn. and northward, or on mountains. May. — A handsome low shrub,
with the oblong deciduous leaves whitish and downy underneath ; the showy
rose-purple (rarely white) flowers in clusters on short peduncles, rather earlier
than the leaves.
19. L.EDUM, L. LABRADOR TEA.
Calyx 5-toothed, very small. Corolla of 5 obovate and spreading distinct
petals. Stamens 5-10: anthers opening by terminal pores. Pod 5-celled,
splitting from the base upwards, many-seeded : placenta; borne on the summit
of the columella. — Low evergreen shrubs, with the alternate entire leaves
clothed with rusty wool underneath, the margins re volute : slightly fragrant
when bruised. Flowers white, handsome, in terminal umbel-like clusters from
large scaly buds, bracts caducous. (AqoW, the ancient Greek name of the Cis-
tus, transferred by Linnaeus to this genus.)
1. Li. Intifolitlin, Ait. Leaves elliptical or oblong; stamens 5, sometimes
6 or 7 ; pod oblong. — Cold bogs and damp mountain woods, New England
to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward. June. — Shrub 2° -5° high. —
(L. PALUSTRE, L., grows in British America, but is not known to occur in the
United States. It is distinguished by its linear leaves, uniformly 10 stamens,
and oval pods.) (Eu.)
2O. LiOISELElIRIA, Dcsv. ALPINE AZALEA.
Calyx 5-partcd, nearly as long as the rather bell-shaped and deeply 5-clctt
regular corolla. Stamens 5, not declined, included : anthers opening length-
wise. Style short. Pod ovoid, 2 -3-cellcd, many-seeded, 2 - 3-valved ; the valves
2-cleft from the apex: placentae borne on the middle of the columella. — A
dwarf and prostrate evergreen shrubby plant, much branched and tufted, smooth,
with small and coriaceous opposite elliptical leaves, on short petioles, with re vo-
lute margins. Flowers small, white or rose-color, 2-5 in a cluster, from a ter-
minal scaly bud ; the scales or bracts thick and persistent. Named for fjoiseleur
Dekmgdiampt, a French botanist.)
1. Li. prociilllbciis, Desv.* (Azalea proeumbens, L.) — Alpine sum
mils of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, on rocks. June. (Eu.)
ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 259
21. LEIOPIl^LLUld, Pers. SAND MYRTLE.
Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-oblong petals, spreading. Sta-
mens 10, exserted : anthers opening lengthwise. Pod 2-3-celled, splitting from
the apex downward, many-seeded. — A low much-branched evergreen, with the
aspect, foliage, £c. of the preceding genus, but the crowded leaves often alter-
nate, scarcely petiolcd* Flowers small, white, in terminal umbel-like clusters.
(Name from Xeioy, smooth, and $uXXoj/, foliage, in allusion to the smooth and
shining leaves.)
1. L.. buxifoliiiin, Ell. — Sandy pine barrens of New Jersey, and
mountain-tops in Virginia ? and southward. May. — Shrub 6' - 10' high, with
the oval or oblong leaves £'-$' long.
SUBORDER in. PYROLE<£. THE PYROLA FAMILY.
22. PYROLA, L. FALSE WINTERGREEN.
Calyx 5-partcd, persistent. Petals 5, concave and more or less converging,
deciduous. Stamens 10 : filaments awl-shaped, naked : anthers turned out-
wards and inverted in the bud, soon erect, opening by 2 pores at the scarcely
(if at all) 2-horned apex, more or less 4-celled. Style long and generally turned
to one side : stigmas 5, either projecting or confluent with the ring or collar
which surrounds them. Pod depressed-globose, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-vnlvcd from
the base upwards (loculicidal) ; the valves cobwebby on the edges. Seeds mi-
nute, innumerable, resembling saw-dust, with a veiy loose cellular-reticulated
coat. — Low and smooth perennial herbs, with running subterranean shoots,
bearing a cluster of rounded and petioled evergreen root-leaves, and a simple
raceme of nodding flowers, on an upright scaly-bracted scape. (Name a dimin-
utive of Pyrus, the Pear-tree, from some fancied resemblance in the foliage,
which is not obvious.)
* Stamens ascending : style declining and curved, at length longer than the petals :
stigmas narrow, soon exserted beyond the ring : leaves denticulate or entire.
1. P. rotlllldiiolia, L. (ROUND-LEAVED PYROLA.) Leaves orbicu-
lar, thick, shining, usually shorter than the petiole; raceme elongated, many-
flowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acutish, with somewhat spread-
ing tips, one half or one third the length of the roundish-obovate nearly spreading
(chiefly white) petals; anther-cells scarcely pointed at the apex. — Damp or sandy
woods; common, especially northward. June, July. — Scape 6' -12' high,
many-braoted : flowers $' broad. — Exhibits many varieties, such as Var.
INCARN\TA, with flesh-colored flowers ; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate. —
Var. ASARir6LiA, with oblate or round-reniform leaves, and triangular-ovate
calyx-lobes of about £ the length of the white or flesh-colored petals. (P. asari-
folia, Michx.} Common northward. — Var. ULIGIN6SA, with roundish-oval or
somewhat kidney-shaped smaller leaves (l'-l|' wide), and ovate acute calyx-
lobes 4 the length of the reddish or purple petals ; flowers rather smaller, few or
several. (P. uliginosa, Torr. $• Gr.) Cold bogs, N. New England to Wiscon-
sin, and northward. (Eu.)
260 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.)
2. P. cll:ptic«l, Nutt. (SHIN-LEAF.) Leaves thin and dull, elliptical or
obovate-oial, usually lonyer than the margined petiole ; raceme many-flowered ; calyx-
lobes ovate, acute, not one fourth the length of the obovate rather spreading (green-
ish-white) p< tuls; anther-cells scarcely pointed at the apex. — Rich woods,
New England to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward ; common. Juue.
— Scape and flowers nearly as large as in No. 1.
3. P. chloriBiitlia, Swartz. (SMALL PYROLA.) Leaves small (I1 long),
roundish, thick, dull, shorter than the petiole; scape few-jloirercd, naked (5' -8' high),
calyx-lobes roundish-ovate, very short ; the elliptical petals converging (greenish-
white) ; anther-cells pointed ; style strongly deflexed, scarcely exserted. (P.
asarifolia, Biyel., $*c.) — Open woods, New England to Pennsylvania, and north-
ward. June. (Eu.)
# # Stamens and style straight : stigmas thick, united with the expanded ring : i. e,
stigma peltate, 5-rayed.
4. P. seciinda, L. (ONE-SIDED PYROLA.) Leaves ovate, thin, longer
than the petiole, scattered, finely serrate; racemes dense and spike-like, with the
numerous small (greenish- white) flowers all turned to one side; calyx-lobes ovate,
rery much shorter than the oblong and erect petals ; style long and cxserted. —
Rich woods ; common eastward and northward. July, Aug. — Scape 3' - 6'
high. (Eu.)
5. P. minor, L. (LESSER PYROLA.) Leaves roundish, slightly crenu-
late, thickish, mostly longer than the margined petiole ; raceme spiked ; calyx-
lobes triangular-ovate, very much shorter than the nearly gld)ose corolla ; style
short and included. — Woods, at the base of the White Mountains, New Hamp-
shire. July, Aug. — Scape 5' -10' high. Flowers small, crowded, white or
rose-color. (Eu.)
23. UIONESES, Salish. OKB-FLOWERED PYROLA.
Petals 5, widely spreading, orbicular. Stamens 10: filaments awl-shaped,
naked : anthers as in Pyrola, but conspicuously 2-horncd at the apex, 2-celled.
Style straight, exserted : the 5 stigmas long and radiating. Valves of the pod
naked. Otherwise as in Pyrola. — A small perennial, with the rounded and
veiny serrate thin leaves clustered at the ascending apex of creeping subterra-
nean shoots; the 1-2-bracted scape bearing a single terminal flower. Parts of
the flower sometimes in fours. (Name p.6vos, single, and »J(m, desire, probably
in allusion to the handsome solitary flower.)
1. JMI« liniflora. (Pj'rola uniflora, L.) — Deep cold woods, Pennsyl-
vania to Maine, Lake Superior, and northward. June. — Plant 2' -4' high,
smooth; the corolla £' broad, white or slightly rose-color. (Eu.)
24. CHI ITI A PHIL, A, Pursh. PIPSISSEWA.
Petals 5, concave, orbicular, widely spreading. Stamens 10 : filaments en-
larged and hairy in the middle : anthers as in Pyrola, but nearly 2-cellcd, some-
what 2-horncd at the apex. Style very short, inversely conical, nearly immersed
In the depressed summit of the globular ovary : stigma broad and orbicular,
ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 2G1
disk-shaped, the border 5-crcnate. Pod, &c. as in Pyrola, but splitting from the
apex downwards, the edges of the valves not woolly. — Low, nearly herbaceous
plants, with long running underground shoots, and evergreen thick and shining
leaves somewhat whorled or scattered along the short ascending stems : the
fragrant (white or purplish) flowers corymbed or umbclled on a terminal pe-
duncle. (Name from xf~LPai winter, and (£iXe<», to love, in allusion to one of the
popular names, viz. Wintergreen.)
1. C. iimbell^ta, Nutt. (PRINCE'S PINE. PIPSISSEWA.) Leaves
wedge-lanceolate, acute at the base, sharply serrate, not spotted; peduncles 4-7-
flowcred. — Dry woods; common. June. — Plant 4' -10' high, leafy: petals
fli'sh-color: anthers violet. (Eu.)
2. C. limcilllita, Pursh. (SPOTTED WINTERGUEEN.) Leaves ovate-
lanceolate, obtuse at the base, remotely toothed, the upper surface variegated with
white ; peduncles 1 - 5-flowered. — Dry woods, most common in the Middle
States. June, July. — Plant 3' - 6' high.
SUBORDER IV. MONOTROPE^E. THE INDIAN-PIPE FAMILY.
25. PTEROSPORA, Nutt. PINE-DROPS.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ovate, urn-shaped, 5-toothed, persistent. Stamens
10 : anthers 2-celled, awncd on the back, opening lengthwise. Style short :
stigma 5-lobed. Pod globose, depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, loculicidal, but the
valves cohering with the columella. Seeds very numerous, ovoid, tapering to
each end, the apex expanded into a broad reticulated wing many times larger
than the body of the seed. — A stout and simple purplish-brown clammy-pubes-
cent herb (l°-2°high); the wand-like stem furnished towards the base with
scattered lanceolate scales in place of leaves, above bearing many nodding
(white) flowers, like those of Andromeda, in a long bracted raceme. (Name
from TTTfpov, a wing, and (Tiropd, seed, alluding to the singular wing borne by
the seeds.)
1. P. Andromeclea, Nutt. — Hard clay soil, parasitic on the roots
apparently of pines, from Vermont, Peekskill and Albany, N. Y., and N. Penn-
sylvania northward and westward : rare.
26. SCH WEINITZIA, Ell. SWEET PINE-SAP.
Calyx of 5 oblong-lanceolate acute scale-like sepals, erect, persistent. Corolla
persistent, bell-shaped, rather fleshy, 5-lobcd, slightly 5-gibbous at the base.
Stamens 10 :. anthers much shorter than the filaments, fixed near the summit
awnless ; the 2 sac-shaped cells opening at the top. Pod ovoid, 5-celled, with
a short and thick style, and a large 5-angular stigma. Seeds innumerable. — A
low and smooth brownish plant, 3' -4' high, with the aspect of Monotropa,
scaly-bractcd, the flowers several in a terminal spike, at first nodding, flesh-color,
exhaling the fragrance of violets. (Named for the late L. D. von Schtveinitz.}
1. S. odortata, Ell. — Woods, parasitic on the roots of herbs, Maryland
and southward : rare. April.
262 GALACiNE.fi. (GALAX FAMILY.;
27. HIONOTROPA, L. INDIAN PIPE. PINE-SAP.
Calyx of 2-5 lanceolate bract-like scales, deciduous. Corolla of 4 or 5
separate erect spatulate or wodgo-flhaped scale-like petals, which are gibbons or
saccate at the base, and tardily deciduous. Stamens 8 or 10 : filaments awl-
shaped : anthers kidney-shaped, becoming 1 -celled, opening across the top.
Style columnar : stigma disk-like, 4 - 5-rayed. Pod ovoid, 8 - 10-groovcd, 4-5-
celled, loculicidal : the very thick placentae covered with innumerable minute
seeds, which have a very loose coat. — Low and fleshy herbs, tawny, reddi>h, or
white, parasitic on roots, or growing on decomposing vegetable matter like a
Fungus; the clustered stems springing from a ball of matted fibrous r >otlets,
furnished with scales or bracts in place of leaves, 1 -several-flowered ; the flow-
ering summit at first nodding, in fruit erect. (Name composed of /i6i/u<?. one,
and T/JOTTOS, turn, from the summit of the stem turned to one side.)
$ 1. MONOTROPA, Nutt. — Plant inodorous, with a single 5-petulled and 10-
androus flower at the summit ; the calyx of 2-4 irregular scales or bracts: anthers
trans virse, opening by 2 chinks ; style short and thick.
1. M. Uiiiflora, L. (INDIAN PIPE. CORPSE-PLANT.) Smooth, waxy-
white (turning blackish in drying, 3' -8' high) ; stigma naked. — Dark and rich
woods : common. June -Aug. (Also in the Himalayas !)
§ 2. HYP6PITYS, Dill. — Plant commonly fragrant : flower* several in a scaly
raceme; the terminal one usually 5-petalled and 10-androns, while the rest are 4-
petalled and 8-androus; the bract-like sepals mostly as many as the petals: anthers
opening by a continuous line into 2 very umqnal nil res, the smaller one erect and ap-
pearing like a continuation of the filament: style longer than the ovary, hollow.
2. Jtl. Ilypopitys, L. (PINE-SAP. FALSE BEECH-DROPS.) Some-
what pubescent or downy, tawny, whitish, or reddish (4'- 12' high) ; pod globu-
lar-ovoid or oval ; stigma ciliate underneath. — The more pubescent form is M.
lanuginosa, Midix. — Oak and pine woods; common. June-Aug. (Eu.)
ORDER 63. GALACINE^E. (GALAX FAMILY.)
Character that of the following genus ; the true relationship of which is
still unknown.
1. GALAX, L. GALAX.
Calyx of 5 small and separate sepals, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous, obo-
vatc-spatulate, rather erect, deciduous. Stamens hypogynous : filaments united
m a 10-toothcd tube, slightly cohering with the base of the petals, the 5 teeth
opposite the petals naked, the 5 alternate ones shorter and bearing each a round-
ish 1-cclled anther, which opens across the top. Pollen simple. Style short :
stigma 3-lobed. Pod ovoid, 3-celled, loculicidally 0-valved : columella none.
Seeds numerous, the cellular loose coat tapering to each end. Kinbryo straight
,y albumen, more than half its length. — A smooth herb, with a thick
matted tuft of scaly creeping rootstocks, beset with fibrous red roots, sending up
AQUIFOLIACEJE. (HOLLY FAMILY.) 263
round-heart-shaped crenate-toothed and veiny shining leaves (about 2' wide) on
slender petioles, and a slender nuked scape, l°-2° high, bearing a wand-like
spike or raceme of small and minutely-bracted white flowers. (Name from
ydXa, milk, — of no application to this plant.)
I. G. apfiylla, L. — Open woods, Virginia and southward. Juno.
ORDER 64. AQUIFOLIACE^E. (HOLLY FAMILY.)
Trees or shrubs, with small axillary 4 - 6-merous flowers, a minute calyx
free from the 4 - Q-celled ovary and the 4 - Q-seeded berry-like drupe, the
stamens as many as the divisions of the almost or quite 4 - ti-petalled corolla
and alternate with them, attached to their very base. — Corolla imbricated
in the bud. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigmas 4-6, or united into
one, nearly sessile. Seeds suspended and solitary in each cell, anatropous,
with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. Leaves simple, mostly alternate.
Flowers white or greenish. — A small family, here represented by only two
genera, since we include Prinos under Ilex.
1. ILEX, L. (Ilex & Prinos, L.) HOLLY.
Flowers more or less dioeciously polygamous, hut many of them perfect.
Calyx 4 - G-toothed. Petals 4-6, separate, or united only at the base, oval or
obovate, obtuse, spreading. Stamens 4-6. The berry -like drupe containing
4-8 little nutlets. — Leaves alternate. Fertile flowers inclined to be solitary,
and the partly sterile flowers to be clustered in the axils. (The ancient Latin
name of the Holly-Oak rather than of the Holly.)
§ 1. AQU1JFOLIUM, Tourn. — Parts of the flowers commonly in fours, sometimes
in fives or sixes, most of them perfect : drupe red, its nutlets ribbed, veiny, or one*
grooved on the back : leaves ( mostly smooth ) coriaceous and evergreen.
* Leaves armed with spiny teeth : trees.
1. I. O|K\ca, Ait. (AMERICAN HOLLY.) Leaves oval, flat, the wavy
margins with scattered spiny teeth; flowers in loose clusters along the base of
the young branches and in the axils; calyx-teeth acute. — Moist woodlands,
Maine to Peun. near the coast, and more common from Virginia southward.
June. — Tree 20° -40° high; the deep green foliage less glossy, the berries not
so bright red, and their nutlets not so veiny, as in the European Holly.
% ^ Leaves s&i'ate or entire, not spiny : shrubs.
2. I. CassiilC, L. (CASSENA. YAUPON.) Leaves lance-ovate or elliptical,
crenate (!'-!£' long) ; flower-clusters nearly sessile, smooth; calyx-teeth obtuse.
— Virginia and southward along the coast. May. — Leaves used for tea, aa
they were to make the celebrated black drink of the North Carolina Indians.
3. I. lESyrtifdlaSl, Walt. Lcanes linear-lanceolate or linear-obhny, sparingly
and sharply serrate or entire (!' long) ; peduncles slender and 3 - 9-flowered, or
the more fertile shorter and 1 -flowered, smooth; calyx-teeth acute. — Coast of
Virginia and southward. May.
264 AQUIFOLIACEJE. (HOLLY FAMILY.)
4. I. Daliooii, Walt. (DAHOON HOLLY.) Lear /e or oblong,
entire, or sharply vrrnte towards the apex, with revolute margins (2' -3' iong),
the midrib and peduncles pubescent f calyx-teeth ovule. — Swamps, coast of Virginia
aiul southward. June.
{ 2. PBLNOlDES. — Parts of 1/te (polygamous) flower* in fours or fires (ran It/ in
sixes) : drupe rtd or purple, the nutlets striate-ribbed (tlie dorsal ribs nearly simple) :
leaves ta&nbrcuiaceotu and deciduous : shrubs.
5. I. di'Cadtia, Walt. Leaves wedge-oblong or lancc-olf>r<,t,', obtusely serrate,
dmvny on the. midrib beneath ; peduncles of the sterile flowers longer than the
petioles, of the fertile short; calyx-teeth smooth, acute. — Wet grounds, Vir-
ginia, Illinois, and southward. May.
6. I. lllOHticola. Leaves ovate or lance-oblong, ample (3' -5' long), smooth,
sharply serrate ; fertile flowers very short-peduncle d ; calyx ciliate. (
Toir. I. montiina, ed. 1, not Prinos montanus, Sw.) — Damp woods, Taconio
and Catskiil Mountains, New York, and Alleghanies from Penn. southward.
$ 3. PIllNOS, L. — Paris of the sterile flowers in fours, fives, or sixes, those of the
fertile flowers commonly in sixes (rarely in fives, sea us, or eig'its) : nutlets smooth
and even : shrubs.
# Leaves deciduous : flowers in sessile dusters or solitary : fruit scarlet.
7. I. verlH'iil Ma. (BLACK ALDER. WINTEKBEERY.) Leaves obo-
vate, oval, or wedge-lanceolate, pointed, acute at the base, serrate, downy on the
veins beneath ; flowers all very sliort-peduncled. (Prinos verticil latus, L.) — Low
grounds ; common, especially northward. May, June.
8. I. Iiiivig'frSa. (SMOOTH WINTERBERRY.) Leaves lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, appresscd-scrrulate, shining- above, be-
neath mostly glabrous ; sterile flowers long-peduncltd. (Prinos laavigalns, Pursh.)
— Wet grounds, Maine to the mountains of Virginia. June. — Fruit larger
than in No. 7, ripening earlier in the autumn.
# # Leaves coriaceous and evergreen, shining above, often black-dotted beneath : fntit
black. (W interim, Ma m-h.)
9. I* girsbra* (INKBERRY.) Leaves wedge-lanceolate or oblong, spar-
ingly toothed towards the apex, smooth; peduncles (£' long) of the sterile
flowers 3-6-flowcred, of the fertile 1 -flowered; calyx-teeth rather blunt. (Pri-
nos glabcr, //.) — Sandy grounds, Cape Ann, Massachusetts, to Virginia and
southward near the coast. June. — Shrub 2° -3° high.
2. NEJttOPiNTHES, llaf. MOUNTAIN HOLLY.
Flowers polygamo-diom'ous. Calyx in the sterile flowers of 4-5 minute de-
ciduous teeth ; in the fertile ones obsolete. Trials 4-5, oblong-linear, widely
spreading, distinct Stamens 4-5: filaments slender. Drupe with 4- 5 bony
nutlets, light red. — A ranch-branched shrub, with ash-gray bark, alternate and
oblong deciduous leaves on slender petioles, entire, or slightly toothed, smooth.
Flowers on long and slender axillary peduncles, solitary, or sparingly clu>t'Tcd.
(Name said by the author of the genus to mean " flower with a filiform peduu-
STYRACACE^E. (STORAX FAMILY.) 265
clo," therefore probably composed of vrjpa, a thread, novs, a foot, and
a flower. )
1. W. CaasadsSiisiS, DC. (Ilex Canadcnsis, Michx.) — Damp cold
woods, from tlie niouutaius of Virginia to Maine, Wisconsin, &c., chiefly north-
ward. May.
ORDER 65. STFRACACE^E. (STORAX FAMILY.)
Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves destitute of stipules, and per-
fect regular flowers ; the calyx either free or adherent to the 2 - 5-cdled ova-
ry ; the corolla of 4-8 petals, commonly more or less united at. the base ; the
stamens twice as many as the petals or more numerous, monadelphoiis or poly-
adelphous at the base ; style 1 ; fruit dry or drupe-like, 1 - 5-celled, the cells
commonly l-seeded. — Seeds anatropous. Embryo nearly the length of the
albumen : radicle slender, as long as or longer than the flat cotyledons.
Corolla hypogynous when the -calyx is free : the stamens adherent to its
base. Ovules 2 or more in each cell. — A small family, mostly of warm
countries, comprising two very distinct groups or tribes.
TIUBE I. STYRACE37E. Calyx 4 - 8-toothed or entire. Stamens 2 - 4 times as many as
the petals : anthers linear or oblong, adnate, introrse. Ovules or part of them ascend-
ing. — Flowers white, handsome. Pubescence soft and stellate.
1. STYRAX. Calyx coherent only with the base of the 3-celled ovary. Corolla mostly 6-
parted. Fruit 1-celled, l-seeded.
2. HALES1A. Calyx coherent with the whole surface of the 2 -4-celled ovary, which is 2-4-
vriuged mid 2 - 4-celled in fruit. Corolla 4-lobed.
TRIBE II. SYMPIjOCINEJE. Calyx 5 cleft. Stamens usually very numerous: an-
thers short, innate Ovules pendulous. — Flowers yellow. Pubescence simple.
3. SYMPLOCOS. Calyx coherent Petals 5, united merely at the base.
1. STYKAX, Tourn. STORAX.
Calyx truncate, somewhat 5-toothed, the base (in our species) coherent with
the base of the 3-celled many-ovuled ovary. Corolla 5-parted (rarely 4-8-
partecl), large; the lobes mostly soft-downy, various in the bud. Stamens twice-
as many as the lobes of the corolla : filaments flat, united at the base into a short
tube : anthers linear, adnate. Fruit globular, its base surrounded by the per-
sistent calyx, 1-celled, mostly l-seeded, dry, often 3-valved. Seed globular,
erect, with a hard coat. — Shrubs or small trees, with commonly deciduous
leaves, and axillary or leafy-raccmed white and showy flowers on drooping
peduncles. Pubescence scurfy or stellate, (fj 2rvpa£, the ancient Greek name
of the tree which produces storax.)
1. S. gTSlilclifolaR, Ait. Leaves obovatc, acute or pointed, wliite-tomen-
tose beneath (3' -6' long) ; flowers mostly in elongated racemes ; corolla (£' long)
convolute-imbricated in the bud. — Light soils, Virginia and southward. April.
2. S. pMlverilletlta, Michx. Leaves oval or obovato (about 1' long),
above sparingly puberutent, and scurf y-tomentose beneath ; flowers (%' long) 1-3 to-
23
266 EBENACE^E. (EBONY FAMILY.)
in thf arik and at the tips of the branches — Low pine barrens, Virginia
(/Vx/<) and southward. — Shrub l°-4° high.
3. S. American a, Lam. Leaves oblong, acute at both ends (!' -3'
, smooth, or Ixirt/i/ nu/ftrulutt beneath; flowers axillary or in 3-4-Jli»r>ri-d
.-.• (^' long) ; corolla valvate in the bud. (S. ghibrum and S. laeve, Ell.) —
Margin of swamps, Virginia and southward. May. — Shrub 4° - 8° high.
2. II ALGESIA, Ellis. SNOWDROP or SILVER-BELL-TREE.
Calyx inversely conical, 4-toothed ; the tube 4-ribbed, coherent with the 2-4-
ccllcd ovary. Petals 4, united at the base, or oftener to the middle, into an open
bell-shaped corolla, convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8- 16 : fila-
ments united into a ring at the base, and usually a little coherent with the base
of the corolla : anthers linearfoblong. Ovules 4 in each cell. Fruit Ian.
dry, 2-4-winged, within bony and 1 -4-celled. Seeds single in each cell, cylin-
drical. — Shrubs or small trees, with large and veiny pointed deciduous leaves,
and showy white flowers, drooping on slender pedicels, in clusters or short ra-
cemes, from axillary buds of the preceding year. Pubescence partly stellate.
(Named for S. Hales, author of Vegetable Statics, &c.)
1. II. tetrilptera, L. Leaves oblong-ovate; fruit 4-winged. — Banks
of streams, upper part of Virginia, also on the Ohio River at Evansville (Short),
and southward. Fruit 1^' long.
3. SYMPI.OCOS, Jacq. § H6PEA, L. SWEET-LEAF.
Calyx 5-cleft, the tube coherent with the lower part of the 3-celled ovary.
Petals 5, imbricated in the bud, lightly united at the base. Stamens very nu-
merous, in 5 clusters, one cohering with the base of each petal: filameni
der : anthers very short. Fruit drupe-like or dry, mostly 1-cclled and 1-secdrd.
— Shrubs or small trees ; the leaves commonly turning yellowish in drying, and
furnishing a yellow dye. Flowers in axillary clusters or racemes, yellow.
(Name <rv/.i7rAoKor, connected, from the union of the stamens. Hopea was dedi-
cated to Dr. Hope, of Edinburgh.)
1. S. tinctoria, L'llcr. (HORSE-SUGAR, &c.) Leaves elongated-ob-
long, acute, obscurely toothed, thickish, almost persistent, minutely pubescent
and pale beneath (3' -5' long); flowers 6-14, in close and bracted clusters,
odorous. — Rich ground, Virginia and southward. April. — Leaves sweet,
greedily eaten by cattle.
ORDER 66. EBEXACE^E. (EBONY FAMILY.)
Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire leaves, and polygamous regular flow-
ers which have a calyx free from the 3-l2-cellr<l wary : i/«' xfamrns 2-4
times as nit my ax the lobes of the corolla, often in /mint before limn, their
anthers (urntd imrards, arnl the fruit a scrcr(il-cc!/«l 1><-ni/. <.>ru-'cs 1 or 2,
suspend t'tl from the summit of each cell. Se<-<ls anatrojx. us, mostly single in
each cell, large and Hat, with a smooth coriaceous integument; tho embryo
SAPOTACE^E. (SAPPODILLA FAMILY.) 2G7
shorter ilian the hard albumen, with a long radicle and flat cotyledons.
Styles wholly or partly separate. — Wood hard and dark-colored. No
milky juice. — A small family, chiefly subtropical, represented here by
1. BIS>SPYRO§, L. DATE-PLUM. PERSIMMON.
Calyx 4 - 6-lobecl. Corolla 4 - 6-lobed, convolute in the bud. Stamens com-
monly 16 in the sterile flowers, and 8 in the fertile, in the latter imperfect.
Berry large, globular, surrounded at thabase by the thickish calyx, 4-8-cellcd,
4-8-secded. — Flowers diceciously polygamous, the fertile axillary and solitary,
the sterile smaller and often clustered. (Name, Aios, of Jove, and irvpoy, grain.)
1. I>. Virgiiiiftna, L. (COMMON PERSIMMON.) Leaves ovate-oblong,
smooth or nearly so ; peduncles very short ; calyx 4-parted ; corolla between
bell-shaped and urn-shaped ; styles 4, two-lobed at the apex ; ovary 8-celled. —
Woods and old fields, Rhode Island and New York to Illinois, and southward.
June. — A small tree with thickish leaves, a greenish-yellow leathery corolla,
and a plum-like fruit, 1' in diameter, which is exceedingly astringent when
green, yellow when ripe, and sweet and edible after exposure to frost.
ORDER 67. SAPOTACEJE. (SAPPODILLA FAMILY.)
Trees or shrubs, mostly with a milky juice, simple and entire alternate
leaves (often rusty-downy beneath), small and perfect regular flowers usually
in axillary clutters ; the calyx free and persistent ; the fertile stamens com-
monly as many a.s- the lobes of the hypoyynous short corolla and opposite
them, inserted on its tube, along with one or more rows of appendages and
scales, or sterile stamens ; anthers turned outwards ; ovary 4-1 2-celled, with
a single anatropous ovule in each cell; seeds large. — Albumen mostly none ;
but the large embryo with thickened cotyledons. Style single, pointed. —
A small, mostly tropical order, producing the Sappodilla or Star-apple, and
some other edible fruits, represented in our district only by the genus
1. BUM ELI A, Swartz. BUMELIA.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with- a pair of internal appendages at each
sinus. Fertile stamens 5: anthers arrow-shaped. Sterile stamens 5, petal-like,
alternate with the lobes of the corolla. T)vary 5-celled. Fruit small, resem-
bling a cherry, black, containing a large ovoid and erect seed, with a roundish
scar at its base. — Flowers small, white, in fascicles from the axil of the leaves.
Branches often spiny. Leaves often fascicled on short spurs. Wood very hard.
(The ancient name of a kind of Ash.)
1. 15. lycioides, Gtertn. (SOUTHERN BUCKTHORN.) Spiny (10°-
25° high) ; leaves wedge-oblong varying to oval-lanceolate, with a tapering base, often
acute, reticulated, nearly glabrous both sides (2' -4' long); clusters densely many*
flowered; fruit ovoid. — Moist ground, S. Illinois and southward. May, June.
2. B. lanuginosa, Pers. Spiny (10° -40° high); leaves obhmy-olMvate
or wedge-obovate, rusty-woolly beneath, obtuse (1^-' -3' long) ; clusters 6 - 12-flowered ;
268 PLANTAGINACEJS. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.)
fruit globular. (B. lanuginosa & tomcutosa, A. DC.) — Woods, Illinois, oppo-
site St. Louis, and southward, — a variety with the leaves less woolly and rusty
beneath (B. oblongiibiia, Nutt.), passing towards No. 1. July.
ORDER G8. PL.ANTAGINACEJE. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.;
Chiefly steirdess herbs, with regular ±-merous spiked flowers, the stamens
inserted on the tube of the dry and .membranaceous veinleas monopetulous
corolla, alternate with its lobes ; — chiefly represented by the genus
1. P.LANTAGO, L. PLANTAIN. HIBGKASS.
Calyx of 4 imbricated persistent sepals, with dry membranaceous margins.
Corolla salver-form, withering on the pod, the border 4-parted. Stamens 4, or
rarely 2, in all or some flowers with long and weak exserted filaments, and fuga-
cious 2-celled anthers. Ovary 2- (or falsely 3-4-) celled, with 1- several ovules
in each cell. Pod 2-celled, 2 - several-seeded, opening all round by a transverse
line, so that the top falls off like a lid, and the loose partition (which bears the
peltate seeds) falls away. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen. — Leaves ribbed.
Flowers whitish, small, in a bracted spike or head, raised on a naked scape.
(The Latin name of the Plantain.)
$ 1. Flowers all perfect and alike: corolla glabrous, the lobes reflexed or spreading:
stamens 4, with long capillary filaments : pod 2-celled, 2-18-seedtd : seeds not hol-
lowed out on the inner face : perennials, with several-ribbed (broad) leaves.
1. I*. MAJOK, L. (COMMON PLANTAIN.) Smooth Or hairy; leaves ovate,
oval, or slightly heart-shaped, often toothed, abruptly narrowed into a chan-
nelled petiole; spike cylindrical ; pod 7 - 1 Q-seeded. — Moist grounds, especially
near dwellings. June -Sept. Very much varying in size. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. P. COrdata, Lam. Very glabrous; leaves heart-shaped or round-orate
(3' -8' long), long-petiolcd, the ribs rising from the midrib; spike at length loose-
ly flowered; bracts round-ovate, fleshy ; pod 2-4-seeded. — Along rivulets, New
York to Wisconsin (rare), and southward. April- June.
$ 2. Flmrers all perfect and alike : corolla pubescent below : stamens 4, with long
jilanicufs : puds 2-celfed and 2-seedcd, or incompletely 3- 4t -celled and 3-4-s
seeds not hollowed on the face.: perennials, irith liiuar thick and fleshy leaves.
3. P. liiai'ttiina, L. (SEASIDK PLANTAIN.) Leaves flat or i;
< •h.niiiclh'il, entire or rarely few-toothed, glabrous; spikes cylindrical or oblong;
ovate, convex, about the length of the broadly ovale or oval scari.
pals, which have, a thick keel, that of the posterior sepals crestrd. — Yar. JUN-
C')i DI:S is usually more slender, the llowers often sparser, and the keel (-restless.
— Salt marshes on the coa^t from New Jersey northward; the var. only north-
ward. Our plant is an annual. (Eu). _
§ 3. Flowers all perfect and alike; the 2 anterior icarious sepals yencmUtj united into
one: corolla, stamens, ijr. as in Uie first yroup : seeds (and ovules) 2, hollowed on
Hie face : leaves Jlat, lanceolate, 3 - 5-ribbed.
PLANTAGINACE^E. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 2GO
4. P. IANCEOLATA, L. (RlBGRASS. RlPPLEGRASS. ENGLISH PLAN-
TAIN.) Mostly hairy; scape grooved-angled, slender (l°-2° high), much
longer than the leaves; spike short and thick, y. — Dry fields, mostly east-
ward. (Nat. from Eu.)
§ 4. Flowers all perfect and commonly fertile, but of 2 sorts on different plants, some
with small anthers on short fdaments, others with large anthers on long -exser ted fda-
ments : corolla glabrous, the broad round lobes widely spreading : seeds 2 (one in
each cell), boat-shaped, deeply holloived on the face: mostly annuals, with narrow
woolly or hairy leaves.
5. P. Patagoilica, Jacq. Silky-woolly, or becoming naked; leaves
l-3-nerved; spike cylindrical or oblong, dense; sepals very obtuse, searious,
with a thick centre. (Found through almost the whole length of America.)
Var. gliapiialioidcs. White with silky wool; leaves varying from
oblong-linear to filiform; spike very dense (i'-4' long), woolly; bracts not
exceeding the calyx. (P. Lagopus, Pursh. P. gnaphalioides, Nutt.) — Dry
plains, W. Wisconsin? and southwestward. — Runs through var. spinulosa and
var. nuda into
Var. arist&ta. Loosely hairy and green, or becoming glabrous ; bracts
awned, 2-3 times the length of the flowers. (P. aristata, Miclix., £c.) — Illinois
and southward.
$ 5. Flowers diceciously polygamous, or of 2 sorts ; the mostly sterile ones with the usual
large anthers on long capillary filaments, and the lobes of the corolla reflexed or
spreading ; the truly fertile with minute anthers on short included filaments and the
corolla closed over the fruit in the form of a beak: stamens 4 : pod 2-celled: seeds 1
or rarely 2 in each cell, nearly flat on the face: annuals or biennials, with rather
obscurely and few-ribbed leaves.
6. P. Virgiiiica, L. Hairy or hoary-pubescent (2' -9' high); leaves
oblong, varying to obovate and spatulate-lanceolate, 3-5-nerved, slightly or
coarsely and sparingly toothed ; spike dense, often interrupted or loose below ;
sepals ovate or oblong. (Includes many nominal species.) — Sandy grounds,
Rhode Island to Illinois and southward, May-Sept.-
$ 6. Flowers of 2 sorts as in % 5, but the stamens only 2, and the corolla of the truly
fertile not so much closed: pod 2-celled: seeds 2-19 in each cell, not hollwced
on the face : small annuals or biennials, with narrowly linear or awl-shaped and
obscurely \-ribbed leaves.
7. P. pusHBla, Nutt. Minutely pubescent (l'-4' high); leaves entire;
flowers crowded or scattered ; pod short-ovoid, 4-seeded, little exceeding the calyx
and bract. — Dry hills, New York to Illinois, and southward. April -Aug.
8. P. lieteropliylla, Nutt. Leaves rather fleshy, acute, entire, or den-
ticulate, or some of them below 2-4-lobed or toothed ; scapes 2' -8' high, in-
cluding the long and slender spike of often scattered flowers ; pod oblong-c.onoidalf
10~2S-$eeded, nearly twice the length of the calyx and bract. (P. pusilla,
Decaisne, in DC.) — Low or sandy grounds, from Maryland southward, April -
June.
23*
270 PLUMBAGINACEjE. (LEADWORT FAMILY.)
ORDER G9. PLUMBAGINACE^E. (LEADWOKT FAMILY.)
Maritime herbs, chiefly stemless, ivith regular 5-merous flowers, a plaited
calyx, the 5 stamens opposite the separate petals or the lobes of the corolla,
and the free ovary one-celled, unth a solitary ovule hanging from a long cord
which rises from the base of the cell. — The STATIC^ or MARSH-ROSE-
MARY TRIBE alone is represented in our region by the genus
I. STATICE, Tourn. SEA-LAVENDER. MARSH-ROSEMARY.
Flowers scattered or loosely spiked and 1-sided on the branches, 2 - 3-hractcd.
Calyx funnel-form, dry and mcmbranaceous, persistent. Corolla of 5 nearly or
quite distinct petals, with long claws, the 5 stamens attached to their bases.
Styles 5, rarely 3, separate. Fruit membranous and indehiscent, 1 -seeded, in
the bottom of the calyx. Embryo straight, in mealy albumen. — Sea-side peren-
nials, with thick and stalked leaves ; the flowering stems or scapes branched
into panicles. (SrariK^, an ancient name given to this or some other herb, on
account of its astringency.)
1. S. Limdllium, L. Leaves oblong, spatulate, or obovate-lanceolate,
1 -ribbed, tipped with a deciduous bristly point, pctioled; scape much-branched,
corymbose-panicled (l°-2°high); spikelets 1 - 3-flowered ; calyx-tube hairy
on the angles, the lobes ovate-triangular, with as many teeth in the sinuses. —
Root thick and woody, very astringent. Flowers lavender-color. (Eu.)
Var. CarolilliiYlia (S. Caroliniana, Walt., &c.), the plant of the North-
ern States, has a hollow scape, with more erect branches, at length scattered
flowers, and sharper calyx-lobes. — Salt marshes along the coast, extending
northward (where it passes into S. Bahusiensis, Fries). Aug., Sept. (Eu.)
ARMERIA VULOXRIS, the THRIFT of the gardens, is a native of Northern
Canada as well as of Europe, but not of the United States proper.
ORDER 70. PRIMUlACELffi:. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.)
Herbs, with opposite or alternate simple leaves, and regular perfect flowers,
the stamens as many as the lobes of the monopetalous (rarely polypetalous)
corolla and inserted opposite them on the tube, and a l-celled ovary with a
central free placenta rising from the base, bearing several or many needs. —
Calyx free from the ovary, or in Samolus partly coherent. (Corolla none
in Glaux.) Stamens 4-5, rarely 6-8. Style and stigma one. Si-cds
with a small embryo in fleshy albumen, amphitropous and fixed by the
middle, except in Tribe 4.
Synopsis.
TRIBB I. PRIMUL.K.flE. Pod entirely free from the calyx, opening by valves or tooth.
* Stemlesa : leaves all in a cluster from the root.
1. PUIMOLA. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, open at the throat. Stamens ii:
2. ANDKOSACE. Corolla short, constricted at the throat. Stamens included.
PRIMULACE^E. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 271
8. DODECATHEON. Corolla reflexed, 5-parted Stamens exserted ; filaments un ted.
* * Steins leafy : corolla wheel-shaped (or in Glaux none).
4. TRIENTALIS. Corolla mostly 7-parted. Stem leafy at the summit.
5. LYS1MACIIIA. Corolla 5-parted, without intermediate teeth. Stems leafy.
6. NAUMBURGIA. Corolla of 5 or 6 petals, with intermediate teeth.
7. GLAUX. Corolla none : the calyx petal-like.
TUIBE II. A]YAGA:LL,IDEJE. Pod free from the calyx, opening all round by a trans,
verse line, the top falling off like a lid.
8. ANAGALLIS. Corolla longer than the calyx 5-parted. Leaves opposite.
9. CENTUNC ULUS. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4 - 6-cleft. Leaves alternate.
TRIBE III. SASlOltEJE. Pod partly adherent to the calyx, opening by valves.
10. SAMOLUS. Corolla bell-shaped and with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses.
TRIBE IV. HOTTONIE^E. Pod entirely free from the calyx, opening by valves.
Seeds fixed by the base, anatropous.
11. HOTTONIA. Corolla salver-shaped. Immersed leaves pectinately dissected.
1. PRIMUJLA, L. PRIMROSE. COWSLIP.
Calyx tubular, angled, 5-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped, enlarging above the
insertion of the stamens ; the 5 lobes often notched or inversely heart-shaped.
Stamens 5, included. Pod many-seeded, splitting at the top into 5 valves or 10
teeth. — Low perennial herbs, producing a tuft of veiny leaves at the root, and
simple scapes, bearing the flowers in an umbel. (Name a diminutive of primus,
from the flowering of the true Primrose in early spring.)
1. P. fariiaosa, L. (BIRD'S-EYE PRIMROSE.) Leaves elliptical or
obovate-lanceolate, the lower surface and the 3 - 20-flowered involucre, SfC. covered
with a white mealiness : corolla pale lilac with a yellow eye. — Shores of Lakes
St. Clair, Huron, and northward. June, July. — Scape 3' - 10' high. (Eu.)
2. P. UliStassinica, Michx. Leaves spatulate or wedge-oblong, thin
and veiny, not mealy ; involucre 1 — 8-flowercd ; lobes of the flesh-colored corolla
broadly and deeply obcordate. — Shores of the Upper Lakes : also Crooked
Lake (SartwtU) and Annsville, Oneida County, New York (Knieskern and
Vasey], Willoughby Mountain, Vermont ( Wood, frc.), and northward. May. —
A pretty species, 2' - 6r high. (Eu.)
P. VERIS and P. VULGXRIS are the COWSLIP and PRIMROSE of Europe,
from which various cultivated varieties are derived.
2. AN BROS ACE, Tourn. AKDROSACE.
Calyx 5-cleft ; the tube short. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-form, the tube
shorter than the calyx, contracted at the throat ; the limb 5-parted. Stamens
and style included. Pod 5-valved. — Small herbs, with clustered root-leaves
and very small solitary or umbclled flowers. (An old name, composed of
av $po $, of man, and tra/cos, a shield : unmeaning. )
1. A. OCCldeilttilis, Pursh. Smoothish; scapes diffuse (2' -4' high),
many-flowered; leaves and leaflets of the involucre oblong-ovate, entire, sessile j
calyx-lobes leafy, triangular-lanceolate, longer than the (white) corolla. CD —
on the Mississippi, Illinois, and northwestward.
272 PRIMULACE.&. (PRIMROSE .FAMILY.)
3. DODECATIIJEO1V, L. AMERICAN COY/SLIP.
Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; the divisions lanceolate, rcflexed. Corolla with u very
short tube, a thickened throat, and a 5-partcd reflexcd limb ; tlic divisions long
and narrow. Filaments short, monadelphous at the base : anthers lon<r and
linear, aj)proximate in a slender cone. — Perennial smooth herbs, with fibrous
roots, a cluster of oblong or spatulate leaves, and a simple naked scape, involu-
crate at the summit, bearing an ample umbel of showy flowers, usually nodding
on slender peduncles. Corolla purple-rose-eolor, or sometimes white. (Name
fancifully assumed from 6"o>8fKa, twelve, and $eot, gods.}
1. I>. Mefulia, L. — Kich woods, Penn. and Maryland to Wisconsin, and
southwcstward. May, June. — Very handsome in cultivation. In the \Vest
called SHOOTING-STAR.
4. TBIENTAL.IS, L. CHICKWEED-WINTERGREEN.
Calyx mostly 7-parted ; the divisions linear-lanceolate, pointed. Corolla
mostly 7-parted, spreading, flat, without any tube. Filaments slender, united in
a ring at the base : anthers oblong, revolute after flowering. Pod few-seeded.
— Low and smooth perennials, with simple erect stems, bearing a few alternate
usually minute and scale-like leaves below, and a whorl of very delicate veiny-
leaves at the summit. Peduncles one or more, very slender, bearing a delicate
white and star-shaped flower. (A Latin name, meaning the third part of a foot,
alluding to the size of the plant.)
1. T. Americana, Pursh. (STAR-FLOWER.) Leaves elongated-lan-
ceolate, tapering to both ends; petals finely pointed. — Damp cold woods;
common northward, and southward in the mountains. May.
5. LYSIIttACHIA, L. LOOSESTRIFE.
Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla with a very short tube, and a spreading 5-parted
limb. Stamens 5 : filaments often united in a ring at the base. Pod globose,
5- 10-valved, few - many-seeded. (Parts of the flower rarely in fours or sixes.)
— Perennial herbs, with entire leaves, and axillary or racemcd flowers: corolla
mostly yellow. (Named in honor of King Lysimachus, or from \vais, a release
from, paxVi strife.)
§ 1. TRIDfNIA, Raf. — Leaves opposite or whorled, sessile, dotted: calyx and
</<>/(I<-)i-t/cl/oiv corolla streaked with dark lines : filaments mostly unequal, plainly
iiio>Kid(-l/>hous at the l>ase, with no interposed sterile ones : anthers short : pod 5-
7v//,- only 2-5 6VM/X.
1. L. Stracta, Ait. Smooth, at length branched, very leafy; leaves oppo-
site or rarely alternate, lanceolate, acute at each end ; flowers on slender pedi-
cel- in a /<>//;/ rtitrme (5' -12'), which is leafy at the base; or, in var. I-RODICTA,
leafy for fully half its length : lobes of the corolla lance-oblong. Low grounds ;
common. June-Ar g. — Stems 1°- 2° high, often bearing oblong or mouili-
form bulblets in the axils.
PRIMULACEJS. (PJJIMKOSE FAMILY.) 273
2. It. <|£fiadria~6iia, L. Somewhat hairy; -stem simple (l°-2° high) ;
leaves whorh-d in fours or lives (rarely in threes or sixes) ovate-lanceolate ', flowers
on long capillary pcdunelcs from the axils of the leaves ; lobes of the corolla
ovate-oblong. — Moist or sandy soil; common. June. — A variety has the
leaves varying to opposite and partly alternate, some of the upper reduced to
bracts shorter than the peduncles. (Near New York, Washington, &c.)
§ 2. STEIRONEMA, Raf. — Leaves opposite, not dotted, glabrous, mostly dilate at
t/ie base : flowers nodding on slender peduncles from the axils of the upper leaves :
corolla light yellow, not streaked or dotted ; the lobes broadly ovate, pointed, with
undulate or denticulate margins, little exceeding the sepals : filaments nearly
equal, scarcely monadelphous, with the rudiments of a sterile set interposed at the
base, in the form of slender teeth or processes : anthers linear, at length curved: pod
5- 10-valved, or bursting irregularly, 10 — 20-seeded.
3. Li. ciZif&ta, L. Stem erect {2° -3° high), leaves lanceolate-ovate (3* -6'
long), tapering to an acute point, rounded or heart-shaped at the base, all on long
and fringed petioles ; corolla longer than the calyx. — Low ground and thickets ;
common. July.
4. JL. ratlicans, Hook. Stem slender, soon reclined, the elongated branch-
es often rooting in the mud ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, mostly rounded at the base, on
slender petioles : corolla about the length of the calyx. — Swampy river-banks,
W. Virginia (Aikin] and southward. — Leaves and flowers nearly one half
smaller than in the last.
5. £,. lanceolata, Walt. Stem erect (10' -20' high); leaves lanceolate,
varying to oblong and to linear, narrowed into a short margined petiole or tapering
base, or the lowest short and broad on long petioles. — Var. IIYBRIDA is the
broader-leaved form. Var. ANGUSTIFOLIA (L. angustifolia, Lam.), a slender
branching form, with the upper leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, and acute
at both ends. — Low grounds ; common, especially westward. June - Aug.
6. It. loilgif&lia, Pursh. Stem erect, 4-angled, slender (l°-3° high),
often branched below; stem-leaves sessile, narrowly linear, elongated (2' -4' long,
2" -3" wide), smooth and shining, rather rigid, obtuse, the margins often a little
revolute, the veins obscure; the lowest oblong or spatulate; corolla (§'-!'
broad) longer than the calyx, the lobes conspicuously pointed. (L. revoluta,
Natt.) — Wet banks, W. New York and Penn. to Wisconsin. July- Sept.
6. IVAUMBtlRGIA, Mcench. TUFTED LOOSESTRIFE.
Calyx 6- (5-7-) parted. Corolla 6- (5-7-) parted almost or quite to the
base ; the spreading divisions lance-linear, with a small tooth interposed between
each. Filaments cxserted, distinct. Pod few-seeded. — Perennial, with a sim-
ple stem, and opposite lanceolate entire leaves, which arc dotted, like the yellow
flower, &c., with purplish glands. Flowers small, densely crowded in stalked
spikes or close racemes, from the axils of the middle leaves. (Named for J. S.
Naumburg, an early German botanist.)
1. N. tliyrsiflora, Reichenb. (Lysimachia thyrsiflora, L. L. capitata,
Pursh ) — Cold swamps ; common northward. June. (Eu.)
274 PRIMULACEJE. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.)
7. OJLAUX, L. SEA-MI LKWORI.
Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft ; the lobes ovate, petal-like. Corolla wanting. Sta-
mens 5, on the base of the calyx, alternate with its lobes. Pod 5-valved, few-
seeded. — A low and leafy fleshy perennial, with opposite oblong and entire ses-
sile leaves, and solitary nearly sessile (purplish and white) flowers in their axils.
(An ancient Greek name, from -yXavKoy, sea-green.)
1. Cr. maritiiBia, L. — Sea-shore of New England from Cape Cod
northward. June. (Eu.)
8. ANAGALiL,IS, Tourn. PIMPERNEL.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, with almost no tube, 5-parted, longer
than the calyx ; the divisions broad. Stamens 5 : filaments bearded. Pod mem-
branaceous, circumcissile, the top falling off like a lid, many-seeded. — Low,
spreading or procumbent herbs, with opposite or whorled entire leaves, and soli-
tary flowers on axillary peduncles.
1 A. ARVENSis, L. (COMMON PIMPERNEL.) Leaves ovate, sessile, short-
er than the peduncles ; petals obovate, obtuse, fringed with minute teeth, (p
— Waste sandy fields. June -Aug. — Flowers variable in size, scarlet, some-
times purple, blue, or white, quickly closing at the approach of bad weather ;
whence the popular name of " Poor Man's Weather-glass." (Nat. from Eu.)
9. CENTUNCULUS, L. CHAFFWEED.
Calyx 4 - 5-parted. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4 - 5-cleft, wheel-shaped,
with an urn-shaped short tube, usually withering on the summit of the pod
(which is like that of Anagallis). Stamens 4-5 : filaments beardless. — Veiy
small annuals, with alternate entire leaves, and solitary inconspicuous flowers in
their axils. (Derivation obscure.)
1. C. minimus, L. Stems ascending (2' -5' long); leaves ovate, obo-
vate, or spatulate-oblong ; flowers nearly sessile, the. parts mostly in fours. (C.
lanceolatus, Michx.) — Low grounds, Illinois and southward. (Eu.)
1O. SAMOL.US, L. WATER PIMPERNEL. BROOK-WEED.
Calyx 5-cleft ; the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Corolla somewhat
bell-shaped, 5-cleft, commonly with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses. Stamens
5, on the tube of the corolla, included. Pod 5-valved at the summit, many-
seeded. — Smooth herbs, with alternate entire leaves, arid small white flowers in
racemes. (" According to Pliny, an ancient Druidical name, probably same as
slanlus in Celtic, the hfttling-Jierti")
1. S. Valcr&lldi, L. Stem erect (6' -12' high), leafy; leaves obovate;
bracts none ; bractlets on the middle of the slender ascending pedicels ; calyx-
lobes ovate, shorter than the corolla. (Eu.)
Var. American US. More slender, becoming diffusely branched; ra-
cemes often panicled, the pedicels longer and spreading; bractlets, flowers, and
pods smaller. ( S. floribfcndus, H. B. K.) — Wet places ; common. June - Sept
LENTIBULACE^E. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.) 275
11. HOTTGNIA, L. FEATHERFOIL. WATER VIOLET.
Calyx 5-partcd, the divisions linear. Corolla salver-shaped, with a short
tube ; the limb 5-parted. Stamens 5, included. Pod many-seeded, 5 valved ;
the valves cohering at the base and summit. Seeds attached by their base,
anatropous. — Aquatic perennials, with the immersed leaves pectinate, and the
erect hollow flower-stems almost leafless. Flowers white or whitish, whorled at
the joints, forming a sort of interrupted raceme. (Named for Prof. Hotton, a
botanist of Leyden, in the 17th century.)
1. H. iiiflata, Ell. Leaves dissected into thread-like divisions, scattered
on the floating and rooting stems, and crowded at the base of the cluster of pe-
duncles, which are strongly inflated between the joints ; pedicels, corolla, an-
thers, and style short. — Pools and ditches, New England to Kentucky, and
southward. June. — The singularly inflated peduncles are often as thick as
one's finger.
ORDER 71. LENTIBTJlACE^E. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.)^
Small herbs (growing in water or wet places), with a 2-lipped calyx, and a
2-lipped personate corolla, 2 stamens with (confluently) one-celled anthers,
and a. one-celled ovary with a free central placenta, bearing several anatro-
pous seeds, with a thick straight embryo, and no albumen. — Corolla deeply
2-lipped, spurred at the base in front ; the palate usually bearded. Ovary
free : style very short or none : stigma 1 - 2-lipped, the lower lip larger
and revolute over the approximate anthers. Pod often bursting irregular-
ly. Scapes 1 - few-flowered. — A small family, consisting mostly of the
two following genera : —
1. TJTRICULARIA, L. BLADDERWORT.
Lips of the 2-parted calyx entire, or nearly so. Corolla personate, the palate
on the lower lip projecting, and often closing the throat. — Aquatic and im-
mersed, with capillary dissected leaves bearing little bladders, which are filled
with air and float the plant at the time of flowering ; or rooting in the mud, and
sometimes with few or no leaves or bladders. Scapes 1 -few-flowered. (Name
from utriculus, a little bladder.)
* Upper leaves in a whorl on the otherwise naked scape, floating by means of large
bladder's formed of the inflated petioles ; the lower dissected and capillary, bearing
little bladders: rootlets few or none.
1. U. iaiflssta, Walt. (INFLATED BLADDERWORT.) Swimming free;
bladder-like petioles oblong, pointed at the ends, and branched near the apex,
bearing fine thread-like divisions; flowers 5-10 (large, yellow); the appressed*
spur half the length of the corolla ; style distinct. — Ponds, Maine to Virginia,
aiH southward, near the coast. Aug.
* Scapes naked (except some small scaly bracts), from immersed Iranching stems.
which commonly swim free, and bear capillary dissected leaics furnished with small
27C LEKTIBULACE^:. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.)
air-bladders on their lobes : roots few and not affixed, or none. (Mostly perennial,
propagated from year to year by a sort of buds.)
•»- F hirers all alike, yellow, several in a raceme: fwlicels nodding in fruit.
2. U. Vlllgfiris, L. (GREATER BLADDERWORT.) Immersed stems
(l°-3° long) crowded with 2-3-pinnatcly many-parted capillary leaves, bearing
many bladders ; scapes 5 - 12-flowered (6; - 12' long) ; lips of the corolla closed, tlie
sides reflexcd ; spur conical, stretched out towards the lower lip, shorter than it.
— Ponds and slow streams; common. June -Aug. — Corolla £'-§' broad;
the spur rather less broad and blunt than in the European plant. (Kit.)
3 U. minor, L. (SMALLER BLADDERWORT.) Leaves scattered on the
thread-like immersed stems, 2-4 times forked, short; scapes weak, 3 - 7-flow-
ered (3' - 7 high) ; upper lip of the gaping corolla not longer than the dtj.f .<> // /*//-
ate ; spur very short, blunt, turned down, or almost none. — Shallow water, N. New
York to Wisconsin, and northward. July. — Corolla 2" - 3" broad. ( Eu. )
*- •*- Flowers of 2 sorts ; viz. tlie usual sort (3-7) in a raceme, their pedicels ascend-
ing, the corolla yellow ; and more fertile ones solitary and scattered along the leafy
stems, on short soon reflexed peduncles, fruiting in the bud, the corolla minute and
never expanding.
4. U. claildcstina, Nutt. Leaves numerous on the slender immersed
stems, several times forked, capillary, copiously bladder-bearing ; scapes slen-
der (3' -5' high) ; lips of the corolla nearly equal in length, the lower broader
and 3-lobcd, somewhat longer than the approximate thick and blunt spur. —
Ponds, E. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, W. New York, and New Jersey.
July. — Flowers as large as in No. 7.
•*-•«-•*- Flowers all alike, few (1-5) : pedicels erect in fruit.
•M. Corolla ydlow : scape and pedicels filiform.
5. U. intcrmedi:*, Hayne. Leaves crowded on the immersed stems,
2-ranked, 4-5 times forked, rigid; the divisions linear-awl-shaped, minutely
bristle-toothed along the margins, not bladder-bearing, the bladders being on sep-
arate leafless branches; upper lip of the corolla much longer than the palate : .syvr
conical-oblong, acute, oppressed to the lower lip and nearly as long as it. — Shallow
pools, New England to Ohio, Wisconsin, and northward : rare. June, July. —
Leafy stems 3' - G' long. Scapes 3' -7' high. Flowers £' broad. (Eu.)
6. U. striutu, Le Conte. Leaves crowded or whorlcd on the small im-
mersed stems, scccral times forked, capillary, bladder-bearing; flowers 2-5, on long
pedicels ; lips of the corolla nearly equal, broad and expanded, the upper undu-
late, concave, plaited-striatc in the middle ; spur nearly linear, obtuse, appnxtckutg
and almost ((/mil/ing the lower lip. — Shallow pools in pine barrens, Long Island,
New Jersey, and southward. July, Aug. — Scape 8' - 12' high. Flowers £' broad,
7. U. ffiblm, L. Frapp (l'-3' (tigh),l-2^Z0icererf, at the base furnished
'with very slender short brandies, bearing sparingly dissected capillary root-like
with scattered bladders; lips of the corolla broad and rounded, nearly
equal ; the l»>r< r with tin- sides reilexed (4" -5" lor ; tlie a/>pr"
thtck and ll'int gibbo-is spur. — Shallow water, Massachusetts to Illinois, :
;;': - Aug.
BIGNO^IACEJS. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.) 277
•*-<• •*-+• Corolla violet -purple.
8 U. piirplirCcl, Walt. (PURPLE BLADDERWORT.) Leaves wliorled
along the long ininiersed free floating stems, petioled, decompound, capillary,
bearing many bladders; flowers 2-4 (£' wide) ; spur appressed to the lower
3-lobed 2 -saccate lip of tli3 corolla and about half its length. — Ponds, Maine to
Virginia, and southward. Aug., Sept. — Scape 3' -6' high, not scaly below.
* * Scape solitary, sle/ider and naked, or with a few small scales, the base rooting in
the mud or soil: leaves small, awl-shaped or grass-like, often raised out of the icater,
commonly few or fugacious : air-bladders few on the leaves or rootlets, or none.
•»- Flower purple, solitary : leaves bearing a few delicate lobes.
9. U. resupisft&ta, Greene. Scape (2' -8' high) 2-bractcd above ; leaves
thread-like, on delicate creeping branches ; corolla (4" - 5" long) deeply 2-parted ;
spur oblong-conical, very obtuse, shorter than the dilated lower lip and remote
from it, both ascending, the flower resting transversely on the summit of the scape.
— Sandy margins of ponds, Maine (Mr. Chute), E. Massachusetts, and Rhode
Island. Aug.
•i- •*- Flowers 2-10, yellow : leaves entire, rardy seen.
10. U. Slllml&ta, L. (TINT BLADDERWORT.) Stem capillary (3'-
5' high) ; pedicels capillary ; lower lip of the corolla flat or with its margins re-
curved, equally 3-lobcd, much larger than the ovate upper one ; spur oblong, acute,
straight, appressed to the lower lip, which it nearly equals *in length. — Sandy
swamps, pine-barrens of New Jersey, Virginia, and southward. June. — Co-
rolla 3" -4" broad.
11. U. coriiuta, Michx. (HORNED BLADDERWORT.) Stem strict
(£° - 1° high), 2 - 10-flowered ; pedicels not longer than the calyx ; lower lip of the
corolla large and helmet-shaped, its centre very convex and projecting, while the
sides are strongly reflexed ; upper lip obovate and much smaller ; spur awl-shaped,
turned dijicn mtrd and outward, about as long as the lower lip. — Peat -bogs, or
sr.udy swamps ; common. June - Aug. — Flowers close together, large.
2. PINGUiCUL-A, L. BUTTERWORT.
Upper lip of the calyx 3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with an open hairy
or spotted palate. — Small and stcmless perennials, growing on damp rocks,
with 1 -flowered scapes, and broad and entire leaves, all clustered at the root,
soft-fleshy, mostly greasy to the touch (whence the name, from pinguis, fat).
1. P. Ylilg'uriS, L. Leaves ovate or elliptical ; scape and oalyx a little
pubescent; lips of the violet corolla very unequal, the tube funnel-form; spur
straightish. — Wet rocks, W. New York to Lake Superior, and northward.
July. (Eu.)
ORDER 72, BIGNONIACE^E. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.)
Wood 1 1 or rarely herbaceous plant.*, monopetcdous^ didijnamous or dian-
tclfh tlie oranj commonly 2-celled by the 'meeting of the two placentae off
of a projection from than, many-needed : the large seeds with a flat embryo
ml no albumen. — Calyx 2-lipped; 5-cleft, or entire. Corolla tubular or
vj u, t
and n
278 BIGNONIACE^E. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.)
bell-shaped, 5- obed, somewhat irregular and 2-lipped, deciduous ; the low-
er lobs largest. Stamens inserted on the corolla; the fifth or posterior one,
and sometimes the shorter pair also, sterile or rudimentary : anthers of 2
diverging cells. Ovary free, bearing a long style, with a 2-lipped stigma.
— Leaves compound or simple, opposite, rarely alternate. Flowers large
and showy. — Chiefly a tropical family ; only two species indigenous within
our limits. It includes two suborders, viz : —
SUBORDER I. BIGNONIE^. THE TRUE BIGNOXIA FAMILY.
Woody plants, with 1 - 2-celled and 2-valved pods, the valves separating
from the partition when there is any. Seeds transverse, very flat, winged ;
the broad and leaf-like cotyledons notched at both ends.
1. BIGNONIA. Pod flattened parallel with the partition. Leaves compound.
2 TECOMA. Pod with the convex valves contrary to the partition Leaves compound.
3. CATALPA. Pod as in No. 2. Leaves simple. Fertile stamens only 2.
SUBORDER II. SESAMES. THE SESAMUM FAMILY.
Herbs, with the fruit more or less 4 - 5-celled. Seeds attached by one
end, not winged ; the cotyledons thick and entire.
4. MARTYNIA. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. Fruit fleshy without and woody within, beaked.
1. BIGNONIA, Toura. BIGNONIA.
Calyx truncate, or slightly 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, 5-lobed
and rather 2-lipped. Stamens 4, often showing a rudiment of the fifth. Pod
long and narrow, 2-celled, flattened parallel with the valves and partition. Seeds
transversely winged. — Woody vines, with chiefly compound leaves, climbing by
tendrils. (Named for the Abbe Bignon.)
1. B. capreolata, L. Smooth; leaves of 2 ovate or oblong leaflets
and a branched tendril, often with a pair of accessory leaves in the axil resem-
bling stipules; peduncles few and clustered, 1-flowered. — Rich soil, Virginia,
Kentucky, Illinois, and southward. April. — Stems climbing tall trees ; a trans-
verse section of the word showing a cross. Corolla orange, 2' long. Pod 6'
long. Seeds with the wing l£' long.
2. TECOMA', Juss. TRUMPET-FLOWER.
Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothcd. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, a little irregular.
Stamens 4. Pod long and narrow, 2-cellcd, the partition contrary to the convex
valves. Seeds transversely winged. — Woody vines, with compound leaves.
(Abridged from tin- Mexican name.)
1. T. ra<li< :IBIS, Juss. (TRUMPET CREEPER.) Clinging by rootlets ;
leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5- 11, ovate, pointed, toothed; flowers corynilud ; sta-
nn-iis not protruded beyond the tubular-funncl-form corolla. (Biunoniu radi-
/..) — liidi soi^ IVnnsylvania to Illinois and southward; but cultivated
farther north. Julj . — Corolla 2' - 3' long, orange and scarlet, showy.
OROBANCHACKffi. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.) 279
3, CATAH.PA, Scop., Walt. CATALPA. INDIAN BEAN.
Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla bell-shaped, sAvelling ; the undulate 5-lobed
spreading border irregular and 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 2, or sometimes 4 ;
the 1 or 3 others sterile and rudimentary. Pod very long and slender, nearly
cylindrical, 2-celled ; the partition contrary to the valves. Seeds broadly winged
on each side, the wings cut into a fringe. (The aboriginal name.)
1. C. BIGNONIOIDES, Walt. Leaves heart-shaped, pointed, downy beneath ;
flowers in open compound panicles. — Cultivated in the Northern States : a well-
known ornamental tree, with large leaves, and showy flowers, which are white,
slightly tinged with violet, and dotted with purple and yellow in the throat,
opening in July. Pods hanging till the next spring, often 1° long. (Adv.
from S. W. States 1)
4. MARTYJVIA, L. UNICORN-PLANT.
Calyx 5-cleft, mostly unequal. Corolla gibbous, bell-shaped, 5-lobed and
somewhat 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 4, or only 2. Pod fleshy, and with the
inner part soon woody, terminated by a long beak, which at length splits into
2 hooked horns, and opens at the apex between the beaks, imperfectly 5-celled,
owing to the divergence of the two plates of each of the two partitions or pla-
centae, leaving a space in the centre, while by reaching anfl cohering with the
walls of the fruit they form 4 other cells. Seeds several, wingless, with a
thick and roughened coat. — Low brandling annuals, clammy-pubescent, exhal-
ing a heavy odor : stems thickish : leaves simple, rounded. Flowers racemed,
large. (Dedicated to Prof. Hartyn, of Cambridge, a well-known botanist of
the last century.)
1. M. FROBOScfDEA, Glox. Leaves heart-shaped, oblique, entire, or undu-
late, the upper alternate ; the woody endocarp crested on one side, long-horned.
— Escaped from gardens in some places. Corolla dull white, tinged or spotted
with yellow and purplish. (Adv. from S. W. States. Native on the Mississippi.)
ORDER 73. OROBANCHACE^E. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.)
Herbs destitute of green foliage (root-parasites), monopetalous, didyna-
mous, the ovary one-celled with 2 or 4 parietal placcntce ; pod very many-
seeded : seeds minute, with albumen, and a very minute embryo. — Calyx per-
sistent, 4 - 5-toothed or parted. Corolla tubular, more or less 2-lipped,
ringent, persistent and withering ; the upper lip entire or 2-lobed, the low-
er 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on the tube of the corolla :
anthers 2-celled, persistent. Ovary free, ovoid, pointed with a long style
which is curved at the apex : stigma large. Pod 1 -celled, 2-valved; the
valves each bearing on their face one placenta or a pair. Seeds very nu-
merous, minute, anatropous, with a minute embryo at the base of transpar-
ent albumen. — Low thick or fleshy herbs, bearing scales in place of lea\ es,
lurid yellowish, or brownish throughout. Flowers solitary or spiked.
280 OROBANCUACEjE. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.)
Synopsis.
* Flowers of two sorts
1. EFIPnEOUS. Upper flowers strrile, with a tubular corolla; the lower fertile, with the
corolla minute and not expanding. Bracts inconspicuous.
* * Flowers all alike and perfect.
2. CONOmOLIS. Flowers spiked. Calyx with 2 bractlets, split on the lower side. Stamens
protruded. Corolla 2-lipped.
8. PHELIP2EA. Flowers spiked or panicled. Calyx with 2 bractlets, regularly 5-cleft. Co.
rolla 2-lipped. Stamens included.
4. APHYLLON. Flowers solitary, without bractlets. Calyx regularly 5-cleft. Corolla al-
most regular. Stamens included.
1. EPIPH1EGUS, Nutt. BEECH-DROPS. CANCER-ROOT.
Flowers racemose or spiked, scattered on the branches ; the upper sterile, with
a long: tubular corolla and long filaments and style ; the lower fertile, with a
very short corolla which seldom opens, but is forced off from the base by the
growth of the pod ; the stamens and style very short. Calyx 5-toothed. Stigma
capitate, a little 2-lobed. Pod 2-valved at the apex, with 2 approximate placentae
on each valve. — Herbs slender, purplish or yellowish-brown, much branched,
with small and scattered scales, 6' -12' high. (Name composed of «n, upon,
and (frrjyos, the Beech, because it grows on the roots of that tree.)
1. E. Virginia na, Bart. (E. Amcricanus, Nntt.) — Common under the
shade of Beech-trees, parasitic on their roots. Aug. -Oct. — Corolla of the
upper (sterile) flowers whitish and purple, 6' -8" long, curved, 4-toothed.
2. CON6PHOLIS, Wallr. SQUAW-ROOT. CANCER-ROOT.
Flowers in a thick scaly spike, perfect, with 2 bractlets at the base of the irreg-
ularly 4 -5-toothed calyx ; the tube split down on the lower side. Corolla tubu-
lar, swollen at the base, strongly 2-lipped ; the upper lip arched, notched at the
summit ; the lower shorter, 3-partcd, spreading. Stamens protruded. Stigma
depressed. Pod with 4 placentae, approximate in pairs on the middle of each
valve. — Upper scales forming bracts to the flowers; the lower covering each
other in regular order, not unlike those of a fir-cone (whence the name, from
Kft>vo9, a cone, and <po\is, a scale).
1. C. Americana, Wallroth. (Orobanche Americana, L.) — Oakwoods;
not rare, growing in clusters among fallen leaves. May, June. — A singular
phnit, chestnut-colored or yellowish throughout, as thick as a man's thumb,
3-6' long, covered with scales, which are at first fleshy, then dry and hard.
3. P1IEL.IPJEA, Toum. BROOM-RAPE.
Flowers perfect, crowded in a spike, raceme, or clustered panicle, with a pair
of bractlets at the base of the regular 4-5-clcft calyx. Corolla 2-lipped ; the
upper lip 2-lobed or notched ; the lower 3-partcd. Stamens included. Ovary
with a gland at the base on the upper side. Pod with 4 placenta?., two on the
middle of each valve. — Stems rather thick, scaly. (Named for L. $ J.
peaux, patrons of science in the time of Tourncfort.)
SCKOPHULAJUACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 281
1. P. faidovicifona, Don. Glandular-pubescent, branched (3' -12'
high) ; the flowers spiked in close clusters ; corolla somewhat curved, twice the
length of the narrow lanceolate calyx-lobes; the lips equal in length. — Illinois
(Mr. E. Hall) and westward. Oct.
4. API1YL.L.OIV, Mitchell. NAKED BROOM-KAPE.
Flowers perfect, solitary on long naked scapes or peduncles, without bractlets.
Calyx 5-cleft, regular. Corolla with a long curved tube and a spreading bor-
der, somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper lip deeply 2-cleft, its lobes similar to the 3
of the lower lip. Stamens included. Stigma broadly 2-lipped. Capsule with
4 equidistant placenta, 2 borne on each valve half-way between the midrib and
the margin. Plants brownish or yellowish. Flowers purplish, and scapes mi-
nutely glandular-pubescent. (Name from a privative and <pv\\ov. foliage, allud-
ing to the naked stalks.) — Perhaps rather a section of Phelipsea.
1. A. iBniflorUHl, Torr. & Gr. (ONE-FLOWERED CANCER-ROOT.) Stem
subterranean or nearly so, very short, scaly, often branched, each branch sending
up 1 -3 slender one-flowered scapes (3' -5' high) ; divisions of the calyx lance-awl-
shaped, half the length of the corolla. (Orobanche uniflora, L.) — Woods;
rather common. April, May. — Corolla 1 ' long, with 2 yellow bearded folds in
the throat, the lobes obovate.
2. A. fascicnlalmil, Torr. & Gr. Scaly stem erect and rising 3' -4'
out of ground, mostly longer than the crowded peduncles ; divisions of the calyx
triangular, very much shorter than the corolla, which has rounded short lobes.
(Orohanche fasciculata, Nutt.) — Islands in Lake Michigan (Engelmann,} N.
Illinois. (Vascy,) and northward. May.
ORDER 74.* SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)
Chiefly herbs, with didynamous or diandrous (or very rarely 5 perfect} sta-
mens inserted on the tube of the 2-lipped or more or less irregular corolla, the
lobes of which are imbricated in the bud : fruit a 2-celled and usually many-
seeded pod ivith the placentae in the axis : seeds anatropous with a small etn-
bryo in copious albumen. — Style single : stigma entire or 2-lobed. Leaves
and inflorescence various ; but the flowers not terminal in any genuine rep-
resentatives of the order. — A large order of bitterish, some of them nar-
cotic-poisonous plants, represented by two great groups (which are not differ-
ent enough to be classed as suborders*) ; — to which an anomalous genus
(Gelsemium) is appended : but that belongs to Loganiese, p. 169.
* The technical distinction between the so-called suborders is principally in the aestivation
of the corolla, which is not likely to be entirely constant. Some years ago, my former pupil.
Mr. Henry James Clark, showed me that in Miinulus one or both of the lateral lobes of the.
lower lip are occasionally exterior in the bud, and I have since noticed a similar exception in
species of Pen' stemon.
The plants of Tribes 8, 9, and 10 (which incline to turn blackish in drying), are most, if not all,
of them partial root-parasites. This has been for some time known in Tribe 10 ; and has lately
been shown to b« the case in Qerardia also, by Mr. Jacob Stauffer, of Mount Joy, Pennsylvania
24*
282 SCROPHULARIACE.fi. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)
Synopsis.
I. ANTIRRHINIDE^E. Upper lip of the corolla covering the lower in
the bud (with occasional exceptions in Mimulus, &c.). Pod usually
septicidal.
TRIBE I. VER1JASCEJE. Corolla nearly wheel-shaped. Flowers hi a simple spike or
raceme. Leaves all alternate.
J. VERBASCUM. Stamens 5, all with anthers, and 3 or all of them with bearded filaments.
TRIBE II. AXTIRR IIIKEJE. Corolla tubular, with a spur or sac at the base belovr,
the throat usually with a palate. Pod opening by chinks or holes. Flowers hi simple
racemes or axillary. Lower leaves usually opposite or whorled.
2. LINARIA. Corolla spurred at the base ; the palate seldom closing the throat.
3. ANTIRRHINUM. Corolla merely saccate at the base ; the palate closing the throat.
TRIBE HI. CHELOIVE^E. Corolla tubular, or deeply 2-lipped, not spurred nor saccate
below. Pod 2 - 4-valved. Leaves opposite. Inflorescence compound ; the flowers hi
small clusters or cymes in the axils of the leaves or bracts ; the clusters spiked or
racemed. (Stamens 4, and the rudiment of the fifth.)
4. SCROPHULARIA. Corolla inflated, globular or oblong, with four erect lobes and one
spreading one. Rudiment of the sterile stamen a scale.
6. COLLINSIA. Corolla 2-cleft, the short tube saccate on the upper side ; the middle lobe of
the lower lip sac-like and enclosing the declined stamens.
6. CHELONE. Corolla tubular, inflated above. Sterile stamen shorter than the others
Seeds winged.
7. PENTSTEMON. Corolla tubular. Sterile stamen about as long as the rest. Seeds wingless.
TBIBE IV. GR ATIOIjEJE. Corolla tubular, not saccate nor spurred. Pod 2-valved.
Inflorescence simple ; the flowers single hi the axil of the bracts or leaves, the peduncles
bractless. Leaves all or the lower opposite.
* Stamens 4, all anther-bearing and similar.
8. MIMULUS. Calyx prismatic, 6-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla elongated.
9 CONOBEA. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions equal. Corolla short.
10. UERPESTIS. Calyx 5-parted, unequal, the upper division largest. Corolla short.
* * Anther-bearing stamens 2 : sometimes also a pair of sterile filaments.
II. GRATIOLA. Calyx 6-parted. Stamens included ; the sterile pair short or none.
12 ILYSANTIIES. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included ; the sterile filaments protruded.
13. IIEM1ANTIIUS. Calyx 4-toothed. Sterile filaments none. Corolla irregular.
11. RHLNANTHIDE^. Under lip or the lateral lobes of the corolla
covering the upper in the bud. Pod commonly loculicidal.
TRIBE V. SIBTHORPIEJE. Corolla wheel-shaped or bell-shaped. Leaves alternate,
or (with the axillary flowers) fascicled in clusters.
14. LIMOSELLA. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla 5-cleft. Stamens 4. Leaves fleshy.
TRIBE VI. DIGITALE^E 1 Corolla tubular or somewhat bell-shaped. Leaves alter-
nate. Flowers in a spike or raceme.
15. SYNT1IYRIS. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla irregular. Stamens 2, rarely 4.
TRIBE VII. VERONICE^E. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped. Stamens not ap-
proaching each other. Leaves mostly opposite. Flowers in racemes.
16. VEKONIC 1. Calyx 4- (rarely 3 -6-) parted. Corolla somewhat irregular. Stamens 2.
TRIBE VIII. IJUCHNEREJE. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens 4, approximate In
pairs : anthers 1 -ceiled Upper leaves alternate. Flowers hi a spike.
SCROPHULARIACEJS. (FIG WORT FAMILY.) 283
17. BUCHNERA. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Limb of the salver-shaped elongated corolla 5-
cleft.
TRIBE IX. CrERARDIEJE. Corolla inflated or tubular, with a spreading and slightly
unequal 5-lobed limb. Stamens 4, approximate in pairs : anthers 2-celled. Leaves op-
posite, or the uppermost alternate.
18. SEYMERIA. Calvx deeply 5-cleft Tube of the corolla broad, not longer than the lobes.
Stamens nearly equal.
19 GERA11DIA. Calyx 5-toothed or cleft. Stamens strongly unequal.
TRIBE X. EUPHR ASIE^E. Corolla tubular, 2-lippcd ; the upper lip narrow, erect or
arched, enclosing the 4 strongly didynamous stamens.
* Anther-cells unequal and separated. Pod many-seeded.
20. CASTILLEIA. Calyx cleft down the lower, and often also on the upper, side.
* * Anther-cells equal. Pod many - several-seeded.
21. SCIT \V~ALBEA. Calyx 5-toothed, very oblique, the upper tooth smallest.
22. EUPHRASIA. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed. Pod oblong.
23. RIIINANTHUS. Calyx inflated, ovate. Pod orbicular : seeds winged.
24. PEDICULARIS. Calyx not inflated. Pod ovate or sword-shaped : seeds wingless.
* * * Anther-cells equal. Pod 1-4-seeded.
25. MELAMPYRUM. Calyx 4-cleft. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Pod flat, oblique.
*** GELSEMLNE^S.
26. GELSEMIUM. Corolla equally 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas 2, two-parted.
1. VERBASCUUI, L. MULLEIN.
Calyx 5-partecl. Corolla 5-lobed, open or concave, wheel-shaped ; the lobes
broad and rounded, a little unequal. Stamens 5 ; all the filaments, or the 3
upper, woolly. Style flattened at the apex. Pod globular, many-seeded. —
Tall and usually woolly biennial herbs, with alternate leaves, those of the stem
sessile or decurrent. Flowers in large terminal racemes, ephemeral. (The
ancient Latin name, altered from Barbascum.)
1. V. TnApsus, L. (COMMON MULLEIN.) Densely woolly throughout ; stem
tall and stoat, simple, winged by the decurrent bases of the oblong acute leaves ;
flowers (yellow) in a prolonged and very dense cylindrical spike ; lower stamens
usually beardless. — Fields, &c. ; common. (A white-flowered variety was gath-
ered at Montrose, Penu., Mr. Riley.) (Nat. from Eu.)
2. \. BLATTARIA, L. (MOTH MULLEIN.) Green and smoothish, slender;
lower leaves pctioled, oblong, doubly sen-ate, sometimes lyre-shaped, the upper
partly clasping; raceme loose; filaments all bearded with violet wool. — Road-
sides ; rather common. Corolla either yellow, or white with a tinge of purple.
(Nat. from Eu.)
3. V. LYCHNITIS, L. (WHITE MULLEIN.) Clothed with a thin powdery
woollimss ; stem and branches angled above ; leaves ovate, acute, not decurrent,
greenish above; flowers (yellow, rarely white) in a pyramidal panicle; filaments
with whitish wool. — Road-sides, Penn , rare, and sandy fields at the head of
Oneida Lake, New York ; — where it hybridizes freely with the common Mullein.
(Adv. from Eu.)
284 SCKOPHULARIACE^E. (FIG WORT FAMILY.)
2. LIN ARIA, Tourn. TOAD-FLAX.
Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla personate, -with the prominent palate often nearly
closing tlie throat, spurred ut the base on the lower side. Stamens 4. Pod
thin, opening below the summit by one or two pores or chinks, 'toothed. Seeds
many. — Herbs, with at least all the upper leaves alternate. (Name from
Limim, the Flax, which the leaves of some species resemble.)
* Leaves sessile, narrow.
1. Li. Caimdciisis, Spreng. (WILD TOAD-FLAX.) Smooth; stem slen-
der, erect, mostly simple, with scattered linear leaves ; those from prostrate shoots
oblong, crowded, and mostly opposite or whorled; flowers blue (very small ), in
a slender raceme, short-pedicellcd ; spur thread-shaped (occasionally wanting).
(J) @ — Sandy soil ; common, especially southward. June - Aug.
2. L. vuLGAms, Mill. (TOAD-FLAX. BUTTER-AND-EGGS. RAMSTED.)
Smooth and pale, erect (l°-3° high); leaves alternate, crowded, linear or lance
olatc, acutish ; flowers crowded in a dense raceme, ydloiv, pretty large (!' long) ;
spur awl-shaped; seeds flattened and margined. 1J. — Old fields and road-sides ;
common eastward: a showy but pernicious weed. Aug. — The Peloria state,
with a regular 5-cleft border to the corolla, 5 spurs, and 5 stamens, has been ob-
served in Pennsylvania by Dr. Darlington. (Nat. from Eu.)
3. L. GENi8Tir6LiA, Mill. Very smooth and glaucous, paniculate-branched ;
leaves lanceolate, acute, often partly clasping; flowers scattered, ydloiv (smaller
than in No. 2); seeds angled and wrinkled. 1J. — Road-sides, New York, near
the city (//. ,7. Clark, Lesquereiix) . (Adv. from Eu.)
* # Leaves petioled, broad, veiny.
4. L. ELATINE, Mill. Hairy, branched, procumbent ; leaves alternate, ovate
and halberd-shaped, mostly shorter than the slender axillary peduncles ; llowcrs
small, yellow and purplish; sepals lanceolate, very acute. (£) — Fields and
banks, E. Massachusetts to Virginia; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)
3. ANTIRRHINUM, L. SNAPDRAGON.
Corolla saccate at the base, the throat closed by the large bearded palate.
Seeds oblong-truncate. Otherwise nearly as Linaria. Corolla commonly
showy, resembling the face of an animal or a mask ; whence the name (from
airi, in comparison with, and pii/, a snout).
1. A. ORONTIUM, L. Stem erect (6' -12' high) ; leaves lance-linear; spikes
loosely few-flowered ; sepals longer than the purplish corolla. (5) — Fields,
Virginia, &c. ; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)
A. MXjus, L., is the common cultivated SNAPDRAGON.
4. SCROPIIULiARIA, Tourn. FIGWORT.
Calyx deeply 5-cleft, Corolla with a somewhat globular tube ; the 4 upper
lobes of the short border erect (the two upper longer), the lower spreading.
Stamens 4, declined, with the anther-cells transverse and confluent into one; the
vestige of the fifth stamen forms a scale-like rudiment at the summit of the tube
SCROPHULARIACE^. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 285
of the corolla. Pod many-seeded. — Rank herbs, with mostly opposite leaves,
and small greenish-purple or lurid flowers in loose cymes, forming a terminal
narrow panicle. (So called because a reputed remedy for scrofula.}
1. S. as©il6s«t, L. Smooth (3° -4° high); stem 4-sided; leaves ovate,
oblong, or the upper lanceolate, cut-serrate, rounded or heart-shaped at the base.
1J. (8. Marilandica, L., and S. lanceolata, Pursh.) — Damp copses and banks.
July. (Eu.)
5. COL,J,I]%T§IA, Nutt. COLLINSIA.
Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla declined, with the tube saccate or bulging at
the base on the upper side, deeply 2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-cleft, its lobes partly
folded backwards ; the lower 3-cleft, its middle lobe keeled and sac-like, enclos-
ing the 4 declined stamens and style. Fifth stamen a slender rudiment. Pod
many-seeded. — Slender branching annuals, with opposite leaves, and handsome
party-colored flowers in umbel-like clusters, appearing whorled in the axils of
the upper leaves. (Dedicated to the late Zaccheus Collins, of Philadelphia, an
accurate botanist.)
1. C. verna, Nutt. Slender (6' -20' high) ; leaves ovate; the lower peti-
olcd ; the upper ovate- lanceolate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed ;
whorls about ^-flowered ; flowers long-pe duncled ; corolla (bine and white) twice tlte
length of the calyx. — Rich shady places, W. New York to Wisconsin and Ken-
tucky. May, June.
2. C. parviilora, Dougl. Small ; lower leaves ovate or rounded, peti-
oled; the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly entire; whorls 2 - G-flowercd ; Jloivers
sho rt-prd uncled ; the small (blue) corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx. — South
shore of Lake Superior (Pitcher) ; thence westward.
C. ufcoLOR, Benth., a showy Californian species, has become common in
cultivation.
6. C II EL. ONE, Tourn. TURTLE-HEAD. SNAKE-HEAD.
Calyx of 5 distinct imbricated sepals. Corolla inflated-tubular, with the
mouth a little open ; the upper lip broad and arched, keeled in the middle,
notched at the apex ; the lower woolly-bearded in the throat, 3-lobed at the apex,
the middle lobe smallest. Stamens 4, with woolly filaments and very woolly
heart-shaped anthers ; and a fifth sterile filament smaller than the others. Seeds
many, wing-margined. — Smooth perennials, with upright branching stems, op-
posite serrate leaves, and large white or purple flowers, which arc nearly sessile
in spikes or clusters, and closely imbricated with round-ovate concave bracts
and bractlets. (Name from ^eXoiwj, a tortoise, the corolla resembling in shape
the head of a reptile.)
1. C. glfsbra, L. Leaves very short-petioled, lanceolate or lance-oblong,
pointed, variable in width, &c. : the flowers white, rose-color, or purple. Also
C. obliqua, L., &c. — Wet places ; common. July - Sept. — Called also SHELL-
FLOWER, BALMONY, &c.
286 SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWOUT FAMIL7.)
7. PENTSTEUION, Mitchell. BEARD-TONGUE. PKNTSTEMON.
Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla tubular and more or less inflated, either decidedly
or slightly 2-lippcd ; the upper lip 2-lobed, and the lower 3-eleft. Stamens 4,
declined at the base, ascending above ; and a fifth sterile filament usually as
long as the others, either naked or bearded. Seeds numerous, wingless. — Pe-
rennials, branched from the base, simple above, with opposite leaves, the upper
sessile and mostly clasping. Flowers showy, thyrsoid-panicled. (Name from
7revre,flve, and OTJ^/KBI/, stamen; the fifth stamen being present and conspicu-
ous, although sterile.)
* Sterile filament bearded doivn one side : flowers in a loose panicle, somewhat clam-
my, white or bluish; jtcdiutclcs s/tml.r.
1. P. pllbescens, Solandcr. More or less pubescent (l°-3° high) ;
stem-leaves lanceolate from a clasping base, serrate or sometimes entire ; corolla
2-lippcd, gradually widened upwards, flattened and one-ridged on the upper side,
and with 2 infolded lines on the lower which are bearded inside ; lower lip longer
than the upper. — Varies greatly in the foliage, sometimes nearly glabrous,
when it is P. laivigiitus, Soland., &c. — Dry banks, Connecticut to Wisconsin,
and southward. June - Sept.
2. P. Digitalis, Nutt. Nearly glabrous (2° -4° high); stem-leaves ob-
long- or ovate-lanceolate, clasping, serrulate or entire ; corolla slit/hilt/ 2-lippt-d,
abruptly inflated and almost bell-shaped from a narrow base, beardless. — Moist
ground, Illinois and southward. — Flowers larger than in the last, showy.
# # Sterile fllament nearly smooth : flowei's purple, racemose.
3. P. graildiflorilS, Fraser. Very smooth and glaucous; stems sim-
ple (1°- 3° high) ; leaves thick, ovate or rounded, the upper clasping; flowers
(showy, 2' long) on short pedicels, in a long and narrow raceme rather than
panicle ; corolla oblong-bell-shaped, almost regular. — Prairies, W. Wisconsin?
(Falls of St. Anthony, Lapham. Dubuque, Iowa, Dr. Ilor.)
8. iniMTILiUS, L. MONKEY-FLOWER.
Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed, the upper tooth largest. Corolla tubu-
lar; the upper lip erect or reflexed-spreading, 2-lobed ; the lower spreading,
3-lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma 2-lipped, the lips ovate. Seeds numerous. —
Herbs, with opposite leaves, and mostly handsome flowers on solitary axillary
peduncles. (Name from /u/xo>, an ape, on account of the gaping corolla.)
# Erect, glabrous : leaves feather-reined : corolla rioltt-/>nr/>le.
1. HI. ringenS, L. Stem square (l°-2° high) ; leaves obloncj or lanceolate,
pointed, clasping by a heart-shaped base, serrate; peduncles longer than the
flower ; calyx-teeth taper-pointed, ty — Wet places ; common. July - Sept.
— Flower l'-l^'long.
'2. M. nlatUS, Ait. Stem somewhat winged at the angles; l<an-s oblong-
ovate, tapci-int/ into a .petiole ; peduncles shorter than the calyx, which has very
short and abruptly pointed teeth : otherwi>e like the last. — Low grounds, Con-
necticut to Illinois, and southward.
SCROPHULARIACE^. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 287
* % Diffusely spreading: leaves several-nerved and veiny : corolla yellow.
3. M. Jailiesii, Torr. Smooth ; stems creeping at the base ; stem-leaves
round or kidney-shaped, nearly sessile, equalling the peduncles ; calyx ovate,
inflated in fruit, the upper tooth much the largest. — In cool springs, Mackinaw,
Wisconsin, Illinois, and westward. — Flowers small.
M. LTJTEUS, with its varieties, and M. MOSCHATUS, the MUSK-PLANT, from
Oregon, arc common in cultivation.
9. C O W 6 B E A , Aublet. ( CAPR ARI A, Mchx. )
Calyx 5-parted, equal. Upper lip of the corolla 3-lobed, the lower 3-parted.
Stamens 4, fertile : anthers approximate. Style 2-lobed at the apex, the lobes
wedge-form. Seeds numerous. — Low branching herbs, with opposite leaves, and
small solitary flowers on axillary 2-bractletcd peduncles. (Name unexplained.)
1. C. iHllIilfida, Benth. Diffusely spreading, much branched, minutely
pubescent ; leaves petioled, pinnately parted, the divisions linear-wedge-shaped ;
corolla (greenish-white) scarcely longer than the calyx. (D — Sandy river-
banks, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. July - Sept
1O. HERPESTIS, Gartn. HERPESTIS.
Calyx 5-parted ; the upper division broadest, the innermost frequently very
narrow. Upper lip of the corolla entire, notched, or 2-cleft ; the lower 3-lobed.
Staim-ns 4, all fertile. Style dilated or 2-lobed at the apex. Seeds numerous.
Low herbs with opposite leaves and solitary axillary flowers. (Name from
(p7rr)<TTrjs, a creeping thing, the species being chiefly procumbent.)
* Upper lip of the blue corolla merely notched: leaves many-nerved.
1. H. rotimflifdlia, Pursh. Nearly smooth, creeping; leaves round-
obovatc, half clasping (?'- 1' long) ; peduncles twice or thrice the length of the calyx,
the upper sepal ovate. 1]. — Wet places, Illinois and southward. Aug.
2. II. amplexicaulis, Pursh. Stems hairy, creeping at the base;
leaves ovate, clasping ; peduncles shorter than the calyx; upper sepal heart-shaped.
1|. — Wet places, Nc\v Jersey and southward. Aug. — Aromatic when bruised.
* # Corolla (bluish) almost equally 5-cleft, the upper Up being 2-parted: stamens
almost equal : leaves nearly nerveless.
3. II. Hloimicra, H. B. K. Smooth, somewhat creeping; leaves obo-
vate or wedge-shaped ; peduncles rather long, 2-bracted at the apex. 1J. —
River-banks, Maryland and southward along the coast.
11. GRATIOL.A, L. HEDGE-HYSSOP.
Calyx 5-parted. the divisions narrow and nearly equal. Upper lip of the
corolla entire or 2-clcf't, the lower 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, poste-
rior ; the anterior mere sterile filaments, or wanting. Style dilated or 2-lipped
at the apex. Pod 4-valved, many-seeded. — Low herbs, mostly perennial, with
opposite sessile leaves, and axillary 1 -flowered peduncles, usually with 2 bract-
lets at the base of the calyx. (Name from gratia, grace or favor, on account of
its supposed excellent medicinal properties.)
288 SGRomuLARiACEuE. (FIG WORT FAMILY.)
$ 1 . AnUiers with a broad connective : the cells transverse : stems mostly diffusely
branched, so/I viscid-pubescent or smooth.
# Sterile filaments minute 01- none : corolla whitish, with the tube yellowish.
1. G. Yii'iniiiaiia, L. Stem rather clammy-pubescent above, loosely
branched (4' -6' high) ; leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base, sparingly
toothed ; peduncles almost equalling the leaves (%' - V long) ; pod ovoid (2'' long).
— Wet places; very common. June -Aug.
2. O. SpliaeroCiirjm, Ell. Smooth, rather stout (5'- 10' high); leaves
lance-ovate or oblong, toothed, peduncles scarcely longer than the calyx and the
large (3") globular pod. — Wet places, Virginia? Illiuois, and southward.
* Sterile Ji laments slender, tipped with a little head: leaves short (£'-!' long).
3. O. viscosa, Schweinitz. Clammy-pubescent or glandular; leaves ovate-
lanceolate or oblong, acute, toothed, mostly shorter than the peduncles ; corolla
whitish, yellow within. — Wet places, Kentucky and southward. July. — Stems
4' -10' high from a rooting base, as in the next.
4. O. atirea, Muhl. Nearly glabrous; leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear,
entire, equalling the peduncles; corolla golden yellow (^' long). — Sandy swamps,
Vermont 1 New Hampshire, to Virginia, and southward. June - Sept.
§ 2. Anthers with no broad connective; the cells vertical: hairy plants, with erect rigid
stems: sterile Jllaments tipped with a bead.
5. O. pilosa, Michx. Leaves ovate or oblong, sparingly toothed, sessile
(£' - §' long) ; flowers nearly sessile ; corolla white, scarcely exceeding the calyx
-Low ground, Maryland and southward.
12. IL.YSANTIIES, Raf. (LINDERNIA, Muhl)
Calyx 5-parted, nearly equal. Upper lip of the corolla short, erect, 2-lobcd ;
the lower larger and spreading, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, posterior;
the anterior pair sterile, inserted in the throat of the corolla, 2-lobed, without
anthers ; one of the lobes glandular ; the other smooth, usually short and tooth-
like. Style 2-lipped at the apex. Pod ovate or oblong, many-seeded. — Small
smooth herbs, with opposite leaves, and small axillary (purplish) flowers, or the
upper raeemcd. (Name from iXvs, mud or mire, and avQoSt fewer.)
1. I. gratioloides, Benth. (FALSE PIMPERNEL.) Much branched,
diil'u-ely spreading (4'- 8' high); leaves ovate, rounded, or oblong, sparingly
toothed or entire, the upper partly clasping ; pod ovoid-oblong. Q; (Gapraria
gratioloides, L. Lindernia dilatata, & L. attenuata, Mu!d.)— Low grounds,
and along rivulets ; common. June -Sept.
13. I1EM1ANTHUS, Nutt. HEMIANTHUS.
Calyx 4-toothcd, equal. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip very short, entire ,
the lower .'Mobed, with the middle loin; elongated and spmiding. Stan,
anterior, with a scale at tin- basi- of the tihun»n!s : sterile <ilam<-nts none. Stylo
short. Pud -hibular, ineinbranaeeous, the thin partition vanishing.
rather numerous. — A very small and inconspicuous annual, creeping and root-
SCROPHULARIACEJE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 289
ing on the wet muddy banks of rivers, with crowded opposite round leaves, and
minute solitary flowers sessile in their axils. l Name from rjpi, half, and avdosy
flower, in reference to the unequally divided ccrolla.)
1. II. micrsmtlienioides, Nutt. — Low banks of the Delaware below
Philadelphia. (Perhaps only Micranthemuin.)
14. LIMOS^LLA, L. MUDWORT.
Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla short, widely bell-shaped, 5-cleft,
nearly regular. Stamens 4 : anthers confluently 1 -celled. Style short, club-
shaped. Pod globular, many-seeded ; the partition thin and vanishing. — Small
annuals, growing in mud, usually near the sea-shore, creeping by slender run*
uers, without ascending stems ; the entire fleshy leaves in dense clusters around
the simple 1 -flowered peduncles. Flowers small, white or purplish. (Name a
diminutive of liimis, mud, in which these little plants delight to grow.)
1. 1.. aqufgfica, L. : var. tenuifolia, Hoffm. Leaves (with no
blade distinct from the petiole) awl-shaped or thread-form. (L. tenuifolia, Nutt.
L. subulata, Ives.) — In brackish mud, from New Jersey northward. Aug. —
Plant 1'- 2' high. (Eu.)
15. SYNTIIYRIS, Benth. SYNTHYRIS.
Calyx 4-partcd. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, variously 2 - 4-lobed or cleft.
Stamens 2, inserted just below the sinuses on each side of the upper lobe of the
corolla, occasionally with another pair from the other sinuses, exserted : anther-
cells not confluent into one. Style slender: stigma simple. Pod flattened,
rounded, obtuse or notched, 2-grooved, 2-celled (rarely 3-!obcd and 3-celled),
many-seeded, loculicidal; the valves cohering below with the colnmella. —
Perennial herbs, with the simple scape-like stems beset Avith partly-clasping bract-
like alternate leaves, the root-leaves rounded and petioled, eremite. Flowers in
a raceme or spike, with bracted pedicels. (Name composed of <rvv, togefJier, and
6vpis, a liltk door ; evidently in allusion to the closed valves of the pod.)
1. S. IIongtltOtiKftlia, Bcnth. Hairy; root-lcaA^es round-ovate, heart-
shaped ; raceme spiked, dense (5' -12') ; corolla not longer than the calyx, usu-
ally 2-3-partcd. — High prairies and hills, Wisconsin, Houyhton, LapJuim.
Michigan, Wrii/ht. Illinois, Mead. May. — Corolla greenish-white, for the
most part deeply 2-parted, with the upper lip entire, a little longer and narrower
than the lower, which is 3-toothed ; often 3-parted, with the upper lip notched
or 2-lobed. When there are 4 stamens the lower are later than the others.
16. VERONICA, L. SPEEDWELL.
Calyx 4-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped, the border 4-parted
(rarely 5-parted) ; the lateral lobes or the lower one commonly narrower than
the others. Stamens 2, one each side of the upper lobe of the corolla, exserted :
anther-cells confluent at the apex. Style entire : stigma single. Pod flattened,
usually obtuse or notched at the apex, 2-celled, few - many-seeded. — Chiefly
25
290 SCROPIIULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)
herb", with tlic leaves mostly opposite or whorlcd ; the flowers blue, flesh-color,
or -white. (Name of doubtful derivation; perhaps the flower of *S(. Veronica.)
§ 1. Tall pcnnnials, with mostly whorled leaves: racemes terminal, dense, spiked:
',- cert/ small: tube of the corolla longer than its limb and much longer than tlie
calyx. (Lcptandra, Nutt.)
1. V. Vii'jniiaca, L. (CULVER'S-ROOT. CULVER'S PHYSIC.) Smooth
or rather downy ; stem simple, straight (2° -6° high) ; leaves whorled in fours
to sevens, short-petioled, lanceolate, pointed, finely serrate ;• spikes panieled;
stamens much exsertcd. — Rich woods, Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward:
often cultivated. July. — Corolla small, nearly white. Pod oblong-ovate, not
notched, opening by 4 teeth at the apex, many-seeded.
§ 2. Perennials with opposite usually serrate leaves : flowers in axillary opposite ra-
cemes : corolla whcd-shapal (pale blue) : pod rounded, notched, rather many-seeded.
2. V. AliagalliS, L. (WATER SPEEDWELL.) Smooth, creeping and
rooting at the base, then erect; leaves sessile, most of them clasping by a luart-*lutp<d
base, ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate or entire (2' -3 long); pedicels spreading;
pud slightly notched. — Brooks and ditches, especially northward; not so com-
mon as the next. June - Aug. — Corolla pale blue with purple stripes. (Eu. )
3. V. Americana, Schweiuitz. (AMERICAN BROOKLIME.) Smooth,
decumbent at the base, then erect (8' -15' high); leaves mostly petioled, o
oblong, aeutish, serrate, thickish, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the l.a-t.- ;
the slender pedicels spreading ; pod turgid. ( V. Beccabunga, Amer. authors. )
— Brooks and ditches ; common northward. June -Aug. — Flowers as in the
last ; the leaves shorter and broader.
§3. Perennials, ivith diffuse or ascending branches from a decumbent base: lfav<s
opposite: racemes axillary , from alternate axils: corolla wheel-shaped: pod strongly
Jltiltc-ncd, several-sf< </< d.
4. V. SCUtellata, L. (MARSH SPEEDWELL.) Smooth, slender and
weak (6' -12' high) ; leaves sessile, linear, acute, remotely denticulate; racemes 1 or
2, very slender and zigzag ; flowers few and scattered, on elongated spreading or
reflexed pedicels; pod very flat, much broader than long, notched at both ends.
— Bogs; common northward. June -Aug. (Eu.)
5. V, officilialis, L. (COMMON SPEEDWELL.) Pubescent,- stem pros-
trate, rooting at the base ; leaves short-petioled, obovate-elliptical or wedge-oblong, ob-
tuse, serrate; ntfi-nu-s dmscly many-flowered; pedicels shorter than the calyx ; pod
ohovate-triangular, broadly notched. — Dry hills and open woods; certainly in-
digenous in many places, especially in the Alleghanies. July. (Eu.)
$ 4. Leaves opposite : flowers in a terminal raceme, the lower bracts resembling the
stem-leaves: corolla vJht&*hapedi pods flat, several-seeded.
* Peranmob (mostly turning blackish in drying).
6. V. alplna, L. (ALPINE SPEEDWELL.) Stem branched from the
ivrt, simple (2' -6' high); leans elliptical, or the lowest rounded, entire
or toothed, /;.///, /«"''•//, f<-ir-jt<»t; ,-><l, rroirdxl ; pod ohovatC,
notehed. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, .New Hampshire. (Eu.)
SCROPnULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 291
7. V» serjpyllifolia, L. (THYME-LEAVED SPEEDWELL. PAUI/S
BETONY.) Much branched at the creeping base, nearly smooth ; branches as-
cending arid simple ('2' -4' high); leaves orate or oblong, obscurely creuate, the
lowest petiolcd and rounded, the upper passing into lanceolate bracts ; raceme
loose; pod rounded, broader than long, obtusely notched. — Road-sides and
fields; common: introduced and indigenous. May -July. — Corolla whitish,
or pale blue, with deeper stripes. (Eu.)
* %? Annuals : floral leaves like those of the stem, so that the flowers appear axillary
and solitary : corolla shorter than the calyx.
8. V. peregrisia, L. (NECKWEED. PURSLANE SPEEDWELL.) Near-
ly smooth, erect (4' -9' high), branched; lowest le.arcs petiolcd, oval-oblong, toothed,
thickish ; the others sessile, obtuse ; the upper oblong-linear and entire, longer
than the almost sessile (whitish) flowers; pod orbicular, slightly notched, many-
seeded. — Waste and cultivated grounds ; common : appearing like an intro-
duced weed. April -June.
9. V. ARVENSIS, L. (CORN SPEEDWELL.) Simple or diffusely branched
(3' -8' high), hairy; lower leaves petioled, ovate, crenate ; the uppermost sessile,
lanceolate, entire ; peduncles shorter than the calyx ; pud inversely heart-shaped,
the lobes rounded. — Cultivated grounds ; rather common. (Nat. from Eu.)
§ 5. Annuals (prostrate-spreading, hairy) : stem-leaves opposite (all petiolcd), the
upper alternate and bearing solitary/ peduncled flowers in their axils : corolla wheel-
shaped : pod flat : seeds cup-shaped.
10. V. AGRESTIS, L. (FIELD SPEEDWELL.) Leaves round or ovate, cre-
nate-toothed ; the floral somewhat similar, about the length of the recurved pedun-
cles ; calyx-lobes oblong ; flower small ; ovary many-oculed, but the nearly orbicu-
lar and sharply notched pod 1 - 2-seeded. — Sandy fields ; rare. (Adv. from Eu. )
11. V. BUXBAUMII, Tenore. Leaves round or heart-ovate, crenately cut-
toothed (!'-!' long), shorter than the peduncles; flower large (nearly ^' wide,
blue) ; calyx -lobes lanceolate, widely spreading in fruit; pod obcordate-triaiigitlar,
broadly notched, 16 -24-sceded. — Waste grounds, Philadelphia : rare. Milton,
Massachusetts, D. Murray. (Adv. from Eu.)
12. V. HEDER^FOLIA, L. ( IVY-LEAVED SPEEDWELL.) Leaves rounded
or heart-shaped, 3 - 7 '-toothed or lof)ed, shorter than the peduncles ; calyx-lobes some-
what hcart-sht'pcd; flowers small; pod turgid, 2-lobed, 2-4-seeded. — Shaded
places, Long Island to Pennsylvania ; scarce. April- June. (Adv. from Eu.)
17. BfJCHNERA, L. BLUE-HEARTS.
Calyx tubular, obscurely nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-form, with a
straight or curved tube, and an almost equally 5-cleft limb : the lobes oblong or
wedgc-obovate, flat. Stamens 4, included, approximate in pairs : anthers one-
celled (the other cell wanting). Style club-shaped and entire at the apex. Pod
2-valved, many-seeded. — Perennial rough-hairy herbs (doubtless root-parasites),
turning blackish in drying, with opposite leaves, or the uppermost alternate ; the
flowers opposite in a terminal spike, bracted and with 2 bractlcts. (Named in
honor of J. G. Buchner, an early German botanist.)
292 SOROniULARIACE^l. (FIG WORT 1AMILY )
1. B. Americana, L. Rough-hairy; stem wand-like (l°-2° high);
lower leaves obovatc-ol)long, obtuse, the others oblong and lance olatc, sparingly
and coarsely toothed, veiny ; the uppermost linear-lanceolate, entire ; spike in.
ten-u])tcd ; calyx longer than the bracts, one third the length of the deep-purple
pubescent corolla. — Moist places, W. New York to Illinois, Kentucky, and
southward. June -Aug.
18. SEYMERIA, Pursh. SEYMERIA.
Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a short and broad tube, not
longer than the 5 ovate or oblong nearly equal and spreading lobes. Stamens
4, somewhat equal: anthers approximate by pairs, oblong, 2-celled ; the cells
equal and pointless. Pod many-seeded. — Erect branching herbs, with the leaves
mostly opposite and dissected or pinnatifid, the uppermost alternate and bract-
like. Flowers yellow, interruptedly racemcd or spiked. (Named by Pursh af-
ter Ilatn/ Sci/ntrr, an English naturalist.)
1. S. macroptiylla, Nutt. (MULLEIN-FOXGLOVE.) Rather pubes-
cent (4° -5° high) ; leaves large, the lower pinnately divided, with the broadly
lanceolate divisions pinnatifid and incised ; the upper lanceolate ; tube of the
corolla incurved, very woolly inside, as are the filaments except their apex ;
style short, dilated and notched at the point; pod ovate, pointed. — Shady river-
banks, Ohio, Illinois, and soutkwestward. July.
19. GERARDIA, L. GERARDIA.
Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothcd or 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped- funnel-form, or
somewhat tubular, swelling above, with 5 more or less unequal spreading lobes,
the 2 upper usually rather smaller and more united. Stamens 4, strongly di-
dynainons, included, hairy : anthers approaching by pairs, 2-celled ; the cells par-
allel, often pointed at the base. Style elongated, mostly enlarged and flattened
at the apex. Pod ovate, pointed, many-seeded. — Erect branching herbs (chin-
destine root-parasites), with the stem-leaves opposite, or the upper alternate,
the uppermost reduced to bracts and subtending 1 -flowered peduncles, which
often form a raceme or spike. Flowers showy, purple or yellow. (Dedicated
to the celebrated herbalist, Gerard.}
\ 1. GERARDIA PROPER. — Calyx-teeth short: corolla purjile or rose-co!or: an-
thers all alike, nearly powtleu i leaves linear, entire. (Our species are all branch-
ing annuals.)
* Peduncles shorter (or in No. 3 only twice longer) than the calyx : stem erect.
1. G. purptirea, L. (PURPLE GERARDIA.) Stem (8'-20'high) with
long and rigid widely spreading branches; leaves linear, acute, rough-nun-
flowers large ( I ' long), bright purple, often downy); cul'/.r-t«!lt 8harp-potnted,
^horter than the tube. — Low grounds ; most common eastward and near the
eoa-t. July, An-.
•-'. G. iiiai'ttima, Raf. (SKA-SIDE GERARDIA.) Low (4' - 12' high),
wi'b shorter branches ; Inm* rather flethy O*d obttue, O8 CUV lli<' short <;i/tj'
corolla $' long. — Salt marshes along the coast. Aug.
(FIGWORT FAMILY.) 293
8. G. a$|»era, Dougl. Sparingly branched (l°-2° high) ; leaves long
and narrowly linear, rough ; pedicels once or twice the length of the calyx, which
has lanceolate acute teeth nearly as long as the tube ; corolla larger than hi No. 1.
— Damp grounds, Illinois and northwestward. Aug.
# * Peduncles long and filiform, commonly exceeding the leaves : stems diffusely
branched, slender (8' -20' high) : corolla light purple, 5" -7" long.
4. G. temiifolia, Vahl. (SLENDER GERARDIA.) Leaves narrowly lin-
ear, acute, the floral ones mostly like the others; calyx-teeth very shoi-t, acute;
pod globular, not exceeding the calyx. — Dry woods; common. Aug.
5. G» setacea, Walt. Leaves bristle-shaped, as are the branchlets, or the
lower linear ; pod ovate, mostly longer than the calyx, which has short setaceous
teeth. (G. Skinneriana, Wood.) — Dry grounds, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin,
and southward. Aug.
§ 2. DASYSTOMA, Raf. — Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes often toothed: corolla ydlow;
the tube elongated, woolly inside, as well as the anthers and filaments : anthers all
alike, scarcely included, the cells awn-pointed at the base : leaves rather large, all of
them or the lower pinnatifid or toothed. (Perennial.)
6. G. flava, L. partly. (DOWNY FALSE FOXGLOVE.) Pubescent with a
fine close down ; stern (3° -4° high) mostly simple; leaves ovate-lanceolate or ob-
long, obtuse, entire, or the lower usually sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid; peduncles very
short ; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, rather shorter than the tube. — Open woods ;
common, especially in the Middle States. Aug. — Corolla l£' long.
7. G. quercifolia, Pursh. (SMOOTU FALSE FOXGLOVE.) Smooth and
glaucous (3° -6° high), usually branching ; lower leaves twice-pinnat (fid ; the upper
oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid or entire ; peduncles nearly as long as the calyr, the lance-
linear acute lobes of which are as long as the at length inflated tube. — liich
woods; common, especially southward. Aug. — Corolla 2' long.
8. G. illtegl'ifolia. Smooth, not glaucous; stern (l°-2° high) mostly
simple ; leaves lanceolate, acute, entire, or the lowest obscurely toothed ; peduncles
shorter than tJie calyx. (Dasystoma quercifolia, van? integrifolia, Benth.) —
Woods and barrens, Ohio to Illinois, and southward along the mountains.
Aug. — Corolla 1' long.
9. G. peclicillaria, L. Smoothish or pubescent, much branched (2°-
3° high, very leafy); leaves ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid, the lobes cut and toothed;
pedicels longer than the hairy calyx. — Dry copses; common. Aug. — Corolla 1'
or more in length.
§ 3. OTOPHYLLA, Benth. — Calyx deeply 5-clefi, the lobes unequal : corolla pur-
ple (rarely white), sparingly hairy inside, as well as the very unequal stamens :
anthers pointless, those of the shorter pair much smaller than the others. (Annual?)
10. G. auricillata, Michx. Rough-hairy; stem erect, nearly simple
(9' -20' high) ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile ; the lower entire ;
the others with an oblong-lanceolate lobe on each side at the base ; Howcrs
nearly sessile in the axils. — Low grounds, Pcnn, to Michigan, Illinois, and
southward. Aug. — Corolla nearly 1' long.
25*
294 SCROPHITLARIACEJE. (FIG WORT FAMILY.)
20. CASTILL.EIA, Mutis. PAINTED-CUP.
Calyx tul)ular, flattened, cleft at the summit on the anterior, and usually on
the posterior side also ; the divisions entire or 2-lobcd. Tube of the corolla in-
cluded in the calyx ; upper lip long and narrow, arched and keeled, flattened
laterally, enclosing the 4 unequal stamens; the lower short, 3-lobed. Anther-
cells oblong-linear, unequal, the outer fixed by the middle, the inner pendulous.
Pod many-seeded. — Herbs (parasitic on roots), with alternate entire or cut-
lobed leaves ; the floral ones dilated, colored, and usually more showy than the
pale yellow or purplish spiked flowers. (Dedicated to Castillejo, a Spanish
botanist.)
1. C. coccinea, Spreng. (SCARLET PAINTED-CUP.) Hairy; stem
simple ; root-leaves clustered ; those of the stem lanceolate, mostly incised ; the
floral 3-cleft, bright scarlet towards the summit ; calyx almost equally 2-cleft, the
lobes nearly entire, about the length of the greenish-yellow corolla. ® (f)
(Euchroma coccinea, Nutt. ) — Low grounds ; not uncommon. May -July. —
A variety is occasionally found with the bracts dull yellow instead of scarlet.
2. C* psillida, Kuiith. (MOUNTAIN PAINTED-CUP.) Smooth or sparingly
hairy, the stem woolly ; leaves lanceolate, often incised ; the flower oblong or
obovate, incised or toothed, whitish, rarely tinged with purple ; calyx cleft
more deeply in front, the divisions '2-cleff. the ovate-oblong lobes mostly shorter
than the whitish corolla ; lower lip of the corolla not very short. If (Bartsia
pallida. Binfl-} — Alpine region of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and
Greeti Mountains, Vermont ; also northward. August. (Eu.)
3. C. sessilifldra, Pursh. Hairy, low (6' -9' high); leaves mostly 3-
cleft, with narrow diverging lobes; the floral broader and scarcely colon d: spike
many-flowered, crowded ; calyx deeper cleft in front, the divisions 2-c/c/l, shorter
than the tube of the long and' narrow greenish-yellow corolla ; which has the
loltcs of the loiver Up slender, pointed, half the length of the upper. — Prairies,
Wisconsin (Lapham), Illinois, and westward. — Corolla 2' long.
21. SCIIWAI/BEA, Gronov. CHAFF-SEED.
Calyx oblique, tubular, 10-1 2-ribbed, 5-toothcd : the posterior tooth much
smallest, the 2 anterior united much higher than the others. Upper lip of the
corolla arched, oblong, entire ; the lower rather shorter, erect, 2-pIaited, with 3
very short and broad obtuse lobes. Stamens 4, included in the upper lip : an-
ther-cells equal and parallel, obscurely pointed at the base. Pod ovate, many-
seeded. Seeds linear, with a loose chaff-like coat. — A perennial minutely pu-
bescent upright herb, with leafy simple stems, terminated by a loose spike of
nither large dull purplish-yellow flowers ; the leaves alternate, sessile, 3-nerved,
entire, ovate or oblong, the upper gradually reduced into narrow bracts. Pedi-
cels very short, with 2 bractlets under the calyx. (Dedicated to (7. G. Schtvalbe,
an obscure Dutch botanist.)
1. S. Americana, L. — Wet sandy soil, from Sandwich, Massachusetts,
and New Jersey, southward, near the coast : rare. May- July. — Plant l°-2°
high.
SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY ) 295
22. EUPHRASIA, Tourn. EYEBRIGHT.
Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla scarcely arched,
2-lobed, the lobes broad and spreading ; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the lobea
obtuse or notched. Stamens 4, under the upper lip : anther-cells equal, pointed
at the base. Pod oblong, flattened. Seeds numerous. — Herbs with branching
stems, and opposite toothed or cut leaves. Flowers small, spiked. (Name
eixppaa-ia. cheerfulness, in allusion to its reputed medicinal properties.)
1. E. officiEi:\las, L. Low; leaves ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, the
lowest crenate, the floral bristly-toothed; lobes of the lower lip of the (whitish,
yellowish, or bluish) corolla notched. (i) — Alpine summits of the White
Mountains, New Hampshire (Oakes), L. Superior, and northward. A dwarf
variety, l'-5' high, with very small flowers. (E. pusilla, Godet, mss.) (Eu.)
23. RHIrVANTHUS, L. YELLOW-RATTLE.
Calyx membranaceous, flattened, much inflated in fruit, 4-toothed. Upper
lip of the corolla arched, ovate, obtuse, flattened, entire at the summit, but fur-
nished with a minute tooth on each side below the apex ; lower lip 3-lobed.
Stamens 4, under the upper lip : anthers approximate, hairy, transverse ; the
cells equal, pointless. Pod orbicular, flattened. Seeds many, orbicular, winged.
— Annual upright herbs, with opposite leaves; the lower oblong or linear; the
upper lanceolate, toothed ; the floral rounded and cut-serrate with bristly teeth ;
the solitary yellow flowers nearly sessile in their axils, and crowded in a one-
sided spike. (Name composed of piv, a snout, and avBos, a flower, from the
beaked upper lip of the corolla in some species formerly of this genus.)
1. It. CriSta-galli, L. (COMMON YELLOW-RATTLE.) Leaves oblong
or lanceolate ; seeds broadly winged (when ripe they rattle in the large inflated
calyx, whence the English popular name). — Moist meadows, Plymouth, Mass,
(introduced'?), White Mountains, N. Hampshire, and northward. (Eu.)
24. PEDICUL.ARIS, Tourn. LOUSEWORT.
Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, variously 2 - 5-toothed, and more or less cleft
in front. Corolla strongly 2-lipped; the upper lip arched, flattened, often
beaked at the apex ; the lower erect at the base, 2-crested above, 3-lobed ; the
lobes commonly spreading, the lateral ones rounded and larger. Stamens 4,
under the upper lip : anthers transverse ; the cells equal, pointless. Pod ovate
or lanceolate, mostly oblique, several-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with chiefly
pinnatifid leaves, the floral bract-like, and rather large flowers in a spike.
(Name from ptdicnlns, a louse ; of no obvious application.)
1. P. Csmadeiisis, L. (COMMON LOUSEWORT. WOOD BETONY.)
Hairy; stems simple, clustered ( 5' -12' high) ; leaves stuttered; the loivest pin-
natehj parted; thr. others hulf-piimatijid; spike short and dense; calyx split in
front, otherwise almost entire, oblique ; upper lip of the (dull greenish-yellow
and purplish) corolla hooded, incurved, 2-toothed under the apex; podfla1t some-
what sword-shaped. — Copses and banks ; common. May -July.
206 ACANTHACE^E. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.)
2. P. lanccolata, Michx. Stem upright (1°- 3° high), nearly simple,
mo.-ilv smooth : /m/vs parity oj>]>osite, oblong-lanceolate, doubly cut-toothed; spike
crowded; cnlyx 2-lobcd, leafy -crested ; upper lip of the (pule yellow) corolla
incurved, and bearing a short truncate beak at the apex ; the lower erect, so as
nearly to close the throat; jxxl ovate, scarcely longer than the calyx. (P. piillida,
Pursli.) — Swamps, Connecticut to Virginia and Wisconsin. Aug., Sept.
25. raELAMPRUJU, Tourn. Cow- WHEAT.
Calyx bell-shaped, 4-cleft; the taper lobes sharp-pointed. Tube of the corol-
la cylindrical, enlarging above; upper lip arched, compressed, straight in front;
the lower erect-spreading, biconvex, 3-lobed at the apex. Stamens 4, under the
upper lip: anthers approximate, oblong, nearly vertical, hairy; the equal cells
minutely pointed at the base. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell. Pod flat-
tened, oblique, 1-4-seeded. — Erect branching annuals, with opposite leaves,
the lower entire, the upper mostly larger and fringed with bristly teeth at the
base. Flowers scattered and solitary in the axils of the upper leaves in our
species. (Name composed of /icXa?, black, and irvpos, wheat ; from the color
of the seeds of field species in Europe, as they appear mixed with grain.)
1. HI. Americaillim, Michx. Leaves lanceolate, short-petioled, the
lower entire; the floral ones similar, or abrupt at the base and beset with a few
bristly teeth ; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped, not half the length of the slender
tube of the pale greenish-yellow corolla. (M. pratcnse, var. Americanum,
Benth.) — Open woods ; common. June-Sept. — Plant 6/-12/high. Corolla- 5"
long, more slender than in M. pratense, sometimes tinged with purple.
26! GELSEMIUM, Juss. YELLOW (FALSE) JESSAMINE.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla open-funnel-form, 5-lobcd, somewhat oblique ; the
lobes almost equal, the posterior outermost in the bud. Stamens 5, with oblong
sagittate anthers. Style long and slender. Stigmas 2, each 2-parted ; the di-
visions linear. Pod elliptical, flattened contrary to the narrow partition, 2-celled,
septicidally 2-valvcd, the valves keeled: cells each ripening 5 or 6 large flat and
winged seeds. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen ; the ovate flat cotyledons
much shorter than the slender radicle. — A smooth and twining shrubby plant,
with opposite and entire ovate or lanceolate shining nearly persistent leaves,
on very short petioles, and large and showy very fragrant yellow flowers, 1-5
together in the axils. ( Gelsemino, the Italian name of the Jessamine.)
1. G. semper virens, Ait. (G. nitidum, Michx.) — Kich moist soil
along the coast, Virginia and southward. March.
ORDER 75. ACANTHACE^E. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.)
Chiefly herbs, with opposite simple leaves, didynamous or diandroits stamen*,
inserted on the lube of the more or less flipped corolla, the lobes of which
are convolute in the bud ; fruit a 2-cclled, 4 - 1 2-seeded pod ; sewlx nmitrn-
pous, without albumen, usually jlat, supported by hooked projections of the
ACANTHACE^E. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) 297
placenta. — Flowers much bracted. Calyx 5-cleft. Style thread-form :
stigma simple or 2-cleft. Pod loculicidal, usually flattened contrary to the
valves and partition. Cotyledons broad and flat. — Mucilaginous and
slightly bitter, not noxious. A large family in the tropics, represented in
the Northern States only by two genera.
1. IHANTHERA, Gronov. WATER- WILLOW.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla deeply 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, notched ; the
lower spreading, 3-parted. Stamens 2 : anthers 2-celled, the cells placed one
lower down than the other. Pod obovate, flattened, contracted at the base into
a short stalk, 4-seedcd. — Perennial herbs, growing in water, with narrow and
entire leaves, and purplish flowers in axillary peduncled spikes or heads. (Name
from Si's, double-, and avdr]pd, anther; the separated cells giving the appearance
of two anthers on each filament.)
1. I>. Americana, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated ; spikes ob-
long, dense, long-peduncled. (Justicia peduneulosa, Michx.} — Borders of
streams and ponds, N. W. Vermont to Wisconsin, Virginia, and southward.
July - Sept..
•2. DIPTERACANTHUS, Nees. ( RUELLI A partly, L.}
Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form, the spreading ample limb almost
equally and regularly 5-cleft. Stamens 4, included, didynamous : cells of the
somewhat arrow-shaped anthers parallel and nearly equal. Pod somewhat flat-
tened, and stalked at the base, 8 - 12-scedcd. Seeds with a mucilaginous coat-
ing.— Perennial herbs, not aquatic, with ovate or elliptical nearly entire leaves,
and large and showy blue or purple flowers, solitary, few, or clustered in the axils,
with a pair of leafy bracts (whence the name, from SiVrepos, two-winged, and
a/cai/$os, the Acanl/ius).
1. D. Ciliosus, Nees. Hirsute with soft whitish hairs (l°-3°high);
leaves nearly sessile, oval or ovate-oblong (l^'-2' long) ; flowers 1-3 and almost
sessile in the axils ; tube of the corolla (!'- 1|' long) fully twice the length of the
setaceous calyx-lobes; the throat short. (Ruellia ciliosa. Pursh. R. hybridus,
Pursh., is only a Southern variety of this.) — Dry soil, Michigan to Illinois, and
southward. June - Sept.
2. 1>. StrepCllS, Nees. Glabrous or sparingly pubescent (l°-4°high);
leaves narrowed at the base into a petiole, ovate, obovate, or mostly oblong (2^' - 5'
long); tube of the corolla (about 1' long) little longer than the dilated portion,
slightly exceeding the lanceolate or linear calyx-lobes. — Flowers 1-5 in each axil,
rarely on a slender peduncle, usually almost sessile ; sometimes many and closely
crowded, and mostly fruiting in the bud, the corolla small and not expanding
(when it is D. micranthus, Engelm. fr Gr.). — Rich soil, Pennsylvania to Wis-
consin, and southward. July -Sept.
Dici/frTERA BRACiiiATA, Spreng. (Justicia brachiata, Pursh), probably
the southern part of Virginia.
298 VERBENACEJE. (VFTtVAIN FAMILY.)
ORDER 76. VERBENACEJG. (VERVAIN FAMILY.)
Herbs or shrub*, with opposite leaves, more or less 2-lipped or irregular
corolla, and tlulyixnnous stamens, the 2 - ^-celled fruit dry or drupaceous,
usually spliltinff when ripe into as many \-seeded indehiscent nutlets ; differ-
ing from the following order in the ovary not being 4-lobed, the style there-
fore terminal, and the plants seldom aromatic or furnishing a volatile oil. —
Seeds with little or no albumen ; the radielc of the straight embryo point-
ing to the base of the fruit. — Mostly tropical or nearly so ; represented
here only by some Vervains, a Lippia, and a Callicarpa ; to which we may
still append Phryma, which has been promoted into an order (of a single
species), because its ovary and fruit are 1-celled and 1-seeded, and the
radicle points to the apex of the fruit.
1. VERBENA, L. VERVAIN.
Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, one of the teeth often shorter than the others. Co-
rolla tubular, often curved, salver-form ; the border somewhat unequally 5-cleft.
Stamens included ; the upper pair occasionally without anthers. Style slender:
stigma capitate. Fruit splitting into 4 seed-like nutlets. — Flowers sessile, in
single or often panicled spikes, bracted. (The Latin name for any sacred herb :
derivation obscure.) — The species present numerous spontaneous hybrids.
4 1. Anthers not appendaged : erect herbs, tuith slender spikes.
* Leaves undivided : root perennial.
1. V. ail|?u§tif6lia, Michx. Low (6'- T 8' high), often simple; leaves
narrowly lanceolate, tapering to the base, sessile, roughish, slightly toothed ;
spikes few or single ; the purple flowers crowded, larger than in the next. — Dry
soil, Penn. to Wisconsin and southward. July -Sept.
2. T. liastata, L. (BLUE VERVAIN.) Tall (4° -6° high); leaves lanceo-
late or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, cut-serrate, petiokd, the lower often lobcd and
sometimes halberd-shaped at the base ; spikes linear, erect, densely flowered, corymbed
or panicled. (V. panicul.'.ta, Lam., when the leaves are not lobed.) — Low and
waste grounds, common. July -Sept.
3. V. iirticifolia, L. (NETTLE-LEAVED or WHITE VERVAIN.) Rather
tall ; leaves oval or oblomj-ovate, acute, coarsely serrate, petioled ; spikes very slender, at
lent/fit much ilumjuiid, irith the flowers remote, loosely panicled, very small, white.
— Old fields and road-sides.
4. V. Stricta, Vent. ( HOARY VERVAIN.) Downy with soft whitish luiirs;
stem nearlv simple (l°-2° high) ; leaves sessile, obovate or oblong, serrate; spikes
thick and very densely flowered, somewhat clustered, hairy. — Ban-ens, Ohio to
Wisconsin, and southward. Aujr. — Flowers blue, pretty laruv.
* * !.«!/•• * <-l,ft or piniKitijid, narrouvd at the base : root perennial?
5. V. OFFICINAL^, L. ( COMMON VKRVAIN.) Er«-t, IOOM-IV branched
(l°-3°hlgh)j Inii'i-n /i/iiiKitijid or .'i-c/r/?, Moixj-lani'iulnti', sessile, smooth :ii>ove,
the lobes cut and toothed; spikes panicled, very slender; liracts small, much
VEBBEXACE.ffi. (VEBVAIN FAMILY.) 2i)9
shorter than the very small purplish flowers. (V. spuria, L.) — Road-sides;
scarce. (Nat. from Eu.)
6. V. bracteosa, Michx. Widely spreading or procumbent, hairy ; leaves
wedge-lanceolate, cut-pinnatijid or 3-ckft, short-petioled ; spikes single, remotely
flowered ; bracts large and leafy, the lower pinnatifid, longer than the small purple
flowers. — "Waste places Wisconsin to Kentucky. Aug.
§ 2. Anthers of the longer stamens tipped with a glandular appendage.
7. V. Allbletia, L. Rather hairy, spreading or ascending; leaves obo-
vate-oblong with a wedge-shaped base, 3-cleft and cut or pinnatifid; spikes
peduncled, flat-topped in flower ; bracts shorter than the calyx ; flowers showy,
light purple. (D — Prairies, from Illinois southward. Also cultivated. July.
2. L-tPPIA, L. (ZAPANIA, JllSS.)
Calyx often flattened, 2 - 4-toothed, or 2-lipped. Corolla strongly 2-lipped :
upper lip notched ; the lower much larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style
slender : stigma obliquely capitate. Fruit 2-cellcd, 2-seeded. (Dedicated to
Lippi, an Italian naturalist and traveller.)
1. L.. lanceol&ta, Michx. (FOG-FRUIT.) Procumbent or creeping,
roughish, green ; leaves oblanceolate or wedge-spatulate, serrate above ; pedun-
cles axillary, slender, bearing solitary closely bracted heads of bluish-white
flowers; calyx 2-cleft, the divisions sharply keeled. (Zapania lanceolata, & Z.
nodiflora, JV. Amer. authors.) — River-banks, W. Pennsylvania to Illinois, and
southward. July - Sept.
3. CAL.L.ICARPA, L. CALLICAEPA.
Calyx 4-5-toothed, short. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, 4-5-lobed, nearly
regular. Stamens 4, nearly equal, exserted : anthers opening at the apex.
Style slender, thickened upwards. Fruit a small drupe, with 4 nutlets. — Shrubs,
with scurfy pubescence and small flowers in axillary cymes. (Name formed of
Ka\\oSi beauty, and xapiros, fruit.)
1. C. Americana, L. (FRENCH MULBERRY.) Leaves ovate-oblong
with a tapering base, toothed, whitish beneath ; calyx obscurely 4-toothed ;
fruits small, violet-color. — Rich soil, Virginia and southward. May -July. —
Shrub 3° high.
4. PHR^MA, L. LOPSEED.
Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped ; the upper lip of 3 bristle-awl-shaped teeth ; the
lower shorter, 2-toothcd. Corolla 2-lippcd ; upper lip notched ; the lower much
larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style slender : stigma 2-lobed. Fruit ob-
long, 1 -celled and 1 -seeded ! Seed orthotropous. Radicle pointing upwards :
cotyledons convolute round their axis. — A perennial herb, with slender branch-
ing stems, and coarsely toothed ovate leaves, the lower long-petioled ; the small
opposite flowers in elongated and slender terminal spikes, reflexed in fruit, and
bent close against the common peduncle. Corolla purplish or pale rose-color.
(Derivation of the name unknown.)
300 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.)
1. P. Lcptostacliya, L. — Rich copses, common July. — Plant 2°
3° high : leaves 3' -5' long, thin. (Also in the Himalaya Mountains !)
ORDER 77. LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.)
Chiefly herbs, with square stems, opposite aromatic leaves, more or less 2-
lipped corolla, didynamom or diandrous stamens, and a deeply 4-lobed ovary,
which forms in fruit 4 little seed-Wee nutlets, or' achenia, surrounding the base
of the single style in the bottom of the persistent calyx, each filed with a sin-
gle erect seed. — Albumen mostly none. Embryo straight (except in Seu-
tellaria) : radicle at the base of the fruit. Upper lip of the corolla 2-
lobed or sometimes entire ; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens, as in all the al-
lied families, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Style 2-lobed at the
apex. Flowers axillary, chiefly in cymose clusters, which are often aggre-
gated in terminal spikes or racemes. Foliage mostly dotted with small
glands containing a volatile oil, upon which depends the warmth and aro-
ma of most of the plants of this large and well-known family. (More abun-
dant in the Old World than the New. One third of our genera and many
of the species are merely introduced plants.)
Synopsis.
TEIBK I. A JUGOIDE^. Stamens 4, ascending (curved upwards) and parallel, usually
projecting from the notch of the upper side of the (not evidently 2-lipped) 5-lobod corolli.
Nutlets reticulated and pitted, obliquely attached by the inside near the base.
* Lobes of the corolla all declined (turned forwards) : stamens exserted.
1. TEDCRIUM Lower lobe of the corolla much larger than the others. Calyx 5-toothed.
2. TUICIIOSTEMA Lobes of the corolla scarcely unequal. Calyx 5-cleft, oblique.
* * Lobes of the corolla almost equally spreading : stamens nearly included.
3. ISANTIIUS. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, almost equalling the small corolla.
THIBE II SATUREIEJE. Stamens 4, the inferior pair longer, or only 2, distant,
straight, diverging, or converging under the upper lip : anthers 2-celled Lobes of the
corolla flat and spreading Nutlets smooth or minutely roughened, fixed by the base.
* Corolla not evidently 2-lipped, but almost equally 4-lobed. Stamens erect, distant.
4. MENTHA. Fertile stamens 4, nearly equal.
6. LYCOPUS. Fertile stamens 2 ; and often 2 sterile filaments without anthers.
* * Corolla more or less 2-lipped ; the tube naked within.
i- Stamens only 2, distant : no rudiments of the upper pair.
6 CUN1LA. Calyx very hairy in the throat, equally 6 -toothed. Corolla small.
•«- •»- Stamens 4, all with anthers.
7. I1YSSOPUS. Calyx tubular, 15-ncrved, naked in the throat, equally 5-toothed. Stamen*
exserted, diverging.
8. PYCNANTHKMUM Calyx ovate or short-tubular, 10- 13-nerved, naked in the throat,
equally 5-toothed or somewhat 2-lipped. Flowers in dense heads or clusters
9. OUIOAN UM Calyx ovate-hell shaped, hairy in the throat, 13-nerved, 5-toothed. Stumeas
diverging. Flowers spiked, and with large colored bracts.
10 THYMUS. Calyx ovate, nodding In fruit, hairy in tlui throat, 10-13 nerve*!, 2-lipped.
Stamens distant. Bracte minute. Leaves very small
LABIATE. ^MIXT FAMILY.) 301
11. SATUREIA. Calys bell-shaped, naked in the throat, 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Sta-
mens somewhat ascending.
12. CALAM1NTIIA. Calyx tubular, often hairy in the throat, 13-nerred, 2-lipped. Tube of
the corolla straight. Stamens coimivent at the summit in pairs under the upper lip.
13. MELISSA. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 2-lipped, flaUish on the upper side. Tube of the
corolla curved upwards. Stamens curved above, connivent under the erect upper lip.
•»- -i- •»- Stamens only 2 with anthers, ascending, and a pair of small sterile filaments.
14. HEDEOMA. Calyx gibbous on the lower side, hairy in the throat. Flowers loose.
* * * Corolla 2-lipped, with a bearded ring inside at the bottom of the enlarged throat. Sta-
mens 2 or 4, long, diverging.
15. COLLINSONIA. Calyx enlarged and declined in fruit, 2-lipped Lower lobe of the corolla
much larger than the other four.
TRIBE III. MOXARDE JE. Stamens 2 (sometimes with mere rudiments of the upper
pair), ascending and parallel : anthers apparently or really 1-celled. Corolla 2-lipped.
Nutlets as in Tribe II.
16. SALVIA Calyx 2-lipped Anthers with a long connective astride the filament, bearing
a linear cell at the upper end, and none or an imperfect one on the lower.
17. MONARDA. Calyx tubular and elongated, equally 5-toothed. Anthers of 2 cells conflu-
ent into one : connective inconspicuous.
18. BLEPIIILIA. Calyx ovate-tubular, 2-lipped. Anthers as in No 17.
TRIBE IV. IVEPETE^E. Stamens 4, the superior (inner) pair longer than the inferior!
ascending or diverging. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip concave or arched, the lower
spreading. Calyx mostly 15-nerved Nutlets as in Tribes II. and III.
19. LOPIIANTHUS. Stamens divergent ; the upper pair curved downwards ; the lower as-
cending : anther-cells nearly parallel.
20. NEPETA. Stamens all ascending ; the anthers approximate in pairs ; the cells at length
widely diverging. Calyx curved.
21. DRACOCEPIIALUM. Stamens nearly as in No. 20. Calyx straight, the upper lip or tooth
commonly larger.
22. CEDRONELLA. Stamens all ascending. Anther-cells parallel.
TRIBE V. STACIIYDEJE. Stamens 4, ascending and parallel ; the inferior (outer)
pair longer than the superior, except in No. 33 Anthers usually approximate in pairs.
Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip concave or arched. Calyx 5 - 10 nerved. Nutlets as m
the preceding.
* Calyx not 2-lipped, thin and membranaceous, inflated-bell-shaped in fruit.
23. SYNANDi: A. Calyx 4-lobed ! Anther-cells widely diverging from each other.
24. PIIYSOSTEGIA. Calyx 5-toothed. Anther-cells parallel.
* * Calyx 2-lipped, closed in fruit.
25 BRUNELLA. Calyx nerved and veiny ; upper lip flat, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft
26. SCUTELLARIA. Calyx with a helmet-like projection on the upper side ; the lips entire.
* * * Calyx not 2-lipped, nor the tube inflated, 5 - 10-toothed
•t- Stamens included in the tube of the corolla.
27. MARRUBIUM. Calyx tubular, 5 - 10-nerved, and with 5 or 10 awl-shaped teeth
H- •«- Stamens projecting beyond the tube of the corolla.
•H- Anthers opening transversely by 2 unequal valves ; the smaller valve ciliate.
28. GALEOPS1S. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped ; the 5 teeth spiny-pointed.
++ ++ Anthers opening lengthwise.
29. STACIIYS Cnlyx tubular-bell-shaped. Nutlets rounded at the top. Stamens after shed-
ding the pollen often turned downward.
30. LEONURUS. Calyx top-shaped, the rigid and spiny-pointed teeth soon spreading Nulr
lets truncate and acutely 3-augled at the top.
31. LAMIUM. Calyx-teeth not spiny pointed. Nutlets sharply 3-angled, truncate at the top.
302 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.)
32. BALLOTA. Calyx somewhat funnel-form, the 5 - 10-teeth united at the base into a spread-
ing border. Nutlets roundish at the top. Upper lip of the corolla erect.
33. PIILOM1S. Calyx tubular, the 6 short aiid broad teeth abruptly awued. Upper lip of the
corolla arched.
1. TEtiCRIUM, L. GERMANDER.
Calyx 5-toothcd. Corolla with the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, oblong, turned
forward, so that there seems to be no upper lip ; the lower one much larger.
Stamens 4, exserted from the deep cleft between the 2 upper lobes of the corolla :
anther-cells confluent. (Named for Teucer, king of Troy.)
1. T. €anadciise, L. (AMERICAN GERMANDER. WOOD SAGE.)
Herbaceous, downy; stem erect (l°-3° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate,
rounded at the base, short-petiolcd, hoary underneath ; the floral scarcely longer
than the oblique unequally-toothed calyx ; whorls about 6-tiowered, crowded in
a long and simple wand-like spike. 1J. — Low grounds; not rare. July. —
Corolla pale purple, rarely white.
AJUGA CHAMJSPITHYS, L., the YELLOW BUGLE of Europe, gathered in
Virginia by Clayton, has not been noticed since.
2. TRICHOSTEMA, L. BLUS CURLS.
Calyx bell-shaped, oblique, deeply 5-cleft ; the 3 upper teeth elongated and
partly united, the 2 lower very short. Corolla 5-lobed ; the lobes narrowly ob-
long, declined, nearly equal in length ; the 3 lower more or less united. Sta-
mens 4, with very long capillary filaments, exserted much beyond the corolla,
curved: anther-cells divergent and at length confluent. — Low annuals, some-
what clammy-glandular and balsamic, branched, with entire leaves, and mostly
solitary 1 -flowered pedicels terminating the branches, becoming lateral by the
production of axillary branchlets, and the flower appearing to be reversed,
namely, the short teeth of the calyx upward, &c. Corolla blue, varying to pur-
ple, rarely white, small. (Name composed of 6pi£-> hair, and OTT?/xa, stamen,
from the capillary filaments.)
1. T. <li< hotoBsmm, L. (BASTARD PENNYROYAL.) Lcarcs Inure-
oblong or rhombic-lanceolate, rarely lance-linear, short-petioled. — Sandy fields,
New England to Kentucky, and southward, chiefly eastward. July - Sept. — •
The curved stamens £' long.
2. T. lineurc, Nutt. Leaves linear, nearly smooth. — Sandy pine barrens
of New Jersey, and southward. — Rather taller and less forked than the last
(8' -12' high), the corolla larger.
3. ISAIVTIIUS, Michx. FALSE PENNYROYAL.
Calyx bell-shaped, 5-lobed, equal, enlarged in fruit. Corolla little longer than
the calyx; the bonier Mi-shaped, with 5 nearly equal and obovate spiralling
lobes. Stamens 4, slightly didynamous, iuctiwd-sismiding, scarcely exceeding
Ihe corolla. — A low, much branched, annual herb, flammy-pubcMvnt, with
nearly entire lance-oblong 3-nerved leaves, and small pale bine tlowcrs on thort
(MINT FAMILY.) 303
axillary 1 - 3-flowered peduncles. (Name from to-o?, equal, and av&os, flower,
referring to the almost regular corolla.)
1. I. caeriilcilS, Michx. — Gravelly banks, Maine to Illinois, and south-
ward. July, Aug. — Corolla 2" long.
4. MENTIIA, L. MINT.
Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, 5-toothed, equal or nearly so. Corolla with a
short included tube ; the bell-shaped border somewhat equally 4-cleft ; the upper
lobe broadest, entire or notched at the apex. Stamens 4, equal, erect, distant
(either exsertcd or included in different individuals of the same species). — Odor-
ous herbs, with the small flowers mostly in close clusters, forming axillary capi-
tate whorls, sometimes approximated in interrupted spikes. Corolla pale purple
or whitish. (MiWfy of Theophrastus, from a Nymph of that name, fabled to
have been changed into Mint by the jealous Proserpine.)
1. in. vfRiDis, L. (SPEARMINT.) Nearly smooth ; leaves almost sessile,
ovate-lanceolate, unequally serrate; whorls of flowers approximate in loose pani-
cled spikes, ty — Wet places; common. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. I?I. PIPERITA, L. (PEPPERMINT.) Smooth leaves petioled, ovate-oblong,
acute, serrate ; whorls crowded in short obtuse spikes, interrupted at the base. y.
— Low grounds, and along brooks : less naturalized than the last. Aug. — Mul-
tiplying, like the Spearmint, by running under-ground shoots. (Nat. from Eu.)
3. HI. ARVENSIS, L. (CORN MINT.) Stem Jiairy downwards; leaves peti-
oled, ovate or oblong, serrate ; the floral similar and longer than the globose
remote whorls of flowers. 1J. — Fields, Penn. and Ohio : rare. — Odor like
that of decayed cheese. (Adv. from Eu.)
4. M. Canadcnsis, L. (WILD MINT.) Stems ascending (l°-2°
high), whitish-hairy ; leaves petioled, oblong, tapering to both ends, the upper-
most lanceolate ; flowers crowded in globular axillary whorls. ( Odor like Penny-
royal). Var. GLABRATA, Denth., is smoothish, the leaves usually less tapering
at the base, "the smell pleasanter, more like that of Monarda" (Porter). (M.
borealis, Michx.) y. — Wet banks of brooks, New England to Kentucky, and
northward. July - Sept.
5. L.YCOPUS, L. WATER HOREHOUND.
Calyx bell-shaped, 4 - 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla bell-shaped,
scarcely longer than the calyx, nearly equally 4-lobed. Stamens 2, distant; the
upper pair either sterile rudiments or wanting. Nutlets with thickened mar-
gins.— Perennial low herbs, resembling Mints, with sharply toothed or pin-
natifid leaves, the floral ones similar and much longer than the dense axillary
whorls of small mostly white flowers. (Name compounded of Xv/coy, a wolf, and
irovs, foot, from some fancied likeness in the leaves.)
1. L.. Virginicus, L. (BUGLE-WEED.) Stem obtusely 4-anglcd (6'-
18' high), producing long and slender runners from the base , leaves oblong or
ovate-lanceolate, toothed, entire towards the base, short-petioled ; calyx-teeth 4,
304 LABIAT^E. (MINT FAMILY.)
ovate, blunt ish and pointless. — Shady moist places; common, especially north-
ward. Aug. — Smooth, often purplish, with small capitate clusters of very
small flowers.
2. L,. Europ&US, L. Stem sharply 4-angled (l°-3° high), with or
without runners from the base ; leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sinu-
ate-toothed or pinnatifid, more or less petiolcd ; whorls many-liowered ; calyx-
teeth 5, triangular-lanceolate, tapering to a rigid very sharp point ; nutlets (smooth or
glandular-roughened at the top) equalling or exceeding the calyx-tube. (Eu.)
— Includes several nominal species, among them in our district is
Var. simiutllS. (L. sinuatus, Benth. L. exaltatus & L. sinuatus, Ell.)
Much branched, smooth or smoothish ; runners short or none ; leaves mostly
more tapering to both ends than in the European form, varying from cut-toothed
to pinnatifid. — Common in wet grounds. July, Aug.
Var. iiitegrifolillS. Stems more simple, often producing slender run-
ners; leaves oblong-lanceolate, varying to narrowly lanceolate (L. angustifolius,
Nutt, £c.), much acuminate at both ends (2' -4' long), sharply serrate. —
Common westward.
6. CUNIL.A, L. DITTANY.
Calyx ovate-tubular, equally 5-toothed, very hairy in the throat. Corolla 2-
lipped ; upper lip erect, flattish, mostly notched ; the lower spreading, 3-clcft.
Stamens 2, erect, exscrted, distant: no sterile filaments. — Perennials, with
small white or purplish flowers, in corymbed cymes or clusters. (An ancient
Latin name, of unknown origin.)
1. C. Mariftna, L. (COMMON DITTANY.) Stems tufted, corymbosely
much branched (1° high); leaves smooth, ovate, serrate, rounded or cordate
at the base, nearly sessile, dotted (!' long) ; cymes peduncled; calyx striate. —
Dry hills, S. New York to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. July -Sept.
7. HYSSOPUS, L. HYSSOP.
Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla
short, 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, flat, obscurely notched ; the lower 3-cleft, with
the middle lobe larger and 2-cleft. Stamens 4, exscrted, diverging. — A peren-
nial herb, with wand-like simple brandies, lanceolate or linear entire leaves, and
blue-purple flowers in small clusters, crowded in a spike. (The ancient name.)
1. H. OFFICINALIS, L. — Road-sides, Michigan, &c. ; escaped from gardens.
(Adv. from Eu.)
8. PYCNAIVTIIEJaiJM, Michx. MOUNTAIN MINT. BASIL.
Calyx ovate-oblong or tubular, about 13-nerved, equally 5-toothcd, or the
three upper teeth more or less united, naked in the throat. Corolla short, more
or less 2-lipped ; the upper lip straight, nearly flat, entire or slightly notched ;
the lower 3-clcft, its lobes all ovate and obtuse. Stamens 4, di.-itant, the lower
pair rather longer: anther-cells parallel. — Perennial upright herbs, \\-\\\\ a pun-
gent mint-like flavor, corymbosely branched above; the floral leaves often
LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 305
whitened; the ma ay-flowered whoils dense, crowded with bracts, and usually
forming terminal heads or close cymes. Corolla whitish or purplish, the lips
mostly dotted with purple. Varies, like the Mints, with the stamens exserted
or included in different flowers. (Name composed of TTVKVOS, dense, and av6ep,ovt
a blossom; from the inflorescence.)
* Calyx scarcely at all 2-lipped, the teeth and bracts awl-shaped and awn-pointed,
rigid, naked, as long as the corolla : flowers in rather dense mostly terminal heads :
leaves rigid, slightly petioled.
1. 1*. aiist;\tum, Michx. Minutely hoary-puberulent (l°-2° high);
leaves ovate-oblong and oblong-lanceolate, acute, sparingly denticulate-serrate
(l'-2' long), roundish at the base. — Pine barrens, from New Jersey southward.
Var. hyssopi folium. Leaves narrowly oblong or broadly linear, nearly
entire and obtuse. (P. hyssopifolium, Benth.) — Virginia and southward.
* •%. Calyx 2-lipped from, the greater union more or less of the 3 upper teeth, ivhich,
with the bracts, are subulate and bearded with some spreading hairs : flowers in
dense and compound flattened cymes, which become considerably expanded in fruit :
leaves membranaceous, petioled.
2. P. ieicaiium, Michx. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute, remotely toothed,
downy above and mostly hoary with whitish ivool underneath, the uppermost whitened
both sides ; cymes open ; bracts lincar-awl-shaped and, with the calyx-teeth, more
or less awn-pointed. — Rocky woods and hills, New England to Michigan, and
southward. Aug. — Plant 2° - 4° high, the taste intermediate between that of
Pennyroyal and Spearmint, as in most of the following species. Very variable.
3. P. cliBlOpOclioicles, Torr. & Gr. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, scarcely
toothed, short-petioled, not whitened; the upper surface often smooth, the lower
as well as the stem downy; cymes contracted; bracts and calyx-teeth short subu-
late, the latter nearly one half shorter than the tube. — Dry copses Perm. <fe New
York. Aug., Sept. — Perhaps an extreme state of No. 2.
* * * Calyx usually almost equally 5-toothed: flowers crowded in loose heads or dense
clusters at the end of the branches and in the uppermost axils ; the bracts shorter
than the 2-lipped corollas : leaves almost sessile.
4. P. Torreyi, Benth. Somewhat pubescent; stem strict and nearly
simple (2° — 3° high) ; leaves thin, linear-lanceolate, tapering to both ends (mostly
2' long and 2" -3" wide), nearly entire; the awl-shaped calyx-teeth and bracts
canescent. — Dry soil, S. New York and New Jersey. Aug. — Intel-mediate in
aspect between No. 3 and No. 7.
5. P. pilosiim, Nutt. More or less downy with long and soft whitish hairs,
much branched above ; leaves lanceolate, acute *-£ both ends, or the lower ovate-
lanceolate, nearly entire, the floral not whitened; calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate,
acute, and with the bracts hoary-haired. — Dry hills and plains, W. Pcnn.,
Ohio, to Illinois, and southward in the Alleghanies. July- Sept. — A smoother
form of this, approaching the next, is, if I mistake not, Brachystemum verticil-
latum, Michx. (Mountains of Penn. and southward.)
6. P. lllliticillll, Pers. Minutely hoary throughout, or almost smooth,
oorymbosely much .branched (l°-2j° high) ; leaves ovate or broadly ovate-lanceo
26*
306 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.^
late, varying to lanceolate, rather rigid, acute, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at
tlit base, mostly sessile and minutely sharp-toothed, prominently veined, green
when old ; tJie floral ones, bracts, and triangular-ovate calyx-teeth, houry with
a Jin? dose down. — Dry hills, Maine to Ohio, Kentucky, and southward. Aug.
— Flowers in very dense clusters ; the outer bracts ovate-lanceolate and pointed,
the others pointless.
# # # # Calyx equally 5-toothed: flowers collected in dense and globular, often fasci-
cled, small and numerous heads, which are crowded in terminal corymbs: bractt
rigid, closely appressed, shorter tlian the flowers : lips of the corolla very short :
leaves narrow, sessile, entire, rigid, crowded and clustered in the axils.
7. P. lanceolatum, Pursh. Smoothish or minnt^y pubescent (2° high);
leaves lanceolate or lance-linear, obtuse at the base ; heads downy ; calyx-teeth short
and triangular. — Dry thickets ; common. July - Sept.
8. P. I i n i foil ll ill, Pursh. Smooth or nearly so (l°-2° high); leaves
narrower and heads less downy than in the last ; the narrower bracts and lance-
awl-shaped calyx-teeth pungently pointed. — Thickets, S. New England to Illinois,
and southward. July -Sept.
$: ^ $: $: $: Calyx equally 5-toothed: flowers collected in few and solitary large and
globular heads (terminal, and in the upper axils of ilie membranaceous petioled
leaves) ; the bracts loose, ciliate-beardcd.
9. P. lElOHtfiiiiiiil, Michx. Stem (l°-3°high) and ovate- or oblong
lanceolate serrate leaves glabrous ; bracts very acute or awl-pointed, the outer-
most ovate and leaf-like, the inner linear ; teeth of the tubular calyx short and
acute. — Alleghanies, from S. Virginia southward. July. — Flavor warm and
pleasant. Foliage and heads like a Monarda.
