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BOT ANY

OF

THE NORTHERN UNITED. STATES.

MANUAL

OF

mea i. bb OC Teena

OF

THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES,

INCLUDING THE DISTRICT EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI AND
NORTH OF NORTH CAROLINA AND TENNESSEE,

ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM.

By ASA GRAY,

FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
HSifth Borition.

WITH TWENTY PLATES,
ILLUSTRATING THE SEDGES, GRASSES, FERNS, ETC.

NEW YORE:
IVISON, PHINNEY, BLAKEMAN, & CO.
CHICAGO: S. C. GRIGGS & CO.
1867.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by
IVISON, PHINNEY, BLAKEMAN, & CO.,

in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of
New York.

~

University Press: WeEtcuH, BicELtow, & Co.,
CAMBRIDGE.

TO

JOHN DORREY, Lisp:

ALMOST twenty years have passed since the first edition of this
work was dedicated to you,— more than thirty, since, as your pupil,
I began to enjoy the advantage of being associated with you in
botanical pursuits, and in a lasting friendship. The flow of time
has only deepened the sense of gratitude due to you from your
attached friend,

ASIAS GIRVAN?

CAMBRIDGE, May 30, 1867.

CON TEN AS:

EXPLANATION OF SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK . ; aes
EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATION OF AUTHORS’ NAMES . 9
PREFACE : : : : : : : : : , 11
ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE ORDERS , : ; : : 21
FLORA. — PH&NOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS. : wi anao
Dicotyledonous or Exogenous Plants : : 33

Angiospermous, Polypetalous . . . . 33

Monopetalous’.. - : 202

Apetalous : ; : . 403

Gymnospermous Plants . - : 5 : 468

Monocotyledonous or Endogenous Plants. ao
CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. . : 653

Acrogenous Plants (Equisetacex, Ferns, &c.) . 658

ADDENDA . : : 5 - é : : 2 : : 679
INDEX . : : < : P : ; : ; é 6 Oeil

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES 4 ; ; ; 5 ; 695

SIGNS USED IN THISSWORK

@) An annual plant.
@) A biennial plant.
y. A perennial plant.
2 A mark of doubt.
! A mark of affirmation or authentication.
These signs are, however, very rarely employed in this volume.
1°, 2/, 3! To save space, the sign of degrees (°) is used for feet; of min-
utes ('), for inches ; of seconds (''), for lines, —the (English) line being the
twelfth part of an inch.

The dash - between two figures, as “5-10,” means from 5 to 10, &c.

PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS

OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS CITED IN THIS VOLUME.

Adans.
Ait.
All.
Anders.
Andr.
Arn.
Aubl.
Bart.
Bartl.
Beauv.
Benth.
Bernh.
Bieb.
Bigel.
Boiss.
Bong.
Borkh.
Brong.
Cass.
Cav.
Cham.
Chav.
Darlingt.
DC.
A. DC.
Desf.
Dew.
"Dill.
Desv.
Dougl.
Ehrh.
Ell.
Endl.
Engelm.
Fisch.
Gertn.

Adanson.
Aiton.
Allione.
Andersson.
Andrews.
Arnott.
Aublet.
Barton.
Bartling.
Palisot de Beauvois.
Bentham.
Bernhardi.
Bieberstein.
Bigelow.
Boissier.
Bongard.
Borkhausen.
Brongniart.
Cassini.
Cayanilles.
Chamisso.
Chavannes.
Darlington.
De Candolle.
Alphonse De Candolle.
Desfontaines.
Dewey.
Dillenius.
Desvaux.
Douglas.
Ehrhart.
Elliott.
Endlicher.
Engelmann.
Fischer.
Geertner.

Gmel. =

Good.

~
Grev.
Griseb.
Gronov.
Hartm.
Hoffin.
Hock.

Gmelin.
Goodenough.
Greville.
Grisebach.
Gronovius.
Hartmann.
Hoffmann.

W. J. Hooker.

Hook. f. ( filius) J. D. Hooker.

FTornem.
Huds.
TTB Ke
Jacq.
Juss.

A. Juss.
LT. or Linn.
Lag.
Lam.
Lamb.
Ledeb.
LT? Her.
Lehm.
Lesqz.
Lestib.
Lindl.
Lodd.
Lour.
Mart.
Mich.
Miche.
Miche. f.
Mil.
Mitch.
Muhl.
Nees,
Nutt.

Hornemann.
Hudson.

Humboldt, Bonpland, &
Jacquin. [ Kunth.
JUSSIEU.

Adrien Jussieu.
Linna&us.

Lagasca.

Lamarck.

Lambert.

Ledebour.

L’ Heritier.
Lehmann.
Lesquereux.
Lestibudois,
Lindley.

Loddiges.

Loureiro.

Martins.

Micheli.

Michaux (the elder).
F. A. Michaux (the
Miller. [younger.)
Mitchell.
Muhlenberg.

Nees von Esenbeck.
Nuttall.

10

Pav. “=
Pers.
Pluk.
Plum.
Poir.

Jig 1a
Raf:
Reichenb.
Rich.
Richards.
Rem.
Rottb.
Salisb.
Schk.
Schlecht.
Schrad.
Schreb.
Schult.
Schw. or Schwein.
Scop.
Ser.
Soland.
Spreng.

PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS.

Pavon.
Persoon.
Plukenet.
Plumier.
Poiret.

Rovert Brown.

Rafinesque.
Reichenbach.
Richard.
Richardson.
Remer.
Rottboll.
Salisbury.
Schkuhr.

Schlechtendal.

Schrader.
Schreber.
Schultes.
Schweinitz.
Scopoli.
Seringe.
Solander.

Sprengel.

Steud. —
Sulliv.
Thunb.
Torr.
Torr. & Gr.
Tourn.
Trautv.
Trev.
Trin.
Tuckerm. ~
Turcz.
Vaill.
Vent.

ill.
Waal.
Walp.
Walt.
Wangh.
Wedd.
Willd.
With.
Wulf.
Zuce.

Steudel.
Sullivant.
Thunberg.
Torrey.

Torrey and Gray.

Tournefort.
Trautvetter.
Treviranus..
Trinius.
Tuckerman.
Turezaninow.
Vaillant.
Ventenat.
Villars.
Wahlenberg.
Walpers.
Walter.
Wangenheim.
Weddell.
Willdenow.
Withering.
Wulfen.
Zuccarini.

PREFACE.

Tuts work is designed as a compendious Flora of the Northern
portion of the United States, for the use of students and of practical
botanists.

The first edition (published in 1848) was hastily prepared to sup-
ply a pressing want. Its plan, having been generally approved, has
not been altered, although the work has been to a great extent twice
rewritten, and the geographical range extended. The second edition,
much altered, appeared in 1856. The third and fourth were merely
revised upon the stereotype plates, and some pages added, especially
to the latter.

The Garden Botany, an Introduction to a Knowledge of the
Common Cultivated Plants, which was prefixed to this fourth edition
in 1863, is excluded from the present edition, and is to be incor-
porated into a simpler and more elementary work, but of wider
scope, designed especially for school instruction, and for those inter-
ested in cultivation, — entitled Field, Forest, and Garden Botany.

In the present edition it has been found also expedient to remand
to a supplementary volume the Mosses and Liverworts, so carefully
and generously elaborated for the previous editions of this work by
my friend, Wu. S. Sutirvant, Esq. It is hoped that the Lichenes,
if not all the other orders of the Lower Cryptogamia, may be added
to this supplementary volume, so that our students may extend
their studies into these more recondite and difficult departments of
Botany.*

* The following important aids, moreover, are already provided, viz. The
Icones Muscorum, or Figures and Descriptions of most of those Mosses peculiar to

2, PREFACE.

Six plates, illustrating the genera of the Cyperacee or Sedge
Family, are now added to the eight which illustrate the Graminee
or Grasses, and the six which illustrate the Milices or Ferns and
their allies: all are from original drawings by Mr. Isaac Sprague ;
and they should render the study of these families comparatively
easy, even to the beginner.

In other respects the changes in this edition are only in details,
and such as the progress of botanical knowledge, and the longer
experience of the author and his associates or correspondents in
teaching, have seemed to render necessary or advisable.

I am newly indebted to Dk. GEoRGE ENGELMANN, of St. Louis,
for a revision of the account of Ouseuta and Sagittaria, &e., formerly
prepared by him, and for the complete re-elaboration of the genera
Callitriche, Euphorbia, Pinus, Juncus, and Isoetes. I have also to
express my special acknowledgments to my friends, Dr. J. W.
Rossins, of Uxbridge, Massachusetts, who contributed the whole
article on the difficult genus Potamogeton ; —to CHARLES F. AustIn,
of Closter, New Jersey, who furnished that on the Lemnacee ; —and
to Prof. Daniet Capy Earon, of Yale College, who has entirely
re-elaborated the Ferns for the present edition. The Salicacee and
the genus Carex, as is well known, were contributed to the first
edition by my old friend and associate, Joun Carey, Esq., now of
London. Deprived of his further and important assistance, I have
Eastern North America which have not been heretofore figured, by Wm. 8, SuLtt-
vant, LL. D. Imp. 8vo, with 129 copper-plates.

Musci-Boreali-Americana, sive Specimina Exsiccata, ete. — A second and en-
larged edition of the arranged collection of Mosses of the United States, pub-
lished by Messrs. SuLLIvANT and LesqurerReEcx, of which the first issue was
noticed in the preface to former editions of the Manual. The present edition
comprises 536 species or varieties of Mosses, and is supplied by Mr. Leo Les-
quereux, of Columbus, Ohio, for $35 in gold, or £7 sterling.

Lichenes Exsiccati, by Professor Epwarp Tuckerman, of Amherst College ;
— of which four vols. (small 4to) have already been issued. A small volume on
the Genera of North American Lichenes is now in preparation by the same author.

Nereis Boreali-Americana, — an account of the Marine Algie of the United

States, by the late Professor Wa. H. Harvey, a large quarto volume with fifty
colored plates, — published by the Smithsonian Institution.

PREFACE. j 13

myself revised these articles as well as I could, in advance of the
publication of Andersson’s work on the Salicacee in the forthcoming
volume of De Candolle’s Prodromus, and of the posthumous volume
of the late Dr. Boott’s Illustrations of Carex. In the latter genus,
however, I have been essentially aided by Witi1am Boort, Esq,,
of Boston, and 8. T. OLNEY, Esq., of Providence, who have made
the Carices a special study. To render due acknowledgments to
the correspondents who have contributed to the value of the Manual
by the communication of specimens, notes, and corrections, would
require me to enumerate all the cultivators and numerous amateurs
of botany in this country. In special instances their names will be
found scattered throughout the pages of the work. The necessity
of economizing space to the utmost, so as to keep the volume within
the dimensions of a manwal, alone has debarred me from fuller
citations of the names of collectors and of particular stations of rare
or local plants. For the same reason I have generally omitted
synonymes, except in case of some original or recent changes in
nomenclature.

There is abundant reason, I doubt not, for me to renew the re-
quest that those who use this book will kindly furnish information
of all corrections or additions that may appear to be necessary, so
that it may be made more accurate and complete hereafter, and

maintain the high character which it has earned.

Some explanations are needful in respect to details of typography,
reference, and arrangement.
GEOGRAPHICAL LimITAaTIoN, DistripuTrion, &c. As is stated
on the title-page, this work is intended to comprise the plants which
grow spontaneously in the United States north of North Carolina
and Tennessee and east of the Mississippi. A Flora of the whole
national domain, upon a similar plan (the issue of which I may now
hope will not be delayed many years longer), would be much too

bulky and expensive for the main purpose which this Manual fulfils.

14 PREFACE.

For its purpose, the present geographical limitation is, on the
whole, the best, — especially since the botany of the States south of
our district has been so well provided for by my friend Dr. Chap-
man’s Flora of the Southern States, issued by the same publishers.
The southern boundary here adopted coincides better than any other
geographical line with the natural division between the cooler-tem-
perate and the warm-temperate vegetation of the United States;
very few characteristically Southern plants occurring north of it,
and those only on the low coast of Virginia, in the Dismal Swamp,
&e. Our western limit, also, while it includes a considerable prairie
vegetation, excludes nearly all the plants peculiar to the great West-
ern woodless plains, which approach our borders in Iowa and Mis-
souri. Our northern boundary, being that of the United States,
varies through about five degrees of latitude, and nearly embraces
Canada proper on the east and on the west, so that nearly all the
plants of Canada East on this side of the St. Lawrence, as well
as those of the deep peninsula of Canada West, will be found in
this volume.* .

I have here endeavored to indicate, briefly and generally, the dis-
trict in which each species occurs, or in which it most abounds, in
the following manner: 1. When the principal area of a species is
southward rather than northward, I generally give first its northern
limit, so far as known to me, if within the United States, and then
its southern limit if within our boundaries, or add that it extends
southward, meaning thereby that the species in question occurs in
the States south of Virginia or Kentucky. Thus Magnolia glauca,
p- 49, a prevailingly Southern species, but which is sparingly found as
far north as Massachusetts, is recorded as growing “near Cape Ann
and New York southward, near the coast”; JZ acuminata, “ W.
New York to Ohio and southward,” &c. While in species of northern

* For the geographical statistics of our botany, see three articles in The

American Journal of Science and Arts, Second Series, Vol. XXII. and Vol. XXIII.
1856 — 57.

PREFACE. 15

range, the southern limits are mentioned ; as Anemone Pennsylvan-
ica, “W. New England to Illinois and northwestward.” And so
of Western plants; e. g. Jsopyrum biternatum, p. 44, “Ohio to
Illinois, Kentucky, and westward”; Amorpha canescens, p. 130,
“ Michigan to Wisconsin and southwestward.” But this rule has not
always been closely adhered to. 2. Where no habitat or range is
mentioned, the species is supposed to be diffused over our whole
area, or nearly so, and usually beyond it. 5. When the species is
quite local or rare, the special habitat is given; e. g. Vesicaria
Shortit, p. 78, and Alyssum Lescurii, p. 72; Sullivantia Ohionis,
p- 169, &e. Except in such cases, or when the known geographical
range of a species has been recently extended, the want of space has
generally demanded the omission of particular stations, which are so
appropriately given in local Floras and in more detailed works, but
for which there is no room in a manual like this.

For the same reason, I could not here undertake to specify the
range of those species which extend beyond the geographical limits
of this work, or beyond the United States. Nevertheless, to facili-
tate the comparison of our American flora with that of Europe, I
have appended the mark (Eu.) to those species which are indi-
genous to both.

DISTINCTION BETWEEN INTRODUCED AND INDIGENOUS SPE-
cies. Foreign plants which have become denizens of the soil have
to be described along with the genuine indigenous members of our
flora; but the ¢ntroduced species are distinguished by the specific
name being printed in a different type, namely, in small capitals,*
while the names of the indigenous species are in heavier, antique
letter.t Moreover, the country from which they came is specified
(mostly Europe), as well as the nature of the denizenship. That is,
following the suggestions of M. Alphonse De Candolle, I have clas-
sified our introduced plants as well as I could into two sorts, the

* For example, under Ranunculus, R. spuvposus, acris, &c., p. 43.
} For example, R. repens, on the same page.

16 PREFACE.

thoroughly naturalized, and the adventive ; the first comprising those
species which have made themselves perfectly at home in this coun-
try, propagating themselves freely by seed beyond the limits of
cultivated grounds; the second, those which are only locally spon-
taneous, and perhaps precarious, or which are spontaneous only in
cultivated fields, around dwellings, or in manured soil, and which,
still directly or indirectly dependent upon civilized man, would
probably soon disappear if he were to abandon the country. (I
here rank with the adventive plants those weeds of cultivation which
De Candolle terms plants cultivated without or against man’s will.)
Accordingly the species naturalized from Europe are indicated, at
the close of the paragraph, by the phrase “ (Nat. from Eu.) ”: those
adventive, or less established, by the phrase “ (Ady. from Eu.),” &c.

DisTINCTION OF GRADE OF VARIETIES. Vain is the attempt
to draw an absolute line between varieties and species. Yet in sys-
tematic works the distinction has to be made absolute, and each par-
ticular form to be regarded as a species or a variety, according to
the botanist’s best judgment. Varieties, too, exhibit all degrees of
distinctness. Such as are marked and definite enough to require
names are distinguished here into two sorts, according to their grade:
1. Those which, I think, cannot be doubted to be varieties of the
species they are referred to, have the name printed in small capi-
tals.* These varieties make part of the common paragraph. 2. 'Those
so distinct and peculiar that they have been, or readily may be,
taken for species, and are some of them not unlikely to establish the
claim: of these the name is printed in the same type as that of the
species; and they are allowed the distinction of a separate para-
eraph,t — except where the variety itself is the only form in the
country, as in the first species of Anemone. t

* As, for instance, the three varieties of Lespedeza violacea, p. 137, viz. DIVER-
GENS, SESSILIFOLIA, and ANGUSTIFOLIA. See also, under Ranunculus Flam-
mula, var. INTERMEDIUS, p. 41.

+ As, Var. reptans, of the above-mentioned species,

t A. patens, L., var. Nuttalliana, p. 36.

PREFACE. al f

AccENTUATION OF Names. As a guide to correct pronunciation
of botanical names (in which great carelessness prevails), I have
marked the accented syllable ; and have also (following Loudon’s
convenient mode) indicated what is called the long sound of the
vowel by the grave (°) and the short sound by the acute (’) accent-
mark.

INDICATION OF PROMINENT CHARACTERS is made by the use
of Italic type, for the leading distinctions of the orders, and for those
points in the specific descriptions by which two or more species of
the same division may be most readily or surely discriminated, —
the latter a plan adopted from Koch’s Flora Germanica.

The ready discrimination of the genera is provided for by a
Synopsis, in small type, of the leading characters of all the genera,
when more than two, under each order. In this the genera are an-
alytically disposed under their proper sub-orders, tribes, or other such
natural groups, of whatever rank, properly characterized ; and then,
to save room, all these subordinal or tribal names and characters
are left out of the body of the order, the genera following each other
without a break.

Whenever a genus comprises several species, pains have been
taken to render important differences conspicuous, and to abridge the
labor of analysis, by proper grouping, and when needed by a series
of rightly subordinated divisions and subdivisions. Divisions of the
highest rank, or Subgenera, have the sectional mark (§) followed by
the subgeneric name.* Those less important are indicated by the §,
without a name; subsections or divisions of lower grade are marked
by stars ( * ); their divisions, if any, by the +, and theirs again
by the +, &c.

Having in view the needs of students rather than of learned bot-
anists, I have throughout endeavored to smooth the beginner’s way

by discarding many an unnecessary technical word or phrase, and

* As § 1. ATRAGENE, under Clematis, p. 35, and § 1. PULSATILLA,
under Anemone, p. 36.

18 PREFACE.

by casting the language somewhat in a vernacular mould, — perhaps
at some sacrifice of brevity, but not, I trust, of the precision for
which botanical language is distinguished.

ARRANGEMENT OF THE OrpDERS. The Natural Orders are dis=
posed in a series which nearly corresponds, in a general way, with
De Candolle’s arrangement (varied somewhat more in this edition,
to come nearer to that adopted thus far in Bentham and Hook-
er’s new Genera Plantarum), beginning with the highest class and
ending with the lowest ; and commencing this first and far the larg-
est class (of Dicotyledonous or Exogenous Plants) with those orders
in which the flowers are mostly provided with double floral envel-
opes, viz. with both calyx and corolla, and in which the corolla
consists of separate petals (the Polypetalous division) ; beginning
this series with those orders in which the several organs of the
flower are most distinct and separate (hypogynous), and proceeding
to those which have the parts most combined among themselves and
consolidated with each other (perigynous and epigynous) ; then fol-
low those with the petals combined into a monopetalous corolla (the
Monopetalous division ; and finally, those destitute of a corolla or
destitute of all floral envelopes (the Apetalous division). The class
of Monocotyledonous or Endogenous Plants opens with orders ex-
hibiting one form of simplified flowers, passes to those with the or-
gans most combined and consolidated, then to those less combined by
adnation of parts, and closes with other simplified and reduced forms.
The present problem in Botany is to group the numerous Natural
Orders in each class into natural alliances. But this has not yet
been done in such a manner as to be available to the ordinary stu-
dent. I donot here attempt, therefore, to group the orders naturally,
but let them follow one another in what seems to be on the whole
a natural and manageable sequence. And, by means of an artificial

ANALYTICAL Kny TO THE ORDERS (p. 21), I enable the student
to refer readily to its proper order any of our plants, upon taking

the pains to ascertain the structure of its flowers, and sometimes of

PREFACE. 19

the fruit, and following out a series of easy steps in the analysis.
This key is founded upon the most obvious distinctions which will
well answer the purpose, and is so contrived as to provide for all the
exceptional instances and variant cases I could think of. I shall be
disappointed if the attentive student is not able by it to refer to its
proper order any to him unknown plant of the Northern States of
which he has flowering specimens in hand. Referring to the Order
which the Key leads him to, the student will find its most distinctive
points, — which he has chiefly to consider, — brought together and
printed in italics in the first sentence of the ordinal description, and
thus can verify his results.

The Synopsis which follows will then lead him to the genus, to be
verified in turn by the full generic description in its place; and the
progress thence to the species, when there are several to choose
from, is facilitated by the arrangement under divisions and sub-
divisions, as already explained.

It will be seen that the Key directs the inquirer to ascertain,
first, the Class of the plant under consideration, — which, even with-
out the seeds, is revealed at once by the plan of the stem, as seen in
a cross-section, and usually by the veining of the leaves, and is
commonly confirmed by the numerical plan of the flower ; — then,
if of the first class, the sub-class is at once determined by the pistil,
whether of the ordinary kind, or an open scale bearing naked ovules.
If the former, then the choice between the three divisions is de-
termined by the presence or absence of the petals, and whether
separate or united. Each division is subdivided by equally obvious
characters, as, p. 21, first the number of stamens, then, whether the
calyx is free from or connected with the surface of the ovary.
And, finally, a series of successively subordinated propositions, —
each set more indented upon the page than the preceding, leads
to the name of the order sought for, followed by the number of
the page upon which that order is described in the body of the
work.

20 PREFACE.

More particular instructions for the use of this book in the study
of our plants are here superfluous; as these, as well as the needful
preliminary knowledge, will be acquired from the author’s Jntrodue-
tion to Structural and Systematic Botany (Botanical Text-Book), or
from the simpler First Lessons in Botany,— one or the other of
which must needs be previously studied, and be the inseparable

companion of Zhe Manual.

ANALYTICAL KEY

TO THE ORDERS OF ALL THE PLANTS DESCRIBED IN THIS WORK.

Series I. PHA NOGAMOUS or FLOWERING PLANTS, those
producing real flowers and seeds.

Crass I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith; the wood forming a zone
between the other two, and increasing, when the stem continues from
year to year, by the annual addition of a new layer to the outside,
next the bark. Leaves netted-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite
cotyledons, or in Subclass II. often three or more in a whorl. Parts of
the flower mostly in fours or fives.

Susciass I. ANGIOSPERMZ. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary
which contains the ovules and the seeds.

Drvisron I. POLYPETALOUS: the calyx and corolla both present;
the latter of separate petals.

A. Stamens numerous, at least more than 10, and more than twice the sepals.
1. Calyx entirely free and separate from the pistil or pistils.

Pistils numerous but cohering over each other in a solid Page
mass on an elongated receptacle. : . Maenoriacea, 48
Pistils numerous, separate, but concealed in a hollow receptacle.
Leaves opposite, entire; no stipules. . : < CALYCANTHACE®, 162
Leayes alternate, with stipules. P 3 : . Rosa, in Rosacem, 146
Pistils several, immersed in hollows of the upper surface : ‘
of a large top-shaped receptacle. | Nelumbium, in Nympuxacem, 54
Pistils more than one, separate, not enclosed in the receptacle.
Stamens inserted on the calyx, distinct. . “ : . Rosacex, 146
~ Stamens united with the base of the petals, monadelphous, MAatvacr2, 98
Stamens inserted on the receptacle.
Filaments much shorter than the anther : trees. Fi . ANONACES, 50
Filaments longer than the anther.
Flowers dicecious : twiners with alternate leaves. MENISPERMACE®, 51
Flowers perfect : if climbers, the leaves opposite.
Leaves not peltate: petals deciduous. ; . RANUNCULACES, 34
Leaves peltate : petals persistent. Brasenia, in Ny MPHHZ ACE, 54

22 ANALYTICAL KEY.

Pistils more than one, or several-lobed, the ovaries united below
the middle. . : ¢ c . 4 : . RESEDACE, 76
Pistils several, their ovaries cohering in a ring around an axis,

but separating in fruit. : : - : - MALVACEX, 98
Pistils strictly one as to the ovary: the styles or stigmas may be several.
Leaves punctate under a lens with transparent dots. HYPERICACER, 83

Leaves not punctate with transparent dots.
Ovary simple, 1-celled, with one parietal placenta.
Leaves 2-3-ternately compound or dissected. RANUNCULACE®, 34
Leaves peltate, simply lobed. Podophyllum, in BERBERIDACE®, 52
Ovary compound, 1-celled, with a central placenta. PoRTULACACE®, 97
Ovary compound, 1-celled, with 2 or more parietal placentez.
Calyx caducous. Juice milky or colored. . . PAPAVERACES, 58
Calyx deciduous, of 4 sepals. . ; : . CAPpPpaRIDACEs, 75
Calyx persistent, of 30r 5 sepals. . . . . . CISTACER, 80
Ovary compound, several-celled.

Calyx valvate in the bud, and 3
Persistent: stamens monadelphous: anthers 1-celled. Marvace,*98
Deciduous: anthers 2-celled. 5 ; , 0 TILIACEm, 103

Calyx imbricated in the bud, persistent.
Shrubs: stamens borne on the base of the petals. CAMELLIACEZ, 103
Aquatic or marsh herbs: ovules many,
On 5 placentz in the axis. : fs - SARRACENIACER, 57
On the 8-24 partitions, . c C . + Nympu2xacem, 54

2. Calyx more or less coherent with the surface of the (compound) ovary.

Ovary 10-30-celled : ovules many, on the partitions: aquatic. NrMPH@®ACE®, 54
Ovary 2—-5-celled.

Leaves alternate, with stipules. . “ : . Pomee, in Rosacem, 146

Leaves opposite, without stipules. Philadelphus, in SAx1rFRAGACE®, 163

Leaves alternate, without stipules. . 4 : : STYRACACEA, 309
Ovary one-celled, with the ovules parietal.

Fleshy plants with no true foliage: petals many. 2 . CacTraces, 184

Rough-leaved plants: petals 5 or 10. —. é . 5 Loasace®, 184
Ovary one-celled, with the ovules rising from the base. PORTULACACES, 97

B. Stamens of the same number as the petals and opposite them.

Pistils 3-6, separate. Flowers dicecious. Woody vines. MenisperMACE, 51
Pistil only one.
Ovary one-celled; anthers opening by uplifted valves. BrerBertpAcEe®, 52
Ovary one-celled: anthers not opening by uplifted valves.

Style and stigma one: ovules more than one. : PRIMULACES, 313

Style one: stigmas 3: sepals 2: ovules several. PorTULACACES®, 97

Styles 5: ovule and seed only one. : : . PLUMBAGINACES, 312
Ovary 2-4-celled.

Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete: petals valvate. . 5 ViTAcEa, 112

Calyx 4—5-cleft, valvate in the bud: petals involute. RuamNnacea, 113

ANALYTICAL KEY. 23

C. Stamens not more than twice as man y as the petals, when of just the number of
the petals then alternate with them.

1, Calyx free from the ovary, i. e. the ovary wholly superior.
* Ovaries 2 or more, separate.

Stamens united with each other and with a large and

thick stigma common to the two ovaries. ASCLEPIADACE®, 394
Stamens unconnected, on the receptacle, free from the calyx.
Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. . ‘ - ; - Ruracez, 109
Leaves not pellucid-punctate.
Tree, with pinnate leaves... . Ailanthus, in SIMARUBACE®, 110
Low shrub with pinnate leaves. Zanthorhiza, in RANUNCULACEA, 34
Herbs, not fleshy. . ; : . , : . RAnNuNcuLacea, 34
Herbs, with thick fleshy leaves. 6 ; 2 . CRASSULACE®, 171
Stamens unconnected, inserted on the calyx, .

Just twice as many as the pistils (flower symmetrical). CrAssuLACEm, 171
Not just the number or twice the number of the pistils.
Leaves without stipules. . f : : F . SAXIFRAGACES, 163
Leaves with stipules. . - “ 4 - : Rosacea, 146

* %* Ovaries 2-5, somewhat united at the base, separate above.

Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. . . : : - Rutace®, 109
Leaves not pellucid-punctate.
Shrubs or trees with opposite leaves. : : . SAPINDACEZ, 116

Terrestrial herbs: the carpels fewer than the petals. SasirraGacem, 163
“ 4e

* * * Ovaries or lobes of ovary 3 to 5, with a common style. GERANIACER, 105
* * * * Ovary only one, and
+ Simple, with one parietal placenta. LEGuMINOS®, 123
+ + Compound, as shown by the number of cells, placente, styles, or stigmas.

Ovary one-celled.

Corolla irregular: petals 4: stamens 6... . : FUMARIACE®, 60
Corolla irregular: petals and stamens 5. : ° . VIOLACER, 76
Corolla regular or nearly so.
Ovule solitary: shrubs or trees: stigmas 3. ANACARDIACEX, 111
Ovules solitary or few: herbs. . . Some anomalous Crucirer&, 62
Ovules more than one, in the centre or bottom of the cell.
Petals not insertedon the calyx. . . . CARYOPHYLLACEX, 87

Petals on the throat of a bell-shaped or tubular calyx. LyTHrace®, 182
Ovules several or many, on two or more parietal placentz.
Leaves punctate with pellucid and dark dots. HYPERICACEA, 83
Leaves beset with reddish gland-tipped bristles. DRosERACEX, 82
Leaves neither punctate nor bristly-glandular.
Sepals 5, very unequal or only 3. : : . CrsTaceZs, 80
Sepals and petals 4; stamens 6. Anomalous CRUCIFERZ, 62
Sepals and petals 5: stamens 5 or 10.
Ovary and stamens raised on a stalk. . PassIFLORACE®, 185
Ovary sessile. . A he ee ae . SAXIFRAGACE, 163

24 ANALYTICAL KEY.

Ovary 2-several-celled.
Flowers irregular.
Anthers opening at the top,
Six or eight and 1-celled: ovary 2-celled. . . POLYGALACER, 120
Ten and 2-celled: ovary 5-celled. . . Rhodora, in Er1cacem, 286
Anthers opening lengthwise.
Stamens 12 and petals 6 on the throat of a tubu-
lar inflated or gibbous calyx. Cuphea, in LyTHRACE®, 182
Stamens 5-8 or 10, and petals hypogynous, or nearly so.
Ovary 3-celled. . : : ; 3 . SAPINDACES, 116
Ovary 5-celled. F : - Tape &e. in GERANIACE®, 105
Flowers regular or nearly so.
Stamens neither just as many nor twice as many as petals,

Triadelphous: petals 5. . - : . HyYpERIcace2, 83
Tetradynamous (or rarely only 2 or gy petals 4:
pungent herbs. . : ee SR CRUCIFER®, 62

Distinct and fewer than the 4 ional, , . « OLEACEs, 400
Distinct and more numerous than the petals. . SAPINDACES, 116
Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals.
Ovules and seeds only 1 or 2 in each cell.
Herbs: flowers moneecious or dicecious. EUPHORBIACEA, 430
Herbs: flowers perfect and symmetrical.
Cells of the ovary as many as the sepals, &c. GERANIACE®, 105 —
Cells of the ovary (divided) twice as many as
the styles, sepals, &e. : ‘ 3 . Linacre, 104
Shrubs or trees.
Leaves 3-foliolate, pellucid-punctate. Ptelea, in RuTacem, 109
Leaves palmately veined : fruit 2-winged. SAPINDACEZ, 116
Leaves pinnately veined, simple, not punctate.
Calyx not minute: pod colored, dehiscent:
seeds enclosed in a pulpy aril. CELASTRACE®, 115
Calyx minute: fruit a berry-like drupe, AQUIFOLIACEZ, 305
Ovules (and usually seeds) several or many in each cell.
Stipules between the opposite and simple leaves. ELATINACE®, 86
Stipules between the opposite and compound leaves
(but they are caducous). Staphylea, in SapInDACEm, 116
Stipules none when the leaves are opposite.
Stamens 5, monadelphous in a 10-toothed tube
or cup: leaves simple, all radical. GALACINES, 395
Stamens 10, monadelphous at the base. Leaf-
lets 3, inversely heart-shaped. Oxalis in GERANIACE®, 105
Stamens distinct, free from the calyx.
Style 1, undivided. : A - ; . ErRicacem, 286
Styles 2-5, separate. 4 é . CARYOPHYLLACEZ, 87
Stamens distinct, inserted on the calyx.
Styles 2 (or 3), or splitting into 2 in fruit. SaxrrraGacem®, 163
Style 1: pod in the calyx, 1-celled at maturity. LyTHRACE®, 182

ANALYTICAL KEY, 25

2. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, at least to its lower half.

Tendril-bearing and often succulent herbs. . : . CUCURBITACEA, 186
Not tendril-bearing.
Ovules and seeds more than one in each cell.
Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled from the base. . . PortTvULAcaces, 97
Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or 3 parietal placente. . SAaxiFRAGACE®, 163
Ovary 2 -several-celled.
Anthers opening by pores at the apex: style1. MErLAsToMACE®, 181
Anthers not opening by pores.
Stamens on a flat disk which covers the ovary. CELASTRACE®, 115
Stamens inserted on the calyx,
Eight or four (rarely five): stylel. . . ONAGRACE®, 176
Five or ten: styles 2-3, distinct. . . SAXIFRAGACER, 163
Ovules and seeds only one in each cell.
Stamens 10 or 5 (instead of many), — rarely in Crategus, in Rosacem, 146
Stamens 2 or 8; style 1: stigma 2-4-lobed: herbs. ONAGRACE®, 176
Stamens 4 or 8 : aquatics: styles or sessile stigmas 4. HaLoracEem, 174
Stamens 8: styles 2: shrub. : : HAMAMELACE®, 173
Stamens 4: style and stigma 1: chiefly shrubs. CoRNACE, 199
Stamens 5: flowers in umbels, or rarely in heads.
Fruit dry, splitting in two at maturity: styles 2. UMBELLIFER, 187
Fruit berry-like: styles 2-5, separate, or united. ARALIACER, 198

Divison II. MONOPETALOUS: calyx and corolla both present; the
latter with its petals united more or less into one piece.

A. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla.

Ovary 1-celled with one parietal placenta. . : . LeGuminos2, 123
Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placente. Adlumia, &e. in FuMARIACE, 60
Ovary 1-celled with the ovules at the centre or base. STYRACACEH, 309
Ovary 2-celled with a single ovule in each cell. . . PoryGaLaces, 120

Ovary 3-many-celled.
Stamens free or nearly free from the corolla: style single. EricacE®, 286
Stamens free from the corolla: styles 5. Oxalis, in GERANIACE®, 105
Stamens inserted on the base or tube of the corolla.
Filaments monadelphous : anthers 1-celled, kidney-shaped. Matvacex, 98
Filaments 1 —5-adelphous at base: anthers 2-celled.
Calyx free from the ovary. : , ; 4 CAMELLIACEX, 103
Calyx coherent with the ovary or with its base. . SryRacacEzx, 309
Filaments wholly distinct : calyx free, persistent. . . EBENACES, 307

B.. Stamens ( fertile ones) as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them.

Ovary 5-celled : corolla appendaged with scales inside. SaPoTacEs, 308
Ovary 1-celled: pod several-many-seeded: style l. . PRIMULACES, 313
Ovary l-celled: utricle l-seeded: styles5. . PLuMBAGINACEA, 312

26 ANALYTICAL KEY.

C. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, or fewer.
1, Ovary adherent to-the calyx-tube (inferior).

Tendril-bearing herbs: anthers often united. . . CuCURBITACE, 186
Tendrils none.
Stamens united by their anthers into a ring or tube.
Flowers in an inyolucrate head. . : : : . Compositm, 215
Flowers separate, not involucrate: corolla irregular. LoBELIACE®, 282
Stamens separate, free from the corolla or nearly so, as
many as its lobes: stipules none: juice milky. CAMPANULACE®, 285
Stamens separate, inserted on the corolla.
One to three, always fewer than lobes of the corolla. VALERIANACE, 213
Four or five: leaves opposite or whorled.
Flowers in a dense head, with an involucre: no stipules. Dirsacez, 215
Flowers if in heads not inyolucrate.
Leaves whorled and without stipules. f
Leaves opposite or whorled, and with stipules. ‘
Leaves opposite without stipules (but some-
times with appendages to the petioles imitat-
ing them). . 5 ura es ; : . CAPRIFOLIACES, 202

RuBIACES, 208

2. Ovary free from the calyx (superior).
* Corolla irregular: stamens (with anthers) 4 and didynamous, or only 2.

Ovules and seeds solitary in the (1-4) cells.
Ovary 4-lobed, the style rising from between the lobes. LapBiaT”, 341
Ovary not lobed, the style from its apex. . : . WERBENACE, 339
Ovules numerous or at least as many as 2 in each cell.
Ovary and pod 1-celled,
With a free central placenta: stamens 2: aquatics. LENTIBULACE®, 317
With 2 or more parietal very many-seeded placentz :
stamens 4. . 5 y 5 A : . OROBANCHACES, 322
Ovary and fruit more or less 4-5-celled. Martynia,
Ovary and pod 2-celled, but the 2 placentz parietal.
Ovary and pod 2-celled : placentz in the axis.
Seeds rarely few, not on hooks, with albumen. ScROPHULARIACES, 324
Seeds few, borne on hook-like or other projections
of the placente: no albumen. . .« . ACANTHACER, 338

f BIGNONIACE, 320

* * Corolla somewhat irregular : stamens (with anthers) 5.

Stamens free from the corolla: anthers with their cells”
opening by a hole or chink at the top. Azalea, in Er1cAcra@, 286
Stamens inserted on the corolla.
Filaments or some of them woolly. Verbascum, in ScRoPHULARIACE, 324
Filaments not woolly. . ; : . Hyoscyamus, in SOLANACER, 380

ANALYTICAL KEY, 27

* * * Corolla regular.
+ Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla.

Ovaries 2, separate ; their
Styles and stigmas also wholly separate. Dichondra, in CoNVOLVULACE™, 374
Stigmas and sometimes styles united into one.

Filaments distinct : pollen in ordinary grains. . . APOCYNACES, 392
Filaments monadelphous : pollen in masses. . . ASCLEPIADACES, 394
Ovary one, but deeply 4-lobed around the style.
Leaves alternate. . . . : . . . BoRRAGINACES, 360
Leaves opposite. . : 3 - 3 Mentha, in Lasiatr™, 341

Ovary one: pod 2-lobed or 2- Ae at the summit. . LoGANIACEA, 391
Ovary one, not divided nor deeply lobed,
One-celled, with ovules parietal or on 2 parietal placente.
Leaves (or in Menyanthes three leaflets) entire. . © GENTIANACE, 384

Leaves toothed, lobed or pinnately compound. HypROPHYLLACE®, 367
Two- to ten-celled. i
Leafless parasitic twining plants. Cuseuta, in CoNVOLVULACES, 374
Leaves opposite, their bases or petioles connected
by stipules or a stipular line . : : - LOGANIACEA, 391
Leaves when opposite without stipules.
Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so: style 1. ERICACES, 286

Stamens almost free from the corolla: style none. AQUIFOLIACE®, 305
Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla,

Four: pod 2-celled, circumcissile. . . PLANTAGINACES, 310
Four: ovary 2-4-celled: ovules solitary. . VERBENACES, 339
Five or rarely more.