9. ORIGANUM, L. WILD MARJORAM.
Calyx ovate-bell-shaped, hairy in the throat, striate, 5-toothed. Tube of the
corolla about the length of the calyx, 2-lipped ; the upper lip rather erect and
slightly notched ; the lower longer, of 3 nearly equal spreading lobes. Stamens
4, exserted, diverging. — Perennials, with nearly entire leaves, and purplish
flowers crowded in cylindrical or oblong spikes, which are imbricated with col-
ored bracts. (An ancient Greek name, said to be from opos, a mountain, and
ydvos, delight.)
1, O. VULOXRE, L. Upright, hairy, corymbose at the summit; leaves peti-
oled, round-ovate ; bracts ovate, obtuse, purplish — Dry banks, spai'ingly intro-
duced eastward. June -Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)
10. TH^MUS, L. THYME.
Calyx ovate, 2-lipped, 13-ncrved, hairy in the throat; the upper lip 3-toothed,
spreading; 'the lower 2-clcft, with the awl-shaped divisions ciliate. Corolla
short, slightly 2-lippcd ; the upper lip straight and flattish, notched at the apex ;
the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, straight and distant, usually exserted. — Low pe-
rennials, with small and entire strongly-veined leaves, and purplish or whitish
LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.; 307
flowers. (The ancient Greek name of the Thyme, probably from 6i>Q>> to bun*
perfume, because it was used for incense.)
1. T. SERPYLLUM, L. (CHEEPING THYME.) Prostrate ; leaves green.,
flat, ovate, entire, short-petioled, flowers crowded at the end of the branches. —
Old fields, E. New England and Pcnn. : rare. (Adv. from Eu.)
T. vuLGlRis, L., is the GARDEN THYME, or STANDING THYME.
11. SATUREIA, L. SAVORY.
Calyx bell-shaped, 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla
2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, flat, nearly entire, the lower nearly equally 3-cleft.
Stamens 4, somewhat ascending. — Aromatic plants, with narrow entire leaves,
often clustered in the axils, and somewhat spiked purplish flowers. (The an-
cient Latin name.)
1. S. IIORTENSIS, L. (SUMMER SAVORY.) Pubescent; clusters few-flow-
ered ; bracts small or none. © — Prairies of Illinois, and rocky islands at the
Falls of the Ohio, Short: escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)
12. CALAMINTHA, Mcench. CALAMINTH.
Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, mostly hairy in the throat, 2-lippcd ; the upper lip
3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with a straight tube and an inflated throat,
distinctly 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, flattish, entire ; the lower spreading, 3-
partod, the middle lobe usually largest. Stamens 4, mostly ascending; the
anthers usually approximate in pairs. — Perennials, with mostly purplish or
whitish flowers : inflorescence various. (Name composed of /eaXoy, beautiful,
and p-ivQa, Mint.)
§ 1. CALAMlNTHA PROPER, Benth. — Calyx striate, scarcely gibbous at the
base : clusters of flowers loose and pedunded in the axils of the leaves, and forming
a raceme at the summit : bracts minute,
1. C. NEPETA, Link. (BASIL-THYME.) Soft hairy; stem ascending (1°-
3° high) ; leaves petioled, broadly ovate, obtuse, crenate ; corolla (3" long)
about twice the length of the calyx. — Dry hills, Virginia, &c. (Nat. from Eu.)
$ 2. CALOMELtSSA, Benth. — Calyx nearly as § 1 : whorls few-several-flow-
ercd,. sessile; flowers on slender naked pedicels ; the bracts at their base linear or
oblong, leaflike.
2. C. glabclla, Benth. Smooth; stems diffuse or spreading (l°-2°
long) ; leaves slightly petioled, oblong or oblong-linear, narrowed at the base
(§'-!' long, or the largest 1^-2' long), sparingly toothed, or nearly entire;
clusters 6- 10-flowered; corolla (purplish, 5" -6" long) fully twice the length
of the calyx, the teeth of the latter awl-pointed. (Cunila glabella, Michx. Mi-
cromeria, Benth.} — Limestone banks, near Frankfort, Kentucky (Short), and
southward. June.
Var. Nlltfctliii. Smaller; the flowering stems more upright (5' -9' high),
with narrower mostly entire leaves and fewer-flowered clusters ; while sterile
the runners from the base bear ovate thickish leaves only 2" - 5" long. (C. Nut-
308 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.)
tallii, Benth. Micromeria glabella, var. angustifolia, Torr.} — Wet limestone
rocks, Niagara Fulls to Wisconsin, Central Ohio (Sullivant), and southwestward.
July- Sept. — Appearing very distinct, but united by Southwestern forms, &c.
i3. CLINOPODIUM, L. — Calyx more or less gibbous below: dusters sessile ana
many-Jlowei-ed, crowded with awl-shaped bracts.
3. C. CLiNOr6DiUM, Bcnth. (BASIL.) Hairy, erect (1°- 2° high) ; leaves
ovate, petioled, nearly entire ; flowers (pale purple) in globular clusters ; hairy
bracts as long as the calyx. (Clinopodium vulgare, L.) — Borders of thicket*
and fields. July. (Nat. from Eu.)
13. MEL.ISSA, L. BALM.
Calyx with the upper lip flattened and 3-toothcd, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla
with a recurved-ascending tube. Stamens 4, curved and conniving under the
upper lip. Otherwise nearly as Calamintha. — Clusters few-flowered, loose,
one-sided, with few and mostly ovate bracts resembling the leaves. (Name from
fji€\i(rcra, a bee; the flowers yielding abundance of honey.)
1. M. OFFICINALIS, L. (COMMON BALM.) Upright, branching; leaves
broadly ovate, crenate-toothed, exhaling the odor of lemons ; the corolla white
or cream-color. — Sparingly escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)
14. HE DEO 31 A, Pers. MOCK PENNYROYAL.
Calyx ovoid or tubular, gibbous on the lower side near the base, 13-nerved,
bearded in the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Co-
rolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, flat, notched at the apex ; the lower spread-
ing, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2 ; the upper pair reduced to sterile filaments or
wanting. — Low, odorous plants, with small leaves, and loose axillary clusters
of flowers, often forming terminal leafy racemes. (Altered from 'HSvocr/xoi',
an ancient name of Mint, from its sweet scent. )
1. H. pulcgioicles, Pers. (AMERICAN PENNYROYAL.) Erect, branch-
ing, hairy ; leaves petioled, oblong-ovate, obscurely serrate, the floral similar; whorls
few-flowered ; corolla (bluish, pubescent) scarcely exceeding the calyx ; sterile
filaments tipped with a little head. ® — Open barren woods and fields ; com-
mon. July - Sept. — Plant 6'- 10' high, with nearly the taste and odor of the
true Pennyroyal (Mcntha Pulcgium) of Europe.
2. II. liispiclo, Pursh. Erect hairy (2' -5' high); leaves sessile, let.car,
entire, the floral similar and exceeding the flowers ; corolla scarcely longer than
the ciliate hisjiid calyx. (T) — Illinois, opposite St. Louis, and southwestward.
15. COL.CINSONIA, L. HORSE-BALM.
Calyx ovate, enlarged and declined in fruit, 2-lipped ; upper lip truncate and
flattened, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla elongated, expanded at the
throat, somewhat 2-lipped ; the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, but the lower much
larger and longer, pendent, toothed or lacerate-fringed. Stamens 2 (sometimes
4, the upper pair shorter), much exserted, diverging : anther-cells divergent. —
:LABIAT,E. (MINT FAMILY.) 309
Strong-scented perennials, with large ovate leaves, and yellowish flowers on
slender pedicels, in loose and panicled terminal racemes. (Named in honor of
Peter Coliinson, a well-known patron of science and correspondent of Linna,ius,
and who introduced this plant into England.)
1. C. CaiiadeilSiS, L. (RICH-WEED. STONE-ROOT.) Nearly smooth
(l°-.3° high); leaves serrate, pointed, pctioled (3' -9 long); panicle loose,
many-flowered; stamens 2. — Rich moist woods, New England to Michigan,
Kentucky, and southward. July -Sept. — Corolla f long, exhaling the odor
of lemons.
16. SAL.VIA, L. SAGE.
Calyx naked in the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip 3-toothed or entire, the
lower 2-cleft. Corolla deeply 2-lipped, ringent ; the upper lip straight or scythe-
shaped, entire or barely notched; the lower spreading or pendent, 3-lohcd, the
middle lobe larger. Stamens 2, on short filaments, jointed with the elongated
transverse connective, one end of which ascending under the upper lip bears a
linear 1-celled (hah0-) anther, the other usually descending and bearing an im-
perfect or deformed (half-) anther. — Flowers mostly large and showy, in spiked,
racemed, or panicled whorls. (Name from salvo, to save, in allusion to the
reputed healing qualities of Sage.)
1. S. lyrata, L. (LYRE-LEAVED SAGE.) Low (10' -20' high), someivhat
hairy ; stem nearly simple and naked ; root-leaves obovate, lyre-shaped or sinuato-
pinnatifid, sometimes almost entire ; those of the stem mostly a single pair, smaller
and narrower ; the floral oblong-linear, not longer than the calyx ; whorls loose
and distant, forming an interrupted raceme ; upper lip of the blue-purple pubes-
cent corolla short, straight, not vaulted. 1J. — Woodlands and meadows, New
Jersey to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. June.
2. S. urticifolia, L. (NETTLE-LEAVED SAGE.) Downy with clammy
Imii-fi, 1'itfy ; leaves rhombic-ovate, pointed, crenate, rounded or slightly heart-
shaped at the base, narrowed into a short petiole, the floral nearly similar;
whorls remote, many-flowered ; upper lip of the blue corolla erect, one third the
length of the lower; style bearded. 1J. — Woodlands, from Maryland south-
ward.— Corolla £' long; the lateral lobes deflexed, the middle notched.
S. OFFICINALIS, L., is the well-known GARDEN SAGE. Several scarlet
species from Tropical America are cultivated for ornament.
17. MONARDA, L. HORSE-MINT.
Calyx tubular, elongated, 15-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, usually hairy
in the throat. Corolla elongated with a slightly expanded throat, and a strongly
2-lipped limb; the lips linear or oblong, somewhat equal; the upper erect, en-
tire or slightly notched ; the lower spreading, 3-lobcd at the apex, the lateral
lobes ovate and obtuse, the middle one narrower and slightly notched. Sta-
mens 2. elongated, ascending, inserted in the throat of the corolja : anthers lin
ear (the divaricate cells confluent at the junction). — Odorous erect herbs, with
entire or toothed leaves, and pretty large flowers in a few whorled heads, closely
surrounded with bracts. (Dedicated to Monardez, an early Spanish botanist.)
810 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.)
* Stamens and style exsertfd beyond the very narrow aid acute upper Up of the corol-
la : root perennial.
1. M. didyma, L. (OSWEGO TEA.) Somewhat hairy ; leaves petioled.
ovate-lanceolate, pointed, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base; the lloral
MM Mid the large ouk-r bracts tinned with red; calyx smooth, incur o-d, u«n///
nai\«l hi the throat ; corolla smooth, much elongated (2' long1), bright red. — Moi.-t
woods by streams, N. England to Wisconsin northward, and southward in the-
Aileghaoiefl : often cultivated (under the name of Balm or Bee-Balm). July. —
Plant 2° high, with very showy flowers.
2. M. fistlllosa, L. (WiLD BEROAMOT.) Smooth ish or downy ; leaves
petioled, ovate-lanceolate from a rounded or slightly heart-shaped base ; the upper-
most and outer bracts somewhat colored (whitish or purplish); calyx slightly
curved, very hairy hi the, throat; corolla purplish, rose-color or almost white, smooth
or hairy. — Woods and rocky banks, W. Vermont to Wisconsin, and south-
ward, principally westward. July -Sept. — Very variable in appearance, 2° -
5° high ; the pale corolla smaller than in the last.
3. M. JBr.tfllHiriaiia, Beck. Leaves nearly sessile, ovate-lanceolate, round-
ed at the base, clothed with long soft hairs, especially underneath; the floral and the
outer bracts somewhat heart-shaped, purplish ; calyx smoothish, contracted <il,o>:<',
very hairy in the throat, with awl-shaped awnrd teeth ; corolla smoothish, bearded
at the tip of the upper lip, scarcely twice the length of the calyx, pale purplish,
the lower lip dotted with purple. — Oak-openings and woods, Ohio to Illinois,
and westward. May — July.
* * Stamens not exceeding the notched upper lip of the short corolla.
4. M. plllictfcta, L. (HoRSE-MiNT.) Minutely downy (2° -3° high);
leaves petioled, lanceolate, narrowed at the base; bracts lanceolate, obtuse at
the base, sessile, yellowish and purple; teeth of the downy calyx short and
rigid, awnlcss ; corolla nearly smooth, yellowish, the upper lip spotted with pur-
ple, the tube scarcely exceeding the calyx. — Sandy fields and dry banks, New
York to Virginia, and southward. Aug., Sept. — Very odorous and pungent.
18. BL.EPIIILIA, Rat' BLEPHILIA.
Calyx ovoid-tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped, naked in the throat; upper lip with
S awned teeth, the lower with 2 nearly awnless teeth. Corolla inflated in the.
throat, strongly and nearly equally 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, entire ; the
lower spreading, 3-cleft, with the lateral lobes ovate and rounded, larger than
the oblong and notched middle one. Stamens 2, ascending, cxserted (the rudi-
ments of the upper pair minute or none) : anthers, £c. as in Monarda. — Pe-
rennial herbs, with nearly the foliage, &c. of Monarda; the small pale bluish
purple flowers crowded in axillary and terminal globose capitate whorls
(Name from fi\c(j)apls, the eyelash, in reference to the hairy-fringed bracts and
calyx-teeth.)
1. 15. Ciliiita, Raf. Somewhat downy; In ires utmost .sr-.s-.sv7r, oblu/>:-
narrowed at the bast , whitish-downy underneath; outer brads orate, acute, col-
u.ol, ciliate, as long as the calyx. (Monarda eiliata, L.) — Dry open places.
LABI AT JE. (MINT FAMILY.) 311
Perm, to Kentucky and Wisconsin. July. — Plant l°-2° high, less branchcul
than the next, the hairy corolla shorter.
2. 15. llil'Silta, Benth. Hairy throughout ; leaves long-petioled, ovate, pointed,
rounded or heart-shaped at the base; the lower floral ones similar, the uppermost
and the bracts lincar-atd-sltaped, shorter than the long-haired calyx. (B. nepe-
toides, Raf. Monarda hirsute, Pursh.) — Damp rich woods, N. New York to
Wisconsin and Kentucky. July. — Plant 2° - 3° high, with spreading branches,
and numerous close whorls, the lower remote. Corolla smoothish, pale, with
darker purple spots.
19. LOPHANTIIUS, Bcnth. GIANT HYSSOP.
Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 15-nerved, oblique, 5-toothed, the upper teeth rather
longer than the others. Corolla 2-lippcd ; the upper lip nearly erect, 2-lobed ;
the lower somewhat spreading, 3-cleft, with the middle lobe crenate. Stamens 4,
exserted ; the upper pair declined ; the lower and shorter pair ascending, so that
the pairs cross. Anther-cells nearly parallel. — Perennial tall herbs, with petioled
serrate leaves, and small flowers crowded in interrupted terminal spikes. (Name
from Xo<£o£, a crest, and avdos, a flower,}
1. JL. tiepetoicles, Benth. Smooth, or nearly so; leaves ovate, some-
what pointed, coarsely eremite-toothed (2' -4' long); calyx-teeth ovate, rather ob-
tuse, little shorter than the pale greenish-yellow corolla, — Borders of woods, W.
Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward. Aug. — Stem stout, 4°-G° high,
sharply 4-anglcd. Spikes 2' -6' long, crowded with the ovate pointed bracts.
2. JL. SCroplmlai'ii53f6BiHS, Benth. Stem (obtusely 4-anglcd) and
lower surface of the ovate or somewhat heart-shaped acute leaves more or
les^ pubescent ; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute, shoiier than the purplish corolla (spikes
4' -15 long) : otherwise like the last. — Same geographical range.
3. JL. ailisutUS, Benth. (ANISE HYSSOP.) Smooth, but the ovate
acute leares gfauctnu-whifa underneath with minute down ; calyx-teeth lanceolate,
acute. — Plains, Wisconsin ? and northwestward. — Foliage with the taste and
smell of anise.
20. NEPETA, L. CAT-MINT.
Calyx tubular, often incurved, obliquely 5-toothed. Corolla dilated in the
throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, rather concave, notched or 2-cleft; the low-
er spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe largest, either 2-lobed or entire. Stamens
4, ascending under the upper lip, the lower pair shorter. Anthers approximate
in pairs; the cells divergent. — Perennial herbs. ( The Latin name, thought to
be derived from Nepete, an Etrurian city.)
§ 1. Cymose clusters rather dense and many- ftotvered, forming interrupted spikes or
racemes :• upper floral leaves small and bract-like.
1. IV. CAT\RIA, L. (CATNIP.) Downy, erect branched; leaves heart-
shaped, oblong, deeply crenate, whitish-downy underneath; corolla whitish, dot-
ted with purple. — Manured and cultivated grounds, a very common weed
July, Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)
312 LABIATJE. (MINT FAMILY.)
$ 2. GLECII6MA, L. — Leaves all al/Jcc: the axillary clusters loosely few -flowa*ed.
2. N. GLECHOMA, Bcnth. (GROUND IVY. GILL.) Creeping and trailing ;
leaves petioled, round kidney-shafted, crenate, green hotli sides ; corolla thrico
the length of the calyx, light blue. (Glechoma heder.'icea, L.) — Shaded, wasfe
grounds near dwellings. May -Aug. — Anthers with the cells diverging at a
right angle, each pair approximate and forming a cross. (Adv. from Eu.)
21. DRACOCEPIIAI.UM, L. DRAGON-HEAD.
Calyx tubular, 13-15-nerved, straight, 5-toothcd; the upper tooth usually
much largest. Corolla 2-lippcd ; the upper lip slightly arched and notched ; the
lower spreading, 3-clcft, with its middle lobe largest and 2-cleft or notched at the
end. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip ; the lower pair shorter. An-
thers approximate by pairs, the cells divergent. — Whorls many-flowered, mostly
spiked or capitate, and with awn-toothed or fringed leafv bracts. (Name from,
dpc'iKw, a <lr<i(/on, and KerpaXr/, head, alluding to the form of the corolla.)
1. D. pnrviflorillll, Nutt. Stem erect, leafy (8' -20' high); leaves
ovate-lanceolate, sharply cut-toothed, petioled ; whorls crowded in a terminal
head or spike; upper tooth of the calyx ovate, nearly equalling the bluish small
slender corolla. ; — Rocky places, Jefferson and St. Lawrence Counties,
New York ; shore of Lake Superior, and northwestward. May -Aug.
22. CEDRONEl,L,A, Moench. CEDRONELLA.
Calyx rather obliquely 5-toothed, many-nerved. Corolla ample, expanded at
the throat, 2-lippcd ; the upper lip flattish or concave, 2-lobed ; the lower 3-
cleft, spreading, the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending; the lower pair
shorter. Anther-cells parallel. — Sweet-scented perennials, with pale purplish
flowers. (Name a diminutive of Ktdpiov, oil of Cedar, from the aromatic leaves
of the originial species, C. triphylla, the Balm-of-GUcad of English gardens.)
1. C. COI'Clflta, Benth. Low, with slender runners, hairy ; leaves broadly
heart-shaped, crcnatc, petioled, the floral shorter than the calyx ; whorls few-
flowered, approximate at the summit of short ascending stems; corolla hairy-
inside (1^' long) ; stamens shorter than the upper lip. (Dracocephalum corda-
tum, Nutt.) — Low shady banks of streams, W. Penn. to Kentucky, and south-
ward along the mountains. June.
23. SYNANDRA, Nutt. SYNANDRA.
Calyx bell-shaped, inflated, mcmbranaceous, irregularly veiny, almost equally
4-toothcd ! Corolla with a long tube, much expanded above and at the throat ;
the upper lip slightly arched, entire ; the lower spreading and 3-clcft, with ovate
lobes, the middle one broadest and notched at the end. Stamens 4, ascending :
filaments hairy: anthers approximate in pairs nuclei- the upper lip; the two
upper each with one fertile and one smaller sterile cell, the latter cohering with
each other (whence the name; from (rvv, toyclhrr, and ovqp, for ant/iu-).
1. S. ffrillldiilora, Nutt. — Shaded bunks, Ohio, Kentucky, and south-
ward. June. — A perennial? hairy herb, 1° high. Lower leaves long-petioled,
LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 313
broadly ovate, heart-shaped, crcnate, thin; the floral sessile, gradually reduced
to bracts, each with a single sessile flower. Corolla 1^'' long, yellowish- white.
24. PHYSOSTEOIA, Benth. FALSE DRAGON-HEAD.
Calyx nearly equally 5-tootlied, obscurely 10-nerved, short-tubular or bell-
shaped, enlarged, and more or less inflated in fruit. Corolla funn&l-form with a
much inflated throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip rather erect, concave, nearly
entire ; the lower 3-partcd, spreading, small : its middle lobe larger, broad and
rounded, notched. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anthers approxi-
mate; the cells parallel. — Perennial smooth herbs, with upright wand-like
stems, and sessile lanceolate or. oblong mostly serrate leaves. Flowers large
and showy, rose or flesh-color variegated with purple, opposite, crowded in sim-
ple or panicled terminal leafless spikes. (Name from (frixra, a bladder, and orreyw,
to cover, on account of the inflated corolla and fruiting calyx.)
1. P. Virginutlia, Benth. (Dracocephalum Virginianum, L., &c.) —
Low or wet banks of streams, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward.
July -Sept. — Varies from 1° - 4° high, stout or slender; the leaves from ob-
long-obovate (the lower) to narrowly lanceolate, and from very sharply toothed
to nearly entire ; the flowers either crowded, imbricated, or scattered ; the in*
flated fruiting calyx varying from obovate or ovate to globular; the corolla from
6" or 7" to 12" long : no definite marks are yet found for distinguishing two or
more species.
25. BRUNEL.L.A, Toura. (Prunella, L.) SELF-HEAL.
Calyx tulmlar-bell-shaped, somewhat 10-nerved and reticulated-veiny, flattened
on the upper side, naked in the throat, closed in fruit, 2-lippcd ; the upper lip
broad and flat, truncate, with 3 short teeth ; the lower 2-cleft. Corolla ascend-
ing, slightly contracted at the throat, and dilated at the lower side just beneath it,
2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, arched, entire ; the lower reflcxcd-spreadiiig, 3-cleft ;
its lateral lobes oblong ; the middle one rounded, concave, crenulate. Stamens
4, ascending under the upper lip : filaments 2-toothed at the apex, the lower
tooth bearing the anther. Anthers approximate in pairs, their cells diverging.
— Low perennials, with nearly simple stems, and 3-flowered clusters of flowers
sessile in the axils of round and bract-like membranaccous floral leaves, imbri-
cated in a close spike or head. (Name said to be taken from the German braune,
a disease of the throat, for which this plant was a reputed remedy.)
1. B. vuBgiiriS, L. (COMMON SELF-HEAL or HEAL-ALL.) Leaves
ovate-oblong, entire or toothed, petioled, hairy or smoothish : corolla (violet or
flesh-color) not twice the length of the purplish calyx. — Woods and fields;
common. June — Sept. (Eu.)
26. SCUTELLARIA, L. SKULLCAP.
Calyx bell-shaped in flower, 2-lipped ; the lips entire, closed in fruit, the upper
with a helmet-like at length concave and enlarged appendage on the back (the
upper sepal) ; calyx splitting to the base at maturity, the upper lip usually fall-
27
314 LABIATJE. (MINT FAMILY.)
ing away. Corolla with an elongated curved ascending tube, dilated at the
throat, li-lipped ; the upper lip arched, entire or barely notched ; the lateral Icbes
mostly connected with the upper rather than the lower lip ; the lower lube or lip
spreading and convex, notched at the apex. Stamens 4, ascending under tho
upper lip : anthers approximate in pairs, dilate or bearded ; those of the lower
stamens 1-ccllcd (halved), of the upper 2-eelled and heart-shaped. — Bitter pe-
rennial herb?, not aromatic, with axillary or else spiked or racemed flowers; tho
short- peduncles chiefly opposite, 1 -flowered, often 1-sided. (Name from scutella,
a dish, in allusion to the form of the appendage to the fruiting calyx.)
* Flowers (blue) in terminal racemes; the. floral leaves, except the lower ones, being
KIII all, and reduced to bracts.
•»- Lips short, nearly equal in length; the lateral lobes rather distinct, and almost as
lony as the straiyhtish or scarcely incurved upper lip : hares on s/V ."</'/• j>< lioles.
1. S. vcrsicolor, Nutt. Soft hairy, the hairs of the inflorescence, £c.
partly viscid-glandular; stem mostly erect (l°-3°high); leaves ovate or round-
orate, chiefly heart-shaped, crcnate-toothed, very veiny, ruyose, the floral reduced
to broadly ovate entire bracts about equalling the glandular-hairy calyx ; ra-
cemes mostly simple. — River-banks, &c., Penn. to Wisconsin and southward.
July. — Corolla f long, with a slender tube, below whitish, the lower lip purple-
spotted ; the upper deep blue ; the lateral lobes belonging as much to the lower
as to the upper lip. — S. saxatilis, var. 1 pilosior, Benth., is probably a smaller
form of this, as is S. rugosa, Wood. (Harper's Ferry, Aikin, Wood.)
2. S. Sax:fttiliS, Riddcll. Smoothish or slightly h airy ; stem weak, ascend-
ing (6'- 18' long), often producing runners, branched ; leases orate or ovate-oblong
and mostly heart-shaped, coarsely eremite-toothed (l'-2' long), thin, olrtuse; upper
bracts oblong or ovate, small; racemes loose. — Moist shaded banks, S. Ohio,
Virginia, and Kentucky, and southward in the mountains. June, July. — Co-
rolla §' long, the lateral lobes connected with the straightish upper lip.
«•- •»- Lateral lobes of the corolla small, much shorter than the decidedly arched or
incurved upper Up, and connected ivith it : stem erect : leaves moderate /y /
except in No. 6.
3. S. Cilliescens, Nutt. Stem branched (2° -4° high), above, with the
panicled many-flowered racemes, flowers, and the lower surface of the ovate or lanci'-
ovate acute (at the base acute, obtuse, or cordate) crenate leaves, whitish with jine
soft down, often becoming rather glabrous; bracts oblong or lanceolate; upper
lip of the corolla shorter than the lower. — Rich ground, Penn. to Illinois and
southward. July. — Corolla §' long.
4. S. serrfita, Andrews. Green and nearly glabrous j stem rather simple
(1°-3° high), with single loosely-flowered racemes; leaves serrate, amm/nalc at
loth ends, ovate or ovate-oblong ; calyx, &c. somewhat hairy ; •'//« <>f t/ir corolla
eipia! in length (corolla 1' long, the tube more tapering below than in the last,
which this resembles). — AVoods, Maryland, Illinois, and southward. July.
5. S. pil<>S«l, Michx. Pubescent with spreadiiif/ hair.-i: stem nearly sim-
ple (1° -3° high) ; Irai'i-s rathd' distant, cr< nate, olilony-orali', tJ>htiu\ varying to
roundish-ovate, the lower abrupt or heart-shaped at the b:isc and long-petioled,
ihe upper on short margined petioles, veiny ; bracts oblong-sputulate; racemes
LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 315
short, often branched; corolla (j'-|; long) railier narrow, the lower lip a little
shorter. (S. hirsuta, Short, is a large form.) — Dry open woods, &c., S. New
York to Michigan and southward. June — Aug.
6. S. illfegrifoiia, L. Doicny all over with a minute hoari ness; stem com-
monly simple (l°-2° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear, mostly entire, obtuse,
very short -putiolcd ; raceme often brand led ; corolla (!' long) much enlarged above,
the ample lips equal in length. — Borders of thickets, &c. from Bridge water,
Mass. (Mr. Howard), to Pennsylvania and southward. June -Aug.
*= * Flowers (blue or violet, short-pedunclcd) solitary in the axils of the upper mostly
sessile leaves, which are similar to the lower ones.
•»-- Corolla (2" -3" long) seldom thrice the length of the calyx ; the short lips nearly
equal in length, the upper lip concave.
7. S. Iiervosa, Pursh. Smooth, simple or branched, slender (10' -20'
high); lower leaves roundish ; the middle ones ovate, toothed, somewhat heart-shaped
(I' long); the upper floral ovate-lanceolate, entire ; the nerve-like veins promi-
nent underneath. (S. gracilis, Nutt.) — Moist thickets, New York to Illinois
and Kentucky. June.
8. S. pai'Vllia, Michx. Minutely downy, dwarf (3' -6' high), branched
and spreading; lowest leaves round-ovate; the others oi'ate. or lance-ovate, obtuse, all
entire or nearly so, slightly heart-shaped (£'-§' long). (S. ambigua, Nutt.) —
Dry banks, W. New England to Wisconsin and southward. May, June.
-*~ •*— Corolla (I' - 1' long), with a slender tube : lower lip large and rather longer than
the somewhat arched upper lip.
9. S. ga9ei'icu9ata, L. Smooth or a little downy, erect (l°-2° high) ;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, roundish and slightly heart-shaped at the
baL-e (l'-2' long). — Wet shady places; common everywhere northward.
Aug. (Eu.)
* * * flowers small (blue, 3" long), in axillary, and often also in terminal one-sided
nicemes; the lower floral leaves like the others, the upper small and bract-like.
10. S. 1 ate ri flora, L. Smooth; stem upright, much branched (l°-2°
high) ; leaves lanceolate-ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed, coarsely serrate, round-
ed at the base, petioled (2'-3' long). — Wet shaded places; common. Aug.
— A quack having formerly vaunted its virtues as a remedy for hydrophobia,
this species bears the name of Mad-dog Skullcap.
27. MARRUBIUM, L. HOREIIOUND.
Calyx tubular, 5 - 10-nerved, nearly equally 5- 10-toothed ; the teeth more or
less spiny-pointed and spreading at maturity. Upper lip of the corolla erect,
notched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its middle lobe broadest. Stamens 4,
included in the tube of the corolla. Nutlets not truncate. — Whitish-woolly bitter-
aromatic perennials, branched at the base, with rugose and crenate or cut leaves,
and many-flowered axillary whorls. (A name of Pliny, said to be derived from
the Hebrew marrob, a bitter juice.)
1. M. VULG\RE, L. (COMMON HOREIIOUND.) Stems ascending; leaves
round-ovate, petioled, crenate-toothed ; whorls capitate ; calyx with 10 recurved
316 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.)
teeth, the ulteniate ones shorter; corolla small, white. — Escaped from gardens
into waste places. (Nat. from Eu.)
28. G A LEO P SIS, L. HEMP-NETTLE.
Calyx tulmlar-bell-shapcd, about 5-nerved, with 5 somewhat equal and spiny-
tipped teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat; the upper lip ovate, arehed, entire;
the lower 3-eleft, spreading; the lateral lobes ovate, the middle one inversely
heart-shaped; palate with 2 teeth at the sinuses. Stamens 4, ascending under
the upper lip : anther-cells transversely 2-valvcd; the inner valve of each cell bristly-
fringed, the outer one larger and naked. — Annuals, with spreading branches,
»nd several - many-flowered whorls in the axils of floral leaves which are ncarljr
like the lower ones. (Name composed of ya\fn, a weasel, and cty-is, resem-
blance, from some likeness of the corolla to the head of a weasel.)
1. G. TETRAHIT, L. (COMMON HEMP-NETTLE.) Stem swollen below the
joint*, bristly -hairy ; leaves ovate, coarsely serrate; corolla purplish, or variegated,
about twice the length of the calyx; or, in var. GRANDiFL6itA, 3-4 times the
length of the calyx, often yellowish with a purple spot on the lower lip. —
Waste places, rather common. Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. G. I.ADANUM, L. (RED HEMP-NETTLE.) Stem smooth or pubescent ;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, more or less downy; corolla red or rose-color (the throat
often spotted with yellow), usually much exceeding the calyx. — Chelsea Beach,
near Boston, Bigelow. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)
29. STACIIYS, L. HEDGE-NETTLE.
Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, or the upper teeth
united to form an upper lip. Corolla not dilated at the throat ; the upper lip
erect or rather spreading, often arched, entire or nearly so ; the lower usually
longer and spreading, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe largest and nearly entire.
Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip (often rcflexed on the throat after
flowering): anthers approximate in pairs. Nutlets obtuse, not truncate. —
Whorls 2 - many-flowered, approximate in a terminal raceme or spike (whence
the name, from ord^vs, a spike).
# Root annual : stems decumbent, low.
1. S. ARVENSIS, L. (WOUNDWORT.) Hairy; leaves petioled, ovate, ob-
tuse, eremite, heart-shaped at the base; axillary whorls 4-6-flowered, distant;
corolla (purplish) scarcely longer than the soon declined unarmed calyx. —
Waste places, E. Massachusetts; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)
* * Root perennial : stem erect.
2. S. palllStris, L. Stem 4-anglcd (2° -3° high), leafy, hirsute with
«prcading or reflcxed hairs, especially on the angles ; leaves sessile, or the lower
ehort-pctioled, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, crenately serrate, rounded or heart-
shaped at the base, do vny or hairy-pubescent, obtusish (2'-4' long), the upper
floral ones shorter than the nearly sessile calyx ; whorls fi-10-flowcrcd. the up-
per crowded into an interrupted spike; calyx hispid, the lance-subulate teeth
LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 317
somewhat spiny, half the length of the purple corolla, diverging in fruit. — "Wet
banks of streams, &c., mostly northward. June -Aug. (Eu.) — To this, for
the present, we must refer all the following as varieties, different as some of them
are : —
Var. aspera. (S. aspera, Michx.) Stem more commonly smooth on the
sides, the angles beset with stiff reflexcd bristles ; leaves hairy or smoothish,
pointed, the lower petioled, the lower floral as long as the flowers ; spike often
slender and more interrupted ; calyx-tube rather narrower and the teeth more
awl-shaped and spiny. — Common in wet grounds. — This passes into
Var. glabra. (S. glabra, Riddell, suppl. cat. Ohio pL 1836.) More slen-
der, smooth and glabrous throughout, or with few bristly hairs ; leaves oblong- or
ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, more sharply toothed, mostly rounded or trun-
cate at the base, all petioled. — W. New York (Sartwdl) to Michigan and south-
westward.
Var. cordata. (S. cordata, Riddell, I. c. S. Nuttallii, Shuttkw.) Stem
beset with spreading or reflexed bristly hairs ; leaves hairy or smoothish, o~blong,
heart-shaped at the narrowed base, all more or less petioled ; calyx-teeth some-
times shorter. — Common westward and southward.
3. S. Iiyssopifolia, Michx. Smooth and glabrous, or nearly so ; stems
slender (1° high), the angles sometimes reflexed-bristly ; leaves linear-oblong, 01
narroidy linear, sessile, obscurely toothed towards the apex ; whorls 4 - 6-flowered,
rather distant; corolla (light purple) twice or thrice the length of the tri angu-
lar-awl-shaped spreading calyx-teeth. 1J. — Wet sandy places, Massachusetts to
Michigan, and southward : rather rare. July.
BETONICA OFFICIN\LIS, the WOOD BETONY of Europe, — of a genus hard-
ly distinct from Stachys, — was found by C. J. Spraguc in a thicket at Newton,
Massachusetts.
30. JLEON1JRUS, L. MOTHERWORT.
Calyx top-shaped, 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal teeth which are awl-shaped,
and when old rather spiny-pointed and spreading. Upper lip of the corolla
oblong and entire, somewhat arched ; the lower spreading, 3-lobed ; its mid-
dle lobe larger, broad and inversely heart-shaped, the lateral ones oblong.
Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anthers approximate in pairs, the
values naked. Nutlets truncate and sharply 3-anglcd. — Upright herbs, with
cut-lobed leaves, and close whorls of flowers in their axils. (Name from Xe'wv,
a lion, and oupa, tail, i. e. Lion's-tail.)
1. It. CARD!ACA, L. (COMMON MOTHERWORT.) Tall; leaves long-peti-
oled ; the lower rounded, palmately lobed ; the floral wedge-shaped at the base,
3-cleft, the lobes lanceolate ; upper lip of the pale purple corolla bearded. 1|.
— Waste places, around dwellings, &c. July- Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. It. MARRUBiAsTRUM, L. Tall, with elongated branches; stem-leaves
oblong-ovate, coarsely toothed ; corolla (whitish) shorter than the calyx-teeth;
the tube naked within ; lower lip rather erect. © — Road-sides, Pennsylvania:
rare. (Adv. from Eu.}
27*
318 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.)
31. L, A ML 1 17 HI , L. DEAD-NETTLE.
Calyx tubular-bell-shapcd, about 5-nervcd, with 5 nearly equal awl-pointed
teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat ; the upper lip ovate or oblong, arched,
narrowed at the base ; the middle lobe of the spreading lower lip broad, notched.
at the apex, contracted as if stalked at the base ; the lateral ones small, at the
margin of the throat. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anthers ap-
proximate in pairs, 2-celled, the cells divergent. Nutlets truncate at the apex.
— Herbs, decumbent at the base, the lowest leaves small and long-petiolcd, the
middle ones heart-shaped and doubly toothed, the floral similar but nearly ses-
sile, subtending the axillary whorled clusters of flowers. (Name from Am/iof,
the titroat, in allusion to the ringcnt corolla.) See Addend.
1. Li. AMPLEXiCAtiLE, L. Leaves rounded, deeply crcnate-toothed or cut,
the upper ones closing ; corolla (purple) elongated, upper lip bearded, the lower
spotted ; lateral lobes truncate. (\j — Cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Eu.)
2. Li. PURrtiREUM, L. Leaves roundish or oblong, heart-shaped, crenate-
toothed, all petioled. — Cult, grounds, Pennsylvania. (Adv. from Eu.)
32. BAL.L.OTA, L. FETID HOREHOUND.
Calyx nearly funnel-form, the 10-ribbed tube expanded above into a spreading
regular border, with 5-10 teeth. Anthers exserted beyond the tube of the co-
rolla, approximate in pairs. Otherwise much as in Marrubium. (The Greek
name, of uncertain origin.)
1. IS. N^QRA, L. (BLACK HOREHOUND.) More or less hairy, but green,
erect ; leaves ovate, toothed ; whorls many-flowered, dense ; calyx-teeth 5, long-
er than the tube of the purplish corolla. 1J. — Waste places, Massachusetts
and Connecticut : scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)
33. PIIIwOMIS, L. JERUSALEM SAGE.
Calyx tubular, 5 -10-ribbed, truncate or equally 5-toothed. Upper lip of the
corolla arched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, ascending and approx-
imate in pairs under the upper lip ; the filaments of the upper pair with an awl-
shaped appendage at the base, longer than the others in P. tubcrosa, &c. : anther-
cells divergent and confluent. — Leaves rugose. Whorls dense and many-flow-
ered, axillary, remote, bracted. (An old Greek name of a woolly species,
of obscure derivation.)
1. P. TUBER6SA, L. Tall (3° -5° high), nearly smooth; leaves ovate-
hoart-shaped, crcnate, petioled; the floral oblong-lanceolate; bracts awl-shaped,
hairy ; upper lip of the purple corolla densely bearded with white hairs on the
inside. 1J. — Shore of Lake Ontario near Rochester, Prof. Hartley, Prof. Di-nry.
(Adv. from Eu.)
The familiar cultivated plants of this family, not mentioned above, are the
SWEET BASIL (Ocymum Bctsilicnm) ; the LAVENDER (Lavdndula vera); and
ifae SWEET MARJORAM (Origanum Majordiia).
BORRAGINACE^. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 319
ORDER 78. BORRAGINACEJG. (BORAGE FAMILY.)
Chiefly rouyli-liairy herbs (not aromatic), with alternate entire leaves, and
symmetrical flowers with a b-parted calyx, a regular 5-lobed corolla (except
in No. 1), 5 stamens inserted on its tube, a single style and a deeply ^-lobed
ovary (as in Labiatas), which forms in fruit 4 seed-like nutlets, each with a
single seed. — Albumen none. Cotyledons plano-convex: radicle pointing
to the apex of the fruit. Stigmas 1 or 2. Calyx valvate, the corolla im-
bricated (in Myosotis convolute) in the bud. Flowers axillary, or on one
side of the branches of a reduced cyme,* which is rolled up from the end,
and straightens as the blossoms expand, often bractless. (Innocent, muci-
laginous, and slightly bitter plants ; the roots of many species yielding a
red dye.) A rather large family.
Synopsis.
TRIBE I. BORRAGEJE. Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming as many separate 1-seeded
nutlets in fruit ; the style rising from the centre between them. (Root frequently red.)
* Corolla naked and open (without scales) in the throat, somewhat irregular ! Nutlets fixed
by their base (separate from the style) ; the scar flat.
1. ECHIUM. Corolla funnel-form, unequally 5-lobed. Stamens protruded.
» * Corolla with 5 scales closing the throat Nutlets not prickly, fixed by their base (separate
from the style) ; the scar broad and hollowed out.
2. LYCOPSIS. Corolla funnel-form, slightly curved and oblique : scales blunt and hairy.
8. SYMPUYTUM. Corolla tubular, and enlarged at the summit : scales awl-shaped.
* * * Corolla naked and open, or with folds rather than scales in the throat, regular Nutleta
not prickly, fixed by their base (separate from the style) ; the scar very small and flat.
•i- Lobes of the tubular corolla imbricated in the bud.
4. ONOSMODIUM. Nutlets stony, smooth. Lobes of the corolla acute and erect.
6. LITIIOSPEKMUM. Nutlets stony, smooth. Lobes of the corolla spreading, rounded.
6. ME11TENSIA. Nutlets rather fleshy, oblique. Lobes of the corolla rounded.
•»— H— Lobes of the short salver-shaped corolla convolute in the bud.
7. MYOSOTIS. Nutlets hard and smooth. 1'lowers ail of them, or all but the lowest, bract-
less.
* * * * Corolla with 5 scales closiug the throat. Nutlets prickly, laterally fixed to the central
column or the base of the style.
8. ECHINOSPERMUM. Corolla salver-shaped Nutlets erect, prickly on the margin.
9. CYNOGLOSSUM. Corolla funnel-form. Nutlets oblique or depressed, prickly all over.
TKIBB II. HELIOTROPES. Ovary not lobed, tipped with the simple style: the
fruit separating when ripe into 2 or 4 nutlets
10. HELIOT110PIUM. Throat of the short salver-shaped corolla open. Nutlets 1-celled.
11. IIEL10PIIYTUM. Throat of the corolla contracted. Nutlets 2, each 2-celled.
1. EC1HUM, Tourn. VIPER'S BUGLOSS
Corolla with a cylindraceous or funnel-form tube, and a more or less unequal
spreading 5-lobed border; the lobes rounded, the expanded throat naked. Sta-
* In the descriptions we call these clusters racemes or spikes, for convenience, since they
bo cloBcly imitate them. But the flowers are not in the axils of the bracts when these are
present.
320 BORRAGINACE.E. (BORAGE FAMILY.)
mcns mostly cxsertcd, unequal. Style thread-form. Nutlets roughened or
wrinkled, fixed by a flat base. (A name of Dioscorides, from e^is, a viper.)
1. K. VULG\RE, L. (BLUE-WEED.) Rough-bristly; stem erect (2° high),
mostly simple ; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile ; flowers showy, in short
lateral spikes, disposed in a long and narrow raceme ; corolla reddish-purple
chunking to brilliant blue (rarely pale), (g) — Road-sides and meadows : rather
rare northward ; a troublesome weed in Virginia. June. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. L.YCOPSIS, L. BDGLOSS.
Corolla funnel-shaped, with a curved tube and a slightly unequal limb ; the
throat closed with 5 convex obtuse bristly scales placed opposite the lobes.
Stamens and style included. Nutlets rough-wrinkled, hollowed out at the base,
— Annuals. (Name from AVKOS, a wolf, and ctyts, face.)
1. L,. ARVENSIS, L. (SMALL BUGLOSS.) Very rough-bristly (Thigh);
leaves lanceolate ; flowers in leafy racemes ; calyx as long as the tube of the
small blue corolla. — Dry or sandy fields, New England to Virginia: scarce.
(Adv. from Eu.)
3. SYUIPHYTUM, Tourn. COMFREY.
Corolla oblong-tubular, inflated above, 5-toothed ; the short teeth spreading ;
the throat closed with 5 converging linear-awl-shaped scales. Stamens in-
cluded : anthers elongated. Style thread form. Nutlets smooth, ovate, fixed
by a large hollowed base. — Coarse perennial herbs, with thickened mucilagi-
nous roots ; the nodding racemes either single or in pairs. (Name from (rv/i<£eii/,
to grow together, probably in allusion to its reputed healing virtues.)
1. S. OFFICIN\LE, L. (COMMON COMFREY.) Hairy, branched, winged
above by the decurrent leaves ; the lower ones ovate-lanceolate, tapering into a
petiole, the upper narrower ; corolla yellowish-white, rarely purplish. — Moist
places ; sparingly escaped from gardens. June. (Adv. from Eu.)
4. ONOSITIOWIIIUI, Michx. FALSE GROMWELL.
Calyx 5-parted ; the divisions linear and erect. Corolla tubular or tubular-
funnel-form, naked in the throat (the sinuses minutely hooded-inflexed) ; the 5
acute lobes converging or somewhat spreading. Anthers oblong-linear or arrow-
shaped, mucronate, inserted in the throat of the corolla. Style thread-form, much "
exserted. Nutlets bony, ovoid, smooth, fixed by the base; the scar minute, not
hollowed out. — Chiefly perennial herbs, coarse and hispid, with oblong and
si-s.-ilc ribbed-veined leaves, and white, greenish, or yellowish flowers, in at length
elongated and erect leafy racemes. — Our species all belong to ONOSMODIUM
PROPER, having the anthers all included, smooth, and on very short filaments ;
the corolla only once or twice the length of the calyx. (Named from the re-
semblance to the genus Onosina.)
1. O. Vi rgilliuillllll, DC. Clothed all over with hanJi and rigid oppressed
bristles; stems rather slender (l°-2° high); leaves narrowly oblong, or oblong-
BORRAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 821
lanceolate (\'-2\' long), the lower narrowed at the base; corolla rather longer
than the calyx (3'' long) ; the lobes lanceolate-awl-shaped, bearded with long bristles
outside; anthers oblong-arrow-shaped, on very short flattened filaments. (0.
bispidum, Michx. Lithospermum Virginianum, L.I} — Banks and hill-sides,
b. New England to Virginia and southward. June - Aug.
2. O. Caroliiiilmum, DC. (excl. syn. Michx.} Clothed all over with
Ion;/ and spreading bristly hairs; stem stout, upright (3° -4° high) ; leaves ovate-
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute ; corolla twice the length of the calyx ; the lobes
deltoid-ovate, obtusish ; anthers oblong, longer than the narrow filaments. (0.
mollc, Beclc, &c. Lithosp. Carolinianum, Lam.) — River-banks, W. New York,
Wisconsin, Virginia, and southward. June, July. — Stouter and larger-leaved
than the last, thickly clothed with less rigid but long and shaggy whitish hairs.
Lobes of the corolla more or less hairy on the back, appearing slightly heart-
shaped by the inflexion of the sinuses. Tliis has been confounded by some
authors with No. 1 ; by others with No. 3, which it most resembles.
3. O. Bliollc, Michx. Hoary with fine and close strictly oppressed hairs;
leaves oblong-orate, obtusish, soft-downy underneath ; corolla longer than the calyx, the
lobes lance-ovate or triangular, acute ; anthers linear, much longer than the verti-
cally dilated filaments. — Dry grounds, Illinois and southward. Corolla rathei
larger than in the last ; the lobes more or less hairy along the middle.
5. L.ITHOSPERUIUM, Tourn. GROMWELL. PDCCOON.
Corolla funnel-form, or sometimes salver-shaped ; the open throat naked, or
with a more or less evident transverse fold or scale-like appendage opposite each
lobe; the spreading limb 5-cleft; its lobes rounded. Anthers oblong, almost
sessile, included. Nutlets ovate, smooth or roughened, mostly bony or stony,
fixed by the base ; the scar nearly flat. — Herbs, with thickish and commonly
red roots, sessile leaves, and axillary or often spiked or racemed leafy-braeted
flowers (occasionally of 2 forms as to stamens and style, as in Oldenlandia, p.
171, «Sbc.). (Name compounded of XiOos, stone, and 0-Tre'p/xa, seed, from the hard
nutlets.)
$ 1. Nutlets tubercled or rough-wrinJded and pitted, gray and dull: throat of the
(nearly white) corolla destitute of evident folds or appendages.
1. Li. ARVENSE, L. (CORN GROMWELL.) Minutely rough-hoary; stems
erect (6'- 12' high) ; leaves lanceolate or linear, veinless ; corolla scarcely longer
than the calyx. (J) — Sandy banks and road-sides, New England to Pennsyl-
vania and Michigan. May -Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)
$ 2. Nutlets smooth and shining, mostly white, like ivory, occasionally dotted with pores:
corolla in our species greenish-white or cream-color, small, with 5 small but distinct
pubescent scales in the throat. (Root perennial.)
2. L. atlgfUStifolium, Michx. Minutely and slightly hoary, roughish,
much branclied, erect or spreading (6'- 15' high) ; leaves linear, rigid, l-nerved,
corolla not longer than the calyx ; the short peduncles in fruit mostly recurved ;
nutlets more or less pitted -when young, rarely bright white, but smooth and shin-
ing. — River-banks, from Illinois southward and westward. May.
322 BORRAGINACE^. (BORAGE FAMILY.)
3. L.. OFFICIX\LE, L. (COMMON GROMWELL.) Much branched above,
erect (l°-2° high) ; leaves thinnish, broadly lanceolate, acute, with a few distinct
veins, rough above, soft-pubescent beneath; corolla exceeding the calyx; nutlets
very smooth and even. — Road-sides, &c. : rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.)
4. L,. latifolilllll, Miehx. Stem loosely branched, erect (2° -3° high),
rough; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, mostly tapcr-puiidi-d (even the floral ones
2'-4'long), ribbed-veined, roughish above, finely soft -pubescent beneath, the
root-leaves large and rounded ; corolla shorter than the calyx ; nutlets very smooth
or sparingly impressed-punctate, shining, turgid (2" long). — Borders of woods,
Michigan to Kentucky. June.
§ 3. Nutlets smooth and shining : corolla large, salver-shaped or nearly so, deep orange-
yellow, somewhat pubescent outside : the tube 2-4 times longer than the calyx, the
throat more or less appendaged. (Roots perennial, long and deep, yielding a red
dye.) (Batschia, Gmel.)
# Tube of the corolla, from one half to twice longer than the calyx, not much longer
than its ample limb, the lobes entire ; the appendages glandular and adherent (espe-
cially in the state with the stamens at the base of the tube), or slightly arched.
5. It. iairtuill, Lehm. (HAIRY PUCCOON.) Hispid with bristly hairs
(l°-2° high) ; stem-leaves lanceolate or linear, those of the flowering branches
ovate-oblong, bristly-ciliate ; corolla woolly-bearded at the base inside ; flowers dis-
tinctly peduncled ; fruiting calyx (%' long) 3-4 times longer than the nutlets.
(Also L. sericeum, Lehm. Batschia Carol iniensis, Gmel. B. Gmelini, Michx.)
— Dry woods, Michigan to Wisconsin, Virginia, and southward and northwest-
ward. April- June. — Flowers crowded, showy : limb of the corolla §'-1 broad.
6. L.. canescens, Lehm. (HOARY PUCCOON or ALKANET.) SojHy
hairy and more or less hoary (6' -15' high) ; leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the
upper ovate-oblong, more or less downy beneath and roughish with close ap-
pressed hairs above ; corolla naked at the base within ; flowers sessile ; fruiting calyx
(3" long) lardy twice the length of the nutlets. (Batschia canescens, Michx.) —
Open woods and plains, W. New York to Kentucky, Wisconsin, and northwest-
ward. May. — Limb of the showy corolla smaller and the calyx shorter than
in the last.
# * Tube of the corolla 2-4 times the length of the calyx, and of its crose-toothed or
crenulate lobes ; the appendages at the throat more projecting or arched. (Pentalo-
phus, A. DC.)
7. Li. longifloriim, Spreng. Minutely strigose-hoary ; stem simple
(6' -18' high) ; leaves linear; tube of the corolla much longer than 1 he calyx
(§'-!£' long). (Batschia longiflora, Pursh. L. incisum, Lehm. Pentalophua
longiflorus, A. DC.) — Prairies and plains, from W. Illinois and Wisconsin
westward. May,
6. M E It T 12 !\ S I A , Roth. SMOOTH LUNGWORT.
Corolla trumpet-shaped or bell-funnel-shaped, much longi-r than the d-.vply 5-
cleft or 5-parted calyx, naked, or with 5 small glandular folds or appc-nd.-'.
the open throat ; the spreading border 5-lobcd. Stamens protruding from the
BOKRAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 323
throat : filaments equalling or longer than the oblong or somewhat arrow-shaped
anthers. Style long and thread-form. Nutlets ovoid, fleshy Avhen fresh, smooth
or wrinkled, obliquely attached next the base by a prominent internal angle; the
sear small. — Smooth ! or soft-hairy perennial herbs, with pale and entire leaves,
and handsome purplish-blue (rarely white) flowers, in loose and short panicled
or corymbed racemes, only the lower ones leafy-bracted : pedicels slender.
(Named for Prof. Mertens, an early German botanist.)
$ 1 . Corolla perfectly naked in the throat ; the broad trumpet-mouthed limb slightly 5
lobed : filaments narrow, much longer than the anthers.
1. UI. Virgiiiica, DC. (VIRGINIAN COWSLIP or LUNGWORT.) Very
smooth, pale, erect (l°-2° high) ; leaves thin, obovate, veiny, those of the root
(4' -6' long) petioled; corolla trumpet-shaped, I1 long, many times exceeding
the calyx, rich purple-blue, rarely white. (Pulmonaria Virginica, L.) — Allu-
vial banks, W. New York to Wisconsin, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward.
May. — Cultivated for ornament.
§ 2. Corolla with 5 glandular folds or appendages at the throat ; the limb more deeply
lobed : filaments shorter and broader.
2. M. maritinia, Don. (SEA LUNGWORT.) Spreading or decumbent,
smooth, glaucous; leaves fleshy, ovate or obovate, the upper surface becoming pa-
pillose ; corolla bell-fnnncl-form, twice the length of the calyx (3" long) ; nutlets
smooth, flattened. — Sea-coast, Plymouth, Massachusetts (Russell), Maine ? and
northward. (Eu.)
3. M. panicilliatil, Don. Roughish and more or less hairy, erect (l°-2°
high), loosely branched; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, thin; co-
rolla somewhat funnel-form, 3-4 times the length of the hairy calyx (£' long) ;
nutlets rour/h-icrinkled when diy. (Probably also M. pilosa, DC.) — Shore of
Lake Superior, and northward.
7. MYOSOTIS, L. SCORPION-GRASS. FORGET-ME-NOT.
Corolla salver-form, the tube about the length of the 5-toothed or 5-cleft calyx,
the throat with 5 small and blunt arching appendages opposite the rounded
lobes ; the latter convolute in the bud ! Stamens included, on very short fila-
ments. Nutlets smooth, compressed, fixed at the base ; the scar minute. — Low
and mostly soft-hairy herbs, with entire leaves, those of the stem sessile, and
with small flowers in naked racemes, which are entirely bractless, or occasion-
ally with one or two small leaves next the base, prolonged and straightened
in fruit. (Name composed of /ius, mouse, and ovs, coros, ear, in allusion to the
aspect of the short and soft leaves in some species : one popular name is
MOUSE-EAR.)
Calyx open in fruit, its hairs oppressed, none of them hooked nor glandular.
1. taLpalustris, With. (TRUE FORGET-ME-NOT.) Stems ascending
from an obi^nel^ creeping base (9' -20' high), loosely branched, smoothish ;
leaves rough-pubescent, oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong; calyx moderately
5-cleft, shorter than the spreading pedicels ; corolla (rather large in the genuine
plant) pale blue with a yellow eye. 1J. — Cultivated occasionally.— Varies into
3;M BOKRAGINACE.fi. (BORAGE FAMILY.)
Rmaller-flowered forms, among which high authorities rank M. casspitos-?. ;m 1
(>vith yet more reason) the intermediate
Var. lilxa. (M. laxa, Lchm.) Creeping base of the stem short; flowers
\ or £ smaller; pedicels longer. — Wet places ; common, especially northward.
May -Aug. (Eu.)
* * Calyx closing, or the lobes erect in fruit, clothed with spreading hairs, a part of
them minutely hooked or glandular at the apex.
2. HI. arveilSiS, L. Hoffm. Hirsute with spreading hairs, erect or as-
cending (6' -15' high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acutish ; racemes naked at tht
ba#e and stalked; corolla small, blue (rarely white) ; pedicels spnading in fruit
and. larger than the 5-cleft equal calyx. (1) (*; (M. intermedia, Link. M M-or-
pioides, var. arvensis, L.) — Fields, &c. ; not very common. (Indigenous?)
May -Aug. (Eu.)
3. Jtl. verna, Nutt. Bristly-hirsute, branched from the base, erect (4'-
12' high); leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the lower spatulate-oblong ; ra<;n><x
leaf i/ at the base; corolla very small and white, with a short limb; pedicds in
fruit erect and oppressed at the base, usually abruptly bent outwards near the
apex, rather shorter than the deeply 5-cleJl unequal (somewhat 2-lipped) very hispid
calyx, (f) © (M. inflexa, Engelm. M. stricta, ed. 1. M. arvensis, Torr. j\.
N.Y.) — Dry hills, &c., Massachusetts to Wisconsin and southward. May-
July.
8. ECHINOSP^RMUlfl, Swarte. STICKSEED.
Corolla salver-form, short, nearly as in Myosotis, but imbricated in the bud ;
the throat closed with 5 short scales. Stamens included. Nutlets erect, fixed
laterally to the base of the style or central column, triangular or compressed,
the back armed with 1 -3 marginal rows of prickles which are barbed at the
apex, otherwise naked. — Rough-hairy and grayish herbs, with small blue flow-
ers in bracted racemes. (Name compounded of calves, a hedgehog, and (nrippa,
seed, from the prickly nutlets.)
1. E. LAPPULA, Lehm. Stem upright, branched above (l°-2° high); tho
short pedicels erect ; leaves lanceolate, rough-hairy ; nutlets each with a double
row of prickles at the margins, and tubercled on the back. Q) 4, — Wa.-te
places; common. July. (Nat. from Eu.)
9. CYNOGL-OSSUJH, Tourn. HOUKD'B-TOKOUB.
Corolla funnel-form ; the tube about the length of the 5-parted calyx ; the
throat closed with 5 obtuse scales; the lobes rounded. Stamens included
Nutlets depressed or convex, oblique, fixed near the apex to the base of the
style, roughened all over with short barbed or hooked prickles. — Coarse herbs,
with a strong unpleasant scent, and mostly panic-led racemes whi.-h are naked
above but usually bracted at the base. Lower leaves petioled. (Name from
KVVV, a dog, and yAa)(T<ra, tongue; from the shape and texture of the leaves.)
1. C. OFFICIN\LE, L. (COMMON HOUND'S-TONGUK.) C/W/W „•///, .s.W/
so/i luiirx, /«(/}/, panielcd above; upper leaves laneeolnte, closely sessile l>y a
rounded or slightly heart-shaped base ; racemes nearly bractless ; corolla reddish-
BORRAGINACE.E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 325
purple (rarely white, Sartwdl] ; nutlets flat on the broad upper face, somewhat
margined. ® — Waste grounds and pastures : a familiar and troublesome
weed; the large nutlets adhering to the fleece of sheep, &c. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. C» Virgiiiicillll, L. (WiLD COMFREY.) Roughish with spreading
bristly hairs ; stem simple, few-leaved (2° -3° high); stem-leaves lanceolatc-ob
long, clasping by a deep heart-shaped base ; racemes few and corymbed, raised on
a long naked peduncle, bractless ; corolla pale blue ; nutlets strongly convex. }J.
— Rich woods, Vermont to Virginia along the mountains, and westward.
June. — Flowers much smaller than in the last, much larger than in the next.
3. C. Morisoiii, DC. (BEGGAR'S LICE.) Stem hairy, very broadly
branched, leafy (2° -4° high) ; leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, also tapering
at the base, thin, minutely downy underneath and roughish above ; racemes pan i-
cled, forking, diverging, hairy, leafy-bracted at the base; corolla ivhite or pale blue
(minute); pedicels reflexcd in fruit ; nutlets convex, the prickles with barbed
points. (Myosotis Virginica, L. Echinospermum, Lehm.) — Copses ; com-
mon. July. — A vile weed.
1O. HEL-IOTROPIUM, Tourn. HELIOTROPE.
Corolla salver-shaped, short, 5-lobed ; the sinuses more or less plaited in the
bud ; the throat open. Anthers nearly sessile. Style short : stigma conical.
Nutlets 4, when young united by their whole inner faces into a 4-cellcd ovary,
but separating when ripe, each 1-seeded. — Herbs or low shrubby plants, the
small flowers in 1-sided spikes. (The ancient name, from rjXtos, the sun, and
TpoTTT], a turn.)
1. H. EUROPIUM, L. Erect (6' -18' high), hoary -pubescent; leaves oval,
long-petioled ; lateral spikes single, the terminal in pairs ; calyx spreading in
fruit, hairy. (1) — Waste places, Maryland, Virginia, &c. in a few places.
(Adv. from Eu.)
H. CURASSAVICUM, L., has been gathered at Norfolk, Virginia: probably
brought in the ballast of vessels. It also grows at St. Louis.
H. PERUVIANUM, L., is the well-known SWEET HELIOTROPE in cultivation.
11. IIELIOPIIYTUM, (Cham.) DC. INDIAN HELIOTROPE.
Corolla constricted at the throat. Style very short. Nutlets 2, each 2-celled
(i. e. 4, in pairs), and sometimes with a pair of empty false cells besides : other-
wise nearly as in Heliotropium. (Name composed of 17X105, sun, and <£VTOJ>,
plant.)
1. H. fxDictJM, DC. Erect, hairy; leaves pctioled, ovate or oval and
somewhat heart-shaped ; spikes single ; fruit 2-clcft, mitre-shaped, splitting into
2 halves with an empty false cell before each seed-bearing cell, and these at
length separable atrain into 2 one-seeded and 2-celled nutlets, (fl (Heliotropium
Indicum, L.) — Waste places, Illinois, opposite St. Louis, and southward.
Adv. from India.)
BORRAGO OFFICIXALIS, L., the cultivated BORAGE, is sometimes sponta-
neous in gardens.
326 HYDROPHYLLACE.E. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.)
ORDER 79. HYDROPHYLLACE^E. (WATERLEAP FAM.)
Herbs, commonly hairy, ivith mostly alternate and cut-lobed leave*, regular
5-merous and 5-androutt Jlowers, in aspect between ike foregoing and the next
Oi'der; hut the ovary ovoid and entire, \-cclled, with 2 parietal ±-?nany-
ovuled jdacentce. — Style 2-cleft above. Pod globular or oblong, 2-valved,
4 - many-seeded. Seeds reticulated or pitted, ainphitropons, with a small
embryo in cartilaginous albumen. — Flowers chiefly blue or white, in one-
sided cymes or racemes, which are mostly coiled from the apex when young,
and bractless, as in the Borage Family. (A small order of plants, of no
marked properties, some of them cultivated for ornament.) See Au
Synopsis.
* Ovary lined with the broad and fleshy placentae, which enclose the ovules and seeds (in our
plants only 4 in number) like an inner pericarp,
•i- Corolla-lobes convolute in the bud.
1. HYDROPHYLLUM. Stamens exserted : anthers linear. Calyx unchanged in fruit.
2. NEMOPII1LA. Stamens included: anthers ovoid. Calyx with appendages at the sinuses,
somewhat enlarged in fruit.
H- -i- Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud.
3. ELLISIA. Stamens included. Calyx destitute of appendages, enlarged in fruit.
* * Ovary with narrow parietal placentae, in fruit projecting inwards more or less
4. PIIACELIA. Corolla with its lobes imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Calyx destitute of
appendages.
1. HYDROPIIYL.L.UM, L. WATERLEAF.
Calyx 5-parted, sometimes with a small appendage in each sinus, early open
in the bud. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft; the lobes convolute in the hud; tlio
tube furnished with 5 longitudinal linear appendages opposite the lobes, which
cohere by their middle, while their edges are folded inwards, forming a nec-
tariferous groove. Stamens and style mostly exserted : filaments more or less
bearded. Ovary bristly-hairy (as is usual in the family) ; the 2 fleshy placentae
expanded so as to line the cell and nearly fill the cavity, soon free from the
walls except at the top and bottom, each bearing a pair of ovules on the inner
face. Pod ripening 1-4 seeds, spherical. — Perennial herbs, with petioled am-
ple leaves, and white or pale blue cymose-clustered flowers. (Name formed of
£8o>p, water, and <frv\\ov. leaf; of no obvious application to these plants.)
* Calyx naked or occasionally with minute appendages at the sinuses: rootstock*
creeping, thickish, scaly-toothed.
1. H. Hiacropliylllliia, Nutt. Rough-hairy; leaves oblong, pinnate, and
pinnatijid; the divisions 9-13, ovate, obtuse, coarsely cut-toothed; peduncle very
long; calyx-lobes lanceolate-pointed from a broad base, very hairy. — Rocky,
shaded banks, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and southward. July. — Root-leave6
1° long : cyme globular, crowded
2. II. YirgitliClim, L. Smoothish (l°-2°high); leaves pinnatcly di-
vided ; the divisions 5 - 7 , ovate-lanceolate or oblong, pointed, sharply cut-toothed,
HYDROPHYLLACE^E. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 327
the lowest mostly 2-parted, the uppermost confluent; peduncles longer than the
pefc'ofes of the upper leaves, forked ; calyx-lobes narrowly linear, bristly-ciliate.
— Damp rich woods, Maine to Virginia and westward. June. — Peduncles
forked : clusters rather dense.
3. II. CaimdeilSC, L. Nearly smooth (l°high); leaves palmately 5-7-
lobed, rounded, heart-shaped at the base, unequally toothed ; those from the root
sometimes with 2-3 small and scattei-ed lateral leaflets ; peduncles much shorter
than the long petioles, forked, the crowded (nearly white) flowers on very short
pedicels; calyx-lobes linear-awl-shaped, nearly smooth. — Damp rich woods,
W. New England to the mountains of Virginia, and northward. June, July. —
Rootstocks thickened and very strongly toothed in 2 rows by the persistent bases
of the stout petioles : leaves 3' -5' broad.
# * Calyx ivith a small reflexed appendage in each sinus : stamens sometimes not ex-
sertcd (probably two forms of flowers, as in some Borraginacece, p. 321, frc.).
4. II. appendicillfatlim, Michx. (HAIRY WATERLEAF.) Hairy;
stem-leaves palmately 5-lobed, rounded, the lobes toothed and pointed, the
lowest pinnately divided ; cymes rather loosely flowered ; pedicels (at length
slender) and calyx bristly-hairy. — Open woods, W. New York to the Alle-
ghanies of Virginia, Wisconsin, and westward. June.
2. NEMOPIIILA, Nutt. NEMOPHILA.
Calyx 5-parted, and with a reflexed tooth or appendage in each sinus, more
or less enlarged in fruit. Corolla bell-shaped or almost wheel-shaped ; the lobes
convolute in the bud ; the tube mostly with 10 small folds or scales inside. Sta-
mens included : anthers ovoid or heart-shaped. Placentae (bearing each 2-12
ovules), pod, and seeds much as in Hydrophyllum ; the embryo larger. — Dif-
fuse and fragile annuals, with opposite or partly alternate pinnatifid or lobed
leaves, and one-flowered peduncles ; the corolla white, blue, or marked with pur-
ple. (Name composed of ve/ios, a grove, and $iXeo>, to love; from the place of
growth they affect.)
1. N. microcalyx, Eisch. & Meyer. Small, roughish-pubescent ; stems
diffusely spreading (2' -8' long) ; leaves parted or deeply cleft into 3-5 round-
ish or wcdge-obovate sparingly cut-lobed divisions, the upper leaves all alter-
nate ; peduncles opposite the leaves and shorter than the long petioles ;
flowers minute; corolla white (l£" long), longer than the calyx ; placenta} each
2-ovuled ; pod 1 -2-seeded. (Ellisia microcalyx, Nutt. Nemophila cvanescens,
Darby.) — Rich moist woods, Virginia (near Washington), and southward.
April - June.
N. iNsfGNis, N. MACULATA, &c. are showy Californian species, now com-
mon in gardens.
3. ELLISIA, L. ELLISIA.
Calyx 5-parted, without appendages, enlarged and foliaceous in fruit. Corol-
la bell-shaped, not longer than the calyx, 5-lobcd above ; the lobes imbricated
In the bud, the tube with 5 minute appendages within. Stamens included.
328 HYDROPHYLLACEJE. (wATERLEAF FAMILY.)
riar-ontae (each 2-ovulcd), fruit, and seeds much as in Hydrophyllum — Ddkate
and branching annuals, with lobcd or divided leaves, the lower opposite, and
small whitish flowers. (Named for John Ellis, a distinguished naturalist, long a
correspondent of Linnoms.)
1. E. Nyctelt'a, L. Minutely or sparingly roughish-hairy, divergently
branched (6' -12' high) ; leaves pinnately parted into 7-13 lanceolate or linear-
oblong sparingly cut-toothed divisions ; peduncles solitary in the forks or oppo-
site the leaves, 1 -flowered; calyx-lobes triangular, tapering to a sharp point,
nearly as long as the peduncle, longer than the whitish corolla, in fruit becom-
ing almost £' long. — Shady places, from Pennsylvania (opposite Trenton,
New Jersey, Mr. Laning) to Virginia, Illinois, and south westward. May-
July.
4. PHACEL.IA, Juss. (Phacelia & Eutoca, R. Br.)
Calyx 5-parted ; the sinuses naked. Corolla open-bell-shapcd, 5-lobed ; tiva
lobes imbricated in the bud. Filaments slender, often (with the 2-cleft style)
exsertcd : anthers ovoid or oblong. Ovary with 2 narrow linear placenta? ad-
herent to the walls, in fruit usually projecting inwards more or less, the two often
forming an imperfect partition in the ovoid 4 - many-seeded pod. (Ovules 2-
30 on each placenta.) — Perennial or mostly animal herbs, with cither simple,
lobed, or divided leaves, and commonly handsome (blue, purple, or white)
flowers in one-sided racemes. (Name from (^aKeAos, a fascicle ; the flowers
or racemes being often clustered.)
$ 1. PHACELIA PROPER. — Seeds and ovules only 4 (two on each placenta):
corolla with narrow folds, appendages, or scales within ; the lobes entire.
1. P. bipimiatifida, Michx. Stem upright, much branched, hairy
(l°-2°high); leaves long-petioled, pinnately 3-5-divided; the divisions or
leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely and often sparingly cut-lobed or
pinnatifid ; racemes elongated, loosely many-flowered, glandular-pubescent ;
pedicels about the length of the calyx, spreading or recurved. 1J. ? — Shaded
banks, in rich soil, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and southward along the moun-
tains. May, Jwne. — Corolla bright blue, £' broad, with 5 pairs of longitudinal
folds. Stamens bearded below . these, with the style, are cither somewhat in-
cluded (P. brcvistylis, Buckley] or exserted in different individuals.
§ 2. COSMANTHUS. (Cosmanthus, Nolle. Sect. Eucosmanthus, A. DC.,
in part.) — Seeds and ovules only 4: corolla naked within; its lobes beautifully
fringe-toothed: filaments villous-bearded below: leaves pinnatifid, the upper clasp-
ing at the base : flowers long-pedicelled.
2. P. Piirsllii, Buckley. Sparsely hairy; stem erect or ascending,
branched (8' -12' high) ; lobes of the stem-leaves 5-9, oblong or lanced ate, acute t
raceme many-Jlowered ; calyx-lobes lance-linear; corolla blue (about £' in diameter).
Q) (P. fimbriata, Parsh., not of Michx. Cosmanthus fimbriatus, AW/?, $-c.) —
Moist wooded banks, "VV. Penn. to Illinois and southward. April- Jnne.
3. P. finibrifita, Michx. Slightly hairy, slender; stuns sj reading or
ascending (5' -8' long), few-leaved; lowest leaves 3 -5- divided into roundish
POLEMONIACE^E. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 32U
leaflets; the upper 5-7-cleft or cut-toothed, the lobes obtuse; raceme 3-10-flow*
ered; calyx-lobes linear-oblong, obtuse, becoming spatulate; corolla white (,i' — J'
broad). QL) — Woods, high mountains of Virginia, and southward. May.
§ 3. EtlTOCA. (Eutoca, R. Br.) — Seeds (or at least the ovules) several or many,
rarely only 3 or 4 on each placenta : corolla usually with small and inconspicuous
folds or appendages within, its lobes entire,
4. P. parviflora, Pursh. Somewhat hairy, slender, diffusely spreading
(3' -8' high) ; leaves pinnately cleft or the lower divided into 3-7 short lobes;
racemes solitary, loosely 5-1 5-flowered ; pedicels filiform, at length several times
longer than the oblong calyx-lobes ; corolla bluish or white (\' - $' broad) ; pod
few-seeded. (3) — Shaded banks, Penn. to Virginia and southward. April - June.
5. P. Franklinii. Soft-hairy; stem erect (6' -15' high), rather stout;
leaves pinnately parted into many lanceolate or oblong-linear lobes, which are
crowded and often cut-toothed or pinnatifid ; racemes short, dense, crowded into an
oblong spike; calyx-lobes linear: corolla blue; pod many-seeded. (1) (Eutoca
Franklinii, R. Br.) — Shore of Lake Superior (Prof. Jot/, $-c.); thence north-
ward and westward.
ORDER 80. POLEMOJVIACE^E. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.)
Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, regular 5-merous and 5-androus
flowers, the lobes of the corolla convolute (in one tribe imbricated) in the bud,
a B-celled ovary and 3-lobed style; the pod 3-cetted, S-valvecl, loculicidal,few-
inany-seeded ; the valves usually breaking away from the triangular central
column. — Seeds amphitropous, the coat frequently mucilaginous when
moistened and emitting spiral threads. Embryo straight in the axis of co-
pious albumen. Calyx persistent, usually imbricated. Corolla with a
5-parted border. Anthers introrse. Flowers cymose-panicled. (Insipid
and innocent plants ; many are ornamental in cultivation.)
TRIBE I. POL.EMOlVIE.aE. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla with the lobes convolute in the
bud. Filaments filiform, inserted on the tube of the corolla : cells of the anther parallel,
opening lengthwise.
1. POLEMONIUM. Calyx and corolla open-bell-shaped. Filaments slender, equal.
2. PHLOX. Calyx narrow. Corolla salver-shaped, with a long tube, including the unequally
inserted filaments.
TRIBE II. DIAPENSIEJE. Calyx of 5 sepals. Corolla with the lobes imbricated in
the bud, and with the broad and flat filaments in the sinuses. Anthers with the cells
opening transversely.
3. DIAPENSIA. Anther-cells pointless, opening by an obliquely transverse line.
4. PYXIDANTHERA. Anther-cells awn-pointed underneath, opening straight across.
1. POL.EMONIUM, Tourn. GREEK VALERIAN.
Calyx bell-shaped. Stamens equally inserted at the summit of the very short
tube of the open-bell-shaped corolla ; filaments slender, declined, hairy-appen-
daged at the base. Pod few - several-seeded. — Low, branching herbs, with al-
28=*
POLEMONIACE^E. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.)
ternate pinnate leaves, the upper leaflets sometimes confluent; the (blue or
white) corymbose flowers nearly bractless. (An ancient name, from xroXe/ios.
war, of doubtful application.) See Addend.
1. P. reptailS, L. (JACOB'S LADDER.) Smooth, weak, diffusely branched
(6' — 10' high) ; leaflets 7-11, ovate-lanceolate or oblong ; corvmbs few-flowered ;
flowers (blue) nodding ; calyx-lobes acute ; pods about 3-secdcd. 1J. — Shady
river-banks, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. May. — Smaller and
much fewer-flowered than the 1*. oajRtiLEUM, which is common in gardens.
2. PHLOX, L. PHLOX.
Calyx narrow, somewhat prismatic, or plaited and angled. Corolla salver-
form, with a long tube. Stamens very unequally inserted in the tube of the
corolla, included. Pod ovoid, with a single seed in each cell. — Chiefly peren-
nials, with opposite and sessile perfectly entire leaves, the floral often alternate.
Flowers cymose, mostly bracted ; the open clusters terminal or crowded in the
upper axils. ($Xo£, flame, an ancient name of Lychnis, transferred to this
North American genus.)
# Stem strictly upright : panicle pyramidal or oblong, many-flowered : peduncles and
pedicels very short : lobes of the corolla entire.
1. P. pailiculata, L. Stem stout (2° -4° high), smooth; leaves ob-
long-lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, pointed, large, tapering at the base, the
upper often heart-shaped at the base; panicle ample, pyramidal-corymbed ; calyx-
teeth awn-pointed. (P. undulata, Ait., &c.) — Var. ACUMIN\TA (P. acuminata,
Pursh) has the broader and taper-pointed leaves beneath downy, like the stem,
which is also sometimes rough-hairy and occasionally spotted below. — Rich
woods, from Penn. to Illinois, and southward. June, July. — Common in gar-
dens. Flowers pink-purple, varying to white.
2. P. macillata, L. (WiLD SWEET-WILLIAM.) Smooth, or barely
roughish ; stem spotted with purple, rather slender (l°-2°high); lower leaves
lanceolate, the upper nearly ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex from the
broad and rounded or somewhat heart-shaped base ; panicle nairow, oblong, leafy
below ; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, short, scarcely pointed ; corolla purple
(sometimes white, when it is P. suaveolens, Ait.). Lower branches of the pani-
cle rarely elongated, so as to become pyramidal, when it is P. pyramidalis,
Smith. — llich woods and river-banks, common from N. Penn. to Michigan,
Kentucky, and southward : very common in gardens. June.
# * Stems ascending or upright, often from a decumbent base ; flowers in terminal
corymbed cymes : tlie whole plant smooth and glabrous : lobes of the corolla round
and entire : calyx-teeth short, triangular-lanceolate.
3. P. Carolina, L. Stems ascending (£°- 2° high), often from a pros-
trate base; leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, and sometimes
heart-shaped at the base, acute or pointed ; flowers crowded, short-peduneled ;
calyx-teeth acute. — Var. ovXxA, Benth., has broad leaves (P. ovata, L). Var.
NfxiDA, Benth., has narrower leaves (P. nitida, Pursh.), and verges to the next
— Woods, W. Penn. to Michigan, Virginia, and southward. June, July.—
Corolla 1' long; the limb 1' broad, pink-purple.
POLEilONIACE^E. (POLEJIO2^JM FAMILY.)
4. P. glatoers'iaita, L. Stems slender, erect (1°-3C high) ; leaves linear-
lanceolate or rarely oblong-lanceolate, very smooth (except the rough and sometimes
revolute margins), tapering- gradually to a point (3' -4' long); cymes few-
flowered and loosely corymbed; flowers peduneled (pink or whitish) ; calyx-teeth
sharp-pointed. (P. carnea, Sims. P. revoluta, Aikin.) — Prairies and open
woods, Ohio and Wisconsin to Virginia and southward. July.
* * * Stems ascending (or in No. 5 often erect) from a spreading or prostrate base,
more or less clammy-pubescent, as well as the calyx and the oblong, lanceolate, or
linear leaves: flowers in terminal corymbed cymes, mostly peduneled: calyx deeply
cleft., tlie teeth hiuar-ati'l-sliaped or setaceous.
5. P. pilosa, L. Stems slender, nearly erect (1°-U° high), usually
hairy, as are the lanceolate or lance-linear leaves, which commonly taper to a sharp
point ; cymes at length open ; calyx-teeth slender aid-shaped and awn-like, longer
than the tube-.-; lobes of the pink or rose-red corolla obovate, entire. (P. aristata,
Michx. P. aristata £ pilosa in part, Benth. in DC.) — Borders of thickets and
prairies, New Jersey to Wisconsin and southward. May, June. — Leaves I' -2f
long, l£"-3" wide.
Var. ? Wdlteri. Stems ascending (£°-H° high), mostly simple; leaves,
broadly linear, lanceolate or ovate-ublong, abruptly acute or blunt (I'-l^' long, on
sterile shoots often ovate); cyme compact and sessile, leaf y-bracted ; calyx-teeth
rather shorter and broader; corolla purple. (P. pilosa, Walt., Michx., Ell.,
Benth. in part, not of L.) — Barrens of Kentucky (Short), Virginia, and south-
ward. May. — Ordinarily this appears quite distinct from the Linnajau P.
pilosa, which is the P. aristata of Michaux.
6. P. ivptaDS*, Michx. Runners creeping, bearing round ish-oboi-ate smooth-
ish and tliiekish leaves; flowering stems (4' -8' high) and their oblong or ovate
obtuse leaves (^' long), clammy-pubescent; cyme close, few-flowered; calyx-teeth
awkshaped-linear, acutish, about the length of the tube ; lobes of the reddish-pur-
ple corolla round-obovate, entire. — Damp woods, Penn., Kentucky, and southward :
also cultivated. May, June. — Flowers showy: tube of the corolla 1' long;
limb 1' broad.
7. P. divaricf&ta, L. Stems spreading or ascending from a decumbent
base (9' — 18' high) ; leaves oblong-ovate or the lower oblong-lanceolate (1^' long),
acutish ; cyme corymbose-panicled, spreading, loosely-flowered ; peduncles
slender; calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped, much longer than the tube; lobes of the
pale lilac or bluish corolla obcordate or wedge-obovate and notched at the end, or often
entire (var. Laphamii, Wood), £'-§' long, equalling or longer than the tube,
with rather wide sinuses between them. — Rocky damp woods, mountains of
Virginia to N. New York, Wisconsin, and northward. May.
8. P. !>Ifi<!a, Beck. Stems ascending, branched (5' -8' high) ; leaves I'n-
ear, becoming nearly glabrous (^'-Ig-' long, 1|" wide) ; flowers few, on slen-
der peduncles; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, about the length of the tube; lobes of the
pale purple corolla 2-cleft to or below the middle (£' long), equalling the tube, the
divisions linear-oblong. — Prairies of Illinois, Mead (and Missouri). May.
# * * # Stems creeping and tufted in broad mats, the short floicerimj shoots ascend-
ing glandular-pubescent ; the rigid narrow leaves crowded and fascicled.
332 COXVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVALUS FAMILY.)
9. P. &nblilfit:i, L. (GROUND or Moss PINK.) Depressed; leaves
awl-shaped, lanceolate, or narrowly linear (4'-^' long); cymes few-flowered;
calyx-teeth awl-shaped, rigid ; corolla pink-purple or rose-color with a darker
centre (sometimes white), the lobes wedge-shaped, notched, rarely entire. (P.
sctacca, L.) Dry rocky hills and sandy banks, S. New Ygrk to Michigan and
southward. April, May. — Commonly cultivated ; the broad matted tufts very
handsome in blossom.
P. DRUM3i6NDii, Hook., a showy annual from Texas, is now common in
gardens.
3. DIAPENSIA, L. DIAPENSIA.
Calyx of 5 concave imbricated sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobcd ; the lobes
rounded. Filaments broad and flat, adherent to the corolla up to the sinuses,
short: anthers adnate, of 2 ovoid pointless cells, diverging below, 'each opening
therefore by a transverse-descending line. Pod enclosed in the calyx, cartilagi-
nous; the cells few-seeded. — An alpine dwarf evergreen, growing in very dense
convex tufts, with the stems imbricated below with cartilaginous narrowly spat-
nlate mostly opposite leaves, terminated by a nearly naked scape-like 1 -flow-
ered peduncle, 3-bracted under the calyx. Corolla white (y wide). (The an-
cient Greek name of the Sanicle, of obscure meaning, strangely applied by
Linnseus to this plant.)
1. D. L*lp]>6liicsi, L. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New
Hampshire, and Adirondack Mountains, N. New York. July. (Eu.)
4. PYXIDANTIfERA, Michx. PYXIDAXTIIERA.
Anther-cells awn-pointed at the base, opening by a strictly transverse line.
Othenvise much as in Diapensia. — A small prostrate and creeping evergreen,
with narrowly oblanceolate and awl-pointed crowded leaves, which are mostly
alternate on the sterile branches, and somewhat hairy near the base. Flowers
solitary and sessile, very numerous, white or rose-color. (Name from niseis,
a small box, and avQj}pa, anther, the anther opening as if by a lid.)
1. P. barblllnta, Michx. — Sandy pine barrens of New Jersey, and
southward. April, May.
ORDER 81. CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAM.)
Chiefly twining or trailing herbs, often with some milky juice, with alternate
leaves (or scales) and regular b-androus flowers ; a calyx of 5 imbricated
sepals ; a b-plaited or 5-lobed corolla convolute or twisted in the bud ; a 2-
celled (rarely 3-celled) ovary, or in one tribe 2 separate pistils, with a pair of
erect ovules in each cell, the cells sometimes doubled by a false partition be-
tween the seeds, so becoming 4^-cellcd ; the embryo large, curved or coiled in
mucilaginous albumen. — Fruit a globular 2 - 6-seeded pod. Flowers most-
ly showy : pedicels articulated, often 2-bracted. (Many are cultivated for
CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 333
ornament, and one, the Sweet Potato, for its edible farinaceous roots: those
of several species are cathartic ; e. g. Jalap.) — There are three suborders,
or rather strongly marked tribes.
Synopsis.
TRIBE I. CONVOLiVULEJE. Embryo with broad and foliaceous cotyledons crumpled
iu the seed. Ovary 2 - 3- (or falsely 4-) celled. Pod usually septifragal — Leafy plants.
* Style 1. undivided.
•t- Calyx naked, i. e. not enclosed or surrounded by bracts.
1. QUAMOCLTT. Stamens exserted. Corolla cylindrical-tubular, with a spreading border.
Stigma capitate-2-lobed. Pod 4-celled ; the cells 1-seeded.
2. IPOM(EA. Stamens included. Corolla funnel-form or bell-shaped. Stigma capitate, of-
ten 2 - 3-lobed. Pod 2 - 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded.
3. CONVOLVULUS. Stigmas 2, elongated, linear. Otherwise much as in No. 2.
•i- -i- Calyx surrounded by 2 broad bracts.
4. CALYSTEGIA. Stigmas 2, linear or oblong. Pod imperfectly 2-celled, 4-seeded.
* * Style 2-cleft, or styles 2, rarely 3.
6. STYLISMA. Styles or their divisions simple : stigma depressed-capitate.
TRIBE IT. DICHONDREJE. Pistils 2, separate. Otherwise nearly as Tribe I.
6. DICIIONDRA. Corolla bell-shaped. Pods 2, each 1-seeded.
TRIBE III. CTJSCTJTINEJE. Embryo spiral, slender, destitutq^f cotyledons. Ovary
2-celled. — Leafless parasitic twiners.
7. CUSCUTA. The only genus of the group.
1. QUAMOCLIT, Tourn. CYPRESS- VINE.
Sepals mostly mucronate or awncd. Corolla cylindrical-tubular, with a small
spreading- border. Stamens and stylo protruded. Stigma capitate-2-lobed.
Pod 4-celled; the cells 1-seeded. — Annual twiners, with red or crimson flowers.
(An aboriginal, probably Mexican, name.)
1. Q» COCCINEA, Moench. Leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire, or
angled; sepals awn-pointed; corolla light scarlet (!' long). (Ipomoea coccinea,
L.) — River-banks, &c., Ohio, Virginia, and southward. (Nat. from Trop.
Amcr. or Ind.)
Q. VULG^RIS, the cultivated CYPRESS-VINE, is becoming spontaneous in
the South.
2. IPOUICEA, L. MORNING-GLORY.
Calyx naked at the base. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-form, &c. Stamens
included. Stigma capitate, often 2 -3-lobed. Pod 2-celled, or in one group 3-
celled ; the cells 2-seeded. (Name, ex L. from fy , ITTOS, a Bindweed [which it is
not], and op-oios, like.)
§ 1. PIIARBITIS, Choisy. — Pod 3- (rarely 4-) cdkd; the cells 2-seeded.
1. I. PURPLJREA, Lam. (COMMON MOHNING-GLORY.) Stems retrorsely
hairy; leaves heart-shaped, 'icuminate, entire; peduncles long umbellatcly 3-5-
flowered ; calyx bristly-hai y below ; corolla fuimel-form (2 long), purple vary-
334 CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.)
ing to white. Q) (Convolvulus purpureus, L. Pharbitis hispida, Choiay.) —
Around dwellings, escaping from cultivation. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.)
2. I. NIL, Koth. (MoKNiNG-GLORY.) Stems retrorsely hairy; I, aces heart-
shitjxd, 3-lobccl, tlie lobes acute or acuminate; peduncles short, or rather long,
1 - 3-flowercd ; calyx densely hairy below; corolla white and purple or pale
blue, (i) (Conv. Nil. & C. hcderaceus, L.) — Banks and near dwellings, from
Maryland southward. (Adv. from Trop. Amer. ?)
§ 2. IPOMCEA, Cholsy. — PodZ-celled; the cells 2-seedcd.
3. I. lacilliosa, L. Rather smooth; stem twining and creeping, slen-
der; leaves heart-shaped, pointed, entire or anglcd-lohcd, long-petioled ; ft« I un-
cles short, 1- 3-flowercd; sepuls lance-oblong, pointed, brigtly-ciliate or hairy, half
the length of the sharply 5-lobed (white) corolla; pod sparingly hairy. (l) (C.
micranthus, Ridddl.) — Woods and fields, Perm, to Illinois, Virginia, and south-
ward. Aug. — Corolla $' - $' long.
4. I. pandurata, Meyer. (WILD POTATO-VINE. MAN-OF-THE-EARTII.)
Smooth or nearly so when old, trailing or sometimes twining ; leaves regularly
heart-shaped, pointed, occasionally some of them contracted at the sides so as
to be fiddle-shaped ; peduncles lonc/er than the petioles ; 1 - 5-flowered ; sepals smooth,
ovate-oblong, very obtuse; corolla open-funnel-form (3' long), white with purple in
the tube. 1J. — Stndy fields and dry banks, from Connecticut to Illinois and
southward. June- Aug. — Stems long and stout, from a huge thick root, which
often weighs 10-20 pounds. Flowers opening in bright sunshine.
I. SAGITT\TA (Conv. sagittifolius, Michx.) is said by Pursh to grow in
Virginia; but it has not lately been met with so far north. — I. COMMUT\TA,
limn. $• Sch. (I. triconcarpa, .E7Z.) with purple flowers larger than those of No. 3,
is likely to occur in S. Virginia and Kentucky.
BATATAS EDULIS, Choisy (Conv. Batatas, L.), is the cultivated SWEET
POTATO.
3. CONVOLVULUS, L. BINDWEED.
Calyx naked at the base. Corolla mostly bell-shaped. Stamens included.
Style 1 : stigmas 2, linear, often revolute. Pod 2-celled; the cells 2-sccded. —
Stems twining, procumbent, or often erect-spreading. Flowers mostly opening
at dawn. (Name from convolve, to entwine.)
1. C. AKVENSIS, L. (BINDWEED.) Stern procumbent or twining, and
low; leaves ovate-oblong, arrow-shaped, with the lobes at the base acute ; pe-
duncles mostly 1-ilowered ; bracts minute, remote ; corolla (!' long) white or
tinged with reddish. 1J. — Fields, near the coast: likely to become a trouble-
some weed. June. (Nat. from Eu.)
4. CAL.YSTEGIA, E. Br. BRACTED BINDWEED,
Calyx enclosed in 2 large and mostly heart-shaped leafy bracts: sepals equal.
Corolla bcll-funnel-fonn, the border obscurely 5-lobel or entire. Stai n-ns in-
cluded. Style 1 : stigmas 2, linear or oblong. Poc imperfectly 2-cellrd or 1-
celled, 4-seeded. — Perennials, with heart-shaped or arrow-shaped leaves, and
CONVOLVULACEJE. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 335
axillary 1-iiowered peduncles. (Name from KaXu|, calyx, and ore-yw, to cover,
alluding to the bracts enclosing the calyx.)
1. C. scpium, R. Br. (HEDGE BINDWEED.) Smooth; stem twining;
leaves broadly arrow-shaped or triangular-halberd-form, pointed, the lobes at the
base obliquely truncate and often somewhat toothed ; peduncles 4-angled ; co-
rolla white, or rose-color (l£'-2' long). (Convolvulus sepium, L.) — Var.
KEPEXS (Convolvulus rcpens, L.} is more or less prostrate, the flowers tinged
with pink; a form growing on gravelly shores. — Moist grounds; common.
June, July. Var. pubiescens. Illinois and westward. (Eu.)
2. C. S2>itll«ll£l(Je£l, Pursh. (Low BINDWEED.) Downy; stem low and
nwxtnj siitijtiv, itjirigld or ascending (6' -12' long) ; leaves oblong, with a more or
less heart-shaped or auricled base, obtuse or pointed at the apex; peduncles
usually longer than the leaf ; corolla white (2' long). Open sandy woods and
plains, Maine to Wisconsin and southward. July.
5. STYL,ISiTffA, Raf. STYLISMA.
Styles 2 (rarely 3). distinct and simple, or united to above the middle: stig-
mas (small) dcpresscd-ca-pitate. Otherwise as in Convolvulus and Evolvulus.
— Stems slender, branched, prostrate or spreading. Corolla white, somewhat
downy outside. (Name compounded of orruAoy, style, and icr/ia, foundation ; per-
haps because the style is divided to the base in the original species.)
1. S. evolvilloicl«;s, Choisy. Soft-pubescent; leaves linear, lanceolate,
or oblong, obtuse at both ends or obscurely heart-shaped at the base (|'-l£'
long), short-petiolcd ; peduncles 1 - 5-flowcred ; bracts aid-shaped, shorter than the
pedicels; styles distinct or nearly so. 1| (Convolvulus aquaticus, Walt. C. tri-
chosanthes, Miclix. C. tenellus, Lam., frc.) — Sandy woods, Ohio, Riddell (?),
Virginia, and southward. June- Sept. — Corolla 5" -8" long.
2. S. Pickcrliigii. Soft and loosely pubescent ; leaves narrowly linear,
narrowed at the base, scarcely pctiolcd ; peduncles mostly 1 -flowered ; bracts re-
sembling the leaves, equalling the flower ; styles united to Jar above the middle. 1J.
f Convolvulus Pickeringii, Torr.) — Sandy pine ban-ens, New Jersey (and N.
Carolina). July - Sept. — Stems prostrate, 2° - 3° long. Corolla 3" - 5" long.
6. DICIIONDKA, Forst. BICUONDRA.
Calyx 5-^artcd. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens included.
Styles, ovaries, and the utricular 1 - 2-seeded pods 2, distinct. Stigmas thick. —
Small creeping perennial herbs, soft-pubescent, with kidney-shaped entire leaves,
and axillary 1 -flowered bractless peduncles. Corolla small, yellowish or white.
(Name composed of Sty, doable, and ^ovSpos1, grain, or roundish mass; from the
fruit.)
1. D. repcns, Forst. : var. Caroline' nsis, Choisy. Leaves round-
kidney-shaped, pubescent, green both sides ; corolla not exceeding the calyx
(1" - 1^" long). (D. Carolinensis, Michx.} — Moist ground, Virginia, near Nor-
folk, and southward. (Widely diffused in the Southern hemisphere.)
336 CONVOLVUIACEJE. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.)
7. CtSCUTA, Toura. DODDER.
Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) cleft, or of 5 sepals. Corolla globular-um-shnped, bcll-
shaped, or somewhat tubular, the spreading border 5- (rarely 4-) cleft. Stamens
furnished with a scale-like often fringed appendage at their base. Ovary 2-
celled, 4-ovuled : styles distinct, or rarely united. Pod mostly 4-seeded. Em-
bryo thread-shaped, spirally coiled in the rather fleshy albumen, destitute of
cotyledons ! sometimes with a few alternate scales (belonging to the plumule ?) :
germination occurring in the soil. — Leafless herbs, chiefly annuals, yellowish
or reddish in color, with thread-like stems, bearing a few minute scales in place
of leaves ; on rising from the ground becoming entirely parasitic on the bark jf
herbs and shrubs over which they twine, and to which they adhere by means of
papilla; developed on the surface in contact. Flowers small, cymose-clustcred,
mostly white. (Name of uncertain, supposed to be of Arabic, derivation.)
The following account of our species is contributed by DR. ENGELMANX.
$ 1. Stigmas elongated : pod opening regularly around the base by circunicissile dehis-
cence, leaving the partition be/tind. (Natives of the Old World.)
1. C. EPILINUM, Weihe. (FLAX DODDER.) Stems very slender ; flowers
sessile in dense scattered heads ; corolla globular, 5-parted, cylindrical, scarcely
exceeding the broadly ovate acute divisions of the calyx, left surrounding the
pod in fruit ; stamens shorter than the limb ; scales short, broad, crenulate,
shorter than the globose ovary. — In Flax-fields, where it is sometimes very
injurious : sparingly introduced with flax-seed into the Northern States. June.
(Adv. from Eu.)
§ 2. Stigmas capitate : pods tndehiscent, rarely bursting irregularly.
# Flowers more or less pedicelled : bracts few and distant : calyx 4 - o-deft.
+- Corolla cylindrical, in fruit covering the top of the pod.
2. C. te 11 tii flora, Engelm. Much branched, twining high, pale-colored,
flowers at length pcduncled and in rather loose cymes ; tube of the corolla (ven-
tricose after flowering) twice the length of the obtuse spreading lobes and of the ovate
obtuse calyx-lobes ; scales ovate, cut-fringed ; stamens shorter than the lobos of
the corolla; pod depressed, mcmbranaceous, thin, yellowish. (C. Ccphahinthi,
Enydm.) — Swamps, Illinois and westward; on Ccphalanthus and various tall
herbs. — Flower the narrowest of all our Northern species.
3. C. limbrosa., Beyrich. Flowers pedunclcd in umbel-like cymes ; tube
of the (mostly 4-eleft) fleshy corolla as long as the ovate acutish and minutely crenafe
erect inflexed lobes and the acute keeled calyx-lobes; scales minute and feio-toothedf
appressed ; pod depressed, somewhat umbonatc, of a thicker texture, brown,
covered or surrounded with the remains of the corolla. (C. Coryli, Enydm.) —
Prairies and barrens, in rather dry soil, on Hazels, Ceanothus, and other shrubs
Dr herbs; from W. Virginia and Illinois southward and westward.
•*- •*- Corolla bell-shajH'd, persistent at the base of the ri]M j>od.
4. C. arv£nsiS, Beyrich (iii herb. Berlin). Low ; flowers small, 5-
parted, pcduncled in loose umbel-like cymes; tube of the corolla included in or
little exceeding the broad-lobed calyx, shorter than its lanceolate acuminate
CONVOLVULACE^. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 337
spreading or reflexed lobes ; stamens much shorter than the lobes of the corolla ;
scales ovate, fimbriate, converging and often exceeding the tube ; pod globose,
thin, yellowish. (C. pentagons,, Engelm.) — In fields, prairies, and barrens, from
Virginia southward and westward to Illinois and Missouri; on smaller herbs,
and flowering (in June and July) earlier than any other of our species. — Stems
low, scarcely over a foot high ; flowers smaller than in any of our species, arid
quite variable : when with a large 5-angled calyx it is C. pentagona (Virginia) :
with a small one, it is var. microcalyx (Illinois) : with a large and hemispheri-
cal one, var. calycina (Texas) : with a fleshy vcrrucose calyx, it is C. verrucosa,
Engelm. (Texas).
5. C. cllioi'OCcirpa, Engelm, Low, orange-colored ; flowers mostly 4-
cleft, short-pedi celled, in scattered clusters ; corolla open bell-shaped, the tube
nearly the length of the acute lobes and calyx-teeth ; stamens as long as the
lobes; scales small, apprcssed, incised; the thick styles as long as the large
depressed ovary; pod depressed, thin, yellowish. (C. Polygon orum, Engelm.)
— Low grounds on Polygonum and other herbs, in the Western States. — Flow-
ers much larger than in any of the preceding species ; the ovary usually pro-
truding from the tube of the corolla.
6. C. Gronovii, Willd. Stems coarse, climbing high; flowers mostly
5-cleft, peduncled, in close or mostly open paniculate cymes ; corolla bell-shaped,
the tube longer than (or sometimes only as long as) the ovate obtuse entire
spreading lobes ; scales large, converging, copiously fringed, confluent at the
base ; pod globose, umbonate, brown. (C. AmericAna, Pursh, &c. C. vulgivaga,
Engelm. C. umbrosa, Torr.) — Low, damp grounds, especially in shady places ;
everywhere common both east and west, and the only species northward and east-
ward : chiefly on coarser herbs, also on Rubus, Cephalanthus, and other shrubs.
Aug. - Oct. — The close-flowered forms occur in the Northeastern States ; the
loosely-flowered ones westward and southward ; a form with 4-partcd flowers
was collected in Connecticut. C. Saururi, Engelm., is a form with more open
flowers, of a finer texture, in the Mississippi valley.
7. C. rostristu, Shuttleworth. Stems coarse, climbing high ; flowers
(large) 5-parted, peduncled, in umbel-like cymes; corolla deep bell-shaped, the
tube twice as long as the ovate obtuse teeth of the calyx and its ovate obtuse
entire spreading lobes ; the large scales fimbriate, confluent at the base ; styles
slender, as long as the acute ovary ; the large pod pointed. — Shady moist val-
leys of the Alleghanies, from Maryland and Virginia southward ; on tall herbs,
rarely on shrubs. The flowers (2" -3" long) and fruit larger than in any other
of our species.
* * Flowers sessile in compact and mostly continuous clusters : calyx of 5 separate
sepals surrounded by numerous similar bracts ; remains of the corolla borne on the
top of the globose somewhat pointed pod. (Lcpidanehe, Engelm.)
8. C. COHlpftCta, Juss. Stems coarse ; bracts (3 - 5) and sepals orbicular,
concave, slightly crertate, appressed, nearly equalling or much shorter than the cy-
lindrical tube of the corolla ; stamens shorter than the oblong obtuse spreading
lobes of the latter ; scales pinnatifid-fringcd, convergent, confluent at the base.
C. coronata, Bei/rich., (C. corapacta, Choisij,) is the Eastern and Southern form
29
338 SOLANACE^:. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.)
with a smaller, slenderer, more exscrtcd corolla ; C. (Lepidanche) adprcssa,
l'1)i<;i-lin., is the Western form, with a larger, shorter, nearly included corolla.
Both grow almost entirely on shrubs; the first in the Alkghanies, from Pennsyl-
vania southward; the latter from Western Virginia to the Mississippi and
Missouri, in fertile shady bottoms. The clusters in fruit are sometimes 2' in
diameter.
9. C. gflonierff ta, Choisy. Flowers very densely clustered, forming
knotty masses closely encircling the stem of the foster plant, much imbricated
with scarious oblong bracts with reaarved-spreadivg //y.s ,- sc/m/s m-arli/ similar,
shorter than the oblong-cylindrical tube of the corolla; stamens nearly as long
as the oblong-lanceolate obtuse spreading or reflexed lobes of the corolla ; scales
large, fringed-pinnatifid; styles slender, longer than the pointed ovary; the
pointed pod mostly 1 - 2-seeded. (Lepidanche Compositarum, Ewjdm.) — Moist
prairies, from Ohio and Michigan southwestward : growing mostly on tall Cora-
positae. — The orange-colored stems soon disappear, leaving only the close coils
of flowers, appearing like whitish ropes twisted around the stems.
ORDER 82. SOLANACE^E. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.)
Herbs (or rarely shrubs), with a colorless juice and alternate leaves, recpir
lar b-merous and 5-androus flowers, on bractleas pedicels ; the corolla plaited-
imbricate, plaited-convolute, or infolded-valvate in the bud, and the fruit a
2-celled (rarely 3 - 5-celled) many-seeded pod or berry. — Seeds campy-
lotropous or amphitropous. Embryo mostly slender and curved in fleshy
albumen. Calyx usually persistent. Stamens mostly equal, inserted on the
corolla. Style and stigma single. Placentae in the axis, often projecting
far into the cells. (Foliage and usually the fruits more or less narcotic,
often very poisonous.) — A large family in the tropics, but very few indige-
nous in our district. It shades oif into Scrophulariacese, from which the
plaited regular corolla and 5 equal stamens generally distinguish it.
Synopsis.
* Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted or cleft; the lobes valvate with the margins turned inwards
in the bud. Anthers connivcnt. Fruit a berry.
1. SOLANUM Anthers opening by pores or chinks at the tip.
* * Corolla bell-shaped or bell-funuel-form, somewhat 5-lobed or entire, plaited in the bud.
Anthers separate. Calyx enlarged and bladdery in fruit, enclosing the berry.
2 PHYSALIS. Calyx 5-cleft. Berry juicy, 2-celled.
8. NICANDRA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla nearly entire. Berry dry, 3 - 5-celled.
* * * Corolla funnel-form or tubular, the spreading border 5-lobed or toothed, plaited hi the
bud. Anthers separate. Fruit a dry pod.
i- Pod enclosed in the urn-shaped calyx, opening by a lid.
4. ITYOSCYAMUS. Corolla with a short tube, the border somewhat unequal.
••- -i- Tod opening lengthwise. Corolla elongated.
6. DATURA. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed. Pod prickly, more or less 4-celled, rakod.
6 NIOOTIANA. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 6-cleft. Pod smooth, enclosed io the calyx,
2-celled.
SOLANACE^E. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 339
1. SOLlNUIU, L. NIGHTSHADE.
Calyx and the wheel-shaped corolla 5-partcd or 5-cleft (rarely 4- 10-parted),
the latter plaited in the bud, with the margins of the lobes indupiicate. Sta-
mens exsertcd, converging around the style : filaments very short : anthers
opening at the tip by two pores or chinks. Berry usually 2-celled. — Herbs, or
shrubs in warm climates, the larger leaves often accompanied by a smaller lateral
(raineal) one; the peduncles also mostly lateral and extra-axillary. (Name of
unknown derivation.)
* Anthers blunt. (Plants not prickly.)
\. S. DULCAMARA, L. (BITTERSWEET.) /Ste7n someivhat shrubby, climbing,
nearly smooth ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, the upper halberd-shaped, or with tioo
ear-like lobes at the base ; flowers (purple) in small cymes; berries oval, scarlet.
— Moist banks and around dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. S. NIGRUM, L. (COMMON NIGHTSHADE.) Annual, low, much branched
and often spreading, rough on the angles ; leaves ovate, wavy -toothed ; flowers
(very small, white) in small and umbel-like lateral clusters, drooping; berries
globular, black. — Shaded grounds, and fields; common. July, Aug. — A
homely weed, said to be poisonous. (Nat. from Eu.)
* * Anthers elongated, lanceolate, pointed. (Plants mostly prickly.)
3. S. CaroIineilSC, L. (HORSE NETTLE.) Perennial, low (1° high) ;
stem erect, prickly ; leaves ovate-oblong, acute, sinuate-toothed or angled,
roughish with stellate pubescence, prickly along the midrib, as also the calyx ;
flowers (pale blue or white, large) in simple loose racemes; berries globular,
orange-yellow. — Sandy soil; Connecticut to Illinois and southward. June-
Aug. (S. Virginianum, L., is not here identified as distinct.)
S. MAMMOSUM, L., is not a native of our district.
S. TUBER6suM, L., is the cultivated POTATO, and S. MELONGENA, L., the
EGG -PLANT.
LTCOPERSICUM ESCULENTUM, Mill., is the TOMATO, now separated from
Solanum.
2. PUTS A I, IS, L. GROUND CHERRY.
Calyx 5-cleft, reticulated and enlarging after flowering, at length much in-
flated and enclosing the 2-celled globular (edible) berry. Corolla spreading-
bcll-shaped or somewhat funnel-form, with a very short tube, marked with 5
concave spots at the base ; the plaited border somewhat 5-lobed or 5-toothed.
Stamens 5, erect: anthers separate, opening lengthwise. — Herbs (in this coun-
try), with the leaves often unequally in pairs, and the 1-flowered nodding pe-
duncles extra-axillary. Corolla greenish-yellow in our species, often with
brownish spots in the throat. (Name, (^uoraAi's, a bladder, from the inflated
calyx.)
* Root annual : anthers blue or violet.
1. P. angTllata, L. Glabrous, erect, much branched (2° -3° high);
leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, often very sharply toothed ; corolla somewhat 5-
340 soLANACiwE. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.)
lobed, small (3" -4" long), not spotted; calyx with broadly triangnhtr-subu4ate
teeth as Ion-- as the tube, in fruit conical-ovate and sharply 5-angled (I'-l-J'
long). — Light soils, not rare southward. Perhaps introduced.
Var. ? Pllila<l£lpllica. Nearly ylttbrons ; calyx-teeth shorter and broader,
less closed or open at the summit in fruit; corolla sometimes brownish in the
throat. (P. Philadelphica, Lam., &c.) — New England? to Illinois and south-
ward. July - Sept.
2. P. pllbcSCCIlS, L. Pubescent or clammy-hairy, diffusely much branched
or at lcntjt/1 d'Ciimbent ; leaves ovate or heart-shaped (very variable); corolla
(4' -5'' long) dark brown in the throat; calyx with triangular-lanceolate acme
teeth, in fruit ovate-pointed. (P. hirsuta, Dunal. P. obseura, Michx. in part,
&c.) — Low grounds ; common southward and westward.
* * Root perennial : anthers yellow. ( Corolla £' - 1 long. )
3. P. visrosa, L. Clammy-pubescent, diffusely much branched and
widely spreading, or at first erect (£°-2° high) ; leaves ovate or slightly heart-
shaped, sometimes oblong, often roughish-downy underneath, repand-toothed,
obtusely toothed, or entire ; corolla almost entire, brownish in the throat ; teeth
of the clammy-hairy calyx ovate-lanceolate. (P. Pennsylvania, L., P. hetcro-
phylla, Nees, and P. nyctaginea, Dunal, appear to be only states of this.) —
Light or sandy soils, New England to Wisconsin and southward ; very common.
July -Sept. — Corolla |'-1' broad when expanded.
3. NICANDRA, Adans. APPLE OF PERTT.
Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, the divisions rather arrow-shaped, enlarged and
bladder-like in fruit, enclosing the 3 - 5-celled globular dry berry. Corolla
open-bell-shaped, the plaited border nearly entire. Otherwise much like Phy-
salis. — An annual smooth herb (2° -3° high), with ovate sinuate-toothed or
angled leaves, and solitary pale blue flowers on axillary and terminal peduncles.
(Named after the poet Nicander of Colophon.)
1. N. PHYSALoiDES, Gaertn. — Waste grounds, near dwellings. (Adv.
from Peru.)
4. IIYOSC'tAMUS, Tourn. HENBANE.
Calyx bell-shaped or urn-shaped, 5-lobed. Corolla funnel-form, oblique, with
a 5-lobed more or less unequal plaited border. Stamens declined. Pod en-
closed in the persistent calyx, 2-celled, opening transversely all round near the
apex, which fills off like a lid. — Clammy-pubescent, fetid, narcotic lu-rbs, with
lurid flowers in the axils of angled or toothed leaves. (Name composed of
vy, i»os, a liag, and Kua/xoj, a bean ; the plant said by Julian to be poisonous to
swine.)
1. II. N!OER, L. (BLACK HENBANE.) Leaves clasping, sinuate-toothed
and angled; Jowcrs sessile, in one-sided leafy spikes; corolla dull yellowish,
strongly reticulated with purple veins. © — Escaped from gardens to road-
sides. (Adv. from Eu.)
GENTIAN/CE^E. (GENTIA.N FAMILY.) 341
5. DATURA, L. JAMESTOWN-WEED. THORN-APPLE.
Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed, separating transversely abore the base in fruit,
the upper part falling away. Corolla funnel-form, with a large and spreading
5 - 10-toothed plaited border. Stigma 2-lipped. Pod globular, prickly, 4-valved,
2-celled, with 2 thick placentas projected from the axis into the middle of the
cells, and connected with the walls by an imperfect false partition, so that the
pod is 4-celled except near the top, the placentae seemingly borne on the middle
of the alternate partitions. Seeds rather large, flat. — Rank weeds, narcotic-
poisonous, with a rank odor, bearing ovate angular-toothed leaves, and large
and showy flowers on short peduncles in the forks of the branching stem. (Al-
tered from the Arabic name Tatorah.)
1. O. STRAMONIUM, L. ( COMMON STRAMONIUM.) Leaves ovate, smooth ;
stem green ; corolla white, with 5 teeth. — Var. TATULA has the stem and
corolla tinged with purple. (T) — Waste grounds ; a well-known weed, with
large flowers (3' long). July- Sept. (Adv. from Asia or Trop. Amcr.)
6. NICOTIANA, L. TOBACCO.
Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, usu-
ally with a long tube ; the plaited border 5-lobed. Stigma capitate. Pod 2-
celled, 2 -4-valved from the apex. Seeds minute. — Rank acrid-narcotic herbs,
mostly clammy-pubescent, with ample entire leaves, and lurid racemcd or pani-
cled flowers. (Named after John Nicot, who was thought to have introduced the
Tobacco into Europe.)
1. IV. RUSTICA, L. (WILD TOBACCO.) Leaves ovate, pctioled; tube of
the dull greenish-yellow corolla cylindrical, two thirds longer than the calyx,
the lobes rounded. © — Old fields, from New York westward and southward :
a relic of cultivation by the Indians. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.)
N. TABACUM, L., is the cultivated TOBACCO.
ATROPA BELLAI^NNA, L. (DEADLY NIGHTSHADE), a plant with pur-
plish-black poisonous berries, has escaped from gardens in one or two places.
LYCIUM BARBARUM, L. (BARBARY BOX-THORN, or MATRIMONY-VINE),
a slightly thorny trailing shrubby vine, well known in cultivated grounds, is yet
hardly spontaneous.
CAPSICUM ANNUUM, L., is the CAYENNE, or RED PEPPER of the gardens.
ORDER 83. GENTIANACES^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)
Smooth herbs, with a colorless bitter juice, opposite and sessile entire and
simple leaves (except in Tribe II.) without stipules, regular flowers willi the
stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, which are convolute (rarely im-
bricated, and sometimes valvate) in the bud, a l-celled ovary with 2 parietal
placentae; the fruit mostly a 2-valved (suicidal) many-seeded pod. — Flow-
ers solitary or cymose. Calyx persistent. Corolla mostly withering-per-
29*
342 GENTIANACE.K. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)
sistent; the stamens inserted on its tube. Seeds anatropous, with a minute
embryo in fleshy albumen, sometimes covering the entire face of the peri-
carp I (Bitter-tonic plants.)
Synopsis.
TRIBE I. GE1VTIANE.3E. Lobes of the corolla convolute (twisted to the right) in the
bud (with the sinuses mostly plaited), in Obolaria imbricated. Leaves almost always
opposite or whorled, entire, those of the stem sessile. Seeds very small and numerous,
with a cellular coat ; in Obolaria, Bartonia, and several Gentians, the ovules and seeds
covering the whole face of the pericarp.
* Style distinct and slender, deciduous.
1. SABBATIA. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5- 12-parted: anthers curved.
2. ERYTIill^EA. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, 4-6-cleft : anthers spiral.
* * Style (if any) and stigmas persistent: anthers straight.
•»- Corolla with a glandular spot or hollow spur to each lobe.
3. FRASERA. Corolla 4-parted, wheel-shaped, spurless. Pod flat
4. HALENIA. Corolla 4 - 5-cleft, bell-shaped, and with as many spurs from the base.
••- •»- Corolla without glands or spurs.
6 GENTIANA. Calyx 4 - 6-cleft. Corolla mostly with plaited folds at the sinuses.
6. BAKTONIA. Calyx 4-partcd. Corolla 4-parted, with no plaits at the sinuses.
7. OBOLARIA. Calyx 2-leaved. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, 4-lobed, with no plaits, the
lobes imbricated in the bud !
TRIBE II. MENYANTIIE^l. Lobes of the corolla valvate in the bud, with the edges
turned inwards. Stem-leaves alternate, petioled. Seed-coat hard or bony.
8. MENYANTIIES. Corolla bearded inside. Leaves 3-foliolate.
9. LnLNANTHEMUM. Corolla smooth above. Leaves simple, rounded.
1. SABBATIA, Adans. AMERICAN CENTAURY.
Calyx 5 -12-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla 5-12-partcd, wheel-
shaped. Stamens 5-12: anthers recurved. Style 2-parted, slender. — Bien-
nials or annuals, with slender stems, and cymose-panicled handsome (white or
rose-purple) flowers. (Dedicated to Sabbati, an early Italian botanist.)
# Corolla 5-parted, or rarely 6 — 7 '-parted.
•»-» Corolla white, often turning yellowish in drying : cymes corymbed, tnany-Jfowercd.
1. S. panicilluta, Pursh, Ell. Stein brachiately much-branched (l°-2°
high), rather terete, hut angled with 4 sharp lines ; /cares linear or the lower ob-
long, obtuse, \-nerved, nearly equalling the intcrnodes ; calyx-lobes linear-thread-
form, much shorter than the corolla. — Damp pine woods, Virginia and south-
ward. June - Aug.
2. S. lailCCOlata, Torr. & Gr. Stem simple (1°- 3° high) hearing a flat-
topped cyme; /cares ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 3-nerved, the upper acute, much
shorter than the intcrnodes ; calyx-lobes longer than in No. 1 ; the flowers lar-
ger. (Chironia lanceolata, Walt. S. corymbosa, Baldw.) — Wet pine barrens,
from New Jersey southward. June, July.
*- •«- Corolla rose-color or pink, rarely white, mostly leith a yellowish or greenish eye.
++ Erect, pyramidally many-Jlotoered: branches opposite, mr //.%•// : peduncles short.
3. S. braclliata, Ell. Stem slightly angled, simple below (l°-2° high) ;
leaves lin'-ur and lincar-oblonq, obtuse, or the upper acute ; branches rather few
GEXTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 3-13
flowered, forming an oblong panicle ; calyx-lobes |- or J shorter than the corol-
la. (S. conciuna, Wood, ex char.) — Dryish grassy places, Virginia, Indiana
( Wood), and southward. June - Aug. — Corolla 1' - !£' broad ; the lobes nar-
rower than in the next.
4. S. atlgulftl'lS, Pursh. Stem somewhat ^-winged-angled, much branched
above (l°-2^° high), many-flowered; haves ovate, acutish, 5-nerved, with a
somewhat heart-shaped clasping base ; calyx-lobes J to ^ the length of the corolla.
— Dry river-banks, &c., New York to Illinois and southward. July, Aug. —
Corolla \^' wide, deep rose-purple ; the lobes obovate.
** ++ Erect or soon diffuse, loosely branched ; the branches alternate or forking (stems
terete or s/ic/litli/ 4-<.t>igled) : peduncles elongated and \-flowered.
5. S. calycosa, Pursh. Diffusely forking (£°-l° high), pale; leaves
oblong or lance-oblong, narrowed at the base (l^'-2' long); calyx-lobes foliaceous,
spatalate-lanccolate (§'-!' long), exceeding the almost white corolla. — Marshes,
coast of Virginia, and southward. June -Sept.
6. S. Stellf&ris, Pursh. Loosely branched and forking (5' -15' high);
leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, or the upper linear ; calyx-lobes aid-shaped-linear,
varying from half to nearly the length of the bright rose-purple corolla, — Salt marsh-
es, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. July -Sept. — This may run
into the next.
7. S. gTticilflS, Salisb. Stem very slender, at length diffusely branched
(l°-2° high) ; the branches and long peduncles filiform; leaves linear, or the
lower lance-linear, the uppermost similar to the setaceous calyx-lobes, which equal the
rose-purple corolla. (Chironia campanulata, L.) — Brackish marshes and river-
banks, New Jersey (Burlington, Mr. Coolei/) to Virginia, and southward.
June - Sept.
* * Corolla 9-12-parted, large (about 2' broad). (Lapithea, Griseb.)
8. S. Cllloroides, Pursh. Stem nearly round (l°-2° high), loosely
panicled above; the peduncles slender, 1-flowered; leaves oblong-lanceolate;
calyx-lobes linear, half the length of the deep rose-colored (rarely white) corol-
la. — Borders of brackish ponds, Plymouth, Massachusetts, to Virginia, and
southward. July - Sept. — One of our handsomest plants.
2. EKYTIIRJSA, Pers. CENTAURY.
Calyx 4 - 5-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form,
with a slender tube and a 4 - 5-parted limb, which in withering twists on the
pod. Anthers exscrted, erect, twisting spirally. Style slender, single : stigma
capitate or 2-lipped. — Low and small branching annuals, chiefly with rose-
purple or reddish flowers ; whence the name, from epvdpos, red. (All our
Northern species were probably introduced from Europe, and occur only in a
few localities.)
I.E. CENT ATRIUM, Pers. (CENTAURY.) Stem upright, coryrnbosely branched
above ; leaves oblong or elliptical, acutish ; the uppermost linear ; cymes clus-
tered, flat-topped, the jiowers all nearly sessile; tube of the (purple-rose-colored)
344 GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)
corolla not twi 20 the length of the oval lotes. — Oswego, New York, near the
old fort. July. — Plant 6'- 12' high : corolla 3" - 4" long. (Adv. from Eu.)
2. E. RAMOsfssiMA, Pers., var. PULCHELLA, Griseb. Low (2' -6' hi;;h) ;
stem many times forked above and farming a diffuse cyme ; leaves ovate-oblong or
oval ; flowers all on short pedicels; tube of the (pink-purple) corolla thrice the
length of the elliptical-oblong lobes. (E. Muhlcnbcrgii, G'riseb., as to Penn.
plant. Fjxacum pulchellum, Pursh.) — Wet or shady places, Long Island to E.
Virginia: scarce. — Flowers smaller than in No. 1. (Nat. from Eu.)
3. E. SPICATA, Pcrs. Stem strictly upright ; the flowers sessile and spikf-d
along one side of the simple or rarely forked branches ; leaves oval and oblong,
rounded at the base, acutish; tube of the (rose-colored or whitish) corolla
scarcely longer than the calyx, the lobes oblong. (E. Pickering! i, Oakes.) —
Sandy shore, Massachusetts (Nantucket, Oakes) and Virginia (Norfolk, liwjd).
— Plant 6'- 10' high, remarkable for the spike-like arrangement of the flowers.
(Nat. from Eu.?)
3. FRASERA, Walt. AMERICAN COLUMBO.
Calyx deeply 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-parted, wheel-shaped, each division
with a glandular and fringed pit on the upper side. Filaments awl-shaped,
usually somewhat monadelphous at the base : anthers oblong, versatile. Style
persistent: stigma 2-lobed. Pod oval, flattened, 4-14-seeded. Seeds large
and flat, wing-margined. — Tall and showy herbs, with upright and mostly
simple stems, bearing whorled leaves, and numerous peduncled flowers in open
cymes, which are disposed in an ample elongated panicle. (Dedicated to John
Fraser, a well-known and indefatigable collector in this country towards the
close of the last century.)
1. F. CarolineilSiS, Walt. Smooth, tall (3° -8° high); leaves mostly
in fours, lance-oblong, the lowest spatulate (1° long), veiny; panicle pyramidal,
loosely flowered ; divisions of the corolla oblong, mucronate, longer than the
narrowly lanceolate calyx-lobes, each with a large and round gland on their
middle ; pod much flattened parallel with the flat valves. ]\. (|) ? — Rich dry
soil, S. W. New York to Wisconsin and Kentucky, and southward. July. —
Root very thick and bitter. Corolla 1' broad, light greenish-yellow, marked
with brown-purple dots.
4. HAL. EN I A, Borkh. SPURRED GENTIAN.
Calyx 4-5-parted. Corolla short bell-shaped, 4-5-cleft, without folds or
fringe, prolonged at the base underneath the erect lobes into spurs, which are
glandular in the bottom. Stigmas 2, sessile, persistent on the oblong flattish
pod. Seeds rather numerous, oblong. — Small and upright herbs, with yellow-
ish or puqjlish panieled-cymose flowers. (Name of unknown meaning.)
1. II. dcfleXSl, Griseb. Leafy (9' -18' high), simple or branched above;
leaves 3 - 5-nerved, the lowest oblong-spatulate and petioled ; the others oblong-
lanceolate, acute ; spurs cylindrical, obtuse, curved and descending, half the
length of the acutely 4-lobed corolla. (J) (g) ( Sw6rtia corniculata, L., partly.)
GENTIANACE.fi. (GENTIAN FAMILY.; 345
— Damp woods, from the northern parts of Maine, to N. Wisconsin, and north
ward. July, August.
5. OEIVTIANA, L. GENTIAN.
Calyx 4-5-clcft. Corolla 4-5-lobed, regular, usually with intermediate
plaited folds, which bear appendages or teeth at the sinuses. Style short or
none: stigmas 2, persistent. Pod oblong, 2-valved; the innumerable seeds
either borne on placentas at or near the sutures, or in most of our species cov-
ering nearly the whole inner face of the pod. (H. J. Clark!) — Flowers solitary
or cymose, showy. (Name from Gentius, king of Illyria, who used some spe-
cies medicinally.)
$1. AMARELLOlDES, Torr. & Gr.— Corolla tubular-funnel-form, without
crown or plaited folds, and ivith the lobes naked : anthers separate, fixed by the
middle, introrse in the bud, but retrorsdy reversed after the flower opens : seeds
wingless: annuals.
1. O. qMiiiquefldra, Lam. (FIVE-FLOWERED GENTIAN.) Stem rath-
er slender, branching (1° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a partly clasp-
ing and heart-shaped base, 3 - 7-nerved, tipped with a minute point ; branches
racemed or panicled, about 5-flowered at the summit; lobes of the small 5-cleft
calyx awl-shaped-linear ; lobes of the pale-blue corolla triangular-ovate, bristle-
pointed, one fourth the length of the slender obconical tube. — Var. OCCIDEN-
rALis has linear-lanceolate calyx-lobes which are more leaf-like, and about half
the length of the corolla. — Dry hilly woods, Vermont to Wisconsin and south-
ward, especially along the Alleghanies : the var. is the common form in the
Western States. Aug., Sept. — Corolla light purplish-blue, nearly 1' long; in
the variety proportionally shorter.
§ 2. CROSSOPETALUM, Froel. — Corolla funnel-form, gland-bearing between
the bases ofthejilaments, without crown or plaited folds ; the lobes fringed or toothed
on the margins : anthers as in § 1 : pod somew/iat stalked : seeds wingless, clothed
with little scales : annuals or biennials.
2. O. crinita, Froel. (FRINGED GENTIAN.) Flowers solitary on long
peduncles terminating the stem or simple branches ; leaves lanceolate, or ovate-
lanceolate from a partly heart-shaped or rounded base ; lobes of the 4-cleft calyx
unequal, ovate and lanceolate, as long as the bell-shaped tube of the sky-blue
corolla, the lobes of which are wedge-obovate, and strongly fringed around the sum-
mit; ovary lanceolate. — Low grounds, New England to Kentucky and Wiscon-
sin ; rather common, and sparingly beyond, both northward and southward.
Sept. — Plant 1° - 2° high : the showy corolla 2' long.
3. O. detoiisa, Fries. (SMALLER FRINGED GENTIAN.) Stem simple
or with slender branches, terminated by solitary flowers on very long peduncles ;
leaves linear or lanceolate-linear ; lobes of the 4- (rarely 5-) cleft calyx unequal,
ovate or triangular and lanceolate, pointed ; lobes of the sky-blue corolla spatulate-
Mong, with ciliate-f ringed margins, the fringe shorter or nearly obsolete at the sum-
mit ; ovary elliptical or obovate. — Moist grounds, Niagara Falls to Wisconsin
(Lapham), and northwestward. Sept. (Eu.)
346 GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)
$ 3. rXEUMONANTHE, Nccker. — Corolla bdl-shaped or obcanical, 5-lobed,
with plaited fu ds which project into appendages in the siniws : anthers erect, fixed
by the. deep soqiilate base, extrorse, often converging or cohering with each other in a
riny or tube, Baikal, seeds commonly winged: perennials.
# Flowers nearly sessile, clustered, rarely solitary, 2-bracteolate.
•«- Anthers entirely separate : seeds wingless.
4. G. oclirolcfrca, Frail. (YELLOWISH-WHITE GENTIAN.) Stems
ascending, mostly smooth ; the flowers in a dense terminal cluster and often also
in axillary clusters ; leaves oblate-oblong, the lowest broadly obovate and obtuse,
the uppcnnost somewhat lanctolate, all narrowed at the base; calyx-lobes linear,
unequal, much longer than its tube, rather shorter than the greenish-white open co-
rolla, which is painted inside with green veins and lilac-purple stripes; its lobes
ovate, very much exceeding the small and sparingly toothed oblique appeii'i
pod included in the persistent corolla. — Dry grounds, S. Penn. (rare) to Vir-
ginia, arid common southward. Sept., Oct.
•«- •»- Anthers cohering with each other more or less firmly : seeds winged.
5. O. :tll>a, MuhL Cat.! (WHITISH GENTIAN.) Stems upright, stout,
very smooth ; flowers closely sessile and much crowded in a dense terminal clus-
ter, and sometimes also clustered in the upper axils ; leaves ovate-lanceolate from
a heart-shaped closely clasping base, gradually tapering to a point ; calyx-lobes
ovate, shorter than the top-shaped tube, and many times shorter than the tube of
the corolla, reflexed-spreading ; corolla white more or less tinged with greenish or
yellowish, infJated-club-shaped, at length open, its short and broad ovate lobes nearly
twice the length of the toothed appendages ; pod nearly included ; seeds broadly
winged. (G. flnvida, Gray, in Sill. Jour. G. ochroleuca, Sims., Darlingt., Grimb.
in part, &c.) — Glades and low grounds, S. W. New York to Virginia along the
Alleghanics, and west to Illinois, Wisconsin, &c. July -Sept.
6. G. Aii<li'<'w*ii, Griseb. (CLOSED GENTIAN.) Stems upright,
smooth ; flowers closely sessile in terminal and upper axillary clusters ; leaves
ovate-lanceolate and lanceolate from a narrower base, gradually pointed, rough-mar-
gined ; calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, recurved, shorter than the top-shaped tube,
and much shorter than the inflated club-shaped blue corolla, which is closed at the
mouth, its proper lobes obliterated, the apparent lobes consisting of the broad fringe-
toothed and notched appendages ; pod finally projecting out of the persistent
corolla; seeds broadly winged. (G. Saponaria, Frod., £c., not of L.) — Moist
rich soil; common, especially northward. Sept. — Corolla 1' or more long,
blue fading to purplish, striped inside; the folds whitish.
7. G. Saponaria, L. (SOAPWORT GENTIAN.) Stem erect or ascend-
ing, smooth ; the flowers clustered at the summit and more or less so in the ax-
ils; leaves ovate-lanceolate, oblong, or lanccolate-obovatc, with rough margins, nar-
rowed at the base ; calyx-lobes linear or spatulate, acute, equalling or exceed-
ing the tube, half the length of the corolla ; lobes of the dub-bell-shaped light-bhut
corolla obtuse, erect or converging, short and broad, but distinct, and more or less lonyer
than iluK conspicuous "2-cleft and minutely toothed appendages ; sm/s mv//v, narrowty
winged. (G. Catesl>:i?i, Walt.) — Moist woods, S. Penn. 1 Maryland, to Virginia,
Illinois, and southward, principally in the Alleghanics. Aug., Sept.
GENTIANACE.E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 347
Var. lillCisris. Slender, nearly simple (l°-2° high); leaves linear or
lance-linear (2' — 3l long), acutish; appendages of the corolla shorter and less
cleft, or almost entire. (G. Pneumondiithe, Amer. auth. $• ed. 1 : also G. Sapo-
naria var. Froelichii. G. linearis, Fred.) — Mountain wet glades of Maryland
and Penn., L. Superior, Northern New York, New Hampshire (near Concord),
and Maine (near Portland). Aug.
8. O. pubC'rula, Michx. Sterns erect or ascending (8' -16' high), most-
ly rough and minutely pubescent above ; leaves rigid varying from linear-lanceo-
late to oblong-lanceolate, rough-margined (l'-2' long); flowers clustered, rarely
solitary; calyx-lobes lanceolate, not longer than the tube, much shorter than the
bell-funnel-farm open bright-blue corolla, the spreading ovate lobes of which are acut-
isJi and twice or thrice the length of the cut-toothed appendages. (G. Catesbsei,
Ell. G. Saponaria, var. puberula, ed. 1.) — Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio to
Wisconsin, and southward. Aug., Sept. — Corolla large for the size of the
plant, l^'-2' long. Seeds (also in G. Pneumonanthe) not covering the walls,
as they do in the rest of this division.
* * Flower solitary and terminal, pedunded, mostly bractless.
9. G. ailgustifolia, Michx. Stems slender and ascending (6'- 15'
high), simple; leaves linear or the lower oblanceolate, rigid; corolla open-fun-
nel-form, azure-blue (2' long), about twice the length of the thread-like calyx-
lobes, its ovate spreading lobes twice the length of the cut-toothed appendages ;
the tube striped with yellowish. — Moist pine barrens, New Jersey, and south-
ward (where there is a white variety). Sept. -Nov.
6. BARTON! A, Muhl. (CENTAURELLA, Michx.)
Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, destitute of glands, fringes, or foldd.
Stamens short. Pod oblong, flattened, pointed with a large persistent at length
2-lobed stigma. Seeds minute, innumerable, covering the whole inner surface
of the pod ! — Small annuals, or biennials, with thread-like stems, and little awl-
shaped greenish scales in place of leaves. Flowers small, white, peduncled.
(Dedicated, in the year 1801, to the distinguished Prof. Barton, of Philadelphia.)
1. B. teaiclla, Muhl. Stems (3' -10' high) branched above; the branches
or peduncles mostly opposite, 1 - 3-flowered ; lobes of the corolla oblong, acutish,
rather longer than the calyx, or sometimes twice as long ; anthers roundish : ovary
4-angled, the cell somewhat cruciform. — Open woods, E. New England to Vir-
ginia and southward ; common. Aug. — Centaurella Moseri. Griseb., is only a
variety with the scales and peduncles mostly alternate, and the petals acute.
2. B. verna, Muhl. Stem (2' -6' high) 1 - few-flowered ; lobes of the co-
tclla spatulate, obtuse, spreading, thrice the length of the calyx ; anthers oblong ;
ovary flat. — Bogs near the coast, Virginia and southward. March. — Flowers
3//_4// long, larger than in No. 1.
7. OBOL.ARIA, L. OBOLARIA.
Calyx of 2 spatulate spreading sepals, resembling the leaves. Corolla tubu-
lar-bell-shaped, withering-persistent, 4-cleft; the lobes oval-oblong, or with age
348 GENTIANACE^. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)
spatulate, imbricated in the bud ! Stamens inserted at the sinuses of the corolla,
short. Style short, persistent : stigma 2-lipped. Pod ovoid, 1-celled, the cell
cruciform: the seeds covering the whole face of the walls. — A low and very
smooth purplish-green perennial (3' -8' high), with a simple or sparingly
branched stem, opposite wcdge-obovate leaves; the dull white or purplish
flowers solitary or in clusters of three, terminal and axillary, nearly sessile.
(Name from o/3oXos, a small Greek coin ; to which, however, the leaves of this
plant bear no manifest resemblance.)
1. O. Yirgriuica, L. (Gray, Chlor. Bar. -Am., t. .3.) — Rich soil, in
woods, from New Jersey to Ohio, Illinois, and southward : rather rare.
April, May.
8. MENYANTIIES, Tourn. BUCKBEAN.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short funnel-form, 5-parted, deciduous, the whole
upper surface white-bearded, valvate in the bud with the margins turned inward.
Style slender, persistent : stigma 2-lobed. Pod bursting somewhat irregularly,
many-seeded. Seed-coat hard, smooth, and shining. — A perennial alternate-
leaved herb, with a thickish creeping rootstock, sheathed by the membranous
bases of the long petioles, which bear 3 oval or oblong leaflets at the summit ;
the flowers raccmed on the naked scape (1° high), white or slightly reddish.
(The ancient Theophrastian name, probably from prjv, month, and avBos, a flower,
some say from its flowering for about that time.)
1. Iff. trifoliate!, L. — Bogs, New England to Pennsylvania, "Wisconsin,
and northward. May, June. (Eu.)
9. L,II?INANTHE]JIU]1I, Gmelin. FLOATING HEART.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla almost wheel-shaped, 5-parted, the divisions fringed
or bearded at the base or margins only, folded inwards in the bud, bearing a
glandular appendage near the base. Style short or none : stigma 2-lobed, per-
sistent. Pod few - many-seeded, at length bursting irregularly. Seed-coat
hard. — Perennial aquatics, with rounded floating leaves on very long petioles,
which, in most species, bear near their summit the umbel of (polygamous)
flowers, along with a cluster of short and spur-like roots, sometimes shooting
forth new leaves from the same place, and so spreading by a sort of proliferous
stolons. (Name compounded of AI'^J/JJ, a marsh or pool, and av6fp.ov, a blotxmn,
from the situations where they grow.)
1. TL. Ia.cmi6suill, Griseb. (partly). Leaves round-heart-shaped, thick-
ish ; lobes of the (white) corolla broadly oval, naked, except the crest-like yel-
lowish gland at their base, twice the length of the lanceolate calyx-lobes ; style
none; seeds smooth and even. (Vill'irsia lacunosa, Vent. V. conlata, AY/.) —
Shallow ponds, from Maine and N. New York to Virginia and southward.
June -Sept. — Leaves 1'- 2' broad, entire, on petioles 4' -15' long, according
to the depth of the water.
L. TRACHV^I ;.i MIM of the South has roughened seeds as its name .lenotcs,
and is entirely distinct.
A.POCYNACE.E. (DOGBANE FAMILY.) 349
ORDER 84. APOCYNACE^E. (DOGBANE FAMILY.)
Plants icith milky acrid juice, entire (chiefly opposite') leaves without sti-
pules, reaular 5-merous and o-androus flowers ; the 5 lobes of the corolla
convolute and, twisted in the bud ; the filaments distinct, inserted on the corolla,
and lite pollen granular ; the calyx entirely free from the two ovaries, which
are usually quite distinct (and forming pods), though their styles or stig-
mas are united into one. — Seeds amphitropous or anatropous, with a large
straight embryo in sparing albumen, often bearing a tuft of down (comose).
— Chiefly a tropical family (of acrid-poisonous plants), represented in our
district by three genera.
Synopsis.
1. AMSONIA. Seeds naked. Corolla with the tube bearded inside. Anthers longer than the
filaments Leaves alternate
2. FORSTERONIA. Seeds comose. Corolla funnel-form, not appendaged. Filaments slen-
der Caty x glandular inside. Leaves opposite.
8. APOCYNUM. Seeds comose. Corolla bell-shaped, appendaged within. Filaments short,
broad, and flat. Calyx not glandular. Leaves opposite.
1. AMSONIA, Walt. AMSONIA.
Calyx 5-parted, small. Corolla with a narrow funnel-form tube bearded in-
side, especially at the throat ; the limb divided into 5 long linear lobes. Sta-
mens 5, inserted on the tube, included : anthers obtuse at both ends, longer than
the filaments. Ovaries 2 : style 1 : stigma rounded, surrounded with a cup-like
membrane. Pods (follicles) 2, long and slender, many-seeded. Seeds cylindri-
cal, abrupt at both ends, packed in one row, naked. — Perennial herbs, witn
alternate leaves, and pale blue flowers in terminal paniclcd cymes. (Said to be
named for a Mr. Charles Amson.}
1. A. Tabcriicemontfuut, "Walt. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, rather
obtuse at the base, short-petioled ; tube of the corolla above hairy outside. (A.
latifolia, Michx.} — Damp grounds, Illinois (Mead, &c.), Virginia'? and south-
ward. May.
A. CILIA.TA, with linear leaves, and A. SALICIFOLIA, with lanceolate leaves
may be expected in Virginia and Illinois.
2. FORSTERONIA, Meyer. FORSTERONIA.
Calyx 5-parted, with 3-5 glands at its base inside. Corolla funnel-form, not
appendaged ; the limb 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla,
included : filaments slender : anthers arrow-shaped, with an inflcxcd tip, adher-
ing to the stigma. Pods (follicles) 2, slendcv, many-seeded. Seeds oblong,
with a tuft of down. — Twining plants, more or less woody, with opposite
leaves and small flowers in cymes. (Named for Mr. T. F. Forstcr, an English
botanist.)
1. F. difformis, A. DC. Nearly herbaceous and glabrous ; leaves oval-
lanceolate, acuminate, thin; calyx-lobes taper-pointed; corolla pale yellow
350 ASCLEPIADACEjE. (MILKWEED FAMILY.)
(EchUes difformis, Walt.) — Damp grounds, S. E. Virginia, S. Illimis, and
southward. April.
3. APOCYNITM, Tourn. DOGBANE. INDIAN HEMP.
Calyx 5-pnrted, the lobes acute. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cieft, bearing 5 trian-
gular appendages in the throat opposite the lobes. Stamens 5, inserted on the
very base of the corolla : filaments flat, shorter than the arrow-shaped anthers,
which converge around the ovoid obscurely 2-lobed- stigma, and are slightly ad-
herent to it by th'-ir inner face. Style none: stigma large, ovoid, slightly 2-
lobed. Fruit of 2 long and slender follicles. Seeds comose with a long tuft of
silky down at the apex. — Perennial herbs, with upright branching stems, oppo-
site mucronate-pointed leaves, a tough fibrous bark, and small and pale cymose
flowers on short pedicels. (An ancient name of the Dogbane, composed of
OTTO, from, and KVWV, a dog, to which the plant was thought to be poisonous.)
1. A. aiidrosacmifoliuiii, L. (SPREADING DOGBANE.) Smooth,
branched above; branches divergently forking ; leaves ovate, distinctly pi-i'nihd;
cymes loose, si>re<tdin(j, mostly longer than the leaves ; corolla (pale rose-color, J'
broad) open-bdl-sJiaped, with revolute lobes, the tube much longer than the ovate pointed
divisions of -the calyx. — Varies, also, with the leaves downy underneath. — Bor-
ders of thickets; common, especially northward. June, July. — Pods 3' -4'
long, pendent.
2. A. caiili;il>i»uill, L. (INDIAN HEMP.) Stem and branches up-
right or ascending, terminated by erect and close many-flowered cymes, which are
usually shorter than the leaves ; corolla (greenish-white) with nearly erect ldn-s,
the tube not longer than the lanceolate divisions of the calyx. — Var. GLABEKRI-
MUM, DC. Entirely smooth; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, on short but
manifest petioles, obtuse or rounded, or the upper acute at both ends. — Var.
PUBESCENS, DC. Leaves oblong, oval, or ovate, downy underneath or some-
times on both sides, as well as the cymes. (A. pubescens, It. Br.) — Var. IIY-
PERiciF6LiUM. Leaves more or less heart-shaped at the base and on very short
petioles, commonly smooth throughout. (A. hypcricifolium, Ait.) — Kiver-
banks, &c. ; common. July, Aug. — Plant 2° -3° high, much more upright
than the last; the flowers scarcely half the size. These different varieties evi-
dently run into one another.
VfNCA M!NOR, the common PERIWINKLE, and NERIUM OLEANDER, tne
OLEANDER, are common cultivated plants of this family.
ORDER 85. ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.;
Plants with milky juice, and opposite or wJiorlcd (rarely scattered) entire
leaves ; the follicular pods, seeds, anthers connected with ilic. sf if/ma, sensible
properties, fyc.,just as in the last family ; from which they differ in the com-
monly valcate corolla, and in the singular connection of the anthers with the
slit/ma, the cohesion of the pollen into wax-like or granular iiutxses, &c., as
explained under the first and typical genus.
ASCLEPIADACE^C. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 351
Synopsis.
TIUBE I. ASCLiEPIADE^E. Filaments monadelphous. Pollen-masses 10, waxy,
fixed to the stigma by pairs, pendulous and vertical.
1. ASCLEl'IAS. Calyx and corolla reflexed, deeply 5-parted. Ciown of 5 hooded fieshy bod-
ies (nectaries, £.), with an incurved horn rising from the cavity of each.
2. ACEIIATES. Calyx and corolla reflexed or merely spreading. Crown as in No. 1, but
without a horn inside.
8 ENSLENI A. Calyx and corolla erect. Crown of 5 membranaceous bodies, flat, terminated
by a 2-cleft tail or awn.
TRIBE II. GONOLOBE^E. Filaments monadelphous. Pollen-masses 10, affixed to the
stigma in pairs, horizontal.
4. GONOLOBUS. Corolla wheel-shaped. Crown a wavy-lobed fleshy ring.
TRIBE III. PERIPL.OCE.flE. Filaments distinct or nearly so. Pollen-masses granu-
lar, separately applied to the stigma.
5. PEllIPLOCA. Corolla wheel-shaped, with 5 awned scales in the throat.
1. ASCL.EPIAS, L. MILKWEED. SILKWEED.
Calyx 5-paricd, persistent ; the divisions small, spreading. Corolla deeply
5-pai-ted; the divisions valvate in the bud, reflexed, deciduous. Crown of 5
hooded bodies (nectaries, L.) seated on the tube of stamens, each containing an
incurved horn. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla : filaments united
in a tube (gynostegiwm} which encloses the pistil : anthers adherent to the stigma,
each with 2 vertical cells, tipped with a membranaceous appendage, each cell
containing a flattened pear-shaped and waxy pollen-mass ; the two contiguous
pollen-masses of adjacent anthers forming pairs which hang by a slender pro-
longation of their summits from 5 cloven glands that grow on the angles of the
stigma (usually extricated from the cells by the agency of insects, and directing
copious pollen-tubes into the point where the stigma joins the apex of the styles).
Ovaries 2, tapering into very short styles : the large depressed 5-angled fleshy
stigma common to the two. Follicles 2, one of them often abortive, soft, ovate
or lanceolate. Seeds anatropous, flat, margined, downwardly imbricated all
over the large placenta which separates from the suture at maturity, furnished
with a long tuft of silky hairs (coma) at the hilum. Embryo large, with broad
foliaeeous cotyledons in thin albumen. — Perennial upright herbs, with thick and
deep roots : peduncles terminal or mostly lateral and between the petioles, bear-
ing simple many-flowered umbels. Leaves usually transversely veiny. (Tbe
Greek name of ^Esculctfiius, to whom the genus is dedicated.) See Addend.
* Pods clothed with soft spinous projections.
1. A. Coriiliti, Decaisne. (COMMON MILKWEED or SILKWEED.)
Stem large and stout, somewhat branched ; leaves ovate-elliptical, with a slight
point, spreading, contracted at the base into a short but distinct petiole, minutely velvety-
downy underneath as well as the peduncles and branches ; divisions of the corolla
ovate (greenish-purple), about one fourth the length of the very numerous pedi-
cels ; hoods of the crown ovate, obtuse, with a lobe or tooth on each side of the short
and stout claw-like horn; pods ovate, covered with weak spines and woolly. (A. Sy-
riaca, L., but the plant belongs to this country only.) — llich soil, fields, &c. ;
common. July. — Plant 3° - 4° high ; leaves 4' - 8' long, pale.
352 ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILK- WEED FAMILY).
2. A. Sllllivailtii, Engelm. Mss. Very smooth throughout, tall; leaves
ovate-oblong from a heart-shaped nearly sessile base ; hoods of the crown obovate,
entire, obtusely 2-eared at the base on the outside, with an iucurved and flat
claw-like horn; pods ovate-lanceolate, with small and scattered warty spines
chiefly on the beak. — Near Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant. W. Illinois, Engelrnann.
July. — Resembles No. 1 in appearance, in the petals, <fcc. ; the hoods larger,
and exceeding the anthers by one hal£
* # Pods not warty-roughened or prickly.
•<- Leaves all or chiefly opposite, or the middle ones sometimes in fours.
++ Stems simple or nearly so (above usually with 2 lines of minute pubescence).
3. A. phytolaccoides, Pursh. (POKE-MILKWEED.) Stem (3° -5°
high) smooth; leaves broadly ovate, or the upper oval -lanceolate and pointed at both
ends, short-petioled, smooth or slightly downy underneath (5' -8' long) ; pediah
loose and nodding, numerous, long and slender (l'-3' long), equalling the pedun-
cle, many times longer than the ovate-oblong divisions of the (greenish) corolla ; hoods
of the crown (white) truncate, the margins 2-toothed at the summit, the horn
with a long projecting awl-shaped point ; pods minutely downy. — Moist copses ;
common. June.
4. A. purplirascens, L. (PURPLE MILKWEED.) Stem rather slen-
der (2° -3° high) ; leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, the lower mucronate, the upper
taper-pointed, minutely velvety-downy underneath, smooth above, contracted at t/ie
base into a short petiole ; pedicels shorter than the mostly terminal peduncle, about
twice the length of the dark purple lanceolate-ovate divisions of ilia corolla ; hoods of
the crown oblong, abruptly narrowed above ; the horn broadly scythe-shaped, with
a narrow and abruptly inflexed horizontal point; pods smooth. (A. amciena, L.,
Michx.) — Border of woods, &c., N. England to Michigan and Kentucky: com-
mon westward. July. — Flowers as large as in No. 1: peduncle and pedicels
downy along one side.
5. A. varirsffita, L. (VARIEGATED MILKWEED.) Nearly smooth
(l°-2°high); leaves ovate, oval, or obovate, somewhat wavy, mucronate, con-
tracted into short petioles ; pedicels (numerous and crowded) and peduncle short, dotrny :
divisions of the corolla ovate (ivhite) ; hoods of the crown orbicular, entire, the
horn semilunar with a horizontal point; pods slightly downy. (A. nivea, L.,
in part. A. hybrida, Michx.) — Dry woods, S. New York to Wisconsin and
southward. July. — Remarkable for its very compact umbels of nearly white
flowers, often purple in the centre. Leaves 4-5 pairs, th«> middle ones some-
times whorled; veins often purple. Peduncles 1-3, usually £' long.
6. A. ovalifolia, Decaisne in DC. Prodr. Low (6'-15' high), soft-
downy, especially the lower side of the ovate or lance-oblong acute slight-'
oled leaves; umbels loosely 10-18-Jlowered, either sessile or peduucled; pedicels
slender Q'-f long) ; hoods of the crown oblong, obtuse, yellowish, with a small
horn, about the length of the oval greenish white divisions of the corolla (wliich
are tinged with purple outside). (A. lanugiuosa, Nutt. ? A. Vase
Prairies and Oak-openings, N. Illinois, Vasey, Wisconsin, Lapham, ami
westward. June.— Leaves 1^-3' long, fr'-H' wide, smoothish above, the upper
sometimes scattered. Flowers about as large as in the next.
ASCLEPIADACEJS. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 353
7. A. quadrifolia, Jacq. (FOUK-LEAVED MILKWEED.) Nearly smooth
(10'- 18' high), slender ; leaves ovate, or sometimes 01 ate-lanceolate, petioled, usually
tape\ -pointed, the middle ones in whorls of four; pedicels capillary ; divisions of the
(paL pink) corolla oblong ; hoods of the white crown elliptical-ovate, the incurved
horn short and thick; pods linear-lanceolate, smooth. — Dry woods and hills;
rather common. June. — Leaves 2' -4' long, variable on the same plant, some-
times all opposite, rarely with two whorls. Umbels 2-5; peduncles I'-l^'
long : the flowers rather small (corolla-lobes 2^" long), but handsome.
8. A. parviflora, Pursh. (SMALL-FLOWERED MILKWEED.) Nearly
smooth; the steins (l°-2° high) persistent, or slightly ivoody towards the base,
slender ; leaves lanceolate, tapering to both ends, petioled, all opposite ; umbels
somewhat panicled, pedicels much shorter than the peduncle ; flowers white
tinged with purplish (the buds l"long); divisions of the corolla ovate; the
slender incurved horn longer than the hood. — S. Indiana, Illinois, and south-
ward. July. — Coma of the seeds wanting.
9. A. Ofotusifolia, Michx. (WAVY-LEAVED MILKWEED.) Smooth and
glaucous; stem simple (2° -3° high), bearing a single terminal umbel on a long naked
peduncle (3'- 12' long) ; leaves ol>long or ovate-elliptical, very obtuse but mucronate
(2 -5' long), sessile and partly clasping by a heart-shaped base, the margins wavy ;
pedicels very numerous, elongated ; divisions of the (greenish-purple) corolla ob-
long ; hoods of the crown truncate and somewhat toothed at the summit, shorter
than the slender awl-pointed horn ; pods smoothish. — Sandy woods and fields :
not rare. July. — Flowers large (petals 4"- 5" long).
10. A. riibra, L. (RED-FLOWERED MILKWEED.) Smooth, slender (1°-
2° high), bearing 1-3 few-flowered umbels at the naked summit of the stem (on a
peduncle 2' - 3' long) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, tapering to a very sharp
point, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base, very short-petioled ; divisions of the
corolla (reddish-purple) lanceolate, acute; hoods of the crown oblong, acutish (pur-
ple tinged with orange), with an awl-shaped and slightly incurved short horn ;
pods smooth. (A. laurifolia, Michx. A. acuminata, Pursh, ) — Low grounds,
pine barrens of New Jersey to Virginia and southward. July. — Leaves 2' -4'
long, rough-ciliate.
11. A. paupei'Cllla, Michx. Very smooth; stem icand-like, slender (2° -
3° high), bearing 1 - several few-flowered umbels at the summit of a naked and usu-
ally elongated terminal peduncle (rarely with one or two lateral ones) ; leaves
linear, much elongated, slightly petioled ; divisions of the (purple) corolla linear-
oblong, half the length of the pedicels; hoods of the crown (orange-yellow) spat-
ulate-oblong, much longer than the awl-shaped incurved horn. — Wet pine bar-
rens, New Jersey to Virginia near the coast, and southward. July, Aug. —
Leaves 5' -10' long, l"-6" broad; the flowers large and showy.
•*-»• ••-«• Stem paniculately branching.
12. A. incarnata, L. (SWAMP MILKWEED.) Smooth, or nearly so,
the stem with two downy lines above and on the branches of the peduncles
(2° -3° high), very leafy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed, obtuse at
the base, distinctly petioled ; umbels many-flowered, somewhat panicled, on
peduncles half the length of the leaves ; divisions of the corolla ovate, reddish-
30*
354 ASCLEPIADACEJS. (MILKWEED FAMILY.)
purple ; hoods of the crown (flesh-color) ovate, about the length of the ascend-
ing or scjthe-form awl-shaped horns; pods veiny, smooth. — Varies with die
leaves a little heart-shaped at the base, and, in viir. I'LLCIIKA, with broader and
shortcr-petioled leaves, more or less hairy-pubescent, as well as the stem. (A.
pulchra, Wiltd.) — Wet grounds; the smooth form very common northward;
the hairy variety more so southward. July, Aug. — Milky juice scanty.
+- -«- Leaves alternate-scattered, or the lowest opposite : milky juice little or none.
13. A. tuberosa, L. (BUTTERFLY-WEED. PLEURISY-ROOT.) Rough-
ish-hairy ; stems erect or ascending, very leafy, branching at the summit, and
bearing the umbels in a terminal corymb ; leaves varying from linear to oblong-
lanceolate, sessile or slightly petioled ; divisions of the corolla ovate-oblong
(greenish-orange) ; hoods of the crown narrowly oblong, bright orange, scarcely
longer than the nearly erect and slender awl-shaped horns ; pods hoary. (A.
decumbens, Z.) — Dry hills and fields ; common, especially south ward. July-
Sept. — Plant 1°- 2° high, leafy to the summit, usually with numerous and
corymbed short-peduncled umbels of very showy flowers, which are rather
smaller than in No. 1 .
•*-•«-•«— Leaves nearly all whorled, rarely alternate, croivded.
14. A. vcrticillata, L. (WHORLED MILKWEED.) Smooth ish ; stems
slender, simple or sparingly branched, minutely hoary in lines, very leafy to the
summit; leaves very narrowly linear, with revolute margins (2' -3' long, 1"
wide), 3 - 6 in a whorl ; umbels small, lateral, and terminal ; divisions of the co-
rolla ovate (green ish -white) ; hoods of the crown roundish-oval, about half the
length of the incurved claw-shaped horns; pods very smooth. — Dry hills;
common, especially southward. July -Sept. — Flowers small.
2. ACERATES, Ell. GREEN MILKWEED.
Nearly as in Asclepias ; but the concave upright hoods of the crown desti-
tute of a horn (whence the name, from a privative and Ktpaf, -aroc, a horn).
1. A. via'idiflora, Ell. Downy-hoary; stems low and stout, ascending;
leaves varying from oval or obovate to lanceolate or almost linear, slightly peti-
oled, mucronate-acute or obtuse, thick, at length smoothish ; umbels nearly sessile,
densely many-flowered, globose, lateral ; divisions of the corolla oblong ; hoods of
the crown oblong, strictly erect, sessile at the base of the tube of filaments, short-
er than the anthers ; pods nearly smooth. (Asclepias viridiflora, Pursh. A.
lanceolata, Ives. A. obovata, Ell.) — Dry hills and sandy fields; common, es-
pecially southward. July -Sept. — Flowers greenish; when expanded, about
the length of the pedicel. Leaves singularly variable in form.
2. A. loilgifolia, Ell. Minutely hoary or rough-hairy ; stem slender, up-
right (l°-2£° high) ; leaves elongated-linear (3' -7' long, 4'-£' wide) ; und»!s
ped uncled, open, many-flowered ; divisions of the corolla ovate-oblong, several
times shorter than the pedicels; hoods of the crown short and rounded, w/.W OH
the tube ofjilaments; pods smooth. — Moist places, Ohio to Wisconsin and south-
ward. June, July. — Flowers half as large as in the last, tinged with yellowish.
A. MONOCEFIIALA and A. FAMCULATA ; see Addend.
ASCLEP1ADACEJS. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 355
3. ENSlilOA, Nutt. ENSLENIA.
Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla 5-partcd ; the divisions erect, ovate-lanceolate.
Crown of 5 free membranaceous leaflets, which are truncate or obscurely lobcd
at the apex, where they bear a pair of flexuous awns united at their base. An-
thers nearly as in Asclepias : pollen-masses oblong, obtuse at both ends, fixed
below the summit of the stigma to the descending glands. Pods oblong-lanceo-
late, smooth. Seeds with a tuft, as in Asclepias. — A perennial twining herb,
smooth, with opposite heart-ovate and pointed long-petioled leaves, and small
whitish flowers in raceme-like clusters, on slender axillary peduncles. (Dedi-
cated to A. Ens/en, an Austrian botanist who collected in the Southern United
States early in the present century.)
1. E. iiibicia, Nutt. — River-banks, Ohio to Illinois, W. Virginia, and
south westward ; common. July -Sept. — Climbing 8° -12° high: leaves 3'-
5' wide.
4. GOJVOL.OBUS, Michx. GONOLOBCS.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped, sometimes reflexed-spread-
ing ; the lobes convolute in the bud. Crown a small and fleshy wavy-lobed ring
in the throat of the corolla. Anthers horizontal, partly hidden under the flat-
tened stigma, opening transversely. Pollen-masses 5 pairs, horizontal. Pods
turgid, i^torc or less ribbed, or armed with soft warty projections. Seeds with
a silky tuft. — Twining herbaceous or shrubby plants, with opposite heart-shaped
leaves, usually hairy, and racemed or corymbed greenish yellow or dingy purple
flowers, on peduncles rising from between the petioles. (Name composed of
y&vos, an anyle, and Xo/3os, a pod, from the angled or ribbed follicles of one
species.)
1. O. Iliacropliyllus, Michx. Stems and petioles somewhat pubes-
cent and hairy ; leaves round-cordate, large, very abruptly pointed ; lobes of the
corolla narrow; pods ribbed-angled. — River-banks, Pcnn. ? to Kentucky, and
southward. (The limits between this and G. tiliajfolius, Decaisne, appear un-
satisfactory.)
2. O. llirsiitllS, Michx. Stems and petioles bristly-hairy ; leaves round-
cordate or ovate-cordate, more or less hairy ; lobes of the corolla oblong ; poda
armed with soft prickles. — River-banks, Penn. to S. Illinois, and southward.
July.
5. PERIPEOCA, L. PERIPLOCA.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped, with 5 awned scales in the
throat. Filaments distinct : anthers coherent with the apex of the stigma,
bearded on the back : pollen-masses 5, each of 4 united, singly affixed directly
to the glands of the stigma. Stigma hemispherical. Pods smooth, widely di-
vergent. Seeds with a silky tuft. — Twining shrubby plants, with smooth oppo-
site leaves, and pan icled-cymose flowers. (Name from TrepiTrAoKjJ, a coiling
round, in allusion to the twining stems.)
1. P. GR-ascA, L. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the loose-
356 OLEACEJE. (OLIVE FAMILY.)
ly-flowered cymes ; divisions of the brownish-purple corolla linear-oblong, very
hairy above. — Near Rochester, £c., New York. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)
ORDER 86. OLEACE^. (OLIVE FAMILY.)
Trees or shrubs, with opposite and pinnate or simple leaves, a 4-cleft (or
sometimes obsolete) calyx, a reyular 4-cleft or nearly or quite ^-petalous corol-
la icJtich is valvate in the bud, sometimes apetalous; the stamens 2-4, mostly
2, and fewer than the lobes of the corolla; the ovary 2-celled, with 2 sus-
pended ovules in each cell. — Seeds anatropous, with a large straight em-
bryo in hard Ik'shy albumen. — A small family of which the OLIVE is the
type, also represented by the LILAC (Syrinya vulyaris, S. Ptrsica, &e.),
and by the ASH, which is usually apetalous.
Synopsis.
TRIBE I. OLiElNE^B. Fruit a drupe or berry. Flowers perfect or polygamous, with
both calyx and corolla. Leaves simple, mostly entire.
1. LIGUSTRUM. Corolla funnel-form, its tube longer than the calyx, 4-cleft.
2. OLEA. Corolla short, bell-shaped or salver-shaped ; the limb 4-parted
3. CH10NANTIIUS. Corolla 4-parted or 4-petalous, the divisions or petals long and linear.
TRIBE II. FRAXINE.3E. Fruit dry and winged (a samara) Flowers dioecious or polyg-
amous, mostly apetalous, and sometimes without a calyx Leaves odd-pinnat».
4 FRAXINUS. The only genus of the Tribe.
TRIBE III. FORESTIEREJE. Fruit a drupe or berry. Flowers dioecious or perfect,
apetalous. Leaves simple.
6. FOliESTIERA. Flowers dioecious, from a scaly catkin-like bud. Stamens 2-4.
]. L-IGlISTRUin, Tourn. PRIVET.
Calyx short-tubular, 4-toothed, deciduous. Corolla funnel-form, 4-lobed ; the
lobes ovate, obtuse. Stamens 2, on the tube of the corolla, included. Stigma
2-clcft. Berry spherical, 2-ccllcd, 2- 1 -seeded. — Shrubs with entire leaves on
short petioles, and small white flowers in terminal thyrsoid panicles. (The
classical name.)
1. L<. vuLoARE, L. (COMMON PRIVET or PRIM.) Leaves elliptical-lan-
ceolate, smooth, thickish, deciduous ; berries black. — Used for low hedges :
naturalized in copses by the agency of birds in E. New England and New York.
May, June. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. OJLEA, Tourn. OLIVE.
Calyx short, 4-toothcd, rarely entire. Corolla with a short bell-shaped tube
and a 4-parted spreading limb. Stamens 2. Fruit a drupe, with a bony stone,
2-1-secdcd. — Shrubs or trees, with opposite and coriaceous mostly entire
leaves, and perfect, or (in our species) polygamous or dioecious, small white
flowers in panicles or corymbs. (The classical name of the European Olive, 0.
Earopcea.)
OLKACE^:. (OLIVE FAMILY.) 357
1. O. Americana, L. (DEVIL-WOOD.) Leaves oblong-lanceolate,
smooth and shining (3' -6' long); fruit spherical. — Moist woods, coast of S.
Virginia, and southward. May. Tree 15° -20° high.
3. CHI ON A NT II US, L. FRINGE-TREE.
Calyx 4-partcd, very small, persistent. Corolla of 4 long and linear petals,
which are barely united at the base. Stamens 2 (rarely 3 or 4), on the very
base of the corolla, very short. Stigma notched. Drupe fleshy, globular, be-
coming 1-cclled, 1—3 -seeded. — Low trees or shrubs, with deciduous and entire
petioled leaves, and delicate flowers in loose and drooping graceful panicles.
(Name from X.L^VI snow, and <iv6os, blossom, alluding to the light and snow-
white clusters of flowers.)
1. C. VirgiBlica, L. Leaves oval, oblong, or obovate-lanceolate, smooth-
ish or rather downy, veiny ; flowers on slender pedicels ; drupe purple, with a
bloom, ovoid (£'-§' long). — River-banks, S. Pennsylvania, Virginia, and south-
ward: very ornamental in cultivation. June. — Petals about 1' long, narrowly
linear, acute, rarely 5 - 6 in number.
4. FRAXINUS, Toura. ASH.
Flowers polygamous or (in our species) dioecious. Calyx small and 4-cleft,
toothed, or entire, or obsolete. Petals 4, slightly cohering in pairs at the base,
or only 2, oblong or linear, or altogether wanting in our species. Stamens 2,
sometimes 3 or 4 : anthers linear or oblong, large. Style single : stigma 2-cleft.
Fruit a 1 - 2-celled samara, or key-fruit flattened, winged at the apex, 1 - 2-seeded.
Cotyledons elliptical : radicle slender. — Light timber-trees, with petioled pin-
nate leaves of 3 - 15 cither toothed or entire leaflets ; the small flowers in crowd-
ed panicles or racemes from the axils of last year's leaves. (The classical Latin
name, thought to be derived from (f)pd^LS, a separation, from the facility with
which the wood splits.)
* Fruit winged from the apex only, barely margined or terete towards the base : calyx
minute, persistent : corolla none : leaflets stalked.
1. F. Americana, L. (WHITE ASH.) Branchlets and petioles glabrous ;
leaflets 7-9, ovate- or lance-oblong, pointed, pale and either smooth or pubes-
cent underneath, somewhat toothed or entire ; fruit terete and marginless below,
above extended into a lanceolate, oblanceolate, or wedge-linear icing. (F. acuminata,
and F. juglandifolia, Lam. F. epiptera, Miclix.) — Rich or moist woods; com-
mon. April, May. — A large forest tr£b, with gray furrowed bark, smooth
greenish-gray branchlets, and rusty-colored buds. (The figure of the fruit in
Michaux's Sylva is misplaced, it apparently having been interchanged with
that of the Green Ash.)
2. F. pufofiscens, Lam. (RED ASH.) Branchlets and ]>etioles i-thr-ty-
pubescent ; leaflets 7-9, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, almost entire,
pale or more or less pubescent beneath ; fruit acute at Ike base, flatfish and 2-edyed,
the edges gradually dilated into the long (lg'-2') oblanceolate or linear-Lanceolate
358 OLEACE^E. (OLIVE FAMILY.)
wing. (F. tomentosa, Mich.r.) — With the preceding: rare west of the Alle-
ghanies. — A smaller tree, furnishing less valuable timber.
3. F. \i rid is, Michx. f. (GREEN ASH.) Glabrous throw/bout ; leaflets
5-9, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, often wedge-shaped at the base- and serrate
above, bright green both sides ; fruit acute at the base, striate, 2-cd<;<d or margined,
gradually dilated into an oblanceolate or linear-spatulate wing-, much as in No.
2. (F. concolor, Mnld. F. juglandifolia, WilUl., DC., and ed. \, but not of
Lam.) — Near streams. New England to Wisconsin and southward ; most com-
mon westward. — A small or middle-sized tree. (The figure of the fruit given
in Michaux's Sylva evidently belongs to F. Americana.)
* * Fruit winged all round the teed-bearing portion.
•*- Calyx wanting, at least in the fertile flowers, which are entirely nalcnl !
4. F. saillbucifolia, Lam. (BLACK ASH. WATER ASH.) Branch-
lets and petioles glabrous; leaflets 1 — 11, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to
a point, serrate, obtuse or rounded at the base, green and smooth both sides,
when young with some rusty hairs along the midrib; fruit linear-oblong or nar-
rowly elliptical, blunt at both ends. — Swamps and along streams, Penn. to
Kentucky, and everywhere northward. April, May. — Tree rather small, its
tough wood easily separable into thin layers, used for coarse basket-work, &c.
Bruised leaves with the odor of Elder.
•»- -»- Calyx present, persistent at the base of the fruit.
5. F. quadrailglllata, Michx. (BLUE ASH.) Branchlets square, at
least on vigorous shoots, glabrous ; leaflets 7-9, short-stalked, oblong-ovate or
lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, green both sides ; fruit nurroirly oblong, blunt,
and of the same width at both ends, or slightly narrowed at the base, often notched
at the apex (!£' long, 4'-$' wide). — Dry or moist rich woods, Ohio and Mich-
igan to Illinois and Kentucky. — Tree large, with timber like No. 1.
6. F. platycarpa, Michx. (CAROLINA WATER-ASH.) Branchlets
terete, glabrous or pubescent ; leaflets 5-7, ovate or oblong, acute at both ends,
short-stalked ; fruit broadly winged (not rarely 3-winged), oblong ($' wide), with a
tajwiny base. — Wet woods, Virginia and southward. March.
5. FORESTlEItA, Poir. (ADKLIA, Michx.)
Flowers dioecious, crowded in catkin-like scaly buds from the axils of last
year's leaves, imbricated with scales. Corolla none. Calyx early deciduous,
of 4 minute sepals. Stamens 2-4: anthers oblong. Ovary ovate, 2-eelled,
with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell: style slender : stigma somewhat 2-lobed.
Drupe small, ovoid, 1-celled, 1-seedctf — Shrubs, with opposite and often fasci-
cled deciduous leaves and small flowers. Fertile peduncles short, 1 -3-flowered
(Named for M. I-\>r<*ti,r, a French physician.)
1. F. OCliminiflfa, Poir. Glabrous; 1( avcs thin, oblong-ovate or ovate-
lite, acuminate at both ends, often seimiale; drupe oblong, usually
pointed. — Wet bunks, W. Illiuow and southward. April.
ARISTOLOCHIACE^E. (BIRTH WORT FAMILY.) 359
DIVISION III. APETALOUS EX6GENOUS PLANTS.
Corolla none ; the floral envelopes in a single series (calyx), or
sometimes wanting altogether.
o
ORDER 87. AUISTOLOCHIACE^E. (BIRTHWORT FAM.)
Climbing shrubs, or low herbs, with perfect flowers, the conspicuous lurid
calyx (valvate in the bud) coherent below with the ^-celled ovary, which forms
a many-seeded G-celled pod or berry in fruit. Stamens 6-12, more or less
united with the style: anthers adnate, extrorse. — Leaves petioled, mostly
heart-shaped and entire. Seeds anatropous, with a large fleshy raphe, and
a minute embryo in fleshy albumen.
1. AS A RUM, Tourn. ASARABACCA. WILD GINGER.
Calyx regular; the limb 3-cleft or parted. Stamens 12, with more or less
distinct filaments, their tips usually continued beyond the anther into a point.
Fruit fleshy, globular, bursting irregularly. — Stemless herbs with aromatic-
pungent creeping rootstocks bearing 2-3 kidney-sliaped or heart-shaped leaves
on long petioles, and a short-pcduneled flower close to the ground. (An ancient
name, of obscure derivation.)
§ 1. AS ARUM PROPER. — Calyx-tube wholly coherent with the ovary : filaments
slender, united only with the base of the style, much longer than the short anthers:
styles united into one, which is barely Q-lobed at the summit, and with 6 radiating
thick stigmas : leaves membranaceous, unspotted, on flowering stems mostly a single
pair, with the peduncle between them.
1. A. CilimdcilSC, L. Soft-pubescent; leaves kidney-shaped, more or
less pointed (4' -5' wide when full grown) ; calyx bell-shaped, with the upper
part of the acute lobes widely and abruptly spreading, brown-purple inside ;
stamens awn-tipped. — Hill-sides in rich woods ; common, especially northward,
and along the Alleghanies : also in Illinois. April, July.
§ 2. I1ETER6TROPA.— Calyx-tube somewhat inflated below and contracted at
the throat, only its base coherent with the lower part of the ovary ; the limb 3-cleft,
short : filaments very short or none: anthers oblong-linear : styles 6, fleshy, diverging,
2-cl(>)l, each bearing a thick extrorse stigma below the cleft: leaves fhickish, per-
sistent, the upper surface often whitish-mottled, alternate on the rootstock : peduncle
very short.
2. A. VirginiCllin, L. Leaves round-heart-shaped (1$' - 2' wide) ; calyx
ventricose-bell-shaped ; anthers pointless. — Virginia, and southward, in and near
the mountains. May.
3. A. ari folium, Michx. leaves halberd-heart-shaped (2f-4' long);
calyx oblong-tubular, with very short and blunt lobes ; anthers obtusely short-
pointed. — Virginia, and southward. May.
pomiet
3GO NYCTAGINACE.E. (FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.)
2. ARISTOL.6C II IA, Tourn. BIRTHWORT.
Calyx tubular, the tube extended, variously inflated above the ovary, mostly
contracted at the throat. Stamens 6, the sessile anthers wholly adnate to the
back of the short and fleshy 3-G-lobed or angled stigma. Pod naked, 6-valved.
Seed-; ilat. — Twining, climbing, or sometimes upright perennial herbs or shrubs,
with alternate leaves and lateral or axillary greenish or lurid-purple flowers.
(Named from its reputed medicinal properties.)
§ 1. Calyx-tube bent like the letter S, enlarged at the two ends, the, small limb obtusely
3-lobed : an f hers in pairs (making 4 cells in a row under each of the 3 truncate
lobes of the stigma) : low herbs.
1. A. Scr|)Ciit;iria, L. (VIRGINIA SNAKEROOT.) Stems (8'- 15'
high) branched at the base, pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong from a heart-
shaped base, or halberd-form, mostly acute or pointed; flowers all next the
root, short-peduncled. — A narrow-leaved variety is A. sagitt.'ita, Mnhl., A. hir-
suta, Nutt., £c. — Rich woods, Connecticut to Indiana and southward; not
common except near the Alleghany Mountains. July. — The librous, aromatic-
stimulant root is well known in medicine.
§ 2. Calyx-tube strongly curved like a Dutch pipe, contracted at the mouth, the slcrt
limb obscurely 3-lobed : anthers in pairs under each of the 3 short and thick lubes oj
the stigma : twininy shrubs : flowers from one or two of the superposed accessory
axiUary buds.
2. A. Siplio, L'Hcr. (PIPE- VINE- DUTCHMAN'S PIPE.) Glabrous;
leaves round-kidney-shaped, slightly downy underneath ; peduncles with a clasp-
ing bract; calyx (H' long) with a brown-purple, abrupt flat border. — Rich
woods, Penn. to Kentucky, and southward, along the mountains. May. — Stems
sometimes 2' in diameter, climbing trees : full-grown leaves 8' -12' broad.
3. A. tOHK'tttosa, Sims. Downy or soft-hairy; leaves round-heart-shaped,
very veiny (3' -5' long) ; calyx greenish-yellow, with an oblique dark purple dosed
oriflce and a rugose reflexedlimb. — Rich woods, from Southern Illinois south-
ward. June.
ORDER 88. NYCTAGINACEJE. (FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.)
Herbs (or in (he tropics often shrubs or trees'), with mostly opposite and en-
tire leaves, stems tumid at the joints, a delicate tubular or funnel-far)//
which is colored like a corolla, its persistent base constricted above the 1-
l-seedcd ovary, and indurated into a sort of nut-like pericarp ;
1 -several, slender, and hypogynous; the emlri/o coiled around ,'/
jiKdti/ albumen, irilh broad foliaceous cotyledons. — Represented in our g'-r-
clrns by the common FOUR-O'CLOCK, or MAUVKL OF Pi:i:r (Miral>ilis
Julap;v), in which the calyx is commonly mistaken for a corolla bi'«-;u^e
the cup-like involucre of each flower exactly imitates a calyx ; — and by a
single
PHYTOLACCACEJE. (POKEWEED FAMILY.) 361
1. OXYBAPHUS, Vahl. OXYBAPHUS.
Flowers 1 - 5 in the same 5-lobed membranaceous broad and open involucre,
which enlarges, and is thin and reticulated in fruit. Calyx with a very short
tube and a bell-shaptd (rose or purple) deciduous limb, which is plaited in
the bud. Stamens mostly 3. Style filiform : stigma capitate. Fruit achenium-
likc, several-ribbed or angled. — Herbs, with very large and thick perennial
roots, opposite leaves, and mostly clustered small flowers. (Name 6£vfid(j>ov,
a vinegar-saucer, or small shallow vessel ; from the shape of the involucre.)
1. O. liyctagiiieus, Sweet. Nearly smooth; stem repeatedly forked
(1° - 3° high) ; leaves oblong-ovate, triangular-ovate, or somewhat heart-shaped ;
involucres 3 - 5-flowercd. — Rocky places, from Wisconsin and Illinois south-
ward and westward. June - Aug.
ORDER 89. PHYTOLACCACE^. (POKEWEED FAMILY.)
Plants with alternate entire leaves and perfect flowers, ivith nearly the
characters of Chenopodiacea3, but usually a several-celled ovary composed of
as many carpels united in a ring, and forming a berry in fruit ; — represent-
ed only by the typical genus
1. PIIYTOL.ACCA, Tourn. POKEWEED.
Calyx of 5 rounded and petal-like sepals. Stamens 5-30. Ovary of 5-12
carpels, united in a ring, with as many short separate styles, in fruit forming a
depressed-globose 5-12-celled berry with a single vertical seed in each cell.
Embryo curved in a ring around the albumen. — Tall and stout perennial herbs,
with large petioled leaves, and flowers in racemes which become lateral and op-
posite the leaves. (Name compounded of (frvrov, plant, and the French lac, lake,
in allusion to the coloring matter resembling that pigment which the berries
yield.)
1. P. decitmlra, L. (COMMON POKE or SCORE. GARGET. PIGEON-
BERRY.) Stamens 10: styles 10. — Borders of woods and moist ground; com-
mon. July— Sept. — A smooth plant, with a rather unpleasant odor, and a very
large poisonous root often 4' -6' in diameter, sending up stout stalks (in early
spring sometimes eaten as a substitute for Asparagus), which are at length 6°-
9° high. Calyx white : ovary green ; the long racemes of dark-purple berries
filled with crimson juice, ripe in autumn.
ORDER 90. CHENOPODIACE7E. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)
Chiefly herbs, of homely aspect, more or less succulent, with chiefly alter-
nate leaves, and no stipule nor scarious bracts, minute greenish flowers,
with the free calyx imbricated in the bud ; the stamens as many as its lobes, or
rarely fewer, and inserted opposite them or on their base; the l-celled ovary
becoming a l-see,ded thin utricle or rarely an achenium in fruit. Embryo
31
302 CHENOPODIAGEAC. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)
coilf.d into a rinrj (around the albumen, when there is an?/) or spiral. — Calyx
persistent, enclosing the fruit Styles 2, rarely 3-5. (Mostly inert or
innocent plants.) See Addend.
Synopsis.
I. CYCLOLOBE2E. Embryo curved like a ring around the albumen.
TRIBE I. CHEKOPOJDIE.3E. Flowers usually all alike and perfect, or merely polyg.
amous by the want of stamens in some of them. Stem not jointed. Leaves Hut
Flowers in racemes, spikes, or panicles. (Fruit enclosed in the calyx.)
1. CYCLOLOMA. Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit surrounded by a horizontal niembranaceous wing.
Seed horizontal.
2. CHENO PODIUM. Calyx 3-5-clcft or parted, the lobes naked or merely Wled in fruit
Seed horizontal (rarely vertical when the calyx is only 2 -3-cleft).
8. KOUB1EVA. Calyx 5-cleft, becoming closed and pod-like in fruit Utricle glandular-
dotted. Seed vertical.
4. BLITUM. Calyx of 3 - 5 sepals, dry or juicy hi fruit. Utricle niembranaceous. Seed
vertical.
TRIBE II. SPINACIEJE. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, and of two distinct sorts:
otherwise as in Tribe I.
6. ATRIPLEX. Pair of bracts including the otherwise naked ovary and fruit flat and dilated,
often united below. Radicle inferior or lateral.
6. OBIONE. Fruit-bearing bracts united. Radicle superior.
TRIBE III. SAIjICORNIE^:. Flowers all alike and perfect, spiked or hi catkins.
Stem jointed Leaves awl-shaped, scale-like, or none.
7. SALICORNIA. Flowers sunk in excavations of the axis. Calyx utricular.
II. SPIROLOBEvE. Embryo coiled in a spiral : albumen none or little.
TRIBE IV. STJ.3SDE.3E. Embryo in a flat spiral. Leaves terete and fleshy.
8. CIIENOPODINA. Calyx 6-parted, wingless and hornless. Seed horizontal.
TRIBE V. SALtSOLiE^E. Embryo conical-spiral. Leaves fleshy or spinescent.
9. SALSOLA. Calyx of 6 sepals, in fruit horizontally 5- winged. Seed horizontal.
1. CYCJLOL.6MA, Moquin. WINGED PIGWEED.
Flowers perfect, bractlcss. Calyx 5-cleft, with the concave lobes strongly
keeled, including the depressed fruit, at length appendaged with a broad and
continuous horizontal searious wing. Stamens 5. Styles 3. Seed horizontal,
flat. Embryo encircling the mealy albumen. — An annual and much-branched
coarse herb, with alternate sinuate-toothed petioled leaves, and small paniclecl
clusters of sessile flowers. (Name composed of KvxXte, round about, and Xo>/ia,
a border, from the encircling wing of the calyx in fruit.)
1. C. pliltypliylllim, Moquin. (Salsola platyphylla. Michx.) — Illi-
nois, on the alluvial banks of the Mississippi, and northwestward.
2. CIIENOPODIUUI, L. GOOSEFOOT. PIGWEED.
Flowers perfect, all bractless. Calyx 5-clcft, rarely 2-4-cleft or parted, with
the lobes sometimes keeled, but not appendaged nor becoming succulent, more
CHENOPODIACE^E. (OOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 3P>3
or less enveloping the depressed fruit. Stamens mostly 5 : filaments filiform.
Styles 2, rarely 3. Seed Irorizontal (sometimes vertical in Nos. 7 and 9), len-
ticular: embryo coiled partly or fully round the mealy albumen. — AVeeds,
usually with a white mealiness, or glandular. Flowers sessile in small clusters
collected in spiked panicles. (Name from xhvi a goose., and TTO€S, foot, in allu-
sion to the shape of the leaves.) — Our speeies are all annuals (except No. 9 '?),
flowering through the summer, growing around dwellings, in manured soil,
cultivated grounds, and waste plaees.
§ 1. CHENOPODIUM PROPER. — Smooth or mealy, never pubescent or glandular
nor sweet-sceiited : embryo a complete ring.
* Leaves entire: herbage green, sometimes turning purplish, no mealiness: calyx-
lobes not keeled nor wholly enclosing the fruit.
1. C. POLYSPERMUM, L. Stems slender, ascending ; leaves oblong or ovate-
oblong, obtuse or acutish, narrowed into a slender petiole. — A scarce garden-
weed, about Boston, C. J. Sprague. Woods, near Mercersburg and Reading,
Penn., Porter: the var. SPICATUM (C. acutifolium, Smith). (Xat. from Eu.)
* * Leaves strongly and sharply toothed, green throughout (mealiness obscure or none),
on slender petioles : calyx-lobes slightly or not at all keeled, not completely enclosing
the ripe fruit (least enclosing in No. 2, most so in No. 4).
2. C. HYBKIDUM, L. (MAPLE-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT.) Bright green ; stem
widely much branched (2° -4° high) ; leaves thin (2' -8' long), somewhat trian-
gular and heart-shaped, taper-pointed, sinuate-angled, the angles extended into a
few large and pointed tei-th ; racemes diffusely and loosely panicled, leafless ; the
smooth calyx-lobes keeled ; seed sharp-edged, the thin pericarp adhering closely
to it. — Common. Heavy-scented, like Stramonium. (Nat. from Eu.)
3. C. URBICUM, L. Rather pale or dull green, with erect branches (l°-3°
high) ; leaves triangular, acute, coarsely many-toothed ; spikes erect, crowded in a
long and narrow racemose panicle ; calyx-lobes not keeled ; seed icith rounded mar-
g}'nSf — Var. RUOMBIFOLIUM, Moquin (C. rhombifolium, Muhl.), is a form
with the leaves more or less wedge-shaped at the base, and with longer and
sharper teeth. — Not rare eastward. (Nat. from Eu.)
4. <C. MUR.\LE, L. Ascending, loosely branched (l°-l£° high); leaves
rhomboid-ovate, acute, coarsely and sharply unequally toothed, thin, bright green ;
spikes or racemes diverging and somewhat corymbed ; calyx-lobes scarcely keeled;
seed sharp-edged. — Boston, to Illinois : rare. (Adv. from Eu.)
* * * Leaves toothed, repand-angled, or sometimes nearly entire, more or kss white-
mealy, as well os the flowers : calyx-lobes distinctly keeled, usually (but not always)
perfectly enclosing the fruit.
5. C. OPULIF6LIUM, Schrad. Leaves ri und-rhomln'c, spreading, long-petioled,
very obtuse, somewhat 3-lobed, toothed, tins upper oblong-lanceolate; racemes
panicled, rather loose ; seed with rather qfrtuse margins. — Seen from U. S. by
Moquin : probably it has been confounded with the next ; perhaps justly. (Adv.
from Eu.)
6. C. ALBUM, L. (LAMB'S-QUARTERS. PIGWEED.) Ascending ; Isaves ;
varying from rhombic-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, or the upper linear-lanceolate, acute,
364 CHENOPODIAOE.E. (OOOSEFOOT FA.MILT.)
sparingly or slightly toothed; racemes spiked-paniclcd, mostly dense; seed
thorp-edged. — Varies exceedingly in different situations, more or less white-
mealy : a narrow and green-leaved variety, with slender racemes, is C. viride,
L. — Very com m on. ( Nat. fro m E u . )
* * * * Leaves sinuate- or pinnatijid-toothed, white-mealy underneath : calyx-lobes
not keeled, not perfectly enclosing the fruit, sometimes only 4-2, and then the seed
commonly vertical.
7. C. GLAUCUM, L. (OAK-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT.) Stems ascending' or
prostrate, much branched (6' -12' high); leaves oblong, obtuse, smooth and
pale green above ; racemes spiked and sim j^e, dense ; seed sharp-edged. —
Philadelphia, Dr. Dromfleld. Lancaster, Penn., Porter. Roxbury, Mass., D.
Murray. (Illinois and Wisconsin.) (Adv. from Eu.)
$2. BOTRYOIS, Moquin. (AMBRINA, Moquin, in part.) — Not mealy, but
more or less viscid-glandular and pleasant-aromatic : seed sometimes vertical whm
the calyx is only 2 - 3-cltft ; enibryo forming only § or | of a ring.
8. C. BOTRYS, L. (JERUSALEM OAK. FEATHER GERANIUM.) Glan-
dular-pubescent and viscid ; leaves slender-petioled, oblong, obtuse, sinuate-
pinnatifid ; racemes cymose-diverging, loose, leafless; fruit not perfectly enclosed;
seed obtusely margined. — Escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)
9. C. AMBROSIOIDES, L. (MEXICAN TEA.) Smoothish ; leaves slightly
petioled, oblong or lanceolate, repand-toothed or nearly entire, the upper taper-
ing to both ends ; spikes densely flowered, leafy, or intermixed with leaves ; fruit
perfectly enclosed in the calyx ; seeds obtuse on the margin. — Waste places;
common, especially southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer.) — Passes into
Var. ANTHELMfxTicuM. (WORMSEED.) Root perennial (?) ; leaves more
strongly toothed, the lower sometimes almost laciniate-pinnadfid ; spike* mostly
leafless. (C. anthelmmticum, L.) — Common in waste places southward.
(Nat. from Trop. Amer.)
3. 11OUBIJEVA, Moquin. ROUBIEVA.
Calyx oblong-urn-shaped, 5-toothed, in fruit enclosing the glandular-dotted
utricle like a small pod. Filaments short and flat. Seed vertical. Otherwise
like Chenopodium, § 2. — A diffusely much-branched perennial, with small 1-2-
pinnatifkl leaves, and axillary clustered flowers. (Named for G. J. Roubieu, a
French botanical writer.)
1. R. MULTfFiDA, Moquin. (Chenopodium multifidum, L.} — Waste
places, New York, in and around the city, J. Carey. (Adv. from Trop. Amer. )
4. BLtTUJKE, Tourn. ELITE.
Flowers perfect, bractless. Calyx 3 - 5-parted, either unchanged or becom-
ing juicy and berry-like in fruit, not appendaged. Stamens 1-5: filaments
filiform. Styles or stigmas 2. Seed vertical, compressed-globular ; the embryo
coiled into a ring quite around the albumen. — Herbs, with potiolcd triangular
or halbi-rd-shapcd and mostlj sinuate-toothed leaves. (The ancient Givck and
Latin name of some insipid pot-herb.)
CHENOPODTACE^E. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 365
$ 1. MOROCAlirUS, Moench. — Glabrous annuals or biennials, not mealy : flowers
in axillary heads, the upper ones often spiked : calyx in fruit commonly becoming
fleshy or berry-like, nearly enclosing the utricle.
1. B. maritiiimaii, Nutt. (COAST ELITE.) Stem angled, much
branched ; leaves thickish, triangular-lanceolate, tapering below into a wedge-
shaped base and above into a slender point, sparingly and coarsely toothed, the
upper linear-lanceolate ; clusters scattered in axillary leafy spikes ; calyx-lobes 2-4,
rather fleshy ; stamen 1 ; seed shining, the margin acute. — Salt marshes, New
Jersey to Massachusetts ; rare. Aug.
2. B. capita til ill, L. (STRAWBERRY ELITE.) Stem ascending,
branching; leaves triangular and somewhat halberd-shaped, sinuate-toothed;
clusters simple (large), interruptedly spiked, the upper leafless; stamens 1-5;
calyx berry -I ike in fruit; seed ovoid, flattish, smooth, with a very narrow mar-
gin.— Dry rich ground, common from W. New York to Lake Superior, and
northward. June. — The calyx becomes pulpy and bright red in fruit, when tho
large clusters look like Strawberries. (Eu.)
\ 2. AGATH6PHYTON, Moquin. Somewhat mealy : root perennial : flowers
in clusters crowded in a terminal spike: calyx not fleshy, shorter than the half-naked
fruit.
3. B. BONUS-HENRICUS, Reichenb. (GooD-KiNG-IlENRY.) Leaves tri-
angular-halbcrd-form ; stamens 5. (Chenopodium, L.) — Around dwellings:
scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)
5. ATR1PL.EX, Tourn. ORACHE.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious ; the staminate like the flowers of Cbenopo-
dium, only sterile by the abortion of the pistil; the fertile flowers consisting only
of a pistil enclosed between a pair of appressed foliaceous (ovate or halberd-
shaped) bracts, which are enlarged in fruit, and distinct, or united only at the
base. Seed vertical. Embryo coiled into a ring ; the radicle inferior and more
or less ascending. In one section, to which the Garden Orache belongs, there are
also fertile flowers with a calyx, like those of Chenopodium but without sta-
mens, and with horizontal seeds. — Herbs usually mealy or scurfy with bran-like
scales, with triangular or halberd-shaped angled leaves, and spiked-clustered
flowers. (The ancient Latin name, of obscure meaning.)
1. A. hastiita, L. Erect or diffusely spreading, much branched, more or
less scurfv ; leaves alternate or partly opposite, petiolcd, triangular and halberd
form, commonly somewhat toothed, the uppermost lanceolate and entire ; fruit-
ing bracts triangular or ovate-triangular, acute, entire, or 1-2-toothcd below,
often somewhat contracted at the base, so becoming rather rhomboidal, the flat
faces either smooth and even, or sparingly muricate. © (A. hastata & lacini-
ata, Pursh. A. Purshiana. Moquin. A. patula, ed. 1. &c.) — Salt marshes,
brackish river-banks, &c., Virginia to Maine. The plant on the shore is more
scurfy and hoary; more inland it is greener and thinner-leaved. (Eu.)
A. IIORTENSIS, L., the GARDEN ORACHE, is said by Pursh to be sponta-
neous in fields and about gardens. I have never seen it growing wild : it is
rarely cultivated as a pot-herb.
31*
366 CHENOPODIACEJE. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)
6. OBl ONE, Goertn. OBIONE.
Flowers nearly as m Atriplcx, but the more or less united bracts investing the
fruit often inflexed or indurated and pod-like; the radicle superior and project-
ing. Herbaceous or shrubby. (Origin of the name unknown, unless from the
river Obi, in Siberia, whence the original species came.)
1. O. arciiaria, Moquin. (SAND ORACHE.) Silvery-mealy, diffusely
spreading ; leaves oblong, narrowed at the base, nearly sessile ; bracts of the
fruit broadly wedge-shaped, flat, united, 2-3-toothed at the summit, and with
a few prickly points on the sides. ® — Sea-beach, Massachusetts to Virginia,
and southward. August.
7. SALICORNIA, Tourn. GLASSWORT. SAMPHIRE.
Flowers perfect, 3 together, sessile and immersed in hollows of the thickened
upper joints, forming spikes ; the two lateral sometimes sterile. Calyx small
and bladder-like, with a toothed or torn margin, at length spongy and narrowly
wing-bordered, enclosing the flattened fruit. Stamens 1 - 2 : styles 2, partly
united. Seed vertical, with the embryo coiled or bent into a ring. — Herbaceous
or somewhat shrubby low saline plants, with succulent leafless jointed stems,
and opposite branches ; the flower-bearing branchlets forming the spikes. (Name
composed of sal, salt, and cornu, a horn ; saline plants with horn-like branches.)
1. S. herbacea, L. Annual, erect or ascending (6' -12' high), much
branched ; the joints somewhat thickened at their summit, and with two short and
blunt or notched teeth ; spikes elongated, tapering but rather obtuse at the apex. — Salt
marshes of the coast, and at Salina, New York, and other interior salt springs.
Aug. (Eu.)
2. S. mucronata, Lag.? Bigelow. Annual, erect, sparingly branched
(4' — 8' high) ; the joints 4-angledat the base, and with 2 ear-like ovate and pointed
teeth at their summit; spikes short and thick, obtuse. (S. Virginica, Nutt., not of
L.) — Salt marshes, Maine to New York. Sept. — Plant turning deep crimson
in autumn. (Eu. ?)
3. S. ambiglia, Michx. Perennial, herbaceous, or a little woody, pro-
cumbent or creeping, lead-colored, with flexuous ascending branches (3' -6' high) ;
the joints truncate, dilated upward, flattish, slightly and obtusely 2-toothed. — Sea-
beach, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. Sept.
8. CHENOPODINA, Moquin. SEA GOOSEFOOT.
Flowers perfect, solitary or clustered in the axils of the leaves. Calyx 5-
parted, not appcndaged, fleshy, becoming somewhat inflated and closed over the
fruit (utricle). Stamens 5. Stigmas 2 or 3. Seed horizontal, with a flat-spiral
embryo, dividing the scanty albumen into 2 portions. — Fleshy maritime plants,
with alternate nearly terete linear leaves. (Name altered from Chenopodium.)
1. C. niaritima, Moquin. Annual, smooth, diffusely much branched;
leaves slender (!' long), acute ; calyx-lobes keeled ; seed sharp-edged. (Cheno-
podium maritimura, L. Suoeda, Moquin, formerly.) — Salt marshes along the
sea-shore. Aug. (Eu.)
AMARANTACE.E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 307
9. SAL, SOL, A, L. SALTWORT.
Flowers perfect, with 2 bractlets. Calyx 5-parted, persistent arid enclosing
the depressed fruit in its base ; its divisions at length horizontally winged on tho
back, the wings forming a broad and circular scarious border. Stamens mostly
5. Styles 2. Seed horizontal, without albumen, filled by the embryo, which is
coiled in a conical spiral (cochleate). — Herbs, or slightly shrubby branching
plants, of the sea-shore, with fleshy and rather terete or awl-shaped leaves, often
spiny-tipped, and sessile axillary flowers. (Name from sal, salt; in allusion to
the alkaline salts these plants copiously contain.)
1. S. Kali, L. (COMMON SALTWORT.) Annual, diffusely branching,
rough or smoothish ; leaves alternate, awl-shaped, prickly-pointed ; flowers sin-
gle ; calyx with the converging lobes forming a sort of beak over the fruit, the
large rose or flesh-colored wings nearly orbicular and spreading. — Sandy sea-
shore ; common. August. — A very prickly bush-like plant. (Eu.)
BETA VULG\RIS, the BEET, with its varieties, the Scarcity and Mangel Wurt-
zel, — and SPINACIA OLERACEA, the SPINACH, — well-known esculent plants,
also belong to this family.
ORDER 91. AMARANTACE^E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.)
Weedy herbs, with nearly the characters of the last family, but the flowers
mostly imbricated with dry and scarious persistent bracts, often colored, com-
monly 3 in number; the one-celled ovary many-ovuled in one tribe. (The
greater part of the order tropical, but several have found their way north-
ward as weeds.)
Synopsis.
TRIBE I. ACHYRANTHE^E. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-ovuled. Utricle 1-seeded.
* Flowers monoecious or sometimes perfect.
J. AMARANTHS. Calyx of 5 or 3 sepals, and 3-bracted. Fruit opening transversely (cir-
cumcissile) ; the vipper part falling away.
2. EUXOLUS. Calyx mostly of 3 sepals Fruit indehiscent or bursting irregularly.
* * Flowers dioecious : calyx none in the fertile flowers.
8. MONTELIA. Fruit a thin and even utricle, opening transversely, as in No. 1. Stigmas
long, plumose-hairy.
4. ACNIDA. Fruit 3 -5-angled and fleshy, indehiscent.
TRIBE II. GOMPHRENE^E. Anthers 1-celled. Ovary and fruit as in Tribe I.
6. IltESINB. Calyx of 5 sepals. Stamens united below into a cup.
6. FIKELICIIJA. Calyx 5-cleft at the apex. Filaments united throughout into a tuba.
1. AM ABA NT US, Tourn. AMARANTH.
Flowers monceciously polygamous, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5, or rarely 3, equal
erect sepals, glabrous. Stamens 5, rarely 3, separate : anthers 2-celled. Stig-
mas 2 or 3. Fruit an ovoid 1 -seeded membranaceous utricle, 2-3-beaked at
the apex, mostly longer than the calyx, opening transversely all round, the
368 AMARANTACE^E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.)
upper part falling away as a lid. Embryo coilci into a ring around the albu-
men.— Annual weeds, of coarse aspect, with alternate and entire petioled leaves,
and small green or purplish flowers in axillary or terminal spiked clusters.
(Name compounded of a privative, napaiva, to fade, and tivdos, flower, because
tire dry calyx and bracts do not wither. The Romans, like the Greeks, wrote
Amarantus, which the early botanists incorrectly altered to Amaranthus.) — No
species is really indigenous in the Northern United States.
§ 1 . Flowers in terminal and axillary, simple or mostly panidcd spikes : stem erect
(l°-6° hiyh) : haves long-petioled; stamens and sepals 5.
* Flowers, much-branched panicles, $~c., crimson or purple-tinged: the leaves (4' —
10' long] mostly partaking of the same color : stem unarmed. '
1. A. HYPOCHONDRIACUS, L. (PRINCE'S FEATHER.) Smooth or smooth-
ish; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed; spikes very obtuse, thick, crowd-
ed, the terminal one elongated ; bracts lony-awned ; fruit 2 - 3-cleft at the apex,
longer than the calyx. — Rarely spontaneous around gardens. (Virginia, ex L. ;
but doubtless adv. from Trop. Amcr.)
2. A. PANICULATUS, L. (PRINCE'S FEATHER. RED AMARANTH, &c.)
Stem mostly pubescent ; leaves oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; spikes acutish,
erect or spreading, rather dense, the terminal one not much larger ; bracts awn-
pointed ; fruit 2 - 3-toothed at the apex, longer than the calyx. — Flowers green,
tinged with red, or sometimes deep red or purple. (A. sanguineus, L.) — In
gardens, &c. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.)
* * Flowers, Sfc. green : stem unarmed.
3. At HYBRIDU8, L. (GREEN AMARANTH. PIGWEED.) Leaves ovate-
oblong or ovate, acute, smooth, bright green, spikes erect, obtuse, in loosely
branched panicles, the terminal one longer; bracts awned, sometimes tinged
reddish ; fruit 2 - 3-cleft at the apex, nearly smooth, not exceeding the calyx. Waste
places and gardens ; common. (Virginia, L. ; but nat. from Trop. Amer.)
4. A. CHLOROSTACHTS, Willd. Leaves bright deep green, long-petioled, ovate
or rhombic-ovate ; spikes ascending, acute, crowded in an open panicle, the ter
minal one long and often nodding ; bracts awn-fointed, rather longer than the calyx,
which is shorter than the 2-3-loothcd rugose fruit. — Around dwellings, southward.
Perhaps (with the preceding) no more than a variety of the next. (Adv. from
Trop. Amer.)
5. A. RETROFLEXUS, L. (PIGWEED.) Roughish and pubescent; leaves
pale or dull green, or rather glaucous, long-petioled, ovate or rhombic-ovate, un-
dulate ; spikes crowded in a stiff panicle, acutish, more or less spreading, green,
the terminal one shortish and erect ; bracts pointed, twice the length of the culi/x,
which is longer than the rugose fruit, — Around dwellings, in manured soils.
(Adv. from Trop. Amer.)
* # * Flowers, frc. greenish : stem armed with 2 spines in the a.rils of the leaves.
6. A. 8PIN6SUS, L. (THORNY AMARANTH.) Smooth, bushy-branched;
stem reddish; leaves rhombic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, dull green; terminal
spike elongated ; calyx about equalling the bracts and the fruit. — Waste places,
Pennsylvania, Ohio, and southward. (Adv. from Trop. Amer. ?)
AMARANTACE^E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 369
§ 2. Flowers crowded in close and small axillary clusters : stems spreading or asccnd-
itnj : stamens and sepals 3, or the former only 2.
7. A. ALBUS, L. Smooth, pale green (£°-2° high); stems whitish, mostly
spreading next the ground ; leaves long-petioled, obovate and spatulate-oblong,
very obtuse or retuse ; flowers greenish ; sepals mucronate, half the length of the
rugose fruit, much shorter than the rigid pungently pointed bracts. — Waste
grounds, near towns, and road-sides : common. (Nat. from Trop. Amer. ?)
A. MELANCHOLICUS, L., cultivated under the fanciful name of LOVE-LIES-
BLEEDING, is not spontaneous.
2. EUXOL,US, Eaf. FALSE AMARANTH.
Flowers monoecious, or rarely perfect, 3-bracted. Calyx of 3-5 erect gla-
brous sepals. Stamens 2-5, mostly 3. Stigmas 3. Fruit an ovato and often
rather fleshy 1 -seeded utricle, which does not open or bursts irregularly. Other-
wise much as in Amarantus. (Name said by the author to mean " well shut/'
probably formed illegitimately of eu, very, and oXos, whole or entire.)
1. E. LIVIDUS, L. Smooth, livid-purple; stem thick, much branched ; leaves
ovate or oval, long-petioled ; axillary spikes or heads dense, much shorter than
the petioles, the terminal elongated ; sepals 3, much longer than the bracts, rather
shorter than the rugose fruit. ® (Amarantus lividus, L.} — Coast of Virginia
(according to Linmeus), and southward. (Adv. from Trop. Amer. ?)
2. E. DEFLEXUS, Raf. Minutely pubescent; stems decumbent, or ascending
with dcflexed branches (1° high); leaves rhombic-lanceolate; spikes oblong-
cylindrical ; sepals mostly 3, shorter than the smooth acutish fruit. (Amarantus
deflcxus, L.) — Waste places, Albany, New York, &c. (Adv. from Eu.)
3. E. piliaiilllS, Raf. (DWARF AMARANTH.) Prostrate, smooth, rather
fleshy; leaves obovate, emarginate, and petioled, often purple-veined, mostly
crowded at the end of the spreading branches , flowers greenish and purple, in
small axillary clusters ; bracts short, pointless ; stamens and sepals 5, the latter
half the length of the ovate obscurely 5-ribbed thickish fruit (which is not cir-
cumcUsile, as figured in Fl. N. Y.) (Amaranthus pumilus, Raf., Nutt.} — Sandy
sea-shore, Long Island to Virginia and southward. Aug., Sept.
3. UIONTEL.IA, Moquin (under ACNIDA).
Flowers dioecious, 2 -3-bracted. Staminate flowers of 5 thin oblong and
mucronate-tipped sepals, longer than the bracts, and as many stamens with ob-
long anthers ; the cells of the latter united only at the middle. Pistillate flow-
ers without any calyx, the lanceolate awl-pointed bracts longer than the 1-ovuled
ovary : stigmas 2-4, very long, bristle-awl-shaped, plumose-hispid. Fruit a
thin and membranaccous globular utricle, smooth and even, opening transverse-
ly around the middle ; the upper part falling off like a lid. Radicle of the
annular embryo inferior. — An annual glabrous herb, mostly tall and erect, with
lanceolate or oblong-ovate alternate leaves, on long petioles, and small clusters
of greenish flowers, mostly crowded into elongated and panic-led interrupted
spikes. (Probably a personal name.)
370 AMATIANTACE.E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.)
1. IW. tamariscilia. (Amarantus tamariscinus, Nutt., & eil. 1. A.
altissimus & Miamensis, Ridddl. Acnida altissima, Mic/ix. herb. A. rusocarpa,
tdoquin, £c.) — Low grounds and moist sandy shores, Vermont to Wisconsin,
Illinois, and southward, especially westAvard. Aug., Sept. — Var. CONCATE-
NATA is a form with the lower clusters in the fertile plant forming thickish dis-
tant heads (£'-£' in diameter) in the axils of the leaves; the stems often low
and sprealing or decumbent. — A very variable plant, as to inllorcsccnce, height
(l°-6° high), the size and shape of the leaves (l'-5' long, the petioles often of
the same length), the bracts more or less awl-shaped, equalling or exceeding the
fruit (which is that of Amarantus) : but all are forms of one species. The
sterile plant is Acnida rusocarpa, Michx., or was mixed with it in Michaux's
collection, but not the fertile; for the fruit of the present plant is neither obtuse-
angled, rugose, nor indehiscent. Besides, that name is unmeaning. Jn estab-
lishing this genus, therefore, as Moquin clearly would have done had he exam-
ined the ripe fruit, I adopt Nuttall's specific name.
4. ACNIDA, L. WATER-HEMP.
Fruit a fleshy and indehiscent utricle, 3 - 5-angled, the angles often rugose or
tubercled-crested. Stigmas 3-5, shorter than the ovary, linear-awl-shaped.
Flowers in rather loose panicled spikes. Otherwise as in the last genus. (Name
formed of a privative and Kvidr), a nettle.)
1. A. caniialmia, L. Leaves elongated-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
long-petioled ; fruit globular (l£"-2" long), much exceeding the pointless
bracts. (1) — Salt-marshes on the coast, Massachusetts to Virginia and south-
ward. Aug. -Oct. — Plant 3° -6° high. — Probably the only species ; for A.
rusocarpa, Michx., is certainly to be divided between this and Montelia tamaris-
cina ; and A. tuberculata, Moquin, is likely to be one or the other.
5. IKE SINE, P. Browne. IRESINE.
Flowers mostly polygamous or dioecious, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5 sepals. Sta-
mens mostly 5 : filaments slender, united into a short cup at the base : anthers
1 -celled, ovate. Fruit a globular utricle, not opening. — Herbs, with opposite
petioled leaves, and minute scarious white flowers crowded into clusters or
spiked and branching panicles, the calyx, &c. often bearing long wool (whence
the name, from €tpf<rio>i/?7, a branch entwined with fillets of wool borne in pro-
cessions at festivals.)
1. I. celosioides, L. Nearly glabrous, erect, slender (2° -4° high);
leaves ovate-lanceolate ; panicles narrow, naked ; bracts and calyx silvery-white,
the latter woolly at the base. ® — Dry banks, Ohio, Kentucky, and south-
ward. Sept.
6. FKOGLICIIIA, Mcench. (OPLOTHECA, Natt.)
Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft at the summit, l>elow 2-5-
crested lengthwise or tubercled and indurated in fruit, and enclosing the closed,
thin utricle. Filaments united into a tube, bearing 5 oblong 1 -celled anthers,
and as many sterile strap-shaped appendages. — Hairy or woolly herbs, with
POLYGONACE^l. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY) 371
opposite sessile leaves, and spiked scariotts-bracted flowers. (Named for J. A.
Frdlich, a German botanist of the last century.)
1. F. FlOl'idaiia, Moquin. Stem leafless above (l°-2°high); leaves
lanceolate, silky-downy beneath ; spikelets crowded into an interrupted spike ;
calyx very -woolly. (T) — Illinois, in Mason and Cass Counties, Mead, T. J. Hale,
E. Hall, &s. "Western Wisconsin. Aug. — Apparently indigenous : but else-
wliere it is only found much farther south.
GOMFURENA GLOB6SA, L., is the common GLOBE AMARANTH of the gar-
dens.
ORDER 92. POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)
Herbs, with alternate leaves, furnished with stipules in the form of sheaths
(ochreae) above the swollen joints of the stem ; the flowers mostly perfect,
with a more or less persistent calyx, a \-celled ovary bearing 2-3 styles or
stigmas, and a single erect orthotropous seed. Embryo curved or straight-
ish, on the outside of the albumen, or rarely in its centre ; the radicle
pointing from the hilum and to the apex of the dry seed-like fruit. Sta-
mens 4-12, inserted on the base of the 3-6-cleft calyx. Leaves usually
entire. (The watery juice often acrid, sometimes agreeably acid, as in
Sorrel ; the roots, as in Rhubarb, sometimes cathartic.) — Our few genera
all belong to the POLYGONE.E PROPER.
Synopsis.
* Sepals mostly 5, somewhat equal, all erect in fruit.
1. POLYGONUM. Embryo narrow, curved around one side of the albumen : cotyledons
slender or flat.
2. FAGOPY11UM. Embryo in the albumen, its very broad cotyledons twisted-plaited.
* * Sepals 4-6, the outer row reflexed, the inner erect and enlarging.
3. OXYRTA. Sepals 4. Stigmas 2 Fruit 2-winged, samara-like.
4. RUMEX. Sepals 6. Styles 3. Fruit 3-angled, wingless, enclosed in the enlarged inner
sepals.
1. POLYGON UNI, L. KNOTWEED.
Calyx mostly 5-partcd ; the divisions often petal-like, all erect in fruit, wither-
ing or persistent and surrounding the lenticular or 3-angular achenium. Sta-
mens 4-9. Styles or stigmas 2-3. Embryo placed in a groove on the outside
of the albumen and curved half-way around it ; the radicle and usually the coty-
ledons slender. — Pedicels jointed. (Name composed of TroXv, many, and yow,
knee, from the numerous joints.)
$ I. BISTORT A, Tourn.— Calyx petal-like, deeply Deleft: stamens 8 or 9 : style*
3, slender: achenium 3-sided: stems low and simple from a woody creeping root-
stock : floicers in a spike-like raceme.
1. P. viviparum, L. (ALPINE BISTORT.) Smooth, dwarf (4' -8'
high), bearing a linear spike of flesh-colored flowers (or often little red bulblets
372 POLTGONACEJE. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)
in their place); leaves lanceolate. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains,
New Hampshire, shore of Lake Superior, and northward. (Ku.)
§ 2. AMBLY6GONON, Mcisn.— Calyx petal-like, ^-parted: stamens 1 : style 2-
cleft: stigmas capitate : achenhtm lenticular (cotyledons incumbent, linear: albumen
floury) : annuals : flowers crowded in linear-cylindrical terminal a>n'k<s.
2. P. OKIENTALE, L. (PRINCE'S FEATHER.) Tall, branching rather
hairy; leaves ovate, pointed, petioled; upper sheaths salver-form; spikes nu-
merous, nodding ; the large bright rose-colored flowers open. — Sparingly
escaped from cultivation into waste grounds. Aug., Sept. (Adv. from Eu.)
$3. PERSICARIA, Tourn.— Calyx petal-like, 5-parted: stamens 4-8: styles
2-3 or 2-3-clefl: stigmas capitate, often small: achenium lenticular, or (when
there are 3 stiamas) 3-sided (cotyledons accumbent, narrow: albumen hard and
horny) : roots flbrous: sheaths cylindrical, truncate: flowers crowded in spikes or
spike-like racemes.
* S heat/is naked: styles 2, or 2-cleft: achenium flat or lenticular.
•*- Stamens 5 : spike mostly solitary, very dense : flowers rose-red: root perennial.
3. P. aiiipBlibium, L. (WATER PERSICARIA.) Leaves elliptical-
lanceolate or oblong, pointed or obtusish, either narrowed or rather heart-shaped
at the base. — Var. 1, AQUATICDM, L., is floating or procumbent in soft mud,
rooting, and nearly smooth, as well as the long-petiolcd often obtuse floating
leaves. (P. coccincum, Bigel. P. fltiitans, Eaton.) — A^ar. 2. TERRESTRE is
more or less hairy or bristly, with an upright or ascending stem, growing in
marshy or muddy places ; the leaves acute or pointed, upper very short-petioled.
— Ponds or their low borders ; common, especially northward. July, Aug. —
Very variable in foliage, &c. : spike oblong, l'-3' long, J'-§' thick. (Eu.)
«- •»- Stamens 6 or 8 : spikes someichat panicled, oblong or linear, densely flowered:
flowers rose or fl.esh-color : root annual.
4. P. nodosiim, Pcrs., var. incarnatum. Stem upright (2° -4°
high), smooth below, the branches above, peduncles, frc. roufjhened with scattered
sessile glands; leaves rough on the midrib and margins, elongated-lanceolate
(4' -10' long, I' -3' wide below), tapering gradually from towards the base to a
narrow point; spikes linear, nodding, becoming slender (l£'-3' long); stamens
6; style 2-parled, both included; achenium with concave sides. (P. incarnatum,
Ell. P. lapathifolium, Amer. auth.) — Moist places, Conn. <fee, to Kentucky,
and common southward. Aug. - Sept. — Sheaths rather long, perfectly smooth
and naked on the margin. — This is not P. lapathifolium, bat falls under P. no-
dosum as the species are lately distinguished by Mcisner : oui plant is appar-
ently indigenous, and so different from the European that it should perhaps be
admitted as a species under Elliott's name.
5. P. PciinsylVHliiciim, L. Stem upright (l°-3° high), smooth
below, the bram-ltcs above, and esprciaU;/ the peduncles, beset, icitli bristly-stalked
ijlandft: leaves lanceolate, a little rough on the midrib and margins (li'~ 5' long) ;
if////-/-.-,- (ilitom/, (ilttnttc (l'-2' long), erect, thick ; stamens mostly 8, s<,ni--<r!nit < .,•
style Z-clcft ; achenium with flat sides. — Moist soil, in open waste placet;;
mon. July -Oct.
POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 373
* * Sheaths dilate or fringed with bristles.
•*- Root annual: stamens 6-8 : styks most commonly 2 : achenium mostly flat.
6. P. Careyi, Olney. Stem much branched, upright (3° -5° high), glan-
dular-bristly ; leaves lanceolate, bristly on the midrib and margins ; spikes elon-
gated, cylindrical, drooping, on long bristly -glandular peduncles, rather dense (l'-4;
long); stamens 6-8; style 2-parted ; fruit lenticular, tumid, very smooth and
shining. — Shaded swamps, Vermont and Maine to Rhode Island, and doubtless
westward. Aug., Sept. — Leaves 4' -10' long, roughish. Flowers rose-purple,
somewhat tinged with green.
7. P. PERSICARIA, L. (LADY'S THUMB.) Stem smooth (12' -18' high) ;
leaves lanceolate, pointed, roughish, usually marked with a dark, triangular or lunar
spot near the middle ; spikes ovoid or oblong, dense, erect, on smooth (or at least not
glandular) peduncles (!' long); stamens mostly 6; styles half 2 - 3-clefl ; fruit
gibbous-flattened or rarely triangular, smooth and shining. (f) — Waste and
damp places; very common. July, Aug. — Flowers greenish-purple. Plant
not acrid. (Nat. from Eu.)
8. P. HYDROP!PER, L. (SMART-WEED.) Smooth (l°-2° high), very
acrid; leaves lanceolate, pellucid-dotted ; spikes slender, but short, loosely flowered,
greenish, drooping; calyx dotted with pellucid glands; stamens mostly 6 ; styles
2-3-parted; fruit minutely striate, dull or little shining, flat or flattish, or ob-
tusely triangular. — Moist or wet grounds, mostly in waste places. Aug., Sept.
(Nat. from Eu.)
•i- H- Root perennial (or mostly so) : stamens 8 : styles 3 : achenium sharply triangu-
lar, smooth and shining. (Stems often decumbent or creeping at the base and rooting
from the joints : spikes few or single.)
9. P. acre, H. B. K. (WILD SMART-WEED.) Smooth, or nearly so (1°
— 3° high) ; leaves lanceolate, pellucid-doited ; spikes very slender, erect, interrupted
below, whitish or Jlesh-color ; calyx dotted with pellucid glands; style 3-parted.
(P. punctatum, Ell. P. hydropiperoides, Pursh.) — Wet places; common, es-
pecially southward.
10. P. liydropiperoittes, Michx. (MILD WATER-PEPPER.) Stem
smooth (l°-3° high), the narrow sheaths hairy, fringed with rather long bris-
tles ; leaves roughish or aj^pi'essed-pubescent, not acrid, narrowly lanceolate, tapering
to both ends; spikes rather slender, erect (l'-2^' long), rose-color ; calyx not glan-
dular-dotted; style half 3-cleft. (P. mite, Pers., not of Schrank.) — Wet places,
and in shallow water ; common, especially southward. Aug.
§ 4. AVICULARIA, Meisn. — Calyx more or less petal-like, 5-parted : stamens 8,
sometimes 3-6 ; the filaments awl-shaped, 3 of them broader at the base: stigmas
3, globose, nearly sessile : achenium 3-sided (cotyledons incumbent : albumen horny) :
commonly annuals, smooth and axillary, with small leaves : flowers sometimes crowd-
ed in interrupted spikes along the leafless summit of the branches.
# Flowers truly axillary, 2-3 together, or rarely solitary : sheaths usually 2 - 3-parted
and cut-fringed or torn.
11. P. :tviciil*\re, L. (KNOTGRASS. GOOSE-GRASS. DOOR-WEED.)
Prostrate or spreading ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong, pale ; flowers apparently
JT/USIU
374 POLYGONACF^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)
sessile (greenish-white, sometimes tinged with purple); sheaths much shorter
than the lower leaves ; stamens 5 or 8; fruit enclosed in the calyx, dull, minutely
wrinklcd-striate or granular under a lens, (i; — Wa.stc places and gravelly banks ;
everywhere the commonest weed. (Eu.)
Var. erectlllll, Roth. Stems upright or ascending; leaves broader (ob-
long or oval) and larger; stamens commonly 5. (P. erectum, L.) — In richer
soil or more shaded places ; common.
Var. littoralc, Link. Prostrate, veiy short-jointed ; leaves elliptical-lan-
ceolate or narrowly oblong, thickened, glaucous ; the sheaths larger in propor-
tion ; fruit longer than the calyx, smooth. (]) (P. maritinuim, /fa//, &c. P.
glaucum, Nutt. P. lioberti, Lois.) — Sandy sea-beach, Rhode Island to Vir-
ginia. Probably a mere state of P. aviculare altered by salt water. (Eu.)
12. P. raniOSgSSimuill, Michx. Stems erect or ascending, much
branched (2° -4° high), rigid, many-striate ; leaves lanceolate or linear, tup/ ring
into a pi tide ; sheaths mostly short ; flowers greenish-white (yellowish in drying);
stamens commonly 6 ; fruit smooth and shining, partly protruded from the calyx.
0 — Sandy shores and banks of streams, Michigan to Illinois and southward.
Salt marshes, Rhode Island, Olney. Aug. -Oct. — Larger leaves 2' long.
13. P. temie, Michx. (SLENDER KNOTGRASS.) Stein slender, upright,
sparingly branched (6' -12' high), sharp-angled; leaves sessile, narrowly linear,
very acute ; sheaths capillary fringed ; flowers greenish-white ; fruit smooth and
shining. (J) — Dry soil, and rocky hills ; rather common. July - Sept.
# # Flowers solitary from the axils of closely approximated or imbricated truncate
bracts, forming many-jointed terminal spikes: sheaths cylindrical, naked, entire.
14. P. articulatum, L. (JOINTWEED.) Stem upright, paniculately
branched (4' -12' high), slender; leaves linear-thread-form, deciduous; flow-
ers crowded in slender and spike-like panicled racemes, on recurved pedicels
twice the length of the joint-like bracts (bright rose-color) ; fruit smooth and
shining. — Dry, sandy soil ; common along the coast, along all the Great
Lakes, and in intermediate places in New York. Aug. — Singular for its many-
jointed spikes or racemes, which are l'-3' long; the lower bracts tooth-pointed
on one side. — Not a Polygonella !
( 5. TOVARIA, Adans. — Calyx rather herbaceous (greenish), unequally 4-parted:
stamens 5 : styles 2, distinct, rigid and persistent on the smooth lenticular achcnimn
(cotyledons oblong, accitmbent) : perennial : Jlowers loosely disposed in a naked long
and slender spike.
15. P. Virginianum, L. Almost smooth ; stem terete, upright
(2°- 4° high) ; leaves ovate, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, round-
ed at the base, short-pctiolcd, rough-ciliate (3' -6' long); sheaths cylindrical,
truncate, hairy and fringed ; flowers 1-3 from each bract, somewhat curved,
the styles in fruit obliquely bent down, minutely hooked at the tip. — Thickets
in rich soil ; common. Aug.
f 6. TINlAltIA, Meisn. — Calyx b-parted (rardij 4-parted) : stamens mostly 8 :
styles or capitate stigmas 3, and achenium 3-sided, or, in No. 1 6, styles 2 uttd ache-
POLYGONACE^. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 375
nium lenticular : annuals, with heart-shaped or arrow-shaped petioled leaves :
sheaths semicylindrical.
iff Stems flaccid, not twining, but somewhat climbing or supported on other plants by
the reflexed prickles which beset the angles of the stem and petioles : divisions of the
(pale rose-colored or white) calyx not keeled: bracts chaff-like.
16. P. arifoliuni, L. (HALBERD-LEAVED TEAR-THUMB.) Stem grooved-
angled; leaves halberd-shaped, taper-pointed, long -petioled ; flowers somewhat ra-
cemed (few) ; peduncles glandular-bristly ; calyx often 4-parted ; stamens 6 ,
styles 2, very short; fruit lenticular (large). — Low grounds. Aug.
17. P. sagittfstiuii, L. (ARROW-LEAVED TEAR-THUMB.) Stem 4-
angled; leaves arrow-shaped, short-petioled ; flowers capitate; peduncles smooth;
stamens mostly 8 ; styles 3, slender ; fruit sharply 3-angled. — Low grounds ; com-
mon. July- Sept. — Slender, smooth except the angles of the stem and midrib
beneath : these are armed with a line of fine and very sharp saw-toothed prickles,
which cut the hand drawn against them.
* * Stems twining, not prickly : calyx (greenish tinged with white or rose-color) with
the 3 outer divisions keeled, at least in fruit : flowers in loose panicled racemes :
bracts like the stipules.
18. P. CONVOLVULUS, L. (BLACK BINDWEED.) Stems twining or pi*o-
cumbent (l°-2° long), roughish, the joints naked; leaves halberd-heart-shaped,
pointed ; flowers in small interrupted corymbose racemes ; outer calyx-lobes keeled;
fruit smoothish. — Cultivated and waste grounds ; common. July, Aug. (Nat.
from Eu.)
19. P. cililfiode, Michx. Minutely downy ; the sheaths fringed at the base
with reflexed bristles ; leaves heart-shaped and slightly halberd-shaped, taper-
pointed; racemes panicled; calyx-lobes obscurely keeled; fruit very smooth and
shining. — Copses and rocky hills; New England and Penn. to Wisconsin, and
northward. July - Sept. — Stems climbing 3° - 9° high.
20. P. dumetoruin, L. (CLIMBING FALSE BUCKWHEAT.) Smooth;
sheaths naked; leaves heart-shaped or slightly halberd-shaped, pointed; racemes
interrupted, leafy ; the 3 outer calyx-lobes strongly keeled and in fruit winged, the
wings often broad, sometimes very narrow ; fruit smooth and shining. (P. scan-
dens, L.) — Moist thickets; common. Aug. — Stems twining 8° -12° high
over bushes. (Eu.)
2. FAGOPYRUM, Tourn. BUCKWHEAT.
Calyx petal-like, equally 5-partcd, withering and nearly unchanged in fruit.
Stamens 8. Styles 3 : stigmas capitate. Achenium 3-sided, longer than the
calyx. Embryo large, in the centre of the albumen which it divides into 2 parts,
with very broad and foliaceous plaited and twisted cotyledons. — Annuals, with
triangular-heart-shaped or halberd-shaped leaves, semicylindrical sheaths, and
corymbose racemes or panicles of white flowers, often tinged with green or rose-
color. (Name (pr/yosi the beech, and Trvpos, wheat, from the shape of the grain
being that of the beech-nut ; whence also the English name Buckwheat, from
the German 33ucfce, beech.)
376 POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)
1. F» ESCCLENTUM, Moench. (BUCKWHEAT.) Smoothish; flower with 8
honey-bearing yellow-glands interposed between the stamens ; the fruit acute
and entire. (Polygonum Fagopyrum, L.) — Old fields, remaining as a weed
where the plant has been cultivated, and escaping into copses. June -Sept.
(Adv. from Eu.)
3. OXYR1A, Hill. MOUNTAIN SORREL.
Calyx herbaceous, of 4 sepals ; the two outer smaller and spreading, the two
inner broader and erect (but unchanged) in fruit. Stamens 6. Stigmas 2, ses-
sile, tufted. Achenium lenticular, thin, flat, much larger than the calyx, sur-
rounded by a broad and veiny wing. Seed flattened in the opposite direction
from the wing. Embryo straight, occupying the centre of the albumen, slender.
— Low alpine perennials, with round-kidney-form and long-petioled leaves chief-
ly from the root, obliquely truncate sheaths, and small greenish flowers clustered
in panicled racemes on a slender scape. (Name from o£vs, sour, in allusion to
the acid flavor of the leaves, similar to that of Sorrel.)
1. O. digyna, Campd. Leaves all round-kidney -form, usually notched
at the end ; fruit orbicular. — Alpine region of White Mountains, New Hamp-
shire, Oakes, &c., and high northward. (Eu.)
4. RtJMEX, L. DOCK. SORREL.
Calyx of 6 sepals ; the 3 outer herbaceous, sometimes united at the base,
spreading in fruit; the 3 inner (called valves) larger, somewhat colored, increas-
ing after flowering and convergent over the 3-angled achenium, veiny, often
bearing a grain-like tubercle on the outer surface. Stamens 6. Styles 3 : stig-
mas tufted. Embryo slightly curved, lying along one side of the albumen,
slender. — Coarse herbs, with small and homely (mostly green) flowers, which
are crowded and commonly whorled in panicled racemes ; the petioles some-
what sheathing at the base. (The ancient Latin name of these plants; of un-
known etymology.)
§ 1. LAPATHUM, Tourn. — Flowers perfect, or monceciously polygamous : styles
free : herbage bitter.
* Leaves all lanceolate and acute at loth ends, fiat, smooth : valves of the fruiting
calyx entire, or nearly so, not aiun-bearing : root perennial.
1. R. verticillfitus, L. (SWAMP DOCK.) Racemes nearly leafless,
elongated, the flowers in crowded whorls ; fruit-bearing pedicels slender, club-
shaped, abruptly rcflexed, 3-4 times longer than the fruiting calyx ; the valves dilated-
rhomboid, obtusely somewhat pointed, strongly rugose-reticulated, each bearing a very
large grain, from J to £ the width of the valve. — Wet swamps and ditches ;
common. June, July. — Stem 2° -4° high, branched above, with pale
•willow-like, thickisli, wholly entire leaves; the lowest ones, more or less
cordate at the base.
2. R. Rrit£miirn, L. (TALL DOCK.) Racemes spike-like and
panicled, nearly leafless (3° -6° high) ; whorls crowded ; pedicels nodding, rather
shorter than the fruiting calyx ; the valves round-heart-shaped, obtuse, thin, 1 - 3 of
POLYGONACEJ£. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 377
them unequally grain-bearing. (R. altissimus, Wood.) — Banks of streams, &c.,
New England ? New York (Peekskill, Mead) to Illinois and southward. June,
July. — Leaves 3' - 5' long mostly oblong-lanceolate, much like the last; the
valves fully twice as large, two of the grains small or abortive, or sometimes all
three wanting.
3. R. salicifolillS, Weinmann, Hook. (WILLOW DOCK.) Racemes
spiked, somewhat leafy below; the whorls much crowded; pedicels shoiter than
the fruiting calyx ; the valves ovate, obtusish, rugose-reticulated, (1-2 or) all of
them nearly covered with a large and thick grain. (R. pallidus, Bigelow.) — Low
grounds, coast of Massachusetts, and northward and northwestward. June. —
Stems l°-3° high, ascending. Leaves thinner than in the two preceding, their
margins a little wavy. Fruiting calyx smaller than in No. 1, so short-pedicelled
and crowded as to appear sessile.
4. R. Hydrolapatlmiii, Hudson, var. ? Americamim. (GREAT
WATER-DOCK.) Racemes upright in a large compound panicle, nearly leaf-
less ; whorls crowded ; pedicels capillary, nodding, about twice the length of the
fruiting calyx ; the valves broadly ovate or roundish, obtuse (large), all grain-bear-
ing; leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, with minutely crenulatc-icavy margins. (R.
Britannica, Purshl Bigel, &c. R. aquaticus, Smith, Pursh.) — Wet places,
New England to Penn. and Michigan. July. — Stem 5° high, stout. Lower
leaves 1° or more long and 3' -5' wide, the stout midrib produced into a
flat petiole. Valves thin, ^' long, rather denticulate, much more rounded in
our specimens than in European. — Probably a distinct species, allied to R.
Patientia.
# * Leaves more or less ivavy-margined, the lower heart-shaped at the base : whorls in
panicled racemes or spikes : valves entire or short-toothed: perennials : all introduced.
5. R. OBTUSiFdLius, L. (BITTER DOCK.) Stem roughish ; loivest leaves
ovate-heart-shaped, obtuse, rather downy on the veins underneath, somewhat wavy-
margined, the upper oblong-lanceolate, acute ; whorls loose and distant ; valves ovate-
halberd-shaped, sharply denticulate at the base, strongly reticulated, one of them
principally grain-bearing. — Fields, &c. ; a rather common weed. July. (Nat.
from Eu.)
6. R. CRfsPUS, L. (CURLED DOCK.) Smooth; leaves with strongly wavy-
curled margins, lanceolate, acute, the lower truncate or rather heart-shaped at the
base ; whorls crowded in prolonged wand-like racemes, leafless above ; valves round-
heart-shaped, obscurely denticulate or entire, one or all of them grain-bearing. — A
very common weed in cultivated and waste grounds. Stem 3° -4° high, from
a deep spindle-shaped yellow root. (Nat. from Eu.)
7. R. CONGLOMERATUS, Murray. (SMALLER GREEN DOCK.) Leave*
oblong, pointed, slightly wavy-margined, the lower heart-shaped at the base;
whorls distant, leafy ; pedicels very short ; valves linear-oblong, rather broader next
the base ; obtuue, entire, each bearing a single (reddish) grain. (R. acutus, Smith,
&c.) — Moist places ; sparingly introduced. (Nat. from Eu.)
8. R. SANGufNEUS, L. (BLOODY-VEINED DOCK.) Leaves lanceolate,
wavy-margined, the lowest heart-shaped at the base ; whorls distant, in long and
slendzr leafless interrupted spikes; pedicels very short; valves narrowly oblong,
32*
378 LACRJLCE^E. (LAUREL FAMILY. j
broadest a- x ve, their middle, obtuse, entire, one at least grain-bearing; veins of the
leaf red, or, in var. VIRIDIS, green. — Waste and cultivated grounds. (Nat.
from Eu.)
# * * Leaves linear-lanceolate, wavy-margined; the lower ones aiiricled or somewhat
hc<irt-xli(ii>ed at the l>ase: valves awn-toothed : low annuals.
9. R. IliaritiinilS, L. (GOLDEN DOCK.) Minutely pubescent, dif-
fusely branched ; whorls excessively crowded in leafy and compact or interrupted
spikes; valves rhombic-oblong, lance-pointed, each bearing 2-3 long awn-like
bristles on each side, and a large grain on the back. (Also R. persicarioides, L.)
— Sea-shore, Virginia to Massachusetts, and in saline soil in tbe interior. Aug.,
Sept. — Plant 6' -12' high; remarkable for the crowded and almost orange-
colored fruiting calyx, beset with bristles which are usually longer than the
width of the valves. (Eu.)
$ 2. ACETOSEXLA, Tourn. — Flowers dicecious: style? adherent to the angles of
the ovary: herbage acid.
10. R. ACETOSELLA, L. (FIELD or SHEEP SORREL.) Low; leaves lance-
halberd-form, at least those of the root, the narrow lobes entire ; whorls leafless,
in slender panicled racemes ; valves scarcely enlarging in fruit, ovate, not grain-
bearing. 1J. — An abundant weed in waste places and all sterile and worn fields.
May. — The fertile panicles usually turn reddish in summer. (Nat. from Eu.)
See Addenrl.
RHEUM RiiAp6NTicuM is the PIE RHUBARB, so commonly cultivated for
the sake of its fleshy and acid esculent leaf-stalks.
ORDER 93. LAURACE^E. (LAUREL FAMILY.)
Aromatic trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves mostly marked with
minute pellucid dots, and flowers with a regular calyx of ^ - 6 colored sepals ,
which are barely united at the base, imbricated in 2 rows in the bud, free from
the \-cellcd and \-ovuled ovary, and mostly fewer than the stamens : anthers
opening by 2-4 uplifted valves. — Flowers clustered Style single. Fruit
a 1 -seeded berry or drupe. Seed anatropous, suspended, with no albumen,
filled by the large almond-like embryo. — A well-marked family, very nu-
merous in the tropics, represented in our district by only five species.
Synopsis.
* Flowers perfect : stamens 12, three of them sterile.
1. PERSEA. Calyx persistent. Anthers 4-celled, those of 3 stamens turned outward.
* * Flowers dioecious or dioeciously polygamous : stamens 9.
2. SASSAFRAS Flowers destitute of any involucre Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved
& BENZOIN. Flowers developed from a 4-leaved involucre. Anthers 2-celled, 2-valved.
4. TETKANTIIERA. Flowers from a 2 - 4-leaved involucre. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved.
1. PERSEA, Gsertn. ALLIGATOR PEAR.
Flowers perfect, with a 6-partcd calyx, which persists at the base of the berry-
like fruit. Stamens 12, in four rows, the 3 of the innermost row sterile and re-
CK^;. (LAU11EL FAMILY.) 879
duccd to a sort of glands : the rest bearing 4-celled anthers (i. e. each of the two
proper cells is divided transversely into two), opening by as many uplifted
valves; the anthers of 3 stamens turned outward, the others introrse. — Trees,
with persistent entire leaves and small panicled flowers. (An ancient name of
some Oriental tree.)
1. P. CavoiineilSiS, Necs. (RED BAT.) Hoary at least when young
with a fine down ; leaves oblong, pale, soon becoming smooth above ; peduncle
bearing few flowers in a close cluster ; sepals downy, the outer shorter ; berries
dark blue, on a red stalk. (Laurus Caroliuensis, Cutesb. L. Borbonia, L.) —
Swamps, Delaware, Virginia, and southward. May. — A small tree.
2. SASSAFRAS, Nees. " SASSAFRAS.
Flowers dioecious, with a 6-parted spreading calyx ; the sterile kind with 9
stamens inserted on the base of the calyx in 3 rows, the 3 inner with a pair of
stalked glands at the base of each ; anthers 4-celled, 4-valved : fertile flowers
with 6 short rudiments of stamens and an ovoid ovary. Drupe ovoid (blue),
supported on a club-shaped and rather fleshy (reddish) pedicel. — Trees, with
spicy-aromatic bark, very mucilaginous twigs and foliage ; the latter decidu-
ous, often lobed. Flowers greenish-yellow, naked, in clustered and peduncled
corymbcd racemes, appearing with the leaves. Buds scaly. (The popular name,
of Spanish origin.)
1. S. officiiifile, Nees. Leaves ovate, entire, or some of them 3-lobcd,
soon glabrous. (Laurus Sassafras, L.} — Rich woods; common, especially
eastward. April. — Tree 15° -50° high, with yellowish-green twigs.
3. BENZOIN, Nees. WILD ALLSPICE. FEVER-BUSH.
Flowers polygamous-dioecious, with a 6-parted open calyx ; the sterile kind
with 9 stamens in 3 rows, the inner ones 1 - 2-lobed and gland-bearing at the
base; anthers 2-celled and 2-valved : fertile flowers with 15-18 rudiments of
stamens in 2 forms, and a globular ovary. Drupe obovoid, red, the stalk not
thickened. — Shrubs, with entire deciduous leaves, and honey-yellow-flovvers in
almost sessile lateral umbel-like clusters appearing before the leaves ; the clus-
ters composed of smaller clusters or umbels, each of 4 - 6 flowers and surround-
ed by an involucre of 4 deciduous scales. (Named from the aroma, which has
been likened to that of benzoin.)
1. 15. odoriferillll, Nees. (SPICE-BUSH. BP^NJAMIN-BUSH.) Nearly
smooth; leaves oblong-obovate, pale underneath. (Laurus Benzoin, L.) — Damp
woods ; rather common. March, April.
2. B. melissaefoliuill, Nees. Young branches and buds pubescent;
leaves oblony, obtuse or h&irt-shaped at the base, downy beneath ; umbels few.
(Laurus melissajfolia, Walt. L. diospyroides, Miclix.) — Low grounds, Vir
ginia and southward. April.
4. TETRANTIIERA, Jacq. TETRANTHERA.
Flowers dioecious, with a 6-parted deciduous calyK ; the sterile ones with 9
stamens in 3 rows ; the anthers all introrse, 4 celled, 4-valvcd : fertile flowers
380 THYMELEACE^E. (iVIEZEKEUM FAMILY.)
with 12 or more rudiments of stamens and a globular ovary. — Drupe globular.
— Shrubs or trees, with entire leaves and small flowers in axillary clustered
umbels. (Name composed of rerpa, four, and dvOrjpd, anther.)
1. T. gcuiculata, Nees. (POND SPICE.) Flowers (yellow) appear-
ing before the deciduous oblong leaves, which are hairy on the midrib beneath ;
branches forked and divaricate, the branchlets zigzag; involucres 2-4-leaved,
2 -4-flowered ; fruit red. (Laurus geniculata, Michx.) — Swamps, Virginia and
southward. April.
ORDER 94. THYMELEACE^E. (MEZEREUM FAMILY.;
Shrubs, with acrid and very tough (not aromatic) bark, entire leaves, and
perfect flowers with a regular and simple colored calyx, bearing usually twice
as many stamens as its lobes, free from the l-celled and \-ovuled ovary, which
forms a berry-like drupe in fruit, with a single suspended anatropous seed.
Embryo large and almond-like : albumen little or none. — A small family,
represented in North America only by a single species, of the genus
1. DIRCA, L. LEATHERWOOD. MOOSE-WOOD.
Calyx petal-like, tubular-funnel-shaped, truncate, the border wavy or obscure-
ly about 4-toothed. Stamens 8, long and slender, inserted on the calyx above
the middle, protruded, the alternate ones longer. Style thread-form : stigma
capitate. Drupe oval (reddish). — A much-branched bush, with jointed branch-
lets, oval-obovate alternate leaves, at length smooth, deciduous, on very short
petioles, the bases of which conceal the buds of the next season. Flowers light
yellow, preceding the leaves, 3 in a cluster from a bud of 3 dark-hairy scales,
forming an involucre, from which soon after proceeds a leafy branch. (Atp/ci;,
the name of a fountain near Thebes, applied by Linnaeus to this North Ameri-
can genus, for no imaginable reason, unless because the bush frequently grows
near mountain rivulets.)
1. D. pallkstris, L. — Damp rich woods, seldom in swamps; New Eng-
land to Penn., Kentucky, and (especially) northward. April. — Shrub 2° - 5°
high ; the wood white, soft, and very brittle ; but the fibrous bark remarkably
tough, used by the Indians for thongs, whence the popular names. In N. New
England also called Wicopy.
ORDER 95. EL,jEAGNACE£2. (OLEASTER FAMILY.;
Shrubs or small trees, with silvery-scurfy leaves and mostly dicecious floio-
ers ; further distinguished from the Mezereuin Family by the ascending
albuminous seed, and the calyx-tube becoming pulpy and berry-like in fruit,
enclosing the achenium ; and from the following by the calyx-tube not co-
hering with the ovary, &c. A small family, represented east of the Missis
aippi solely by one species of
SANTALACE.fi. (SANDALWOOD FAMILY.) 381
1. SHEPHERDIA, Nutt. SHEPHURDIA.
Flowers dioecious ; the sterile with a 4-parted calyx (valvate in the bud) and 8
stamens, alternating with as many processes of the thick disk; the fertile with
an urn-shaped 4-cleft calyx, enclosing the ovary (the orifice closed by the teeth
of the disk), and becoming berry-like in fruit. Style slender: stigma 1-sided.
— Leaves opposite, entire, deciduous ; the small flowers nearly sessile in their
axils on the branchlets, clustered, or the fertile solitary. (Named for John Shep-
herd, formerly curator of the Liverpool Botanic Garden.)
1. S. Canadensi§, Nutt. (CANADIAN SHEPHERDIA.) Leaves ellipti-
cal or ovate, nearly naked and green above, silvery-downy and scurfy with rusty
scales underneath ; fruit yellowish-red. — Rocky or gravelly banks, W. Vermont
to Wisconsin and northward. May. — A straggling shrub, 3° - 6° high ; the
branchlets, young leaves, yellowish flowers, &c., covered with the rusty scales.
Fruit insipid.
S. ARGENTEA, Nutt., the BUFFALO-BERRY of Upper Missouri, which has
narrower leaves, silvery on both sides, and edible, acid, scarlet fruit, is somewhat
cultivated for ornament.
EL.EAGNUS ARGENTEA, Pursh, the SILVER-BERRY, may perhaps be found
within our northwestern limits.
ORDER 96. SANTALACE^. (SANDALWOOD FAMILY.)
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with entire leaves ; the 4 - 5-cleft calyx valvate in
the bud, its tube coherent with the 1-celled ovary, which contains 2-4 ovules
suspended from the apex of a stalk-like free central placenta which rises from
the base of the cell, but the (indehisceni) fruit always l-seeded. — Seed des-
titute of any proper seed-coat. Embryo small, at the apex of copious al-
bumen : radicle directed upward : cotyledons cylindrical. Stamens equal
in number to the lobes of the calyx, and inserted opposite them into the
edge of the fleshy disk at their base. Style 1. A small order, the greater
part belonging to warm regions, here represented only by the two follow-
ing genera.
1. COMANDRA, Nutt. BASTARD TOAD-FLAX.
Flowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped or soon urn-shaped, lined above the
ovary with an adherent disk which has a 5-lobed free border. Stamens inserted
on the edge of the disk between its lobes, opposite the lobes of the calyx, to the
middle of which the anthers are connected by a tuft of threads. Fruit drupe-
like or nut-like, crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes, the cavity filled by the
globular seed. — Low and smooth perennials, with herbaceous stems from a
rather woody base or root, alternate oblong and sessile leaves, and greenish-
white flowers in terminal or axillary small umbel-like clusters. (Name from
Kop.r]Jiair, and avftpes, for stamens, in allusion to the hairs attached to the anthers.)
382 LORANTIIACE^E. (MISTLETOE FAMILY.)
1. C. UinbcIIata, Nutt. Peduncles several and c9rynl>ose-dnsteret.1 at
the summit of the stem, several-flowered ; calyx-tube conspicuously continued be-
yond the ovary, forming a neck to the globular-urn-shaped fruit ; the lobes ob-
lony ; style slender; fruit dry. — Dry ground; common. May, June. — Stems
8' -10' high, very leafy. Hoot forming parasitic attachments to the roots of
trees (as shown by Mr. Stanffer). Leaves obovate-oblong, about 1' long.
2. C. livid a, Richards. Peduncles axillary, 3 - 5-flowered, shorter than the
oval flaccid leaves ; calyx-tube not continued beyond the ovary, the lobes ovate ;
style short; fruit pulpy when ripe, red. — Shore of Lake Superior, and north-
ward.— Leaves larger than in the last.
2. PYRUL.ARIA, Michx. OIL-NUT. BUFFALO-NUT.
Flowers dio3cious. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes recurved. Sterile flowers with 5
stamens on very short filaments, alternate with 5 rounded glands. Fertile flow-
ers with a pear-shaped ovary invested by the adherent calyx, naked at the flat
summit : disk with 5 glands : style short and thick : stigma capitate-flattened.
Fruit fleshy and drupe-like, pear-shaped, the globose cndocarp thin. Embryo
small : albumen very oily. — A low straggling shrub, with alternate short-peti-
oled and veiny deciduous leaves ; the small greenish flowers sessile in very short
and simple terminal spikes. (Name a diminutive of Pyrus, from the fruit,
which looks like a small pear.)
1. P. Oleifcra. (P. pubera, Michx. Hamiltonia oleifera, MM.) — Rich
wooded banks, mountains of Penn. and southward throughout and near the
Alleghanies. May. — Leaves obovate-oblong, pointed at both ends, a little
downy, or at length smooth, somewhat succulent, oily, acrid to the ta*te. Spikes
ripening but one fruit, which is about 1 ' long.
ORDER 97. LORANTIIACEyE. (MISTLETOE FAMILY.)
Shrubby p/ante icith coriaceous greenish foliage, parasitic on trees, repre-
sented in the northern temperate zone chiefly bv the Mistletoe and its near
allies; which are distinguished from the f eeeding family more by their
parasitic growth and habit, and by their more reduced flowers, than by
essential characters : represented by
1. PIIORAI>ENDRON, Nutt. FALSE MISTLETOK.
Flowers dioecious, in short and catkin-like jointed spikes, usually several
under each short and fleshy bract or scale, and sunk in the joint. Calvx globu-
lar, 3- (rarely 2-4-) lobed : in the staminate flowers a sessile anther is borne on
the base of each lobe, and is transversely 2-celled, each cell opening by a pore
or slit : in the fertile flowers the calyx-tube adheres to the ovary : stigma ses-
sile, obtuse. Berry 1 -seeded, pulpy. Embryo small, half imbeided in the
summit of mucilaginous albumen. — Yellowish-green woody parasites on the
branches of trees, with jointed much branched stems, thick and firm per>istcnt
leaves (or only scales in their place), and axillary small spikes of U, avers
CERATOFHYLLACE^. (HORNWORT FAMILY.) 383
(Name composed of <£o>p, a thief, and devdpov, tree; because these plants steal
their food from the trees they grow upon.)
1. P. flavescesis, Nutt. (AMERICAN MISTLETOE.) Leaves obovato
or oval, somewhat petioled, longer than the spikes in their axils, yellowish ;
berries white. (Viscum flaveseens, Pursh.) — New Jersey to Illinois and south-
ward, preferring Elms and Hickories. April.
ORDER 98. SAURURACE^S. (LIZARD'S-TAIL FAMILY.)
Herbs, with jointed stems, alternate entire leaves with stipules, and perfect
flowers in spikes, entirely destitute of any floral envelopes, and 3-5 more or
less united ovaries. — Ovules few, orthotropous. Embryo heart-shaped,
minute, contained in a little sac at the apex of the albumen. — A kind of
oflshoot of the Pepper Family (tropical), and represented only by
1. SAURIJRUS, L. LIZARD'S-TAIL.
Stamens mostly 6 or 7, hypogynous, with long and distinct filaments. Fruit
somewhat fleshy, wrinkled, of 3-4 pistils united at the base, with recurved
stigmas. Seeds usually solitary, ascending. — A perennial marsh herb, with
heart-shaped petioled leaves, and white flowers, each from the axil of a small
bract, crowded in a slender wand-like and naked pedunclcd terminal spike (its
appearance giving rise to the name, from <rai>pos, a lizard, and ovpd, tail).
1. S. cei'iiisus, L. — Margins of ponds, &c. ; common. June. — Spike
3' - 6' long, drooping at the end.
ORDER 99. CERATOPHYLlACEjE. (HORNWORT FAM.)
Aquatic herbs, with whorled finely dissected leaves, and minute axillary and
sessile monoecious flowers without any floral envelopes, but with an 8-12-
cleft involucre in place of a calyx, the fertile a simple \-celled ovary, with a
suspended orthotropous ovule : seed filled oy a highly developed embryo with
4 cotyledons ! and a conspicuous plumule. — Consists only of the genus
1. CERATOPIIYLL-UJW, L. HORNWORT.
Sterile flowers of 12-24 stamens with large sessile anthers. Fruit an ache-
nium, beaked with the slender persistent style. — Herbs growing under water, in
ponds or slow-flowing streams : the sessile leaves cut into thrice-forked thread-
like rather rigid divisions. (Name from Kfpas, a horn, and (pvXXov, leaf.)
1. C. <lcm£r$lliBl, L. — Var. COMMVJNE has a smooth marginless fruit
beaked with a long persistent style, and with a short spine or tubercle at the
base on each side. — Var. ECHIN\TUM (C. echinatum, Gray] has the fruit
mostly larger (3" long), rough-pimpled on the sides, the narrowly winged
margin spiny-toothed. — Slow streams and ponds ; common, but rare in fruit.
Probably there is only one species. (Eu.)
384 PODOSTEMACE^E. (RIVER-WEED FAMILY.)
ORDER 100. CALLITRICHACE^E. (WATER-STAR WORTS.)
Aquatic small annuals, with opposite entire leaves, and solitary polyga.-
mous flowers in their axils, without any proper floral envelopes, and with a 4-
lobed and 4-celled 4-seeded fruit ; — consisting only of the genus
1. CALLiTRlCHE, L. WATER-STARWORT.
Stamen solitary, in the sterile flowers between a pair of bracts ; in the fertile,
placed between the pistil and the stem, and rarely also one on the outer side :
filament thread-like : anther heart-shaped, by confluence becoming 1-celled.
Fruit indehiscent, nut-like, 4-lobed and 4-cellcd; but the styles only 2, awl-
sbaped and distinct. Seed solitary and suspended, filling each cell, anatropous :
embryo slender, in the axis and nearly the length of the albumen. Foliage
very variable according to circumstances, as in most water-plants. (Name from
xaXos, beautiful, and 6pi£, hair, from the almost capillary and usually tufted
stems.)
1. C. venia, L. Fruit sessile or nearly so, with a pair of bracts at its
base ; lobes of the fruit keeled or slightly winged on the back ; floating leaves
ohovate or spatulate and narrowed into a petiole, the immersed ones linear,
rarely all linear or all spatulate-obovate. — Shallow water ; very common.
April -Aug. (Eu.)
Var. platycarpa (C. platycarpa, Kiltzing), has the fruit twice as large
and more wing-margined. (Var. TERRESTRIS is a state growing along the
margin of pools or brooks, procumbent, tufted, and small-leaved.) (Eu.)
2. C. pcdllllClllata, DC. Fruit raised on a (sometimes short) mostly
long and slender peduncle, without bracts ; fruit regularly 4-lobed, the lobes bluntly
keeled. — Rare: only observed southwestward. (Eu.)
3. C. ailtUllllliUis, L. Fruit nearly sessile, without bracts; lobes of the
fruit (often irregular) sharply keeled on the back ; leaves linear or spatulate. —
Not common. (Eu.)
Var. liiiearis (C. linearis, Pursh) has the leaves all or chiefly narrowly
linear, and the lobes of the fruit not keeled. — Common northward.
ORDER 101. PODOSTEMACE^E. (RIVER-WEED FAMILY.)
Aquatics, growing on stones in running water, with much the aspect of Sea-
weeds or Mosses ; the minute naked flowers bursting from a spathe-like invo-
lucre as in Liverworts, producing a 2-3-celled many-seeded ribbed pod; —
represented in North America by the genus
1. PODOST^MON, Michx. RIVER-WEED.
Flower solitary, pedicelled, from a tubular sac-like involucre, destitute of
floral envelopes. Stamens borne on one side of the stalk of the ovary, with
their long filaments united into one for more than half their length, and 2 short
sterile filaments, one on each side: anthers 2-ccllcd. Stigmas 2, awl-shaped-
EUPHORBIACE^. (^SPURGE FAMILY.) 385
Pod oval, 8-ribbed, 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds minute, very numerous on a thick
persistent central placenta, destitute of albumen. — Leaves 2-ranked. (Name
from TroCy, foot, and OTI^COI/, stamen ; the two stamens being apparently raised
on a stalk by the side of the ovary.)
1. P. ceratophylluni, Michx. Leaves rigid, dilated into a stipule-
like sheathing base, above mostly forked into thread-like or linear lobes. — Not
uncommon in the bottom of shallow streams. July- Sept. A small olive-green
plant, of firm texture, resembling a Sea-weed, tenaciously attached to loose
stones, in the manner of a Fucus, by fleshy disks or processes in place of roots.
ORDER 102. EUPHORBIACE.E. (SPURGE FAMILY.)
Plants usually witli a milky acrid juice, and various, usually monoecious or
dioecious flowers ; the fruit of 2 - 3 or several 1 - 2-seeded pods united around
a central axis, separating when ripe (rarely of a single pod). Seed suspend-
ed, anatropous. Embryo with flat cotyledons nearly as long as the albu-
men. Stigmas 2 - 3 or more, often forked. Calyx usually valvate in the
bud, occasionally wanting. Petals sometimes present. — A large family in
the warmer parts of the world (the acrid juice poisonous) ; most numer-
ously represented in Northern countries by the genus Euphorbia, which
has very remarkable reduced flowers enclosed in an involucre that imitates
a calyx; and sparingly by a few other genera: the tribes not yet well set-
tled. The proper place for the order is in the Polypetalous division.
Synopsis.
* Seeds and ovules only one in each cell.
•»- Staminate and pistillate flowers, both destitute of calyx as well as corolla, and contained In
the same cup-shaped involucre, which resembles a calyx.
1. EUPHORBIA. Stamiuate flowers many (each merely of a single stamen) enclosed in the
involucre, the single pistillate flower projecting from it on its stalk. Pod 3-lobed.
•t- -i- Flowers (monoecious) of both kinds with a calyx, but no petals, not in an involucre.
2. CN1DOSCOLUS. Flowers cyinose. Calyx corolla-like, in the staminate flowers salver-
shaped, 5-cleft Stamens 10 - 15.
8. ACALYPIIA. Flowers spiked and glomerate. Stamens 8 - 16 : filaments monadelphous at
the base. Styles capillary-dissected.
4. TRAGIA Flowers in racemes. Stamens 2 or 3. Style 8-cleft. Stigmas 3, simple.
6. STILLINQIA. Flowers in a terminal spike. Stamens 2. Stigmas 3, simple.
«- -^ •»- Flowers (monoecious) of both kinds with a regular calyx, and at least the staminate
with petals also, not in an involucre.
6. CROTON. Flowers spiked or glomerate. Ovary and fruit 3- (rarely 2-) celled.
7. CROTONOPSIS. Flowers scattered on the branchlets, axillary. Ovary and fruit 1-celled.
* * Seeds and ovules 2 in each cell. (Calyx present, but no petals. )
8. PHYLLANTHUS. Flowers axillary. Calyx 5-6-parted. Stamens 3, monadelphous.
9. PACIIYSANDHA. Flowers spiked. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4, separate.
1. EUPHORBIA, L. SPURGE.
Flowers monoecious, included in a cup-shaped 4-5-lobed involucre (flower of
older authors) resembling a calyx or corolla, usually bearing large and thick
33
386 EurnoRiiiACE,E. (SPURGE FAMILY.)
glands at its sinuses. Sterile flowers numerous and lining the base of the invo-
lucrc, each from the axil of a little bract, and consisting merely of a single sta-
men jointed on a pedicel like tlie filament: anther-cells globular, separate.
Fertile flower solitary in the middle of the involucre, soon protruded on a long
pedicel, consisting of a 3-lohed and 3-celled ovary with no calyx, or a mere ves-
Styles 3, each 2-cleft; the stigmas therefore 6. Pod separating into 3
one-seeded carpels, which split elastically into 2 valves. Seed often caruncled.
— Plants (herbs In the United States), with a milky acrid juice, the uppermost
leaves often in whorls or pairs. Peduncles lateral or terminal, often umbellate-
clustered. (Named after Euphorias, physician to King Juba.)
For the following elaboration of the genus I am indebted to DR. ENGELM ANN.
$ 1 . leaves (a/I ofijiosite and similar, small) furnished with aid-shaped or scaly stip-
v/is: xtnns much branched: involucres solitary in the forks or axils, sometimes
crowded or clustered on the branchlets : root annual in all our species: plants flower-
ing all the summer and autumn. ( Stipulate. )
* Seeds smooth and even, ash-colored : leaves entire, alabrous, as is the ichole plant,
and pale or slightly glaucous.
1. E. polygonifdlia, L. (SHORE SPURGE.) Prostrate-spreading;
leaves oblong-linear, obtuse, mucronate, slightly cordate or obtuse at the oblique
base (4" -8" long) ; peduncles equalling the short petioles; glands of the inco-
lucre minute, not appendaged ; pod obtusely angled; seeds ovate (1" long, the
largest of this section). — Sandy shore of the Atlantic and of the Great Lakes.
2. E. Crtiyeri, Engelm. Procumbent ; leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse at the
apex and the oblique base ; peduncles equalling the petioles ; appendages of the
involucre petal-like (white), orbicular; pod acutely angled; seeds obtusely tri-
angular (£" long). — Sandy soil, Beardstown, Illinois ( Gei/er), and southwest-
ward. — This is a small-seeded fqrm (var. microspenna) : other forms in Mis-
souri and Texas have larger petal-like appendages and larger seeds.
3. E. hemiarioides, Nutt. Prostrate; leaves round-ovate, obtuse at
the base (only ^" - 2£" long) ; peduncles much longer than the petiule-s, lateral, sin-
gle or clustered ; appendages of the involucre minute and crenulate, or none; pod
acutely angled; seeds obtusely angled (|" long). — Banks of the Mississippi
and lower Ohio, in rich alluvial soil, and south westward.
* * Seeds minutely roughened, ash-colored: leaves serrulate, hairy.
4. E. IlllIllBStr&ta, Engelm. mss. Procumbent, pubernlent or hairy ;
leaves elliptical with an oblique obtuse base, serrulate towards the apex, sparse-
ly hairy underneath (A'-f long, sometimes with a brown spot above); pedun-
cles rather shorter than the petioles, crowded in lateral clusters ; involucre cleft
on the back, its appendages orbicular or truncate and nearly entire ; pod acute-
ly angled, pnbcrulcnt ; seeds ovate, 4-angled (f" long). — With the last.
— Branches 6'-20' long. Distinguished from the next by its broader leaves,
slit involucre, and rounder, granulated (not transversely grooved) seed.
* # * Sctdx ti-annri'i-fti/y irrinkled-pilttd : leaves serrate, often hain/ and falcate.
5. E. maculfsta, L. (SPOTTED SPURGE.) /Y,s//v,/f .• leaves very
oblique at the bn,se, oblong-linear (4" -6" long), serrulate towards the apex,
EDFIIORBIACE^E. (SPUKGK FAMILY.) 387
mostly with a brown-purple spot in the centre ; peduncles equalUmj lite petioles,
crowded in lateral clusters; glands of the involucre minute, with a petal-like
somewhat eremite margin ; pod acutely angled, puberulent ; seeds ovate, ash-colored
(|'' iong), sharply 4-angled, and with about 4 grooves across each of the con-
cave sides. (E. thymilblia, Pursh. E. depressa, Torr.) — Gravelly open places,
everywhere.
6. E. Iiypei'iciidlia, L. (LARGER SPOTTED SPURGE.) Ascending or
erect (l°-2° high) ; leaves oblique at the obtuse or slightly cordate base, ovate-
oblong or oblong-linear, serrate (^'- 1^' long), often with a red spot or red
margins ; peduncles longer than the petioles, collected in loose leafy cymes at the sum-
mit of the branches ; appendages of the involucre small, round, and entire ; pod
glabrous, obtusely angled; seeds obtusely angled, wrinkled and tubercled (%" long
or nearly), blackish. — liich soil in open places ; very common.
$ 2. Leaves destitute, of stipules, all opposite: involucres solitary and pedunded, in tJie
forks of the stem : root perennial. (Oppositifoliae.)
7. E. IpecacuiiiiSisi!, L. (WILD IPECAC.) Stems many from a very
long perpendicular root, erect or diffusely spreading (5'- 10' long), forking from
near the base ; leaves varying from obovate or oblong to narrowly linear, entire,
almost sessile, glabrous ; peduncles elongated (J'-l' long) ; glands of the invo-
lucre 5, equal, not appendaged ; pod long-pedicelled, obtusely angled, nearly
smooth ; seeds ovate, flattened, white, marked with impressed dots. — Sandy
soil, near the coast, New York to Virginia, and southward. May- July.
§ 3. Leaves destitute of stipules, alternate or opposite : involucres all crowded in a
terminal duster, bearing a few cup-shaped glands : root annual. (Cyathophoraj.)
8. E. ileaitfitSl, Michx. Erect or ascending, hairy (1° high) ; leaves al-
ternate or opposite, ovate, lanceolate or linear, petioled, coarsely toothed (l'-2'
long) ; involucres almost sessile, with 5 ovate laciniate lobes and a stalked gland,
and sometimes with 2 or 3 ; seeds globular, tubercled. — Rich soil, Ohio to
Illinois and southward. July, Aug.
9. E. cyatll«pttora, Jacq. Ascending or erect (l°-3°high), gla-
brous ; leaves alternate, petioled, ovate-Jiddle-shaped and sinuate-toothed, or lanceo-
late, or linear and entire ; involucres about the length of the peduncle, with 5 ovate
incised lobes and a single sessile gland ; seeds globular, tubercled. — W. Illi-
nois and southward. July. — Upper leaves mostly with red margins or base.
§ 4. Leaves destitute of stipules, alternate or scattered up to ivhere the flowering begins,
the floral ones opposite or ivhorled, all commonly sessile : stem erect : flowering
branches umbellate! i/ forked : involucres in the forks and terminal. (Umbellata3.)
* Glands of the involucre 5, entire, with (white) petal-like appendages: perennial.
10. E. corollata, L. (FLOWERING SPURGE.) Glabrous or sometimes
sparingly hairy (2° -3° high) ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, or linear, entire, obtuse;
umbel 5- (3 - 7-) forked, and the forks again 2-3- (rarely 5-) forked ; involucres
long-peduncled ; pods slender-pcdicelled, smooth; seeds globular, slightly tuber-
cled. — Rich or sandy soil, W. New York and New Jersey to Wisconsin and
southward. June -Aug. — Conspicuous for the showy false lobes of the invo-
lucre, which appear like 5 white petals, the true lobes minute and incurved.
388 EUPHORBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.)
# # Glands of the involucre entire, not appendaged : Involucres nearly sessile.
•»- Seeds rugose or reticuUited : leaves serntlate : annuals .
11. E. IlELiosc6riA, L. (SuN SPURGE.) Leaves all obovate and very
rounded (or rctuse) at the end, finely serrate, those of the stem wedge-shaped ;
umbel divided into 5 rays, then into 3, or at length simply forked ; (/lands orbic-
ular, stalked ; pod smooth and even. — Waste places, east of the Alleghaniea :
rather scarce. July -Sept. — Bather stout, branched from the root, 6' -12'
high, smooth or a little hairy. (Nat. from Eu.)
12. E. Arkansaiia, Engelm. & Gr. Slender, very smooth throughout;
si < in-lc<i res oblo/ty- or ubovate-spatulate, those of the flowering branches roundish -ovate
or slightly heart-shaped, very obtuse ; umbels once or twice 3-forkcd, then 2-
forked ; glands oval, almost sessile ; pod warty; seeds reticulated. — Lexington,
Kentucky (Short), and south westward.
H- •*- Seeds smooth and even : pod warty or rowjh.
13. E. Obtlisata, Pursh. (WARTED SPURGE.) Leaves all obtuse, mi-
nutely serrulate, smooth ; those of the stem oblong-spatulate, the uppermost and
bracts dilated-ovate and barely mucronate ; umbel once or twice divided into
3-5 rays, then into 2 ; glands oval ; styles 2-cleft to the middle, scarcely longer
than the ovary, which is warty with cylindrical projections. (E. platyphylla,
Atner. auth. & ed. 1.) CD ®? — Shady fertile woods, <fec., Virginia to Illinois
and southward. July-Sept.
13ft. E. platyphylla, L. Differs from E. obtusata in having the
upper leaves acute, the upper bracts cuspidate, the styles 2-lobed at the apex
only, and ranch longer than the ovary, which is warty with hemispherical
glands. — Niagara Falls, Vermont, <fcc. (Nat. from Eu.)
.14. E. DarlingtOllii, Gray. Tall (2° -4° high); leaves entire, minutely
downy beneath ; those of the stem lanceolate-oblong, the lower floral ones oval,
very obtuse, the upper roundish-dilated with a truncate base ; umbel 5-8-
rayed, afterwards simply forked ; glands obliquely oval, sessile ; pod obscurely
warty. It (E. nemoralis, Darl., not of Kit.) — Copses, &c., Feim. and south-
ward along the mountains.
* * * Glands of the involucre crescent-shaped or 2-horned, naked. (Stems erect:
leaves entire: plant glabrous.)
t- Seeds smooth, blackish or dull : perennials, with running rootstocks.
15. E. ESULA, L. Stems clustered (l°high); leaves lanceolate or Ihuar,
the floral (yellowish) broadly heart-shaped, mucronate; umbel divided into many
rays, then forking ; also with scattered flowering branches below ; (/lands short-
horned (brown) ; pods smoothish. — Essex County, Massachusetts, Oakes: likely
to become a troublesome weed. June. (Adv. from Eu.)
16. E. CvpARfssiAS, L. (CYPRESS SPURGE.) Stems densely clustered
(£'-!' high); stem-leaves linear, crowded, the floral ones heart-shaped; umbel
many-rayed, and with some scattered flowering branches below; glawls crescent-
shaped; pods granular. — Escaped from gardens to road-sides, in a few places
iu New England. (Adv. from Eu.)
•*- i- Seeds sculptured, asJi-colared : root biennial or annual.
EUrHORBIACE^E. (SPUKGE FAMILY.) 389
•*-«• Leaves scattered, thin and membi'anaceous : pod smooth.
17. E. PEPLUS, L. (PETTY SPURGE.) Erect or ascending (5' -10' high) ;
leaves petioled, rouud-obovate ; the upper floral ones ovate ; umbel 3-rayed, then
forking ; glands long-horned ; lobes of the pod 2-iving-crested on the back ;
seeds ^-grooved on the inner face, pitted on the back. Q) — Waste places in the
Eastern States; rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.)
18. E. C O m ill 18 1 sat a, Engelm. mss. Stems branched from a commonly
decumbent base (6' -12' high); leaves obovate, the upper all sessile, the upper
floral roundish-dilated, broader than long ; pod obtusely angled, ci'estless ; seeds
ovate, pitted all over. (D (J) Ij. ? — Along water-courses, from Virginia toward
the mountains to Ohio and westward. — Leaves often persistent over the winter
on sterile shoots, turning red, like those of the European E. amygdaloides.
Seeds 1" long, larger than those of E. Peplus; with which this has been con
founded ; but the character of the pods and seeds readily distinguish it.
•*-*• *•*• Leaves all opposite or nearly so, thickish : pod smooth.
19. E. LATHYRIS, L. (CAPER SPURGE.) Stem stout (2°-3° high);
leaves linear-oblong, the floral oblong-ovate and heart-shaped, pointed ; umbel
3 -4-rayed, then forking; glands short-horned. © — Sparingly escaped from
gardens, where it is common. (Adv. from Eu.)
2. CNIDOSCOL.US, Pohl. SPURGE-NETTLE.
Flowers monoecious, in a terminal open forking cyme ; the fertile ones usu-
ally in the lower forks. Calyx corolla-like (white) ; in the staminate flowers
salver-shaped, 5-lobed ; in the pistillate, 5-parted, convolute in the bud. Corolla
none. Hypogynous glands 5, small. Ster. Fl. Stamens 10, monadclphous
below, the inner ones longer. Pert. Fl. Ovary 3-celled : styles 3, short, some-
what united, many-cleft. Pod 3-celled, bristly-hairy, 3-seeded, separating into
3 two-valved carpels. — Perennials, beset with stinging bristles (whence appar-
ently the name, from icWfti}, a nettle, and oxuXof, a prickle).
1. C. stimulosa.. (TREAD-SOFTLY.) Herbaceous, from a long peren-
nial root, branching (6' -18' high) ; leaves roundish-heait-shaped, 3 -5-lobed.
' Jatropha stimulosa, Michx.) — Sandy soil, Virginia and southward.
3. ACAL.l'PIIA, L. THREE-SEEDED MERCURY.
Flowers monoecious ; the sterile very small, clustered in spikes, with the few
or solitary fertile flowers at their base, or sometimes in separate spikes. Calyx
of the sterile flowers 4-partcd ; of the fertile, 3-parted. Corolla none. Stamens
8-16: filaments short, monadelphous at the base: anther-cells separate, long,
hanging from the apex of the filament. Styles 3, cut-fringed (red). Pod sep-
arating into 3 globular carpels which split into 2 valves, rarely of only one car-
pel.— Annual herbs (in N. America), with the appearance of Nettles or Ama-
ranths ; the leaves alternate, petiolcd, with stipules. Clusters of sterile flowers
with a minute bract ; the fertile surrounded by a large and leaf-like cut-lobed
persistent bract. (*A/<a) ^</>»j, an ancient name of the Nettle.)
33*
390 EUniOKIilACK.K. (SPUBGH FAMILY.)
* Fruit si/twth or merely pul<
1. A.. VtrjfSBBECJJ, L. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate., obtusely and sparsely ser-
rate, long-pet iult'd ; sterile spike nitlier fow-fiowered, mostly shorter than the at+fily
palrnately-defl fruiting brads. — Fields and open places ; common. July- Sept.
— A homely weed, 1° — 2° high, smoothish or rather hairy, often turning pur-
plish in autumn. Fertile flowers 1-3 in each axil, along with the small and
•hort-peduncled sterile spike: bracts very large and leaf-like, unequally cut into
5-9 lanceolate lobes.
2. A. gracilciis. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or linear, obscurely
serrate, short-petioled, mostly obtuse ; sterile spike long and slender, much longer tJuin
the cut-toothed bract. — Sandy dry soil, llhode Island to .Illinois, and common
southward. — A somewhat downy plant, 6' - 12' high ; the heart-ovate fruiting
bract sharply cut-toothed, or barely cleft at the sides ; the sterile spike frequently
1' long and half the length of the leaves. — Perhaps inns into the last. — Var.
MONOCOCCA, lingelm., is a narrow and nearly entire-leaved form, with only one
cell to the fruit, and the seed larger. Western Illinois.
# * Fruit echinate with soft bristly green projections.
3. A. Carolilliai&a, Walt. Leaves thin, ovate-cordate, sharply and closely
serrate-toothed, abruptly acuminate, long-petioled ; sterile spikes short; the fer-
tile ones mostly terminal and elongated, its bracts deeply cut into many linear
lobes. (A ostryiefolia, Riddell.) — New Jersey (Princeton, Torrey), Ohio, and
southward.
4. TRAGIA, Plumier. TRAOIA.
Flowers monoecious, in racemes, apetalous. Ster. Fl. Calyx 3-partcd. Sta-
mens 2 or 3 : filaments short, distinct. Pert. Fl. Calyx 5-8- (mostly 6-)
parted, persistent. Style 3-cleft : stigmas 3, simple. Pod 3-cellcd, 3-lobed,
bristly, separating into three 2-valved 1 -seeded carpels. — Erect or climbing
plants (perennial herbs in U. S.), pubescent or hispid, with mostly alternate
leaves ; the small-flowered racemes terminal or opposite the leaves (rarely axil-
lary) ; the sterile flowers above, the few fertile at the base, all with small bracts.
(Named for the early herbalist Tragus.)
1. T, 11 re IIS, L Erect, paniculate-branched, softly hairy-pubescent (1°
high) ; leaves varying from obovate-oblong to lance-linear, acute at the base, ob-
tusely or sinuately few-toothed or lobed, sometimes entire, sliort-petioled or sessile.
— Dry ground, Virginia and southward. May -Aug. (A bad name for the
species ; for the hairs are not at all stinging nor sharp. Walter's name, T. in-
nocua, should supersede it.)
2. T. lirticifolia, Michx. Erect or reclining, hirsute ; leaves ovate-lanceo-
late or triant/ular-ltinccolute, or the lower ovate, all somewhat cordate or truncate at
the base, coarsely cut-toothed, short-petioled. — Virginia (Pursh), and common
southward.
3. T. macrocarpa, Willd. Twining, somewhat hirsute ; learcs deeply
cordate, ovate, sharply serrate (3' long), all but the uppermost loin/-/>etio/ed (pod
£' broad). (T. cordata, Michx.) — Kentucky (Mic/um.c), and southward.
EUPHOKBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 391
, Garden. STILLINGIA.
Flowers monoecious, aggregated in a terminal spike, apetalous. Ster. Fl.
Calyx a 2-cleft or crenulate little cup. Stamens 2 : filaments elongated, united
at the base : anthers adnatc, turned outwards. Pert. FL Calyx 3-toothcd or
cleft. Style thick : stigmas 3, diverging, simple. Pod 3-celled, 3-lobed, 3-seed-|
ed. — Smooth upright plants, with the alternate leaves mostly 2-glandular at
the base; the fertile flowers few at the base of the dense sterile spike (rarely
separate) ; the bract for each cluster with a gland on each side. (Named for
Dr. B. StiHingfleet.)
1. S. sylvatica, L. Herbaceous (2° -3° high); leaves almost sessile,
oblong-lanceolate, serrulate ; glands of the spike saucer-shaped. — Sandy and
dry soil, Virginia and southward. June.
6. CROTOW, L. CROTON.
Flowers monoecious, spiked or glomerate. Ster. FL Calyx 5-partcd, rarely
4-parted, valvate in the bud. Petals as many as the divisions of the calyx,
mostly small, hypogynous. Stamens 5 - 20, distinct : anthers turned inwards.
Glands or lobes of the central disk as many as the calyx -lobes and opposite
them. Fert. Fl. Calyx 5- (rarely 8-) cleft or parted. Petals often none or
minute. Glands or disk as in the sterile, or none. Ovary 3-celled, rarely 2-
cclled, with as many styles, which are from once to thrice 2-cleft. Pod 3- (rarely
2-) celled and lobod, separating into as many 2-valved 1-secded carpels. — Stel-
late-downy, or scurfy, or hairy and glandular plants, mostly strong-scented ;
the sterile flowers above ; the fertile below, usually at the base of the same spike
or cluster. ^Leaves alternate, or sometimes imperfectly opposite. (Kporcoj/, the
Greek name of the Castor-oil Plant, of this family.) — The following have been
made into as many genera by Klotzsch, apparently without sufficient reason.
4 1. PILINOPHYTUM, Klotzsch. — Sterile flowers with the calyx ^-parted, 5
glands alternate with the petals, and 10-12 stamens on the hairy receptacle : fertile
flowers with an unequally S-cleft calyx and no petals ; the 3 styles twice or thrice
2-cleft.
1. C. capitfitiim, Michx. Soft-woolly and somewhat glandular (1°-
2° high), branched ; leaves very long-petioled, lance-oblong or elongated-oblong,
rounded at the base, entire ; fertile flowers several, capitate-crowded at the base
of the short terminal sterile spike. (1; — Barrens of Illinois, Kentucky, and
southward. Pine barrens of New Jersey, Knieskern I July - Sept.
$ 2. GEISELERIA, Klotzsch. — Sterile flowers with a ^-parted calyx, 4 ovate-
lanceolate petals, a 4-raycd disk, and 8 stamens : fertile flowers with a 5-parted
calyx, and very minute awl-shaped rudiments of petals ; the 3 styles 2-cleft.
2. C. glaildulosuill, L. Rough-hairy and glandular (l°-2° high),
somewhat umbellately branched ; leaves oblong or linear-oblong, obtusely
toothed, the base with a saucer-shaped gland on eacli side ; fertile flowers capi-
tate-clustered at the base of the sterile spike, sessile in the forks and terminal.
(1) — Open waste places, Virginia, Illinois, and southward. July - Sept.
392 EUPHORBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.)
§3. GYNAMBL6SIS, Torr. (Engelmannia, Klotzsch.) — Sterile flowers with
a 5- (sometimes 3 -4-) parted calyx, and as many petals and stale-like ylands ojipo-
site the latter, the stamens varying from 5 to 10 : fertile flowers with a b-partcd
calyx, no petals, 5 glands, and a 2-celled ovary, crowned with 2 sessile 2-parted
stii/mas; the fruit 2-seeded, or often, by abortion \-seeded. (This may perhaps
rank as a genus.)
3. C. moiianth6gynuilt, Michx. Repeatedly 3-2-forked into di-
verging branches, stellately pubescent ; leaves silvery-woolly beneath, ovate-
elliptical or oblong, often a little heart-shaped at the base, entire, on slender
petioles ; flowers in the forks, the sterile few on the summit of a short erect pe-
duncle, the fertile few and clustered or mostly solitary on short recurved pedun-
cles. (J) (C. ellipticum, Nutt. Engelmannia Nuttalliana, Klotzsch. Gymim-
blosis monanthogyna, Torr.) — Barrens and dry prairies, from Illinois and
Kentucky southward and westward. June - Sept.
7. CROTON6PSIS, Michx. CROTONOPSIS.
Flowers monoecious, axillary along the branches, and terminal, the lower fer-
tile. Ster. Fl. Calyx 5-parted. Petals and stamens 5 : filaments distinct,
enlarged at the apex. Pert. Fl. Calyx 3 - 5-parted. Petals none. Petal-like
scales 5, opposite the sepals. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovulcd : stigmas 3, each 2-
lobed. Fruit dry and indehiscent, small, 1-seeded. — A slender low annual,
with alternate or opposite short-petiolcd linear or lanceolate leaves, which are
green and smoothish above, but silvery hoary with starry hairs and scurfy with
brownish scales underneath, as well as the branches, &c. (Name compounded
of Kporo>i>, and ctyiy, appearance, for a plant with the aspect of Croton.)
1. C. liiiearis, Michx. — Pine barrens of New Jersey (Knieskern) to Vir-
ginia, Illinois, and southward. July - Sept. — Flowers sessile, small.
8. PIIYLL.ANTHUS, L. PHYLLANTHUS.
Flowers monoecious, axillary. Calyx 5 - 6-parted. Petals none. Ster. Fl.
Stamens 3 : filaments united in a column, surrounded by 5-6 glands or a 5 - 6-
lobed glandular disk Pert. FL Ovaiy 3-celled ; the cells 2-ovuled : styles 3,
each 2-cleft : stigmas 6. Pod depressed, separating into 3 carpels, which split
into 2 valves. — Leaves alternate, with small stipules. (Name composed of
<£vAXoi/, leaf, and avdos, blossom, because the flowers in some species [not in
ours] arc borne upon what appear like leaves.)
1. P. Caroline nsis, Walt. Annual, low and sknder, branched; leaves
2-ranked, obovate or oval, short-petioled ; flowers commonly 2 in each axil,
almost sessile, one staminate, the other fertile. — Gravelly banks; E. Penn. to
Illinois and southward. July - Sept.
9. PACHYSANDRA, Michx. PACHYSANDRA.
Flowers monoecious, in naked spikes. Calyx 4-parted. Petals none. Ster.
Fl. Stamens 4, separate, surrounding the rudiment of an ovary : filaments
loug-exserted, thick and flat : anthers oblong-linear. Pert. Fl. Ovary 3-celled •
EMPETRACE.E. (CROWBERRY FAMILY.) 393
Styles 3, thick, awl-shaped, recurved, stigmatic down their whole length inside.
Pod globular. 3-horned, 3-ceiled, splitting into 3 at length 2-valved 2-seedcd
carpels. — Nearly glabrous, low and procumbent, perennial herbs, with matted
creeping rootstocks, and alternate, ovate or obovate, coarsely toothed leaves,
narrowed at the base into a petiole. Flowers each 1 - 3-bracted, the upper ones
staminate, a few fertile ones at the base, unpleasantly scented : sepals greenish:
filaments white (the size and thickness of the latter giving the name, from
wcr^us, thick, and av8pa, used for stamen).
1. P. prociimbeilS, Michx. Stems (6' -9' long) bearing several ap-
pi oximate leaves at the summit on slender petioles, and a few many-flowered
spikes along the base ; the intervening portion naked, or with a few small scales.
— Woods ; mountains of Kentucky, W. Virginia, and southward. March, April.
KICINUS COMMENTS, the CASTOR-OIL PLANT, and Btfxus SEMPERVIRENS,
the Box, arc cultivated representatives of this order.
MERCURIALIS ANNUA, of Europe, has been found growing spontaneously
in Boston, and in Charleston, S. Carolina.
ORDER 103. EMPETRACE^2. (CROWBERRY FAMILY.)
Low shrubby evergreens, utith the foliage, aspect, and compound pollen of
Heaths, and the drupaceous fruit of Arctostaphylos, but the stigmas, &c. of
Euphorbiacese : — probably an apetalous and polygamous or direcious de-
generate form of Ericacese, — comprising three genera, two of which occur
within the limits of this work, and the third in Georgia, &c.
1. EMPETRUM, Tourn. CROWBERRY.
Flowers polygamous, scattered and solitary in the axils of the leaves (incon-
spicuous), scaly-bracted. Calyx of 3 spreading and somewhat petal-like sepals.
Stamens 3. Style very short : stigma 6 - 9-rayed. Fruit a berry-like drupe,
with 6-9 seed-like nutlets ; each containing an erect anatropous seed. Embryo
terete., in the axis of copious albumen, with a slender inferior radicle and verv
small cotyledons. (An ancient name, from fv, upon, and Trt'rpos, a rock.)
1. E. nlgruin, L. (BLACK CROWBERRY.) Procumbent and trailing;
leaves linear-oblong, scattered; fruit black. — Alpine summits of the moun-
tains of New England and N. New York; L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.)
2. CO^EMA, Don. (BROOM-CROWRERRT.)
Flowers dioecious or polygamous, collected in terminal heads, each in the axil
of a scaly bract, and with 5 or 6 thin and scarious imbricated bractlets, but no
proper calyx. Stamens 3, rarely 4, with long filaments. Style slender, 3- (4 -5-)
cleft: stigmas narrow, often toothed. Drupe small, with 3 (rarely 4-5) nut-
lets. Seed, &c. as in the last. — Diffusely much-branched little shrubs, with
scattered or nearly whorled narrowly linear leaves. (Name xopr/fia, a fcroom,
from the bushy aspect.)
394 URTICACE^E. (NETTLE FAMILY.)
1. C. Comvtdii, Torrey. Diffusely branched, nearly smooth ; <lrupo
very small, dry and juiccless when ripe. (Empctnun, Toir. Tuckonn;uiiti,
Klotzsck. Oakesia, Tuck.) — Sandy pine barrens and dry rocky places, New
Jersey, Long Island ; Plymouth, Massachusetts ; Bath, and islands of Peiiob-
seot 13ay, Maine. (Also Newfoundland.) April. — Shrub 6' -9' hi»-h : the
sterile plant handsome in flower, on account of the tufted purple filaments and
brown-purple anthers. (Gray, Chlor. Bar. -Am. t.l.)
ORDER 104. URTICACE^E. (NETTLE FAMILY.)
Plants with stipules, and moncecious, dioecious, or sometimes (in the Elm
Family) perfect flowers, furnished with a regular calyx, free from the l-celled
(iQdy -2-cellct/) ovary which forms a 1-seeded fruit ; the embryo in the albu-
men when this is present; the radicle pointing upwards; the stamens as many
as the lobes of the calyx and opposite them, or sometimes fewer. Cotyledons
usually broad. Stipules often deciduous. — A large order (far the greater
part tropical), comprising four well-marked suborders, viz. : —
SUBORDER I. ULMACE^3. THE ELM FAMILY.
Flowers perfect or monceciously polygamous. Filaments straight or
moderately incurved in the bud. Styles or stigmas 2. Fruit a samara or
drupe. Seed suspended. — Trees, with a watery juice (no active or nox-
ious properties), and alternate leaves.
* Fruit dry winged or crested (a samara) : anthers extrorse.
1. ULMUS Flowers mostly perfect. Ovary- 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Fruit l-celled, winged all
round. Embryo straight.
2. PLANERA. Flowers polygamous. Ovary l-celled. Fruit wingless, many-crested.
* * Fruit a drupe : anthers introrse.
3. CELTIS. Flowers polygamous. Ovary l-celled. Cotyledons curved and crumpled.
SUBORDER II. ARTO CARPED. THE BREAD-FRUIT & FIG FAM.
Flowers monoecious or dioscious, crowded in catkin-like spikes or heads ;
the calyx, &c. becoming fleshy or juicy in fruit, but the 1- (rarely 2-)
celled ovary ripening as a dry acheniuin. Styles or stigmas commonly 2.
— Mostly trees or shrubs, with a milky or yellow (acrid or poisonous)
juice, and alternate (rough or smooth) leaves. — Stamens indexed in the
bud, and elastic-ally spreading when the flower opens, in the Tribe MORELS.
4. MORUS. Fertile and sterile flowers in separate spikes. Stamens 4. Calyx berry- like in
fruit.
SUBORDER III. URTICE^J. THE NETTLE FAMILY.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Filaments transversely wrinkled and
inflexed in tin- bud, straightening or spreading clastiVally when the flower
opens. Style or stigma simple. Ovary always l-celled, with an civet or-
thotropous ovule, forming an acheniuin in fruit. Embryo straight in tho
TJRTICACE,E. (NETTLE FAMILY.) 395
axis of albumen. — Herbs (or in the tropics often shrubs or trees), with a
watery (innocuous) juice, a tough fibrous bark, and opposite or alternate
leaves : many are armed with stinging hairs.
* Calyx of the fertile flowers of 2 - 4 separate or nearly separate sepals.
•f- Plant beset with stinging bristles.
5. URTICA. Sepals 4 in both sterile and fertile flowers. Achenium straight and erect, en-
closed by the 2 inner and Ica-ger sepals. Stigma capitate-tufted. Leaves opposite.
6. LAPORTEA. Sepals 5 in the sterile flowers, 4 in the fertile, or apparently only 2, the two
exterior mii-ntc and obscure Achenium very oblique and bent down, nearly naked.
Stigma long and awl-shaped Leaves alternate.
•*- f- Plant wholly destitute of stinging hairs.
7 PILEA. Sepals 3 or 4, those of the fertile flowers all or all but one small. Achenium
partly naked, straight and erect. Stigma pencil-tufted. Leaves opposite.
* * Calyx of the fertile flowers tubular or cup-shaped, enclosing the achenium.
8. BCEIIME11IA. Flowers monoecious, glomerate, the clusters spiked, not involucrate. Style
long and thread-shaped, stigmatic down one side.
9. PARIETARIA. Flowers polygamous, in involucrate-bracted clusters. Stigma tufted,
SUBORDER IV. CANNABINE^E. THE HEMP FAMILY.
Flowers dioecious ; the sterile racemed or panicled ; the fertile in clus-
ters or catkins. Filaments short, not inflexed in the bud. Fertile calyx
of one sepal, embracing the ovary. Stigmas 2, elongated. Ovary 1 -celled,
with an erect orthotropous ovule, forming a glandular achenium in fruit.
Seed with no albumen. Embryo coiled or bent. — Herbs with a watery
juice and mostly opposite lobed or divided leaves, a fibrous inner bark, &c.
(yielding bitter and narcotic products).
10. CANNABIS. Fertile flowers spiked-clustered. Anthers drooping. Leaves 5- 7-divided.
11 HUMULUS Fertile flowers in a short spike forming a membranaceous catkin in fruit
Anthers erect. Leaves 3 - 5-lobed.
SUBORDER I. ULMACEJE. THE ELM FAMILY.
1. tfLlflUS., L. ELM.
Calyx bell-shaped, 4 - 9-clcft. Stamens 4-9, with long and slender filaments.
Ovary 1- 2-celled, with a single anatropous ovule suspended from the summit
of each coll : styles 2, short, diverging, stigmatic all along the inner edge.
Fruit (by obliteration) a 1 -celled and 1-secded membranaceous samara, winged
all around. Albumen none : embryo straight ; the cotyledons large. — Flowers
perfect or polygamous, purplish or yellowish, in lateral clusters, in our species
preceding the leaves, which are strongly straight-veined, short-petioled, and
oblique or unequally somewhat heart-shaped at the base. Stipules small, cadu-
cous. (The classical Latin name.)
* Flower's appearing nearly sessile : fruit orbicular, not ciliate : leaves very rough above.
1. U. fiklva, Mich. (SLIPPERY or KEJ> ELM.) Buds before expansion
soft-downy with rusty hairs (large) ; leaves ovate-oblong, tapev-noinled, doubly
serrate (4' -8' long, sweet-scented in drying), soft-downy underneath or slightly
396 URTICACFJE. (NETTLE FAMILY.)
rough downwards; branchlcts downy; calyx-lobes and stamens 7-9; fruit
(§'-|' wide) with the cell pubescent. — Along streams, common from W. New
England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. March, April. — A small or middle-
sized tree, with tough reddish wood, and a very mucilaginous inner bark.
* * Flowers on slender drooping peduncles or pedicels, which are jointed above the
middle : fruit ovate or oval, fringed-ciliate : leaves smooth and glabrous above, or
nearly so.
2. IT. Americana, L. (pi. Clayt.), Willd. (AMERICAN or WHITE
ELM.) Buds and branchlets glabrous; branches not corky; leaves obovate-oblong
or oval, abruptly pointed, sharply and often doubly serrate (2' -4' long), soft-
pubescent beneath, or soon glabrous; flowers in close fascicles ; calyx with 7-9
roundish lobes ; fruit glabrous except the margins (£' long), its sharp points in-
curved and closing the notch. — Moist woods, especially along rivers, in rich
soil ; common. April. — A large and well-known ornamental tree, with spread-
ing branches and drooping branchlets.
3. IT. racemosa, Thomas. (CORKY WHITE ELM.) Bud-scales downy-
ciliate, and somewhat pubescent, as are the young branchlets ; branches often with
corky ridges; leaves nearly as in the last; flowers racemed; fruit much as in the
last, but rather larger. — River-banks, W. New England, New York, and Mich-
igan. April. — Wood tougher and finer-grained than in the last.
4. IT. alstta, Michx. (WINGED ELM. WHAHOO.) Bud-scales and
branchlets nearly glabrous ; branches corky-winged, at least some of them ; leaves
ovate-oblong and oblong-lanceolate, acute, thickish, small (l'-2£; long), seldom
oblique ; calyx-lobes obovate ; fruit downy on the face, at least when young. —
Virginia, Illinois, and southward. March. — Wood fine-grained, valuable.
U. CAMPESTRIS, L., the ENGLISH ELM, was early introduced near Boston,
&c.
2. PL.ANERA, Gmel. PLANER-TREE.
Flowers monoeciously polygamous. Calyx 4 - 5-clcft. Stamens 4-5. Ovary
ovoid, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, crowned with 2 spreading styles which are stigmatose
down the inner side, in fruit becoming coriaceous and nut-like, not winged.
Albumen none : embryo straight. — Trees with small leaves, like those of Elms,
the flowers appearing with them, in small axillary clusters. (Named for J. J.
Planer, a German botanist.)
1. P. aqilcitica, Gmel. Nearly glabrous; leaves ovate-oblong, small;
fruit stalked in the calyx, beset with irregular rough projections. — Wet banks,
Kentucky (Michx.) and southward. April.
3. C^JLTIS, Toura. NETTLE-TREE. HACKBERRY.
Flowers monoeciously polygamous. Calyx 5-6-parted, persistent. Stamens
5-6. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended ovule: stigmas 2, long and
pointed, recurved. Fruit a globular drupe. Embryo curved, nearly enclosing
a little gelatinous albumen : cotyledons folded and crumpled. — Leaves pointed,
petiolcd. Stipules caducous. Flowers greenish, axillary, the fertile solitary or
URTICACE^;. (NETTLE FAMILY.) 397
in pairs, ped traded, appearing with the leaves; the lower usually staminate
only, in little fascicles or racemose along the base of the branches of the season.
(An ancient Greek name for the Lotus ; the fruit of the European Nettle-tree
is supposed to have been the food of the Lotophayi.)
1. C. occidentiilis, L. (SUGARBERRY. HACKBERRY.) Leaves retic-
ulated, ovate, cordate-ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, usually con-
spicuously and sharply so, more or less oblique at the base, glabrous, sharply
serrate, sometimes sparingly so, or soft-pubescent beneath, at least when young ;
fruit on a peduncle from once to twice the length of the petiole, reddish or yel-
lowish, turning dark purple at maturity, its peduncle once or twice the length
of tie petiole. (Also C. Audibertiana, Spach., &c.) — Woods and river-banks,
S. New England to Wisconsin and southward. April, May. — A small or
middle-sized tree, with the aspect of an Elm, with sweet and edible fruits as
large as bird-cherries, at first obovate, ripe in autumn ; the flesh thin. — Var.
PUMILA. Low and straggling (4° -10° high) ; leaves thin when mature, and
smooth, slightly acuminate. (C. pumila, Pursh.) River-banks, on rocks, from
Maryland southward. — Var. CRASSirdLiA. A tall or low tree; leaves thick-
er, usually serrate all round, and with a long tapering point, dull above, pale
beneath. (C. crassifolia, Lam.) — Common southward and westward. — All
plainly of one species.
2. C. JTIiSSiSSippicnsiS, Bosc. Leaves entire, very long taper-pointed,
rounded at the base, mostly oblique, thin, and smooth; fruit small. (C. inte-
grifolia, Nutt.) — W. Kentucky (and Illinois?) and south westward. — Even this
probably runs into the last.
SUBORDER II. ARTOCARPE^E. BREAD-FRUIT & FIG FAMILY.
4. HI OR US, Tourn. MULBERRY.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious ; the two kinds in separate axillary catkin-
like spikes. Calyx 4-parted, the sepals ovate. Stamens 4 : filaments elastically
expanding. Ovary 2-celled, one of the cells smaller and disappearing : styles
2, thread-form, stigmatic down the inside. Achenium ovate, compressed, cov-
ered by the succulent berry-like calyx, the whole fertile spike thus becoming a
thickened oblong and juicy (edible) aggregate fruit. — Trees with milky juice
and rounded leaves : sterile spikes rather slender. (Mops a, the ancient name.)
1. M. rubra., L. (RED MULBERRY.) Leaves heart-ovate, serrate, rough
above, downy underneath, pointed (on young shoots often variously lobcd) ; flow-
ers frequently dioecious ; fruit dark purple. — Rich woods, New England to Illi-
nois and southward. May. — A small tree, ripening its sweetish blackberry-
like fruit in July.
2. UI. ALBA, L. (WHITE MULBERRY.) Leaves obliquely heart -ovate,
acute, serrate, sometimes lobed, smooth and shining ; fruit whitish. — Spontaneoua
near houses : introduced for feeding silk- worms. (Adv. from Eu.)
M. NIGRA, L., the BLACK MULBERRY of Europe, is also occasionally cul-
tivated.
398 URTICACEJE. (NETTLE FAMILY.)
BROUSSONETIA rAPYRfFERA, Vent., the PAPER MULBERRY of Japan, is
often cultivated as a shade tree.
]MACL£JRA AURANTIACA, Nutt., the OSAGE ORANGE, or BOW-WOOD of
Arkansas, is sparingly cultivated for hedges.
SUBORDER III. URTICE^E. THE TRUE NETTLE FAMILY.
5. URTICA, Toura. NETTLE.
Flowers monoecious, or rarely dioecious, in panicled racemes or spikes, or
close clusters. Ster. Fl. Sepals 4. Stamens 4, inserted around the cup-shaped
rudiment of a pistil. Fert. FL Sepals 4, in pairs; the 2 outer much smaller,
comewhat keeled, spreading; the 2 inner flat or concave, in fruit memlmina-
ceous and enclosing the straight and erect ovate flattened aehenium. Stigma
sessile, capitate and pencil-tufted. — Herbs armed with stinging hairs. Leaves
opposite. Flowers greenish. (The classical Latin name ; from uro, to burn.)
* Flowers in branching panicled spikes, often dioecious.
1. U. gr&cilis, Ait. (TALL WILD NETTLE.) Sparingly bristly, tlenAet
(2° -6° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, 3-5-nerved from the
rounded or scarcely heart-shaped base, almost glabrous, the elowjal<d }><>/<>/>* sjmr-
inyly bristly ; spikes slender and loosely panicled. 1J. (U. proeera, Wilhl.) —
Fence-rows and moist ground ; common, especially northward. July. — Total-
ly distinct from the next, with slenderer and longer-pctioled leaves, smaller flow-
ers, and scarcely any stinging hairs except on the petioles and sparingly on the
principal veins.
2. U. DiolcA, L. (GREAT STINGING-NETTLE.) Very bristly and stint/ing
(2° -3° high) ; leaves ovate, heart-shaped, pointed, very deeply serrate, downy >//,•••/<•/•-
neath as well as the upper part of the stem; spikes much branched. 1J. — Waste
places, and road-sides, chiefly eastward. June -Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)
* * Flowers in simple capitate clusters, on peduncles shorter than the slender petioles.
3. U. URENS, L. (SMALL STINGING-NETTLE.) Leaves elliptical or orate,
very coarsely and deeply serrate with spreading teeth ; jlower-clusters 2 in each
axil, small and loose. © — Waste grounds, near dwellings, eastward: scarce.
Plant 8'- 12' high, sparsely beset with stinging bristles. (Nat. from Eu.)
4. U. plirpursisceiis, Nutt. Leaves ovate and mostly heart-ghaped, the
upper ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate-toothed ; Jlower-clusters globular, 1 - 2 in
each axil, and spiked at the summit. ® ? — Alluvial soil, in shade ; Kentucky
and southward. — Stem slender, £° - 3° high, beset with scattered stinging bris-
tles, as an? the petioles, &c.
6. L.APORTEA, 'Gaudich. WOOD NETTLE.
Flowers monoecious or sometimes dioecious, rn loose cynics ; the upper widely
spreading and chiefly or entirely fertile; the lower mostly sterile. >7<r. /•'/.
Sepals and stamens 5, with a hemispherical rudiment of an ovary. /•'./•/. /•'/.
Calyx of 4 sepals, the two outer or one of them minute; the two inner much
UKTICACE^E. (NETTLE FAMILY.) 399
larger. Stigma elongated awl-shaped, hairy down one side. Achcnium ovate,
flat, extremely oblique, reflcxed on the winged or margined pedicel, nearly
naked. — Perennial herbs, with stinging hairs and large alternate serrate leaves.
(Named for M. Laporte.}
1. .L. Cauad£nsis, Gaudich. Leaves ovate, pointed, strongly feather-
veined (3' -7' long), long-petioled ; fertile cymes divergent. (U. Canadensis
and U. divaricata, L.) — Moist rich woods ; common. — Stem 2° - 5° high.
7. PIJLEA, Lindl. RICHWEED. CLEARWEED.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious, clustered in axillary cymes. Ster. Fl. Se-
pals and stamens 3 -4. Pert. FL Sepals 3, oblong, more or less unequal:
a rudiment of a stamen commonly before each in the form of a hooded scale.
Stigma sessile, pencil-tufted. Achenium ovate, compressed, straight and erect,
partly or nearly naked. — Stingless, mostly glabrous and low herbs, with oppo-
site somewhat 3-nerved leaves and united stipules ; the staminate flowers on
jointed pedicels, often mixed with the fertile. (Named from the shape of the
larger sepal of the fertile flower in the original species, like the pileus, or felt
cap, of the Komans, which partly covers the achenium. In our species the
three sepals are nearly equal, small, and not hooded.)
1. P. pumila. (KiciiwEED. CLEARWEED.) Low (3'- 18' high);
stems smooth and shining, pellucid ; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, pointed ;
clusters much shorter than the petioles ; sepals of the fertile flowers lanceolate,
scarcely unequal. (i) (Dubrueilia, Gaud. Adice, Raf.} — Cool and moist
shaded places ; common. July -Sept.
8. BCEHMERIA, Jacq. FALSE NETTLE.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious; the sterile much as in Urtica ; the fertile
with a tubular or urn-shaped entire or 2-4-toothed calyx enclosing the ovary.
Style elongated awl-shaped, stigmatic and hairy down one side. Achenium
elliptical, closely invested by the dry or somewhat fleshy persistent compressed
calyx. — Hairs not stinging. (Named after G, R. Bohmer, Prof, at Witten-
berg in the last century.)
1. B. cylindrica, Willd. Smoothish ; stem (l°-3° high) simple;
leaves chiefly opposite, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, 3-
nervcd, long-petioled ; flowers dioecious, or the two kinds intermixed, the small
clusters densely aggregated in simple and elongated axillary spikes, the sterile
interrupted, the fertile often continuous. 1J. — A state with alternate leaves is
B, lateriflora, Mahl. — Moist thickets, &c. ; common. July -Sept.
9. PARIETAI1IA, Tourn. PELLITORY.
Flowers monceciously polygamous ; the staminate, pistillate, and perfect in-
termixed in the same involucrate-bractcd cymose axillary clusters ; the sterile
much as in the last; the fertile with a tubular or nell-shaped 4-lobed and nerved
calyx, woolly inside, and enclosing the ovaiy and adherent to the ovoid ache-
400 PLATANACE2E. (PLANE-TREE FAMILY.)
mum. Stigma pencil-tufted. — Small homely herbs, chiefly with alternate
leaves; not stinging. (Name from paries, a wall; from the places where the
European species often grow.)
1. P. Pennsylvania, Muhl. (AMERICAN PELLITORY.) Low, an-
nual, simple or sparingly branched, minutely downy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
very thin, veiny, roughish with opaque dots ; flowers shorter than the leaves of
the involucre ; stigma sessile. — Shaded rocky banks, Vermont to Wisconsin
and southward. June - Aug.
SUBORDER IV. CANNABiNE^E. THE HEMP FAMILY.
10. CAN NAB IS, Toura. HEMP.
Flowers dioecious ; the sterile in axillary compound racemes or panicles, with
5 sepals and 5 drooping stamens. Fertile flowers spiked-clustered, 1-bracted :
the calyx of a single sepal swollen at the base and folded round the ovary.
Embryo simply curved. — A tall roughish annual, with digitate leaves of 5-7
linear-lanceolate coarsely toothed leaflets, the upper alternate ; the inner bark of
very tough- fibres. (The ancient name, of obscure etymology.)
1. C. SATlvA, L. — Waste places, escaped from cultivation. (Adv. from
Eu.)
11. HtlUHJL,US, L. HOP.
Flowers dioecious ; the sterile in loose axillary panicles, with 5 sepals and 5
erect stamens. Fertile flowers in short axillary and solitary spikes or catkins :
bracts foliaceous, imbricated, each 2-flowered, in fruit forming a sort of membra-
naceous strobile. Calyx of one sepal, embracing the ovary. Achenia invested
with the enlarged scale-like calyx. Embryo coiled in a flat spiral. — A rough
perennial twining herb, with mostly opposite heart-shaped and 3 - 5-lobed leaves,
and persistent ovate stipules between the petioles. Calyx-scales in fruit covered
with orange-colored resinous grains, in which the peculiar bitterness and aroma
of the hop reside. (Name thought to be a diminutive of humus, moist earth,
from the alluvial soil where the Hop spontaneously grows.)
1. H. Lupulus, L. — Banks of streams; not rare, especially westward.
July. (Eu.)
ORDER 105. PLATANACE^G. (PLANE-TREE FAMILY.)
Trees, with watery juice, alternate palmately-lobed leaves, sheathnxj xtijniles,
and moncecious flowers in separate and naked spherical heads, t/< x/ifnte of
calyx or corolla; the fruit club-shaped 1-seeded nutlets, furnished with bristly
down along the base : consists only of the genus
1. PIjATANUS, L. PLANE-TREE. BUTTONWOOD.
Sterile flowers of numerous stamens with club-shaped little scales intermixed
filaments very short. Fertile flowers in separate catkins, consisting of inversely
JUGLANDACE^E. (WALNUT FAMILY.) 401
pyramidal ovaries mixed with little scales. Style rather lateral, awl-shaped, or
thread-like, simple. Nutlets coriaceous, small, tawny-hairy below, containing a
single orthotropous pendulous seed. Embryo in the axis of thin albumen.
(The ancient name, from TrXarvs, broad, in allusion to the ample shade of its
foliage.)
1. P. occideiitalis, L. (AMERICAN PLANE or SYCAMORE.) Leaves
angularly sinuate-lobed or toothed, the short lobes sharp-pointed ; fertile heads
solitary, suspended on a long peduncle. — Alluvial river-banks; very common,
especially westward. May. — A very large and well-known tree, with a white
bark separating early in thin brittle plates.
ORDER 106. JUGLANDACE^E. (WALNUT FAMILY.)
Trees, with alternate pinnate leaves, without stipules ; the sterile flowers in
catkins (aments) with an irregular calyx ; the fertile solitary or in small clus-
ters, with a regular 3 - 5-lobed calyx adherent to the incompletely 2 — ^-celled
but only l-ovuled ovary. Fruit a kind of dry drupe, with a bony endocarp
(nut-shelV), containing a large 4-lobed orthotropous seed. Albumen none.
Cotyledons fleshy and oily, sinuous, 2-lobed : radicle short, superior. Pet-
als sometimes present in the fertile flowers. — A small family of important
trees, consisting chiefly of the two following genera.
1. jtlGL,ANS, L. WALNUT.
Sterile flowers in long and simple lateral catkins ; the calyx adherent to the
entire bracts or scales, unequally 3 - 6-cleft. Stamens 8 - 40 : filaments very
short. Fertile flowers solitary or several together on a peduncle at the end of
the branches, with a 4-toothed calyx, bearing 4 small petals at the sinuses.
Styles 2, very short : stigmas 2, somewhat club-shaped and fringed. Fruit with
a fibrous-fleshy indehiscent epicarp, and a mostly rough irregularly furrowed
endocarp or nut-shell. — Trees with strong-scented or resinous-aromatic bark,
&c., nearly naked buds (3 or 4 superposed, and the uppermost far above the
axil), and odd-pinnate leaves of many serrate leaflets. Pith in plates. (Name
contracted from Jovis glans, the nut of Jupiter.)
1. J. cinerea, L. (BUTTERNUT.) Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, pointed,
rounded at the base, downy, especially underneath, the petioles and branchlets
downy with clammy hairs ; fruit oblong, clammy, pointed, the nut deeply sculptured
and rough with ragged ridges. — Rich woods ; common. May : fruit ripe in
Sept. — Tree 30° - 50° high, with gray bark and widely spreading branches ;
wood lighter-colored than in the next.
2. J. iiigra, L. (BLACK WALNUT.) Leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-
pointed, somewhat heart-shaped or unequal at the base, smooth above, the lower
surface and the petioles minutely downy ; fruit spherical, roughly dotted, the nut
corrugated. — Rich woods; rare in the Eastern, very common in the Western
States. May : fruit ripe in Oct. — A large and handsome tree, with brown bark,
and valuable purplish-brown wood turning blackish with age. Seed sweet, more
34*
402 JUGLANDACE^l. (WALKUT FAMILY.;
pleasant-tasted and less oily than the butternut, but greatly inferior to the Euro-
pean walnut (J. REGIA).
2. CARYA, Nutt. HICKORY.
Sterile flowers in slender lateral catkins which are mostly in threes on a com-
mon peduncle: calyx naked, unequally 3-partcd. Stamens 3-8: filaments
nearly wanting. Fertile flowers 2-3 together at the end of the branches, with
a 4-toothcd calyx: petals none Stigma large, 4-lobed. Fruit globular, with a
rather fleshy and at length leathery epicarp or husk, which splits into 4 valves,
and falls away when ripe from the smooth and slightly 4-G-angled incompletely
4-celled endocarp or nut-shell. — Trees with hard and very tough wood, and
odd-pinnate leaves of 5-9 leaflets; the two sorts of flowers from the same >ca!y
buds with these, the sterile aments borne below the leaves. Pith continuous.
(Kapua, an ancient name of the Walnut.) All flower in May, and shed their
nuts in October.
# Seed edible and delicious : husk of the fruit completely 4-valved (falling away in 4
separate pieces at Maturity).
•+- Fruit and nut elongated-oblong ; the husk thin : bark of the trunk not shaggy.
1. C. Olivecftirillis, Nutt. (PECAN-NUT.) Nearly smooth ; leaflets
13-15, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, somewhat falcate; nut olive-shaped, with a
thin shell. — River-bottoms, from Illinois southward. — A large tree; its de-
licious nuts well-known.
•*- •*- Fruit globular, its husk very thick : bark of old trunk shaggy, exfoliating in
strips or plates : buds large and very scaly.
2. C. alba, Nutt. (SHELL-BARK or SHAG-BARK HICKORY.) Leaflets 5,
minutely downy underneath, finely serrate, the 3 upper obovate-lanceolate, the
lower pair much smaller and oblong-lanceolate, all taper-pointed;/;-////^/
globular; nut somewhat flattened, nearly pointless, with a rather thin whitish shell
and a large kernel. — Rich moist woods ; common. A tall and handsome live,
the old trunks very rough-barked : wood most valuable as timber, and for fuel ;
while the fruit furnishes the principal hickory-nuts of the market.