Fruit of two or four seed-like nutlets. - BorRacGinaces, 360

Fruit a few-seeded pod.
Style 3-cleft: seeds small. . - - POLEMONIACES, 370
Style single or 2-cleft, or again 2-cleft: seeds
large, only one or two in a cell. . CoNvOLVULACE®, 374
Fruit a very many-seeded pod or berry.
Styley2. . . : Hydrolea, in HypROPHYLLACEA, 367
Style single. . > . - ; . - SOLANACES, 380

+ + Stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla.

Stamens 4, didynamous.

Ovary 2-celled ; the cells several-seeded. F . . ACANTHACER, 338
Ovary 2-4-celled; the cells 1-seeded. : : 5 VERBENACE, 339
‘Stamens only 2 with anthers: ovary 4-lobed. . Lycopus, in LanratTs, 342

Stamens 2, rarely 3: ovary 2-celled.
Low herbs : corolla scarious, withering on the pod. PLANTAGINACE, 310
Herbs : corolla rotate, or somewhat funnelform, and
slightly irregular... . Veronica, in SCROPHULARIACE, 324
Shrubs or trees: corolla perfectly regular. . : - . OLEACER, 400

28 ANALYTICAL KEY.

Division II. APETALOUS: corolla (and sometimes calyx) wanting.

A. Flowers not in catkins.

1. Ovary or its cells containing many ovules,

Ovary and pod inferior (i. e. calyx-tube adherent to the ovary),
Six-celled : stamens 6-12. ; j : : ARISTOLOCHIACES, 403
Four-celled : stamens 4. 2 ; é . Ludwigia, in ONAGRACED, 176
One-celled, with parietal placente. Chrysosplenium, in SAXIFRAGACE®, 163
Ovary and pod wholly naked (there being no calyx),
Two-celled, 2-beaked : flowers capitate: tree. . . HAMAMELACES, 178
Two-celled, many-ribbed : aquatic herb. - c PopDOSTEMACEM, 429
Ovary and pod superior, i. e. free from the calyx,
Five-celled and 5-beaked, opening across the beaks, which
fall off at maturity: stamens 10. Penthorum, in CRAssuLACE®, 171
Three-5-celled, opening round the middle. Sesuvium, in PorTULACACEA, 97
Three-celled and 3-valved. ; - Mollugo, in CARYOPHYLLACE®, 87
Two-celled or one-celled : placentz central.
Stamens inserted on the throat or tube of the calyx. LYTHRACEX, 182
Stamens inserted on the receptacle or the base of the calyx,
Alternate with the 5 sepals. A : Glaux, in PRIMULACE®, 313
Opposite the sepals when of the same number. CARYOPHYLLACE®, 87
One-celled, with one parietal placenta,

: ‘ RaNUNOULACE, 3
Ovaries 2 or more, separate, simple. PUNY pee

2. Ovary or its cells containing only 1 or 2, rarely 3 or 4, ovules,
* Pistils more than one, and distinct or nearly so.

Stamens inserted on the calyx. Leaves with stipules. . . Rosacem, 146
Stamens inserted on the receptacle.

Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. . Zanthoxylum, in Rutacez, 109
Leaves not dotted. ©
Calyx present, and usually colored or petal-like. RANUNCULACES, 3+

Calyx absent. Flowers entirely naked, perfect, spiked. SAURURACE®, 427

%* * Pistil one, either simple or compound.

Ovary partly inferior, the calyx coherent to its lower half,
2-celled: styles 2: stamens many. . : . HAMAMBELACER, 173
Ovary wholly inferior (in perfect or pistillate flowers).
Aquatic herbs : ovary 3-4 celled, or (Hippuris) 1-celled. Hatoragpa, 174
Woody plants: style or stigma one, entire: ovary 1-celled.
Stigma running down one side of the style. Nyssa, in Cornace#, 199
Stigma terminal, with or without a style.
Parasitic on the branches of trees: anthers sessil) LorRANTHACES, 426
Not parasitic above ground: anthers on filaments.’ SANTALACEZ, 425

ANALYTICAL KEY. 29

Ovary really free from the calyx, but permanently invested by its
tube, or the base of it, so as to seem inferior.

Shrubs, with scurfy leaves ; flowers mostly dicecious, EL®AGNACER, 424
Herbs : with the calyx colored like a corolla.
Leaves opposite, simple. "Ve é , : » Nycracinacea, 404
Leaves alternate, pinnate. . : : . Poterium, in Rosacem, 146

Ovary plainly free from the calyx, which is sometimes wanting.
Stipules (ochrex) sheathing the stem at the nodes.
Tree: the calyx none: flowers moncecious, in heads. PLATANACE®, 446
Herbs: the calyx present and commonly petal-like. PoLtyGonacym, 414
Stipules not sheathing the stem, or none.
Aquatic herbs, submersed or nearly so.
Leaves whorled and dissected: style single. © CERATOPHYLLACE®, 427
Leaves opposite, entire : styles 2: ovary 4-celled. CaLLITRICHACE®, 427
Not aquatics, herbs.
Ovary 10-celled: berry 10-seeded. . : . PHYTOLACCACER, 405
Ovary 3- (rarely 1-2-) celled : juice usually milky. EUPHORBIACEA, 430
Ovary one-celled : juice not milky.
Style, ifany, and stigma only one: leaves simple :
no scarious bracts around the flowers. “*. .. URTICACE®, 440
Style or stigmas 2 or 3: embryo coiled or curved.
Stipules not scarious ; leaves palmately cleft or
palmately compound. : Cannabinex, in URTICACE®, 440
Stipules scarious. . ; Illecebree, in CARYOPHYLLACE®, 87
Stipules and scarious bracts none: stamens inserted high up
on the tube of the calyx. Scleranthus, in CARYOPHYLLACEA, 87
Stipules none : but flowers with scarious bracts. AMARANTACE®, 411
Stipules and scarious bracts none. . CHENOPODIACES, 405
Shrubs or trees.
Ovules a pair in each cell of the ovary.
Fruit 2-celled, a double samara. Acerinex, in SAPINDACES, 116
Fruit a 1-celled and 1-seeded samara or a drupe. OLEACEs, 400
Ovules single in each cell of the
Three - nine-celled ovary: leaves heath-like. . EmprTracea, 440
Three-celled ovary : leaves broad. - é . Raamnaces, 113
One-two-celled ovary: styles or stigmas 2-cleft. Urticaces, 440
One-celled ovary: style and stigma single and entire.
Anthers opening longitudinally . : . THYMELEACEZ, 424
Anthers opening by uplifted valves. . - . LavuRAcea, 422

B. Flowers (monecious or diccious) one or both sorts in catkins.
1. Only one sort of flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads.

Fertile flowers in a short catkin, head, or strobile. . . Urricaces, 440
Fertile flowers single or clustered : sterile ones in slender catkins.
Leaves pinnate : fertile flowers and fruit naked. . JUGLANDACES, 447
Leaves simple : fertile flowers 1 —3 in an involucre or cup. CUPULIFER®, 449

30 ANALYTICAL KEY.

2. Both sterile and fertile flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads.

Ovary and pod 2-celled, many-seeded. — Liquidambar, in HAMAMELACE®, 173
Ovary and pod 1-celled; many-seeded ; seeds furnished with
a downy tuft at one end. : < © . SALICACER, 461
Ovary 1-2-celled, only one ovule in each cell: fruit 1-seeded.
Parasitic on trees: fruit a berry. : . - . LorantHace®, 426
Trees or shrubs, not parasitic. ’
Calyx regular, in the fertile flower succulent in fruit. UrrTIcAcEm, 440
Calyx none, or rudimentary and scale-like.
Style and stigma one, simple: the flowers in heads. PLaTANACEz, 446
Styles or long stigmas 2.
Fertile flowers 2 or 3 under each scale of the catkin. BreruLacem, 458
Fertile flowers single under each scale: nutiets
naked, waxy-coated or drupe-like. : : . Myricace®, 457
Fertile flowers in pairs at each scale, each in a mem-
branous sac or with leafy bractlets. Carpinez, in CUPULIFER2, 449

Suscrass II. GYMNOSPERMZ. Pistil an open scale or altered
leaf, bearing naked ovules on its margin or its upper surface, or in Taxus
entirely wanting. Flowers moneecious or dicecious.

Represented in the Northern United States only by the order Conirera, 468

Crass II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS or ENDOGENOUS PLANTS.

Stems with the wood collected into separate bundles or threads, which
are irregularly dispersed throughout the whole diameter, leaving no dis-
tinct pith in the centre; not forming annual layers. (A transverse
slice of the stem therefore exhibits the woody threads as dots scattered
throughout the cellular tissue.) Leaves mostly parallel-veined (occasion-
ally more or less reticulated). Embryo with a single cotyledon, and the
first leaves in germination alternate. Parts of the flower generally in
threes, never in fives.

A. Sprapiceous Division. Flowers aggregated on a spadix or fleshy axis, or
sometimes scattered, destitute of calyx and corolla (excepting some Aracex and
Naiadacex, where, however, they are on a spadix), and also without glumes
(husky scales). Leaves sometimes with netted veins.

Little floating aquatics, with no distinction of stem and foliage. LemNAcEZ, 478
Immersed aquatics, branching and leafy... : : . Narpacem, 482
Reed-like or Flag-like marsh herbs, with linear and sessile
neryed leaves : flowers in spikes or heads.
Flowers moneecious, and quite destitute of floral envelopes. TypHacEem, 480
Flowers perfect, on a lateral spadix: sepals6. Acorus,
Terrestrial or marsh plants : leaves mostly with a vases ARACE, 475
netted-veined blade, petioled.

ANALYTICAL KEY. 31

B. Peratomeovs Division. Flowers not collected on a spadix, furnished with
floral envelopes (perianth) answering to calyx or to both calyx and corolla, either
herbaceous or colored and petal-like.

1. Perianth adherent to the whole surface of the ovary.

Flowers dicecious or polygamous, regular.
Aquatics: ovules and seeds several or numerous. HyDROCHARIDACE®, 494
Twiners: ovules and seeds one or two in each cell, DioscorEacea, 518
Flowers perfect : ovules and seeds usually numerous.
Stamens only one or two: flower irregular, gynandrous. ORCHIDACES, 497
Stamens three.

Anthers introrse, opening transversely. : . BuRMANNIACES, 496
Anthers introrse or versatile, opening lengthwise. Hamoporacem, 514
Anthers extrorse, opening lengthwise. . é : . Irmacea, 515

Stamens 6: flowers usually on a scape from a bulb. AMARYLLIDACE®, 512

2. Perianth adherent only to the base or lower half of the ovary.

Perianth woolly or roughish-mealy : the leaves equitant. HamMoporacea, 514
Perianth smooth: the leaves grass-like. Stenanthium, &c., in Lin1acEa®, 520

3. Perianth wholly free from the ovary.

Pistils numerous or few ina headorring. . A : ALISMACE®, 490
Pistil one : anthers 1-celled : flowers dicecious. Tendril-bearing. SMILacEaz, 518
Pistil one, compound (cells or placentz mostly 3): anthers 2-celled.
Perianth not glumaceous or chaffy : flowers not in dense heads.
Stamens 6 (in one Smilacina 4), all alike and perfect.
Scurfy-leaved epiphyte : seeds hairy-tufted. . . BROMELIACEA, 515
Rush-like marsh-herbs : carpels separating closed from the
axis: seed without albumen. Triglochin, in ALIsMACEm, 490
Terrestrial, not rush-like: seeds with albumen.
Perianth of similar divisions or lobes, mostly colored.
Perianth of 3 foliaceous and green sepals and 3 col- > Lit1acez, 520

ored withering-persistent petals. Trillium in
Perianth of 3 persistent green sepals, and 3 epheme-
ral deliquescent petals . : : : . COMMELYNACES, 546

Stamens 6, dissimilar, or only three with perfect anthers.
Perianth of 3 herbaceous sepals and 3 unequal
and ephemeral petals. ° - : . COMMELYNACE, 546
Perianth tubular, 6-lobed. . 3 é ‘ PONTEDERIACE®, 544
_ Stamens 3, similar. Moss-like aquatic. Mayaca, under Xyripace”, 547
Perianth wholly glumaceous, of 6 similar divisions. Rushes. JuNCACEa, 536
Perianth partly glumaceous or chaff-like: flowers in very
dense heads. Rush-like or aquatic.
Flowers perfect : inner perianth of three yellow petals :
perfect stamens and plumose sterile filaments each
3: pod 1-celled, many-seeded on 3 parietal placentae. XYRIDACEA, 547
' Flowers moncecious or dicecious, whitish-bearded : sta-
mens 4 or 3: pod 2—3-celled, 2—3-seeded. ErrocavLONACEX, 549

382 ANALYTICAL KEY.

€. Gxiumaceovus Division. Flowers destitute of any proper perianth, except
sometimes small scales or bristles, but covered by glumes, i. e. husk-like or scale-
like bracts.

Glume a single scale-like bract with a flower in its axil. . CYPERACE®, 550

Glumes in pairs, of two sorts. . 2 5 . : . GRAMINE, 602

Series I. CRYPTOGAMOUS or FLOWERLESS PLANTS:
those destitute of stamens and pistils, in fructification producing spores
instead of seeds.

Crass III. ACROGENOUS PLANTS.
Plants with a stem containing woody tissue and vessels, as does the
foliage when there is any (in the form of veins).

Fructification of several spore-cases borne on the under
side of the shield-shaped stalked scales of a terminal
spike or cone. Leaves none, except a whorl of teeth

at each joint of the stem. : - 4 . EQvuIsETACE, 653
Fructification borne on the leaves (eeoudelt commonly on

their backs or margins. . . ; 5 Fiuices, 655
Fructification of spore-cases in the axil of sae faves

or bracts. : ¢ - : . Lycopopiaces, 672

Fructification on the iiantnes or water : . HyYDROPTERIDES, 677

BO-T ANY

OF THE

NORTHERN UNITED STATES.

SERIES I.
PHAENOGAMOUS orn FLOWERING PLANTS.

VEGETABLES bearing proper flowers, that is, having sta-
mens and pistils, and producing seeds, which contain an

embryo.

Cuass I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGE-
NOUS PLANTS.

Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith; the wood forming
a layer between the other two, increasing, when the stem
continues from year to year, by the annual addition of a
new layer to the outside, next the bark. Leaves netted-
veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons, or
rarely several in a whorl. Flowers having their parts
usually in fives or fours.

Susctass I. ANGIOSPERM2.

Pistil consisting of a closed ovary, which contains the ovules and

forms the fruit. Cotyledons only two.
3

34 RANUNCULACEE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

Drviston I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla; the petals
not united with each other. (Several genera or species belonging to
Polypetalous Orders are destitute of petals.)

Orper 1. RANUNCULACEZ. (Crowroor Farry.)

Herbs or woody climbers, rarely undershrubs, with a colorless acrid juice,
polypetalous, or apetalous with the calyx often colored like a corolla, hypogy-
nous ; the sepals, petals, numerous stamens, and many or few (rarely sin-
gle) pistils all distinct and unconnected.— Flowers regular or irregular.
Sepals 83-15. Petals 3-15, or wanting. Stamens indefinite, rarely few:
anthers short. Fruits either dry pods, or seed-like (achenia), or berries.
Seeds anatropous (when solitary and suspended the rhaphe dorsal), with
fleshy albumen and a minute embryo. — Stipules none. Leaves often
dissected, their stalks dilated at the base. (A large family, mostly of
acrid plants, some of them acrid-narcotic poisons.)

Synopsis of the Genera.

Tribe I. CLEMATIDEZ. Sepals valvate in the bud, or with the edges bent inwards.
Petals none, or small. Achenia numerous, tailed with the feathery or hairy styles. Seeds
solitary, suspended. — Leaves all opposite.

1. Clematis. Climbing by the leafstalks, or erect herbs.

Tribe II. ANEMONEZE. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals none or very small
and stamen-like. Achenia numerous or several. Seed solitary.—Stem-leaves often op-
posite or whorled, forming an involucre.

* Seed suspended. Sepals 4 - 20.
2. Anemone. Achenia numerous, in a head, pointed or tailed, not ribbed nor inflated.
Involucre leaf-like, and remote from the flower.

8. Hepatica. Achenia several, not ribbed. Involucre close to the flower, of 3 simple

leaves, and resembling a calyx.

4. Thalictrum. Achenia 4-10, ribbed, grooved, or inflated. Involucre none, or leaf-

like, and remote from the flowers.

‘ * * Seed erect. Sepals 3-5, caducous.

6. Trautvetteria. Achenia inflated and 4-angled. Involucre none.

Tribe 111. RANUNCULEZE. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals evident, often
with a scale or pore inside. Achenia numerous. Seed solitary.

6. Ranunculus, Sepals not appendaged. Acheniaina head. Seed erect.

7. Myosurus. Sepals spurred at the base. Achenia in a long spike. Seed suspended.

Tribe IV. HELLEBORINEZ. ‘Sepals imbricated in the bud, deciduous, rarely
persistent, petal-like. Petals (nectaries of the early botanists) tubular, irregular, or 2-
lipped, often none. Pods (follicles) few, rarely single, few-several-seeded. — Leaves all
alternate.

* Flower regular. Pods several-seeded. Herbs.
8. Isopyrum. Petals none (in our species). Pods few. Leaves compound.
9. Caltha. Petals none. Pods several. Leaves kidney-shaped, undivided.

RANUNCULACE®. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 35

10, Trollius. Petals many, minute and stamen-like, hollowed near the base, Pods 8-15,
sessile. Leaves palmately divided.

ll. Coptis. Petals 5-6, small, hollowed at the apex. Pods 3-7, long-stalked. Sepals
deciduous. Leaves trifoliolate.

12. Helleborus. Petals 8-10, small, tubular, 2-lipped. Pods several, sessile. Sepals 5,
persistent, turning green with age,

138. Aquilegia. Petals 5, spur-shaped, longer than the 5 deciduous sepals. Pods 5.

* * Flower unsymmetrical and irregular. Pods several-seeded.

14. Delphinium. Upper sepal spurred. Petals 4, of two forms; the upper pair with
long spurs, enclosed in the spur of the calyx.

15. Aconitum. Upper sepal hooded, covering the two long-clawed small petals.

* * * Flower symmetrical. Pods ripening only one seed. Shrubby.

16. Zanthorhiza. Petals 5, small, 2-lobed, with claws. Stamens 5-10. Flowers in
drooping compound racemes.

Tribe V. CIMICIFUGE. Sepals imbricated, falling off as the flower opens. Pet-

als small and flat,or none. Pistils 1-several. Fruit a 2—several-seeded pod or berry.
All the leaves alternate.

17. Hydrastis. Flower solitary. Pistils several in a head, becoming berries in fruit, 2-
seeded. Leaves simple, lobed. Petals none.

18. Actazea. Flowers inasingle short raceme. Pistil single, forming a many-seeded berry.
Leaves 2-3-ternately compound. Petals manifest, but small.

19. Cimicifuga. Flowers in long spiked racemes. Pistils 1-8, in fruit forming dry and
several-seeded pods. Leaves 2-3-ternately compound.

1. CLEMATIS, L. Vincin’s-Bower.

Sepals 4, or rarely more, colored, the valvate margins turned inwards in the
bud. Petals none, or small. Achenia numerous in a head, bearing the persist-
ent styles as naked, hairy, or plumose tails.— Perennial herbs or vines, mostly
a little woody, and climbing by the bending or clasping of the leafstalks, rarely
low and erect. Leaves opposite. (KAnparis, a name of Dioscorides for a climb-
ing plant with long and lithe branches. )

§1.. ATRAGENE, L. Some of the outer filaments enlarged and gradual! passing
into small spatulate petals: peduncles bearing single large flowers: the thin sepals
widely spreading.

1. C. verticillaris, DC. Woody-stemmed climber, almost glabrous;
leaves trifoliolate, with slender common and partial petioles; leaflets ovate or
slightly heart-shaped, pointed, entire, or on sterile stems 1-—3-toothed or lobed ;
flower bluish-purple, 2/—3/ across ; tails of the fruit plumose. (Atragene Amer-
icana, Sims.) — Rocky places in mountainous districts, Maine and Western
New England to Virginia, Wisconsin, and northwestward: rare. May.—A
pair of leaves with a peduncle between them, developed in spring from each of
the opposite buds, gives the appearance of a whorl, whence the specific name.

§ 2. CLEMATIS proper. Petals entirely wanting.

* Peduncles bearing single large nodding flowers: calyx leathery: anthers linear.

+- Stem low, erect and mostly simple: calyx silky outside, greenish.

2. C. ochroletica, Ait. Leaves simple and entire, ovate or sometimes
3-labed, almost sessile, silky beneath ; tails of the fruit very plumose. — Copses,
Long Island, Staten Island (Dr, Allen), Pennsylvania, and Virginia: rare,
May.

36 RANUNCULACEE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

+ + Stems climbing: leaves pinnate: calyx (and foliage) glabrous or puberulent.

8. C. Viorna, L. (Learner-FLower.) Calyx ovate and at length bell-
shaped ; the purplish sepals very thick and leathery, tipped with short recurved points ;
the long tails of the fruit very plumose ; leaflets 3-7, ovate or oblong, sometimes °
slightly cordate, 2—3-lobed or entire; uppermost leaves often simple. — Rich
soil, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and southward. May-Aug.

4. C. Pitcheri, Torr.& Gray. Calyxbell-shaped ; the dull purplish sepals
with narrow and slightly margined recurved points; tails of the fruit filiform and
barely pubescent ; leaflets 3-9, ovate or somewhat cordate, entire or 3-lobed, much
reticulated ; uppermost leaves often simple. — Illinois on the Mississippi, and
southward. June.

5. C. cylindrica, Sims. Calyx cylindraceous below, the upper half of
the bluish-purple sepals dilated and widely spreading, with broad and wavy thin
margins ; tails of the fruit silky; leaflets 5-9, thin, varying from oblong-ovate
to lanceolate, entire or 3-5-parted. — Virginia near Norfolk, and southward.
May - Aug.

* * Flowers in panicled clusters, polygamo-diccious : sepals thin: anthers oblong.

6. C. Virginiana, L. (Common Virern’s-Bower.) Smooth; leaves
bearing 3 ovate acute leaflets, which are cut or lobed, and somewhat heart-shaped
at the base; tails of the fruit plumose. — River-banks, &c., common; climbing
over shrubs. July, August. — The axillary peduncles bear clusters of numerous
white flowers (sepals obovate, spreading) ; the fertile succeeded in autumn by the
conspicuous feathery tails of the fruit.

2. ANEMONE, L. Antarotm: WIND-FLOWER.

Sepals few or many, petal-like. Petals none, or in No. 1 resembling abortive
stamens. Achenia pointed or tailed, flattened, not ribbed. Seed suspended.—
Perennial herbs with radical leaves; those of the stem 2 or 3 together, oppo-
site or whorled, and forming an involucre remote from the flower. (Name from
Gvepos, the wind, because the flower was thought to open only when the wind
blows.) ‘

§ 1. PULSATILLA, Tourn. Carpels numerous in a head, with long and hairy
styles which in fruit form feathery tails, as in Clematis: flower large, usually with
some glandular bodies like abortive stamens answering to petals, but minute or
indistinct.

1. A. patens, L., var. Nuttalliana. (Pasque-rLower.) Villous with
long silky hairs; flower erect, developed before the leaves; which are ternately
divided, the lateral divisions 2-parted, the middle one stalked and 3-parted,
the segments deeply once or twice cleft into narrowly linear and acute lobes ;
lobes of the involucre like those of the leaves, at the base all united into a shal-
low cup; sepals 5—7, purplish or whitish (1’-13! long), spreading when in full
anthesis. (A. Nuttalliana, DC. Pulsatilla Nuttalliana, ed. 2. P. patens, var.
Wolfgangiana, Trautv.) — Prairies, Illinois (Bebb), Wisconsin (Lapham), as
northward and westward. March-April.—A span high. Tail of carpels 2!
long. (Eu. Siberia.)

RANUNCULACER. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 37

§ 2. Carpels very numerous in a dense head, tipped with short and nearly naked styles,
thickly clothed with very long and matted wool when ripe.
* Low or slender plants, somewhat pubescent, always simple-stemmed, with a mostly
sessile 2 —3-leaved involucre far below the flower.

2. A. Caroliniana, Walt. (Carorina ANEMONE.) Stem 3/-6/ high
from a round tuber; root-leaves once or twice 3-parted or cleft; involucre 3-
parted, its wedge-shaped divisions 3-cleft ; sepals 10 — 20, oblong-linear, purple or
whitish ; head of fruit oblong. — Llinois (O, Hverett, J. W. Powell, M.S. Bebb,
E. Hall, T. J. Hale, &c.) and southward. May. Apparently passes into the
South American A. decapetala.

3. A. parviflora, Michx. (Smavi-rLowerep A.) Stem 3/-12! high
from a slender rootstock ; root-leayes 3-parted, their broadly wedge-shaped divis-
ions crenate-incised or lobed; involucre 2—3-leaved; sepals 5 or 6, oval, white ;
head of fruit globular. — Lake Superior, northward and westward. May,June.
* * Taller, commonly branching above or producing two or more peduncles: sepals

5-8, silky or downy beneath (4!'- 6! long), oval or oblong.

4. A. multifida, DC. (Many-crerr A.) Silky-hairy (6’-12! high);
principal involucre 2—3-leaved, bearing one naked and one or two 2-leaved pe-
duncles; leaves of the involucre short-petioled, similar to the root-leaves, twice or
thrice 3-parted and cleft, their divisions linear ; sepals 5-8, obtuse, red, sometimes
greenish-yellow or whitish ; head of fruit spherical or oval. — Rocks, Western Ver-
mont and Northern New York, Lake Superior, &c.: rare. June.

5. A. cylindrica, Gray. (Lone-rruirep A.) Slender (2° high),
clothed with silky hairs; flowers 2—6, on very long and upright naked pedun-
cles ; leaves of the involucre long-petioled, twice or thrice as many as the flower-
stalks, 3-divided ; their divisions wedge-shaped, the lateral 2-parted, the middle
one 3-cleft; lobes cut and toothed at the apex; sepals 5, rather obtuse, greenish-
white ; head of fruit cylindrical (1' long). — Sandy or dry woods, Massachusetts
and Rhode Island to Illinois and northwestward. May.— Peduncles 7/-12!
long, all appearing together from the same involucre, and naked throughout,
or sometimes part of them with involucels, as in the next.

6. A. Virginiana, L. (Vrrernian A.) Hairy; principal involucre 3-
leaved ; the leaves long-petioled, 3-parted ; their divisions ovate-lanceolate, pointed,
eut-serrate, the lateral 2-parted, the middle 3-cleft; peduncles elongated, the
earliest naked, the others with a 2-leaved involucel at the middle; sepals 5, acute,
greenish (in one variety white and obtuse) ; head of fruit oval or oblong. — Woods
and meadows; common. June-August.— Plant 2°-3° high; the upright
peduncles 6/—12/ long. In this and the next species the first flowerstalk is
leafless; but from the same involucre soon proceed one or two lateral ones,
which are 2-leaved at the middle ; these partial involucres in turn giving rise to
similar peduncles, thus producing a succession of flowers through the summer.

§ 3. Carpels fewer, the achenia and the short slender styles merely pubescent.

7. A. Pennsylvanica, L. (Pennsyrvanian A.) Hairy, rather low;
involucres sessile ; the primary ones 3-leaved, bearing a naked peduncle, and soon
a pair of branches or peduncles with a 2-leaved involucre at the middle, which
branch similarly in turn; their leayes broadly wedge-shaped, 3-cleft, cut and

Sr od> iy

38 RANUNCULACEE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

toothed ; radical leaves 5-7-parted or cleft; sepals 5, obovate, white (6!/-—9/!
long) ; head of fruit spherical; the carpels flat, orbicular.— W. New England
to Illinois and northwestward. June=Aug.

8. A. nemordsa, L. (Winp-FLowER. Woop A.) Low, smoothish;
stem perfectly simple, from a filiform rootstock, slender, leafless, except the in-
volucre of 3 long-petioled trifoliolate leaves, their leaflets wedge-shaped or oblong,
and toothed or cut, or the lateral ones (var. QUINQUEFOLIA) 2-parted; a simi-
lar radical leaf in sterile plants solitary from the rootstock ; peduncle not longer
than the involucre: sepals 4—7, oval, white, sometimes tinged with purple out-
side; carpels only 15-20, oblong, with a hooked beak.— Margin of woods.
April, May. — A delicate vernal species; the flower 1’ broad. (Eu.)

3. HEPATICA > Dill. Liver-LEAF. HeEpatica.

Involucre simple and 3-leaved, very close to the flower, so as to resemble a
calyx ; otherwise as in Anemone (of which this genus should strictly be viewed
as only a section). — Leaves all radical, heart-shaped and 3-lobed, thickish and
persistent through the winter, the new ones appearing later than the flowers,
which are single, on hairy scapes. (Name from a fancied resemblance to the
liver in the shape of the leaves.)

1. H. triloba, Chaix. (Rounp-Lopep Heparica.) Leaves with 3 ovate
obtuse or rounded lobes; those of the involucre also obtuse. — Woods ; common
eastward ; flowering soon after the snow leaves the ground in spring. Sepals
6-9, blue, purplish, or nearly white. Achenia several, in a small loose head,
ovate-oblong, pointed, hairy. (Eu.)

2. H. acutiloba, DC. (Suarp-topep Heparica.) Leaves with 3 ovate
and pointed lobes, or sometimes 5-lobed; those of the involucre acute or acut-
ish. — Woods, Vermont and New York to Wisconsin. Sepals 7-12, pale pur-
ple, pink, or nearly white. Perhaps runs into the other.

4. THALICTRUM, Tourn. Meapvow-Ruz.

Sepals 4 or more, petal-like or greenish. Petals none. Achenia 4-15,
grooved or ribbed, or else inflated. Seed suspended. — Perennials, with 2-3-
ternately compound leaves, the divisions and the leaflets stalked. Flowers in
corymbs or panicles, often polygamous or dicecious. (Derivation obscure.)

§1. SYNDESMON, Hoffm. Between Thalictrum and Anemone, having all
its stem-leaves in the form of an involucre at the top, and the stamens shorter than
the 5-10 white and conspicuous sepals; but the stigma depressed-truncate, and
the ovoid sessile carpels terete, many-angled, with deep intermediate grooves : flow-
ers perfect.

1. T. anemonoides, Michx. (Rur-Anremone.) Glabrous; stem and
slender petiole of radical leaf (a span high) rising from a cluster of thickened
tuberous roots; the latter 2—3-ternately compound ; leaflets roundish, somewhat
3-lobed at the end, cordate at the base, long-petiolulate, those of the 2—3-leaved
1 —2-ternate involucre similar ; flowers several in an umbel; sepals oval (}/ long,
rarely pinkish) not early deciduous. — Woods, common, flowering in early

RANUNCULACEE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 59

spring, along with and considerably resembling Anemone nemorosa. Rarely
the sepals are 3-lobed like the leaflets.

§ 2. Leaves alternate along the stem: no involucre: roots fibrous: flowers compara-
tively small and numerous, panicled: sepals 4 or 5, usually falling early.
* Flowers diwcious or sometimes polygamous, in ample panicles: filaments slender :
stigmas elongated, linear or subulate, mostly unilateral: achenia sessile or short-
stipitate, ovoid, pointed, strongly several-angled and grooved.

2. T. dioiceum, L. (Earty Meapow-Rvue.) Smooth and pale or glau-
cous, 1°-2° high; leaves all with general petioles ; leaflets drooping, rounded and
8-7-lobed; flowers purplish and greenish; the yellowish anthers linear, mu-
cronate, drooping on fine capillary filaments. — Rocky woods, &c.; common.
April, May.

3. T. purpurascens, L. (Purrrisn M.) Taller (2°-4° high, the
stem usually purplish) ; stem-leaves sessile (without general petiole) or nearly so ;
leaflets roundish or oblong and more or less 3-lobed, thickish, pale and usually
minutely pubescent beneath, the margin mostly revolute and the veining con-
spicuous ; panicles compound ; flowers (sepals, filaments, &c.) greenish and pur-
plish; anthers linear or oblong-linear, mucronulate, drooping on capillary fila-
ments which are manifestly broadened at the summit. (T. Virginianum elatius,
&e., Moris. T.rugosum, A7t.? T. pubéscens, Pursh. T. revolitum, DC.) —
Dry uplands and rocky hills, S. New England to Michigan, Illinois and south-
ward. May, June.— Sometimes nearly glabrous throughout, often minutely
pubescent, and in

Var. ceriferum, C. F. Austin, mss., with the lower surface of the leaves,
sepals, and mostly the fruit thickly beset with waxy atoms. Plant often grow-
ing with the other, and exhaling a peculiar odor.

4. T. Corntti, L. (Tart M.) Smooth or obscurely pubescent, 4°-8°
high; stem-leaves sessile; leaflets nearly as in the last, but usually thinner and
less revolute and veiny and the lobes more acute; panicles very compound ;
flowers white, the fertile ones with some stamens ; anthers not drooping, small, ob-
long, blunt, the white filaments decidedly thickened upwards. (T. rugosum,
Pursh., DC. T. corynéllum, DC.) — Wet meadows and along rivulets, com-
mon, especially eastward. July — Sept.

* * Flowers all perfect, corymbed ; the filaments strongly club-shaped or inflated under
the small and short anther : stigma short and unilateral: achenia long-stipitate.

5. T. clavatum, DC. Size and appearance of No. 2, but leaves only
twice ternate; flowers white and fewer; achenia 5-10, flat, somewhat crescent-
Shaped, tapering into the slender stipe. — Mountains of 8. Virginia and south-
ward. June.

5. TRAUTVETTERIA, Fischer & Meyer. Fase BuGpane.

Sepals 3-5, usually 4, concave, petal-like, very caducous. Petals none.
Achenia numerous, in a head, membranaceous, compressed-4-angled and in-
flated. Seed erect. — A perennial herb, with palmately-lobed leaves, all alter-
nate, and corymbose white flowers. (Dedicated to Prof: Trautvetter, a Russian
botanist.)

40 RANUNCULACEH. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

1. T. palmata, Fischer & Meyer. (Cimicifuga palmata, Miche.) Woods,
along streams, Virginia and Kentucky along the mountains : also sparingly in
Ohio and Illinois. July, Aug. — Root-leaves large, 5-9-lobed ; the lobes
toothed and cut. Stems 2°-3° high.

6. RANUNCULUS, L. Crowroor. Burrercur.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, flat, with a little pit or scale at the base inside. Achenia
numerous, in a head, mostly flattened, pointed ; the seed erect. — Annuals or
perennials: stem-leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or somewhat corymbed,
yellow, rarely white. (Sepals and petals rarely only 3, the latter often more
than 5. Stamens occasionally few in number.) —(A Latin name for a little
frog ; applied by Pliny to these plants, the aquatic species growing where frogs
abound.)

§ 1. BATRACHIUM, DC. — Petals with a spot or naked pit at the base, white,
or only the claw yellow: achenia marginless, transversely wrinkled : aquatic peren-
nials, with the immersed foliage repeatedly dissected (mostly by threes) into capil-
lary divisions : peduncles 1-flowered.

1. R. divaricatus, Schrank. (SrirrF Water-Crowroor.) Leaves all
under water and sessile or nearly so, the divisions and subdivisions short,
spreading in one roundish plane, rigid, keeping their form without collapsing when
withdrawn from the water. (R. circinatus, Sibthorp.) — Ponds and slow streams,
northward and westward, much rarer than the next. June—Aug. (Eu.)

2. R. aquatilis, L., var. trichophyllus, Chaix. (Common WuiTE
Warer-Crowroor.) Leaves all under water and mostly petioled, their capil-
lary divisions and subdivisions rather long and soft, usually collapsing more or less
when withdrawn from the water. — Common, especially in slow-flowing waters.
June-Aug. (Eu.)

Var. heterophyllus, DC. (Fioarrxe W.) Uppermost leaves floating,
rounded and 3-5-lobed, the lobes wedge-shaped. (R. aquatilis, Bigel, ed. 3.) —
Roxbury and Newton, near Boston, Bigelow ; but not met with for many years:
was possibly introduced from Europe, where this form is common.

§ 2. RANUNCULUS proper. Petals with a little scale at the base (yellow).
* Achenia smooth.
+ Aquatic, perennial: immersed leaves filiformly dissected, as in the preceding.

3. R. multifidus, Pursh, (Yerrow Warer-Crowroor.) Stems
floating or immersed, with the leaves all repeatedly 3-forked into long filiform
divisions, or sometimes creeping in the mud, the emersed leayes with shorter
and linear or wedge-shaped divisions, or else kidney-shaped and sparingly
lobed or toothed ; flower deep bright yellow, 3/-1/ in diameter ; petals 5-8,
much larger than the calyx ; carpels in a round head, pointed with a straight
beak. (R. lacustris, Beck § Tracy, and R. Purshii, Richards, both in the year
1823. R. Gmelini, DC. (1818) is an older name, belonging to a small north-
ern form of the species; but R. multifidus, Pursh, is the oldest, 1814, and
apparently free for use.) Eastern New England to Illinois and northward,
May -July. — Out of water it is often pubescent, especially in

RANUNCULACEH. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 41
.s
Var. terréstris, which differs from the ordinary emersed forms by the
stems ascending from the base and paniculately several-flowered at the summit,
where the leaves are reduced to oblong or linear bracts ; no immersed dissected
leaves. — Ann Arbor, Michigan, on muddy banks, Miss Clark.

+ + Terrestrial but growing in very wet places, glabrous or nearly so: root peren-
nial : leaves all entire or barely toothed, all or else all but the lowest lanceolate or
linear ; carpels forming a globular head. (SPEARWORT.)

4, R. alismeefolius, Geyer. (Water PLantarn SpEaRwor?.) Stems
hollow, ascending (1°-2° high), often rooting from the lower joints; leaves
lanceolate or the lowest oblong, mostly denticulate (3’—5/ long), contracted
into a margined petiole which expands into a membranaceous clasping base ;
petals 5-7, bright yellow, much longer than the calyx (3!’-4/! long) ; carpels
Jlattened, large, pointed with a long and straight narrow subulate beak. — Common,
especially northward. June -Aug.— Intermediate in appearance between R.
Flammula and Lingua, and has been confounded’ with both, but most resembles
the latter.

5. R. Flammula, L. (Smarter Sprarwort.) Stem reclining or
ascending, rooting below ; leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest oblong-
lanceolate, entire or nearly so, mostly petioled (1/-2/ long) ; petals 5-7, much
longer than the calyx, bright yellow; carpels flattish but turgid, mucronate with
a short abrupt point.— Shore of L. Ontario and northward; rare, and only a
small form (var. INTERMEDIUS) met with in this country, a span high, with
flowers 3!’ in diameter, passing into

Var. réptans. (Crererine S.) Small, slender, the filiform creeping stems
rooting at all the joints (3'-6! long; leaves linear, spatulate, or oblong (4/-1!
long).— Gravelly or sandy shores and inundated banks ; very common north-
ward, June-Sept. (Eu.)