3. C. Slllcata, Nutt. (THICK SHELL-BARK HICKORY.) Leaflets 7-9,
obovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, downy underneath ; fruit oral, 4-rtl>l>«l abuce
the middle with intervening furrows ; nut strongly pointed, slightly flattened, with a
thick yellowish shell. — Rich woods, Penn. to Illinois and Kentucky. — Nuts
nearly as sweet as in the last, Heart-wood light-colored,
#• * Seed sweetish, but small: valves of the husk not separating to the base : nut hard-
shelled : Itark not shaggy.
4. C. toiueiltosa, Nutt. (MOCKEU-NUT. WHITE-HEART HICKORY.)
Leaflets 7-9, oblong- or obovate-lanceolate, slightly serrate, roughish-dtnoity un-
derneath as well as the petiole ; catkins hairy ; fruit globular or ovoid, irith a thick
and hard hunk, which splits almost to the base; nut somewhat G-angled, the .«.•/«//
very thick and hard (light brown). Dry woods ; common, especially southward
and westward. — A tall tree with resinous-scented foliage, and cracked bark on
the larger trunks; the wood celebrated for its excellence as fuel. The small
CUPULIFER.fi. (OAK FAMILY.) 403
. kernel is difficult of extraction from the thick and bony nut. — A var. MAXIMA.,
Nutt., bears fruit " as large as an apple," with an exceedingly thick husk.
5. C. microcarpa, Nutt. (SMALL-FRUITED HICKORY.) Leaflets 5-
7, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, glandular underneath (not downy); catkins smooth ;
fruit roundish-ovoid, with a thin husk : nut slightly 4-anglcd, the shell rather thin.
— Moist woodlands, Penn. (N. England?) and southwestward. — Fruit only £'
in diameter, shaped like that of the last; the foliage much as in the next.
6. C. gl^bra, Torr. (PIG-NUT or BIIOOM HICKORY.) Leaflets 5-7,
ovate-lanceolate, serrate, smooth or nearly so ; fruit pear-shaped or roundish-obovate,
thin, splitting about half-way down into 4 coriaceous valves ; nut hard and
tough, with a sweetish or bitterish small kernel. (C. porcina, Nutt.) — Wood-
lands; common. — A large tree, with a close bark, very tough "and valuable
wood, and exceedingly tough sprouts (used as hickory withes) : the fruit and nuts
of variable form. Heart- wood dark-colored.
* * * Seed intensely bitter : husk thin and soft : bark smooth : buds little sea///.
7. C. eisstfsra, Nutt. (BITTER-NUT or SWAMP HICKORY.) Leaflets
7-11, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, smooth ; fruit globular, with ridged or promi-
nent seams opening half-way down ; nut inversely heart-shaped, its shell thin
and fragile. — Wet woods ; common. — A graceful tree; the timber inferior to
the other Hickories. Nut-shell so fragile that it may be crushed with the hand ;
the bitter kernel remarkably corrugated.
ORDER 107. CUPULIFERJE. (OAK FAMILY.)
Trees or shrubs, with alternate and simple straight-veined leaves, deciduous
stipules, and monoecious flowers ; the sterile in catkins (amenti) (or capitate-
clustered in the Beech) ; the fertile solitary or clustered, furnished with an
involucre which forms a cup or covering to the 1-celled l-seeded nut. Ovary
2 - 7-celled, with 1-2 pendulous anatropous ovules in each cell ; but all
the cells and ovules except one disappearing in the fruit. Calyx adherent
to the ovary, the minute teeth crowning its summit. Seed with no albu-
men, filled with the embryo: cotyledons very thick and fleshy: radicle
short, superior.
Synopsis.
* Fertile flowers scattered or few in a cluster.
1. QUERCUS. InTolucre 1-flowered, of many imbricated small scales, forming a cup around
the base of the hard and rounded nut.
2. CASTANEA. Involucre 2 - 3-flowered, forming a prickly bur enclosing 1-3 coriaceous
nuts, opening at length by 4 valves.
3. FACES. Involucre 2-flo\vered, rather prickly, 4-valved, enclosing 2 sharply triangular
nuts. Sterile flowers in capitate clusters.
4. CORYLUS. Involucre 1 - 2-flowered, formed of 2 - 3 confluent scales, which I ecome leafy-
coriaceous, much enlarged and cut or icm at the apex, enclosing a bony nut.
* * Fertile flowers clustered in a kind of ament.
6. CARPINUS. Involucre a separate open leaf, 2-flo\vered. Fruit a small ovoid nut.
OSTRYA, Involucre a bladdery bag, 1-flowered, enclosing the seed-like nut.
404 CUPULIFER.E. (OAK FAMILY.;
1. QUERCUS, L. 'OAK.
Sterile flowers clustered in slender and naked drooping catkins, without bracts :
calyx 6 - 8-parted : stamens 6 -12: anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers scattered
or somewhat clustered, consisting of a 3-cclled and G-ovuled ovary, witli a 3-
lobed stigma, enclosed by a scaly bud-like involucre which becomes an indurated
cup (cupule) around the base of the rounded nut or acorn. Cotyledons remain-
ing underground in germination. — Flowers greenish or yellowish, the fertile
ones inconspicuous. Aments several from the same scaly bud. (The classical
Latin name.) All flower in spring, and shed their nuts in October.
4 1. Fruit ripening the first year, mostly peduncled : leaves not bristly-toothed or pointed.
* Leaves sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid, all pale, whitish, or grayish-downy underneath. —
WHITE OAKS.
1. <fc. macrocurpa, Michx. (BUR-OAK. OVER-CUP or MOSSY-CUP
WHITE-OAK.) Leaves obovate or oblong, lyrately-pinnatifid or deej)/y sinuate-
tubed, irregular, downy or pale beneath ; the lobes sparingly and obtusely toothed,
or the smaller ones entire; cup deep, conspicuously imbricated, of hard and thick
pointed scales, the upper ones awned, so as to make a mossy-fringed border ; acorn
ovoid (!'- l£' long), half immersed in or entirely enclosed by the cup. — Dry woods,
along rivers, &c., W. New England to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southwest-
ward. — A handsome, middle-sized tree. Cup very variable, especially in size,
from f ' to 2' across.
Var. olivrcforillis (Q. olivseformis, Michx.) is plainly a mere state of
this (figured by Michaux with unripe or imperfect fruit), with narrower and
more deeply lobed leaves, and oblong acorns and cups : growing with the ordi-
nary form.
2. <fc. obtiisiloba, Michx. (POST-OAK. ROUGH or Box WHITE-
OAK.) Leaves grayish-downy underneath, pale and rough above, thickish, sinuately
cut into 5-7 roundish divergent lobes, the upper ones much larger and often
1 -3-notched ; cup saucer-shaped, naked, about one third the length of the ovoid acorn.
(Q. stellata, Willd.) — Sandy or sterile soil, from the coast of Massachusetts
and from Wisconsin southward. — A small tree, with very durable wood.
Acorns £' to §' long, nearly sessile.
3. Q. ill ha, L. (WHITE OAK.) Mature leaves smooth, pale or glawvvs
underneath, bright green above, obovate-oblong, obliquely and moderately or deeply
cut into 3-9 oblong or linear and obtuse mostly entire lobes ; cup heinispherical-
saucer-shaped, rough or tnberded at maturity, naked, much shorter than the ovoid or
oblong acorn. — Kich woods ; common. — A well-known and invaluable large tree.
Lobes of the leaves short and broad 3-5, or 5-9 and narrow. Acorn about
1' long ; the kernel sweet and edible.
* * Leaves coarsely sinuate-toothed, but not lol>ed, whitish and more or less doumy be-
neath : cup hoary : acorns sweet-tasted. — CHESTNUT-OAKS.
4. Q. Priims, L. ( SWAMP CHESTNUT-OAK.) Leaves obovate or oltlong-
obovate, coarsely and somewhat uniformly dentate with rounded teeth, downy
beneath, glabrous above; cup hemispherical (either abrupt or with a small top-
shaped base), thick, tubercled when old, nearly half or one third the length of
CUPULIFERJE. (OAK FAMILY.) 405
the ovoid large acorn. — Low, alluvial grounds, &c. ; common from Penn.
southward. — A fine tree; its wobd inferior to the White Oak. — Acorn fully
!•' long; the cup of nearly the same diameter.
Vsiv. inoziticola, Michx. (HOCK CHESTNUT-OAK.) Acorn ovoid-ob-
long, 1 ;}' long. (Q. montana, Willd.) — Apparently only a form of the Swamp
Chestnut-Oak, growing in rocky or hilly woodlands ; W. New England to Ohio
and southward, especially along the Allcghanies. From the different soil, the
timber is more valuable. (Probably belongs to No. 5).
Var. discolor, Michx. ( SWAMP WHITE-OAK.) Leaves unequally and
more deeply sinuate-toothed, often almost sinuate-pinnatifid, whitish-downy beneath,
bright green above ; cup with the scales more pointed, the upper sometimes
awned, and forming a fringed margin; acorns 1' or less long. (Q. bicolor,
Wilid. ) — Low grounds ; common throughout. — A marked variety ; but prob-
ably nothing more.
5. Q. Castunea, Willd. (YELLOW CHESTNUT-OAK.) Leaves oblony>
lane ulale or oblong, acute, hoary-white and minutely downy underneath, equally
and rather sharply toothed; cup hemispherical, thin, of small appressed scales;
acorn ovoid or oblong, small. — Rich woods, W. New England to Wisconsin
and southward. — This has the leaves shaped more like those of the Chestnut
than any other, which, with the small fruit, distinguishes it from the last. Cup
i' across, fine-scaled : acorns §' long. Tree middle-sized.
6. <fc. prisioides, Willd. (CHINQUAPIN or DWARF CHESTNUT-OAK.)
Leaves obovate and lanceolate oblong, coarsely wavy -toothed, downy underneath j
peduncles short or none; cup hemispherical, thin; acorn ovoid, small (about as
large as in No. 5). (Q. Chinquapin, Pursh.) — Sandy soil, New England, and
Albany, New York, to Ohio, Kentucky, and southward. — Shrub 2° - 6° high.
2. Fruit, not maturing until the second year, sessile or nearly so : kernel bitter.
# Leaves evergreen, entire or nearly so, hoary beneath. — LIVE OAKS.
7. <fc. virens, Ait. (LIVE OAK.) Leaves obtuse, coriaceous, oblong or
elliptical, hoary beneath ; cup top-shaped ; acorn oblong. — Coast of Virginia and
southward. Farther south becoming a large and invaluable tree.
8. Q. Cliierea, Michx. (UPLAND WILLOW-OAK.) leaves acute, lance-
oblong, white-downy beneath; cup saucer-shaped ; acorn globular. — Pine barrens,
Virginia and southward. A small tree ; leaves more or less deciduous.
* * Leaves deciduous, entire, narrow. — WILLOW-OAKS.
9. Q. Pliellos, L. ( WILLOW-OAK.) Leaves linear-lanceolate, narrowed
tc both ends, smooth, light green ; cup saucer-shaped ; acorn globular. — Sandy
low woods, Long Island and New Jersey to Kentucky and southward. — Tree
30° -50° high, remarkable for the willow-like leaves, which are 3' -4' long.
Fruit small.
10. <J. inifoiicaria, Michx. (LAUREL or SHINGLE OAK.) Leaves
lanceolate-oblong, mucronate, thickish, smooth and shining above, somewhat doumy
underneath; cup saucer-shaped ; acorn globular. — Barrens and open woodlands,
New Jersey to Wisconsin and southward. — Tree 30° -50° high; the wood
used for shingles in the Western States, whence the name.
400 CUPULIFER.fi. (OAK FAMILY.)
# * # Leaves deciduous, but rather coriaceous, mostly diluted •iipii\ir:h and chscurcly
lobed or entire in the same individual, sonictinies more conspicuous/ 1/ lobed, often more
or less bristle-pointed at the sunn/tit and extremities of some of tin- hinjer veins.
11. <fc. aquutica, Catesby. (WATER-OAK.) Leaves glabrous and shi*-
ing, obomtc-sjiatu/ate or narrotrly tcedc/e-fonn, with a lout/ tapering base, varying to
oblanceolate ; cup saucer-shaped or hemispherical, of fine and close scales, much
shorter than the globular acorn. — Wet grounds, around p >nds, &r., Maryland
to Virginia and southward. — Tree 30° -40° high. Acorn £' long; the cup of
the same width.
12. Q. aiigra, L. (BLACK-JACK or BARREN OAK.) Leaves broadly wedge-
shaped, but mostly rounded or obscurely cordate at the base, iciddy dilated and
somewhat 3-lobed (rarely 5-lobed) at the summit, occasionally with one or two
lateral lobes or teeth, rusty-pubescent beneath, shining above, large (4'- 9' long);
ciip top-shaped, coarse-scaly, covering half of the short ovoid acorn. (Q. fcrru-
ginca, ^[i<:hx.} — Dry sandy barrens, from Long Island, New York, to Illinois,
and southward. — Tree 8° -25° high. Acorn £'-§' long. Leaves occasion-
ally rather deeply lobed, the lobes strongly bristle-pointed. — Under the name
of Q. TRIDENTA.TA, Dr. Engelmann distinguishes a remarkable Oak. apparently
a hybrid between this and Q. imbricaria. — Under this section the following re-
markable forms, by some regarded as species, would be sought, viz. : —
Q. LEANA, Nutt. (LEA'S OAK), of which single trees are known near Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, and Augusta, Illinois (Mead), is probably a hybrid between Q.
imbricaria and Q. tinctoria, or possibly Q. nigra.
Q. HETEROPHYLLA, Michx. (BARTRAM OAK),rediscovered in Del aware, (tc.
— apparently a hybrid between Q. Phellos and Q. tinctoria?
# * * * Leaves deciduous, lobed or pinnatifid, long-pet iohd, the tips of the lobes bris-
tle-pointed.— BLACK and RED OAKS.
H— Mature leaves downy underneath.
13. Q. ilicifolia, Wang. (BEAR or BLACK SCRUB-OAK.) Dirnrf;
leaves ol>ovate, wedye-shaped at the base, angularly about 5-/WW, whitened-ikwny un-
derneath ; cup flattish-top-shaped ; acorn ovoid. — Sandy barrens and rocky lulls,
New England to Ohio and W. Virginia. (Q. Banisteri, Michx.) — A straggling,
crooked shrub, 3° - 8° high. Leaves 2' -4' long, thickish. Acorns barely £'
long.
14. Q. falcata, Michx. (SPANISH OAK.) Learns yrayish-dou-ny under-
neath, obtuse or rounded at the base, 3 - 5-lobed above ; the lobes prolonged, i»ostly
narrow and more or less scythe-slutped, especially the terminal one, entire or spar-
ingly out-toothed ; cup saucer-shaped; acorn spherical or somewhat depressed (£'
long). — Dry or sandy soil, from New Jersey and Illinois southward. — A small
or large tree, extremely Arariable in foliage: a variety with shorter loin* is Q.
triloba, WiUd.
H- -i- Mature leaves glabrous on both sides or nearly so.
•M- Cup conspicuously scaly, more, or I(*s t<>{>-s/«ij><d or contracted at the law : a ecru
one third or nearly half ii/um ;>< <l.
15. Q. tilictorisi, Bartram. (QUERCITRON or BLACK OAK. TELLOW-
BARKED OAK.) Ltaccs more or less runty-pubescent irhcn yon»'j, nearly glabrous
CUPULIFERJL. (OAK FAMILY.) 407
when old, obovate-oblong, slightly or deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, the lobes somewhat
toothed ; acorn nearly spherical or depressed-globular (^' - §' long). — Dry woods •
common. — A large tree, often confounded with the next, especially the varie-
ties with deeper cut leaves ; but these are duller and thicker, more dilated above
the middle, somewhat downy underneath until midsummer, and turning yellow-
ish-brown after frost ; and the inner bark (quercitron of dyers) is very thick and
yellow. Wood reddish, coarse-grained, but valuable.
16. Q. coccieaea, Wang. (SCARLET OAK.) Leaves oval or oblong in
on! line, deeply sinitate-pinnatijid, with broad and open sinuses, and divergent sparing-
ly cut-toothed lobes (3-4 on each side), smooth, bright green and shining both sides,
broad or truncate at the base ; acorn ovoid or globular (£'-!' long). — Rich woods ;
common. — A large tree; the long-petioled shining leaves turning bright scarlet
in autumn : timber and bark less valuable than in the last.
+-+ -M. Cup of fine scales, shalloiv and saucer-shaped, much shorter than the acorn.
17. Cfc, rubra, L. (RED OAK.) Leaves oblong, smooth, pale beneath, sinu-
ate!// cut with rather nairow sinuses into short and entire or sparingly toothed acute
spreading lobes (4-6 on each side) ; acorn ovoid or oblong, turgid (!' long). (Q.
amlrgua, Michx.) — Rocky woods ; common. — A good-sized tree, with reddish
very porous and coarse-grained wood, of little value as timber. Leaves turning
dark red after frost : the sinuses extending scarcely half-way to the midrib.
18. Q. palustris, Du Roi. (SWAMP SPANISH, or PIN OAK.) Leaves
oblong, smooth and shining, bright, green both sides, dwply pinnatifid, with broad and
wiuidid sinuses; the lobes divergent, cut-lobed and toothed, acute; acorn globular
(scarcely ^' long). — Low grounds, along streams, S. New York to Wisconsin.
— A very handsome middle-sized tree, with light and elegant foliage ; the sinuses
of the leaves reaching three fourths of the way to the midrib. The timber is
better than that of the Red Oak.
2. CASTANEA, Tourn. CHESTNUT.
Sterile flowers interruptedly clustered in long and naked cylindrical catkins :
calyx 5-6-purted: stamens 8-15: anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers 2 or 3 to-
gether in an ovoid scaly prickly involucre : calyx with a 5-6-lobed border crown-
ing the 3-7-celled 18-14-ovuled ovary: abortive stamens 5-12 : stigmas bris-
tle-shaped, as many as the cells of the ovary. Nuts coriaceous, ovoid, enclosed
2-3 together or solitary in the hard coriaceous and very prickly 4-valved invo-
lucre. Cotyledons very thick, somewhat plaited, cohering together, remaining
underground in germination. — Leaves strongly straight-veined. Flowers ap-
pearing later than the (undivided) leaves; the catkins axillary near the end of
the branches, cream-color ; the fertile flowers at their base. (The classical name,
from that of a town in Thessaly.)
1. C. v£sca, L. (CHESTNUT.) Leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate
with coarse pointed teeth, smooth and green both sides ; nuts 2 or 3 in each involu-
cre, therefore flattened on one or both sides. — Rocky or hilly woods, Maine to
Michigan and Kentucky; common. June, July. — A large tree, with light
coarser-grained wood The American variety bears smaller and sweeter nuts
than the European. (Eu.)
408 curuLiFER^. (OAK FAMILY.)
2. C. plllllila, Michx. (CHINQUAPIN.) Leaves oblong, acute, serrate
with pointed teeth, whitened-downij underneath ; nut solitary, not flattened. —
Sandy woods, from (Long Island?) S. Penn. and Ohio, southward. June. —
Shrub or tree 6° -20° high. Involucres small, often spiked; the ovoid pointed
nut scarcely half as large as a common chestnut, very sweet.
3. FAGUS, Tourn. BEECH.
Sterile flowers in small heads on drooping peduncles, with deciduous scale-
like bracts: calyx hell-shaped, 5-6-cleft: stamens 8-12: anthers 2-ccUt-d.
Fertile flowers usually in pairs at the apex of a short peduncle, invested by nu-
merous awl-shaped bractlets, the inner grown together at their bases to form the
involucre : calyx-lobes 4-5, awl-shaped : ovary 3-celled with 2 ovules in each
cell: styles 3, thread-like, stigmatic along the inner side. Nuts sharply 3-sided,
usually 2 in each urn-shaped and soft-prickly coriaceous involucre, which splits
to below the middle into 4 valves. Cotyledons thick, folded and somewhat
united; but rising and expanding in germination. Trees with smooth ash-gray
bark, undivided strongly straight-veined leaves, and a light horizontal spray.
Scales of the taper buds formed of scarious stipules. Flowers yellowish, ap-
pearing with the leaves : peduncles axillary at the base of the branehlets. (The
classical name, from (£>dya>, to eat, in allusion to the esculent nuts.)
1. F» fe'rriiffiiiea, Ait. (AMERICAN BEECH.) Leaves oblong-ovate,
taper-pointed, distinctly and often coarsely toothed; petioles and midrib soon
nearly naked ; prickles of the fruit recurved or spreading. (F. ferrugmca and
F. sylvestris, Miclix.f.) — Woods ; common, especially northward, and along the
Alleghanies southward. May. — Leaves longer and less shining than in the
European Beech, most of the silky hairs early deciduous ; the lower surface then
nearly smooth.
4. CORYlitJS, Tourn. HAZEL-NUT. FILBERT.
Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins ; the concave bracts and the
2-cleft calyx combined into 3-lobed scales, to the axis of which the 8 short
filaments irregularly cohere : anthers 1-celled. Fertile flowers several together
in lateral and terminal scaly buds. Ovary 2-cclled with 1 ovule in each : stig-
mas 2, thread-like. Nut bony, ovoid, separately enclosed in a large leafy -coria-
ceous involucre, which is composed of 2 or 3 united bracts tubular at the base,
and lacerated above. — Shrubs flowering in early spring, before the (roundish
unequally serrate) leaves appear. (The classical name, probably from *opvy,
a helmet, from the involucre.)
1. C. America na, Walt. (WiLD HAZEL-NUT.) Leaees-rowxJix!--
s/Kificff, pointed, coarsely serrate ; involucre glandular-downy, irliJt a dilated fattened
bun/if, about twice the length of the globular nut. — Thickets ; common. — Shrub
40 _ go jn',ri, . t]lc young twigs, &.C., downy and glandular-hairy. Nut of fine
flavor, but smaller and thicker-shelled than the European Hsi/.cl-nut.
2. C. rostrata, Ait. (BKAKKD HA/KL-XUT.) /.m/vs orate or omte-ob-
lonf/, sonii-ii'/Kit Imirt-xhnped, pointed, doubly serrate; iimthtcn- mm-h />/••
alx>ve the globular-ovoid nut into a narrow tubular beak, densely bristly. — Banks
MYRICACE^E. (SWEET-GALE FAMILY.) 409
of streams, &c. ; common northward and along the Alleghanies. — Shrub 2°-
5° high, with slender smooth branches.
5. CARPINUS, L. HORNBEAM. IRON-WOOD.
Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of about 12 stamens
in the axil of a simple and entire scale-like bract, destitute of a proper calyx :
filaments very short : anthers 1-celled, bearded at the apex. Fertile flowers
several, spiked in a sort of loose terminal catkin, with small deciduous bracts,
each subtending a pair of flowers, consisting of a 2-celled 2-ovulcd ovary termi-
nated by 2 thread-like stigmas. Nut small, ovoid, ribbed, stalked, each with a
simple, 1-sided, enlarged, open and leaf-like involuprc. — Trees with a smooth
gray bark, slender buds like the Beech, and foliage resembling the Beech or
Birch, appearing later than the flowers. (The ancient Latin name.)
1. C. Americ&tm, Michx. (AMERICAN HORNBEAM. BLUE or WATER
BEECH.) Leaves ovate-oblong, pointed, sharply doubly serrate, nearly smooth;
involucral leaf 3-lobed, halberd-shaped, sparingly cut-toothed on one side. —
Along streams ; common. — Tree 10°- 20° high, with a ridged trunk, and very-
hard whitish wood ; called, indiscriminately with the next, Iron-wood.
6. OS TRY A, Micheli. HOP-HORNBEAM. IRON-WOOD.
Sterile flowers nearly as in Carpinus : filaments irregularly somewhat united.
Fertile flowers numerous in a short terminal catkin, with small deciduous bracts ;
each enclosed in a membranous sac-like involucre which enlarges and forms
a bladdery closed bag in fruit, these imbricated to form a sort of strobile appear-
ing like that of the Hop. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, crowned with the entire and
bearded border of the calyx, forming a small and smooth nut. — Slender trees
with very hard wood, brownish finely furrowed bark, and foliage, £c. nearly as
in the last genus. Flowers appearing with the leaves. (The classical name.)
1. O. Virgiiaica, Willd. (AMERICAN HOP-HORNBEAM. LEVKR-WOOD.)
Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, very sharply doubly sen-ate, downy be-
neath ; buds acute ; involucral sacs bristly-hairy at the base. — Itich woods,
not rare. April, May; the large and handsome oval-oblong hop-like fruit full
grown in Aug. — Tree 20° - 40° high.
ORDER 108. MYRICACE^E. (SWEET-GALE FAMILY.)
Monoecious or dioecious shrubs, with both kinds of flowers in short scaly
catkins, and resinous-dotted often fragrant leaves, — differing from the Birch
Family chiefly by the 1-celled ovary with a single erect orthotropous ovule,
and the drupe-like nut. Involucre none.
1. OTYRICA, L. BAYBERRY. WAX-MYRTLE.
Flowers dioecious : the sterile in oblong or cylindrical, the fertile in ovoid cat-
kins, closely imbricated ; both destitute of calyx and corolla, solitary under a
35
410 BETFLACF-.E. (iilUCII FAMILY.)
scale-like bract and with a pair of bractlcts. Stamens 2-8: filaments some-
what united be-low. Ovary with 3 scales at its base, and 2 thread-like stigmas.
Fruit a small globular nut, studded with resinous grains or wax. (Mvpiicr), the
ancient name of the Tamarisk or some other shrub ; perhaps from /ivpi'£a>,
to perfume.)
1. ITI. Gs\lc, L. ( SWEET GALE.) Leaves wedge-lancrolatc, serrate towards
UK* apex; pale, later than the /lowers ; sterile catkins (-.lonely clustered; nuts in im-
bricated heads, enclosed in the thick pointed ovate scales which coalesce with
its base. — Wet borders of ponds, New England to Virginia in the mountains,
Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. April. — Shrub 3° -5° high. (Eu.)
2. 3?I. ccrifera, L. (BAYBERRY. WAX-MYRTLE.) Leaves oblong-lan-
ceolate, narrowed at the base, entire or wavy-toothed towards the apex, shining
and resinous-doited both sides, somewhat Acceding the flowers ; sterile ratkins sc •<
oblong; scales wedge-shaped at the base; nuts scattered and naked, raorusted
with white wax. — Sandy soil on and near the sea-shore : also on Lake Erie.
May. — Shrub 3° - 8° high, with fragrant leaves : the catkins sessile along the
last year's branches ; the fruits sometimes persistent for 2 or 3 years.
2. COMPT01VIA, Solander. SWEET FERN.
Flowers moncecious; the sterile in cylindrical catkins, with kidney-heart-
shaped pointed scale-like bracts, and 3-6 stamens; the fertile in globular
aments, bur-like : ovary surrounded by 5 or 6 long linear-awl-shaped scales,
persistent around the ovoid-oblong smooth nut : otherwise as in Myrica. —
Leaves linear-lanceolate, pinnatifid with many rounded lobes, thin, appearing
rather later than the flowers. Stipules half heart-shaped. (Named after //<•///;//
Compton, Bishop of London a century ago, a cultivator and patron of botany.)
1. C. asplenifolia, Ait. — Sterile hills, E. New England to Virginia.
Also N. Wisconsin. April, May. — Shrub, l°-2° high, with sweet-scented
fern-like leaves.
ORDER 109. BETULACE^E. (BIRCH FAMILY.)
Monoecious trees or shrubs, ivith both kinds of flowers in scaly catkins, 2 or
3 under each bract, and no involucre to the naked l-cclled and \-seeded often
whirjc.d. nut, which results from a 2-celled and 2-ovuled ovary ; — otherwise
much as in the Oak Family.
1. BE TULA, Tourn. BIRCH.
Sterile flowers 3, and bractlets 2, under each scale or bract of the catkins,
consisting each of a calyx of one scale and 4 stamens attached to its base : fila-
ments very short: anthers 1 -celled. Fertile flowers 3 under each 3-lobed bract,
with no separate bractlets and no calyx, each of a nak«-d ovary with 2 thread-
like stigmas, becoming a broadly winged and scale-like nutlet or small samara.
Seed suspended, anatropous. Cotyledons flatfish, oblong. — Outer bark usually
>le in thin horizontal sheets, that of the branehlets dotted. Twigs and
B1CTULACEJ5. (BIRCH FAMILY.) 411
Ieave3 often spicy-aromatic. Foliage mostly tliin and light. Buds sessile, scaly.
Sterile catkins long and drooping, terminal and lateral, formed in summer, re-
maining naked through the succeeding winter, and expanding their golden
flowers in early spring, preceding the leaves : fertile catkins oblong or cylindri-
cal, lateral, protected by scales through the winter, and developed with the
leaves. (The ancient Latin name.)
* Trees, with the bark of the trunk wJiite externally, separable in thin sheets: petioles
slender : fertile catkins cylindrical, pcdundcd, spreading or drooping.
1. B. £H»a, var. poplllifolia, Spach. (AMERICAN WHITK BIRCH.)
Leaves triangular (deltoid), vert/ taper-pointed, truncate or nearly so at the broad
base, smooth and shining both sides (glandular-dotted when young). (B. populi-
folia, Ait.) — Common on poor soils, Penn. to Maine, near the coast. — A small
and slender, very graceful tree, with chalky-white bark, much less separable
into sheets than the next species ; the very long-pointed leaves on petioles of
fully half their length, tremulous as those of an Aspen. (Eu.)
2. B. papyracea, Ait. (PAPER BIRCH. CANOE BIRCH.) Leaves
ovate, tapcr-jioinlcd, heart-shaped or abrupt (or rarely wedge-shaped) at the base,
smooth above, dull underneath ; lateral lobes of the fruit-bearing bracts short and
rounded. — Woods, New England to Wisconsin, almost entirely nortlnvard, and
extending far north. — A large tree, with fine-grained wood, and very tough
durable bark splitting into paper-like layers. Leaves dark-green above, pale,
glandular-dotted, and a little hairy on the veins underneath, sharply and une-
qually doubly serrate, 3-4 times the length of the petiole. There is a dwarf
mountain variety.
# %• Trees, with reddish-brown or yellowish bark : petioles short : fertile catkins ovoid-
oblong, scarcely pedundtd.
3. B. Bilgra, L. (RIVER or RED BIRCH.) Leaves rhombic-ovate, acutish
at both ends, whitish and (until old) downy underneath; fertile catkins oblong,
somewhat peduncled, woolly ; the bracts with oblong-linear nearly equal lobes.
(B. rubra, Miclix. f.) — Low river-banks, Massachusetts to Illinois and south-
ward.— A rather large tree, with reddish-brown bark and compact light-colored
wood : leaves somewhat Alder-like, glandular-dotted, sharply doubly serrate.
4. B. excelsa, Ait. (YELLOW BIRCH.) Leaves ovate or elliptical, point-
ed, narrowed (but mostly heart-shaped) at the base, smoothish, unequally serrate
with coarse and very sharp teeth ; fruiting catkins ovoid-oblong, slightly hairy ; lobes
of the scales nearly equal, acute, slightly diverging. — Moist woods, New England
to Lake Superior, and northward. — Tree 40° -60° high, with yellowish silvery
bark, thin leaves : twigs less aromatic than in the next ; the wood less valuable.
5. B. l£iita, L. (CHERRY BIRCH. SWEET or BLACK BIRCH.) Leaves
heart-ovate, pointed, sharply and finely doubly serrate, hairy on the veins beneath ;
fruiting cal/cins elliptical, thick, somewhat hairy; lobes of the veiny scales nearly
equal, obtuse, diverging. — Moist rich woods, New England to Ohio and north-
ward, and southward in the mountains. — A rather large tree, with dark chest-
nut-brown bark, reddish bronze-colored on the spray, much like that of the
Garden Cherry, which the leaves also somewhat resemble ; the twigs and foliage
spicy-aromatic : timber rose-colored, fine-grained, valuable for cabinet-work.
412 BETULACE^E. (BIRCH FAMILY.)
* * * Shrubs, with brownish bark and rounded crenatc-toothcd leaves, ; fertile catkins
very short-pedunded.
6. It. pfllllila, L. (Low BIRCH.) Erect or ascending ; leaves obovate or
roundish-elliptical, coarsely crenate-toothed, those of the summer branchlets
downv and nearly orbicular; fruiting catkins cylindrical; the scales more or less
unequally 3-lobed ; fruit broadly witiqed. (B. glandulosa, Miflix.} — Bogs, N.
New England (rare), Penn., Ohio, Wisconsin, and northward. — Shrub 2° -8°
high, with smooth, or sometimes resinous-warty, branchlets ; the growing twigs
ilowny. Leaves thickish, 1'- l£' long, paler or whitish underneath.
7. B. liana, L. (DWARF or ALPINE BIRCH.) Brandies sprcndiiifi or
procumbent ; leaves orbicular, deeply crenate, smooth, reticulated-veiny under-
neath ; fruitiny catkins ob/ona ; the scales nearly equally 3-cleft ;//•//// narron-/i/
winged. — Alpine summits of the mountains of Maine, New Hampshire, and
N. New York, and high northward. — Shrub 10' -24' high, with leaves about £'
wide : varying, in less frigid stations, with the larger leaves twice that size, and
the branchlets often conspicuously warty with resinous dots, when it is B. rotun-
difolia, Spach, and B. Littclliana, Tuckerm. (Eu.)
2. AliIHUS, Tourn. ALDER.
Sterile catkins elongated and drooping, with 5 bractlets and 1 to 3 flowers
under eacli scale, each flower usually with a 4-parted calyx and 4 stamens : fila-
ments very short : anthers 2-celled. Fertile catkins ovoid or oblong ; the fleshy
scales each 2-flowercd, with a calyx of 4 little scales adherent to the scales or
bracts of the catkin, which are thick and woody in fruit, all coherent below, and
persistent. — Shrubs or small trees, with stalked leaf-buds furnished with a sin-
gle scale; the (often racemed or clustered) catkins of both sorts produced at
the close of summer, remaining entirely naked through the winter, and ex-
panding in early spring. (The ancient Latin name.)
§ 1. ALNUS PROPER. — Fruit wingless.
1. A. incaiia, Willd. (SPECKLED or HOARY ALDER.) Leaves broadly
oval or ovate, rounded at, the base, sharply serrate, often coarsely toothed, whitened
and most.li/ downy underneath ; stipules oblong-lanceolate ; fertile catkins oval ;
fruit orbicular. (A. glauca, Michx.) — Shrub 8° -20°. high, forming thickets
along streams; the common Alder northward from New England to Wisconsin.
— Var. GLATJCA has the leaves pale, but when old quite smooth, beneath. (Ku.)
2. A. serritlata, Ait. (SMOOTH ALDER.) /,f/m.s obnmtr, ami,- nt the
Ixise, sharply serrate with minute teeth, thickish, smooth ami </r«<n both .s/VA-s, a lit-
tle hairy on the veins beneath; stipules oval; fertile catkins ovoid-oblong; fruit
ovate. — Shrub 6° -12° high, in similar situations; the common Alder from
Southern New England to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward.
§ 2. ALNASTER, Spach. — Fruit with a wiw/«l marnin : sti rile Jlmn.rs with a
calyx of a single scale, much as in Birch.
3. A. viridis, DC. (GREEN or MOUNTAIN ALDER.) Leaves round-
oval or ovate, sometimes heart-shaped, glutinous and smooth or softly downy
underneath, serrate with very sharp and closely set teeth, on young shoots often
SALICACE.E. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 413
somewhat cut-toothed ; fertile catkins long-stalked, ovoid. (A. undulata, Willd.
Betula crispa, Michx.) — On mountains and along streams which descend from
them, N. New England and New York, shore of L. Superior, and northward.
Shrub 3° - 8° high. (Eu.)
ORDER 110. SALICACE^. (WILLOW FAMILY.)*
Dioecious trees or shrubs, wiUi both kinds of flowers in eat/bin*, one under
each bract, entirely destitute of calyx or corolla; the fruit a l-celled and 2-
valved pod, containing numerous seeds clothed with a long silky down. —
Ovary l-celled or imperfectly 2-celled: styles 2, very short, or more or
less united, each with a 2-lobed stigma. Seeds ascending, anatropous, with-
out albumen. Cotyledons flattened. — Leaves alternate, undivided, with
scale-like and deciduous, or else leaf-like and persistent, stipules. Wood
soil and light : bark bitter.
1. S All IX, Tourn. WILLOW. OSIER.
Bracts (scales) of the catkins entire. Sterile flowers of 2-G (rarely single)
stamens, accompanied by 1 or 2 little glands. Fertile flowers also with a small
flat gland at the base of the ovary on the inner side : stigmas short. — Trees or
shrubs, generally growing along streams, with round flexible branches and large
tough roots. Leaves mostly long and pointed, entire or glandularly toothed.
Buds covered by a single scale, with an inner adherent membrane (separating
in § 2). Catkins appearing before or with the leaves. (The classical name,
said to be derived from the Celtic sal, near, and Us, water.)
$ 1. Catkins lateral and sessile, appearing before the leaves in Ajvril or Mai/ : stamens
2 : scales dark red or brown becoming black, more or less hair//, persistent.
# Ovary stalked, downy, hairy, or woolly.
•*- Catkins ovoid or short-cylindrical, small : leaves entire or obscurely wavy-toothed,
hairy or woolly, with prominent veins and more or less revolnte margins. — Shrul>s.
1. S. Candida, Willd. (HOARY WILLOW.) Leaves narrowly lanceo-
late, taper-pointed, or the lowest obtuse, the upper surface and young branches
covereil with a thin wefi-like wool more white and dense beneath ; stipules small, lanceo-
late, toothed, about the length of the petioles ; catkins oblong-cylindrical, closely
flowered ; ovary densely woolly ; style distinct ; stigmas 2-cleft ; scales oblong,
obtuse. (S. incana, Miclix., not of Schrank.) — New York and New Jersey to
Wisconsin, and northward ; in bogs. — Stems 2° - 5° high, with reddish twigs,
smooth and shining at maturity. The whole shrub of a very white aspect in
exposed situations, but greener in shade.
2. S. tristls, Ait. (DWARF GRAY WILLOW.) Leaves almost sessile,
wedge-lanceolate, pointed, or the lower obtuse, grayish-woolly on both sides, the
* I am indebted to JOHN CARET, Esq., for the entire elaboration of this difficult family. (In
this second edition I have merely made slight additions respecting the range of some species j
and have reduced the Balm of Gilead to a variety of Populus balsamifera.)
35=*
414 SALICACE^E. (BILLOW FAMILY.)
upper side becoming nearly smooth at maturity ; stipules minute, hair?/, very early
deciduous ; catkins globular when young, loosely -flowered ; ovary with a long tapering
beak, clothed with silvery hairs; style short; stigmas '2-lobed. — New England to
Wisconsin, and southward. — Shrub l°-l£° high, much branched: leaves
thick, 1^' long. Stipules seldom seen, often reduced to a mere gland. A vari-
ety occurs with very small and rigid contorted leaves.
3. S. llllllliliS, Marshall. (Low BUSH WILLOW.) Leaves petioled, lan-
ceolate or obovatc-lanceolate, acute or obtuse with an abrupt point, slightly
downy above, more thickly so, or sometimes grayish-woolly, beneath ; stipules
small, semi-ovate and entire, or larger and lunar with 2-4 teeth, shorter than the peti-
oles; catkins often recurved; ovary hairy; style distinct; stigmas 2-cleft. (S.
Muhlenbcrgiana, Barratt. S. conifera, Muhl.) — Borders of fields and road-
sides; common. — Shrub 3° - 8° high, varying much in size and appearance.
The small forms are at times scarcely distinguishable from No. 2, but the leaves
are longer, less firm in texture, and generally stipulate ; the larger forms, with
leaves 3' -5' long and $'-!' broad, resemble those of the two next species, but
retain more or less down on the under surface at maturity. — The species of this
and the following section often bear cone-like excrescences on the ends of the
branches, formed of closely imbricated leaves, probably occasioned by the punc-
ture of insects.
«- •*- Catkins cylindrical, large, clothed with long glossy hairs : leaves more or less
serrate, smooth and shilling above, glaucous beneath and at length smooth. — Shrubs
or small trees.
4. S. discolor, Muhl. (GLAUCOUS WILLOW.) Leaves lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, acute, irregularly toothed on the sides, entire at the base and
apex ; stipules semilunar, toothed ; catkins erect ; scales very hairy, oblanceolate,
somewliat acute; ovary densely silky. (S. scnsitiva, Barratt ?) — Low meadows
and river-banks ; common. — A large shrub or small tree, 8° -15° high. The
young leaves are commonly obtuse and pubescent, at length becoming smooth
and whitish-glaucous beneath. Stipules in the vigorous shoots equalling the
petiole, more often small and inconspicuous. Young catkins l£' long, glossy,
blackish with the conspicuous scales, elongating in fruit to 2^'.
5. S. criocephala, Michx. (SILKY-HEADED WILLOW.) Leaves ob-
long-oval, acute, rounded or tapering at base, sparingly and irregularly toothed ;
stipules semilunar, toothed ; catkins densely flowered, thickly covered with long shin-
ing hairs ; scales of the sterile ones round-obovate, obtuse; ovary conspicuously stalked,
downy. ( S. prinoides, Pursh ? S. crassa, Barratt.} — Low meadows and swamps.
— Closely resembles the last ; but the aments are more compact and silky, and
the scales rounder.
# # Ovary stalked, silky-gray, shining : catkins ovoid or cylindrical, with a few small
leaf -like bracts at the base : leaves finely and evenly serrate, silky-gray or glaucous
beneath, drying black: stipules varying from linear to semilunar, toothed, very decid-
uous. — Shrubs.
6. S. sericca, Marshall. (SILKY-LEAVED WILLOW.) Leaves lanceolate,
pointed, downy above, grayish underneath with short silky hairs; sterile catkins
small; the fertile narrowly cylindrical, closely flowered ; scales obtuse, round-obo-
SALICACE^E. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 415
vate, as lone; as the stalk of the densely-silky ovoid ovary ; stigma 2-lcbed, nearly
sessile. (S. grisea, Willd.} — Sandy river-banks; not rare. — Shrub 4° -10°
high. Fertile catkins in flower f, at length 1^', long; the ovaries not spreading
or elongating in fruit, thus appearing sessile.
7. S. pct.iolfs.ris, Smith. (PETIOLED WILLOAV.) Leaves lanceolate,
pointed, smooth above, slightly silky beneath when young, at length smooth and glau-
cous ; fertile catkins ovoid-cylindrical, loosely /lowered, scales very hairy, obovate,
scarcely as long as the stalk of the silky tapering ovary; style short but distinct;
stigma 2-cltft. (S. rosmarinifolia, and S. fuscata, Pursh?) — Same situations as
the last, which this shrub resembles in some respects ; but the mature leaves are
not silky beneath, and dry less black : the scales are not so dark, and are clothed
with longer white hair. Sterile catkins like the last ; but the fertile shorter and
broader, the pods (at length merely downy) spreading and showing the stalks.
*= * * Ovary sessile, woolly or silky : catkins bracted at the base : leaves not drying
black. — Small trees.
•»- Filaments united to the top, appearing like a single stamen.
8. S. PURptiREA, L. (PURPLE WILLOW.) Leaves oblanceolate, pointed,
the lower somewhat opposite, smooth, minutely and sparingly toothed ; catkins
cylindrical ; scales round and concave, very black ; stigmas nearly sessile. (S. Lam-
bertiu'ina, Pursh.) — Low grounds. Reco'gnized at once in the sterile plant by
the united filaments giving to the flowers a monandrous appearance. The twigs
are polished, and of an ashy-olive color. (Adv. from Eu.)
•*- H- Filaments separate.
9. S, VIMINALIS, L. (BASKET OSIER.) Leaves linear-lanceolate, very long
and taper-pointed, entire or obscurely crcnate, white and satiny beneath; catkins
cylindrical-ovoid, clothed with long silky hair ; ovary long and narrow ; styles elon-
gated ; stigmas linear, mostly entire. — Wet meadows. — Considered the best species
for basket-work. Leaves 3' -6' long, of a beautiful lustre beneath. — S. Smith-
iuna, Willd., another species of this section, differing principally in the some-
what broader leaves, has also been introduced, and is occasionally met with.
(Adv. from Eu.)
$ 2. Catkins lateral, with 4-5 leafy bracts at the base, appearing with or before the
leaves in May or June : inner membrane of the scales of the flowering buds sepa-
rating from the cartilaginous exterior, sometimes elevated on the apex of the bursting
catkins: ovary stalked, smooth (under a lens minutely granular, ivith occasionally a
few short hairs at the base) : stamens 2 : scales dark or black, hairy, persistent.
10. S. cordiata, Muhl. (HEART-LEAVED WILLOW.) Leaves lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, truncate or heart-shaped at base, taper-pointed, sharply toothed,
smooth, paler beneath ; stipules kidney-shaped or ovate, toothed, ojlen large and
conspicuous, of the length of the (when young downy) petiole, or sometimes
small and almost entire ; catkins appearing with the leaves, leafy at Vase, cylindri-
cal, the fertile elongating in fruit ; ovary lanceolate, tapering to the summit. —
Var. RfoiDA has the leaves large and rigid, with coarser teeth, of which the
lowest are somewhat elongated. (S. rigida, Mnhl. S. Torreyana, Barratt,
which has leaves of a deeper green beneafh, appears to belong here.) — Var.
YRICOIDES has narrower leaves, neither heart-shaped nor truncate at the base,
416 SALICACE^E. (WILLOW FAMILY.)
(S. myricoides, Muhl.) — Inundated banks of rivers and low meadows; com-
mon.— Shrub 2° -6° high: the first var. larger, or a small tree 6° -15° high,
with leaves 4' -6' long. Fruiting catkins 2' -3' in length.
11. S. aiigustiita, Pursh. (NARROW-LEAVED WILLOW.) Leaves lan-
ceolate, acute, tony and tapering to the base, slightly toothed, smooth and scarcely
glaucous beneath ; stipules half-heart-shaped ; catkins large, appearing before the
leaves; ovary tapering into a long style. — New York to Wisconsin and southwe«t-
ward. — Catkins resembling those of No. 4 in size and aspect; but the c varies
are quite smooth and very white.
$ 3. Catkins lateral, with a few leafy bracts at the base, appearing with the leaves in
May or Jane : ovary stalked, silky : stamens 2 : scales persistent.
12. S. rostra ta, Richardson. (LONG-BEAKED WILLOW.) Leaves obhng
or obovate-lanceolate, acute, obscurely toothed, downy abovQ, prominently ciii/nl,
softly hairy and glaucous beneath ; stipules semilunar, toothed ; catkins cylindrical,
the fertile becoming loose in fruit ; pods tapering into a long beak, on stalks longer
than the yellow lanceolate scales. — Borders of woods and meadows, New England
to Penn., Illinois, and northward. — A shrub or small tree, 4° -15° high,
with soft velvety leaves, somewhat variable in form. A transformation of the
anthers into imperfect ovaries is frequently observable in this species, and occa-
sionally in some others.
13. S. pliylicifolia, L. (SMOOTH MOUNTAIN- WILLOW.) Leaves lan-
ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, somewhat pointed, or obtuse at each end, remotely
and minutely repand-toothed, smooth and shining above, glaucous beneath ,• fertile
catkins ovoid ; ovary ovoid-conic, very short-stalked ; style elongated; stalk of (lie
mature pods about twice the length of the gland ; scales black, sparingly clothed wilh
long white hairs. — Moist ravines, on the alpine summits of the White Moun-
tains, New Hampshire, Oakes, Tuckerman, &c. — A low spreading shrub, with
leaves of a coriaceous texture when old. (Eu.)
$ 4. Catkins peditncled (long and loose), borne on the summit of lateral leafy branches
of the season, appearing in May and June : scales greenish-yellow, more or less
hairy, falling before the pods are ripe : filaments slightly united, Jiairy below. —
Shrubs and trees, with the branches very brittle at the base.
# Ovary sessile, smooth : stamens 2.
14. S. ALBA, L. (WHITE WILLOW.) Leaves lanceolate or elliptic-lanceo-
late, pointed, toothed, clothed more or less with white and silky hairs, especially
beneath ; stipules lanceolate ; stigmas nearly sessile, thick and recurved. — Var.
VITELL!NA has yellow or light red branches; leaves shorter and broader. (R
vitcllina, Smith fr Boi-rer. S. Pameachiana, Barratt.} — Var. cacRfrLEA has the
K-;i\ es nearly smooth at maturity, and greatly resembles the next species. (S.
cffirulca, Smith.) — A familiar tree, of rapid growth, attaining a height of 50°-
80°. (Adv. from Eu.)
* # Ovary stalked, smooth : stamens 2-6.
15. §. FRAGILIS, L. (BRITTLE WILLOW.) Leaves lanceolate, taper-pointed,
smooth, glaucous beneath (slightly silky when young), serrate with inflexed teeth -.
Stipules half-heart-shaped ; stamens commonly 2.- Var. DECtoiENS has dark
SALIC A-CE^E. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 417
brov ii buds, and the lowest leaves on the branches broadly obovate, very obtuse.
(8. decipiens, lloffm ) — Var. RUSSELLIANA has the leaves long and bright,
strongly serrate ; the younger ones, and upper branches of the annual shoots,
silky-downy towards autumn; stipules large and taper-pointed. (S. Russell i-
ana, Smith.) — A tall and handsome tree, with smooth polished branches ; culti-
vated for basket-work. (Adv. from Eu.)
16. S. laigra. Marshall. (BLACK WILLOW.) Leaves narroidy lanceolate,
pointed and tapering at each end, serrate, smooth (except on the petioles and
midrib) and green on both sides; stipules small, deciduous; glands of the sterile
flowers 2, large and deeply 2-3 cleft ; stamens 4-6, often but 3 in the upper
scales. (S. amb'gua, Pursh.) — Var. FALCATA has the leaves elongated, scythe-
shapcd, and the stipules large, broadly lunar, reflexed. (S. falcata, Pursh. S.
Purshiana, Spreng. S. ligustrina, Michx. f.) — Tree 15° -25° high, with a
rough black bark ; frequent on the margins of streams, especially southward.
17. S. litcidu, Muhl. (SHINING WILLOW.) Leaves ovate-oblong or Ian-
ceolatk and narrate with a long tapering point, smooth and sldniny on both sides, ser-
rate; stipules oblong, toothed; stamens commonly 5. — Overflowed banks of
streams; rather common. — A beautiful species, sometimes flowering at the
height of 3°, sometimes becoming a small bushy tree of 12° -15°.
S. BABYLONICA, Tourn. (WEEPING WILLOW), belongs to this section, and
is much cultivated for ornament. Only the fertile plant is known in the United
States. — There is also a remarkable variety of it with curled or annular leaves
(S. annulciris, Forbes), known in gardens as the KING-LEAVED or Hoor WIL-
LOW.
* * * Ovary stalked, hairy : stamens 2.
18. S. longifdlm, Muhl. (LONG-LEAVED WILLOW.) Leaves linear-
lanceolate, very long, tapering at each end, nearly sessile, remotely denticulate with
projecting teeth, clothed with gray hairs when young, at length nearly smooth ;
stipules small, lanceolate, toothed ; scaly hairs at the base often glandular-toothed
at the top in the sterile catkins ; gland long, in the sterile flowers sometimes
deeply 2-3-cleft; in the fertile longer than the short stalk of the ovary ; stigmas
very large, sessile. — New England and Penn. to Kentucky and northward. —
Varying in height from 2° - 20° ; the stems and branches often prostrate, root-
ing extensively in sandy river-banks.
§ 5. Catkins pedunded, borne on the lateral (or sometimes the terminal) leafy branches
of the season, appearing in June : stipules deciduous or none : scales persistent. —
Small shrubs, with underground spreading stems, sending up short erect or prostrate
branches.
19. S. pedicellaris, Pursh. (STALK-FRUITED WILLOW.) Leaves
elliptic-obovate, obtuse or somewhat pointed, entire, smooth on both sides, relic-
ula.td>i reined and rather glaucous beneath; fertile catkins loose and few-flow-
ered ; ovary smooth, on a stalk twice the length of the nearly smooth greenish-yellow
scale ; stamens 2. — Cold swamps, New England to Wisconsin and northward.
— An upright shrub, l°-3° high, with leaves 1'- l£; long, somewhat coriaceous
when mature. Catkins |' long : pods reddish-green, veined with purple.
418 SALICACF.^E. (WILLOW FAMILY.)
20 S. TDVa-lTrsi, Pursh. (BEARBERRY WILLOW.) Leaves elliptical
ami pointed, or obovate and obtuse, tapering at the base, slightly toothed, strong-
id, smooth and shining above, rather glaucous beneath ; catkins mostly
lateral, oblong-cylindrical; ovary smooth, stalked ; style distinct; atumcn single;
sw/A.s iilildiiaolate, entire, black, covered with long silky hairs. (S. Cutltri, TucL'i r-
man.) — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and Adi-
rondack Mountains, New York. — A very small, almost prostrate shrub, known
at once by the monandrous flowers. (S. retusa, L., with which this species lias
been confounded, is a plant of the Southern Alps, having the catkins issuing
from the terminal buds, with smooth, notched scales, and two stamens.)
21. S. repeilS, L. (CREEPING WILLOW.) Leaves lanceolate, pointed,
when young obovate and obtuse, irregularly repand-toothed, smooth and
above, covered beneath when young with long and shining deciduous hairs, at maturity
smooth and glaucous; catkins ovoid, short ; ovary densely silky, stalked ; style
very distinct ; stamens 2 - 3 ; gland sometimes double ; scales obovate, obtuse,
clothed with long hairs. (S. fusca, Smith.) —Moist alpine ravines of the White
Mountains, New Hampshire, and high northward. — Whole plant, when young,
of a glossy, satiny lustre ; the leaves at length becoming quite smooth, with a
white and prominent midrib, and slightly elevated veins. (Eu.)
22. S. Iierbacea, L. (HERB-LIKE WILLOW.) Leaves roundish-oval,
heart-shaped, notched at the apex, serrate, smooth and shining, with reticulated
veins ; catkins issuing from the terminal buds, small and few-flowered ; ovary ses-
sile, smooth; scales smooth, ciliate. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains
of New Hampshire, and high northward. — A very small herb-like species, the
stems seldom rising above an inch or two from the ground. (Eu.)
2. POPULOUS, Tourn. POPLAR. ASPEN.
Bracts (scales) of the catkins irregularly cut-lobed at the apex. Flowers from
a cup-shaped disk which is obliquely lengthened in front. Stamens 8 - 30, or
more : filaments distinct. Stigmas elongated. — Trees, with usually broad and
more or less heart-shaped or ovate-toothed leaves, and mostly angular branches.
Buds invested with imbricated scales, covered with resinous varnish. Amcnts
long and drooping, appearing before the leaves. (The ancient name, called
Arbor Populi, because it was used to decorate the public walks, or on account of
the constant agitation of the leaves by every impulse.)
1. P. tremuloides, Michx. (AMERICAN ASPEN.) Leaves ronndish-
henrt-shapcd, with a short sharp point, and tffiuH somewhat regular teeth, smooth on
both sides, with downy margins; scales cut into 3-4 deep linear divisions, fringed
with long hairs. — Woods ; common. — Tree 20° - 50° high, with smooth green-
ish-white bark. SUilk of the leaf long, slender, and laterally compressed, which
accounts for the continual agitation of the foliage by the slightest breeze.
2. P. graildidciltikta, Michx. (LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN.) Leave*
roundish-ovate, with large and irregular sinuate teeth, when young densely covered
with white silky wool, at length smooth both sides; scales cut into 5-0
Ki/i'i/l dirixions, slightly fringed. — Woods, New England to Pcnn.,
and northward. — A rather larger tree than the last, with a sinoothish gray bark.
SALICACEJE. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 419
3. P. lietcropliylla, L. (DOWNY-LEAVED POPLAR.) Branches round ;
leaves heart-shaped or roundish-ovate, obtuse, serrate, white-woolly when young, at
length nearly smooth, except on the elevated veins beneath. — Swamps, W.
New England to Illinois and southward. — Tree 40° -60° high, with large, usu-
ally quite blunt leaves; the sinus, when heart-shaped,. closed by the overlapping
lobes which conceal the insertion of the nearly round leaf-stalk.
4. P. inoaiillfera, Ait. (COTTON-WOOD. NECKLACE POPLAR.)
Young brandies slightly angled, becoming round ; leaves broadly deltoid, with spread-
ing prominent nerves, slujlttly heart-shaped or truncate at the base, taper-pointed, ser-
rate with cartilaginous and incurved slightly hairy teeth ; fertile catkins very
long ; scales lacerate- fringed, not hairy ; stigmas nearly sessile, toothed, dilated
and very large. — Margins of lakes 'and streams, New England to Illinois and
southward, especially westward. — A large tree, 80° high or upwards ; the vig-
orous brandies decidedly angled, bearing large leaves ; the more stunted being
round, with smaller foliage. (P. Canadensis, Michx, f. P. Isevigata, Willd.)
5. P. aiigulala, Ait. (ANGLED COTTOX-WOOD.) Branches acutely
angular or winged ; leaves broadly deltoid or heart-ovate, smooth, crenate-serrate, or
nth obtuse cartilaginous teeth. — Low grounds, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin
and southward. — Tree large as the last, and like it bearing very large and heart-
shaped leaves (7' -8' in length and breadth) on young plants and suckers: on
full-grown trees only one fourth of that size, and commonly without the sinus.
6. P. I>*i3sam;fera, L. (BALSAM POPLAR. TACAMAHAC.) Branches
round ; leaves orate, gradually tapering and pointed, finely serrate, smooth on both
sides, whitish and reticulately veined beneath ; scales dilated, slightly hairy ; sta-
mens very numerous. — N. New England to Wisconsin, and northward. — A
tall tree, growing on the borders of rivers and swamps : its large buds varnished
with a fragrant resinous matter.
Var. c&lldicans. (BALM OF GILEAD.) Leaves broader and more or less
heart-shaped, pointed, serrate, whitish and reticulate-veined beneath ; petiole
commonly hairy. (P. candicans, Ait.) — N. New England to Wisconsin and
Kentucky : rare in a wild state, but common in cultivation.
P. NIGRA, L., was admitted by the elder Michaux into his Flora, without any
mention of its locality. It was afterwards published by his son, under the name
of P. Hudsonica : he, however, found it " only on the banks of the Hudson
Kiver, above Albany." Lastly, it was described as P. betulifolia by Pursh, who
further added as its station, " about Lake Ontario." The tree was probably an
introduced form of the European P. nigra, and was latterly so considered by
the younger Michaux himself. A few of these trees are still found in the neigh-
borhood of Hoboken, New Jersey.
P. DILAT\TA, Ait., the well-known pyramidal LOMBARD Y POPLAR, has
been extensively introduced as an ornamental tree, and is found in the vicinity
of all old settlements.
P. ALBA, L., the ABELE or WHITE POPLAR of the Old World, is occasion-
ally planted, when it spreads widely by the root, and becomes more commoa
than is desirable.
420 CONIFERJE. (PINE FAMILY.)
Subclass II. GYMNOSPERIVLE.
Pistil represented by an open scale or leaf, or entirely wanting;
the ovules and seeds therefore naked (without a pericarp), and fer-
tilized by the direct application of the pollen. Cotyledons often
more than two.
ORDER 111. CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.)
Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, mostly with awl-shaped or needle-
shaped entire leaves, and monoecious or dioecious flowers in cufkhix. tlextifnte
of calyx or corolla. Ovules orthotropous. Embryo in the axis of the al-
bumen, nearly its length. (Wood destitute of ducts, composed chiefly of
a homogeneous large woody fibre which is marked with circular disks on
two sides.) An important and rather large Order ; comprising the three
following Suborders : —
SUBORDER I. ABIETINE^. THE PROPER PINE FAMILY.
Fertile flowers in catkins, consisting of open imbricated carpels in the
form of scales in the axil of a bract ; in fruit forming a strobile or cone.
Ovules 2, adherent to the base of each carpellary scale, their orifice turned
downward. Buds scaly.
1. PINUS. Leaves 2-5 in a cluster from the axil of a scale-like primary leaf, persistent.
2. ABIES. Leaves all scattered on the branches and alike, persistent
8. LARIX. Leaves many in a cluster, the primary ones similar, deciduous.
SUBORDER IT. CUPHESSINE/E. THE CYPRESS FAMILY.
Fertile flowers consisting of few carpellary scales, without bracts, bear-
ing single or several erect ovules on their base (the orifice upward), form-
ing a closed strobile or a sort of drupe in fruit. Buds naked.
* Flowers monoecious. Strobile dry, opening at maturity.
4. TIIUJA. Fruit of few imbricated oblong scales. Ovules 2. Leaves scale-like, closely im-
bricated on the flattened branches.
6. CUPRESSUS. Fruit of several shield-form thickened scales united in a globular woody
coue. Speeds 2 or more on the stalk of each scale. Leaves scale-like or awl-shajiod.
6 TAXODIUM Fruit of several thickened aud rather shield-shaped scales united in a globu-
lar woody cone. Seeds 2 on the base of each scale. Leaves linear, 2-ranked, deciduous.
# * Flowers chiefly dioecious. Fruit berry-like, not opening.
7. JUNIPERUS. Fruit composed of 3-6 coalescent 1 -3-ovuled scales, becoming fleshy.
SUBORDER III. TAXINE^E. THE YEW FAMILY.
Fertile flower solitary, consisting of a naked ovule, ripening into a nut-
like or drupe-like seed. Ovary entirely wanting. Buds s,-aly.
8 TAXUS. Ovule erect, encircled at the base by an annular disk, which formf a berry-like
cup arouud the nut-like seed.
CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) 421
SUBORDER I. ABIETINE^E. THE PROPER PINE FAMILY.
1. FINDS, Tourn. PINE.
Flowers monoecious. Sterile catkins spiked, consisting of numerous stamens
inserted on the axis, with very short filaments and a scale-like connective :
anther-cells 2, opening lengthwise. Pollen of 3 united grains. Fertile catkins
terminal, solitary or aggregated., consisting of imbricated carpellary scales, each
in the axil of a deciduous bract, bearing a pair of inverted ovules at the base.
IT nut a cone formed of the imbricated and woody carpellary scales, which are
thickened at the apex (except in White Pines), persistent, spreading when ripe'
and dry ; the 2 nut-like seeds partly sunk in excavations at the base of the scale,
and in separating carrying away a part of its lining in the form of a thin and
fragile wing. Cotyledons 3 - 12, linear. — Primary leaves of the shoots thin
and chaff-like, merely bud-scales ; from their axils immediately proceed the
secondary leaves, which make the foliage, in the form of fascicles of 2 to 5 needle-
shaped evergreen leaves, from slender buds, the thin scarious bud-scales sheath-
ing the base of the cluster. Blossoms developed in spring ; the cones commonly
maturing in the autumn of the second year. (The classical Latin name.)
4 1. Leaves 2 or 3 (very rarely 4) in a sheath, mostly rigid: bark rough: scales of
the cones woody, thickened at the end and mostly spiny-tipped.
•% Leaves in twos, in No. 5 occasionally some in threes.
1. P. Banksifuia, Lambert. (GRAY or NORTHERN SCRUB PINE.)
Lmr.-s short (!' long), oblique, divergent; cones ovate-conical, usually curved,
smooth, the scales pointless. (P. rupestris, Michx.f.) — Rocky banks, N. Maine,
N. Michigan and Wisconsin, and northward. — A straggling shrub or low tree
(5° - 20° high) ; the rigid leaves concave-grooved above ; the irregular or curved
cones l^'-2' long.
2. P. inops, Ait. (JERSEY or SCRUB PINE.) Leaves rather short (!•}' '-
2!f' long) ; cones oblong-conical, sometimes curved (2' -3' long), the scales tipped
iritli a prominent and straight awl-shaptd prickle. — Barrens and sterile hills, New
Jersey to Kentucky and southward. A straggling tree, 15° -40° high, with
spreading or drooping branchlets : young shoots with a purplish glaucous bloom.
3. P. puiigens, Michx. (TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE.) Leaves stout and
rigid, rather short (2.y long), crowded; cones ovate (3^' long), the scales annul
w>lh a strong hooked spine (£' long). — Blue Ridge, Virginia, west of Charlottes*
ville ( Curtis), and southward. Also, mountains of Peun., Prof. Porter, &c.
4. P. resillOSa, Ait. (RED PINE.) Leaves from long sheaths, semicylin-
drical, elongated (5' -6' long), dark green; cones ovoid-conical ; the scales point-
less. (P. rubra, Michx.f.) — Dry woods, Maine to Penn., Wisconsin, arid north-
ward.— Tree 50° -80° high, with reddish and rather smooth bark, and compact
wood, but usually less resinous than in No. 6. Cones about 2' long, sometimes
aggregated in large and close clusters. — Wrongly called Norway Pine.
5. P. mitis, Michx. (YELLOW PINE.) Leaves in pairs or mostly in
threes from long sheaths, channelled, slender (3' -5' long) ; cones ovoid or oblong-
conical (barely 2' long) ; the scales tipped with a ruinate and weak prickle. (P.
422 CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.;
variabilis, Pursh.) — Diy or sandy soil, W. New England? and New Jersey to
Wisconsin, and common southward. — Tree 50° -60° high, straight, producing
a durahic, fine-grained, moderately resinous timber, valuable for flooring, &c.
Leaves more soft and slender than in any of the preceding, dark green.
* * Leaves in threes (very rarely some in fours).
6. P. rigicla, Miller. (PITCH PINE.) Leaves rigid (3' -5' long) dark
green, flattish,//-ow very short sheaths ; cones ovoid-conical or ovate (!' -3£' long),
often in clusters ; the scales tipped with a short and stout recurved prickle. — Sandy
or spare rocky soil, Maine to W. New York and southward ; common. — Tree
30° -70° high, with very rough and dark bark, and hard wood saturated with
resin (a variety sometimes called Yellow Pine furnishes much less resinous tim-
ber).— P. serotina, Michx. is a form with ovate or almost globular cones.
7. P. TK?da, L. (LOBLOLLY or OLD-FIELD PINE.) Leaves long (6'-
10'), rigid, with elongated sheaths, light green; cones oblong (3' -5' long); the
scales tipped with a short incurved spine. — Barren light soil, Virginia and south-
ward ; common. — Tree 50° - 100° high.
§ 2. Leaves 5 in a sheath, soft and slender : scales of the cones neither prickly-pointed
nor thickened at the end: bark smooth.
8. P. StrofollS, L. (WHITE PINE.) Leaves very slender, rather glau-
cous, the sheaths deciduous ; cones narrow, cylindrical, nodding, a little curved
(4' -6' long). — Cool and damp woods ; common northward, extending south-
ward in the Allcghanies, but rare in those of Virginia. — The White Pine (called
in England Weymouth Pine) is our tallest tree, often 120° -160° in a single
straight column in primitive forests, and is invaluable for its soft and light
white or yellowish wood, which in large trunks is nearly free from resin.
2. ABIES, Tourn. SPRUCE. FIR.
Sterile catkins scattered or somewhat clustered towards the end of the branch-
lets. Scales of the strobiles thin and flat, not at all thickened at the apex, nor
with a prickly point. Seeds with a persistent wing. — Leaves all foliaceous and
scattered, short, frequently 2-ranked. Otherwise nearly as in Piuus. (The
classical Latin name.)
§ 1. Cones erect, lateral ; the scales and the more or less projecting bracts fall 'in;/ from
the axis at maturity : sterile catkins clustered : anther-cells opening by a trtnisccrse
laceration : leaves flat, becoming ^-ranked, whitened underneath, obtuse or notched
at the apex. (ABIES, Pliny, <j-c. Plcea, L., Don, London, not of Link.)
1. A. l>alS21lll<*a, Marshall. (BALSAM Fin.) Leaves narrowly linear ;
corns cylintlrictif, large, violet-colored; the bracts obovate, serrulate, tipped with an
abrupt slender point, slightly projecting, oppressed. — Cold damp woods and
swamps, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. — A sleixler tier,
of little value as timber, when young very handsome, but short-lived. Leaves
1' or less in length, narrower and lighter ^rcen above than those of the European
l-'ir ; the cones 3' -4' long, 1' broad, the scales very broad and rounded.
Also called Cnnndn Kaham or n<i/>n-of-Gi/r<i(l /'Vr. The well-known Canada
bcdsam is drawn from blisters in the bark of this and the next species.
(PINE FAMILY.) 423
2- A. Frascri, Pursh. (SMALL-FRUITED or DOUBLE BALSAM Fin.)
Cones small (l'-2' long), oblong-ovate; the bracts oblong-wedge-shaped, short-point-
ed, the upper part much projecting and reflexed. (A. balsamifera, Michx. Jl.) —
Mountains of Penn., Virginia, and southward on the highest Alleghanics. Also
on the mountains of W. New England ?— Foliage, &c. nearly as in the last.
§ 2. Cones hanging, terminal; the bracts evanescent ; the scales persistent on the axis:
sterile catkins scattered: anther-cells opening lengthwise. (PicEA, Link, frc.)
* Leaves ^-ranked, fiat, whitened underneath.
3. A. Cansiclf'iisis, Michx. (HEMLOCK SPRUCE.) Leaves linear, flat,
obtuse (£' long) ; cones oval, of few scales, little longer than the leaves (f ' long).
— Hilly or rocky woods; veiy common northward, and rare southward in the
Alleghanies. — A large tree, when young the most graceful of Spruces, with a
light, spreading spray, and delicate foliage, bright green above, silvery under-
neath. Timber very coarse-grained and poor.
* * Leaves needle-shaped, ^-angular, equally distributed all around the branch.
4. A. nigra, Poir. (BLACK SPRUCE. DOUBLE SPRUCE.) Leaves
short (£'-§' long), rigid, dark green; cones ovate or ovate-oblong (!'-!£' long) ;
the scales with a thin and wavy or eroded edge. — Swamps and cold mountain
woods, New England to Wisconsin and northward, and southward along the
mountains. — A common variety in New England has lighter-colored or glau-
cous-green leaves, rather more slender and loosely spreading : it is often mis-
taken for the White Spruce. — A. rubra is a northern form of A. nigra.
5. A. alba, Michx. (WHITE SPRUCE.) Leaves pale or glaucous ; cones
cylindrical, about 2' long, pale, the scales with an entire edge ; a handsomer
tree than No. 4, more northern, in aspect more like a Balsam Fir. — Northern
borders of New England, Lake Superior, and northward.
A. EXCELSA, the NORWAY SPRUCE, is now much planted : it is a much
finer tree, and thrives better than our indigenous species of this group.
3. LAR1X, Tourn. LARCH.
Catkins lateral and scattered, bud-like. Sterile flowers nearly as in Pinus,
but the pollen of simple spherical grains. Cones ovoid, erect ; the bracts and
scales persistent; otherwise as in Abies. — Leaves deciduous, soft, all folia-
ceous ; the primary ones scattered; the secondary very many in a fascicle de-
veloped in early spring from lateral scaly and globular buds. Fertile catkins
crimson or red in flower. (The ancient name.)
1. L. Americana.. Michx. (AMERICAN or BLACK LARCH. TAMA-
RACK. HACKMATACK.) Leaves almost thread-form; cones ovoid, of few
rounded scales. (P. pcndula, Ait.) — Swamps, New England to Penn. and
Wisconsin, and (chiefly) northward. — A slender tree, with heavy, close-grained
wood, and slender horizontal branches, more slender and usually shorter leaves
than the Eu\ opean Larch ; — which is a handsomer tree, and has the scales of
its larger cones arranged in the order 58T, while those of the American are only 3.
— The RED LARCH (P. microcarpa, Lambert) appears to be only a Northern
variety.
424 CONIFERS. (FINE FAMILY.)
SUBORDER LL CUPRESSINE^E. THE CYPRESS FAMILY.
4. TIltlJA, Toum. ARBOR VIT^E.
Flowers monoecious on different branches, in very small terminal ovoid catkins.
Stamens with a scale-like filament or connective, hearing 4 anther-cells. Fertile
catkins of few imbricated scales, fixed by the base, each bearing 2 erect ovules,
dry and spreading at maturity. Cotyledons 2. — Small evergreen trees, with
very flat 2-ranked spray, on which the small and apprcssed persistent leaves are
closely imbricated : these are of two sorts, on different or successive branchlcts ;
the one awl-shaped ; the other scale-like, blunt, short, and adnate. (0via, Qva,
or Guei'a, the ancient name of some resin-bearing evergreen.)
1. T. occidental!*, L. (AMERICAN ARBOR VIT^E.) Leaves ap-
presscd-imbricatcd in 4 rows on the 2-cdged branchlets ; scales of the cones
pointless ; seeds broadly winged all round. — Swamps and cool rocky banks,
N. New England to Penn. and Wisconsin; chiefly northward, where it forms
extensive "cedar-swamps," and is called WHITE CEDAR: rare southward along
the Alleghanies. — Tree 20° -50° high, straight, with recurved branches, yield-
ing a pungent aromatic oil : wood light, but exceedingly durable.
5. CUPRESSVS, Tourn. CYPRESS.
Flowers monoecious on different branches, in terminal small catkins. Sterile
catkins composed of shield-shaped scale-like filaments bearing 2-4 anther-cells
under the lower margin. Fertile catkins globular, of shield-shaped scales in 4
ranks, bearing several erect bottle-shaped ovules. Cone globular, firmly closed,
but opening at maturity ; the scales thick and woody, pointed or bossed in the
middle; the few or several narrowly-winged seeds attached to their contracted
base or stalk. Cotyledons 2 or 3. — Strong-scented evergreen trees, with very
small and scale-like closely appressed-hnbricated leaves, and exceedingly dura-
ble wood. (The classical name.)
1. C. tliyoicles, L. (WHITE CEDAR.) Leaves minute, ovate, with a
small gland on the back, closely imbricated in 4 rows on the 2-ed.Li-ed branchlets ;
anther-cells 2 under each scale.— Swamps,Massachusetts to Wisconsin, Virginia,
and southward. May. — Tree 30°- 70° high; the wood and iilmms shreddy
bark, as well as the foliage, much like the Arbor Vital ; but the spray more
slender, the leaves finer and dull glaucous-green. Cone scarcely larger than a
pea, few-seeded.
6. TAXODIUJJI, Richard. BALD CYPRESS.
Flowers monoecious on the same branches. Sterile catkins spikcd-panicled,
of few stamens: filaments scale-like, shield-shaped, bearing 2-5 antiier-cells.
Fertile catkins ovoid, in small clusters, scaly, with 2 ovules at the base of each
scale. Cone globular, closed, composed of very thick and angular somewhat
shield-shaped scales, bearing 2 angled seeds at their base. Cotyledons G-9. —
Trees with linear 2-ranked light and deciduous leaves. (Name compounded of
Ta£or, the Yew, and ddos, resemblance. )
CONIFERS. (FINE FAMILY.") 425
1 T. disticlmiii, Richard. (AMERICAN BALD CYPI*PSS.) Leaves
linear and spreading; also awl-shaped and imbricated on flowering branchlets.
— Swamps, from S. New Jei'sey ? and Delaware, to Virginia, Illinois, and
southward, where it is a very large and valuable tree. March, April.
7. JUNIPERUS, L. JUNIPER.
Flowers dioecious, or occasionally monoecious, in very small lateral catkins.
Anther-cells 3-6, attached to the lower edge of the shield-shaped scale. Fertile
catkins ovoid, of 3-6 fleshy 1-3-ovuled coalescent scales; in fruit forming a
sort of berry, scaly-bracted underneath. Seeds 1-3, bony. Cotyledons 2. —
Evergreen trees or shrubs, with awl-shaped or scale-like rigid leaves often of two
shapes. (The classical name.)
1. J. communis, L. (COMMON JUNIPER.) Leaves in threes, linear-
awl-shaped, prickly-pointed, spreading, bright green except the glaucous-white
upper surface. — LVy sterile hills, New Jersey to Maine eastward, northward,
and along the Great Lakes. May. — Shrub also spreading on the ground, or
rarely ascending, rigid. Berries dark purple, as large as a pea. (Eu.)
2. J. Virgin! is iia, L. (RED CEDAR. SAVIN.) Leaves 4-ranked,
much crowded, on young plants and primary or rapidly-growing shoots awl-
shaped and somewhat spreading, in pairs or threes ; on older lateral twigs very
small and scale-like, closely imbricated, triangular-ovate. — A branching shrub
or tree, sometimes 60°-90° high ; or, var. HUMILIS, Hook., a widely spread-
ing or almost prostrate shrub. — Dry, rocky or sterile hills ; common, extending
both northward and southward: the prostrate variety chiefly high northern.
April. — Wood odorous, reddish, very compact and durable. Berries small,
purplish with a glaucous bloom.
SUBORDER III. TAXINEJE. THE YEW FAMILY.
8. TAX US, Tourn. YEW.
Flowers mostly dioecious, axillary from scaly buds ; the sterile in small glob-
ular catkins formed of naked stamens: anther-cells 3-8 under a shield-like
somewhat lobed connective. Fertile flowers solitary, scaly-bracted at the base,
consisting merely of an erect sessile ovule; soon a cup-shaped disk around its
base, which becomes pulpy and berry-like (globular and red) in fruit, and partly
encloses the nut-like seed. Cotyledons 2. — Leaves evergreen, flat, mucron ate,
rigid, scattered, 2-ranked. (The classical name, probably from Tof-ov^a bow;
the wood being used for bows.)
1. T. baccfatsi. L., var. Canadensis. (AMERICAN YEW. GROUND
HEMLOCK,) Stems diffusely spreading ; leaves linear, green both sides. (T.
Canadensis, W'dld.) — Moist banks and hills, near streams, especially in the
shade of evergreens : common northward, extending southward only along the
Allcghanies. April. — Our Yew is a low and straggling or prostrate bush,
never forming an ascending trunk. (Eu.)
36*
426 ARACE.S;. (ARUM FAMILY.)
CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS OR EN-
DOGENOUS PLANTS.
Stems with no manifest distinction into bark, wood, and
pith ; but the woody fibre and vessels collected into bundles
or threads which are irregularly imbedded in the cellular tis-
sue : perennial trunks destitute of annual layers. Leaves
mostly parallel-veined (nerved) and sheathing at the base,
seldom separating by an articulation, almost always alter-
nate or scattered and not toothed. Parts of the flower com-
monly in threes. Embryo with a single cotyledon (and the
leaves of the plumule alternate).
ORDER 112. ARACE^E. (ARUM FAMILY.)
Plants with acrid or pungent juice, simple or compound often veiny leaves,
and monoecious or perfect flowers crowded on a spadix, which is usually sur-
rounded by a spatlie. — Floral envelopes none, or of 4 - 6 sepals. Fruit
usually a berry. Seeds with fleshy albumen, or none but filled with the
large flesny embryo in Nos. 2, 4, and 5. (A large family, chiefly tropical.)
Synopsis.
* Spadix surrounded by a spathe.
•*- Flowers naked, i e destitute of any floral envelopes.
1. ARIS5MA. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, covering only the base of the spadix. Spathe
convolute below.
2. PELTANDRA. Flowers monoecious, covering the whole surface of the spadix ; the anthers
above, the ovaries below.
3. CALLA. Flowers perfect (at least the lower ones), covering the whole surface of the short
spadix. Spathe open and spreading.
i- +- Flowers with a regular calyx.
4. SYMPLOCARPUS. Flowers perfect, covering the whole of the oval spadix, eacn with a
calyx of 4 hooded sepals, all combined into one mass in fruit.
* * Spadix naked (not surrounded by any spathe) Flowers perfect and with a calyx.
6 ORONTIDM Spadix terminating a naked scape Stamens 4 - 6 : anthers 2-celled.
6. ACORUS. Spadix bursting from the side of a leaf-like scupe. Stamens 6 : anthers 1-celled.
1. ARISJEUIA, Martius. INDIAN TURNIP. DRAGON-ARUM.
Spathe convolute below and mostly arched above. Flowers by abortion dioe-
cious, or monoecious, covering the base of the spndix, which is elongated and
naked above. Floral envelopes none. Sterile flowers above the fertile, con -ist-
ing of whorls of 4 or more stamens, with very short filaments and 2-4-celled
ARACE^E. (ARUM FAMILY.) 127
anthers, opening by pores or chinks at the top. Fertile flowers consisting each
of a 1 -celled ovary tipped with a depressed stigma, and containing 5 or 6 ortholro-
pous ovules erect from the base of the cell ; in fruit a 1 - few-seeded scarlet
berry. Embryo in the axis of albumen. — Low perennial herbs, with a tuberous
rootstock or conn, sending up a simple scape sheathed with the petioles of the
simple or compound veiny leaves, as if caulescent. (A play upon Aram, the
ancient name; probably formed of apov, Arum, and cni^a, a sign or murk.}
1. A. tl*i|>hyl!uni, Torr. (INDIAN TURNIP.) Lea.-es mostly 2, divided
into 3 eHi]>tic(d-ovate pointed leaflets ; spadix often dioecious, club-s^Laj)ed, obtuse,
much shorter than the spathe, which is flattened and incurved-hooded at the
summit. (Arum triphyllum, Ij.) — Rich woods; common. May. — Corm
turnip-shaped, wrinkled, farinaceous, with an intensely acrid juice. Spathe with
the petioles and sheaths green, or often variegated with dark purple and whitish
stripes or spots (Arum atrorubens, Ait.) ; the limb ovate-lanceolate, pointed.
2. A. I>rac6ntium, Schott. (GREEN DRAGON. DRAGON-ROOT.)
Leaf usually solitary, pedal fly divided into 7-11 oblong-lanceolate pointed leaf-
lets ; spadix cu/drot/t/nous, tapering to a long and slender point beyond the oblong
and convolute pointed spathe. (Arum Dracontium, L.) — Low grounds along
streams. May. — COITUS clustered. Petiole l°-2° long, much longer than the
oeduncle. Spathe greenish, rolled into a tube, with a short erect point.
2. PEL,TAr¥I>RA, Raf. ARROW ARUM.
Spathe elongated, convolute throughout, wavy on the margin, curved at the
apex. Flowers monoecious, thickly covering the long and tapering spudix
throughout. Floral envelopes none. Anthers sessile, naked, covering all the
upper part of the spadix, each of 5 or 6 cells imbedded in the margin of a thick
and shield-shaped connective, opening by a terminal pore. Ovaries 1 -celled at
the base of the spadix, bearing several amphitropous ovules at the base : stig-
ma nearly sessile. Berries distinct, 1-3-seeded. Seed obovate, surrounded by
a tenacious jelly, somewhat amphitropous, with the micropyle superior, the base
empty, the upper part filled with a large and fleshy spherical embryo, the plu-
mule superior, and no albumen. — A stemless herb, with arrow-shaped leaves
and simple scapes from the root of thick tufted fibres. Upper part of the spathe
and the sterile portion of the spadix rotting away after flowering, leaving the
fleshy base firmly enclosing the globular cluster of green berries. (Name com-
posed of TreXrr;, a taiyct, and dvfjp, for stamen, from the shape of the latter.)
1. P. Virgiillicsi, Raf. (Arum Virginicum, L. Lecontia, Torr Rens-
selajria, Beck.) — Swampy borders of ponds and streams; common. June. —
Leaves large, pointed ; nerves reticulated next the margin. (It seems to have
escaped attention that this plant has an exalbuminous conn-like embryo, nearly as
in Symplocarpus.)
3. C A Li Li A, L. WATER ARUM.
Spathe open and spreading, ovate (abruptly pointed, the upper surface white),
persistent. Spadix oblong, entirely covered with flowers ; the lower perfect ;
the upper often of stamens only. Floral envelopes none. Filaments slender ;
428 ARACE^E. (ARUM FAMILY.)
anthers 2-cclled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1 -celled, with 5-6 erect anatro-
pous ovules : stigma sessile. Berries (red) distinct, few-seeded. Seeds with a
conspicuous rhaphe, and an embryo nearly the length of the hard albumen. — A
low perennial herb, growing in cold bogs, with a creeping thiekish rootstock,
bearing heart-shaped long-petiolcd leaves, and solitary seapes. (An ancient
name, of unknown meaning.)
1. C. palustris, L. — Cold bogs, New England to Penn., Wisconsin
and common northward. June. — Seeds surrounded with jelly. (Eu.)
4. SYMPL.OCARPUS, Salisb. SKUNK CABBAOJS.
Spathe hoodcd-shell-fonn, pointed, very thick and fleshy, decaying in fruit,
Spadix globular, short-stalked, entirely covered with perfect flowers which are
thickly crowded and their (1 -celled or abortively 2-ccllcd) ovaries immersed in
the fleshy receptacle. Sepals 4, hooded. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals, with
at length rather slender filaments : anthers cxtrorse, 2-cclled, opening length
wise. Style 4-angled : stigma minute. Ovule solitary, suspended, anatropous.
Fruit a globular or oval mass, composed of the enlarged and spongy spadix, en-
closing the spherical seeds just beneath the surface, which is roughened with the
persistent and fleshy sepals and pyramidal styles. Seeds filled by the large
globular and fleshy conn-like embryo, which bears one or several plumules at the
end next the base of the ovary : albumen none. — Perennial herbs, with a strong
odor like that of the skunk, and also somewhat alliaceous ; a thick descending
rootstock bearing a multitude of long and coarse fibrous roots, and a cluster of
very large and entire veiny leaves, preceded by the nearly sessile spathes.
(Name from oi>/i7rXo/<q, connection, and itap-nos, fruit, in allusion to the coales-
cence of the ovaries, &c. into a compound fruit.)
1. S. firtidiis, Salisb. Leaves ovate, heart-shaped (l°-2° long when
grown), short-pctioled ; spadix much shorter than the spathe. (Ictodes, B!<jcl.)
— Moist grounds ; common. March, April. — Spathe spotted and striped with
purple and yellowish-green, ovate, incurved. Fruit ripe in September, forming
a roughened globular mass 2' -3' in diameter, in decay shedding the bulblet-
like seeds, which are J'-£' in diameter, and filled with the singular solid fleshy
embryo.
5. OROrVTIUM, L. GOLDEN-CLUB.
Spathe none. Flowers crowded all over a cylindrical spadix, perfect : the
lower with 6 concave sepals and 6 stamens ; the upper ones with 4. Filaments
flattened : anthers 2-cclled, opening obliquely lengthwise. Ovary 1 -celled, with 1
amphitropous ovule : stigma sessile, entire. Fruit a green utricle. Seed with-
out albumen. Embryo thick and fleshy, "with a large concealed cavity at the
summit, the plumule curved in a groove on the outside." (Ton:) — An aquatic
perennial, with a deep rootstock, long-petioled and entire nerved floating leaves,
and the spadix terminating the naked scape, which thickens upward. (Origin
of the name obscure.)
1. O. aqmtticuill, L. — Ponds, Massachusetts to Virginia, near the
coast, and southward. May.
(CAT-TAIL FAMILY.) 429
6. AC OR US, L. SWEET FLAG. CALAMUS.
Spadix lateral, sessile, emerging from the side of a scape which resembles the
leaves, densely covered with perfect flowers. Sepals 6, concave. Stamens 6 :
filaments linear : anthers kidney-shaped, 1 -celled, opening across. Ovary 2-3-
celled, with several pendulous orthotropous ovules in each wll : stigma minute.
Fruit at length dry, gelatinous inside, 1 -few-seeded. Embryo in the axis of
albumen. — -Pungent aromatic plants, especially the thick creeping rootstocks
(calamus of the shops), which send up 2-edged sword -like leaves, and scapes
similar to them, bearing th-e spadix on one edge; the upper and more foliaceous
prolongation sometimes considered as an open spathe. (The ancient name,
from a privative, and K.opn, the pupil of the eye, having been used as a remedy
>r sore eyes.)
1. A. Calamus, L. Scape leaf-like and prolonged far beyond the
rlindrical (yellowish-green) spadix. — Margin of rivulets, swamps, &c. June
•It appears to be truly indigenous northward. (Eu.)
ORDER 113. TYPHACE^E. (CAT-TAIL FAMILY.)
Marsh herbs, with nerved and linear sessile leaves, and monoecious fl,owers
on a spadix or in heads, destitute of proper floral envelopes. Ovary taper-
ing into a slender style and usually an elongated 1 -sided stigma. Fruit nut-
like when ripe, 1 -seeded. Seed suspended, anatropous : embryo straight
in copious albumen. — Comprises only the two following genera.
1. TYPIIA, Tourn. CAT-TAIL FLAG.
wers in a long and very dense cylindrical spike terminating the stem ; the
upper part consisting of stamens only, intermixed with simple hairs, and insert-
ed directly on the axis ; the lower or fertile part consisting of ovaries, surrounded
by club-shaped bristles, which form the copious down of the fruit. Nutlets
minute, very long-stalked. — Spathes merely deciduous bracts, or none. Root-
stocks creeping. Leaves long, sheathing the base of the simple jointless stems,
erect, thickish. (Name from rl^os, a fen, alluding to the place of growth.)
1. T. latifolia, L. (COMMON CAT-TAIL or REED-MACE.) Leaves near-
ly flat ; staminate and pistillate parts of the spike approximate or continuous.—
Borders of ponds, £c. July. (Eu.)
2. T. aiBjfiBStifolia, L. (NARROW-LEAVED or SMALL CAT-TAIL.)
leaves channelled towards the base, nairowly linear ; staminate and pistillate parts
of 'the spike usually separated by an interval. — In similar places Avith the last;
a rarer and smaller plant; probably a mere variety of it. (Eu.)
2. SPARGANIUM, Tourn. BUR-REED.
Flowers collected in separate dense spherical heads, scattered along the sum-
mit of the stem, subtended by leaf-like bracts, the upper ones sterile, consisting
merely of stamens, with minute scales irregularly interposed ; the lower or for-
LEMNACE.E. (DUCKWEED FAMILI.)
tile larger, consisting of numerous sessile pistils, each surrounded by 3-6 scales
much like a calyx. Fruit nut-like when mature. — Koots fibrous. Stems sim-
ple or branching, sheathed below by the base of the linear leaves. (Name from
tmapyavov, a Jillet, from the ribbon-like leaves.)
* Inflorescence mostly branched, with numerous heads, the 1 -3 lower fertile, the rest
sterile: stigmas often 2. linear, much longer than the style: stems stout, erect (2°-
3° high) : leaves erect (£'- $' wide), flat and merely keeled, the base triangular with
concave sides : fruit sessile.
1. S. ciirycarpiim, n. sp. Engelm. Fruit many-angled (3F- 4" long),
with a broad and depressed or refuse summit (2|" wide), abruptly and slightly tipjvd
in the centre ; head globose, 1' wide when ripe. — Borders of ponds, &c., com-
mon northward and especially westward. June - Sept.
2. S. raisiosiim, Hudson. Fruit somewhat triangular, wit\ the summit
hemispherical and pointed, smaller than in the last. — Same situations, northward
and eastward. July -Sept. (Eu.)
* # Inflorescence mostly simple : stigma single : stem slender.
3. S. Simplex, Hudson. Fertile and sterile heads each 3 or 4, the latter
or some of them mostly peduncled (£'-§' broad) ; fruit abruptly contracted at. the
summit into a slender beak as long as itself; stigma linear; leaves triangular at
the base with flat sides (6'- 18' long). (S. Americanum, Null.) — Along streams
and pools; common northward and eastward. (Eu.)
4. S. natailS, L., var. aflTiilC, Fries. Heads few, the fertile 1-3; stig-
ma short ; fruit oblong, slender-beaked as in No. 3, also attenuate into a stalk-like
base; leaves very long and flaccid, floating. (S. affine, Schnitzlein.) In ponds and
slow streams, New England, New York, and northward. — This may be the S.
angustifolium of Michaux, as is generally thought; but Fries assigns that to
the next. (Eu.)
5. S. ailgHStifolilllll, Michx. Small and slender; fruit more triangu-
lar, scarcely beaked, short-pointed, not contracted at the base ; leaves long and nar-
row (l£"-2" wide) and floating when growing in water, scarcely surpassing the
stems in dwarf states growing nearly out of water (5' - 8' high). — New England
to Wisconsin and northward. — Fruiting heads only 2|"-3" in diameter. (Eu.)
ORDER 114. L.EMNACE7E. (DUCKWEED FAMILY.)
Minute steml ess plants, floating free on the water, destitute of distinct stem
and foliage, being merely a flat frond, producing few monoecious flowers from
a chink at the edge or upper surface, and usually hanging roots from under-
neath : ovules erect from the base of the cell. Fruit a I- 7-seedaJ utricle.
Embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. — A little group of plants,
of peculiar mode of growth, in character mostly intermediate between the
Arum Family and the following, to one or the other of which it may bo
joined. — The Linnacan genus Lemna lias been divided into three genera,
(answering to the following sections,) possibly with sufficient reasons ; but
it is not worth while to adopt them here, since the flowers and fruit are
rarely met with.
NAIADACE^E. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 431
1. JLEITIIVA, L. DUCKWEED. DUCK'S-MEAT.
Flowers appearing from a cleft in the edge of the frond, three together burst-
ing through a thin and membranous urn-shaped spathe ; two of them consisting
of single stamens (one developed rather earlier than the other), with thread-like
filaments and 2-celled anthers ; the other a 1-celled ovary forming a utriele in
fruit: stigma funnel-form : ovules anatropous or half-anatropous. — Hoot with
a sheath-like appendage on its extremity. Fronds laterally proliferous by a
sort of budding, and producing little bulbets which sink to the bottom of the
water in autumn but rise to develop on the surface in spring.. (An old Greek
name, of uncertain meaning.)
§ 1. LEMXA, Schleiden. — Root single : filaments filiform : ovule solitary.
1. L<. triSSilCct, L. Fronds oblong-lanceolate from a stalked base, thin, den-
ticulate at the tip (i'-f long), proliferous from the side, so as to form crosses;
" ovule half anatropous." — Ponds ; not rare : but the floAvers little known. (En.)
2. J^. isxiaaoi*, L. Fronds roundish-obovate, thickish (about 2" long),
often grouped ; "ovule half-anatropoits ; sec-d horizontal" — Very common, man-
tling stagnant waters : not yet found in flower in this country. (Eu.)
3. £,. perpeisilla, Torr. Fronds obovate, thin (l"-H"long), single or
grouped ; ovule anatropous ; seed erect, striate. — Statcn Island, New York ( Tor-
ra/), and doubtless common elsewhere. August.
§ 2. SPIRODELA, Schleiden. — Roots several in a cluster from each frond: fda-
ments of the stamens narrowed below : ovules 2.
4. It. polyrrhiza, L. Fronds roundish-obovate (3" -4" long), thick,
rather convex beneath. — Ponds and pools. Sometimes found in flower. (Eu.)
§3. TELMATOPIIACE, Schleiden. — Roots single: .filaments of the stamens
enlarged in the middle: ovules and seeds 2-7, anatropous : albumen little.
5. I,,, giblm, L. Fronds obovate, nearly flat above, tumid and spongy under-
ncalh (hemispherical), proliferous on short and very fragile stalks, therefore
seldom found connected (3" -4" long). — Ponds; rather rare. Not here seen
in flower. (Eu.)
ORDER 115. IVAIADACE^. (PONDWEED FAMILY.)
Immersed aquatic plants, with jointed stems and sheathing stipules loitliin
the petioles, or with sheathing bases to the leaves, inconspicuous mono -dice-
clous or perfect flowers, which are naked or ivith a free merely scale-like calyx;
the ovaries solitary or 2-4 and distinct, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Seed without al-
bumen, filled by the large embryo, often curved or hooked. Flowers usu-
ally bursting from a spathe, sometimes on a spadix.
Synopsis.
* Flowers monoecious or dioecious, axillary, naked, monandroug.
1. NAIAS. Pistils solitary and naked : stigmas 2-1
2. ZANNICIIELLIA. Pistils about 4 from a cup-shaped involucre or sheath.
432 NAIAD ACE^:. (FOND WE ED FAMILY.)
3. ZOSTERA. Pistils and anthers alternately sessile in 2 rows on one side of a linear spadlx
enclosed in a leaf. Stigmas 2.
* # Flowers perfect.
4. RUPPIA Flowers naked on aspadix: each of 4 large anther-cells, and 4 ovaries which
are raised on long stalks in fruit.
6. POTAMOGETON. Flowers and fruit spiked. Sepals, stamens, and sessile ovaries each 1.
1. Nil AS, L. NAIAD.
Flowers dioecious (or sometimes monoecious), axillary, solitary and sessile;
the sterile consisting of a single stamen enclosed in a little membranous spathe :
anther at first nearly sessile, the filament at length elongated. Fertile llowers
coii>isting of a single ovary tapering into a short style : stigmas 2-4, awl-
shaped : ovule erect, anatropous. Fruit a little seed-like nutlet, enclosed in a
loose and separable membranous epicarp. Embryo straight, th<>. radicular end
downwards. — Slender branching herbs, growing entirely under water, with
opposite linear leaves, somewhat crowded into whorls, sessile and dilated at the
base. Flowers very small, solitary, but often clustered with the branch-leaves
in the axils. (Nai'ap, water-nymph ; an ill-chosen name for these insignificant
water-weeds; from their place of growth.)
1 . N. flexiliS, Ilostk. Leaves membranaceous, spreading, very narrowly
linear, entire, or sparingly very minutely denticulate (under a lens) ; stigmas
usually 3-4. (N. Canadensis, Michx. Caulinia flexilis, Willd.) — Ponds and
glow streams ; common. July -Sept. (Eu.)
N. M!NOR (Caulinia fragilis, Willd.), with the more rigid and recurved frag-
ile leaves rather strongly toothed, is not identified in this country.
2. ZANRICIIEJLL.IA, Micheli. HORNED POND WEED.
Flowers monoecious, sessile, naked, usually both kinds from the same axil:
the sterile consisting of a single stamen, with a slender filament bearing a 2-4-
celled anther; the fertile of 2-5 (usually 4) sessile pistils in the same cup-
shaped involucre, forming obliquely oblong nutlets in fruit, beaked with a short
style, which is tipped by an obliquely disk-shaped or somewhat 2-lobed stigma.
Seed orthotropous, suspended, straight. Cotyledon taper, bent and coikd up.
— Slender branching herbs, growing under water, with very slender stems, op-
posite or alternate long and linear thread-form entire leaves, and sheathing1
membranous stipules. (Named in honor of Zannichdli, a Venetian botanist.)
1. Z. pnliistris, L. Style at least half as long as the fruit, which is llat-
tteh, somewhat incurved, even, or occasionally more or less toothed on the back
(not wing-margined in our plant), nearly sessile, or, in var. PEDUNCUJ,\T.V, loth
the cluster and the separate fruits evidently peduncled. — Ponds and slow
streams ; rather rare. July. (Eu.)
3. ZOSTERA, L. GRASS-WRACK. EKL-GRASS.
Flowers monoecious ; the two kinds naked and sessile and alternately arranged
in two rows on the midrib of one side of a linear leaf-like spadix, which i,- hid-
den in a long and sheath-like base of a leaf (spathe) ; the sterile ilo .
NAIADACE^E. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 433
ing of single ovate or oval 1-celled sessile anthers, as large as the ovaries, and
containing a tuft of threads in place of ordinary pollen : the fertile of single
ovate-oblong ovaries attached near their apex, tapering upward into an awl-
shaped style, and containing a pendulous orthotropous ovule : stigmas 2, long
and bristle-form, deciduous. Utricle bursting irregularly, enclosing an oblong
longitudinally ribbed seed (or nutlet). Embryo short and thick (proper cotyle-
don almost obsolete), with an open chink or cleft its whole length, from which
protrudes a doubly curved slender plumule. — Grass-like marine herbs, growing
wholly under water, with a jointed creeping stem or rootstock, sheathed by the
bases of the very long and linear, obtuse, entire, grass-like, ribbon-shaped leaves
(whence the name, from ^oaor^p, a band).
1. Z. imil'iim, L. Leaves obscurely 3-5-ncrved. — Common in bays
along the coast; in water of 5° -15° deep. Aug. (Eu.)
4. RIJPPIA, L. DITCH-GRASS.
Flowers perfect, 2 or more approximated on a slender spadix, which is at
first enclosed in the sheathing spathe-like base of a leaf, naked (entirely desti-
tute of floral envelopes), consisting of 2 sessile stamens, each with 2 large and
separate anther-cells and 4 small sessile ovaries, with a single campylotropous
suspended ovule : stigma sessile, depressed. Fruit of little obliquely-ovate
pointed drupes, each raised on a slender stalk which appears after flowering;
the spadix itself also then raised on an elongated thread-fonn peduncle. Em-
bryo ovoid, with a short and pointed plumule from the upper end, by the side
of the short cotyledon. — Marine herbs, growing under water, with long and
thread-like forking stems, slender and almost capillary alternate leaves with a
dilated sheathing base. Flowers rising to the surface at the time of expansion.
(Dedicated to Rappias, a German botanical author of the early part of the 18th
century. )
1. K. limr^tifiiia, L. Leaves linear-capillary ; nut ovate, obliquely
erect; fruiting peduncles capillary (£'-!' long). — Shallow bays, along the
whole coast : chiefly a narrowly leaved variety with strouglv pointed fruit, ap-
proaching R. rostellata, Koch. June -Aug. (Eu.)
5. POTAMOGETON, Tourn. POXDWEED.
Flowers perfect, spiked. Sepals 4, rounded, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4,
nearly sessile, opposite the sepals : anthers 2-cclled. Ovaries 4 (rarely only
one), with an ascending campylotropous ovule : stigma sessile or on a short
style. Nutlets drupe-like when fresh, more or less compressed. Seed curved
or cochleate ; the radicular end of the embryo pointing downwards. — Herbs
of fresh or barely brackish ponds and streams, with jointed creeping and root-
ing stems, and 2-ranked pellucid leaves, which are usually alternate or imper-
fectly opposite ; the upper sometimes dilated, of a firmer texture, ani floating.
Stipules membranous, more or less united and sheathing. Spikes sheathed
by the stipules in the bud, raised on a peduncle to the surface of the water.
(An ancient name, composed of Trora/ios, a river, and yeirajp, a neighbor, from
their place of growth.)
37
434 NATADACE.E. (PONDWEED FAMILY.)
§ 1. Stipules untied with the sheathing base of (he leaf, scarious: leaves all imwerscd
and similar, alternate, grass-Hie : stigma terminal: seed hooked-cur c<d.
1. P. pectiamtllS, L. Stems thread-like, many times forked; li-arcs
bristle fonit, l-ncrrtd (-21 -4' long); spikes inter r it j>t<d, long-pedunckd ; nutlets
rounded-obovate. — Brackish water along the coast (P. ma ri mini, L.) ; also not
rare in fresh water, especially along the Great Lakes and northward. (Eu.)
2. P. RobUailSli, Oakes. Stem sparingly branched, rigid, very leafy ;
leaves linear, flat, abruptly pointed, many-nerved, serrulate-dliate, approximate (3'-
4' long, 3" -4" wide), rccurved-sprcading ; spikes oblong. — Ponds, not uncom-
mon in New England, detected in 1829 by Dr. Hoi/bins. White Plains, New
York, //. .7. Clark. Ohio, Dr. Canfldd. — A very remarkable species. Stems
l°-3° long, entirely invested by the sheathing bases of the leaves and the elon-
gated and taper-pointed free portion of the stipules. Ripe fruit not seen.
§ 2. Stipules of the immersed (alternate) leaves adherent, as in § 1, those of the floating
leaves free from the petiole or nearly so : stigma becoming somewhat lateral : fruit
and seed cochleate.
3. P. liybl'itlus, Michx. Slender (6' -12' long), branching; immersed
leaves narrowly linear or almost capillary ; the floating ones varying from linear
or lanceolate to oval (£'-!' long), 3-7-nerved, short-petioled, rarely wanting ;
spikes capitate, few-flowered, lateral, on very short somewhat club-shaped pedun-
cles; fruit small (j"-§" long), orbiculate, flattened on the sides, keeled on the
back, the keel more or less toothed or crested ; embryo spirally coiled. (P.
diversifolius, Barton. P. setaceus, Pursh. P. Spirillus, Tuckerman: a slender
form.) — Shallow pools; common, especially southward. — Var. SPICATUS,
Engelm., is a form with longer spikes (£'-£' long), W. Illinois and southward.
§3. Stipules all cntirdy free from the petiole or leaf: leaves alternate: stigma termi-
nal : seed hooked-curved or nearly forming a ring.
* Leaves grassy-linear or thread-shaped, sessile, all immersed: stems branching.
4. P. TuckermSilli, Bobbins, in herb. Slender and very delicate ;
stem terete, much branched ; leaves setaceous or capillary, tapering to a sharp
point, nearly terete, nerveless, pellucid (conferva-like, about 2' long) ; spike few-
flowered, long-peduncled ; fruit thick, obscurely 3-carinate when dry, the narrow
dorsal kid smooth and even; style obsolete. (P. trichoides, ed. 1, £c., not of
Cham., which is monogynous, and is rough with small tubercles on the obtusely
crested keel, &c.) — Clear ponds, White Mountains, New Hampshire, ('••
BMins. Tewksbury, Mass., and in the Allcghany Mountains, Tin-la nnan.
5. P. ptlSbllllS, L. Stem slender, obscurely compressed ; Iran's narrowly
Hitfar, ntilur acute, 3-5-nerved; spikes 4-S-flowered, lax, often interrupted, long-
pedimclcd : fruit o'cstless. (P. comprcssus, Smith.) — Ponds and clear pools;
rather common northward. (Eu.)
6. P. paiicifloms, Pursh. Stem very slender and thread-like, but flat-
tish ; leaves narrowly limar, acutidi, 3-n<rnd; spi'kisf-ti^ (4 -fi-) flofcnd, short-
jM-dinirl, d ; ft nit distinctly crested or sinuate-toothed on the back. ( P. grain fneus,
Michx.) — Ponds and streams; common, especially southward. — Leaves r-3'
long, ^"-1" wide.
NAIADACE^E. (PONDWEED FAMILY.} 435
Var. Nfsigfartfaisis (P. Niagarensis, Tuckerm.), from the brink of the cat-
aract of Niagara, appears likely to be a larger-leaved and more rigid state of
this species; the stipules more conspicuous, the leaves sometimes 1^'' wide.
7. P. COfII|)l'i'ssWS, L. ex Fries. Stem very flat, almost as wide as the
narroicly hnear abruptly pointed leaves; spikes cylindrical, 1 0 - 1 ^-flowered ; fruit
obtusely keeled. (P. zostersefolius, Schum.) — Ponds, New England to Penn.,
Wisconsin, and northward. — Stems 2° -4° long. Leaves 3' -6' long, l£"
wide, minutely many-nerved and with a midrib or 3 nerves more conspicuous,
perfectly entire. (Eu.)
Leaves ovate or oblong, with a clasping base, all immersed, thin and pellucid,
'^-many-nerved, and with cross veinlets : stems more or less branched.
8. P. perfdIi.fttUS, L. Leaves clasping by a heart-shaped base, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, sometimes round-ovate, obtuse; spikes rather few-flowered ; fruit
rounded on the back. — Ponds and rivers; common. — Leaves 1'- 2' long, flat ;
or, in the longer and ovate-lanceolate American forms, inclined to be acute and
more or less wavy or crisped. (Eu.) See Addend.
9. P. plTC long SIS, Wulf. leaves elongated-oblong, obtuse at Ivth ends,
half-clasping by the sessile base ; peduncles often much elongated (in deep water
6'- 12' long) ; spike cylindrical, many-flowered ; fruit strongly keeled on the back
when dry. — Rivers and ponds, New England to Wisconsin and northward. —
Stipules wingless. Leaves 1' or less wide, 2' -7' long. (Eu.)
* # *= Leaves not clasping, mostly of 2 sorts ; the immersed, ones acute at the base or
tapering into a petiole, thin and pellucid, many-nerved and reticulated by cross-vein-
lets, the floating ones somewhat coriaceous and long-petioled : stems simple or spar-
ingly branched. »
10. P. luccilS, L. Immersed leaves ample (3' -9' long), varying from
oblong-oval to broadly lanceolate, undulate, somewhat petiolcd ; the united stip-
ules 2-winged or keeled on the back ; peduncle thickened, especially upwards ; spike
elongated, dense ; fruit 1 - 3-keeled on the back. — The proper P. lucens usually
wants the floating leaves, and is common in deep water. (Eu.)
Var. ? iluitmis* Uppermost leaves floating on distinct but rarely very long
petioles, varying from oblong-lanceolate and acute at each end to ovate and
obtuse or heart-shaped (2' -4' long). P. fluitans, Roth., &c. ; and here I would
refer P. pulchejrl and P. amplifolius, Tuckerm. P. rufescens, Schraderf is a
narrow-leaved form, with smaller fruit, &c., either without floating leaves (P.
obrutus, Wood) or with them, of a brownish or reddish tinge, and verging to the
larger forms of No. 12. — Mostly in rather deep water; common northward.
Distinguished from P. natans by its broader and large immersed leaves, and
keeled fruit. Probably P. fluitans may be separated from P. lucens, and perhaps
several species with floating leaves may be here confounded ; the forms are di-
verse, and the fruit differs in the strength of the keels, &c. But I have not been
able to limit them. (Eu.)
11. P. lifstaais, L. Immersed leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear and
mostly long-petioled ; the thin blade early decaying, sometimes wanting ; floating
leaves long-pel ioled, elliptical or ovate-oblong, sometimes slightly heart-shaped
436 ALISMACE^. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.)
at the base (l£'-4' long, the petiole 4' -12' long); stipules not winged nor
ridi/ed; peduncle not thickened; fruit obtuse on the back when fresh. (P. lonchites,
Tucker m.) — P. oblongus, Viv., is a small-fruited form. — Ponds and slow
streams; common. (Eu.)
12. P. lictcropliyllllS, Schreber. Stem slender, branching; immersed
leaves lanceolate or linear and sessile, or only the upper petioled ; floating leaves
elliptical, varying to oblong-linear, thinnish (l'-2' long), on filiform petioles ;
united stipules %-ribbcd on the back; peduncle ojl.cn thickened upwards; fruit slfi/lttli/
keeled when dry (one half smaller than in the preceding). (P. gramineus, L.
in part, Fries, §-c. P. Claytonii, Tuckerm.) — In shallow pools and ditches, as
well as streams; common. (Eu.)
P. cufsFUS, L., I have not seen in this country. Mr. Tuckerman informs
me that he has seen a specimen in a European herbarium, purporting to have
been gathered in Delaware. If found, it may be distinguished from No. 8 by
its lanceolate and wavy-crisped 3-nervcd leaves. See Addend.
P. DENS us was admitted into the first edition on the authority of Beck from
Schweinitz. I apprehend some mistake about it. The species, if in the coun-
try, may be known by its leaves being all opposite and without stipules.
ORDER 116. AL.ISMACEJE. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.)
Marsh herbs, mth scape-like flowering stems, and perfect or monoecious
flwvers, not on a spadix, furnished with both calyx and corolla : sepals and
petals each 3, distinct. Ovaries 3 -many, distinct or partly so, or if united
separating at maturity, forming as many 1 - 2-seeded pods or achenia. Seed
ascending or erect. Embryo without albumen. Stamens hypogynous, 6
to many : anthers extrorse, 2-celled. Leaves sheathing at the base. Com-
prises two very distinct suborders, viz. : —
SUBORDER I. JUNCAGINE^E. THE ARROW-GRASS FAMILY.
Calyx and corolla colored alike (greenish). Seed anatropous, with a
straight embryo. Leaves petiole-like, without a blade.
1. TRIGLOCIIIN. Flowers perfect. Ovaries 8-6, united into one, but separating in fruit.
2. SCIIEUCIIZERIA. Flowers perfect. Ovaries 3, nearly distinct, forming diverging pods In
fruit.
SUBORDER II. ALISMEJE. THE WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.
Calyx green and persistent. Corolla white, deciduous. Seed cainpy-
lotropous: embryo bent double or hook-shaped. Loaves commonly fur-
nished with a blade.
8. ALTSMA. Flowers perfect, with definite, mostly 6 stamens. Carpels numerous, whorled.
4. ECIIINODOHUS. Flowers perfect, with 7-21 stamens. Carpels capitate, ribbed.
5. SAG ITT ARIA. Flowers monoecious. Stamens indefinite. Carpels capitate, winged.
ALISMACE^E. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 437
SUBORDER I. JfJNCACJINEJE. THE ARROW-GRASS FAMILY.
1. TRIGJLO€HIN, L. ARROW-GRASS.
Sepals and petals nearly alike (greenish), ovate, concave, deciduous. Sta-
mens 6 : anthers oval, on veiy short filaments. Pistils united into a 3 - 6-celled
compound ovary : stigmas sessile : ovules solitary. Pod splitting when ripe
into 3-6 carpels, which separate from a central axis. — Leaves rush-like, fleshy,
sheathing the base of the wand-like naked and joiutless scape. Flowers small,
in a spiked raceme, bractlcss. (Name composed of rpel?, three, and yAoj^iV,
point, from the three points of the ripe fruit in No. 1.)
1. T. palaistrc, L. Scape (6' -18' high) and leaves slender ; fruit linear-
club-shaped; the 3 carpels when ripe separating from below upwards from the tri-
angular axis, and awl-pointed at the base, ty — Marshes, both fresh and brack-
ish, New York to 111., and northward. Aug. (Eu.)
2. T. inarliiimilll, L. Scape (12' -20' high) and leaves thickish, fleshy ,
fruit ovate or olilony, acntish, of 6 or rarely 5 carpeh which are rounded at the base
and sliyhtly grooved on the back; the edges acute. 1J. — Salt marshes along the
coast ; salt springs, Salina, New York ; shore of the Great Lakes, and north-
ward.— Var. ELATUM (T. elatum, Nutt.) grows in cold and fresh bogs, from
W. New York to Wisconsin, often 2^° high, and has the angles of the carpels
sharper, or almost winged. (Eu.)
2. SCIIEUCHZERIA, L. SCHEUCHZBRIA.
Sepals and petals oblong, spreading, nearly alike (greenish-yellow), but the
latter narrower, persistent. Stamens 6 : anthers linear. Ovaries 3, globular,
slightly united at the base, 2-3-ovuled, bearing flat sessile stigmas, in fruit
forming 3 diverging and inflated 1 -2-seeded pods, opening along the inside. —
A low bog-herb, with a creeping jointed rootstock, tapering into the ascending
simple stem, which is zigzag, partly sheathed by the bases of the grass-like con-
duplicate leaves, terminated by a loose raceme of a few flowers, with sheathing
bracts. (Named in honor of the two brothers ScJieuchzer, distinguished Swiss
botanists.)
1. S. paliistris, L. — Peat-bogs, New England to Penn., Illinois, and
northward; rather rare. July. (Eu.)
SUBORDER II. AL.ISIJIEJE. THE WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.
3. AL.ISMA, L. WATER-PLANTAIN.
Flowers perfect. Petals inrolute in the bud. Stamens definite, mostly 6.
Ovaries many in a simple circle on a flattened receptacle, forming flattened cori-
aceous achenia, which are dilated and 2-3-keeled on the back. — Roots fibrous.
Leaves all from the root, several-ribbed, with connected veirilets. Scape with
whoiied panicled branches. Flowers small, white or pale rose-color. (The
Greek name; of uncertain derivation.)
37*
4-'JS ALISMACE^E. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.)
1. A. Plsmtr.go, ^-> var- Americjiimm. Leaves long-petioled,
ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, pointed, mostly rounded or heart-shaped at the
5-9-nerved; panicle loose, compound, many-flowered (l°-2° long);
carpels 15-20, obliquely obovate, forming an obtusely triangular whorl in
fruit. 1J. (A. trivial is and parviflora, Pursh.) — Ditches and marshy places;
common. July, Aug. (Eu.)
4. ECIIINODORUS, Richard, Engclmann.
Flowers perfect. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens 6-21 or more.
Ovaries several or many, imbricated in a head, forming ribbed achenia in fruit,
often beaked with a projecting persistent style. — Habit intermediate between
the preceding genus and the following. (Name from e'^tfooSf/y, prickly, or from
fXlvosi and Sopos, a leathern bottle, applied to the ovaiy, which is in most species
armod with the persistent style, so as to form a sort of prickly head of fruit.)
For the elaboration of this and the next genus I am indebted to DK. ENGEL-
1. E. piirvulllS, Engelm. Leaves lanceolate or sjKitulate, acute (£'-!£'
long, including the petiole) ; shoots often creeping and proliferous; scapes (!'-
3' high) bearing a 2 - 8-flowered umbel; pedicels reflexed in fruit; stamens 9;
gtylet much shorter than the ovary ; achenia beakless, many-ribbed, (l) — Margin of
shallow ponds, Michigan to Illinois and westward. — Flower 3" broad.
2. E. rostratllS, Engelm. Leaves broadly heart-shaped, obtuse, nerved
(l'-3' long, excluding the petiole) ; scape erect, longer than the leaves, bearing
a branched panicle of proliferous umbels; stamens 12; styles lomjer than the
ovary; achenia beaked, many-ribbed, (l) (Alisma rostrata, Nutt.) — Low river-
bottoms, Illinois and southward. — Plant from 3' to 2° high. Flower 5" wide.
Head of fruit ovoid, 3'' wide.
3. E. rildicailS, Engelm. Leaves somewhat truncatcly broadly heart-
shaped, obtuse, nerved (3' -8' broad and long, long-petiolcd) ; stems or scapes
prostrate, creeping (2° -4° long), proliferous, bearing many whorls of flowers;
stamens about 21; styles shorter than the ovary; achenia short-beaked, ribbed, the
keeled back denticulate. 1J. (Alisma radicans, Nutt.) — Swamps, W. Illinois
and southward. — Flowers about 1' in diameter.
5. SAGITTARIA, L. ARROW-HEAD.
Flowers monoecious, or often dioecious in No. 2. Petals imbricated in the
bud. Stamens indefinite, rarely few. Ovaries many, crowded in a spherical
head on a globular receptacle, in fruit fonning flat membranaceous winged
achenia. — Marsh or aquatic, chiefly perennial herbs, with milky juice and fibrous
roots ; the scapes sheathed at the base by the bases of the long cellular petioles,
of which the primary ones, and sometimes all of them, are flattened, nerved,
and destitute of any proper blade : when present the blade is arrow-shaped or
lanceolate, nerved and with cross veinlcts as in Alisma. Flowers (produced all
summer) mostly whorled in threes, with membranous bracts ; the sterile above.
(Name from sayitta, an arrow, from the prevalent form of the leaves.)
ALISMACEjE. ( WATER- PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 439
# Filaments slender awl-shaped, longer than the anthers : scape simple 01 branched.
1. S. falcata, Pursh. Scape 1°~5° high, with several of the lower
whorls fertile; bracts ovate or orbicular; pedicels slender, the fertile recurved in
fruit ; Jllaments hairy ; achenia obocate-falcate, pointed with a short incurved beak ;
leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong, all with a tapering base, thick (6' -18' long, and
on a long and stout petiole), the nerves mostly arising from the very thick midrib.
(S. lancifolia, Michx.) — Swamps, Virginia and southward. — Known at once by
its coriaceous and large, thick-ribbed, never sagittate leaves, &c.
2. S. varMMflis, Engelm. Scape (|°- 4° high) 12-angled, with one or
more of the lower whorls fertile ; bracts pointed ; pedicels of the fertile flowers
about half the lemjth of the sterile ones ; petals with white claws ; filaments glabrous,
nearly twice the length of the anthers ; achenia obovate, with a long and curved
bta/c of £ or £ its length ; leaves very various, mostly sagittate. (S. sagittifolia,
Amer. anth., frc. The European species has the fertile pedicels only J or £ the
length of the sterile, the claws of the petals purple-tinged, the filaments not
longer than the anthers ; the achenia almost orbicular, very broadly winged,
and short-beaked.) — In water or wet places; very common. — Excessively
variable in size and foliage : the folloAving are the leading forms. Yar. OBTFJSA
(S. obtusa, Willd.) is large, dioecious ; the broadly sagittate leaves obtuse, £°-
1° long. — Var. LATirdLiA (S. latifolia, Willd.) is large, monoecious, with
broad and acute sagittate leaves. — Var. DiVERSiFftLiA, with some leaves
ovate-lanceolate, others more or less sagittate. — Var. SAGiTTiF6uA is the or-
dinary form, with narrowly halberd-shaped or sagittate leaves (including S.
hastata, Pursh ) . — Var. ANGUSTIF6LIA has the narrow leaves with long and
linear diverging lobes, and a larger more horizontally beaked fruit. — Var. GRA-
CILIS (S. gracilis, Pursh) is the most slender form, with nearly linear leaves and
lobes. See Addend.
* * Filaments very short, with a very broad glandular base: scape commonly simple.
3. S. Iictcropliylla, Pursh. Scape weak, at length mostly procum-
bent ; bracts roundish, obtuse ; the lowest whorl of fertile flowers, which are
almost sessile ; the sterile flowers on long pedicels ; achenia narrowly obovate, long-
beaked. — Hather common, at least southward, and nearly as variable in foliage
as the last. Var. ELL^PTICA has broad leaves (sometimes 6' long and 5' wide),
either obtuse or cordate at the base, or sagittate. — Var. nfciDA (S. rigida,
Pursh) has stout petioles and rigid narrowly lanceolate blades, acute at both
ends. — Var. ANGUSTIF^LIA has nearly linear leaves. — Var. FL^JITAXS has
narrowly linear and delicate floating leaves.
4. S. Simplex, Pursh. Scape very slender, erect (3' -20' high), the
lower whorls fertile ; bracts triangular, rather obtuse, the upper ones connate ;
pedicels all slender, the sterile and fertile of equal length ; achenia small, obovate, nar-
rowly winged, bcakless ; leaves varying from ovate-lanceolate to linear, rarely
sagittate. (S. acutifolia, Pursh, &c.) — Rather common, especially southward.
— Flowers much smaller than in any of the foregoing.
5. S. pusilla, Nutt. Dwarf; scape (l'-3' high) shorter than the linear
or awl-shaped entire leaves (their proper blade obscure and obtuse or none) ;
rs only 2 — 9, on slender pedicels the fertile recurved after flowering, stamens
flowers o
440 HYDKOCHARIDACE^E. (FROG'S-BIT FAMILY.)
7-9; ovaries short-pointed (ripe fruit not seen). (Alisma subuluta, Pursfi.) —
Low shores, near Philadelphia, &c. — Apparently distinct frcm dwarf forms of
the hist; but needs further investigation.
S. N\TANS, Miehx., apparently the only remaining good species in the Unit-
ed. States, is only found farther south.
ORDER 117. HYDROCHARIDACEJE. (FROG'S-BIT FAM.)
Aquatic herbs, with dioecious or polygamous regular flowers on scape-like
peduncles from a spathe, and simple or double floral envelopes, ir/tich in the
fertile flowers are united into a tube and coherent with the l-Q-celled orary,
Stamens 3-12, distinct or monadelphous : anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 3 or
6. Fruit ripening under water, indehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds ascend-
ing, without albumen : embryo straight.
Synopsis.
TRIBE I. STRATIOTIDEJE. Ovary 6 - 9-celled : stigmas 6 - 9.
1. LIMNOBIUM. Filaments unequally united into a solid column in the staminate flowers :
anthers 6 - 12, linear.
TRIBE II VA L.L.IS1VERIE JE. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae : stigmas 8.
2. ANACHARIS. Stem leafy. Tube of the perianth of the fertile flowers long and thread-
form ; its lobes 6.
3. VALLISNERIA. Stemless. Tube of the perianth not prolonged beyond the elongated
ovary ; its lobes 3.
1. LIMNOBIUM, Richard. AMERICAN FROG'S-BIT.
Flowers dioecious, (or monoecious?) from sessile or somewhat peduncled
spathes ; the sterile spathe 1-leaved, producing about 3 long-pedicelled flowers ;
the fertile 2-leaved, with a single short-pedicelled flower. Calyx 3-parted or
cleft ; sepals oblong-oval. Petals 3, oblong-linear. Filaments entirely united
in a central solid column, bearing 6-12 linear anthers at unequal heights : there
are 3-6 awl-shaped rudiments of stamens in the fertile flowers. Ovary 6-9-
celled, with as many placentae in the axis, forming an ovoid many-settled berry
in fruit : stigmas as many as the cells, but 2-parted, awl-shaped (ovules orthotro-
pous, Tor/-.). — A stemless perennial herb, floating in stagnant water, prolif-
erous by runners, with long-pctiolcd and round-heart-shaped leaves, which are
spongy-reticulated and purplish underneath; rootlets slender, hairy. Sterile
flowers rather small ; the fertile larger : peduncle nodding in fruit. Petals
white ? (Name from Xt/xj/oj3toff, living in pools.)
1. L.. Sptingia, Richard. (ITydrocharis, Bosc. H. cordifolia, Nntt.) —
Braddock's Bay (Monroe County, N. Y.), Lake Ontario, Dr. Bradly, Dr. Sart-
wdl. Illinois, Vasey, and in the Southern States. Aug. — Leaves l'-2' loug,
faintly 5-nerved. Peduncle of the sterile flower about 3' long, thread-like; of
the fertile, only 1 ', stout.
HYDEOCIIARIDACE.E. (FROG's-BIT FAMILY.) 441
2. A IV AC II A HIS, Rich. (UD6RA, Nutt.) WATER-WEED.
Flowers polygamo-diceciou*, solitary and sessile from a sessile and tubular
2-cleft axillary sputhe. Sterile flowers small or minute ; with 3 sepals, barely
united at the base, and usually 3 similar or narrower petals : filaments short and
monadelphous at the base, or none ; anthers 9, oval. Fertile flowers either pis-
tillate or apparently perfect: perianth extended into an extremely long and
capillary tube ; the limb 6-paited ; the small lobes (sepals and petals) obovate,
spreading. Stamens 3-G, sometimes merely short sterile filaments, without
anthers, or with imperfect ones, sometimes with oblong almost sessile anthers.
Ovary 1 -celled, with 3 parietal placentae, each bearing a few orthotropous ovules ;
the capillary style coherent with the tube of the perianth : stigmas 3, large, 2-
lobed or notched, exserted. Fruit oblong, coriaceous, few-seeded. — Perennial
slender herbs, growing under water, with elongated branching stems, thickly
beset with pellucid arid veinless, 1-nerved, sessile, whorled or opposite leaves.
The staminate flowers (which are rarely seen) commonly break off, as in Val-
lisneria, and float on the surface, where they expand and shed their pollen
around the stigmas of the fertile flowers, which are raised to the surface by the
excessively prolonged calyx-tube, varying in length according to the depth of
the water. (Name formed of di>, throughout, and adapts, without charms, being
rather homely water- weeds.)
1. A. CsHiaclensiS, Planchon. Leaves in threes or fours, or the lower
opposite, varying from linear to oval-oblong, obscurely and minutely serrulate ;
stigmas more or less 2-lobed. (Elodea Canadensis, Michx. Udora Canadensis,
Nutt. Anacharis Alsinastrum (Babingion), Nuttallii, and Canadensis (perhaps
also Chilensis), and also Apalanthe Schweinitzii, Planchon.) — Slow streams
and ponds ; common. July. (Eu. ?)
3. VAL,L,I§]VERIA, Micheli. TAPE-GRASS.. EEL-GRASS.
Flowers strictly dioecious : the sterile numerous and crowded in a head on a
conical receptacle, enclosed in an ovate at length 3-valved spathe which is borne
on a very short scape : stamens mostly 3. Fertile flowers solitary and sessile
in a tubular spathe which is borne on an exceedingly long scape. Perianth
(calyx) 3-parted in the sterile flowers; in the fertile with a linear tube. coherent
with the 1 -celled ovary, but not extended beyond it, 3-lobed (the lobes obovate) ;
also 3 linear small petals. Stigmas 3, large, nearly sessile, 2-lobed. Ovules
very numerous scattered over the walls, orthotropous ! Fruit elongated, cylin-
drical, berry-like. — Stemless plants, with long and linear grass-like leaves,
growing entirely under water. The staminate clusters being confined to the
bottom of the water by the shortness of the scape, the flower-buds themselves
spontaneously break away from their short pedicels and float on the surface,
where they expand and shed their pollen around the fertile flowers, which are
raised to the surface at this time : afterwards the thread-form fertile scapes (2-4
feet long according to the depth of the water) coil up spirally and draw the ovary
under water to ripen. (Named in honor of Vallisneri, an early Italian botanist.)
1. V. spiralis, L. Leaves linear, thin, long and ribbon-like (l°-2°
442 BURMANNIACEJE. (BURMANNIA FAMILY.)
long), obscurely serrulate, obtuse, somewhat nerved and netted- veined. — Com-
mon in slow rivers, &c. August. (Eu.)
ORDER 118. BURMANJVIACE^E. (BURMANNIA FAMILY.)
S?nall annual herbs, often uith minute and scale-like leaves, or those of the
root grass-Wee ; the flowers perfect, with a Q-cleft corolla-like perianth, the
tube of which adheres to the l-celled or 3-celled ovary; stamens 3 and dis-
tinct, opposite the inner divisions of the perianth ; pod many-seeded, the seeds
very minute. — A small chiefly tropical family, of which only one plant is
found within our borders.
1. BURMANNIA, L. (TRIPTERELLA, Michx.)
Ovary 3-cclled, with the thick placentas in the axis. Filaments 3, very short.
Style slender: stigma capitate-3-lobcd. Pod often 3-wingcd. (Named for
J. Burmann, an early Dutch botanist.)
1. B. biflora, L. Stem low and slender (2' -4' high), 2-flowered at the
summit, or soon several-flowered ; perianth (2" -3" long) bright blue, 3-winged.
(Tripterella carulea, MicJix.) — Peaty bogs, Virginia and southward.
ORDER 119. ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)
Herbs, distinguished by their irregular floioers, 6-merous perianth adherent
tG the l-celled ovary with 3 parietal placenta?, gynandrous stamens (only 1 or
2), and pollen cohering in waxy or mealy masses. Fruit a l-celled 3-valved
pod, with innumerable minute seeds, appearing like fine saw-dust. Peri-
anth of 6 divisions in 2 sets ; the 3 outer (sepals) of the same petal-like
texture and appearance as the 3 inner (petals}, of which the upper or pos-
terior one, but by the twisting of the ovary or stalk commonly appearing
the lower or anterior, differs more or less in shape or direction from the
others, is often spurred or appendaged, and is called the Up. Opposite
this, in the axis of the flower, is the column, which is composed of a single
stamen (or in Cypripedium of 2 fertile stamens) entirely coherent and
confluent with the style, on which the 2-celled anther is variously situated.
— Perennial herbs, often tuber-bearing, or with tuberous or thickened
roots. Leaves parallel-nerved. Flowers commonly showy and singular
in shape, either spiked, racemed, or solitary, bracted. A large family, but
sparingly represented in the United States.
Synopsis.
I. Anther only one.
TBTBB I. OPHRYDEJE. ADther (of 2 separate cells) entirely a.lnate to the face of the
etigma, erect. Pollen cohering into a great number of coar.«e ^r.-iins. which are all fast-
ened by elastic and cobwebby tissue into one large mass, with a stalk that connects il
with a f^U'd of the stigma. (Flower riugeut, the lip with a spur beneath.)
ORCHIDACE.E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 443
1. ORCHIS. Anther-cells contiguous and parallel. Gland* of the stigma, to which the base
of the stalks of the 2 pollen-masses cohere, contained in a common little pouch formed
of a fold or hood of the stigma
'2. GYMNADENIA. Anther-cells contiguous and parallel : glands naked.
o. PLATAr\TTIIEUA. Anther-cells diverging, widely separated at the base: glands naked.
TRIBE II. NEOTTIEJE. Anther dorsal (attached to the back of the column), erect,
parallel with the stigma ; the 2 cells approximate. Pollen rather loose and powdery, or
elastically cohering
4 GOODYERA. Lip entire, free from the column, strap-pointed. Pollen-masses elastic.
6 SPIRANTIfES. Lip nearly entire, channelled, pointless, ascending, embracing the column.
6 LTSTEEA. Lip flat, spreading or pendulous, 2-lobed at the apex.
•>
TRIBE HI. ARETHTTSEjE, MALA XTOK^ES, Ac. Anther terminal (attached to
the apex of the column, or near it), and like a lid over the stigma, at length deciduous.
* Pollen in loose or powdery grains, forming 2 or 4 delicate masses.
7- ARETIIUSA. Lip bearded, its base adherent to the linear column. Pollen-masses 4.
8 POGONIA Lip more or less crested, free from the club-shaped column. Pollen-masses 2.
9. CALOPOGON. Lip bearded, stalked, free : column winged at the apex. Pollen-masses 4.
* * Pollen in smooth and finally waxy masses,
-i- Pollen-masses attached by elastic stalks, or in No. 10 sessile
10. CALYPSO. Lip inflated and sac-like, notched at the apex and 2-pointed underneath the
notch. Column winged and petal-like Pollen-masses 4. Stem 1-flowered.
11. TIPULARIA Lip short and flat, with a long and thread-like spur beneath. Column mar-
gined. Pollen-masses 4. Raceme many-flowered.
12. BLETIA. Lip hooded, spurless. Column not margined. Pollen-masses 8.
•*- -i- Pollen-masses without any stalks or connecting tissue.
•H- Plants green and with leaves. ( Sepals spreading: lip flat and spurless.
13 MICROSTYLIS. Lip arrow-shaped or heart-shaped. Column minute, round.
14. LIPAR1S. Lip entire, dilated. Column elongated, margined at the apex.
•H- -H- Plants tawny or purplish, leafless, or with a root-leaf only : sepals and petals conniving.
15. CORALLORH1ZA. Lip with a spur or projection at the base adherent to the ovary. An-
ther-cells oblique.
APLEOTRUM. Lip spurless, free, raised on a claw.
II. Anthers two.
TBIBE IV. C YPRIPEDIEJE. The 2 anthers those of the lateral stamens : the third
or upper stamen (which is the one which bears the anther hi the rest of the order) here
forming a petal-like sterile appendage to the column.
CYPRIPEDIUM. Lip a large and inflated sac, somewhat slipper-form.
1. ORCHIS, L. ORCHIS.
Flower ringent ; the sepals and petals nearly equal, all of them, or all but the
2 lower sepals, converging upwards and arching over the column. Lip turned
downwards, coalescing with the base of the colamn, spurred at the base under-
neath. Anther-cells contiguous and parallel. Pollen cohering in numerous
coarse waxy grains, which are collected on a cobweb-like elastic tissue into 2
large masses (one filling each anther-cell) borne on a slender stalk, the base of
which is attached to the 2 glands of the stigma, contained in a common little
pouch or hooded fold. Flowers showy, in a spike. ('Op^is, the ancient name.)
1. O. spectiifoilis, L. (SHOWY ORCHIS.) Root of thick fleshy fibres,
444 ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)
producing 2 oblong-obovate shining leaves (3 - 5' long) and a few-flowerod
4-angled scape (4'-7f high); bracts leaf-like, lanceolate ; sepals and petals all
vaulted, pink-purple, the ovate undivided lip white. — On hills in rich woods,
New England to Kentucky and (especially) northward. May.
2. GYIttNADENIA, R. Brown. NAKED-GLAND ORCHIS.
Flower as in Orchis. Anther-cells parallel ; the approximate glands naked
(whence the name, from yv/ii/o's, naked, and adrjv, gland}.
1. G. tridentata, Lindl. Stem slender (6' -12' high), with a single
oblong or oblanccolate obtuse leaf below, and 2 or 3 small ones like bracts
above ; spike 6 - \2-flowered, oblong ; lip wedye-oblony, truncate and with 3 short t, < th
at the apex ; the slender and slightly club-shaped spur curved upwards, longer
than the ovary. — Wet woods ; rather common, especially northwards. July.
— Root of few fleshy fibres. Flowers small, pale yellowish-green.
2. G. flava, Lindl. Stem several-leaved (15' high), the 1 or 2 lower
leaves elongated, oblong-lanceolate, acute; the others becoming smaller and
bract-like ; spike densely many- flowered, oblong-cylindrical ; lip ovate, a little crenate
or wavy-maryined, shorter than the awl-shaped depending spur. — Wet pine bar-
rens of New Jersey, Virginia, and southward. July. — Root of very fleshy
fibres, one or two of them tuber-like. Flowers orange-yellow, closely set. (Or-
chis flava & integra, Nutt. Habenaria Elliottii, Beck.)
3. PL.ATANTHERA, 'Richard. FALSE ORCHIS.
Flower as in Orchis, &c. (lateral sepals spreading, except in No. 5) ; but the
anther-cells diverging below, and the 2 naked glands widely separated (whence
the name, from TrAurvs, wide, and dvQnpd, for anther).
§ 1. Scape I -I cared at the base : spur not exceeding the Up : root of thick fibres.
1. P. Obtusftta, Lindl. (DWARF ORCHIS.) Leaf obovate, obtuse;
spike loosely 5-10-Howered; upper sepal broad and rounded; petals bluntly
triangular ; lip linear, entire, bearing 2 small tubercles at the base, about the length
of the curving spur. — Cold peat-bogs and high mountains, Maine to N. New
York and L. Superior. June. — Scape 5' -8' high. Flowers ty long. (Eu.)
9. P. rotundifolia, Lindl. (SMALL ROUND-LEAVED ORCHIS.) Lmf
round-ovate or orbicular (2' -3' wide); spike several-flowered; lip 3-/WW, larp-r
than the ovate petals and sepals, the middle lobe larger and inversely heart-
shaped. — Along the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick (Mr. <V<W-
ricli), and northward. — Scape 8' high. Leaf, and sometimes the white flowers,
spotted with purple : lip £' long.
$ 2. Scape 2-feaved at the base: spur very long: lip entire: roots thickened.
3. P. orbiculfita, Lindl. (LARGE ROUND-LEAVED ORCHIS.) Leaves
very large (4'-8' wide), orbicular, spreading flat on the ground ; scape braeted,
bearing many spreading (/rci'iiixh-irhitr. floinrs in a loose raciiiii ; upper sepal or-
bicular, the lateral ovate ; lip mirnnrli/ Uneor-spahdate, drooping, nearly thrice
rhe length of the ovate reflexed petals ; sjmr curctd, slender (5 V-2 long), grad-
ORCHIDACE.E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 445
ually thickened towards the apex, blunt, twice the length of the ovary. — Rich woods,
under Hemlocks, £c., W. New England to Wisconsin; rather rare, chiefly
northward, and southward along the Allcghanics. July. — Leaves very smooth,
shining above, silvery underneath. Scape l°-2° high.
4. P. liookcri, Lindl. (SMALLER TWO-LEAVED ORCHIS.) Leaves
orbicular, spreading (3' -4' broad) ; scape mostly naked (j°-l° high), bearing
10-20 upright sessile yellowish-green flowers in a strict spike; sepals ovate-lanceo-
late ; lip lanceolate, pointed, a little incurved, longer than the linear-lanceolate
petals ; spur sl-nder, acute, about the length of the ovary (£' long). — Woods, Rhode
Island to Ohio and Wisconsin, and northward. June.
$ 3. Stem Itafy : lip entire (or nearly so), nearly equalling or exceeding the spur: root
a cluster of fleshy branches or fibres.
5. P. l>i'cictefstn, Torr. (BRACTED GREEN ORCHIS.) Loiver leaves
obovate, the upper oblong and gradually reduced to lanceolate acute bracts 2-3
times the length of the small green flowers; spike loose; sepals and linear-lanceolate
petals erect; lip oblong-linear or slightly spatulate, truncate and minutely 2 — 3-toothcd
at the tip, mare than twice the length of the sac-like somewhat 2-lobed spur. — Damp
woods ; common northward. June. — Stem 6' - 12' high, 6 - 12-flowercd. (Eu. ?)
6. P. liypcrborca, Lindl. (NORTHERN GREEN ORCHIS.) Stem very
leafy ; leaves lanceolate, erect ; spike densely many-flowered ; lower bracts lance-
olate, longer than the (greenish) flowers ; lip and petals lanceolate, somewhat equal,
as long as the obtuse spur. (P. Iluronensis, Lindl.) — Peat-bogs and wet cold
woods; common northward. June, July. — Stem 6' — 2° high, strict : crowded
spike of small flowers 2'- 1° long. Lip as long as the sepals, obtusish, entire,
not dilated at the base. (Eu. ?)
7. P. (lilatata, Lindl. (NORTHERN WHITE ORCHIS.) Leaves lanceo-
late or linear, erect ; spike wand-like, densely or rather loosely-flowered ; bracts
linear-lanceolate, inpstly shorter than the (white or whitish) flowers ; petals linear-
lanceolate ; lip linear-lanceolate from a rhomboid-dilated base, rather obtuse, about
the length of the obtuse spur. — Cold peat-bogs, &c. ; common northward.
June, July. — Usually more slender tban the last, but often as tall, and too
nearly related to it.
8. P. fUYva, Gray. (YELLOWISH ORCHIS.) Leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-
Itnnolate; the uppermost linear-lanceolate and pointed, passing into the bracts
of the elongated raceme ; petals ovate ; lip oblong, obtuse or barely notched at
the apex, furnished ivith a tooth on each side near the base and a small protuberance
on the palate, about the length of the sepals, half the length of the club-shaped
spur. (Orchis flava, L. ! 0. virescens, fuccscens, herbiola, and bidentata, of
authors.) — Wet places; common. June -Aug. — Stem 10' -20' high; the
spike at first dense, with the bracts longer than the flowers, at length elongated
and often loose, with the upper bracts shorter than the flowers ; which are quite
small, dull greenish-yellow, drying brownish.
§ 4. Stem leafy : lip fringed along the sides, undivided, shorter than the spur : ovary
taper-beaked: root a duster of thick and fleshy fibres.
9. P. cristata, Lindl. (CKESTED ORCHIS.) Lower leaves lanceolate,
elongated ; the upper gradually reduced to sharp-pointed bracts, nearly the length
446 OKCHIDACEJE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)
of tiie crou-ded (yellow) flowers ; spike oblong or cylindrical ; petals rounded, ere-
nate ; ///; oi-alc, with a lacerate/ringed mart/ hi, scarcely shorter than the slender ob-
tuse incurved spur, which is not half the length of the ovary. — Bogs, Penn.
(Pursh) to Virginia and southward. — Flowers one quarter the size of the next.
10. P. cilifsris, Lindl. (YELLOW FRINGED-ORCIIIS.) Leaves oblong
or lanceolate ; tlie upper passing into pointed brads, which are shorter than (he
long-biased on tries ; spike oblong, rather closely many-flowered ; Jhwcrs bright
orange-yellow; lateral sepals rounded, reflexed ; petals linear, cut-fringed at the
apex ; Up oblong, about half the length of the spur, furnished with a very luiuj and
copious capillary fringe. — Bogs and wet places; scarce at the North j common
southward. July, Aug. — Our handsomest species, l£°-2° high, with a short
spike of very showy flowers ; the lip £' long, the conspicuous fringe fully y long
on each side.
11. P. blcplltiriglottis, Lindl. (WHITE FKINGED-ORCIIIS.) Leaves,
&c. as in the last ; flowers white ; petals spatulate, slightly cut or toothed at the
apex ; lip oblong or lanceolate-oblong, with the irregular capillary fringe of the
margins usually shorter than the disk, one third the length of the spur. — Var.
HOLOPETALA (P. holopetala, Lindl.) has narrower petals with the toothing
obsolete, and the lip less fringed. — Peat-bogs and borders of ponds, with No.
10, or commonly taking its place in the North. July. — A foot high, the flow-
ers beautiful, but rather smaller than in the last.
§ 5. Stem leafy : lip 3-parted, shorter than the somewhat club-shaped long spur, nar-
rowed at the base into a claw : roots clustered and fleshy-thickened.
* Flowers ivhite or greenish.
12. P. leucoph&a, Nutt. (WESTERN ORCHIS.) Leaves oblong-lan-
ceolate; the bracts similar, rather shorter than the (large dull white) flowers;
spike elongated, loose; petals obovate, minutely cut-toothed; divisions of the. lip
broadly wedge-shaped or fan-shaped, many-deft to the middle into a threadlike fringe;
spur longer than the ovary. — Moist meadows, Central Ohio to Wisconsin and
southwestward. July. — Stem 2° -4° high; the spike at length 1° long. Lip
about 3' wide.
13. P. Iiiccra, Gray. (RAGGED ORCHIS.) Leaves oblong or lanceo-
late ; raceme loosely many-flowered ; petals oblong-linear, entire ; divisions of the
lip narrmr, deeply parted into a few long nearly capillary lobes; spur about the
length of the ovary. (O. psycodes, MM., &c., not of L. O. laccra, Micli.r.)
— Bogs and moist thickets ; rather common. July. — Stem 1° - 2° high : bracts
shorter or longer than the pale yellowish-green flowers.
* * Flowers purple.
14. P. psycdcles, Gray. (SMALL PUR-PLE FRINGED-ORCIIIS.) Leaves
oblong, the uppermost passing into linear-lanceolate bracts ; raceme, cylindrical,
dnisely niuinj-flowered ; I wer sepals round-oval, ol>tusc ; prtalx w(d<jc-d>onite. or >•/«//-
uUite, denticulate aliore ; divisions of the spreading lip broadly W( dire-shaped,
many-cleft into a short fringe. (O. psycodes, L. ! O. finihriatn, 7N//>7/, /Jii/doto.
O. incisu and O. li-s;i, Mnhl. in Willd.) — Moist meadows and alluvial banks;
common. July, Aug. — Stem 2° high. Flowers short-pedicelled, crowded in
•
.
ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 4.47
a spike 4r-7' long, small, but very handsome, fragrant: lip short-stalked,
barely £' broad and not so long ; the middle lobe broadest and more closely
fringed, but not so deeply cleft as the lateral ones.
15. P. filiibrifita, Lindl. (LARGE PURPLE FRINGED-ORCHIS.) Lower
leaves oval or oblong, the upper few, passing into lanceolate bracts ; spike or ra-
ceme oblong, loosely-flowered ; lower sepals ovate, acute ; petals oblong, toothed down
the sides ; divisions of the pendent large lip fan-shaped, many-cleft into a long
capillary fringe. (0. fimbriata, Ait., Willd., Hook. Exot. Fl., &c. O. grandi-
flora, Biijdoic.) — Wet meadows, &c., New England to Penn., and (chiefly)
northeastward. June. — Stem 2° high. Flowers fewer, paler (or lilac-purple),
and 3 or 4 times larger than those of No. 14 ; the more ample dilated lip |' to
1' broad, with a deeper and nearly capillary crowded fringe, different-shaped
petals, &c.
16. P. peramrciia, Gray. (GREAT PURPLE ORCHIS.) Lower leaves
oblong-ovate, the upper lanceolate ; spike oblong or cylindrical, densely flow-
ered ; lower sepals round-ovate ; petals rounded-obovate, raised on a claw ;
divisions of the large lip very broadly wedge-shaped, irregularly eroded-toothed at the
broadly dilated summit, the lateral ones truncate, the middle one 2-lobcd. (P. tissa,
Lindl. O. fissa, Pursh, not of Muhl.) — Moist meadows and banks, Penn. to
Obio, Illinois, and southward along the Alleghanies. Aug. — Stem 2° -4°
high. Flowers large and showy, violet-purple ; the lip paler and very ample,
1' long: its divisions minutely and variably toothed, or sparingly cut along die
terminal edge, but not fringed.
4. OOOI>YERA, R. Brown. RATTLESNAKE-PLANTAIN.
Flower ringent ; lateral sepals not oblique at the base, including the saccate
sessile base of the lip, which is free from the small straight column, without
callosities, and contracted at the apex into a pointed and channelled recurved
termination. Anther attached to the back near the summit of the column.
Pollen-masses 2, consisting of angular grains loosely cohering by a manifest
web. — Root of thick fibres from a fleshy somewhat creeping rootstock, bearing
a tuft of thickish petioled leaves next the ground. Scape, spike, and the green-
ish-white small flowers usually glandular-downy. (Dedicated to John Goodyer,
an early English botanist.)
G. repcns, R. Brown. Small (5' -8' high) and slender; leaves ovate,
lore or less reticulated with white (about 1' long) ; flowers several, in a loose
l-sidcd spike; lip inflated, the apex ovate and obtuse; stigma distinctly 2-
toothed. — Rich woods, under evergreens ; common northward, and southward
along the Alleghanies. Aug. — Intermediate forms apparently occur between
this and the next. (Eu.)
2. O. pufoescens, R. Brown. Leaves ovate, conspicuously reticulated
and blotched with white (2' long) ; flowers numerous in a crowded spike, not \-sidcd;
lip inflated, and with an abrupt ovate apex ; stigma rounded at the summit. —
Rich woods ; rather common, especially southward. July, Aug — Scape
8' -12' high.
448 ORCHIDACEuE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)
5. SPIRANTHES, Richard. LADIKS' Tr.i.
Flower somewhat ringcnt ; the lateral sepals rather oblique at the base and
somewhat decurrent on the ovary, covering the base of the lip ; the upper one
cohering with the petals; all usually erect. Lip oblong, concave and embracing
the wingless column below, furnished with 2 callosities next the base, contracted
into a short claw below them or sessile, the spreading apex more or less dilated.
Column arching, obliquely short-stalked, the ovate stigma usually with a
short-pointed and at length 2-cleft beak. Anther attached to the back of the
column. Pollen-masses 2, club-shaped or obovate, fixed to the stigma by
a gland, deeply 2-cleft from the broader end (and in S. gracilis again 2-cleft)
into tender lamellae which are more or less iurolled when young, bearing
the powdery pollen-grains. — Roots clustered-tuberous. Stems naked, or
leafy below. Flowers small, white, bent horizontal, in a close usually spi-
rally twisted spike (whence the name, from mrfipa, a coil or curl, and tivQog,
blossom).
# Scape naked, barely bracted below .' leaves all at or near the ground, early disap-
pearing : flowers all one-sided.
1. S. gracilis, Bigelow. Scape very slender (8' -15' high), smooth;
spike slender, so twisted as to throw the flowers as they expand all into a single
(straightish or usually spiral) row; bracts ovate, pointed, not longer than the
pods, to which they are closely appressed ; lip spatulate-oblong, strongly wavy-
crisped at the rounded summit (not lobed), the callosities at the base conspicu-
ous, incurved; leaves varying from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, pctioled (l'-2
long), thin. (Also S. Beckii, Lindl., as to the Northern plant.) — Hilly woods
and sandy plains: common. July, Aug. — Perianth and lip \' — i1 long, of a
delicate pearly texture : the calli at first oval, bearded at the base inside, at
length elongating and recurved.
* * Scape or stem leafy towards the base : flowers not unilateral.
2. S. latifolia, Torr. in Lindl. Low (4' -9' high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
narrowed into a sheathing base ; spike oblong, rather dense, more or less twist-
ed ; bracts lanceolate, acutish, the lower as long as the flowers ; lip oblong, very
obtuse, wavy-crisped at the apex, 5-7-nerved below, and with 2 oblong adnato
callosities at the base. (S. plantaginea, Torr. in N. Y. Fl., not of Lindl. S.
aestivalis, Oakes, cat.) — Moist banks, N. New York, W. New England, and
northward; not rare. June. — Leaves chiefly towards the base of the stem,
2'-4' long and about £' wide, thickish; above are one or two small leaf-like
bracts. Flowers white with the lip yellowish, larger than in No. 1, much small-
er than in No. 3 ; the sepals minutely glandular-pubescent, as well as the axis
of the spike. — I find nothing to distinguish it from S. asstivalis except that the
flowers are a trifle smaller, and the bracts less acute.
3. S. Cermia, Richard. Root-leaves lineur-lunciolntc, rlomjatxl, those of the
stem similar but smaller, passing into bracts; spike dense, minutely pubescent;
bracts ovate-lanceolate, pointed, as long as the flowers ; lip oblong, furnished
with two minute callosities at the base, constricted above the middle, rounded at
the summit, wavy-crisped. — Wet grassy places ; common. Aug. - Oct. — Stem
ORCHIDACE.E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 449
8' -2° high, the root leaves 4' -12' long. Spike thick, 3' -5' long, seldom
twisted. Flowers white or cream-color, fragrant ; the perianth about 5" long. —
The large states seem to pass into S. odorata, Nutt.
6. LISTER A, R. Brown. TWAYBLADE.
Sepals and petals nearly alike, spreading or reflexed. Lip mostly drooping,
longer than the sepals, 2-lobetl or 2-cleft. Column wingless : stigma with a
rounded beak. Anther borne on the back of the column at the summit, ovate,
pollen powdeiy, in 2 masses, joined to a minute gland. — Roots fibrous. Stem
bearing a pair of opposite sessile leaves in the middle, and a spike or raceme of
greenish or brownish-purple small flowers. (Dedicated to Martin Lister, an
early and celebrated British naturalist.)
* Column very short. (Sepals ovate, reflexed: plants delicate, 4' -8' high.)
1. It, cord. fata, R. Brown. Leaves round-ovate, somewhat heart-shaped
(2'"!' long) ; raceme almost smooth, flowers minute, crowded, on pedicels not long-
er than the ovary : lip linear, twice the length of the sepals, 1 -toothed on each side
at the base, 2-cleft to the middle. — Damp cold woods ; from Penn. northward.
June, July. (Eu.)
2. L. austral is, Lindl. Leaves ovate; raceme loose and slender ; flowers
very small, on minutely glandular-pubescent pedicels twice the length of the ovary ; lip
linear, 3-4 times the length of the sepals, ^-parted, the divisions linear-setaceous.
— Damp thickets, New Jersey to E. Virginia and southward. June.
* * Column longer, arching or straightish.
3. It. COiivallarioides, Hook. Leaves oval or roundish, and some-
times a little heart-shaped (!'-!£' long) ; raceme loose, pubescent ; flowers on
slender pedicels ; lip wedge-oblong, 2-lobed at the dilated apex, and 1 -toothed on
each side at the base, nearly twice the length of the narrowly lanceolate spread-
ing sepals, purplish, £' long. (Epipactis convallarioides, Swartz.) — Damp
mossy woods, along the whole Alleghany Mountains, to Penn., N. New Eng-
land, Lake Superior, and northward. — Plant 4' -9' high.
7. ARETHtlSA, Gronov. ARETHUSA.
Flower ringent ; the lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, united at the
base, ascending and arching over the column. Lip dilated and recui'ved-spread-
ing towards the summit, bearded inside. Column adherent to the lip below,
petal-like, dilated at the apex. Anther lid-like, terminal, of 2 approximate
cells : pollen-masses powdery -granular, 2 in each cell. — A beautiful low hei'b,
consisting of a sheathed scape from a globular solid bulb, terminated by a single
large rose-purple and sweet-scented flower. Leaf solitary, linear, nerved, hidden
in the sheaths of the scape, protruding from the uppermost after flowering.
(Dedicated to the Nymph Ar&husa.)
1. A tmltoosa, L. — Bogs, Virginia to Maine, N. Wisconsin, and north-
: rai-e. May. — Flower l'-2' long, very handsome.
38*
450 ORCHIDACEJE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)
8. POGONIA, Juss. POGONIA.
Flower irregular, the sepals and petals separate. Lip crested or 3-lobcd,
Column free, elongated, club-shaped, wingless. Anther terminal and lid-like,
stalked: pollen-masses 2 (one in each cell), powdery-granular. — Stem 1-5-
leaved. (Ilcoycoi/tas, bearded, from the lip of some of the original species.)
$ 1. POGONIA PROPER. — Sepals and petals nearly equal and alike, pink-purple.
1. P. OplliogloSSOldes, Nutt. Root of thick fibres; stem (6' -9' high)
bearing one clasping oval or lanceolate leaf near the middle, and a smaller similar
bract next the solitary flower; lip spatulate, beard-crested and fringed. — Bogs;
common. June, July. — Flower handsome, 1' long, pale purple, rarely 2 or 3.