6. R. oblongifdlius, Ell. Stem erect or ascending, often pubescent
below, slender (1° high), diffusely branched above and many-flowered ; leaves ser-
rate or denticulate; the lower long-petioled, ovate or oblong (3/-13/ long) ; the
uppermost linear; flowers 3!'-5!' broad ; petals 5, twice the length of the calyx,
bright yellow ; stamens numerous ; carpels minute, almost globular, tipped with a
very small sessile stigma. (R, pusillus, var. Torr. § Gr. Fl. R. Texensis,
Engelm.) Wet prairies, Salem, Illinois, Bebb, and in S. States. June.

7. R. pusillus, Poir. Stem ascending, weak, loosely branching (6/—18'
long) ; leaves entire or obscurely denticulate ; the lowest round-oyate or heart-
shaped (3! long), long-petioled, the upper oblong or lanceolate (1/—13/ long) ;
lowers very small ; petals 1-5, yellowish, scarcely exceeding the calyx and the 3-
10 stamens ; carpels very turgid, tipped with a minute sessile stigma. — Wet
places, 8. New York and southward along the coast. June-Aug.

+ + + Terrestrial, with annual root, spreading by runners, glabrous; leaves all
rounded and undivided but coarsely crenate: carpels in fruit forming an oblong
head.

8. R. Cymbalaria, Pursh. (Sea-stpe Crowroor.) Flowering stems
leafless (3’—6! high), 1-7-flowered ; leaves clustered at the root and on the
joints of the long rooting runners, roundish-heart-shaped or kidney-shaped,

Avusln
Yn Wd. C,

42 RANUNCULACEE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

rather fleshy, long-petioled ; petals 5-8 ; carpels striate on the sides. —Sandy
shores, from New Jersey northward, and along the Great Lakes to Illinois and
’ westward : also at salt springs. June- Aug.
+ + + + Terrestrial, but often in wet places: root perennial : some or all of the
leaves cleft or divided.
++ Root-leaves not divided to the very base.

9. R. rhomboideus, Goldie. Dwarf, hairy ; root-leaves ritatiach or
rhombic-ovate, rarely subcordate, toothed or crenate ; lowest stem-leaves similar
or 3—5-lobed; the upper 3-5-parted, almost sessile, the lobes linear; carpels
orbicular with a minute beak, in a spherical head ; petals large, exceeding the calyx.
(Also R. brevicaulis & ovalis, Hook.) — Prairies, Michigan to Illinois and
northward. April, May. — Stems 3/- 6! high, sometimes not longer than the
root-leaves. Flower deep yellow, as large as in No. 14.

10. R. abortivus, L. (Smati-rrowerep C.) Glabrous and very
smooth ; primary root-leaves round heart-shaped or kidney-form, barely crenate,
the succeeding ones often 3-lobed or 3-parted ; those of the stem and. branches
3-5-parted or divided, subsessile; their divisions oblong or narrowly wedge-
form, mostly toothed ; carpels in a globular head, mucronate with a minute curved
beak ; petals shorter than the reflexed calyx. — Shady hillsides and along brooks,
common. April-June. — Stem erect, 6/-2° high, at length branched above,
the pale yellow flowers very small in proportion.

Var. micranthus. Pubescent; root-leaves seldom at all heart-shaped,
some of them 3-parted or 38-divided ; divisions of the upper stem-leaves more
linear and entire; peduncles more slender. (R. micranthus, Nutt.) — Massa-
chusetts (near Boston, C. J. Sprague), Michigan, Illinois, and westward.

11. R. sceleratus, L. (Cursep C.) Smooth and glabrous ; root-leaves
3-lobed, rounded ; lower stem-leaves 3-parted, the lobes obtusely cut and toothed,
the uppermost almost sessile, with the lobes oblong-linear and nearly entire ;
carpels barely mucronulate, very numerous, in oblong or cylindrical heads ; petals
scarcely exceeding the calyx.— Wet ditches: appearing as if introduced. June-
Aug. — Stem thick and hollow, 1° high. Leaves thickish. Juice acrid and
blistering. Flowers small, pale yellow. (Eu.)

12. R. recurvatus, Poir. (Hooxep C.) Hirsute; leaves of the root and
stem nearly alike, long-petioled, deeply 3-cleft, large; the lobes broadly wedge-
shaped, 2 -3-cleft, cut and toothed towards the apex ; carpels in a globular head,
flat and margined, conspicuously beaked by the long and recurved hooked styles ;

‘petals shorter than the reflexed calyx, pale. — Woods, common. May, June.—
Stem 1°- 2° high.

++ ++ All the leaves ternately divided to the very base, or compound, and the divisions
cleft or cut: achenia flat.
a. Head of carpels oblong : petals pate, not exceeding the calyzx.

13. R. Pennsylvanicus, L. (Bristry C.) Hirsute with rough
spreading bristly hairs; stem stout, erect; divisions of the leaves stalked,
somewhat ovate, unequally 3-cleft, sharply cut and toothed, acute; carpels
pointed with a sharp straight beak. — Wet places, common. June-Aug.—
A coarse plant, 2°-3° high, with inconspicuous flowers.

RANUNCULACEEH. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 43

b. Head of carpels globular ; petals bright yellow, much larger than the calyx.

14. R. fascicularis, Muhl. (Earty C.) Low, pubescent with close-
pressed silky hairs ; root a cluster of thickened fleshy fibres ; radical leaves appear-
ing pinnate, the long-stalked terminal division remote from the sessile lateral
ones, itself 3-5-divided or parted and 3-—5-cleft, the lobes oblong or linear ;
stems ascending; petals spatulate-oblong, twice the length of the spreading
calyx ; carpels scarcely margined, tipped with a slender straight or rather curved
beak. — Rocky hills. April, May. — Plant 5’-9! high; the bright yellow
flower 1’ broad: petals rather distant, the base scarcely broader than the scale,
often 6 or 7.

15. R. repens, L. (Creepine C.) Low, hairy or nearly glabrous ;
stems ascending, and some of them forming long runners; leaves 3-divided ; the
divisions all stalked (or at least the terminal one), broadly wedge-shaped or
ovate, unequally 3-cleft or parted and variously cut; peduncles furrowed ;
petals obovate, much larger than the spreading calyx ; carpels strongly margined,
pointed by a stout straightish beak. — Moist or shady places, wet meadows, &c.,
May - Aug. — Extremely variable in size and foliage, commencing to flower by
upright stems in spring before the long runners are formed. Flowers as large
as those of No. 14, or often larger. (Eu.)

16. R. sutsosus, L. (Butsous C. Burrercurs.) Hairy; stem erect
Jrom a bulb-like base ; radical leaves 3-divided ; the lateral divisions sessile, the ter-
minal stalked and 3-parted, all wedge-shaped, cleft and toothed ; peduncles fur-
rowed ; petals round, wedge-shaped at the base, much longer than the reflexed
calyx ; carpels tipped with a very short beak. — Fields; very abundant only in
E. New England; rare in the interior. May-July. —A foot high. Leaves
appearing as if pinnate. Petals often 6 or 7, deep glossy yellow, the corolla
more than an inch broad. (Nat. from Eu.)

17. R. Acris, L. (Taxi C. or Burrercurs.) Hairy; stem erect (2°-3°
high) ; leaves 3-divided ; the divisions all sessile and 3-cleft or parted, their seg-
ments cut into lanceolate or linear crowded lobes; peduncles not furrowed ;
petals obovate, much longer than the spreading calyx. — Fields; common
eastward. June— Aug.— Plant twice the height of the preceding ; the flower
nearly as large, but not so deep vellow. — The Buttercups are avoided by cat-
tle, on account of their very acrid or even blistering juice, which, however,
being volatile, is dissipated in drying, when these plants are cut with hay.
(Nat. from Eu.)

* * Achenia beset with rough points or small prickles : annuals.

18. R. muricarus, L. Nearly glabrous; lower leaves roundish or reni-
form, 3-lobed, coarsely crenate; the upper 3-cleft, wedge-form at the base ;
petals longer than the calyx ; carpels flat, spiny-tuberculate on the sides, strongly
beaked, surrounded with a wider and sharp smooth margin. — Eastern Vir-
ginia and southward. (Nat. from Eu.)

19. R. parvirtorws, L. Hairy, slender, and diffuse ; lower leaves round-
ish-cordate, 3-cleft, coarsely toothed or cut; the upper 3—5-parted ; petals not
longer than the calyx; carpels minutely hispid and rough, beaked, narrowly mar-
gined. — Norfolk, Virginia, and southward. (Nat. from Eu.)

44 RANUNCULACEH, (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

7. MYOSURUS, Dill. Movse-rar.

Sepals 5, spurred at the base. Petals 5, small and narrow, raised on a slen-
der claw, at the summit of which is a nectariferous hollow. Stamens 5-20,
Achenia numerous, somewhat 3-sided, crowded on a very long and slender
spike-like receptacle (whence the name, from pus, a mouse, and ovpa, a tail),
the seed suspended. — Little annuals, with tufted narrowly linear-spatulate
root-leaves, and naked 1-flowered scapes. Flowers small, greenish.

1. M. minimus, L. Carpels blunt. — Alluvial ground, Illinois and
Kentucky, thence south and west; apparently indigenous. (Eu.)

8. ISOPYRUM, L. _ (Exémiov, Raf.)

Sepals 5, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5, minute, wanting in the American
species. Stamens 10-40. Pistils 3-6 or more, pointed with the styles. Pods
ovate or oblong, 2 —several-seeded. — Slender smooth herbs, with 2 -3-ternately
compound leaves; the leaflets 2-3-lobed. Flowers axillary and terminal,
white. (Name from icos, equal, and mupés, wheat ; of no obvious application. )

1. I. biternatum, Torr. & Gray. Petals none; pistils 3-6 (commonly
4), divaricate in fruit, 2—3-seeded; seeds even. 1{— Moist shady places, Ohio
to Illinois, Kentucky, and westward. May.— Fibres of the root thickened here
and there into little tubers. Aspect and size of the plant much as in Thalictrum
anemonoides.

9. CALTHA, L. Marsx Maricorp.

Sepals 5-9, petal-like. Petals none. Pistils 5-10, with scarcely any styles.
Pods (follicles) compressed, spreading, many-seeded. Glabrous perennials,
with round and heart-shaped or kidney-form, large, undivided leaves. (Name
from xaAa6os, a goblet, in allusion to the golden flower-cup or calyx.)

1. C. palustris, L. (Marsa Maricorp.) Stem hollow, furrowed ;
leaves round or kidney-shaped, either crenate or nearly entire; sepals broadly
oval (bright yellow). — Swamps and wet meadows, common northward. April,
May. — This well-known plant is used as a pot-herb in spring, when coming
into flower, under the name of Cows.ipes ; but the Cowslip is a totally dif
ferent plant, namely, a species of Primrose. The Caltha should bear with us,
as in England, the popular name of Marsh Marigold. (Eu.)

10. TROLLIUS, L. Gzose-rrower.

Sepals 5-15, petal-like. Petals numerous, small, 1-lipped, the concavity
near the base. Stamens and pistils numerous. Pods 9 or more, sessile, many-
seeded. — Smooth perennials with palmately parted and cut leaves, like Ra-
nunculus, and large solitary terminal flowers. (Name thought to be deriyed
from the old German word troll, a globe, or something round.)

1, T, laxus, Salisb. (Spreapinc GtopE-rLoweR.) Sepals 5-6,
spreading; petals 15-25, inconspicuous, much shorter than the stamens, —
Deep swamps, New Hampshire to Delaware and Michigan. May. — Flowers
twice the size of the common Buttercup; the sepals spreading, so that the

RANUNCULACE®, (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 45

name is not appropriate, as it is to the European Globe-flower of the gardens,
nor is the blossom showy, being pale greenish-yellow, or nearly white.

11. COPTIS, Salish, Gotprurnan.

Sepals 5-7, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5-7, small, club-shaped, hollow
at the apex. Stamens 15-25. Pistils 3-7, on slender stalks. Pods diver-
gent, membranaceous, pointed with the style, 4 - 8-seeded. — Low smooth per-
ennials, with ternately divided root-leaves, and small white flowers on scapes.
(Name from kérra, to cut, alluding to the divided leaves. )

1. C. trifdlia, Salisb. (THREE-LEAVED GOLDTHREAD.) Leaflets 3,
oboyate-wedge-form, sharply toothed, obscurely 3-lobed ; scape 1-flowered. —
Bogs, abundant northward ; extending south to Maryland along the moun-
tains. May.— Root of long, bright yellow, bitter fibres. Leaves evergreen,
shining. Scape naked, slender, 3'-5! high. (Eu.)

12. HELLEBORUS, L. Hetzenore.

Sepals 5, petal-like or greenish, persistent. Petals 8-10, very small, tubu-
lar, 2-lipped. Pistils 3-10, sessile, forming coriaceous many-seeded pods. —
Perennial herbs of the Old World, with ample palmate or pedate leaves, and
large, solitary, nodding, early vernal flowers. (Name from €Aety, to injure, and
Bopa, food, from their well-known poisonous properties. )

1. H. vfripis, L. (GrepN HELLEeBoreE.) Root-leaves glabrous, pedate,
calyx spreading, greenish. — Near Brooklyn and Jamaica, Long Island, and
Bucks Co., Penn., Martindale. (Adv. from Eu.)

US AQUILEGIA, Tourn. COLUMBINE.

Sepals 5, regular, colored like the petals. Petals 5, all alike, with a short
spreading lip, produced backwards into large hollow spurs, much longer than
the calyx. Pistils 5, with slender styles. Pods erect, many-seeded. — Peren-
nials, with 2-3-ternately compound leaves, the leaflets lobed. Flowers large
and showy, terminating the branches. (Name from agquila, an eagle, from some
fancied resemblance of the spurs to talons.)

1. A. Canadénsis, L. (Wiip CotumpBrne.) Spurs nearly straight;
stamens and styles longer than the ovate sepals. — Rocks, common. April -
June. — Flowers 2! long, scarlet, yellow inside (or rarely all over), nodding, so
that the spurs turn upward, but the stalk becomes upright in fruit. — More
graceful than the

A. vutcAris, L., the common Garpen CoLumBrne, of Europe, with
hooked spurs, which is beginning to escape from cultivation in some places.

14. DELPHINIUM, Toum. Lanxsrvr.

Sepals 5, irregular, petal-like; the upper one prolonged into a spur at the
base. Petals 4, irregular, the upper pair continued backwards into long spurs
which are enclosed in the spur of the calyx, the lower pair with short claws :

yews bw
Yoram

46 RANUNCULACEE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

rarely only 2 united into one. Pistils 1-5, forming many-seeded pods in fruit.
—Leaves palmately divided or cut. Flowers in terminal racemes. (Name
from Delphin, in allusion to the shape of the flower, which is sometimes not
unlike the classical figures of the dolphin.)

* Perennials, indigenous ; pistils 3-5.

1. D. exaltatum, Ait. (Tari Larkspur.) Leaves deeply 3 -5-cleft;
the divisions narrow wedge-form, diverging, 3-cleft at the apex, acute; racemes
wand-like, panicled, many-flowered; spur straight; pods 3, erect.— Rich soil,
Penn. to Michigan and southward. July. —Stem 2°-5° high. Flowers
purplish-blue, downy.

2. D. tricorne, Michx. (Dwarr L.) Leaves deeply 5-parted, their di-
visions unequally 3—5-cleft; the lobes linear, acutish; raceme few-flowered, loose ;
spur straightish, ascending ; pods strongly diverging. — W. Penn. to Illinois and
southward. April, May.— Root a tuberous cluster. Stem simple, 6/-12/
high. Flowers bright blue, sometimes white.

3. D. azureum, Michx. (Azure L.) Leaves deeply 3—5-parted, the
divisions 2-3 times cleft; the lobes all narrowly linear ; raceme strict; spur as-
cending, usually curved upwards; pods erect. — Wisconsin, Illinois, and south-
ward. May, June. — Stem 1°-2° high, slender, often softly pubescent. Flow-
ers sky-blue or whitish.

* * Annual, introduced : pistil single.

4. D. Consdéuipa, L. (Fietp L.) Leaves dissected into narrow linear
lobes; racemes rather few-flowered, loose; pedicels shdrter than the bracts;
petals all combined into one body.— Pennsylvania and Virginia, escaped from
grain-fields or gardens; and sparingly along roadsides farther north. (Nat.
from Eu.)

15. ACONITUM, Toum. Aconrte. MonxsHoop. WotrsBAne.

Sepals 5, petal-like, very irregular; the upper one (helmet) hooded or hel-
met-shaped, larger than the others. Petals 2 (the 3 lower wanting entirely, or
very minute rudiments among the stamens), consisting of small spur-shaped
bodies raised on long’ claws and concealed under the helmet. Pistils 3-5.
Pods several-seeded. Seed-coat usually wrinkled or scaly. — Perennials, with
palmately cleft or dissected leaves, and showy flowers in racemes or panicles.
(The ancient Greek and Latin name, said to be derived from Acone, in Bithynia.)

1, A. uncinatum, L. (Witp Monxsunoop.) Glabrous; stem slender,
erect, but weak and disposed to climb; leaves deeply 8—5-lobed, petioled; the
lobes ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed ; flowers blue ; helmet erect, obtusely conical,
compressed, slightly pointed or beaked in front. — Rich shady soil along streams,
S. W. New York, and southward along the mountains. J une —- Aug.

2. A. reclinatum, Gray. (Traitinc Worrspane.) Glabrous; stems
trailing (3°-8° long) ; leaves deeply 3-7-cleft, petioled, the lower orbicular in
outline; the divisions wedge-form, incised, often 2—3-lobed; flowers white, in
very loose panicles ; helmet soon horizontal, elongated-conical, with a straight beak
in front. — Cheat Mountain, Virginia, and southward in the Alleghanies. Aug.
— Lower leaves 5/-6! wide. Flowers 9" long, nearly glabrous.

RANUNCULACEEH. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 47

16. ZANTHORHIZA, Marshall. Surus YELLOW-ROOT.

Sepals 5, regular, spreading, deciduous. Petals 5, much smaller than the
sepals, concave and obscurely 2-lobed, raised on a claw. Stamens 5 to 10.
Pistils 5-15, bearing 2 pendulous ovules. Pods 1-seeded, oblong, the short
style becoming dorsal in its growth. — A low shrubby plant; the bark and the
long roots deep yellow and bitter. Flowers polygamous, brown purple, in com-
pound drooping racemes, appearing, along with the 1 -2-pinnate leaves, from
large terminal buds in early spring. (Name compounded of av60s, yellow, and
pi¢a, root.)

1. Z. apiifolia, L’Her. — Shady banks of streams, Sherburne, New York,
Dr, Douglass, and from the mountains of Pennsylvania southward. — Stems
clustered, 1°-2° high. Leaflets cleft and toothed. — The rootstocks of this, and
also of the next plant, were used as a yellow dye by the aborigines.

17. HYDRASTIS, L. Orance-roor. YELLow puccoon.

Sepals 3, petal-like, falling away when the flower opens. Petals none, Pis-
tils 12 or more in a head, 2-ovuled: stigma flat, 2-lipped. Ovaries becoming a
head of crimson 1 -2-seeded berries in fruit.— A low perennial herb, sending
up in early spring, from a thick and knotted yellow rootstock, a single radical
leaf, and a simple hairy stem, which is 2-leaved near the summit, and terminated
by a single greenish-white flower. (Name perhaps from Uap, water, and dpaw,
to act, alluding to the active properties of the juice.)

1. H. Canadénsis, L.— Rich woods, New York to Wisconsin and south-
ward: rare.— Leaves rounded, heart-shaped at the base, 5-7-lobed, doubly
serrate, veiny, when full grown in summer 4!-9! wide.

18. ACTAA, L. Bayeperry.

Sepals 4 or 5, falling off when the flower expands. Petals 4-10, small, flat,
spatulate, on slender claws. Stamens numerous, with slender white filaments.
Pistil single: stigma sessile, depressed, 2-lobed. Fruit a many- -seeded berry.
Seeds smooth, flattened, and packed horizontally in 2 rows. — Perennials, with
ample 2-3-ternately compound leaves, the ovate leaflets sharply cleft and
toothed, and a short and thick terminal raceme of white flowers. (Name from
pi the Elder, from some resemblance in the leaves.)

. A. spicata, L., var. rubra, Michx. (Rep BanEBERRY.) Raceme
ree petals rhombic-spatulate, much shorter than the stamens ; pedicels slen-
der ; berries cherry-red, oval. (A. brachypétala, DC.) —Rich woods, common,
especially northward. April, May.— Plant 2° high. (Eu.)

2. A. alba, Bigel. (Wuite Baneperry.) Taller and rather smoother
than the preceding; raceme oblong; petals slender, mostly truncate at the end,
appearing to be transformed stamens ; pedicels thickened in fruit, as large as the
peduncle and red, the globular-oval berries white. (A. spicata, var. alba, Michz.,
and ed. 2. A. pachy‘poda, Ell.) —Rich woods, flowering a week or two later

Gr Ney

than the other, and more common westward and southwar d.— White berries --

rarely occur with slender pedicels, also red berries with thick pedicels: but --.¥'*

these are perhaps the result of crossing.

48 MAGNOLIACEX. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY).

19. CIMICIFUGA, L. Buepaxe.

Sepals 4 or 5, falling off soon after the flower expands. Petals, or rather
transformed stamens, 1-8, small, on claws, 2-horned at the apex. Stamens as
in Actexa. Pistils 1-8, forming dry dehiscent pods in fruit. — Perennials, with
2-3-ternately-divided leaves, the leaflets cut-serrate, and white flowers in elon-
gated wand-like racemes. (Name from cimez, a bug, and fugo, to drive away;
the Siberian species being used as a bugbane.)
$1. MACROTYS, Raf. Pistil solitary, sometimes 2-3: seeds smooth, flattened

and packed horizontally in the pod in two rows, as in Actea: stigma broad
and flat.

1. C. racemosa, Ell. (Brack SNaKERooT.) Racemes very long; pods
ovoid, sessile. — Rich woods, Maine and Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward.
July. — Stem 3°-8° high, from a thick knotted rootstock ; the racemes in fruit
becoming 1°-3° long.

§ 2. CIMICIFUGA, L. Pistils 3-8: seeds flattened laterally, covered with
chaffy scales, and occupying one row in the membranaceous pods: style awl-
shaped: stigma minute,

2. C. Americana, Michx. (American Bucpane.) Racemes slender,
panicled ; ovaries mostly 5, glabrous; pods stalked, flattened, veiny, 6-8-
seeded. — Mountains of Southern Pennsylvania and southward throughout
the Alleghanies. Aug.-Sept.—Plant 2°-4° high, more slender than the
preceding.

ADONIS AUTUMNALIS, L., the PHEAsANT’s Eve of Europe, has been found
growing spontaneously in Western New York, and in Kentucky.

Nic&~ta DamascEna, L., the FENNEL-FLOWER, which offers a remarkable
exception, in having the pistils partly united into a compound ovary, so as to
form a seyeral-celled pod, grows nearly spontaneously around gardens.

Ponta, the Pmony, of which P. orricrnatts is familiar in gardens, forms
a sixth tribe of this order, distinguished by a leafy persistent calyx, and a
fleshy disk surrounding the base of the follicular pistils.

OrperR 2. MAGNOLIACE®. (Maenoria Famiy.)

Trees or shrubs, with the léaf-buds covered by membranous stipules, poly-
petalous, hypogynous, polyandrous, polygynous ; the calyx and corolla
colored alike, in three or more rows of three, and imbricated (rarely con-
volute) in the bud.— Sepals and petals deciduous. Anthers adnate.
Pistils many, mostly packed together and covering the prolonged re-
ceptacle, cohering with each other, and in fruit forming a sort of fleshy
or dry cone. Seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel, anatropous: albumen fleshy:
embryo minute. — Leaves alternate, not toothed, marked with minute
transparent dots, feather-veined. Flowers single, large. Bark aromatic
and bitter. — There are only two Northern genera, Magnolia and Lirio-
dendron.

MAGNOLIACEE. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) 49

1. MAGNOLIA, L. Macnorza.

Sepals 3. Petals 6-9. Stamens imbricated, with very short filaments, and
long anthers opening inwards. Pistils aggregated on the long receptacle and
coherent in a mass, together forming a fleshy and rather woody cone-like red
fruit ; each carpel at maturity opening on the back, from which the 1 or 2
berry-like seeds hang by an extensile thread composed of unrolled spiral ves-
sels. Inner seed-coat bony. — Buds conical, the coverings formed of the suc-
cessive pairs of stipules, each pair enveloping the leaf next above, which is
folded lengthwise, and applied straight against the side of the next stipular
sheath, and so on. (Named after Magnol, Professor of Botany at Montpellier
in the 17th century.) ;

* Leaves all scattered along the branches: leaf-buds silky.

1. M. glauca, L. (Smart or Laurer Macnouia. Sweet Bay.)
Leaves oblong or oval, obtuse, white beneath; flower globular, white, 2' long, very
JSragrant ; petals broad ; cone of fruit small, oblong. — Swamps, from near
Cape Ann and New York southward, near the coast; in Pennsylvania as far
west as Cumberland Co. June-Aug.—Shrub 4°-20° high, with thickish
leaves, which farther south are evergreen, and sometimes oblong-lanceolate.

2. M. acuminata, L. (Cucumper-tree.) Leaves oblong, pointed, green
and a little pubescent beneath; flower oblong bell-shaped, glaucous-green tinged
with yellow, 2/ long; cone of fruit small, cylindrical. — Rich woods, W. New
York to Ohio and southward. May, June.— Tree 60-90 feet high. Leaves
thin, 5'- 10’ long. Fruit 2/-3/ long, when young slightly resembling a small
cucumber, whence the common name.

3. M. macrophylla, Michx. (Great-LeEaveD Macnotria.) Leaves
obovate-oblong, cordate at the narrowed base, pubescent and white beneath; flower
open bell-shaped, white, with a purple spot at the base, petals ovate, 6’ long ; cone of
fruit ovoid. — Rockcastle and Kentucky Rivers, 8. E. Kentucky and south-
ward. Occasionally planted farther north. May, June. — Tree 20°-40° high.
Leaves 2}°-33° long.

* * Leaves crowded on the summit of the flowering branches in an umbrella-like
circle: leaf-buds glabrous : flowers white, slightly seented.

4. M. Umbrélla, Lam. (UmBretra-rres.) Leaves obovate-lanceolate,
pointed at both ends, soon glabrous, petals obovate-oblong, 4!-5' long. (M.
tripétala, Z.)— York and Lancaster counties, Penn. (Prof: Porter), to Vir-
ginia and Kentucky along the Alleghanies. May.—A small tree. Leaves
1°-3° long. Fruit rose-color, 4/- 5! long, ovoid-oblong.

5. M. Fraseri, Walt. (Ear-teavep UMBRELLA-TREE.) Leaves oblong-
obovate or spatulate, auriculate at the base, glabrous; petals obovate-spatulate,
with narrow claws, 4'!long. (M. auriculata, Zam.) — Virginia and Kentucky
along the Alleghanies, and southward. April, May.— Tree 30°-50° high.
Leaves 8/-12' long. Flower more graceful and cone of fruit smaller than in
the preceding.

M. corpAra, Michx., the Yettow CucumBer-TREE, of Georgia, and the

M. cranpirLora, L., the Great Laurent Maenorta, of the Southern
States (a noble tree, remarkable for its deliciously fragrant great flowers, and

4

50 ANONACEE, (CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.)

thick evergreen leaves, which are shining and deep green above and rusty-
colored beneath), are the only remaining North American species. The former
is hardy as far north as Cambridge. One tree of the latter bears the winter
and blossoms near Philadelphia. The Umbrella-tree attains only a small size
in New England, where M. macrophylla is precarious.

2. LIRIODENDRON, L. TULIP-TREE.

Sepals 8, reflexed. Petals 6, in two rows, making a bell-shaped corolla. An-
thers linear, opening outwards. Pistils flat and scale-form, long and narrow,
imbricating and cohering together in an elongated cone, dry, separating from
each other and from the long and slender axis in fruit, and falling away whole,
like a samara or key, indehiscent, 1-2-seeded in the small cavity at the base.
Buds flat, sheathed by the successive pairs of flat and broad stipules joined at
their edges, the folded leaves bent down on the petiole so that their apex points
to the base of the bud. (Name from Aipcor, lily or tulip, and Sevdpor, tree.)

1. L. Tulipifera, L.— Rich soil, 8. New England to Michigan, Ili-
nois, and southward. May, June.—A most beautiful tree, sometimes 140°
high and 8°-9° in diameter in the Western States, where it is wrongly called
Porrar. Leaves very smooth, with 2 lateral lobes near the base, and 2 at the
apex, which appears as if cut off abruptly by a broad shallow notch. Petals 2’
long, greenish-yellow marked with orange. Cone of fruit 3! long.

Orver 3. ANONACEZE. (Custarp-Appre Famiry.)
s

Trees or shrubs, with naked buds and no stipules, a calyx of 3 sepals,
and a corolla of 6 petals in two rows, valvate in the bud, hypogynous, poly-
androus. — Petals thickish. Anthers adnate, opening outwards : fila-
ments very short. Pistils several or many, separate or cohering in a
mass, fleshy or pulpy in fruit. Seeds anatropous, large, with a crusta-
ceous seed-coat, and a minute embryo at the base of the ruminated
albumen. — Leaves alternate, entire, feather-veined. Flowers axillary,
solitary. Bark, &c. acrid-aromatic or fetid. — A tropical family, except
one genus in the United States, viz.:

1. ASIMINA, Adans. Norrn American Papaw.

Petals 6, increasing after the bud opens; the outer set larger than the inner.
Stamens numerous in a globular mass. Pistils few, ripening 1-4 large and
oblong pulpy several-seeded fruits. Seeds horizontal, flat, enclosed in a fleshy
aril. — Shrubs or small trees, with unpleasant odor when bruised; the lurid
flowers solitary from the axils of last year’s leaves. (Name from Asiminier, of
the French colonists.)

1. A. triloba, Dunal. (Common Paraw.) Leaves thin, obovate-lan-
ceolate, pointed; petals dull-purple, veiny, round-ovate, the outer ones 3-4
times as long as the calyx. — Banks of streams in rich soil, W. New York and
Penn. to Illinois and southward. April, May. — Tree 10°-20° high; the

MENISPERMACEZ. (MOONSEED FAMILY.) dl

young shoots and expanding leaves clothed with a rusty down, soon glabrous.
Flowers appearing with the leaves, 13’ wide. Fruits 3!-4/ long, yellowish,
sweet and edible in autumn.

A. PARVIFLORA, a smaller-flowered and small-fruited low species, probably
does not grow so far north as Virginia.

Orper 4. MENISPERMACEAE. (Moonseep Famiry.)

Woody climbers, with palmate or peltate alternate leaves, no stipules ; the
sepals and petals similar, in three or more rows, imbricated in the bud ; hy-
pogynous, diccious, 3 —6-qynous ; fruit a 1-seeded drupe, with a large or
long curved embryo in scanty albumen. — Flowers small. Stamens several.
Ovaries nearly straight, with the stigma at the apex, but often incurved
in fruiting, so that the seed and embryo are bent into a crescent or ring.
Properties bitter-tonie and narcotic. — Chiefly a tropical family ; there
are only three species, belonging to as many genera, in the United
States.

1. Cocculus. Stamens, petals, and sepals each 6. Anthers 4-celled.

2. Menispermum. Stamens 12-24, slender. Petals 6-8. Anthers 4-celled.

3. Calycocarpum. Stamens in the sterile flowers 12; in the fertile flowers 6, abortive.
Petals none. Anthers 2-celled.

1. COCCULUS, DC. Coccutus.

Sepals, petals, and stamens 6, the two latter short. Anthers 4-celled. Pistils
3-6 in the fertile flowers: style pointed. Drupe and seed as in Moonseed.
Cotyledons narrowly linear and flat. — Flowers in axillary racemes or panicles.
(An old name, from coccum, a berry.)

1. C. Carolinus, DC. Minutely pubescent ; leaves downy beneath,
ovate or cordate, entire or sinuate-lobed, variable in shape ; flowers greenish ;
the petals in the sterile ones auriculate-inflexed below around the filaments ;
drupe red (as large as a small pea). — River-banks, S. Illinois, Virginia, and
southward. July, Aug.

2. MENISPERMUM, L. Moonseep.

Sepals 4-8. Petals 6-8, short. Stamens 12-20 in the sterile flowers, as
long as the sepals: anthers 4-celled. Pistils 2-4 in the fertile flowers, raised
ona short common receptacle: stigma broad and flat. Drupe globular, the
mark of the stigma near the base, the ovary in its growth after flowering being
strongly incurved, so that the (wrinkled and grooved) laterally flattened stone
(putamen) takes the form of a large crescent or a ring. The slender embryo
therefore is horseshoe-shaped : cotyledons filiform. — Flowers white, in axillary
panicles. (Name from pyvn, moon, and oméppa, seed.)

1. M. Canadénse, L. (Canapian Moonseep.) Leaves peltate near
the edge, 3—7-angled or lobed. — Banks of streams; common. June, July.
Drupes black with a bloom, ripe in September, looking like frost grapes.

52 BERBERIDACEZ, (BARBERRY FAMILY.)

3. CALYCOCARPUM, Nutt. Cursezp.

Sepals 6. Petals none. Stamens 12 in the sterile flowers, short: anthers
2-celled. Pistils 3, spindle-shaped, tipped with a radiate many-cleft stigma.
Drupe not incurved ; but the thin crustaceous putamen hollowed out like a cup
on one side. Embryo foliaceous, heart-shaped. — Flowers greenish-white, in
long racemose panicles. (Name composed of kdAvé, a cup, and kaprrs, fruit,
from the shape of the shell.)

1. C. Lyoni, Nutt. (Menispermum Lyoni, Pursh.) — Rich soil, S. Ken-
tucky and southward. May.—Stems climbing to the tops of trees. Leaves
large, thin, deeply 3-5-lobed, cordate at the base; the lobes acuminate. Drupe
an inch long, globular, greenish; the shell crested-toothed on the edge of the
cavity.

OrpEer 5. BERBERIDACEZ. (Barserry Famity.)

Shrubs or herbs, with the sepals and petals both imbricated in the bud in
two or more rows of 2—4 each; the hypogynous stamens as many as the
petals and opposite to them: anthers opening by 2 valves or lids hinged at
the top. (Podophyllum is an exception, and Jeffersonia as respects the
sepals in one row.) Pistil single. Filaments short. Style short or none.
Fruit a berry or a pod. Seeds few or several, anatropous, with albumen.
Embryo small, except in Berberis. Leaves alternate.

* Petals and stamens 6. Fruit few-seeded.

1. Berberis. Shrubs, with yellow flowers and wood ; a pair of glandular spots on the base of
each petal. Fruit a berry. ;

2. Caulophyllum. Herb, with greenish flowers: petals thick, much shorter than the
sepals. Ovary soon bursting ; the two seeds left naked.

3. Diphylleia. Herb with white flowers; petals much longer than sepals. Berry 2-4-
seeded.

* * Petals6-9. Stamens 8-18. Fruit many-seeded. Herbs.

4, Jeffersonia. Petals and stamens usually 8: anthers opening by uplifted valves. Pod
opening by a lid.

5. Podophyllum. ‘Petals 6-9. Stamens 12-18: anthers not opening by uplifted valves.
Fruit a large berry.

1. BERBERIS, L. Barserry.

Sepals 6, roundish, with 2-6 bractlets outside. Petals 6, obovate, concave,
with two glandular spots inside above the short claw. Stamens 6. Stigma
cireular, depressed. Fruit a 1-few-sceded berry. Seeds erect, with a crusta-
‘ceous integument. — Shrubs, with yellow wood and inner bark, yellow flowers
in drooping racemes, sour berries, and 1 —9-foliolate leaves. Stamens irritable.
(Derived from Berbérys, the Arabic name of the fruit.)

ew, | B. vureAris, L. (Common Barserry.) Leaves scattered on the fresh
- go Shoots of the season, mostly reduced to sharp triple or branched spines; from
kK: ‘\wwe Which the next season proceed rosettes or fascicles of obovate-oblong closely
bristly-toothed leaves (the short petiole jointed!), and drooping many-flowered

racemes ; petals entire; berries oblong, scarlet.—Thickets and waste grounds in

BERBERIDACE®. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) 53

E. New England, where it has become thoroughly wild: elsewhere occasionally
spontaneous. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. B. Canadénsis, Pursh. (American Barserry.) Leaves repandly
toothed, the teeth less bristly-pointed ; racemes few-flowered ; petals notched at
the apex ; berries oval (otherwise as in No, 1).— Alleghanies of Virginia and
southward: not in Canada. June. — Shrub 19-39 high.

aie CAULOPHYLLUM, Michx. Brive Conosn.

Sepals 6, with 3 small bractlets at the base, ovate-oblong. Petals 6 thick and
gland-like somewhat kidney-shaped or hooded bodies, with short claws, much
smaller than the sepals, one at the base of each of them. Stamens 6: anthers
oblong. FPistil gibbous: style short: stigma minute and unilateral: ovary
bursting soon after flowering by the pressure of the 2 erect, enlarging seeds,
and withering away; the spherical seeds naked on their thick seed-stalks, look-
ing like drupes; the fleshy integument turning blue: albumen of the texture
of horn. — A perennial glabrous herb, with matted knotty rootstocks, sending
up in early spring a simple and naked stem, terminated by a small raceme or
panicle of yellowish-green flowers, and a little below bearing a large triternately
compound leaf, without any common petiole (whence the name, from kavdds,
stem, and vAXor, leaf; the stem seeming to form a stalk for the great leaf).
Leaflets obovate wedge-form, 2-3-lobed.

1. C. thalictroides, Michx. (Also called Parpoosr-roor.) Ledntice
thalictroides, Z.— Deep rich woods; common westward. April, May. — Stems
1°-24° high. Flowers appearing while the leaf is yet small. A smaller biter-
nate leaf often at the base of the panicle. Whole plant glaucous when young,
also the seeds, which are as large as peas.

8. DIPHYLLEIA, Michx. UMBRELLA-LEAF.

Sepals 6, fugacious. Petals 6, oval, flat, larger than the sepals. Stamens 6:
anthers oblong. Ovary oblong: style hardly any: stigma depressed. Ovules
5 or 6, attached to one side of the cell below the middle. Berry few-seeded.
Seeds oblong, with no aril. — A perennial glabrous herb, with thick horizontal
rootstocks, sending up each year either a huge centrally peltate and cut-lobed,
rounded, umbrella-like, radical leaf, on a stout stalk, or a flowering stem bearing
two similar (but smaller and more 2-cleft) alternate leaves which are peltate
near One margin, and terminated by a cyme of white flowers. (Name composed
of dis, twice, and @vAXor, leaf.)

1. D. cymodsa, Michx. Wet or springy places, mountains of Virginia
and southward. May.— Root-leaves 1°-2° in diameter, 2-cleft, each division
5-7-lobed; lobes toothed. Berries blue.