2. P. pcndllla, Lindl. Stem (3' - 6' high) from oblong tubers, bearing
3 or 4 alternate ovate-clasping small leaves, and nearly as many drooping flowers
on axillary pedicels ; lip spatulate, somewhat 3-lobed, roughish or crisped above,
but not crested. (Triphora, Nutt.) — Rich damp woods, from N. New Eng-
land southward and westward: rare. Aug., Sept. — Flowers whitish, tinged
with pink, 1' long; sepals and petals erect.
§ 2. ODON&CTIS, Raf. — Sepals linear, much longer than the erect petals: Up
3-lobed, the middle lobe crested : flowers dingy purple.
3. P. vcrticill&ta, Nutt. Root of thick fibres; stem (6' -12' high)
bearing a whorl of 5 oval or oblong-obovate pointed sessile leaves at the summit, 1-
flowered; sepals erect (I' -2' long). — Damp woods, New England to Michigan,
Kentucky, and southward : scarce. June.
4. P. divaricata, R. Br. Stem (2° high) bearing one lanceolate leaf in
the middle, and a leafy bract next the single flower ; sepals widely spreading (2f-
2£' long). — Wet pine-barrens, Virginia and southward. May.
9. CAL.OPOGON, R. Brown. CALOPOGON.
Flower with the ovary or stalk not twisting, therefore presenting its lip on the
upper or inner side ! Sepals and petals nearly alike, lance-ovate, spreading,
distinct. Lip rather spreading, raised on a narrowed base or stalk, dilated at
the summit, strongly bearded along the upper side. Column free, winged at
the apex. Anther terminal and lid-like, sessile : pollen-masses 4 (two in each
cell), of soft powdery grains. — Scape from a solid bulb, sheathed below by the
base of the grass-like leaf, naked above, bearing several flowers. Bracts minute.
(Name composed of <aX6s, beautiful, and irayaiv, beard, from the bearded lip.)
1. C. pulcliellus, R. Brown. Leaf linear; scape about 1° high, 2-6-
flowcred; lip beautifully bearded towards the dilated summit with white, yel-
low, and purple club-shaped hairs. — Bogs; common. July. — Flowers 1'
broad, pink-purple, fragrant.
10. CALYPSO, Salisb. CALYPSO.
Sepals and petals nearly similar, ascending, spreading, lanceolate, pointed.
Lip larger then the rest of the flower, sac-shaped, inflated, 3-lobed at the apex,
ORCHIDACEJE. (ORCHIS FAMII T.) 451
the middle lobe bearded above, and 2-pointed underneath. Column erect,
broadly winged and petal-like. Anther lid-like, just below the apex of the
column : pollen-masses 2, waxy, eaeh 2-parted, sessile on the merabranaceoua
gland. — A little bog-herb; the solid bulbs producing a single petioled ovsite
or slightly heart-shaped thin leaf, and a short (3' -5' high) scape, sheathed
belo\v, bearing a large and showy (variegated purple and yellow) flower.
(Name from the goddess Calypso.)
1. C. fooreialis, Salisb. — Cold bogs and wet woods, the bulbs resting in
moss, N. New England to N. Michigan, and northward. May. — A very rare
and beautiful plant. Lip f long, somewhat resembling that of a Lady's
Slipper. (Eu.)
11. TIPUI^ARIA, Nutt. CRANE-FLY ORCHIS.
Sepals and petals spreading, oblong ; the latter rather narrower. Lip pro-
longed underneath into a thread-like ascending spur twice or thrice the length of
the flower, 3-lobed ; the middle lobe linear, a little wavy, as long as the petals,
the side lobes short and triangular. Column narrow and wingless. Anther
lid-like, terminal : pollen-masses 2, waxy, eaeh 2-partcd. connected by a linear
stalk with the transverse small gland. — Herb with large solid bulbs connected
horizontally, producing in autumn a single ovate nerved and plaited leaf on a
slender petiole, which is tinged with purple beneath ; and in summer a long
and naked slender scape (10' -18' high), with 1 or 2 sheaths at the base, bearing
a many-flowered raceme of small greenish flowers tinged with purple. (So
named from some fancied resemblance of the flowers to insects of the genus
Tipula.)
1. T. discolor, Nutt. — Pine woods, Martha's Vineyard, Oalces. Deer-
field, Massachusetts, Prof. Hitchcock. Vermont, Beck. Parma, Monroe County,
New York, Dr. Bradley. N. Michigan, Dr. Cooky. Ilockport, Ohio, Dr.
Bassctt. Also southward, where it is much less rare. July. — Spur almost
1' long.
12. BLETIA, Ruiz&Pavon. BLETIA.
Sepals spreading, equal, rather exceeding the petals. Lip hooded, jointed,
crested along the upper face, often 3-lobed. Column half-cylindrical; the fleshy
anther forming a lid at its apex. Pollen-masses 8, in pairs, with a stalk to each
pair, waxy, becoming powdery. — Scape many -flowered from solid tubers.
(Named for Louis Blet, a Spanish botanist.)
1. B. ;fi|>5iyI5;i, Nutt. Leafless; scape (1°- 2° high) beset with purplish
scales, the lower ones sheathing ; flowers racemcd, brownish-purple ; lip not sac-
cate. Rich woods, Kentucky and southward.
13. MICROSTYL.IS, Nutt. ADEER'S-MOUTH.
Sepals spreading. Petals thread-like or linear, spreading. Lrp auricled or
halberd-shaped at the base, not tubercled, entire or nearly so. Column very
small, with 2 teeth or auricles at the summit and the lid-like anther between
452 ORCHIDACE.E. (OltCHIS FAMILY.)
them. Pollen-masses 4, in one row (2 iu each cell), cohering by pairs at the
aju'x, waxy, without any stalks or elastic connecting tissue. — Little herbs from
solid bulbs, producing simple stems or scapes, which bear 1 or 2 leaves, and a
raceme of minute greenish flowers. (Name composed of/UKpos, little, and oruXi's,
a column or .s////e. )
1. 1?I. IllOllOpbyllOS, Lindl. Slender (4' -6' high); leaf solitary,
sheathing the base of the stem, ovate-elliptical; raceme spihul, hn<j and slender;
pedicels not lonr/<r than the flowers; lip triangular-halberd-shaped, long-pointed. —
Cold wet swamps, N. New England to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward.
July. (Eu.)
2. HI. OphiOglOSSOUlcS, Nutt. Leaf solitary near the middle of the
stem, ovate, ela.sping ; raceme short and obtuse ; pedicels much longer than the Jlow-
ers; lip obtusely auriclcd at the base, 3-toothed at the summit. — Damp woods ;
more common southward. — Plant 4'- 10' high. July.
14. L. I PARIS, Richard. TWAYBLADE
Sepals and petals nearly equal, linear, or the latter thread-like, spreading.
Lip flat, entire, often bearing 2 tubercles above the base. Column elongated,
incurved, margined at the apex. Anther, &c. as in the last. — Small herbs, with
solid bulbs, producing 2 root-leaves and a low scape, which bears a raceme of few
purplish or greenish flowers. (Name from \tirapus, fat or shining, in allusion to
the smooth or unctuous leaves.)
1. Li. liliifolia., Richard. Leaves 2, ovate ; petals thread-like, reflcxed;
lip larae (%' long), wedife-obovate, abruptly sf tort-pointed, brown-purplish, (Malaxis
liliifolia, Stvartz.) — Moist woodlands : commonest in the Middle States.( June.
2. L<. LiCCSelii, Richard. Leaves 2, elliptical-lanceolate or oblong, sharp-
ly keeled; lip obovafe or oblonrj (2" long), mucronate at the incurved tip, //<•//<> w-
ish-green, shorter than the linear unequal petals and sepals. (Malaxis Correana,
Barton.) — Bogs and wet meadows, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and
northward : rare. June. (Eu.)
15. CORAL.L.ORIIIZA, Holler. CORAL-ROOT.
Flower ringcnt ; the oblong or lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, the
lateral ascending and the upper arching: lip spreading above, with 2 projecting
ridges or lamellae on the face below, slightly adherent at the base to the 2-edged
Btraightish column, and often more or less extended into a protuberance or short
spur coalcsccnt with the summit of the ovary. Anther 2-lipped, terminal and
lid-like. Pollen-masses 4, obliquely incumbent, soft -waxy or powdery, free. —
Brownish or yellowish herbs, destitute of green foliage, with much-branched
and toothed coral-like root-stocks (probably root-parasitical), sending up a sim-
ple scape, furnished with sheaths in plaoe of leaves, and bearing small and dull-
colored flowers in a spiked raceme. (Name composed of Kc^uXXtoi/. coral, and
pi{a, root.)
* Lip 3-lol>ed (the m ddlc lobe very much largest) and irith 2 distinct lamclhc or plaited
on th ; face , wfritish, usually spotted or mottled ivith crimson.
OECHIDACK^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 453
1. C. iiiBafstja, "R. Brown. Plant slender, light brownish o:r yellowish
(5' -9' high)? 5- 12-flowered ; lip somewhat hastately 3-/obed above the base, the
lamella; thick and rather short; spur none; pod oval or elliptical (3* -4" long).
{C. vcrna, Nutt.) — Swamps and damp woods, throughout; but scarce. May,
June. (Eu.)
2. C. isililtifiora, Nutt. Plant purplish, rather stout (9'- 18' high),
10-30-flowered; lip deeply 3-lobed at the base; the middle lobe very wavy, re-
curved, the lamella? occupying a great pai't of its length ; spur a manifest protu-
berance; pod oblong (I'-f long). — Dry rich woods; common, especially
northward. July -Sept. — Flower much larger than in the last: sepals and
petals 3" -4" long.
Lip not at all lobed (mostly purplish, but unspotted) ; the lamellae consisting of
short and tooth-like processes near the base.
3. C. odontorluza, Nutt. Plant light brown or purplish ; stem rather
slender, bulbous-thickened at the base (6' -16' high), 6 - 20-flowered ; flowers
small, on rather slender pedicels ; Up (2" -3" long) obovate or ovate with a short
narrowed base, flattish, with the margin wavy and obscurely denticulate ; spur ob-
solete ; pod oval (3"- 5" long). (C. Wistariana, Conrad, is merely a larger
form.) — Rich woods, W. New England and New York to Michigan and south-
ward ; common. May -Aug. — Flowers intermediate in size between No. 1
and No. 2. There is a small tooth, more or less evident, on each side, where
the base of the lip and the wing-like margin of the column join.
4. C. Ulaerffei, Gray. Plant purplish, stout (6' -16' high), bearing 15-
20 hiwje flowers in a crowded spike, on very short pedicels ; lip oval, very obtuse, rath-
er fleshy (purple), 3-nerved, perfectly entire, concave, the margins incurved, the
sessile base obscurely auricled and with 1-3 short lamella} ; spur none at all ;
pod ovoid (7' long). — Woods, along Lakes Huron and Superior (Mackinaw,
C. G. LoritKj, Jr., Whitney, &c., West Canada, W. F. Macrae.) — Sepals and
petals 6" -8" long, conspicuously 3-nerved ; but this cannot be C. striata, Limit.,
which is said to have a 3-lobed and acute lip, &c. -Flowers the largest of the
genus.
16. APL.ECTRUM, Nutt. PUTTY-ROOT. ADAM-AND-EVE.
Sepals and petals much as in the last. Lip with a short claw, free, 3-lobed,
the palate 3-ridged ; no trace of a spur. Anther slightly below the apex of the
cylindrical straightish column : pollen-masses 4. — Scape and raceme as in Co-
rallorhiza, invested below with 3 greenish sheaths, springing in May from the
side of a thick globular solid bulb or corm (filled with exceedingly glutinous
matter), which also produces from its apex, late in the preceding summer, a
large, oval, many-nerved and plaited, petiolcd, green leaf, lasting through the
winter. (Genus too near the last"? The name composed of a privative and
TrXjjKrpoi/, a spur, from the total want of the latter.)
1. A. liycniale, Nutt. — Woods, in rich mould : rare. — Solid bulbs of-
ton 1' in diameter, one produced annually on a slender stalk, along with fibrous
454 ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)
roots, generally lasting until the fourth year before it shrivels, so thai 2-3 or
more are found, horizontally connected. Scape 1° high. Flowers dingy green-
ish-brown and purple; the lip whiti>h and speckled, nearly £' long.
1 7. CYPRI TEDIUM, L. LADY'S SLIPPER. "
Sepals spreading ; the 2 anterior distinct, or commonly united into one under
the lip. Petals similar but usually narrower, spreading. Lip a large inflated
sac, somewhat slipper-shaped. Column short, 3-lobed ; the lateral lobes bearing
a 2-cclled anther under each of them, the middle lobe (sterile stamen) dilated
and petal-like, thickish, incurved. Pollen pulpy or waxy. Stigma terminal,
obscurely 3-lobed. — Root of many tufted fibres. Leaves large, many-nerved
and plaited, sheathing at the base. Flowers solitary or few, large and showy.
(Name composed of Kinrpts, Venus, and TroSioi/, a sock or buskin, i. e. Venus' 8
Also called MOCCASON-FLOWER.
§ 1 . Stem leafy, 1 - 3-flowered : sepals and the linear wavy-twisted petals longer than
the Up, pointed, greenish shaded with purplish-brown ; the 2 anterior sepals united
into one quite or nearly to the tip.
1. C. pllbeSCClIS, Willd. (LARGER YELLOW LADY'S SLIPPER.) Se-
pals elongated-lanceolate ; lip flattened laterally, very convex and gibbous above,
pale yellow ; sterile stamen (appendage of the column) triangular. — Bogs and
damp low woods; common northward and westward, and southward in the
Alleghanies. May, June. — Stem 2° high, pubescent, as are the broadly oval
acute leaves. Flower scentless. Lip 1^'- 2' long.
2. €. parviflorum, Salisb. (SMALLER YELLOW LADY'S SLIPPER.)
SijHtls ovate or 6vate4anceolate ; lip fattish from above, bright yellow: sterile sta-
men triangular ; leaves oval, pointed. — Rich low woods ; rather common.
May, June. — Stem l°-2° high. Flower fragrant: perianth more brown-
purple than the last : lower sepal often narrower than the upper, frequently cleft
at the apex. Lip | ' - 1 ' long.
3. C. c:iii<liduiii, Muhl. (SMALL WHITE LADY'S SLIPPER.) Sepals
ovate-lanceolate ; lip flattish laterally, convex above, ichite : sterile stamen lanceo-
late} leaves lance-oblong, acute. — Low grounds, AV. IVnn. to Kentucky, Wis-
consin, and northwestward. — Plant 5' -10' high, slightly pubescent, 1 -flowered.
Petals and sepals greenish, nearly equal in length, not much longer than the
lip, which is 5' long.
§ 2. Stem very leafy, 1 -3-Jlowered : sepals and pi (ah Jlat and ronndtd, white, not
loni/i r than the Up, the 2 anterior sepals pcrfictlij -united into one.
4. C. spectittrile, Swart/. (SnowY LADY'S SLIPPER.) Sepals round-
ovate or the upper orbicular, rather longer than the oblong petals; Up nu/r/i in-
jlnfnl, trltitc tiii(/nl irilh purple in front ; sterile stamen heart-ovate. — Peat-bogs,
iMaii.e and \Y. New Kngland to Illinois ; common northward, and southward
along the Alleghanies. July. — The most beautiful of the genus, downy, "2°
high. Leaves ovate, pointed. Lip fully 1 $' in diameter, sometimes almost all
purple.
AMARYLLIDACE.E. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.) 455
§ 3. Scape naked, 2-lcaved at the base, \-floivered ; sepals and petals greenish, shorter
than the lip, the 2 anterior perfectly united into one.
5. C. acavile, Ait. (STKMLESS LADY'S SLIPPER.) Sepals oblong-
lanceolate, pointed, nearly as long as the linear petals ; lip drooping, obovoid,
rose-purple, with a fissure in front ; sterile stamen rhomboid, pointed ; leaves
oblong. (C. humile, Salisb.) — Dry or moist woods, under evergreens; com-
mon, especially northward. May, June. — Plant downy: the scape 8' -12'
high, with a green bract at the top. Lip nearly 2' long, veiny, sometimes pale,
or even white.
§ 4. Stem leafy, l-flowered : the 2 anterior sepals separate.
6. C. Ul'k'tisilim, B. Brown. (RAM'S-IIEAD.) Upper sepal ovate-lan-
ceolate, pointed ; the 2 lower and the petals linear and nearly alike, rather longer
than the red and white veiny lip, which is prolonged at the apex into a short
conical detiexcd point; sterile stamen rounded; leaves 3 or 4, elliptical-lanceo-
late, nearly smooth. (Cryosanthes, Raf. Arietinum, Beck.) — Swamps and
damp woods, Maine and Vermont to Wisconsin, and northward : rare. Juno.
— Stem slender, 6' -12' high. Perianth greenish-brown: lip small, somewhat
conical, hairy at the orifice, ^' long.
ORDER 120. AMARYLLIDACE^. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.)
Chiefly bnlboux and scape-bearing herbs, not scurfy or woolly, with linear
flat root-lcac.cx, and regular (or nearly so) perfect 6-androus Jiowers, the tube
of the coroUine G-paiied perianth coherent with the ^-celled ovary, the lobes
imbricated in the bud. — Anthers introrse. Style single. Pod 3-celled,
several -many-seeded. Seeds anatropous or nearly so, with a straight
embryo in the axis of lleshy albumen. — An order represented in our gar-
dens by the ^ircissns (N. POETICUS), Jonquil (N. JONQUILLA), and Daf-
fodil (N. PSEUDO-NARCISSUS), the Snowdrop (GALANTHUS NIVALIS)
and the Snowflake (LEUCOJUM VEIINUM), &c., but with very few indige-
nous representatives in this eountry. Bulbs acrid. Hypoxys is the type
of a small suborder ?
Synopsis.
* Pod 3-valved, loculicidal : anthers versatile: perianth funnel-shaped.
1. AMARYLLIS. Flower naked in the throat ; the tube short or none. Bulbs coated.
2. PANCRATIUM. Flower with a slender tube and narrow recurved lobes; a cup-shaped
crown -connecting the stamens. Bulbs coated.
8 AGAVE. Flower equally 6-cleft, persistent : no crown. Fleshy-leaved, not bulbous.
* * Pod iudehiscent : anthers sagitate.
4. IIYPOXYS. Perianth 6-parted nearly down to the ovary. Bulb solid.
1. AMARYL,L,I§, L. § ZEPHYllANTHES, Herb. AMARYLLIS.
Perianth funnel-form, from a tubular base ; the 6 divisions petal-like and sim-
ilar, spreading above ; the 6 stamens inserted in its naked throat : anthers versa-
456 AMARYLLTDACEjE. (AMAKYTLIS FAMILY.)
tile. Pod mombranaceous, 3-lobcd. — Leaves and scape from a coated bulb.
Flowers 1 or 2, from a 1 -2-Ioavcd spathe. (A poetical name.)
1. A. AtamftSCO, L. (ATAMASCO LILV.) Spathe 2-cleft at the apex ;
periamli white ami pink; stamens and style declined. — Penn. (Muhl.) Virginia,
und southward. June. — Flower 3 long, on a scape 6' high.
2. PANCRATIUM, L. PANCRATIUM.
Perianth with a long and slender tube, and an equal 6-parted limb; the lobes
long and narrow, recurved : the throat bearing a tubular or cup-shaped corolliue
delicate crown, which connects the bases of the 6 exserted stamens. Anthers
linear, versatile. Pod thin, 2-3-lobed, with a few fleshy seeds, often like bulb-
lets. — Scapes and leaves from a coated bulb. Flowers large and showy in an
umbel-like head or cluster, leafy -bracted. (Name composed of Tray, all, and
Kparvs, powerful, from fancied medicinal properties.)
1. P. rotifitlsiiB, Kcr. Leaves ascending, strap-shaped (l°-2° long);
scape few-flowered ; the handsome (white and fragrant) flower with a spreading
large 12-toothed crown, the alternate teeth bearing the filaments. (Ilymeno-
callis rotata, &c., Herbert.) — Marshy banks of streams, Kentucky, Virginia, and
southward. May. — Flowers opening at night or in cloudy Aveather.
3. AGAVE, L. AMERICAN ALOE.
Perianth tubular-funnel-form, persistent, 6-parted ; the divisions nearly equal,
narrow. Stamens 6, soon cxscrtcd : anthers linear, versatile. Pod coriaceous,
many-seeded. Seeds flattened. — Leaves very thick and fleshy, often with car-
tilaginous or spiny teeth, clustered at the base of the many-flowered scape, from
a thick fibrous-rooted crown. (Name altered from ayauoy, wonderful, not inap-
propriate as applied to A. Americana, the Century -plant.}
1. A. Vil'gfiBiica, L. (FALSE ALOE.) Herbaceous; scape simple (3°
- 6° high) ; the flowers scattered in a loose wand-like spike, green ish-yellow,
very fragrant. — Dry or rocky banks, Penn. ? Kentucky, Virginia, and south-
ward. Sept.
4. HYPOXYS, L. STAR-GRASS.
Perianth persistent, 6-parted, spreading; the 3 outer divisions a little herba-
ceous outside. Stamens 6 : anthers erect. Pod croAvncd Avith the withered or
closed perianth, not opening by valves. Seeds globular, with a cru.-t..
coat, ascending, imperfectly anatropous, the rhaphe not adherent quite down to
the micropyl", the seed-stalk thus forming a sort of lateral beak. Radicle inlb-
rior! — Stemlcss small herbs, with grassy and hairy linear leaves and slender
few-flowered scapes from a solid bulb. (Name composed of vno, 1; n«ilk, and
o£us, slutrji, it is thought because the pod is acute at the base.)
1. II* cri'Cta, L. LcaA-es linear, grass-like, longer than the timhelhitely
1 -4-t! ;>•• ; divisions of the perianth hairy and gmnish outside, yellow
within. — Meadows and open woods; common. June- Aug.
mEMOD GRACED. (BLOODWORT FAMILY.) 457
ORDER 121. H.ZEMODORACEJE. (BLOODWORT FAMILY.)
Herbs, with fibrous roots, usually equitant leaves, and perfect 3 - 6-androus
regular, flowers, which are woolly or scurfy outside ; the tube of the G-lobed
perianth coherent with the whole surface, or with merely the lower part, of the
^-celled ovary. — Anthers introrse. Style single, sometimes 3-partible ;
the 3 stigmas alternate with the cells of the ovary. Pod crowned or en-
closed by the persistent perianth, 3-celled, loculicidal, 3 - many-seeded.
Embryo small, in hard or fleshy albumen. A small family.*
Synopsis.
Ovary wholly adherent to the calyx-tube : style filiform : seeds peltate, amphitropous.
1. LACIINANTIIES. Stamens 3, exserted : anthers versatile. Leaves equitaut.
* * Ovary free except the base : style 3-partible : seeds anatropous.
2. LOPIIIOLA. Stamens 6, inserted near the base of the woolly 6-cleft perianth. Leaves
equitant.
3. ALETRIS. Stamens 6, inserted in the throat of the warty-roughened and tubular 6-toothed
perianth. Leaves flat.
1. E.ACHNANTHES, Ell. KED-ROOT.
Perianth woolly outside, 6-parted down to the adherent ovary. {Stamens 3^
opposite the 3 larger or inner divisions : filaments long, exserted : anthers linear,
fixed by the middle. Style thread-like, exserted, declined. Pod globular.
Seeds few on each fleshy placenta, flat and rounded, fixed by the middle. —
Herb with a red fibrous perennial root, equitant sword-shaped leaves, clustered
at the base and scattered on the stem, which is hairy at the top, and terminated
by a dense compound cyme of dingy yellow and loosely woolly flowers (whence
the name, from \a^yr], wool, and av6o<t. blossom).
1. JL. tinctoria, Ell. — Sandy swamps, Rhode Island, New Jersey, and
southward, near the coast. July - Sept.
2. L.OPHIOL.A, Ker. LOPHIOLA.
Perianth densely woolly, deeply 6-cleft ; the divisions nearly equal, spreading,
longer than the 6 stamens, which are inserted at their base. Anthers fixed by
the base. Pod ovate, free from the perianth except at the base, pointed with
the awl-shaped style, which finally splits into 3 divisions, one terminating each
valve. Seeds numerous, oblong, ribbed, anatropous. — A slender perennial
herb, with creeping rootstocks and fibrous roots, linear and nearly smooth equi-
tant leaves ; the stem leafless and whitened with soft matted wool towards the
summit, as well as the crowded or panicled cyme. Perianth dingy yellow in-
* The character by which Endlicher distinguishes this family from the foregoing, viz by hav-
ing the 3 colls of the ovary opposite the inner divisions of the perianth, is not true of either of
the following genera. Yet, in Lophiola and Alctris, the 3 stigmas, as well as the 3 divisions in-
to which the style splits at maturity, are indeed thus situated: but they stand over the parti-
tions, instead ot the celLs, and therefore exactly surmount the valves of the loculicidal pod.
39
45b BROMELIACE^E. (riNE-AITLE FAMILY".)
side ; the lobes miked only towards the tip, each clothed with a woolly tuft
towards the base (whence the name, from Xofalov, a small crest).
1. Lt» aurea, Ker. (Conostylis Americana, Pursh.) — Boggy pine bar-
rens, .' to Virginia, and southward. June - Aug.
3. AL.ETRIS, L. COLIC-ROOT. STAB-GRASS.
Perianth cylindrical, not woolly, but wrinkled and roughened outside by
thi«-kly-set points, which look like scurfy mealiness, the tube cohering below
with the base only of the ovary, 6-cleft at the summit. Stamens 6, inserted at
the base of the lobes : filaments and anthers short, included. Style awl-shaped,
3-clcft at the apex : stigmas minutely 2-lobed. Pod ovate, enclosed in the
roughened perianth ; the dchiscence, seeds, &c. nearly as in Lophiola. — Peren-
nial and smooth stemless herbs, very bitter, with fibrous roots, and a spreading
cluster of thin and flat lanceolate leaves ; the small flowers in a wand-like spiked
raceme, terminating a naked slender scape (2° -3° high). Bracts awl-shaped,
minute. ('AXerpi's, a female slave who grinds corn; the name applied to
these plants, in allusion to the apparent mealiness dusted over the blossoms.)
1. A. fai'iliosa, L. Flowers oblong-tubular, white; lobes lanceolate-
oblong. — Grassy or sandy woods ; common, especially southward. July, Aug.
2. A. aiirea, Walt. Flowers bell-shaped, yellow (fewer and shorter) ;
lobes short-ovate. — Ban-ens, &c., N. Jersey to Virginia, and southward.
ORDER 122. BROMELIACE^E. (PINE-APPLE FAMILY.)
Herbs (or scarcely woody plants, nearly all tropical), the greater part e/n-
phytes, with persistent dry or fleshy and channelled crowded leaves, shed'// Ing
at the base, usually covered with scurf; G-androus ; the 6-cleft perianth ad-
herent to the ovary in the Pine-apple, &c., or free from it in our only rep-
resentative, viz.
1. TILL.ANDSIA, L. LONG Moss.
Perianth plainly double, 6-parted ; the 3 outer divisions (sepals) membrane
ceous; the 3 inner (petals) colored; all convolute below into a tube, spreading
above, lanceolate. Stamens 6, hypogynous ! or the alternate ones cohering with
the base of the petals: anthers introrse. Ovary free : style thread-shaped : stig-
mas :$. Pod cartilaginous, 3-cellcd, loculicidally 3-valved ; the valves splitting
into an inner and an outer layer. Seeds several or many in each cell, anatro-
pons, club-shaped, pointed, raised on a long hairy-tufted stalk, like a coma.
Embryo small, at the base of copious albumen. — Scurfy-leaved epiphytes.
(Named for Prof. Tillnmk of Abo.)
1. T. lisneoidt'S, L. (COMMON Loxo Moss or BLACK Moss.) Si. ms
thread-shaped, branching, pendulous ; haves thread-shaped; peduncle short, 1-
d. — Dismal Swamp, Virginia, and southward; growing on the branches
of uve>, i'tifiiiiiiir long hanging tufts. A characteristic plant of the Southern
States, unil barely coming within the limits of this work.
IKIDACE^E. (IRIS FAMILY.) 459
ORDER 123. IRIDACE^E. (Ims FAMILY.)
Herbs, with er/nitant 2-ranked leaves, and regular or irreyular perfect flow-
ers ; the divisions of the G-clcft petal-like perianth convolute in the bud in 2
sets, the tube coherent with the 3~celled ovary, and 3 distinct or monadelphous
stamens wi'h extrorae anthers. — Flowers from a 2-leaved spathe, usually
showy and ephemeral. Style single : stigmas 3, opposite with the cells of
the ovary. Pod 3-celled, loculicidal, many-seeded. Seeds anatropous:
embryo straight in fleshy albumen. Rootstocks, tubers, &c. mostly acrid.
— A rather small family, here represented by only two genera.
1. IRIS, L. FLOWER-DE-LUCE.
Perianth 6-cleft ; the 3 outer divisions spreading or reflexed ; the 3 inner
smaller and erect. Stamens distinct, placed before the outer divisions of the
perianth, and under the 3 petal-like stigmas. Pod 3 - 6-angled. Seeds de-
pressed-flattened.— Perennials with creeping and often tuberous rootstocks,
sword-shaped or grassy leaves, and large showy flowers. ('Ipis, the rainbow
deified, anciently applied to this genus on account of the bright and varied
colors of the blossoms.) See Addend.
* Stems leafy (l°-3° hiy/i), often branching: rootstocks thick: flowers cresttess, the
inner divisions (petals) much smaller than Hie outer.
1. I. vet'SfiCOlor, L. (LARGER BLUE FLAG.) Stem stout, angled on
one side; leaves s word-si taped (|; wide) ; ovary obtusely triangular with the sides
flat; pod oblong, turgid, with rounded angles. — Wet places; common. May,
June. — Flowers blue, variegated with green, yellow and white at the base, and
veined with purple.
2. I. VirgBtiic«l, L. (SLENDER BLUE FLAG.) Stem very slender,
terete; bares narrowly linear (^ wide); ovary 3-angled, and each side deeply
2-groovcd ; pod triangular, acute at both ends. (I. prismatica, Parsh. I. gm-
cilis, B'ujd.} — Marshes, Maine to Virginia, and southward, near the coast.
June. — Flower much smaller than in the last.
•* * Low, almost stemless, 1 - 3-flowered : divisions of the light blue-purple perianth
nearly equal : rootstocks slender, and here and there tuberous-thickened, creeping and
tufted.
3. I. veriia., L. (DWARF IRIS.) Leaves linear, grass-like, rather glau-
cous, the thread-like tube of the perianth about the length of the divisions, which
are all beardless and crestless ; pod triangular. — Wooded hill-sides, Virginia,
Kentueky, and southward. April.
4. I. criStfita, Ait. (CRESTED DWARF IRIS.) Leaves lanceolate (3'-
5' long when grown) ; those of the spathe ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the
thread-like tube of the perianth, which is 2' long and considerably exceeds the divis-
ions ; the outer ones crested, but beardless ; pod sharply triangular. — Mountains
of Virginia, Kentueky, and southward. May.
5. I. lacustris, Nutt. (LAKE DWARF IRIS.) Tube of the perianth rather
shorter than the divisions (yellowish, g'-f long), dilated upicards, not exceeding
460 DIOSCOREACE^E. (YAM FAMILY.)
ihc sparhe : otherwise much as in the last. — Gravelly shores ^f Lakes Huron
and Michigan. May.
I. rf/MiLA, L., the DWARF IRIS of the Old World, and I. GERMAXICA, L.,
the common FLOWER-DE-LUCE (i. e. Fleur-de-Lis), are familiar in gardens.
2. SISYRiNCHIinW, L. BLUE-EYED GRASS.
Perianth 6-parted ; the divisions alike, spreading. Stamens monadclphous.
Stigmas involute-thread-like. Pod globular-3-angled. Seeds globular. — Low
slender perennials, with h'hrous roots, grassy or lanceolate leaves, mostly branch-
ing 2-edged or winged stems, and fugacious umbelled-clustered small flowers
from a 2 -leaved spathe. (Name composed of trvs, a hog, and puyxos, snout,
from a fancy that the hogs are fond of rooting it up.)
1. S. Bcrinildmiia, L. Scape winged, naked, or 1 - 2-lcaved ; leaves
narrow and grass-like ; divisions of the perianth obovate, more or less notched
at the end, and bristle-pointed from the notch. (Leaves of the spathe almost
equal, shorter than the flowers.) — Var. ANCEPS (S. anceps, Car.) has a
broadly winged scape, and the outer leaf of the very unequal spathe longer than
the flowers. — Var. MUCRONATUM (S. mucronatum, Michx.) has a slender and
narrowly winged scape, very narrow leaves, those of the spathe sharp-pointed,
unequal, one of them usually longer than the flowers. But there arc various
intermediate forms. — Moist meadows, &c., among grass ; common everywhere.
June -Aug. — Flowers small, delicate blue, changing to purplish, rarely whit-
ish, 4-6 opening in succession.
THE CROCUS, the CORN-FLAG (GLAD!OLUS), the BLACKBERRY LILY (PAR-
DAsTiius CIIINENSIS), and the TIGER-FLOWER (TIGIUDIA PAVONIA), are
common cultivated plants of the family.
ORDER 124. DIOSCOREACE^E. (YAM FAMILY.)
Plants with twining stems from large tuberous roots or
and ribbed and netted -veined petioled leaves, small dioecious Q-androus and
regular Jlowers, with the Q-cleft calyx-like perianth adherent in the fertile
plant to the ^-celled ovary. Styles 3, distinct. — Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell,
anatropous. Fruit usually a membranaceous 3-angled or winged pod.
Seeds with a minute embryo in hard albumen. — Represented chiefly
Dy the genus
1. DIOSCOBEA, Plumier. YAM.
Flowers very small, in axillary panicles or racemes. Stamens 6, at the base
of the divisions of the G-parted perianth. Pod 3-eelled, 3-winged, loculicidally
3-valved by splitting through the winged angles. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, flat,
with a membranaceous wing. (Dedicated to the Greek naturalist. Dioscorid<-s.)
1 D. villosa, L. (WiLD YAM-ROOT.) Herbaceous; leaves mostly
alternate, sometimes nearly opposite or in fours, more or less downy under-
SMILACE^E. (SMILAX FAMILY.) 461
neath, heart-shaped, conspicuously pointed, 9-11-ribbed ; flowers pale greenish-
yellow, the sterile in drooping panicles, the fertile in drooping simple racemes.
— Thickets, New England to Wisconsin, and common southward. July. — A
slender vine, from knotty and matted rootstocks, twining over bushes. Pods £'
long. — A bad name, for the plant is never villous, and often nearly smooth.
ORDER 125. SMIL.AC.E/E. (SMIL AX FAMILY.)
Herbs, or climbing shrubby plants, with ribbed and conspicuously netted-
veiny leaves, regular 6-10-androus flowers with the 6-10-leaved perianth
free from the 3 - b-celled (rarely 1 - 2-celled) ovary ; the styles or sessile stig-
mas as many and distinct. Anthers introrse. Fruit a few - several-seeded
berry. Embryo minute, in hard albumen. — A group with no known and
clear marks of distinction from the next : as here received it comprises two
marked suborders, viz.: — See Addend.
SUBORDER I. EUS MILAGES. THE TRUE SMILAX FAMILY.
Flowers dioecious, axillary ; the 6 divisions of the perianth all alike.
Anthers 1-celled (2-locellate). Styles nearly wanting: stigmas 1-3.
Seeds orthotropous, pendulous. — Chiefly shrubby and alternate-leaved.
1. SMILAX. Perianth of 6 distinct and similar divisions. Ovules solitary, rarely 2 in each
cell.
SUBORDER II. TKILLIACE^. THE TRILLIUM FAMILY.
Flowers perfect, terminal : the sepals and petals usually different in col-
or. Anthers 2-cclled. Styles manifest. Seeds anatropous, several in
each cell. Herbs : leaves whorled.
2. TRILLIUM. Sepals 3, green, persistent. Petals 3. Flower single.
3. MEDEOLA. Sepals and petals 3, colored alike, deciduous. Flowers umbelled.
SUBORDER I. EUSMILACEJG. THE TRUE SMILAX FAMILY.
1. SlfllLiAX, Tourn. GREENBRIEB. CATBRIER.
Flowers dioecious. Perianth of 6 (rarely 5 or 7) equal spreading sepals
(greenish or yellowish), deciduous. Ster. FL Stamens as many as the sepals,
and at their base : filaments linear : anthers linear or oblong, fixed by the base.
Pert, FL Filaments, if present, sterile. Stigmas thick and spreading, almost
sessile. Berry globular, 1-3-cellcd, 1-6-secded. Seeds orthotropous, sus-
pended, globular. Albumen horny. — Shrubs, or rarely perennial herbs, often
evergreen and prickly, climbing by a pair of tendrils on the petioles, with yel-
lowish-green stems, variously shaped simple leaves, and small flowers in axillary
peduncled umbels. (The ancient Greek name, of obscure meaning.) t
§ 1. SMILAX PROPER. — Stems ivoody, often prickly : ovules and seeds solitary in
each cell. (All our species are glabrous.)
39*
4C2 8J1ILACE2E. (SMILAX FAMILY.)
* Leaves ovate or roundish, $-c., 7itost of then roundish or hart-shaped at the base,
5 - 9-nerved, the three middle nerves or ribs stronger and more conspicuous.
•+- Peduncles shorter or scarcely longer than the petioles: leaves thicfcish, inclining to
be evergreen, at feast southward, green both sides.
1. S. Wsilteri, Pursh. Branches somewhat angled, prickly or unarmed ;
leaves ovate and somewhat heart-s/iaj)ed (3' -4^' long) ; berries red. (S. China,
Walt.) — S. New Jersey, and southward. July.
2. S. rotundifolia, L. (COMMON GREENBRIER.) Stem armed with
8f attired prickles, as well as the terete branches; branch lets more or less 4-
angular ; leaves ovate or round-ovate, often broader than long, slightly heart-shaped,
abruptly short-pointed (2' -3' long) ; berries blue-black, with a bloom. (S. radii-
ca, L., is only a more deciduous and thin-leaved form.) — Moist thickets; com-
mon, especially southward. June. — Plant yellowish-green, often high-climbing.
— Passes into var. QUADKANO CLARIS; the branches, and especially the branch-
lets, 4-angular, often square. (S. quadrangularis, Muld.) — Penn., to Illinois,
and southward.
-t- -»- Peduncles longer than, but seldom twice the length of the petiole : leaves tardily
deciduous or partly persistent : berries black, with a bloom.
3. S. glailca, Walt. Terete branches and somewhat 4-angular branch-
lets armed with scattered stout prickles, or naked ; leaves ovate, rarely subcor-
date, glaucous beneath and sometimes also above as well as the branchlets when
young (about 2' long), abruptly mucronate, the edges smooth and naked. (S.
Sarsaparilla, L., in part, but not as to syn. Bauhin, whence the name was taken.
S. caduca, Willd., &c. S. spinulosa, Smith? Torr. fl.) — Dry thickets, £c., S.
New York to Kentucky and southward. July.
4. S. t;iiimoi<!<>s, L. Branches and the angular (often square) branch-
lots sparsely armed with short rigid prickles ; leaves varying from round-heart-
shaped and slightly contracted above the dilated base to fiddle-shaped and hal-
berd-shaped - 3-lobed, green and shining both sides, cuspidate-pointed, the margins
often somewhat bristly-eiliatc or spinulose. (S. Bona-nox, L., S. hastata, Wilhl.,
S. panduratus, Pursh, &c., are all forms of this.) — Thickets, New Jersey to Illi-
nois, and (chiefly) southward. July.
«-•»-•»- Peduncles 2-4 times the length of the petiole: leaves ample (3'- 5' long),
thin or thinnish, green both sides : berries black : stem terete and branchlets nearly .*>.
5. S» llispida, Muhl. Rootstock cylindrical, elongated ; stem (climbing
hi^h) below densely In-set with long and weak blackish bristly prickles, the flowering
branchlets mostly naked ; leaves ovate and the larger heart-shaped, pointed,
slightly rough-margined, membranaceous and deciduous. — Moist thickets, Pcnn.
and W. New York to Michigan. June. — Peduncles l£'-2' long. Sepals lau-
ccolatc, almost 3" long.
6. S. Psciiclo-Clllllll, L. Eootstock tuberous; stems and branches un-
armed, or with very few weak prickles ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, or on the
braneWefs ovate-oblong, cuspidate-pointed, often rough-ciliate, lx coining firm
in texture,; peduncles flat (!£' -3' long). — Dry or sandy soil, New Jersey to
Kentucky, and southward. July.
SMILACE^E. (SMILAX FAMILY.) 4G3
# * Leaves varying from oblong -lanceolate to linear, narrowed at the base into a short
petiole, 3 - 5-nerved, shining above, paler or glaucous beneath, many without tendrils ;
peduncles short, seldom exceeding the pedicels ; the umbels sometimes paniclcd;
branches terete, unarmed.
7. S. Isa,u€£o9a\tsi, L. Leaves thin, rather deciduous, ovate-lanceolate or
lance-oblong ; berries red. — S. E. Virginia and southward. June.
8. 8. SsiaBB'fiiolia, L. Leaves thick and coriaceous, evergreen, varying from
oblong-lanceolate to linear (2^-' — 5' long) ; berries black, mostly 1-seeded. — Pine
barrens, New Jersey to Virginia and southward. July, Aug.
$ 2. COPROSMANTHUS, Torr. — Stem herbaceous, not prickly: ovules mostly
in pairs in each cell : haves long-petioled, membranaceous, mucronate-tipped : benies
bluish-black with a bloom.
9. §. hei'l>i\cea, L. (CARRION-FLOWER.) Stem erect and recurving,
or climbing ; leaves ovate-oblong or rounded, mostly heart-shaped, 7 — 9-nerved, smooth j
tendrils sometimes wanting; peduncles elongated (3' -4' long, or often 6' - 8',
and much longer than the leaves), 20 - 40-flowered. — Var. PULVERULENTA
(S. pulverulenta, Michx. & S. peduncularis, Muhl.) has the leaves more or less
soft-downy underneath. A shorter peduncled state of this is S. lasioneuron,
Hook. — Moist meadows and river-banks ; common.. June. — Stem 3° - 6°
long. Leaves very variable : petioles l'-3' long. Flowers exhaling the stench
of carrion. Seeds 6.
10. S. taiNLitifoiiO,, Michx. Stem upright or climbing ; leaves heart-
halberd-shaped, 5-nerved, smooth; peduncles longer than the petioles. (S. tam-
noides, Pursh.. not of L.) — Pine ban-ens, New Jersey to Virginia and south-
ward. — Leaves abruptly narrowed above the dilated heart-shaped base, tapering
to the apex. Berry (always?) 2-3-seeded.
SUBORDER H TRILL-IACE^E. THE TRILLIUM FAMILY.
2. T KI ILLrflUUI, L. THREE-LEAVED NIGHTSHADE.
Flower perfect. Sepals 3, lanceolate, spreading, herbaceous, persistent.
Petals 3, larger, withering in age. Stamens 6 : anthers linear, adnate, on short
filaments. Styles (or rather stigmas) awl-shaped or slender, spreading or re-
curved above, persistent, stigmatic down the inner side. Berry often 6-sided,
ovate, 3-cellcd (purple). Seeds horizontal, several in each cell. — Low peren-
nial herbs, with a stout and simple stem rising from a veiy short and abrupt
tuber-like rootstock, naked below, bearing at the summit a whorl of 3 ample
and commonly broadly ovate leaves, and a terminal large flower. (Name
from trilix, triple; all the parts being in threes.) — Monstrosities are not rarely
met with in some species, especially in Nos. 5 and 7, with the calyx and
sometimes the petals changed to leaves, or with the parts of the flower increased
in number.
'"'
1. Flower sessile and involucrate by the 3 leaves, erect ; petals varying from spat uJ ate
to lanceolate, 1' — 2' long, little exceeding the sepals, withering-persistent: steins
mostly two from (he same bud.
464 'SMILACFJE. (SMILAX FAMILY.)
1. T. Sc'SSile, L. Leaves also sessile, ovate or rhomboidal, acute, often
blotched or spotted ; y s /VV pi-tah erect-spreading (dark and dull purple, varying
to greenish). — Moist woods, Penu. to Wisconsin, and southward. April,
May. — Stem 4' - 12' high.
2. T. recur vat mil, Beck. Leaves contracted at the base into a petiole,
oi-at< , oblong, or obovate ; sepals rejlexed, petals pointed at both ends, unyuiculate,
dark purple. — Wisconsin, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. April.
$ 2. Flower raised on a peduncle : petals withering away soon after blossoming.
* Short peduncle recurved under the leaves : rootstocks clustered, barring 2-3 st>-ms.
3. T. ce I'll mini, L. (NODDING TRILLIUM or WAKE-ROBIN.) Leaves
broadly rhomboid, pointed, nearly sessile ; petals white, oblong-ovate, j;oint(-d, re-
curved, wavy, rather longer than the sepals. — Moist woods, N. Kngland to Vir-
ginia, Kentucky, and southward ; common eastward. May. — Petals :{'-!' long.
# # Peduncle erect or at length nodding : rootstocks bearing a single stern.
•»- Leaves sessile, abruptly taper-pointed.
4. T. ercctiilll, L. (PURPLE TRILLIUM. BIRTIIROOT.) Leaves dilat-
ed-rhomboidal, nearly as broad as long, very abruptly pointed ; petals ovate, acutinh,
dark dull purple, spreading, little longer than the sepals (I'-l^' long). (T.
rhomboideum, var. atropUrpureum, Michx.) — Rich woods ; common northward,
especially westward, and along the Alleghanies. May. — Peduncle l'-3' long,
at length inclined.
Var. album, Pursh. Petals greenish-white, or rarely yellowish ; ovary
mostly dull-purple. (T. pendulum, Ait., &c.) — With the purple-flowered form,
especially from New York westward.
5. T. graiiclifloruin, Salisb. (LARGE WHITE TRILLIUM.) Leaves
rhomboid-obovate, longer than broad, more taper-pointed, barely sessile ; petals d>o-
vate, spreading from an erect base, longer and much broader than the sepals
(2' -2£' long), white, changing with age to rose-color. — Rich woods, Vermont to
Wisconsin and Kentucky, and northward. June. — Flower on a peduncle 2' -
3' long, very handsome.
•«- •*- Leaves petioled, rounded at the base.
6. T. nivale, Riddcll. (DWARF WHITE TRILLIUM.) Small (2' -3'
high) ; leaves oval or ovate, obtuse ; petals oval-lanceolate, obtuse, rather wavy, white,
as long as the peduncle, longer than the sepals. — Rich woods, Ohio to Wiscon-
sin. April. — Leaves l'-2', and petals 1', long. Styles long and thread-like.
7. T. erytlirocarpuni, Michx. (PAINTED TRILLIUM.) Leuves omtr, ~
taper-pointed ; petals ovate or oval-lanceolate, pointed, wavy, widely spreading, irhite
painted with purple stripes at the base, almost twice the length of the sepals, shorter
than the peduncle. (T. pictum, Pursh.) — Cold damp woods and bogs, New-
England to Lake Superior and northward, and southward in the higher Alle-
ghanies through Virginia. May, June.
3. UIEDEOi<A, Gronov. INDIAN CUCUMBER-ROOT.
Flowers perfect. Perianth revolute, of 3 sepals and 3 petals which are oblong
and alike (pale greenish-yellow), deciduous. Stamen? 6 : filaments thread-like,
LILIACE.E. (LILY FAMILY.) 465
longer than the linear-oblong anthers, which are attached by their back near
the middle, extrorse. Style none : stigmas 3, recurved-divergiug, long and
thread-form (stigmatic along the upper side), deciduous. Berry spherical
(dark purple), 3-celled, few-seeded. — A perennial herb, with a simple slender
stem (l°-3° high, clothed with flocculent deciduous wrool) rising from a hori-
zontal and tuberous white rootstock (which has the taste of the cucumber),
bearing a whorl of 5-9 obovate-lanceolate and pointed sessile leaves near the
middle, and another of 3 smaller ovate ones at the top, subtending a sessile
umbel of small recurved flowers. (Named after the sorceress Medea, from
the imaginary notion that it possesses great medicinal virtues.)
1. OT. Virgiaiica, L. (Gyromia, Nutt.) — Rich damp woods. June.
ORDER 126. LILJACEJE. (LILY FAMILY.)
Herbs, with parallel-nerved sessile or sheathing leaves, regular perfect 6-
(i'arely 4-) androus flotvers witlt the petal-like consimilar 6-merous perianth
free from the 2 -3-celled ocary, introrse anthers attached by a point, and the
style single. — Stigmas 3, or combined into one. Fruit a 3-valved loculi-
cidal pod, or a berry, many - few-seeded. Seeds anatropous or amphitro-
pous. Embryo slender or minute, in fleshy or hard albumen. See Add.
Synopsis.
TRIBE I. ASPARACE.fl3. Fruit a few-seeded berry, 2 -3-celled. Albumen horny.
Not bulbous : rootstocks creeping or tuberous Pedicels jointed under the flower.
* Stems branching, very leafy. Seeds amphitropous.
1. ASPARAGUS. Perianth G-parted. Leaves thread-like or bristle-form. Pedicels jointed.
* * Stem simple, leafy.
2. POLYGONATUM. Perianth tubular, 6-cleft : stamens above the middle. Flowers axillary.
8. SMILACINA. Perianth 4 - 6-parted, spreading, the stamens borne at the base. Flowers in
a raceme.
* * * Scape naked.
4. CONVALLARIA Perianth bell -shaped. 6-lobed. Flowers in a simple raceme.
6. CLINTONIA. Perianth of 6 separate sepals. Stamens hypogynous. Flowers in an umbeL
TRIBE II. ASPHODEL,EJE. Fruit a few -many -seeded pod, 3-celled. Seed-coat crus-
taceous, black.
* Not bulbous. Perianth united in a tube below.
6. IIKMEROCALLIS. Perianth funnel-form Stamens declined. Pod many-seeded.
* * Bulbous : scape simple. Perianth 6-sepalled or 6-parted.
7. ORNITHOGALUM. Flowers corymbed, never blue or reddish. Style 3-sided.
8. SCILLA. Flowers racemed, purple or blue Style thread-like.
9. ALLIUM Flowers umbelled, from a spathe. Sepals 1-nerved.
TRIBE III. TULIPACEJE. Fruit a many -seeded 3-celled pod. Seed-coat pale. Peri-
anth 6-leaved.
* Bulbous herbs. Perianth deciduous.
10. LILIUM. Stem leafy. Pod oblong. Seeds vertically much flattened.
11 ERYT11RONIUM. Scape naked, l-flo\vered Pod obovate-triangular : seeds oyoid.
* * Not bulbous : stem (caudex) perennial. Perianth not deciduous.
12. YUCCA. Flowers in a terminal panicle. Leaves crowded, rigid and persistent
466 LILIACEJS. (LILY FAMILY.;
1. ASPARAGUS, L. ASPARAGUS.
Perianth 6-parted, spreading above : the 6 stamens at their base. Style short:
Bti^Jiu' 3-lobed Berry spherical. 3-celled; the cells 2-secded. — Perennials,
with much-branched steins from thick and matted rootstocks, very narrow leaves
in clusters, and small greenish-yellow axillary flowers. (The ancient Greek
name.)
1. A. OFFICINALIS, L. (GARDEN ASPARAGUS.) Herbaceous ; bushy-
branched ; leaves thread-like. — Sparingly escaped from gardens into waste
places on the coast. June. (Adv. from Eu.)
2. POL.YGONATUM, Tourn. SOLOMON'S SEAL.
Perianth tubular, 6-lobed at the summit; the 6 stamens inserted on or above
the middle of the tube, included. Ovary 3-celled, with 2-6 ovules in each cell :
style slender, deciduous by a joint: stigma obtuse or capitate, obscurely 3-lobed.
Berry globular, black or blue; the cells 1-2-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with
simple erect or curving stems, rising from creeping thick and knotted rootstocks,
above bearing nearly sessile or half-clasping nerved leaves, and axillary nod-
ding greenish flowers. (The ancient name, composed of TTO\V$, many, and
yow, knee, alluding to the numerous joints of the rootstocks and stems.) —
Ours are all alternate-leaved species, and with the stem terete or scarcely angled
when fresh.
1. P. bifldrum, Ell. (SMALLER SOLOMON'S SEAL.) Glabrous, except
the ovate-oblong or lance-oblong nearly sessile leaves, which are commonly mi-
nutely pubescent, at least on the veins (but sometimes smooth), as well as pule or
glaucous underneath,- stem slender (l°-3°high); peduncles 1-3- but mostly 2-
flowered ; filaments papillose-rouyhcned, inserted towards the summit of the cylin-
drical-oblong perianth. (Convallaria biflora, Walt. C. pubescens, Wittd. Po-
lygonatum pubescens, angustifolium, & multiflorum, Pursh.) — Wooded banks;
common. — Perianth £' long, greenish.
2. P. gigdnteum, Dietrich. (GREAT SOLOMON'S SEAL.) Glabrous
throughout ; stem stout and tall (3° -8° high), terete; leaves ovate, partly clasp-
ing (5' -8' long), or the upper oblong and nearly sessile, many-nerved, green
both sides ; peduncles several- (2-8-) flowered ; filaments smooth and naked, or nearly
so, inserted on the middle of the tube of the cylindrical-oblong perianth. (Con-
vallaria canaliculata, Willd. Polygonatum canaliculatum, Pursh. P. commu-
tatum, Dietrich.) — River-banks and woods, in alluvial soil; not rare. June.
(The stem not being at all channelled in the living plant, it is better to dis-
card the earlier name of canaliculatum.) —Pedicels i'-li' long: perianth £'
long.
3. P. latifolium. Desf. Upper part of the stem (2°-3° high), the 1-5-
flowered peduncles, pedicels, and lower surface of the ovate or oblong mostly
jx-tiolnl I, an x more or A.s.s pnb<sr<-nt ; jHtiinnits glabrous. (P. hirtum, Pursh. Con-
vallaria hirta, Pair.) — Pennsylvania, Muhlrnbcrg ! — This appears to be
tially the Kuropi-an P. latifolium.
P. MULiiiLouiJM, with hirsute filaments, I have never seen in this country.
LILIACEuE. (LIL\ FAMILY.) 467
3. SUIH.ACIIVA, Desf. FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL.
Perianth 4-6-parted, spreading, deciduous (white), with as many stamens
inserted at the base of the divisions. Filaments slender : anthers short. Ovary
2-3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell: style short and thick: stigma obscurely
2-3-lobed. Berry globular, 1 -2-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with simple stems
from creeping or thickish rootstocks, alternate nerved leaves, and white, often
fragrant flowers in a terminal simple or compound raceme. (Name a diminu-
tive of Smi'ax, which, however, these plants are quite unlike.)
§ 1. SMILACINA PROPER. — Divisions of the perianth (oblong-lanceolate) and
stamens 6, the latter longer : ovary 3-ceUed : ovules collateral : racemes crowded in
a compound raceme or close panicle.
1. S. raceisiosa, Desf. (FALSE SPIKENARD.) Minutely downy ; leaves
numerous, oblong or oval-lanceolate, taper-pointed, ciliate, abruptly somewhat
petioled. — Moist copses : common. June. — Stem 2° high from a thickish
rootstock, zigzag. Berries pale red, speckled with purple, aromatic. (S. cili-
ata, Desf., is a dwarf state of this.)
§ 2. ASTERANTHEMUM, Kunth. — Divisions of the perianth 6, oblong-lance-
olate, longer than the stamens : ovary 2-3-celled: ovules one above the other: raceme
single, 5 — 20 ] flowered.
2. S. Stellfata, Desf. Nearly glabrous, or the 7-12 oblong-lanceolate leaves
minutely downy beneath when young, slightly clasping ; berries blackish. —
Moist banks; common, especially northward. May, June. — Plant l°-2°
high. (Eu.)
3. S. tri folia, Desf. Glabrous, dwarf (3' -6' high) ; leaves 3 (sometimes
2 or 4), oblong, tapering to a sheathing base; berries red. — Cold bogs, New
England to Wisconsin, and northward. May.
§3. MAlANTHEMUM, Desf. — Divisions of the reflexed-spreading perianth
(oval) and the stamens 4, of equal length : ovaiy 2-celled: ovules collateral: raceme
single, many-flowered.
4. S. bifolia, Ker. Glabrous, or somev:hat pubescent, low (3' -5' high) ;
leaves mostly 2 (sometimes 3), heart-shaped, petioled, or in our plant (var.
CANADENSIS) one or both often sessile or nearly so and clasping. — Moist
woods ; very common, especially northward. May. (Eu.)
4. CO:NVA:LL,ARIA, L. (in part). LILT OP THE VALLEY.
Perianth bell-shaped (white), 6-lobed, deciduous ; the lobes recurved. Sta-
mens 6, included, inserted on the base of the perianth. Ovary 3-celled, tapering
into a stout style : stigma triangular. Ovules 4 - 6 in each cell. Berry few-
seeded (red). — A low perennial herb, glabrous, stemless, with slender running
rootstocks, sending up from a scaly-sheathing bud 2 oblong leaves, with their
long sheathing petioles enrolled one within the other so as to appear like a stalk,
and an angled scape bearing a one-sided raceme of pretty sweet-scented nodding
flowers. (Altered from Lilium convallium, the popular name.)
408 LiLiACEuE. (LILY FAMILY.;
1. C. maj;\lis, L. — High Alleghanies of Virginia, and southward
May. — Same as the European plant so common in gardens. (Eu.)
5. CL, I NT ON I A, Raf. CLINTONIA.
Perianth of 6 separate sepals, bell-shaped, lily-like, deciduous; the 6 stamens
inserted at their base. Filaments long and thread-like : anthers linear-oblong.
Ovary ovoid-oblong, 2-3-celled: style long, columnar-thread-like: stigma de-
• 1. Berry ovoid, blue, few - many-seeded. — Stemless perennials, with
slender creeping rootstocks, producing a naked scape sheathed at the base by
the stalks of 2-4 large oblong or oval ciliate leaves. Flowers rather large, urn-
belled, rarely single, somewhat downy outside. (Dedicated to De Witt Clinton.)
1. C. borefiliS, Raf. Umbel few- (2-7-) flowered ; ovules 20 or more.
(Dracaena borealis, Ait.) — Cold moist woods, Massachusetts to Wisconsin and
northward, and southward in the Alleghanies. June. — Scape and leaves 5' -8'
long. Perianth over %' long, greenish-yellow.
2. C. Illllbcllfita, Torr. Umbel many -flowered ; ovules 2 in each cell.
(C. multiflora, Beck. Convallaria umbellulata, Miclix. Smilacina, Desf.) —
Rich woods, S. W. New York, and southward along the Alleghanies. June. —
Flowers half the size of the last, white, speckled with green or purplish dots.
6. IIEMEROCALLIS, L. DAY LILY.
Perianth funnel-form, lily-like ; the short tube enclosing the ovary, the spread-
ing limb 6-partcd ; the 6 stamens inserted on its throat. Filaments and stylo
long and thread-like, declined and ascending : stigma simple. Pod rather fleshy,
3-angled, 3-valved, with several black spherical seeds in each cell. — Showv pe-
rennials, with fleshy-fibrous roots ; the long and linear keeled leaves 2-ranked at
the base of the tall scapes, which bear at the summit several bracted large yellow
flowers: these collapse and decay after expanding for a single day (whence the
name, from jj/zepa, a day, and K«XXos, beauty).
I. II. FULVA, L. (COMMON DAY-LILY.) Inner divisions (petals) of the
tawny orange perianth wavy and obtuse. — Sparingly escaped from gardens,
where it is common. July. (Adv. from Eu.)
II. FL\VA, L., the YELLOAV DAY-LILY, is commonly cultivated. — The
White and the Blue Day-Lilies of the gardens are species of FUNKIA, a very
different genus.
7. OKXVTIIOGALUHI, Toura. STAR-OF-BETHLKIIKM.
Perianth of 6 colored (white) spreading sepals, 3-7-nervcd. Filaments 6,
flattened-a\vl-shaped. Style 3-sidcd : stigma 3-angled. Pod mrmhnmous
roundish-angular, with few dark and roundish seeds in each cell. — Scape and
linear channelled leaves from a coated bulb. Flowers corymbed, bracted.
ancient whimsieal name from opi/is, a bird, and -yaXa, milk.)
1. O. r.Mi-.M.iA TIM, L. Flowers 5-8, on long and spreading ]>' :
sepals t;neii in the middle on the outside. — Escaped from guldens into
meadows, eastward. June. (Nat. from Eu.)
(LILY FAMILY.) 469
8. SCIL.L.A, L. SQUILL.
Perianth of 6 colored (blue or purple) spreading sepals, mostly deciduous ;
the 6 awl-shaped filaments at their base. Style thread-like. Pod 3-angled, 3-
valved, with several black roundish seeds in each cell. — Scape and linear leaves
from a coated bulb : the flowers in a simple raceme, mostly bracted. (The
ancient name.)
1. S. Fraseri. (EASTERN QUAMASH. WILD HYACINTH.) Leaves
long and linear, keeled; raceme elongated; bracts solitary, longer than the
pedicels ; stigma minutely 3-cleft ; pod triangular, the cells several-seeded.
(Phalangium esculentum, Natt. in part. Scilla esculcnta, Ker. Camassia
Fraseri, Torr. mss.) — Moist prairies and river-banks, Ohio to Wisconsin and
southwestward. May. — Bulb onion-like, eaten by the Indians. Scape 1° high.
Sepals widely spreading, pale blue. 3-nerved, ^' long. (I do not discern suffi-
cient characters for the genus Camassia.)
9. AL,L,IUUI, L. ONION. GARLIC.
Perianth of 6 entirely colored sepals, which are distinct, or united at the very
base, 1 -nerved, often becoming dry and scarious and more or less persistent:
the 6 filaments awl-shaped or dilated at their base. Style persistent, thread-
like : stigma simple. Pod lobed, 3-valved, with 1 or few ovoid-kidney-shaped
amphitropous or campylotropous black seeds in each cell. — Strong-scented and
pungent stemless herbs ; the leaves and scape from a coated bulb : flowers in a
simple umbel, some of them frequently changed to bulblcts ; spathe 1 - 2-valvcd.
(The ancient Latin name of the Garlic.)
# Ovules and seeds only one in each cell : leaves broad and flat, appearing in early
spring, and dying before the flowers are developed.
1. A. tric6ccum, Ait. (WILD LEEK.) Scape naked (9' high), bear-
ing an erect many-flowered umbel; leaves lance-oblong (5' -9' long, l'-2'
wide) ; scapes 1° high from clustered pointed bulbs (2' long) ; sepals oblong
(white), equalling the simple filaments; pod strongly 3-lobed. — Rich cool
woods, W. New England to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward in the Alle-
ghanics. July.
* * Ovules and seeds mostly 2 in each cell : ovary crested with 6 teeth at the summit :
leaves long and narrow.
•*- Umbel bearing only flowers and ripening pods.
2. A. ccrnituin, Roth. (WiLD ONION.) Scape naked, angular (1°- 2°
high), often nodding at the apex, bearing a loose or drooping many-flowered umbel;
leaves linear, sharply keeled (1° long); sepals oblong-ovate, acute (rose-color),
shorter than the simple slender filaments. — Steep banks, W. New York to Wis-
consin and southward. Aug.
3. A. Stclliitlirsi, Nutt. Scape terete, slender, bearing an erect umbel ;
leaves flat ; sepals equalling the stamens : otherwise resembling the last, but usu-
ally not so tall ; the pod more crested. — Rocky slopes, Illinois (Enydmann},
arid northwestward.
470 LILIACEjE. ^LILY FAMILY.)
4. A. SclHEllOpl'iiSUIll, L. (CHIVES.) Scape naked, or leafy at the
base (i°-l° high) bearing a globular capitate umb.l of many rose-purple flow-
ers; sei)als lanceolate, pointed, longer than the simple downwardly dilai-
ments; Inins <i/cl-s/uijjtil, hollow . Var. with recurved tips to the sepals (A.
Sibirieum, L.) — Shore of Lakes Huron, Superior, and northward. (Ku.)
+- •«- Umbel often densely bulb-bear iny, with or without flowers.
5. A» VIWEALE, L. (FIELD GARLIC.) Seapc slender, clothed with the
sheathing bases of the leaves below the middle (l°-3° high) ; Luc
low, slender, channelled above ; filaments much dilated, the altir/,<il<; om-s
the middle division anther-bearing. — Moist meadows and fields, near tin.
June. — Flowers rose-color and green. (Nat. from Eu.)
6. A. CaiiadcilS<>, Kalm. (WiLD MEADOW GARLIC.) Scape leafy
only at the base (1° high); leaves narrowly linear, Jlattish ; umbel few-flowered;
jiluHtcnt* simple, dilated below. — Moist meadows, &c. May, June. — Flowers
pale rose-color, pedicelied ; or a head of bulbs in their place.
# # * Ovules several in each cell ; leaves long and linear. (Nothoscordum, Kunlh.)
7. A» Stiiiituill, Jacq. Leaves narrowly linear, often convolute, striate
on the back, about the length of the obscurely 3-angled naked scape (C'-12'
long) ; filaments dilated below, shorter than the narrowly oblong sepals (which
are white with a reddish keel) ; ovules 4-7 in each cell. — Prairies and open
woods, Virginia to Illinois, and southward. May.
A. TRIFLORUM, Raf., from the mountains of Penn., is wholly obscure.
A. SAxlvusi, the GARDEN GARLIC, A. PORRUM, the LEEK, and A. CEP A,
the ONION, are well-known cultivated species.
10. LLIITftE, L. LILY.
Perianth funnel-form or bell-shaped, colored, of 6 distinct sepals, spreading or
recurved above, with a honey-bearing furrow at the base, deciduous ; the 6 sta-
mens somewhat adhering to their bases. Anthers linear, versatile. Style elon-
gated, somewhat club-shaped: stigma 3-lobed. Pod oblong, containing numer-
ous flat (depressed) soft-coated seeds densely packed in 2 rows in each cell. —
Bulbs scaly, producing simple stems, with numerous alternate-scattered or
whorled short and sessile leaves, and from one to several large and showy-
flowers. (The classical Latin name, from the Greek Xeipiov.)
# Floiccrs erect, bell-shaped, the sepals narrowed beloiu into claws.
1. L.. Pliilaclclpliiciiiii, L. (WILD ORANGE-RED LILY.) Leai<cs
linxtr-lanrtn/fife; the upper chicjlt/ in whorls of 5 to 8 ; flowers 1-3, open-In il-
shaped, rnMis/i-f*r<t)it/r. spotted with purplish inside; the lanceolate sepals not
recurved at tin- summit. — Open copses; rather common. June, July. — Stem
2° -3° high : the flower 2£' long.
2. I*. Catesbiri, Walt. (SOUTHERN RED LILY.) Lmrt-x Unmr-lance-
olate, scattered; flower solitary, opcn-bell-shapcd, the long-flawed «epals wavy
on the margin and recurved at tin- summit, #-<ir/<t, spotted with dark purple and
yellow inside. — Low sandy soil, Pennsylvania? to Kentucky and southward.
LILIACE^E. (LILY FAMILY.) 471
* * Floicers nodding, bell-shaped, the sessile sepah revolnte.
3. \t. Caaiaclense, L. (WILD YELLOW LILY.) Leaves remotely whorled,
lanceolate, strongly 3-ncrvecl, the margins and nerves rough, flowers few, long-
peduncled, oblong-bell-shaped, the sepals recurved -spreading above the middle, or-
ange.spottcd inside with brown. — Moist meadows and bogs ; common, especially
northward. June, July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Flower 2' - 3' long.
4. JL. SHpcrbllHl, L. (TURK'S-CAP LILY.) Lower leaves whorled, lan-
ceolate, pointed, 3-nerved, smooth ; flowers often many (3-20 or 40) in a pyram-
idal raceme ; sepals strongly revolute, bright orange, with numerous dark purple
spots inside. — Rich low grounds ; rather common. July, Aug. — Stem 3° - 7°
high : sepals 3' long. L. Carolinianum, Michx., is apparently a variety of this.
L. cANDiDUM, the WHITE LILY, and L. BULBIFERUM, the ORANGE BULB-
ARING LILY, are most common in gardens.
11. EKYTIIROIVIUM, L. DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET.
Perianth lily-like, of 6 distinct lanceolate sepals, recurved or spreading above,
deciduous, the 3 inner usually with a callous tooth on each side of the erect
base, and a groove in the middle. Filaments 6, awl-shaped : anthers oblong-
linear. Style elongated. Pod obovate, contracted at the base, 3-valved. Seeds
rather numerous, ovoid, with a loose membranaceous tip. — Nearly stemless
herbs, with 2 smooth and shining flat leaves tapering into petioles and sheathing
the base of the 1 -flowered scape, rising from a deep solid-scaly bulb. Flower
nodding, vernal. (Name from fpv6posj red, which is inappropriate as respects
the American species.)
1. E. A ill eric fail u ill, Smith. (YELLOW ADDER'S-TONGUE.) Leaves
elliptical-lanceolate, pale green, spotted with purplish and dotted ; perianth pale
yellow, spotted near the base ; style club-shaped ; stigmas united. — Low copses,
&c. ; common. May. — Scape 6' - 9' high : flower I' or more long. — E. BRAO
TEATUM, Boott, from the Camel's Rump Mountain, Vermont, is probably only
an accidental state of this species.
2. E. albidimi, Nutt. (WHITE DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET.) Leaves el-
liptical-lanceolate, spotted, not dotted; perianth ivliite or bluish-white; sepals nar-
rowly lanceolate, the inner without lateral teeth ; style thread-like and club-
shaped; stigma 3-cle.ft. — Low thickets from Albany, New York, and W. Penn-
sylvania to Wisconsin, and southward. April, May.
12. YUCCA, L. BEAR-GRASS. SPANISH BAYONET.
Perianth of 6 petal-like (white) oval or oblong and acute flat sepals, wither-
ing-persistent, the 3 inner broader, longer than the 6 stamens. Stigmas 3, ses-
sile. Pod oblong, somewhat 6-sided, 3-cellcd, or imperfectly 6-celled by a par-
tition from the back, fleshy, tardily 3-valved at the apex. Seeds very many in
each cell, depressed. — Stems woody, either very short, or rising into thick and
columnar palm-like trunks, clothed with persistent rigid linear or sword-shaped
leaves, and terminated by an ample compound panicle of showy (often polyga-
mous) flowers. (An aboriginal name.)
472 MELANTHACE^E. (COLCHICLJM FAMILY.)
1. Y. filamciitosa, L. (ADAM'S NEEDLE.) Si.-ml.isn, i. c. the trunk
(from a running rootstock) rising for a foot or less above the earth, covered with
the lanceolate unarmed coriaceous leaves (l°-2° long), which bQ&r Jilamente on their
inartii :ns ; scape or flower-stem 6° -8° high, erect. — Sandy soil, E. Virginia and
southward. July.
Y. GLORIA, L., and Y. ALOIF6LIA, L. (SPANISH BAYONET), which are
caulescent and thick-leaved species, belong farther south, and probably are not
indigenous north of the coast of North Carolina.
The TULIP, the CROWN IMPERIAL, the HYACINTH, and the TUBEROSE
(POLIANTUES TOBER6SA) are common cultivated representatives of this
Family.
ORDER 127. MELANTHACE^E. (CoLcmcuM FAMILY.)
Herbs, ivith regular Q-merous and 6-androus flowers, the cunsimilar peri-
anth free (or nearly free) from the ^-celled ovary, extrorse anthers, and 3
more or less distinct styles. (Anthers introrse in Toiieldia, a connecting
link with Juncaceae. Styles sometimes perfectly united in Uvulariese.)
Seeds anatropous, with a soft or membranous seed-coat, and a small embryo
in copious albumen. — If we include the Bellworts, which form a group
ambiguous between this order, Trilliaceae, and Liliacese, (all of which are
connected by various gradations,) we shall have two strongly marked sub-
orders, viz.: — See Addend.
SUBORDER I. UVULARIESE. THE BELLWORT FAMILY.
Perianth early deciduous, the sepals distinct, petal-like. Styles united
into one at the base or throughout ! Fruit a 3-celled few-seeded berry or
loculicidal pod. — Stems from small perennial rootstocks and fibrous roots,
forking, bearing ovate or lanceolate membranaceous sessile or clasping
leaves, like those of Solomon's Seal, and perfect flowers : peduncles solitary
or 1-flowered.
1. UVULAKIA. Pod 3-angular or 3-lobed. Anthers linear, adnate, on short filaments.
2. PUOSAKTES. Berry 3-6-seeded. Anthers linear-obloug, pointless, fixed near the base.
Flowers terminal.
8. STKEPTOPUS. Berry several-seeded. Anthers arrow-shaped, 1 - 2-pointed. Flowers ax-
illary ; their pedicels bent in the middle.
SUBORDER II. MELANTHIESE. TRUE COLCHICUM FAMILY.
Perianth mostly persistent or withering away; the sepals distinct, or
rarely their claws united. Styles 8, separate. Fruit a 3-celled 3-partible
or septicidal, rarely loculicidal, pod. — Herbs with acrid poisonous proper-
ties; the simple or rarely paniclcd stems springing from solid bulbs or
corms, or sometimes from creeping rootstocks. Flowers sometimes polyga-
mous or dioecious.
MELANTHACE^E. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 473
3 Anthers heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, confluently 1-celled, shield-shaped after opening:
pod 3-horned. septicidal : seeds flat, membranaceous-margined.
•*- Sepals glandular on the inside near the base.
4. MELANT1IIUM. Flowers polygamous. Sepals entirely free from the ovary, their long
claws bearing the stamens.
6. ZYGADENUS. Flowers perfect Sepals nearly free or coherent with the base of the ovary :
stamens separate.
+- •*- Sepals destitute of glands, not clawed.
6. STENANTHIUM. Perianth below coherent with the base of the ovary ; the sepals lanceo-
late, pointed, longer than the stamens. Racemes compound-panicled.
7. VERATKUM Perianth entirely free; the obovate or oblong sepals longer than the sta-
mens Flowers panicled, polygamous
8 AMIANTIIIUM. Perianth free, the oval or obovate sepals shorter than the stamens.
Flowers racemed, perfect.
* * Anthers 2-celled : pod loculicidal. Flowers racemed or spiked.
XEROPIIYLLUM. Flowers perfect. Cells of the globose-3-lobed pod 2-seeded. Leaves
rush-like. Seeds 2 in each cell.
10. UELONIAS. Flowers perfect. Cells of the globose-3-lobed pod many-seeded. Leaves
lanceolate. Scape naked. Seeds numerous.
11. CHAMJELIRIUM. Flowers dioecious. Pod oblong, many-seeded. Stem leafy.
* * * Anthers 2-celled, innate or introrse : pod septicidal.
12. TOFIELDIA. Flowers perfect, spiked or racemed. Leaves equitant.
SUBORDER I. UVUL,ARIE^E. THE BELLWORT FAMILY.
1. UVUL.ARIA, L. BELLWORT.
Perianth nearly bell-shaped, lily-like ; the sepals spatulate-lanceolate, with a
honey-bearing groove or pit at the erect contracted base, much longer than the
stamens, which barely adhere to their base. Anthers long and linear, adnate :
filaments short. Style deeply 3-cleft ; the divisions stigmatic along the inner
side. Pod triangular or 3-lobcd, 3-valved from the top. Seeds few in each
cell, obovoid, with a tumid or fungous rhaphe. — Rootstock short or creeping.
Flowers pale yellow, nodding, solitary or rarely in pairs, on terminal peduncles
which become lateral by the growth of the branches. (Name " from the flowers
hanging like the uvula, or palate.")
* Leaves clasping-perfoliate : sepals acute: pod obovate-truncate, 3-Iobed at the top.
1. IT. graiidiflora, Smith. (LARGE-FLOWERED BELLWORT.) Lcavea
oblong or elliptical-ovate, pale and obscurely pubescent underneath; sepals
smooth within; anthers blunt-pointed; lobes of the pod with convex sides. — Rich
woods, Vermont to Ohio, Wisconsin, and northward. May, June. — Flowers
pale greenish-yellow, 1^' long.
2. U. perfoliata, L. (SMALLER BELLWORT.) Leaves ovate or ob-
long-lanceolate, smooth, glaucous underneath ; sepals granular-roughened inside ;
anthers conspicuously pointed; lobes of the pod with concave sides. — Moist
copses ; common eastward and southward. May. — Smaller than No. 1 •
flowers pale yellow, f to 1' long.
* * Leaves sessile : sepals rather obtuse : pod ovoid-triangular, sharp-angled.
3. U. sessilifolia, L. (SESSILE-LEAVED BELLWORT.) Smooth ; leaves
oval or lanceolate-oblong, pale, glaucous underneath ; styles united to the mid-
40*
474 MELANTIIACE^E. (COLCIIICUM FAMILY.)
die, exceeding the pointless anthers ; pod triangular-oborutr, nan-owed into a stalk.
— Low woods ; common. May. — Stem 6' - 9' high when in flower -. the cream-
colored flower I' long.
4. U. pubcrilla, Michx. Slightly puberulent ; leaves bright green both
sides, and shining, with rough edges ; styles separate to near the base, not
exceeding the short-pointed anthers ; pod ovate, not stalked. — Mountains and
throughout the upper part of Virginia, and southward.
2. PROSARTES, Don. PROSARTES.
Perianth bell-shaped, much as in Uvularia. Filaments thread-like, much
longer than the linear-oblong blunt anthers, which are fixed near the base.
Ovary with 2 ovules suspended from the summit of each cell : styles united into
one : stigmas short, recurved-spreading. Berry ovoid or oblong, pointed, 3-6-
sceded, red. — Downy low herbs, divergently branched above, witli closely sessile
ovate and mcmbranaceous leaves, and greenish-yellow drooping flowers on slen-
der terminal peduncles, solitary or few in an umbel. (Name from irpofraprdat,
to hang from, in allusion to the pendent ovules or flowers.)
1. P» lauugiiiosa, Don. Leaves ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, rounded
or slightly heart-shaped at the base, closely sessile, downy underneath; flowers
solitary or in pairs ; sepals linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed (^ long), soon spread-
ing, twice the length of the stamens, greenish; style smooth. (Streptopus
lanuginosus, Michx.) — Rich woods, Western New York to Virginia, Kentucky.
and southward along the Alleghanies. May.
3. STREPTOPUS, Michx. TWISTED-STALK.
Perianth recurved-spreading from a bell-shaped base ; the sepals lanceolate-
acute, the 3 inner keeled. Anthers arrow-shaped, fixed near the base to the
short flattened filaments, tapering above to a slender entire or 2-cleft point.
Ovary with many ovules in each cell : styles united into one. Berry red, round-
ish-ovoid, many-seeded. — Herbs, with rather stout stems, divergently -spread ing
branches, ovate and taper-pointed rounded-clasping membranaeeous leaves, and
small (extra-) axillary flowers, either solitary or in pairs, on slender thread-like
peduncles, which are abruptly bent or contorted near the middle (whence the
name, from orpeTrrop, twisted, and irovs,foot, or stalk).
1. S. ampBexifolillS, DC. Leaves very smooth, ylaucous underneath,
Btrongly clasping; flower qreenfsh-white on a long peduncle abruptly bent above
tin-, middle; anthers tapering to a slender entire point; stiyma entire, truncate.
S.) distortus, Michx. Uvularia amplexifolia, L.) — Cold and moist woods,
Northern New England to the mountains of Penn., and northward. June. —
Stem 2° -3° high, rough at the base, otherwise very smooth. Sepals £' long.
— In this, as in the next, the peduncles are opposite the leaves, rather than truly
axillary, and are bent round the clasping base underneath them : they are rarely
2-flowered. (Eu.)
2. S. rose US, Michx. Leaves green both sidtstjui<1y ciliate, and the brandies
sparingly beset with short bristly hairs ; flower rose-purple, more than half the
MELANTHACE^i. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 475
length of the slightly bent peduncle ; anthers 2-horned ; stigma 3-deft. — Cold
damp woods ; common northward, and in the Alleghanics southward. May. —
Smaller than the last.
SUBORDER II. MEL,AItfTHI]EJE. TRUE COLCHICUM FAMILY.
4. MEL.ANTHIUM, Gronov., L. MELANTHIUM.
Flowers monceciously polygamous. Perianth of 6 separate and free widely
spreading somewhat heart-shaped or oblong and halberd-shaped sepals, raised on
slender claws, cream-colored, the base marked with 2 approximate or confluent
glands, turning greenish-brown and persistent. Filaments shorter than the
sepals, adhering to their claws often to near their summit, persistent. Styles
awl-shaped, diverging, tipped with simple stigmas. Pod ovoid-conical, 3-lobed,
of 3 inflated merabranaccous carpels united in the axis, separating when ripe,
and splitting down the inner edge, several-seeded. Seeds flat, broadly winged.
— Stem simple (3° -5° high), from a somewhat bulbous base, roughish-downy
above, as well as the open and ample pyramidal panicle (composed chiefly of
simple racemes), the terminal part mostly fertile. Leaves lanceolate or linear,
grass-like, those from the root broader. (Name composed of /neXas, black, and
avdos, flower, from the dark color which the persistent perianth assumes after
blossoming.)
1. HI. Virginiciim, L. (BUNCH-FLOWER.) (M. Virginicum & race-
mosum, Mlchx. Leimanthium Virginicum, Willd. L. Virg. & hybridutn,
Roam. $• Schult., Gray, Melanth.) — Wet meadows, Southern New York to Illi-
nois, and common southward. July. — The two received species are doubtless
forms of one.
5. ZYGADENUS, Michx. ZYGADENE.
Flowers perfect. Perianth withering-persistent, spreading ; the petal-like ses-
sile or slightly clawed oblong or ovate sepals 1 - 2-glandular next the more or
less narrowed base, which is either free, or united and coherent with the base of
the ovary. Stamens free from the sepals and about their length. Styles and
pod nearly as in Melanthium. Seeds margined or slightly winged. — Very-
smooth and somewhat glaucous perennials, with simple stems from creeping
rootstocks or coated bulbs, linear leaves, and pretty large panicled greenish-
white flowers. (Name composed of £vyos, a yoke, and ddrjv, a gland.)
* Glands on the perianth conspicuous.
1. Z. glat>errilllUS, Michx. Stems l°-3° high, from a creeping root-
stock ; leaves grass-like, channelled, conspicuously nerved, elongated, tapering to
a point ; panicle pyramidal, many-flowered ; perianth nearly free ; the sepals
(£' long) ovate, becoming lance-ovate, with a pair of orbicular glands above the
short claw-like base. — Grassy low grounds, S. Virginia (Pursh) and southward.
July.
2. Z. gl aliens, Nutt. Stem about l°-3° high from a coated bulb; leaves
flat ; panicle simple, mostly few-flowered ; base of the perianth coherent with the
i76 MELANTHACE^E. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.)
base of the ovary, the thin ovate or ohovate sepals marked with a large obco,-date
viand. (Anticlea glauca, Kunth.) — Banks of the St. Lawrence, New York, to
N. Illinois and northward : rare. July.
# * Glands of the perianth obscure. (Here also Amianthium Nuttallii, Gray.)
3. Z. leiinailthoides. Stem l°-4° high from a somewhat bulbous
base, slender ; leaves narrowly linear ; flowers small (4" in diameter) and nu-
merous, in a few crowded panic-led racemes ; perianth free, the obovatc sepal.'}
with a yellowish glandular discoloration on the contracted base. (Amianthium
leimanthoides, Gray.) — Low grounds, pine-barrens of New Jersey (Durand,
Knieskern), Virginia, and southward. July.
6. STENANTIIIUM, Gray (under Veratrura).
Flowers polygamous or perfect. Perianth spreading ; the sepals narrowly
lanceolate, tapering to a point from the broader base, where they are united and
coherent with the base of the ovary, not gland-bearing, persistent, much longer
than the short stamens. Pods, &c. nearly as in Veratrum. Seeds nearly wing-
less.— Smooth, with a wand-like leafy stem from a somewhat bulbous base,
long and grass-like conduplicate-keeled leaves, and numerous small flowers in
compound racemes, forming a long terminal panicle. (Name composed of
oTfvos, narrow, and av6os, flower, from the slender sepals and panicles.)
1. S. angUStifolilllll, Gray. Leaves linear, elongated ; flowers small
(\' long), white, very short-pcdicelled, in slender racemes ; the prolonged termi-
nal one, and often some of the lateral, fertile. (Veratrum angustifolium, Pnrsh.
Helonias graminea, Bot. Mag.} — Grassy prairies and low meadows, Penn. to
Illinois, Virginia, and southward toward the mountains. July. — Stem slender,
2°-6° high.
7. VERATRUM, Tourn. FALSE HELLEBORE.
Flowers monoeciously polygamous. Perianth of 6 spreading and separate
obovate-oblong (greenish or brownish) sepals, more or less contracted at the
base, entirely free from the ovary, not gland-bearing. Filaments free from the
sepals and shorter than they, recurving. Pistils, fruit, &c. nearly as in Melan-
thium. — Somewhat pubescent perennials, with simple stems from a thickened
base producing coarse fibrous roots (very poisonous), 3-ranked leaves, and ra-
cemed-panicled dull or dingy flowers. (Name compounded of vere, truly, and
ater, black.)
1. V. vi ride, Ait. (AMERICAN WHITE HELLEBORE. INDIAN POKE.)
Stem stout, very leafy to the top (2° -4° high); leaves broadly oval, pointed,
sheath clasping, strongly plaited; panicle pyramidal, the dense spike-like racemes
spreading, perianth yellowish-green, moderately spreading. — Swamps and low
grounds ; common. June. (Too near V. album of Europe.)
2. V. parviflorum, Michx. Stem slender (2° -5° high), s/nrhif/li/ leafy
below, naked above; AY//V.S- scarcely plaited, glabrous, contracted into shmtJihin peti-
oles, varying from oval to lanceolate; panicle very long and loose, the terminal
raceme wand-like, the lateral ones slender and spreading ; pedicels as long as the
^MELANTHACE^E. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 477
flowers; sepals dingy-green, oblanccolate or spatulate ( 2 J"- 3" long, those of
the sterile flowers on claws, widely spreading. (Melanthium nionoicum, Walt.
Leimanthium monoicum, Gray.] — llich woods, mountains of Virginia and
southward. July.
3. V. Wo6dii, Bobbins. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate ; pedi-
cels (l^"-3" long) shorter than thejloicers, the oblanceolate spreading sepals (3;'-
4j" long) dingy green turning brownish purple wit/tin: otherwise much as in the
last, of which it may prove to be a variety ; but the flowers are mostly double
the size, the panicle stouter, &c. (Plant 3° -6° high.) — Woods and hilly bar-
rens, Green Co., Indiana, Wood. Augusta, Illinois, Mead. July.
8. AM1ANTHIUM, Gray. FLY-POISON.
Flowers perfect. Pei-ianth widely spreading ; the distinct and free petal-like
(white) sepals oval or obovate, sessile, not gland-bearing. Filaments capillary,
equalling or exceeding the perianth. Anthers (as in all the foregoing) kidney-
shaped or heart-shaped, becoming 1-celled, and shield-shaped after opening.
Styles thread-like. Pods, &c. nearly as in Melanthium. Seeds wingless, ob-
long or linear, with a loose coat, 1 -4 in each cell. — Glabrous plants, with sim-
ple stems from a bulbous base or coated bulb, scape-like, feAV-leaved, terminated
by a simple dense raceme of handsome flowers, turning greenish with age.
Leaves linear, keeled, grass-like. (From a/uai/roj, unspotted, and avdos, flower ;
a name made with more regard to euphony than to correctness of construction,
alluding to the glandless perianth.)
1. A. lllliscaetoxiciim, Gray. (FLY-POISON.) Leaves broadly linear,
elongated, obtuse (^' to 1' wide), as long as the scape; raceme simple, oblong 01
cylindrical ; pod abruptly 3-horned ; seeds oblong, with a fleshy red coat. ( He-
lonias erythrosperma, Michx.) — Open woods, New Jersey and Pennsylvania
to Kentucky and southward. June, July.
9. XEROPHiTL-LtUHI, Michx. XEROPUYLLUM.
Flowers perfect. Perianth widely spreading ; sepals petal-like (white), oval,
distinct, sessile, not glandular, at length withering, about the length of the awl-
shaped filaments. Anthers 2-celled, short. Styles thread-like, stigmatic down
the inner side. Pod globular-3-lobed, obtuse (small), loculicidal ; the valves
bearing the partitions. Seeds 2 in each cell, collateral, 3-angled, not margined.
— Herb with the aspect of an Asphodel ; the stem simple, l°-4° high, from a
bulbous base, bearing a simple compact raceme of showy white flowers, thickly
beset with needle-shaped leaves, the upper ones reduced to bristle-like bracts ;
those from the root very many in a dense tuft, reclined, 1° or more long, 1;
wide below, rough on the margin, remarkably dry and rigid (whence the name,
from £r?po?, arid, and (£uAAoi/, leaf).
1. X. aspliotlcloidcs, Nutt. (X. tenax, Nutt. X. setifolium, Michx.
Helonias, L.) — Pine barrens, New Jersey, Virginia 7 and southward. (Also UQ
Oregon and California.) June.
478 MELANTHACE.E. ^COLCIIICUM FAMILY.)*
10. II EL 6 XI AS, L. HELOXIAS.
Flowers perfect, Perianth of 6 spatulate-oblong (purplish turning greenish)
sepals, persistent, shorter than the thread-like filaments. Anthers 2-cdled,
roundish-oval, blue. Styles revolute, stignwtic down the inner side. Pod ob-
cordatcly 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved ; the valves divergently 2-lobed. Seeds
many in each cell, linear, with a tapering appendage at both ends. — A smoolh
perennial, with many oblanceolatc or oblong-spatulate flat leaves, from a tuber-
ous rootstock, producing in early spring a hollow naked scape (l°-2° high),
sheathed with broad bracts at the base, and terminated by a simple and short
dense raceme. Bracts obsolete: pedicels shorter than the flowers. (Name
probably from eAos, a swamp ; the place of growth.)
1. II. bullata, L. (II. latifolia, Michx.) — Wet places, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, and Virginia : rare. May.
11. CIIAM^ELIRIUM, Willd. DEVIL'S-BIT.
Flowers dioecious. Perianth of 6 spatulate-linear (white) spreading sepals,
withering-persistent. Filaments and (yellow) anthers as in Hclonias : fertile
flowers with rudimentary stamens. Styles linear-club-shaped, stigmatic along
the inner side. Pod ovoid-oblong, not lobcd, of a thin texture, loculicidally 3-
valvcd from the apex, many-seeded. Seeds linear-oblong, conspicuously winged
at each end. — A smooth herb, with a wand-like stem from a (hitter) thick and
abrupt tuberous rootstoek, terminated by a long and wand-like spiked raceme
(4' - 9' long) of small bractless flowers ; the fertile plant more leafy than the
staminate. Leaves flat, lanceolate, the lowest spatulate, tapering into a petiole.
(Name composed of xa/*ai, on the ground, and \dpiov, lily ; of no obvious appli-
cation.)
1. C. luteiiiil. (BLAZING-STAR.) (C. Carolinianum, Willd. Veratrum
lutcum, L. Helonias lutea, Ait. II. dioica, Pursh.) — Low grounds, W. New
England to Illinois, and southward. June.
12. TOFIELDIA, Hudson. FALSE ASPHODEL.
Flowers perfect, usually with a little 3-bractcd involucre underneath. Peri-
anth more or less spreading ; the sepals (white or greenish) concave, oblong or
obovatc, sessile. Filaments awl-shaped : anthers short, innate or somewhat
introrse, 2-celled. Styles awl-shaped : stigmas terminal. Pod 3-angular, 3-
partiblc or scpticidal ; the cells many-seeded. Seeds oblong. — Slender pcivn-
nials, mostly tufted, with fibrous roots, and simple scape-like stems leafy only
at the base, bearing small flowers in a close raceme or spike. Leaves 2-rankcd,
equitant, linear. (Named after Mr. Tofield, an English botanist of the last cen-
tury.)— The two following compose the subgenus TRlANTHA, Nutt. : pedi-
cels mostly in threes ; the flowering proceeding from the apex downwards ;
seeds tail-pointed at both ends.
1. T. gllltiiiosn, Willd. Stem (6' -16' high) and pedicels very yhilinmu
with dark t/lunik ; leaves broadly linear, short. — Moist grounds, Maine, Michi-
gan, Wisconsin, and northward : also southward in the Alleghanies. June.
jUNCACE.fi. (RUSH FAMILY.) 479
2. T. pufoens, Ait. Stem (l°-2° high) and pedicels roughened with mi-
nute glands; leaves longer and narrower. — Pine barrens, New Jersey to Vir-
ginia and southward. July.
T. PALUSTRIS, Hudson, a Northern species of both hemispheres, grows on
Isle Royale and the north shore of Lake Superior ; but has not yet been found
on the United States side.
ORDER 128. JTJNCACE7E. (RUSH FAMILY.;
Grass-like or sedge-like herbs, with jointed stems, and a regular persistent
perianth of 6 similar glumaceous sepals, 6 or rarely 3 stamens with introrse
anthers, and a I- 3-celled ovary, forming a 3-valved 3 - many-seeded pod.
Style single. Seed anatropous, with a minute embryo enclosed at the base
of the albumen. — Rushes, with the flowers liliaceous in structure, but
grass-like in aspect and texture (excepting the ambiguous Narthecium).
Synopsis.
* Stigma entire. Perianth partly colored (yellowish).
1. NARTHECIUM. Filaments woolly. Pod many-seeded. Seeds long-tailed at both ends.
* * Stigmas 3, thread-like, hairy. Sepals glume-like.
2. LUZULA. Pod 1-celled, 3-seeded. Leaves mostly hairy.
a JUNCUS. Pod 3-celled (sometimes imperfectly so), many-seeded.
1. NARTIIEClUItl, Moehring. BOG-ASPHODEL.
Sepals linear-lanceolate (yellowish). Filaments 6, woolly: anthers linear.
Pod cylindrical-oblong, pointed with the undivided style terminated by a single
stigma, 3-celled, loculicidal, many-seeded. Seeds appcndagcd at each end with
a bristle-form tail of great length. — Rootstock creeping, bearing linear equitant
leaves, and a simple stem or scape (6'- 10' high), terminated by a simple raceme.
(Name from vap6r)K.iov, a rod, or box for fragrant ointments; application uncer-
tain.)
1. N. Aiiiericsiimiii, Ker. Pedicels of the dense raceme bearing a
bractlet below the middle. — Bogs, pine barrens of New Jersey. June.
2. L.IJZUL.A, DC. WOOD-RUSH.
Perianth glumaceous. Stamens 6. Stigmas 3. Pod 1-celled, 3-seeded. —
Perennials, with flat and soft usually hairy leaves and spiked-crowded or um-
belled flowers. (Name said to be altered from the Italian lucciola, a glowworm.)
* Flowers loosely Jong-peduncled, unibelled or corymbed.
1. Li. pildsa, Willd. Leaves lance-linear, hairy; peduncles umbelled, sim-
ple, chiefly 1 -flowered ; sepals pointed, shorter than the obtuse pod ; seeds tipped
with a curved appendage. — Woods and banks; common northward. May. —
Plant 6' -9' high. (Eu.)
2. L,. parviflora, Desv., var. melanoc;irpa. Nearly smooth ;
leaves broadly linear ; corymb decompound, loose ; pedieels drooping ; sepals pointed.
480 JUNCACE^E. (RUSH FAMILY.)
straw-color, about the length of the minutely pointed brown pod. (L. melano-
carpa. Desv.) — Mountains, Maine, W. Massachusetts, N. New York, and north-
ward. July. — Stems 1°- 3° high, scattered. (En.)
# * Flowers crowded in spikes or close clusters. (Plants 6' - 12' high.)
3. Li. campcstris, DC. Leaves flat, linear ; spikes 4 -12, somewhat um-
belled, ovoid, straw-color, some of them long-peduncled, others nearly sessile ;
sepals bristle-pointed, longer than the obtuse pods ; seeds with a conical appen-
dage at the base. — Dry fields and woods ; common. May. (Eu.)
4. It. arcilfita, Meyer. Leaves channelled, linear ; spikes 3 - 5, on unequal
often recurved peduncles, ovoid, chestnut-brown ; bracts ciliate-fririged ; sepals
taper-pointed, longer than the obtuse pod; seeds not appcndagcd. — Alpine
summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and high northward. (Eu.)
5. It. spicata, Desvaux. Leaves channelled, narrowly linear ; floiccrs in
sessile clusters, funning a nodding interrupted spiked panicle, brown ; sepals bristle-
pointed, scarcely as long as the abruptly short-pointed pod ; seeds merely with
a roundish projection at the base. (Our plant is L racemosa, Desv.? according
to Godet.) With the last, and more common. (Eu./
3. JIJNCUS, L. RUSH. BOG-RUSH.
Perianth glumaceous. Stamens 6, or sometimes 3. Stigmas 3. Pod 3-
cellcd (often imperfectly so at maturity), loculicidal, many-seeded. — Chiefly
perennials, with pithy steins, and cymose, panicled, or clustered small (greenish
or brownish) flowers, usually produced all summer. (The classical name, from
jitngo, to join, alluding to their use for bands.)
# Scapes naked and simple from malted running rootstocks, many of them barren,
furnished with short leajless sheaths at the base : flowers in a sessile ci/mose •
produced from the side of the scape above the middle, 6-androus (except in No. 1 ) :
seeds not appendaged.
1. J. e fills US, L. (COMMON or SOFT RUSH.) Scape soft and pliant
(2° -4° high), finely striated; panicle diffusely much-branched (sometimes closely
crowded), many-flowered; sepals green, lanceolate, very acute, as long as the
obovate very obtuse and pointless pod; stamens 3 or 6. — Marshy ground;
everywhere. (Eu.)
2. J. filiformiS, L. Scape slender (l°-2° high), pliant; panicle few-
flowered, simple; sepals green, lanceolate, acute, rather longer than the very
obtusc but short-pointed pod. (J. setaceus, Torr. Fl.) — Wet banks and shores,
N. New England to Michigan, and northward. (Eu.)
3. J. BaltlCUS, Willd. Scape riijid (2° -4° high), from a very strong
rootstock ; pit nick, ascending, loose, dark chestnut-colored ; sepals ovate-lanceolate,
the 3 outer sharp-pointed, as long as the elliptical rather triangular pod. — Sandy
shores of New England and of the Great Lakes ; thence northward (Eu.)
# # Scapes, frc. as in the preceding, but some of the sheaths at the base latf-biarijig ;
the leaves terete, knotless, like the continuation of the scape alwvc the panicle : sta-
mens 6.
JL'NCACEJE. (RUSH FAMILY.) 481
4. J". SCtficeilS, Rostk. Scape slender (2° -3° high) ; panicle loose, rather
simple, turning light chestnut-color ; sepals lanceolate, sharp-pointed, especially
the 3 exterior, longer than the obovate mucronate-pointed pod. — Penn., Vir-
ginia, and southward, near the coast.
5. J. ISlcirttiBfims, Lam. Scape stout and rigid (2° -5° high), the apex
pungent; panicle compound, erect, loose; the flowers clustered in small heads;
sepals lanceolate, the- outer acute, as long as the elliptical short-pointed pod.
(J. acutus, MuhL, £c.) — Brackish marshes, New Jersey (Pursh), Virginia, and
southward. (Eu.)
* •* * Stems lea f -bear ing : leaves terete, or flattened laterally (equitant), knotted by
cross partitions internally : ct/tne or panicle terminal: flowers in heads or small clus-
ters (very liable to a monstrosity, from the bite of insects making them appear as
if viviparous) : pod more or less I -celled.
•i— Stamens 3.
6. J. scirpoides, Lam. Stem stout (l°-3° high) and terete, as are the
leaves; panicle rather simple, bearing several (5-18) pale green densely many-flow-
ered spherical heads; sepals rigid, awl-shaped and bristly-pointed, especially the
outer, as long as the oblong triangular taper-pointed pod ; seeds barely pointed
at each end, tail/ess. (J. polycephalus, Michx. (excl. var. a1?). J. echinatus,
MuhL J. nodosus, var. multiflorus, Torr.) — Wet borders of streams, &c. ;
rather common. — Rootstock thickish, creeping. Remarkable for its bur-like
green heads, usually £' in diameter.
7. J. paracloXUS, E. Meyer. Stem rather stout (l°-2^0 high), terete;
leaves terete or somewhat flattened ; panicle decompound ; the numerous greenish
heads globular, many- (8 - 15-) flowered ; sepals lanceolate, somewhat a\vl-pointed,
rigid, shorter than the oblong-triangular abruptly short-pointed pod ; seeds con-
spictiousty tailed at both ends ! ( J. polyccphalus, Darlinrjt., Torr. Fl. N. Y. excl.
var. 3, & syn. J. fratcrnus, Kunth. J. sylvaticus, Pursh.) — Wet places ; com-
mon.— Heads less dense, fewer-flowered, and sometimes smaller, than in the
foregoing. Remarkable for the loose white seed-coat prolonged at both ends
into a tail longer than the oblong body of the seed.
8. J. dcbiiiS. Stems weak and slender (l°-2° long), flattened, as are the
slender leaves ; panicle decompound, loose, widely spreading ; the numerous pale green
heads 4-8-flowered; sepals lanceolate, acute, herbaceous, shorter than the oblong
pod ; seeds tailless, minutely and barely pointed at each end. (J. subverticilla-
tus, Miild., not of Wulf. J. pallcscens, Meyer, as to N. American plant. J.
polycephalus, var. "? depauperatu.s, Torr. Fl. N. Y.) — Wet swamps; common,
especially southward and westward. — Roots fibrous. Stems often decumbent
or floating and rooting : branches of the cymose panicle slender and diverging.
Heads 2'' long. Pods pale, sometimes twice the length of the calyx when ripe
— This, which is pretty clearly the J. acuminatus of Kunth, is perhaps the plant
of Michaux ; but the next is the species taken for J. acuminatus by American
authors.
9. J. stcnininfUllS, Michx. Stem erect (10' -15' high), terete, leaves
slender, nearly terete ; panicle with rather slightly spreading branches, bearing few or
ma.-iy 3 - S-flou^rred chestnut-colored heads : sepals lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
41
482 JUNCACE^. (liUSlI FAMILY.)
very acute, one third or one half the length of the prismatic, triangular r.i
ruptly acute pod ; mi-da tail-pointed at both ends. (J. sylvatieus, Mi'/tl. J. Can-
adensis, Guy.) — Peat-bogs, and sandy borders of ponds. — Pods turning deep
chestnut-brown. Tails shorter than the body of the seed.
•*- ••- Stamens 6. (Heads chestnut-colored: the pods becoming blackish or brown, and
shining: seeds tailless, but sometimes short-pointed <it bulh ends.)
10. J. arficulatllS, L. Stem erect (9' -18' high), and with the 1-3
leaves sliyhtly compressed; panicle spreading; hiads 2 - 9-Jlowered ; sepals
lance-oblong, the outer acute, the inner mostly obtuse, usually mucronatc, shorter
than the ovatc-fjblong triangular abruptly miicronatc-pointed pod. (J. lamprocarpus,
Ehrh., &,<>.) — Var. PKLOcAiu'US (J. pelocarpus, E. M\ij<r <V <d. 1.) is a va-
riety with fewer flowers in the head, and rather blunter pods slightly exceeding
the sepals. — Wet places, Rhode Island to N. Illinois and northward: the
genuine European form received from Mr. Olnry and Dr. SartveU. (Eu.)
11. J. liailitariS, Bigel. Stem stout (2° -3° high), bearing a solitary
cylindrical bayonet-like leaf below or near the middle, which overtops the crowded
panicle ; heads numerous, 5 - IQ-floiuered ; sepals lanceolate, sharp-pointed, as long a3
the ovate taper-pointed pod. — Sandy bogs N". Maine (Rev. J. Slake), E. ?
chusetts, pine barrens of New Jersey, and southward. Rootstock thick,
creeping. Leaf stout, l°-2° long. Heads 2 "-3" wide, brown.
12. J. noriosus, L. ! Stem erect, slender (6' -15' high), 3-5-lcaved;
leaves terete, short; heads 1-2, or several and clustered, globose, many- (10-20-)
floivercd ; sepals lanceolate, awl-pointed, nearly as long as the slender triangular taper-
pointed pod. (J. Rostkovii, E. Meyer.) — Var. MEGACEPIIALUS, Torr. : heads
rather numerous and larger, 50 - 60-flowered, crowded in a dense cluster at tho
summit of the stout and rigid stem (2° high). — Gravelly borders of streams;
common, especially northward ; the var. on the sandy shore of Lake Ontario,
&c. — Rootstoeks slender. — Quite distinct from No. 6 and No. 7, with which it
has been confounded.
13. J. Courddi, Tuckerm. Stems slender (6'-10; high), leafy, branch-
ing above into a compound diffusely spreading cymose panicle, bearing r/iicjly
solitary scattertd jloicers in the forks and along one side of the branches ;
thread-form, the upper slightly knotted ; sepals oblong, acutish, shorter than the ob-
long laper-beaL'td pod. (J. viviparus, Conrad, — so named from a condition in
which most of the {lowers develop into a tuft of rudimentary or manliest leaves.
J. No. 15, Muhl. Grain. ? and therefore J. Muhlenbergii, Spreng. ?) — Wet sandy
places, Canada and Wisconsin 1 N. New England to Virginia, and southward,
chiefly near the coast. — Rootstoeks slender.
# # # # Leaves knotless : inflorescence terninal.
•*- Heads cymosc-pnnic/<d : Lares flat and open: stamens 3.
14. J. nmrgiiiutus, Rostk. Stem leafy, erect, flattened (1°- 3° high);
leaves linear, grass-like, nerved; heads globose, 3-8-flowered ; sepals oblong,
the 3 outer with the bracts slightly awned, the inner obtuse and point!
long as the globular pod ; seeds minutely pointed at both ends. (J. aristulatus,
Alichx.) — Moist sandy places, N. New England to Illinois, and southward.
July. — Sepals soft, chestnut-purplish, with a green keel.
PONTEDERiACE^E. (PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.) 433
•*- •»- Head single (or sometimes 2 or 3) : leaves channelled above : stamens 6.
15. J. §ty*5HS, L- Stem slender, erect (6'- 10' high), I -3-leaved below,
nakeil above ; leaves thread-like ; heads 3 - 4-flowered, about the length of the
sheathing scarious awl-pointed bract; sepals oblong and lanceolate, scarcely
more than half the length of the oblong acute pod ; seeds oblong, with a very
loose coat prolonged at both ends. — Peat-bog bordering Perch Lake, Jefferson
County, New York. (Eu.)
16. J. trifillsiS, L. Stems densely tufted from matted creeping rootstocks,
erect (5'- 10' high), wiry and thread-like, sheathed at the base, leafless below, about
3-leaved at the summit ; the upper thread-like leaves subtending the sessile head
of 2-4 flowers; sepals ovate or oblong, acute, rather than the globose-ovate
beak-pointed (brown) pod; seeds roundish, angled. — Alpine summits of the
mountains of N. New England and N. New York, and high northward. (Eu.)
H- -t- -i- Flowers ci/mose-panicled, separate (not clustered in heads) : leaves channelled
or involute, or else thread-form, or almost setaceous : stamens 6.
17. J. t/ is 1 1 as, Wiild. Stems slender, wiry (9'- 18' high), simple, leafy
only near the base. ; cyme shorter than the involucral leaves, small, the flowers
mostly one-sided, almost sessile, green and shining; sepals lanceolate, very acute.
one third longer than the globose-ovoid obtuse pod. — Low grounds and fields; very
common.
18. J. Greeilii, Oakes & Tuckcrm. Stems rigid (l°-2°high), simple,
naked, 1 - 2-leaved at the base ; cyme much shorter than the principal erect involucral
leaf, dense, the numerous crowded flowers one-sided ; sepals lanceolate, acute,
greenish, shorter than the ovoid-oblong obtuse pod. — Sandy coast of Long Island
and New England, and occasionally on river-banks in the interior.
19. J. buBbosilS, L. (BLACK GRASS.) Stems simple, somewhat flattened,
slender, but rigid (l°-2° high), leafy below; panicle somewhat cymose, rather
crowded, usually shorter than the bracteal leaf; sepals oval-oblong, obtuse, incurved,
chestnut-color and greenish, mostly rather shorter than the oblong-oval and
somewhat triangular obtuse mucronate pod. (J. compressus, Jacq. : a name
with which some supersede the Linntean, because the stem is really not bulbous
at the base.) — Var. GERARDI (J. Gcrardi, LoiseL, and J. Bothnicus, Wahl.) is
the more common form in this country, with the panicle usually exceeding the
bract, and the calyx as long as the pod. — Salt marshes; common along the
t from New Jersey northward. (Eu.)
20. J. bufoililftS, L. Annual; stems low and slender (3'-9' high), leafy,
often branched at the base ; panicle forking, spreading; the flowers remote, greenish ;
sepals lanceolate, awl-pointed, much longer than the oblong obtuse pod. — Low
grounds and road-sides, everywhere. (Eu.)
ORDER 129. PONTE DERI ACE JE. (PICKEREL-WEED FAM.)
Aquatic herbs, with perfect more or less irregular flowers from a spathe ;
the petal-like G-merous perianth free from the ^-celled ovary; the 3 or 6 most-
ly unequal or dissimilar stamens inserted in its throat. — Perianth with the 6
cor;
484 PONrEDERIACE,£. (PICKKUEL-WEED FAMILY.)
divisions colored alike, imbricated in 2 rows in the bud, the whole together
sometimes revolute-coiled alter flowering, withering away, or the base
thickened-persistent and enclosing the fruit Anthers introrse. Ovules
anatropous. Style 1 : stigma 3-lobed or 6-toothed. Fruit a perfectly or
incompletely 3-celled many-seeded pod, or a 1-celled 1-seeded utricle. Em-
bryo slender, in floury albumen.
Synopsis.
1. PONTEDEKIA. Perianth 2-lipped, its fleshy base enclosing the 1-seeded utricle. Sta-
mens 6. Spike many-flowered.
2. UETEKANTIIKUA. Perianth salver-shaped, withering-fugacious. Pod many-steded.
Stamens 3, unequal, of 2 forms. Spathe 1 - few-flowered.
8. SCIiOLLEKA. Perianth salver-shaped, regular. Stamens 3, alike Spathe 1-flowered.
1. PONTEDERIA, L. PICKEREL-WEED.
Perianth funnel-form, 2-lipped ; the 3 upper divisions united to form the 3-
lohcd upper lip ; the 3 lower spreading, and their claws, which form the lower
pait of the curving tube, more or less separate or separable down to the base :
after flowering the tube is revolute-coiled from the apex downwards, and its
fleshy-thickened persistent base encloses the fruit. Stamens 6, the 3 lower ex-
serted with elongated filaments; the 3 upper (often sterile or imperfect) with
very short filaments, unequally inserted lower down : anthers oval, blue. Ovary
3-celled ; two of the cells empty, the other with a single suspended ovule. Utri-
cle 1 -celled, filled with the single seed. — Stout herbs, growing in shallow water,
with thick creeping rootstocks, producing erect long-pctioled mostly heart-shaped
leaves, and a 1 -leaved scape, terminated by a spike of violet-blue ephemeral flow-
ers. Root-leaves Avith a sheathing stipule within the petiole. (Dedicated to
Pontedcra, Professor at Padua at the beginning of the last century.)
1. P. COrdCata, L. Leaves arrow-heart-shaped, blunt ; spike dense, from
a spathe-like bract. — Var. ANGUSTIF6LIA (P. angustifolia, Purufi) has triangu-
lar-elongated and tapering leaves scarcely heart-shaped at the base. — Common.
July- Sept. — Calyx-tube in fruit crested with 6 toothed ridges. Upper lobe of
the perianth marked with a pair of small yellow spots.
2. HETERANTHERA, Ruiz & Pav. MUD PLANTAIN.
Perianth salver-form with a slender tube ; the spreading limb somewhat equal-
ly 6-parted, ephemeral, soon withering or decaying. Stamens 3 ; the 2 upper
wiili their filaments thickened in the middle and bearing ovate (yellow) anthers;
the other with a longer filament bearing a larger oblong or arrow-shaped Q
ish) anther. Pod incompletely 3-cellcd, many-seeded. — Creeping or floating
low herbs, with chiefly rounded long-petioled leaves, and a 1 - few-flowered
spathe bursting from the sheathing side or base of a petiole. Flowers blue or
white. (Name from cV/pa, different, and dvOypd, anther.)
1. H. reilif6rmiS, Ruiz & Pav. Leaves roiwd-kitliicy-s/t'ii >c<! : spnthcS-
5-flowered ; flowers white. — Muddy margins of streams, S. New York to Illi-
nois, and southward. Aug.
COM:,IELYNACE^E. (SPIDERWORT FAMILY.) 485
2, II. limdsa, Vahl. Leaves oblong or lance-oblong, obtuse at both ends;
spathe 1 -flowered ; flowers blue. (Leptanthus ovalis, Miclix.) — W. Virginia to
Illinois, and southward. July -Sept.
3. SCIIOI^L,ERA, Schreber (1789). WATER STAR-GRASS.
Perianth salver-form, with 6 nearly equal lance-linear spreading divisions on
a very long thread-like tube. Stamens 3, with similar oblong-arrow-shaped an-
thers (or rarely a fourth which is abortive) : filaments nearly equal, awl-shaped.
Pod oblong, invested by the withered perianth, 1-celled with 3 projecting parie-
tal placentae, many-seeded. — A grass-like herb, like a Pondweed, growing
wholly under water, only the (small pale yellow) flowers expanding on the sur-
face ; the slender branching stems clothed with linear translucent sessile leaves,
and bearing a terminal 1 -flowered spathe. (Named after one Schotter, a German
botanist.)
1. S. grain Inea, Willd. (Leptanthus, Michx.) — In streams; common.
July - Sept.
ORDER 130. COMMELYNACE.E. (SPIDERWORT FAMILY.)
.S', with fibrous or sometimes thickened roots, jointed often brandling
leafy stems, and chiefly perfect and Q-androus, often irregular floioers, with
Hie perianth free from the 2 - ^-celled ovary, and having a distinct calyx and
corolla, viz. : Sepals 3, persistent, commonly herbaceous. Petals 3, ephem-
eral, decaying or deciduous. Stamens hypogynous, some of them often
sterile : anthers with 2 separated cells. Style 1 : stigma undivided. Pod
2-3-celled, 2-3-valved, loculicidal, 3 - several-seeded. Seeds orthotro
pous. Embryo small, pulley-shaped, partly sunk in a shallow depression
at the apex of the albumen. Leaves ovate, lanceolate or linear, flat,
sheathed at the base ; the uppermost often dissimilar and forming a kind
of spathe. — A chiefly tropical family, not aquatic, here represented only
bv two genera.
1. COMBIEL.YNA, Dill. DAY-FLOWER.
Flowers irregular. Sepals somewhat colored, unequal ; the 2 lateral partly
united by their contiguous margins. Two lateral petals rounded or kidney •
shaped, on long claws, the odd one smaller. Stamens unequal, 3 of them fer-
tile, one of which is bent inward : 3 of them sterile and smaller, with imperfect
cross-shaped anthers : filaments naked. Pod 3-celled, two of the cells 2-seeded,
the other 1 -seeded or abortive. — Stems branching, often procumbent and root-
ing at the joints. Leaves contracted at the base into sheathing petioles ; the
floral one heart-shaped and clasping, folded together or hooded and forming a
kind of spathe enclosing the flowers, which expand for a single morning and
are recurved on their pedicel before and afterwards. Petals blue. Flowering
all summer. (Dedicated to the early Dutch botanists J. and G. Commdyn.)
486 COMMELYNACE^E. (SPIDERWORT FAMILY.)
1. C. erecta, L. Stem erect, rather stout (2° -4° high); leaves large
(5 - 7' long, l'-2' wide), oblong-lanceolate, the upper surface and margins very
rough backwards, sluut/is frinycd with rusty bristles; spatlics crowded and marly
tessile, hooded, top-shaped in fruit ; odd petal shaped like the others but shorter,
round-ovate, raised on a claw; pod 3-celled. ]\. (C. Virginia, ed. 1, &c.)
— A hairy form apparently is C. hirtella, Vahl. — Alluvial and shaded river-
banks, Penn. to Illinois and southward. — Our largest species, and the only one
with a top-shaped spathe.
2. C. Virg (illicit, L. Stems slender, erect, or reclined and rooting to-
wards the ba.se ; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate ; spathcs mostly solitary
or scattered, peduncled, conduplicate, round-heart-shaped when expanded, pointed,
in fruit somewhat hood-like, and with a short top-shaped base ; odd petal usu-
ally inconspicuous and nearly sessile; pod 2-celled. 1J. (C. Virginica, L., as
to syn. Pluk., which gave the name : Linriseus's detailed description apparently
pertains to No. 1, which however must bear the name which he took from Dil-
lenius, the authority for the species. C. angustifolia, MicJix. $• ed. 1.) — Damp
rich woods and banks, S. New York to Michigan, Illinois, and southward.
3. C. agrfiria, Kunth. Stems creeping, glabrous ; haves ovate-oblong or
lance-oblong, obtuse, small (l'-2'long); spathes heart-ovate when expanded, pe-
duncled, conduplicate, the base not contracted in fruit, 3 - 4-flowercd ; the odd petal
round-ovate, nearly sessile. Ij. (C. Cajcnnensis, Rich,) — Alluvial banks, Illi-
nois and southward. — The smallest-leaved and smallest-flowered species.
2. TItADESCANTIA, L. SPIDERWORT.
Flowers regular. Sepals herbaceous. Petals all alike, ovate, sessile. St*-
mens all fertile: filaments bearded. Pod 2 - 3-celled, the cells 1-2-secded. —
Perennials. Stems mucilaginous, mostly upright, nearly simple, leafy. Leaves
keeled. Flowers ephemeral, in umbclled clusters, axillary and terminal ; the
floral leaves nearly like the others. (Named for the elder Tradescant, gardener
to Charles the First.)
# Umbels sessile, clustered, usually involucrate by 2 leaves.
1. T. Virgiilica, L. (COMMON SPIDERWORT.) Leaves lanceolate-linear,
elongated, tapering from the sheathing base to the pomt, ciiiate, more or less
open; nmhels terminal, many-flowered. — Moist woods, from W. New York to
Wisconsin, and southward : commonly cultivated. May - Aug. — Plant either
smooth or hairy ; the largo flowers blue, in gardens often purplish or white.
2. X, pilosa, Lchm. Leaves broadly lanceolate from a nan-owed base,
pointed, downy-hairy both sides, minutely ciiiate ; umbels many-flowered, in
very dense terminal and axillary clusters ; pedicels and calyx glandular-hairy.
(T. flexuosa, Raf.) — Ohio, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. June - Sept. —
Stem stout, smooth below, 2° -3° high, often branched, zigzag above, with an at
length close cluster of small (f ' broad) lilac-blue flowers in all the upper axils.
# * Umbels long-pedundcd, naked.
3. T. rosca, Vent. Small, slender (6' -10' high), smooth; leaves linear,
grass-like, ciliato at the base; umbel simple, or sometimes a pair; flowers (|'
wide) rose-color. — Sandy woods, Pcnn. (?) to Kentucky, and southward.
XYRIDACE^:. (YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY.) 467
ORDER 131. XYHIDACE^E. (YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAIT.)
Rush-like herbs, with equitant leaves sheathing the base of a naked scape,
which is terminated by a head of perfect 3-androus flowers, with extrjrse an-
thers, a ghimaceous calyx, and a regular corolla; the 3-valued mostly 1-celled
pod containing several or many ortlioiropous seeds with a minute embryo at the
apex of fleshy albumen: — represented by Xyris. — The anomalous genus
Mayaca, consisting of a few moss-like aquatic plants, intermediate in char-
acter between this iainily and the last, may be introduced here.
1. MAY AC A, Aublet. (SYENA, Schreber.)
Flowers single, terminating a naked peduncle. Perianth persistent, of 3 her-
baceous lanceolate sepals and 3 obovate petals. Stamens 3, alternate with the
petals. Ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal few-ovuled placentae : style filiform: stig-
ma simple. Pod 3-valved, several-seeded — Moss-like low herbs, creeping in
shallow water, densely leafy; the leaves narrowly linear, sessile, 1-nerved, pellu-
cid, entire, notched at the apex : the peduncle solitary, sheathed at the base.
(An aboriginal name.)
1. M. Micliaitxii, Schott & Endl. Peduncles not much exceeding the
leaves, nodding in fruit; petals white. (Syena fluviatilis, Pursh.) — S. E. Vir-
ginia, and southward. July.
2. XYRIS, L. YELLOW-EYED GRASS.
Flowers single in the axils of coriaceous scale-like bracts, which are densely
imbricated in a head. Sepals 3 ; the 2 lateral glume-like, boat-shaped or keeled
and persistent ; the anterior one larger and membranaceous, enwrapping the
corolla in the bud and deciduous with it. Petals 3, with claws, which cohere
more or less. Fertile stamens 3, with linear anthers, inserted on the claws of
the petals, alternating with 3 sterile filaments which are cleft and plume-bearing
at their apex. Style 3-clcft. Pod oblong, free, 1-celled with 3 parietal more or
less projecting placentae, 3-valved, many-seeded. — Flowers yellow. (Svpt'j,
an ancient name of some plant with 2-edged leaves, from £vpov, a razor.)
1. X. blllbosa, Kunth. Scape slender, from a more or less bulbous base,
somewhat 3-angled, flattish at the summit, very smooth, much longer than the
narrowly linear leaves, both commonly twisted with age ; head roundish-ovoid
(4" - 5" long) ; lateral sepals oblong-lanceolate, finely ciliatc-scabroas on the narrow
iriugless keel, and usually with a minute bearded tuft at the very apex. (X. Ju-
pacai, Michx. in part. X. Indica, Pursh. X. flexuosa, Mahl. Cat. X. brevi-
folia, of Northern authors, not of Michx.) — Sandy or peaty bogs, from New
Hampshire and Michigan southward : rare except near the coast. July -Sept
— Leaves H'-8', the scape 3' -14', high. Petals minutely toothed at the sum
mit. — This species should have borne Muhlenberg's name of X. flexuosa, which,
however, Elliott appears to have applied rather to the following.
2. X. Caroliiii&na, Walt. Scape flattish, 1-ungled below, 2-edged at
the summit, smooth ; leaves linear-sword-shaped, flat ; head globular-ovoid ( 5"
488 ERIOCAULONACE.E. (PIPEWORT FAMILY.)
- 7 long) ; lateral sepals obscurely laceratfrfringed above on the winged keel, rather
shorter than tlic bract. (X. Jupacai, partly, Mic/ix. X. anccps, Muhl.) — Sandy
swamps, &c., Rhode Island to Virginia and southward, near the coast. Aug.
— Scape l°-2° high : leaves l"-4" wide. Petals pretty large, the claws turn-
ing brownish.
3. X. fimbriitta, Ell. Scape somewhat angled (2° high), rather longer
than the lincar-sword-shapcd leaves; head oblong (§' long) ; lateral sepals lance-
olate-linear, nearly twice, the length of the bract, above conspicuously fringed on tf<*
winy-margined keel, and even plumose at the summit. — Pine barrens of New Jersey,
Virginia, and southward.
ORDER 132. ERIOCAULONACE^E. (PIPEWORT FAMILY.)
Aquatic or marsh herbs, slemless or short-stemmed ', with a tuft of fibrous
roots, and a cluster of linear often loosely cellular grass-like leaves, ami nnk'-d
scapes sheathed at the base, bearing dense heads of monoecious or rarely dioe-
cious small 2 - 3-merous flowers, each in the axil of a scarious bract ; the
perianth double or rarely single, chaffy ; anthers introrse ; the fruit a 2 - 3-
celled 2 - B-seeded pod : the ovules, seeds, embryo, &c. as in the preceding
order. — Chiefly tropical plants, a few in northern temperate regions.
Synopsis.
1. ERIOCAULON. Perianth double, the inner (corolla) tubular-funnel-form in the staminate
flowers ; the stamens twice as many as its lobes (4 or 6). Anthers 2-celled
2. PJ3PALANTIIUS. Perianth as hi the last : the stamens only as many as the lobes of the
inner series, or corolla (3). Anthers 2-celled.
a LACIINOCAULON. Perianth simple, of 3 sepals. Stamens 3, monadelphous below. An-
thers 1-celled.
1. ERIOCAIJLON, L. PIPEWORT.
Flowers monoecious and androgynous, i. e. both kinds in the same head, either
intermixed, or the central ones sterile and the exterior*fertile, rarely dioecious.
Ster. Fl, Calyx of 2 or 3 keeled or boat-shaped sepals, usually spatulate or
dilated upwards. Corolla tubular, 2-3-lobed, each of the lobes bearing a black
gland or spot. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla, one inserted
at the base of each lobe and one in each sinus ; anthers 2-celled. Pistils rudi-
mentary. Pert. Fl. Calyx as in the sterile flowers, often remote from the rest'
of the flower (therefore perhaps to be viewed as a pair of bractlets). Corolla of
2 or 3 separate narrow petals. Stamens none. Ovary often stalked, 2-3-
lobcd, 2-3-celled, with a single ovule in each cell: style 1 : stigmas. 2 or 3,
slender. Pod membranaccous, loculicidal. — Leaves mostly smooth, loosely
cellular and pellucid. Scapes or peduncles terminated by a single head, which is
involucratc by some outer empty bracts. Flowers, also the tips of the bracts,
&c., usually bearded or woolly. (Name compounded of epioj/, wool, and KavXor,
a stalk, from the wool at the base of the scape and leaves of the original .-;
Excepting this and the flowers, our species aie wholly glabrous.) — The- North
ERTOCAULONACE^E. (PIPEWORT FAMILY.) 489
American species are all stctnless, with a depressed head, and have the parts of
the flowers in twos, the stamens 4.
1. E. dccaaigrnirsre, L. (syn. Pink., &c.) Leaves linear-sword-shaped,
ascending (6' -If/ lung), of a rather firm texture; scape 10-12-ribbed (l°-3°
high) : chaff (bracts among the flowers) pointed, ty (E. serotinum, Walt.) —
Pine-banvn swamp*, New Jersey'? to Virginia, and southward. July -Sept.—
Invoiucnil scales roundish, straw-color or light brown. Flowers and bracts, as
in the following, tipped with a white beard.
2. E. gsiaplualodes, Michx. Leaves short and spreading (2' -5' long),
grassy-awl-shaped, soft and cellular, tapering gradually to a point, mostly
shorter than the sheath of the 10-ribbed scape; chaff obtuse. 1J. (E. deeangulare,
L., in part, viz. as to pi. Clayt.) — Pine-barren swamps, New Jersey to Vir-
ginia, and southward. June -Aug. — This and the last have been variously
confounded.
3. E. Septanglllare, Withering. Leaves short (!'- 3' long), awl-shaped,
pellucid, soft and very cellular; scape 7-striate, slender, 2' -6' high, or when
submerged becoming l°-6° long (Torr.), according to the depth of the water;
chaff acutish. ]\. (E. pellucidum, Michx.) — In ponds or along their borders,
from New Jersey and Penn. to Michigan, and northward. Aug. — Head 2" - 3"
broad ; the bracts, chaff, £c. lead-color, except the white coarse beard. (Eu.)
2. P JE P A L, A W T II U S , Mart. (Sp. of ERIOCAULON of authors.)
Stamens as many as the (often involute) lobes of the funnel-form corolla of
the sterile flowers, and opposite them, commonly 3, and the flower ternary
throughout. Otherwise nearly as in Eriocaulon. (Name from nanraXrj, dust or
Jiour, and avdos, flower, from the meal-like down or scurf of the heads and flow-
ers of many [South American] species.)
1. P. fliivicltis, Kunth. Tufted, stemlcss ; leaves bristlc-awl-shaped
(1'long); scapes very slender, simple, minutely pubescent (6' -12' high), 5-
angled ; bracts of the involucre oblong, pale straw-color, those among the
(ternary) flowers mosfcly obsolete ; perianth glabrous ; sepals and petals of the
fertile flowers linear-lanceolate, scarious-white. 1J. ? (Eriocaulon flavidum,
Michx.) — Low pine barrens, S. Virginia and southward.
3. L,ACHNOCA1JL,O]V, Kunth. HAIRY PIPEWORT.
Flowers monoecious, &c., as in Eriocaulon. Calyx of 3 sepals. Corolla
none ! Ster. Fl. Stamens 3 : filaments below coalescent into a club-shaped
tube around the rudiments of a pistil, above separate and elongated : anthers
1 -celled ! Pert. Fl. Ovary 3-celled, surrounded by 3 tufts of hairs (in place
of a corolla). Stigmas 3, two-cleft. — Leaves linear-sword-shaped, tufted.
Scape slender, simple, bearing a single head, 2-3-angled, hairy (whence the
name, from Xa^i/os, wool, and KauAof, stalk).
1. JL. Micliaiixii, Kunth. (Eripcaulon villosum, Michx.)— Low pine
ban-ens, Virginia (Pursh), and southwiurd.
400 CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.)
ORDER 133. CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)
Grass-like or rush-like lierbs, with fibrous roots and solid steins (culms),
cln.--fd shi-atlis, and spiked chiefly 3-androus flowers, one in the axil of each
of the ylume-like imbricaicd bracts (scales, glumes), destitute of any perianth,
or with hyponijnous bristles or scales in its place; the l-celled ovary with a
shifj/e erect anatropous ovule, in fruit forming an achenium. Style 2-cleft
when the fruit is flattened or lenticular, or 3-cleft when it is 3-angular.
Embryo minute at the base of the somewhat floury albumen. Stem-leaves
when present 3-ranked. — A large, widely diffused family. See Addend.
Synopsis.
TRIBE I. CYPERE-flE. Flowers perfect, 2-ranked. Spikelets 1 - many-flowered.
1. CYPERUS. Spikes few -many-flowered, usually elongated or slender. Perianth none.
2. KYLLINGIA. Spikes 1-flowered, glomerate in a sessile head. Perianth none
8. DULICIIIUM. Spikes 6 - 10 flowered. Perianth of 6 - 10 bristles. Achenium beaked.
TRIBE II. HYPOL YTREJE. Flowers perfect ; the scales many-ranked : each flower
provided with its own (1 - 4) proper scale-like bractlets. True perianth none.
4. HEMICARPIIA. Bractlet or inner scale 1, very small. Stamen 1. Style 2-cleft.
TRIBE III. SCIRPE.3E. Flowers perfect ; the scales regularly several-ranked, each cov-
ering a naked flower, or only the lowest empty. Perianth of bristles or hairs, or none.
* Perianth of hypogynous bristles or hairs (rarely obsolete or wanting).
5. ELEOCHAUIS. Achenium with a tubercle jointed on its apex, consisting of the bulbous
persistent base of the style. Head solitary, terminating the leafless and bractless culm.
6. SCIHPUS. Achenium naked at the apex, or pointed with the continuous simple base of
the style. Perianth of 3- 6 bristles. Culms leafy at the base Heads one or more.
7. ERIOP1IORUM. Achenium, &c., as in Scirpus. Perianth of long and tufted woolly hairs.
* * Perianth none.
8. FIMBRISTYLIS. Style bulbous at the base, deciduous (with or rarely without the jointed
bulb) from the achenium.
* * * Perianth of 3 large scales, and mostly as many alternating bristles.
0. FUIRENA. Scales of the spike awned below the apex Achenium triangular, pointed
with the base of the style.
TRIBE IV. RHYNCHOSPORE^E. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Scales of the
few-flowered spikes irregularly several-ranked, many of the lower ones empty, and often
the upper sterile. Perianth of bristles or none. Stems leafy.
# Achenium beaked with the dilated persistent style or its base.
•«-• Perianth none : style 2-cleft : achenium wrinkled transversely.
10. PSILOCARYA. Spikes many-flowered, terete, ovoid, cymose, naked.
11. DICIIROMEXA. Spikes few-flowered, flattened, crowded into a leafy -in vol aerate head.
•i- -t- Perianth of bristles or awns, rarely wanting
12 CERATOSCIIGENUS. Style simple, all persistent in the awned beak of the flat achenium.
13. KllYNOllOSPOKA. Style 2-cleft, the base only persistent as a tubercle on the achenium.
* * Achenium without a beak or tubercle ; the style deciduous.
14. CLADIUM. Achenium globular, corky or pointed at the summit. Perianth none.
TRIBE V. SCLERIE./E. Flowers monoecious : the fertile spikes 1 -floweret I j tho s'sun-
inate several-flowered. Achenium nut-like, mostly crustaceous.
15 SCLERIA. Acheuium bony or criutaceous. Proper perianth none.
CTPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 491
TBJBS VI CARICEjE. Flowers monoscious in the same (androgynous) or in separate
spikes, or sometimes dioecious. Proper perianth none. Acheuium enclosed in a sac
(perigynium which answers to a bractlet or pair of bractlets), lenticular or triangular.
16. CAREX. Fertile flowers without a bristle-form, hooked appendage projecting from, the sac.
1 CYPEKUS, L. GAUKGALE.
Spikes many - few-flowered, flat or rarely terete, variously arranged, mostly
in clusters or heads, which are commonly disposed in a simple or compound
terminal umbel. Scales 2-ranked (their decurrent base often forming margins or
wings to the joint of the axis next below), deciduous when old. Stamens (1,
2, or mostly) 3. Perianth none. Style 2 -3-clcft, deciduous. Achenium len-
ticular or triangular, naked at the apex. — Culms triangular, simple, leafy at
the base, and with one or more leaves at the summit forming an involucre to the
umbel. Peduncles unequal, sheathed at the base. (Kvympos, the ancient
name.)
§ 1. PYCREUS, Bcauv. — Style 2-clefl: achenium flattened : spikes flat, many-
flowered : only the lowest scale empty. (Root of all our species flbrous and appar-
endy annual.)
1. C. IBavcSCens, L. Stamens 3; spikes becoming linear, obtuse, clus-
tered at the end of the 2-4 very short rays (peduncles) ; scales obtuse, straw-
yellow ; achenium shining, orbicular. — Low grounds, mostly near the coast.
Aug. — Culms 4' -10' high: spikes 5" -8" long. Involucre 3-leaved, very
unequal. (Eu.)
2. C. diicildnis, Torr. Stamens 2, or sometimes 3 ; spikes lance-oblong,
scattered or clustered on the 2-5 very short or unequal rays ; scales rathe)' obtuse,
purple-brown on the margins or nearly all over; achenium dull, oblony-obovate:
otherwise much like the last. — Var. CASXANEUS, Torr. (C. castaneus, Bigel.}
is only a form with browner scales. — Low grounds; common. Aug., Sept.
3. C. Nuttiillii, Torr. Stamens 2 ; spikes lance-linear, acute, very flat
(;}'-!' long), crowded on the few very short (or some of them distinct) rays;
scales oblong, yellowish-brown, rather loose ; achenium oblong-obovate, very blunt, dull.
— Salt or brackish marshes, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. Aug.
— Culms 4' -12' high. — C. minimus 7 Nutt., the C. Cleaveri, Torr., fr ed. 1, is
a depauperate condition of this, with a 1-leaved involucre, and only one or two
spikes !
4. C. flavfconillS, Michx. Stamens 3 ; spikes linear (4" - 8' long),
spiked and crowded on the whole length of the branches of the several-rayed
umbel, spreading ; scales oval, very obtuse, yellowish and brownish, broadly scarious-
(whitish-} margined; achenium olwvate, mucronate, blackish; culm stout (l°-3°
high); leaves of the involucre 3 - 5, very long. — Low grounds, Virginia and
southward. July - Oct.
t 2. PAPYRUS, Thonars. — Style 3-cleft : achenium triangular : stamens 3 :
spikes man i/ -flowered, flattish joints of the axis margined by a pair of more or
leas free scales, which remain after the proper scale falls away : otherwise as in § 3.
492 CTPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.;
5 C. crythrorlilzos, Muhl. Cnlm obtusely triangular (2° -3° high);
umbel compound, many-rayed; involucre 4-5-lcavcd, very long; involucels
bristle-form; spikes very numerous, crowded in oblong-cylindrical nearly sessile
heads, spreading horizontally, linear, flatfish (^' long), bright chestnut-colored;
scales lanceolate, mucronulate. (1) — Alluvial banks, Penn. to Wi.-con.-in1? and
southward. August. — Hoot fibrous, red.
§ 3. CYPERUS PROPER. — Style 3-cleft : achenium triangular : spikes many-
floivered, flat or almost terete ; only the lowest scale empty ; the joints of the a.rii
narrowly wing-margined or naked.
# Roots annual, fibrous: no creeping rootstocks: culm triangular: spikes au--l-fh(fj»d,
thread-shaped, or very narrowly linear, very numerous, crowded at the sunmit oftht
rays of the sii/iple or mostly compound ample and open umbel: inn/hicn- rcry long,
3-several-leavtd: scales of the spike pointless; the joints of the axis witir/td by n
fair of adherent scales : stamens 3.
6. C. MicliauxiflllllS, Schultcs. Culm stout (1° high) ; rays short;
spikes linear-thread-shaped, teretish when mature (£'-£' long) ; the joints of its axis
short and winged with very broad scaly margins, which embrace the ovate triangular
achenium; scales ovate, obtusish. — Marshes, especially along the coast and
large rivers, S. New England to Wisconsin, and southward. Aug., Sept. —
Flowers 6-20 in the spike, yellowish-brown.
7. C. Eaigt'Illlifiiini, Stcud. Culm £°-3°high; rays mostly short;
spikes Jill form, almost terete (about £' long), somewhat remotely 5 - S- flowered, the
zigzag joints of the axis slender, narrowly wing-margined; achenium oblong-linear,
almost equalling the oblong or oval broadly scarious scale. (C. tenuior, Etigdm.
mss. C. stcnolepis, Torr., probably, though the character does not accord : the
greenish keel or centre was perhaps taken for the whole scale, which is not nar-
row, so the name is inapplicable as well as doubtful.) — Low banks of streams,
Wisconsin, Illinois, Virginia ? and southward. — Between the foregoing and
the next. The scales of the spike are so separated that their base is never
touched by the one next beneath on the same side.
8. €. StrigOSUS, L. Culm mostly stout, bulbous-thickened at the base
(l°-3° high) ; some of the rays elongated, their sheaths 2-bristled ; spiki-s lincar-
aicl-shftped, but flat, 8 - 1 5-flowered, very numerous, reflexcd with age; the
blender joints of (he axis narrowly wing-margined; scales oblong-lanceolate,
eral-norvcd, much longer than the linear-oblong achenium. — Var. SI-KCIUSTS (T.
speciosus, \'nl,l-f Torr.) is a rank state, with some of the partial umbels fur-
nished with a leafy involuccl. — Low or rich grounds; common, especially
southward. July - Sept. — Spikes greenish, turning straw-color, £' - 1' long.
* * Roots annual, fibrous: stamen only 1 : culm slender, low (I1 -12' high) : spikix
flat, oblon(/-linf(ir or ovate, crowded into heads on the few simple or compound rays:
inrolucr? 2-3-l«v»l : sat Irs of the spike with spreading points : joints of t!
sfit/htfif or not at nil margined,
9. C. influx us, Muhl. Dwarf (l'-5 high); spikes oMoiiy-liitrtir, 7-13-
flovcred, collected in 2-3 ovate heads (either sessih^ and clustered or shor'.-pc-
dni.cl.il) ; an ilt s inrriff. t<i}n-rhi<i intit a htwj wcuroed point ; achentuiii obovate,
. — Sundy 'vet shores ; common. July - Sept. — Sweet-scented in drying.
CYPERACF^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 493
10. C. nctimimstllS, Torr. Slender (3' -12' high) ; spikes ovate, becom-
ing oblong, lG-30-flowered, pale, collected in simple or compound heads; scales
obscurely 3-nerced, their short acute tips someichat spreading ; aehenium oblong,
pointed at both ends. — Low ground, Illinois and westward.
* =£ #- Root perennial : stamen only 1 : spikes short and flat, ovate and oblong, crowd-
ed in close globular heads ; the joints of the axis not margined.
11. C. VireaiS, Miehx. Culm (1°- 4° high) either sharply or obtusely
triangular; leaves and involucre very long, keeled; umbel compound, many-
rayed ; aehenium oblong or linear, ^ to | the length of the narrow oblong acut-
ish scale. (C. vcgetus, Torr.} — Wet places, Virginia and southward. — Heads
of spikes green, turning tawny.
* * w * Root perennial : root stocks creeping, or tuberous: stamens 3.
-t- Spikes flat, closely flowered, ovate-oblong or becoming broadly linear, 3-5 at the
end of each ray of the compound umbel.
12. C. clentsUus, Torr. Culm slender (6' -12' high) ; umbel 4-7-rayed;
spikes 6 - 30-flowered ; scales strongly keeled, and with abruptly sharp-pointed
slightly spreading tips, reddish-brown on the sides, green on the back ; aehenium
obovate, sharply triangular. — Sandy swamps, Massachusetts to Virginia, and
southward. Aug — Spikes 2"- 5" long, sometimes changing into leafy tufts.
•*- •*- Spikes flat, closely flowered, linear (^ - 1' long), loosely spiked along the upj>er
part of the rays of the open umbel: rootstocks slender, creeping extensively, and
bearing small nut-like tubers.
13. C. rotutidus, L., var. Hydra. (NUT-GRASS.) Culm slender
(£°- 1-g-0 high), longer than the leaves; umbel simple or slightly compound,
about equalling the involucre; the few rays each bearing 4 - 9 dark chestnut-
purple 1 2 - 40-flowercd acute spikes ; scales ovate, close!// oppressed, nerveless except
on the green keel. (C. Hydra, Michx.) — Sandy fields, Virginia and south-
ward : probably an immigrant from farther south. Excessively troublesome to
planters. (Eu.)
14. C. phyeieatodCS, Muhl. Culm (1°- 2^° high) equalling the leaves;
umbel often compound, 4- 7 -rayed, much shorter than the long involucre ; spikes
numerous, light chestnut or straw-color, acutish, 12-30-flowercd ; scales oblong, nar-
rowly scarious-margincd, nerved, the acutish tips rather loose ; aehenium oblong.
(C. repens, Ell.} — Low grounds, along rivers, &c., Vermont to Michigan, Illi-
nois, and common southward. Aug. — Tubers small, at the end of very slender
rootstocks : by these the plant multiplies rapidly, and becomes a pest.
•*-•*-•»- Spikes flattish, rather loosely floivered, greenish, lance-linear, capitate-clus-
tered (except in No. 15) ; the convex ovate scales many-nerved, only § or 4- longer
than the triangular aehenium: culms tufted from hard tuberiferous rootstocks.
15. C. ScllWC'illUzii, Torr. Culm rough on the angles (1°- 2° high) ;
leaves linear; umbel simple, 4-8-rai/ed; fpikes crowded at the upper part of the
mostly elongated ray,-:, erect, loosely 6 - 9-flowcrcd, a bristly bract at the base of
each ; scales a u:l -pointed, scarcely longer than the ovate aehenium ;. joints of the
axi* narrowly winged. — Dry sandy shores, &c., Lake Ontario, New York, to
Illinois, and northwestward. Aug. — Spikes y -# long: the scales large ill
proportion.
494 CYFERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.)
16. C. OrsYyii, Torr. Culm thread-form, wiry (6'- 12' high) ; leaves nearly
bristle-si taped, channelled; umbel simple, 4-G-rayed; spikes 5-10 in a loose head,
spread! inj, 5 - 7-flowercd, the joints of the axis winyed ; scalar n itlx r ubtum ,
ish-chestnut-color; achenium obovatc, minutely pointed. — Barren sandy soil,
llhode Island to New Jersey, near the coast. Aug. (Approaches the next.)
17. €. CliculllliS, Viihl. Culm slender, wiry, often reelincd (8' -15'
high ) ; leaves linear ( 1 " - 2" wide) ; spikes numerous and clunf- ml in out- sessile dense
head, or in 1 - 3 additional looser heads on spreading rays, 6 - 10- flowered ; joints of
the axis naked ; scales blunt, greenish ; achenium obovate, short-pointed. (C. mu-
riscoide.i, Ell.) — Dry sterile soil; common, especially southward. An-.
I 4. MARf SOUS, Vahl. — Style 3-cle/l : the achenium triamjnlur : stamens 3
spikes 1 -feic-Jiowcred, scarcely flattened ; the 2 lower scales short and empty : oth-
erwise as in § 3.
18. C. oviiSfaris, Torr. Smooth; culm sharply triangular (6' -12' high);
umbel 1-6-raycd; spikes in globular dense heads, 2-4-jlotwed, short and thick:
joints of the axis winged ; scales ovate, blunt, greenish ; achenium obovoid. y.
(Kyllingia, Afic/ix.) — Sandy soil, S. New York to Illinois and southward.
Aug. -Oct. — Heads barely £' in diameter, of 50-100 spikes.
19. C. TOtrofr&CtUS, Torr. Culm minutely doimy like the leaves, rough
on the obtusish angles (l°-3°high); umbel many-rayed; spikes slender, mat*
tfiaped, very numerous in obovate or oblong heads terminating the elongated
rays, soon reflcxed, \-1-flowered in the middle; scales usually 4 or 5, the two
lowest ovate and empty, the fertile lanceolate, the uppermost involute-awl-sliaped ;
achenium linear. 1J. (Scirpus retrofractus, L.) — Sandy fields, New Jersey to
Virginia, and southward. Aug. — Spikes £' long, 50-100 in a head, greenish.
2. KYLLINGIA, L. KYLLINGIA.
Spikes of 3-4 two-ranked scales, 1 -l£-flowered; the 2 lower scales minuto
and empty, as in Cypcrus§4, otherwise as in Cyperus $ 1 (viz. style 2-cleft;
achenium lenticular) : but the numerous spikes densely aggregated in solitary
or triple sessile heads. Involucre about 3-lcaved. (Named after Kylliiig, a
Danish botanist.)
1. K. pilillila, Michx. Head globular or 3-lobed, whitish-green (4"
broad); spikes strictly 1-flowcrcd; upper scales ovate, pointed, rough on tlve
keel; stamens 2; leaves linear. — Low grounds, Ohio to Illinois, and southward.
Aug. — Culms 2' -9' high.
3. DUL,iCIHUM, Richard. DULICHIUM.
Spikes many- (6 -10-) flowered, linear, flattened, sessile in 2 ranks on axillary
solitary pnluwles emerging from the sheaths of the leaves. Scales 2-ranked,
lanceolate. Perianth of 6-9 downwardly barbed bristles. Stamen' 3. Stylo
2-cleft above. Achenium flattened, linear-oblong, beaked with the Ic.ng persist-
ent style. —A perennial herb, with a terete simple culm (l°-2° high), jointed
unri leafy to the summit; the leaves short and flat, linear, 3-ranked. (The
oi a Greek island; its application unexplained.)
CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.} 495
1. I>. spatluiceum, Pers. — Borders of ponds; common. July-
Scpt.
4. HEMICARPHA, Nees. HEMICARPHA.
Spikes many-flowered, ovoid, one or few in a lateral cluster, sessile. Scales
regularly imbricated in many ranks, ovate or obovate. Inner scale single be-
hind the flower, very thin, finally often adhering to or wrapped around the ob-
long or obovoid pointless naked achenium. Perianth none. Stamen i. Style
2-cleft. — Little tufted annuals resembling Scirpus, except as to the .minute inner
scale, which is readily overlooked ; the naked culms with bristle-like leaves at
the base. (Name from ijpi, half, and nap^os, straw or chaff, in allusion to the
single inner scalelet on one side of the flower.)
1. IS. subsquarrosa, Nees. Dwarf (!'- 4' high); involucre 1 -leaved,
as if a continuation of the bristle-like culm, and usually with another minute
leaf; spikes 2-3 (2" long); scales brown, tipped with a short recurved point
(Scirpus subsquarrosus, Mahl.) — Sandy borders of ponds and rivers; not rare,
often growing with Cyperus inflexus. July. — Var. DRUMMONDII (H. Drum-
raondii, Nees) is a form with single and pale or greenish heads. — Illinois and
southward.
5. EL-EOCHARIS, R. Brown. SPIKE-RUSH.
Spike single, terminating the naked culm, many - several-flowered. Scales
imbricated all round in many, rarely in 2 or 3, ranks. Perianth of 3- 12 (com-
monly 6) bristles, usually rough or barbed downwards, rarely obsolete. Sta-
mens 3. Style 2 - 3-cleft, its bulbous base persistent as a tubercle, which is
jointed with the apex of the lenticular or obtusely triangular achenium. — Leaf-
less, chiefly perennial, with tufted culms sheathed at the base, from matted or
creeping rootstocks. (Name from eXos, a marsh, and x^P^i to dtliyht in ; being
marsh plants.)
4 1. LIMN6CHLOA, Nees. — Scales of the dense and terete many-flowered spike
papery-coriaceous and rounded, ivith a scarious margin, pale : style 3-cleft : actie~
nium doubly convex, about equalling the bristles.
* Culms large and stout, often thicker than the cylindrical spike: scales faintly many-
striatc, a/id densely imbricated so as usually to form (jive) distinct s/tiral rotes :
BJieaths at the base often nearly leaf-bearing. (LlMNOGHLOA proper.)
1. E. eQllisetoicles, Torr. Culm terete, knotted as if jointed by many
cross partitions (2° high, thick as a goosequill) ; achenium smooth, crowned with
a conical-beaked tubercle. — Shallow water, Rhode Island (Olneu], Michigan
(Houfjhton} , Delaware, and southward. — Spike 1' or more long.
2. E. qiiadrangllliita, R. Brown. Culm even, sharply 4-angled (2°-
4° high) ; achenium finely reticulated, crowned with a conical flattened distinct
tubercle. — Penn., Michigan, and southward.
* * Culms slender : spike ovate or oblong : scales with a midrib.
3. E. tllbercilldsa, R. Brown. Culms striatc (8'- 12' high) ; bristles
strongly barbed downward ; achenium triangular, ribbed and minutely reticulattsd,
496 CTPERACE^:. (SEDGE FAMILY.)
surmounted by a flattish cap-shaped tubercle as large as itm-lf. — Wet sandv
Massachusetts, along tlie coast, to Virginia and southward.
§ 2. ELEOCIIARIS PROPER. — Scales of the terete several -many-jlutKered spike
membranaceous, and with a midrib or nerce, iinbrira/td in iitorr. than three ranks.
* Aclienium lenticular (smooth) : style 2-cleft, in No. 4 commonly 3-clefl : spike dense,
many-flowered : culnu rather slender, spongy. (ELEOGEM :s, .\
4. E. obtiisn, Sehultes. Culms nearly terete, tufted (8'- 14' high) from
fibrous roots; spike gfobose-oroid and with age oblong, obtuse (dull brown); the
sf<tl<s very obtuse and numerous (80-130), densely crotrdcd in many ranks ; style 3-
( rarely 2-) cleft; achcnium obovate, shining, tumid-margined, about half the
length of the 6 bristles, crowned with a short and very broad flattened tubercle. —
Muddy places; everywhere common.
5. E. oliVikcca. Torr. Culms flattish, grooved, diffusely tufted on slcn
der matted rootstocks (2' -4' high); spike ocate, acutish, 20 - SQrfou; •/•, d ; aralcs
orate, obtuse, rather loosely imbricated in many ranks (purple with a green mid-
rib and slightly scarious margins) ; achenium obovate, dull, abruptly beaked
with a narrow tubercle, about half the length of the G-8 bristles. — Inundated
sandy soil, Massachusetts to New Jersey near the coast, and southward.
6. E. palustris, R. Brown. Culms nearly terete, striate (l°-2° high),
from running rootstocks; spike oblong-lanceolate, pointed, many-flowered; scales
ovate-oblong, loosely imbricated in several ranks, reddish-brown with a broad and
translucent whitish margin and a greenish keel, the upper acutish, the lowest
rounded and often enlarged ; achenium obovate, somewhat shining, crowned
with a short ovate or ovate-triangular flattened tubercle, shorter than the usually
4 bristles. — Var. GLAUCESCENS (S. glaucesccns, Willd.!) : culms slender or fili-
form ; tubercle narrower and acute, beak-like, sometimes half the length of the
achenium. — Var. CALVA (E. calva, Torr.): bristles wanting; tubercle short,
nearly as in the true E. palustris, but rather narrower (Watertown, New York,
Oratoe). — Very common, cither in water, when it is pretty stout and tall; or in
low grassy grounds, when it is slender and lower. (Eu.)
* # Achenium triangular : style 3-cleft : bristles sometimes Jew and fragile or alto-
gether loanting. (SciRrfDiuii, Nees, nearly.)
•«- Spike much broader than the filiform or slender culm : scales imbricated in several
ranks, brownish or purplish with scarious whitish margins, l-nerrnl.
-«• Bristles 4-6, longer than the achenium, stout and bearded downward.
7. E. I'OStCllata, Torr. Culms flutteiud u>«l slriaii-(/n>ur<-d, iciry, erect
(L°-2° high), the sheath transversely truncate; spike ovoid-lanceoktte, (n'nt< , 12-
ZQ-flowend; scales ovate, obtuse, rather rigid (light brown) ; achenium smooth,
obovate-triangular, narrowed into the confluent pyramidal tubercle, which is
overtopped by the 4 -G bristles. — Marshes, Rhode Island (Olney], Fenn V. ,
New York (Sarticdl), and Michigan. — Allied to S. multicaulis of Ku.
8. E. intermedia, Schultcs. Culms capillary, wiry, striute-gr.
densely tufted from fibrous roots, diffusely spreading or reclining (G1-
tpike oblong-ovate, acutish, loosely lQ-18-Jloivered (2" -3" long); seal
ibtuse, green-keeled, the sides purplish-brown ; acheiuum .smooth, obovoid with
(SEDGE FAMILY.) 497
a narrowed base, beaked with a slender conical-awl-shaped distinct tubercle,
whicli nearly equals the 6 bristles. (E. rcclinata, Kunth!) — Wet slopes ; com-
mon northward, and west to Illinois.
-M- -t-v Bristles 2-4, shorter than the achenium and fragile, or none.
9. E. Si'BlHiS, Schultcs. Culms almost capillary, erect, sharply 4-angular
(1° high), the sides concave; spike elliptical, acutish, 20 - 30-fiowered (3" long) ;
scales ovate, obtuse, chestnut-purple with a broad scarious margin and green keel ;
urhenium obovate, roughened with close and fine projecting dots, crowned with a small
depressed tubercle; bristles 2-3, half the length of the achenium, or wanting.
(E. elliptica, Kunth !) — Wet meadows and bogs; common.
10. E. COfiilprcssa, Sullivant. Culms fiat, strongly striate, slender,
erect (l£° hiy:h) ; spike ovate-oblong, 20 - 30-fiowcred (4" long); scales lanceolate-
ovate, acute, dark purple with broad white pellucid margins and summit; the style
2-cleft; achenium obovate-pcar-shaped, obtusely 3-angled, obscurely wrinkled-pitted,
crowned ivith a small globular-conical tubercle; bristles none (rarely a single rudi-
ment).— Wet places, N. New York, Ohio, and Illinois. — Culms tufted on run-
ning rootstocks, I1' broad, strikingly flat, spirally twisted in drying.
11. E. fllClailOCarpa, Torr. Culms flattened, grooved, wiry, erect (9'
-18' high) ; spike cylindrical-ovoid or oblong, thick, obtuse, densely many-flowered
(3" -6" long) ; scales roundish-ovate, very obtuse, brownish with broad scarious
margins ; achenium smooth, obovate-top-shaped, obtusely triangular, the broad summit
entirely covered like a lid by the Jlatly depressed tubercle, which is raised in the cen
tre into a short abrupt triangular point ; bristles 3 or 4, shorter than the (soon
blackish) achenium, fragile, often obsolete. — Wet sand, Plymouth, Massachu-
setts, to Virginia, and southward along the coast. Scales closely many-ranked,
as in the first division of § 2.
12. E. triCOStata, Torr. Culms fiattish, thread-like (1°- 2° high) ; spike
cylindrical-oblong, densely many-flowered (6"-9" long), thickish; scales ovate,
very obtuse, rusty brown, with broad scarious margins ; achenium obovate, with 3
prominent thickened angles, minutely rough-wrinkled, crowned with a short-conical
acute tubercle; bristles none. — Quaker Bridge, New Jersey (Knitskern], and
southward.
•*- -i- Spike lance-linear, scarcely broader than the sharply triangular culm: scales
Jew-ranked, greenish, finely several-nerved on the keeled back.
13. E. Kol»l>ilisii, Oakes. Flower-bearing culms exactly triangular, rather
stout, erect (8' -2° high), also producing tufts of capillary abortive stems, like
fine leaves, which float in the water ; sheath obliquely truncate ; scales of the
pointed spike 3 - 9, convolute-clasping, lanceolate, obtuse, with scarious mar-
gins ; achenium oblong-obovate, 3-angular, minutely reticulated, about half the
length of the 6 downwardly-barbed strong bristles, tipped with a flattened awl-
shaped tubercle. — Shallow water, from Pondicherry Pond, New Hampshire
(Rd>bin$),to New Jersey, C. E. Smith, &c. — Spike varying from £' to 1' long, by
1" wide ; the long scales being rather remote and sheath-like.
§ 3. CILETOCYPERUS, Nees. — Scales of the compressed few - several- fioieered
spike membranaceous, 2 - 3-ranked : bristles 3 - 6, fragile or fugacious : style 3-cleft :
achenium triangular or somewhat terete : cul/ns small and capillary.
42*
498 CYrKKACKJE. (SKPGK FAMILY.)
* Achenium ot>scnreh/ tr'ntngnlar, HMmjpribbtd on the sides.
14. E. acicvilfiriS, R. Brown. Culms finely capillary (2' -8' long),
more or less 4-angular; spike 3-9-flowered ; scales ovate-oblong, rather obtuse
(greenish with purple sides) ; achenium obovate-oblong, tumid, with 3 ribbed
angles and 2-3 times as many smaller intermediate ribs, also transversely stri-
ate, longer than the 3-4 very fugacious bristles; tubercle conical-triangular.
(S. trichodes, Muld., &c.) — Muddy places, and margins of brooks; common.
(Eu.)
* * Achenium triangular, with smooth and even sides.
15. E. pygni&a, Torr. Culms bristle-like, flattened and grooved (!'-
2' high) ; spike ovate, 3 - 8-Jlowercd ; scales ovate (greenish), the upper rather
acute; achenium ovoid, acutely triangular, smooth and shining, tipped with a
minute tubercle; bristles mostly longer than the fruit, sometimes wanting. (S.
pusillus, Void.? 'Chaetocyperus polymorphous, Nces?) — Brackish marshes and
river-banks, as far as salt water reaches.
16. E. Illicrocurpa, var.? filicillmiS, Torr. " Culms capillary or
thread-like, wiry, 4-angular (3' -4' high) ; spikes oblong, often proliferous, 15-25-
flowered; bristles nearly as long as the obovate-oblong (obtusely triangular) nut
without the tubercle; scales dark chestnut-color." — Wet places, in the pine
bun-ens of New Jersey, Tarrey.
6. SCIRPUS, L. BULRUSH. CLUB-RUSH.
Spikes many - several-flowered, terete, single or mostly clustered, and sub-
tended by one or more involucral leaves, often appearing lateral from the exten-
sion of an involucral leaf like a continuation of the culm. Scales regularly
imbricated all round in several ranks. Perianth of 3-6 bristles. Stamens
mostly 3. Style 2 - 3-cleft, simple, not bulbous at the base, wholly deciduous,
or leaving a persistent jointless base as a tip or point to the lenticular or trian-
gular achenium. — Culms sheathed at the base ; the sheaths usually leaf-bearing.
Perennials, except No. 8. (The Latin name of the Bulrush.) See Addend.
§ 1. SCIRPUS PROPER. — Bristles rigid, not exserted, mostly barbed downwards.
# Spike single, terminal, with an empty scale or bract at its base equalling or ovfrtop-
ping it,few-flowend: culms slender, jointless, leaf-bearing only at the base (style
3-clcjl : ac/H ninin triangular, smooth).
1. S. C&BSpitOSllS, L. Culms terete, wiry, densely sheathed at the base,
in compact turfy tufts (3'-10' high); the upper sheath prolonged into a short
aicl-s/i<ipedleaf; spike ovoid, rusty-color ; the 2 lower scales bract-like, eallous-
pointcd, and as long as the spike; bristles 6, smooth, longer than the abruptly
short-pointed achenium. — Alpine tops of the mountains of Maine, New Hamp-
shire, and N. New York. Also high mountains of Virginia ? (Eu.)
2. S. plailiioliUS, Muhl. Culms triangular, loosely tufted (5'- 10' high),
leafy at the base ; lea res linear, Jlat, as long as the culm, rough on the edges and
keel, as is the culm; spike ovate or oblong, rusty-color; scales ovate, with a
strong green keel prolonged into an awned tip, the lowest about as long as the
spike; bristles 4- 0, iiptrurllt/ hairy, M long as the blunt aehmium. — Dry or
moist woods, Delaware to New England June.
CYPERACE2E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 499
3. S. SllbtermiimliS, Torr. Culms (l°-3° long) and slender terete
leaves immersed and cellular ; spike overtopped by a green bract, which appears like
a prolongation of the culm, oblong, raised out of the water; scales scarcely
pointed ; bristles 6, bearded downwards, rather shorter than the abruptly-pointed
aclienium. — Slow streams and ponds, New Jersey and New England to Michi-
gan, and westward. Aug.
# * Spikes clustered (rarely reduced to one], appearing lateral by the extension of tJie
one-leaved involucre exactly like a continuation of the naked culm.
•«- Culm triangular, stout, chiefly from running rootstocks : spikes many -flower ed}
rusty broum, closely sessile in one cluster : sheaths at base more or less leaf-bearing.
4. S. plBllgpesiS, Vahl. Culm sharply 3-angled throughout (l°-4° high),
with concave sides; leaves 1-3, elongated (4' -10' long), keeled and channelled;
spikes 1-6, capitate, ovoid, long overtopped by the pointed involucral leaf;
scales ovate, sparingly ciliate, 2-cicft at the apex and awl-pointed from between
the acute lobes; anthers tipped with an awl-shaped minutely fringed appendage;
style 2-c/eft ; bristles 2-6, shorter than the obovate plano-convex and mucronate
smooth aclienium. (S. triqueter, Michx., not of L. S. Americanus, Pers.) —
Borders of salt and fresh ponds and streams. July, Aug. — This is the species
general!} used for making rush-bottom chairs. (Eu.)
5. S. Ollieyi, Gray. Culm ^-wing-angled, with deeply excavated sides, stout
(2° -7° high), the upper sheath bearing a short 3-angular leaf or none , spikes 6-
12, closely capitate, ovoid, obtuse, overtopped by the short involucral leaf; scales
orbicular, smooth, the inconspicuous mucronate point shorter than the scarious
apex ; anthers with a very s/iort and blunt minutely bearded tip ; style 2-cleft ; bris-
tles 6, scarcely equalling the obovate plano-convex mucronate aclienium. — Salt
marshes, Martha's Vineyard, Oakes, Rhode Island, Olney, and New Jersey,
Knieskern ; also southward. July. — Cross-section of the stem strongly 3-raycd,
with the sides parallel. — Much nearer than the last to the European S. triqueter,
which has similar anthers and an abbreviated or almost abortive leaf; but its
culm is wingless, and the cluster of spikes compound, some of them umbellate-
stalked.
6. S. T4>rreyi, Olney. Culm 3-angled, with concave sides, rather slender
(2° high), leafy at the base; leaves 2-3, more than half the length of the culm, tri-
angular-channelled, slender ; spikes 1-4, ovate-oblong, acute, distinct, sessile, long
overtopped by the slender erect involucral leaf; scales ovate, smooth, entire,
barely mucronate ; style 3-clefl ; bristles longer than the unequally triangular obovate
very smooth and long-pointed achenium. (S. mucronatus, Pursh ? Torr. Fl. N. Y.)
— Borders of ponds, both brackish and fresh, New England to Michigan. July,
Aug. — (S. mucronatus, L., should it be found in the country, will be known
by its leafless sheaths, conglomerate head of many spikes, stout involucral leaf
bent to one side, &c.)
•«— •«- Culm terete, naked.
7. S. lacustris, L. (BULRUSH.) Culm large, cylindrical, gradually
tapering at the apex (3° -8° high), the sheath bearing a small linear-awl-shaped
leaf or none; spikes ovate-oblong, numerous, in a compound umbel-like panicle
turned to one side, rusty-brown ; scales ovate, mucronate ; bristles 4- 6 ; achenium
500 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)
obovate, mucronate, plano-convex. — Our plant appears constantly to have a 2-
cleft style, and the scales often a little downy on the back, and is S. validus, Vahl.
& S. acutus, Muhl. — Fresh-water ponds and lakes; common. July. — Culm
as thick a* the finger at the base, tipped with an erect and pointed involucral
leaf, which is shorter or longer than the panicle. (Eu.)
8. S. di'bilis, Pursh. Culms slender (6' -12' high), striate, tufted, from
fibrous roots, leafless, or 1-leaved at the base ; spikes ovate, few (I -8) in a sessile
duster, appearing deeply lateral by the prolongation of the 1-leaved involucre ;
scales round-ovate (greenish-yellow) ; style 2-3-cleft; bristles 4-6, longer than
the obovate plano-convex or lenticular shining minutely dotted achenium, or
rarely obsolete. ® — Low banks of streams, Massachusetts to Michigan, Illi-
nois, and southward. Aug.
# # # Spikes clustered and mostly umbelled, plainly terminal, many-flowered: involu-
cre leafy : culm leafy, triangular, and with closed joints below (style 3-cleft).
t- Sca'es of the large spikes awl-pointed, lacerate-3-clefl at the apex.
9. S. maritimus, L. (SEA CLUB-RUSH.) Leaves flat, linear, as long
as the stout culm (l°-3° high), those of the involucre 1-4, very unequal;
spikes few -several in a sessile cluster, and often also with 1-4 unequal rays
bearing 1-7 ovate or oblong-cylindrical (rusty brown) spikes ; achenium obovate-
orbicular, much compressed, flat on one side, convex or olttuse-anglcd on the other, mi-
nutely pointed, shining, longer than the 1 -6 unequal and deciduous (sometimes
obsolete) bristles. — Var. MACROSTACHYOS, Michx. (S. robustus, Pursh.) is a
larger form, with very thick oblong or cylindrical heads, becoming !'-!£' long,
and the longer leaf of the involucre often 1° long. — Salt marshes ; common on
the coast, and near salt springs (Salina, New York), &c. Aug. — Heads beset
with the spreading or recurved short awns which abruptly tip the scales. (Eu.)
10. S. Iliiviistilis. (RIVER CLUB-RUSH.) Leaves flat, broadly linear
($' or more wide), tapering gradually to a point, the upper and those of the very
long involucre very much exceeding the compound umbel ; rays 5-9, elongated,
recur ved-spreading, bearing 1-5 ovate or oblong-cylindrical acute heads ; acheni-
um obovate, sharply and exactly triangular, conspicuously pointed, opaque, scarcely-
equalling the 6 rigid bristles. (S. marit., var. ? fluviatilis, Torr., excl. syn. EU.)
— Borders of lakes and large streams, W. New York to Wisconsin and Illinois.
July, Aug. — Culm very stout, sharply triangular, 3° - 4° high. Leaves rough-
ish on the margin, like the last; those of the umbel 3-7, the largest l°-2°
long. Principal rays of the umbel 3'-4; long, sheathed at the base. Heads |'
to 1 4' long, paler and duller than in No. 9 ; the scales less lacerate and A le awns
less recurved ; the fruit larger and very different.
•»- •+- Scales of the small compound-umbelled and clustered heads mucronate-tipped.
11. S. SylvAticUS, L. Culm leafy (2° -5° high); leaves broadly linear,
flat, rough on the edges ; umbel cymose-decompound, irregular ; the numerous
spikes clustered (3-10 together) in dense heads, ovoid, dark lead-colored or olive-
green turning brownish ; bristles 6, downwardly barbed their whole Irnglh, straight,
scarcely longer than the convex-triangular achenium. — Low grounds, N. New
England and northward. — Var. ATR^VIRENS (S. atroviivns, Mn/il.) is a form
with the spikes (10-30 together) conglomerate into denser larger heads. — Wet
CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 501
meadows, &c., New England to Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Wisconsin, and north-
ward. July. (Eu.)
12. S. polypliyllus, Yahl. Culm, umbel, &c. as in the last; spikes
clustered in heads of 3 - 8, ovoid, becoming cylindrical with age, yellowish-brown ;
bristles 6, usually twice bent, soft-barbed towards the summit only, about twice the
length of the achenium. (S. exaltatus, Pursh. S. brunneus, MuhL] — Swamps
and shady borders of ponds, W. New England to Illinois, and southward. July.
— Intermediate in character between the last and the next.
§2. TRICHOPHORUM, Richard. — Bristles capillary, tortuous and entangled,
naked, not barbed, much longer than the (triangular] achenium, when old projecting
beyond the rusty-colored scales. (Leaves, involucre, Sfc. as in the last species.)
13. S. liiiefitllS, Michx. Culm triangular, leafy (l°-3°high); leaves
lineai', flat, rather broad, rough on the margins ; umbels terminal and axillary,
loosely cymose-panicled, drooping, the terminal with a 1 - 3-leaved involucre much
shorter than the long and slender rays ; spikes oblong, becoming cylindrical, on
thread-like drooping pedicels ; bristles at maturity scarcely exceeding the ovate
green-keeled and pointed scales; achenium sharp-pointed. — Low grounds, W.
New England to Wisconsin, and southward. July.
14. S. Eridpfioriini, Michx. (WOOL-GRASS.) Culm nearly terete,
very leafy (2° -5° high) ; leaves narrowly linear, long, rigid, those of the invo-
lucre 3-5, longer than the decompound cymose-panicled umbel, the rays at length
drooping ; spikes exceedingly numerous, ovate, clustered, or the lateral pedi-
celled, woolly at maturity ; the rusty-colored bristles much longer than the pointless
scales; achenium short-pointed. (Eriophorum cyperinum, L.) — Var. CYPER!-
NDS (S. cyperinus, Kunth) is the form with nearly all the spike conglomerate in
small heads. Var. LAXUS (S. Eriophorum, Kunth} has the heads scattered,
the lateral ones long-pedicelled. Various intermediate forms occur, and the
umbel varies greatly in size. — Wet meadows and swamps ; common northward
and southward. July -Sept.
7. ERIOPIIORUM, L. COTTON-GRASS.
Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricated all round in several ranks. Peri-
anth woolly, of numerous (rarely 6) flat and delicate hair-like bristles much
longer than the scales, persistent and forming a silky or cotton-like usually white
tuft in fruit. Stamens 1-3. Style (3-cleft) and achenium as in Scirpus. Pe-
rennials. (Name from epioi/, wool or cotton, and <£opa, bearing.)
* Bristles of the flower only 6, crisped, white ; spike single : small, involucre none.
1. E« alpiillllil, I/. Culms slender, many in a row from a running
rootstock (6' -10' high), scabrous, naked: sheaths at the base awl-tipped. —
Cold peat-bogs, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and far northwaid. May,
June. (Eu.)
* Bristles very numerous, long, not crisped, forming dense cottony heads in fruit.
-t— Culm bearing a single spike : involucre none : wool silvery white.
2. E. vaginatum, L. Culms in close tufts (1° high), leafy only at the
502 CYPF.RACK.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)
base, and with 2 inflated leafless sheaths ; root-leaves long and thread-form, tri-
angular-channelled ; scales of the ovate spike long-pointed, lead-color at matu-
rity. — Cold and high peat-bogs, New England to Wisconsin, and northward ;
rare. June. (Eu.)
•*- ••- Culm leafy, bearing several umbellate-clustered heads, involucrate.
3. E. Virgillicum, L. Culm rigid (2° -4° high); leaves narrowly
linear, elongated, flat ; spikes crowded in a dense cluster or head ; wool rusty vr
copper-color, only thrice the length of the scale; stamen 1. — Bogs and low
meadows ; common. July, Aug.
4. E. polystfidiyon, L. Culm rigid (1°- 2° high), ohscurcly triangu-
lar ; leaves linear, fiat, or barely channelled below, triangular at the point ; inrolucrc
2-3-/caved; spikes several (4-12), on nodding peduncles, some of them elon-
gated in fruit; achenium obovate ; wool white, very straight (!' long or more).
— Var. ANGUSTIF6LIUM (E. angustifolium, Roth, and European botanists, not
of American, and the original E. polystachyon of L.) has smooth peduncles. —
Var. LATirftLiUM (E. latifolium, Hoppe, & E. polystachyon, Torr., $~c.) has rough
peduncles, and sometimes broader and flatter leaves. — Both are common in
bogs, especially northward, and often with the peduncles obscurely scabrous,
indicating that the species should probably be left as Linnaeus founded it. June,
July. (Eu.)
5. E. gr&cile, Koch. Culm slender (l°-2° high), rather triangular;
leaves slender, channelled-triangular, rough on the angles ; involucre short and scale-
like, mostly l-leaved; peduncles rough or roughish-pubesccnt ; achenium ellipti-
cal-linear. (E. triquetrum, Hoppe. E. angustifolium, Torr.) — Cold bogs, New
England to Illinois, and northward. July, Aug. — Spikes 3-7, small, when
mature the copious white wool £' to f ' long. Scales brownish, several-nerved,
or in our plant, var. PAUCINERVIUM, Engelm., mostly light chestnut-color,
and about 3-nerved. (Eu.)
8. FIUIBRiSTYLIS, Vahl. (Species of SCIRPUS, L.)
Spikes several - many-flowered, terete ; the scales all floriferous, regularly im-
bricated in several ranks. Perianth (bristles, £c.) none. Stamens 1 -3. Style
2-3-eleft, with a thickened bulbous base, which is deciduous (except in No. 4)
from the apex of the naked lenticular or triangular achenium. Otherwise as in
Scirpus. — Culms leafy at the base. Spikes in our species umbelled, and the
involucre 2-3-lcavcd. (Name compounded of fimbria, a fringe, and stylus, the
style, which is fringed with hairs in the genuine species.)
$ 1. FIMBRISTYLIS PROPER. — Style 2-cleJl, mostly fiat and ciliate on the
margins, falling away with the bulbous base from the lenticular achenium ; scales of
the many-fiowered spike very closely imbricated.
1. F. spadlcea, Vahl. Culms (l°-2i° high) naked above, rwd, as are
the ihmttl-form convolute-channelled leaves, smooth ; spikes ovate-oblong becoming
cylindrical, dark chestnut-color (2" thick); stamens 2 or 3 ; achenium minutely
striate and dotted. 1J. (F. cyHndrira, I 'aid.) — Salt marshes along the coast,
Now York to Virginia, and southward. July - Sept.
CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 503
2. F. MX si* Vahl. Culms slender (2' -12' high), weak, grooved and flat-
tish ; leaves linear, flat, ciliate-denticulate, glaucous, sometimes hairy ; spikes ovate,
acute (3" long) ; stamen 1 ; achenium G-S-ribbcd on each side, and with finer cross
lines, (i) (F. Baldwiniana, Torr. F. brizoides, Nees, &c.) — Low, mostly
clayey soil, Penn. to Illinois, and southward. July- Sept.
$ 2. TRIC1IEL6STYLIS, Lestib. — Style 3-cleft: achenium triangular: other-
wise nearly as in § 1.
3. F. autKiiliialiS, Rcem. & Schult. Low (3' -9' high), in tufts; culms
flat, slender, diffuse or erect ; leaves flat, acute ; umbel compound ; spikes ob-
long, acute (l"-2" long) single or 2-3 in a cluster; the scales ovate-lanceo-
late, mucronate ; stamens 1—3. (j) (Scirpus autumnalis, L.) — Low grounds,
Maine to Illinois, and southward. Aug. - Oct.
§ 3. ONC6STYLIS, Martins. — Style 3-cleft, slender, its small bulb more or less
persistent on the apex of the triangular achenium.
4. F. capillaris. Low, densely tufted (3' -9' high); culm and leaves
nearly capillary, the latter all from the base, short ; umbel compound or pani-
cled; spikes (2" long) ovoid-oblong; stamens 2; achenium minutely wrinkled,
very obtuse. (3) (Scirpus, L.) — Sandy fields, &c., common, especially south-
ward. Aug. - Sept.
9. FUIKENA, Rottboll. UMBRELLA-GRASS.
Spikes many-flowered, terete, clustered or solitary, axillary and terminal.
Scales imbricated in many ranks, awncd below the apex, all florifcrous. Peri-
anth of 3 ovate or heart-shaped pctaloid scales, mostly on claws, and usually
with as many alternate small bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft. Achenium
triangular, pointed with the persistent base of the style. Culms obtusely angu-
lar. (Named for G. Fuiren, a Danish botanist.)
1. F. squarrosa, Michx. Stem (1°- 2° high) leafy; leaves and sheaths
hairy; spikes ovoid-oblong (^' long), clustered in heads, bristly with the spread-
ing awns of the scales ; perianth-scales ovate, awn -pointed, the interposed bris-
tles minute. — Var. ptmiLA, Torr. is a dwarf form, l'-6' high, with 2-6
spikes ; perianth-scales ovate-lanceolate and oblanceolate. 1J. — Sandy wet
places, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward; also Michigan; northward
mostly the small variety. Aug.
1O. PSIL.OCARYA, Torr. BALD-RUSH.
Spikes ovoid, terete, many-flowered ; the flowers all perfect. Scales imbri-
cated in several ranks ; the lower ones empty. Perianth none. Stamens usu-
ally 2. Style 2-cleft. Achenium doubly convex, more or less wrinkled trans-
versely, crowned with the persistent tubercle or dilated base of the style. — Culms
leafy ; the spikes in terminal and axillary cymes. (Name from i/aXcy, bare, and
xapva, nut, alluding to the absence of bristles.)
1. P. SCirpoides, Torr. Spikes 20 - 30-flowered ; scales oblong-ovate,
acute, chestnut-colored ; achenium obscurely wrinkled, beaked with the sword-
504 CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.)
shaped persistent style, and somewhat margined; culm 4' -9' high: leaves flat.
(D — Inundated places, Rhode Island and Plymouth, Massachusetts. July.
11. DIC'HKOIVIEN A, Richard. DICHROMENA.
Spikes terete, flattened, aggregated in a terminal leafy involucrate head,
many-flowered; some of the flowers imperfect. Perianth none. Stamens 3.
Style 2-cleft. Achcnium lenticular, wrinkled transversely, crowned with the
broad tubercled base of the style. — Culms leafy, from creeping rootstocks ; the
leaves of the involucre mostly white at the base (whence the name, from Si's,
double, and xpw/za, color).
1. I>. Icucoceplmlal, Michx. Culm triangular ; leaves narrow ; invo-
lucre 5-7-leaved; achenium truncate, not margined. 1J. — Damp pine barrens
of New Jersey to Virginia and southward. August.
12. CERATOSCIIOBNUS, Nees. HORNED RUSH.
Spikes spindle-shaped, producing 1 perfect and 1 to 4 staminate flowers.
Scales few and loosely imbricated ; the lower ones empty. Perianth of 5 - 6
rigid or cartilaginous flattened bristles, which are somewhat dilated or united
at the base. Stamens 3. Style simple, entirely hardening in fruit into a long
and slender awl-shaped upwardly roughened beak with a narrow base, much ex-
serted, and several times longer than the flat and smooth obovate achenium. —
Perennials, with triangular leafy culms, and large spikes clustered in simple or
compound terminal and axillary cymes. (Name composed of Kt'pas, a horn, and
(r^olvoSi a rush.)
1. C. CDF IliClllilta, Nees. Cymes decompound, diffuse ; bristles awl-shaped,
stout, unequal, shorter than the achenium. — Wet places, Penn. to Illinois, and
southward. August. — Culm 3° -6° high. Leaves £' wide. Fruit with the
taper beak 1' long.
2. C. macrostacliya, Gray. Cymes somewhat simple, small, the spikes
closely clustered ; bristles capillary, twice the length of the achenium. — Borders of
ponds, E. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Jersey, and rare southward.
(Some states occur intermediate between this and the last.)
13. RIIYNCIIOSPORA, Vahl. BEAK RUSH.
Spikes ovate, few - several-flowered ; the lower of the loosely imbricated
scales empty, the uppermost usually with imperfect flowers. Perianth of 6 (ot
rarely more) bristles. Stamens mostly 3. Style 2-cleft. Achenium lenticular
or globular, crowned with the dilated and persistent base of the style (tubercle).
— Perennials, with more or less triangular and leafy culms ; the small spikes in
terminal and axillary clusters, cymes, or heads : flowering in summer. (Name
composed of puy^oy. a snout, and crrropa, a seed, from the beaked achenium.)
# Achenium transversely wrinkled, more or less flattened, bristles upwardly denticulate.
1. It. cyillOSa, Nutt. Culm triangular; leaves linear ($' wide); cymes
corymbose ; the spikes crowded and clustered; achenium round-obovate, twice the
CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 505
length of the bristles, four times the length of the depressed-conical, tubercle. —
Low grounds, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward.
2. B. Torreysina, Gray. Culm nearly terete, slender ; leaves bristle-form ;
cymes panicled, somewhat loose, the spikes mostly pedicclled; achenium oblong-obo-
vate, longer than the bristles, thrice the length of the broad compressed-conical
tubercle. — Swamps ; pine barrens of New Jersey, and southward.
3. B. illCXg>:illSct, Valil. Culm triangular, slender; leaves narrowly lin-
ear ; spikes spindle-shaped, mostly pedicelled, in drooping panicles ; achenium oblong,
half the length of the slender bristles, twice the length of the triangular-sub-
ulate tubercle. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward.
* * Achenium smooth and even, lenticular.
•*- Bristles of the perianth denticulate or barbed upwards.
4. K. fuSCSl, lluim. & Schultes. Leaves bristle-form, channelled; spikes
ovate-oblong, few, clustered in 1-3 loose heads (dark chestnut-color) ; achenium
obovate, half the length of the bristles, about the length of the triangular-sword-
shaped acute tubercle, which is rough-serrulate on the margins. — Low grounds,
New Jersey to New Hampshire : rare. July. — Culm 6'- 12' high. (Eu.)
5. B. gr:i£t lentil, Gray. Leaves narrowly linear; spikes ovoid, in 2-4
small clusters, the lateral long-peduncled ; achenium ovoid, rather shorter than the
bristles, about the length of the flattened awl-shaped tubercle. — Low grounds,
S. New York, New Jersey, and southward. — Culm very slender, l°-2° high.
•*- •*- Bristles denticulate or barbed dowmcards (in No. 9 both ways).
6. B. Sllfoa, Valil. Leaves almost bristle-form; spikes (whitish) several in a
corymbed cluster, lanceolate ; achenium ovoid, narrowed at the base, shorter than the
9-11 bristles, a little longer than the slender beak-like tubercle ; stamens usually
only 2. — Bogs; common eastward (both north and south) and northward. —
Culm slender, 12' -20' high. {Eu.)
7. B. capilirscc«l, Torr. Leaves bristle-form; spikes 3-6 in a terminal
cluster, and commonly 1 or 2 on a remote axillary peduncle, oblong-lanceolate (pale
chestnut-color, J' long) ; achenium oblong-ovoid, stipitate, very obscurely wrinkled,
about half the lenc/th of the 6 stout bristles, and twice the length of the lanceolate-
beaked tubercle. — Bogs and rocky river-banks, Pennsylvania to New York and
Michigan. — Culm G'-9' high, slender.
8. B. K.liie§k£l'Blii, Carey. Leaves narrowly linear, short ; spikes nu-
merous, crowded in 4: -6 distant clusters, oblong-ovate (chestnut-color, scarcely 1"
long) ; achenium obovate, narrowed at the base, equalling the 6 bristles, twice the
length of the triangular flattened tubercle. — Pine barrens of New Jersey, on
bog iron-ore banks exclusively (Kmeakern), and southward; rare. — Culms
tufted, 6' -18' high, slender.
9. B. gJOHaet'ilta, Vahl. Leaves linear, jiat ; spikes numerous in distant
dusters or heads (which are often in pairs from the same sheath), ovoid-oblong
(chestnut-brown) ; achenium obovate, margined, narrowed at the base, as long
as the lance-awl-shaped flattened tubercle, which equals the (always) downwardly
barbed bristles. — Low grounds, Maine to Kentucky, and southward. — Culm
l°-2° high. — A state with small panicled clusters is R. paniculata, Cray.
43
506 CYl'ERACE.E. (sKI)GE FAMILY.)
10. R. ccplaaklutlza, Torr. Leaves narrowly linear , flat, L
very numerous, cruiald in 2-3 or more dense, (jhjbnlar hntds which arc distant (and
often in pairs), oblong-lanceolate, dark brown ; acheniuni orbicular-obovate, mar-
gined, narrowed at the base, about as long as the awl-shaped beak, half the
length of the stout bristles, which are barbed either downwards or upward*. — Sandy
svamps, Long Island to New Jersey, and southward. — Culm stout, 2° -3° high :
the fruit, £c. larger than in the last, of which very probably it is only a marked
variety.
14. CLADIUM, P. Browne. Twio-Rusn.
Spikes ovoid or oblong, of several loosely imbricated scales ; the lower ones
empty, one or two above bearing a staminate or impeifect flower; the terminal
flower perfect and fertile. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Style 2 -3-cleft, decid-
uous. Aeheiiium ovoid or globular, somewhat corky at the summit, or pointed,
without any proper tubercle. — Perennials, with the aspect of Khynchos-pora.
(Name from xXciSos, a twig or branch, perhaps on account of the brandling styles
of some species.)
1. C. liiariscoiclcs, Torr. Culm obscurely triangular (l°-2° high);
leaves narrow, channelled, scarcely rough-margined ; cymes small ; the spikes
clustered in heads 3-8 together on 2-4 peduncles; style 3-cleft. (Schoenus,
MuhL] — Bogs, New England to N. Illinois, and northward. July.
15. SCLERIA, L. Nux-Kusn.
Flowers monoecious ; the fertile spikes 1 -flowered, usually intermixed with
clusters of few-flowered staminate spikes. Scales loosely imbricated, the lower
ones empty. Stamens 1-3. Style 3-cleft. Achcnium globular, stony, bony,
or enamel-like in texture. Bristles, &c. none — Perennials, with triangular
leafy culms. (Name ovcA^pia, hardness, from the bony or crustaceous fruit.)
K= Achenium smooth and polished : its base surrounded by an obscurity triangular crus-
taceous ring or disk : stamens 3.
1. S. triglomerftta, Miehx. Culm (2° -3° high) and broadly linear
leaves roughish ; fascicles of spikes few, terminal and axillary, in triple clusters,
the lower peduncled; achcnium ovoid-globular, slightly pointed (2" broad). —
Low grounds, Vermont to Wisconsin, &c. ; common southward. July.
# # Achenium reticulated, seated on a flatfish disk of 3 conspicuous and ovate-lwi-
ceolate entire scale-like lol)es: stamens 2.
2. S. rcticul:*tris, Michx. Culms slender (1° high); leaves narrowly
linear; clusters loose, axillary and terminal, sessile or short-pcd uncled ; ache-
niiim (/lubnlur, d<-cj>ly pi!t,d IK tin en the re;/u/ar reticulations, not hairy. — Sandy
swamps, Kastern Massachusetts to Xew Jersey, Virginia, and southward : rare.
August.
3. S. laxa, Torr. Culms slender and weak (l°-2° high) ; loaves linear;
clusters loose, the lower mostly long-peduncled and drooping; arJienium globular,
pitted and someirhrit sf>im/li/ marked with minutil// httiri/ irrinklfs. — Sandy swamps,
Long Island, New Jersey, and southward, near the coast. Too like the last.
CYPEUACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 507
* # # Achemnm warty-roughened, bat shining and ichite : disk a narrow ring sup-
porting 6 minute rounded tubercles, in pairs : stamens 3.
4. S. psiisciillora, Mulil. Somewhat downy or smoothish; culms slen-
der (9* -18' high); leaves narrowly linear; clusters few-flowered, the lower
lateral ones when present peduncled ; bracts ciliate. — Swamps and hills, S.
and W. New England, TV. New York, and southward. July.
* * * * Disk none: uclicninm white, rough with minute tubercles: stamens 1-2.
5. S. verticil 1 r» I a. Muhl. Smooth; culms simple and slender (6'- 10'
high), terminated by an interrupted spike of 4-6 rather distant sessile clusters;
bracts minute; leaves linear; acheninm globular (small). — Swamps, Yates
County, New York (Sartwell), Michigan (Cooley), Pennsylvania (MuMenberg)t
Ohio (Lesquereux), and southward. June.
16. €AREX, L. SEDGE.*
Staminate and pistillate flowers separated (monoecious), either home together
in the same spike (androgynous), or in separate spikes on the same stem, very
rarely on distinct plants (dicccious). Scales of the spikes 1 -flowered, equally
imbricated around the axis. Stamens 3, rarely 2. Ovary enclosed in an inflat-
ed sac (composed of two inner scales (bractlets) united at their margins), form-
ing a rounded or angular bladdery fruit (perigynium) , contracted towards the
apex, enclosing the lenticular, plano-convex, or triangular achenium, which is
crowned with more or less of the persistent (rarely jointed) base of the style.
Stigmas 2-3, long, projecting from the orifice of the pcrigynium. — Perennial
herbs, chiefly flowering in April or May, frequently growing in wet places, often
* Contributed by Jonx CAKET, Esq , with the subjoined explanatory note.
" In arranging the Carices for your work, I have had constantly in view the species compre-
hended within your geographical range, and have framed the sections and subsections with es-
pecial reference to these, without regard to other excluded species belonging, in many cases, to
the same groups, but exhibiting peculiarities which would require the combining characters to
be modified or changed Indeed, most of my subsections would, in a monograph of the genus,
require to stand as distinct sections, with appropriate subdivisions I have thought it an as-
BV tance to the student to give a leading name to the principal groups, and in some cases have
a (opted those already suggested by different authors ; but as I am uncertain whether the char-
acters on which I rely are in accordance with their views, I have cited no authorities under
such subsections. I have endeavored to bring the allied groups (as I understand them) as
nearly together as I could ; but this, of course, is not always practicable in any lineal arrange-
ment. It might, however, have been done with much greater satisfaction on a larger and more
comprehensive scale. I have retained the small artificial group Psyllophorae, from its manifest
convenience, but should not have done so in a more philosophical work. Upon the whole, I
am inclined to hope that the present will at least possess this one advantage over the hitherto
more artificial arrangement in general use, — that a student, when acquainted with one species
of a group, will be enabled to recognize the co-species for himself, whilst a merely artificial
enumeration must at times place very incongruous forms in juxtaposition. Any increased
difficulty, if such there be, in commencing the study of this vast and intricate genus upon
principles of natural classification, will be amply repaid by the more accurate knowledge of
structure thus obtained, than by a reliance merely on the loose external characters derived
from the number and position of the spikes I shall be well satisfied if my attempt shall be
an assistance to others in doing far better, hereafter." Ed. 1. — The additions and alterations
la the present edition are mainly from notes obligingly furnished by Mr. Carey.
508 CYPERACE^E. (3EDOE FAMILY.)
in dense tufts. Culms triangular, bcaiing the spikes in the axils of green and
leaf-like or scale-like bracts ; commonly with thin membranaceous sheaths at
the- base which enclose more or less of the stalks of the spikes. Leaves grassy,
usually rough on the margins and keel. (A classical name, of obscure signifi-
cation ; derived by some from careo, to want, the upper spikes being mostly
sterile ; and by others from Kctpu, to cut, on account of the sharp leaves.)
ABRIDGED SYNOPSIS OF THE SECTIONS.
A. Spike solitary, simple, dioecious or androgynous : bracts small, colored and scale-like __
(This division, retained for the convenience of students, is merely artificial, and combines
species having no real natural affinity.) — PSYLLOPIIOOS, Loisel
i 1. Spike dioecious, or with a few staniinate flowers at its base. No. 1-3.
2. Spike androgynous, staniinate at the summit. No 4-7.
B. Spike solitary, single, androgynous, staminate at the summit : bracts and scales of the fer-
tile flowers green and leaf-like. Stigmas 3. - PIIYLLOSTAC1I YS, Torr. & Gr. No. 8 -10.
C. Spikes several or numerous, androgynous (occasionally dioecious in No. 11 and 33), sessile,
forming compact, or more or less interrupted, sometimes paniculate, compound or de-
compound spikes. Stigmas 2 — V1GNEA, Beauv.
j 1. Spikes approximate, with staminate and pistillate flowers variously situated. No. 11 - 1&.
2. Spikes pistillate below, staminate at the summit. No 14 28.
8. Spikes pistillate above, staminate at i he base No. 29-41.
D. Staminate and pistillate flowers borne in separate (commonly more or less stalked) simple
spikes on the same culm ; the one or more staminate (sterile) spikes constantly upper-
most, having occasionally more or less fertile flowers intermixed ; the lower spikes all
pistillate (fertile) or sometimes with staminate flowers at the base or apex. Stigmas 3 (or
only 2 in No. 42-49 and 58). — CAKEX PROPER.
* Perigyuia with merely a minute or short point, not prolonged into a beak.
$ 1. Perigynia not inflated (slightly so in No. 51), smooth, nerved or nerveless, with a minute
straight point ; glaucous-green, becoming whitish, or more or less spotted or tinged with
purple. Scales blackish-purple or brown. Staminate spikes 1 - 3, or the terminal spike
androgynous and staminate at the base, the rest all fertile. No 42-57.
2. Perigyuia slightly inflated, smooth, nerved, obtuse and pointless or with a straight or
oblique point. Scales brown, becoming tawny or white. Staminate spike solitary (ex-
cept sometimes in No. 62) or androgynous and pistillate above, the rest all fertile. No.
58 - 71.
3. Perigynia slightly inflated, hairy (in No. 70 smooth at maturity), nerved, with a minute
straight point. Terminal spike androgynous, pistillate at the apex, the rest all fertile.
No 72, 73.
4 Perigynia not inflated, smooth, regularly striate, with a short, entire, obliquely bent or
recurved point, remaining green at maturity. Staminate spike solitary. Bracts green
and leaf-like (except in No. 74). No 74 - 81
6. Perigynia not inflated, smooth or downy, not striate, with a minute, obliquely bent, white
and membranaceous point, reddish-brown or olive-colored at maturity. Terminal spike
all staminate, or with 2-3 fertile flowers at the base ; the rest all fertile, or with a few
sterile flowers at the apex. Bracts reduced to colored sheaths, or with a short green pro-
longation. No. 82, 83.
* * Perigynia with a distinct beak, either short and abrupt, or more or less prolonged.
0 Perigynia not inflated, hairy, with a rather abrupt beak, terminating in a memhramv-
ceous notched or 2-toothed orifice Bracts short : culms mostly low and slender ; leaves
all radical, long and narrow Staminate spike solitary. No 84-90.
7. Perigynia slightly inflated, hairy or smooth, with a short )>e.ak terminating in an enMre
or slightly notched orifice- I'.rarts long and leaf-like: culms till and leafy. Stamiriatu
eplk* solitary (in No 91 pistillate at the summit) : fertile spikes em t (except in No. 91),
No. 91 -93.
CTPERACE^. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 509
Q 8. Perigynia slightly inflated, smooth and shining, green, few-nerved or nerveless, with a
straight tapering beak terminating in 2 small inembranaceous teeth Stammate spike
solitary : fertile spikes all on slender and pendulous stalks. No. 94 - 97.
9. I'erigynia slightly inflated, smooth, nerved, with a tapering somewhat serrulate beak,
terminating in 2 distinct mernbranacecus teeth ; becoming tawny or yellow at maturity.
Staininate spike solitary. No. 98 - 101.
10. Perigynia slightly inflated, rough or woolly, with an abrupt straight beak. Staminate
spikes usually 2 or more No. 102 - 105.
11 Perigynia moderately Inflated, smooth (except No. 109), conspicuously many-nerved, with
a straight beak terminating in 2 rigid more or less spreading teeth. Staminate spikes 1-
5 No. 106 - 112
12. Perigynia much inflated, smooth, conspicuously many-nerved, with a long tapering 2-
toothed beak Staminate spike solitary. No. 113 - 120.
13. Perigynia much inflated, obovoid or obconic, smooth, few-nerved, with an extremely ab-
rupt, very long, 2-toothed beak, tawny or straw-colored at maturity, horizontally spread-
ing or deflexed. Terminal spike staininate, or androgynous and fertile at the apex.
No. 121, 122.
14. Perigynia much inflated, smooth, nerved (except No 132), shining and straw-colored at
maturity, with a tapering and more or less elongated 2-toothed beak. Staminate spikes
2-3. No. 123-132
A. Spike solitary, simple, dioecious or androgynous : bracts small, colored and scale-
like. — PSYLLOPHOR^K, LoiSCl.
$ 1. Spike dioecious, or the fertile merely with a few staminate flowers at the base.
# Stigmas 2 : leaves all radical, bristle- form.
1. C. gy liberates, Wormskiold. Culm and leaves smooth, or minutely
rough at the top ; barren spike linear ; fertile spike ovoid, loosely flowered ; peri-
gynia oblong, short-beaked, with a white membranaceous obtusely 2-toothed apex, nar-
rowed at the base, nerved throughout, smooth, spreading horizontally at maturity,
longer than the acute or acutish scale. (C. dioica, ed. 1, not of L.) — Swamps,
Wayne County, New York (Sartwell), to Michigan and northward. (Eu.)
2. C. exiliS, Dew. Culm rough ; spike rarely all staminate and filiform,
but commonly fertile with a few staminate flowers at the base, densely flowered,
occasionally with 1-2 very small additional fertile spikes below the sterile
flowers ; pcrigynia ovate-lanceolate, plano-convex, with a few flue nerves only on the
convex side, serrulate on the margin, 2-toothed at the apex, spreading, rather longer
than the acute scales. — Swamps, E. New England to New Jersey, near the
coast : also borders of mountain lakes, Essex County, New York.
# * Stigmas 3 : leaves flat.
3. O« SCirpoidea> Michx. Spike narrowly cylindrical ; perhjynia ovoid t
with a minute point, densely hairy, dark purple at maturity, about the length of
the pointed ciliate scale. (C. Wormskioldiana, Hornem. C. Michauxii, Schw.)
— Alpine summits of the mountains of Maine and N.Hampshire (Oakes, <j~c.), Wil-
loujjhby Mt., Vermont ( Wood), Drummond's Island, Michigan, and northward.
§ 2. Spike androf/i/noiis, staminate at the summit.
* Stigmas 2 : leaves bristle-form.
4. C. Cclpitfatn, L. Spike small, roundish-ovoid ; perigynia broadly ellip-
tical with a notched membranaceous point, compressed, smooth, spreading, longer
43*
510 CYPERACEuE. (SEDGE FAMILY.)
than the rather obtuse scale. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New
Hampshire, Robbins, Oakes. (Eu.)
# * Stigmas 3 : leaves very narrow, shorter than the culm.
5. C. pauciflora, Lightfoot. Spike few-flowered ; sterile flowers 1 or 2;
perigynia awl-shaped, reflexed, straw-colored; scales deciduous. (C. leucoglochin,
Ehrh.) — Peat-bogs, from New England and \V. New York northward. (Eu.)
6. C. polytriclioiflcs, Muhl. Culm slender; spike very small, few-
flowered; pcrigunia erect, alternate, oblong, compressed-triangular, obtuse, slightly
nerved, entire at the apex, green, twice the length of the ovate scale. (C. lepta-
lea, Wahl. C. microstachya, Miclix.) — Low grounds and bogs ; common.
# * * Stigmas 3 : leaves very broad (!' -!£'), longer than the naked culm.
7. C. Frasei'iuim, Sims. Pale or glaucous and glabrous ; leaves with-
out a midrib, many-nerved, smooth, with minutely crisped cartilaginous margins
(9' -18' long), convolute below around the base of the scape-like culm : spike
oblong, the fertile part becoming globular ; pcrigynia ovoid, inflated, mucro-
nately tipped with a minute entire point, longer than the scarious oblong obtuse
scale; often with a short appendage at the base of the achenium. — Rich woods,
mountains of Penn. ? Virginia, and southward; rare. — A most remarkable
species, with no obvious affinity to any other.
B. Spike solitary, simple, androgynous, staminate at the summit; bracts and
scales of the pistillate flowers green, leaf-like, tapering from a broad base, the lowest
much longer than the spike, the uppermost equalling the slightly inflated pcri-
gynia : style jointed at the base : stigmas 3. (Leaves long and grassy, much
exceeding the short, almost radical culms.) — PIIYLLOSTACHYS, Torr. & Gr.
8. C. Willdenovii, Sclik. Sterile flowers 4-8, closely imbricated; peri-
gynia 6-9, somewhat alternate, oblong, rough on the angles and tapering l><-ak ;
achenium oblong, triangular, finely dotted; stigmas downy. — Copses, Mass., W.
New York, and southwestward.
9. C. Steiiclelii, Kunth. Sterile Jlowers 10-15, rather loosely imbricated
into a linear (apparently distinct) spike; perigynia 2-3, roundish-obovoid, smooth,
with a long and abrupt rough beak: achenium roundish, obscurely triangular, very
minutely dotted; stigmas doumy. (C. Jamesii, Schw.) — Woody hill-sides, N.
New York to Illinois and Kentucky.
10. C. Biickii, Boott. Sterile flower's 3, inconspicuous; perigynia 2-4, loose,
globosc-ocoid with a conical beak, smooth throughout ; achenium globose-pyrifonn,
scarcely dotted; stigmas smooth. — Rocky hills, W. Massachusetts (Mount Tom,
Prof. \Vhitnty), and N. New York to Ohio, Lake Superior, and northward. —
Culms generally shorter, and the leafy scales broader and more conspicuous,
than in the last two.
C. Spikes several or numerous, androgynous (occasionally dioecious in No. 11
and 33), sessile, forming a compact or more or less interrupted sometimes panic-
ulate-compound or decompound inflorescence : stigmas 2 : achenium lenticular. —
VIGN^A, Beativ.
$ 1. Spikes approximated! with the s(aminat<> and pistillate Jfowers variously situ-
ated; perigynia plano-convex, nerved, with a rough slightly toothed beak ;
CYPiciiACEJi. (SEDGE IPA.MILY.) 511
bracts light brown, resembling the scales, or with a prolonged point, shorter
than the (at maturity) brown and chaffy-looking spikes. — SiCcXx^E.
11. C. bl'OUloUtoS, Sehk. Spikes 4-6, alternate, oblong-lanceolate, sorm
of the central ones wholly fertile ; perigynia erect, narrow-lanceolate with a taper-
ing point, solid and spongy at the base, longer than the lanceolate scale; style
jointed at the base. — Swamps, &c. ; common. — A slender species, occasionally
dioecious.
12. C. Siccfstcl, Dew. Spikes 4 - 8, ellipsoid, the uppermcst, and commonly
1-3 of the lowest, fertile below, the intermediate ones frequently all staminate ; peri-
gynia ovate-lanceolate, compressed, with a long rather abrupt beak, about the
length of the scale; style minutely hairy. (C. pallida, C. A. Meyer. C. Lid-
doni, ed. 1, not of Boott.) — Sandy plains, New England to Illinois, and north-
westward.
13. C. Sartwcllii, Dew. Spikes numerous, short and ovoid, the upper chief-
ly stai innate, the lower principally or entirely fertile ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, the
margins not united to the top, leaving a deep cleft on the outer side ; scale ovate,
pointed, about the length of the perigynium. — Seneca County, New York (Sari-
well), to Illinois. — Too near C. intermedia of Eu.
§ 2. Spikes pistillate below, staminate at the summit.
* Perigynia of a thick and corky texture, with a short 2-toothed roughly-margined
beak, nerved towards the base, dark chestnut-brown and polished at maturity:
spikes decompound, paniculate : scales light brown, with white membrana-
ceous margins ; the bracts at the base resembling them, and with a short bristly
prolongation. — PANICUL\T.E.
14. C. teretiuscilla, Good. Spikes with very short appressed branches,
forming a slender crowded spiked panicle ; perigynia ovate, unequally biconvex,
short-stalked, with 3-5 short nerves on the outer side near the broad somewhat heart-
shaped base ; scale acute, rather shorter than the perigynium ; achenium obovoid-
pyriform, obtusely triangular. ( C. paniculata, var. teretiuscula, Wahl.) — Swamps ;
common, especially northward. (Eu.)
Var. iiiiijor, Koch. Spikes more panicled ; perigynia rather narrower.
(C. paniculata, var. minor, ed. 1. C. Ehrhartiana, Hoppe. C. prairiea, Dew.) —
Bogs and low grounds, New England to Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.)
15. C. clccomposita, Muhl. Panicle large, with very numerous dense-
ly-crowded spikes on the rather short spreading branches ; perigynia obovate, un~
equally biconvex, sessile, with a short very abrupt beak, conspicuously nerved on each
sidr, about the length of the ovate pointed scale. (C. paniculata, var. decora-
posita, Dew.) — Swamps, W. New York (Sartwell) to Penn., Illinois, and south-
westward.
* * Perigynia small, compressed, 2-3-nerved, membranaceous, with a short 2-
toothed rough beak, yellow or brown at maturity : spikes decompound, with nu-
merous small imj densely-flowered heads : scales of the fertile spikes tawny, with
the green keel prolonged into a rough point : bracts short and resembling
them at the base, or often becoming green and bristle- shaped, and much ex-
ceeding the culm. —
512 CYrr.i?ACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.)
1C. C. Vll I pi no i flea, Michx. Spike oblong and dense, or more or less
interrupted, of 8-10 crowded clusters (l£'-2£' long); perigynia ovate from a
broad base, with a more or less abrupt beak, diverging at maturity (C. multi-
flora, MnlJ. C. bracteosa and C. polymorpha, ScJtw. C. microsperma, Wald )
— Varies with the perigynium narrower, and the beak tapering arid more strongly
serrulate. (C. setacea, Dew.) — Low meadows; very common. — Varies ex-
ceedingly in the size and shape of the perigynium and beak.
* * * Perigynia on short stalks, plano-convex, without a margin, mcmbranaceous,
with a thick ami spongy base and a long tapering 2-toothed rough beak, distinct-
ly nerved (only obscurely so in No. 20 and 21), widely spreading and yellow at
maturity : spikes dense, more or less aggregated, sometimes decompound :
scales of the fertile spikes tawny, with a sharp point : bracts bristle-shaped,
shorter than the thick and triangular culms. — VULP!N^E.
17. C. crus-c6rvi, Slmttleworth. Spike very large, decompound, the
lower brandies long and distinct, the upper shorter and aggregated ; bracts often
2-toot/ted at the base; perigynia attenuated from an ovate dilated and truncate btise into
a very long slightly-winged beak, much exceeding the scale ; style tumid at the base.
(C. sicaeformis, Boott. C. Halei, Dew.) — Swamps, Ohio to Wisconsin, and
southward. — A conspicuous, very large species, with spikes 4' -9' long, often
somewhat paniculate, and glaucous leaves $' wide.
18. ۥ Stipata, Muhl. Spikes 10-15, aggregated, or the lower ones dis-
tinct and sometimes compound ; perigynia lanceolate, with a long beak tapering
from a truncate base, much exceeding the scale; style not tumid at the base. (C. vul-
pinoidea, Torr., Cyp., not of Michx.) — Swamps and low grounds; common.
19. C. Ylilpiiia, L. Spikes numerous, aggregated into a cylindrical and
dense (or at times elongated and somewhat interrupted) compound spike; peri-
gynia compressed, tapering from a broadly-ovate base into a beak not much longer than
the scale; achenium oval; style tumid at the base. — Ohio, Illinois, and Kentucky.
— A tall, robust species, 3° -4° high, with wide leaves and a remarkably thick
rough culm. It is very like the last, from which it chiefly differs in the more
compressed and wider base and shorter beaks of the perigynia. — The forma
with interrupted spikes have also a general resemblance to No. 22 ; which, how-
ever, is distinguished by the margined and nerveless perigynia. (Eu.)
20. C. alopecoidea, Tuckerman. Head of 8-10 aggregated spikes,
oblong, dense ; perigynia compressed, very obscurely nerved, ovate from a broad trun-
cate or somewhat heart-shaped base, a little longer than the scale ; acheniun, iyri-
form; base of the style not tumid. (C. ccphalophora, var. maxima, D<w.)—~
Woods, W. New York to Penn., Michigan, &c. — Much resembling the last,
but smaller, with shorter and more compact spikes ; easily distinguished by the
nearly nerveless perigynia, and the different achenium and style.
21. C. muricfita, L. Spikes 4-6, ovoid, approximate but distinct, the
lowermost sometimes a little remote ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, somewhat com-
pressed, nerveless, or very obscurely nerved towards the base, rather longer than the
scale; at;h< u'nnn ovule, b:i>r of the style not tumid. — Fields, Massachusetts (in-
troduced?), Ohio, and Kentucky; rare. — Spikes im»tlv looser than in the last,
tie perigynia narrower, with a longer and more tapering brak. (Eu.)
I
CYPF.RACE.fi. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 513
# * # * Pcrif/ijnia sessile, plano-convex, compressed, more or less margined, mem-
branaceous, with a rather short and rough (or wholly smooth in No. 26)
2-toothcfl beak, spreading and green at maturity : scales of the fertile spikes
tawny or white : bracts bristle-shaped, commonly shorter than the culm. —
MUHLE\BERGI\*M3.
22. C. SpargaBlioidcS, Muhl. Spikes 6-10, ovoid; the upper ones ag-
gregated, the lower distinct and more or less distant ; perigynia broadly -ovate, nerveless,
rough on the narrow margin, about twice the length of the ovate-pointed scale j
achenium roundish-ovate ; style short, tumid at the base. — Var. CEPHALOiDSA is a
reduced state, with 4-6 rather smaller spikes, closely aggregated into an oblong
head; resembling No. 23 in general appearance. (C. cephalophora, var. cepha-
loidea, & C. cephaloidea, Dew.) — Low rich grounds; not rare: the var. in
fields and hedges. — A robust species, with rather wide pale-green leaves; some-
times with 1-2 short branches of a few spikes each at the base of the compound
spike (probably C. divulsa, Pursh, not of Goodenough).
23. C. CCphaI6phora, Muhl. Spikes 5-6, small, and densely aggregat-
ed in a short ovoid head ; perigynia broadly ovate, with 3 — 4 indistinct nerves on the
outer side, scarcely longer than the ovate roughly-pointed scale ; achenium and
style as in the last. (C. Leavenworthii, Dew.} — Woods and fields ; common.
24. C. Mlllileilbergii, Schk. Spikes 5-7, closely approximate, forming
an oblong head ; perigynia orbicular-ovate, with a very short beak, prominently nerved
on both sides, about the length of the ovate roughly-pointed scale ; achenium or-
bicular, with a very short bulbous style. — Fields ; rather common, especially south-
ward.— Plant 12' -18' high, pale green, commonly with a bract at the base of
each spike.
25. C. rosea, Schk. Spikes 4-6, the 2 uppermost approximate, the others
all distinct, and the lowest often remote; perigynia oblong (about 8-10 in each
spike), narrow at the base, widely diverging at maturity, twice as long as the
broad/y ovate obtuse scale. — Varies with weak slender culms, and small 3 - 4-flow-
cred spikes. (Var. RADIATA, Dew. C. neglecta, Tuckerman.) — Moist woods
and meadows ; common.
26. C. retroflexa, Muhl. Spikes 4-5, all approximate, the 1-2 lowest
distinct but not remote; perigynia (about 5-7 in each spike) ovate, or ovate-lan-
ceolate, smooth on the margin and beak, not much exceeding the ovate-lanceolate pointed
scale, widely spreading or reflexed at maturity. (C. rosea, var. retroflexa, Torr ,
Gyp.) — Copses and moist meadows ; less common than the last, from which it
is distinguished by the smaller .approximate spikes, longer and sharper scales,
and especially, from every species in this subsection, by the smooth margin and
beak of the perigynium.
* $: * * $: Perigynia plano-convex, without a beak, of a thick and leathery texture,
prominently nerved, smooth (except on the angles), with a minute and entire
or slightly notched white membranaceous point : achenium conformed to the peri-
gynium, crowned with the short thick style : bracts like the scales (brown),
the lowest with a prolonged point: rootstock creeping. — CHORDORHIZ.K.
27 C. Cliordorlliza, Ehrh. Culms branching from the long creeping root-
stock(4'-9' high), smooth and naked above, clothed at the base with short ap-
t>14 CYl'EUACEJE. ^SEDGE FAMILY.)
pressed leaves; .</>//.-/.« aggrrgafi-d into an oroid head; perigynia ovate, a little
longer tlum tlie scale. — Cold pent-bogs, New York to Wisconsin, and north-
ward. (Eu.)
28. C. tont'Ila, Selik. Spikes 2-4, very small, remote, with commonly 2
fert He flowers ; pcrigynia ovate, twice as long as the scale. (C. loliacea, Sc/i/c.
8ii/>]>., not of L. C. clisperma, Dew. C. graeilis, ed. 1, not of Ehrh.) — Cold
swamps, New England to Pcnn., Wisconsin, and northward. — A slender spe-
cies, 6' -12' high, with long grassy leaves, growing in tufts. (Eu.)
§ 3. Spikes pistillate above, st a minute at the base.
* Spikes roundish-ovoid, rather small, more or less distant on the zigzag axis (closely
aggregated in No. 30) : perigynia plano-convex, smooth, pale green, becoming
whitish or silvery : scales white and membranaceous ; the bracts resembling
them, or prolonged and bristle-shaped. — CANESCENTES.
i- Perigynia somewhat thickened and leathery, distinctly nerwd, irilh a smooth or mi-
nutely serrulate short point, entire or slightly note/ted at the apex.
29. C. trispcrma, Dew. Spikes 2-3, very small, with about 3 fertile
flowers, remote, the lowest with a long bract ; perigynia oblong, with numerous
slender nerves, longer than the scale. — Cold swamps and woods, especially on
mountains, New England to Pennsylvania, Michigan, and northward. — lle-
sembling the last, but with larger spikes and fruit, and weak spreading culms,
l°-2°long.
30. C. tenilifldra, Wahl. Spikes 3, few-flowered, closely approximated;
perigynia ovate-oblong, about the length of the broadly ovate scale. — Cold swamps,
N. New England to Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.)
31. C. cancsceilS, L. (in part). Pale or glaucous; spikes 5-7 (about
12 - 20-Jlowered) , the 2-3 upper approximated, the rest all distinct and the lower-
most remote; perigynia ovate, about the length of the pointed scale. (C. curta,
Good. C. Ilichardi, AficJuc.) — Marshes and wet meadows ; common, especially
northward. (Eu.)
Var. vitilis is a more slender and weak form, not glaucous, with smaller
and roundish 6 - 1 5-flowercd spikes, the more pointed perigynia spreading (and
often tawny) at maturity : perhaps a good species. (Var. alpicola and var.
sphaerostachya, ed. 1. C. tenella, Ehrh. C. Persoonii, Sieber. C. vitilis, Fries.
C. Gebhardi, Iloppe. C. sphasrostachya and C. Buckleyi, Dew.) — On moun-
tains, and high northward. (Eu.)
«- •«- Perigynia thickened only at the base, obscurely nerved on the outer side, tapering
into a rough 2-toothed beak.
32. C. Deweyaiia, Schw. Spikes about 4 ; the 2 uppermost approxi-
mate, the others listinct, the lowest long-bractcd ; perigynia oblong-lan&olute,
rather longer than the sharply pointed or awned scale. — Copses, New England
to Wisconsin, and northward. See Addend.
* * Spikes ovoid or obovoid. more or less clustered; perigynia concave-convex, com-
pressed, man/intd or tcin;/<d, nerved, with a rough 2-toothcd beak, often tawny
at maturity : scales tawny or white, awnless : bracts bristle-shaped, usually
falling before the maturity of the spikes (in No. 34 persistent, very long and
leaf-like.)
CYrEKACK.lI. (3KDGE FAMILY.) 515
Spikes small ; perigynia thick and spongy at the base, and ivith a rigid margin,
not dilated. —
=
33. C. Stellial&ta, Good. Spikes 3-5, distinct, obovoid or roundish at
maturity; perigynia ovate from a broad somewhat heart-shaped base, widely
spreading at maturity, longer than the ovate acute scale ; achenium ovate, ab-
ruptly contracted into a minute stalk; style slightly tumid at the base. — Var.
ficiRPOiDES has smaller more approximate spiffs, the perigynia ovate from a
rounded or truncate base, narrower and less acute scales, and a very short style.
(C. scirpoides, Schk.) — Var. STERILIS has the spikes occasionally dioecious, or
thy staminate ones with but few fertile flowers, and the pistillate nearly destitute
of barren ones; the culms stouter and rigidly erect; and the leaves generally
glaucous; achenium rounder, with a more tapering base, and the style scarcely
tumid at the base. (C. sterilis, Schk.) — Var. ANGUST\TA has about 4 aggre-
gated spikes, with narrow/..!/ lanceolate perigynia tapering into a long slightly rough
beak, more than twice the length of the blunt scale ; the achenium oblong. —
Swamps and wet meadows; common, especially northward. (Eu.)
•«- •<- Spikes rather large: perigynia thickened and spongy on the angles, with a more
or less dilated membra naceous margin or wing. — OVALES.
34. C. syclMlOCeplmla, Carey. Spikes densely clustered, forming a short
compound spiked head subtended by 3 very long unequal leafy bracts ; perigynia taper-
ing from an abruptly contracted ovate base into a long slender beak, somewhat ex-
ceeding the lanceolate abruptly mucronate scale. (C. cyperoides, Dew., not
of L.) — Jefferson County (Vasey §- Knieskern) and Little Falls, New York,
Vasey. — Different in habit from all the rest of this section, and recognized at
once by the ovoid compound spike, seated at the baso of the long leafy bracts,
by which the lowc.r spikes are partly concealed.
35. CJ. ai'iila, Schw. & Torr. Spikes 8-10, approximate ($' long), (Along-
cylindrical, contracted at each end; perigynia narrowly lanceolate (4-5 lines in
length), tapering into a long beak more than twice the length of the ovate-lanceolate
scale; aehenium sessile, narrowly oblong. (C. Muskingumensis, Schw.) — Wet
meadows, Ohio and Michigan to Illinois and Kentucky. — In its characters scarce-
ly distinguished from the next, but strikingly different in appearance ; a much
larger plant, with long, dry, and chaffy-looking spikes.
36. C. SCOpfsria, Schk. Spikes 5 - 8, club-shaped, at length ovate, more
less app'-oxim ate, sometimes forming a dense head; perigynia narrowly lanceo-
late, tapering into a long slender beak, longer than the lanceolate pointed scale ; ache-
nium distinctly stalked, exactly oval. — Low meadows ; everywhere common. —
Spikes brownish 01 straw-colored when ripe.
37. C. lagopodioides, Schk. Spikes 10-15, approximate; perigynia
orate-lanceolate, nearly twice the length of the ovate-oblong rather obtuse scale ; aehe-
nium narrowly oval, on a short stalk. — Var. CRISTATA has the spikes closely
aggregated, with the perigynia spreading. (C. cristata, Schw. fr Torr.) — "Wet
fields ; equally common with the last, from which it is distinguished only by the
more numerous shorter spikes, and shorter less tapering perigynia and scales.
The variety has the spikes crowded into an ovate head, to which the diverging
points of the fruit give a squarrose appearance.
51 G CTPEHACF-.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)
38. C. adrtsta, Boott. Spikes 4 -10, approximate or rather distant, ovate
or at length dub-shaped (straw-color or pale chestnut) ; perigynia ovate with a
tapering beak, slightly winged, rather obscurely nerved, especially on the upper side,.
equalling the scale in length and breadth. — Rhode. Island (Olney), New York
(S. T. Carey, Sfc.), Lake Superior (C. G. Loring, Jr., with the smaller form),
and northward. — Much like some forms of the next, but the spikes more chaffy,
the perigynia tapering into a longer beak.
39. C. festlicacea, Schk. Spikes 6-8, obovoid or club-shaped, the lower
distinct ; perigynia ovate, narrowly winged, with a short beak, longer than the omte-
lanceolate scale; achenium sessile, broadly oval. — Var. TENERA has (3-5)
smaller spikes, which are more distant on the slender, flexuose, sometimes nod-
ding stem. (C. tenera, Dew.) — Var. MIRABILIS has (6-8) rounder approx-
imate spikes, with fewer staminatc flowers, and the perigynia somewhat spread-
ing. (C. mirabilis, Dew.) — About fields and fences ; rather common, especially
northward. — A stiff and rigid species, often of a pale-green appearance, except
the first variety, which has commonly brownish heads, and a weak stem.
40. C. fcenea, Muhl. Spikes 4-10, ovoid, approximate, the lower rarely
compound, of a glaucous-green color ; perigynia ovate, winged, with a short beak,
scarcely longer than the oblong and bluntish white scale ; achenium on a short
stalk, oval. — Salt or brackish marshes, on the sea-coast, Rhode Island (Olney)
to Virginia, and southward. — Much like the last, from which it differs princi-
pally in the color of the spikes, and in the constantly erect and more broadly-
margined perigynia. The culm is smooth and stout.
41. C. Stl'aminea, Schk. Spikes (about 6), roundish-ovoid, approximate ;
perigynia orbicular-ovate, much compressed, broadly and membranaceously ichiged,
with a short abrupt beak a little longer than the lanceolate scale; achenium
nearly sessile, oval. — Borders of woods and in fields; rather common. — The
larger forms have a remarkably wide wing, often brown on the margin, giving a
variegated appearance to the soft and flaccid spikes. In the smaller forms the
heads are fewer (3-4) and more rigid, owing to the narrower wings of the
perigynia.
I). Staminate and pistillate flowers borne in separate (commonly more or less
stalked) simple spikes on the same culm ; the one or more staminate (sterile) spikes
constantly uppermost, having occasionally more or less fertile flowers intermixed ;
the lower spikes all pistillate (fertile), or sometimes with staminate flowers at the
base or apex : stigmas 3 : achenium sharply triangular (only 2 stigmas and the
achenium lenticular in No. 42-51 and 58). — CAREX Proper.
§ 1. Perigynia without a beak, smooth, not inflated (slightly in No. 51), terminating
in a minute, strair/ht, entire or notched jwint, glaucous-green when young, be-
coming whitish, often spotted or tinged with purple, or occasionally nearly
black at maturity: pistillate scales Uaekukrpurpk (brown in No. 51 and 57),
(fii'inif (i i lurk a /if >f a ranee to the spiffs.
t- Sterile spik<s 1 -:}, nt<ilki-d, often with more or less fertile flowers: pistillate
up/km .'} - '), fr«/iiriitl// with sterile flowers at the apt-jc : bract of the lowest spike
leaf-like, with dark-colored expansions (auricles) at the base, and very minute
sheaths, or none. ( Culm and (eaves more, or less glaucous. \
(SEDGE FAMILY.) 517
4-Stiamas 2 (in No. 42 sometimes 3) : perigynium lenticular. —
•*+ Scales awnless, mostly obtuse.
42. C. rigida, Good. Sterile spike solitary; the fertile 2-4, cylindrical,
erect, rather loosely flowered, the lower on short peduncles; lowest bract about the
length of the culm, with rounded auricles; stigmas 2-3, mostly 2; perigynia el-
liptical, with an entire scarcely pointed apex, nerveless, or very obscurely nerved,
about as long as the obtuse scale ; culm rigid, nearly smooth except towards the
top, about the length of the firm erect leaves. (C. sax a tills, Fl. Dan., not of
L.) — Var. BIGELOVII has 3-5 longer fertile spikes, the lowest on a long stalk,
spreading and sometimes remote. (C. Bigelovii, Ton: C. Washingtonia, Dew
C. nigra, Schtv. $* Torr., not of All.) — Alpine summits of the mountains of N.
New England and New York, and high northward. (Eu.)
43. C. t5rta, Boott, Mss. Sterile spikes 1-2, commonly 1 ; fertile 3 - 4,
elongated, narrowly-cylindrical or sUyhily club-shaped, loosely few-flowered at the base,
occasionally more or less staminate at the apex, the lower on smooth slender
stalks, at first erect, finally spreading or drooping ; bracts with oblong auricles, or very
slightly sheathing, the lowest about the length of the culm, the rest bristle-shaped,
shorter than their respective spikes ; perigynia elliptical, short-stalked, tapering to
a distinct point, with a minutely notched or jagged membranaceous orifice, very-
smooth, nerveless, or with 2-3 indistinct short nerves, the tips spreading or ob-
liquthj recurved at maturity, scarcely exceeding the narrow obtuse scale ; achcnium
broadly obovate, much shorter than the perigynium ; culm vtry smooth, leaves
slightly rough on the margin only. (C. verrucosa, Schvcein. C. acuta, var.
sparsifiora, Dew.1?) — Rills and wet banks, N. New England, New York, &c.,
and along the mountains from Penn. southward. — Culm rather slender, 15' -2°
high, usually with 3 slender and nodding fertile spikes. It is well distinguished
by its smoothness, and by the spreading empty tips of the perigynia.
4\ C. VUlgaris, Fries. Sterile spike 1, rarely 2; the fertile 2-4, approx-
imated, oblong, erect, densely -flowered, occasionally staminate at the apex, the
lowest on a very short stalk ; lowest bract about the length of the culm, with
small blackish rounded auricles ; perirjynia ovate-elliptical, stalked, nerved especially
towards the base, with a very short abrupt entire or minutely notched point,
longer titan the obtuse oppressed black scale ; culm slender, nearly smooth, except
at the top. (C. caespitosa, Good 8f Amer. auth., not of L. C. Goodenovii, Gay.)
— Banks of streams, Nc\v England to Wisconsin and northward. — Grows in
small patches (not in dense tufts like No. 46), and varies in height from 3' to
18', with narrow leaves shorter than the culm. From the last it differs in the
short thick spikes, and erect perigynia, and in the auricles of the bracts ; and
from the next, in the shape and nerves of the perigynium, and in the shorter,
black, appresscd scale. (Eu.)
45. C. aperta, Boott. Sterile spikes 1-2, oblong-cylindrical, acute ; fer-
tile 2-4, oblong, erect, the uppermost approximate and sessile ; the lower distant and
short-stalked, staminate at the apex, or often entirely fertile ; lowest bract about
the length of the culm, with oblong brown auricles, or very slightly sheathing,
the upper bristle-shaped, shorter than the spikes ; perigynia roundish-ovate, stalked,
without nerves, covered with very minute transparent dots, and sometimes very
518 CYPKRACI^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)
slightly rough at the apex, with an abruj)t v<nj short in>idt«1 ori/icc, broader and
much shorter t/uin tin:, lanceolate jioiuft <l broirn. scale ; culm sharply ir annular, smooth
below, exceeding the rough sharp-pointed leave-. (C. avuia, var. er eta,
— Wet meadows, Rhode Island (Olney), and far westward. — Culm l°-2° high,
with commonly 2 fertile spikes |'-li' in length, appealing somewhat bristly
from the long and spreading scale. Differs from the next chiefly in the rounder
pcrigym'um and nearly smooth culm, and should perhaps be referred to it.
46. C. strlclu, Lam. (not of Good.) Sterile spikes 1-3; tlie fertile 2 - 4,
cylindrical, slender, usually barren at (lie summit, sessile, or the lower on a short
stalk ; lower bract with rounded or oblong brown auricles, seldom exceeding the
culm ; perigynia ovate-acuminate or elliptical, nerveless or very obscurely few-nerved,
often minutely rough on the short, entire, or slightly notched point, usually shorter and
broader than the narrow reddish-brown scale ; culm slender, sharply triangular,
rough, longer than the narrow and rigid rough and glaucous leaves. (C. aeuta,
Sfuhl. $f Amcr. a nth., not of L, C. Virginians, Smith in lia-s, djd. C. angus-
ttita, Ltoott.) — Var. STRICTJOH has shorter and more densely flowered fertile
spikes, and perigynia equalling or somewhat exceeding the scale. (C. stric-
tior, Dew.) — Wet meadows and swamps; very common. Grows in large and
thick tufts, 2° -2^° high. The scales of the fertile spikes are very variable;
the lower commonly acute, the upper narrower and obtuse. This species and
the last have been referred to C. acuta, L., which has not been found in North
America.
47. C. aqiK&tiliS, Wahl. Sterile spikes commonly 2-3; the fertile 3 - 5,
dub-shaped, erect, densely flowered , sessile, or the lower on very short stalks; bracts
long, 1-2 of the lowest exceeding the culm ; perigynia obovaie-ettiptical, stalked, n<.r re-
less, with a very short entire point about the length of the lanceolate scale; culm
sharplv triangular, rough towards the top, not much exceeding the pale-green
glaucous leaves. — Margins of lakes and rivers, New England to Wisconsin, and
northward. — A rather robust species 2°-3° high; the thick fertile spikes l'-2'
long. (Eu.)
48. C. IcnticilhiriS, Michx. Sterile spike single and mostly fertile at the
top; the fertile 2-5, erect, cylindrical (£'-!' long), sessile, or the lower short-
podanoled, densely-flowered ; bracts exceeding the culm ; perigynia ovate-ovalt
sessile, more or liss ncrmd, abruptly short-pointed, the point entire, slightly ex-
ceeding the oblong and verv obtuse scale ; culm (9'- 15' high) and leaves smooth
or nearly so. — Lake Avalanche, N. New York (Tormj), Lake Superior, and
northward.
•*-*• ** Scales owned,
49. C. sallna, Wahl. Sterile spikes 2-3; the fertile 2-4, cylindrical,
crtct, often sterile at the apex, on more or less included stalks; bracts lonp, with
rounded auricles, the two lowest commonly exceeding the en'm; JH rii/i/iiia orate-
elliftii-n/, with a minute entire point, nerveless. ?•<///,</• shorter limn //,-•• romjhly-
awnad dark-brown scale; culm rough at the top, rather exceeding the leaves. —
('«>ast of Ma-v-ae'uu-ictls (Grccn<\ \\r. JBoott), an 1 far northward. (Eu.)
50. C. IlliiritilllSl, Vahl. Steiile and lertile sj>i/c<s each about 2 or 3
(!' long), spreading or drooping on slender jn.(!u.'icl<s ; jxrigynta marly orbicular.
uu
-
CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 519
with n short entire point, much shorter than the. long-awned greenish scale: culm
(1° high) and the broad flat leaves smooth. (C. paleaeea, Wuhl.) — Coast of
Massachusetts and northward; rare. (Eu.)
51. C. crinifa, Lam. Sterile spikes 1-2, often icith fertile floa-ers various-
ly intermixed; the fertile 3-5, long-cylindrical ('2' -3' long), deiiseit/ flowered, on
exserted nodding stalks ; bnicts very long, exceeding the culm ; perigyma roundish-
obocate, slightly inflated, obscurely nerved, with a short entire point, shorter than
the oblong roughly -awned light-brown scale; culm (2° -4° high) rough and sharply
angled, leafy below; the pale leaves 3" -4" wide, also rough-edged. — Varies,
with the awns of the scales very long and the fruit imperfect (var. MORIUDA,
Carey in Sill. Jour. & C. paleacea, Amer. atith., not of Wahl.) ; and with awns
not much longer than the scales (C. gynandra, Schw.). — Wet meadows and
borders of rills; very common. — A variable but easily recognized species.
H- Stigmas 3 : pcrigynium obtusely triangular, indistinctly few-nerved, more
or less compressed : pistillate spikes borne on exserted flliform drooping stalks. —
LiM5a.fi.
52. C. fllicca, Schreb. Sterile spikes 1 -2 ; the fertile about 3, cylindrical,
on exserted drooping stalks, commonly staminate at the top; lower bract usually
shorter than the culm ; sheaths obsolete or minute ; perigynia roundish -ocoid,
notched at the point, smooth or sliyhtly roughened on tlie angles, about the length of
the obtuse or pointed black scale; culm sharply triangular, rough, taller than the
glaucous rigid leaves. (C. glauca, Scop. C. recurva, Huds. C. Barrattii,
Schw. fr Torr.) — Marshes of New Jersey, near the coast, Collins, Knieskcrn. —
A widely variable species. (Eu.)
53. C. limosa, L. Staminate spike solitary; the fertile 1 -2, oblong, 10-
20-Jloivercd, occasionally with staminate flowers at the apex ; bracts very narrow,
the lowest shorter than the culm ; perigynia ovate, with a minute entire point, about
equal to the ovate mucronate scale. — Peat-bogs, New England to Pennsylvania,
Wisconsin, and northward. — Culm 6' -12' high, erect, longer than the sharp
and rigid leaves. (Eu.)
54. C. irrigim, Smith. Staminate spike solitary; the fertile 2-4, ovoid
or oblong, occasionally staminate at the apex, or rarely with a few sterile flowers
at the base ; lowest bract as wide as the leaves, longer than the culm ; perigynia
roundish-orate, with an entire orifice, much shorter than the tapering pointed scale.
(C. limosa, var. irrigua, Wald. C. paupercula, Michx.) — Peat-bogs, New Eng-
land to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. — Taller than the last, growing in
clumps, wkh weaker nodding steins, often exceeded by the leaves. (Eu.)
#* Uppermost spilx dub-shaped, pistillate above and staminate at the base ; the rest
all fertile, or with a few sterile flowers below : lowest bract leaf-like, scarcely
equalling the culm, with minute light-brown auricles and no sheaths: eulni
and leaves of a pale glaucous-green. — ATR\T.E.*
55. C. I£lixluie'«iinsi, Wahl. Spikes 3 - 4, obocoid or oblong, the uppermost
short-stalked (rarely altogether staminate), the others nearly sessile, the lowest some-
* C. VAHLII, Schk , of this group, occurs on the north shore of Lake Superior and on Isle
Royale, but has not yet been met witk on the United States side.
520 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)
what remote ; pcrigynia elliptical, obtuscl) triangular, compressed, obscurely
nerved, with a distinctly notched orifice, scarcely equalling the ovate sharp-
pointed or short-awned (dark-brown or brownish) scale. (C. canescens, L., in
part.) — Peat-bogs, New England to Wisconsin, and northward ; also southward
along the Allcghanics. (Eu.)
56. C. atrata, L. Spikes 3 - 4, oblong-ovoid, approximate, all on short fili-
form stalks, at length drooping; perigynia ovoid, with a short notched point,
about the length of the ovate acute (brown or dark purple) scale. — Alpine sum-
mits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire. — About 12'- 15' high, with
rather rigid leaves, nearly equalling the culm. Fruit at first straw-color, mostly
becoming dark purple or nearly black. (Eu.)
57. C. SllOI'tiuiia, Dew. Spikes about 5, cylindrical, erect, more or less
distant, greenish turning straw-color, (£'-1^' long,) and the lowest rather re-
mote, all androgynous and densely flowered ; the terminal one about half stami-
na te, the rest with only a few barren flowers at the base, the 2-3 lower on short
stalks ; perigynia broadly obovate, abruptly contracted at the base into a short stalk,
with an extremely minute entire point, little longer than the short-pointed somewhat
obovate scale. — Marshes, S. Pennsylvania to Illinois, aiid southward. — Plant
l°-3°high.
$ 2. Perigynia without a beak, smooth, slightly inflated, bluntly triangular, nerved,
with an obtuse and pointless orifice, or a short (and straight or oblique) entire at
notclied point : bracts leaf-like, sheathing: staminate spike solitary (except some-
times in No. 62), or androgynous and pistillate above; the rest all fertile.
# Staminate spike on an elevated stalk (short-stalked or sessile in No. 63, G4, in
No. 61 occasionally with 1-2 small ones at its base) : pistillate spikes 1-6,
erect, the upper on very short, the lower on more or less elongated audited
stalks (short and included in No. 64) : bracts shorter than the culm (except in
No. 58 and 63) : perigynia with an entire and straight or ultlif/ucly bent ]>oint, glau-
cous-green when young, becoming cream-colored or yellow at maturity, sometimes
spotted with purple (stigmas only 2 in No. 58) : pistillate scales dark-brown
with white margins, fading to tawny. (Leaves mostly radical, more or less
glaUCOUS.) PANfCK-S.
58. C. aurea, Nutt. Fertile spikes 3-4, oblong, loosely flowered, the lowest
often very remote ; perigynia oltouate or pear-shaped, obtuse, longer than the ovate
acute scale ; stigmas 2 ; achenium lenticular. (C. pyriformis, Schw.) — Wet grassy
banks, especially on limestone ; New England to Wisconsin, and northward.
— A slender, delicate species, 4' -8' high, with long grassy leaves, and (tracts
exceeding the culm. Sterile spike often with some fertile flowers at the apex.
59. C. livi«la, Willd. Fertile spikes -1 -2, rarely with a third near the
base of the culm, 10- 1 ^-flowered ; perigynia ovoid-oblong, with faint pellucid uerr<st
tipped with a straight obtuse point, rather longer than the ovate scale, (f1.
limosa, var. livida, WahL C. Grayana, Dew.) — Peat-bogs and wet pine burn'ti',
New Jersey, Oriskany, New York, and high northward. — Occurs ran-ly with a
single (sterile) spike, or with an additional fertile one on an erect stalk 6'-9/
long, arising from the base of the culm. Plant very glaucous, tlie leaves rigid
and finely tapering. (Eu.)
(SEDGE FAMILY.) 521
60. C. paEllcea, L. Fertile spikes 1-3, commonly 2, ovoid, oblong, or cylin-
drical, close!.'/ flowered, remote ; perigynia when young oblong, and contracted at each
end, at maturity roundish-obovoid, scarcely inflated, with more obscure nerves, and
a slightly -bent point, longer than the ovate pointed or awned scale ; achenium
triquetrous, flattened at the top, contracted towards the base, distinctly dotted under
a lens. (C. Meadii, Dew.) — Wet meadows and margins of streams, New Eng-
land to Wisconsin, and southwestward. — Very variable in the length and thick-
ness of the fertile spikes, the slender forms approaching closely to the next; in
both, the shape of the fruit varies greatly with age. (Eu.)
61. C. tefcllliea, Schk. Fertile spikes 1-3, commonly 2, oblong-cylindrical,
loosely flowered, remote ; perigynia when young pointed at each end, at maturity obo-
void, scarcely inflated, with a slightly bent point, longer than the ovate pointed or
awiied scale; achenium ovoid-triquetrous, indistinctly dotted under a lens. (C. co-
noidea, Gray, Gram. Sf Gyp., not of Schk. C. Woodii, Dew.) — Margins of
lakes and rivers, N. New York to Michigan, and southward.
62. C. Crawei, Dew. Sterile spike usually solitary, or with 1 (rarely 2)
short additional ones at its base, the principal sometimes fertile at the apex ;
fertile spikes 3-6, remote, and the lowest near the root, oblong or cylindrical, densely
flowered, and sometimes slightly compound at the base ; perigynia ovoid-oblong,
d)scurely nerved, with a short slightly bent point, longer than the rather obtuse
scale. (C. heterostachya, Torr.) — Clefts of rocks, Jefferson County, New York
(Crawe), shore of Lake Ontario (Vascy), and L. Michigan (Dull). — A very
variable species, rigidly erect, 4'- 12' high, in some of its forms much resembling
the next ; but the perigynium is less round and with fewer and more indistinct
nerves, the bracts do not exceed the culm, and the staminate spike is long-
peduncled.
63. C. granulariS, Muhl. Sterile spike sessile, or short-stalked, occa-
sionally bearing a few fertile flowers ; pistillate spikes 3-4, cylindrical, densely
flowered, the lowest sometimes very remote, or near the root ; perigynia roundish-
ovoid, prominently nerved, with a minute slightly bent point, longer than the acute
scale ; bracts long, exceeding the culm. — Wet meadows ; very common.
64. C. Tdrreyi, Tuckerman. Sterile spike short-stalked ; fertile spikes 2 -
3, ovoid, closely approximate, all on included stalks ; perigynia roundish-obovoid,
obtuse, with conspicuous elevated nerves, and a distinct abrupt point, longer than the
ovate pointed scale; culm, leaves, and short bracts downy. (C. abbreviata, Schw.
mss. $• Boott.) — Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, Schweinitz ; and high northward. —
Probably often overlooked from its close external resemblance to the next, but
it is very distinct.
* * Staminate spike sessile, or short-stalked (except in No. 66) : pistillate spikes
2-5, erect, all on more or less exserted stalks : bracts longer than the culm (ex-
cept in No. 66) : perigynia very obtuse, with an abrupt and minute (or almost
obsolete) point, green and someivhut pellucid at maturity: pistillate scales tawny,
fading to white. — PALLESCENTES.
65. C. pall^SCeilS, L. Fertile spikes 2-3, ovoid, densely flowered, approx-
imate : perit/ynia )bovoid-oblong, obscurely nerved, about the length of the scale. —
Var. UNDUIA.TA has the lower bract indented at the base with transverse waved
44*
522 CrPERA^EjE. (SF.nr.K FAMILY.)
lines. (C. undid .ita, Kanzc.} — Mc;ulo\vs, Now England to Pcnn. and north-
wurcl. — Plant 8' - 18' high, with slightly pubescent culm and leaves. (Eu.)
66. €. COnoid ea, Selik. Stamina^ spike on a loin; nl .-«//.:; fertile 2-3,
oblong, closely Jk ivered, the lower distant; perigynia oblonj-i-onind, irltli itnjircsaed
nerccs, slightly oblique at the summit, rather longer (or sometimes shorter) than
the sharply pointed or awned scale; bracts not exceeding th< culm. (C. tetanica,
Schw. Sc Torr., not of Schk.) — Moist meadows ; rather common.
67. C. grisea, Wahl. Fertile spikes 3 - 5, oblong, loosely flowered, remote,
and the lowest distant; perigynia ovoid-oblong, rather longer than the ovate awned
scale. (C. laxiflora, Schk., not of Lam.) — Var. MCTICA has longer cyiindrieal
spikes, short-awned scales, and the leaves and bracts pale green and glaucous.
(C. laxiflora? var. rnutica, Torr. $• Gr. C. flaccosperma, Dew.) — Moist woods
and meadows; common, especially southward. The variety, with spikes I'-l^
long, occurs in New Jersey (Knieskern) and in the South.
* * # Uppermost spike more or less pistillate at the apex (rarely all staminate) ;
pistillate spikes 3-5, oblong or cylindrical, loosely flowered, distant, on exserted
filiform and mostly drooping stalks: bracts equalling or often exceeding the
culm : pcrigynia oblong, with a short and abrupt notched point (obsolete ill
No. 70), green and membranaceous at maturity : pistillate scales tawny or
White. — GRACfLLIM^E.
+- Fertile spikes nodding or pendulous.
68. C. Davisii, Schw. & Torr. Fertile spikes oblong-cylindrical, rather
thick ; perigynia somewhat contracted at each end, scarcely longer than the conspic-
uously awned scale. (C. aristata, Dew., not of R. Br. C. Torreyana, Dew.} —
Wet meadows, Massachusetts to Wisconsin, and southward. — Larger than the
next (l£°-2° high), and with stouter and longer spikes.
69. C. fOI'lllOSa, Dew. Fertile spikes oblong, short., all commonly with 2-
3 b'arren flowers or empty scales at the base ; perigynia somewhat contracted at
each end, nearly twice as long as the pointed or cuspidate scale. — Wet meadows ;
Massachusetts to W. New York.
70. C. gradllima, Schw. Fertile spikes linear, slender ; pcrigynia obtuse
and slightly oblique at the orifice, longer than the oblong awned scale. (C. digita-
lis, Schw. <$* Torr., not of Willd.) — Wet meadows, New England to Kentucky,
Wisconsin, and northward. — When this species occurs with the uppermost
spike altogether staminate, it resembles C. arctata; but is readily distinguished
by the obtuse, beakless, and sessile perigynium.
t- «- Fertile spikes nearly erect, all but the lowest short-pedunded or nearly sessik.
71. C. aestiViftliS, M. A. Curtis. Spikes slender, loosely flowered; peri-
gynia acutish at both ends, twice the length of the ovate ol>tuse or mncronate scale;
achcnium somewhat stipitate ; sheaths of the lower leaves pubescent : otherwise
nearly as the last, but a smaller plant (1°-U° high). — Saddle Mountain, W.
Massachusetts (/A//vy). Pokono Mountain, Penn. (Darlington <^ Totcnsmd), and
along the Allcghanies to Virginia and southward.
§ 3. Pt-figi/niit iritfiont a beak, hairy (in No. 73 becoming smooth at maturity),
slightly injl.i'.cd, bluntly 3-angled, obtuse, conspicuously nerved, with a miuute
CYPKRACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 523
abrupt straight point: bracts narrow, with very short or obsolete sheaths, the
lowest exceeding the culm : pistillate scales tawny or white : spikes 2-4, erect,
the uppermost androgynous, pistillate at the apex and club-s. \apcd ; the rest all fer-
tile. VlKESCEXTES.
72. C. vil'iSCesBS, Muhl. Spikes oblong or cylindrical, on short stalks ; peri-
gynia ovoid, nearly entire at the orifice, rather longer tiian the ovate awned scale ;
leaves and sheaths hair//. (C. costata, Schw.) — Rocky woods and hill-sides, New
England to Mic-higru, and southward. — Culms rough and slender, l°-2° high;
fertile spikes j' - 1 ' long.
73. C. triceps, Michx. Spikes oroid, nearly sessile, closely approximate;
perigynia broad/y obovoid, entire at the orifice, downy when young, smooth at matu-
rity, rather longer than the pointed scale ; sheaths very hairy, leaves more or less
so. (C. hirsuta, Willd, C. viridula, Schw. $- Torr., not of Michx.) — Varies
with the spikes rather longer and on stalks, and the leaves nearly smooth. (C.
hirsuta, var. pedunculata, Schw. $• Torr.) — Woods and meadows; rather com-
mon ; the smoother form southward. — Culm 12' - 18' high. Spikes |' - §' long.
§ 4. Perigynia without a beak, smooth, not inflated, 3-angled, regularly striate, termi-
nating in a short entire rather obliquely bent or recurved point, remaining green at
maturity: pistillate scales membranaceous, mostly tipped with a rough point
or awn, brown or spotted, fading to white : staminate spike solitary : pistillate
spikes 2-5, few-fiowered, more or less remote, the lowest often near the base
of the culm.
* Sterile spike club-shaped : fertile spikes (erect, the uppermost commonly near
the base of the sterile) all on stalks principally included within sheathing bracts
(except sometimes the lowest), shorter than the spikes, or not much exceeding them :
perigynia ovoid-triquetrous, narrowed at each end : culms numerous, diffuse and
in fruit becoming prostrate : leaves all radical, very broad, finely and closely
nerved throughout, with 3 distinct ribs. — PLANTAofNE^E.
74. C. platltaginca, Lam. Fertile spikes commonly 4, oblong, about 5 -
8-flowered ; bracts very short, dark purple, or the lowest greenish at the apex.
(C. latifolia, Schk.) — Shady woods, mostly on hill-sides in rich soil, New Eng-
land to Wisconsin, and northward ; and southward in the Alleghanies.
75. C. Careyana, Torr. Fertile spikes 2 - 3, ovoid or oblong, about 3 - 5-
flowered, bracts green, the upper about equal to the spikes, the lower somewhat
exceeding them; perigynia large (2" -2^" in length); leaves dark green. — In
similar situations with the last, N. New York to Penn. and Ohio : rare.
76. C. platypliylla, Carey. Fertile spikes 3, filiform, loosely 3-4-fiow-
ered; bracts as in the last ; perigynia small ; culms slender ; leaves pale or whitish-
green. — In similar situations with No. 74, and with the same range.
# # Sterile spike short, club-shaped, pedunculate : fertile spikes 2 - 4, all on fili-
form exserted stalks, ivith long sheathing bracts resembling the leaves, the upper-
most, as well as the leaves, exceeding the slender and at length prostrate
culms : perigynia as in the last subsection. — DIGITALES.
77. C. retrOCIirva, Dew. Fertile spikes ovoid or oblong, compactly 3 - 8-
jlowercd, on long drooping stalks: leaves glaucous, 3-4 litifs icide, wtili 3 f.u.
524 CYi'ERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.)
nerves. — Copses and hill-sides, New England to "W. New York and Pennsyl-
vania.— Very closely approaching the next; perhaps only a variety cf it.
78. C. digitalis, Willd. Fertile sjiihs lii«-(u--i>t,U>nr/t lucscly G - 9-Jlou-< n d,
on long stalks, the lowest sometimes drooping; A uns and // -, dnik
green; pcrigynia smaller than in the last. (C. oligocarpa, Schw. fr Torr., not of
Schk. C. Vanvleekii, Schw.) — Copses and hill-sides, New England to Michi-
gan, and southward. — A low species, 6'- 12' high, growing in tufts, with numer-
ous culms and long grassy leaves.
* # # Sterile spike short, linear ; fertile sjrikes 2-4, erect; the 1-2 uppermost
commonly near the hase of the sterile, on an included stalk ; the rest on ex-
serted stalks, with long sheathing bracts resembling the /((ires; the uppermost
exceeding the erect culm : periyynia with obtuse angles, about the length of the
scale. — OLIGOCAKP.E.
79. C« IsixsiSorn, Lam. Fertile tpikes slender, loosely Jlowered on a ziqzag
rhachis ; perigynia ovoid, narrowed at each end. (C. aneeps, Willd. $- cd. 1.) —
Var. STRiATULA has the spikes oblong, more densely flowered, and the perigynia
obovoid with a shorter point. (C. striatuhi, Michx. C. conoidea, ^fuld., not of
Schk. C. bland a, Dew.} — Var. PATULIF6LIA, Dew., has the radical leaves very
broad (l;- !£'), many-nerved, with a rather longer point. (C. plantaginea, Schk.t
notofZ/aw.) — Open woods and copses; common. — A very variable speciwu,
as to the breadth of the leaves and length of the spikes ; the culms are usually
flattened or 2-edged above. An intermediate form occurs, with the broad leaves
and slender spikes of var. patulifolia, but having the obovoid shortly pointed
fruit of var. striatula, differing in the latter respect from the plant figured as C.
plantaginea by Schkuhr.
80. C. Oligocarpa, Schk. Fertile spikes small, 3 - 8-Jlowercd ; the jmnt
of the perigynium sliglitly oblique, not recurved ; style very short, thickened towards
the base ; leaves rough only on the edge, sheaths smooth. (C. Sartwelliana, Gay.)
— Woods, Connecticut to Illinois and Kentucky. — Culm slender, 8' -12
long; the fertile spikes £'-£' in length.
81. C. HitctlCOCkiana, Dew. Fertile spikes very loosely 3 - ^-flowered;
sheaths and ripper side of the leaves roughly pubescent. — Woods, New England to
Illinois and Kentucky. — Culm l°-2° high, stouter -than the last, with very
scabrous sheaths. The fruit is also larger (2^" long) ; but in other respects the
plants are similar.
$ 5. Perigyjiia without a beak, smooth or downy, not inflated, obovoid-triquetrous,
with ii minute obliquely bent white and mcmbranaceous point, reddish-brown
or olive-colored at maturity : bracts reduced to colored sheaths, or irit/i <i short green
prolongation : leaves all radical, narrow or bristle-shaped. — DIGITATE.
82. C. eburiiea, Boott. Sterile spike solitary; the f-rtile 3-4.
about 5-flowered, ajipro.ciintitnl and elevated on long stit/kx ahow the staminatr spike :
the lowest sometimes a little remote ; perigynia obscurely nerved, smooth and
shining, rather longer than the broad and obtuse membranaceous whitish scale.
(C. alba, var. setifolia, Dew.) — Limestone rocks, N. X- \\ Kuuhuid tc Kentucky,
and northward. — A delicate species, 4' -10' high, with bristle-shaped leaves,
CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 525
frvr; inp1 dense tnfts. The fertile spikes do not exceed 2" -3" in length, and are
jilout 1" broad.
83. C. pedliaiClll:itcl, Muhl. Spikes 3-5, commonly 4, the uppermost
H'ilh 2 - 3 fertile flowers at the base, the rest fertile with a few staminate flowers
at the apex, all on long stalks, remote, 1 - 2 of the lowest near the base of the culm ;
•heaths with green tips much shorter than the stalks ; perigynia with a long attetir
uated base and a minutely notched orifice, somewhat doivny, especially on the angles,
about the length of the broadly obovatc abruptly awned or pointed dark-purple
scale. — Dry woods and rocky hill-sides, New England to Penn., Wisconsin,
and northward — Culms 4' -10' high, prostrate at maturity, growing in tufts
partly concealed by the very long and narrow grassy leaves.
§ 6. Perigynia with a straight or slightly bent more or less abrupt beak, hairy, not in-
flated, terminating in a membranaceous notched or 2-toothed orifice : bracts
short, either green aui slightly sheathing or auriculate at the base, or small
and resembling the scales : scales dark brown or purple with white margins,
fading lighter or sometimes turning nearly white : staminate spike solitary:
the fertile 2 — 3, nearly sessile (except in No. 84), erect. (Culms mostly low
and slender : leaves all radical, fang and narrow.} — MONTANA.
84. C. limbcllata, Schk. Culms very short ; staminate spike sometimes
with a few pistillate flowers ; fertile spikes 4-5, ovoid, few-flowered ; the upper-
most close to the sterile spike and sessile, the rest on stalks arising from the base of the
stem and of about euial height, appearing somewhat like a small corymb, nearly
concealed by the long grassy leaves ; perigynia ovoid, 3-angled, with a rather
long abrupt beak, about the length of the ovate pointed scale. — Rocky hill-
sides, New England to 111., and northward. — Growing in dense grassy tufts,
with culms l'-3', rarely 6' high.
85. C. Novae-Allglire, Schw. Sterile spike on a short stalk ; the fertile
2-3, ovoid, nearly sessile, 3 - ^-flowered, more or less distinct, the lowest with a
green and bristle-shaped or colored and scale-like awned bract ; perigynia obovoidt
3-angled, attenuated at the base into a shoi-t stalk, minutely hairy (principally
above), indistinctly nerved, with a somewhat elongated 2-toothed beak deeply cleft on
the inner side, a little longer than the ovate pointed scale. (C. collecta, Dew.
C. varia, var. minor, Boott (including var. Emmonsii). C. lucorum, Kunze, not
of Willd.?) — Var. EMMONSII has the fertile spikes 5-10-flowered, aggregated,
the uppermost close to the base of the staminate ; or varying occasionally with
the lowest on a long stalk near the base of the culm, concealed by the long gras-
sy leaves. (C. alpestris, Schw. $• Toi~r., not of Allioni. C. Davisii, Dew., not of
Schw. Sf Torr. C. Emmonsii, Dew.) — Woody hills and mountains, N. New
England to Ohio, and northward; also southward along the Alleghanies. —
Grows in grassy tufts, with numerous very slender, often prostrate culms, vary-
ing from 4' -15' in length. The var. is the prevailing form, but intermediate
ones continually occur, differing in respect to the contiguity and size of the fer-
tile spikes, and in the proximity of the uppermost to the base of the sterile one.
The form of the perigynium varies with age ; the mature ones in Kunze's figure
of C. lucorum have the elongated beak of C. nigro-marginata, Schw. (possibly
the C. lucorum of Willd.), whilst the plant delineated is clearly C. Novas- Anglian
526 CYI-ERACEJS. (SEDGE IAMILT.;
86. C. Pennsylvania, Lam. Sterile spike commonly on a short stalk;
fertile 1-3, usually 2, approximate, nearly sessile, ovoid, 4 - G-Ji tircred, lite lowest
commonly with a colored .wait -lib- lony-aa-ind draft ; periysnia rot itdiah-oroid, with
a. sliort and abrupt mittutdy-toothed hale about the length of the ovate pointed fliest-
nut-colored scale. (C. marginata, Mnld.} — Dry woods and hill-sides, New Eng-
land to Perm., Illinois, and northward.
87. C. Vfiria, Muhl. Sterile spike sessile; fertile 2-3, mostly 3, distinct, on
very short stalks, ovoid, 6 — 10-JJowered; the lowest, and sometimes the 2 lower,
with </renn leaf-Wee bracts ; perigi/nia obouoid, with an abrupt distinctly toothed beak,
about the length of the ovate pointed liyht-broivn scale. (C. Pennsylvania^ var.
Muhlenbergii, Gray, Gram. $* Cyp.) — Dry wooded hills; common, especially
northward. Closely resembles the last; but has wider, shorter, and more rigid
glaucous leaves.
88. C» PR^cox, Jacq. Sterile spike club-shaped; fertile 2-3, oblong-ovoid,
aggregated mar the base of the sterile spike, sessile, or the lowest sometimes on a
very short stalk, with a leaf-like bract scarcely exceeding the spike ; )>eri<;ynia
ovoid-triangular, attenuated at the base, with a shoi't beak and n<arlt/ entire orifice,
about equal to the ovate pointed dark-brown scale ; achenitim obovoid with a
prominent ring at the apex surrounding the base of the style ; culm .3' -6' high ;
leaves short, rather rigid. (C. vema, Villars, Dew., not of Schk.) — Rocky hills,
Salem and Ipswich, Massachusetts. (Nat. from Eu.)
89. C. Kichardsonii, II. Brown. Sterile spike pedunded, cylindrical ;
fertile 1 or 2, sessile or short-stalked, approximate, oblong, longer than the scale-
like brownish and mostly short-pointed bracts ; periyynia obocoid-trianyular, icith
a ta i H ring base, obtuse, nearly bcakless, the short point with an almost entire orifice,
rather shorter than the ovate acutish brown or chestnut-colored scale ; culm
(5' -9' high) and rigid leaves rough. — Dry ground, near Rochester, New York
(Dewey) ; prairies of Illinois (Mead) ; Wisconsin (SartweU), and northward. — A
well-marked species, in aspect most like No. 86.
90. C. pllbcscens, Muhl. Sterile spike usually sessile ; fertile 3 - 4, ob-
lony or cylindrical, loosely Jlowercd, somewhat approximated, or the lowest a little
remote, on a shoi't stalk, with a narrow leaf-like bract about the height of the
culm ; fruit ovoid and sharply triangular, downy, attenuated at the base, with an
abrupt, slender beaL nearly entire at the orifice, a little longer than the ovate abrupt-
ly-pointed white scale; cnlin and leaccn soft-dote iiy. — Moist woods and meadowy
New England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. Differs from the other species of
this section in its greater size and in aspect, and especially in the sharply anck-d
perigynium.
§ 7. Perigynic slightly inflated, with a short beak, termiimting in an entire or s/ight/y
notched or (fi i : stamiiwtr spike solitary, stalked (in No. 91 usually pi>tillate
at the summit) : culms tall and l<af'/. — ANOMAI^K.*
91. C. miliucea, Muhl. Staminate spike commonly fertile at the sum-
mit; fu-til< .sy;//vx ',}, cylindrical, rather slender, loosely tlowcn-d at the base, on
The species here combined, merely to avoid the multiplication of Miiall swtious, (l
ite a natural group, but present certain points of aflinity with several others.
CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 527
filiform nodding stall's ; bracts exceeding the culm, with short or nearly obsolete
sheaths ; perigynia ovoid-triangular, very smooth and thin, with an entire or very
minutely notched orifice, longer than the ovate short-awned white scale. (C.
prasina, Arahl.) — Kills and wet meadows ; rather common. — In aspect some-
what resembles the smaller short-awned forms of No. 51, with which it has points
of affinity, though differing materially in the 3 stigmas and triangular fruit.
92. C. scabrata, Schw. Fertile spikes 4-5, cylindrical, erect, rather
distant, densely flowered, the lower on long stalks ; bracts without sheaths, exceed-
ing the culm; perigynia ovoid, contracted at the base, prominently few-nerved,
rough, spreading at maturity, with an obliquely notched beak, longer than the
ovate slightly ciliate brown scale; culm, haves, and bracts very rough. — Wet
meadows and swamps, New England to Penn., Michigan, and northward.
93. C. Sllllivaoitii, Boott. Fertile spikes 3 -5, commonly 4, narrowly cy
lindrical, erect, loosely flowered, the upper approximate, the lowest often remote,
tapering towards the base and slightly compound, all on rough stalks; bracts
sheathing, not exceeding the hairy culm ; perigynia elliptical, hairy, slightly
stalked, with an entire or notched orifice, rather longer than the ovate hairy-
fringed rough-awned white scale. — Woods, Columbus, Ohio, Suttivant. — About
2° high, with hairy leaves and bracts, and slender fertile spikes l'-l^' long.
Resembles the next, but is at once distinguished by the erect spikes, hairy and
nerveless fruit, and hairy leaves.
§ 8. Perigynia slightly inflated. 3-angled, smooth and shining, green, with a straight
tapering beak terminating in 2 small membranaccous teeth (nearly obsolete
in No. 96) : lower bracts green and sheathing : pistillate scales tawny, becom-
ing white : staminate spike solitary, stalked : pistillate spikes 3-4, loosely flow-
ered, all on long and Jilifonn nodding stales.
* Fertile spikes loin/ and slender, remote : perigynia few-nerved : bracts equalling or
exceeding the culm. — DEBILES.
94. C. arctffita, Boott. Fertile spikes few-flowered and narroived towards
the base ; perigynia ovoid-elliptical, triangular, short-stalked, rather blunt at the base,
the beak very short, longer than the pointed scale. (C. sylvatiea, Dew., not of
Hudson. C. Knicskernii, Dew.) — Woods and meadows, New England to Pcnn-
svlvania, and northward.
95. C« c9£1>ilis, Michx. Staminate spike occasionally fertile at the apex;
fertile spikes u:ith loose alternate flowers, on a someivhat zigzag rheichis ; perigynia ob-
long. tii/>ering at each end, twice as long as the ovate-lanceolate awned scale. (C.
tennis, Radge. C. flexuosa, MM.) — Moist meadows, N. New England to
Pennsylvania, and southwestward.
* * Fertile spikes short : perigynia nerveless, or very obscurely nerved in No. 97 ;
bracts erect, shorter than the culm. — FLEXILES.
96. C. eapillJiB'is, L. Fertile spikes commonly 3, minute, with about 6 alter
nate flowers ; perigynia oblong-ovoid, contracted at the base, tapering into a long slight
ly serrulate bf<tk, with an oblique nearly entire orifice, longer than the ovate scale.
— Point dc Tour, Lake Michigan ; alpine summits of the White Mountains,
New Hampshire, and high northward. — An extremely delicate species, 4'-G'
high, with spikes £'-£' long, and a line or less in width. (Eu.)
528 CYPKRACEJC. (SEDGE FAMILY.)
97. C. fl£xiliS, Rudgo. Sit-rib- spike shout and club-shaped; fertile spikes ob-
long, or sometimes with a few Staminate flowers at the base and becoming club-
shaped ; the upper bracts short and scale-like, the lower bristle-shaped, very
slightly sheathing; peri;, yniu ovoid, obscurely nerved, tapering into a beak
about the length of the ovate hdirpjringed scale ; leaves pale p-eeii and glaucous,
and with the bracts fringed with delicate hairs. (C. blepharophora, Gray.) —
Aioist, shady j>laces, W. New York, Lake Superior, and northward.
$ 9. Perigynia slightly inflated, obtusely 3-angled, nerred, smooth, tapering into a rath-
er rough bail:, with two distinct membranaceous teeth (obscure in No. 101),
becoming taicny or yd low at maturity (or in No. 98 more or less spotted with
purple): achenium obovate-triquetrous, contracted at the base: staminato
spike solitary, stalked (sessile in No. 101). — FiAv/i;.
* Pcrigynia erect : bracts with long sheaths, not exceeding the culm.
OS. C. l£BVigfcta, Smith. Fertile spikes 3, cylindrical, remote, on exserted
nodding stalks; perigynia ovoid, tapering into a 2-cleft beak, rather longer than
the light-brown pointed and awned scale ; culm smooth. (C. Greeniana, Dew.) —
Massjvhusetts (Tewksbury ? B. D. Greene). Introduced"? (Eu.)
99. C. fulva, Good. Fertile spikes 2 -3, oblong or ovoid, erect, remote, the
lowest on an exserted stalk ; perigynia ovoid, not much exceeding the dark-brown
scnrcel u pointed awnlcss scale; culm rough. (C. binervis, Dew., not of Smith.) —
Pond at Tewksbury, Massachusetts, B. D. Greene. (Eu.)
* # Perigynia spreading or reflexed, longer than the scale : bracts with short sheathst
much exceeding the smooth culm. (Staminate spike often pistillate at the apex
or towards the centre; fertile spikes erect.)
100. C. llfeva, L. Fertile spikes 2-4, roundish-ovoid, compactly flowered,
the upper approximated, the lowest remote on a short exserted stalk ; bractt
syireading or n-flexed; perigynia tapering from an ovoid contracted base into a nar-
row curved beak, widely spreading or reflexed at maturity. — Wet meadows, ete-
pecially northward. — Whole plant of a yellowish hue, 6' -15' high, with spikes
£'-§' in length. (Specimens, appearing to be merely small forms of this spe-
cies, have been referred by Prof. Dewey to C. lepidoearpa, Tausch ; but they by
no means accord, nor does his character, either with the description, or with au-
thentic specimens of Kunze.) (Eu.)
101. C. (Eclcri, Ehrh. Sterile spike commonly sessile ; fertile 2-4, oblong-
ovoid, closely aggregated, or the lowest rather remote, on very short stalks, densely
flowered, sometimes Staminate at the apex ; leaves and bracts rigidly
gytiia oroid, iril/i a short and rather abrupt minuhli/ notch-d b«ik, spreading horixon-
tally at maturity. (C. viridula, Afichx., not of Schtv. $* Torr. C. irrcgularis,
Schw.) — Wet rocks, especially on limestone, New England to 111., Lake Su-
perior, and northward. — Resembles the last; but the fertile spikes and perigy-
nia. are much smaller, and the beak of the latter is more abrupt, shorter, and
straight. (Eu.)
f 10. Perigynia slightly inflated, obtusely 3-angled, nerved, rough or woolly, with
an abrupt straight beak : bracts leaf-like, with short sheaths : scales dark-
purple or brown.
"'
(SEDGE FAMILY.) 529
* Perigynia of a thick or somewhat leathery texture, with 2 short and diverging mem-
branaccous teeth : bracts much exceeding the nearly smooth culm : staminate, spikes
2-3, the uppermost stalked, the lower short and sessile: fertile spikes 1-2,
usually 2, erect, remote, sessile or on very short stalks. — LANUGIN^S^.
102. C. fiiif&rmis, L. Fertile spikes ovoid or oblong, the upper often
staminate at the apex ; perigynia ovoid, densely woolly, obscurely nerved, the orifice
tvarcely prolonged into a beak terminating in 2 slightly hairy teeth ; leaves and
bracts narrow and involute; culm very slender. — Peat-bogs, New England to
Perm., Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.)
103. C. iamigindsa, Michx. Fertile spikes oblong or cylindrical ; perigy-
nia ovoid, roughly hairy, conspicuously nerved, with a short but distinct beak termi-
nating in 2 very hairy sharp teeth ; leaves and bracts flat. (C. peliita, Mufd.) —
Swamps and wet meadows, New England to Kentucky, and northward. — Ex-
tremely like the last, from which it differs in the commonly longer fertile spikes,
stouter culm, flat leaves, and especially in the distinct flattish and hairy beak
of the perigynium, with longer and sharper teeth. This species has often the
fruit in a diseased state, when it becomes more inflated, of an orange color, and
has au abortive achenium.
* * Perigynia thin, downy, or roughly dotted, the beak terminating in a thin and
warious oblique orifice, either entire or slightly notched: bracts rigidly erect, short-
er than the sharply triangular rough culm. — ScARi6s^E.
104. C. vestita, Willd. Sterile spikes 1-2, the uppermost cylindrical,
shortly stalked ; fertile 1-2, approximate, sessile, ovoid or oblong, sometimes
staminate at the apex ; perigynia ocoid, downy, with a slightly oblique beak termi-
nated by a thin membranaceous notched orifice, a little longer than the ovate pointed
scale ; leaves fiat, shorter than the stout and rigid culm. — Sandy soils, growing
in tufts, New England to Penn. and southward ; rather rare. — Resembling the
two last in external appearance, but readily distinguished by the membranaceous
beak of the fruit, which is red at the base and while and transparent at the ori-
fice ; and the style is twisted within the perigynium.
105. C. polyiltorptia, Muhl. (in part.) Sterile spikes 1-4, the upper-
most on a long stalk ; the lower short, often with a few fertile flowers at the
base ; fertile spike solitary, or rarely 2, remote, oblong-cylindrical, sometimes
staminate at the apex, erect, on partly exserted stalks ; perigynia oblong-ovoid,
8 — 10-nerved, very minutely roughened with granular dots, the slightly-bent beak
tapering to the entire (reddish) orifice, longer than the ovate scarcely-pointed
purple scale. (C. Halseyana, Dew. $• ed. 1. C. striata, Torr. N. Y. FL, not
of Michx.) — Varies, with the fertile spikes filiform, and the flowers alternate
and very distant on the rhachis. — Upland meadows, E. Mass, to Penn/and W.
New York. — Culm rather slender, much taller (12'- 18') than the rigid leaves.
Though a somewhat variable plant, it is readily distinguished from the next,
with which it has been confounded, by the characters here given, .especially by
the entire, membranaceous orifice of the fruit.
Perigynia moderately inflated, conspicuously many-nerved, smooth (except in
No. 109), with a straight beak terminating in 2 rigid mom or less spreading teeth :
45
530 CYPERACE.K. (SEDGE FAMILY.)
bracts long and leaf-like, with very short sheathing bases, much exceeding Uie
culm (about equal to it in No. 106) : staminate spikes 1-5
# Perigynia with a very short and thick hick, and with short and thick slightly
spreading t«th. — LACUSI B
106. C. Strifftta, Michx. (not of ed. 1.) Sterile spikes 2-3, the upper-
most stalked ; fertile spikes 1-2, oblong, erect, remote, on very short stalks ; peri-
gynia ovoid, abruptly contracted into a slightly serrulate beak, longer than the point-
ed purple scale. (C. polymorpha, ed. 1.) — Wet places, New Jersey to Vir-
ginia, and southward.
107. C. lactistris, Willd. Sterile spikes 2-5, the uppermost stalked;
fertile spikes 2-3, oblong-cylindrical, stout, erect, remote, nearly sessile, or the low-
est on a short stalk ; perigynia oblong, but little exceeding the lanceolate awned
scale; culm sharply triangular, rough; sheaths very short, smooth. (C. riparia,
MuhL, not of Curtis.) — Swamps and borders of lakes and rivers; common. —
A robust species, 3° - 5° high, with leaves £' - §' wide.
* # Perigynia with an elongated tapering beak, and long widely spreading or recur wd
sharp and spine-like teeth. — ARISTA.T.E.
•*- Staminate spikes 2-5, some occasionally bearing a few fertile flowers.
108. C. arista ta, R. Brown. Fertile spikes 2-4, cylindrical, erect, re-
mote, the lower on partly exserted short stalks ; perigynia tapering from an ovoid
base into a deeply 2 forked beak, longer than the ovate-lanceolate awned scale
culm smooth; sheaths and under surface of the leaves pubescent. (C. atherodcs
Sprang.) — Lake shores and river-banks, N. New York to Michigan, and north-
westward. — Culm 2° - 3° high : leaves 2" *- 3" wide. Fertile spikes 2' - 3' long
often rather loosely flowered towards the base.
109. C. tricllOCarpa, Muhl. Fertile spikes 2 - 3, oblong-cylindrical, erect,
remote, one of them sometimes staminate at the apex, the lower on exserted
stalks, rather loosely flowered towards the base; perigynia very hairy, shaped as
the last, longer than the ovate taper-pointed light-brown scale ; culm sharply
triangular, smooth except near the top, sheaths and under surface of the leaves
smooth. (C. striata, ed. 1, not of Michx.) — Marshes and lakes; common, es-
pecially northward.
•»- •*- Staminate spike solitary, with a filiform bract, occasionally bearing a few
fertile flowers towards the apex or base : fertile spikes 3-5, cylindrical, dense-
ly flowered, on long exserted and at length drooping stalks : perigynia widely
spreading, reflexed at maturity.
110. C. comdsa, Boott. Fertile spikes large (l|'-2$' long, and £'-§'
wide), the lowest sometimes very remote; perigynia tapering from a stalked ovoid-
triungiilar base into a long deeply 2 forked beak, the sharp elongated to th tcidrly spread-
ing or somewhat recurved ; scales lanceolate with a long bristle-shaped awn
shorter than the mature fruit ; culm rough and triquetrous. (C. fiuvata, KIL,
not of Lapeyr. C. Pscudo-Cyperus, Schir. fr Ton:, !>»r., Ar., in part, not of L.)
— Wet places; rather common. — A robust species '2°-3° high, formerly con-
founded with the next, which it greatly resembles; but it differs especially in
the larger fertile spikes, longer beak of the fruit, and the longer, smooth and
w.dely-spreading teeth, giving to the spikes a comose or bristly appearance.
CTPEKACK2E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 531
111. C. Pseildo-Cyperus, L. Fertile spikes (l|'-2i' long, and about
| wide) sometimes slightly compound at the base; perigynia shaped as the last
species, but with a shorter beak, and shorter lean spreading teeth ; scale about the
length of the mature fruit. — Border of lakes and in bogs, New England to
Pennsylvania, and northward. — Somewhat smaller than the last speeies in all
its parts. (Eu.)
112. C. Ulirikta, Dew. Fertile spikes about 2, long-cylindrical, rather
dense, somewhat erect ; perigynia ovate-conical, with a long 2-forked beak, ribbed,
glabrous, about the length of the ovate bristle-pointed or long-awned scale ;
culm (about 2° high) rough. — Shore of Lake Ontario, in" Monroe County, New
York, Dr. Bradley. (Having no specimen, the character is taken from Dewey's
description in Wood's Bot. The Georgian plant referred to it is to be ex-
cluded.)
§ 12. Perigynia much inflated, conspicuously many-nerved, smooth, with a long taper-
ing 2-toothtd beak: bracts leaf-like, much exceeding the culm: scales tawny or
white : staminate spike stalked, always solitary. — LUFULINJE.
*= Bracks with very short or obsolete sheatlis.
113. C. liystriciafia, Willd. Sterile spike often bearing a few fertile
flowers at the base or apex.} fertile spikes 2 - 4, oblong-cylindrical, densely flow-
ered, the uppermost on a very short stalk, the others on long stalks and at length
nodding, the lowest often very remote ; perigynia spreading, tapering from an
ovoid base into a long slender beak with sharp smooth teeth, longer than the awncd
scale. — A variety with shorter ovoid spikes, the lowest very remote on a filiform
stalk, 4' - 6' long, with rather smaller perigynia not much longer than the awn,
is C. Cooleyi, Dew. — Wet mead"ows ; common. — Plant pale or yellowish
green, with fertile spikes f to 1^' long. Distinguished from No. Ill by the
more inflated, less diverging fruit, its beak longer and the teeth shorter; and
from No. 114 by the smaller nodding spikes, many-nerved perigynium, and the
longer and smooth teeth of the beak.
114. C. tCBltaclllata, Muhl. Fertile spikes 2-3, ovoid, oblong, or cylin-
drical, densely flowered, approximate and diverging horizontally, the uppermost
sessile, the lower on short exserted stalks ; perigynia spreading, tapering from an
ovoid few- (about 10-) nerved base into a long slender beak with short minutely
serrulate teeth, much longer than the lanceolate awned scale. (C. rostrata, Mu1d.t
not of Michx.) — Wet meadows ; very common.
115. C. illtuiliesceiis, Budge. Fertile spikes 1-3, ovoid, loosely few-
(5-8-) floivered, closely approximated, sessile, or the lower on a very shortly
exserted peduncle ; perigynia erect-spreading, tapering from an ovoid 15-20-
nerved base into a long beak, slightly rough towards the apex. (C. folliculata,
Schk., Michx., not of L.) — Wet meadows and swamps ; very common. — Culm
slender, about 18' high, with the fertile spikes crowded compactly together:
perigynia 6" -7" long.
116. C. Orayiiy Carey. Fertile spikes 2 (sometimes single), globose, densdy-
(15-30-) flowered, separate and distinct, on snort exserted peduncles ; perigynia
spreading and dc flexed, tapering from an ovoid 25 - 30-nerved base into a long
smooth and shining beak. — Low meadows on the banks of the Mohawk and of
532 CYPKRACI-M:. (SEDGE FAMILY.)
Wood Creek, New York. Also in Ohio and S. Illinois. — Culm robust,
3° high : perigynia £' in length. — Flowers in July, a month later than the last.
* * Bracts conspicuously sheathing,
117. C. iblliClllfitSl, L. Staminatc spike small, short-stalked, or often
sessile ; fertile spikes 3 — 4, ovoid, very remote, the lower on exserted peduncles;
perigynia erect-spreading, tapering from an oblong base, rather exceeding the ovate
white hng-awned scale. (C. xanthophysa, Wahl.) — Teat-bogs, New ICngland to
Pennv and northward, and sparingly southward. — A robust plant, 2° -4° high,
of yellowish appearance, with long foliaceous bracts, and leaves £' wide.
118. C. 1'QStratcl, Michx. Stain in ate spike small, nearly sessile ; fertile
Sji/Lcs 1 -3, commonly 2, roundish-ovoid, the lower rather distant on a short tx-
serted peduncle; perigynia erect or somewhat spreading, tapering from an oblong
slightly inflated base into a long slender beak twice the. length of the blunt light-
brown scale. (C. xanthophysa, var. nana and minor, Dew.) — Cold bogs, moun-
tains of N. New York, New Hampshire, and northward. — Resembles the last;
but smaller in all its parts, rigidly erect, and with narrow leaves.
119. C. SUblllata, Michx. Fertile spikes 3-5, very remote, on included
peduncles loosely few- (4 - 8-) flowered, commonly with a few staminate flowers at
the apex; perigynia, aid-shaped, strongly reflexed at maturity; the orifice of the
long slender beak furnished with 2 sharp and rigidly dejlexed teeth. (C. Collinsii,
Nutt. C. Michauxii, Dew.) — Cedar swamps, New Jersey to Rhode Island
(Olney) near the coast, and far northward : rare.
120. C. lllpuliiia, Muhl. Fertile spikes 2 - 4, ' oMony-ovoid, erect, the up-
per approximate, the lower on more or less exserted stalks ; periyynia erect, taper-
•ing from the ovoid very injlated base into a conical slightly serrulate beak, much
longer than the lanceolate awncd scale. — Var. FOLYSTACHYA, Schw. & Torn
(C. lupiniformis, Sartwell), has 4-5 longer cylindrical fertile spikes, the lowest
remote on a long peduncle ; and the perigynia more distinctly serrulate on the
angles of the beak. — Swamps and wet meadows; common. — A coarse robust
species, with very thick spikes 2' -3' in length; the leaves and long leafy bracts
3-4 lines wide, very rough on the margin.
§ 13. Periyynia much inflated, dbovoid or obconic, few-nerved, smooth, with an ex-
tremely abrupt and very long slightly roughened beak, terminated by 2 distinct
rather short membranaeeous teeth, tawny -brown or straw-colored at maturity,
spreading horizontally, or the lower deflexed : bracts leaf-like, much exceed-
ing the culm. — SQUARR6s^E.
# Spikes 1 - 3, mostly solitary, very rarely 4-5, all of them principally pistillate,
with more or less staminate flowers at the base: sheaths of the upper bracts
obsolete.
121. C\ SQliarrosa, L. Fertile spikes ovoid or oblong, obtuse and very
thick, rigidly erect, on short stalks; perigynia longer than the lamvoiate pointed
scales, which an- nearly concealed by the densely-crowded bases of the mature
fruit. (C. tvphina, Michx.)— Low meadows and copse.-, 8. New England to
Illinois and southward. — Remarkable for its dens-.-ly-tlo vvrred, short and thick
sj)ik« s, about 1' long, to which the spreading beaks of the perigynia give a bris-
tly appearam <;.
CTPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 533
* # Spiken 4 - 7 ; the terminal one entirely staminate, small and linear, or with
some fertile flowers at the apex : the rest all pistillate : bracts very long,
sheathing.
122. C. §teia«le|&is, Torr. Fertile spikes cylindrical, obtuse, the upper
approximated, nearly sessile on the zigzag stem, the lower remote on exsertcd
stalks, all erect, very densely flowered ; pcrigynia shorter than the long awn-like
scales. (C. Frankii, Kunth. C. Shortii, Steud., not of Torr.) — Marshes, W.
Penn. ? and Virginia to Illinoi^, and southwcstward. — Somewhat resembling
the last ; but the spikes are narrower and more numerous, and of a still more
bristly appearance from the projecting points of the scales : occasionally all are
fertile, the uppermost having no staminate flowers.
$ 14. Perigynia much inflated, nerved (nerveless in No. 132), smooth and shining t
becoming straiv-colored at maturity, icith a tapering more or less elongated 2-toothed
beak: bracts leaf-like, with very short or obsolete sheaths (conspicuously
sheathing in No. 123), much exceeding the culm (except in No. 132) : scales
brown or tawny : staminate spikes 2-5 rarely 1, stalked. — VESICARI^E.
123. C. ret rorsa, Sch w. Sterile spikes 1 - 3, the uppermost occasionally
with a few fertile flower?, the rest more or less pistillate at the base ; fertile spikes
4 — 5, oblong-cylindrical, erect, the upper approximate and clustered on short or in-
cluded stalks, the lowest remote on a long exserted stalk, and (with one or more of
the others) often bearing 1-2 short branches at the base; perigynia crowded,
spreading and at length rejlexed, strongly (few-) nerved, tapering from an ovoid
contracted base into a conspicuously toothed leak much longer than the lanceolate
scale. (C. reversa, Spreng.) — Marshy borders of streams, New England to
Pcnn., Wisconsin, and northwestward. — Culm nearly smooth : leaves and
bracts 3" -4" wide, much exceeding the spikes, which are I'-l^' long.
124. C. gigl&llteel, Rudge. Sterile spikes several (3-5); pcrigynia hori-
zontally spreading and less tumid than in No. 120 : otherwise very like it, but a
still larger plant. — Swamps, along rivers, from the Ohio (near Louisville, Ken-
tucky, Short) southward.
125. C. Sell weinitzii, Dew. Sterile spikes commonly 2, the lower
often pistillate at the base ; fertile spikes 3-4, cylindrical, somewhat drooping,
densely flowered, often staminate at the apex, and occasionally the lower rather
compound at the base, on smooth nearly included stalks ; perigynia erect, oblong-
ovoid, few-nerved, tapering into a long and smooth short-toothed beak, a little longer
than the lanceolate long-awned scale. — Wet swamps, New England, New Jersey,
W. New York, and northward; not common. — Culm 10' -15' high, smooth:
bracts and leaves 2" -3" wide, smooth except the margins, much exceeding
the culm : fertile spikes (!£' to 2^' long, rather narrow) and the whole plant
turning straw-color.
126. C. VCSlef&ria,, L. Sterile spikes 2-3; fertile spikes mostly 2, rarely
3 or solitary, oblong or cylindrical, stout, approximate, the upper sessile, the lower
on a short rough stalk; perigynia oblong-ovoid, 17 -nerved at base, 10-nervcd above,
with a short tapering beak longer and broader than the pointed or long-tapering
awnless scale ; culm sharply angled and rough ; leaves and bracts green, equal-
ling or rather louger than the culm. — N. New England? and northward. —
45*
534 CTPERACK.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)
Distinguished from the next by the shorter fertile spikes, on rough stalks, and
by *Jie more oblong perigynium, many-nerved at the base. (F,u.)
127. C. IIlOBiilc, Tuckerman. Sterile spikes 3, rarely 2 or 4 ; fertile spikes
mostly 2, rarely 3 or solitary, long-cylindrical, remote, on smooth stalks, the lowest
often nodding and loosely flowered ; periyynia roundish-ovoid, about 1 0-nerved,
with a short tapering beak terminating in an oblique orifiee, much longei and
broader than the taper-pointed awnless scale; culm slender, sharply angled and
rough ; leaves and bracts green, longer than the culm. (C. bullata, var. cylin-
dracea, & C. vesicaria, var. cylindraeea, Dew.) — Bogs, New England to Ken-
tucky, and northward. — Less robust than the last.
128. C. ampullacca, Good. Sterile and fertile spikes 2-3, most fre-
quently 2 of each, oblony or long-cylindrical, remote, sessile, or the lower on short
and smooth sometimes nodding stalks, the lowest loosely flowered at the base ;
perigynia rotmdish-ovoid, about 17-nerved at the base and 10-nervcd at the apex,
abruptly contracted into a short cylindrical beak ; scales lanceolate, ami/ess, or the
upper with a rough awn shorter than the perigynium ; culm slender, obtusely angled,
smooth ; leaves and bracts glaucous, often involute, longer than the culm. —
Var. UTRICULATA. Staminate spikes 3-4; fertile usually 3; perigynia oblong-
elliptical, tapering ; scales lanceolate, tapering, terminated (especially the lowest) by a
long rough awn ; culm stout, spongy at the base, smooth or rough towards the
summit; leaves and bracts glaucous, wide and much longer than the culm. (C.
utriculata, Boott.) — In swamps; common northward, and from Arctic Ameri-
ca to the Pacific. — Differs from the last two in the smooth obtuse-angled culm,
glaucous leaves, and particularly by the awned scale. The var. is the prevailing
form in the United States, and is a larger and stouter plant ; but the more ellip-
tical fruit, and awned lower scales, do not appear sufficiently constant to sepa-
rate it specifically. (Eu.)
129. C. cylindrica, Schw. Sterile spikes about 2; fertile spikes 2-3,
commonly 3, oblong or cylindrical, stout, somewhat approximate, on rough stalks,
the lowest often nodding; perigynia thin and transparent, much inflated, oblong-
ovoid, obliquely erect, tapering into a rather abrupt long-cylindrical smooth beak,
much longer and broader than the ovate pointed or rough-awned scale ; bracts
very long and, like the narrow leaves, rough and exceeding the rough culm.
(C. bullata, Amer. auth., not of Schk. C. Tuckermani, Dew., Boott.) — Swamps,
W. New York to Kentucky, and northward. — Differs from the next principally
in the more numerous and longer fertile spikes, and the larger, more inflated
and membranaceous ascending fruit, with smooth beaks.
130. C. 1>ltllatcl, Schk. Sterile spikes 2-3; fertile sjnkcs most frequently
wily one, sometimes 2, approximated, ol)hng or cylindrical, stout, sessile or on short
$niooth ttaUcs; periggnia spreading, ovoid, tapering into a long-cylindrical rough
beak, much wider and longer than the obtusely-pointed lanceolate aimless scale;
bracts and leaves IUUTOW, about the length of the smooth or roughish culm.
(C. cylindrica, Tuckr-mimi, Torr. N. Y. FL (exel. syn.), not of Schw.) — Wet
meadows; not rare, especially southward. — Well distinguished from the last by
the short and .-tout, commonly solitary fertile spike, which has a squarrose ap-
pearance at maturity from the widely-spreading fruit; its beak minutely (but
distinctly) serrulate. See Addend.
GRAMIXEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 535
131. C. olig-OSpersBia, Miehx. Sterile spikes 1-2, slender; fertile
spikes 1-2, short, ovoid, few-flowered, the lower on a very short stalk; perigynia
ovoid, tapering into a short minutely toothed beak, not much longer than the
ovate awnless scale ; culm very slender ; leaves and bracts linear, at length involute.
(C. Oakesiana, Dew.) — Borders of lakes and ponds, especially on mountains,
New England, N. New York, Wisconsin, and northward.
132. C. longirdstris, Torr. Sterile spikes usually 3, at the summit of
a long slender stalk ; the lower often bearing some fertile flowers ; fertile spikes
2-3, cylindrical, more or less distant, on long filiform at length drooping stalks,
loosely flowered ; perigynia globose-ovoid, smooth and shining, abruptly contracted
into a very long and narrow beak, which is rough on the margin, oblique and 2-
cleft at the membranaceous orifice, a little longer than the lanceolate light-colored
or white scale. (C. Sprengelii, Dew.) — Shady rocks, N. New England to Wis-
consin, and northward. — Though agreeing with the species of this section in the
numerous staminate spikes and the long-beaked fruit, this plant is perhaps aa
nearly allied to No. 97.
ORDER 134. GRAMINE-ZE. (GRASS FAMILY.)
Grasses, with usually hollow stems (culms) closed at the joints, alternate 2-
ranked leaves, their sheaths split or open on the side opposite the blade ; the
hypoyynous flowers imbricated, witli ^-ranked glumes or bracts : the outer pair
(glumes proper, calyx, L.) subtending the spikelet of one or several flow-
ers ; the inner pair (palece, outer perianth, R. Br.) enclosing each partic-
ular flower, which is usually furnished with 2 or 3 minute hypogynoua
scales (squamulce, Juss., corolla, Micheli, lodiculce, Beauv.). Stamens 1-6,
commonly 3 : anthers versatile, 2-celled, the cells distinct. Styles mostly
2 or 2-parted : stigmas hairy or feathery. Ovary 1 -celled, 1-ovuled, form-
ing a seed-like grain (caryopxis) in fruit. Embryo small, on the outside
and at the base of the floury albumen. — Roots fibrous. Sheath of the
leaves usually more or less extended above the base of the blade into a
scarious appendage (ligule). Spikelets panicled or spiked. Inner (upper)
palea usually 2-nerved or 2-keeled, therefore probably consisting of two
united. — A vast and most important family, as it furnishes the cereal
grains, and the principal food of cattle, &c.
Synopsis.
TRIBE I. POACEJE, R. Brown. Spikelets 1 - many-flowered, when more than on»-
flowered centripetal in development ; the lowest flowers first developing, the uppermost^
if any, imperfect or abortive, the rest all alike in the spikelet (perfect, or occasionally
monoecious or dioecious) ; only in a few exceptional cases with the lowest of the several
flowers less perfect than the upper (viz. stammute only in Arrhenatherum and Phrag-
mites, neutral in Uniola, Ctenium, &c.).
Subtribe 1. ORIZE.®. Spikelets 1-flowered, in panicles, the flowers often monoecious.
Glumes abortive or wanting! Inner paleoe 3-nerved ! Squamulfe 2 Stamens 1-6.
1. LEERSIA. Flowers perfect, strongly flattened contrary to the awnless palese
2. ZIZANIA. Flowers monoecious. 1'aleae convex ; the lower one awned in the fertile flowers.
536 GiiA?,i!xi:^:. (GRASS FAMILY.)
Subtribe 2. AQROSTIDE^I. Spikclcts 1-flowered, perfect, occasionally with the rndiment cr
abortive pedicel of a second flower above, panicled, or the panicle sometimes contracted
into a cylindrical spike or head. Stamens 1-3.
* PnLKOiT>EJ5. Glumes equal, strongly keeled, laterally flattened, boat-shaped, somewhat her-
baceous, as well as the paleae. Squarnulre 2. Grain free. Inlloresccuce densely spiked.
3. ALOPECURUS Glumes united at the base. Lower paleu awned, the upper wanting.
4. PULEUM. Glumes distinct. Palcae 2, the lower truncate and awnless.
* * TRUE AGROSTIDE.S;. Glumes equal, or often unequal, concave or keeled, inembranaceous.
Palea> inembranacpons (except in part of No. 12). Squamuloe 2. Grain free Inflorescence
psinieled, open, or often contracted (glomerate), but not strictly spiked.
*- Glumes and paleae neither awned, bristle-bearing, nor inucronate, nuked. Flower sessile in
the glumes, naked at the base ; the lower paleu 1-nerved. Fruit deciduous
6. V1LFA ft.-ed adherent to the closely investing pericarp, forming a caryopsis, or true gralu,
as in most Grasses. Panicle spiked or contracted.
& SPOROBOLUS. Seed loose in the pericarp (utricle) Panicle spiked or diffuse.
*- •»- Glumes or the (3 - 6-nerved) lower palea awned, bristle-pointed, or mucrocate (except in
some species of Agrostis) Flower raised on a more or less evident stalk (callus) in the
glumes, naked, or barely hairy, at the base.
7. AGROSTIS,. Glumes equal, or the lower one rather longer, pointless, exceeding the very
thin blunt pale.-e. Lower palea pointless, commonly awned on the back ; the upper
sometimes wanting. Panicle open.
8. POLYPOGON. Glumes nearly equal, long-awned, much longer than the palese, the lower
of wl.ich is often short-awned below the apex. Stamens 3 Panicle contracted.
9. CINNA. Glumes acute, the lower about equalling, and the upper slightly exceeding, the
similar paleae. Stamen 1. Paleae raised on a distinct naked stalk, beardless, the lower
one short-awned or bristle-pointed just below the tip ; the upper 1-nerved.
10. MUHLKNHKIIGIA. Lower glume mostly smaller. Paleae chiefly hairy-bearded at the
li.^c, Mie tip of the lower one mucronate-pointed or awned. Stamens 3.
11. BRAC1IYELYTRUM Lower glume nearly obsolete, and the upper minute. Lower pale®
long-awned from the tip ; the upper grooved on the back and bearing a long and slen-
der naked pedicel of an abortive second flower. Stamens 2.
••- -4- t- Glumes and paleae not bristle-pointed. Flower hairy-tufted at the base.
12. CALAMAGUOSTJS Lower palea mostly awned on the back, shorter than the glumes.
« * * STIPES. Paleae coriaceous, or indurated in fruit, commonly shorter than the membra-
naceous glumes, on a rigid callus ; the lower involute, terete, closely enclosing the upper and
the grain, mostly 1-3-awned at the apex Squamulse mostly 3. Inflorescence racemose or
panicled : spikelets usually large, the flower deciduous from the persistent glumes.
18. ORYZOPSIS. Awn simple, straight, deciduous from the palea, or sometimes wanting.
14. STIPA. Awn simple, twisted below. Callus pointed at the base.
15. AKISTIDA. Awn triple. Upper palea small. Callus pointed at the base.
* * * * Palea coriaceous or cartilaginous, awnless. Here the following would be sought by the
student who overlooked the pair of rudimentary flowers in No 55, and was not acquaints 1
with the recondite theoretical structure of No. 56 and 57.
66. PHALAK1S. Spikelets laterally flattened. A rudiment at the base of each palea.
60. MILHIM. Spikelets dorwilly flattish, not jointed with the pedicels : flowers all alike.
67. AMPIIK'AKPi'M. Spikelets of two sorts, the fertile subterranean, those of the panicle
separating by a joint without ripening grain.
Bnbtribe 3 CHLORIDES. Spikelets (rarely 1-flowered, usually) 2 - several-flowered, with one
or more of the upper flowers imperfect, disposed in one-sided spikes ! Glumes persist-
ent, the upper one looking outward. Rhachis (axis) jointless. Spikes usually rucuuu>d
or digitate. Stamens 2 or a
* Spikelets strictly 1-flowered.
68. PASPALUM might be looked for here, having to all rtpiiennn.o' merely 1-flowered sj D
Vj. SI'AKT. INA. SpikeJets imbricated 2-ranked, flat, crowded iu alternate spikes.
GRAMINI'LE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 537
* * Spikelets imperfectly several-flowered, but only one perfect flower, and thi.s intermediate!
the one or two below it, and as many above, neutral.
17. CTEN1UM. Spikelets closely imbricated on one side of the axis of a single curved spike.
* * * Spikelets with one perfect flower below and one or more neutral ones or rudiments abovo.
18. BOUTELOUA. Lower palea 3-cleft and pointed or 3-awued at the apex. Spikes dense.
19. GYMNOPOGON. Lower palea and the rudiment 1-awned. Spikes filiform, raceuied.
20. CYNODON. Flower and the rudiment awnless. Spikes slender, digitate.
<f # # * Spikelets several-flowered ; more than one of the lower flowers perfect and fertile.
H- Spikes digitate at the summit of the culm, dense.
21. DACTYLOCTENIUM. Glumes compressed-keeled ; outer one awned : lower palea pointed
22. ELEUSIXE. Glumes and palea both awnless and blunt.
•t- •«- Spikes racemed, slender.
23. LEPTOCIILOA. Spikelets loosely spiked. Lower palea pointless or awned at the tip.
Subtribe 4. FESTUCINE.E. Spikelets several- (few -many-) flowered, pauicled ; the upper-
most flower often imperfect or abortive. Paleae pointless, or the lower sometimes tipped
with a straight (not twisted nor deeply dorsal) awn or bristle. Stigmas projecting from
the side of the flower. Stamens 1-3.
* Culms herbaceous. Spikelets with the lower flowers all perfect.
•*- Grain free from the paleae. (Also free in one or two species of No. 36.)
+> Joints of the rhachis of the spikelet at the insertion of each flower, or the whole rhachis,
bearded, Paleae convex, not laterally compressed Glumes and paleae membranaceous.
24. T1UCUSP1S. Spikelets 3 - many-flowered. Lower palea hairy -fringed on the 3 nerves, one
or all of which project into awns or mucronate tips, mostly from notches or clefts.
25. DUPONTIA. Spikelets 2 - 3-flowered. Lower palea scarious, entire and awnless.
•H- -H- Rhachis of the spikelet and base of the flower not bearded.
If Lower palea 1-pointed. awned, or acute, the nerves when present running into the point.
2C. DIARRIIENA. Glumes (short) and the rigid-pointed lower 3-nerved palea coriaceous,
convex -boat-shaped. Stamens 2. Pericarp cartilaginous, large. Panicle loosely few-
flowered.
27. DACTYL1S. Glumes (rather long) and lower palea awn-pointed, herbaceous, compressed-
keeled. Panicle contracted in one-sided clusters.
28. KCELEUIA. Glumes (nearly as long as the spikelet) and lower palea inembranaceous,
keeled, acute or mucronate, or rather blunt. Panicle contracted, spike-like.
H IT Lower palea awuless and pointless, blunt (except one Glyceria), the nerves parallel.
a. Glumes extremely dissimilar, 1J 3-flowered.
29. EATONIA. Lower glume linear ; the upper broadly obovate and folded round the flowers.
b. Glumes alike, but often unequal in size.
30. MELICA. Lower palea flattish-convex, many-nerved, membranaceous at the top, hard-
ening on the loose grain. Fertile flowers 1-3, the upper enwrapping some deformed
sterile flowers
81. GLYCE1UA. Lower palea convex or rounded on the back, 5 - 7-nerved, scarious at the
tip. Spikelets many-flowered ; the flowers commonly deciduous at maturity by the
breaking up of the rhachis into joints.
82. BR1ZOPYRUM. Lower palea laterally compressed and often keeled, acute, rigid, rather
coriaceous, smooth, faintly many-nerved. Spikelets flat, spiked-clustered.
33. POA. Lower palea laterally compressed and mostly keeled, 5-nerved, membranaceous,
scarious-margined, the margins or nerves below often cobwebby or pubescent : the
upper palea not remaining after the lower falls. Spikelets flattened
3-1. E11AG110STIS. Lower palea 3-nerved, keeled, deciduous, leaving the upper persistent on
the rhachis. Spikelets flat
-i- -"- Grain adherent to the upper palea
35. BRIZA. Lower palea rounded and very obtuse, pointless, many-nerved, flattened parallel
to the glumes, becoming ventricose, broadly scarious-margined. Spikelets compressed,
somewhat heart-shaped.
cJG. FESTUCA. Lower palea convex on the back, acute, pointed, or awned at the tip, few-
nerved. Spikelets terete or flattish. Styles terminal.
•*>38 on.vMiNF^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)
37. BROMUS. Lower palea convex or keeled on the back, mostly awned or bristle-beurinj: ' c-
low the 2-cleft tip, 5 - 9-nerved. Styles j-ub terminal.
* * Culms herbaceous, often tall and reed-like. Lowest flower sterile. Grain free.
N iOLA. Spikclets very flat ; the one or more lowest flower? neutral, of a single empty
pnlca Flowers strongly compressed keeled, crowded, coriaceous.
39. PHRAG M J TE8. Spikelets strongly silky -bearded on the rhachis, loosely-flowered, the low-
est flower staminate or neutral. Paleae menibranaceous.
* * * Culms woody, suffruticose or arborescent.
40. ARUNDINARIA. Spikelets flattened, loosely 5-14-flowered : the jointed rhachis naked.
Bubtribe 5. HOKDEINE^E. Spikelets 1 - several-flowered, sessile on opposite sides of a zigzag
jointed rhachis (which is excavated or channelled on one side of each joint), forming a
Bpikt . Glumes sometimes abortive or wanting. — Otherwise as in the preceding subtribo
.* Spikelets single at each joint of the rhachis, 1- flowered. Spikes often several.
41. LEPTURUS. Spikelets almost immersed in the excavations of the slender rhachis.
* * Spikelets single at each joint of the rhachis, several-flowered. Spike solitary.
42. LOLTUM. Glume 1, external : spikelets placed edgewise on the rhachis.
43. TRITICUM. Glumes 2, transverse (right and left) ; spikelets placed flatwise on the rhachlfi.
* * * Spikelets 2 or more at each joint of the rhachis. Spike solitary.
•i- Glumes anterior, forming a sort of involucre for the cluster of spikeleta
44. HORDE UM. Spikelets 1-flowered, 3 at each joint, but the two lateral usually sterile.
45. ELYMUS Spikelets 1 - several-flowered, all perfect and similar.
«- H- Glumes none or 1 - 2 awn-like rudiments.
40. GYMNOSTICHUM. Spikelets few-flowered, somewhat pedicelled, 1 - 3 at each joint.
Snbtribe 6. AVENE*;. Spikelets 2 - several-flowered, pamcled ; the rhachis or base of tha
flowers often villous-bearded. Glumes mostly equalling or exceeding the flowers. Low-
er palea bearing a twisted, bent, or straight awn on its back or below its apex (hi No. 48
between the teeth) ; the upper 2-nerved Stamens 3.
* Flowers all perfect, or the uppermost merely rudimentary.
«- Lower palea truncate or obtuse, its summit mostly denticulate or eroded.
47. AIRA. Awn on the back or near the base of the palea, bent or straight.
•»- +- Lower palea cleft at the apex into 2 acute or sharp-pointed teeth.
** Awn borne between the sharp or awn-pointed teeth ; proceeding from 3 middle nerve*.
48. DANTIIONIA. Lower palea rounded on the back ; the awn flat, spindly twisted.
+•* -H- Awn below the apex or dorsal, proceeding from the midnerve only.
48. TRISETUM. Lower palea compressed-keeled. Awn mostly bent or flexuous.
50. AVENA. Lower palea rounded on the back. Awn mostly twisted or bent..
* * One of the flowers staminate only.
f>l. ARRHENATHERUM. Lower flower stamiuate ; the perfect one commonly awnless ; the
uppermost a rudiment : otherwise as No. 50.
fj2. HOLCUS. Lower flower perfect, awnless; the upper staminate and awned: rudiment
none.
TRIBE II. PHAI^ARIDE^E, Trin. (not of Kunth). Spikelets 3-flowered : the upper-
most or middle (terminal) flower perfect; the two lower (one on each side) imperfect,
either staminate, neutral, or reduced to an inconspicuous rudiment.
Subtribe 1. AMHOXAMIIE.S. Lateral flowers mostly awned, staminate or neutral, of 1 or 2
paleuo ; the perfect one awnless and diandrous. Upper palea 1 -nerved.
5-°. IIIKItOCIiLOA Lateral flowers staminate and triandrous, of 2 paleae.
54. ANT110X ANTHUM. Latmil flowers neutral, each of a single awned palea.
Subtribe 2. PUALARIDK/I: I'l-opor Lateral flowers reduced to a small neutral rudiment on
each side of the fertile one ; which is awuless and triandrous.
55. PHALAHIS. < Mimics hoat-shap. <1. keeled, enclosing the coriaceous fertile flower, which is
somewhat flattened laterally.
GHAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 539
TEIEE III. PANICE^E. Spikelets 2-flowered; the lower flower always imperfect, cither
staminate or neutral ; in the latter case usually reduced to a single empty valve (placed
next the lower glume, if that be present) ; the upper (terminal) flower (placed next the
upper or inner glume) only fertile. Embryo and groove (when present) on the outer
side of the grain ! (next the lower valve of the fertile flower). (Flowers polygamous, or
heniigarnous (when the lower flower is neutral), or sometimes seemingly simple and per-
fect, from the suppression both of the lower glume and of the upper palea of the neutral
flower, sometimes monoecious, or rarely dioecious. Rarely both glumes are wanting.)
Bnbtribe 1. PASPALE.E, Griseb. Glumes and sterile paleae herbaceous or membranaceous :
paleae of the fertile flower of firmer texture, coriaceous or chartaceous, awnless, not
keeled, more or less flattened parallel with the glumes.
* Spikelets appearing as if simply 1-flowered from the suppression of the lower glume ; the sin-
gle neutral palea of the sterile flower apparently occupying its place. (Awnless.)
66. M1LITJM. Spikelets not jointed with their pedicels, all alike in a terminal open panicle.
67. AMPIIIOARPUM. Spikelets jointed with their pedicels, of 2 sorts ; one in a terminal pan-
icle ; the other subterranean, on radical peduncles.
68. PASPALUM. Spikelets jointed with their short pedicels, all alike, plano-convex, in one
sided spikes or spiked racemes.
* * Spikelets manifestly l£ - 2 flowered (polygamous, the lower flower staminate or often neu-
tral), the lower glume being present.
69. PANICUM. Spikelets not involucrate, nor the peduncles bristle-bearing. Lower glume
small or minute. Sterile flower either staminate or neutral.
60. SETAK1A. Spikelets spiked-panicled, the peduncles continued into naked solitary bristles :
otherwise as in Panicum.
61. CENCHHUS. Spikelets enclosed 1-5 together in a hard and spiny globular bur-like invo-
lucre.
Subtribe 2. SACCHARE.E. Fertile paleae membranaceous or scarious, always of thinner and
more delicate texture than the (often indurated) glumes, frequently awned from the tip.
Spikelets usually in pairs or threes, panicled or spiked, some of them entirely sterile
(heterogamous).
* Spikelets monoecious, imbedded in the separable joints of the spike.
62. TRIPSACUM. Staminate spikelets above, in pairs at each joint: pistillate single in each
joint : glumes indurated.
* * Fertile spikelets with one perfect and one sterile (staminate or mostly neutral) flower : low-
er palea of the perfect flower awned.
63. ERIANTHUS. Both spikelets at each joint of the rhachis alike fertile, involucrate with a
silky tuft : otherwise as No 64.
&i. ANDROPOGON. Spikelets 2 at each joint of the plumose-hairy spikes, one of them sessile
and fertile ; the other pedicelled and sterile or rudimentary.
66 SORGHUM. Spikelets in open panicles, 2-3 together, the lateral ones sterile or sometimes
reduced to mere pedicels.
1. L.EEBSIA, Solander. FALSE RICE. WHITE GRASS.
Spikelets 1-flowered, perfect, flat, crowded in one-sided panicled spikes or
racemes, more or less imbricated over each other, jointed with the short pedicels.
Glumes wanting. Pale* chartaceous, much flattened laterally, boat-shaped,
awnless, bristly-ciliate on the keels, closed, nearly equal in length, but the lower
much broader, enclosing the flat grain. Stamens 1-6. Stigmas feathery, the
hairs branching. — Perennial marsh grasses : the flat leaves, sheaths, &c., rough
upwards (especially in No. 1), being clothed with very minute hooked prickles,
(Named after Leers, a German botanist.)
540 GPvAMiNK^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)
* Spikelets narrowly dttong, rather loosely crowded.
1. JL. oryzoaclcs, Swartz. (RiCE CUT-GRASS.) Panicle tlijfu&dy brn
often sheathed at the base; spikelets fiat, rather spreading in flower (2£"-3'
long); stamens 3 ; paleee strongly bristly-ciliate (whitish). — Wet places; com-
mon. (Eu.)
2. L,. Virgiilica, Willd. (WHITE GRASS.) Panide simple: the spike-
Ids closely oppressed on the slender branches around which they are partly curved
(!£'' long) ; stamens 2 (a third imperfect or wanting) ; paleae sparingly ciliate
(greenish-white). — Wet woods. Aug., Sept.
* # Spikelets broadly oval, imbricately covering each other (2i"-3" long),
3. L«. lenticularis, Michx. (FLY-CATCH GRASS.) Smoothish ; pani-
cle simple ; pale* very flat, strongly bristly ciliate (said to close and catch flies) ;
.stamens 2. — Low grounds, Virginia, Illinois, and southward.
OKYZA SAT!VA, the RICE-PLANT, is allied to this genus.
2. ZIZANIA, Gronov. WATER or INDIAN RICE.
Flowers monoecious; the staminate and pistillate both in 1 -flowered spikelets
in the same panicle. Glumes wanting, or rudimentary, and forming a little
cup. Paleai herbaceo-membranaceous, convex, awnless in the sterile spikelets,
the lower tipped with a straight awn in the fertile ones. Stamens 6. Stigmas
pencil-form. — Large and often reed-like water-grasses. Spikelets jointed with
the club-shaped pedicels, very deciduous, (Adopted from Zi£dviov, the ancient
name of some wild grain.)
1. Z. aqii'.stECJi, L. (INDIAN RICE. WATER OATS.) Lower branches
of the ample pyramidal panicle staminate, spreading ; the upper erect, pistillate ;
pedicels strongly club-shaped; lower paleee, long-awmd, rough; styles distinct;
grain linear, slender. © (Z. clavulosa, Michx.) — Swampy borders of streams
and in shallow water; common, especially northwestward. Aug. — Culms 3°-
9° high. Leaves flat, 2° -3° long, linear-lanceolate. Grain £' long ; gathered
for food by the Northwestern Indians.
2. Z* milifaceil, Michx. Panicle diffuse, ample, the staminate and pis-
tillate fiowers intermixed; awns short; styles united ; grain ovate, ty — Penn. 1
Ohio, and southward. Aug. — Leaves involute.
3. AL.OPECIJRUS. L. FOXTAIL GRASS.
Spikelets 1 -flowered. Glumes boat-shaped, strongly compressed and ko-'li d,
nearly equal, united at the base, equalling or exceeding the lower palea, which
is awncd on the back below the middle : upper palca wanting ! Stamens 3.
Styles mostly united. Stigmas long and feathered. — Panicle contracted into a
cylindrical and soft dense spike. (Name from dXo>7r/7£, fox, ar,d ovpa, tail, the
popular appellation, from the shape of the spike.)
1. A. I'KAir.ssis, L. (MEADOW FOXTAIL.) Culm upright, smooth (2°
high); p(d,n ojintlUng lite ncntc <//>nncs ; airn , .c* rt-.-d more, tlum half its length,
twisttd : upper, leaf much shorter than its inilaii-d slu-uh. 1J. — Meadov
pastures of E. New England and New York. May. (Nat. from Eu.)