4, JEFFERSONIA, Barton. Twry-vear.

Sepals 4, fugacious. Petals 8, oblong, flat. Stamens 8: anthers oblong-
linear, on slender filaments. Ovary ovoid, soon gibbous, pointed: stigma 2-
lobed. Pod pear-shaped, opening half-way round horizontally, the upper part

o4 NYMPHEACEH. (WATER-LILY FAMILY.)

making a lid. Seeds many in several rows on the lateral placenta, with a fleshy
lacerate aril on one side. — A perennial glabrous herb, with matted fibrous roots,
long-petioled root-leaves, parted into 2 half-ovate leaflets, and simple naked 1-
flowered scapes. (Named in honor of Thomas Jefferson.)

1. J. diphylla, Pers. — Woods, W. New York to Wisconsin and south-
ward. April, May.—Low. Flower white, 1’ broad: the parts rarely in threes
or fives. — Called Rheumatism-root in some places.

5. PODOPHYLLUM, L. May-Arrie. Manprake.

Flower-bud with 3 green bractlets, which early fall away. Sepals 6, fuga-
cious. Petals 6 or 9, obovate. Stamens as many as the petals in the Hima-
layan species, twice as many in ours: anthers linear-oblong, not opening by
uplifted valves. Ovary ovoid: stigma sessile, large, thick, and undulate. Fruit
a large fleshy berry. Seeds covering the very large lateral placenta, in many
rows, each seed enclosed in a pulpy aril, all forming a mass which fills the cay-
ity of the fruit. — Perennial herbs, with creeping rootstocks and thick fibrous
roots. Stems 2-leaved, 1-flowered. (Name from mois, a foot, and pvddov, a leaf,
from a fancied resemblance of the 5-7-parted leaf to the foot of some web-
footed animal.)

1. P, peltatum, L. Stamens 12-18; leaves 5-9-parted; the lobes ob-
long, rather wedge-shaped, somewhat lobed and toothed at the apex. — Rich

; woods, common. May. — Flowerless stems terminated by a large round 7 - 9-
lobed leaf, peltate in the middle like an umbrella. Flowering stems bearing
two one-sided leaves, with the stalk fixed near their inner edge; the nodding
white flower from the fork nearly 2! broad. Fruit ovoid, 1!-2! long, ripe in
July, sweet and slightly acid, edible. The leaves and roots are drastic and
poisonous !— Found in Ohio, by W. C. Hampton, with two carpels!

Orper 6. NWMPHUZEACEZE. (Warter-Lity Farry.)

Aquatic perennial herbs, with horizontal rootstocks and peltate or sometimes
only cordate leaves floating or emersed ; the ovules borne on the sides or back
(or when solitary hanging from the summit) of the cells, not on the ventral
suture ; the embryo enclosed in a little bag at the end of the albumen next
the hilum, except in Nelumbium, which has no albumen. Radicle hardly
any: cotyledons thick and fleshy, enclosing a well-developed plumule. —
Flowers axillary, solitary. Leaves rolled inwards in vernation. Root-
stocks very obscurely exogenous in structure. — Comprises a few genera,
which differ so much in the flower and fruit, that, for the sake of con-
venient definition, we have formerly treated as separate orders the follow-
ing suborders :

Susorper I. CABOMBEZE. (Warer-Suretp Famity.)

Sepals and petals each 3 or sometimes 4, hypogynous and persistent.
Stamens definite (6-18). Pistils 2-18, free and distinct, coriaceous and

NYMPHEACEH. (WATER-LILY FAMILY.) 55

indehiscent, 1-3-seeded on the dorsal suture.— Stems slender, leafy,
coated with mucilage. Flowers small.

1. Brasenia. Stamens 12-18: filaments slender. Leaves all peltate.
SuporperR I. NELUMBONE. (Netumso Famtty.)

Sepals and petals numerous in several rows, passing gradually into each
other, and with the indefinitely numerous stamens hypogynous and decid-
uous. Pistils several, 1-ovuled, separately immersed in the obconical re-
ceptacle, which is much enlarged and broadly top-shaped at maturity, the
imbedded nut-like fruits resembling small acorns. Embryo large; no al-
bumen. — Petioles and peduncles all from the tuberous rootstock, the cen-
trally peltate leaves and the flowers large.

2. Nelumbium. Character of the Suborder.

Susorper Il. NYMPH AEACEZE proper. (Warer-Liny F.)

Sepals 4—6, and petals numerous in many rows, persistent or decaying
away, either hypogynous or variously adnate to the surface of the com-
pound 8 — 30-celled ovary, which is formed by the union of as many car-
pels; the numerous ovules inserted over the whole inner face of the cells,
except at the ventral suture. Stigmas radiate as in Poppy. Fruit bac-
cate, with a firm rind. Petioles and peduncles from a thick rootstock.

3. Nymphzea. Petals adnate to the ovary, large ; the stamens on its summit.
4. Nuphar. Petals, very small and stamen-like, and stamens inserted under the ovary.

1. BRASENTIA, Schreber. WaTeER-SHIELD. :

Sepals 3 or 4. Petals 3-4, linear, sessile. Stamens 12-18: filaments fili-
form: anthers innate. Pistils 4-18, forming little club-shaped indehiscent
pods: stigma linear. Seeds 1 -2, pendulous on the dorsal suture !— Rootstock
creeping. Leaves alternate, long-petioled, centrally peltate, oval, floating on
the water. Flowers axillary, small, dull-purple. (Name of uncertain origin.)

1. B. peltata, Pursh. (Hydropéltis purptrea, Michr.) — Ponds and slow
streams. June-Aug.— Leaves entire, 2!-3/ across. (Also a native of Puget
Sound, Japan, Australia, and Eastern India!

Casompa, the other genus of the group, occurs from N. Carolina southward.

2. NELUMBIUM, Juss. Netvmso. Sacrep Bean.

The only genus of the suborder. (Néelumbo is the Ceylonese name of the East
Indian species, the pink-flowered N. speciosum.)

1. N. luteum, Willd. (Yerrow Nervumpo, or Water CurinQuePIN.)
Corolla pale yellow: anthers tipped with a slender hooked appendage. — Wa-
ters of the Western and Southern States; rare in the Middle States: intro-
duced into the Delaware below Philadelphia. Near Woodstown and Swedes-
boro, New Jersey. Big Sodus Bay, L. Ontario, and in the Connecticut near
Lyme ; perhaps introduced there by the aborigines. June- Aug. — Leaves
usually raised high out of the water, circular in outline, with the centre de-

56 NYMPHEACEA. (WATER-LILY FAMILY.)

pressed or cupped, 1°-2° in diameter. Flower 5/-10! broad. ‘Tubers farina-
ceous and edible. Seeds also eatable. Embryo like that of Nymphza on a
large scale. Cotyledons thick and fleshy, enclosing a plumule of 1 or 2 well-
formed young leaves, enclosed in a delicate stipule-like sheath.

38. NYMPHZA, Town. Warer-Nymen. Warer-Lity.

Sepals 4, green outside, nearly free. Petals numerous, in many rows, the
innermost gradually passing into stamens, imbricately inserted all over the
surface of the ovary. Stamens indefinite, inserted on the ovary, the outer
with dilated filaments. Ovary 18 -30-celled, the concave summit tipped with a
globular projection at the centre, around which are the radiate stigmas; these
project at the margin, and are extended into linear and incurved sterile ap-
pendages. Fruit depressed-globular, covered with the bases of the decayed
petals, maturing under water. Seeds enveloped by a sac-like aril. — Flowers
white, rose-color, or blue, very showy. (Dedicated by the Greeks to the Water-
Nymphs.)

1. N. odorata, Ait. (SweEret-scentED WaATER-Lity.) Leaves orbic-
ular, cordate-cleft at the base to the petiole (5/-9/ wide), the margin entire;
stipules broadly triangular or almost kidney-shaped, notched at* the apex, ap-
pressed to the rootstock ; flower white, very sweet scented (often as much as 53!
in diameter when fully expanded, opening early in the morning, closing in the
afternoon) ; petals obtuse; aril much longer than the distinctly stipitate oblong
seeds (these about 13! long; anthers blunt). — Ponds and still or slow-flowing
water : common eastward and southward. June-Sept.—Varies with pinkish-
tinged and rarely with bright pink-red flowers (especially at Barnstable, Mass.),
the leaves often crimson underneath, — and in size by gradations into

Var. minor, Sims (N. minor, DC., &c.), with leaves only 2!—5/ and flowers
2! -3! broad. — Shallow water, in cold bogs and in sandy soil.

2. N. tuberodsa, Paine, Cat. Pl. Oneida, 1865. (Tuper-BEarrne W.)
Leaves reniform-orbicular, mostly larger (8'-15' wide) and more prominently
ribbed than the last, green both sides ; rootstock bearing numerous spontaneously
detaching often compound tubers ; flower scentless (or with a slight odor as of
apples, white, never pinkish, 43/-9! in diameter, the petals, as in N. alba, pro-
portionally broader and blunter than in No. 1); the fruit more depressed, and
with fewer but much larger (i. e. twice as broad) globular-ovoid seeds which when
mature are barely enclosed bythe aril, and not stipitate. (N. alba, Nutt. Gen.
N. reniformis, DC.? scarcely of Walter, which is very obscure.) — Lakes, slow
rivers, &c., W. New York (from Oneida Lake, Paine) and near Meadville, Penn.
(W. L. Chaffin) to Michigan, Llinois, and probably in the Southern States.
July — Sept.

4. NUPHAR, Smith. Yerrow Poyp-Lity. Sparrer-Docx.

Sepals 5, 6, or sometimes more, colored, or partly green outside, roundish,
Petals numerous, small and thickish, stamen-like or scale-like, inserted with
the very numerous and short stamens on the receptacle under the ovary, not

~

SARRACENIACE&. (PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY.) 57

surpassing the disk-like 8 - 24-rayed sessile stigma. Fruit ovoid, naked, usually
ripening above water. Aril none.— Leaves with a deep sinus at the base.
Flowers yellow or sometimes tinged with purple, produced all summer.
(Novdap of Dioscorides, from the Egyptian name.) — Our various forms seem
to include only two species. }

1. N. Advena, Ait. (Common Y.) Sepals 6, unequal ; petals shorter
than the stamens and resembling them, thick and fleshy, truncate; stigma 12-
24-rayed ; ovary and fruit not contracted into a narrow neck under the stigma;
thin submersed leaves seldom appearing ; floating or emersed and erect leaves
thick, varying from roundish to ovate or almost oblong in outline, the sinus
open, or (var, VARIEGATUM, Engelm., flower often partly purplish) closed or
narrow. — Very common, in still or stagnant water.

2. N. luteum, Smith. (Smarter Y.) Sepals 5, nearly equal; petals
longer and dilated upwards ; stigma 12 -16-rayed ; fruit globular, with a short
narrow neck; earlier and submersed leaves very thin and delicate, roundish,
the floating ones oval and usually with a narrow or closed sinus. — The only
specimen seen like the European (expanded flower fully 2’ across) is from
“ Mannyoung, 7 miles from Philadelphia,” in herb. Collins, now Durand. (Eu.)

Var. pumilum. (Smart Y.) Flower 13! -1!! across when outspread ;
leaves 1/- 5! long. (N. pumilum, Hoppe. N. Kalmiana, Pursh.) — Ponds, N.
England to Penn. and northward. (Eu.)

W. rorysepatum, Engelm., with very large flowers and numerous sepals,
occurs far west.

W. sagitrirouia, Pursh, of N. Carolina and southward, has narrow and
long leaves. Both perhaps run into No. 1.

Orper 7. SARIRACENIACE. (Pitcuer-Piants.)

Polyandrous and hypogynous bog-plants, with hollow pitcher-form or
trumpet-shaped leaves, — comprising one plant in the mountains of Gui-
ana, another (Darlingtonia, Torr.) in California, and the following genus
in the Atlantic United States.

1. SARRACENTA, Tour. SIDE-SADDLE FLOWER.

Sepals 5, with 3 bractlets at the base, colored, persistent. Petals 5, oblong
or obovate, incurved, deciduous. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Ovary
compound, 5-celled, globose, crowned with a short style, which is expanded at
the summit into a very broad and petal-like, 5-angled, 5-rayed, umbrella-shaped
body ; the 5 delicate rays. termimating under the angles in as many little hooked
stigmas. Capsule with a granular surface, 5-celled, with many-seeded placentx
in the axis, 5-valved. Seeds anatropous, with a small embryo at the base of
fleshy albumen. — Perennials, yellowish-green and purplish; the hollow leaves
all radical, with a wing on one side, and a rounded arching hood at the apex.
Scape naked, 1-flowered : flower nodding. (Named by Tournefort in honor of
Dr. Sarrazin of Quebee, who first sent oar Northern species, and a botanical
account of it, to Europe.)

58 PAPAVERACE®. (POPPY FAMILY.)

1. S. purpurea, L. (Smpe-sappre Frower. Pircuer-Piant. Honts-
man’s Cur.) Leaves pitcher-shaped, ascending, curved, broadly winged ; the
hood erect, open, round heart-shaped ; flower deep purple; the fiddle-shaped
petals arched over the (greenish-yellow) style. — Varies rarely with greenish-
yellow flowers, and without purple veins in the foliage. (S. heterophylla,
Eaton.) — Peat-bogs ; common from N. England to Minnesota, N. Illinois, and
southward east of the Alleghanies. June.— The curious leaves are usually
half filled with water and drowned insects : the inner face of the hood is clothed
with stiff bristles pointing downward. Flower globose, nodding on a scape a
foot high: it is difficult to fancy any resemblance between its shape and a side-
saddle, but it is not very unlike a pillion.

2. S. flava, L. (Trumpers.) Leaves long (1°-3°) and trumpet-shaped,
erect, with an open mouth, the erect hood rounded, narrow at the base; wing
almost none; flower yellow, the petals becoming long and drooping. — Bogs,
Virginia and southward. April.

Orper 8. PAPAVERACEZE. (Porry Famity.)

Herbs with milky or colored juice, regular flowers with the parts in twos
or fours, fugacious sepals, polyandrous, hypogynous, the ovary 1-celled with
2 or more parietal placente. — Sepals 2, rarely 3, falling when the flower
expands. Petals 4-12, spreading, imbricated and often crumpled in the
bud, early deciduous. Stamens rarely as few as 16, distinct. Fruit a
dry 1-celled pod (in the Poppy imperfectly many-celled, in Glaucium 2-
celled). Seeds numerous, anatropous, often crested, with a minute embryo
at the base of fleshy and oily albumen. — Leaves alternate, without stip-
ules. Peduncles mostly 1-flowered. Juice narcotic or acrid.

* Ovary incompletely several-celled by the projecting placente.

1. Papaver. Stigmas united into a radiate crown on the summit of the ovary. Pod
opening by chinks or pores. Petals crumpled in the nodding flower-bud.

% * Ovary strictly 1-celled. Pod opening by valves, leaving the 2-6 filiform parietal placentz
, as a framework.
+ Petals twice as many as the sepals, usually more or less crumpled in the flower-bud.
2. Argemone. Stigmas (sessile) and placenta 4-6. Pod and leaves prickly.
. Stylophorum. Stigmas and placente 3-4. Style distinct. Pod bristly.
4. Chelidonium. Stigmas and placente 2. Pod linear, smooth.

co

+ + Petals 4-6 times as many as the 2 sepals, not crumpled in the erect flower-bud.
5. Samguinaria. Stigma 2-grooved. Placente 2. Petals white.

* * * Ovary and elongated pod 2-celled by a spongy partition.
6. Glaucium. Stigma 2-lobed or 2-horned. Petals 4.

1. PAPAVER, L. Poppy.

Sepals mostly 2. Petals mostly 4. Stigmas united in a flat 4-20-rayed
crown, resting on the summit of the ovary and capsule; the latter short and
turgid, with 4-20 many-seeded placente projecting like imperfect partitions,
opening by as many pores or chinks under the edge of the stigma. — Herbs

PAPAVERACEA. (POPPY FAMILY.) 59

with a white juice; the flower-buds nodding. (Derivation obscure.) — Three
annual species of the Old World are sparingly adventive ; viz. :

1. P. somnfrerum, L. (Common Poprry.) Smooth, glaucous ; leaves
clasping, wavy, incised and toothed ; pod globose; corolla mostly white or pur-
ple. — Near dwellings in some places. (Ady. from Eu.)

2. P. pisium, L. (Smooru-rruirep Corn-Popry.) Pinnatifid leaves
and the long stalks bristly ; pods club-shaped, smooth; corolla light scarlet. —
Cult. grounds, Westchester, Penn. and southward: rare. (Ady. from Eu.)

3. P. arcemone, L. (Roucu-FruitepD C.) Smaller, with finer-cut
leaves and paler flowers than the last; pods club-shaped and bristly. — Waste
grounds, near Philadelphia, Dr. Dieffenbaugh. (Ady. from Eu.)

2. ARGEMONE, L. _ Pricxry Poppy.

Sepals 2 or 3, often prickly. Petals 4-6. Style almost none: stigmas 3-
6, radiate. Pod oblong, prickly, opening by 3-6 valves at the top. Seeds
crested. — Annuals or biennials, with prickly bristles and yellow juice. Leaves
sessile, sinuate-lobed, and with prickly teeth, often blotched with white. Flower-
buds erect, short-peduncled. (Name from dpyé€ua, a disease of the eye, for
which the juice was a supposed remedy.)

1. A. Mexicana, L. (Mexican P.) Flowers yellow, rarely white. —
Waste places, southward. July-Oct. (Ady. from trop. Amer.)

3. STYLOPHORUM, Nutt. Cevanprve Poppy.

Sepals 2, hairy. Petals 4. Style distinct, columnar: stigma 2-4-lobed.
Pods bristly, 2—4-valved to the base. Seeds conspicuously crested. — Peren-
nial low herbs, with stems naked below and oppositely 2-leaved, or sometimes
1-3-leaved, and umbellately 1 -few-flowered at the summit; the flower-buds
and the pods nodding. Leaves pinnately parted or divided. Juice yellow.
(Name from orvdos, style, and pépw, I bear, indicating one of the distinctive
characters. )

1. S. diphyllum, Nutt. Leaves pale or glaucous beneath, smoothish,
deeply pinnatifid into 5 or 7 oblong sinuate-lobed divisions, and the root-leaves
often with a pair of smaller and distinct leaflets; peduncles equalling the
petioles; flower deep yellow (2! broad); stigmas 3 or 4; pod oval. — Damp
woods, W. Penn. to Wisconsin, and southward. May.— Foliage and flower
resembling Celandine.

4. CHELIDONIUM, L._ Cetanprvz.

Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens 16-24. Style nearly none: stigma 2-lobed.
Pod linear, slender, smooth, 2-valved, the valves opening from the bottom up-
wards. Seeds crested. — Perennial herb with brittle stems, saffron-colored acrid
juice, pinnately divided or 2-pinnatifid and toothed or cut leaves, and small yel-
low flowers in a pedunculate umbel; the buds nodding. (Name from xeALdov,
the Swallow, because, according to Dioscorides, it begins to flower at the time
the swallows appear: )

60 FUMARIACE&, (FUMITORY FAMILY.)

1. C, mAgus, L. (CEexLanpine.) Waste grounds near dwellings. May-
Aug. (Ady. from Eu.)

5. SANGUINARIA, Dill. Buroop-roor.

Sepals 2. Petals 8-12, spatulate-oblong, the inner narrower. Stamens
about 24. Style short; stigma 2-grooved. Pod oblong, turgid, 1-celled, 2-
valved. Seeds with a large crest.— A low perennial, with thick prostrate
rootstocks, surcharged with red-orange acrid juice, sending up in earliest
spring a rounded palmate-lobed leaf, and a 1-flowered naked scape. Flower
white, handsome, the bud erect, the petals not crumpled. (Name from the
color of the juice.)

1. S. Canadénsis, L.— Open'rich woods; common. April, May.

6. GLAUCIUM, Tourn. Hory-Porpy.

Sepals 2. Petals 4. Style none: stigma 2-lobed or 2-horned. Pod very
long and linear, completely 2-celled by a spongy false partition ; seeds crestless.
— Annuals or biennials, with saftron-colored juice, clasping leaves, and solitary
yellow flowers. (The Greek name, yAavkwoy, from the glaucous foliage.)

1. G. Lureum, Scop. Lower leaves pinnatifid; upper ones sinuate-lobed
and toothed, cordate-clasping ; pods rough, (6’—10! long). — Waste places S.
E. New England, Maryland, and Virginia; not common. (Ady. from Eu.)

Orper 9, FUMARIACEAE. (Fumrrory Famty.)

Delicate smooth herbs, with watery juice, compound dissected leaves, ir-
regular flowers, with 4 somewhat united petals, 6 diadelphous stamens, and
2-merous pods and seeds like those of the Poppy Family.— Sepals 2, small
and scale-like. Corolla flattened, closed; the 4 petals in two pairs; the
outer with spreading tips, and one or both of them spurred or saccate at
the base ; the inner pair narrower, and with their callous crested tips united
over the stigma. Stamens in two sets of 3 each, placed opposite the larger

petals, hypogynous'; their filaments often united; the middle anther of
each set 2-celled, the lateral ones 1-celled. Pod 1-celled, either 1-seeded
and indehiscent, or several-seeded with 2 parietal placentae. — Leaves usu-
ally alternate, without stipules. (Slightly bitter, innocent plants.)
* Pod slender: the 2 valves separating from the persistent filiform placenta.
1. Adlumia, Corolla heart-shaped, persistent ; petals all united. Seeds crestless.

2. Dicentra. Corolla heart-shaped or 2-spurred at the base. Seeds crested.
38. Corydalis. Corolla 1-spurred at the base. Seeds crested or arilled.

* * Pod fleshy, indehiscent, globular, 1-seeded.
4. Fumaria. Corolla 1-spurred at the base. Seed crestless.

1 ADLUMIA oe var, CummBincé Fumrrory.

Petals all permanently united in a cordate-ovate corolla, becoming spongy-
cellular and persistent, enclosing the small, few-seeded pod. Seeds not crested.

FUMARIACEH. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) 61

Stigma 2-crested. Filaments monadelphous below in a tube which is adherent
to the corolla, diadelphous at the summit.— A climbing biennial, with thrice-
pinnate leaves, cut-lobed delicate leaflets, and ample panicles of drooping white
or purplish flowers. (Dedicated by Rafinesque te Major Adlum.)

1. A. cirrhdsa, Raf.— Wet woods; common westward. June-Oct.—
A handsome yine, with delicate foliage, climbing by the slender young leaf-
stalks over high bushes ; cultivated for festoons and bowers in shaded places.

2. DICENTRA, Bork. Dvurcuman’s Brescues.

Petals slightly cohering into a heart-shaped or 2-spurred corolla, either decidu-
ous or withering-persistent. Stigma 2-crested and sometimes 2-horned. Fila-
ments slightly united in two sets. Pod 10-20-seeded. Seeds crested. — Low,
stemless perennials (as to our wild species) with ternately compound and dis-
sected leaves, and racemose nodding flowers. Pedicels 2-bracted. (Name from
Ois, twice, and Kévrpov, a spur ; —accidentally printed DictyYrra in the first
instance, which by an erroneous conjecture was afterwards changed: into Dr-
ELYTRA.)

1, D. Cucullaria, DC. (Dutcuman’s Brercues.) Scape and slen-
der-petioled leaves from a sort of granulate bulb; lobes of the leaves linear; ra-
ceme simple, few-flowered ; corolla with 2 divergent spurs longer than the pedicel ;
crest of the inner petals minute. — Rich woods, especially westward. — A very deli-
cate plant, sending up in early spring, from the cluster of grain-like tubers
crowded together in the form of a scaly bulb, the finely cut leaves and the slen-
der scape, bearing 4-10 pretty, but odd, white flowers tipped with cream-color.

2. D. Canadénsis, DC. (Squirret Corn.) Subterranean shoots bear-
ing scattered grain-like tubers (resembling peas or grains of Indian corn, yellow) ;
leaves and raceme as in No. 1; corolla merely heart-shaped, the spurs very short
and rounded ; crest of the inner petals conspicuous, projecting. — Rich woods, Maine
to Wisconsin and Kentucky, especially northward. April, May. — Flowers
greenish-white tinged with rose, with the fragrance of Hyacinths.

3. D. eximia, DC. Subterranean shoots scaly; divisions and lobes of
the leaves broadly oblong ; raceme compound, clustered; corolla oblong, 2-saccate at
the base; crest of the inner petals projecting. — Rocks, W. New York, rare
(Thomas, Sartwell), and Alleghanies of Virginia, May - Aug. — Coarser-leaved
than the others; scapes 6/-10! high.

3. CORYDALIS > Vent. CoryYDALIs.

Corolla 1-spurred at the base (on the upper side), deciduous. Style persist-
ent. Pod many-seeded. Seeds crested or arilled. Flowers in racemes. Our
species are biennial, leafy-stemmed, and pale or glaucous. (The ancient Greek
name for the Fumitory.)

1. C. glaiica, Pursh. (Pare Corypatis.) Stem upright ; racemes pan-
icled ; spur of the purplish and yellow-tipped corolla very short and rounded ; pods
erect, slender, elongated. — Rocky places: common: 6/—2° high. May-Aug.

2. C. flavula, Raf. Corolla pale-yellow, 3!"-4" long; spur very short ; tips
of the outer petals pointed, wing-crested on the back, longer than the inner; seeds

Burry

MAL.
\Q..

Re

O-

62 CRUCIFERZ. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

acutely margined, rugose-reticulated ; aril loose: otherwise as in the next. —
Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and southward.

3. Ce. atirea, Willd. (Gotpen C.) Stems low or decumbent; racemes
simple; corolla golden-yellow, 3! long; slightly decurved spur somewhat shorter
than the pedicel, not half the length of the rest of the flower; tips of outer petals
blunt, crestless and naked on the back, little longer than the inner; pods usually
pendent; seeds smooth and even, or sometimes very minutely reticulated, turgid,
marginless, partly covered by the scale-shaped aril. — Rocky places, Vermont to
Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. April—July. — Var. mMicrAntHa, Engelm.,
is a state with minute spurless flowers (probably fertilized in the bud), and
ascending pods, on very short pedicels. — W. Illinois and St. Louis, Riehl.

(C. montAna, Engelm., or perhaps rather C. AUREA, var. OCCIDENTALIS,
Engelm., Missouri to Texas and westward, differs from the Eastern C. aurea in
the often ascending spur nearly equalling the rest of the corolla and longer than
the pedicel, erect or ascending pods, and seeds lenticular with acutish margin,
— C. curvisfLigua, Engelm., of Southwest, differs from this in longer 4-an-
gular pods ascending on very short pedicels, the acute-margined seed muricate!
—C. crysTALLina, Engelm., of Southwest, differs from this in the very broad
but short wing on tip of outer petals, short few-seeded pod covered with crys-
talline vesicles, and sharper-margined tubercular-reticulated seeds.)

4. FUMARIA, L. _ Fomrrory.

Corolla 1-spurred at the base. Style deciduous. Fruit indehiscent, small,
globular, 1-seeded. Seeds crestless. — Branched and leafy-stemmed annuals,
with finely dissected compound leaves, and small flowers in dense racemes or
spikes. (Name from fumus, smoke.)

1. F. orricinAis, L. (Common Fumritory.) Sepals ovate-lanceolate,
acute, sharply toothed, narrower and shorter than the corolla*(which is flesh-
color tipped with crimson) ; fruit slightly notched. — Waste places, about
dwellings. (Ady. from Eu.)

Orper 10. CRUCIFERZ. (Muszarp FAMILY.)

Herbs, with a pungent watery juice and cruciform tetradynamous flowers :
fruit a silique or silicle. — Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, hypogynous,
regular, placed opposite each other in pairs, their spreading limbs form-
ing across. Stamens 6, two of them inserted lower down and shorter
(rarely. only 4 or 2). Pod 2-celled by a thin partition stretched between
the two marginal placentz, from which when ripe the valves separate,
either much longer than broad (a silique), or short (a silicle or pouch),
sometimes indehiscent and nut-like (nucumentaceous), or separating across
into 1-seeded joints (Jomentaceous). Seeds campylotropous, without albu-
men, filled by the large embryo, which is curved or folded in various
ways: i. e. the cotyledons accumbent, viz. their margins on one side ap-
plied to the radicle, so that the cross-section of the seed appears thus {[) ;

CRUCIFERH. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 63

or else incumbent, viz. the back of one cotyledon applied to the radicle,
thus 06. In these cases the cotyledons are plane; but they may be
folded upon themselves and round the radicle, as in Mustard, where they
are conduplicate, thus >). In Leavenworthia alone the whole embryo is
straight. — Leaves alternate, no stipules. Flowers in terminal racemes
or corymbs: pedicels rarely bracted. — A large and very natural family,
of pungent or acrid, but not poisonous plants. (Characters of genera
taken from the pods and seeds ; the flowers being nearly alike in all.)

I. SILIQUOSZ. Pod long, a siliqgue, opening by valves.

Tribe I. ARABIDEZ. Pod elongated (except in Nasturtium). Seeds orbicular or
oval, more or less flattened. Cotyledons accumbent, plane.
* Seeds small and turgid, seldom half the breadth of the turgid pod.
1. Nasturtium. Pod terete, linear, oblong or even globular. Flowers white or yellow.
* * Seeds flat or flattish, scarcely narrower than the partition, except in some of No. 5,

2. Leavenworthia. Pod oblong, flat; the valves nerveless. Seeds winged: embryo
straight! Flowers white or purplish, with a yellowish base. Leaves all radical.

8. Demtaria. Pod flat, lanceolate ; the valves nerveless, opening elastically from the base.
Seeds wingless, on broad seedstalks. Flowers white or purple. Stem naked below.

4. Cardamine. Pod flat, linear or lanceolate; the valves nerveless, opening elastically.
Seeds wingless, on slender stalks. Flowers white or purple. Stem leafy, at least below.

5. Arabis. Pod linear, elongated, flat or flattish, rarely almost terete ; the valves commonly
with a prominent midrib, or veiny, not opening elastically. Flowers white, whitish, or
purple. Stems leafy, at least below.

6. Barbarea. Pod linear, more or less 4-sided, the rigid valves being keeled by a promi-
nent midrib. Seeds wingless. Flowers yellow.

Tribe II. SISYMBRIEZE. Pod elongated. Seeds thickish, mostly oblong. Cotyle-
dons incumbent, narrow, plane.

7. Erysimum. Pod sharply 4-angled, linear. Flowers yellow.

8. Sisymbrium. Pods terete, 4-6-angled, or flattish. Flowers white or yellow.

Tribe III. BRASSICEZK. Pod linear or oblong. Seeds globular. Cotyledons in-
cumbent and conduplicate, folded round the radicle.
9. Brassica (including Sinapis). Pod beaked or pointed beyond the end of the valves,
or tipped with a rigid style, nearly terete, or 4-sided. Flowers yellow or whitish.

II. SILICULOSZ. Pod short, a silicle or pouch, opening by valves.

Tribe IV. ALYSSINEZ®. Pod oval or oblong, flattened parallel to the broad parti-
tion, or globular. Cotyledons accumbent, plane.
1. Nasturtium. Pod terete or globular with many small seeds.
10. Draba. Pod flat, oval, oblong, or even linear, many-seeded.
ll. Alyssum. Pod flat, orbicular, 2 -—4-seeded.
12. Vesicaria. Pod globular-inflated, 4-several-seeded.

Tribe V. CAMELINEZE. Pod turgid or somewhat flattened parallel with the broad
- partition. Cotyledons incumbent, narrow.

13. Camelina. Pod pear-shaped, many-seeded: style slender. Flowers yellow.

14. Subularia. Pod globular, few-seeded: style none. Flowers white.

Tribe VI, LEPIDINE and THLASPIDEZ. Pod short; the boat-shaped
valves conduplicate or much flattened contrary to the narrow partition. Flowers white.
15. Capsella. Pod many-seeded, obcordate-triangular, wingless. Cotyledons incumbent.
16. Thlaspi. Pod several-seeded, obovate or obcordate, winged. Cotyledons accumbent.
17. Lepidium. Pod 2-seeded, flat, scale-shaped. Cotyledons incumbent or accumbent.
18. Semebiera. Pod 2-seeded, didymous ; the valves rugose, separating at maturity from
the little partition as two closed one-seeded nutlets. Cotyledons incumbent, narrow.

/
64 CRUCIFERZ. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

I. LOMENTACEZ. Pod articulated, separating across into joints.

Tribe VII. CAKILINEZ. Cotyledons plane and accumbent, as in Tribe 1.
19. Cakile. Pod short, 2-jointed: the joints 1-celled and 1-seeded.

Tribe VIII. RAPHANEZ. Cotyledons conduplicate and incumbent, as in Tribe 3.
20. Raphanus. Pod elongated, several-seeded, transversely intercepted.

1 NASTURTIUM, R.Br. Warer-Cress.

Pod a short silique or a silicle, varying from oblong-linear to globular, terete
or nearly so. Seeds small, turgid, marginless, in 2 irregular rows in each cell
(except in No. 2). Cotyledons accumbent.— Aquatic or marsh plants, with
yellow or white flowers, and commonly pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, usually
glabrous. (Name from Nasus tortus, a convulsed nose, alluding to the effect of
its pungent qualities.)

§ 1. Petals white, twice the length of the calyx: pods linear : leaves pinnate.

1. N. orricrnAre, R.Br. (True Warer-Cress.) Stems spreading and
rooting ; leaflets 3-11, roundish or oblong, nearly entire; pods (6!’-8" long)
ascending on slender widely spreading pedicels. \— Brooks and ditches:
escaped from cultivation. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. Petals yellow or yellowish, seldom much exceeding the calyx: pods linear, oblong,
or even ovoid or globular: leaves mostly pinnatifid.

* Perennial from creeping or subterranean shoots: flowers rather large, bright yellow.

2. IN. sytvéstrE, R. Br. (YELLOW Cress.) Stems ascending; /eaves
pinnately parted, the divisions toothed or cut, lanceolate or linear ; pods (3! long)
on slender pedicels, linear and narrow, bringing the seeds into one row; style
very short. — Wet meadows, Massachusetts to Virginia: rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. N. sinuatum, Nutt. Stems low, diffuse; leaves pinnately cleft, the
short lobes nearly entire, linear-oblong; pods linear-oblong (4//-6/ long), on
slender pedicels ; style slender. — Banks of the Mississippi and westward. June.

* * Annual or biennial, rarely perennial? with simple fibrous roots ; flowers small or
minute, greenish or yellowish : leaves somewhat lyrate.

4, N. sessiliflorum, Nutt. Stems erect, rather simple; leaves obtusely
incised or toothed, obovate or oblong; flowers minute, nearly sessile; pods elon-
gated-oblong (5! - gi long), thick ; style very short. — W. Illinois to Tennessee
and southward. April-June.

5. N. obtusum, Nutt. Stems much branched, diffusely spreading ; leaves
pinnately parted or divided, the divisions roundish and obtusely toothed or repand ;
Jlowers minute, short-pedicelled ; pods longer than the pedicels, varying from linear-
oblong to short-oval; style short. — With No. 8 and 4.

7. N. palustre, DC. (Marsu Cress.) Stem erect; leaves pinnately
cleft or parted, or the upper laciniate; the lobes oblong, cut-toothed ; pedicels
about as long as the small flowers and mostly longer than the oblong, ellipsoid, or
ovoid pods ; style short.— Wet places or in shallow water; common. June-
Sept. — Flowers only 1-13" long. Stems 1°-3° high. — The typical form
with oblong pods is rare (W. New York, Dr. Sartwell). Short pods and hirsute
stems and leaves are common. Var. uispipum (N, hispidum, DC.) is a form,
with oyoid or globular pods. (Eu.)

CRUCIFEREZ. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 65

§ 3. Petals white, much longer than the calyx : pods ovoid or globular : leaves undivided,
or the lower ones pinnatifid: root perennial. (Armoracia.)

7. N. lacustre, Gray, Gen. Ill. 1, p. 132. (Lake Cress.) Aquatic;
immersed leaves 1-3-pinnately dissected into numerous capillary divisions ;
emersed leaves oblong, entire, serrate, or pinnatifid ; pedicels widely spreading ;
pods ovoid, one-celled, a little longer than the style. (N. natans, var. Americanum,
Gray. Armoracia Americana, Arn.) — Lakes and rivers, N. E. New York to
Illinois and southwestward. July - Aug.— Near N. amphibium.

8. IN. ArmorActa, Fries. (Horsprapisn.) Root-leaves very large, ob-
long, crenate, rarely pinnatifid; those of the stem lanceolate; fruiting pedicels
ascending ; pods globular (seldom formed) ; style very short. (Cochlearia Armo-
racia, 1.) — Roots large and long ; —a well-known condiment. Escaped from
cultivation into moist ground. (Ady. from Eu.)

2. LEAVENWORTHIA, Torr. Leavenworruta.

Pod broadly linear or oblong, flat; the valves nerveless, but minutely reticu-
late-veined. Seeds in a single row in each cell, flat, surrounded by a wing.
Embryo straight! or the short radicle only slightly bent in the direction which
if continued would make the orbicwar cotyledons accumbent. — Little biennial
or hyemal annuals, glabrous and stemless, with lyrate root-leaves and short
one - few-flowered scapes. (Named in honor of the late JZ. C. Leavenworth.)

1. L. Michawxii, Torr. — On flat rocks and barrens, 8. E. Kentucky and
southwestward : rare. March-May.—Scapes 2'-4' high. Petals purple,
rose color, or nearly white, with a golden yellow or yellowish base, or rarely
yellow throughout? (L. aurea, Torr.), cuneate-obcordate or emarginate; the
flowers rather large for the size of the plant.

3. DENTARIA, L. Tootuwort. PEPPER-ROOT.

Pod lanceolate, flat, as in Cardamine, but broader. Seedstalks broad and
flat. Cotyledons petioled, their margins somewhat infolding each other. —
Perennials, with long, horizontal, fleshy, sometimes interrupted, scaly or toothed.
rootstocks, of a pleasant pungent taste; the simple stems leafless below, bear-
ing 2 or 3 petioled compound leaves about the middle, and terminated by a
single corymb or short raceme of large white or purple flowers. (Name from
dens, a tooth.)

1. D. diphylla, L. Rootstock long and continuous, toothed ; stem-leaves 2,
similar to the radical ones, close together, of 3 rhombic-ovate coarsely toothed
leaflets ; petals white. — Rich woods, Maine to Kentucky. May. — Rootstocks
5'-10! long, crisp, tasting like Water-Cress.

2. D. maxima, Nutt. Rootstock interrupted, forming a string of thick toothed
tubers ; stem-leaves (2-7) mostly 3 and alternate; leaflets 3, ovate, obtuse, coarsely
toothed and incised, often 2-3-cleft; petals pink. (D. laciniata, var. 6, Torr.
&§ Gr.) — Northern New York (Watertown, Crawe; Utica, Paine) to Penn.:
rare. May.— Seldom taller, but the leaves often smaller, than in No. 1.

3. D.. heterophylla, Nutt. Rootstock a chain of 2 or 3 narrow-oblong and
obscurely toothed tubers ; stem-leaves 2 or 3, alternate (rarely opposite), divided into.