GR AMINES. (GRASS FAMILY.) 541
2. A.» GENICULATUS, L. (FLOATING FOXTAIL.) Culm ascending, beut
at the lower joints ; palea rather shorter than the obtuse glumes, the awn from near
its base cttd projecting half its length bet/ond it ; anthers linear; upper leaf as long
as its sheath. 1J. — Moist meadows : rare. July, Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)
3. A. siristiilfatlis, Michx. (WiLD WATER-FOXTAIL.) Glaucous;
culm decumbent below, at length bent and ascending ; palea rather longer tftan
the obtuse glumes, scarcely exceeded by the awn which rises from just beiow its mid-
dle ; anthers oblong. 1J. (A. subaristatus, Pers.) — In water and wet meadows ;
common, especially northward. June -August. Spike more slender and paler
than in the last. (Eu.)
4. PHI. BUM, L. CAT'S-TAIL GKASS.
Palese both present, shorter than the mucronate or awned glumes ; the lower
one truncate, usually awnless. Styles distinct. Otherwise much as in Alope-
curus. — Spike very dense, harsh. (An ancient Greek name, probably of tho
Cat-tail.)
1. P. PRATENSE, L. (TIMOTHY. HERD'S-GRASS in New England and
New York.) Spike cylindrical, elongated ; glumes ciliate on the back, tipped
with a bristle less than half their length. 1J. — Meadows, &c. ; very valuable for
hay. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. P. al pill U HI, L. Spike ovate-oblong; glumes strongly ciliate-fringed
on the back, tipped with a rough awn-like bristle about their own length, ty —
Alpine tops of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and high northward.
(Eu.) See Addend.
5. VIL.FA, Adans., Beauv. RUSH-GRASS,
Spikelets 1 -flowered, in a contracted or spiked panicle. Glumes 1 -nerved or
nerveless, not awned or pointed, the lower smaller. Flower nearly sessile in the
glumes. Palese 2, much alike, of the same texture as the glumes (membrana-
ceo-chartaceous ) and usually longer than they, naked, neither awned nor mu-
cronate; the lower 1 -nerved (rarely somewhat 3-nerved). Stamens chiefly 3.
Stigmas simply feathery. Grain (caryopsis) oblong or cylindrical, deciduous.
— Culms wiry or rigid. Leaves involute, usually bearded at the throat ; their
sheaths often enclosing the lateral panicle. (Name unexplained.)
1. V. iaS|>ei*:i, Beauv. Root perennial ; culms tufted (2° -4° high); low-
est leaves very long, rigid, rough on the edges, tapering to a long involute and
thread-like point ; the upper short, involute ; sheaths partly enclosing the con-
tracted panicle ; pal&e. much longer than the unequal glumes ; grain oval or oblong.
(Agrostis aspera, Michx. A clandestina & A. involuta, Muhl. A. longifolia,
Ton.} — Sandy fields and dry hills ; not rare, especially southward. Sept. —
Spikeiets 2" -3" long. Palea} rough above, smooth or hairy below, of greatly
varying proportions ; the upper one tapering upwards, acute, and one half to
twice longer than the lower, or elso obtuse and equalled, or even considerably
exceeded, by the lower !
2. V. VclgillSBflorcl, Torr. Root annual ; culms slender (6 -12' high),
ascending ; leaves in volute-awl-shaped (!' - 4f long) ; panicles simple and spiked,
542 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)
the lateral anil often the terminal concealed in the sheaths ; polecesv
about ifie length of the marly egual glumes ; only one third Icntror Han the lineal1
grain. (Agrostis Virginica, Mnld., not of L. Crypsis Yirg., Nntt.) — Barren
and sandy dry fields, New England to Illinois, and common southward. Sept.
3. V. Virgillica, Beauv. Root perennial ; culms tufted, slender (5' -12'
long), often procumbent, branched ; leaves co'nrolute ; paleaa rather shorter than
the nearly equal acute glumes. (Agrostis Virginica, L.) — Sandy sea-shore,
Virginia (Clayton) and southward. — Spikelets much smaller and more numer-
ous than in the last. See Addend.
6. SPORO BOLUS," 11. Brown. DROP-SEED GRASS.
Spikelets 1- (rarely 2-) flowered, in a contracted or open panicle. Flowers
nearly as in Vilfa; the paleae longer than the unequal glumes. Stamens 2-3
Grain a globular utricle (hyaline or rarely coriaceous), containing a loose seed,
deciduous (whence the name, from tnropd, seed, and /SaAXoo, to cast forth).
* Glumes very unequal : panicle pyramidal, open.
1. S. jifmceilS, Kunth. Leaves involute, narrow, rigid, the lowest elongat-
ed; culm (l°-2°high) naked ahove, hearing a narrow loose panicle; glumes
ovate, rather obtuse, the lower one half as long as, the ripper equalling, the nearly
equal palece. 1J. (Agrostis juncea, Michx. Vilfa juncea, Trin.) — Dry soil,
Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, and (chiefly) southward. Aug. — Spikelets 1" - 2
long, shining.
2. S. Iictcr61cpis. Leaves involute-thread-form, rigid, the lowest as long
as the culm [l°- 2°), which is naked above; panicle very loose; glumes very
unequal; the lower awl-shaped (or bristle-pointed from a broad base) and some-
what shorter, the upper ovate-oblong and taper-pointed and longer, than the equal
palece. 1|. (Vilfa heterolepis, Gray.) — Dry soil, Connecticut, N. New York,
Ohio, and Wisconsin. Aug. — Plant exhaling an unpleasant scent (Sullirunt),
stouter than the last, the spikelets thrice larger. Utricle spherical (1" in diam-
eter), shining, thick and coriaceous !
3. S. cryptiilldms. Leaves flat, pale (2" wide) ; the pyramidal panicle
bursting from the upper sheath which usually encloses its base, its spreading
branches hairy in the ^axils ; upper glume lanceolate, rather acute, twice the length of
the lower one, as long as the nearly equal palese ; sheaths strongly bearded at the
throat. U 1 ( Agr. £ Vilfa cryptandra, Torr.) — Sandy soil, Buffalo, New York,
to Illinois, and south and westward. Ipswich, Massachusetts, Oakes. Aug. —
Culm 2° -3° high. Panicle lead-color: spikelets small.
* # Glumes almost equal, shorter than the broad palefe : panicle racemose-elongated,
open, thr pedicels capillary : sheaths naked at the throat : spikelets not wifrcqiuntfy
2-flowercd. (Colpodium ?)
4. S. COmprcSSUS, Kunth. Very smooth, leafy to the top ; culms tufted,
stout, very flat ; sheaths flattened, much longer than the-internoder ; leavt^
narrow, conduplicatc-channellcd ; gl nines aeutish, about one third shorter than
the obtuse palece. l| (Agrostls compressa, Tbrr. Vilfa, Trin.)- Bogs in the
pine ham-ns of New Jersey. Sept. — Forming strong tussocks, l°-2° high.
Panicle 8' - 12' long : spikelets 1" long, purplish.
GKAMINKJE. (GKASS FAMILY.) 543
5. S« SerotiiailS. Smooth; culms very slender, flattish (8' -15' high),
few-leaved ; leaves very slender, channelled ; panicle soon much cxsertcd, the dif-
fuse capillary branches scattered ; glumes ovate, obtuse, about half the length
of the paleae. (T) 1 (Agr. & Vilfa scrotina, Torr. V. tenera, Trin. Poa ? uni-
flora, MM. P. modesta, Tuckerm.) — Sandy wet places, E. New England to
New Jersey and Michigan. Sept. — A very delicate grass; the spikelets, &c.
smaller than in the last.
7. AGROSTIS, L. BENT-GRASS.
Spikelets 1 -flowered, in an open panicle. Glumes somewhat equal, or the
lower rather longer, usually longer than the paleae, pointless. Paleas very thin,
pointless, naked ; the lower 3 - 5-nerved, and frequently awned on the back, the
upper often minute or wanting. Stamens chiefly 3. Grain (caryopsis) free.
— Culms usually tufted, slender. (Name from aypos, a field, the place of
growth.)
§ 1. TRICHtolUM, Michx. — Upper pdea abortive, minute, or none.
1. A. data, Trin. (TALLER THIN-GRASS.) Culms firm or stout (2° -3°
high) ; leaves flat (l"-2" wide) ; upper ligules elongated (2"-3" long) ; spike-
lets crowded on the branches of the spreading panicle above the middle (l£" long) ;
lower palea awnless, slightly shorter than the rather unequal glumes ; the upper
wanting. 1J. (A. Schweinitzii, Trin. ? A. altissima, Tuckerm., excl. var. laxa.
Trich. elatum, Pursh.) — Swamps, New Jersey and southward. October.
2. A. pereiinailS, Tuckerm. (THIN-GRASS.) Culms slender, erect from
a decumbent base (l°-2° high); leaves flat (the upper 4' -6' long, l"-2"
wide ) ; panicle at length diffusely spreading, pale green, the branches short, divided
and floiDer-bearing from or below the middle ; lower palea awnless (rarely short-
awn od), shorter than the unequal glumes; the upper minute or obsolete. Ij.
( Cornucopias perennans, Walt. Trich. perennans, Ell. T. decumbcns, Michx.
T. scabrum, MuM., not Agr. scabra, Willd. Agr. anomala, Willd.) — Damp
shaded places. July, Aug. — Spikelets, &c. as in No. 3, into which it appears
to vary.
3. A. SCabra, Willd. (HAIR-GRASS.) Culms very slender, erect (l°-2°
high) ; leaves short and narrow, the lower soon involute (the upper 1' -3' long,
less than 1" wide); panicle very loose and divergent, pur/ilis/i, the long capillary
branches flower-bearing at and near the apex ; lower palea awnless or occasionally
*hort-<iwned on the back, shorter than the rather unequal very acute glumes ; the
upper minute or obsolete. 1J. ;" 1 (A. laxiflora, Richard. A. Michauxii, Trin.
partly. Trich. laxiflorum, Michx. T. montanum, Torr.) — Exsiccated places,
common. June, July. — Remarkable for the long and divergent capillary
branches of the extremely loose panicle ; these are whorled, rough with very
minute bristles (under a lens), as also the keel of the glumes. Spikelets 1'
long. — A variety? from about the White Mountains, &c. (var. montana,
Tuckerm.), has a more or less exserted awn, thus differing from the T. monta-
num, Torr. (A. oreophila, Trin.), which is a dwarfed form, growing in tufts in
hollows of rocks, &c.
544 GRAMINEJS. (GRASS FAMILY.)
4. A. CANINA, L. (BROWN BUNT-GRASS.) Culms slender (1°- 2° high);
root-leaves involute-bristlc-form, those of the culm flat and broader, linear;
branches of the short and loose erect-spreading panicle slender, branching above
the middle; lower pal ea a little shorter than the almost equal glumes, bturiny a
long (at length bent or somewhat twisted) awn on the back a little bdow the middle,
the upper one minute and inconspicuous (only half the length of the ovary);
spikelets greenish, turning brown or purplish, about 1" long. 1J. — Meadows,
&c., E. New England : scarce. (Nat. from Eu.)
Var. alpina, Oakes (van? tenella, Tor/-.; A. rubra, L., ed.\.\ A. Picker-
ingii & A. concinna, Tuckcrm.), is a lower, often contracted mountain form, with
spikelets l£" long. Mountain-tops, Maine to New York. July, Aug. (Eu.)
* 2. AGROSTI8 PROPER. — Upper palea manifest, but shorter than the lower.
5. A. Vlllgaris, With. (RED-TOP. HERD'S-GRASS of Penn., &c.)
Rootstocks creeping; culm mostly upright (l°-2° high) ; panicle oblong, with
spreading slightly rough short branches (purple) ; leaves linear ; ligule very short,
truncate; lower palea nearly equalling the glumes, chiefly awnless, 3-nerved;
the upper about one half its length. 1J. (A. polymorpha, Iluds. partly. — Varies
with a rougher panicle (A. hispida, Willd.), and rarely with the flower awned
(A. pumila, L.) — Low meadows ; naturalized from Eu. Also native in North-
ern New York and northward. (Eu.)
6. A» ALBA, L. (WHITE BENT-GRASS.) Culm ascending, rooting at the
lower joints (l°-2° high) ; panicle narrow, contracted after flowering (gw.nish-
tvhite or barely tinged with purple), the branches rough ; ligule oblong or linear;
lower palea rather shorter than the glumes, 5-ncrved, awnless, or rarely short-
awned on the back ; otherwise as in the last. 1| — Varies with the panicle
more contracted (A. stolonifera, L., Fiorin Grass) ; and var. ARISTATA, with
the lower palea long-awned from near its base. (A. stricta, Willd.) — Moist
meadows and fields. A valuable grass, like the foregoing. (Nat. from Eu.)
8. POLYPOGON, Desf. BEARD-GRASS.
Spikelets 1 -flowered, in a contracted somewhat spike-like panicle. Glumes
nearlv equal, long-awned, much longer than the membranaccous palcae, the lower
of which is commonly short-awned below the apex. Stamens 3. Grain free.
(Name composed of TroXu, much, and Trtoytoi/, beard; from the awns.)
1. P. MONSPELIENSIS, Desf. Panicle interrupted ; glumes oblong, the awn
from a shallow notch at the summit; lower palea awned. ("; — On the coast,
Isle of Shoals, New Hampshire (Oakes $• Robbins), Virginia? and southward.
(Nat. from Eu.)
9. CINNA, L. WOOD REED-GRASS.
Spikelets 1 -flowered, much flattened, crowd- -d in an open flaccid panicle.
Glumes lanceolate, acute, strongly keeled, hispid-serrulate on the keel ; th«
rather smaller, the upper a little cxr e» -ding the paleju. Flower m;r.
stalked in the glumes, smooth and naked ; the paleie much like the }J;.
the lower longer than the upper, short-awned or bristle-pointed on the back be-
ORAMINEJS. (GRASS FAMILY.) 545
low the pointless apex. Stamen one, opposite the 1 -nerved upper palea ! Grain
linear-oblong, free. — A perennial, rather sweet-scented grass, with simple ^and
upright somewhat reed-like culms (2° -7° high), bearing a large compound ter-
minal panicle, its branches in fours or fives, broadly linear-lanceolate flat leaves
(i'~i; wide), and conspicuous ligules. Spikelets green, often purplish-tinged.
(Name unexplained.)
1. C. arundiiiacea, L. — Moist woods and shaded swamps; rather
common, both northward and southward. July, Aug. — Panicle 6' -15' long,
rather dense ; the branches and pedicels spreading in flower, afterwards erect.
Spikelets 2^" -3" long. Awn of the palea either obsolete or exserted.
Var. peudula. Panicle loose and more slender, the branches nearly
capillary and drooping in flower ; pedicels very rough ; glumes and pale* more
membranaceous, the former less unequal ; Spikelets 1^"- 2" long; upper palea
obtuse. (C. pendula, Trin. C. latifolia, Griseb. C. expansa, Link. Blyttia
suaveolens, Fries.) — Deep damp woods, N. New York to Lake Superior and
northward, and on mountains southward. — A northern, more delicate state of
the last, as is shown by intermediate specimens. (Upper palea as long as the
lower, but shorter, as figured in Anders. Gram. Scand., only not with 3 stamens,
but monandrous, both in American specimens and in Norwegian, given in Fries,
Herb. Norm.) (Eu.)
1O. MUHLENBERGIA, Schreber. DROP-SEED GRASS.
Spikelets 1 -flowered, in contracted or rarely open panicles. Glumes mostly
acute or bristle-pointed, persistent ; the lower rather smaller or minute. Flower
very short-stalked or sessile in the glumes ; the paleae usually hairy-bearded at
the base, herbaceous, deciduous with the enclosed grain, often equal ; the lower
3-nerved, mucronate or awned at the apex. Stamens 3. (Dedicated to the
Rev. Dr. Muhlenberg, a distinguished American botanist. )
§ 1. MUHLENBERGIA PROPER. — Panicles contracted or generate, terminal
and axillary: perennials (in our species) with branching rigid culms, from scaly
creeping rootstocks : leaves short and narrow.
* Lower palea barely mucronate or sharp-pointed. (Sp. of China, Kunth, Trin.)
1. M. SObolifera. Culms ascending (l°-2°high), sparingly branched ;
the simple contracted panicle very slender or filiform ; glumes barely pointed, almost
equal, % shorter than the equal palece ; lower palea abruptly short-mucronate.
(Agrostis sobolifera, MaTd.) — Open rocky woods, Vermont to Michigan, Illi-
nois, and southward. Aug. — Spikelets less than 1" long.
2. HI. glomerata, Trin. Culms upright (l°-2° high), sparingly
branched or simple ; panicle oblong-linear, contracted into an interrupted glomerate
spike, long-peduncled, the branches sessile ; glumes awned, nearly equal, and
(with the bristle-like awn) about twice the length of the unequal very acute
palea. (Agr. racemosa, Michx. A. setosa, Muhl. Polypogon racemosus, Nutt.)
— Bogs, &c. ; common, especially northward. Aug. — Panicle 2' -3' long.
3. H. JJIexicana, Trin. Culms ascending, much branched (2° -3°
high) ; panicles lateral and terminal, often included at the base, contracted, the
46*
646 GRAMIXEvE. (GRA£S FAMILY.}
branches densely spiked-clustered, linear (green and purplish) ; <jl nines awnlcss, sharp-
pointed, unequal, the upper about the length of the very acute lower paleu.
(Agr." Mexicuna, L. A. lateriflora, Mic/tx.) — Varies with more slender pani-
cles (A. tiliformis, J/«A/.) — Low grounds; common. Aug.
# # Lower palea bristle-awned from the tip : flowers short-jtedicelled.
4. IWT. sylvatica, Torr. & Gr. Culms ascending, much branched and
diffusely sj)reading (2° — 4° long) ; contracted panicles densely many -flowered ;
glumes almost equal, bristle-pointed, nearly as long as the lower paba, which hears an
awn twice or thrice the length of the spikelet. (Agr. diffusa, Mulil.) — Low or
rocky woods ; rather common. Aug., Sept. — Aspect between No. 3 and No. 5.
5. M. Willdenovii, Trin. Culms upright (3° high), slender, simple or
sparingly branched ; contracted panicle slender, loosely flowered ; glumes sliyldly
unequal, short-pointed, half the length of the lower palea, which bears an awn 3 -4
times the length of the spikelet. (Agr. tenuiflora, Willd.) — liocky woods;
rather common. Aug.
6. M. clifTusa, Schreber. (DROP-SEED. NIMBLE WILL.) Culms dif-
fusely much branched (8' -18' high) ; contracted panicl.es slender, rather loosely
many-flowered, terminal and lateral ; glumes extremely minute, the lower obsolete,
the upper truncate ; awn once or twice longer than the palea. (Dilepyrtim
minutiflorum, Michx.) — Dry hills and woods, from S. New England to Michi-
gan, Illinois, and southward. Aug., Sept. — Spikelets much smaller than in the
foregoing, 1" long.
$ 2. TRICH6CHLOA, DC. — Panicle very loose and open, the long branches and
pedicels capillary : leaves narrow, often convolute-bristle-form.
7. HI. capillaris, Kunth. (HAIR-GRASS.) Culm simple, upright (2°
high) from a fibrous (perennial?) root; panicle capillary, expanding (6' -20'
long, purple) ; glumes unequal, J to ^ the length of the long-awned paleze, the
lower mostly pointless, the upper more or less bristle-pointed. — Sandy soil, W.
New England to New Jersey, Kentucky, and southward. Aug. — Pedicels V -
2' long, scarcely thicker than the awns, which are about 1' long.
11. BRACHYELYTRUM, Beauv. BRACHYELYTRUM.
Spikelets 1 -flowered, with a conspicuous filiform pedicel of an abortive second
flower about half its length, nearly terete, few, in a simple appresscd rat-emcd
panicle. Lower glume obsolete ; the upper minute, pointless, persistent, shorter
than the width of the thick stalk of the flower. Palece chartaceo-herbaceous, in-
volute, enclosing the linear-oblong grain, somewhat equal, rough with scattered
short bristles ; the lower 5-nerved, contracted at the apex into a long straight
awn ; the upper 2-pointcd ; the awn-like sterile pedicel partly lodged in the groove
on its back. Stamens 2 : anthers and stigmas very long. — A perennial grass, with
simple culms (l°-3° high) from creeping rootstoeks, downy sheaths, broad and
flat lanceolate pointed leaves, and large spikelets £' long without the awn. (Name
composed of ftpaxys, short, and eXvrpoi/, husk, from the very short glumes.)
1. B. arisfatllin, Beauv. (Muhlenbergia crecta, &:hi\b. Dilepyrum
aristosum, Michx.) — Rocky woods; rather common. June.
GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 517
12. CALAMAGRtiSTIS, Adans. REED BENT-GRASS.
•
Spikelcts 1 -flowered, and often with a pedicel or rudiment of a second abor-
tive flower, in an open or spiked panicle. Glumes keeled or boat-shaped, often
acute, commonly nearly equal, and exceeding the flower, which is surrounded
at the base by a copious tuft of white bristly hairs. Paleae membranaceous, or
in the second and third sections of a firmer texture ; the lower bearing; a slender
awn on the back or below the tip, rarely awnless ; the upper mostly shorter.
Stamens 3. Grain free. — Perennials, with running rootstocks, and mostly tall
and simple rigid culms. (Name compounded of fcdXa/j-os, a reed, and aypocrns,
a grass.)
^ 1. CALAMAGROSTIS PROPER. — Flower, frc. much as in Agrostis, except
the hairy tuft : the boat-shaped glumes and the palece membranaceous ; the former
equal or the lower one rather longer: lower palea 3-5-nerved, awned on the back:
panicle open. (All the following have a rudimentary plumose pedicel of a second
flower:)
* Glumes open or loose after flowering.
1. C. Ciiaicldeiisis, Bcauv. (BLUE JOINT-GRASS.) Panicle oblong,
loose (often puqjlish) ; lower palea nearly as long as the lanceolate acute glumes,
not exceeding the very fine hairs, bearing an extremely delicate awn bdow the middle
scarcely equalling or exceeding the hairs; rudimentary pedicel minute. (Arun-
do Canadensis, Michx. C. Mcxicana, Nutt.) — Wet grounds; common north-
ward, and southward along the Alleghanies. July. — Rather glaucous, 3° - 5°
Ligh: leaves flat. Glumes rough, \^" long. See Addend.
* * Glumes closed inf.-uit.
2. C. COilfinis, Nutt. Panicle elongated, narrow (5' -8' long), the
branches appressed after flowering, pale ; lower palea nearly equalling the oblong-
lanceolate acute glumes, % longer than the hairs (excepting those of the conspicuous
rudiment), bearing between the middle and the base a rather stout and slightly exsert.ed
aim. ( Ar. confinis, Willd. ! C. inexpansa, Gray.) — Swamps, N. and W. New
York (especially Penn Yan, Sartwell) and Pennsylvania. July. — Spikelets
rather larger than in the last; upper glume more or less shorter.
3. C. COarcfiita, Ton-. Panicle contracted, dense (3' -6' long); lower
palea shorter than the taper-pointed tips of the lanceolate glumes, almost twice the length
of t)t£ hairs (excepting the strong tuft borne by the conspicuous rudiment), bear-
ing a rigid and exserted short awn above the middle, (C. Canadensis, Nutl.) —
Wet grounds, Mass, to Wisconsin^ and (chiefly) southward. Aug. — Culm
3°- 5° high. Glumes 4" long. Grain hairy, crowned with a bearded tuft.
4. C. PicKcriilgii. Panicle dense and narrow (3' -5' long, purplish) ;
palea3 nearly equal, rather shorter than the ovate-oblong merely acute glumes ; awn
inserted between the middle and the base, stout, often a little bent, not exceeding the
glumes ; hairs very short and scanty, \ the length of the paleas, half as long as the
small plumose rudiment. — Alpine region of the White Mountains of New
Hampshire; first collected by Dr. Pickering and Mr. Oakes. Sept. — Culml0
high. Spikelets smaller and glumes less pointed than in C. sylvatica, DC., to
which belongs C. purpurascens, R. Br. ? Leaves short and flat.
548 cn'AMiM.E. (GRASS FAMILY.)
$ 2. CALAMOVtLFA. — Glumr-s and equal palece, rathtr c/iartat'(-ons, compressed-
keeled ; the lower <jl a an' shorter tlmn the. iijtjxr and short>r than the ^alxt'., of which
the lower is \-nerved and aitir .-/// awnless ; the upper strongly 2-ku-lcd : rudiment
wanting : panicle open and loose.
5. CJ« lH'CvipiliS. Brandies of the diffuse pyramidal panicle capillary
(purplish) ; glumes ovate, muoronatc ; the upper slightly, the lower nearly one half,
shorter than the palece, which are above twice the length of the hairs and bristly-beard-
ed along the keels. (Arundo brevipilis, Torr.) — Sandy swamps, pine barrens of
New Jersey; rare. Sept. — Culm slender, 3° -4° high: leaves nearly flat.
6. C. loilgifolia, Hook. Culm (l°-4° high) stout, from thick running
rootstocks ; leavts rigid, elongated, involute above and tapering into a long thread-
like point; branches of the pyramidal panicle smooth ; ylumr* funrfultitc, the
upper as long as the similar palcoe, the lower £ shorter ; the copious haira more
than half (he length of the naked palc(e. — Sands, Illinois, Michigan, and north-
westward. Spikelcts I1 long. Sheaths clothed with deciduous wool.
§ 3. AMM6PHILA, Host. — Glumes nearly equal and rather longer than the equal
similar palece, scarious-chartaccous, lanceolate, compressed-keeled: lower palm 5-
nerved, slightly mucronate or obscurely awned near the tip; the tipper 2-kttltd:
rudiment present and plumose above : squantulce lanceolate, much longer than the
ovary: panicle spiked-contracted : spikelets large, (£' long).
7. C. aren&ria, Roth. (SEA SAND-REED.) Culm rigid (2° -3° high)
from stout running rootstocks ; leaves long, soon involute ; panicle contracted
into a dense cylindrical spike (5' -9 long) ; hairs only $ the length of the pa-
le®. (Arundo, L. Psamma, Beam:.) — Sandy beaches, New Jersey to Maine,
and northward ; also Lakes Michigan and Superior. Aug. (Eu.)
13. ORYZOPSIS, Michx. MOUNTAIN RICE.
Spikclets 1-flowercd nearly terete. Glumes herbacco-membranaccous, sev-
eral-nerved, nearly equal, commonly rather longer than the oblong flower, which
is deciduous at maturity, and with a very short obtuse callus. Lower palea cori-
aceous, at length involute so as closely to enclose the upper (of the same length)
and the oblong grain; a simple untwisted and deciduous awn. jointed on its
apex. Stamens 3. Squamulae 2 or 3, conspicuous. Styles sometimes united :
stigmas plumose. — Perennials, with rigid leaves and a narrow raceme or panicle.
Spikelets greenish, rather large. (Name composed of 3pv£a, rice, and ttyts,
likeness, from a fancied resemblance to that grain.)
* * Styles distinct, short : culm leafyto the summit : callus glabrous.
1. O. mclmiOCiirpSl, Muhl. Leaves lanceolate, taper-pointed, flat;
sheaths bearded in the throat ; panicle simple or sparingly branched, the branches
divergent; spikclets loosely racemed ; awn thrice the length of the blackish palece
(nearly 1' long). (Milium racemosum, Smith. PiptalluTiim nigrum, Terr.) —
Rocky woods ; not rare. Aug. — Culm 2° - 3° high.
* * Styles united below, slender: culms tuft id, naked above : callus beardtd.
2. O. aspcrifolia, Michx. Culms (9'- 18' high) clothed with sheaths
bearing a mere rudimentary blade, overtopped by the loin/ and rigid linear leaf
GHA:,iii!siwE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 549
from the base; panicle very simple and raceme-like, few-flowered j awn 2-3
times the length of the rather hairy whitish paleee. (Urachne, Trin.) — Hill-sides,
&e., in rich woods; common northward. May. — Leaves concave, keelless,
rough-edged, pale underneath, lasting through the winter. Squamulaj lanceo-
late, almost as long as the inner palca \
3. O. CaBiad£nsi§, Torn Culms slender (G'-15' high), the lowest
sheaths leaf-bearing; leaves involute-thread-shaped; panicle contracted (l'-2'
long), the branches usually in pairs ; paleae pubescent, whitish; awn short and
very ili'ciduous, or wanting. (0. parviflora, Nutt. Stipajuneea, Michx. S. Can-
adensis, Poir. Milium pungens, Torr. Urachne brcvicaudata, Trin.) — Rocky
hills and dry plains, W. New England to Wisconsin, and northward; rare.
May. — Glumes l"-2'' long, sometimes purplish. — Through the species, or
perhaps variety, Uraclme micrantha, Trin., this genus is strictly connected with
Stipa.
14. STIPA, L. FEATHER-GRASS.
Spikelets 1 -flowered, terete : the flower falling away at maturity, with the con-
spicuous obconical bearded and often sharp-pointed stalk (callus), from the mem-
branaceous glumes. Lower palea coriaceous, cylindrical-involute, closely em-
bracing the smaller upper one and the cylindrical grain, having a long and
twisted or tortuous simple awn jointed with its apex (naked in our species).
Stamens mostly 3. Stigmas plumose. — Perennials, with narrow involute leaves
and a loose panicle. (Name from orvnr}, tow, in allusion to the flaxen appear-
ance of the feathery awns of the original species.)
* Callus or base of the flower short and blunt ; glumes pointless.
1. S. Richard so nil, Link. Culm (1^°- 2° high) and leaves slender ;
panicle loose (4' -5' long), with slender few-flowered branches; glumes nearly
equal, oblong, acutish (2^" long), about equalling the pubescent linear-oblong
lower palea, which bears a tortuous or geniculate awn 6" - 8" long. — Pleasant
Mountain, near Scbago Lake, Maine, C. J. Sprague ; and northwestward.
(Flowers rather smaller than in Richardson's plant, as described by Trinius
and Ruprceht.)
#* Callus or base of the flower pungenlly pointed : at maturity villous-bcardcd : lower
palca slender and minutely bearded at the tip : glumes taper-pointed.
2. S. aveiii&cea, L. (BLACK OAT-GRASS.) Culm slender (l°-2°
hiirh) ; leaves almost bristle-form ; panicle open; palece blackish, nearly as lonq as
ilic a! most equal glumes (about 4" long), the awn bent above, twisted below (2' —
3' long). — Dry or sandy woods, S. New England to Wisconsin, and (chiefly)
southward. July.
3. S. spsirtea, Trin., not of Hook. (PORCUPINE GRASS.) Culm rather
stout (l£°-3° high) ; panicle contracted ; palew linear, $'-!' long (including the
long callus), pubescent below, shorter than the lanceolate slender subulate-pointed
greenish glumes ; the twisted strong awn 3^-7' long, pubescent below, rough
above. (S. juncea, Pttrsh?) — Plains and prairies, from Illinois and N. MichL-
gah northwestward.
550 GRAMINEJS. (GRASS FAMILY.)
15. ARISTIDA, L. TRIPIE-AWNED GRASS.
Glumes unequal, often bristle-pointed. Lower palea tipped with three awns ;
the upper palea much smaller. Otherwise much as in Stipa. — Culms branch-
ing : leaves narrow, often involute. Spikelets in simple or panic-led racemes
or spikes. (Name from arista, a beard or awn.) All grow in sterile, dry-
soil, and all ours have the awns naked and persistent, and flower towards the
end of summer.
* Awns separate to the base, not jointed with the palea.
•*- Aims very unequal; the 2 lateral merely short erect bristles, scarcely I or I the
length of the horizontal at length recurved middle one: root annual: culms tufted,
much branched throughout, low (5'- 18' high) : racemes short and spike-like.
1. A. <licll6toina, Michx. (POVERTY GRASS.) Culms erect or ascend-
ing; spikelcts small, mostly crowded and panieled ; glumes l-nerw-d, 4'-J "onS>
exceeding the flower, which bears a middle awn of about its own length. — Com-
mon in old fields, &c., especially southward.
2. A. ramoSlSSinm, Engelm. mss. Culms diffuse ; spiked raceme sim-
ple and loosely flowered; glumes f — |' long, 3 - 5-nerved, about equalling the
flower, the soon recurved middle awn I' long. — Dry prairies of Illinois (Kngel-
mann), and Kentucky (herb. Micltaux). — Glumes short-awned ; the lower 4-5-
nerved; the inner and longer one 3-nerved, 2-cleft at the tip. Lateral awns of
the palea only l£" - 2" long. Ligulc truncate, bearded.
•*- •*- Awns unequal but similar ; the 2 lateral about half the length of the horizontally
bent middle one: root annual: culms branched only towards the base, naked above,
bearing a long and slender spiked raceme or virgate panicle.
3. A. graciliS, Ell. Culms slender, erect (6' -18' high); flower as long
as the glumes (2£" -3" long) ; lateral awns a.s Ion;/ as the palea, the middle one
£'-§'long. — Sand, E. Massachusetts and New Jersey to Illinois, and south-
ward.
•*- •«- •*- Awns nearly equal, divergently spreading : root perennial.
++ Culms simple or nearly so (l°-2° high), terminated by a long and strict virgate
many-flowered spiked panicle from 6' to 18' in length.
4. A. Stricta, Michx. Leaves soon involute-filiform, rigid, downy or gla-
brous; lower palea smooth, 3" -4" long, the equally spreading awns %' long, or
the lateral rather shorter. — Virginia and southward.
5. A. purpurascens, Poir. Leaves glabrous, less rigid ; hirer palea
rough or minutely serrulate-hispid on the keel and the slender lateral nerves,
4"- 5" long; the divaricate middle awri 1' long, the lateral a little shorter and
at first erect. (A. racemosa, Muhl A. Geyeriuna, Stead.) — Massachusetts to
Michigan, Illinois, and southward; common.
•w- •»-*• Culms branching behiu (1°- 1.'° high), the Iranchfs naked above and racemotekj
or paniculately sm •/•<//- (4 -12-) jl
6. A. Olig lllllia, Michx. Spikelets large, very short-pedicelled ; glumes
equalling the flower, 8" -10" long, the lower 3 - 5-nerved and 2-elel't at the tip,
the upper 1-nerved and more awned at the tip ; awns of the palea l£' -3' long,
GRAMINEyE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 551
divaricate, the lateral a little shorter than the middle one. — Virginia to Illinois,
and south westward. — Resembles small forms of the next.
* =fc Awns united below into one, joint: d with the apex of the palea: root annual.
7. A. tiBfoercillosa, Nutt, Culm branched below (6' -18' high), tumid
at the joints ; panicles rigid, loose ; the branches in pairs, one of them short and
about 2-flowered, the other elongated and several-flowered; glumes (!' long, in-
cluding their slender-awncd tips) longer than the palea; which is tipped with
the common stalk (about its own length) of the 3 equal divergently-bent awns
(I.}7 -2' long) twisting together at the base. — Sandy soil, E. Massachusetts to
New Jersey ; also Wisconsin, Illinois, and southward.
16. SPARTINA, Schreber. CORD or MARSH GRASS.
Spikelets 1-flowcred, without a rudiment, very much flattened laterally, spiked
in 2 ranks on the outer side of a triangular rhachis. Glumes strongly com-
pressed-keeled, acute, or bristle-pointed, mostly rough-bristly on the keel ; the
upper one much larger and exceeding the pointless and awnless palcas, of which
the upper is longest. Squamulai none. Stamens 3. Styles long, more or less
united. — Perennials, with simple and rigid reed-like culms, from extensively
creeping scaly rootstocks, racemcd spikes, very smooth sheaths, and long and
tough leaves (whence the name, from o-TraprtV/;, a cord, such as was made from
the bark of the Spartium, or Broom).
# Spiktlets compactly imbricated, rough-hispid on the keels: spikes more or less pedun-
cled: culm and leaves rigid.
1. S. cynosuroldes, Willd. (FRESH-WATER CORD-GRASS.) Culm
rather slender (2° -6° high) ; leaves narrow (2° -4° long, £' or less wide below),
tapering to a very slender point, keeled, flat, but quickly involute in drying,
smooth except the margins ; spikes 5-14, scattered, spreading ; rhachis rough on
the margins ; f/htines awn-pointed, especially the upper, the lower equalling the lower
palea, whose strong rough-hispid midrib abruptly terminates below the membra-
nous apex. (Trachynotia cynosuroidcs, Michx. Limnetis, Pers.) — Banks of
rivers and lakes through the interior, chiefly northward. Aug. — Spikes 2' -3'
long, straw-color. Glumes strongly serrulate-hispid on the keel ; the awn of the
upper one about y long. Paleae somewhat unequal. — Certainly distinct from
the next, to which, in strictness, the Linncean name belongs.
2. S. polystat-liya, Willd., Muhl. (SALT REED-GRASS.) Culm taU
and stout (4° -9° high, often 1' in diameter near the base) ; leaves broad (£' to 1'),
rotighish underneath, as well as the margins ; spikes 20 - 50, forming a dense oblong
raceme (purplish) ; glumes barely mucronate, the lower half the length of the equal
palece, of which the rough-hispid midrib of the lower one reaches to the apex.
(Trachynotia polystachya, jMichx. Dactylis cynosuroidcs, L.I in part, excl.
var.) — Salt or brackish marshes, within tide-water, especially southward.
3. S. juncca, Willd. (Rusn SALT-GRASS.) Culms low (l°-2° high)
and slender; Ic-aw* narrow and rush-like, strongly involute, very smooth ; spikes 1-5,
on veiy short peduncles; the rhachis smooth ; glumes acute, the lower scarcely £
the length of the upper, not half the length of the lower palea. (Dactylis pa-
552 GRA?.IINI-;.E. (GRASS FAMILY.)
tens, Ait.) — Suit marches, and sandy sea-benches, common. August. (Also
in one locality in S. of Eu.)
# * Spikelets loosely imbricated, or somewhat remote and ultima!,", //,.- /YY/S sliyMy
hairy or roughish under u lens: spikes sessile and erect, soft; Icarcs, r/utchis, $*c.
C( rij smooth : culm, <JT. ratlicr succulent,
4. S. Strict:*, Koth. (SALT MARSH-GRASS.) Culm l°-3° high, leafy
to the top ; leaves convolute, narrow; spikes few (2-4), the rhachis slightly
projecting at the summit beyond the crowded or imbricated spikelets ; glumes
acute, very unequal, the larger I -nerved, a little longer than the palcie. — Salt
marshes, Pennsylvania, £e. (MuJil.) (Eu.)
Var. gJMtra, Muhl. (S. glabra, HfuhL, partly.) Culm and leaves mostly
longer; spikes 5-12 (2' -3' long), the spikelets imbricate-crowded. — Common
on the coast.
Var. alteriliflora. (S. altcrniflorn, Loiwl. Dactylis cynosuroidcs, var ,
L.) Spikes more slender (3' -5' long), and the spikelets remotish, barely over-
lapping, the rhaehis continued into a more conspicuous bract-like appendage:
larger glume indistinctly 5-nerved (not so evidently as in the Eu. and Trop.
Amer. plant) : otherwise as in the preceding form, into which it passes. — Com-
mon with the last. — Odor strong and rancid.
17. CTENIUM, Panzer. TOOTHACHE-GRASS.
Spikelets densely imbricated in two rows on one side of a flat arcuate-curved
rhachis, forming a solitary terminal spike. Glumes persistent; the lower one
(interior) much smaller; the other concave below, bearing a stout recurved awn,
like a horn, on the middle of the back. Flowers 4-6, all but one neutral ; the
one or two lower consisting of empty awned paleai, the one or two uppermost
of empty awnless palcac : the perfect flower intermediate in position ; its palcae
membranaceous, the lower awned or mucronate below the apex and densely
ciliate towards the base, 3-ncrved. Squamulse 2. Stamens 3. Stigmas plu-
mose. (Name Kreviov. a small comb, from the pectinate appearance of the spike. )
1. C. AlBlcricftmim, Spreng. Culm (3° -4° high) simple, pubescent
or roughish ; larger glume warty-glandular outside and conspicuously awned.
1| (Monocera aromatica, Ell.) — Wet pine barrens, S. Virginia and southward.
— Taste very pungent.
18. BOIITEL.OIJA, Lagasca (1805). MUSKET-GRASS.
Spikelets crowded and closely sessile in 2 rows on • one side of a flattened
rhacliis, comprising one perfect flower below and one or, more sterile (mostly
neutral) or rudimentary flowers. Glumes concave-keeled, the lower OIK- shorter.
IVrf 'ct flower with the 3-nerved lower palea 3-toothed or cleft at the apex, tho
2-nerved upper palea 2-toothed, the teeth, at least of the former, pointed or suhti-
late-awni'd. Stamens ;? : anthers orange-colored or red. IJudimentavy (lowers
mostly 1 -.Tawni'd. Spikes solitary, racemed, or spiked ; the rhachis somewhat
extended beyond the spikelets. (Named for Cliunliun ttuutJvu, a Spanish writer
upon floriculture and agriculture.)
GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FA3IILY.) 553
§ 1. CHONDROSIUM, Desv. — Spikes pectinate, of very many spikelets, oblong
or linear, very dense, solitary and terminal or few in a raceme : sterile flowers 1-3
on the summit of a short pedicel, neutral, consisting of I -3 scales and awns.
1. B. OligOStlkcSiya, Torr. Glabrous, perennial (6'- 12' high) ; leaves
very narrow; spikes 1-5, the rhaehis glabrous; glumes and lower fertile palea
sparingly soft-hairy ; the lobes awl-pointed ; sterile flower copiously villous-tufted at
the summit of the naked pedicel, the 3 awns equalling the larger glume.
(Atheropogon, Nutt.) — W. Wisconsin.1? and westward. — Glumes obscurely
if at all papillose along the keel. Middle lobe of the lower palea 2-cleft at the
tip. Sterile flowers often 2, the second mostly a large awnless scale, becoming
hood-like and coriaceous. (Near B. gracilis : perhaps B. juncifolia, Lag.)
2. B. llii'SUta, Lagasca. Tufted from an annual? root (8' -20' high);
leaves flat, lance-linear, papillose-hairy or glabrous ; spikes 1 - 4 ; upper glume
hispid with strong bristles from dark warty glands ; lower palea pubescent, 3-cleft
into awl-pointed lobes ; sterile flower and its pedicel glabrous, the 3 awns longer than
the glumes and fertile flower. (Atheropogon papillosus, Engelm. Chondrosium,
hirtiim, //. B. K.) — Sandy plains, Wisconsin, Illinois, and south westward.
§ 2. ATHEROPOGON, Muhl. — Spikes short, numerous in a long and virgate
one-sided spike or raceme, spreading or reflexed, each of few (4-12) spikelets:
sterile flowers neutral, rudimentary.
3. B. CUrtipeildllEa. Culms tufted from perennial rootstalks (l°-3°
high) ; sheaths often hairy ; leaves narrow ; spikes ^ or less in length, nearly
sessile, 30 to GO in number in a loose general spike (8'- 15' long) ; flowers
scabrous ; the lower palea of the fertile with 3 short awl-pointed teeth ; sterile
flower reduced to a single small awn, or mostly to 3 awns shorter than the fertile
flower, and 1 or 2 small or minute scales. (B. raccmosa, Lagasca. Chloris
curtipcndula, Michx. Atheropogon apltidioides, Muhl. Eutriana curtipendula,
Trin.) — Calcareous dry hills and plains, S. New York to Wisconsin, and south-
ward. July -Sept. — Passes by transitions into
Var. ai'istosa. Spikes mostly shorter; sterile flower of a large saccate
\ower palea, awned at the 2-cleft tip and from the lateral nerves, the stout mid-
dle awn often exsertcd, and sometimes with a rudiment of an inner palea.
(Eutriana aflinis, J. D. Hook.) — Illinois (Gcyer), Penn. ? and southward.
19. OYMNOPOOOW, Beauv. NAKED-BEARD GRASS.
Spikelets of one perfect flower, and the rudiment of a second (consisting of
an awn-like pedicel mostly bearing a naked bristle), sessile and remotely alter-
nate on long and filiform rays or spikes, which form a crowded naked raceme.
Glumes lauce-awl-shaped, keeled, almost equal, rather longer than the somewhat
equal membranaceous palere ; of which the lower is cylindrical-involute, with
the midrib produced from just below the 2-cleft apex into a straight and slender
bristle-like awn ! the irjp-T with the abortive rudiment at its base. Stamens 3.
Stigmas pencil-form, purple. — Leaves short and fiat, thiekish, l'-3' long.
(Name composed of yvfj.i-os> naked, and T>a>ya>v, a beard, alluding to the reduc-
tion of the abortive flower to a bare awn.)
47
554 GRAMINiwE. (G11A3S FAMILY.)
1. €r. filCCllldSHS, Bcauv. Culms clustered from a short rootstouk (1°
high), wiry, leafy; leaves oblong-lanceolate; spikes flower-bearing to the base
(5' -8' long), soon divergent; awn of the abortive flower shorter than its stalk,
equalling the pointed glumes, not more than half the length of the £\vn of the fer-
tile llower. 11 (Anthopogon lepturoides, Null.) — Sandy pine ban-ens, New
Jersey to Virginia, and southward. Aug., Sept.
2. G. brcvif'olitlS, Trin. Filiform spikes fang-pcduncled, i. e. flover-bear-
iwj only above the middle; lower palea ciliate near the base, short-awncd; awn
of t/ie abortive floicer obsolete or minute ; glumes acute. 1J. (Anthopogon brevifo-
lius & h'liformis, Nutt.) — Sussex County, Delaware, and southward.
aO. C^NODOjy, Richard. BERMUDA GRASS. SCUTCH-GRASS.
Spikelets I -flowered, with a mere naked short-pedicellcd rudiment of a second
flower, imbrieate-spiked on one side of a flattish rhachis; the spikes usually
digitate at the naked summit of the flowering culms. Glumes keeled, pointless,
rather unequal. Paleai pointless and awnless ; the lower larger, boat-shaped.
Stamens 3. — Low ditfusely-brancjied and extensively creeping perennials, with
short flattish leaves. (Name composed of KVCDI>, a dog, and odovs, a tooth.)
1. C. DACTYLON, Pers. Spikes 3-5; paleae smooth, longer than the blunt
rudiment. — Penn. and southward; troublesome in light soil. (Nat. from Eu.)
21. DACTYI^OCTENIUM, Willd. EGYPTIAN GRASS.
Spikelets several-flawered, with the uppermost flower imperfect, crowded on
one side of a flattened rhachis, forming dense pectinate spikes, 2-5 in number,
digitate at the summit of the culm. Glumes compressed laterally and keeled,
membranaceous, the upper (exterior) one awn-pointed. Lower palea strongly
keeled and boat-shaped, pointed. Stamens 3. Pericarp a thin utricle, contain-
ing a loose globular and rough-wrinkled seed. — Culms diffuse, often creeping
at the base. (Name compounded of SaKrvXos, finger, and urtviov, a little comb,
alluding to the digitate and pectinate spikes.)
1. I>. -ZEGYPTlACUM, Willd. Spikes 4- 5; leaves ciliate at the base. ®
(Chloris mucronata, Michx.) — Cultivated fields and y,ards, Virginia, Illinois,
and southward. (Adv. from Afr. ?)
22. EL,EU§iftE, Grcrtn. CRAB-GRASS. YARD-GRASS.
Spikelets 2-6-flowcrcd, with a terminal naked rudiment, closely imbricate-
spiked on one side of a flattish rhachis ; the spikes digitate. Glumes membra-
naceous, pointless, shorter than the flowers. Paleae awnless and pointless ; the
lower ovate, keeled, larger than the upper. Stamens 3. Pericarp (utricle) con-
taining a loose oval and wrinkled seed. — Low annuals, with flat leaves, and
flowers much as in Poa. (Name from 'EXeuo-iV, the town where Ceres, the god-
dess of harvests; was worshipped.)
1. E. INDICA, Gterli. (DOG'S-TAIL or WIRE GRASS.) Culms ascend-
ing, flatten.'.!; spikes 2-5 (2' long, greenish). — Yards, &c., chiefly southward.
(Nat. from Ind.l)
GRA3IINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 555
23. I<EPTdCII£,OA, Beany. ( Ox YDENI A, Nutt. )
Spikelets 3 - many-flowered (the uppermost flower imperfect), loosely spiked
on one side of a, long filiform rhachis : the spikes racemed. Glumes membra-
naceous, keeled, often awl-pointed, the upper one somewhat larger. Lower pa-
lea 3-nerved, with the lateral nerves next the ciliatc or hairy margins awnless, or
bristle-awned at the entire or 2-toothed tip, larger than the upper. Stamens 2 or
3. Seed sometimes loose in the pericarp. — Leaves flat. (Name composed of
AfTrroS, slender, and x^6a, grass, from the long attenuated spikes.)
§ 1. LEPTOCHLOA PROPER. — Lower palea awnless or simply awned.
1. li. lliucroilffcta, Kunth. Sheaths hairy; spikes numerous (20-40,
2' -4' in length), in a long panicle-like raceme; spikelets small ; glumes more
or less mucronate, nearly equalling or exceeding the 3-4 awnless flowers. @
— Fields, Virginia to Illinois, and southward. August.
$2. DIPLACHNE, Beauv. — Lower palea bristle-awned from the 2-tooihed apex ;
the marginal nerves often excurrent into lateral teeth or points.
2. L,. foscicilliiiris. Smooth; leaves longer than the gen iculate-decum-
bent branching culms ; the upper sheathing the base of the crowded panicle-like
raceme, which is composed of many strict spikes (3' -5' long) ; spikelets slightly
pedicelled, 7-11-flowercd, much longer than the lanceolate glumes; pale*
hairy-margined towards the base ; the lower one with 2 small lateral teeth and a
short awn in the cleft of the apex. (Festuca fascicularis, Lam. F. polysta-
chya, Michx. Diplachne fascicularis, Beauv., Torr.) — Brackish meadows,
from Rhode Island southward along the coast, and from Illinois southward on
the Mississippi. Aug. — Makes a direct transition to the next genus.
24. TKICIJSPIS, Beauv. (URALEPIS & WiNDs6RiA, Nutt.)
Spikelets 3 - 1 2-flowerecl, somewhat terete; the terminal flower abortive.
Glumes unequal. Rhaehis of the spikelet bearded below each flower. Palese
inembranaccous or somewhat chartaceous ; the lower much larger than the 2-
toothed upper one, convex, 2-3-toothed or cleft at the apex, conspicuously
hairy-bearded or villous on the 3 strong nerves, of which the lateral are mar-
ginal or nearly so and usilally excurrent, as is the mid-nerve especially, into a
short cusp or awn. Stamens 3. Stigmas dark purple, plumose. Grain ob-
long, mostly gibbous. — Leaves taper-pointed: sheaths bearded at the throat.
Panicle simple or compound ; the spikelets often racemose, purplish. (Name
from the Latin tricuspis, three-pointed, alluding to the lower palea.)
$ 1. TRICUSPIS PROPER. (Windsoria, Nutt.) — Glumes shorter than the
crowded Jlowers : lower palea 3-cuspidate by the projection of the nerves, and usu-
ally with 2 intermediate membranaceous teeth ; the upper palea naked.
1. T. SCSleriolcles, Torr. (TALL RED-TOP.) Culm upright (3° -5°
high), very smooth, as are the flat leaves ; panicle large and compound, the rigid
capillary branches spreading, naked below ; spikelets very numerous, 5 - 7-flov-
ered, shining, purple (£' long) ; the flowers hairy toward the base, 1J. (Poa
flava, L. I P. seslerioides, Michx. V. qtiinquefida, Pursh. Windsoria pose-
556 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)
fonnis, Nutt. Uralcpis cuprea, Knut/i.) — Dry or sandy fields, S. New York to
Illinois, and southward. Aug. — A showy grass, with the spreading panicle
sometimes 1° wide. Points of the lower palea almost equal, scarcely exceeding
the intermediate teeth, thus appearing 5-toothed.
§2. TRIPLASIS, Beauv. (Diploeea, Rnf. Uralepis, Nutt.) — Glumes much
shorter than the somewhat remote Jlowtrs : both jialeie stronyly frinyc-beardcd ; the
lower 2-ckfl at the summit, its mid-nerve produced into an awn between the truncate
or awn-/ tainted divisions.
2. T. purpiirea. (SAND-GRASS.) Culms many in a tuft from the
same root, ascending (6' -12' high), with numerous bearded joints ; leaves invo-
lute-awl-shaped, mostly short; panicles very simple,, bearing few 2 - 5-flowered
spikelcts, the terminal one usually exsertcd, the axillary ones included in the
commonly hairy sheaths; awn mack shorter t/ian the palea, frequently not exceeding
its eroded-truncate or olituse lateral lobes. ® ? (Aira purpurea, Walt. Diploeea
barbata, Raf. Uralepis purpurea and U. aristulata, Nutt.) — In sand, Massa-
chusetts to Virginia along the coast, and southward. Aug., Sept. — Plant acid
to the taste.
T. coRNt'TA (Uralepis cornuta, Ell. and Triplasis Americana, Beauv. !) may
perhaps extend north to the borders of Virginia.
25. DUPOWTIA, R. Brown. See Addend
Spikelets 2-4-flowered, rather terete. Glumes membranaceous, nearly equal-
ling the remote flowers. A cluster of villous hairs at the base of each flower.
Palese thin and membranaecous or scarious ; the lower one convex, scarcely
keeled, faintly nerved, entire, mostly acutish, pointless. Stamens 3. Stigmas
plumose. Ovary glabrous. — Perennial and chiefly Arctic grasses, with linear
flat leaves, their sheaths closed at the base, the spikelets in a loose panicle.
(Named for M. Diiftont, a writer on the sheaths of the leaves of Grasses.)
(A genus, according to its author, most allied to Deschampsia (Aira), from
which it differs in its entire and awnless palea:, — an alliance strengthened by
the following remarkable new species which 1 venture to place in it ; — leaving
the genus among the Festucinese on account of the technical character, as it
wants the awn, and because it may include Arctophila of Ruprecht, which verges
very close on Colpodium and Glyccria. Fluminia, Fries, or Scoloehloa, Link,
(which may occur within our northwestern borders,) is intermediate in character
between Dupontia and Tricuspis, but might perhaps be ranged with Arctophila
in spite of its teeth, of which there are traces in some genuine Giyceme.)
1. D. Coolcyi. Tall (2° or more high) ; leaves roughish, sparsely hairy
above; panicle ample, compound ; glumes very unequal, the upper (3" long)
scarcely shorter than the spikclet, their midrib and the pedicels rough, t!:
derrhachis conspicuously and unilaterally bearded for its whole length. — Bor-
ders of a swamp, Washington, Macomb County, Michigan. — Flowers in the
spike mostly 2 or 3 and a sterile pedicel, whitish, the palea longer and of a
firmer texture than those of Aira rsispito^i and A. Bothniea, perfectly entire,
:, and with a somewhat keel-like roughish midrib : no trace of an awn.
GRAMINEJL. (GRASS FAMILY.) 557
26. DIARRIf ENA, Raf. DIARRHENA.
y pikelets several- flowered, smooth and shining, one or two of the uppermost
flowers sterile. Glumes ovate, much shorter than the flowers, coriaceous; the
lower one much smaller. Lower palea ovate, convex on the back, rigidly cori-
aceous, its 3 nerves terminating in a strong and abrupt cuspidate or awl-shaped
tip. Squ-amulae ovate, ciliate. Stamens 2. Grain very large, obliquely ovoid,
obtusely pointed, rather longer than the palcce, the cartilaginous shining peri-
car]) not adherent to the seed. — A nearly smooth perennial, with running root-
stocks, producing simple culms (2° -3° high) with long linear-lanceolate flat
leaves towards the base, naked above, bearing a few short-pedicelled spikelcts (5'
long) in a very simple panicle. (Name composed of Si's, two, and apprjv, ijian,
from the two stamens.) ...
1. !>. Alliericfma, Boanv. (Festuca diandra, Michx.) — Shaded river-
banks and woods, Ohio to Illinois and southward. August.
27. DACTYL.IS, L. COCK'S-FOOT or ORCHARD GRASS.
Spikelets several-flowered, crowded in one-sided clusters, forming a branching
dense panicle. Glumes and lower palea herbaceous, keeled, awn-pointed, rough-
ciliate on the keel; the 5 nerves of the latter converging into the awn-like point;
the upper glume commonly smaller and thinner. Stamens 3. Grain lance-
oblong, acute, free. — Perennials: leaves keeled. (Name SaxruXty, a finger's
breadth, apparently in allusion to the size of the clusters.)
1. !>• GLOMER\TA, L. Rough, rather glaucous (3° high) ; leaves broadly
linear; branches of the panicle naked at the base; spikelets 3-4-flowered. —
Fields and yards, especially in shade. June. — Good for hay. (Nat. from Eu.)
28. KCGL.ERIA, Pers. KOSLISRIA.
Spikelets 3 - 7-flowercd, crowded in a dense and narrow spike-like panicle.
Glumes and lower palea mcmbranaceous, compressed-keeled, obscurely 3-nerved,
barely acute, or the latter often mucronate or bristle-pointed : the former moder-
ately unequal, nearly as long as the spikelct. Stamens 3. Grain free. — Tufted
Grasses (allied to Dactylis and Poa), with simple upright culms ; the sheaths
often downy. (Named for Prof. Kohler, an early writer on Grasses.)
1. K. Crist ft ta, Pers. Panicle narrowly spiked, interrupted or lobed at
the base ; spikelcts 2- 4-flowered; lower palea acute or mucronate; leaves flat,
the lower sparingly hairy or ciliate. — Var. GRAciLis, with a long and narrow
spike, the flowers usually barely acute. (K. nitida, Null.) — Dry hills, Penn. to
Illinois, thence northward and westward. (Eu.)
29. E A T 6 N I A , Raf. (REBOVJLEA, Kunth, not of Eaddi.)
Spikelets usually 2-flowered, and with an abortive rudiment or pedicel, nu-
merous in a contracted or slender panicle, very smooth. Glumes somewhat
equal in length, but very dissimilar, a little shorter than the flowers ; the lower
narrowly linear, keeled, 1-nerved; the upper broadly obovate, folded round the
47*
558 GKAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMIL T.)T
flowers, 3-nerved on the back, not keeled, scarious-margined. Lower palea ob-
long, obtuse, compressed-boat-shapcd, nuked, cliartaeeous ; the upper very thin
and hyaline. Stamens 3. Grain linear-oblong, not grooved. — Perennial, slen-
der grasses, with simple and tufted culms, and often sparsely downy sheaths,
flat lower leaves, and small greenish (or rarely purplish-tinged) spikclets.
(Named for Amos Ealon, author of a popular Manual of the Botany of the
United States, which was for a long time the only general work commonly
available for students in this country, and of several other popular treatises.)
1. E. obtlisfitcl. Panicle dense and contracted, somewhat interrupted, the
spikelcts much crowded on the short erect branches ; upper qlume rounded-obovatet
truncate-obtuse, rough on the back ; the flowers lance-oblong. (Aira obtusata,
Alichx. A. truncata, Afuhl. Kceleria truncata, Torr. K. paniculata, JYi/M. Re-
boulca gracilis, Kunth, in part. R. obtusata, ed. 1. Eatonia purpurascens,
Ruf. ?) — Dry soil, N. Penn. to Wisconsin, and southward. June, July.
2. E. Peillisylvaillica. Panicle long and slender, loose, the racemose
branches somewhat elongated ; upper glume obtuse or bluntly somewhat pointed ;
the 2 (rarely 3) flowers lanceolate. (Kceleria Pennsylvania, DC. Aira mollis,
Afu/il. Reboulea Pennsylvanica, ed. 1.) — Varies, with a fuller panicle, 6' -8'
long, with the aspect of China (var. MAJOR, Torr.) ; and, rarely, with the lower
palea minutely mucronate-pointed ! — Moist woods and meadows ; common.
3O. IVIEL.ICA, L. MELIC-GRASS.
Spikelets 2 - 5-flowered ; the 1-3 upper flowers imperfect and dissimilar, con-
volute around each other, and enwrapped by the upper fertile flower. Glumes
usually large, scarious-margined, convex, obtuse ; the upper 7 - 9-nerved. Palese
papery-membranaceous, dry and sometimes indurating with age; the lower
rounded or flattish on the back, 7 - many-nerved, scarious at the entire blunt
summit. Stamens 3. Stigmas branched-plumose. — Leaves flat and soft. Pani-
cle simple or sparingly branched ; the rather large spikelets racemose-one-sided.
(An old name, from /neXt, honey.)
1. M. miltica, Walt. Panicle simple or branched ; glumes unequal, the
larger almost equalling the spikelet ; fertile flowers 2 ; lower palea naked, gla-
brous but minutely scabrous on the nerves. 1|. (M. glabra, Michx. M. spcciosa,
Muld.) — Var. GiAiJRA (M. glabra, Pursh.) has the panicle often few-flowered
and rather simple, the lower palea very blunt. — Var. DIFF^SA (M. diffusa,
Pursh) is taller, 2^° -4° high, with a more compound and many-flowered pani-
cle ; the lower palea commonly more scabrous and its tip narrower. — Rich
soil, W. Penn. to Wisconsin, and southward. June.
31. GL«YCERIA, R. Brown, Trin. MANNA-GRASS.
Spikelets terete or flattish, several - many-flowered ; the flowers mostly early
deciduous by the breaking up of the rhachis into joints, leaving the short and
unequal 1 -3-nerved memhranaeeous glumes behind. Palea1 na'<ed, of a rather
firm texture, nearly equal; the lower rounded on the hack, scarious (and some-
times obscurely toothed) at the blunt or rarely acute summit, glabrous. 5-7-
GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 559
nerved, the nerves parallel and separate. Stamens 3 or 2. Stigmas plumose,
mostly compound. Ovary smooth. Grain oblong, free. — Perennial, smooth
marsh-grasses, mostly with creeping bases or rootstoeks ; the spikelets in a race-
mose panicle. (Name from •yXvxepos, sweet, in allusion to the taste of the grain.)
§ 1. GLYCERIA PROPER. — Lower palea conspicuously nerved: styles present:
plumes of the stigma branched or toothed: grain grooved on the inner side : leaves
Jiat, the sheaths nearly entire.
# Spikelets in a crowded panicle, ovate, turgid, more or less compressed ; the /lowers
crowded : lower palea ovate, entire, not very strongly nerved, of a firm texture, in
No. 1. becoming ventricose after flowering (almost as in Briza) : upper palea very
obtuse and entire : stamens 2.
1. O. CaamifeaiSiS, Trin. (RATTLESNAKE-GRASS.) Panicle oblong,
pyramiddl, at length spreading, and the tumid 6 - 8-tiowered spikelets drooping ;
lower palea acutish, longer than the notched upper one ; leaves long, roughish.
(Briza Canadensis, Michx. Poa Canadensis, Beauv.} — Boggy places, New
England to Penn., Wisconsin, and common northward. July. — A handsome,
stout grass, 2° -3° high. Spikelets 2" long, becoming very broad: glumes purplish.
2. G. obilisa, Trin. Panicle narrowly oblong, dense; the 6 - 7-flowered
spikelets erect, short-pedicelled ; lower palea obtuse, the upper as long when old.
(Poa obtusa, Muld.) — Bogs, E. New England to Penn., near the coast; rare.
Aug. — Culm stout, l°-2° high, very leafy: leaves long, smooth. Spikelets
3" long, pale.
3. O« eloilJffitJl, Trin. Panicle narrowly racemose, elongated (1° long),
recurving; the branches appressed, bearing the 3-4-flowered erect short-pedi-
celled spikelets nearly to the base ; lower palea obtuse, rather longer than the
upper; leaves very long (1° or more), rough. (Poa elongata, Torr.) — Wet
woods, New England to Michigan, and northward. July. — Spikelets pale, 1"-
li" long-
* * Spikelfts oblong, diffusely panicled, nearly terete : lower palea oblong or oval, trun-
cate-obtuse, prominently 7 -nerved; the upper one 2-toothed: stamens 3 or 2.
4. O. nervfatsi, Trin. Branches of the broad and open panicle Capillary,
at length drooping, the very numerous small spikelets ovate-oblong, 3 - 7-flowered ;
leaves rather long. (Poa nervata, Willd. P. striata, Michx. P. parviflora,
Pursh.) — Moist meadows; very common. June. — Culm erect, l°-3° high.
Spikelets seldom 2" long, commonly purplish.
5. O. pullida., Trin. Branches of the rather simple panicle capillary, erect-
sjn'eading, rough ; the spikelets usually few, somewhat appressed, oblong-linear, 5 — 9-
flowered (pale, 4' long) ; lower palea oblong, minutely 5-toothed, the upper lanceo-
late, conspicuously »2-toothed ; leaves short, sharp-pointed, pale. (Windsoria
ptillida & Poa dcntata, Torr.) — Shallow water ; common, especially northward.
July. — Culms slender, l°-3° long, ascending fiom a creeping tase.
6. O. aqiisitica, Smith. (REED MEADOW-GRASS.) Panicle much
branched, ample (&' - 15' long) ; the numerous branches ascending, spreading with agej
spikelets oblong or linear -oblong , 5-9-flowered (usually purplish, 2" -3" long);
560 GRAMINEJS. (GRASS FAMILY.)
lower palea entire ; leaves large (l°-2° long, J' to £' wide). — Wet meadows,
&c. ; common northward. July. — Culm stout, upright, 3° -5° high. (Eu.)
# # # Spikelets linear (£'-!' long), terete, pale, oppressed on tlie, branches of the
long and narrow racemose panicle: palca> minutely roughish ; the upper %-tootked :
stamens 3: suuamuUt unilateral or united: liyule lony : culm flattened, ascending
from a rooting base. (Glycerin, R. Brown.)
7. O. flllitans, R. Brown. Spikelets 7-13-flowcred ; lower palea' Mono,
obtuse, or the scarious tip aeutish, entire «or obscurely 3-lobed, usually rather
longer than the blunt upper one. (G. plicata, Frits.) — Shallow water; com-
mon, especially northward. June - Aug. — Culm thickish, 1° - 5° long. Leaves
short and rather broad, very smooth. Panicle 1° long : the simple branches
appressed, finally spreading below. (Eu.)
.8. G. aciltiflora, Torr. Spikelets 5-12-flowered, few and scattered;
lower pal (a oblong-lanceolate, acute, shorter than the long tapering point of the U/IJHT
one. — Wet places, Penn. to New England ; rather rare. June. — Resembles
the last; but the erect leaves smaller, the separate flowers twice the length (£'
long) and less nerved.
$ 2. IIELE(3CHLOA, Fries. (Sclcrochloa, ed. 1.) — Lower palea inconspicuously
or obsoltte.li/ 5-nerved : stigmas nearly sessile and simply plumose: grain hardly
grooved : saline species : panicle contracted with age.
9. O. maritillia, Wahl. (SEA SPEAR-GRASS.) Sterile shoots procum-
bent runner-like; flowering culms erect (1°-1^0 high); branches of the panicle
solitary or in pairs ; spikelets oblong or linear, 4 - 8-flowered ; lower palea round-
ed at the summit, slightly pubescent towards the base ; leaves somewhat invo-
lute; ligule elongated. (Poa maritima, Huds.) — Sea-coast; not rare. (Eu.)
10. O. d is tans, Wahl. Culms genicnlate at the base, ascending, des-
titute of running shoots; branches of the panicle 3-5 in a half whorl, spreading;
spikelets 3 - G-flowered ; lower palea truncate-obtuse ; leaves mostly flat; ligule
short. (P. fasciculata, Torr. P. distans, L. P. arenaria, Retz.) — Salt marsh-
es along the coast. — Probably only a form of the last. (Eu.)
32. BRIZOPYRUM, Link. SPIKE-GRASS.
Spikelets and numerous flowers compressed, crowded in a densely spiked or
capitate panicle. Glumes herbaceous or membranaceous ; the lower faintly
many-nerved. Lower palea rather coriaceous, flattcned-boat-shaped, indistinctly -
many-nerved, acute. Ovary stalked. — Flowers mostly dioecious, pretty largo.
Leaves crowded on the culms, involute, commonly rigid. (Name compounded
of Briza (No. 35), and Trvpos, wheat.)
1. It. SpiCtttlim, Hook. Culms tufted, from creeping rootstorks (9'-
18' high); spike oblong, flattened (L' long); spikelets ovate or oblong, 5- 10-
flowered ; flowers smooth and naked ; grain pointed. (Uniola spicata, L. Poa
Mirhauxii, Kunth.) — Salt marshes and shores. Aug. — Pistillate flowers more
rigid and almost keeled, with very long plumose stigmas; the sterile smaller
and somewhat rounded on the back.
GRA3IIXEvE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 561
33. FOA, L. MEADOW-GRASS. SPEAR-GRASS.
Spikclets ovate, or lance-ovate, compressed, several- (2 -10-) flowered, in an
open panicle. Glumes mostly shorter than the flowers ; the lower smaller. Low-
er palea membranacco-herbaceous, with a delicate scarious margin, compressed-
keeled, pointless, 5-nerved (the intermediate nerves more obscure or obsolete),
the principal nerves commonly clothed at and towards the base with soft hairs
or long and crisped cobweb-like wool ; upper palea mcmbranaceous, 2-toothed.
Stamens 2 or 3. Stigmas simply plumose. Grain oblong, free. — Culms tufted.
Leaves smooth, usually flat and soft. (An ancient Greek name for Grass.)
* Root annual : branches of the short panicle single or in pairs.
1. P. ail mm, L. (Low SPEAR-GRASS.) Culms spreading or decum-
bent (3' -8' long), flattened; panicle often 1-sided; spikelets crowded, very
short-pcdicelled, 3 - 7 -flowered ; lower palea delicately more or less hairy on the
nerves below. — Cultivated and waste grounds, everywhere : but doubtful if real-
ly indigenous here. April -Oct. (Eu.)
* * Root perennial : culms tufted, often stoloniferous at the base.
•»- Branches of the simple panicle mostly solitary or in pairs, short but slender, smooth,
bearing single or few purplish spikelets. (Alpine.)
2. P. liiiXti, Hyenke. Culms upright (4' -9' high) ; panicle nodding, often
racemose-contracted ; spikelets ovate, 3 - 5-flowered ; lower palea obscurely-
nerved, villous on the midrib and marginal nerves below ; leaves narrow ;
ligules elongated. — Alpine mountain-tops of Maine, New Hampshire, and N.
New York, and high northward. (The nearly related P. alpina is found in
Canada, and may occur within our borders.) (Eu.)
•t- -i- Branches of the very loose panicle long and capillary, mostly in pairs or in
tln-c.cs, naked below (more or less scabrous) : spikelets few or widely scattered, pretty
large (3" -4" long, pale-green, sometimes purple-tinged), loosely 3 - 5-floivered :
culm jiattish (l°-2° high), plant soft and smooth, flowering in spring.
+-t- Flowers (oblong) obtuse, as also the larger glume : panicle diffuse : lower palea
rather conspicuously scarious at the apex, villous btlow the middle on the keel and
marginal nerves.
3. P. brevifdSicl, Mubl. Culm stoloniferous from the base, 2-3-leaved,
the upper leaves very short (^' — 2' long), lanceolate, all abruptly cuspidate-tipped;
brandies of the short panicle mostly in pairs ; lower palea rather obscurely nerved,
cobwebby at the base. (P. pungens, Nutt., cxcl. syn. Ell. P. cuspidata, Barton.
The older and also more appropriate name is here restored.) — Rocky or hilly
woodlands, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and sparingly westward. April, May. —
Culm scarcely surpassing the long root-leaves.
4. P. flexildsa, Muhl. Culm slender (not stoloniferous?); its leaves
all I/near (2' -5' long) and gradually taper-pointed ; panicle very effuse (its branches
2' -4' long to the spikelets or first ramification) ; lower palea prominently nerved,
no web at the base. (P. autumnalis, Muhl. in Ell. P. campyle, Schult.) — Dry
woods, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. Feb. -May. — Wrongly con-
founded with the last, though near it. P. autumnalis is an inappropriate name,
and there is now no obstacle to restoring the earlier published and unobjection-
able (but not descriptive) name of P. flexuosa.
562 GRAMIMWE. (GRASS FAMILY.)
«•* •*+ Flowers (oblong-lanceolate) and both glumes acute: p.midc nanoiv.
5. P. a I SOClcS. Leaves nuhcr narrowly linear, acute, the uppermost
(2^'-4' long) often sheathing the base of the panicle, the capillary branches of
which are appresscd when young, and mostly in threes or fours ; spikelets 3-
flowered (pale green, soft) ; lower palea very obscurely nerved, villous on the
keel below, and with a narrow cobwebby tuft at its base, otherwise glabrous.
(P. nemoralis, Torr. $• cd 1 : but wholly different from the European species of
that name.) — Woods, on hill-sides, New England to Wisconsin. May, June.
•*-•+-•»- Branches of the rather narrow but loose long-pedunckd panicle in threes or
Jives, or rarely in pairs, short or shortish, above bearing scattered and rather fi.-w
spikdels ; these barely 2" long, pale green, rather loosely 2 - ^-flowered : flowers
(oblong} and glumes obtuse ; loict-r pnltu scared </ scurious-tipjicd : plant iwy smooth,
slender (l£°-3° high) : culm-leaves lance-linear, acute, l£'-3' long, so/I.
6. P. clcbilis, Torr. Culm terete, weak ; branches of the small panicle
slender (the lower lj'-2' long to the few spikelets), in pairs and threes; flowers
very obtuse, smooth and glabrous, except a sparing web at their base. — Rocky
woodlands, Rhode Island and N. New York to Wisconsin. May.
7. P. sylvestris. Culm flatfish, erect; branches of the oblong-pyramidal
panicle short, in fives or more ; lower palea villous on the keel for its whole lengtht
and on the margins below the middle, sparingly webbed at the base. — Rocky woods
and meadows, Ohio to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward. June.
•»- •*- •«- •»- Branches of the narroiv or oblong panicle mostly short, in Jives or some-
times in twos and threes, rough, mostly compound and bearing very numerous closely-
flowered spikelets : flowers acute or acutish, more or less webbed at the base,
** Panicle open, its branches in fives : the 3 - b-flowered spikelets all distinctly pedicelled,
acute, slightly flattened ; lower palea villous or pubescent on the keel and marginal
nerves, the inttrnif (Hate nerves obsolete: culms erect (2° -3° high), terete, growing
in tufts, not at all stoloniferous at the base.
8. P. serdtina, Ehrhart. (FALSE RED-TOP. FOWL MEADOW-GRASS.)
Leaves narrowly linear; ligules elongated; spikelets 2-4- (rarely 5-) flowered (!"-
2" long) ; flowers acutish, green, often tinged with dull purple. (P. nemoralis,
Pursh. P. crocata, Michx. belongs to this or the next.) — Wet meadows and
low banks of streams ; common everywhere northward. July, Aug. — A good
grass for moist meadows. (Eu.)
9. P. llCIIIOriiliS, L. Leaves linear; ligules obsolete or very short; spike-
lets 4 — 5-Jlowcrcd, rather larger, and the flowers and gl (lines more sharply acute and
narrower; otherwise nearly as in the preceding, which is too nearly related to
It. — Wisconsin (Lap/tarn), and northward. (Eu.)
•»-*• •*-«• Panicle with the flattened spikelets crowded on the branches, mostly short-pedi-
celled, sometimes almost sessile: culms stoloniferous at the base, except in No. 10.
10. P. TRIVI\LIS, L. (ROUGH MEADOW-GKASS.) Culms (l°-3° high)
and sheaths nxnn/lij rather rough; branches of the pyramidal diir'use panicle mostly
in fives ; spikelets ,'5- 5-llowered ; /lotri r.s tucute, prominently f>-mrm/ a little hairy
on the keel, otherwise glabrous; li</ule acute, oblong. — Moist meadows ; less
common and less valuable than the next. July. (Nat. from Eu.)
GRAMINE^E. ^GRASS FAMILY.) 563
11. P. pratcnsis, L. (GKEEN or COMMOK MEADOW-GRASS.) Culms
(1° -3° high, from a creeping base) and sheaths smooth; branches of the py-
ramidal panicle commonly in fives, spreading ; spikelets 3 - 5-flowered ; flowers
5-nerval, lance-ovate, acate, hairy on the marginal nerve? and keel ; ligule blunt,
short. — Common in dry soil : imported for pastures and meadows. Indigenous
at the White Mountains of New Hampshire and northward. May- July. (Eu.)
12. P. comps'essa, L. (BLUE-GRASS. WIRE-GRASS.) Culms much
flattened, obliquely ascending (9' -18' high) from a creeping base, the uppermost
joint near the middle; leaves short, bluish-green; panicle dense and contracted
(expanding just at flowering), partly one-sided; the short branches often in
pairs, covered to near the base with the 4-9-flowered flat spikelets ; flowers
linear-elliptical, rather obtuse, hairy below on the lateral nerves and keel; ligule
short and blunt. — Dry fields and banks, probably introduced with other and
more valuable grasses ; rarely in woods : apparently truly indigenous north-
ward. (Eu.)
34. ERACrROSTIS, Beauv. ERAGROSTIS.
Spikelets 2 - 70-flowercd, nearly as in Poa, except that the lower palea is but
3- (rarely 1-) nerved, not webby-haired at the base, and deciduous; the upper
persistent on the entire rhachis after the rest of the floAver has fallen. — Culms
often branching. Leaves linear, frequently involute, and the ligule or throat of
the sheath bearded with long villous hairs. Panicle various. (An early name,
probably from epa, earth, and Agrostis, in allusion to the procumbent habit of
the original species.)
* Prostrate and creeping, much-branched : root annual : spikelets flat, imperfectly
dioecious, clustered, almost sessile, in the more fertile plant almost capitate.
1. E. reptans, Nccs. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, 10-30-flowered, almost
sessile; flowers lance-ovate, acute; leaves short, almost awl-shaped, smoothish.
(Poa rcptans, Michx.) — Gravelly river-borders; common. August. — Flower-
branches 2' - 5' high.
* # Diffusely spreading, or the flowering culms ascending, low (6' -15' high) : spike-
lets large (\' -§' long], densely-flowered, flat, forming a narrow cr'owded panicle,
2. E. PO^EOIDES, Beauv. Lower sheaths often hairy ; leaves flat, smooth ;
spikelets short-pedicelled, lance-linear or oblong-linear, 8 - 20-flowered, lead-
colored (2" -5" long) ; flowers ovate, obtuse, the lateral nerves evident. (Poa
Eragrostis, L.) — Sandy waste places, eastward ; scarce. (Nat. from Eu.)
Var. MEGASTACHYA. Sheaths mostly glabrous ; spikelets larger (^'-i' long),
becoming linear, whitish when old, 10-50-flowered. (E. megastachya, Link.
Briza Eragrostis, L.} — Similar situations, and more common. Aug. — Emits
a sharp, unpleasant odor. (Nat. from Eu.)
* * * Erect, or in No. 3-5 diffusely spreading and ascending : panicle open, its
branches capillary ,• the spike-lets proportionally small, sometimes minute. (Number
of flowers in the spikel-t rtry variable, according to age, $-c.)
*- Culms slender, branching and decumbent or spreading at the base, from an annual
root : leaves narrow, flat, soft : branches of the narrow panicle rather short and
thickly-flowered, not bearded in the axils, except sometimes the lowest spcainyly.
564 GRAMINE^E. (GIIASS FAMILY.)
3. E. PIL6SA, Beauv. Panicle elongated-oblong, with ruther erect branches
(except at flowering-time) ; spikdtts 5 -12-flowered (2" -4" long, purplish-lcad-
color), becoming linear, about equalling their pedicels ; glumes (small) and lower
palea obtuse, the latter broadly ovate, I -nerved (lateral nerves obsolete). (P. pilo-
sa, L. P. Linkii, Kunth.) — Sandy or gravelly waste places, S. New England
to Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Plant 6' - 12' high. (Nat. from Eu.)
4. E. Fninkii, Meyer. Much branched, diffuse (3' -8' high); panicle
ovate-oblong, rather dense, spreading; spikelets 2 - 5-flowered (!"-!£" long) on
slender pedicels; glumes very acute; lower palea ovate, acute, rather obscurely 3-
nerved. (E. erythrogona, Nees, from the joints of the culm being mostly red-
dish.)— Low or sandy ground, Ohio to Illinois (opposite St. Louis, Drummond,
Engelmann), and southwest ward. Aug.
5. E. Piirshii, (Benin.?) Schrad. Sparingly branched at the decum-
bent base, then erect (^°- 2° high); panicle elongated, the branches widely
spreading, very loose; spikelets 5-18-flowcred, oblong-lanceolate, becoming
linear (2"-4|-" long), mostly much shorter than their capillary pedicels ; glumes and
loivcr palea ovate and acute, or the latter acutish, 3-nerved. (Poa tenella? Pursh.
P. Caroliniana, Spreng. P. pectinacea of authors, not of Michx.) — Sandy or
sterile open grounds, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward.
•+- •»- Culms simple or branching only at the very base, firm, erect, from an annual or
jierennial root, mostly forming thick tufts: leaves very long : panicle very large, com-
pound, often longer than the culm, tvith elongated and loosely flowered branches ; their
axils often bearded.
6. E. ti'' 111! IS. Panicle virgately elongated (l°-2£° long), very loose, the
spreading branches bearded in some of the lower axils, their remote divisions
and long diverging pedicels capillary; spikelets 2-6- (sometimes 7 -12-) flow-
ered, pale or greenish ; glumes lanceolate or awl-shaped, very acute (l£"-2" long),
membranaceous, as are the oblong-lanceolate acute flowers : lower palea distinctly 3-
nerved; the upper ciliate-scabrous. TJ.7 (Poa tenuis, Ell. P. capillaris, Mirhs.
P. trichodes, Nutt. E. Geyeri, Steud.) — Sandy soil, Illinois, Virginia? and
southward. Aug. -Oct. — Leaves rather rigid, l£°-2° long, glabrous or spar-
ingly hairy : the sheaths hairy or glabrous ; the throat strongly bearded. Flow-
ers much larger than in the next, fully l£" long.
7. E. C.lpillikl'is, Necs. Panicle widely expanding, usually much longer
than the culm, its spreading branches (mostly naked in the axils) and long
diwgiiig pedicels capillary; spikelets rather terete, very small, 2-4-nVv.
greenish or purplish ; g&onet a nd flowers ovate, acute (less than 1'' long) ; lower
ptilea obscurely 3-nerved, scarcely keeled, the upper rough-ciliate. (j (Poa capil-
laris, L. P. hirsuta, Michx.) — Sandy dry soil and fields; common, especially
southward. Aug., Sept. — Leaves and sheaths either very hairy or nearly gla-
brous, the former about 1° long, not rigid. Panicle l°-2° long, becoming very
wide and difl'use.
8. E. pectillflCCa. Panicle, widely diffuse, its rigid divergent main
branches bearded in the a.iv'/s ; the c<t/>i//<in/ )><(!/'<; /.>• i,,<>r<' or It si n/yin-nmd on the
secondary branches; spik<l<ts flat, 5 - 15-ilowea <1, becoming linear, purple or
purplitth-tinged ; glumes and flowers ovate or oblong-ovate, acutish ; lower palea
GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 565
stronr/Jy 3-ner ved , the upper hirsute-ciliate. 1J. ? (Poa peetinacea, Michx., ex char,
P. Virginica, Zucc. ? P. hirsuta, Amer. auth., not of Michx. E. Unionis &
cognata, Steud.?) — Leaves long, rigid, mostly hairy, the sheaths especially so.
— Var. SPECTABILIS. Leaves and sheaths mostly glabrous; branches of the
panicle (the lower reflexed with age) and pedicels mostly shorter; spikelets
rather larger. (E. spectabilis, ed. 1. Poa spectabilis, Pursh.) — Sandy dry
ground, from E. Massachusetts southward near the coast, and from Ohio and
Illinois southward. Aug. - Oct. — Plant 1 ° - 3° high. Spikelets l£" - 3" long,
about 1" wide, closely flowered.
35. BRtZA, L. QUAKING GRASS.
Spikelets many-flowered, ovate or heart-shaped, flattish-tumid ; the flowers
closely imbricated. Glumes roundish, unequal (purple). Lower palea round-
ish and entire, flattened parallel with the glumes, ventricose on the back, heart-
shaped at the base, papery-membranaccous and becoming dry, scarious-mar-
gined, obscurely many-nerved; the upper palea very much smaller, ovate, flat.
Stamens 3. Stigmas branched-plumosc. Grain flattened parallel with the paleae,
adhering to the upper one. — Leaves flat. Panicle loose, diffuse, with the large
and showy spikelets often drooping on delicate pedicels (whence the name, an
ancient Greek appellation for some kind of grain, from /3pi£w, to slumber (Linn.),
or /3pi'0<a, to bend downwards).
1. B. MEDIA, L. Panicle erect, the branches spreading; spikelets 5-9-
flowered (3" long); glumes shorter than the lower flowers. )J. — Pastures;
sparingly in E. Massachusetts and in Penn. June. (Adv. from Eu.)
B. MAXIMA, L., an annual with much larger and many-flowered spikes, is
occasionally cultivated for ornament.
3G. FES TIIC A, L FESCUE-GRASS.
Spikelets 3 - many-flowered, panicled or racemose; the flowers not webby at
the base. Glumes unequal, mostly keeled. Paleae chartaceous or almost coria-
ceous, roundish (not keeled) on the back, more or less 3-5-nerved, acute,
pointed, or often bristle-awned, rarely blunt; the upper mostly adhering at
maturity to the enclosed grain. Stamens mostly 3. — Flowers, and often the
leaves, rather dry and harsh. (An ancient Latin name.)
=fc flowers bristle-pointed or owned from the tip : panicle racemose-contracted.
1. F. tc lie 11 a* Willd. Panicle spike-like, somewnat one-sided (2' -3'
long) ; spikelets 7 - 9-flowered ; awn of the involute-awl-shaped palea slender ; leaves
bristle-form, (i) — Dry sterile soil; not rare. July. — Culms very slender,
6' -12' high.
2. F. OVina. (SHEEP'S FESCUE-GRASS.) Panicle narrow ; spikelets 2-
B-flowercd ; awn much shorter ilmn the lanceolate palea, or almost wanting ; leaves
convolute-filiform; culms 6' -15' high, forming dense-rooted tufts. U — N. E.
New England, Lake Superior, and northward. — Var. VIVIPARA (which with us
has running rootstocks), with the spikelets partially converted into leafy shoots,
is found on the alpine summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, and
high northward. (Eu.)
566 GRAM INK. E. (GRASS FAMILY.)
Var. diirifiscillil. Taller; panicle more open or compound; leares
flat, becoming convolute; spikclets 4 - 8-flowered. (JF. duriuscula, L.) — N.
New England and northward. Also sparingly naturalized from Europe iu dry
pastures eastward. June.
# # Flowers a milt-as and mostly almost pointless : panicle open: grain often free!
3. F. EL.VTIOR, L. (in part). Panicle contracted before and after flowering,
erect, with short branches; spikelets crowded, 5 - 1 0-flowered (about £ long) ; the
floioers rather remote, oblong-lanceolate; leaves flat; culms l°-4° high from a
short creeping rootstock. 1J. (F. pratcnsis, Huds.) — Moist meadows and near
dwellings. June. — A pretty good meadow-grass. (Nat. from Eu.)
4. F. IliltanS, Willd. Panicle of several long and slender spreading branch-
es, mostly in pairs, drooping when old, rough, bearing near their extremity a few
ovate 3-5-flowcrcd spikelets ($' long) on pretty long pedicels ; flowers ovate-
oblong, rat/ier obtuse, close together, coriaceous, smooth, very obscurely 5-nerved.
1J. — Kocky woods and copses. July. — Culm 2° -4° high, naked above:
leaves broadly linear, taper-pointed, dark green, often rather hairy.
37. B ROM US, L. BROME-GRASS.
Spikelets 5 -many-flowered, panicled. Glumes unequal, membranaceous ;
the lower 1 -5-, the upper 3-9-nerved. Lower palea cither convex on the back
or compressed-keeled, 5-9-iicrved, awned or bristle-pointed from below tho
mostly 2-cleft tip : upper palea at length adhering to the groove of the oblong
or linear grain. Stamens 3. Styles attached below the apex of the ovary. —
Coarse grasses, with large spikelets, at length drooping, on pedicels thickened
at the apex. (An ancient name for the Oat, from /Spo/ios, food.)
$ 1. EtTBROMUS. — Lower palea convex on the back; the flowers imbricated over
one another before expansion : lower glume 3 - 5-, the upper 5 - 9-nerved.
# Annuals or biennials : introduced.
1. B. SECAL!NUS, L. (CHEAT or CHESS.) Panicle spreading, even in fruit,
the drooping peduncles but little branched ; spikelets oblong-ovate, turgid, smooth, of
8 -10 rather distant flowers ; lower palea rather longer than the upper, its awn short,
sometimes very short or none; sheaths nearly glabrous. — Grain-fields, too com-
mon: also escaped into barren or waste grounds. June, July. (Adv. from Eu.)
2. B. RACEM6sus, L. (UPRIGHT CHESS.) Panicle erect, simple, rather
narrow, contracted in fruit ; flowers closer, more imbricated; lower palm decided-
ly exceeding the upper, bearing an awn of its own length ; culm more slender ;
sheaths sometimes hairy : otherwise nearly as in the last, for which it is often
mistaken in this country. — Grain-fields; not rare. (Adv. from Eu.)
3. B. M6LLIS, L. (SOFT CHESS.) Panicle erect, closely contracted in fruit ;
fpihlrts conical-ovate, somewhat flattened ; the flowers closely imbricated, {foamy
(MS also the leaves, &e.) ; loir, r j/alea acute, long-awned. — Wheat-fields, New
York and Penn. ; scarce. June. (Adv. from Eu.)
* * Pirennlal : indigenous. ( Loire r t/l>uii>- strongly 3-, the ii{>pir 5-mrm/.)
4. B. Kulmii. (WiLD CHESS.) Panicle simple, small (3'-4; Ion-),
the spikelets drooping on capillary peduncles, closely 7 - 12-flowered, densely
(GRASS FAMILY.) 567
silky all over ; awn only one third the length of the lance-oblong floorer ; lower
palea 7-9-nerved, much longer and larger than the upper; culm slender (l£°-
3° high) ; leaves and sheaths conspicuously or sparingly hairy. (B. ciliatus,
Maid. B. purgans, Torr. Fl. N. Y.) — Dry woodlands and open places; com-
mon northward. June, July. — This is preserved in the herbarium of Linnaeus
under the name of B. ciliatus, though it is not the plant he has described ; thence
has arisen much confusion.
§2. SCHED6NORUS, Beauv., Fries. — Lower palea somewhat convex, but
keeled on the back_, laterally more or less compressed, at least above : Jlowers soon
separating from each other : lower glume 1- the upper 3-nerved.
5. B. cilif&tllS; L. Panicle compound, very loose, the elongated branches at
length divergent, drooping; spikelets 7 -12-flowered; flowers lanceolate, tipped
with an awn half to three fourths their length ; lower palea silky with appressed
hairs near the margins, at least below (or rarely naked), smooth or smoothish
on the back (B. Canadensis, Michx. B. pubescens, Muhl.) ; — or, in var. PTJR-
GANS (B. purgans, L.!), clothed all over with very short and fine appressed
hairs. 1J. — Kiver-banks and moist woodlands; rather common. July, Aug.
— Culm 3° -4° high, with the large leaves (;£'-£' wide) smooth or somewhat
hairy ; the sheaths in the larger forms often hairy or densely downy near the top.
— Variable as to the pubescence, &c., and comprising several forms, including
both the Linnsean species ; for which the present name is preferable to the inap-
plicable purgans, which was taken from Feuille's South American species. — In
a large- flowered form, two obscure additional nerres appear in the upper glume.
6. IS. STERILIS, L. Panicle very loose, the slender and nearly simple branches
drooping ; spikelets of about 6 rather distant and 7-nerved rouyhish linear-awl-
shapcd long-awned Jlowers; leaves rather hairy. ® — Penn Yan, New York,
Sartwett. July. (Adv. from Eu.)
38. UN1OL.A, L. SPIKE-GRASS.
Spikelets closely many-flowered, very flat and 2-edged ; one or more of the
lowest flowers sterile (neutral) and consisting of a single palea. Glumes lance-
olate, compressed-keeled. Lower palea coriaceo-membranaceous, strongly later-
ally compressed and keeled, striate-nerved, usually acute or pointed, entire, en-
closing the much smaller compressed 2-keelcd upper one and the free laterally
flattened smooth grain. Stamen 1 (or in U. paniculata 3). — Upright smooth
perennials, growing in tufts from strong creeping rootstocks, with broad leaves
and large spikelets in an open or spiked panicle. (Ancient name of some plant,
a diminutive of unio, unity.)
* Spikelets large (%' - 2' long), ovate or oblong, 9 - 3Q:flowered: panicle open.
1. U. paiiicillifita, L. Leaves narrow when drv,, convolute; spikelets
ovate, short-])i die,' -lied ; flowers glabrous, bluntish, several of the lower sterile; the
fertile with 3 stamens ; culm and panicle elongated (4° -8° high). — Sand-hills
on the sea-shore, S. Virginia and southward.
2. U. latifolia, Michx. Leaves broad and flat (§'-!' wide); spikelets at
length oblong, hanging on long pedicels ; flowers acute, ciliate on the keel, all but
568 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)
the lowest perfect and monandrous. — Shaded rich hill-sides, S. Perm, to Illinois
and southward. Aug. — Culm 2° -4° high : panicle loose.
* # fyrikclcts small: panicle contracted and wand-like: perfect flowen long-pointed.
3. U. gniCiliS, Michx. Spikdits sltor(-]>cdia-IUd (2" -3" long), broadly
wedge-shaped, acute at the base, 4 - Q-flowered : the flowers ovate and divergent-
ly beaked, long, the lowest one neutral. — Sandy soil, from Long Island to Vir-
ginia, near the coast, and southward. Aug. — Culm 3° high, slender.
39. PIIRAGUIITES, Trin. REED.
Spikelets 3 - 7-flowercd ; tfic flowers rather distant, silky-villous at tl^ir base,
and with a conspicuous silky-bearded rhachis, all perfect and 3-androus, except
the lowest, which is cither neutral or with 1-3 stamens, and naked. Glumes
membranaceous, shorter than the flowers, lanceolate, keeled, sharp-pointed, very
unequal. Paleaj membranaceous, slender; the lower narrowly awl-shaped,
thrice the length of the upper. Squarnulai 2, large. Styles long. Grain free.
— Tall and stout perennials, with numerous broad leaves, and a large terminal
panicle. ($payp.iTT]s, growing in hedges, which this aquatic Grass docs not.)
1. P. CO ill III finis, Trin. Panicle loose, nodding ; spikelets 3-5-flow-
ered ; flowers equalling the wool. ( Arundo, L.) — Edges of ponds and swamps ;
common northward. Sept. — Looks like Broom-corn at a distance, 5° -12°
high : leaves 2' wide. (Eu.)
40. ARUNDINARIA, Michx. CANE
Spikelets flattened, 5- 14-flowered; the flowers somewhat separated on the
jointed rhachis. Glumes very small, membranaceous, the upper one larger.
Palese herbaceous or somewhat membranaceous ; the lower convex on the back,
not keeled, many-nerved, tapering into a mucronate point or bristle. Squamulao
3, longer than the ovary. Stamens 3. Grain oblong, free. — Arborescent or
shrubby Grasses, simple or with fascicled branches, and with large spikelets in
panicles or racemes ; the flowers polygamous, viz. perfect and staminate. (Name
formed from arundo, a reed.)
1. A. macrospernia, Michx. Spikelets (l£'-3' long) rather few in a
simple panicle, sometimes solitary on a slender peduncle ; leaves linear-lanceo-
late, pubescent beneath : — in the SMALL CANE <j'- 1' wide, in the TALL CANB
1 '-2' wide. Culm of the latter sometimes 20° -35°, in cane-brakes ; but it very
rarely blossoms. — In rich soil, Virginia, Illinois, and southward. April.
41. L.EPTIIRUS, R. Brown. LEPTURUS.
Spikelets solitary on each joint of the filiform rhachis, and partly immersed
in the excavation, 1-2-flowered. Glumes 1-2, including the 2 thin pointk.-s
palcae. Stamens 3. *Grain free, oblong-linear, cylindrical — Low and branch-
ing, often procumbent Grasses, chit fly annuals, with narrow leaves and si
spikes (whence the name, from AeTrros, s]cnd< r, and oupa, tail).
1. !*•? panic II I TitllS, Nutt. Stem slender (6'-20' long), nnkf.i
curved above, bearing 3-9 racemosely disposed thread-like and triangular
GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 569
epilcrs; glumes 2, transverse. — Open grounds and salt licks, Illinois (J/eaef),
and westward. Aug.
42. LOLIUIfl, L. DARNEL.
Spikelcts many-flowered, solitary on each joint of the continuous rhachis,
placed edgewise ; the glume, except in the terminal spikelet, only one and exter-
nal: — otherwise chiefly as in Triticum. (The ancient Latin name.)
1. JL. PERENNE, L. ( COMMON DARNEL. RAY- or RYE-GRASS.) Glume
much shorter than the spikelet ; flowers 6-9, awnless, rarely awn-pointed. 1J. — —
Meadows and lots; eastward. June.— A pretty good pasture-grass. (Nat.
from Eu.)
2. L,. TEMULENTUM, L. (BEARDED DARNEL.) Glume fully equalling the
5— 7-flowered spikelet; awn longer than the flower (^' long), (l) — Grain-fields,
Massachusetts to Illinois : rare. — Grain noxious ; almost the only such instance
among Grasses. (Adv. from Eu.)
43. TRITJCUUI, L. WHEAT.
Spikelets 3 - several-flowered, single at each joint, and placed with the side
against the rhachis. Glumes transverse (i. e. right and left), nearly equal and
opposite, herbaceous, nerved. Lower palea very like the glumes, convex on the
back, pointed or awned from the tip : the upper flattened, bristly-ciliate on the
nerves, free, or adherent to the groove of the grain. Stamens 3. (The classical
name, probably from tritus, beaten, because the grain is threshed out of the
spikes.) — The true species are annuals, with the glumes ovate-oblong and ven-
tricose-boat-shaped, as in common Wheat (T. VULG\RE). Others are perennial,
with nearly lanceolate acute or pointed glumes, and 2-ranked spikes, never fur-
nishing bread-corn (§ AGROPYRON, Gasrtn ) ; to which the following belong.
1. T. repens, L. (COUCH-GRASS. QUITCH-GRASS. QUICK-GRASS.)
Rootstocks creqnng extensively; spikelets 4-8-flowered; glumes 5-7-nerved;
rhachis glabrous, but rough on the angles ; awn none, or not more than half the
length of the flower ; leaves flat, roughish or hairy above. — Var. NEMORALE, An-
derson. Brighter green; paleae pretty lony-awned ; spike slender. — Open
grounds, northward : principally in meadows and cultivated grounds, where it is
naturalized (from Europe) and very troublesome, multiplying rapidly and widely
by its creeping slender rootstocks. June- Aug. (Eu.)
2. T. caiiiiium, L. (AWNED WHEAT-GRASS.) No creeping rootstock ;
spikelets 4 - 5-flowered ; glumes 3-5-nerved; rhachis very rough; awn longer
tfian the smooth flower ; leaves flat, roughish. — Woods and banks, W. New York
to Wisconsin, and northward. Also sparingly naturalized in fields. (Eu.) '
3. T. flasystachyiim. Culm (l°-3° high, from a strong creeping root-
stock) and narrow mostly involute leaves very smooth and glaucous; spikelets downy-
hairy all over, whitish, 5 - 9-flowcred ; glumes 5 - 7-nerved ; rhachis rough on the
edges ; awn sometimes about half the length of the flower, sometimes nearly
wanting. (T. repens, var. dasystachyum, Hook.) — Sandy shores of Lakes Hu-
ron and Superior, and northward. - Aug.
48*
570 GRAMINK.E. (GRASS FAMILY. )
44. H6RDEUM, L. BARLEY.
Spikelets 1 -flowered with an awl-shaped rudiment on the inner side, 3 at each
joint of the rhachis ; but the lateral ones usually imperfect or abortive, and
short-stalked. Glumos side by side in front of the spikelets, 6 in number, form-
ing a kind of involucre, slender and avvn-pointed or bristle-form. Palea} herba-
ceous, the lower (anterior) convex, long-awned from the apex. Stamens 3.
Grain oblong, commonly adhering to the palea}. Rhachis of the dense spike
often separating into joints. (The ancient Latin name.)
1. II* j lib a til ill, L. (SQUIRREL-TAIL GRASS.) Low, lateral flowers
abortive, neutral, on a short pedicel, short-awned ; the perfect flower bearing an
extremely long awn (2' long) about the length of the similar capillary glumes, all
spreading, (g) — Marshes and moist sand of the sea-shore and the Northern
lakes. June.
2. IK. piisilliiin, Nutt. Lateral flowers imperfect and neutral, awulcss
but pointed, the perfect flower bearing an awn nearly twice the length of its palea,
equalling the short awns of the rigid glumes, which rise, the central from an awl-
shaped, the middle ones from an oblong base ; spike linear. > — Saline soil,
Ohio, Illinois, and .westward. — Too near H. maritimum of Europe. Culm
4' -10' high.
H. DfsTicnuM, L., is the cultivated TWO-ROWED BARLEY. H. VULG\RB,
L., is the common FOUR- (or Six-) ROWED BARLEY ; the lateral spikelets being
also fertile, probably as a consequence of long-continued cultivation.
SECALE CEREALE, L., the HYE, is a well-known cultivated grain of this
grc up, nearly allied to the Wheat in botanical character.
45. EL.YMUS, L. LYME-GRASS. WILD EYE.
Spikelets 2-4 at each joint of the rhachis, all fertile and alike, sessile, each
1 - 7-flowered. Glumes conspicuous, nearly side by side in front of the spikelets,
2 for each spikelet, forming an involucre to the cluster. Palea} coriaceous ; the
lower rounded on the back, acute or awned at the apex. Grain adherent to the
involving paleae (whence the name, an ancient one for some grain, from e'Xua,
to roll up).
* Glumes and lower paleaz rigid, both or only the latter awned : spikdets 1-5-
fhwered : perennials, with slender culms and rather harsh foliage.
1. E. Virginicus, L. Spike rigidly upright, dense and thick (3' long), on
a short peduncle usually included in the sheath ; spikelets 2-3 together, 2 - 3-flow-
ered, smooth, rather short-awned, about the length of the rough and thickened
strongly-nerved and bristle-pointed lanceolate glumes. — River-banks; not rare.
Aug. — Culm stout, 2° -3° high: leaves broadly linear, rough.
2. E. CanadcilSiS, L. Spike rather luu* , curi'iiu/ (f>' -9' long), on an
cxscrted peduncle ; spikelets mostly in pairs, of 3 - 5 long-awned rough or rough-
hairy flowers ; the lance-awl-sh<t/ « -d i/linit ca //y*/W n-ith shorter awns. (E. Philudcl-
phicus, L. !) — Var. OLAUCIF6L1US (E. glaiicifolius, Mnhl.) is pale or glaucous
throughout, the flowers with more spreading awns (!£' long). — River-banks,
&c. ; common.
GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 571
3. E. StriatUS, Willd. Spike dense but slender, upright or slightly nod-
ding (3' -4' long) ; spikelets mostly in pairs, 1-2- (or rarely 3-) flowered, mi-
nutely bristly-hairy ; glumes linear-awl-shaped or truly awl-shaped, bristle-awned,
about thrice the length of the flowers, not counting their capillary awn (which is 1
long); leaves (rather narrow) and sheaths smooth or hairy, or downy. — Var.
VILIXJSUS (E. villosus, Mithl. !) has a somewhat stouter spike and very hairy
glumes — Rocky .woods and banks; rather rare. July. — The most slender
and smallest-flowered species.
* * Glumes and palecB both awnless and soft in texture: reed-like perennials.
4. E. mollis, Trin. (not of R. Br.) Stout (3° high) ; spike thick, erect
(8 long) ; spikelcts 2 or 3 at each joint, 5 - 8-flowered ; the lanceolate pointed
5- 7-nerved glumes (!' long) with the pointed palese soft-villous, the apex oftho
culm velvety ; rhachis of the spikelcts separating into joints. — Shore of Lakes
Huron, Superior, Maine (Tuckerman ;) and northward. (Near E. arenarius.)
46. OYMNOSTICIIUITI, Schreb. BOTTLE-BRUSH GRASS.
Spikelcts 2-3 (or sometimes solitary) on each joint of the rhachis, raised on
£, very short callous pedicel, loosely 2-4-flowered (when solitary placed flatwise
on the rhachis). Glumes none ! or small awn-like deciduous rudiments (whence
the name of this genus [otherwise nearly as in Elymus], from yvnvos, naked, and
<<Tt^os, a rank).
1. G. IlystriX, Schreb. Spike upright, loose (3' -6' long); the spread-
ing spikelets 2-3 together, early deciduous; flowers smoothish, or often rough-
1 airy, tipped with an awn thrice their length (!' long); leaves and sheaths
Einoothish. U (Elymus Hystrix, L.) — Moist woodlands; rather common
i"uly.
47. AIR A, L. (in part). HAIR-GRASS.
Spikelets 2-flowcred, in an open diffuse panicle ; the (small) flowers both per-
fect (sometimes with a third imperfect), usually shorter than the membranaceous
l.eeled glumes, hairy at the base; the upper remotish. Lower palea truncate
<r mostly denticulate or eroded at the summit, bearing a slender bent or straight
t.wn on its back. Stamens 3. Styles plumose to the base. Ovary glabrous.
Grain oblong. (An ancient Greek name for Darnel.)
$ 1. DESCHAMPSIA, Beauv., Trin. — Lower palea thin and scarious or mem-
branaceous, delicately 3 - 5-nerved, eroded or toothed at the truncate summit ; the
awn attached mostly a little above the base : grain not grooved, mostly free : glumes
about equalling the flowers.
1. A. flexnosa, L. (COMMON HAIR-GRASS.) Culms slender, nearly
naked (1°- 2° high), from the small tufts of involute-bristle-form leaves (!'-(>'
long) ; branches of the small spreading panicle capillary ; awn about twice the
length of the palea. y. — Dry places; common. June. (Eu.)
2. A. caespitosa, L. Culms in close tufts (2° -4° high); leaves flcut,
iijiear ; panicle pyramidal or oblong (6' long); awn barely equalling the palea.
1|. — Shores of lakes and streams ; not rare northward. June, July. (Eu. )
672 GRAMINKyE. (OKASS FAMILY.)
§ 2. VAHLC-DEA, Fries. — ( Humes more Ixjul-sfta/xd, lonyer than (lie jL
lower palea of a Jinn or coriaceous texture, nerveless, the truncate-obtuse lift mostly
entire ; the awn borne at or above the middle : yrain grooved, JlattisJi, fiee.
3. A. atl'Oplirpurea, Wahl. Culms 8'-15' high, weak; loaves flat or
rather wide ; panicle of few spreading brunches ; awn stout, twiee the length of
the paleae. 1J. — Alpine tops of the White Mountains, and those of N. Ne\v
York. August. (Eu.)
48. I> A NTH ONI A, DC. WILD OAT-GRASS.
Lower palca (oblong or ovate, roundcd-cylindraceous, 7 -9-ncrved) bearing
between the sharp-pointed or awn-iike teeth of the tip an awn composed of tiie
3 middle nerves, which is flattish and spirally twisting at the base : otherwise
nearly as in Avena. Glumes longer than the imbricated flowers. (Named lor
Dant/toine, a French botanist.)
1. D. Spicata, Beauv. Culms tufted (l°-2°high); leaves short, nar-
row and soon involute ; sheaths bearded at the throat; panicle simple, raceme-
like (2' long) ; the few spikelets appressed, 7 -flowered ; lower palea broadly
ovate, loosely hairy on the back, much longer than its lance-awl-shaped teeth.
1J. — Dry and sterile or rocky soil. July.
49. TRISETUM, Pcreoon. TRISETUM.
Spikelets 2 - several-flowered, often in a contracted panicle ; the lower palea
compressed-keeled, of about the same membranaceous texture as the glumes,
bearing a bent or flexuous (rarely twisted) awn below the sharply 2-toothed or
2-pointcd apex (whence the name, from tris, three, and $>ta, a bristle) : other-
wise nearly as in Avena.
1. T. Sllbspicatlllll, Beauv., var. molle. Minutely soft-downy ; pani-
cle dense, much contracted, oblong or linear (2; - 3' long) ; glumes about the length
of the 2 -3 smooth flower?; awn diverging, much exscrted. (Avena mollis,
Michx.) y. — Mountains and rocky river-banks, N. New England to Wisconsin,
and northward; rare. July. — About 1° high: leaves flat, short. (Eu.)
2. X. pallistrt?, Torr. Smooth; panicle rather long and narrow (5' long),
loose, the branches capillary; spikelets flat (3" long) ; glumes shorter than the 2
smooth lanceolate flowers, of which the upper is on a slightly naked joint of the
rhachis, and bears a slender spreading or bent awn next the short 2-pointcd tip,
while the lower one is commonly awnless or only mucronate-pointed. 1J. (Avena
palustris, Alichx. Aira pullcns, Mnhl.) — Low grounds, S. New York to Illinois,
and southward. June. — Culm slender, 2° -3° high : leaves flat, short. Spike-
lets yellowish-white, tinged with green.
. 50. AVENA, L. OAT.
Spikelets 2 -many-flowered, pnniHcd : the flowers horbaoco-chartaoeous, or
becoming harder, of firmer texture than the large and mostly unequal glumes;
the uppermost imperfect. Lower palea rounded on the back, mostly 5-11-
nerved, bearing a long usually bent or twisted awn on the back or below the
Ni-:.ffi. (GRASS FAMILY.) 573
acutely 2-c>ft tip proceeding from the mid-nerve only. Stamens 3. Grain
oblong-linear, grooved on one side, usually hairy, free, but invested by the upper
palea. (The classical Latin name.)
§ 1. AVENASTRUM, Koch. — Spikelets rather small, several-flowered; the
flowers remotish : glumes I- and 3-nerued ; lower palea about 7 -nerved : root
perennial.
1. A. Strifita, Michx. Culms tufted, slender (l°-2°high); leaves nar-
row; panicle simple, loose, drooping with age ; the few 3 - 5-flowered spikeleta
on rough capillary peclicek;, much longer than the very unequal purple glumes;
lower palea with a short bearded tuft at the base, much longer than the ciliate-
fringed upper one (£' long), bearing a long straightish awn just below the taper-
ing very sharply cuspidate 2-clef't tip. (Trisctum purpurascens, Ton.) — Rocky,
shaded hills, N. New England, New York, and northward. June.
$ 2. AIRCJPSIS, Desv., Fries. — Spikelets very small, of 2 closely approximate
flowers, and with no rudiment of a third: glumes 1-nerved: lower palea obscurely
3-5-nerved: root annual. (Forms a genus intermediate between Aira and
Avena, here appended to the latter for convenience.)
2. A. PR^COX, Bcauv. Dwarf (3' -4' high), tufted; leaves short, bristle-
shaped; branches of the small oblong panicle appressed; awn from below the
middle of the flower. (Aira praicox, L.) — Sandy fields, New Jersey to Vir-
ginia : rare. (Nat. from Eu.) See Addend.
A. SATIVA, L., the COMMON OAT, belongs to the section with annual roots,
and long, 7 - 9-nerved glumes.
51. ARRIIENATHERUItt, Beauv. OAT-GRASS.
Spikelets open-panicled, 2-flowered, with the rudiment of a third flower; the
middle flower perfect, with its lower palea barely bristle-pointed from- near the
tip ; the lowest flower staminate only, bearing a long bent awn below the mid-
dle of the back (whence the name, from npp'f/f, masculine, and d$jjp, awn) : —
otherwise as in Avena, of which it is only a peculiar modification.
1. A. AVEN\CEUM, Bcauv. Leaves broad, flat ; panicle elongated (8'- 10'
long) ; glumes scarious, very unequal. 1J. (Avena elatior, L.) — Meadows and
lots ; scarce : absurdly called Grass of the Andes. May- July. (Nat. from Eu.)
52. 1IOL.CUS, L. (partly). MEADOW SOFT-GRASS.
Spikelets crowded in an open panicle, 2-flowered, jointed with the pedicels ;
the boat-shaped mcmbranaeeous glumes enclosing and much exceeding the re-
motish flowers. Lower flower perfect, but its papery or thin-coriaceous lower
palea awnless and pointless ; the upper flower staminate only, otherwise similar,
but bearing a stout bent awn below the apex. Stamens 3. Styles plumose to
the base. Grain free, scarcely grooved. (An ancient name, from oXxos, draught,
of obscure application. )
1. H. LAN\TUS, L. (VELVET-GRASS.) Soft-downy, pale ; panicle oblong
(l'-4' long) ; upper glume mucronate-awned under the apex ; awn of tiie stam-
inate flower recurved. 1|. — Moist meadows ; scarce. June. (Nat. from Eu.)
GRAMIXIWE. (GRASS FAMILY.)
53. HIER6CHL.OA, Gmclin. HOLY-GRASS.
Spikelets plainly 3-flowered, oi)en-panicle(l ; the flowers all with 2 palrse the
two lower (lateral) flowers staminate onlv, .'j-amlroiis, sessile, often awned on the
middle of the buck or near the tip; the uppermost (middle) one perfect, short-
pcdicellcd, scarcely as long as the others, 2-androus, awulrss. Glumes equalling
or exceeding the spikelet, scarious ; palea! ehartaeeous. — Leaves linear or lan-
ceolate, flat. (Name composed of icpos, sacred, and p(Xoa, yrass ; these sweet-
scented Grasses being strewn before the church-doors on saints' days, in the North
of Europe.)
1. II. borealis, Roem. & Schultes. (VANILLA or SENECA GRASS.)
Panicle somewhat one-sided, pyramidal (2'-:V long); peduncles smooth;
staminatc flowers with the lower palea mueronate or bristle-pointed at or near
the tip ; rootstock creeping. U. (Iloleus odoratus, L.) — Moist meadows, Mass.
to Wisconsin, and northward, chiefly near the coast and along the Lakes. May,
— Culm l°-2° high, with short lanceolate leaves. Spikelets chestnut-color;
the sterile flowers strongly hairy-fringed on the margins, and the fertile one at
the tip. (Eu.)
2. II. alpilia. Roem. & Schultes. Panicle contracted (l'-2' long); one
of the staminatc flowers barely pointed or short-awned near the tip, the other
long-awncd from below the middle; lowest leaves very narrow. 1J. — Alpine
mountain-tops, New England, New York, and northward. July. (Eu.)
54. A W T II O X A W T II U ill , L. SWEET-SCKXTED VERNAL-GRASS.
Spikelets spiked-panicled, 3-flowcrcd ; but the lateral flowers neutral, consist-
ing merely of one palea which is hairy on the outside and awried on the back :
the central (terminal) flower perfect, of 2 awnless ehartaeeous palea;, 2-androu9.
Glumes very thin, acute, keeled ; the upper about as long as the flowers, twice
the length of the lower. Squamulaj none. Grain ovate, adherent to the enclos-
ing palea3. (Name compounded of avdos, flower, and ai/$o>j/, of flowers. Z-.)
1. A. ODOR\TUM, L. Spikelets spreading (brownish or tinged with green) ;
one of the neutral flowers bearing a bent awn from near its base, the other short-
awned below the tip. j| — Meadows, pastures, £c. ; very sweet-scented in dry-
ing. May -July. (Nat. from Eu.)
55. PIIALARIS, L. CANARY-GRASS.
Spikelets crowded in a dense or spiked panicle, with 2 neutral mere rudiments
of a flower, one on each side, at the base of the perfect one, which is flatfish,
awnless, of 2 shining paleiu, shorter than the equal boat-shaped and often win-ed-
keelcd glumes, finally coriaceous or cartilaginous, and closely enclosing the
flattened free and smooth grain. Stamens 3. — Leaves broad, flat. ( The an-
cient name, from t^aXos, shiniw/, alluding cither to the paleiu or the grain.)
1. P. arillldiBiaCCa. L. (RKKD CANAKY-GKASS.) Panieic moiv or
less branched, clustered, a little spreading when old; I//IXIHS f/vW, *.•••, with ilat-
fcened pointed tips ; rudimentary flowers hairy, i the length of the fertile one. 1|
GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 575
(P. Americana Ton-., not of Ell. Digraphis arandinacea, Trin.) — Wet grounds ;
very common northward. July. — Culm 2° - 4° high. Leaves 3" - 5" wide. —
The RIBBOX-GRASS of the gardens is a state of this species, with variegated
leaves. (Eu.)
2. P. CAXARIEXSIS, L. (CANARY-GRASS.) Panicle spiked, oval ; glumes
wing-keeled ,• rudimentary flowers smooth, half the length of the perfect one. Q) —
Waste places, New York and New England: sparingly cultivated. July -Sept.
— It yields the Canary-seed. (Adv. from Eu.)
56. M 1 1L I U Ifl , MILLET-GRASS.
Spikdets diffusely panicled, not jointed with their pedicels, apparently con-
sisting of 2 equal memhranaceous convex and awnlcss glumes, including a sin-
gle coriaceous awnless flower : but theoretically the lower glume is wanting,
while an empty single palea of the lower (neutral) flower, resembling the upper
glume, fulfils its office, and stands opposite the narrow upper palea of the terete
fertile flower. Stamens 3. Stigmas branched-pltimose. Grain not grooved,
enclosed in the palene, all deciduous together. (The ancient Latin name of the
Millet (which however belongs to a different genus), probably from mille, a thou-
sand, because of its fertility.)
1. UJ. efT&iSmil, L. Smooth (3°-6° liigh) ; leaves broad and flat, thin ,
panicle spreading (6' -9' long) ; flower ovoid-oblong. 1J. — Cold woods; com-
mon northward. June. (Eu.)
57. AMPIIICARPTJUI, Kunth. (MILIUM, Pursh.)
Spikelets jointed with the apex of the pedicels, apparently 1-flowered, of two
kinds ; one kind in a strict terminal panicle, like those of Milium, except that
the rudiment of the lower glume is ordinarily discernible, quite deciduous from
the joint, commonly without ripening fruit, although the flower is perfect: the
other kind solitary at the extremity of slender runner-like radical peduncles
(which are more or less sheathed towards the base), much larger than the
others, perfect and fertile, subterranean ; the enwrapping glume and similar
empty palea many-nerved. Flower oblong or ovoid, pointed. Stamens 3 (small
in the radical flowers). Stigmas plumose, deep purple. Grain ovoid, terete,
not grooved, in the radical flowers very large (2" -3" long), the embryo next
the lower palea. Neutral palea somewhat exceeding the glume and the fertile
flower. — Leaves lanceolate, flat, copious on the lower part of the culm, clothed
like the sheaths with spreading bristly hairs (Name from apfyiKapiros, doubly
fruit-bearing.)
1. A. Plkrsllii, Kunth. (Milium ampbicarpon, Pursh.) — Moist sandy
pine barrens, New Jersey. Sept.
•
58. PASPAL.UM, L. PASPALUM.
Spikelets spiked or somewhat raoemed in 2-4 rows on one side of a flattened
or filiform continuous rhachis, jointed with their very short pedicels, plano-
convex, awuless, apparently only one-flowered, as in Milium ; but, on the other
576 GRAMINEjE. (GJIASS FAMILY.)
hand, differing from Panieum merely in the want of the lower glume; which,
however, is occasionally present in some species, as a small scale. Glume and
empty palea few-nerved. Flower coriaceous, mostly orbicular or ovate, flat on
the inner side, convex on the outer. Stamens 3. — (Said to have been a Greek
name for Millet.)
# Spikes rery numerous in a spiked raceme ; their t/tin and m< inbranaceous or folia-
ceous r/iac/iis broader than the spikelcts, and keeled or boat-shaded.
1. P. fluitailS, Kunth. Glabrous; steins procumbent below and rooting
in the mud or floating; leaves lanceolate; rhachis (1" wide) projecting beyond
the small slightly pubescent spikelets into a tapering point, scabrous on the
back. (1) (Ceresia fluitans, Ell.) — River-swamps, Virginia, S.Ohio, Illinois,
and southward. Oct. See Addend.
* # Spikes one or few ; the rhachis narrower than tJte spikelets.
H- Spikelets very obtuse, orbicular : spikes one terminal, and often 1 — 5 lateral.
2. P. SCtiiceillll, Michx. Culm ascending or decumbent (1°- 2° long),
slender; leaves (2" wide, flat) and sheaths clothed with soft spreading hairs;
spikes very slender (2' -4' long), smooth, mostly solitary on a long peduncle, and
usually one from the sheaths of each of the upper leaves on short peduncles or included ;
spikelets (^" wide) narrowly 2-rowed. ]\. (Also P. debile and P. ciliatifolium,
Michx.) — Sandy fields, Massachusetts, near the coast, to Illinois, and southward.
August.
3. P. lifeve, Michx. Culm upright, rather stout (l°-3° high) ; the pretty
large and long leaves with the flattened sheaths smooth or somewhat hairy ;
spikes 2-6, the lateral ones somewhat approximated near the summit of an elon-
gated naked peduncle, spreading (2' -4' long), smooth, except a bearded tuft at
their base; spikelels broadly 2-rowed (over 1" wide), ]\. 1 — Moist soil, S. New
England to Kentucky, and southward. August, — Either glabrous or sometimes
the lower sheaths, &c. very hairy.
•»- •»- Spikelets acute: spikes always a pair at. the summit of the naked peduncle.
4. P. disticlllllll, L. (JOINT-GRASS.) Nearly glabrous, rather glau-
cous ; culms ascending (about 1° high) from a long creeping base ; leaves linear-
lanceolate (2' -3' long) ; spikes short and closely-flowered (i'-2' long), our «/u>rl-
p< divided, the other sessile; rhachis flat on the back ; spiktlctn ovate, slightly pointed
(barely l-£" long). 1J. (P. notatum, Fluegge, frc.) — Wet fields, Virginia and
southward. July - Sept.
5. P. Digitfil'ia, Poir. Culms ascending (l°-2£° high) from a creeping
base; leaves lanceolate (3' -6' long, $'-£ wide); spikes sender and rather
sparsely flowered (l'-4' long), conjugate, both Kssile at the apex of the slender
peduncle ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate (2'' long). (Milium paspalodes, Ell.) — Vir-
ginia (Pursh), and southward.
59. PANICUItt, L. PANIC-GKASS.
Spikelcts panidcd, vaccmcd, or sometimes spik«-d, not involucrato, l£-2-
flowered. Glumes 2, but the lower one usually short or minute (rarely want-
ing), membranaceo-herbaeeous ; the upper as long as the fertile flower. Lower
GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 577
flower either neutral or staminate, of one palea which closely resembles the up-
per glume, and sometimes with a second thin one. Upper flower perfect, closed,
coriaceous or cartilaginous, usually flattish parallel with the glumes, awnless,
enclosing the free and grooveless grain. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose, usually
purple. (An ancient Latin name of the Italian Millet, P. Italicum (now Seta-
ria Italica), thought to come from/>a?us, bread ; some species furnishing a kind
of bread-corn.)
$ 1. DIGITARIA, Scop. — Spikelets crowded 2 - 3 together in simple and mostly
1-sided clustered spikes or spike-like racemes, wholly awnless and pointless : lower
flower neutral, of a single palea : lower glume minute, sometimes^bsolete or want'
ing: root annual : plant often purplish.
* Spikes erect; the rhachis flliform, nearly terete.
1. P. filiforme, L. Culms very slender (l°-2° high), upright; lower
sheaths hairy ; spikes 2-8, alternate and approximated, filiform ; spikelets ob-
long, acute (g" long) ; upper glume equalling the flower, the lower almost
wanting. — Dry sandy soil, Massachusetts to New Jersey along the coast, Illi-
nois, and southward. Aug.
* * Spikes spreading ; the rhachisflat and thin.
2. P. GL\BRUM, Gaudin. Culms spreading, prostrate, or sometimes erect
(5' -12' long), glabrous; spikes 2-6, widely diverging, nearly digitate ; spikelets
ovoid (about 1" long) ; upper glume equalling the flower, the lower one almost want-
ing. — Cultivated grounds and waste places ; common southward, and not rare
northward : in some places appearing as if indigenous, but probably an intro-
duced plant. Aug., Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)
3. P. SANGUIN\LE, L. (COMMON CRAB-GRASS. FlNGER-GRASS.) ClllmS
erect or spreading (l°-2°high); leaves and sheaths glabrous or hairy; spikes
4 - 15, spreading, digitate ; spikelets oblong (1^-" long) ; upper glume half the length
of the flower, the lower one small. — Cultivated and waste grounds, and yards ;
common. (Nat. from Eu.)
§ 2. PANICUM PROPER. — Spikelets scattered, in panicles, awnless.
# Panicle elongated and racemose, wand-like or pyramidal ; the numerous and usually
pointed spikelets short-pedi celled, excepting No. 7.
•*- Sterile flower neutral, •fullt/ twice the length of the lower glume : spikelets small
(not more than 1" or l£" long).
*+ Neutral flower consisting of 2 palece.
4. P. anccps, Michx. Culms flat, upright (2° -4° high); leaves rather
broadly linear (1°- 2° long, 4" -5" wide), smooth; panicle contracted-pyram-
idal ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, a little curved ; upper glume 7 -nerved',
neutral flower £ longer than the perfect one. U — Wet soil, pine barrens of
New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. Aug. — Allied to the next : spikelets
and brandies of the panicle longer.
5. P. agrostoicies, Spreng. Culms fattened, upright (2° high) ; leaves
long, and with the sheaths smooth ; panicles terminal and often lateral, pyram-
idal (4' -8' long) ; the spikelets racemose, crowded and one-sided on the spread-
ing branches, ovate-oblong, acute (purplish) ; upper glume 5-nerved, longer than the
49
578 GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.)
neutral flower, which exceeds the perfect one. (P. agrostidiforme, Lam. f P.
multifiorum, Poir.) — Wet meadows, E. Massachusetts to Virginia, Illinois,
nnd southward. Aug.
••-*• •«-*• Neutral flower consisting of a single pqlea.
6. P. prolifcruin, Lam. Smooth throughout ; culms thickened, succulent,
branched and geniculate, ascending from a procumbent base ; sheaths flattened ;
ligule ciliate; panicles terminal and lateral, compound, pyramidal, the slender
primary branches at length spreading; spikelets oppressed, lance-oval, acute (pale
green), lower glume broad, i to ^ the length of the upper; neutral flower little
longer than the perfect one. ® — Brackish marshes and meadows; common
along the coast from Massachusetts southward : also along the Ohio and Mis-
sissippi. Aug.
7. P. CZlpilliire, L. Culm upright, often branched at the base and form-
ing a tuft; leaves (large) and especially the flattened sheaths very hirsute; panicle
pyramidal, capillary, compound and very loose (6' -12' long), the slender straight
branches somewhat reflexcd when old ; spikelets scattered on long pedicels, oblong-
ovoid and pointed; lower glume half the length of the neutral palea, which is
longer than the ovoid-oblong obtuse perfect flower. (^ — Sandy soil and cultivated
fields everywhere. Aug., Sept.
8. P, autumn ale, Bosc ! Culm ascending, very slender (1° high), branch
ing below ; leaves small ( 1' - 2' long, linear-lanceolate) and upper sheaths glabrous ;
panicle as in depauperate states of the last, but glabrous, except the strongly
bearded main axils, its capillary much elongated divisions mostly simple and
bearing solitary spindle-shaped spiktlets; lower glume minute ; perfect flower nar-
rowly oblong or lance-oblong, acute, nearly equalling the lance-oblong obtusish up-
per glume and the neutral palea. U ? (P. dichotomiflorum, Michx. ?) — Sand-
hills, Mason County, Illinois (Mead), and southward. — This well-marked spe-
cies is either rare, or has been generally overlooked.
+- •»- Sterile flower staminate, of 2 palece ; lower glume littk or ^ shorter : spihlcts
large (iy-2%" long).
9. P. Virgatlini, L. Very smooth ; culms upright (3° -5° high) ; leaves
very long, flat; branches of the compound loose and large panicle (9' -2° long) at
laif/th spreading or drooping ; spikelets scattered, ovaj, pointed ; glumes and
sterile palcre pointed, usually purplish. 1J. — Moist sandy soil; common, espe-
cially southward. Aug.
10. P. a mil rum, Ell. Nearly smooth, rigid ; culms (l£° high) sheathed
to the top ; leaves involute, glaucous, coriaceous, the uppermost exceeding the contracted
panicle, the simple racemose branches of which are appressed, very smooth ;
spikelets ovate, pointed (pale) ; lower glume little shorter than the sterile flow-
er. 1|. — Sandy shores, Connecticut (Barratt, Robbins), Virginia, and south-
ward. Aug., Sept.
* * Panicle loosely spreading or diffuse, short.
*- Lou-cr (s7, r/7, ) flower farmed of 2 palece (the, ttpjw one icarlous and so>
small and imimsplcuous), neutral, except in No. II t and occasionally in Xu. it.
where it is staminate.
GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 579
*+ Culm-leaves broadly lanceolate or wider, ivith 9-15 principal nerves.
11. P. latifolium, L. (excl. syn. Sloane, &c.) Culm (l°-2° high),
smooth; the joints and the orifice of the throat or margins of the otherwise
smooth sheaths often bearded with soft woolly hairs ; leaves broadly obloity-lanceclate
from a heart-clasping base (often 1' wide), taper-pointed, 1 1 - 1 5-nerved, smooth,
or sparingly downy-hairy; panicle more or less exserted (2' -3' long), usually
long-peduncled, the branches spreading; spikelets obocate, \^" long, downy; low-
er glume ovate, not half the length of the many-nerved upper one ; sterile flower
often (but not always) with 3 stamens. 1J. (P. Waited, Poir.) — Moist thick-
ets ; common. June - Aug.
12. P. clamlcstiamsil, L. Culm rigid (1°- 3° high), very leafy to the
top, at length producing appressed branches, the joints naked; sheaths rough with
papilla' bearing vert/ stiff and spreading bristly hairs ; leaves oblong-lanceolate
from a heart-clasping base, very taper-pointed; lateral panicles and usually also
the terminal panicle more, or less enclosed in the sheaths, or, in var. PEDUNCULA-
TUM (P. pedunculatum, Torr.}, with the terminal one at length long-peduncled :
— otherwise resembling No. 11 ; but the spikelets more ovoid, often smooth; the
lower flower (always?) neutral. — Low thickets and river-banks; rather com-
mon. July -Sept.
13. P. microc&rpon, Muhl. Culm and sheaths as in No. 11; the
broadly lanceolate leaves nearly similar, but longer in proportion and less point-
ed, not dilated at the rounded bristly-ciliate base, very rough-margined, the up-
per surface roughish ; panicle soon exserted on a slender peduncle, very many-
flowered, narrowly oblong (3' - 7' long) ; spikelets about £" long, ovoid, smooth
or srnoothish ; lower glume orbicular and very small. 1J. (P. multiflorum, Ell. ?
not of Poir.) — Dry or moist thickets, Pennsylvania and Michigan to Illinois,
and southward. July -Sept.
14. P. xantliopliysillll, Gray. Culm simple, or at length branched
near the base (9' -15' high); sheaths hairy; leaves lanceolate, very acute (4' -6'
long by ^' wide), not dilated at the ciliate-bearded clasping base, smooth except the
margins, strongly 9-ll-nerved; panicle long-peduncled, simple, contracted, the ap-
pressed branches bearing few roundish-obovate spikelets (about l£" long) ; lower
glume ovate, acutish, one third or half the length of the 9-ntrved upper one. 1|.
— Dry and sandy soil, Maine to Wisconsin, and northward; rare. June. —
Plant yellowish-green : spikelets minutely downy : sterile flower sometimes
staminate.
15. P. viscidmiB, Ell. Culms upright or ascending, at length much
branched, leafy to the top, densely velvety-downy all over, as also the sheaths, with
reflexed soft and often clammy hairs, except a ring bdow each joint ; leaves likewise
velvety all over, lanceolate (^' ivide), 11 - I3-nerved ; panicles spreading, the lateral
ones included; spikchls obovate, 1" or l£" long, downy; the roundish lower
glume scarcely one fourth the length of the 7-nerved upper one. — Damp soil,
S. New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. Aug.
16. P. paiicifloruni, Ell.? Culms upright, at length much branched
and reclining (1 ° - 2° long), roughish ; leaves lanceolate (3f - 5' long by £' - £' wide),
rather faintly 9 -nerved, hairy or smooth, fringed on the whole margin or next tho
580 GRAXINE<£. (GRASS FAMILY.)
base with long and stiff spreading hairs, the sheaths bristly throughout with similar
hairs; panicle open, nearly simple, bearing few tumid-ol>ovate haiiy or smoothish
spikelets about l£" long ; lower glume roundish, about half or a quarter of the
length of the upper one. (P. leucoblepharis, Trin. ?) — "Wet meadows and
copses, W. New York to Wisconsin, and southward. June, July. — Distin-
guished by its much larger spikelcts, more nerved leaves, and coarser aspect,
from any form of the next. It has probably been described under several
names, some of them earlier than Elliott's.
•*-«• •*-*• Leaves linear or lanceolate, with few or indistinct primary nerves.
17. P. <licll6tOIB9UIIB, L. ! Culms (8'-20 high) at first mostly simple,
bearing a more or less exserted spreading compound panicle (l'-3' long), and
lanceolate flat leaves (those tufted at the root usually ovate-lanceolate and very
short, thickish) ; but commonly branching later in the season, the branches often
clustered, and bearing nearly simple and included small panicles ; spihdets ^" to
about 1" long; oblong-obovate, downy or smooth; lower glume roundish, one third
or a quarter the length of the 5-7-nerved upper one. — Founded on an autumnal
state of the species, much forked and with densely clustered lateral branchlcts
and panicles. (P. nodiflorum, Lam.) — Exhibits an interminable diversity of
forms ; of which a shaggy-hairy and larger-flowered variety is P. pubescens,
Lam.; and one with smaller spikelets is P. laxiflorum, Lam. ; while the varied
smooth or smoothish states with shining leaves are P. nitidum, Lam., and (the
more slender forms) P. barbulatum, Michx., P. ramulosum, Michx., Sf-c. — Dry
or low grounds; everywhere common, especially southward. June -Aug. —
Some of these species are likely to be revived ; but if distinct, I am wholly
unable to limit them.
18. P. rtepailperfitUHl, Muhl. Culms simple or branched from the
base, forming close tufts (6' -12' high), terminated by a simple and few-flowered
contracted panicle, often much overtopped by the nairowly linear and elongated (4' - 7')
upper leaves ; spikelets f " - l£" long, oval-obovate, commonly pointed when young ;
the ovate lower glume % the length of the 1-9-nerved upper one. 1J. (P. strictum,
Pursh. P. rectum, Rcem. fr Schult.) — Varies, with the leaves involute, at least
when dry (P. involutum, Ton:), and with the sheaths either beset with long
hairs or nearly smooth : the panicle either partly included, or oftener on a long
and slender peduncle. — Dry woods and hills; rather common, especially north-
ward. June.
+- i- Lower flower destitute of an upper pulea, and neutral.
19. P. verruCOSUlll, Muhl. Smooth; cttlms branching and spreading,
very slender (l°-2° long), naked above ; leaves linear-lanceolate (2" -3 wide),
shining; branches of the diffuse panicle capillary, few-flowered; spib.lctsocal,
acute, |" long, warty-roughened (dark green) ; the lower glume one fourth the
length of the obscurely nerved upper one. ® ? — Sandy swamps, New Eng-
land to Virginia, near the coast, and southward. Aug.
$3. ECHIN6CHLOA, Beauv. — Spik<l<ts imbricatid-spilct'd on fne bi-unches oj
the simple or com/^und raceme or panicle, rough with oppressed stijf hairs : lower
palea of the sterile flower awl-poinled or awned.
20. P. Cuus-oALLi, L. (BARNYARD-GRASS.) Culms stout branching
(GRASS FAMILY.) 581
from the base (l°-4° high); leaves lanceolate (^' or more -wade), rough-mar-
gined, otherwise with the sheaths smooth; spikes alternate (l'-3' long), crowd-
ed in a dense panicle ; glumes ovate, abruptly pointed ; lower palea of the neu-
tral flower bearing a rough awn of variable length. ® — Varies greatly;
sometimes awnless or nearly so ; sometimes long-awned, especially so in van
HISPIDUM (P. hispidum, Muhl., P. longisetum, Toir.), a very large and coarse
form of the species, which has the sheaths of the leaves very bristly. — Moist
and chiefly manured soil : the variety in ditches, usually near salt water ; possi-
bly indigenous. Aug. -Oct. (Nat. from Eu. ?)
GO. SET ARIA, Beauv. BRISTLY FOXTAIL-GRASS.
Spikclets altogether as in Panicum proper, and awnless, but with the short
peduncles produced beyond them into solitary or clustered bristles resembling
awns (not forming a real involucre). Inflorescence a dense spiked panicle, or
apparently a cylindrical spike. — Annuals, in cultivated grounds, with linear or
lanceolate flat leaves : properly to be regarded as a subgenus of Panicum.
(Name from seta, a bristle.)
* Bristles single or in pairs, roughened or barbed downwards. %
1. S. VERTICILL\TA, Bcauv. Spike cylindrical (2' -3' long, pale green),
somewhat interrupted, composed of apparently whorled short clusters ; bristles
short, adhesive. (Panicum verticillatum, L.) — Near dwellings: rare north-
ward. (Adv. from Eu.)
* * Bristles in clusters, roughened or barbed upwards.
2. S. GLAtiCA, Beauv. (FOXTAIL.) Spike cylindrical, very dense, tawny yd-
low (2' -4' long) ; bristles 6-11 in a cluster, much longer than the spikelets ; per-
fect flower transversely wrinkled. — Very common in stubble, barn-yards, &c.
(Adv. from Eu.)
3. S. vfRTDis, Beauv. (GREEN FOXTAIL. BOTTLE-GRASS.) Spike nearly
cylindrical, more or less compound, green ; bristles few in a cluster, longer than the
epikclets ; perfect flower striate lengthwise and dotted. — Common in cultivated
grounds. (Adv. from Eu.)
4. S. ITALICA, Kunth. Spike compound, interrupted at the base, thick, nod-
ding (6' -9' long, yellowish or publish) ; bristles 2 or 3 in a cluster, either much
longer or else shorter than the spikelets. — S. Germanica, Beauv. is a variety.
Sometimes cultivated under the name of MILLET, or BENGAL GRASS : rarely
spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.)
61. CENCHRUS, L. HEDGEHOG- or BUR-GRASS.
Spikelets as in Panicum, awnless, but enclosed 1 to 5 together in a globular
and bristly or spiny involucre, which becomes coriaceous and forms a decid-
uous hard and rigid bur : the involucres sessile in a terminal spike. Styles
united below. (An ancient Greek name of Setaria Italica, transferred, for no
evident reason, to this genus.)
1. C. tribllloides, L. Culms branched at the base, ascending (l°-2°
long) ; leaves flat; spike oblong, composed of 8-20 spherical heads; involucre
prickly all over with spreading and downwardly barbed short spines, more or
49*
582 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)
less downy, enclosing 2 or 3 spikelets. (T) — Sandy soil, on the coast, and along
the Great Lakes; ascending the larger rivers for some distance. Aug. — A
vile weed.
62. TRIPSACUM, L. GAMA-GRASS. SESAME-GRASS.
Spikelets monoecious, in jointed spikes, which are staminate above and fertile
below. Staminate spikelets 2, sessile at each triangular joint of the narrow
rhachis, forming a 1-sided and 2-ranked spike longer than the joints, both alike,
'Mlowered : glumes coriaceous, the lower one (outer) nerved, the inner one boat-
shaped : paleae very thin and membranaceous, awnless : anthers (turning orange
or reddish-brown) opening by 2 pores at the apex. Pistillate spikelets single
and deeply imbedded in each oblong joint of the cartilaginous thickened rhachis,
occupying a boat-shaped recess which is closed by the polished and cartilagi-
nous ovate outer glume ; the inner glume much thinner, pointed, 2-flowcrcd ;
the lower flower neutral ; the paleaj very thin and scarious, crowded together,
pointless. Styles united: stigmas very long (purple), hispid. Grain ovoid,
free. Culms stout and tall, solid, from very thick creeping rootstocks. Leaves
broad and flat. Spikes axillary and terminal, separating spontaneously into
joints at maturity. (Name from Tpi'/3o>, to rub, perhaps in allusion to the
polished fertile spike.)
1. T. dactyl oides, L. Spikes (4' -8' long) 2-3 together at the sum-
mit (when their contiguous sides are more or less flattened), and also solitary
from some of the upper sheaths (when the fertile part is cylindrical) ; some-
times, var. MONOSTXciiYUM, the terminal spike also solitary. — Moist soil, Con-
necticut to Pennsylvania, near the coast, thence west to Illinois, and southward.
Aug. — Culm 4° - 7° high : the leaves like those of Indian Corn. — This is one
of our largest and most remarkable Grasses. It is sometimes used for fodder at
the South, where better is not to be had.
63. ERIANTIIUS, Michx. WOOLLY BEARD-GRASS.
Spikelets spiked in pairs upon each joint of the slender rhachis ; one of them
sessile, the other pedicelled; otherwise both alike; with the lower flower neu-
tral, of one membranaceous palea ; the upper perfect, of 2 hyaline paleaj, which
are thinner and shorter than the nearly equal membranaceous glumes, the lower
awncd from the tip. Stamens 1-3. Grain free. — Tall and stout reed-like
Grasses, with the spikes crowded in a panicle, and clothed with long silky hairs,
especially in a tuft around the base of each spikelet (whence the name, from
fptov, wool, and avdos, flower).
1. E. alopecuroides, Ell. Culm (4° - 6° high) woolly-bearded at the
joints; panicle contracted; the silky hairs longer than the spikelets, shorter than the
straight awn ; or at length contorted ; stamens 2. 1J. — Wet pine barrens, New
Jersey, Illinois, and southward : rare. Sept., Oct.
2. E. brevibarbis, Michx. Culm (2° -5° high), somewhat bearded ,-it.
the upper Joints ; panicle rather open ; silky hairs shorter than the spikelets. 1J.
— Low grounds, Virginia and southward
GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 583
64. AreRROPOCJON, L. BEARD-GRASS.
Spikelets in pairs upon each joint of the slender rhachis, spiked or racemed;
one of them pedicelled and sterile, often a mere vestige : the other sessile, with
the lower flower neutral and of a single palea ; the upper perfect and fertile, of
2 thin and hyaline paleie shorter than the herbaceous or chartaceous glumes, the
lower awned from the tip. Stamens 1-3. Grain free. — Coarse and mostly
rigid perennial Grasses, with lateral or terminal spikes commonly clustered or
digitate ; the rhachis huiry or plumose-bearded, and often the sterile or stami-
nate flowers also (whence the name, composed of avTjp, aVSpoj, man, and Trcbycoi/,
beard).
# Sterile spikelet staminate (stamens 3), awnless: spikes digitate.
1. A. furcfttus, Muhl. Culms (4° high) and leaves nearly smooth,
bearing 3-5 straight and rather rigid hairy spikes together at the naked summit
(or fewer on lateral branches) ; spikelets approximated, roughish-downy ; awn
bent. — Sterile soil ; common. Sept.
# * Sterile spikelet neutral, reduced to a small pointed glume raised on a long bearded
pedicel ; the fertile 2 - 3-androus, bearing a slender mostly bent or twisted aim : culms
paniculate-branched.
2. A. SCOpfsrins, Michx. Culms slender (2° -4° high), with many pa-
niculate branches ; the lower sheaths and the narrow leaves hairy ; spikes mostly
single, terminating the short branches, peduncled, very loose, slender (2' long, often
purple), sparsely silky with dull white hairs; the zigzag rhachis hairy along the
edges ; pairs of spikelets rather distant. — Sterile or open sandy soil ; common.
July -Sept.
3. A. argenteilS, Ell. Culms rather slender (about 3° high) ; spikes in
pairs, on a peduncle exceeding the sheaths, dense, very silky with long white hairs
(l£'-2' long) ; rudimentary flower much shorter than the hairs -of its pedicel. —
Sten'le soil, Virginia, Illinois ? and southward. Sept., Oct. — Spikes much
denser, and the flowers larger and more silky, than in the next ; which it con-
siderably resembles.
# =* * Sterile pikelet abortive, reduced to a mere awn-like plumose pedicel, or bearing
distinct rudiment of a flower : the fertile l-androus, and bearing a straight slender
awn : spikes clustered, lateral and terminal, partly enclosed in the flattened bract-
like sheaths; the slender rhachis, $'c, clothed with copioui very long and silky
(white) hairs.
4. A. VirginicilS, L. Culm flattish below, slender, sparingly short-
branched above (3° high) ; sheaths smooth ; spikes 2 or 3 together in distant appressed
clusters, weak and soft (I1 long). — Sandy soil ; Massachusetts to Illinois, and
southward. Sept.
5. A. macroftrus, Michx. Culm stout (2° -3° high), bushy-branched at
the summit, loaded with numerous spikes forming dense leafy dusters; sheaths
rough, the upper hairy. — Low grounds, New York to Virginia, near the coast
and southward. Sept., Oct.
584 GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.)
65. SORGHUM, Pers. BROOM CORN.
Spikelcts 2-3 together on the ramifications of an open panicle, the lateral
ones sterile or often reduced merely to their pedicels ; only the middle or ter-
minal one fertile, its glumes coriaceous or indurated, sometimes awnlcss : other-
wise nearly as in Andropogon. Stamens 3. (The Asiatic name of a cultivated
species.)
1. S. nutailS. (INDIAN GRASS. WOOD-GRASS.) Culm simple (3°-
5° high), terete ; leaves linear-lanceolate, glaucous ; sheaths smooth ; panicle
narrowly oblong, rather crowded (6' -12' long); the perfect spikclcts at length
drooping (light russet-brown and shining), clothed, especially towards the base,
with fawn-colored hairs, lanceolate, shorter than the twisted awn ; the sterile
spikelets small and imperfect, deciduous, or reduced to a mere plumose-hairy
pedicel, 1J. (Andropogon nutans, Z/.) — Dry soil; common, especially south-
ward, where it exhibits several more or less marked varieties. Aug.
S. VULG\RE, Pcrs., the INDIAN MILLET, has several cultivated varieties or
races, such as the GUINEA-CORN and BROOM-CORN.
ZEA MATS, the INDIAN CORN, is a well-known Paniceous Grass.
SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM, L., the SUGAR-CASE, is a tropical Grass,
closely allied to Erianthus, p. 582.
EQUISETACE^. (HORSETAIL FAMILY.) 585
SERIES II.
CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWEKLESS PLANTS.
VEGETABLES destitute of proper flowers (stamens and
pistils), and producing, in place of seeds, minute bodies of
homogeneous structure (called spores), in which there is
no embryo, or piantlet anterior to germination.
CLASS III. ACROGENS.
Cryptogamous plants with a distinct axis (stem and
branches), growing from the apex only, containing woody
fibre and vessels (especially ducts), and usually with dis-
tinct foliage.
ORDER 135. EQUISETACE^E. (HORSETAIL FAMILY.;
Leafless plants, with rusk-like hollow and jointed stems, arising from run-
ning rootstocks, terminated by the fructification in the form of a cone or
spike, ivhich is composed of shield-shaped stalked scales bearing the spore'
cases underneath. — Comprises solely the genus
1. EQUISETUUI, L. HORSETAIL. SCOURING EUSH. (Tab. 14.)
Spore-cases (sporangia, thecce) 6 or 7, adhering to the under side of the angled
shield-shaped scales of the spike, 1 -celled, opening down the inner side and dis-
charging the numerous loose spores. To the base of each spore are attached 4
thread-like and club-shaped elastic filaments (elaters), which roll up closely
around them when moist, and uncoil when dry. — Stems striate-grooved, rigid,
the hard cuticle abounding in silex, hollow, and also with an outer circle of
smaller air-cavities corresponding with the grooves ; the joints closed and solid,
each bearing instead of leaves a sheath, which surrounds the base of the inter-
node above, and is split into teeth corresponding in number and position with
the principal ridges of the stem : the stomata always occupying the principal
grooves. Branches, when present, in whorls from the base of the sheath, like
the stem, but without the central air-cavity. (The ancient name, from equiis}
horse, and seta, bristle. )
586 EQUISETACE^E. (HORSETAIL FAMILT.)
* Stems annual (not surviving the winter) : fructification in spring (April and May).
(Stomata irregularly scattered over the whole surface of the grooves.)
•*- Fertile stems different from the sterile ones, earlier, brownish.
*+ Fertile stems never branching, decaying early after fructification : the sterile stems
bearing simple branches.
.1. E. arvcnse, L. Sterile stems smoothish, 12- 14-furrowcd, and produc-
ing ascenLling sharply 4- (or 3 - 5-) c ngled long branches, with 4 herbaceous lanceolate
pointed teeth; sheaths of the fertile stems (8' -15' high) remote, large and loose. —
Damp places ; common. (Eu.)
2. E. Cbumcilin, Schrcber. Sterile stems very -smooth, ivory-white,
about 30-furrowcd, the rough usually 4-anglcd branches again grooved on the angles,
and with awl-shaped fragile teeth ; sheaths of the fertile steins crowded, deeply
toothed. (E. fluviatile, Smith.) — Shore of the Great Lakes, and northward. —
Fertile stems 1° or more high, stout; the sterile 2° -5°. (Eu.)
** •*-*• Fertile stems remaining and producing herbaceous branches after fructification.
3. E. prsiteilSC, Ehrh. Sterile and finally also the fertile stems bearing
whorls of simple straight branches ; sheaths of the stem split into separate ovate-
lanceolate short teeth, those of the branches 3-toothed : otherwise much like the
next; in its simple branches resembling No. 1, but narrower in general outline,
and blunt. (E. umbrosum, Willd. E. Drummondii, Hook.) — Michigan (Cooley,
frc.) and northward. (Eu.)
4. E. sylVittiCUUl, L. Sterile and fertile stems about 12-furrowed,
bearing whorls of compound racemed branches ; sheaths loose, with 8-14 rather
blunt membranous more or less united teeth ; those of the branches bearing 4 or 5,
of the branchlets 3, lance-pointed divergent teeth. — Wet shady places ; common
northward. (Eu.)
•»- ••- Fertile and sterile stems similar and contemporaneous, both herbaceous, or all the
stems fertile, fruiting in summer, producing mostly simple branches from the n/>pcr
or middle joints, or sometimes quite naked.
5. E. limosiim, L. Stems tall (2° -3° high), smooth, slightly many-
furrowed, usually producing upright simple branches after fructification ; sheaths
appressed, with 10-22 (commonly a-bout 18) dark-brown and acute rigid short
teeth. (E. uliginosum, Muhl.} — In shallow water; rather common. — Air-
cavities none under the grooves, but small ones under the ridges. (Near this is
the European E. PALtJSTKE, with a strongly grooved roughish stem, large air-
cavities under the grooves, and pale 6 - 9-toothed sheaths ; also attributed to
this country by Pursh, probably incorrectly.) (Eu.)
* # Stems perennial, bearing fructification in summer, lasting over the next winter
and longer, mostly rough (the cuticle abounding in silcx), simple or rarely branded.
(Stomala in regular rows, in our species l-rowed on each side of the groove.)
-*- Stems large, most/// single : sheaths appressed. (Probably all forms of No. 8.)
6. E. ISCVigiTitlini, Braun. Stems l£°-4° high; the ridges convex, ob-
tuse, smooth or minntcty rough with minute tubercles; shmlhs </oii>/<it<d, with a
narrow black limb and about 22 li near-awl-shaped caducous t^th, \-Lc.lcd below.—
. ci.ij soil, Illinois and southward.
FILICES. (FERNS.) 587
7. E. roUn'aStlim, Braun. Stems 3° -6° high; the ridges narrow, rough
with one line of tubercles ; sheaths short, with a black girdle above the base, rarely
with a black limb, and about 40 deciduous 3-keded teeth with ovate-awl-shaped points.
— River-banks, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. — Too near the last ; and passes
by var. AFFIXE, Engclm. (a smaller plant, with 20-25 awl-pointed more per-
sistent teeth) into the next.
8. E. liyemale, L. (SCOURING RUSH. SHAVE-GRASS.) Stems l£°-
3° high, the ridges roughened by 2 more or less distinct lines of tubercles ; sheat/is
donyated, with a black girdle above the base, and a black limb, consisting of
about 20 (17-26) narrow/// linear teeth, l-keeled at the base and with awl-shaped
deciduous points. — Wet banks ; common, especially northward. Used for scour-
ing. (Eu.)
•*- •«— Stews low and slender, growing in tufts : sheaths loose or enlarging upwards ;
ike summits of their 4-keelcd ovate membranaceous and persistent teeth tipped with
a fragile awn or cusp.
9. E. varicgf&tum, Schleicher. Stems ascending (6' -12' long), simple,
from a branched base, 5 - ^-grooved ; the ridges rough with 2 rows of tubercles
which are separated by a secondary furrow ; sheaths green variegated with black
above ; the 5-9 teetli tipped with a deciduous bristle. — Shores or river-banks,
New Hampshire (Bellows Falls, Carey) to Wisconsin, and northward; rare.
(Eu.)
10. E. SCirpoidCS, Michx. Stems thread-like (4' -8' high), bent or curved,
rough, 3 - 4-groovcd alternately with as many bristle-pointed teeth, and with the
same number of intermediate fuirows of equal width ; sheaths variegated with
black ; central air-cavity wanting. — Wooded hill-sides, New England to Penn-
sylvania, Michigan, and northward. (Eu.)
ORDER 136. FILICES. (FERNS.)
Leafy plants, with the leaves (fronds) usually raised on a stalk or petiole
(called the stipe), rising from a root or mostly from prostrate or subterranean
rootstocks. separately rolled up (chrinate) in the bud (except in Suborder
III.), and bear in <j, on the veins of their lower surface or along the margins, the
simple fructification, which consists of 1-celled spore-cases (sporangia), open-
ing in various ways, and discharging the numerous minute spores. (An-
theridia and pistillidia formed on the seedling plantlet !) — Comprises three
very distinct Suborders, which now are by many received as separate
families : —
SUBORDER I. POLYPODINE^E. THE TRUE FERNS.
Sporangia collected in dots, lines, or variously shaped clusters (sori or
fruit-dots^) on the back or margins of the frond or its divisions, stalked,
cellular-reticulated, the stalk running into a vertical incomplete ring, which
"by straightening at maturity ruptures the sporangium transversely on tho
inner side, discharging the spores. Fruit-dots often covered (at least when
588 FILICES. (FERNS.)
young) by a membrane called the indusium, growing either from the back
or the margin of the frond. (Tab. 9-12.)
TRIBE I. POLYPODIES. Fructification dorsal, naked, entirely destitute of any in-
dusium, in roundish separate fruit-dots.
1. POLYPODIUM. Fertile fronds like the sterile ones, wholly leaf-like, not rolled up. Fruit-
dots scattered on the back, borne each on the end of a veinlet.
2. STllUTIIIOPTERTS. Fertile frond very different from the sterile, contracted and rigid, its
pinnate divisions rolled up from each margin into a closed necklace-like body, conceal-
ing the fruit-dots within, which are borne on the middle of a vein.
TRIBE II. PTERIDE^E. Fructification marginal or intramargiiial, provided with a
general indusium formed of the (either altered or unchanged) margin of the frond, aud
which is therefore free and opens on the inner side, towards the midrib, transverse as
respects the veins. Venation in our genera free.