5

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SQM. WD.

66 CRUCIFERZ. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

3 lanceolate or linear-oblong somewhat toothed (sometimes incised or 2-cleft) leaflets ;
root-leaves of 3 rounded or cuneate-ovate incised leaflets; petals purple. — Penn.
(near Philadelphia, Dr. Diffenbaugh) and Washington (Bebb) to Kentucky and
southward. April, May.

4. D. laciniata, Muhl. Rootstock as in the last ; stem-leaves 3 in a whorl, 3-

parted ; the leaflets linear or lanceolate, irregularly cut or cleft into prominent nar-

row teeth, the lateral ones deeply 2-lobed ; root-leaves similarly dissected ; petals
pale purple or nearly white. — Rich soil along streams, W. New England to
Wisconsin and Kentucky. April, May.

5. D. multifida, Muhl. More slender and delicate than the last; root-
stock similar ; stem-leaves 3 or sometimes 2, alternate, opposite, or whorled, finely
2 -3-ternately divided, or the subdivisions parted, into very narrowly linear lobes ;
root-leaves similarly 3-4-ternately divided; flowers (4-7) white. — Southern
Kentucky (doubtless) and southward. — This appears to pass into No. 4; and
all these species except the first probably run together.

4. CARDAMINE, L. _ Birrer Cress.

Pod linear, flattened, usually opening elastically from the base; the valves
nerveless and veinless, or nearly so. Seeds in a single row in each cell, wing-
less; their stalks slender. Cotyledons accumbent. — Flowers white or purple.
(A Greek name, in Dioscorides, for some Cress, from the cordial or cardiacal
qualities.) — Runs into Dentaria on the one hand, into Arabis on the other.

* Root perennial: leaves simple or 3-foliolate.

1. C. rhomboidea, DC. (Sprine Cress.) Stems upright from a tuberif-
erous base, simple; root-leaves round and rather heart-shaped ; lower stem-leayes
ovate or rhombic-oblong, somewhat petioled, the upper almost lanceolate, all
somewhat angled or sparingly toothed; pods linear-lanceolate, pointed with a
slender style tipped with a conspicuous stigma ; seeds round-oval. — Wet mead-
ows and springs; common. Flowers large, white. April-June.

Var. purpurea, Torr. Lower (4!-6/ high), and slightly pubescent ; leaves
rounder ; flowers rose-purple, appearing earlier. — Along streams in rich soil,
W. New York and mountains of Penn. to Wisconsin and northward.

2. C. rotundifolia, Michx. (Mountain Warrr-Cress.) Stems branch-
ing, weak or decumbent, making long runners ; root fibrous; leaves all much alike,
roundish, somewhat angled, often heart-shaped at the base, petioled, the lowest
frequently 3-lobed or of 3 leaflets; pods linear-awl-shaped, pointed with the
style; stigma minute ; seeds oval-oblong.— Cool shaded springs, Pennsylvania
and southward along the mountains. May, June. — Leayes with just the taste
of the true Water-Cress. Flowers white, smaller than in No. 1.

3. C. bellidifolia, L. Dwarf (2'-3! high), tufted; leaves ovate, entire,
or sometimes 3-lobed (4 long), on long petioles; pods upright, linear ; style
nearly none. —Alpine summits of the White Mountains and Katahdin, Maine
(J. W. Chickering). July. — Flowers 1-5, white. Pods 1! long, turgid, the
convex valves l-nerved. (Eu.)

* % Root perennial : leaves pinnate: flowers showy.
4. C. pratensis, L. (Cuckoo FLower.) Stem ascending from a short

CRUCIFERE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 67

rootstock, simple ; leaflets 7-13, those of the lower leaves rounded and stalked ;
of the upper ones oblong or linear, entire, or slightly angled-toothed ; petals
(white or rose-color) thrice the length of the calyx. — Wet places and bogs,
Vermont to New Jersey, Wisconsin, and northward: rare. May. (Eu.)

* * * Root mostly biennial or annual: leaves pinnate: flowers small, white.

5. C. hirstta, L. (Smaxrv Birrer Cress.) Beset with scattered hairs,
or glabrous ; stems (3/-12! high) erect or ascending from the spreading cluster
of root-leaves ; their leaflets rounded, those of the upper leaves oblong or linear
and often confluent, all either toothed, angled, or entire; pods linear, slender,
erect or ascending in line with the pedicel; style very short or almost none.
(C. Pennsylvanica, Muhl. ; usually taller and more leafy-stemmed than the true
European C. hirsuta, the stamens always 6, and the pods less erect.) — Wet
places: common. May-July. (Eu.)

Var. sylvatica (C. sylvatica, Link., C. Virginica, Michr.) grows in drier
places, is more slender, and has pods more erect than their ascending, or spread-
ing pedicels, the style evident. — Commoner southward. (Eu.)

5. ARABIS, L. Rock Cress.

Pod linear, flattened; the valves plane or convex, more or less 1-nerved in
the middle, or longitudinally veiny. Seeds usually margined or winged. Coty-
ledons accumbent. — Leaves undivided. Flowers white or purple. (Name
from the country, Arabia. See Linn. Phil. Bot. § 235.)

§ 1. Seeds in one row in each cell, being nearly as broad as the partition.
* Low, chiefly biennials, diffuse or spreading from the base.

1. A. Ludoviciana, Meyer. Nearly glabrous, often annual ; leaves all
pinnately parted into oblong or linear few-toothed or entire divisions, those of
the lower leaves numerous ; flowers small, white; pods rather broadly linear
and spreading, flat; seeds wing-margined. (Cardamine Ludoviciana, Hook.) —
Open grounds, Virginia? to Illinois and southward.

2. A. lyrata, L. Root biennial; plant mostly glabrous, except the lyrate-
pinnatifid root-leaves, stem-leaves scattered, spatulate or linear with a tapering
base, sparingly toothed or entire ; petals white, much longer than the yellowish
calyx; pods long and slender, flat, ascending or spreading; the seeds margin-
less. — On rocks, New England to Kentucky along the mountains, Minnesota
and northward. April -—July. — Radicle sometimes oblique, or even dorsal.

A, Tua iAna, L., resembles the last, but the root-leaves are hardly if at all
lyrate, the stem more strict, flowers smaller, and the cotyledons uniformly in-
cumbent ; so it is referred to Sisymbrium, p. 70.

3. A. petreea, Lam. Root perennial, multicipital; leaves sparingly pinna-
tifid-toothed or incised, sometimes entire ; petals rose-color or nearly white ; pods
shorter and less flat than in A. lyrata: otherwise similar. — Rocks, L. Superior #
Willoughby Mountain, Vermont, H. Mann.

4. A. dentata, Torr. & Gray. Roughish-pubescent, slender (1°-2°
high) ; leaves oblong, very obtuse, ynequally and sharply toothed; those of the
stem numerous, half-clasping and eared at the base, of the root broader and
tapering into a short petiole; petals (whitish) scarcely exceeding the calyx,

68 CRUCIFEREZ. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

pods widely spreading, very slender, short-stalked ; style scarcely any; seeds margin-
less. — New York and Illinois to Virginia and Kentucky. May, June.

* * Erect and simple leafy-stemmed biennials, with white or whitish flowers, narrow
but flattened ascending or erect pods, and wingless seeds.

5. A. patens, Sulliv. Downy with spreading hairs, erect (1°-2° high) ;
stem-leaves oblong-ovate, acutish, coarsely toothed or the uppermost entire,
partly clasping by the heart-shaped base ; petals (bright white, 4/’ long) twice
the length of the calyx ; pedicels slender, spreading ; pods spreading or ascending,
tipped with a distinct style. — Central Ohio (rocky banks of the Scioto, Sulli-
vant), Pennsylvania (Huntingdon Co. to the Schuylkill, Porter); also in E.
Tennessee. April, May.

6. A. hirstita, Scop. Rough-hairy, sometimes smoothish, strictly erect
(1°-2° high) ; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or toothed, partly clasp-
ing by a somewhat arrow-shaped or heart-shaped base ; petals (greenish-white)
small, but longer than the calyx ; pedicels and pods strictly upright ; style scarcely
any. — Rocks, common, especially northward. May, June. (Eu.)

* * * Erect and simple leafy-stemmed biennials (1° - 3° high), with small whitish
flowers, recurved-spreading or pendulous flat pods (3'-4!' long), and broadly
winged seeds, their stalks adherent to the partition.

7. A. leevigata, DC. Smooth and glaucous, upright; stem-leaves partly
clasping by the arrow-shaped base, lanceolate or linear, sparingly cut-toothed or
entire; petals scarcely longer than the calyx ; pods long and narrow, recurved-
spreading on ascending or merely spreading pedicels. (This is also A. hetero-
phylla, Nutt.) — Rocky places, Maine to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May.

8. A. Canadénsis, L. (Sicxie-rop.) Stem upright, smooth above ;
stem-leaves pubescent, pointed at both ends, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, the lower
toothed ; petals twice the length of the calyx, oblong-linear; pods very flat,
scythe-shaped, hanging on rough-hairy pedicels (2! wide). — (A. falcata, Miche.)
Woods and ravines ; not rare, especially westward. June-Aug.

* * * * Tall and Icafy-stemmed biennials or perennials, with rather showy flowers,
the pink-purple petals long-clawed ; anthers sagittate and when old arcuate-
recurved ; the widely spreading and rather short pods nearly terete; seeds mar-
ginless. (Iopanruus, Torr. & Gray.) — Transition to Thelypodium and
Streptanthus.

9. A. hesperidoides. Glabrous (1°-3° high), often branched above ;
root-leaves round or heart-shaped, on slender petioles ; stem-leaves ovate-ob-
long and ovate-lanceolate (2!—6! long), membranaceous, veiny, sharply and
often doubly toothed, tapering to each end, the lower into a winged petiole,
sometimes bearing a pair or two of small lateral lobes ; pods on short diverging
pedicels, pointed by a short style. (Hésperis pinnatifida, Michr. Iodanthus
hesperidoides, Torr. § Gray.) — Alluvial river-banks, Ohio, Kentucky and
southwestward. May, June.

§2. TURRITIS, Dill. Seeds not so broad as the partition, occupying two more or
less distinct rows in each cell, at least when young : strict and very leafy-stemmed
biennials ; the cauline leaves partly clasping by a sagittate base. (Very gla-

CRUCIFEREZ. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 69

brous in the following species, except the base of the stem and the lower or tuft of
radical leaves, these mostly hirsute.)

10. A. perfoliata, Lam. (Tower Musrarp.) Tall (2°-4° high);
glaucous ; stem-leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, entire, half-clasping by the
sagittate base; petals yellowish-white, little longer than the calyx ; pods very narrow
(3! long) and pedicles strictly erect. (Turritis glabra, L.)— Rocks and fields,
scarce and perhaps introduced southward ; more common northward. (Eu.)

ll. A. Drummondii, Gray. Scarcely glaucous, 19- 2° high; stem-
leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear and sagittate (1/-2! long) with narrow auricles,
or the lowest spatulate ; petals white or rose-color, fully twice the length of the calyx ;
pedicels and flat pods loosely erect, or ascending, or even spreading ; seeds wing-
margined, when mature little narrower than the partition. (Turritis stricta,
Graham.) — Rocky places, from the St. Lawrence in Canada East, to Lewiston
(Clinton), Lake Superior, and northwestward; also “Chenango Co. New
York,” Northern Illinois, Vasey. — Pods 2}! - 33! long, or in var. (T. brachy-
earpa, Torr. § Gray) only 1!- 2! long.

6. BARBAREA, R.Br. Wryter Cress.

Pod linear, terete or somewhat 4-sided ; the valves being keeled by a mid-
nerve. Seeds in a single row in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons accumbent.
— Mostly biennials resembling Nasturtium ; flowers yellow. (Anciently called
The Herb of St. Barbara.)

1. B. vulgaris, R. Br. (Common Winter Cress. YELLOW Rocket.)
Smooth ; lower leaves lyrate, the terminal division round and usually large, the
lateral 1 - 4 pairs or rarely wanting ; upper leaves obovate, cut-toothed, or pin-
natifid at the base; pods erect or slightly spreading ; or in var. sTRICTA, ap-
pressed ; in var. ARCUATA, ascending on spreading pedicels. — Low grounds
and roadsides : apparently introduced, but indigenous from L. Superior north-
ward and westward. (Eu.)

2. B. pracox, R. Br. (Earty Wryter C.), with 5-8 pairs of lateral lobes
to the leaves, and longer pods on very thick pedicels, — yet probably only a vari-
ety of the other, — somewhat cultivated from New York southward as a winter
salad, under the name of Scurvy-Grass, —is beginning to run wild. (Eu.)

7. ERYSIMUM, L. TrEACLE Musrarp.

Pod linear, 4-sided ; the valves keeled with a strong midrib. Seeds in a sin-
gle row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons (often obliquely) incum-
bent. Calyx erect. — Chiefly biennials, with yellow flowers; the leaves not

-elasping. (Name from épva, to draw blisters.)

1. KE. cheiranthoides, L. (Worm-srep Musrarp.) Minutely rough-
ish, branching, slender ; leaves lanceolate, scarcely toothed ; flowers small ; pods
small and short (7!""-12" long), very obtusely angled, ascending on slender di-
vergent pedicels. — Banks of streams, New York, Penn., Illinois, and northward.
July. (Eu.)

2. KE. asperum, DC., var. Arkansanum, Nutt. (Western WatLt-
FLOWER.) Minutely roughish-hoary; stem simple; leaves lanceolate, some-

tv
aru

70 CRUCIFEREH. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

what toothed; pods nearly erect on very short pedicels, elongated (3'- 4! long), ex-
actly 4-sided; stigma 2-lobed. — Ohio (on limestone cliffs) to Illinois, and
southwestward. June, July.— Plant stout, 1°-2° high; the crowded bright
orange-yellow flowers as large as those of the Wall-flower. Petals orbicular,
on very slender claws.

8. SISYMBRIUM, L. Hence Musrarp.

Pod terete, flattish, or 4—6-sided; the valves 1-3-nerved. Seeds oblong,
marginless. Cotyledons incumbent. Calyx open. — Flowers small, white or
yellow. (An ancient Greek name for some plant of this family.) Ours are

*

annuals or biennials.

1. S. orricinALe, Scop. (Hrepce Musrarp.) Leaves runcinate; flowers
very small, pale yellow; pods awl-shaped, close pressed to the stem, scarcely
stalked. — Waste places. May-Sept.— An unsightly branched weed, 2°-3°
high. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. S. TuariAna, Gaud. (Movse-var Cress.) Leaves obovate or oblong, entire
or barely toothed ; flowers white ; pods linear, somewhat 4-sided, longer than
the slender spreading pedicels. (Arabis Thaliana, Z.; the plant resembles A.
lyrata.) — Old fields and rocks, Massachusetts to Kentucky. April, May. —
A span high, slender, branched, hairy at the base. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. S. canéscens, Nutt. (Tansy Musrarp.) Leaves 2-pinnatifid, often
hoary or downy, the divisions small and toothed; flowers yellowish, very
small; pods in long racemes, oblong-club-shaped or oblong-linear, shorter than
their mostly horizontal pedicels ; seeds 2-ranked in each cell. — Penn. and New
York (Lucifer Falls, Tompkins Co., J. W. Chickering) to Lake Superior, thence
southward and westward. June- Aug.

S. Sopnia, L., with slender linear pods nearly erect on ascending pedicels,
and one-ranked seeds is nat. from Eu. in Canada East. —S. 1ncisum, Engelm.,
differing only in the shorter pods widely spreading on horizontal pedicels, is wild
beyond the Mississippi.

9. BRASSICA (Brassica and Sinapis), Tourn.

Pod linear or oblong, nearly terete or 4-sided, with a stout 1-seeded beak or a
rigid style; valves 1—5-nerved. Seeds globose, one-rowed. Cotyledons incum-
bent, folded around the radicle.— Annuals or biennials, with yellow flowers.
Lower leaves mostly lyrate, incised, or pinnatifid. (The Latin name of Cab-
bage. Sinapis is the Greek Sivamz, which is said to come from the Celtic nap,
a turnip.)

1. B. Sivapfstrum, Boissier (or Srxapis Arvénsis, L., the English Cuar-
Lock), with knotty pods, fully one third occupied by a stout 2-edged beak
(which is either empty or one-seeded), the upper leaves barely toothed, is a
noxious weed in grain-fields, from Pennsylvania and New York westward.
(Ady. from Eu.)

2. B. (or SixApis) Area. (WurtEe Mustarp.) Pods bristly, ascending on
spreading pedicels, more than half its length occupied by the sword-shaped one-
seeded beak ; leaves all pinnatifid; seeds pale. (Cult. and ady. from Eu.)

CRUCIFER®, (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 71

3. B. (or SrnApis) Nigra. (Buack Musrarp.) Pods smooth (}¥ long),
4-cornered (the valves only 1-nerved), erect on appressed pedicels forming
a slender raceme, tipped with a stout persistent style ; seeds dark brown, small-
er and more pungent than in the last; lower leaves with a large terminal lobe
and a few small lateral ones. — Fields and waste places, or cultivated. (Ady.
from Eu.)

B. campéstris, L., in the form of the RuraBaGa and the Turnip, some-
times persists a year or two in neglected grounds.

10. DRABA, L. WHITLOW-GRASS.

Pouch oval, oblong, or even linear, flat; the valves plane or slightly convex ;
the partition broad. Seeds several or numerous, in 2 rows in each cell, margin-
less. Cotyledons accumbent. Calyx equal. Filaments not toothed. —Low
herbs with entire or toothed leaves, and white or yellow flowers; the pubes-
cence often stellate. (Name from épa8n, aerid, in allusion to the pungency of
the leaves.)

§ 1. DRABA, DC. Petals not notched nor cleft.

* Perennial or biennial, leafy-stemmed: flowers white: pods twisted when ripe.

1. D. ramosissima, Desv. Diffusely much branched and forming many
radical tufts, perennial (5'-8! high), pubescent; leaves laciniate-toothed, linear-
lanceolate, the lower oblanceolate ; racemes corymbosely-branched ; pods hairy,
oval-oblong or lanceolate (2’—5'' long), on slender spreading pedicels, tipped
with a /ong style. — Clitts, Harper’s Ferry, Natural Bridge, &c., Virginia to Ken-
tucky River, and southward. April, May.

2. D. arabisans, Michx. Slightly pubescent, the perennial root bearing
rather numerous radical tufts; flowering stems (6/-10! high) erect and mostly
simple ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, linear, or the lower spatulate, sparingly toothed ;
racemes short, usually simple; pods glabrous, oblong-lanceolate (5/-6/ long),
acute, on rather short and spreading pedicels, pointed with a short but distinct
style. — Rocky banks, N. Vermont and New York towards the St. Lawrence,
also Akron, Ohio (Clinton), and shores of L. Huron and L. Superior. May,
June. — Petals rather large. Too near some forms of the next.

3. D. ineana, L. Hoary-pubescent, biennial or somewhat perennial, the
radical tuft seldom branching ; leaves shorter, raceme more strict, petals smaller,
and pods shorter and blunter than in the last, often pubescent, on short erect pedi-
cels; style very short or none. — Dry rocks, Willoughby Mountain, Vermont,
Tuckerman, H. Mann.; also high northward. (Eu.)

“* * Annual or biennial: leafy stems short: flowers white, or in No. 5 yellow: style
none. (Leaves oblong or obovate, hairy, sessile.)

4. D. brachyearpa, Nutt. Low (2/-4/ high), minutely pubescent ; stems
leafy to the base of the dense at length elongated raceme ; leaves narrowly ob-
long or the lowest ovate (2!-4!' long), few toothed or entire; flowers small ;
pods smooth, narrowly oblong, acutish (2" long), about the length of the ascending or
spreading pedicels. —Dry hills, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. April. —
Petals sometimes minute, sometimes none.

WW WW.

72 CRUCIFERE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

.

5. D. nemorosa, L. Leaves oblong or somewhat lanceolate, more or less
toothed ; racemes elongated (4'—8' long in fruit) ; petals emarginate, small ; pods
elliptical-oblong, half the length of the horizontal or widely-spreading pedicels, pubes-
cent (D. nemoralis, Ehrh.), or smooth (D. lutea, DC.).— Fort Gratiot, Michi-
gan, and northwestward. (Eu.) eae

6. D. cuneifdlia, Nutt. Leaves obovate, wedge-shaped, or the lowest
spatulate, toothed; raceme somewhat elongated in fruit (1'—3/), at length equal-
ling the naked peduncle; petals emarginate, much longer than the calyx; pods
oblong-linear, minutely hairy, longer than the horizontal pedicels. — Grassy places,
Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. March, April.

7. D. Caroliniana, Walt. Small (1/-5! high); leaves obovate, mostly
entire; peduncles scape-like; petals usually twice the length of the calyx ; ra-
ceme short or corymbose in fruit ($'-1' long); pods broadly linear, smooth, much
longer than the ascending pedicels. — Sandy and waste fields, Rhode Island to
Wisconsin, and southward. March-May.—Petals often wanting in the later
racemes, especially in the

Var. micrantha (D. micrantha, Nutt.), with minutely rough-hairy pods.
With the other, westward, Bebb, &c.

§ 2. EROPHILA, DC. Petals 2-cleft. (Annual or biennial : flowers white.)

«8 D. vérna, L. (Wuirtow-Grass.) Small (scapes 1/-3! high) ; leaves
all radical, oblong or lanceolate ; racemes elongated in fruit ; pods varying from
round-oyal to oblong-lanceolate, smooth, shorter than the pedicels. — Sandy
waste places and roadsides. April, May. — Not found north of Lower Canada :
perhaps introduced. (Eu.)

11. ALYSSUM, Tour. “ALYssUM.

Like Vesicaria but with a flat pouch: only one or two seeds in a cell: flowers
yellow or white. Filaments often toothed. (Greek name of a plant reputed
to check the hiccup, as the etymology denotes.) They are plants of the Old
World, two adventive species deserving a mere mention, and one indigenous,
rare and doubtful.

1. A. MARitimum, L. (Sweet Atyssum), with green or slightly hoary
linear leaves, honey-scented small white flowers, and 2-seeded pods, commonly
cult., begins to be spontaneous southward. (Ady. from Eu.)

2. A. caLycinum, L., a dwarf hoary annual, with linear-spatulate leaves,
pale yellow or whitish petals little exceeding the persistent calyx, and orbicular
sharp-margined 4-seeded pod, the style minute, occurs in grass-land at Amherst,
Mass., Tuckerman. (Ady. from Eu.)

3. A. Lescurii. (Vesicaria? Lescurii, ed. 2.) Somewhat pubescent, but
green; stems diffusely ascending from a biennial root: leaves oblong or oval,
sparingly toothed, those of the stem half-clasping by a sagittate base; racemes
elongated, many-flowered ; pedicels ascending; filaments inflated at the base ;
style half the length of the hispid orbicular or broadly oval flat pod ; seeds wing-mar-
gined, 1-4 in each cell, on free stalks. — Hills near Nashville, Tennessee, Leo
Lesquereux. April, May.— Petals golden yellow, rather large. Ambiguous
between this genus and the next.

J

Jf

CRUCIFEREZ. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 73

12. VESICARIA, Town. Brapper-rop.

Pouch globular or inflated, with a broad mostly orbicular partition ; the hem-
ispherical or convex thin valves nerveless. Seeds few or several, flat. Cotyle-
dons accumbent. Filaments toothless. — Low herbs, pubescent or hoary with
stellate hairs. Flowers mostly yellow. (Name from vesica, a bladder.)

1. V. Shortii, Torr. & Gray. Minutely hoary all over; stems spreading
or decumbent from an annual or biennial root ; leaves oblong or lanceolate with
a tapering base, repand-toothed or nearly entire; raceme at length elongated,
with filiform diverging pedicels; petals light yellow ; style filiform, much longer
than the small globose about 4-seeded pod; seeds marginless. — Rocky banks
of Elkhorn Creek near Lexington, Kentucky (Short), and Kentucky River near
Frankfort, Lesquereux. May, June.

13. CAMELINA, Crantz. Fats Frax.

Pouch obovoid or pear-shaped, pointed, turgid, flattish parallel to the broad
partition: valves I-neryed. Seeds numerous oblong. Cotyledons incumbent.
Style slender. Flowers small, yellow. (Name from xapat, dwarf, and wor,
flax. It has been fancied to be a sort of degenerate flax. )

1. C. sariva, Crantz. Annual; leaves lanceolate and arrow-shaped ; pods
margined, large. A weed in flax-fields, &e. (Adv. from Eu.)

14. SUBULARIA, LL. Awrworr.

Pouch ovoid or globular, with a broad partition; the turgid valves L-nerved.
Seeds several. Cotyledons long and narrow, incumbently folded transversely, i.e.
the cleft extending to the radicular side of the curvature. Style none. —A
dwarf stemless perennial, aquatic; the tufted leaves awl-shaped (whence the
name). Scape naked, few-flowered, 1/-3/ high. Flowers minute, white.

1. S. aquatica, L.— Margin of lakes in Maine, Nuttall, &. Echo Lake,
Franconia, New Hampshire, Tuckerman. June, July. (Eu.)

15. CAPSELLA, Vent. SHEPHERD’s Purse.

Pouch obcordate-triangular, flattened contrary to the narrow partition; the
valves boat-shaped, wingless. Seeds numerous. Cotyledons incumbent. —
Annuals; flowers small, white. (Name a diminutive of capsula, a pod.)

1. C. Bursa-pastoris, Meench. Root-leaves clustered, pinnatifid or
toothed ; stem-leaves arrow-shaped, sessile. — Waste places; the commonest
of weeds. April—Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

16. THLASPI, Toum. Penxycress.

Pouch orbicular, obovate, or obcordate, flattened contrary to the narrow par-
tition, the midrib or keel of the boat-shaped valves extended into a wing.
Seeds 2-8 in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. Petals equal. — Low plants,
with root-leaves undivided, stem-leaves arrow-shaped and clasping, and small
white or purplish flowers. (Ancient Greek name, from 6Ad@, to crush, of a
Cress the seeds of which were bruised and used like Mustard.)

74 CRUCIFERE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)
a

1. T. arvénse, L. (Frerp P. or Miruripate Musrarp.) A smcoth
annual, with broadly winged pod 3! in diameter, several-seeded, deeply notched
at top; style minute.— Waste places, shore of Lake Huron and in Lower
Canada; also Virginia. (Nat. from Eu.)

Wi. LEPI D PUM, L. PEPPERWORT. PEPPERGRASS.

Pouch roundish, much flattened contrary to the narrow partition; the valves
boat-shaped and keeled. Seeds solitary in each cell, pendulous. Cotyledons
incumbent, or in No. 1 accumbent! Flowers small, white or greenish. (Name
from Aemidzoy, a little scale, alluding to the small flat pods.) — Ours are annuals
or biennials, except the last.

* Leaves all with a tapering base ; the upper linear or lanceolate and entire, the lower
and often the middle ones incised or pinnatifid: pods orbicular or oval, with a
small notch at the top: the style minute or none: stamens only 2.

1. L. Virginicum, L. (Witp Perppererass.) Cotyledons accumbent
and seed minutely margined ; pod marginless or obscurely margined at the top;
petals present, except in some of the later flowers. —June—Sept. A common
roadside weed, which has immigrated from farther South.

2. L. intermédium, Gray. Cotyledons incumbent as in the following ;
pod minutely wing-margined at the top; petals sometimes conspicuous, rarely
wanting; otherwise nearly as in No. 1.— Dry places, from Northern Michigan
and Illinois northward and westward. ‘

3. LL. ruppRALE, L. More diffuse, the smaller and oval pods and the seeds
marginless ; petals always wanting. — Roadsides, near Boston, Philadelphia, &e. ;
not common. (Ady. from Eu.)

* * Stem-leaves with a sagittate partly clasping base, rather crowded.

4. L. campéstre, L. Minutely soft downy; leaves arrow-shaped, somewhat
toothed ; pods ovate, winged, rough, the style longer than the narrow notch. —
Old fields, Mass. and New York to Virginia: rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

5. L. Drapa, L. Perennial, obscurely hoary; leaves oval or oblong, the
upper with broad clasping auricles ; flowers corymbose ; pods heart-shaped,
wingless, thickish, entire, tipped with a conspicuous style. — Astoria, near New
York, D. C. Eaton. (Ady. from Eu.)

18. SENEBIERA, DC. WarrCress. Swine-Cress.

Pouch flattened contrary to the narrow partition ; the two cells indehiscent,
but falling away at maturity from the partition as closed nutlets, strongly
wrinkled or tuberculate, 1-seeded. Cotyledons narrow and incumbently folded
transversely. Low and diffuse or prostrate annuals or biennials, with minute
whitish flowers. Stamens often only 2. (Dedicated to J. Senebier, a distin-
guished yegetable physiologist. )

1. S. didyma, Pers. Leaves 1-2-pinnately parted ; pods notched at the
aper, rough-wrinkled. .(S. pinnatifida, DC. Lepidium didymum, £.) — Waste
places, at ports, Philadelphia to Virginia, &c.: an immigrant from farther
South.

CAPPARIDACEEZ. (CAPER FAMILY.) 75

2. S. Corondrus, DC. Leaves less divided, with narrower lobes ; pods not

notched at the apex, tubercled. Virginia, Pursh. Newport, Rhode Island, Robbins,
&c. * (Ady. from Eu.)

19. CAKILE, Tourn. Sea-Rocker.

Pod short, 2-jointed across, fleshy, the upper joint separating at maturity ;
each indehiscent, 1-celled and 1-seeded, or the lower sometimes seedless. Seed
erect in the upper, suspended in the lower joint. Cotyledons obliquely accum-
bent. — Seaside fleshy annuals. Flowers purplish. (An old Arabic name.)

1. C. Americana, Nutt. (American Sea-Rocket.) Leaves obovate,
sinuate and toothed; lower joint of the fruit obovoid, emarginate ; the upper
ovate, flattish at the apex.— Coast of the Northern States and of the Great
Lakes. July—Sept.—Joints nearly even and fleshy when fresh; the upper
one 4-angled and appearing more beaked when dry.

20. RAPHANUS, L. Ranisu.

Pods linear or oblong, tapering upwards, 2-jointed; the lower joint often
seedless and stalk-like; the upper necklace-form by constriction between the
seeds, with no proper partition. Style long. Seeds spherical as in Cabbage,
&e. — Annuals or biennials. (The ancient Greek name from fd, quickly, and
paiva, to appear, alluding to the rapid germination.)

1. R. Rapwanistrum, L. (Witp Rapisn. Jorntep CHartock.) Pods
necklace-form, long-beaked ; leaves lyre-shaped, rough ; petals yellow, turning
whitish or purplish, veiny. — A troublesome weed in fields, E. New England to
Pennsylvania. (Ady. from Eu.)

R. sarivus, L., Garpen Rapisu, with pink-purple or whitish flowers, and
thick knobby and pointed pods, with irregular fleshy partitions between the
seeds, occasionally becomes spontaneous for a year or two.

Orper 11. CAPPARIDACEZE. (Carer FAMILY. )

Herbs (when in northern regions), with cruciform flowers, but 6 or more
not telradynamous stamens, a 1-celled pod with 2 parietal placente, and kid-
ney-shaped seeds.— Pod as in Cruciferze, but with no partition: seeds
sunilar, but the embryo coiled rather than folded. — Leaves alternate,
mostly palmately compound. — Often with the acrid or pungent qualities
of Cruciferze (as in capers, the flower-buds of Capparis spinosa) ; also
commonly bitter and nauseous. Represented within our limits only by

1. POLANISIA, Raf. Porayisra.

Sepals 4. Petals 4, with claws, notched at the apex. Stamens 8 - 32, un-
equal. Receptacle not elongated, bearing a gland behind the base of the ovary.
Pod linear or oblong, veiny, turgid, many-seeded. — Fetid annuals, with glan-
dular or clammy hairs. Flowers in leify racemes. (Name from wodvs, many,
and dos, unequal, points in which the genus differs in its stamens from
Cleome.)

76 VIOLACEH. (VIOLET FAMILY.)

1. P. gravéolens, Raf. Leaves with 3 oblong leaflets ; stamens about
11, scarcely exceeding the petals: style short; pod slightly stipitate. — Gravelly
shores, from Connecticut (near Hartford) and W. Vermont to Wisconsin and
Kentucky. June - Aug. — Flowers small: calyx and filaments purplish:
petals yellowish-white.

Orper 12. RESEDACEZE. (MicnonettTe Famtty.)

Herbs, with unsymmetrical 4 — 7-merous small flowers, a fleshy one-sided
hypogynous disk between the petals and the (3-40) stamens, bearing the
latter. Calyx not closed in the bud. Pod 3 —6-lobed, 3 —6-horned, 1-celled
with 8—6 parietal placenta, opening at the top before the seeds (which are
as in Order 11) are full grown. — Leaves alternate, with only glands
for stipules. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes. — A small and un-
important family, of the Old World, represented by the Mignonette
(Reseda odorata) and the Dyer’s Weed.

1. RESEDA, L. Micnonette. Dyer’s Rocket.

Petals 4-7, cleft, unequal. Stamens 12 - 40, on one side of the flower.
(Name from resedo, to calm, in allusion to supposed sedative properties. )

1. R. Lurkora, L. (Dyrr’s Weep or Wetp.) Leaves lanceolate ;
calyx 4-parted ; petals 4, greenish-yellow ; the upper one 3-—5-cleft, the two
lateral 3-cleft, the lower one linear and entire; pods depressed. — Roadsides,
New York, &c.— Plant 2° high. Used for dyeing yellow. (Adv. from Eu.) .

Orver 13. WEOLACEZE. (VioLer Fairy.)

Herbs, with a somewhat irregular 1-spurred corolla of 5 petals, 5 hy-
pogynous stamens with adnate introrse anthers conniving over the pistil, and
a 1-celled 3-valved pod with 3 parietal placente. — Sepals 5, persistent.
Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens with their short and broad fila-
ments continued beyond the anther-cells, and often coherent with each
other. Style usually club-shaped, with the simple stigma turned to one
side. Valves of the capsule bearing the several-seeded placentz on their
middle : after opening, each valve as it dries folds together lengthwise
firmly, projecting the seeds. Seeds anatropous, rather large, with a hard
seed-coat, and a large and straight embryo nearly as long as the albu-
men: cotyledons flat.— Leaves alternate, with stipules. Flowers axil-
lary, nodding. (Roots slightly acrid or emetic.) — Two genera in the
Northern United States.

i SOLEA., Ging., DC. Green VIOLET.

Sepals not prolonged at the base. Petals nearly equal in length, but
the lower one larger and gibbous or saccate at the base, more notched than
the others at the apex. Stamens completely united into a sheath enclos-

VIOLACE®, (VIOLET FAMILY.) 77

ing the ovary, and bearing a broad gland on the lower side. Style hooked at
the summit. — A homely perennial herb, with stems leafy to the top, and 1-3
small greenish-white flowers in the axils, on short recurved pedicels. (Named
in honor of JV. Sole, author of an essay on the British Mints.)

1. S. ecéneolor, Ging. (Viola concolor, Pursh, &c.) — Woods, New
York to Ilinois and southward. June.— Plant 1°-2° high. Leaves oblong,
pointed at both ends, entire. Pod 1’ long.

> a a © rs Acs) Ta: VioLeT. HEART’S-EASE.

Sepals extended into ears at the base. Petals somewhat unequal, the lower
one spurred at the base. Stamens closely surrounding the ovary, often slightly
cohering with each other; the two lower ones bearing spurs which project into
the spur of the corolla. Besides these conspicuous blossoms, which appear in
spring, others are produced later (especially in the stemless species), on shorter
peduncles or on runners, usually concealed under the leaves; these never open
nor deyelop petals, but are fertilized in the young bud, producing pods which
are far more fruitful than the ordinary blossoms. (The ancient Latin name of
the genus. )

§ 1. Stemiess Vroxets: the leaves and scapes all from a subterranean rootstock,
Jlowering in early spring, and bearing fruitful apetalous flowers all summer.
* Flowers yellow: rootstock creeping and producing summer runners.

1. V. rotundifolia, Michx. (Rounp-LeEAvep VioLet.) Leaves round-
ovate, heart-shaped, slightly crenate; lateral petals bearded and marked with
brown lines; spur very short.— Cold woods, Maine to Michigan, and south
along the Alleghanies. — Smoothish: leaves 1’ broad at flowering, increasing to
3/ or 4/ in the summer, then lying flat on the ground, shining above.

* *& Flowers white (small, short-spurred) ; lower petals striped with lilac veins: root-
stock creepiny and producing summer runners or subterranean filiform branches,
(No. 2 and No. 4, however different, seem to be connected by No. 3.)

2. V. lanceolata, L. (Lance-Leavep VioLer.) Smooth; leaves lan-
ceolate, erect, blunt, tapering into a long-margined petiole, almost entire; petals
beardless. — Damp soil, Maine to Illinois, Kentucky, and southward; com-
mon eastward.

3. V. primulefolia, L. (Priwrose-Lteavep V.) Smooth or a little
pubescent ; leaves oblong or ovate, abrupt or somewhat heart-shaped at the base ;
petals often acute, the lateral ones usually sparingly bearded. (V. acuta, Bige-
low.)— Damp soil; with No. 2.

4. V. blanda, Willd. (Swerr Waite V.) Leaves round-heart-shaped or
kidney-form, minutely pubescent ; petals mostly beardless. — Damp places, every-
where, Maine to Wisconsin and Kentucky. — Flowers faintly sweet-scented.

* * * Flowers purplish or violet: rootstocks slender and creeping, often producing
numerous summer runners.

V. oporAta, L. (Sweet or Enciisu Vrorer), cultivated in gardens,
from Europe, belongs to this section, and is becoming sparingly spontaneous
in some places.

78 VIOLACEH. (VIOLET FAMILY.)

5. V. palustris, L. (Marsu V.) Smooth; leaves round-heart-shaped
and kidney-form, slightly crenate; flowers (small) pale lilac with purple streaks,
nearly beardless; spur very short and obtuse.— Alpine summits of the White
Mountains, New Hampshire, and high northward. June. (Eu.)

6. V. Selkirkii, Pursh., Goldie., 1822, (GrEAT-SPURRED V.) Small and
delicate ; the filiform rootstock fibrose-rooted, no runners above ground ; smooth,
except the round-heart-shaped crenate leaves, which are minutely hairy on .the
upper surface and have a deep narrowed sinus ; spur very large, thickened at the
end, almost as long as the beardless pale violet petals. (V. umbrosa, Fries, 1828.
V. Kamtschatica, Gingins, 1826.) —— Damp and shady soil, W. Massachusetts to
Chatauque Co., N. Y. (Clinton), L. Superior (2obbins), and northward : rare. —
Scapes and petioles 1'-2/, the leaf 3/-14/ long, thin; the spur 3’ long. (Eu.)

* * * * Flowers violet or purple (or rarely almost white) : rootstocks fleshy and thick-
ened or tuberous, mostly erect or ascending, producing neither runners nor runner-
like subterranean branches.

7. V. cucullata, Ait. (Common Brive V.) Rootstocks thickly dentate
with fleshy teeth, branching and forming compact masses ; leaves all long-petioled
and upright, heart-shaped with a broad sinus, varying to kidney-shaped and dilated-
triangular, smooth, or more or less pubescent, the sides at the base rolled in-
wards when young, obtusely serrate ; lateral and often the lower petals bearded ;
spur short and thick; stigma slightly beaked or beakless. — Low grounds, com-
mon everywhere. — Very variable in size, shape of leaves and sepals, and in the
color and size of the flowers, which are deep or pale violet-blue or purple, some-
times nearly white, or variegated with white. Scapes 3’-10' high. Passes by
intermediate forms of all sorts into ;

Var. palmata. (Hanp-tear V.) Leaves variously 3-7-cleft or parted, or
the earlier ones entire on the same individual. (V. palmata, 2.) —- Common,
especially southward.

Var. cordata. Leaves chiefly round-heart-shaped and prostrate, sometimes
villous, sometimes nearly glabrous, small. (V. villosa and V. cordata, Walt.
V. sororia, Wil/d.) —Common southward ; a variety growing in drier soil or
more exposed situations.

8. V. sagittata, Ait. (ARRow-Leavep V.) Smoothish or hairy; leaves
on short and margined, or the later often on long and naked petioles, varying from
oblong-heart-shaped to halberd-shaped, arrow-shaped, oblong-lanceolate or ovate, denticu-
late, sometimes cut-toothed near the base, the lateral or occasionally all the
(pretty large purple-blue) petals bearded ; spur short and thick ; stigma beaked.
(V. ovata, Nutt., and V. emarginata, Ze Conte, are states of this variable spe-
cies.) — Dry or moist open places, New England to Illinois and southward. —
Rootstock nearly as in the preceding, into which some forms seem to pass.

9. V. delphinifolia, Nutt. (Larxseur V.) raves all palmately or pe-
dately 5 -7-parted, divisions 2 -3-cleft ; lobes linear ; /ateral petals bearded ; stigma
short-beaked ; otherwise like the next. — Rich prairies, Illinois and westward.

10. V. pedata, L. (Birp-roor V.) Nearly smooth; rootstock short and
very thick, erect, not scaly ; leaves all 3-5-divided, or the earliest only parted,
the lateral divisions 2-3-parted, all linear or narrowly spatulate, sometimes 2 —-

VIOLACEH. (VIOLET FAMILY.) 79

8-toothed or cut at the apex; petals beardless ; stigma nearly beakless. — Sandy
or gravelly soil, New England to Illinois and southward. — Flower large, 1
broad, pale or deep lilac-purple or blue.

Var. bicolor. A very handsome variety, with the two upper petals deep
violet, and as it were velvety, like a pansy, occurs sparingly from Massachusetts
to Maryland, &c.

§ 2, Leary-sremMED Vio.ets: all but the last perennial from short rootstocks.

* Leaf-bearing from base to summit, usually branching and flowering all summer :
stipules entire or barely toothed, not foliaceous.

11. V. canina, L., var. sylvéstris, Regel. (Doe V.) Low (3'-8! high) ;
stems ascending, mostly simple, from the base at length producing creeping
branches ; leaves heart-shaped, or the lowest kidney-form, crenate, the uppermost
slightly pointed; stipules lanceolate, fringe-toothed ; spur cylindrical, half the
length of the light violet petals, the lateral ones slightly bearded ; stigma beaked.
(V. sylvestris, Zam. V. Muhlenbérgii, Torr., and former ed.) — Damp or wet
shady places: common. May-July. (Eu.)

12. V. rostrata, Pursh. (Lone-spurrep V.) Stems ascending (3!—6!
high) ; leaves roundish-heart-shaped, serrate, the upper acute; stipules lance-
olate, fringed-toothed, large ; spur slender (3' long), longer than the pale violet beard-
less petals ; style straight and slender ; stigma terminal, beakless. — Shaded hill-
sides, Maine to Ohio and Kentucky, and southwards in the Alleghanies: rather
rare. June, July.

13. V. striata, Ait. (Pate V.) Stems angular, ascending (6/-10! high) ;
leaves heart-shaped, finely serrate, often acute ; stipules oblong-lanceolate, large,
strongly fringed-toothed ; spur thickish, much shorter than the cream-colored or white
petals, the lateral ones bearded, the lower striped with purplish lines; stigma
beaked. — Low grounds; common, especially westward. April - Oct.

14. V. Canadénsis, L. (Canapa V.) Upright (1°-2° high) ; leaves
heart-shaped, pointed, serrate; stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire; petals white or
whitish inside, the upper ones mostly tinged with violet beneath, the lateral
bearded ; spur very short ; stigma ‘beakless. — Rich woods ; common northward
and along the Alleghanies. May - Aug.

* * Simple stems erect, naked below, 2-—4-leaved above: stipules nearly entire: flow-
ers yellow, in spring and early summer : stigma bearded on each side.

15. V. pubescéns, Ait. (Downy Yetiow V.) Softly pubescent (6/—-
12! high) ; leaves very broadly heart-shaped, toothed, somewhat pointed ; stipules
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, large; spur extremely short; lower petals veined with
purple. — Woods; common.

Var. eriocarpa, Nutt. More pubescent, stout, 1°-2° high ; pods woolly.
(V. eriocarpa, Schwein.) —Common westward.

Var. scabriuscula, Torr. & Gray. Smaller and greener, slightly pubes-
cent ; stems often decumbent (4/-10! high). — Rhode Island to Kentucky.

16. V. hastata, Michx. (Harperp-teavep V.) Nearly glabrous, slen-
der (4/-10! high); stem-leaves halberd-shaped or oblong-heart-shaped, slightly
serrate, acute; stipules ovate, small; spur very short. — Woods, N. Ohio (near
Painesville, JZiss Shattuck), mountains of Penn., and southward: rare.

Sut *¢

ud-v

Bur-

Dinan -

80 CISTACEE. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.)

* & * Leafbearing throughout from an annual, biennial, or sometimes short-lived
perennial root ; the stipules large, leaf-like and lyrate-pinnatifid.

17. V. wtricotor, L. (Pansy. Hearr’s-Ease.) Stem angled and
branched ; leaves roundish, or the upper oval and the lowest heart-shaped,
crenate or entire; petals variable in color or variegated: (yellow, whitish,
violet-blue and purple) ; — in var. ArvéNsIs shorter or little longer than the
calyx. — Dry or sandy soil, New York to Illinois and southward: the variety
seeming like a native plant. April—Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

Orper 14. CISWACEZE. (Rocx-rose Famtty.)

Low shrubs or herbs, with regular flowers, distinct and hypogynous mostly
indefinite stamens, a persistent calyx, a 1-celled 3—5-valved pod with as
many parietal placente borne on the middle of the valves, and orthotropous
albuminous seeds. — Sepals 5; the two external often small, like bracts,
or sometimes wanting; the three others a little twisted in the bud. Petals
3 or 5, convolute in the opposite direction from the calyx in the bud. An-
thers short, innate, on slender filaments. Style single or none. Ovules
few or many, on slender stalks, with the orifice at their apex. Embryo
long and slender, straightish or curved, in mealy albumen: cotyledons
narrow. — Leaves simple and mostly entire, the lower usually opposite,
and the upper alternate. (Inert plants. A small family: mostly of the
Mediterranean region.)

1. Helianthemum. Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious. Stamens and ovules nu-
merous in the petal-bearing flowers.

2. Hudsonia. Petals 5, fugacious. Stamens 9-30. Style long and slender. Pod strictly
1-celled, 2- 6-seeded.

3. Lechea. Petals 3, persistent. Stamens 3-12. Style none. Pod partly 3-celled, the im-
perfect partitions bearing broad 2-seeded placentee.

1. HELIANTHEMUM, Town. Rock-rose.

Petals 5, crumbled in the bud, fugacious. Style short or none in our species :
stigma 3 lobed. Capsule strictly 1-celled. Embryo curved in the form of a
hook or ring. — Flowers in most N. American species of two sorts, viz., 1. the
primary or earlier ones, with large petals, indefinitely numerous stamens, and
many-seeded pods; 2. secondary, or later ones, which are much smaller and in
clusters, with small petals or none, 3-10 stamens, and much smaller 3—few-
seeded pods. The yellow flowers open only once, in sunshine, and cast their
petals by the next day. (Name from #Atos, the sun, and avOepor, flower.)

1. H. Canadénse, Michx. (Frost-weep.) Peal-bearing flowers soli-
tary; the small secondary flowers clustered in the axils of the leaves, nearly sessile ;
calyx of the large flowers hairy-pubescent ; of the small ones hoary, like the
stem and lower side of the lanceolate-oblong leaves. — A variety is more hoary,
and with a stronger tendency to multiply the minute clustered flowers. — Sandy
or gravelly dry soil, Maine to Wisconsin and southward. June-Aug.— Stems
at first simple. Corolla of the large flowers 1! wide, producing pods 3” long:

CISTACEH. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.) 81

pods of the smaller flowers not larger than a pin’s head, — Late in autumn,
crystals of ice shoot from the cracked bark at the root, whence the popular
name.

2. H. corymbdésum, Michx. Flowers all clustered at the summit of the
stem or branches, the petal-bearing ones at length on slender stalks: calyx
woolly. — Pine barrens, New Jersey and southward along the coast.

2. HUDSONIA, L. _ Hvpsoyta.

Petals 5, fugacious (lasting but a day), much larger than the calyx. Sta-
mens 9-30. Style long and slender: stigma minute. Pod oblong, enclosed
in the calyx, strictly 1-celled, with 1 or 2 seeds attached near the base of each
nerve-like placenta. Embryo coiled into the form of a closed hoek. — Bushy
heath-like little shrubs (seldom a foot high), covered all over with the small
awl-shaped or scale-like persistent downy leaves, producing numerous (small
but showy) bright yellow flowers crowded along the upper part of the branches.
(Named in honor of Wm. Hudson, an early English botanist.)

1. H. ericoides, L. Downy but greenish; leaves slender, awl-shaped,
loose; flowers on slender naked stalks. —Dry sandy soil near the coast, N.
Maine to Virginia. May.

2. H. tomentosa, Nutt. Hoary with down; leaves oval or narrowly
oblong, short, close-pressed and imbricated ; flowers sessile (sandy coasts from
Maine to Maryland),—or short-peduncled, the leaves also narrower: Maine
(at Harrison, J. Blake) and along the shores of the Great Lakes to Minnesota.
May, June. ©

38. LECHEA, L._ Pixweep.

Petals 3, narrow, flat in the bud: not longer than the calyx, withering-per-
sistent. Stamens 3-12. Style scarcely any: stigmas 3, plumose. Pod
globular, partly 3-celled ; the 3 broad and thin placentz borne on imperfect
partitions, each bearing 2 seeds on the face towards the valve: in our species,
the placent curve backwards and partly enclose the seeds. Embryo straight-
ish. — Homely perennial herbs, with very small greenish or purplish flowers,
in summer. (Named in honor of John Leche, a Swedish botanist.)

1. L. major, Michx. Hairy; stem upright (1°-2° high, stout), simple,
producing slender prostrate branches from the base ; leaves elliptical, mucronate-
pointed, alternate and opposite or sometimes whorled ; flowers densely crowded
in panicled clusters; pedicels shorter than the very small globose-trianyular pod ;
sepals narrower than its valves. — Sterile grounds : common, especially southward.

2. L. thymifolia, Pursh. Hoary with appressed hairs, especially the de-
cumbent stout leafy shoots from the base ; flowering stems ascending, loosely
branched, with the leaves linear or oblanceolate; those of the shoots elliptical,
whorled, crowded ; flowers scattered in small and loose clusters; pedicels as
long as the globose pods. — Sandy coast, Maine to New Jersey and southward.
— Scarcely a foot high, tufted, rigid ; the pods larger than in No. 1.

3. L. Novee-Ceesaréee, C. F. Austin, ined. Intermediate in appear-
ance between No. 1 and the taller forms of No. 4; leaves of the former, but

6

NAY OA

v\.

82 DROSERACEE. (SUNDEW FAMILY.)

smaller (3! long) elliptical or linear-oblong, often opposite or whorled ; flowers in
narrow rather close panicles ; pedicels longer than the oval pods; the two outer
or bract-like sepals very slender, mostly longer than the others. — Open dry grounds,
N. New Jersey and adjacent part of New York, C. F’. Austin.

4. L. minor, Lam. Minutely hairy; stems slender, upright or diffuse ;
leafy shoots densely tufted at the base ; leaves linear ; flowers loosely racemed on
the slender branchlets; pedicels mostly longer than the oval pods. — Dry open
soil: common. June-Sept.— Plant 5'-15! high, slender, running into num-
berless variations according to the soil, season, and exposure. Pods smaller
than in No. 2.

OrpeR 15. DROSERACEZE. (Sunpew Famity.)

Bog-herbs, mostly glandular-haired, with regular hypogynous flowers, pen-
tamerous and withering-persistent calyz, corolla, and stamens, the anthers
fixed by their middle and turned outwards, and a 1-celled pod with twice as
many styles or stigmas as there are parietal placente. — Calyx imbricated.
Petals convolute. Seeds numerous, anatropous, with a short and minute
embryo at the base of the albumen. — Leaves circinate in the bud, i. e.
rolled up from the apex to the base as in Ferns. (A small family, of no
known qualities, except a slight bitterness, &c.; the Sundews impart a
purple stain to paper.) Only one genus within our limits, viz.

1. DROSERA, L. Sunpew.

Stamens 5. Styles 3, or sometimes 5, deeply 2-parted so that they are taken
for 6 or 10, slender, stigmatose above on the inner face. Pod 3- (rarely 5-)
valved ; the valves bearing the numerous seeds-on their middle for the whole
length. — Low perennials or biennials ; the leaves clothed with reddish gland-
bearing bristles, in our species all in a tuft at the base; the naked scape bear-
ing the flowers in a 1-sided raceme-like inflorescence, which nods at the un-
developed apex, so that the fresh-blown flower (which opens only in sunshine)
is dlways highest. (The glands of the leaves exude drops of a clear glutinous
fluid, glittering like dew-drops, whence the name, from dpogepds, dewy.)

1. D. rotundifolia, L. (Rounp-reavep Sunpew.) Leaves orbicular,
abruptly narrowed into the spreading hairy petioles ; seeds spindle-shaped, the
coat loose and chaff-like ; flowers white, the parts sometimes in sixes. — Peat-
bogs, common, especially northward. July-Aug. (Eu.)

2. D. longifolia, L. Leaves spatulate-oblong, tapering into the long rather
WW? ® erect naked petioles ; seeds oblong, with a rough close coat; flowers white. (D.
+ wAnxn.uy intermedia, Hayne.) — Bogs; less common. June-Aug.— Plant raised on its

prolonged caudex when growing in water. (Eu.)

3. D. linearis, Goldie. (StenpeR SunpEw.) Leaves linear, obtuse, the
blade (2'—3! long, scarcely 2!' wide) on naked erect petioles about the same length ;
seeds oblong, with a smooth and perfectly close coat; flowers white. — Shore
of Lake Superior. July.

HYPERICACE®. (ST. JOHN’S-WORT FAMILY.) 83

4. D. filiformis, Raf. (Tureap-reavep Sunpew.) Leaves very long
and filiform, erect, with no distinction between blade and stalk; seeds spindle-
shaped ; flowers numerous, purple rose-color (3/ broad). — Wet sand, near the
coast, Plymouth, Massachusetts to New Jersey, and southward. Aug. —
Scapes 6/-12/ high, and the singular leaves nearly as long, from a bulb-like
base or corm.

Dion®A mMuscfpuna, Ellis, the Venus’s Fiy-Trap, —so noted for the ex-
traordinary irritability of its leaves, closing quickly at the touch, —is a native
of the sandy savannas of the eastern part of North Carolina. It differs in
several respects from the character of the order given above ; the stamens being
15, the styles united into one, and the seeds all at the base of the pod.

Orper 16. HWPERICACE. (Sr. Jony’s-wort Famtty.)

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire dotted leaves and no stipules, regular
hypogynous flowers, the petals mostly oblique and convolute in the bud, and
many or few stamens commonly collected in 3 or more clusters or bundles.
Pod 1-celled with 2-5 parietal placente, and as many styles, or 3 —7-celled
by the union of the placente in the centre: dehiscence mostly septicidal. —
Sepals 4 or 5, imbricated in the bud, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 4 or
5, mostly deciduous. Styles persistent, at first sometimes united. Seeds
numerous, small, anatropous, with no albumen. Embryo cylindrical. —
Plants with a resinous juice (acrid and balsamic), dotted with pellucid or
dark glands, usually smooth. Leaves mostly sessile. Flowers sclitary or
cymose.

1. Ascyrum. Sepals 4, very unequal. Petals 4, oblique, convolute, yellow.
2. Hypericum. Sepals 5. Petals 5, oblique, convolute, yellow.

3. Elodes. Sepals 5. Petals 5, equal-sided, imbricated, purplish. Glands alternating with
the stamen-clusters.

1; ASCY EU M,..L. St. Perer’s-wort.

Sepals 4; the 2 outer very broad and leaf-like; the inner much smaller.
Petals 4, oblique, very deciduous, convolute in the bud. Stamens numerous ;
the filaments distinct and scarcely in clusters. Pod strictly 1-celled, 2 -4-
valved. — Low, rather shrubby, smooth plants, with pale black-dotted leaves,
and nearly solitary light yellow flowers. (An ancient Greek name of some
plant, from a, without, and oxvpos, roughness.)

_1. A. stans, Michx. (Sr. PeTer’s-wort.) Stem rather simple, 2-edged, Jy.A.
1°-2° high, stout; Jeaves oval or oblong, somewhat clasping, thickish ; petals
obovate ; styles 3 or 4.— Pine barrens, Long Island to Penn. and southward.
July, Aug. — Flowers showy, almost sessile : outer sepals round-heart-shaped.

2. A. Crux-Andree, L. (Sr. AnpREw’s Cross.) Low, much
branched and decumbent; leaves narrowly obovate-oblong, contracted at the base, N 4 :
-thin ; petals linear-oblong ; styles 2, very short; pod flat.— Pine barrens, New
Jersey to Illinois, and southward. July-Sept.— Petals scarcely exceeding
the outer sepals, approaching each other in pairs over them, in the form of a
St. Andrew’s cross.

84 HYPERICACEH. (ST. JOHN’S-WORT FAMILY.)

2. HYPERICUM, L. Sz. Jony’s-worr.

Sepals 5, somewhat equal. Petals 5, oblique, convolute in the bud. Sta-
mens commonly united or clustered in 3-5 parcels: no interposed glands. Pod
1-celled or 3-5-celled. Seeds usually cylindrical. — Herbs or shrubs, with cy-
mose yellow flowers. (An ancient Greek name, of obscure meaning.)

§ 1. Stamens very numerous, 5-adelphous ; pod 5 -7-celled, with the placenta turned
far back into the cells : perennial: flowers very large: styles united.

1. H. pyramidatum, Ait. (Great Sr. Jonn’s-wort.) Branches
2-4-angled; leaves ovate-oblong, partly clasping; petals narrowly obovate,
not deciduous until after they wither; stigmas capitate. — Banks of. rivers:
rare. New England and Penn. to Wisconsin and Illinois. July. — Plant 3°-
5° high. Leaves 2/-3/ long. Petals 1/ long. Pod 9! long, conical,

§ 2. Stamens very numerous, obscurely if at all clustered: styles 3 (No. 2 excepted),
more or less united into one and the sepals foliaceous, except in No. 9.
* Bushy shrubs, 1° - 6° high, leafy to the top: pod 3 — 5-celled.

2. H. Kalmianum, L. (atm’s Sr. Jomn’s-worr.) Branches 4-
angled : branchlets 2-edged ; leaves crowded, glaucous, oblanceolate (1!- 2!
long); flowers few in a cluster (1! wide); pods ovate, 5-celled.— Wet rocks,
Niagara Falls and Northern lakes. Aug.

3. H. prolificum, L. (Surussy Sr. Jown’s-wort.) Branchlets 2-
edged ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, mostly obtuse, narrowed at the base; flowers
numerous, in single or compound clusters; pods oblong, 3-celled.— New Jersey
to Michigan, Illinois, and southward, July-—Sept.— Varies greatly in size, &c.

Var. densiflorum. Exceedingly branched above, 1°- 6° high, the
branches slender and crowded with smaller leaves ; flowers smaller (}!- 3! in
diameter) and more numerous, in crowded compound cymes. (H. densiflorum,
& H. galioides, Pursh.) — Pine barrens of New Jersey to glades of Kentucky,
and southward.

* * Perennial herbs or in No. 4 and 5 a little woody at the base: pod one-celled
with 3 parietal placentce, or incompletely 3 — 4-celled.

4. H. adpréssum, Barton. Stem simple, herbaceous, from a slightly
woody creeping base (1°- 2° high), obscurely 4-angled below and 2-edged above ;
leaves ascending, lanceolate or linear-oblong, often acute, thin; cyme leafy at the
base, few-flowered ; sepals linear-lanceolate ; pods ovoid-oblong, partly 3 —4-celled. —
Moist places, Rhode Island (Olney), New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and southwest-
ward. July-Aug.— Leaves 1}! long. Petals bright yellow, 3/’- 5! long.

5. H. dolabriférme, Vent. Stems branched from the decumbent base,
woody below (6/-—20! high), terete; leaves linear-lanceolate, widely spreading,
veinless ; cyme leafy, few-flowered ; sepals oblong or ovate-lanceolate, about the
length of the very oblique petals (5!'-6/' long); pods ovate-conical, pointed,
strictly 1-celled, the walls very thick and hard. (H. procumbens, Michx.) — Dry
hills and rocks, barrens of Kentucky and westward. June- Aug.

6. H. nudiflorum, Michx. Stems branched, woody at the base, sharply
4-angled or almost winged above (2°-4° high) ; leaves oblong or oval-lanceolate,
obtuse, obscurely veined, pale (2/-24! long); cyme compound, many-flowered,

HYPERICACER. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.) 85

naked ; sepals oblong ; pods ovate-conical, pointed, almost 3-celled ; seeds slender cy-
lindrical, minutely pitted. — Low grounds, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and south-
ward. July.

7. H. spheerocérpon, Michx. Stems mostly simple, herbaceous, with
a somewhat woody base, angled with 4 very narrow salient lines (1°- 2° high) ;
leaves oblong-linear, greener above and narrower than in the preceding; the
naked cyme similar; sepals ovate ; pods depressed-globular or ovoid-conical, strictly
1-celled ; seeds oblong, rough-pitted. — Rocky banks of the Ohio and its tribu-
taries, S. W. Ohio to Llinois and southward. July-Sept.— Flowers small.

8. H. ellipticum, Hook. Stem simple, herbaceous (1° high), obscurely
4-angled; leaves spreading, elliptical-oblong, obtuse, thin; cyme nearly naked,
rather few-flowered ; sepals oblong ; pods ovoid, very obtuse, purple, 1-celled, —
Wet places, New England and Pennsylvania to Lake Superior and northward.
. July, Aug. — Petals light yellow, 3" long.

9. H. anguldsum, Michx. Stem slender, strict, simple, sharply 4-
angled, herbaceous (1°-2° high) ; leaves ascending, opaque, ovate or oblong-
lanceolate, acute (3!-1! long), closely séssile by a broad base; cyme com-
pound, naked, the scattered flowers racemose on its ascending branches ; sepals
herbaceous, erect, enclosing the ovoid 1-celled pod; styles 3, separate. — Wet pine
barrens of New Jersey and southward. July-Sept.— Petals copper-yellow,
4!'-5!' long, furnished with a tooth on one side.

§ 3. Stamens very numerous, in 3 or 5 clusters: styles 3 separate and usually diverg-
ing: pod 3-celled: calyx erect: petals and anthers with black dots.

10. H. perrorAtum, L. (Common Sr. Joun’s-wort.) Stem much
branched and corymbed, somewhat 2-edged (producing runners from the
base) ; leaves elliptical-oblong or linear-oblong, with pellucid dots ; petals (deep
yellow) twice the length of the Janceolate acute sepals; flowers numerous, in
open leafy cymes. — Fields, &c. June - Sept. — Too well known as a pernicious
weed, which it is difficult to extirpate. Juice very acrid. (Nat. from Eu.)

11. H. corymbosum, Muhl. Conspicuously marked with both black
and pellucid dots: stem terete, sparingly branched; leaves oblong, the base
either obtuse or somewhat clasping ; flowers crowded (small) ; petals pale yellow,
much longer than. the oblong sepals, styles not longer than the pod. — Damp
places; common. July-Sept.— Leaves larger and flowers much smaller than
in the last : petals 2//-3” long, marked with black lines as well as dots. — Too
near H. maculatum, Walt., of the South, which has more clasping leaves and
very long and slender styles.

_ 12. H. gravéolens, Buckley. Like the last, but with larger leaves and
fewer much larger bright yellow flowers, lanceolate acute sepals, and long erect
styles ; common in the mountains of N. Carolina, doubtless also in S. Virginia.

§ 4. Stamens 5-12, distinct or in 3 clusters: pod (brown purple) 1-celled, with 3
strictly parietal placente: styles short, distinct ; petals oblong or linear : sepals
narrow, erect: slender annuals, with 4-angular branches ; flowering all summer.

13. H. mutilum, L. Stem flaccid, widely branching (6'-10! high) ;
leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse, partly clasping, 5-nerved ; cymes leafy ; pods ovate-
conical, rather longer than the calyx, (H. parviflorum, Muh/.) — Low grounds,
everywhere. — Flowers 2" broad.

wm &

86 ELATINACEE. (WATER-WORT FAMILY.)

Var. gymnanthum (H. gymnanthum, Engel. §- Gray), is a form, or per-
haps species, with strict stem and branches, or often unbranched, more clasping
heart-shaped stem-leaves, and a naked cyme, the floral leaves being reduced to
small awl-shaped bracts; so that in aspect it approaches the next. — Newcastle
Co., Delaware, Canby, and Llinois, #. Hall, thence southward.

14. H. Canadénse, L. Stem strict (6/-15’ high), with the branches
erect; leaves linear, 3-nerved at the base, obtuse; cymes naked; pods conical-oblong,
usually much longer than the calyx.— Wet, sandy soil: common. June-Oct.—
Flowers deep yellow, 2!!-3! broad when expanded.

Var. major is a large form, 1°-2° high, with lanceolate leaves 13! long,
3! wide, the upper acute. — L. Superior, Robbins ; S. New York and southward.

15. H. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray. Stem and the mostly alternate
bushy branches rigid, erect (10’-18' high) ; leaves linear-subulate, nearly erect,
l-nerved (3!'-9" long); flowers scattered along the upper part of the leafy
branches, short-pedicelled ; pods ovoid, not longer than the calyx. (Sarothra Drum-
mondii, Grev. § Hook.) — W. Llinois and southward, in dry soil. :

16. H. Sarothra, Michx. (OraNnGE-GRass. PINE-WEED.) Stem and
bushy branches thread-like, wiry (4/-9! high) ; leaves minute awl-shaped scales,
appressed ; flowers minute, mostly sessile and scattered along the erect branches ;
pods ovate-lanceolate, acute, much longer than the calyx. (Sarothra gentianoides,
ZL.) —Sandy fields: common. June- Oct.

3. ELODES, Adans. Marsu Sr. Joun’s-worr.

Sepals 5, equal, erect. Petals 5, equal-sided, oblong, naked, imbricated in
the bud. Stamens 9 (rarely more), united in 3 sets; the sets separated by as
many large orange-colored glands. Pod 3-celled, oblong: styles distinct. —
Perennial herbs, in marshes or shallow water, with small close clusters of flesh-
colored flowers in the axils of the leaves and at the summit of the stem. (Name
EA@dns, growing in marshes, accidentally changed to ELopEa by Jussieu, who
was followed by Pursh, &c.)

1. E. Virginica, Nutt. Leaves closely sessile or clasping by a broad base,
oblong or ovate, very obtuse; filaments united below the middle. (Hypericum
Virginicum, Z.)— Common in swamps. July, Aug.

2. E. petiolata, Pursh. Leaves tapering into a short petiole, oblong: fila-
ments united beyond the middle. — From New Jersey south and westward.

Orper 17. ELATINACEE. (Warer-wort Famity.)

Little marsh annuals, with membranaceous stipules between the opposite
dotless leaves, minute axillary flowers like Chickweeds, but the pod 2—5-
celled, and the seeds as in St. John’s-wort. |The principal genus is

1. ELATINE, L. Warer-worr.

Sepals 2-4, persistent. Petals 2-4, hypogynous. Stamens as many, rarely
twice as many, as the petals. Styles, or sessile capitate stigmas, 2-4. Pod 2-
4-celled, several - many-seeded, 2—4-valved ; the partitions left attached to the

CARYOPHYLLACEX. (PINK FAMILY.) 87

axis, or evanescent. Seeds cylindrical, straightish or curved. (A Greek name
for some obscure herb.)

1. E. Americana, Arnott. Dwarf (1! high), creeping,.rooting in the
mud, tufted ; leaves obovate ; flowers -sessile ; sepals, petals, stamens, and stig-
mas 2, rarely 3; seeds 5 or 6 in each cell, rising from the base. (Peplis Amer-
icana, Pursh. Crypta minima, Nutt.) — Margin of ponds, &c., N. Hampshire,
to Illinois, Virginia, and southwestward. Pod very thin and delicate; the seeds
large in proportion, straightish.

Orver 18. CARYOPHYLLACE. (Prxx Famry.)

Herbs, with opposite entire leaves, symmetrical 4—5-merous flowers, with
or without petals ; the distinct stamens no more than twice the number of the
sepals, either hypogynous or perigynous ; styles 2-5 (or rarely united into
one) ; seeds attached to the base or the central column of the 1-celled (rarely
3-—5-celled) pod, with a slender embryo coiled or curved around the outside
of mealy albumen, in Dianthus nearly straight. — Bland herbs; the stems
usually swollen at the joints; uppermost leaves rarely alternate. Leaves
often united at the base. Calyx persistent. Styles stigmatic along the
inside. Seeds amphitropous or campylotropous.

Tribe I. SILENEZ. Sepals united intoa tube orcup. Petals and stamens borne on
the stipe or stalk of the ovary, the former with slender claws, to the base of which the cor-
responding filaments often adhere, included in the calyx-tube, mostly convolute in the bud.
Seeds numerous. — Stipules none. Flowers often large and showy.

* Calyx with scaly bractlets or small leaves at the base. Seeds flattened on the back, attached
by their face: embryo nearly straight.
1. Dianthus. Calyx terete, mostly cylindrical. Styles 2.

* * Calyx naked. Seeds globular or kidney-shaped : embryo curved or coiled.
. Saponaria. Calyx terete. Styles 2.
WVacearia. Calyx 5-angled and in fruit 5-winged. Styles 2.
Silene. Calyx 5-toothed. Styles 3.
. Lychnis. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Styles 5, rarely 4.

Tribe II. ALSINEZ. Sepals separate to the base or nearly so, imbricated in the bud.
Petals when present without claws, mostly imbricated in the bud, and with the stamens in-
serted at the base of the sessile ovary, or into a little disk which often coheres with the base
of the calyx. Pod splitting into valves or teeth, several- many-seeded. Stamens opposite
the sepals, when not more numerous than they. — Low herbs. Stipules none.

oP & bo

* Styles opposite the sepals, or, when fewer, opposite those which are exterior in the bud.
6. Arenaria. Petals entire. Styles usually 3. Pod short, splitting into 3 or 6 valves.
-7. Stellaria. Petals 2-cleft or none. Styles usually 3. Pod short, splitting to the base.
8. Holosteum. Petals denticulate or notched at the end. Styles usually 38. Pod open-
ing at the apex by 6 teeth. Seeds fixed by their face.
9. Cerastium. Petals notched at theend or 2-cleft. Styles 5 or 4 (as many as the petals).
Pod usually elongated, opening at the apex by 10 or 8 teeth. Seeds fixed edgewise.

* * Styles alternate with the sepals: stamens as many as they, sometimes twice as many.
10. Sagina. Petals 4 or 5, undivided, or none. Styles4or5. Pod 4-5-valved.

Tribe III. ILLECEBREZ.. Sepals separate or more or less united below. Petals
without long claws, or minute, or often none, inserted under the sessile ovary or on the
calyx. Pod 1-celled and splitting into valves, or a one-seeded utricle. — Leaves with dry,

88 CARYOPHYLLACEX, (PINK FAMILY.)

scale-like stipules (except in Scleranthus), the uppermost sometimes alternate. Flowers
mostly small.
* Pod (capsule) many-seeded. Styles 3-5. Petals usually conspicuous.
11. Spergulafia. Styles 3-5. Leaves opposite.
12. Spergula. Styles5. Valves of the pod opposite the sepals. Leaves whorled.

* * Pod (utricle) 1-seeded. Styles 2, often united. Petals none or minute.
18. Amychia. Stamens on the base of the 5-parted awnless calyx. Style hardly any.
14. Paronychia. Stamens on the base of the 5-parted calyx; the sepals bristle-pointed.
Style 1, two-cleft at the top.
15. Scleranthus. Stamens borne on the throat of the indurated 5-cleft and pointless calyx.
Styles 2. Stipules none.

Tribe IV. MOLLUGINE. Stamens alternate with the sepals when of the same
number, when fewer alternate with the cells of the 3-celled ovary. Partitions of the pod
persistent on the valves, Leaves not truly opposite, otherwise as in Tribe II.

16. Mollugo. Petalsnone. Stamens 3-5. Stigmas 3. Pod many-seeded.

1. DIANTHUS, L. Pink, CARNATION.

Calyx cylindrical, nerved or striate, 5-toothed, subtended by 2 or more imbri-
cated bractlets. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 1-celled, 4-valved at the apex.
Seeds flattish on the back: embryo scarcely curved. — Ornamental plants, of
well-known aspect and value in cultivation. (Name from Atds, of Jupiter, and
av6os, flower, i.e. Jove’s own flower.) Two insignificant annual species are
rarely spontaneous.

1. D, Arminia, L. (Deptrorp Pink.) Flowers inclose clusters ; bract-
lets of the calyx and bracts lance-awl-form, herbaceous, downy, as long as the
tube ; leaves linear, hairy; petals small, rose-color with white dots, crenate. —
Fields, &c., Virginia to E. Massachusetts. July. —(Adv. from Eu.)

2. D. prouirer, L. (PRouirerous Pink.) Smooth, slender; flowers
clustered ; bractlets ovate, dry, concealing the calyx; leaves few, narrow, linear,
erect; petals small, pink. — Near Philadelphia, C. HE. Smith. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. SAPONARIA, L. Soapworr.

Calyx tubular, terete, nerveless, 5-toothed, naked at the base. Stamens 10.
Styles 2. Pod short-stalked, 1-celled, or partly 2-celled at the base, 4-toothed
at the apex. — Flowers clustered. (Name from sapo, soap, the mucilaginous
juice forming a lather with water.)

1. S. orricrnAris, L. (Common Soapwort. Bouncine Bert.) Clus-
ters corymbed; petals crowned with an appendage at the top of the claw;
leaves oyal-lanceolate. — Roadsides, &c. July - Sept.— A stout perennial,
with large rose-colored flowers, commonly double. (Ady. from Eu.)

3. VACCARIA, Medik. Cow-Hers.

Calyx naked at the base, ovoid-pyramidal, 5-angled, 5-toothed, enlarged and
wing-angled in fruit. Petals not crowned. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod in-
completely 4-celled at the base. —A smooth annual, with pale red flowers in
corymbed cymes, and ovate-lanceolate leaves. (Name from vacca, a cow.)

1, V. vurcAris, Host. (Saponaria Vaccaria, L.)— Escaped from gardens
and becoming spontaneous in some places. (Adv, from Eu.)

CARYOPHYLLACEX. (PINK FAMILY.) 89

4. SILENE, LL. Carcurty. Camrioy.

Calyx 5-toothed, 10- many-nerved, naked at the base. Stamens 10. Styles
8, rarely 4. Pod 1-celled, sometimes 3-celled at least at the base, opening by 3
or 6 teeth at the apex. — Flowers solitary or in cymes. Petals mostly crowned
with a scale at the base of the blade. (Name from ciadoy, saliva, from the
viscid exudation on the stems and calyx of many species. The English name
Catchfly alludes to the same peculiarity.)

* Calyx bladderly-inflated: perennial : flowers panicled, white, in summer.

1. S. stellata, Ait. (Starry Campion.) Leaves in whorls of 4, ovate-
lanceolate, taper-pointed; calyx bell-shaped; petals cut into a fringe, crownless.

(Cucibalus stellatus, Z.) —- Wooded banks, Rhode Island to Wisconsin, and
southward. — Stem 3° high, with a large and open pyramidal panicle. Co-
rolla §/ broad.

2. S. nivea, DC. Leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong, taper-pointed ; calyx
oblong ; petals wedge-form, 2-cleft, minutely crowned. — Columbia, Pennsylvania,
to Ohio and Illinois: rare.— Stem 1°-2° high, almost smooth. Flowers few,
larger than in the last.

3. S. mvFvAra, Smith. (BLrappER Campion.) Glaucous; leaves opposite, NW th 3
ovate-lanceolate ; calyx globular, much inflated, elegantly veined; petals 2-cleft, Sanne ne
nearly crownless. — Fields and roadsides, E. New England to Penn. — A foot =
high. Flowers loosely cymose. (Nat. from Eu.) Puhr .

* * Calyzx elongated or club-shaped, not inflated except by the enlarging pod: flowers
cymose or clustered : perennial, pubescent with viscid hairs, especially the calyx
petals crowned, red or rose-color.

4. S. Pennsylvanica, Michx. (Witp Pink.) Stems low (4/-8! high) ;
root-leaves narrowly spatulate, nearly glabrous, tapering into hairy petioles ;
stem-leaves (2 or 3 pairs) lanceolate ; flowers clustered, short-stalked ; calyx club-
shaped ; petals wedge-form, slightly notched and eroded, pink. — Gravelly places,
E. New England to Penn., Kentucky, and southward. April-June.

5. S. Virginica, L. (Fire Pink. Carcurry.) Stems slender (1°-
2° high) ; leaves thin, spatulate, or the upper oblong-lanceolate ; flowers few and
loosely eymose, peduncled ; calyx oblong-cylindrical, soon obconical ; petals ob-
long, 2-cleft, deep crimson; the limb 1’ long.— Open woods, W. New York
(Dr. Sartwell) to Illinois and southward. June-Aug.

6. S. régia, Sims. (Royan Catcourry.) Stem roughish, erect (3°-4°
high) ; leaves thickish, ovate-lanceolate, acute; flowers numerous, short-stalked, in
clusters, forming a strict panicle ; calyx ovoid-club-shaped in fruit ; petals spatu-
late-lanceolate, mostly undivided, deep scarlet. — Prairies, Ohio to Illinois, and
southward. July.

7. S. rotundifolia, Nutt. (Rounp-Leavep Carcurry.) Viscid-hairy;
stems weak, branched, decumbent (2° long) ; leaves thin, round, abruptly pointed,
the lower obovate; flowers few, loosely cymose, stalked ; calyx elongated ; pet-
als 2-cleft and cut-toothed, deep scarlet. — Shaded banks of the Ohio, and in Ken-
tucky. June-Aug.— Leaves and flowers large. — The last three probably run
together.