* Indusium continuous, consisting of the entire reflexed and altered (scarious-membranaceous)
margin of the fertile frond or of its pinnae or pinnules.
8. ALLOSORUS Sporangia borne on the free and separate extremity of the veins or veinlets,
becoming confluent laterally. Indusium broad.
4. PTEHIS. Sporangia borne on a continuous receptacle, in the form of a slender marginal
line, which connects the tips of the veinlets.
* * Indusium the summit or margin of a separate lobe or tooth of a fertile frond or of its
divisions turned over. Sporangia borne on the free ends of the veins or veinlets.
6. ADIANTUM. Sporangia borne on the under side of the strictly reflexed indusium. Mid-
rib of the pinnules marginal or none.
6. CHEILANTHES. Sporangia borne on the frond, the unaltered herbaceous summit or
margins of the lobes of which are recurved to form an imperfect involucre. Midrib
central.
TBIBE III. BIjECIINE^l. Fructification dorsal ; the oblong or linear fruit-dots borne
on cross veinlets parallel to the midrib, transverse as to the principal veins, covered with
a special indusium (entirely separate from the margin of the frond), which is fixed by
the edge that looks towards the margin, but free and opening towards the midrib.
7. WOODWARDIA. Fruit-dots oblong or linear, distinct or contiguous : veins more or less
reticulated.
TRIBE IV. ASPIjENIE.35. Fructification dorsal; the more or less elongated fruit-
dots borne on the back of the frond, on direct veins oblique or at right angks to the mid-
rib and margins, each with a special iudusiuui fixed to the fruitful vein by one margin,
and free aud opening at the other.
8. CAMPTOSORUS. Veins reticulated except near the margin. Fruit-dots irregularly scat-
tered over the frond, inclined to approach in pairs.
9. SCOLOPENDKIUM. Veins simply forked, straight and free. Fruit-dots linear, confluent
in pairs, which appear like a single one with a double indusium, opening down the
middle
10. ASPLENIUM. Veins forked and free. Fruit-dots oblique, separate, each on the upper
(inner) side of a vein, rarely some of them double, when the two indiusia are on tho
same vein, back to back.
TRIBE V. DICKSONIE.52. Fructification marginal: fruit-dots roundish, borne on
the apex of a free vein, furnished with an iudusiuui in the form of a cup, open at the
top, formed in part of (or confluent with) a toothlet or portion of the margin of the frond.
U. DICKSONIA § SITOLOBIUM. Indusium hemispherical-cup-shaped or almost globular.
membranaceous.
TRIBE VI. WOODSIEJE. Fructification dorsal : the globular fruit-dots borne on tbo
back of a free vein, furnished with a spi-rial (sometii IBS evanescent) indusium in tkeioim
of a membrane attached underneath all round, and bursting open ut the top.
.
FILICES. (FERNS.) 589
13. WOODSIA. Indusium very thin or obscure and evanescent, bursting into irregular lobes
or cleft into a fringe of hairs
TRIBE VII. ASPIDIEJE. Fructification dorsal: the fruit-dots borne on the back
(rarely on the apex) of a vein, orbicular or roundish, rarely oblong and then placed
across the vein, furnished each with a special indusium which covers the sporangia when
young, and is fixed by the centre or by one side, opening at the other sitie or all around
the margin. No general or accessory iudusium formed of the margin of the frond.
* Veins all free (none anastomosing) : fertile fronds not very different from «ie sterile
13. CYSTOPTERIS. Indusium hood-like, broadly fixed by the inner side partly under the
fruit-dot, free and early opening on the outer.
14. ASPIDIUM. Indusium flat, orbicular or kidney-shaped, opening all round the margin.
* * Veins of the sterile frond reticulated : fertile frond very unlike the sterile.
16. ONOCLEA. Fertile fro'nd contracted, the divisions rolled up into globular bodies enclosing
the fruit-dots.
UBORDER II. O S M U N D I N E JE . THE FLOWERING FERN FAMILY.
Sporangia variously collected (large), destitute of any proper ring, cel-
lular-reticulated, opening lengthwise by a regular slit. (Tab. 13.)
TBIBE VIII. SCHIZE^E. Sporangia oblong or oval, sessile, with a circular striate-rayed
portion at the apex, opening down the outer side.
16. SCIIIZ2EA. Indusium none : sporangia covering one side of the linear pinnae of the naked
and stalk-like fertile frond.
17. LYGODIUM. Indusia in the form of scales imbricated in 2 ranks on one side of the fer-
tile lobes of the leafy climbing frond.
TRIBE IX. OSMLHVDEJE. Sporangia globose, peuicelled, opening down the outer side
BO as to be two-valved.
18. OSMUNDA. Sporangia naked, covering contracted fronds or parts of the frond.
SUBORDER HI. OPHIOGLOSSE^E. THE ADDER'S-TONGUE FAM.
Sporangia spiked, closely sessile, naked, coriaceous and opaque, not re-
ticulated or veiny, destitute of a ring, opening by a transverse slit into 2
valves, discharging very copious powdery spores. — Fronds straight, never
rolled up in the bud ! (Tab. 13.)
19. BOT11YCHIUM. Sporangia distinct, crowded in compound or pinnate spikes. Sterilo
frond divided.
20. OPIIIOGLOSSUM. Sporangia cohering in a 2-ranked simple spike. Sterile frond entire.
SUHORDER I. FOLYPODtNEJE. THE TRUE FERN FAMILY.
1. POL-YPODIUUI, L. POLYPODY. (Tab. 9.)
Fruit-dots round, naked, variously or irregularly scattered over the back of
the flat and expanded leaf-like frond, each borne on the end of a veinlct. —
Rootstocks creeping, often covered with wool-like chaff, and with tufted branches
(whence the name, from TroXu, many, and TTOVS, foot).
§ 1. TOLYPODIUM PROPER. — Veins free (not connected by cross veinlets).
* Fronds simply and deeply pinnatifid, evergreen, glabrous : fruit-dots Jar ye.
50
590 FILICES. (FERNS.)
1. P. Y ill tf fire, L. Fronds oblong in outline, green both sides (6'- 10
high) ; the divisions linear-oblong, obtuse, minutely and obscurely toothed. —
Rocks; common. July. (Eu.)
# * Fronds twice pinnatijid, triangular, membranaceom, annual : fruit-dots minute.
2. P. PilCg6ptCI'iS, L. Stalk somewhat chaffy and doicny ; frond nar-
rowly triangular in outline, longer than broad (3' -6' long), hairy on the veins;
pinna; linear-lanceolate, closely approximated, the lowest pair do-flexed and
standing forwards; their divisions linear-oblong, obtuse, entire, each bearing
about 4 fruit-dots towards the base and near the margin. (P. connectilc, Michx.)
— Damp woods; common northward. July. (Eu.)
3. P. licxagronopterum, Michx. Stalk smooth ; frond broadly trian-
gular, the base (7' -12' broad) usually exceeding the length; pinnae rather distant,
the lower of the lanceolate obtuse divisions toothed, decurrent and forming a
conspicuous wing to the rhachis. — Rather open woods; common, especially
southward. — Smoother and larger than the last.
# # # Fronds membranaceous, ternate, the primary divisions mostly twice pinnate.
4. P. Dryopteris, L. Stalk slender and brittle, smooth ; frond smooth
(pale light-green, 4' -6' wide) ; the 3 principal divisions widely spreading; lobes
oblong, obtuse, nearly entire; fruit-dots marginal, finally contiguous. — Var.
CALCA.REUM (P. calcareum, Smith) is more rigid, and minutely glandular-mealy
on the rhachis and midribs. — Rocky woods; common northward. July. (Eu.)
$ 2. MARGINARIA, Bory. — Veins reticulated, forming mostly 6-sided meshes
around the free veinlets which bear the fruit-dots : stalks and back of the thick or
coriaceous frond beset with firm scurfy chaffy scales. (This is probably a distinct
genus ; but in our species the veins are so hidden in the coriaceous frond, that
they can seldom be seen at all.)
5. P. incanum, Willd. Fronds oblong, 2' -6' long from extensively
creeping firm rootstocks, grayish and very scurfy underneath with thick peltate
scurfy scales, almost concealing the fruit-dots, which are borne on the margins
of the broadly linear entire lobes. — Rocks and trunks of trees, Virginia and
Ohio to Illinois, and southward.
2. STRUTIIIOPTERIS, Willd. OSTRICH-FERN. (Tab. 9.)
Fruit-dots round, on the pinna} of a separate contracted and rigid frond, the
margins of which are rolled backward so as to form a somewhat necklace-shaped
body enclosing the fruit : there are 3-5 pinnate free veinlets from each primary
vein, each bearing a fruit-dot on its middle : the fruit-dots are so numerous and
crowded that they appear to cover the whole inside. — Sterile fronds largo
(2° -3° high), very much exceeding the fertile, pinnate, the many pinna? deeply
pinnatifid, all growing in a close circular tuft from thick and scaly matted
rootstocks. Stalks stout, angular. Pinnate veins free and simple. (Name
compounded of orpou^os, an ostrich, and vrepls, a fern, from the plume-like
arrangement of the divisions of the fertile frond.)
1. S. G«»rmiiilica, Willd. (S. Pcnnsylvanica, WilhL) — Alluvial soil;
not rare northward. Aug. — Fronds of this in a curious abnormal state, inter-
FILICES. (FERNS.) 591
mediate between the sterile and fertile condition, (bearing a few fruit-dots on con-
tracted but still herbaceous and open pinnae,) were gathered at Brattleborough,
Vermont, by Mr. D. C. Eaton. (Eu.)
3. AL,L,OSORUS, Bernhardi. ROCK BRAKE. (Tab. 9.)
Fruit-dots a small collection of sporangia borne on the ends of (or extending
down on) the forked, or rarely simple, free veins, which terminate just within
the margin of the frond, soon becoming confluent laterally, so as to imitate the
marginal continuous line of fructification of Pteris, covered when young by a
continuous (rarely interrupted) rather broad scarious-mcmbranaccous indusium
consisting of the reflexed and altered margin of the fruit-bearing pinnule or
division. Fronds once to thrice pinnate ; the fertile ones or fertile divisions nar-
rower than the sterile. (Name from aXXos, various, and o-copoy, sorus, a heap,
used for fruit-dot.)
1. A, gTiiciliS, Presl. Smooth, low (3' -6' high, and delicate) ; fronds
mcmbranaceoiis, of few pinnae, which are pinnately parted into 3-5 divisions,
those of the fertile frond oblong or linear-oblong, of the sterile ovate or obovate,
crenate or incised ; veins of the fertile fronds mostly only once forked. (Pteris
gracilis, Michx.} — Shaded calcareous rocks, Vermont to Wisconsin, and north-
wai'd; rare. July.
2. A. atl'OpurpuretlS. Smooth, except some bristly-chaffy hairs on
the midribs and especially on the dark-purple and polished stalk and rhachis, 6'-
15' high ; frond coriaceous, pale, once or below twice pinnate; the divisions
broadly linear or oblong, or the sterile sometimes oval, chiefly entire, somewhat
heart-shaped or else truncate at the stalked base; veins about twice forked.
(Pteris atropurpurca, L. Platyloma atropurpurea, .7. Smith.) — Calcareous dry
rocks, in shade, Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward : not common.
A. (CRYPTOGRAMMA, R. Br.) ACROSTICHOIDES, remarkable for its sporan-
gia extending far down on the oblique veins, so as to form linear lines of fruit,
may occur within our northwestern borders, having been found as near as Isle
Royale, Lake Superior.
4. PTERIS, L. BRAKE. BRACKEN. (Tab. 10.)
Fruit-dots a continuous slender line of fructification, occupying the entire
margins of the fertile frond, and covered by its reflexed narrow edge which
forms a continuous membranaeecms indusinm : the sporangia attached to an
uninterrupted transverse vein-like receptacle which connects the tips of the
forked and free veins. — Fronds 1 -3-pinnate or decompound. (The ancient
Greek name of Ferns, from Trrepot/, a winy, on account of the prevalent pinnate
or feathery fronds.)
1. P. nqtiiliiBSl, L. (COMMOX BRAKE.) Frond dull green (2° -3°
wide), ternate at the summit of an erect stout stalk (l°-2°high), the widely
spreading branches 2 -pinnate ; pinnules oblong-lanceolate, the upper undivided,
the lower more or less pinnatilid, with oblong obtuse lobes, margined all round
with the indusium. — Thickets and hills ; common northward. Aug. (Eu.)
592 riLiCES. (FERNS.)
Var. caiKlf&ta. Frond somewhat mere coriaceous ; the pinnules with
narrower and less crowded lobes, the terminal one linear and prolonged (l'-2;
in length), entire, forming a tail-like termination, or the whole of many of the
pinnules sometimes linear and entire. (P. caudata, L.) — Common southward,
and at the north varying into the typical form.
•
5. AD I Aft TVJB, L. MAIDENHAIR. (Tab. 10.)
Fruit-dots marginal, short ; borne on the under side of a transversely oblong,
crescent-shaped or roundish, more or less altered margin or summit of a lobe or
tooth of the frond reflexcd to form an indusium : the sporangia attached to the
approximated tips of the free forking veins. — Main rib (costa) of the pinnules
none, or at one margin. Stalks black and polished. (The ancient name, from
a privative and Sicu'ixo, meaning unwetted, the smooth foliage repelling rain-drops.)
1. A. pcclatlllll, L. Frond forked at the summit of the upright slender
stalk (9' -15' high), the forks pedately branching from one side into several
slender spreading divisions, which bear numerous triangular-oblong and oblique
short-stalked pinnules ; these are as if halved, being entire on the lower margin,
from which the veins all proceed, and cleft and fruit-bearing on the other. —
Rich, moist woods. July. — A delicate and most graceful Fern.
6. CHEILANTIIES, Swartz. LIP-FKKN. (Tab. 10.) •
Fruit-dots small and roundish, solitary or contiguous next the margins or tips
of the lobes, which are recurved over them to form a hood-like (herbaceous or
membranaceous) indusium ; the sporangia borne on the tips of free forking
veins. — Fronds 1-3-pinnate, the sterile and fertile nearly alike; the divisions
not halved, the main rib central. (When the indusium becomes continuous, the
genus passes into Allosorus.) (Name composed of ^eiXos, a Up, and avBos,
flower, from the shape of the indusium.) See Addeud.
1. C. vestita, Willd. (not of Hook.1?) Fronds 2-pinnate (slender, 4' -7
high), and stalks hirsute with loose and rather scattered rusty hairs ; pinnules ob-
long, pinnatifid (2" -4" long), their lobes oval or oblong, the recurved portion
forming the indusium herbaceous. — Shaded rocks, S. Penn., Virginia, Ken-
tucky, and southward. — Fronds soon nearly glabrous above.
2. C. toiticntosa, Link. Fronds (1°-!$° high) with the rather stout
stalk, &c. densely woolly andvilloiis throughout (t,he upper surface becoming smooth-
ish with age), thrice pinnate ; pinnules obovate or roundish, nearly entire, sometimes
confluent, the recurved narrow margins forming an almost continuous involucre.
(Eephrodium lanosum, Michx. in part1?)— Mountains of Virginia? Kentucky;
thence westward and southward.
7. WOODWARDIA, Smith. WOODWARDIA. (Tab. 10.)
Fruit-dots oblong or linear, approximate or contiguous, parallel to and
the midrib, on transverse anastomosing veinlets, in one or raivl y two ro\\
veins reticulated towards the midrib, mostly forking, free towards the margin ol'
FILICES. (FERNS.) 593
the frond. Indusium fixed to the outer margin of the fruitful veinlet, free and
opening on the side next the midrib. — Fronds pinnatifid or pinnate. (Named
forDr.Woodicard, an English naturalist of the last century.)
§ 1. WOODWARDIA PROPER. — Indusium strongly vaulted : veins (at least of
the sterile frond) with several roics of reticulations.
1. W. asigiisiifolia, Smith. Sterile fronds (l°high, thin, bright green)
deeply pinnatifid, with lanceolate serrulate divisions ; the fertile simply pinnate,
with contracted linear pinnae (2" -4" wide), its single row of cross veins bearing
the fruit-dots (f long) as near the margins as the midrib. (W. onocleoides,
Willd.) • — Bogs, Massachusetts, near the coast, to Virginia, and southward:
rare. Aug.
$ 2. D06DIA, R. Brown. — Indusium flattish: cross veins only one or two rows.
2. W. Virginica, "Willd. Fertile and sterile fronds similar (2° high),
pinnate; the pinnae lanceolate, pinnatifid, with numerous oblong lobes; fruit-
dots contiguous or soon confluent, forming a line on each side of the midrib,
both of the pinnae and of the lobes. — Swamps, Vermont and New York to Vir-
ginia, and southward. July.
8. CAMPTOSORUS, Link. WALKING-LEAP. (Tab. 11.)
Fruit-dots linear or oval-oblong, irregularly scattered on the reticulated veins
of the simple frond, variously diverging, inclined (especially those of the second-
ary reticulations) to approximate in pairs by the side at which the indusium
opens, or to become confluent at their ends, forming crooked lines or angles
(whence the name, from Ka/iTrrds, bent, and creopos, for fruit-dot).
1. C. rllizopliyilus, Link. (Asplenium rhizophyllum, L. Antigram-
ma, J. Smith, Torr. Also C. rumicifolius, Link.) — Shaded rocks, W. New Eng-
land to Wisconsin, and southward ; rare. July. — Fronds evergreen, growing
in tufts, spreading or procumbent (4' - 9' long), lanceolate from an auricled-heart-
shaped base, tapering above into a slender prolongation like a runner, which
often roots at the apex and gives rise to new fronds, and these in turn to others ;
hence the popular name. — A singular form is found at Mount Joy, Penn., by
Mr. Stauffer, having roundish fruit-dots and inconspicuous veins.
9. SCOL.OPENDRIUUI, L. HART'S-TOXGUK. (Tab. 11.)
Fruit-dots linear, elongated, almost at right angles with the midrib of the sim-
ple frond, borne in pairs on the contiguous sides of the two parallel forks of the
straight free veins, one on each, but so confluent side by side as to appear like
one, opening by an apparently double indusium down the middle. (The ancient
Greek name, so called because the numerous parallel lines of fruit resemble the
feet of the centipede, or Scolopendra.)
1. S. Officiii&rinii, Swartz. Frond oblong-lanceolate from an auricled-
heart-shaped base, entire or wavy-margined (V -18' long, 1'- 2' wide), bright
green. — Limestone rocks, in a deep ravine at Chittenango Creek, below the
Falls, where it abounds, and also, perhaps, in some other places in W. New
York ("near Canandaigua," Nuttall). (Eu.)
50*
594 FELICES. (FERNS.)
1O. ASPL-felVIUlTI, L. SPLEEXWORT. (Tab. 11.)
Fruit-dots linear or oblong, oblique, separate; the indusium attached length-
wise by one edge to the upper (inner) side of the simple, forked or pinnate, free
veins, and opening along the other: — rarely some of the fruit-dots are double
(DIPLAZIUM), two indusia being then borne on the same vein, back to back.
(Named, from a privative and <nr\r)v, the spleen, for supposed remedial prop-
erties.)
§ 1. ASPLENIUM PROPER. — Indusium narrow, fixed by its whole length.
#= Indusium flat or flattish, thin. (Fronds evergreen.)
1. A. pinimtifidlim, Nutt. Fronds (3'-6'long) diffusely spreading,
lanceoTate, pinnatifid, sometimes pinnately parted near the base, tapering above into
a slender prolongation, the apex sometimes rooting; lobes roundish-ovate, obtuse, cut-
toothed or nearly entire; the midrib evanescent by forking below the apex. —
Cliffs on the Schuylkill and Wissahickon, near Philadelphia, and southward
along the Alleghanies; also sparingly westward: rare. July. — Resembling
the Walking-Leaf (Caraptosorus), but the venation is that of Asplenium : fruit-
dots irregular, numerous, even the slender prolongation fertile.
2. A. IllOlltfllllllll, Willd. Fronds (3' -5' high, bright green) lanceolate
or triangular-oblong in outline, pinnate; the ovate pinna; 3-7 '-parted (or the upper
barely cleft) and cut-toothed ; the veins forking from a midrib. — Cliffs, in the
Alleghany Mountains, from Pennsylvania ( Mr. Lea) to Virginia, and southward.
July. — Rhachis green: stalk brownish. — Much smaller than the European A.
Adiantum-nigrum.
3. A* Itiitii-niiil'aricl, L. Fronds (2' -4' long) Z-pinnate below, simply
pinnate above, ovate in outline, the few divisions narrowly rhombic-wedge-shaped,
toothed at the apex, without a midrib, the veins all rising from the base. — Lime-
stone cliffs, Vermont to Michigan, Virginia, and southward along the moun-
tains; scarce. July. (Eu.)
4. A. Xricli6manes, L. Fronds (31- 8' long) in dense spreading tufts,
linear in outline, pinnate : pinnae numerous, roundish-olilong or oval (3" -4" long),
unequal-sided, obliquely wedge-truncate at the base, attached by a narrow point, the
midrib evanescent ; the thread-like stalk and rhachis purple-brown and shining.
(A. melanocaulon, Willd.) — Shaded cliffs ; common. July. (Eu.)
5. A. ebeneuill, Ait. Fronds upright (8' -16' high), pinnate, lance-linn tr
in outline ; pinme (£'-!' long) many, lanceolate, or the lower oblong, slightly
scythe-shaped, finely serrate, sessile, the dilated base auriclcd on the upper or
both sides; fruit dots numerous on both sides of the elongated midrib; stalk
and rhachis blackish-purple and shining. — Rocky, open woods ; rather common.
* * Indusium strongly convex or vaulted, thickish : fruit-dots numerous and crowded
on both sides of the midrib, parallel, some of them occasionally double, especially in
No. 7. (Fronds thin, smooth, decaying in antunui, l£°-3° high.)
C. A» sillgltstifoliillll, Miehx. Fronds simply pinnate; pinnas linear-
lanceolate, acute, minitcly wavy-toothed (3' -4' long) ; fertile fronds more con-
FILICES. (FERNS.) 595
traded; fruit-dots linear, often curved. — Rich woods, W. New England to Michi-
gan, Illinois, and southward along the mountains. Oct.
7. A. ttielypteroides, Michx. Fronds pinnate ; pinnce deeply pinnatifid.
linear-lanceolate (3' -5' long), pale; the lobes oblong, obtuse, minutely toothed,
crowded, each bearing 3-6 pairs of oblony fruit-dots. — Rich woods ; not rare.
July.-Sept.
§ 2. ATHYRIUM, Roth. — Indusium of the shorter (barely obkng] fruit-dots some-
times free at the ends, turgid or vaulted, but tiiin, ojten becoming curved or crescent
shaped.
8. A. Filix-f<dBinina, R. Brown. Frond 2-pinnate (l°-3° high,
smooth), oblong or lanceolate in outline; pinna? lanceolate, numerous; the nar-
rowly oblong pinnules confluent on the rhachis by a narrow margin, sharply pin-
natifid-toothed ; fruit-dots 4-8 pairs on each pinnule. (Aspidium Filix-foemina
& A. asplenioides, Swartz.) — A narrow form is Aspidium angustum, Willd, —
Moist woods; common. July. (Eu.)
11. DICKSONIA, L'Her. § SITOLOBIUM, Desv. (Tab. 11.)
Fruit-dots globular (small), marginal, each placed on the apex of a free vein
or fork, enclosed in a membranaceous cup-shaped special indusium open at the
top, and on the outer side partly covered by the thin apex of the fruit-bearing
toothlet of the frond, forming a sort of accessory indusium. Sporangia borne
on a somewhat elevated globular receptacle. (Character from our species,
which is perhaps to be separated.) (Named for J. Dickson, an English Cryp-
togamous botanist.)
1. D. puuctilolmla, Hook. Minutely glandular and hairy (2° high) >
fronds ovate-lanceolate and pointed in outline, pale green and very thin, with
strong stalks rising from slender extensively creeping rootstalks, pinnate, the
lanceolate pinnae twice pinnatifid and cut-toothed, the lobes oblong ; fruit-dots
minute, on a recurved toothlet, usually one at the upper margin of each lobe.
(D. pilosiuscula, Willd. Nephrodium punctilobulum, Michx. Patania, Presl.)
— Moist, rather shady places, very common : odorous. July.
12. WOOD SI A, R. Brown. WOODSIA. (Tab. 12.)
Fruit-dots globular, borne on the back of simply-forked free veins ; the very
thin and often evanescent indusium attached by its base all around the recepta-
cle, under the sporangia, either small and open, or else early bursting at the top
into irregular pieces or lobes. — Small and tufted piuuately-dividcd Ferns.
(Dedicated to Joseph' Woods, an English botanist.)
$ 1. HYPOPELTIS, Torr. — Indusium conspicuous, at first perfectly enclosing ilie
sporangia, but early opening at the top, soon splitting into several spreading jagged
lobes.
1. W. Obtusa, Torr. Frond broadly-lanceolate, minutely glandular-
hairy (6'-12' high), pinnate; the pinnaj rather remote, triangular-ovate or ob-
long (!' or more long), bluntish, pinnately parted ; pinnules oblong, very
FILICES. (FERNS.)
obtuse, crcnatcly pinnatifid-toothed, with a single smooth fruit-dot just below
the sinus between each rounded minutely-toothed lobe. (W. Pcrriniana, Hook.
fr Grev. Aspidium obtusum, Willd.) — Rocky banks and cliffs; common, es-
pecially westward. July.
$2. "WOODSIA PROPER. — Indusium minute or evanescent, open and flattened
from an early stage and concealed under the fruit-dot, except the fringe of bristly-
chaffy hairs into which its margin is dissected.
2. W. IlveilSiS, R. Brown. Frond oblong-lanceolate (2' -4' long by 1'
wide), smoothish and green above, thickly clothed underneath as well as the stalk
with rusty bristle-like chaff, pinnate; the pinna! crowded, oblong, obtuse, sessile,
pinnately parted, the numerous crowded pinnules oblong, obtuse, obscurely crcnate,
almost coriaceous, the fruit-dots near the margin, somewbat confluent when old.
(Nephrodium rufidulum, Michx.) — Exposed rocks, common, especially north-
ward, and southward in the Alleghanies. June. (Ku )
3. W. gJsi1>ell<l, R. Brown. Smooth and naked throughout ; frond linear
(2' -5' high), pinnate ; pinnce rather remote towards tbe short stalk, rhombic-oi-ate,
very obtuse (2" - 4" long), cut into 3-7 rounded or somewhat wedge-shaped lobes. —
Rocks, Little Falls, New York ( Vasey) ; Willoughby Mountain, Vermont ( Wood,
C. C. Frost) ; and high northward.
13. CYSTOPTERIS, Bcrnhardi. BLADDER-FERN. (Tab. 12.)
Fruit-dots roundish, borne on the back of a straight fork of the free veins ;
the delicate indusium hood-like or arched, attached by a broad base on the inner
side (towards the midrib) partly under the fruit-dot, early opening free at the
other side, which looks toward the apex of the lobe, and is somewhat jagged,
soon thrown back or withering away. — Tufted Ferns with slender and deli-
cate 2-3-pinnate fronds; the lobes cut-toothed. (Name composed of KVOTIS,
a bladder, and Trrepis, Fern, from the inflated indusium.)
1. C. bulbifcra, Bcrnh. Frond lanceolate, elongated (l°-2° long), 2-
pinnate; the pinnaj lance-oblong, pointed, horizontal (l'-2'long); the rhachis
and pinna often bearing bulblets underneath, wingless ; pinnules crowded, oblong,
obtuse, toothed or pinnatifid ; indusium short, truncate on the free side. (As-
pidium bulbiferum, Swartz. A. atomarium, Muhl. !) — Shaded, moist rocks ;
common. July.
2. C. friigiliS, Bcrnh. Frond oblong-lanceolate (4' -8' long, besides the
stalk which is fully as long), 2 -3-pinnate; the pinnaj and pinnules ovate or lan-
ceolate in outline, irregularly pinnatifid or cut-toothed, mostly acute, decnrrcnt
on the margined or winged rhachis; indusium tapering or acute at the free end. —
Var. DENTATA, Hook, is narrower and less divided, barely twice pinnate, with
ovate obtuse and bluntly-toothed pinnulw. (Aspidium tenue, Swartz.) — Shaded
din's ; common : very variable. July. (Eti.)
14. A SPIDIUUI, Swartz. SIIIELD-FKHN. WOOI>-FERX. (Tab. 12.)
Fruit-dots round or roundish, home on the back or sometimes on the ex-
tremity of (in our species) pinnate and free veins, scattered, or sometimes
en
vei
dl
FILICES. (FERNS.) 59?
crowded. Indusium flat, scarious, orbicular or round-kidney-shaped, covering
the sporangia, attached to the receptacle at the centre or at the sinus, opening
all round the margin. — Fronds mostly 1 -3-pinnate. (Name dcnridiovj a small
shield, from the shape of the indusium.)
§ 1. DRYOPTElilS, Aclans., Schott. (Nephrodiurn, Rich, in part. Lastrea,
Dory. ) — Indusium round-kidney-shaped, or orbicular with a narrow sinus, fixed at
the sinus : fronds membranaceous or thinnish.
* Veins simple or simply forked and straight : fronds annual, decaying in autumn,
the stalks and creeping rootstocks nearly naked. (Thelypteris, Schott.)
1. A. TlielyptcriS, Swartz. Frond pinnate, lanceolate in outline; the
slightly rcflexed or horizontal pinnce gradually diminishing in length from near the
base to the apex, sessile, linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, with oblong nearly
entire obtuse lobes, or appearing acute from the strongly rcvolute margins in fruit;
ins mostly forked, bearing the crowded fruit-dots (soon confluent) near their mid-
e. (Polypodium Thelypteris, L.) — Marshes; common. Aug. — Stalk 1°
long or more, usually longer than the frond, which is of thicker texture than in
the next, slightly downy ; the fruit-dots soon confluent and covering the whole
contracted lower surface of the pinnae. (Eu.)
2. A. NoveboraceilSC, Willd. Frond pinnate, oblong-lanceolate in out-
line, tapering below, from the lower pinnce (2 -several pairs) being gradually shorter
and dcflexed ; the lobes flat, broadly oblong ; their veins all simple except in the
lowest pairs, bearing scattered fruit-dots (never confluent) near the margin. (Poly-
podium Noveboracense, L. A. thelypteroides, Swartz.) — Swamps and moist
thickets; common. July. — Frond pale green, delicate and membranaceous,
nearly as the last, except in the points mentioned.
* * Veins, at least the lowermost, more than once forked or somewhat pinnately branch-
ing ; the fruit-bearing veinlets often obscure or vanishing above the fruit-dot : fronds,
at least the sterile ones, often remaining green through the winter: stalks and apex
of the seal i/ thickened rootstocks chaffy, and often the main rhachis also when young.
+- Frond twice pinnate and with the pinnules pinnatifid or deeply incised : indu-
sium deciduous.
3 A. Spiliulosuin, Swartz. Frond oblong or ovate-oblong in outline
(1° -2° long), lively green, smooth; pinnules oblong or oblong-linear, mostly
obtuse, horizontal, crowded, the lower deeply pinnatifid into linear-oblong obtuse
lobes which are sharply cut-toothed, the upper cut-pinnatifid or incised, with the
shorter lobes few-toothed at the apex ; margin of the indusium denticulate or
beset with minute stalked glands. (A. intermedium, Mtihl. Dryopteris inter-
media, erf. 1.) — Woods, everywhere common. July. — Exhibits a variety of
forms, some of them clearly the same as the European plant, more commonly
intermediate in appearance between it and
Var. (liicltatlllll. Frond broader, ovate or triangular-ovate in outline ;
pinnules lance-oblong, the lower sometimes pinnately divided ; indusium smooth
and naked. (A. dilatatum, Willd.) — A dwarf state, fruiting when only 5'-8/
high, answers to var. (of Lastra^a dilatata) dumetorum. A peculiar form (A.
campylopterttm, Kunze ? and Dryopteris dilatata, chiefly, ed. 1 ) has the pinnae*,
pinnules, and their divisions remarkably crowded, and directed obliq uely forwards
598 FILICES. (FKRNS.)
or rather scythe-shaped. — N. New England to Wisconsin, chiefly in mountain
woods, and northward. (Eu.)
Var. ESooftii. Frond elongated-oblong or elongated-lanceolate in outline;
pinnules broadly oblong, very obtuse, the lower pinnatifid, the upper and smaller
merely serrate ; indusium minutely glandular. (A. Boottii, Tuehnn. Dryop-
teris rigida, cd. 1 ; not Aspidium rigidum, Swartz.) — E. Massachii>ett,s, Boott,
&c. Connecticut, D. C. Eaton, and northward. — The least dissected form, in-
termediate in appearance between A. spinulosum and A. cristatum, but passing
into the former.
•*- ••- Frond once pinnate, andthepinnce deeply pinnalifid, or at the base nearly twice
pinnate: fruit-dots within the margin, large; the indusiinn tliinnish and fiat.
4. A. Cl'iStfltimi, Swart/. Frond linear-oblong or lannolale in outline
(l£° to 2J° long and very long-stalked) ; pimue short (2' -3'), triangular-oblong,
or the lowest nearly triangular-ovate, from a somewhat heart-shaped base, acute,
deeply pinnatih'd ; the divisions (8- 13 pairs) oblong, very obtuse, finely serrate or
cut-toothed, the lowest pinnatifid-lobed ; fruit-dots as near the midrib as the margin,
often confluent. (A. Lancastriense, Swartz.) — Swamps, £c. ; common. July.
— Stalk bearing broad and deciduous chaffy scales. (Eu.)
5. A. GoldiHIllim, Hook. Frond broadly ovate, or the fertile ovate-
oblong in outline (2° -3° long), short-stalked ; pinna? (G'- 9' long) oblong-lan-
ceolate, pinnately parted; the divisions (about 20 pairs) oblong-linear, slightly
scythe-shaped, obtuse (!' long), sen-ate with appresscd teeth, bearing the distinct
fruit-dots nearer the midrib than the man/in (these smaller than in No. 4). — Rich
and moist woods, from Connecticut to Kentucky, and northward. July-
Sept. — A stately species, often 4° high; the fronds decaying in autumn. In-
dusium often orbicular without a distinct sinus, as in Polystichum.
.*- •»-•»- Fromls (thickisli and most 1 1/ persistent through the winter, as in Poly-
stichum), twice pinnate, but the nearly entire upper pinnules confluent, some of
the lower pinnatijid-toothed : fruit-dots close to the margin; the indusium tui'ni<l,
and its edges turned under.
6. A. marginale, Swartz. Frond ovate-oblong in outline (1°- 2° long),
pale green; pinnaj lanceolate from a broad almost sessile base; pinnules ob-
long, obtuse, crowded. — Rocky hill-sides in rich woods; common, especially
northward. July.
§ 2 rOLYSTICHUM, Roth. — Tndusium orbicular and entire, peltate, (or ranlj
round-kidney -shaped in the same species, as in No. 7,).//.m/ by the dpnsmd centre:
fronds rigid and coriaceous, evergreen, very cluijj'i/ on the rhachis, frc. : the pinnte
or pinnules auricled at the base on the upper side, crowded, the teeth or lobes bristle-
tipped.
# Fronds twice pinnate or nearly so.
7. A. frfi grans, Swartz. Fronds (41 - 9' high) ylandnlnr and aromatic,
pinnatf, with the linear-oblong pinna- pinnately parted ; their crowded divisions
(2" long) oblong, obtuse, covered witli the fruit-dots, the rusty-brown great in-
du-ia ii.-arly equalling them in breadth; rhachis, £,-. chaliy with very large
scales. — Shaded trap-rocks, Falls of the St. Croix, Wisconsin, Dr. Parry, and
high northward.
FTLICES. (FERNS.) 599
8. A., acil lea til in, Swartz, var. ISlTJiifiii, Koch. Frond spreading,
2 -pinnate (l^°-2° long), oblong-lanceolate in outline, with a tapering base, the
lower of the many pairs of oblong-lanceolate pinnae gradually reduced in size
and obtuse ; pinnules ovate or oblong, obtuse, truncate and almost rectangular
at the base, short-stalked, or the upper confluent, sharply toothed, beset with
long and soft as well as chaffy hairs. (A. Braunii, Spenner.) — Deep woods,
mountains of New Hampshire, Vermont, N. New York, and northward. (Eu.)
* * Fronds simply pinnate, mostly upright.
9. A. acrosticlioicles, Swartz. Frond lanceolate (l°-2£° high),
stalled ; pinnce linear-lanceolate, somewhat scythe-shaped, half-halberd-shaped at
the slightly stalked base, serrulate with appressed bristly teeth ; the fertile (upper)
ones contracted and smaller, bearing contiguous fruit-dots near the midrib, which
are confluent with age, and cover the surface. (Nephrodium acrostichoides,
Michx.) — Var. ixclsuM (A. Schweinitzii, Beck) is a state with cut-lobed
pinna}, a not unfrequent case in the sterile fronds ; sometimes the tips of almost
all of them fertile more or less. — Hill-sides and ravines in woods ; common
northward, and southward along the Alleghanics. July.
10. A. LoiicilitiS, Swartz? Frond linear-lanceolate (9' -20' high), scarce-
ly stalked, very rigid ; pinnce broadly lanceolate-scythe-shaped, or the lowest triangular,
strongly auricled on the upper side and wedge-truncate on the lower, densely
spiny-toothed (1; or less in length), copiously fruit-bearing; fruit-dots contigu-
ous and near the margins. — Woods, southern shore of Lake Superior, and
northwestward. (Eu.)
15. ONOCL.EA, L. SENSITIVE FERN. (Tab. 12.)
Fertile frond twice pinnate, much contracted ; the pinnules short and revolute,
usually so rolled up as to be converted into berry-shaped closed involucres filled
with sporangia, and forming a one-sided spike or raceme. Fruit-dots one on
the middle of each strong and simple primary vein (with or without sterile cross-
veins), round, soon all confluent. Indusium very thin, hood-like, lateral, fixed
by its lower side, free on the upper (towards the apex of the pinnule). — Sterile
fronds rising separately from the naked extensively creeping rootstock, long-
stalked, broadly triangular in outline, deeply pinnatifid into lance-oblong pinnae,
which are entire or wavy-toothed, or the lowest pair sinuate-pinnatifid (decaying
in autumn) ; veins reticulated with fine meshes. (Name apparently from 6Voy,
a vessel, and xXeio), to close, from the singularly rolled up fructification.)
1 . O. seiisibilis, L. — Moist or wet places, along streams ; common.
July. — A rare abnormal state, in which the pinniB of some of the sterile fronds,
becoming again pinnatifid and more or less contracted, bear some fruit-dots
without being much revolute or losing their foliaceous character, is the var.
OBTUSILOB\TA, Torr. N. Y. State FL (Yatcs County, New York, Sartwt-ll,
and Washington County, Dr. Smifli. New Haven, Connecticut, D. C. Eaton.)
This explains the long-lost 0. obtusilobata. &c/iknhr (from Pennsylvania), which,
as figured, has the sterile fronds thus 2-pinnntely divided. (Ragioptcris, Presl.
is founded on a young fertile frond of this species and ihc sterile frond of some
different Fern.)
600 FILTCES. (FERNS.)
SUBORDER II. OSMUNDl'lVEJE. FLOWERING-FERN FAMILY.
16. SCHIZJEA, Smith. SCHIZ^A. (Tab. 13.)
Fertile fronds of several contracted linear pinnae, which are approximated in
pairs at the apex of a slender stalk; the under (inner) side covered with the
fructification, consisting of two rows of sessile naked sporangia, which are oval,
vertical, furnished with a striate-raycd crest at the apex, and opening by a lon-
gitudinal cleft down the outer side. Sterile fronds linear or thread-like, some-
times forked and cleft (whence the name, from oxtfco, to slit).
1. S. pusilla, Pursh. Sterile fronds linear-thread-form, simple, tortuous,
much shorter than tho, fertile, which bears about 5 pairs of short crowded pinnae
at the apex of a slender stalk (3' -4' high). — Low grounds, pine barrens of New
Jersey; rare.
17. L,YGODIUITI, Swartz. CLIMBING FERN. (Tab. 13.)
Fronds twining or climbing, bearing stalked and variously lobed divisions in
pairs, with free veins ; the fructification on separate contracted divisions or spike-
like lobes, one side of which is covered with hooded scales for indusia, imbri-
cated in two ranks, fixed by a broad base, each enclosing a single sporangium, or
rarely a pair. Sporangia much as in Schizsea, but oblique, fixed to the vein by
the inner side next the base. (Name from \vyd>8ijs, flexile.)
1. L. imlilifttlBin, Swartz. Very smooth; stalks slender, flexile and
twining (l°-3°long), from slender running rootstocks ; the short alternate
branches or petioles deeply 2-forked, each fork bearing a rounded heart-shaped
palmately 4-7-lobcd sterile frondlet; fertile frondlets above, contracted and
several times forked, forming a terminal panicle. (Hydroglossum, Willd.) —
Shaded or moist grassy places, Massachusetts to Virginia, Kentucky, and spar-
ingly southward ; rare. July.
18. OSUIUNDA, L. FLOWERING FERN. (Tab. 13.)
Sporangia globular, short-pedicelled, naked, entirely covering the fertile fronds
or certain pinnae (which arc contracted to the mere rhachis), thin and reticulated,
not striate-rayed at the apex, opening opposite the pedicel into two valves.
Spores green. — Fronds tall and upright, from thickened rootstocks, 1 -2-pinnate :
veins forking and free. (Osmunder, a Saxon name of the Celtic divinity Thor.)
# Fronds twice pinnate, fertile at the top.
1. O. regftlis, L. (FLOWERING FERN.) Very smooth, pale green
(2° -5° high); sterile pinnules 13-25, lance-oblong, more or less serrulate,
otherwise mostly entire, oblique (or often auricled on the lower side) at the
nearly sessile base (1 -2 long); the fertile racemose-panieled at the summit of
the frond. (Ku.)
Var. SpectiibiliS. Pinnules ordinarily narrower and less auricled, or ob-
liquely truncate at the *•//>//<//*/ Ktdlknl base. (O. speetalulis, Willd.) — Swamps
and wet woods ; common. June, July.
FILICLS. (FERNS.) 601
* * Sterile fronds once pinnate ; the pinnae, deeply pinnated : the lobes entire,
2. O. CBaytoniiSSiia, L. Clothed with loose wool when unfolding, soon
pei*fectly smooth (2° -3° high) ,' pinnce oblong-lanceolate, with oblong obtuse
divisions; some (2 — 5 pairs) of the middle pinnce fertile, these entirely pinnate ;
sporangia greenish turning brown. (0. interrupta, Michx., $r.) — Low grounds ;
common. May: fruiting as it unfolds. — This, being Clayton's plant (as I as-
certained in 1839, both from the Claytonian and Linutean herbaria), must bear
the original Linnssan name, though wrongly described, from young specimens in
which the fructification was thought to be terminal.
3. O. cimiaiiioniea, L. (CINNAMON-FERN.) Clothed with rusty
wool when young ; sterile fronds smooth when full grown, the lanceolate pinnae
pinnatifid into broadly oblong obtuse divisions ; fertile fronds separate, from the
same rootstock, contracted, 2-pinnate, covered with the cinnamon-colored spo-
rangia. — Var. FROND6SA is a rare occasional state, in which some of the fronds
are sterile below and more sparsely fertile at their summit. (O. Clay ton iana,
Conrad, not of L.) — Rarely such fronds are fertile in the middle, otherwise
sterile. — Swamps and low copses ; everywhere. May. — Growing in large
bunches; the fertile fronds in the centre, perfecting fruit as they unfold, 1°- 2°
long, decaying long before the sterile fronds (at length 4° -5° high) get their
growth.
SUBORDER III. OPIIIOGLOSSEJE. THE ADDER-TONGUE FAM.
19. BOTKYCmiTM, Swartz. MOONWORT. (Tab. 13.)
Frond temately or pinnately divided or compound, rising straight from the
roots (of strong clustered and thickened fibres) ; the lateral division sterile, with
forking free veins, the terminal one wholly fertile : spike contracted, the spikes
pinnatclj panicled. Sporangia sessile, clustered but distinct, rather coriaceous,
veinless, transversely 2-valvcd, shedding the copious powdery sulphur-colored
spores. (Name a diminutive of /Sorpus, a cluster of grapes, from the appearance
of the fruitful fronds.)
1. 15. lllliarioides, Swartz. Sterile frond petioled, from near the base,
2-3-ternate, or the ultimate divisions often pinnate or pinnately parted, broadly
triangular in general outline ; the lobes or divisions obovate, somewhat kidney-
shapud, roundish, or oblong, somewhat crenate ; ferti'e .stalk 3' -6' high; fruc-
tification mostly 2-pinnatc. (Butrypus lunarioi ties, Michx. Botrychium fuma-
rioides & matricarioidcs, WHld.) — Dry, rich wcods, mostly southward. July.
— A state, from Hingham, Mass. (C. J. Spraguc), has the two lateral primary
divisions of the sterile frond changed into long-stalked fertile fronds. (Eu.)
Var. oblaqmitll (B. obliquum, MM.} is mostly larger (6' -17' high) ;
the fertile frond more compound ; the sterile with oblong or lanceolate divisions,
either obtuse or oblique at the base, nearly entire, toothed, or irregularly pin-
natifid.— New England to Wisconsin, and southward; rather scarce.
Var. diss£ctuni (B. disscctum', J/«///.). Divisions of the sterile frond
compoundly and laciniately cut into narrow small lobes and teeth : otherwise, as
the last, into which it passes, and with which it grows.
51
602 LTCOPODIACE^E. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.)
2. B. VirginiClim, Swartz. Sterile frond sessile above the middle of the
stalk of the fertile one, ternate ; the short-stalked primary divisions once or twice
pinnate, and then once or twice pinnatifid, thin, the lobes cut-toothed towards
the apex, oblong ; fructification mostly 2-pinnatc : plant 1°-2C high, or often
reduced to 5' -10', when it is B. gracile, Pursh. — Rich woods; common.
July, Aug. (Eu.)
Var. 1 simplex (B. simplex, Hitchcock) appears to be a remarkably de-
pauperate state of this, only 2' - 5' high ; the sterile frond reduced to a single
short-stalked division, and simply or doubly pinnatifid, the Icbes obovate or
oblong, thinner, and the veins more perceptible than in the European B. Luna-
ria. — W. New England, New York, and northward.
2O. OPHIOGLOSSUOT, L. ADDER'S-TONGUE. (Tab. 13.)
Frond a naked stalk rising straight, bearing a lateral sterile portion resembling
in form an entire leaf with finely reticulated immersed veins, and a simple
terminal spike, on the edges of which the opaque and coriaceous sessile veinless
sporangia are closely packed, in 2 ranks, all more or less coherent together, so
as to appear necklace-jointed, transversely 2-valved. Spores copious, sulphur-
color. (Name compounded of o<£is, a serpent, and -yAaJao-a, tongue.)
1. O. Vlllgatum, L. Sterile frond (in the N. American form) obovate
or ovate with a tapering sessile base (l'-3' long), and mostly borne below the
middle of the stalk of the fertile spike. — Bogs and meadows: not common.
June. (Eu.)
ORDER 137. LYCOPODIACE^E. (CLUB-Moss FAMILY.)
Low plants, usually of Moss-like aspect, with tlieir solid and often woody
stems thickly clothed with sessile awl-shaped or lanceolate persistent and sim*
pie leaves, bearing the 2 - 4-valved spore-cases sessile in their axils ; repre-
sented by only two genera.
1. L-YCOPODIUM, L., Spring. CLUB-MOSS. (Tab. 14.)
Spore-cases of one kind (sporangia, much like those of Ophioglossum, only
larger), coriaceous, flattened, usually kidney-shaped, 1-celled, opening by a trans-
verse line round the margin, thus 2-valved, discharging the subtile spores in the
form of a copious sulphur-colored inflammable powder. — Perennials, with ever-
green 1-ncrved leaves, imbricated or crowded in 4-16 ranks. (Name compound-
ed of XVKOS, a wolf, and TTOVS, foot, from no obvious resemblance.)
$ 1. Sporangia scattered in the axils of the ordinary and uniform (dark-green and
shinint/, n't/id, about S-rtuiked) leaves,
1. Li. Ilicidullllll, Michx. Stems thick, 2 or 3 times forked, the branches
ascending (6'-l 2' high); leaves widely spreading or rcfcrcd, linoar-lanoeolato,'
aculc, minutely toothed. — Cold, damp woods ; common northward. August. —
Little bulblets form in the axils of the leaves of young shoots, Austin, Roth-
rock.
LYCOPODTACKYE. (CLUW-MOSS FA.UILY.) 603
2. L. Sclog-O, L. Stems thick and rigid, erect, fork-branched, forming a
level topped cluster (3' -6' high) ; leaves spreading, lanceolate, pointed, entire. —
Tops of high mountains, Maine to New York, on the Allcghanies southward ;
also shore of Lake Superior, and northward ; rare : both the variety with more*
erect, and that with widely spreading, leaves. (Eu.)
§ 2. Sporangia borne only in the axils of the upper (bracteal) leaves, thus forming
terminal spikes or catkins.
* Leaves of the creeping sterile and the upright fertile stems or branches, and those of
the simple spike all alike, many-ranked (sporangia opening near the base).
3. JL. iimmlatuni, L. Dwarf; creeping sterile stems forking, flaccid ;
the fertile solitary (l'-4' high), bearing a short thick spike; leaves lanceolate or
lance-awl-shaped, acute, soft, spreading, naked, or sometimes bearing a few minute
spiny teeth. — Leaves (curving upwards on the prostrate shoots) narrower in the
American than in the European plant (perhaps a distinct species), and passing
into the var. BiGEL,6vn, Tuckerm. : with fertile stems 5' -7' high, its leaves
more awl-shaped and pointed, sparser and more upright, often somewhat teeth-
bearing. (L. Carolinian urn, Bigel., not of L.) — Sandy bogs, northward, rare:
the var. from New England to New Jersey and southward, near the coast.
Aug. (Eu.)
4. Lu alopecill'Oldcs, L. Stems stout, very densely leafy throughout ;
the sterile branches recurved-procumbent and creep-ing ; the. fertile of the same
thickness, 6' -20' high ; leaves narrowly linear-awl-shaped, spinidose-pointed, spread-
ing, conspicuously bristle-toothed below the middle ; those of the cylindrical spike with
long setaceous tips. — Pine-barren swamps, New Jersey to Virginia, and south-
ward. Aug., Sept. — Stems, with the dense leaves, £' thick ; the comose spike,
with its longer spreading leaves, f to 1' thick.
* -* Leaves (bracts) of the catkin-like spike scale-like, imbricated, yellowish, ovate or
heart-shaped, very different from those of the sterile stems and branches.
•*- Spikes sessile (branches equally leafy to the top], single.
5. L«. asinotilllim, L. Much branched; stems prostrate and creep'' nq
(l°-4° long) ; the ascending branches similar (5'-8' high), sparingly forked, the
sterile ones making yearly growths from the summit; leaves equal, spreading, in
about 5 ranks, rigid, lanceolate, pointed, minutely serrulate (pale green) ; spike
solitary, oblong-cylindrical, thick. — Var. PUNGENS, Spring, is a reduced sub-
alpine or mountain form, with shorter and more rigid-pointed erectish leaves.
(Var. montanum, Tuckerm.) — Woods; common northward: the var. on the
White Mountains, with intermediate forms around the base. July. (Eu.)
6. L,. deiidroicleum, Michx. (GROUND-PINE.) Stems upright (6'-
9' high) from a subterranean creeping rootstock, simple below, and clothed with
homogeneous lanceolate-linear acute entire leaves appressed-erect in 4-6 rows,
bushy -branched at the summit ; the crowded branches spreading, fan-like, with the
lower row of leaves shorter and the lateral spreading, — in var. OBSctiRUM
appearing flat, from the leaves of the upper side being also shorter and ap-
pressed. (L. obscurum, L. ) — Moist woods. Aug. — Remarkable for its tree-
like growth. Spikes cylindrical, 4-10 on each plant.
604 LTCOPODIACEJE. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.)
i- •«- Spikeo pedanded: viz. the leaves minute on the fertile branches.
«-* Leaves homogeneous and equal, many-ranked: stems terete.
+ 7. JL. ckivatllill, L. (CoMMOx CLUB-MOSS.) Stems creeping exten-
sively, with similar ascending short and very leafy branches ; the fertile termi-
nated by a slender peduncle (4' -6' long), bearing about 2-3 (rarely 1 or 4)
linear-cylindrical spikes ; leaves linear-awl-shaped, incurved-spreading (light
green), tipped, as also the bracts, with a fine bristle. — Dry woods ; common
northward. July. (Eu.)
** •*-*• Leaves of two forma, few-ranked: stems or branches flattened.
8. JL. Carolilliiilllim, L. Sterile stems and their few short l>r:uiches
entirely creeping (leafless and I'ooting on the under side), thickly clothed with
broadly lanceolate acute and somewhat oblique 1 -nerved lat<ml lams widely
spreading in 2 ranks, and a shorter intermediate row appressed on the upper
side; also sending up a slender simple peduncle (2' -4' high, clothed merely
with small bract-like and appressed awl-shaped leaves), bearing a single cylindri-
cal spike. — Wet pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. July.
9. JL. COmphniatiiBii, L Stems extensively creeping (often subter-
ranean), the erect or ascending branches several times forked above; bushy branch-
lets crowded, flattened, all clothed with minute imbricated-appressed aid-shaped lares
in 4 ranks, with dccurrent-united bases, the lateral rows with somewhat spread-
ing tooth-like tips, those of the upper and under rows smaller, narrower, wholly
appressed; peduncle slender, bearing 2-4 cylindrical spikes — Woods and
thickets ; common : the typical form with spreading fan-like branches abundant
eouthward ; while northward, especially far northward, it passes gradually into
var. SABix^EF6Liusi (L. sabinajfolium, Willd., L. Chamaecyparissus, Braun),
with more erect and fascicled branches. (Eu.)
2. SELAOINELLA, Beauv., Spring. ( Tab. 14.)
Fructification of two kinds, namely, of spore-cases like those of Lycopodium,
but very minute and oblong or globular, containing reddish or orange-colored
powdery spores; and of 3-4-valved tumid oophoridia, filled by 3 or 4 (rarely 1-
6) ranch larger globose-angular spores; the latter either intermixed with tho
former in the same axils, or solitary (and larger) in the lower axils of the leafy
4-ranked sessile spike. (Name a diminutive of Selago, an ancient name of a
Lycopodium, from which this gcnns is separated.)
* Leaves all alike, equally imbricated ; those of the spike similar.
1. S. SClagiilOlcleS* Sterile stems prostrate or creeping, small and slen-
der; the fertile thick* r, (i*<-c>tding, sini/de (l'-3' high); leaves lanceolate, acute,
sprt (tiling, s/xirsil// spi>iiilost--<-iliatc. (S. spinosa, ttmnv. S. spinulosa, Braun.)
— Wet places, New Hampshire (Pnrsh) and Michigan, Lake Superior and
northward; pretty rare. — Leaves larger on the fertile stems, thin,
green. (Eu.)
2. S. rilpf'StriS Spring. Much branded in close /»/h (l'-3' high) ;
densely (ip/nrxxid-intbr/i-ntrd, linear-lanceolate, convex and with a grooved keel,
int,, bris/l, -lipped; those of the strongly 4-angular spike rather broad-
HTBTIOPTERIDES. (MARSILEACEJ5.) 605
er; the two sorts of fructification in the same axils. (Lycopodium rupestre, L.)
— Dry and exposed rocks; common. — Grayish-green in aspect, resembling a
rigid Moss.
* * Leaven of 2 sorts, the shorter above and below, resembling stipules, the larger
lateral, 2,-ranJced.
3. S. a pu§, Spring. Stems tufted and prostrate, creeping, much branched,
flaccid ; leaves pellucid-mcmbranaceous, the larger spreading horizontally, ovate,
oblique, mostly obtuse ; the others smaller, appressed, taper-pointed ; those of
the short spikes nearly similar; oophoridia copious at the lower part of the
spike. (Lycopodium apodum, L.) — Low, shady places, N. New England,
near the coast, to Illinois, and southward. — A delicate little plant, resembling
a Moss or Jungermannia.
ORDER 138. HYDROPTERIDES. (MARSILEACEJE, R. Br.)
Aquatic cryptoyamous plants, of diverse habit, with the fructification borne
at the bases of the leaves, or on submerged branches, consisting of two sorts
of organs, contained in in dehiscent or irregularly bursting involucres (sporo-
carps) : — here represented bv only two genera ; one of them, Isoetes,
nearly related to Club-Mosses in structure ; the other, Azolla, much like a
floating Liverwort.
1. ISOETES, L. QUILLWORT. (Tab. 14.) '
Stem a mere succulent base or crown, rooting from underneath, and covered
above with the dilated imbricated bases of the elongated terete awl-shaped or
Btalk-like cellular leaves. Sporocarps ovoid and plano-convex, pretty large,
sessile in the axils of the leaves and united with or enveloped by their excavated
dilated base, very thin, travei-sed internally by transverse threads, forming a
kind of partitions ; those of the central leaves filled with very minute powdery
grains (analogous to the spores of Lycopodium) ; the exterior filled with larger
Spherical-quadrangular spores (oophoridia), at first cohering in fours, their crus-
taceous integument marked by 3 radiant lines. (Name composed of urof , equal,
and 6TOS-, year; perhaps intended to indicate that these aquatic plants are un-
changed by the season, i. e. alike the year through.)
J. I. lacnstris, L. Crown or rootstock broad and depressed ; leaves whol-
ly submersed, dark green, rigid and fragile, awl-shaped (2' -6' long), the dilated
base as broad as long ; spores (oophoridia) roughish-granulated, scarcely reticu-
lated.— Bottom of ponds and slow streams ; not rare northward. — New Eng-
land specimens agree well with the European plant, and also seem too nearly
like the next. The following species are admitted in deference to authority :
but-probably all are forms of one. (Eu.)
2. I. ripsil'ia, Engelm. Crown small; leaves slender, soft, yellowish
green (4'— 0' long), the base broader than long ; spores minutely farinaceous
id reticulated. — Gravelly borders of lakes and streams, Delaware to
and rel
606 IIYDROPTKRTDES. (.M AKSILEACK.i:).
New Hampshire, often partly emersed : probably throughout the Middle
States.
3. I. Eilgcllliamili, Braun. Leaves long and slender (9' -12' long),
entirely emersed in summer, soft and flaccid, light yellowish-green, the dilated
base longer than broad ; spores coarsely farinaceous and reticulated. — Shallow
ponds of the Western States, and southward.
2. AZOLLA, Lam. AZOLLA. (Tab. 14.)
Plant floating free, pinnately branched, clothed with minute imbricated leaves,
appearing like a small Jungermannia : fructification sessile on the under side of
the branches, of 2 sorts. Sporocarps covered at first with an indusium of a
single diaphanous membrane, ovoid ; the smaller kind opening transversely all
round, containing several roundish-angular antheridia ? peltately borne on the
sides of a central erect column : the large or fertile kind bursting irregularly,
filled with numerous spherical sporangia rising from the base on slender stalks,
each containing a few globular spores. (Name said to come from a£o>, to dry,
and oXXw, to kill, being destroyed by dryness.)
1. A, Carolinian a, Willd. Leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, spreading,
reddish underneath, beset with a few bristles. — Pools and lakes, New York to
Illinois, and southward. — Plant £' to 1' broad. — Probably the same as A.
Magellanica of all South America.
MUCRONATA and perhaps M. VEST!TA may occur in the western
parts of Illinois and Wisconsin. See Addend.
SALVfNiA NATANS, L., said by Pursh to grow floating on the surface of
small lakes in W. New York, has not been found by any other person, and prob-
ably does not occur in this country. It is therefore omitted.
INDEX.
%* The names of the Classes, Subclasses, and the Latin names of Orders, are in full capi-
taLs ; of the Suborders, Tribes, &c., in small capitals ; of the Genera, &c., as well as popular
names and synonymes, in common type.
bele,
Abelmoschus,
Abies,
ABIETINE^J,
Abutilon,
Acacia,
Acalypha,
Page
419
69
422
420, 421
67
109
389
ACANTHACE^E (Acanthus Fam-
ily), 296
Acaulon, 615
Acer, 84
Acerates, 354, 704
ACERINE^E, 82, 84
Achillea, 225
Acnida, 369, 370
Aconite, 13
Aconitum, 13
Acorus, 429
ACROCARPI, 608, 614
ACROGENS, 585
Actsea, 14
Actinomeris, 219
Adam-and-Eve, 453
Adam's Needle, 472
Adder's-Mouth, 451
Addcr's-tongue, 471, 602
Adder's-tongue Family, 589, 601
Adelia, 358
Adenocaulon, 189
Adiantum, 592
Adlumia, 27
Adonis, 15
^Eschynotnene, 98
JEseulus, 83
JEthusa, 154
Agathophyton, 365
Agrimonia (Agrimony), 114
Page
Agave, 456
Agropyron, .%9
Agrostemma, 57
AGROSTIDEJB, i»S6
Agrostis, f>43
Ailanthus, 75
Aira, 57 1
Airopsis, 573
Ajuga, 302
AJUGOIDE^:, 30(J
Alchemilla, 115
Alder, 4 1 2
Aletris, 458
Alisma, i37
AUSMACE^E, 436
ALISME^, 436, 437
Alkanet, 322
Alligator Pear, 378
Allium, 469
Allosorus, 591
Allspice, Wild, 379
Almond Family, 110,111
Alnaster, 412
Alrius, 412
Alopecurus, 540
Alsine, 57
ALSINE^S, 53, 57
Althaea, 66
Alum-root, 144
ALYSSINE^:, 2$r
Alyssum, 40
AMARANTACE^E (Amaranth
Family), 367
Amaranth, 367, 369
Amarantus, 367
AMARYLLIDACEJE (Amaryl-
lis Family), 455
Amaiyllis, 455
INDEX.
Ambrina,
364
Apple of Peru,
34 U
Ambrosia,
Ainelancbier,
211
125
Apricot,
AQUlFOLIACEuE,
113
2G3
American Aloe,
45G
A- jui folium,
263
American Columbo,
344
Aquilcgia,
12
Amianthium,
477
ARABIDE^E,
28
Ammannia,
128
Arabia,
33
Arnmopliihi,
548
AKACE^E,
426
Amorpba,
95
Aralia,
159
Ampelopsis,
78
ARALIACE.E,
159
AmphicarpaBa,
106
Arbor- Vitae,
4L>4
Ampliicarpuin,
575
AKISUTEJE,
245
Amsonia,
349
Arbutus,
250, 251
AMYGDALE.E,
110, 111
Archangelica,
1 53
Anacamptodon,
ANACARDIACE^E,
662
76
Archemora,
Arcbidium,
153
614
Anacliaris,
441
Arctium,
235
ANAGALLIDE^:,
271
Arctoa,
6J9
Anagallis,
274
Arctophila,
556
Andraja,
613
Arctostapbylos,
250
ANDR^SACE^:,
613
Arenaria,
58
Andromeda,
253
Arctbusa,
449
AXDROMEDEJS,
245
AKETHUSEJS,
443
Andropogon,
Androsace,
583
271
Argemone,
Arietinum,
25
455
Anemone,
4
Arisaema,
426
ANEMONES,
2
Aristida,
550
Aneura,
689
Aristolochia,
360
Anethum,
159
ARISTOLOCHIACEJE.
359
Angelica,
153
Armeria,
270
Angelica-tree,
159
Arnica,
231
Anu,vlico,
155
Arrbcnatberum,
573
ANGIOSPERME^E,
1
Arrow-grass,
437
Anise Hyssop,
311
Arrow-grass Family,
436, 437
ANONACE^E,
17
Arrow-head,
438
Anomodon,
658
Arrow- wood,
167
ANOPHYTES,
607
Artemisia,
227
Antennaria,
229
ARTOCARPE.S:,
394, 397
Anthemis,
225
Arum.
427
Antliopogon,
554
Arum Family,
426
Anthoceros,
685
Aruncus,
114
ANTHOCEROTE^,
684
Arundinaria,
568
AXTHOX ANTHER,
538
Arundo,
547, 568
Antboxantbum,
574
Asarabacca,
359
Anticlea,
476
Asarum,
359
Antkgramma,
593
A S CLEPI AD^>. ,CE ^E,
350
A NT IK RUINED,
282
Asclejiias,
351, 701
ANTJRRHINIDE^E,
282
Ascvrum,
49
Antirrhinum,
284
A sir,
357"
Antitrichia,
657
Asimina,
17
Anychia,
62
ASPARAGE^E,
465
Apalanthe,
441
Asparagus,
466
Aprtalous Exogenous Plants,
359
Aspen,
418
Aphanorbegma,
652
ASPHODELE2B.
465
Aphyllon,
281
Asi-IDIE^J,
589
Apios,
105
Aspidium,
596
Apinm,
159
Asi'I.KME^:,
588
A plectrum,
453
Asplt'iiium,
594
APOCYNACE^E
349
Aster, 1(
39, 190, 199
Apocynum,
350
AstiTunthemum,
467
Apple,
1^4
ASTEROIDE^i,
179
INDEX.
Astilbc,
142
Beech,
408
Astornum,
616
Beech-drops,
262, 280
AST RAG A LE^:,
89
Beet,
367
Astragalus,
97
Beggar's Lice,
325
Atarnasco Lily,
456
Beggar-ticks,
221
Atheropogon,
553
Bellttower,
243
Athyrium,
595
Bellis,
200
Atragene,
3
Bellwort,
473
Atrichum,
640
Bellwort Family,
472, 473
Atriplex,
365
Bengal Grass,
581
Aulacomnion,
643
Benjamin-bush,
379
Avena,
572
Bent-Grass,
543
Avenastrum,
573
Benzoin,
379
AVENE.E,
538
BERBERIDACE^E,
19
Avens,
116,117
BERBERIDE.&J,
19
A \vl\vort,
39
Berberis,
19
Azalea,
256, 258
Berchemia,
79
A/oil a,
606
Bergamot,
310
Bermuda Grass,
554
B a cell avis,
208
Berula,
157
Bald-Rush,
503
Beta,
367
Baldwinia,
224
Betonica,
317
Ballota,
318
Betony,
317
Balm,
308
Betula,
410
Bairn of Gilead,
419
BETULACKS,
410
Balmony,
285
Bidens,
221
Balsam,
73
Bigelovia,
207
Balsam Family,
73
Bignonia,
278
BALSAM i Fi,U;E,
147
B1GNONIACEJE (Bignonia Fam-
BALSAMLNACE^E,
73
ily),
277
Bane berry,
14
BlGNONIBJt,
278
Baptisia,
107
Bilberry,
247
Barbarea,
35
Bind- weed,
334
Barberry Box-thorn,
341
Biotia,
190
Barberry,
19
Birch,
410
Barberry Family,
19
Birch Family,
410
Barbula,
626, 680
Birthroot,
464
Barley,
570
Birth wort,
360
Barnyard-Grass,
580
Birth wort Family,
359
Barren Strawberry,
117
Bishop's Cap,
145
Bartonia,
347 (135)
Bishop- weed,
156
Bartramia,
649
Bistort,
371
Bartsia,
294
Bitter Cress,
32
Basil,
304, 308, 318
Bitter-nut,
403
Basil-Thyme,
307
Bitter-sweet,
81. 339
Basswood,
69
Bitter-weed,
212
Bastard Toad-flax,
381
Bladder Fern,
596
Batatas.
334
Bladder Ketmia,
69
Batodcndron,
248
Bladder-nut,
82
Bamu'hium,
7-
Bladder-nut Family,
82
Batschia,
322
Bladder-pod,
37
Bay berry,
409
Bladderwort,
275
Beach Pea,
103
Bladderwort Family,
275
Beak-Rush,
504
Black Alder,
264
Bean,
104
Blackberry,
121, 122
Bearberry,
250
Blackberry Lily,
460
Beard-Grass,
544
Black Bindweed,
375
Beard-Tongue,
286
Black Grass,
483
Bear-Grass,
471
Black Haw,
107
Beaver-poison,
157
Black -Jack,
406
Bediitnuv,
169
Black Moss,
458
INDEX.
Black Oat-Grass,
549
Brizopyrum,
560
Black Thorn,
112, 1'24
Broccoli,
40
Blasia,
690
Brome-Grass,
566
Blazing-Star,
184, 478
BROMELIACE^E,
458
B LEOHNE.fi,
588
Bromns,
566
Blephilia,
310
Broom-Corn,
584
Blessed Thistle,
232
Broom-rape,
280, 281
Bletia,
451
Broom-rape Family,
279
BHte,
364
Brooklime,
290
Btitnm,
364
Brook-Moss,
65>
Blojd-root,
26
Brook-weed,
274
Blood wort Family,
Blue Beech,
457
409
Broussonetia,
Bruchia,
398
616
Blueberry,
247
Brunella,
313
Bluebottle,
232
BRYACE.E,
614
Blue Cohosh,
20
Bryum,
643
Blue Curls,
302
Buchncra,
291
Bluets,
172, 174
BUCHNERE^:,
' 282
Blue Flag,
459
Buffalo-Berry,
381
Blue-eyed Grass,
460
Buffalo-Nut,
382
Blue Grass,
563
Buckbean,
348
Blue-Hearts,
Blue Joint-Grass,
291
547
Buckeye,
Buckthorn,
83
79, 80, 267
Blue Tangle,
247
Buckthorn Family,
78
Blue- weed,
320
Buckwheat,
375
Blyttia,
545
Buckwheat Family,
371
Buehmeria,
399
Bugle,
302
Bog-Asphodel,
479
Bugle-weed,
303
Bog-Rush,
480
Bugloss,
320
Boltonia,
200
Bugbane,
7,14
Boneset,
187
Bulrush,
498
Borage,
325
Bumelia,
267
Borage Family,
319
Bunch-beiTy,
161
BORRAGEJE,
319
Bunch-flower
475
BORRAGINACE^,
319
Bunch-Pink,
54
Borrago,
325
Bupleurum,
156
Borrichia,
213
Burmannia,
442
Botrychium,
601
BURMANNIACE.&
(Burman-
Botrypus,
601
nia Family),
442
Botryois,
364
Burdock,
235
Bottle-brush Grass,
571
Bur-Grass,
581
Bottle-Grass,
581
Bur-Marigold,
221
Bouncing Bet,
55
Burnet,
115
Bouteloua,
552
Burning-Bush,
81
Bowman's Root,
114
Bur- reed,
429
Bow-wood,
398
Bush-Clover,
101
Box,
393
Bush Honeysuckle,
166
Boxberry,
251
Butter-and-eggs,
284
Box-Elder,
85
Buttercup,
7,10
Boykinia,
143
Butterfly Pea,
106
Brachyelytrum,
546
Butterfly-weed,
354
Brachychata,
200
Butternut,
401
Brachythecinm,
Brake, Bracken,
675
591
Butter-weed,
Butterwort,
198
277
Bramble,
120
Button-bush,
172
Brasenia,
22
Button-weed,
171
Brasilt-tto Family,
90, 108
Buttonwood,
400
Brassica,
40
Buxbaumia,
639
BRASSICE^;,
29
Buxus,
393
Bread-fruit and Fig Family,
Briza,
394, 397
565
Cabbage,
40
INDEX.
CABOMBACEJE,
22
Carex,
507
Cacalia,
230
CARICE^E,
491
CACTACEJE (Cactus Family),
Cactus,
136
136
Carnation,
Carolina Allspice,
54
126
Cajnotus,
198
Carolina-Allspice Family,
126
C/KSALPINIE,£, 90,
108
Carphephorus,
185
Cakile,
39
Carpinus,
409
CAKIJLINE^E,
29
Carrion-Flower,
463
Calamagrostis,
547
Carrot,
152
Calarainth,
307
Carom,
159
Calamintha,
307
Gary a,
402
Calamovilfa,
548
CARYOPHYLLACE.&,
52
Calamus,
429
Cashew Family,
76
(Calico-bush,
255
Cassandra,
252
Calla,
427
Cassena,
263
Calliergon,
672
Cassia,
108
Calliastrum,
190
Cassiope,
253
Callicarpa,
299
Castanea,
407
CallirrhoS,
66
Castilleia,
294
CALLITK1CHACEJE,
384
Castor-oil Plant,
393
Callitriche,
384
Catalpa,
279
Calomelissa,
307
Catbrier,
461
Calopogon,
450
Catchfly,
55
Caltha,
11
Catgut,
97
CALYCANTHACE^E,
126
Catherine*,
640
Calycanthus,
126
Cat-Mint,
311
Calycocarpum,
18
Catnip,
311
Calypogeia,
702
Cat-tail,
429
Calypso,
450
Cat-tail Family,
429
Calystegia,
Camassia,
334
469
Cat-tail Flag,
CatVtail Grass,
429
541
Camelina,
38
Cauliflower,
40
CAMELINE^E,
29
Caulinia,
432
Camellia Family,
CAMKLLIACE^E,
70
70
Caulophyllum,
Cayenne,
20
341
Campanula,
243
Ceanothus,
80
CAMPANULACE^E (Campanula
Cereis,
108
Family),
243
Cedar,
424, 425
Campion,
55
Cedronclla,
312
Camptosorus,
593
Celandine,
25
Campylium,
677
Celandine Poppy,
25
Campylopus,
619
CELASTRACE^,
81
Canary-Grass,
574
Celastrus,
81
Cancer-root, 280,
281
Celery,
159
Candy-tuft,
40
Celtis,
396
Cane,
568
Cenchrus,
581
CANNABINE^E, 395,
400
Centaurea,
232
Cannabis,
400
Centaurella,
347
Canterbury Bells,
244
Centaury,
342, 343
Caper Family,
40
Centrosema,
106
Caper Spurge,
389
Centunculus,
274
CAPPAUIDACEJE,
40
Cephalanthus,
172
Capraria,
287
Cerastium,
60
CAPRIFOLIACEJE,
163
Cerasus,
112
Capriiblium,
164
Ceratodon,
623
Capsella,
39
CERATOPHYLLACE^E,
383
Capsicum,
341
Ceratophyllum,
383
Caraway,
159
Ceratosehcenus.,
504
Cardamine,
32
Chaerophyllum,
158
Cardinal-flower,
242
Choetocyperus,
497
Card 11 us,
234
Chaff-seed,
294
INDEX.
Chaff- weed,
274
Climacium,
666
Cham aelirium,
478
Climbing Fern,
600
Chamomile,
225, 226
Climbing Fumitory,
27
Cheat,
566
Clinopodium,
308
Checkerberry,
251
Clintonia,
468
Chcilantlies,
592
Clitoria,
106
Cheiranthus,
40
Clove-Pink,
54
Chelidonium,
25
Clover, 92, 93
, 95
Chelone,
285
Clotbur,
212
CHELONE;E,
282
Cloud-berry,
120
CHENOPODIACE^E,
361
Cnicus,
232
CHENOPODIE.E,
362
Cnidoscoltu,
389
Chenopodina,
366
Club-Moss, 602,
604
Chenopodium,
362
Club-Moss Family,
602
Cherry,
111, 112,'ll3
Club-Kush,
498
Chess,
566
Cocculus,
18
Chestnut,
407
Cocklelmr,
212
Chervil,
158
GockVfoot Grass,
557
Chick-pea.
Chick weed,
104
58
Cockspur Thorn,
Cohosh, 14
m
, 20
Chickweed Family,
53,57
Colchicum Family,
472
Chickweed-Wintergreen,
Chiloscyphus,
272
691
Colic-root,
CoUinsia,
458
285
Chimaphila,
260
Collinsonia,
308
Chinquapin,
408
Coltsfoot, 188,
189
Chiogenes,
250
Columbine,
12
Chionantlius,
357
Columbo,
344
Chironia,
342
Comandra,
381
Chives,
470
Comaropsis,
117
CHLORIDES,
536
Com arum,
119
Clioke-berry,
125
Comfrey, 320, 321
Chondrosium,
553
Commelvna,
485
Chrysastrtim,
201
COMMELYNACE^:,
485
Chrysogonum,
209
Compass-Plant,
210
Chrysopsis,
Chrysosplenium,
207
145
COMPOSITE (Composite Fam.),
Comptonia,
177
410
Cicer,
104
Cone-flower,
214
CICIIORACE.S:,
235
CONIFERS,
420
Cichorium,
235
Conioselinum,
154
Cichory,
235
Conium,
158
Cicuta,
157
Conobea,
287
Cimicifuga,
14, 15
Conoclinium,
188
Cl.MICIFUGE.flE,
3
Conomitrium,
625
Cinchona Family
169, 171
Conopholis,
280
CINCHONEA;,
169, 171
Conostomum,
650
Cinque-foil,
118, 119
Conostylis,
458
Cinna,
544
Convallaria,
467
Cinnamon Fern,
601
CONVOLVULACEJE (Convol-
Circsa,
133
vulus Family),
332
Cirsium,
232
Convolvulus,
334
Cistaceae,
45
Coprosmanthus,
463
Cissus,
78
Coptis,
11
Cladium,
506
Coral-berry,
164
Cladrastis,
107
Corallorhiza,
452
CiasmatodoOf
660
Coral-root,
452
Claytonia.
65
Corema,
393
Cloarweed,
399
••sis,
219
Cleavers,
169
Cord-Grass,
551
Cl.EMATIDE.«,
2
( \»i i:iiiilcr,
159
Clematis,
3
Conundrum,
1 59
Cletbra,
254
CORNACEJE,
160
INDEX.
Corn-Cockle,
57
CUPRESSINE^J,
420, 421
Cornel,
161
Cupressus,
424
Corn -flag,
460
Cupsced,
18
Corn Salad,
175
CL'PULIFER^E,
403
Comas,
161
Currant,
136, 137
Corpse-Plant,
2G2
Currant Family,
136
Corydalis,
27
Cuseuta,
336
Corylus,
408
CUSCUTINE^E,
333
Coscinodon,
637
Custard-Apple Family,
17
Cosraanthus,
328
Cut-Grass,
540
Cotton-Grass,
501
Cyanococcus,
249
Cotton-plant,
69
CVCLOLOBE^J,
362
Cotton-Rose,
229
Cycloloma,
362
Cotton-wood,
419
Cvdonia,
126
Couch Grass,
569
Cylindrothecium,
664
Co \vbane, 153,
157
CYNAREJS,
182
Cowbcrrv,
248
Cynodon,
554
Cow-Herb,
55
Cynodontium,
620
Co \v- Parsnip.
152
Cynoglossum,
324
Cowslip, 271,
272
Cynthia,
236
Cow-Wheat,
296
CYPERACEJE,
490
Crab-Apple,
125
CYPERE^E,
490
Crab-Grass, 554,
557
Cyperus,
491
Cranberry,
247
Cypress,
424
Cranberry-tree,
168
Cypress Family,
420, 424
Crane-fly Orchis,
451
Cypress- Vine,
333
Cranesbill,
72
CVPRIPEDIE2E,
443
Crantzia
151
Cypripedium,
454
CRASSULACE^E,
139
Cystopteris,
596
Crata3£us,
123
Cratoneuron,
673
Dactylis,
557
Crocus,
460
Dactvloctenium,
554
Crossopetalum,
345
Daffodil,
455
Crotalaria,
91
Dahoon,
264
Croton,
391
Daisy,
200
Crutonopsis,
392
Dalea,
95
Crowberry,
393
Dalibarda,
120
Oowherry Family,
393
Daltonia,
656
Crownbeard,
222
Dandelion, • 235, 236.
239, 240
Crown Imperial,
472
Danthonia,
572
Crowfoot,
7
Dangleberry,
247
Crowfoot Family,
2
Darnel,
569
CRUCIFERJE,
28
Dasystoma,
293
Cryphaea,
656
Date Plum,
267
Crypsis,
542
Datura,
340
CryptotfiBnia,
157
Daucus,
152
Cryosanthes,
455
Day-flower,
485
CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS,
585
Day-Lily,
468
Cryptogramma,
591
Deadly Nightshade,
341
Ctenium,
552
Dead-Nettle,
318
'Cuckoo-flower,
33
Deerberry,
248
Cucumber,
139
Deer-Grass,
127
Cucumber-tree,
16
Delphinium,
12
Cucumis,
139
Dentaria,
31
Cucurbita,
139
Descbampsia,
571
CUCUHBITACEJE,
138
Desman thus,
109
Cudweed,
228
Desmatodon,
628
Culver's Root or Culver's Physic,
290
Desmodium,
99
Cunila,
304
Dewberry,
121
Cuphca,
129
DevilVBit,
478
Cup-plant,
210
Devil-wood,
357
INDEX.
Dianthera, 297
Dianthus, 54
Diapensia, 332
DlAPENSIfi^S, 329
Diarrhena, 557
Dicentra, 27
Dichelyma, 655
Dichondra, 335
DlCIIONDRE^S, 333
Dichromena, 504
Dicksonia, 595
DICKSONIE.S, 588
Dicliptera, 297
DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS, 1
Dieranella, 621
Dieranodontium, 619
Dicranum, 620
Didymodon, 628
Diervilla, ' 165
DlGITALEJS, 282
Digitaria, 577
Dilepyrum, 546
Dill, 159
Diodia, 171
Dionaea, 47
Dioscorea, 460
DIOSCOREACE.B, 460
Diospyros, 267
Diphylleia, 20
Diphyscium, 640
Diplachne, 555
Diplazium, 594
Diplocea, 556
Diplopappus, 199
Dipsacus, 176
DIPSACE^E, 176
Dipteracanthus, 297
Dirca, 380
Discopleura, 156
Distichium, 628
Ditch-grass, 433
Dittany, 304
Dock, 376
Dodecatheon, 272
Dodder, 336
Dogbane, 350
Dogbane Family, 349
Dog's-tail, 554
Dog's-tooth Violet 471
Dogwood, 161
Dogwood Family 160
Doodia, 593
Door-weed, 373
Draba, 36
Dracocephalmn, 312, 313
Dragon-Aram, 426
Dragon-head, 312, 313
Dragon-root, 427
Drop-seed Grass, 542, 545
Dnxn-a, 47
DHOSEUACEJE, 47
Drop wort,
Drummondia,
DRYADEJE,
Dry as,
Dryopteris,
Dryptodon,
Duck's-meat,
Duckweed,
Duckweed Family,
Dulichium,
Dumortiera,
Dupontia,
Dutchman's Breeches,
Dutchman's Pipe,
Dyer's Rocket,
Dysodia,
114
632
111
116
597
638
431
431
430
494
686
556
27
360
41
223
Eatonia, 557
EBENACEJE (Ebony Family), 266
Kchinacea, 214
Echinochloa, 580
Echinodorus, 438
Echinospermum, 324
P>hinocystis, 139
Echites, 350
Echium, 319
Eclipta, 213
Eel-grass, 432, 441
Egg-Plan t, 339
Egyptian Grass, 554
Elaeagnus, 381
ELJEAGNACEJE, 380
Elatine, 52
ELATINACE-ffl, 52
Elder, 166
Elecampane, 208
Elcocharis, 495
Eleogenus, 496
Klephant's-foot, 184
Elephantopus, 184
Kleusine, 554
Ellisia, 327
Elm, 395
Elm Family, 39 i, 395
Elodca, 52, (441)
Elodium, Gi,s
Klymus, 570
EMPBTBACBJB, 393
Empetrum, 393
Ent-alypta, 630
Enchanter's Nightshade, 133
ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 426
Kncmion, 1 1
Bngelmannia, 392
Knslenia, 3")")
Entosthodon, 651
Kpiga'a, 251
K|iheinerum, 614
E|)ilobium, 130
Kpipnc'tis, 449
Epipliogus, 280
INDEX.
EQUTSETACE^J,
585
False Rice,
539
Equisetum,
585
False Rocket,
31
Eragrostis,
563
False Spikenard,
467
Erechthites,
229
Featherfoil,
275
Kriauthus,
582
Feather Geranium,
364
ERICACEAE,
245
Feather-Grass,
549
EUICINE^B, 245,
250
Fedia,
175
Erigenia,
159
Fegatella,
687
Erigeridium,
199
Fennel,
159
Erigeron,
ERIOCAULONACE^E,
197
488
Fennel-flower,
Ferns,
15
58
Eriocaulon,
488
Fescue-Grass,
565
Eriophorum,
501
Festuca,
565
Erodium,
73
FESTUCINEJE,
537
Eropliila,
37
Fetterbush,
254
Ervurn,
103
Fever-bush,
379
Eryngiura,
151
Feverfew,
226
Ervsimum,
35
Fever- wort,
166
Erythrsea,
343
Figwort,
284
Erythronium,
471
Figwort Family,
281
ESCALLONIE^: (E jcallonia Fam-
Filago,
229
ily), 142,
146
Filbert,
408
Eschscholtzia,
26
FILICES,
587
Eul)otrys,
252
Fimbriaria.
688
Euchroma,
294
Fimbristylis,
502
Eulophus,
158
Finger-Grass,
577
Euonymus,
81
Fir,
422
EUPATORIACE2B,
179
Fire weed,
229
Eupatorium,
186
Fissidens,
624
Euphorbia,
EUPHORBIACKB,
385
385
Five-Finger,
Flax,
118, 119
71
Euphrasia,
295
Flax Family,
70
EUPHRASIES,
283
Fleabane,
197
Eurhynchium,
669
Fleur-de-Lis,
460
EUSMILACBJB,
461
Floating Heart,
348
Eustichium,
629
Floerkea,
74
Euthamia,
206
Flovver-de-Luce,
459
Eutoca,
329
FLOWERING PLANTS,
>
Eutriana,
Etixolus,
553
369
Flowering Ferns,
FLOWERLESS PLANTS,
589, 600
585
Evening-Primrose, 130, 131,
132
Fluminia,
556
Evening-Primrose Family,
129
Fly-Poison,
477
Everlasting, 228,
229
Fly-catch Grass,
540
Everlasting Pea, 103,
104
Fog-fruit,
299
EXOGENOUS PLANTS,
1
Fontinalis,
654
Eyebright,
295
Fool's Parsley,
154
Forked duckweed,
62
Faba,
104
Forget-me-not,
323
Fabronia,
661
Fossombronia,
690
F&gopyrum,
Fifgus,
375
408
Fothergilla,
Four-o'clock,
148
360
Farkleberry,
248
Four-o'clock Family,
360
False Asphodel,
478
Fowl Meadow-Grass,
562
False Bugbane,
7
Foxtail Grass,
540, 581
False Flax,
38
Forestiera,
358
False Foxglove,
293
FORES-TIERED,
356
False Hellebore,
476
Forsteronia,
349
False Indigo, 95,
107
FOTHERGILLES,
147
False Mermaid,
74
Fountain Moss,
654
False Mistletoe,
382
Fragaria,
119
False Pimpernel,
288
Frangula,
80
60*
INDEX.
Frasera,
344
Glaux,
FRAXINE^,
356
Glechoma,
Fraxinus,
357
Glcditschia,
French Mulberry,
299
Globe Amaranth,
Fringe-tree,
Frcelichia,
357
370
Globe-flower,
Gnaphalium,
Frog's-bit,
440
(rlvccria,
Frog's-bit Family,
440
Goat's-Beard,
Frost- weed,
45
Goat's Kue,
Frullunia,
697
Golden Aster,
Fiiirena,
503
Golden-club,
Finn aria,
28
Golden-rod,
FCMARIACE^E,
26
Golden Saxifrage,
Fumitory
28
Goldthread,
Fumitory Family,
Funaria,
26
650
Gomphrena,
GOMI'IIKENEJE,
Funkia,
468
Gonolobus,
Good-King-Henry,
GALACINEJE.
262
Goodyera,
Galactia,
105
Gooseberry,
Galanthus,
455
Goosefoot, .
Galatella,
190
Gooscfoot Family,
Galas,
262
Goosc-Grass,
Galax Family,
262
Gordonia,
GALEGEJS,
89
Gossypium,
Galeopsis,
316
Gourd,
Galingale,
491
Gourd Family,
Galirisoga,
225
GRAMINEJE,
Gal i urn,
169
Grape,
Gall-of-the-Earth,
238
Grass Family,
Gama-Grass,
582
Grass of Parnassus,
Garget,
361
Grass of the Andes,
Garlic,
469
Grass-wrack,
Gaultheria,
251
Gratiola,
Gaura,
132
GRATIOLE^:,
Gaylussacia,
247
Greek Valerian,
Gciselcria,
391
Greenbrier,
Gelsemium,
296, 703
Green Dragon,
GELSEMINE.O:,
283
Green Violet,
Genista,
91
Grimaldia,
G EXISTED,
89
Grimmia,
Gentian,
345
Gromwell,
Gentian*,
345
GROSSULACE^E
GENTIANACBLB
(Gentian Fam-
(^rossularia,
. iiy),
341
(ii-ound Cherry,
Geo?alvx,
691
Ground Hemlock,
GERANIACEJB,
72
(i round-Ivy,
Geranium,
72
Ground Laurel,
(ii-ranitiin Family
72
Ground-Nut,
Gerardia,
292
Ground Pine,
GERARDIE-ffi,
283
Ground Plum,
Germander,
302
Groundsel,
Genm,
116
Groundsel-Tree,
Giant Hyssop,
Gill,
311
312
Grove Saiulwort,
Gueldcr-Rosc,
Gillenia,
114
(ininca-Cora,
Ginseng,
159
Gum-Tree,
Ginseng Family,
159
Gymnadenia,
Gladioras,
460
Gymnocladus,
Glasswort,
366
Gvinnomitrium,
Glauciuin,
26 Gymnopogon,
271
312
109
371
11
228
558
114, 142
97
207
428
200, 207
145
11
371
367
355
365
447
136, 187
362, 366
361
169, 373
70
69
139
138
535
77
535
48
573
432
287
282
329
461
427
41
687
637
320,321
136
136
339
425
312
251
105,160
603
•97
230
208
07
IRQ
5S4
162
109
bye
553
INDEX.
GYM NO SPERMS,
420
Herd's-Grass,
541, 544
Gymnostichum,
571
Hemianthus,
288
Gymnostomuin,
617
Hemlock,
158
Gynamblosis,
392
Hemlock Parsley,
154
Gyromia,
465
Hemlock Spruce,
423
Heracleum,
152
Habenaria,
444
Hercules' Club,
159
Hackberry,
396
Herpestis,
287
Hackmatack,
423
Hesperis,
40
BLZEMOD GRACED,
457
Heteranthera,
484
Hair-cap Moss,
641
Heterocladium,
677
Hair-Grass,
543, 546, 571
Heterotropa,
359
Halenia,
344
Henchera,
144
Halesia,
266
HIBISCE^E,
65
HALORAGE^:,
129, 134
Hibiscus,
68
HAMAMELACE^E,
147
Hickory,
402
HAMAMELE^E,
147
Ilicracium,
236
Hamamelis,
147
Hierochloa,
574
Harbinger-of- Spring,
159
Highwater-shrub,
211
Hardback,
114
HlPlJOCASTANB^E,
82
Harpidium,
673
Hippuris,
135
Harebell,
244
Hoary Pea,
96
Haricot,
104
Hobble-bush,
168
Hawkbit,
236
Hazel-nut,
408
Hawkwecd,
236
Hog Pea-Nut,
106
Hawthorn,
123
Hog- weed,
212
Heal-all,
313
Holcus,
573
Heart's-ease,
42
Holly,
263
Heath Family,
245
Holly Family,
263
Hedcra,
160
Hollyhocks,
66
Hedeoma,
308
Holosteum,
60
Hedgehog-Grass,
Hedge- Hyssop,
581
287
Holy- Grass,
Homalothecium,
574
663
Hedge-Mustard,
Hedge-Nettle,
35
316
Honesty,
Honey-Locust,
40
109
Hedwigia,
639
Honeysuckle,
164, 256
HEDYSARE.E,
89
Honeysuckle Family,
163
Hedysarum,
98
Honkenya,
57
Hedyotis,
173
Honewort,
157
Helcnium,
223
Hookeria,
666
Heleochloa,
560
Hop,
400
Helianthemum,
45
Hopea,
266
Hclianthus,
216
Hop-Hornbeam,
409
Heliophytum,
325
Hop-tree,
75
Heliopsis,
214
Hordeum,
570
Heliotrope,
325
HORDEINB^J,
538
HELIOTROPES,
319
Horehound,
315,318
Heliotropium,
325
Hornbeam, •
409
Hellebore,
12
Horned Rush,
504
Helleborus,
12
Horn-Poppy,
26
HELLEBORINE^B,
2
Hornwort,
383
Hclonias,
478
Hornwort Family,
383
Hemcrocallis,
468
Horse-Balm,
308
ITemicarpha,
495
Horsechestnut,
83
Hemp,
400
Horse-Gentian,
166
Hemp Family,
395, 400
Horse-Mint,
309, 310
Hemp-Nettle,
316
Horse-Nettle,
339
Hemp- weed,
188
Horseradish,
31
Henbane,
340
Horse-Sugar,
266
Ilepatica,
6
Horse-weed,
198
HEPATIC®,
682 Horsetail,
585
INDEX.
Horsetail Family,
585 Inkbeny,
2C4
Hottonia,
275
Inula,
208
HOTTONIE^,
271
lodanthus,
31
Ho und 's-Tongue,
324 Ipecac,
114
House-Look,
141 Ipoinoea,
333
Honstonia,
173 Iresine,
y;o
Hyacinth,
472 IRLUACEJE,
459
Hydrangea,
146
Iris,
459
HYDRA.NGIBJB (Hydrangea
Fami-
Iris Family,
459
iy),
142, 146
Iron-weed,
183
Hydrastis,
14
Iron-wood,
409
HYDRO CHARIDACEvE,
440
Isanthus,
302
Hydrocharis,
440
Isatis,
40
Hydroeotyle,
150
Isnardia,
133
Hydroglossum,
600
Isoetes,
605
Hydropeltis,
22
Isopyrum,
11
JlYDHOPHYLLACE^,
326
Isothecium,
669
Hvdrophyllum,
HYDKOPTERIDES,
326
605
Italian May,
Itoa,
114
146
Hylocomiura,
668
Iva,
211
Hyraenocallis,
456
Iv7i
160
Ilymenopappus,
223
Ilvoscvamus,
340
Jacob's Ladder,
330
HYPERICACEJE,
48
Jagged Chickweed,
60
Ilypericum,
49
Jamestown Weed,
341
Hypnum,
667
Jatropha,
389
HYPOLYTREJS,
490
Jefferson ia,
20
Hypopeltis,
595
Jerusalem Artichoke,
219
Hypopitys,
262
Jerusalem Oak,
364
Hypoxys,
456
Jerusalem Sage,
318
Hyssop,
304
Jessamine,
296
Hyssopus,
o04
Jewel-weed,
73
Ifuekleberry,
247, 248
Joe-Pye Weed,
186
Hudsonia,
46
Joint-Grass,
576
Humulus,
400
Jointweed,
374
Huntsman's Cup,
24
Jonquil,
458
Judas-tree,
108
Iberis,
40
JUGLANDACE^,
401
Ictodes,
428
Jtiglans,
401
Ilex,
263
JUNCACE^E,
479
ILLECEBRE-E,
54, 61
JDNCAGINEJE,
436, 437
llysanthes,
288
Juncus,
480
Impatient,
73
June-berry,
125
Indian Bean,
279
Jungermannia,
693
Indian-Chick weed,
63
JUNGERMANNIACE.E,
689
Indian-Chickweed Family.
54, 63
Juniper,
4^5
Indian Corn,
584
Juniperus,
425
Indian Cucumber-root,
464
Jussiaea,
132, 703
Indian Currant,
104
Justicia,
297
Indian Fig,
136
Indian-Grass,
584
Koeleria,
557
Indian Hemp,
350
Kalmia,
255
Indian Millet,
584
Kentucky Coffee-tree,
109
Indian Physic,
114
Kidney Bean,
1U4
Indian Pipe,
262
Kinnikinnik,
181
Indian-Pipe Family,
246, 261
Knawel,
63
Indian Plantain,
230
Ivnawel Family,
54, 63
Indian Poke,
476
Knapweed,
2:52
Indian Rice,
540
Knot-Grass,
373
Indian Tobacco,
242
Knotweed,
371
Indian Turnip,
94, 426
Knotwort Family,
54,61
INDEX.
Kosteletzkya.
Kohl-Rabi,
68
40
Leptbchloa,
Leptodon,
555
657
Krigia,
235
Leptopoda,
224
Kuhuia,
186
Lepturus,
568
Kyllingia,
494
Leskea,
659
Lespedeza,
101
LABIATE,
300
Lettuce,
240
Labrador Tea,
258
Leucanthcmum,
226
Lachnanthes,
457
Leucodon,
656
Lachnocaulon,
489
Leucobrvum,
623
Lactuca,
240
Leucojum,
455
Ladies' Tresses,
448
Leucothoe",
251
Lady's Mantle,
115
Lever-wood,
409
Lady's Slipper,
454
Liatris,
184
Lady's Thumb,
373
LIGULIPLOR2B, 83, 235
Lambkill,
255
Ligusticum,
154
Lamb-Lettuce,
175
Ligustrum,
356
Lamb's-Quarters,
363
Lilac,
356
Lamium,
318
LILIACE^E (Lily Family),
465
Larnpsana,
235
Lilium,
470
Laportea,
398
Lily,
470
Lappa, .
235
Lily of the Valley,
467
Laps ana,
235
LIMNANTIIAOJjLE,
74
Larch,
423
Linmanthemum,
348
Larix,
423
Limnauthes Family,
74
Larkspur,
12
Limnetis,
551
Lastrea,
Lathyrus,
597
103
Limnobium, 440,
Limnochloa,
(671)
495
LAURACEJB (Laurel
Family), 378
Limosella,
289
Laurel,
255, 257
LLNACE^E,
70
Lata-estinus,
167
Linaria,
284
Laurus,
379
Linden,
69
Lavaudula,
318
Linden Family,
69
Lavender,
318
Lindernia,
288
Lead-Plant,
95
Linuaja,
163
Leadwort Family,
270
Linum,
71
Leaf- Cup,
209
Lion's-foQt,
238
Leather-Leaf,
252
Liparis,
452
Leather-flower,
4
Lippia,
299
Leather-wood,
380
Liquidambar,
148
Leavenworthia,
31
Liriodendron,
17
Lechea,
46
Listera,
449
Lecontia,
Ledum,
427
258
Lithospermum,
Lizard 's-tail,
321
383
Leek,
469
Lizard's-tail Family,
383
Lecrsia,
539
Livc-for-ever,
140
LEGUMINOS^,
88
Liverleaf,
6
Leiophyllum,
259
Liverworts,
682
Lejeunia,
698
LOASACE.2E (Loasa. Family),
135
Lcinna,
431
Lobudium,
77
LEMNACEJE,
430
Lobelia,
241
LENTEBULACEJB,
275
LOBELIACE^E (Lobelia Fam.)
, 241
Lcontodon,
236
Loeust-tree,
96
Lconurus,
317
Loblolly Bay,
70
Lepachys,
215
LOG ANI EJE ( Logania Fam.),l 69,1 74,703
Lepidanche,
337
Loiseleuria,
258
LEPJDINE.E,
29
Lolium,
569
Lepidium,
38
LOMENTACE^!,
29
Lepidozia,
702
Long Moss,
458
Leptandra,
290
Lonicera,
164
Leptanthus,
485
LONICERE^:,
163
INDEX.
Loosestrife, 128, 132
272; 273
Marigold,
223
Loosestrife Family,
127
Mnriscus,
494
Lophanthus,
Lophiola,
311
457
Marjoram,
Marrubium,
306,318
315
Lophocolca,
692
Marslmllia,
224
Lopsecd,
299
Marsh Elder,
211
Loquat,
LORANTIIACE^B,
126
382
Marsh Flcabare,
Marsh Grass,
208
551
LOTE^E,
89
Marsh-Mallow,
66
Lonsewort,
295
Marsh Marigold,
11
Lovage,
154
Marsh Pennywort,
150
Lucerne,
Ladwigia,
93
132
Marsh-Rosemary,
Marsh St. JohnVwort,
270
52
Lunaria,
40
Marsilea,
606
Lungwort,
322
MARSILEACEJE,
605
Lupine,
91
Martynia,
279
Lupinus,
91
Maruta,
225
Luzula,
479
Marvel of Pern,
360
Lychnis,
57
Mastenvort,
152
Lycium,
341
Mastigobryum,
701
Lycopersicnm,
LYCOPODIACE^E,
339
602
Matricaria,
M atr i mony- vine,
226
341
Lycopsis,
320
Matthiola,
40
Lycopus,
303
Mayaca,
487
Lygodium,
600
May-Apple,
21
Lymc-Grass,
570
May-flower,
251
Lyonia,
254
May-weed,
225
Lysimachia,
LYTIIRACEJE,
272
127
Meadow-Beauty,
Meadow-Gran,
127
561
Lythrum,
128
Meadow-Parsnip,
155
Meadow-Rue,
6
Maclura,
398
Meadow Soft-grass,
573
Macromitrium,
635
Meadow-Sweet,
113, 114
Macrotys,
15
Meconopsis,
25
Madder,
171
Medeola,
464
Madder Family,
168
Medicare,
93
Madotheca,
699
Medick,
93
Magnolia,
15
Meesia,
648
MAGNOLIACEJE,
Magnolia Family,
15
15
Melampvrum,
MELANTHACEJE,
296
472
Mahonia,
20
MELANTHIE^,
472, 475
Maianthemum,
467
Melanthram,
475
Maidenhair,
592
MELASTOMACE^E
(Melastoma
MAI,AXIDE<£,
443
Family),
127
Malaxis,
452
Melica,
558
Mallow,
66,67
Melic-Grass,
558
Mallow Family,
65
Melilot,
• 93
Mai us,
125
Mclilotus,
93
Malva,
66
Melissa,
308
MALVACEJE,
65
Melothria,
139
MALVE^E,
65
MENISPERMACE^E, 18
Mandrake,
21
Mcnispcrmum,
18
Mangel Wurtzel,
367
Mentha,
303
Manna-Grass,
558
Mcntzelia,
135
Man-of-the-Earth,
334
MENVANTHE2B,
342
Maple,
84
Meiivanthes,
348
Maple Family,
82, 84
Menziesia,
256
Marchantia,
686
Mercurialis,
393
MARCHANTIACE2B,
686
Mercury,
389
Mare's-tail,
135
Mermaid-weed,
134
Marginaria,
590
Mertensia,
822
INDEX.
Meteorium,
681
Moss Pink;
332
Metzgeria,
689
Motherwort,
317
Mexican Tea,
364
Mountain-Ash,
125
Mezereum Family,
380
Mountain Holly,
264
Mieromeria,
307
Mountain Mint,
304
Microstvlis,
451
Mountain Rice,
548
Mignonette,
41
Mouse-ear,
323
Mignonette Family,
41
Mouse-ear Chickweed,
60
Mikania,
188
Mouse-tail,
10
Milfoil,
226
Mud Plantain,
484
Mi Hum,
575
Mud wort,
289
Milk Pea,
105
Mugwort,
227
Milkweed,
351, 354
Muhlenbergia,
545
Milkweed Family,
350
Mulberry,
397
Milk wort,
85
Mulgedium,
240
Milkwort Family,
85
Mullein,
283
Mi Ik- Vetch,
97
Mullein Foxglove,
292
Millet,
581
Mullein Pink,
57
Millet-Grass,
575
Muscadine,
78
MIMOSE.E,
91, 109
MUSCI,
607
Mimosa Family,
91, 109
Muskit-Grass,
552
Mimulus,
286
Muskmelon,
139
Mint,
303, 304
Musk-plant,
287
Mint Family,
300
Musquash-Root,
157
Mirabilis,
360
Mustard,
36
Mist-flower,
188
Mustard Family,
28
Mistletoe Family,
382
Myosotis,
323
Mitchella,
172
Myosurus,
10
Mitella,
145
Myrica,
409
Mitreola,
174
MYRICACEJE,
409
Mitre-wort,
145, 174
Myriophyllum,
134
Mnium,
647, 681
Myurella,
061,681
M o e c as o n -flower,
454
Mocker-nut,
402
Nabalus,
237
Mock-Orange,
146
Naiad,
432
Modiola,
68
NAIADACE^E,
431
Mu'hringia,
58
Naias,
432
Moenchia,
61
Naked-beard Grass,
553
MoLLUGiNE.33,
54, 63
NANDINE^,
19
Mollugo,
63
Napcea,
67
Momordica,
139
Narcissus, ^
455
Monarda,
309
Nardosmia,
188
MOXARDE^E,
301
Narthecium,
479
Moncses,
260
Nasturtium,
30 (74)
Monkey-flower,
286
Naumburgia,
273
Monkshood,
13
Neckera,
665
Monocera,
552
Neckweed,
291
MOXOCOTYLEDONOUS
Negundo,
85
PLANTS,
426
NELUMBIACE^B,
21
Monopetalous Exogenous Plants, 163
Nelumbium,
21
Monotropa,
262
Nelumbo,
21
MONOTROPE.2E,
246, 261
Nelumbo Family,
21
Montelia,
369
Nemopanthes,
264
Moonseed,
18
Nemophila,
327
Moonseed Family,
18
NEOTTIE^E,
443
Moonwort,
40, 601
Nepcta,
311
Moose-wood,
84, 380
NEPETE^,
301
Morning-Glory,
333
Ne phi-odium,
597
Morocarpus,
365
Nerium,
350
Morus,
397
Nesoea,
128
Mosses,
607
Nettle,
398, 399
INDEX.
Nettle Family, 394,
398
Orchis,
443 444
Nettle-tree,
396
Origanum,
306
New Jersey Tea,
80
Oritrophium,
196
Nicandra,
340
Ornithogalum,
468
Nicotiana,
341
OROBANCHACEJE,
279
Nigella,
15
Orontium,
428
Nightshade, 339,
341
Orpine,
140
Nightshade Family,
338
Orpine Family,
139
Nimble Will,
546
Orthomeris,
196
Nine-Bark,
113
Orthotrichum,
632
Nondo,
155
ORYZE^E,
535
Nonesuch,
93
Oryzopsis,
548
North American Papaw,
17
( )-aj:e Orange,
398
No th os cord urn,
470
Osier,
413
Notothylas,
685
Osmorrhiza,
158
Nupbur,
23
Osmunda,
600
Nut-Grass,
493
OSMUNDE^!,
589
Nut-Rush,
506
OSMUNDINEJE,
589, 600
NYCTAGINACE^E,
360
Ostrich-Fern,
590
Nymphsa.
NYMPILEACEJ3,
22
22
( )strya,
Oswcgo Tea,
409
310
Nyssa,
162
Otophylla,
293
< )XAL1DACE^E,
71
Oak,
404
Oxalis,
71
Oakesia,
394
Ox-eye,
213, 214
Oak Family,
403
Ox-eye Daisy,
226
Oat,
572
Oxybaphus,
361
Oat-Grass, 572,
573
Oxy coccus,
248
Obeliscaria,
215
Oxydendrum,
254
Obione,
366
Oxydcnia,
555
Obolaria,
347
Oxyria,
376
Ocymum,
318
Oxytripolium,
197
Odonectis,
450
CEnothera,
130
Pachvsandra,
392
Oil-nut,
382
Padus,
113
Okra,
69
Pseonia,
15
Oldenlandia,
172
Paepalanthus,
489
Olea,
356
Painted-Cup,
294
OLEACE^E,
356
Panax,
160
Oleander,
350
Pancratium,
456
Oleaster Family,
380
PANICE^E,
539
Olive,
356
Panic-Grass,
576
Olive Family,
356
Panicum,
576
Omalia,
665
Papaver,
25
ONAGRACE^E, 129,
130
PAPAVERACE2E,
24
Oncostylis,
503
Paper-Mulberry,
398
Onion,
469
PAPILIONACEJE,
88,91
Onoclea,
599
Pappoose-root,
20
Onopordon,
Onosmodium,
234
320
Papyrus,
Pardanthus,
491
460
OriIIOGL088E2B, 589,
601
Parietaria,
399
Ophioglossum,
OrilliYDE^E,
602
442
J'arnassia,
PARNASSIACEJE,
48
48
Oplotheca,
370
Parnassia Family,
48
Opulus,
168
Paronychia,
62
Opuntia,
136
Parsley,
159
Orache,
365
Parsley Family,
148
Orange-root,
14
Parsnip,
151
Orange-grass,
51
Parthenium,
211
Orchard-Grass,
ORCHID ACE^E (Orchis Fam.),
557
442
Partridge-berry,
Partridge Pea,
172, 251
108
INDEX.
PASPALE.E,
539
Physcomitrium,
G51
Paspalum,
Pasque-flower,
Passi flora,
575
4
138
Physostegia,
PllYTOLACCACE^,
Picea,
313
361
423
PASSlFLOBACKffiJ,
138
1'ickercl-Tveed,
484
Passion-flower,
138
Pickerel-weed Family,
403
Passion-flower Family,
138
Pieris,
254
Pastinaca,
152
Pigeon-Berry,
361
Patania,
595
Pig-nut,
403
Pavia,
83
Pigweed,
362, 368
Peach,
113
Pilea,
399
Pear,
124
Tilinophytum,
391
Pear Family, 111,
123
Pilotrichum,
654, 681
Pearlwort,
61
Pimpernel,
274
Pecan-nut,
402
Pine,
421
Pedicularis,
295
Pine-Apple Family,
458
Pellia,
690
Pine-drops,
261
Pellitory,
399
Pine Family,
420, 421
Pel tan dra,
427
Pine-sap,
261, 262
Pencil-Flower,
102
Pine- weed,
51
Pennyroyal, 302,
308
Pinguicula,
277
Pentalophus,
322
Pink,
54
Penthortim,
141
Pink Family,
52, 54
IVntstemon,
286
Pink-root,
174
Pepperbnsh,
254
Pin us,
421
Pepper^rass, 38
,40
Pinweed,
46
Peppermint,
303
Pinxter-flower,
257
Pepper-root,
31
Pipe- Vine,
360
Pepperwort,
38
Pipe wort,
488, 489
Peppe ridge,
162
Pipewort Family,
488
Periploca,
355
Pipsissewa,
260
PEKIPLOCE.SS,
351
Fiptatherum,
548
Periwinkle,
350
Pis um,
104
Persea,
378
Pitcher-Plants,
23
Persicaria,
372
Plagiochasma,
688
Persimmon,
267
Plagiochila,
695
Petalostcmon,
95
Plauiothecium,
679
Phacelia,
328
Planers,
396
PILENOGAMOUS PLANTS,
1
Planer-Tree,
396
riialacroloma,
198
Plane-tree,
400
Phalaugiam,
469
Plane-tree Family,
400
PHALARIDEJB,
538
PLANTAQINACE^E,
268
Phalaris,
574
Plantago,
268
Pharbitis,
333
Plantain,
268
Phascum,
614
Plantain Family, .
268
PlIASEOLE^E,
90
PLATANACEJS,
400
Piiaseolus,
104
Platanthera,
444
I'hi-jisant's Eye,
15
Platanus,
400
Phelipsea,
280
riatyuyrium,
663
Philadelphia,
146
Piatyloma,
591
Phleum,
541
Pleuranthe,
692
Phlomis,
318
Pleurisy-root,
354
Phlox,
330
PLEUROCARPI,
609, 654
Phoradendron,
382
Pleurozium,
668
Phragmites,
568
PliR-hea,
208
Phryma,
299
Plnm,
111,112, 113
Phyllanthus,
392
1'LUMBAGINACEJE,
270
PhVllodoce,
255
Pneumonanthe,
346
Physalis,
339
Poa,
561
Physocarpos,
113
POACEJE,
535
Physcomitrella,
615
PODALYRIE^J,
90
INDEX.
Podophvllnm,
PODOSTEMACEJE,
PodostemoOj
21
384
384
Primrose,
Primrose Family,
Primula,
271
270
271
Pogonatom,
641
PRIMULACKfi,
270
Pogonia,
450
PBIMULBJE,
270
Poison Hemlock,
158
Prince's Feather,
368,372
Poison Ivy,
76
Prince's Pine,
261
Poison Oak,
76
Prinos,
264
Poison Sumach,
76
Privet,
356
Poke,
361
Prosartes,
474
Pokcweed Family,
361
Proserpinaca,
134
Polanisia,
40
Prunella,
313
POLEMONIACE^E (Polemonium
Family), 329
Promts,
P.silocarya,
111, 112
503
Polemonium,
329
Psoralea,
94
Polianthcs,
472
PSORALES,
89
Polygala,
85
Ptelca,
75
POLYGALACE7E,
85
PTERIDEJE,
588
POLYGONACEJE,
371
Pterigonium,
663
Polyironatum,
466
Pterigynandrum,
663
Polygonum,
371
Pteris,
591
Polymnia,
Polypctalous Exogenous Plants,
209
2
Pterospora,
Ptilidium,
261
701
POLYPODIES,
588
Ptilium,
673
POLYPODINE.E, 587,
589
Ptychomitrium,
635
Polypodium,
589
Puccoon,
321
Polypogon,
544
Pulmonaria,
323
Polystichum,
598
Pulsatilla,
4
Polytsenia,
152
Pulse Family,
88
POMK^E, 111,
123
Pumpkin,
139
Polytrichum,
641
Purslane,
64
Pomme Blanche,
94
Purslane Family,
63
Poinme do Prairie,
94
Putty -root,
453
Pond Spice,
380
Pycnanthemum,
304
Pondweecl, 432,
433
1'ycreus,
491
Pondweed Family,
431
Pvlaisaea,
662
Pontederia,
484
PVrola,
259
PONTEDERIACKS.
483
PYHOLM (Pyrola Family)
246, 259
Poor Man's Weather-glass,
274
Pyrrhopappus,
240
Poplar,
418
Pyrularia,
382
Poppy,
25
Pyrus,
124
Poppy Family,
24
Pyxidanthera,
332
PopultH,
418
Porcupine Grass,
549
Quaking Grass,
565
Portulaca,
64
Quamash,
469
PORTULACACE^E
63
Quamoclit,
333
Portuna,
253
Qucen-of-the-Prairie,
114
Potamogeton,
433
Quercns,
404
Potato,
339
Quick-Grass,
569
Potcntilla,
118
Quill wort,
605
Potorium,
115
Quince,
126
Pottia,
629
Quitch-Grass,
569
Poverty Grass,
550
Prairie Clover,
95
Racomitrium,
633
Prairie Dock,
210
Radish,
39, 40
Pretoria*
686
Radula,
700
Pn-nanthes,
237
Uauucd Robin,
57
Prick Iv Ash,
75
Ragweed,
211
Prickly IVar
136
Ragwort,
881
Prickly Poppy,
25
Ram's-head,
455
Prim,
356
Ramsted,
284
INDEX.
RANUNCULACILffi,
2
Rock Cress,
RANUNCULEJE,
2
Rocket,
Ranunculus,
. 7
Rock-rose,
RAPIIANE^J,
29
Rock-rose Family,
Raphanus,
39, 40
Roman Wormwood
Baphidosteginm,
670
Rosa,
Raspberry,
120, 121
ROSACES,
Rattle-box,
91
Rose,
Rattlesnake-Grass,
559
ROSENS,
Rattlesnake-Master,
151
Rose-bay,
Rattlesnake-Plantain
447
Rose Family,
Rattlesnake-root,
237
Rose-Mallow,
Rattlesnake-weed,
237
Rosin-Plant,
Ray-Grass,
569
Rosin-weed,
Reboulea,
557
Roubieva,
Reboulia,
687
Rowan-tree,
Red Bay,
379
Rubia,
Red-bud,
108
RUBIACE^,
Red-Osier,
161
Rubus,
Red Pepper,
341
Rudbeckia,
Red-Root,
80
Rue- Anemone,
Red-Root,
457
Ruellia,
Red-top,
544, 555, 5G2
Rue Family,
Reed,
568
Rumex,
Reed Bent-Grass,
547
Ruppia,
Reed-Grass,
544, 551
Rush,
Reed-mace,
429
Rush Family,
Reed Meadow-Grass,
559
Bash-Gran,
Rensselaiiia,
427
Rush Salt-Grass,
Reseda,
41
RUTACE^E,
RESEDACE^E,
41
Rye,
Rhabdoweisia,
€18
Rye-Grass,
BHAMNACEJE,
78
Rhamnus,
79
Sabbatia,
Rheum,
378
SACCHAREJB,
Rliexia,
127
Saccharum,
RHINANTHIDE^C,
282
Sacred Bean,
Rhinanthus,
295
Sage,
Rliododcudron,
257
Sag in a,
Rhodora,
258
Sagittaria,
RHODOJIE^B,
246
St. Andrew's Cross,
Rhubarb,
378
St. John's-wort,
Rhus,
76
St. John's-wort Family,
Rhynchosia,
105
St. Peter's-wort,
Rhynehospora,
504
SALICACEJE,
RHYNCUospoRE-ffi:,
490
Salicornia,
Rliyncbostegium,
€70
SALI CORNIER,
Rhytidium,
675
Salix,
Ribbon-Grass,
575
Salsola,
Ribes,
136
SALSOLE^E,
Ribgrass,
268, 269
Salt Marsh-Grass,
Riecia,
683
Saltwort,
RlCCIACE2E,
683
Salvia,
Rich weed,
309, 399
Salvinia,
Ricinus,
393
SAMUUCE.JE,
Ripplcgrass,
269
Sambucus,
River-weed,
384
SAMOLEJE,
River-weed Family,
384
Samolus,
Robinia,
96
Samphire,
Robin's Plantain,
198
Sandalwood Family,
Rock Brake,
591
Sand- Grass,
53
40
45
45
212
122
110, 113
122
111
257
110, 113
68
209
210
364
125
171
168
120
214
6
297
74
376
433
480
479
541
551
74
570
569
342
539
584
21
309
61
438
49
49
48
49
413
366
362
413
367
362
552
367
309
606
163
166
271
274
366
381
556
IN HEX.
Sand Myrtle,
259
Sea-Rocket,
39
Sand wort,
58
Sea Sand-Reed,
548
Bangttinaria,
26
S'.-a-Sandwort,
57
Bangnisorba,
115
Sea Spear-Grass,
560
Saniele,
151
Secale,
570
Sanicula,
151
Sedge,
507
SANTALACE^E,
381
Sedge Family,
490
BAPXNDACEJR,
82
Bedmn,
140
Saponaria,
BAPOTACBJB,
54
267
Seed-box,
Selaginella,
133
604
Sappodilla Family,
267
Seligeria,
618, 680
Sarcoscyplms,
696
Self-heal,
313
Sarraeenis,
23
Sempervivum,
141
SARRACENIACEJE,
23
Scndtncra,
701
Sarsaparilla,
159
Senebiera,
39
Sassafras,
379
SKNEBIERE.S:,
29
Saturcia,
307
Seneca-Grass,
574
SATURETE^S,
300
Seneca Snakeroot,
87
SAURURACEJE,
383
Senecio,
230
Saururus,
383
SEXECIONIDE^S,
180
Savin,
425
Senna,
108
Savory,
307
Sensitive Briar,
110
Saxifraga, 142,
143
Sensitive Fern,
599
SAXIFRAGACE.E (Saxifrage
Sensitive Plant,
109
Family), 141,
142
Sensitive Joint Vetch,
98
Saxifrage, 142,
143
Sericocarpus,
189
SAXIFRAGES,
141
Service-berry,
125
Scapania,
695
SESAMES,
278
Sclicdonorus,
5G7
Sesame-Grass,
582
Schcuchzeria,
437
Besnvimn,
64
Schizoea,
600
Setaria,
581
SCHIZE;E,
589
Scymcria,
292
Schistidium,
636
Shad-bush,
125
Schcenus,
506
Shag-bark,
402
Schollcra,
485
Shave-Grass,
587
Schrankia,
110
Shell-bark,
402
Schwalbca,
294
Sheep-berry,
167
Sclnvcinitzia,
261
Shell-flower,
285
Scilla,
469
Shepherd ia,
381
SCIRPE^E,
490
Shepherd's Purse,
39
Scirpidium,
496
Shield-Fern,
596
Scirpus, 498,
502
Shin-leaf,
260
SCLERANTHEjE, 54
,63
Shooting-Star,
272
Scleranthus,
63
Shrubby Trefoil,
75
Selena,
506
Shrub Yellow-root,
13
SCLERIE.B,
490
Sibbaldia,
115
Sclcrochloa,
560
SlBTHORPIE^,
282
Selcrolepis,
184
Sickle-pod,
34
Scoke,
361
Sicvos,
138
Scolochloa,
556
Sida,
67
Scolopondrium,
593
Side-saddle Flower,
23
Sclothcimia,
635
Sicversia,
117
Scorpion-Grass,
323
Silene,
55
Scouring Rush, 585,
587
SlLEHUB,
53,54
Scrophularia,
284
S1MCUL082B,
29
8CROPHULARIACEJ6,
281
SlLlQUOS^E,
28
Sc-utcli-Grass,
554
Silk weed,
351
Scutcllaria,
313
Silphinm,
209
Bea-Larender,
270
Silvcr-bcll-Tree,
266
Sea-Milkwort,
274
Silver-Berry,
881
Soa-rurslane,
64
Silver-Weed,
119
INDEX.
Sinapis,
36
Spikenard,
SlSYMBUIE^B,
29
Spike-Rush,
Sisymbrium,
35
Spinach,
Sisyrinchium,
460
Spinaeia,
Sitoiobiura,
5(J5
SPINACIE^B,
Slum,
157
Spindle- tree,
Skullcap,
313
Spirasa,
Skunk Cabbage,
428
SPIKJEE.E,
Sloe,
112
Spiranthes,
Smart-weed,
373
Spirodela,
SMILACEJE (3milax Family),
461
SPIKOLOBE^E,
Smilacina,
467
Splachnum,
Smilax,
461
Splecnwort,
Smvrnium,
156
Spoon-wood,
Snake-head,
285
Sporobolus,
Snakeroot, 151 184, 188,
3GO
Spring-Beauty,
Snapdragon,
284
Spruce,
Sneeze- weed,
224
Spurge,
Sneezewort,
226
Spurge Family,
Snow-ball Tree,
168
Spurred Gentian,
Snowberry, 164,
250
Spurge Nettle,
Snowdrop, 266,
455
Spurrey,
Snowtlake,
455
Spurrey Sandwort,
Soapberry Family,
82
Squash,
Soap wort,
54
Squaw-root,
SOLANACE^E,
338
Squaw-weed,
Solanum,
339
Squill,
Solea,
41
Squirrel-Corn, •
Solidago,
200
Squirrel-tail Grass,
Solomon's Seal, 466,
407
STACIIYDE4E,
Sonchus,
241
Stachvs,
Soi'HOKE^E,
90
Staff-tree,
Sorbus,
125
S tail-tree Family,
Sorghum,
584
Stagger-bush,
Sorrel, 71, 376,
378
Staphylea,
Sorrel-tree,
254
ST APH V L E A CE2E,
Sour-wood,
254
Star-Cucumber,
Southern-wood,
228
Star-flower,
Sow-thistle,
241
Star-grass,
Spanish Bayonet,
471
Star-of-Bethlehem,
Spanish Needles,
222
Star-Thistle,
Bparganium,
429
Starwort,
Spartina,
551
Statice,
Spatter- Dock,
23
Steeple-bush,
Spear-Grass,
561
Steetzia,
Spearmint,
303
Steironema,
Spearwort,
8
Stellaria,
Speeularia,
244
STELLATE,
Speedwell,
289
Stenactis,
Spergula,
62
Stenanthium,
Spergularia,
61
Stickseed,
Sperrnacoce,
171
Stillingia,
Sphaerocarpus,
684
Stipa,
SPIIAGNACE;E,
610
Stitch wort,
Sphagnoecetis,
692
Stock,
Sphagnum,
610
Stone-crop,
Spice-bush,
379
Stone-root,
Spidenvort,
486
Storax,
Sj)iderwort Family,
485
Storax Family,
Spigelia,
174
Storksbill,
Spike-Grass, 560;
567
STKATIOTIDE^S,
160
495
367
367
362
81
113
111
448
431
362
652
594
255
542
65
422
385
385
344
389
62
61
139
280
231
469
27
570
301
316
81
81
254
82
82
138
272
456, 458
468
232
53
270
114
690
273
53
169
198
476
324
391
549
59
40
140, 141
309
265
265
73
440
61*
INDEX.
Strawberry,
119
Tansy,
226
Strawberry Bush,
Streptopus,
Strophostyles,
Struthiopteris,
81
474
104
590
Tansy Mustard,
Tape-Grass,
Taraxacum,
Tare,
36
441
239
102
Stuartia,
70
TAXINE^E,
420, 425
Stylipos,
117
Taxodiura,
424
Stylisma,
335
Taxus,
425
Stylophorura,
25
Tea-berry,
251
Stvlosamhes,
102
Tear-thumb,
375
STYRACACEJB,
265
Teasel,
176
BTYRACBJC,
265
Teasel Family,
176
Styrax,
265
Tecoma,
278
SU^DE-E,
Subularia,
362
39
Telmatophace,
Tephrosia,
131
96
8i;ilULAKlBAy
29
Tetragonotheca,
213
Succory,
235
Tetranthera,
379
Sugarberry,
397
Tetraphis,
630
Sugar- Cane,
584
Tctraplodon,
653
Sullivantia,
144
Tetrodontium,
630
Sumach,
76
Teucrium,
302
Summer Haw,
124
Thalictrum,
6
Summer Savory,
307
Thamnium,
669
Sundew,
47
Thapsia,
156
Sundew Family,
47
Thaspium,
155
Sunflower,
216, 223
Thclia,
660
Supple-jack,
79
Thelypteris,
597
Swamp-Honeysuckle,
257
Thimbleberry,
121
Sweet-Brier,
123
Thin-Grass,
543
Sweet Cicely,
158
Thistle,
232, 233
Sweet Fern,
410
Thorn,
123, 124
Sweet Flag,
429
Thorn-Apple,
341
Sweet Gale,
410
Three-leaved Nightshade,
463
Sweet-Gale Family,
409
Three-thorued Acacia,
109
Sweet-Gum Tree,
148
Thorough-wax,
156
Sweet-Leaf,
266
Thoroughwort,
186
Sweet Pea,
104
Thrift,
270
Sweet Potato,
334
Thuidium,
667
Sweet Scabious,
198
Thuja,
424
Sweet-scented Shrub,
126
Thyme.
306
Sweet-scented Vernal-Grass,
574
TllYMELEACE^:,
3SO
Sweet- William,
54, 330
Thymus,
306
Swine-Cress,
39
Tiarella,
145
Sycamore,
401
Ticksced,
219
Syena,
487
Ticksced Sunflower,
220
Symphoricarpus,
164
Tick-Trefoil,
99
Sym phylum,
320
Tiedemannia,
153
Symplocarpus,
428
Tiger-flower,
460
BTMPLOCIVJMI,
265
Tigridia,
460
Symplocos,
266
Tilia,
69
Synandra,
312
TILIACEJE,
69
Syiithyris,
289
Tillaja,
140
Byringa,
146
rillandsia,
458
Syrrhopodon,
631
Timmia,
642
Timotny,
541
Tacnmahac,
419
Tipularia,
451
Tanidia,
156
Toad -Flax,
284
Tagetes,
223
L'obacco,
341
Talinura,
64
Tofieldia,
478
Tamarack,
423
Tomato,
339
Toimmum,
226
Toothache-Grass,
552
INDEX.
Toothwort,
Tower Mustard,
Toxicodendron,
Tradescantia,
Tragia,
Trautvetteria,
Trachynotia,
Treacle Mustard,
Tread-Softly,
Trefoil,
Trematodon,
Tree-of-Heaven,
Triantha,
Trichelostylis,
Trichochloa,
Trichocolea,
Trichodium,
Trichophorum,
Tnchosteina,
Trichostomum,
Tricuspis,
Tridynia,
Trientalis,
TRIFOLIE2B,
Trifolium,
Triglochin,
TRILLIACE.S:,
Trillium,
Trillium Family,
Triodallus,
Triosteum,
Triplasis,
Triple-awned Grass,
Tripsacum,
Tripterella,
Trisetum,
Triticum,
Trollius,
Tropieolum,
Troximon,
Trumpet-flower,
Trumpets,
Trumpet-Weed,
Tuberose,
TUBULIFLOR^C,
Tuckermannia,
Tulip,
TuLIPACE-ffi,
Tulip-tree,
Tupelo,
Turnip,
Turritis,
Tussilago,
Turtle-head,
Twayhlade,
Twig-Rush,
Twin-flower,
Twin-leaf,
Twisted-Stalk,
31
Udora,
441
34
ULMACEJE
S94, 395
76
mm aria,
114
486
Ulmus,
395
390
UMBELLIFERJ5,
148
7
Umbrella-Grass,
503
551
Umbrella-leaf,
20
35
Umbrella-tree,
16
389
Unicorn-plant,
279
92
Uniola,
567
620
Urachne,
549
75
Uralepis,
555
478
Urtica,
398
503
URTICACEJE,
394
546
URTICE.E,
394, 398
701
Utricularia,
275
543
Uvularia,
473
501
UvULARIE-ffi:,
472, 473
302
626
Vaccaria,
55
555
VACCINIE.S!,
245, 247
272
Vaccinium,
247
272
Vahlodea,
572
89
Valerian,
175
92
Valeriana,
175
437
VALERIANACE^J (Valerian
461, 463
Family),
174
463
Valerianella,
176
461, 463
Vallisneria,
441
244
VALLISNERIE.*:,
440
166
Vanilla-Grass,
574
556
Vanilla-plant,
185
550
Velvet-Grass,
573
582
Velvet-Leaf,
68
442
Venus's Fly-trap,
47
572
Venus's Looking-glass,
244
569
Veratrum,
476
11
VERBASCBJB,
282
74
Verbascum,
283
239
Verbena,
298
278
VERBENACE^,
298
24
Verbesina,
222
186
Venial-Grass,
574
472
Vernonia,
183
177
VERNONIACE^S,
179
394
Veronica,
289
472
VERONICE^S,
282
465
Vervain,
298
17
Vervain Family,
298
162
Vesicaria,
37
40
Vetch,
102
34
Vetchling,
103
189
Viburnum,
167
285
Vicia,
102
449, 452
VICIE2E,
90
506
Vilfa,
541
163
Vinca,
350
20
Vine Family,
77
474
Viola,
42
429
VIOLACE.E,
41
429
Violet,
42
INDEX.
Violet Family,
41
Whin,
91
Viper's Bugloss,
319
White Alder,
254
Virgaurea,
201
White Daisy,
226
Virgilia,
108
White Grass,
539
Virginian Cowslip,
323
White Hellebore,
476
Virginian Creeper,
78
White-weed,
226
Virginia Snakeroot,
360
White Lettuce,
238
Virgin's-Bower,
3
White Thorn,
123
Viscum,
383
Whitlow-Grass,
36
VITACKB,
77
Whitlow-wort,
62
Vitis,
Vitis-idsea,
77
248
Whortleberry Family,
AV; ike-Robin,
245, 217
464
Wicopv,
380
Waahoo,
81
Wild Balsam-apple,
139
Waldsteinia,
117
Wild Elder,
160
Walking-leaf,
593
Wild Ginger,
359
Wall-flower,
40
Wild Hyacinth,
469
Wall-pepper,
141
Wild Ipecac,
387
Walnut,
401
Wild Liquorice,
170
Walnut Family,
401
Wild Potato-vine,
334
Wart- Cress,
39
Wild Rye,
570
Washington Thorn,
123
Willow,
413
Water-Beech,
409
Willow Family,
413
Water-Cress,
30
Willow-Uerb,
130
Water-Drop wort,
153
Windflower,
4
Water-Hemlock,
157
Windsoria,
555
Watcr-Ildmp,
370
Winterberry,
264
Water-Horehonnd,
303
Winter Cress,
35
Waterleaf,
326
Wintergreen,
251, 259, 261
Waterleaf Family,
326
Winterfia,
264
Water-Lily,
22
Wire-Grass,
554, 563
Water-Lily Family,
22
Wistaria,
96
Water-Locust,
109
Witch-Hazel,
147
Water-Marigold,
222
Witch-Hazel Family,
147
Watermelon,
139
Withe-rod,
167
Water-Milfoil,
134
Woad,
40
Water-Milfoil Family
134
Woad-Waxen,
91
Water-Nymph,
22
Wold,
41
Water-Oats,
540
Wolfberry,
164
Water-Parsnip,
157
Wolfsbane,
13
Water-Pepper,
373
Wood Anemone,
6
Water-Plantain,
437
Wood Bctony,
295, 317
Water-Plantain Family
436, 437
Woodbine,
164
Water-Rice,
540
Wood-Fern,
596
Water-shield Family,
22
Wood-Grass,
584
Water-shield,
22
Wood-Rush,
479
Wnter Star-Grass,
485
Woodsia,
595
Water-Starwort,
384
WOODSIEJE,
588
Water-Starwort Family,
384
Wood-Sage,
302
Water- Violet,
275
Wood-Sorrel,
71
Water-Willow,
297
Wood-Sorrel Family,
71
Water-weed,
441
Woodwardia,
592
Water- wort,
52
Wool-Grass,
501
Water-wort Family,
52
Worm-Grass,
174
Wax-Myrtle,
409
Wormseed,
364
Wax- work,
81
Wormwood,
227
Wayfaring-tree,
168
Woundwort,
316
Weisia,
618
Whahoo,
396
Xnnthium,
212
Wheat,
569
Xcrophyllum,
477
Wheat-Grass,
569
Xylostcon,
164
INDEX.
XYRIDACE^E,
487
Yew Family,
Xyris,
487
Yucca,
Yam,
460
Zapania,
Yam Family,
460
Zannichellia,
Yard-Grass,
554
Zanthorhiza,
Yarrow,
225
ZANTHOXYLACE.fi,
Yaupon,
263
Zanthoxylum.
Yellow-eyed Grass,
487
Zea,
Yellow-eyed Grass Family
Yellow Fond-Lily,
487
23
Zephyranthes,
Zizania,
Yellow Puccoon,
14
Zizia,
Yellow-Rattle,
295
Zostera,
Yellow-Wood,
107
Zygadenus,
Yew,
425
Zygodon,
420, 425
471
299
432
13
75
75
584
455
540
156
432
475
631
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Ocitcra of Filice§.
TAB: IX.
POLYPODIUM.— Plant; piece of the frond (1) ; a magnified sporangium with Its stalk,
and another bursting and discharging spores, of P. vulgare, L.
BTKUTIIIOPTERIS.— Pinna of the sterile frond (1) of 8. Germanlca, Wittd.; portion of a
fertile frond (2) ; a piece of one pinna cut off to show the manner in which It Is rolled
up (8) ; and a portion of the last, magnified, with one side unrolled (4) ; towards the
base the sporangia all removed, to show how the fruit-dots are borne each on the
middle of a vein.
ALLOSOEUS.— Sterile and fertile plants of A. gracills, Presl.; and a portion of the fertile
frond (1) enlarged, with a piece of the marginal Indusium turned back to display
the fruit ; the sporangia are all removed from the fruit-bearing tips of the two forks
of the lower veto.
TAB. X.
PTERIS.— A pinnule of P. aquilina, L., var. caudata; and a piece of one of the lobes,
enlarged (2), the marginal indusium rolled back on one side, displaying the fruit;
the sporangia all removed from the lower part to show the receptacle that bears
them, viz. a cross line connecting the tips of the veins.
ADI ANTUM.— Piece of the frond of A. pedatum. L. (1); a pinnule somewhat enlarged (2) ;
and a piece of one (8) more enlarged, with the Indusium of one fruit-dot turned back
to show the attachment of the fruit.
OHEIL ANTHES. — Small plant of 0. vestita (1) ; and a frult-bearlrig pinnule, enlarged (2)
WOODWARDIA.— Portion of the sterile (i) ana of the fertile frond (2) of "W. angustl-
folia ; a piece of the latter enlarged (8) ; piece of the frond of "W. Virginica (4) ; and
part of a fruiting lobe (5), enlarged.
TAB. XL
CAMPTOSORUS.— Plant of C. rhlzophyllus, Link.; and a portion of a frond, with fruit-
dots, enlarged (1).
BCOLOPENDEICM.— Tip of a fertile frond of S. offlcinarum; and (2) a piece enlarged,
with two fruit-dots.
A.SPLENITJM.— A pinna of A. tbelypteroides, Michx. (1) ; and part of a lobe (2) In fruit,
enlarged.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
DlCKSONlA, § SITOLOBIUM.— Pinna of D. pnnctilobula, Hook. (I)', portion of a pinna lo
(2), enlarged ; and a fruit-dot in its cup-shaped indasiam (8).
TAB. XII.
CY8TOPTERI9.— Piece of the frond of 0. bulbifera, Bernh. (1); a lobe In fruit (?\
enlarged; and a small portion more magnified (8), bearing a fruit-dot with Its in<!u-
sinm thrown back.
WOODSIA.— Small frond of W. glabella, R. Sr. (1) ; a part of a fruiting pinna of thesume
(2), magnified; and a separate indusium (8), more magnified; a piece of a fruitful
pinnule of W. obtusa, Torr. (4), enlarged; and a fruit with the opened Indus! r. in
beneath (5), more magnified.
A8PIDIUM.— Pinna of A. (Dryopteris) marginale, Swarta (1); and a magnified fruiting
portion (2) ; piece of A. (Polystichum) acrostichoides (3) ; and a small fruiting por-
tion (4), magnified.
ONOCLE A.— Sterile and fertile frond of O. sensibilis, L.; front view of a fruiting contracted
pinnule, enlarged (1) ; and the same laid open and viewed from the other side (2) :
on one lobe the sporangia are removed from the veins.
TAB. XTLI.
SCHIZ^EA.— Plant of 8. pusilla, Pwrsh; a fertile pinna with eleven sporangia (1), mag-
nified; and a separate sporangium (2), more magnified.
LYGODIUM.— Summit of frond of L. palrnatum, Swarte(l), with fertile and sterile divi-
sions ; a fruiting lobe enlarged (2), with two of the lower scales, or indusia, removed,
displaying a sporangium under each ; and a sporangium more magnified (8).
OSMUND A.— Small piece of the frond of O. Claytoniana, L. (1), with a fertile and a
sterile pinna; a portion of the fruit magnified (2) ; and one sporangium more mag-
nified (8).
BOTRYCH1UM.— Plant of B. lunarioldes, Swarta ; and a portion of the fruit (1), with six
sporangia, magnified.
OPHIOQLOSSUM.— Frond of 0. vnlgatum, L.; and a portion of the fruiting spike en-
larged (1).
Genera of Eqnisetaceae, Lycopodiacese, and
IIydroptcridc§.
TAB. XIY.
EQUISETUM.— Upper part of fertile plant of E. limosum, L. (1) ; one of the shield-
shaped scales or receptacles of the spike, with the six sporangia underneath (2),
enlarged; same seen from below, discharging the spores (8); a magnified spore
with the club-shaped filaments spreading (4) ; and (5) the same with the filament a
coiled up.
LTCOPODIUM.— Plant of L. Carolinianum, L.; and (1) a magnified scale of the spike
removed, with the sporangium in its axil, discharging powdery spores.
8ELAG INELL A.— Plant of 8. rupestrla, Spring ; part of a fertile spike, enlarged (1) ; fcale
from the upper part of it (2), with its sporangium, containing innumerable powdery
spores; scale from the base (8), with its sporangium containing few largo spores;
and (4) three large spores.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
ISO ETES.— Plant of I. lacnstris (1) ; sporocarp containing minute spores, cut across (2),
enlarged; same divided lengthwise (5); sporocarp with coarse spores, divided
lengthwise (8) ; and (4) three coarse spores more magnified.
AZOLLA. — Plant (1) : a portion magnified (2), with two kinds of organs ; sterile sporocarp,
or antheridium, more magnified (3) ; fertile sporocarp more magnified (4) ; the same
burst open, showing the stalked sporangia (5) ; one of the latter more magnified
(6) ; another bursting (7) ; and three spores (8), beset with bristles.
THE EXD.
NerieVot oj Grasses.
ifisr~ct.fUjUL-^
of brasses.
T i
» - •
6 q ius eiace oe , 6 " c .
1 ?r«i.
r0fess0r (8 ra's
FOR COLLEGES, ACADEMIES, SCHOOLS, ETC,
BY ASA GRAY, M.D.,
FISHEIl PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY
I
I.
Gray's Lessons in Botany.
LESSONS IN BOTANY AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY :
Illustrated by over 360 Wood Engravings from drawings from
nature by Isaac Sprague ; and with a Glossary or Dictionary of
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*** SINGLE COPIES of the above editions for Schools, sent at half price
to Teachers for exa i.ination with a view to introduction into classes.
PROF. GRAY'S SCIENTIFIC BOTANIES.
IVISON & PHIXKEY supply also the larger and more elaborate Scientific
Works of Prof. Gray, designed for the use of Professional Students and
Amateurs of the science ; viz.,
I.— MANUAL OF THE BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES. Illtis
tnited Edition, including the MOSSES and LIVERWORTS of the whole United States,
by Mr. SULLIVANT ; forming a thick sm:ill Svo volume of 739 pages, and illustrated
with 14 beautiful Copper-plates, comprising nearly 1.000 figures drawn under the
Microscope. Price $2 5f>.
Considering the labor and expense bestowed upon it, this is doubtless the cheapest Botan-
ical work ever published.
II.— GRAY'S BOTANICAL TEXT-BOOK f AN INTRODUCTION TO SCIENTIFIC
BOTANY, both Structural and Systematic. Fourth Edition. Illustrated by 1,200
Wood Engravings. (A Text-book for Colleges, Medical Students, etc.) Price $1 50.
HI.— GRAY'S GENERA OF THE PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES ILLUS-
TRATED. Vols. I. and II. Svo, with 188 Plates. §12. (For cash only.)
IVISON & PHINNEY, 48 & 50 Walker Street, N. Y.
PUBLISHED BY IVISON, PTTINNEY & CO.. NEW YORK.
FASQUELLE'S
FRENCH SERIES.
By LOUIS FASQUELLE, LL.D.,
Professor of Modern Languages in the University of Michigan
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES.
1. The plan of this popular Series embraces a combinatioi
of the two rival systems ; the Oral, adopted by OLLENDORFF,
ROBERTSON, MANESCA, and others, with the old Classical, or
Grammatical System. One of its principal features is a con*
stant comparison of the construction of the French and English
Languages.
. 2. Another important feature consists in the facility with
which the instructor or student can elect in the course of stud)
the practice and theory combined, or as much or as little of
either as he deems proper.
3. The " Course" commences with a complete though short
treatise on pronunciation, presenting the power of each letter
as initial, medial, or final, and also its sound when final and
carried to the next word, in reading or speaking.
4. The changes in the words are presented in the most simple
manner, and copiously exemplified by conversational phr;>
5. The rules of composition, grammatical and idiomatical,
are introduced gradually, so as not to offer too many difficulties
at one time.
6. The verbs are grouped by tenses, and comparisons insti-
tuted, showing their resemblance or difference of termination
in the different conjugations.
7. The second, or theoretical part, offers, in a condensed
form, a solution of the principal difficulties of the language.
8. The Rules are deduced from the best authorities, and illus-
traded by short extracts from the bc*t French writers.
9. A treatise on gender is given, containing rules for determin-
ing gender by the meaning of words, and also by the termination,
10. The Irregular, Defective, and Peculiar verbs are pre-
sented in an Alphabetical Table, producing a Complete Di&
Hoiiary of these verbs.
PUBLISHED BY IVISON, PFIINNEr & CO.. .VEW YORK.
FASQUELLE'S FRENCH SERIES.
I. FASQUELLE'S FRENCH COURSE:
OB, NEW METHOD OF LEARNING THE FRENCH LANGUAGE.
Revised and enlarged. Price, $1 25.
Embracing both the Analytic and Synthetic modes of In-
struction. By Louis FASQUELLE, LL.D., Professor of Modern
Languages in the University of Michigan.
This work is on the plan of " Woodbury's Method with Gci
man." It pursues the same gradual course, and comprehend;
the same wide scope of instruction. It is the leading book ir
the best literary institutions in the United States, and has als<
been reprinted in England, where it has an extended sale.
II A KEY TO THE EXERCISES IN FASQUELLE'S
FRENCH COURSE.
Price, 75 cents.
III. FASQUELLE'S COLLOQUIAL FRENCH READER,
260 Pages. Duodecimo. Price, 75 cents.
Containing Interesting Narratives from the best French.
writers, for translation into English, accompanied by Conver-
sational Exercises. With Grammatical References to Fasquelle's
New French Method ; explanation of the most difficult passages,
and a copious Vocabulary.
IV. FASQUELLE'S TELEMAQUE.
12mo. Price, 75 cents.
Les Aventures de Telemaque. Par M. Fenelon. A New
Edition, with notes. The Text carefully prepared from the
most approved French Editions.
The splendid production of Fenelon is here presented in a beaiitiful mechanic*,
dress, with copious references to Fasquelle's Grammar, full notes explanatory of diffi-
culties in the text, and a full vocabulary.
V. NAPOLEON. BY ALEXANDER DUMAS.
Price, 75 cents.
Arranged for the use of Colleges and Schools; with Conver-
sational Exercises on the plan of Fasquelle's Colloquial French
Reader, Explanatory Notes, and Idiomatical and Grammatical
References to the " New French Method." By Louis FASQUBLLE,
LLJX
2
PUBLISHED BY IV1SON, PHINNEY & CO., NEW YORK,
FASQUELLE'S FRENCH SERIES.
VL FASQUELLE'S CHEFS D'CEUVRE DE RACINE.
882 Pages, 12-/no. Price, 75 centx.
For Colleges and Schools. With Explanatory Notes and
Grammatical References to the " New French Method."
This Edition contains five of Racine's best plays : LES PLAI-
EURS, ANDROMAQUE, IPIIIGENIE, ESTHER, and ATHALIE. The
Notes will be found, in all the plays, sufficiently full, without
being diffuse ; in Les Plaideurs, the only comedy written by
Racine, the explanations, however, are much fuller than the
others.
VIL FASQUELLE'S INTRODUCTORY FRENCH COURSE.
ISmo. Price, 56 cents.
A new work, on the plan of the larger " Course," adapted
to Beginners.
VIII. FASQUELLE'S MANUAL OF FRENCH CONVER-
SATION.
12wH>. Price, 75 cents.
A Complete Manual of Conversation, Idioms, etc., with refer-
ences to Fasquelle's Course.
Testimonials of Teachers and Professors,
Fasquelle's French Series has been recommended by STATB
SUPERINTENDENTS an<l BOARDS OF EDUCATION, by hundreds of
distinguished PROFESSORS and TEACHERS, whose testimonials
would fill a volume. The following are specimens :
JOSEPH WM. JENKS, Professor of Lanijnages in the University
cf Urbana, O., says :— " I h:we tan-lit many classes tn the French language, and d
not hesitate to say, that. ' Fasquelle'V French Course' i> superior to any other Krone
(JniTiimar I have met with, tor teaching French to those whose tnother-tonirue
English. It combines, in an admirable manner, the, excellences of the old, or classic
and the new, or Ollendorffiao methods, avoiding the faults of both."
Messrs. GUILLAUME II. TALBOT, T. A. I'KLT.KTIER, E. II. VIA*,
H. BUST, and N. B. DK MoNTKAiirnv, well known to the community as nmonir th«
most eminent t.-ai-h.-rs in r.oSToN. unite ri :i testimonial in whicii they "
and unanimously testify, that the work is held in hiirii esteem ami approbation among
us, and that we consider it the very best heretofore published on the subject ••: |
it treats. For the true interest of al! engaged in the study of the spokeii French. w«
would advise Its universal adoption."
3
PUBLISHED BT IVISON, PHINNEY & CO., NEW YORK.
FASQUELLE'S FRENCH SERIES.
Messieurs M ASSET and VILLEPLAIT, Professors of the French
Language in New York, write : — " We consider ' Fasquelle's French Course' a valu-
able and appropriate addition to the different grammars of the French Langua.se.
The arrangement adopted is systematic, and so simplified as greatly to facilitate the
progress of the student."
Prof. ALPHONSE BRUNNER, of Cincinnati, says : — " Having
been a teacher of my vernacular tongue— the French— for ten years, in my opinion, it
Is the best book yet prepared. I recommend it as superior to the old theoretical
grammars."
Prof. J. B. TORRICELLI, of Dartmouth College, writes : — " I
bike pleasure in recommending to the teacher as well as to the private student,
'Fasquelle's New Method,' as the best yet published. Its adoption in our Colleges
and Seminaries has given entire satisfaction. Mr. Fasquelle deserves the thanks of
all lovers of the French language."
Rev. CHARLES COLLINS, D.D., President of Dickinson College,
Pa. :— "We have introduced Fasquelle's French Series with very decided approbation."
Prof. EVERETT, of Bowdoin College, Me.: — "Fasquelle's
French Course is decidedly the best grammar ever published."
EDWARD NORTH, A.M., Professor of Languages, Hamilton
College, N. Y. : — "Fasquelle's French Course I continue to use, and to like. It is
worthy of its immense popularity."
Rev. GEORGE B. JEWETT, late Professor of Modern Lan-
guages, Amherst College: — "I have examined Fasquelle's French Series with rnu-jli
pleasure and satisfaction. They form an admirable series."
Prof. CHARLES GOBELLE. Professor of Modern Languages,
Newbury Female Collegiate Institute, Vt. : — " I have been using Fasquelle's French
Course during the past two years in one of the best schools in New England. It M
the very best book I know of for instruction in the French language."
Prof. T. PEYRE-FERRY, Teacher of French in the New Jersey
Normal School, Trenton : — " Fasquelle's Course is the best work ever published of the
kind. It enables the pupil to acquire a practical knowledge of the French language.''
Rev. G. W. QUEREAU, A.M., Principal of Conference Semi-
nary, Greenwich, R. I. : — " Fasquelle's Course is our standard text-book in French.
We use it because we think it best. I speak with some confidence, and ain satisfied
that it is decidedly superior to any other book of the kind."
JAMES B. ANGELL, A.M., Professor of Modern Languages in
Brown University, writes:— "I gladly testify to the excellence of Fasquelle's French
Course, which I have used in my classes for three years."
P. N. LEGENDRE, Professor of French, New Haven, Ct.,
says: — " Never has a work come under my notice, that blonds so happily and har-
moniously the great rival elements of the language. My pupils study it with pleasure."
E. J. P. WOHRANGE, Professor of Modern Languages in tho
N. Y. Central College, writes:— "'Fasquelle's Course' is at. the same time original
tud complete in itself, superseding all systems now in use."
The N, Y. Dally Times says : — <w Prof. F. is somewhat of
an enthusiast as to his method of teaching, and being blessed with as much sense as
experience, makes a better arranged text-book, and grades the difficulties more hap
plly than any other modern teacher."
The Philadelphia Daily News speaks of the " Napoleon," as
" a very concise and interesting French history which, edited M it is by Prof. Fas-
quelle, can not fail to prove a very popular school-book. The narrative is in Dumas
most brilliant and attractive style."
The N. Y. Independent says of the " Napoleon" :— " It com-
bines the advantages of a stirring biography to invite the studen-t, a good French
ttyle and grammatical and critical exercises and annotations."
PUBLISHED BY IVISON, PIIINNKY A, CO., NEW YORK.
KOBINSON'S
COMPLETE MATHEMATICAL SERIES.
By HORATIO N. ROBINSON, A.M., late Prqf. of Mathematics in the U. S. Navy.
.Must of the books of the series have been thoroughly revised ami corrected, and
published in superior style. For extent of research, and facility and aptness of illus-
tration, the author is unsurpassed, and his long experience as a practical iiKithemati-
cian and teacher guarantees the utility and sound science of his works. They have
received the unqualified approval of most eminent educators, including several STATB
Pri-KKiNTEXDENTS OK PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, and many Presidents and Professors is
Colleges. They are already used and preferred to any others in thousands of the be«*
Colleges, Academies, and High Schools throughout the Union.
ROBINSON'S PROGRESSIVE PRIMARY ARITHMETIC $ 16
ROBINSON'S PROGRESSIVE INTELLECT! AL ARITHMETIC 25
ROUINSO.VS THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ARITHMETIC 56J
KoBINSON'S KEY TO PRACTICAL ARITHMETIC 50
ROBINSON'S HIGHER ARITHMETIC. (/;»./»•«/«)... 75
ROBINSON'S KEY TO HIGHER ARITHMETIC. (In press.) 75
ROBINSON'S ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA 75
ROBINSON'S NEW ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA 75
KOBINSON'S KEY TO NEW ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA 75
ROBINSON'S UNIVERSITY ALGEBRA 125
ROBINSONS KEY TO UNIVERSITY ALGEBRA . 100
ROBINSON'S GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY 1 50
ROIMNSON'S SURVEYING AND NAVIGATION 1 50
ROBINSON'S ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY AND CONIC SECTIONS.... 1 50
ROBINSON'S MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS 2 25
ROBINSON'S ELEMENTARY ASTRONOMY • 75
ROBINSON'S UNIVERSITY ASTRONOMY 175
1H MJINSON'S DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS. (In press.)
KOBINSON'S KEY TO ALGEBRA, GEOMETKY, SURVEYING, AND
CALCULUS.
SPENCERIAN PENMANSHIP.
TTie Spencerian System of Penmanship is a scientific, methodical, beautiful and
complete series of writing books, eminently practical, and admirably adapted to im-
part a correct knowledge of the art. They have been adopted as the text-book on
penmanship by many of the Commercial Colleges in the United States, among which
an- Bryant & Stratton's Chain of Oommerdal <'<>ff<<n* at New York, Philadelphia,
Albany, Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago. St. Louis, and Pittsburgh (the most ex-
tensive Chain of Colleges in the world), and have recently been adopted in the Public
Schools of the cities of Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, St. Louis, Rochester, Oswego, and
other large cities and towns. The School Series is complete in the first five Nos.
SPENCERIAN PENMANSHIP. Newly engraved. In 9 Nos.
Nos. 1, 2,3-BEGINNERS' COURSE $ 1
No. 4— CAPITALS ]•_>
No 5— SENTENCES AND REVIEW OK CAPITALS 1
No. 6— ANALYTICAL AND SYNTHETICAL REVIEW OF THE SYS-
TEM, with Short Business Forms 12J
No 7— GENERAL BUSINESS FORMS (containing nearly 150 lines) 124
No. S— ANALYSIS OF THE SYSTEM LN ITS APPLICATION TO
LADIES' PENMANSHIP 12$
No. 9— LADIES' BOOK OF FORMS FOR PRACTICE 124
(The first five Nos. constitute the '" Common School Series ;" the last four
Nos. the "Commercial and High School Series.")
COMPENDIUM OF THE SPENCERIAN SYSTEM. 60 pages (over
400 lines), illustrating Chirography in its analytical, practical,
and ornamental forms. Paper 1 00
Cloth 1 50
Cloth, full gilt 2 00
SPENCERIAN CHART OF LETTERS. Size, 33 by 44 inches:
Mounted on —Hers and varnished 2 (Ml
Can VMS hack (not mounted) 150
This Chart i> denned to suspend in the School-room, from which to give
peneral explanations of the K'<'tnt-ntN and AV/<-.v of the System. The £te~
•»*,i/« nr,. i.ll .rjv.-ii ar.d numbered,— their slope, shading, and proportion,
together with "their combinations, giving the perfectly formed letters, are
fully elucidated; 30 that when the pupil Tins fixed in his'mind a perfect, ideal
of the eleineute and letters as here exhibited, he becomes a teuclur wito
18 2808
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