90 CARYOPHYLLACES. (PINK FAMILY.)

* * * Calyx not inflated, except by the enlarging pod: annuals.
+ Glabrous, a portion of each joint of the stem glutinous : flowers pink.

8. S. Arméria, L. (Sweer-Wi1tL14m CarcuFiy.) Glaucous ; leaves ovate-
lanceolate ; flowers in flat cymes, open in sunshine; calyx club-shaped ; petals
notched, crowned with awl-shaped scales. — Escaped from gardens: rare. (Ady.
from Eu.)

9. S. antirrhina, L. (Sieery C.) Stem slender (8/-30! high) ; leaves
lanceolate or linear; flowers small, paniculate; calyx ovoid; petals obcordate,
crowned, opening transiently in sunshine. — Dry soil: common in waste places.
June -Sept.

++ Viscid-pubescent : flowers white or nearly so, opening at night, sweet-scented.

10. S. nocrtrna, L. (Nicut C.) Leaves short, the lower spatulate, the
upper linear ; flowers small, alternate in a 1-sided spike ; petals 2-parted. — Intro-
duced sparingly in Pennsylvania, according to Schweinitz. (Ady. from Eu.)

11. S. noctirrora, L. (Nigut-rLtowerine C.) Viscid-hairy, tall (19-
3° high) ; lower leaves large and spatulate; the upper lanceolate ; flowers few,
peduncled ; calyx-tube elongated (over 1! long), soon ovoid, with awl-shaped
teeth ; petals rather large, 2-parted, crowned. — Cultivated grounds. (Nat.
from Eu.)

* * * * Dwarf, tufted, smooth, perennial: flowering shoots 1-flowered.

12. S. acatilis, L. (Moss Campion.) ‘Tufted like a moss (1!-2’ high),
leaves linear, crowded; flowers almost sessile, or rarely on a naked peduncle ;
petals purple or rarely white, notched or entire, crowned. — Alpine summits
of the White Mountains, New Hampshire. July. (Eu.)

5. LYCHNIS, Town. Lycunis. Cockre.

Styles 5, rarely 4; and pod opening by as many or twice as many teeth: other-
wise nearly as in Silene. Calyx in one species with leaf-like lobes. (Ancient
Greek name for a scarlet or flame-colored species, from Avxvos, a light or lamp.)

1. I. vespertina, Sibth. (Eventne L.) Biennial, usually diccious,
viscid pubescent, in foliage, &c., like Silene noctiflora ; but 5 styles; calyx much
shorter, the fertile enlarging and broadly ovoid in fruit, with lance-linear teeth ;
Jlowers white or pinkish, opening at evening. (L. dioica, L. in part.) — Cult.
or waste grounds: scarce. (Ady. from Eu.)

2. L. GirnHaco, Lam. (Corn Cocxtsz.) Annual, clothed with long
soft appressed hairs ; flowers long-peduncled ; calyz-lobes similar to the long and
linear leaves, surpassing the broad and crownless purple-red petals, falling off in
fruit. (Agrostémma Githago, Z., & ed. 2.) —A weed in wheat-fields, too
common, the black seeds of Cockle being injurious to the appearance of the
flour. (Ady. from Eu.)

6. ARENARIA, L. Sanpworr.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire, sometimes barely notched, rarely wanting. Sta-
mens 10, Styles 3, rarely more or fewer, opposite as many sepals. Pod short,
splitting into as many or twice as many valves as there are styles, few -many-

2

CARYOPHYLLACE&. (PINK FAMILY.) 91

seeded. — Low, usually tufted herbs, with sessile exstipulate leaves and small

white flowers. (Name from arena, sand, in which many of the species grow.)

— The following sections are by many botanists taken for genera, as they were

in the former edition.

§ 1. ARENARIA proper. Pod splitting wholly or part-way down into 3 or at
length into 6 valves: seeds many, naked at the hilum.

1. A. sprpy“urroiia, L. (THyMe-LEAvVED Sanpwort.) Diffusely
branched, roughish (2!-6! high) ; leaves ovate, acute, small; cymes leafy;
sepals lanceolate, pointed, 3-5-nerved, about as long as the petals and the 6-
toothed pod.— A low annual, in sandy waste places. June-Aug. (Nat.
from Eu.)

§ 2, ALSINE, (Tourn.) Wahl. Pod splitting to the base into 3 entire valves:
seeds many, usually rough, naked at the hilum: flowers solitary and terminal or
cymose: root in our species perennial.

* Leaves small, rigid, awl-shaped or bristle-shaped.

2, A. squarrosa, Michx. (Prve-parren S.) Densely tufted from a Wy), tio
deep perpendicular root; leaves closely imbricated, but spreading, awl-shaped,
short, channelled; branches naked and minutely glandular above, several-flow-
ered ; sepals obtuse, ovate, shorter than the pod. (Alsine, ed. 2.)—In pure
sand, S. New York, New Jersey, and southward along the coast. May-July.
3. A. stricta, Michx. Erect, or usually diffusely spreading from a small We. Welz
root, smooth ; leaves slender, between awl-shaped and bristle-form, with many others
clustered in the axils; cyme diffuse, naked, many-flowered ; sepals pointed, 3-
ribbed, ovate, as long as the pod. (Alsine Michauxii, Fenzl.) — Rocks and dry
wooded banks, Vermont to Wisconsin and Kentucky. July.— The specific
name is a bad one, as there is nothing strict about the plant.

* * Leaves soft and herbaceous, filiform-linear : petals retuse or notched.

4. A. patula, Michx. Diffusely branched from the slender root; stems
filiform (6/-10! long) ; branches of the cyme diverging ; peduncles long ; sepals
lanceolate, acuminate, 3-—5-nerved. (Alsine, ed. 2.) — Cliffs of Kentucky River,
mountains of Western Virginia, and southward. .

5. A. Groenlandica, Spreng. (Movunrain S.) Densely- tufted from
slender roots, smooth; flowering stems filiform, erect (2’-4/ high), few-flow-
ered ; sepals oblong, obtuse, nerveless. {Stellaria Groenlandica, Retz. Alsine, ed.
2.) — Summit of the Shawangunk, Catskill, and Adirondack Mountains, New
York, of all the higher mountains of New England, and northward ; alpine or
subalpine. At Bath, Maine, on river-banks near the sea. June-Aug.—
Leaves and peduncles 3! —6! long; flowers large in proportion.

A. GrABa, Michx., of the mountain-tops in Carolina, may occur on those of
Virginia, and is perhaps a large form of the above.

§ 3. MGZHRINGIA, L. Parts of the flower sometimes in fours: pod as in § 1,
but the young ovary 3-celled: seeds rather few, smooth and with a thickish ap-
pendage (strophiole) at the hilum: perennials, with flaccid broadish leaves.

6. A. lateriflora, L. Sparingly branched, erect, minutely pubescent;
leaves oval or oblong obtuse (3/-1/ long) ; peduncles 2- (rarely 3 -4-) flowered,

QR

92 CARYOPHYLLACEX. (PINK FAMILY.)

soon becoming lateral; sepals oblong, obtuse.— Gravelly shores, &c., Rhode
Island to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward. May, June. (Eu.)

§ 4. AMMADENIA, Gmelin, (Honkénya, Ehrh.) Pod Sleshy, splitting into as
many valves as there are styles (3, rarely 4 or 5); the ovary more or less 3 = (5-)
celled: seeds few, smooth, short-beaked at the naked hilum: disk under the ovary
more prominent than usual, glandular, 10-lobed ; flowers almost sessile in the axils
of fleshy leaves, sometimes diccious or polygamous : root perennial.

7. A. peploides, L. Stems (simple or forking from long rootstocks, 6! —
10’ high) and ovate partly-clasping leaves (8/’/-10!' long) very fleshy. (Hon-
kenya peploides, Ehrh., ed. 2.) —Sands of the sea-shore, New Jersey to Maine
and northward. June. (Eu.)

7. STHELILARIA, £ CHICKWEED. STARWORT.

Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, deeply 2-cleft, sometimes none. Stamens 8, 10,
or fewer. Styles 3, rarely 4 or 5, opposite as many sepals. Pod ovoid, i-celled,
opening by twice as. many valves as there are styles, several -many-seeded.
Seeds naked. — Flowers (white) solitary or cymose, terminal, or appearing
lateral by the prolongation of the stem from the upper axils. (Name from
stella, a star, in allusion to the star-shaped flowers.)

* Stems spreading, flaccid, marked longitudinally with one or two pubescent lines :
leaves ovate or oblong, $! — 23! long.

1. S. mkpra, Smith. (Common Cuickweep.) Annual or nearly so;
lower leaves on hairy petioles ; petals shorter than the calyx, 2-parted; stamens 3—-
10. — Everywhere in damp grounds. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. S. ptbera, Michx. (Great Cuickweep.) Root perennial ; leaves
all sessile; petals longer than the calyx, deeply 2-cleft; stamens 10.— Shaded
rocks, Pennsylvania to Kentucky and southward. May.

% * Stems erect or spreading : wholly glabrous perennials, with sessile and narrow or
small leaves : stamens usually 10, perigynous.
+ Scaly-bracted : petals 2-parted, equalling or surpassing the calyx.

3. S. longifolia,’ Muhl. (Lone-teavep Stircuwort.) Stem erect,
weak, often with rough angles (8!-—18! high) ; leaves linear, acutish at both ends,
spreading ; cymes naked and at length lateral, peduncled, many-flowered, the slender
pedicels spreading ; petals 2-parted, longer than the calyx; seeds smooth. —
Grassy places: common, especially northward. June, July. (Eu.)

4. §. léngipes, Goldie. (Lone-statkep S.) Shining or somewhat |
glaucous, very smooth; leaves ascending, laneeolate or linear-lanceolate, acute,
broadest at the base, rather rigid ; cyme terminal, few-flowered, the long pedicels
strictly erect ; petals longer than the calyx; seeds smooth. — Maine to Wiscon-
sin : rare, common farther north. (Eu.)

5. S. uliginosa, Murr. (Swamp S.) Stems weak, decumbent or diffuse,
at length prolonged, leaving the naked and usually sessile cymes lateral ; leaves
lanceolate or oblong, veiny ; petals and ripe pods as long as the calyx ; seeds rough-
ened. (S. aquatica, Pollich.) Swamps and rills, Pennsylvania (Darlington,
&c.), New Hampshire (Blake), and northward in British America. (Eu.)

CAROPHYLLACEX. (PINK FAMILY.) 93

++ Leafy-bracted, the flowers terminal or in the forks of the stem or of leafy branch-
es ; bracts foliaceous : petals 2-parted, small or often none: styles 3-4: pod longer
than the calyx.

6.. 8S. crassifolia, Ehrhart. Stems diffuse or erect, flaccid; leaves rather
Sleshy, varying from linear-lanceolate to oblong ; petals longer than the calyx, or
wanting ; seeds rugose-roughened. —(An apetalous 4-6-androus state is Sagina
fontinalis, Short §- Peter.) Springy places, E. Kentucky (Short), Ringwood,
Illinois ( Vasey), and northward. April-June. (Eu.)

7. S. borealis, Bigelow. (Norruern S.) Stems erect or spreading,
flaccid, many times forked, at length resolved into a leafy cyme; leaves
varying from broadly lanceolate to ovate-oblong ; petals 2-5, shorter than the
calyx, or oftener none; sepals acute; styles usually 4; seeds smooth.— Shaded or
wet places, Rhode Island to Wisconsin and northward. June—Aug.—
Var. atprstris (S. alpestris, Fries, S. Fenzlii, Regel) has the later flowers
more cymose, and their bracts small and partly scarious, also the seeds ob-
scurely reticulated or roughish. — Lake Superior, Dr. Robbins. (Eu.)

8. S. humiftsa, Rottbeell. Spreading or creeping ; stems or branches (2!
high) 1-3-flowered ; leaves fleshy, ovate or oblong (2!'-3!' long); petals a Little
longer than the calyx; seeds smooth.— Northern border of Maine on the St.
John’s (G. L. Goodale), and high northward. June. (Eu.)

8. HOLOSTEUM, L. Jaccep Curcxwerp.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, usually jagged or denticulate at the point. Stamens 3-
5, rarely 10. Styles mostly 3. Pod ovoid, 1-celled, many-seeded, opening at
the top by 6 teeth. Seeds rough, flattened on the back, attached by the inner
face. — Annuals or biennials, with several (white) flowers in an umbel, borne on
a long terminal peduncle. (Name composed of dos, all, and éar€ov, bone, by
antiphrasis, these plants being soft and tender.)

1. H. umpevratum, L. Leaves oblong; peduncle and upper part of the
stem glandular-pubescent; pedicels reflexed after flowering.— Hills around
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, abundant, Prof: Porter. (Nat. from Eu.)

9. CERASTIUM » L. Movse-car CuHicKweep.

Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals as many, 2-lobed or cleft, rarely entire. Stamens
twice as many, or fewer. Styles equal in number to the sepals and opposite
them. Pod 1-celled, usually elongated, membranaceous, opening at the apex
by twice as many teeth as there were styles, many-seeded. Seeds rough. —
Flowers white, in terminal cymes. (Name from képas, a horn, alluding to the
shape of the pods in many species.) :

§ 1. Petals 2-cleft or obcordate: parts of the flower in fives: pods (except in No. 5)
longer than the calyx, and usually more or less curved.

1. C, vureArum, L. (Movusg-nar Cuickweep.) Annual, hairy and
rather clammy, nearly erect (4!-9/ high) ; leaves ovate or obovate; bracts herba-
ceous ; flowers (small) in close clusters at first ; pedicels even in fruit not longer
than the acute sepals ; petals shorter than the calyx. — Grassy places, eastward and
southward: not common. May-July. (The names of this and the next were

94 CARYOPHYLLACE. (PINK FAMILY.)

transposed by Linnzus, and by continental botanists ever since.) — Stamens
often 5.— The var. ? sEMIDECANDRUM, which has more lengthened fruit-bearing
pedicels, is here hardly met with. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. C. viscosum, L. (Larger M.) Perennial; stems clammy-hairy,
spreading (6/- 15! long) ; leaves oblong ; upper bracts scarious-margined ; flowers
at first clustered, the fruiting pedicels longer, the earlier ones mostly much longer
than the obtuse sepals ; petals equalling the calyx. — Fields and copses : common,
perhaps indigenous to the country. May-July. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. C. nutans, Raf. Annual, very clammy-pubescent; stems erect, slen-
der, grooved, diffusely branched (6/-20! high); cyme loose and open, many-
flowered ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, the lowest spatulate ; peduncles mostly
elongated ; petals longer than the calyx; pods nodding on the stalks, curved up-
wards, thrice the length of the calyx.— Moist places, Vermont to Minnesota and
southward. May -July.— Var. BRacHYPopuM, Engelm., W. Illinois and
southwestward, has pedicels shorter than the pods.

4. C. oblongifolium, Torr. Perennial; stems ascending, villous (6/~
12! high), many-flowered ; leaves oblong-lanceolate and ovate; peduncles clammy-
hairy; petals (2-lobed) and ripe pods about twice the length of the calyx. — Rocky
places, New York to N. Virginia and Illinois: rare. May-July. — Stouter
and larger flowered than the following species.

5. C. arvénse, L. (Frerp CuickWeEep.) Perennial; stems ascending
or erect, tufted, downy, slender (4/-8/ high), naked and few -several-flowered at
the summit ; leaves linear; petals obcordate, more than twice the length of the
calyx ; pods scarcely longer than the calyx. Dry or rocky places, New England
to Wisconsin and northward. May-July. (Eu.)

§ 2. MCENCHINA, Ehrhart. Petals entire or merely retuse: parts of the flower
commonly in fours : pod ovate, not longer than the calyx.

6. C. QUATERNELLUM, Fenzl. Smooth and glaucous annual; stem simple,
erect (2/-4! high), 1-2-flowered ; leaves lanceolate, acute; petals not exceed-
ing the calyx ; stamens 4. (Sagina erecta, Z. Mcenchia quaternella, Ehrh.)
— Near Baltimore, in dry ground. (Ady. from Eu.)

10. SAGINA, L. Peartworr.

Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5, undivided, or often none. Stamens as many
as the sepals, rarely twice their number. Styles as many as the sepals and al-
ternate with them. Pod many-seeded, 4—5-valved to the base; valves opposite
the sepals. — Little, matted herbs, with thread-like or awl-shaped leaves, no
Stipules, and small flowers terminating the stems or branches; in summer.
(Name from sagina, fattening ; of dubious application.)

* Parts of the flower in fours, rarely with some few in fives.

1. §. procumbens, L. Perennial, depressed or spreading on the ground,
glabrous; leaves linear-thread-shaped ; apex of the peduncle often hooked soon
after flowering ; petals shorter than the broadly ovate obtuse sepals, sometimes none.
—Springy places and damp rocks, coast of Maine to Pennsylvania. (Eu.)

2. S. apétala, L. Annual, erect, with more slender leaves, narrower sepals,
and petals none or obsolete. — Dry soil, New York and Pennsylvania to Illinois:
scarce, seemingly native? (Eu.)

CARYOPHYLLACER. (PINK FAMILY.) 95

* * Parts of the flower in fives, the stamens not rarely 10.

3. S. subulata, Wimmer. Perennial (or apparently annual), ascending;
the peduncles and calyx with the margins of the upper leaves at first glandular-
pubescent ; leaves short, often bristly-tipped, not fascicled in the axils; peduncles
slender ; petals equalling or shorter than the calyx (S. Elliottii, Fenzl.),—or in
var. Smfruii, a slender form, seemingly annual, apetalous, at least in the later
flowers. — Near Philadelphia, in waste ground, and sandy fields, &c., Somers’
Point, New Jersey, C. EL. Smith.— This form has the aspect of No. 2. Seeds
minutely roughened. (Perhaps nat. from Eu.)

4. S. nodosa, Fenzl. Perennial, tufted, glabrous, or glandular above;
stems ascending (3/-5! high; lower leaves thread-form, the upper short and
awl-shaped, with minute ones fascicled in their axils so that the branchlets appear
knotty ; petals much longer than the calyx. (Spergula nodosa, ZL.) — Wet sandy
soil, along the coast of Maine, New Hampshire, also Lake Superior, and north-
ward. (Eu.)

11. SPERGULARIA, Pers. Sanp-Spurrey.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 2-10. Styles and valves of the many-
seeded pod 3, very rarely 5, when the valves alternate with the sepals! Em-
bryo not coiled into a complete ring. — Low herbs, mostly on or near the sea-
coast, with filiform or linear somewhat fleshy opposite leaves, and smaller ones
often clustered in the axils: stipules scaly-membranaceous: flowering all sum-
mer. (Name altered from Spergula.)— Genus also known under the name of
Lerfconum, Fries. Our species, which perhaps run together, are here arranged
in view of Kindberg’s monograph, but with some reduction. They are all
annuals and subperennials.

1. S. riibra, Presl., var.campéstris. Nearly glabrous, except the sum-
mit of the prostrate slender stems, peduncles, and sepals, which are usually gland-
ular-pubescent ; leaves filiform; stipules triangular-awl-shaped ; pods and pink-
red corolla small (2!'), hardly equalling or exceeding the calyx ; seeds rough with pro-
jecting points, semi-obovate or gibbous-wedge-shaped, wingless. — Sandy or gravelly
dry soil, New England to Virginia along and near the coast, but rarely mari-
time. (Eu.)

2. S. salina, Presl. Larger and more decidedly fleshy than the preceding,
with ovate stipules, and peduncles rarely longer than the pod, which is longer
than the calyx (3! long); petals pale; seeds obovate-rounded and roughened with

Onan Da 3

points, wingless or narrow-winged. — Brackish sands, &c., coast of New Eng- |

land to Virginia and southward. (Eu.)

3. S. média, Presl. Distinguished from the last mainly by the smooth
seeds, either winged or wingless; peduncles equalling or exceeding the pod,
which is 2’! or 3!' long, and a little exceeds the calyx. (Lepigonum medium, F’ries.
L. leiospermum, Kindberg.) — Salt marshes and sands, with the tte=(2u. )

Var. macrocarpa. (S. macrocarpa, Presi. Lepigonum marinum, Fes.)
Root more woody and perennial; pod 3}"-5!! long, surpassing the calyx; seeds
also larger, rounded, broadly winged, or a few wingless. — Sea-beaches, rare
northward. (Eu.)

FG

96 CARYOPHYLLACEE. (PINK FAMILY.)

12. SPERGULA, L. | Srurrey.

Stamens 5 or 10. Styles 5. The 5 valves of the pod opposite the sepals.
Embryo spirally annular. Leaves in whorls. Otherwise as in Spergularia.
(Name from spargo, to scatter, from the seeds.)

1. S. arvensis, L. (Corn Spurrey.) Annual; leaves numerous in the
whorls, thread-shaped (1/-2! long); stipules minute; flowers white, in a stalked
panicled cyme; seeds rough. —Grain-fields. (Ady. from Eu.)

13. ANYCHIA, Michx. Forxep Curckweep.

Sepals 5, scarcely concave, indistinctly mucronate on the back, greenish.
Petals none. Stamens 2-3, rarely 5. Stigmas 2, sessile. Utricle 1-seeded,
larger than the calyx. Radicle turned downwards. — Small, many times forked
annuals, with small stipules, and minute flowers in the forks, produced all sum-
mer. (Same derivation as the next genus.)

1. A. dichétoma, Michx. Erect or spreading; leaves varying from
lanceolate to elliptical, somewhat petioled. Varies much; in woods or rich soil
being very smooth, erect (6/- 10! high) and capillary, with long joints, the leaves
broader and thinner (5!/’- 10! long), and the flowers more stalked (A. capillacea,
Nutt. and Queria Canadensis Z.) : in sterile or parched soil it is pubescent, low
and spreading, short-jointed, narrower-leaved, and the flowers nearly sessile and
more clustered (A. dichotoma, DC.). Common throughout.

14. PARONYCHIA, Tour. WHITLOW-woRT.

Sepals 5, linear or oblong concave, awned at the apex. Petals bristle-form,
or minute teeth, or none. Stamens 5. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Utricle 1-
seeded, enclosed in the calyx. Radicle ascending. — Tufted herbs, with dry and
silvery stipules, and clustered flowers. (Greek name for a whitlow, and for a
plant thought to cure it.)

1. P. argyrécoma, Nutt. Forming broad tufts, branched, spreading ;
leaves linear ; flowers densely clustered, surrounded by conspicuous large silvery
bracts; calyx hairy, short-awned; petals mere teeth between the stamens.
Yj —Slides in the Notch of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and bare
summits above. Alleghany Mountains from Virginia southward. July.

2. P. dichétoma, Nutt. Smooth, tufted; stems (6’-12! high) ascending
from a rather woody base ; leaves and bracts awl-shaped ; cymes open, many-times
Jorked ; sepals short-pointed; minute bristles in place of petals. 1 — Rocks,
Harper’s Ferry, Virginia, and southwestward. July - Sept.

15. SCLERANTHUS, L. Kvyawe.

Sepals 5, united below in an indurated cup, enclosing the 1-seeded utricle.
Petals none. Stamens 10 or 5. Styles 2, distinet. — Homely little weeds, with
awl-shaped leaves, obscure greenish clustered flowers, and no stipules. (Name
from oxAnpés, hard, and dvOos, flower, from the hardened calyx-tube.)

1. §. Annuvus, L. Much branched, spreading (3! = 5! high) ; flowers sessile
in the forks; calyx-lobes scarcely margined.— Waste places. (Nat. from Eu.)

—

PORTULACACE®. (PURSLANE FAMILY.) 97

16. MOLLUGO, L. Ivypran-Cuickweep.

Sepals 5, white inside. Petals none. Stamens hypogynous, 5 and alternate
with the sepals, or 3 and alternate with the 3 cells of the ovary. Stigmas 3.
Pod 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal, the partitions breaking away from the many-
seeded axis. —Low homely annuals, much branched; the stipules obsolete.
(An old Latin name for some soft plant.)

1. M. verticillata, L. (Carprt-weep.) Prostrate, forming patches;
leaves spatulate, clustered in whorls at the joints, where the 1-flowered pedicels
form a sort of sessile umbel ; stamens usually 3. — Sandy river-banks, and cul-
tivated grounds. June-Sept. (An immigrant from farther south.)

Orver 19. PORTULACACEX. (Purstane Famity.)

Herbs, with succulent leaves, and regular but unsymmetrical flowers ; viz.,
sepals usually fewer than the petals; the stamens opposite the petals when
of the same number, but often indefinite: otherwise nearly as Chickweeds.
— Sepals 2, rarely 3 or 5. Petals 5, or sometimes none. Stamens mostly
5-20. Styles 3-8, united below, or distinct, stigmatic along the inside.
Pod 1 -5-celled, with few or many campylotropous seeds rising on stalks
from the base, or from a central placenta. Embryo curved around mealy
albumen. — Insipid and innocent herbs, with entire leaves. Corolla open-
ing only in sunshine, mostly ephemeral, then shrivelling.

* ANOMALOUS PORTULACACEZ. Sepals 5, bearing the stamens.
1. Sesuvium. Petalsnone. Stamens 5-60. Pod 3 -5-celled, opening across by a lid.
* * TRUE PORTULACACE®. Sepals (2) fewer than the petals: pod I-celled.
2. Portulaca. Stamens 7 - 20, on the partly adherent calyx. Pod opening by a lid.
Talimnum. Stamens more numerous than the petals, hypogynous. Pod many-seeded.

4. Claytonia. Stamens as many as the hypogynous petals, and attached to their base.
Pod 3 -6-seeded.

2

1. SESUVIUM, L. Sea Porsrane.

Calyx 5-parted, purplish inside, persistent, free. Petals none. Stamens 5-
60, inserted on the calyx. Styles 3-5, separate. Pod 3-5-celled, many-seeded,
circumscissile, the upper part falling off as a lid. — Prostrate maritime herbs,
with succulent stems, opposite leaves, and axillary or terminal flowers. (An
unexplained name.) .

1. S. Portulacastrum, L. Root perennial; leaves lanceolate-oblong,
flattish; flowers sessile or short-peduncled; stamens many.— Coast of New
Jersey and southward. July - Sept.

2. PORTULACA, Toum. Purstane.

Calyx 2-cleft; the tube cohering with the ovary below. Petals 5, rarely 6,
inserted on the calyx with the 7-20 stamens, fugacious. Style mostly 3-8-
parted. Pod 1-celled, globular, many-seeded, opening transversely, the upper
part (with the upper part of the calyx) separating as a lid. — Fleshy annuals,
with mostly scattered leaves. (An old Latin name, of unknown meaning.)

7

CM. -

98 MALVACE&, (MALLOW FAMILY.)

1. P. oLERACEA, L. (Common Pursiane.) Prostrate, very smooth ;
leaves obovate or wedge-form ; flowers sessile (opening only in sunny morn-
ings); sepals keeled; petals pale yellow; stamens 7-12; style deeply 5 —6-
parted ; flower-bud flat and acute. — Cultivated and waste grounds : common.
(Nat. from Eu.)

P. rETUsSA, Engelm., closely resembling the common Purslane, is indigenous
west of the Mississippi.

P. GRANDIFLORA, with terete leayes and showy flowers, cult. for ornament,
begins to be spontaneous around gardens.

38. TALINUM, Adans. Tarrnvm.

Sepals 2, distinct and free, deciduous. Petals 5, ephemeral. Stamens 10-
80. Style 3-lobed at the apex. Pod 3-celled at the base when young, 3-valved,
with many seeds on a globular stalked placenta. (Derivation obscure.)

1. T. teretifolium, Pursh. Leafy stems low, tuberous at the base;
leaves linear, cylindrical; peduncle long (3'-6/) and naked, bearing an open
cyme of pink flowers (3/ broad); stamens 15-20. jf — Serpentine rocks,
Westchester, Penn., Falls of St. Croix River, Wisconsin, and southward.
June - Aug.

4. CLAYTONIA, L. Sprrine-Beaurv.

Sepals 2, ovate, free, persistent. Stamens 5, adhering to the short claws of
the petals. Style 3-cleft at the apex. Pod 1-celled, 3-valved, 3—6-seeded. —
Our two species are perennials, sending up simple stems in early spring from a
small deep tuber, bearing a pair of opposite leaves, and a loose raceme of pretty
flowers. Corolla rose-color with deeper veins, opening for more than one day !
(Named in honor of Dr, John Clayton, one of our earliest botanists, who con-
tributed to Gronovius the materials for the Flora Virginica.)

1. C. Virginica, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated (3!-6! long). —
Moist open woods: common, especially westward and southward.

2. C. Caroliniana, Michx. Leaves spatulate-oblong or oval-lanceolate
(1!-2! long). — W. New Hampshire, to Wisconsin, and southward along the
Alleghanies.

Orper 20. MALVACEAE. (Matiow Famtty.)

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate stipulate leaves and regular flowers, the
calyx valvate and the corolla convolute in the bud, numerous stamens mona-
delphous in a column, which is united at the base with the short claws of the
petals, 1-celled anthers, and kidney-shaped seeds. — Sepals 5, united at the
base, persistent, often involucellate with a whorl of bractlets, forming a
sort of exterior calyx. Petals 5. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening along
the top. Pistils several, with the ovaries united in a ring, or forming a
several-celled pod. Seeds with little albumen: embryo curved, the leafy
cotyledons variously doubled up. — Mucilaginous, innocent plants, with
tough bark, and palmately-veined leaves. Flowerstalks with a joint,
axillary.

VV

MALVACEX. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 99

Tribe I. MALVEA®. Columns of stamens anther-bearing at the top. Ovaries and
pods (carpels) 5-20 or more, closely united in a ring around a central axis, from which
they separate after ripening.

* Stigmas occupying the inner face of the styles : carpels 1-seeded, falling away separately,
Althzea. Involucel of 6 to 9 bractlets.
Malwa. Involucel of 3 bractlets. Petals obcordate. Carpels rounded, beakless.
Callirrhoe. Involucel of 3 bractlets or none. Petals truncate. Carpels beaked.
Napzea. Involucel none. Flowers dicecious. Stamens few.

ego a bors

* * Stigmas terminal, capitate: carpels 1 - few-seeded, usually dehiscent.
Malvastrum. Involucel of 3 bractlets or none. Seeds solitary in the cells, ascending.
Sida. Inyolucel none. Seed solitary in the cells, pendulous.

Abutilon. Inyolucel none. Seeds 3 or more in each cell.
Modiola. Involucel of 3 bractlets. Seeds 2 in each cell, and with a transverse partition
between them.

Tribe II. HIBISCEAS. Column of stamens anther-bearing for a considerable part of
its length, naked and 5-toothed at the very apex. Pod mostly 5-celled, loculicidal, leaving
scarcely any axis in the centre after opening.

9. Kosteletzkya. Involucel of several bractlets. Pod 5-celled, 5-seeded.

10. Hibiscus. Involucel of many bractlets. Pod 5-celled, many-seeded.

SAAN

1. ALTHAA, L. Marsn-Matiow.

Calyx surrounded by a 6-9-cleft involucel. Otherwise as in Malva. (Name
from aa, to cure, in allusion to its healing properties.)

1. A. orricrnAris, L. (Common Marsu-Mattow.) Stem erect; leaves
ovate or slightly heart-shaped, toothed, sometimes 3-lobed, velvety-downy: pe- .
duncles axillary, many flowered. — Salt marshes, coast of New England and
New York. Aug., Sept. — Flowers pale rose-color. Perennial root thick,
abounding in mucilage, the basis of the Pates de Guimauve. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. MALVA, L. Mattow,

Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel at the base, like an outer calyx. Petals ob-
cordate. Styles numerous, stigmatic down the inner side. Fruit depressed,
separating at maturity into as many l-seeded and indehiscent round kidney-
shaped blunt carpels as there are styles. Radicle pointing downwards. (An
old Latin name, from padayn, soft, alluding to the emollient leaves.)

1. M. rotunpiroria, L. (Common Mattow.) Stems procumbent from a
deep biennial root; /eaves round-heart-shaped, on very long petioles, crenate,
obscurely-lobed ; petals twice the length of the calyx, whitish; carpels pubescent,
even. — Waysides and cultivated grounds: common. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. M. sytvésrris, L. (Hien M.) Biennial; stem erect, branched (2°-3°
high) ; leaves sharply 5-7-lobed ; petals thrice the length of the calyx, large,
purple and rose-color; carpels wrinkled-veiny. — Waysides. (Ady. from Eu.)

3. M. crfsra. (Curtep M.) A fall, erect annual, with round and angled
toothed and erisped leaves, and small sessile flowers crowded in the axils, — spar-
ingly escaped from old gardens. (Ady. from Eu.)

4. M, moscuAra, L. (Musk M.) A low perennial; with the stem-leaves 5-
parted, and the divisions once or twice parted or cleft into linear lobes, faintly
musky-scented, the flowers rose-color or white (13! in diameter) on short pe-

100 MALVACEH. (MALLOW FAMILY).

duncles crowded on the stem and branches, the fruit downy: has escaped from
gardens to waysides. (Adv. from Eu.)

5. M. Accra, L., with the stem-leaves only once 5-parted or cleft, the lobes
incised, large flowers like No. 4, but the fruit smooth, and bractlets of the
involucel ovate: has escaped from gardens in Chester Co., Penn. (Ady.
from Eu.)

3. CALLiIRRHO#, Nutt. Carriernok.

Calyx either naked or with a 3-leaved involucel at its base. Petals wedge-
shaped and truncate (usually red-purple). Styles, &c. as in Malya. Carpels
10-20, straightish, with a short empty beak, separated within from the 1-
seeded cell by a narrow projection, indehiscent or partly 2-valved. Radicle
pointing downwards. — Flowers perfect.

‘1. C. triangulata, Gray. Hairy-pubescent; stems nearly erect (2°
high) from a tuberous root; leaves triangular or halberd-shaped, or the lowest
rather heart-shaped, coarsely crenate ; the upper incised or 3—5-cleft; flowers
panicled, short-pedicelled (purple) ; involucel as long as the calyx ; carpels short-
pointed, crestless. (Malva triangulata, Leavenworth. M. Houghtonii, Torr. §
Gray.) — Dry prairies, Wisconsin, Illinois, and southward. July.

-2. C. aleseoides, Gray. Strigose-pubescent ; stems slender (1° high)
from a perennial root; lower leaves triangular-heart-shaped, incised ; the upper
5-7-parted, laciniate, the uppermost divided into linear segments ; flowers
corymbose, on slender peduncles (rose-color or white) ; involucel none; carpels
obtusely beaked, crested and strongly wrinkled on the back. (Sida alczoides,
Michx.) — Barren oak-lands, S. Kentucky and Tennessee.

4. NAPASA, Clayt. Grape Matrow.

Calyx naked at the base, 5-toothed. Petals entire. Flowers diwcious ; the
staminate flowers destitute of pistils, with 15-20 anthers; the fertile with a
short column of filaments but usually no anthers. Styles 8-10, stigmatic
along the inside. Fruit depressed-globular, separating when ripe into as many
kidney-shaped 1-seeded beakless and scarcely dehiscent carpels as there are
styles. Radicle pointing downwards. — A tall and roughish perennial herb,
with very large 9 —11-parted lower leaves, the pointed lobes pinnatifid-cut and
toothed, and small white flowers in panicled clustered corymbs. (Named by
Clayton from vamn, a wooded valley or glade, or, poetically, the nymph of
the groves.)

1. N. didica, L. (Sida dioica, Cav.) — Limestone valleys, Penn. and
southward to the Valley of Virginia, west to Ohio and Illinois: rare. July.

5. MALVASTRUM, Gray. Fause Matzow.

Calyx with an involucel of 2 or 3 bractlets, or none. Petals notched at the
end or entire. Styles 5 or more: stigmas capitate. Carpels as in Malva, or
else as in Sida, but the solitary kidney-shaped seed ascending and the radicle
pointing downwards, as in the former. — Flowers perfect. (Name altered from
Malva.)

MALVACEZ. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 101

1. M. angustum, Gray. Slightly hairy; stem erect (6/-9! high) from
an annual root; leaves lance-oblong or linear, with scattered fine callous teeth :
flowers in the upper axils, on peduncles shorter than the broadly ovate-triangu-
lar sepals; bractlets and stipules setaceous ; petals yellow, scarcely exceeding
the calyx; carpels 5, kidney-shaped, with smooth sides, at length 2-yalyed.—
Rock Island in the Mississippi, Illinois, Hngelmann, Parry. Aug.

2. M. coccineum, Gray (Sida coccinea, Pursh), a low and hoary
perennial, with 5-parted or pedate leaves, and short spikes or racemes of
showy pink-red flowers, the petals very much longer than the calyx; the car-
pels 10 or more, reticulated on the sides and indehiscent: abounds on the
plains from Iowa and Minnesota westward.

6. SIDA, L. Sma.

Calyx naked at the base, 5-cleft. Petals entire, usually oblique. Styles 5 or
more, tipped with capitate stigmas: the ripe fruit separating into as many 1-
seeded carpels, which are closed, or commonly 2-valved at the top, and tardily
separate from the axis. Seed pendulous. Embryo abruptly bent; the radicle
pointing upwards. — Flowers perfect. (A name used by Theophrastus.)

1. S. Napéea, Cav. A smooth, tall (4°-10° high) perennial; leaves 5-cleft,
the lobes oblong and pointed, toothed ; flowers (white) umbellate-corymbed, large ;
carpels 10, pointed. (Napzxa levis & hermaphrodita, Z.) — Rocky river-banks,
Penn., York Co., &c., Porter. Kanawha Co., Virginia, Rev. J. M. Brown.
(Cultivated in old gardens.)

2. §. Elliottii, Torr. & Gray. A smooth, erect perennial (1°-4° high) ;
leaves linear, serrate, short-petioled ; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, short; flow-
ers (yellow) rather large; carpels 9-10, slightly and abruptly pointed, forming a
depressed fruit. — Sandy soil, 8. Virginia and southward. May - Aug.

3. S. spinosa, L. Annual weed, minutely and softly pubescent, low (10! -
20’ high), much branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, serrate, rather long-
petioled ; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, shorter than the petiole ; flowers (yellow)
small; carpels 5, combined into an ovate fruit, each splitting at the top into 2
beaks. — A little tubercle at the base of the leaves on the stronger plants gives
the specific name, but it cannot be called a spine. — Waste places: common
southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer. or Afr.)

7. ABUTILON, Tour. — Inp1an Matiow.

Carpels 2-9-seeded, at length 2-valved. Radicle ascending or pointing in-
wards. Otherwise as in Sida. (Name of unknown origin.)

1. A. Avickyn&, Gertn. (VELveT-Lear.) Tall annual (4° high) ; leaves
roundish-heart-shaped, taper-pointed, velvety ; peduncles shorter than the leaf-
stalks; corolla yellow; pods 12-15, hairy, beaked. — Waste places, escaped
from gardens: (Ady. from India.)

8. MODIOLA, Mench. Moprora.

Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel. Petals obovate. Stamens 10-20. Stigmas
capitate. Carpels 14-20, kidney-shaped, pointed, and at length 2-valved at the

102 MALVACEEX. (MALLOW FAMILY.)

top; the cavity divided into two by a cross partition, with a single seed in each
cell. — Humble, procumbent or creeping annuals or biennials, with cut leaves
and small purplish flowers solitary in the axils. (Name from modiolus, the broad
and depressed fruit resembling in shape the Roman measure of that name.)

l. M. multifida, Mench. Hairy; leaves 3-5-cleft and incised; stamens
15-20; fruit hispid at the top. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward.

9. KOSTELETZKYA, Presl. Kosrererzxya.

Pod depressed, with a single seed in each cell. Otherwise as Hibiscus.
Named after V. F’. Kosteletzky, a Bohemian botanist.)

(
van dle 1. K. Virginica, Presl. Roughish-hairy perennial (2°-4° high) ; leaves

Wn

nN
~Ue

iS

halberd-shaped and heart-shaped ; the lower 3-lobed. (Hibiscus Virginicus, L.)
— Marshes on the coast, New York to Virginia and southward. Aug.— Co-
rolla 2’ wide, rose-color. Column slender.

10. HIBISCUS, L. Rose-Maziow.

Calyx involucellate at the base by a row of numerous bractlets, 5-cleft. Col-
umn of stamens long, bearing anthers for much of its length. Styles united:
stigmas 5, capitate. Fruit a 5-celled loculicidal pod. Seeds several or many in
each cell. — Herbs or shrubs, usually with large and showy flowers. (An old
Greek and Latin name of unknown meaning.)

* Indigenous, tall perennials (4° - 8°), flowering late in summer.

1. H. Moscheittos, L. (Swamp Rose-Matiow.) Leaves ovate, pointed,
toothed, the lower 3-lobed, whitened underneath with a fine soft down, glabrous
or slightly downy beneath; the 1-flowered peduncles sometimes united at the
base with the petioles; calyx not inflated; pod and seeds smooth or nearly so. —
Brackish marshes along the coast, sometimes extending up rivers far beyond
the influence of salt water (as above Harrisburg, Penn.) : also Onondaga Lake,
N. Y., and westward, usually within the influence of salt springs. — Corolla
5'-6/ in diameter, light rose-color or white, with or without a crimson eye.

2. H. grandiflorus, Michx. Leaves soft-downy both sides, the lower broadly
ovate and heart-shaped ; pod very hirsute; seeds smooth ;— otherwise resembling
the last. — Illinois (Lawrence Co., Fritchey) and southward.

3. H. militaris, Cav. (Harserp-Leavep R.) Smooth throughout ; lower
leaves: ovate-heart-shaped, toothed, 3-lobed ; upper leaves halberd-form, the short
lateral lobes spreading at the base, the middle one prolonged and taper-pointed ; _
peduncles slender ; fruiting calyx inflated ; seeds hairy. — River-banks, Penn. to
Illinois and southward. — Corolla 4-5! in diameter, flesh-color.

* * Escaped from gardens or grounds,

4, H. Trionum, L. (Brapper Kermra.) A low, rather hairy annual ; up-
per leaves 3-parted, with lanceolate divisions, the middle one much the longest ;
fruiting calyx inflated, membranaceous, 5-winged ; corolla sulphur-yellow with a
blackish eye, ephemeral ; hence the name Flower-of-an-hour. (Ady. from Eu.)

5. H. Syriacus, L. (Surunsy Atruma of the gardeners.) Tall shrub,
smooth; leaves wedge-ovate, pointed, cut-toothed or lobed; corolla usually rose-
color. — Roadsides and copses, Pennsylvania, &c. Sept. (Ady. from Eu.)

CAMELLIACE. (CAMELLIA FAMILY.) 103

OrpER 21. WILEACEAE. (Liyven Famtry.)

Trees (rarely herbs), with the mucilaginous properties, fibrous bark,
valvate calyx, §c., of the Mallow Family; but the sepals deciduous, petals
imbricated in the bud, the stamens usually polyadelphous, and the anthers
2-celled ; — represented in Northern regions only by the genus,

1. TILIA, L. Liyvey. Basswoop.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, spatulate-oblong. Stamens numerous: filaments coher-
ing in 5 clusters with each other (in European species), or with the base of a
spatulate petal-like body placed opposite each of the real petals. Pistil with a
5-celled ovary and 2 half-anatropous ovules in each, a single style, and a 5-
toothed stigma. Fruit a sort of woody globular nut, becoming 1-celled and 1 -
9-seeded. Embryo with a taper radicle, and a pair of leaf-like somewhat heart-
shaped and lobed cotyledons, which are a little folded. — Fine trees, with soft
and white wood, more or less heart-shaped and serrate leaves (oblique and often
truncate at the base), deciduous stipules, and small cymes of flowers, hanging on
an axillary peduncle which is united to a leaf-like bract. Flowers cream-color,
honey-bearing, fragrant. (The classical Latin name of the genus.)

1. T. Americana, L. (Basswoop.) Leaves green and glabrous or
nearly so, thickish. — Rich woods, May, June.— This familiar tree is rarely
called Lime-tree, oftener White-wood, commonly Basswood ; the name (now obso-
lete in England) alluding to the use of the inner bark for mats and cordage.

Var. pubéscens. Leaves softly pubescent underneath, often thin. (T.
pubescens, A7t.) — Common from Maryland southward and westward.

2, T. heterophylla, Vent. (Wuire Basswoop.) Leaves larger,
smooth and bright green above, silvery-whitened with a fine down underneath.
(T. alba, Michxr.) — Mountains of Penn. to Kentucky and southward.

T. Evropxa, the European Linpen, which is planted in and near our
cities as an ornamental tree, is at once distinguished from any native species by
the absence of the petal-like scales among the stamens. This tree (the Lin)
gave the family name to Linneus.

Orper 22. CAMELLIACE.* (Cameriia Famity.)

Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple feather-veined leaves, and no stipules,
the regular flowers hypogynous and polyandrous, the sepals and petals both
imbricated in estivation, the stamens more or less united at the base with each
other (monadelphous or 3-—5-adelphous) and with the base of the petals.—
Anthers 2-celled, introrse, Fruit a woody 3-5-celled loculicidal pod.
Seeds few, with little or no albumen. Embryo large, with broad cotyle-
dons. — A family with showy flowers, the types of which are the well-
known CAMELLIA and the more important TEA PLant, — represented
in this country by the two following genera.

* Name of same date as TERNSTREMIACE4, and preferable.

104 LINACE®. (FLAX FAMILY.)

1. STUARTIA, Catesby. Sruarrta.

Sepals 5, rarely 6, ovate or lanceolate. Petals 5, rarely 6, obovate, crenulate.
Stamens monadelphous below. Pod 5-celled. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, crus-
taceous, anatropous, ascending. Embryo straight, nearly as long as the albu-
men: radicle longer than the cotyledons. — Shrubs with membranaceous decid-
uous oblong-ovate serrulate leaves, soft-downy beneath, and large short-pedun-
cled flowers solitary in their axils. (Named for John Stuart, Lord Bute.)

1. S. Virginica, Cav. Petals 5 white (1! long); sepals ovate; style 1;
stigma 5-toothed ; pod globular, blunt; seeds not margined. (S. Malachodén-
dron, LZ.) — Woods, Virginia and southward.

S. pentAGyNA, L’Her., with cream-colored flowers, 5 styles, and an angled
and pointed pod, may be found in the Alleghanies of Southern Virginia.

2. GORDONIA, Ellis. Losxuorzy Bay.

Sepals 5, rounded, concave. Petals 5, obovate. Stamens 5-adelphous, one
cluster adhering to the base of each petal. Style 1. Pod ovoid, 5-valved; the
valves separating from the persistent axis; cells 2—8-seeded. Seeds pendulous.
Embryo straightish, with a short radicle, and thin longitudinally plaited cotyle-
dons. — Shrubs or small trees, with large and showy white flowers on axillary
peduncles. (Dedicated by Dr. Garden to his “old master, Dr. James Gordon of
Aberdeen,” and by Ellis to a London nurseryman of the same name.)

1. G. Lasianthus, L. (Lospiotty Bay.) Leaves coriaceous and per-
sistent, lanceolate-oblong, narrowed at the base, minutely serrate, smooth and
shining; pod pointed; seeds winged above. Swamps near the coast. Virginia
and southward. May-July. — Petals 13! long.

OrpeR 23. LEINACE. (Frax Famity.)

Herbs (rarely shrubs) with the regular and symmetrical hypogynous flow-
ers 4 —6-merous throughout, strongly imbricated calyx and convolute petals,
the 5 stamens monadelphous at the base, and an 8-—10-seeded pod, having
twice as many cells as there are styles. Represented by the genus,

1. LINUM, L. Frax.

Sepals (persistent), petals, stamens, and styles 5, regularly alternate with each
other. Pod of 5 united carpels (into which it splits in dehiscence) and 5-celled,
with 2 seeds hanging from the summit of each ; but each cell is partly or com-
pletely divided into two by a false partition which projects from the back of the
carpel, thus becoming 10-celled. Seeds anatropous, mucilaginous, flattened,
containing a large embryo with plano-convex cotyledons. — Herbs, with a tough
fibrous bark, simple and sessile entire leaves (alternate or often opposite), with-
out stipules, but often with glands in their place, and with corymbose or pani-
cled flowers. Corolla usually ephemeral. (The classical name of the Flax.)

* Indigenous species, glabrous, 1°- 3° high, with yellow flowers, in summer.

1. L. Virginianum, L. Stem erect from the base and with the corym-

bose spreading or recurving branches terete and even ; leaves oblong or lanceolate,

GERANIACER. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) 105

or the lower spatulate and often opposite; flowers scattered, small (barely 3”
long) ; sepals ovate, pointed, smooth-edged or nearly so, equalling the depressed
10-celled pod; styles distinct. — Dry woods: common. — Root apparently an-
nual; but the plant propagated by suckers from the base of the stem.

2. L. striatum, Walt. Stems gregarious, erect or ascending from a creep-
ing or decumbent base, slightly viscid, and with the mostly racemose short
branches striate with about 4 sharp wing-like angles decurrent from the leaves;
these broader than in the last, and mostly oblong, usually with all the lower
ones opposite ; flowers more crowded ; sepals scarcely equalling the very small
brownish pod: otherwise nearly as in No. 1. (L. oppositifolium, Engel.) —Wet
or boggy grounds, New England to Virginia and southward. — Generally con-
founded with L. Virginianum (figured for it in Reichenb. Ic, Exot.), but well
distinguished by Walter, except that the stem-leaves are commonly opposite up
to the first branch : here described from the indications given by C.F’. Austin.

3. L. suleatum, Riddell, 1836. Stem strictly erect from an annual root,
and with the upright or ascending branches striate-angled or grooved ; leaves
linear, acute, or the upper subulate, rather rigid; a pair of dark glands in place
of stipules: sepals ovate-lanceolate and sharp-pointed, strongly 3-nerved and
(like the bracts) with rough-bristly-glandular margins, scarcely longer than the
ovoid-globose incompletely 10-celled pod ; styles united almost to the middle.
(L. Boottii, Planchon, 1848.) — Dry soils, Rhode Island to Illinois and south-
westward. — Flowers and pods twice as large as in the preceding. (L. rf¢ipum,
Pursh., of the Western plains, probably in Minnesota, is dwarf, glaucous, and
has the styles united almost to the top.)

* * Escaping from cultivation, blue-flowered, annual.

4, L. usrratfssimum, L. (Common F.ax), is occasionally spontaneous in

fields.

Orpver 24. GERANIACEAE. (Geranium Famtry.)

Plants (chiefly herbs) with perfect and generally symmetrical hypogynous
flowers ; the stamens, counting sterile filaments, as many or commonly twice
as many, and the lobes or cells (1—few-ovuled) of the ovary as many, as
the sepals, an axis of the dry fruit persisting. — Seeds without albumen,
except in Oxalis. The flower of Impatiens is partly, and that of Tropz-
olum still more unsymmetrical. Herbage often strong-scented, but never
punctate with pellucid dots.— As a whole the order, here recombined
as it was founded by Jussieu, is hard to define. Of late it has generally
been broken into several small orders: the principal ones here stand as
suborders, with only one or two genera to each. — TropxoLvtM, the
GARDEN NASTURTIUM, occupies a position between the first and the
second suborder.

SuporpDerR I. GERANTEZE. (Geranium FAmiILy PROPER.)

Flowers 5-merous and symmetrical; the persistent sepals imbricated
and the petals usually convolute in the bud: 5 glands of the receptacle

106 GERANIACEH. (GERANIUM FAMILY.)

alternate with the petals. Stamens somewhat monadelphous. Ovary
deeply 5-lobed, the 5 two-ovuled carpels and the lower part of the long
styles adnate to a long and beak-like prolongation of the receptacle,
from which, when ripe and dry, the small and membranaceous pods are
torn off, and carried away by the styles, — which, as they separate from
the beak from the base upwards, are elastically recurved or revolute, the
solitary seed falling out. Embryo filling the seed (no albumen) ; cotyle-—
dons folded together and bent down on the short radicle. — Strong-
scented herbs (or the Pelargoniums, which have somewhat irregular
flowers, shrubby plants), with opposite or alternate stipulate leaves, and
astringent roots.

1. Geranium. Stamens with anthers 10, rarely 5. The recurving bases of the styles or
tails of the carpels in fruit naked inside.

2. Erodium. Stamens with anthers only 5. Tails of the carpels in fruit bearded inside,
often spirally twisted,

Susorper I. LIMNANTHEZE. (Lovyantues Famiy.)

Flowers 3-merous or 5-merous, completely symmetrical and regular ; the
persistent sepals ovate in the bud: glands of the receptacle alternate with
the petals. Stamens distinct. No beak or prolongation of the receptacle
beyond the ovary, which consists of 3 or 5 almost distinct, at length fleshy
and separating, indehiscent, 1-seeded carpels, united by a common style.
Seeds without albumen : cotyledons very thick and fleshy, the short radicle
included by their heart-shaped bases. — Tender low annuals, with pinnate
alternate leaves and no stipules. — Consists of the pretty-flowered Califor-
nian LIMNANTHES, and of

38. Floeerkea. Sepals, minute petals, and lobes of the ovary 3: stamens 6.
Susorper I. BALSAMUNEZE. (Batsam Famity.)

Flowers mostly unsymmetrical, 5-merous as to the stamens and pistil;
the sepals and petals irregular, usually unsymmetrical and of fewer pieces,
imbricated in the bud, all petaloid and deciduous, the larger piece with an
ample sac or spur: no glands: filaments distinct, short. Fruit a fleshy 5-
celled pod or berry: no albumen: the straight embryo with thick cotyle-
dons and a short radicle.— Tender herbs, the succulent stems gorged
with a bland watery juice; the leaves simple, mostly alternate, without
stipules.

4. Impatiens. Inner or lateral petals unequally 2-lobed. Pod bursting elastically into 5
valves, several-seeded.

Susorper IV. OXALIDEZE. (Sorret Famity.)

Flowers 5-merous, regular and symmetrical, decandrous; the persistent
sepals imbricated and the petals convolute in the bud: no glands alter-
nate with the latter. Stamens often monadelphous at the base. Fruit a

GERANIACEE. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) 107

5-celled loculicidal pod ora berry. Seeds 2 or few in each cell, with a
straight embryo in a little fleshy albumen.— Leaves compound : juice
sour.

5. Oxalis. Styles 5, separate. Pod oblong: the valves not falling away. Leaflets usually
obcordate,

1. GERANIUM, L._ Crayessit.

Stamens 10 (sometimes only 5 in No. 2), all with perfect anthers, the 5
longer with glands at their base (alternate with the petals). Styles smooth
inside in fruit when they separate from the axis. — Stems forking. Peduncles
1—3-flowered. (An old Greek name, from yépavos, a crane; the long fruit-
bearing beak thought to resemble the bill of that bird.)

* Rootstock perennial.

1. G. maculatum, L. (Witp Cranespiti.) Stem erect, hairy;
leaves about 5-parted, the wedge-shaped divisions lobed and cut at the end;
sepals slender-pointed ; petals entire, light purple, bearded on the claw (3/
long). — Open woods and fields. April-July. — Leaves somewhat blotched
with whitish as they grow old.

* * Root biennial or annual: flowers small.

2. G. Carolinianum, L. (Carorrna C.) Stems at first erect, dif-
fusely branched from the base, hairy ; leaves about 5-parted, the divisions cleft
and cut into numerous oblong-linear lobes ; peduncles and pedicels short ;
sepals awn-pointed, as long as the emarginate (pale rose-color) petals ; carpels
hairy ; seeds ovoid-oblong, very minutely reticulated. — Barren soil and waste
places: common. May-Aug.— Depauperate forms, except by the seeds, are
hardly distinguishable from

3. G. pisstctum, L. (Cur-LeEavep C.) More slender and spreading,
with narrower lobes to the leaves, and smaller red-purple petals notched at the
end; seeds short-ovoid or globular, finely and strongly reticulated. — Waste grounds,
scarce. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. G@. corumpinum, L. (Lone-starkep C.) Minutely hairy, with
very slender decumbent stems; leaves 5-7-parted and cut into narrow linear
lobes ; peduncles and pedicels filiform and elongated ; sepals awned, about equal-
ling the purple petals, enlarging after flowering; carpels glabrous ; seeds nearly
as in No. 3.— Along the Susquelianna, Lancaster Co., &c., Prof: Porter.
Alexandria, Virginia, A. H. Curtiss. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.)

5. G. pusfiritum, L. (Smaxu-FLowEReED C.) Stems procumbent, slender,
minutely pubescent ; leaves rounded kidney-form, 5 —-7-parted, the divisions
wedge-shaped, mostly 3-lobed ; sepals awnless, about as long as the (purplish)
petals ; seeds smooth. — Waste places, New York and Massachusetts: rare. (Nat.
from Eu.)

6. G. Robertianum, L. (Hers Ropert.) Sparsely hairy, diffuse ;
strong-scented, leaves 3-divided or pedately 5-divided, the divisions twice pinna-
tifid: sepals awned, shorter than the (red-purple) petals ; pods wrinkled ; seeds
smooth. — Moist woods and shaded ravines: common northward. June-Oct.
(£u.)

.

108 GERANIACEE. (GERANIUM FAMILY.)

2. ERODIUM, WHer. Srorxspitt.

The 5 shorter stamens sterile or wanting. Styles in fruit twisting spirally,
bearded inside. Otherwise as Geranium. (Name from épwd.ds, a heron.)

1. K. cicurArium, L’Her. Annual, hairy ; stems low, spreading ; leaves ,
pinnate ; the leaflets sessile, 1 - 2-pinnatifid ; peduncles several-flowered. — New
York, Pennsylvania, &c.: scarce. (Ady. from Eu.) ~

3. FL@RKEA, Willd. Farse Mermar.

Sepals 3. Petals 3, shorter than the calyx, oblong. Stamens 6. Ovaries 3,
opposite the sepals, united only at the base; the style rising in the centre:
stigmas 3. Fruit of 3 (or 1-2) roughish fleshy achenia. Seed anatropous,
erect, filled by the large embryo with its hemispherical fleshy cotyledons. — A
small and inconspicuous annual, with minute solitary flowers on axillary pe-
duncles. (Named after Parke, a German botanist.)

1. F. proserpinacoides, Willd. — Marshes and river-banks, W. New
England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. April-June. — Leaflets 3-5, lanceo- _
late, sometimes 2—3-cleft. Taste slightly pungent.

4. IMPATIENS, L. Barsam. Jewet-weep.

Calyx and corolla colored alike and not clearly distinguishable. Sepals ap-
parently only 4; the anterior one, which is notched at the apex, probably con-
sisting of two combined ; the posterior one (appearing anterior as the flower
hangs on its stalk) largest, and forming a spurred-sac. Petals 2, unequal-sided
and 2-lobed (each consisting of a pair united). Stamens 5, short: filaments
appendaged with a scale on the inner side, the 5 scales connivent and united
over the stigma: anthers opening on the inner face. Ovary 5-celled: stigma
sessile. Pod with evanescent partitions, and a thick axis bearing the several —
anatropous seeds, 5-valved, the valves coiling elastically and projecting the
seeds in bursting. Embryo straight: albumen none.— Leaves simple, alter-
nate, without stipules, in our species ovate or oval, coarsely toothed, petioled.
Flowers axillary or panicled, often of two sorts, viz., — the larger ones, as
described above, which seldom ripen seeds ;— and very small ones, which are
fertilized early in the bud; their floral envelopes never expand, nor grow to
their full size, but are forced off by the growing pod and carried upwards on
its apex. (Name from the sudden bursting of the pods when touched, whence
also the popular appellation, Zouch-me-not, or Snap-weed.)

1. I. pallida, Nutt. (Pare Toucu-me-nor.) Flowers pale-yellow, spar-

_ingly dotted with brownish-red ; sac dilated and very obtuse, broader than long,

tipped with a short incurved spur.— Moist shady places and along rills, in rich
soil; most common northward. July—Sept.— Larger and greener than the
next, with larger flowers: a spotless variety in N. Vermont and New Hamp-
shire, Miss Lumbard.

2. I. falva, Nutt. (Seorrep Toucn-me-not.) Flowers orange-color, thickly
spotted with reddish-brown ; sac longer than broad, acutely conical, tapering into
a strongly infleced spur.— Rills and shady moist places: common, especially

RUTACEEH. (RUE FAMILY.) 109

southward. June-Sept.— Plant 2°-4° high: the flowers loosely panicled
at the ends of the branches, hanging gracefully on their slender nodding stalks,
the open mouth of the cornucopix-shaped sepal upward. — A variety is not rare
with spotless flowers, which differs from the I. Noli-tangere of Europe in the
more inflexed spur and smaller petals. Spur rarely wanting.

Be OMA LIS: .L. Woop-Sorret.

Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, their bases sometimes united, withering after
expansion. Stamens 10, usually monadelphous at the base, alternately shorter.
Styles 5, distinct. Pod oblong, membranaceous, 5-celled, more or less 5-lobed,
each cell opening on the back; the valves persistent, being fixed to the central
column or axis by the partitions. Seeds 2 or more in each cell, pendulous
from the axis, anatropous, their outer coat loose and separating. Embryo
large and straight in fleshy albumen: cotyledons flat. — Herbs, with sour
watery juice, alternate or radical leaves, mostly of 3 obcordate leaflets, which
close and droop at nightfall. Several species produce (like Impatiens) small
peculiar flowers, which are precociously fertilized in the bud and are particularly
fruitful ; and the ordinary flowers are often dimorphous or even trimorphous in
the relative length of the stamens and styles. (Name from oévs, sour.)

* Stemless perennials: leaves and scapes a rootstock or bulb: leaflets broadly obcor-
date: flowers nearly 1! broad; cells of the pod few-seeded.

1, O. Acetosélla, L. (Common Woop-Sorret.) Rootstock creeping
and scaly-toothed; scape 1-flowered (2'-5/ high); petals white with reddish
veins, often notched. — Deep cold woods, Massachusetts to Penn., L. Superior
and northward: also southward in the Alleghanies. June. (Eu.)

2. O. violacea, L. (Viorer W.) Nearly smooth; bulb scaly ; scapes
umbellately several-flowered (5'-9' high), longer than the leaves; petals violet. —

- Rocky places; most common southward. May, June.
* * Stems leafy, branching : peduncles axillary: flowers small: cells several-seeded.

8. O. stricta, L. (YeLrtow W.) Annual or perennial by running sub-
terranean shoots ; stems at first erect; stipules absent; peduncles 2—6-flowered,
longer than the leaves; petals yellow ; pods elongated, erect in fruit. — Copses
and cultivated grounds: common. May-—Sept.— Varies greatly in appearance
and in the size of its flowers.

O. cornicuraAra, L., if in this district, and truly distinct from O. stricta,
should be known by the stipules at the base of the petioles. (Eu.)

Orver 25. BRUWACEAE. (Rue Famtry.)

Plants with simple or compound leaves, dotted with pellucid glands, abound-
ing with a pungent or bitter-aromatic acrid volatile oil, producing hypogynous
almost always regular 3—5-merous flowers, the stamens as many or twice as
many as the sepals (rarely more numerous) ; the 2-5 pistils separate or com-
bined into a compound ovary of as many cells, raised on a prolongation of
the receptacle (gynophore) or glandular disk.— Embryo large, curved or

110 RUTACEH., (RUE FAMILY.)

straight, usually in fleshy albumen. Styles commonly united or cohering,
even when the ovaries are distinct. Fruit usually capsular. Leaves al-
ternate or opposite. Stipules none. — A large family, chiefly of the Old
World and the Southern hemisphere; the PRopER RuTACEs, represented
in gardens by the Rue (Ruta gravéolens, L.) and Fraxinella (Dictdémnus’
Frazinella, L.) chiefly herbs, but the rest are shrubs or trees. — The Av-
RANTIEZ or Orange Family, recently appended to this order, has baccate
fruit, seeds without albumen, and stamens sometimes almost indefinitely
numerous. — Our two indigenous genera are

1. Zanthoxylum. Flowers diccious: ovaries 3-5, separate, forming fleshy pods.
2. Ptelea. Flowers polygamous: ovary 2-celled, forming a samara, like that of Elm.

1. ZANTHOXYLUM, Colden. Prickry Asn.

Flowers dicecious. Sepals 4 or 5, obsolete in one species. Petals 4 or 5, im-
bricated in the bud. Stamens 4 or 5 in the sterile flowers, alternate with the
petals. Pistils 2-5, separate, but their styles conniving or slightly united.
Pods thick and fleshy, 2-valved, 1-2-seeded. Seed-coat crustaceous, black,
smooth and shining. Embryo straight, with broad cotyledons. — Shrubs or
trees, with mostly pinnate leaves, the stems and often the leafstalks prickly.
Flowers small, greenish or whitish. (Name from £av6és, yellow, and £vdov,
wood : therefore more properly spelled with an initial X.)

1. Z. Americanum, Mill. (NorrHern Prickty AsH. Tooruacue-
TREE.) Leaves and flowers in axillary clusters; leaflets 4-5 pairs and an odd
one, ovate-oblong, downy when young ; calyx none; petals 5; pistils 3-5, with
slender styles ; pods short-stalked. — Rocky woods and river-banks : common north-
ward. April, May.—A prickly shrub, with yellowish-green flowers appearing
before the leaves. Bark, leaves, and pods very pungent and aromatic.

2. Z. Carolinianum, Lam. (SouTuern P.) Glabrous; leaflets 3-5
pairs and an odd one, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, oblique, shining above ; flowers
in a terminal cyme, appearing after the leaves ; sepals and petals 5 ; pistils 3, with
short styles; pods sessile. — Sandy coast of Virginia, and southward. June. —
A small tree with very sharp prickles.

2. PTELEA, L. Snsrvszy Trerom. Hop-rree.

Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3-5. Petals 3-5, imbricated in the bud.
Stamens as many. Ovary 2-celled: style short: stigmas 2. Fruit a 2-celled
and 2-seeded samara, winged all round, nearly orbicular.— Shrubs, with 3-foli-
olate leaves, and greertish-white small flowers in compound terminal cymes.
(The Greek name of the Elm, here applied to a genus with similar fruit.)

1. P. trifoliata, L. Leaflets ovate, pointed, downy when young. — Rocky
places, Penn. to Wisconsin and southward. June.—A tall shrub. Fruit bit-
ter, used as a substitute for hops. Odor of the flowers disagreeable.

AILANTHUS GLANDULOsUS, Desf., called TreE or HEAVEN, — but whose
blossoms, especially the staminate ones, are redolent of anything but “ airs from

ANACARDIACEZ. (CASHEW FAMILY.) 111

heaven,” —is much planted as a shade-tree, especially in towns, and is inclining
to spread from seed in Pennsylvania. » It belongs to the order SimarRuBACE™,
which differs from Rutacez in the absence of dots in the leaves. The tree is
known by its very long pinnate leaves of many leaflets, and small polygamous
greenish flowers in panicles, the female producing 2-5 thin, linear-oblong, veiny
samaras. (Ady. from China.) -

Orver 26. ANACARDIACEAE. (Casnew Famriry.)

Trees or shrubs, with a resinous or milky acrid juice, dotless alternate
leaves, and small, often polygamous, regular, pentandrous flowers, with a 1-
celled and 1-ovuled ovary, but with 3 styles or stigmas. — Petals imbricated
in the bud. Seed without albumen, borne on a curved stalk that rises
from the base of the cell. Stipules none. Juice or exhalations often
poisonous. — Represented here only by the genus

1. RHUS, L. SuMAcH.

Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 5, inserted under the edge or between the lobes
of a flattened disk in the bottom of the calyx. Fruit small and indehiscent, a
sort of dry drupe. — Leaves (simple in R. Cotinus, the Smoke-Plant of gardens)
usually compound. Flowers greenish-white or yellowish. (The old Greek and
Latin name of the genus.)

§1. SUMAC, DC. Flowers polygamous, in a terminal thyrsoid panicle: fruit
globular, clothed with acid crimson hairs; the stone smooth: leaves odd-pinnate.
(Not poisonous.)

1. R. typhina, L. (Sracuorn Sumacu.) Branches and stalks densely
velvety-hairy ; leaflets 11-31, pale beneath, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate,
rarely laciniate. — Hillsides. June.— Shrub or tree 10°-30° high, with or-
ange-colored wood.

2. R. glabra, L. (Smoorn S.) Smooth, somewhat glaucous ; leaflets 11 -
31, whitened beneath, lanceolate-oblong, pointed, serrate. — Rocky or barren
soil. June, July. — Shrub 2°-12° high.

3. R. copallina, L. (Dwarr 8.) Branches and stalks downy ; petioles
wing-maryined between the 9-21 oblong or ovate-lanceolate (often entire) leaf-
lets, which are oblique or unequal at the base, smooth and shining above. —
Rocky hills. July. — Shrub 1°-7° high, with running roots.

§ 2. TOXICODENDRON, Tourn. Flowers polygamous, in loose and slender
axillary panicles: fruit globular, glabrous, whitish or dun-colored ; the stone stri-
ate: leaves odd-pinnate or 3-foliolate, thin. (Poisonous to the touch.)

4. R. venenata, DC. (Porson S. or Doewoon.) Smooth, or nearly
so ; leaflets 7-13, obovate-oblong, entire. (R. Vérnix, Z.)—Swamps. June. —
Shrub 6°-18° high. The most poisonous species: also called Poison Elder.

5. R. Toxicodéndron, L. (Poison Ivy. Porson Oax.) Climbing
by rootlets over rocks, &ec., or ascending trees; leaflets 3, rhombic-ovate, mostly
pointed, and rather downy beneath, variously notched, sinuate, or cut-lobed, — or
else entire, then it is R. radicans, Z.— Thickets, low grounds, &c. June.

112 VITACEE. (VINE FAMILY.)

§ 3. LOBADIUM, Raf. Flowers polygamo-diccious, in clustered scaly-bracted
spikes like catkins, preceding the leaves: disk 5-parted, large: fruit as in § 1, but
Jlattish : leaves 3-foliolate. (Not poisonous.)

6. R. aromatica, Ait. (Fracranr 8.) Leaves pubescent when young,
thickish when old; leaflets 3, rhombic-ovate, unequally cut-toothed, the middle
one wedge-shaped at the base; flowers pale yellow.— Dry rocky soil, from
Vermont westward and southward. April, May.— A straggling bush ; the
crushed leaves sweet-scented.

OrpvER 27. VITACEZ. (Vine Famrty.)

Shrubs with watery juice, usually climbing by tendrils, with small regular
flowers, a minute or truncated calyx, its limb mostly obsolete, and the stamens
as many as the valvate petals and opposite them! Berry 2-celled, usually 4-
seeded. — Petals 4-5, very deciduous, hypogynous or perigynous. Fila-
ments slender: anthers introrse. Pistil with a short style or none, and a
slightly 2-lobed stigma: ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect anatropous ovules
from the base of each cell. Seeds bony, with a minute embryo at the base
of the hard albumen, which is grooved on one side. — Stipules deciduous.
Leaves palmately veined or compound: tendrils and flower-clusters oppo-
site the leaves. Flowers small, greenish. (Young shoots, foliage, &c.,
acid.) — Consists of Vitis and one or two nearly allied genera.

1. VITIS, Tourn. Grape.

Calyx very short, usually with a nearly entire border or none at all, filled with
an adnate fleshy disk which bears the petals and stamens. — Flowers in a com-
pound thyrsus ; pedicels mostly umbellate-clustered. (The classical Latin name.)

§1. VITIS proper. Petals 5, cohering at the top, separating at the base, and so
the corolla usually falls off without expanding : 5 thick glands or lobes of the disk
alternating with the stamens: flowers polygamous or diccious in all the American
species, evhaling a fragrance like that of Mignonette: leaves simple, rounded and
heart-shaped, often variously and variably lobed.

* Leaves woolly beneath, when lobed having obtuse or rounded sinuses.
-1. V. Labrusea, L. (Nortuern Fox-Grarez.) Branchlets and young
leaves very woolly ; leaves continuing rusty-woolly beneath ; fertile panicles compact ;
berries large. — Moist thickets: common. June. Fruit ripe in Sept. or Oct.,
dark purple or amber-color, with a tough musky pulp. Improved by cultivation,
it has given rise to the Isabella Grape, &e.

2. V. sestivalis, Michx. (Summer Grape.) Young leaves downy with
loose cobwebby hairs beneath, smoothish when old, green above; fertile panicles com-
pound, long and slender: berries small, black with a bloom. — Thickets : com-
mon. May, June.— Berries pleasant, ripe in Oct.

* *& Leaves smooth or nearly so and bright green both sides, commonly pubescent on the
veins beneath, either incisely lobed or undivided.

8. V. cordifolia, Michx. (Winter or Frost Grape.) Leaves thin,

WO.

Ane

RHAMNACEE. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) 118

not shining, heart-shaped, acuminate, sharply and coarsely toothed, often ob-

scurely 3-lobed ; panicles compound, large and loose; berries small, blue or black

with a bloom, very acerb, ripening after frosts. — Var. RrPARIA, has the leaves
broader and cut-lobed. (V. riparia, Michx.) — Thickets and river-banks: com-
mon. May, J une. — Flowers very sweet-scented.

4. V. vulpina, L. (Muscaprxe or Sournern Fox-Grare.) Leaves
shining both sides, small, rounded with a heart-shaped base, very coarsely toothed
with broad and bluntish teeth, seldom lobed ; panicles small, densely flowered ;
berries large (5'-4' in diameter), musky, purplish without a bloom, with a thick
and tough skin, ripe early in autumn. — River-banks, Maryland to Kentucky and
southward. May. — Bark of stem close, not separating in strips as in the other
species. Branchlets minutely warty. This is the original of the Catawba and
the Scuppernong Grape, &e. ;

§ 2. C{SSUS, L. Petals (5 in our species) expanding before or when they fall:
disk thick and broad, usually 4-5-lobed: flowers commonly perfect : tendrils
fewer.

5. V. indivisa, Willd. Nearly glabrous; leaves heart-shaped or truncate
‘at the base, coarsely and sharply toothed, acuminate, not lobed; panicle small
and loose ; style slender; berries of the size of a pea, 1-—3-seeded. — River-
banks, West Virginia, Ohio, and southward. June.

6. V. bipinnata, Torr. & Gray. Nearly glabrous, bushy and rather up-
right ; leaves twice pinnate or ternate, the leaflets cut-toothed ; flowers cymose ;
calyx 5-toothed ; disk very thick, adherent to the ovary ; berries black, obovate.
— Rich soils, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward.

2. AMPELOPSIS, Michx. Vireinran Creeper.

Calyx slightly 5-toothed. Petals concave, thick, expanding before they fall.
Disk none. — Leaves digitate, with 5 oblong-lanceolate sparingly serrate leaf-
lets. Flower-clusters cymose. Tendrils fixing themselves to trunks or walls by
dilated sucker-like disks at their tips. (Name from dyeQos, a vine, and dis,
appearance.)

1. A. quinquefolia, Michx.— A common woody vine, in low or rich
grounds, climbing extensively, sometimes by rootlets as well as by its disk-
bearing tendrils, blossoming in July, ripening its small blackish berries in
October. Also called American Ivy, and still less appropriately, Woodbine.
Leaves turning bright crimson in autumn.

OrpeR 28. BHAMNACEZE. (Bucktuorn Famity.)

Shrubs or small trees, with simple leaves, small and regular flowers (some-
times apetalous), with the 4 or 5 perigynous stamens as many as the valvate
sepals and alternate with them, accordingly opposite the petals! Drupe or
pod with only one erect seed in each cell, not arilled. — Petals folded in-
wards in the bud, hooded or concave, inserted along with the stamens
into the edge of the fleshy disk which lines the short tube of the calyx
and sometimes unites it to the lower part of the 2 -5-celled ovary.

8

114 RHAMNACEH. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.)

Ovules solitary, anatropous. Stigmas 2-5. Embryo large, with broad
cotyledons, in sparing fleshy albumen. — Flowers often polygamous, some-
times dicecious. Leaves mostly alternate: stipules small or obsolete.
Branches often thorny. (Slightly bitter and astringent: the fruit often
mucilaginous, commonly rather nauseous or drastic.) .

* Calyx and disk free from the ovary.
1. Berchemia. Petals sessile, entire, as long as the calyx. Drupe with thin flesh and 3
2-celled bony putamen.
2. Rhamnus. Petals small, short-clawed, notched, or none. Drupe berry-like, with the
2-4 separate seed-like nutlets concave on the back: cotyledons leaf-like, revolute.
3. Frangula. Petals, &c. asin No. 2. Seed-like nutlets convex on the back: cotyledons
flat, fleshy.

* * Calyx with the disk adherent to the base of the ovary.
4. Ceanothus. Petals long-clawed, hooded. Fruit dry, at length dehiscent.

1. BERCHEMIA, Necker. Suppie-Jack.

Calyx with a very short and roundish tube ; its lobes equalling the 5 oblong
sessile acute petals, longer than the stamens. Disk very thick and fiat, filling
the calyx-tube and covering the ovary. Drupe oblong, with thin flesh and a
bony 2-celled putamen. — Woody high-climbing twiners, with the pinnate veins
of the leaves straight and parallel, the small greenish-white flowers in small
panicles. (Name unexplained, probably personal.)

1. B. volubilis, DC. Glabrous; leaves oblong-ovate, acute, scarcely
serrulate; style short. — Damp soils, Virginia, and southward. June. — As-
cending tall trees. Stems tough and very lithe, whence the popular name.

2. RHA MN US, Tourn. Bucxruorn.

Calyx 4-5-cleft ; the tube campanulate, lined with the disk. Petals small,
short-clawed, notched at the end, wrapped around the short stamens, or some-
times none. Ovary free, 2—4-celled. Drupe berry-like (black), containing 2-
4 separate seed-like nutlets, of cartilaginous texture, which are grooved on
the back, as is the contained seed. Cotyledons foliaceous, the margins revolute.
— Shrubs or small trees, with loosely pinnately veined leaves, and greenish
polygamous or dicecious flowers, in axillary clusters. (The ancient Greek
name, from the numerous branchlets.)

* Lobes of the calyx, petals, and stamens 4.

1. R. catudrricus, L. (Common puckruorn.) Leaves ovate, minutely
serrate ; fruit 3-4-seeded; branchlets thorny. — Cultivated for hedges; spar-
ingly naturalized eastward. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. R. lanceolatus, Pursh. Leaves oblong-lanceolate and acute, or on flow-
ering shoots oblong and obtuse, finely serrulate, smooth or minutely downy
beneath; petals deeply notched; fruit 2-seeded. Hills and river-banks, Penn.
(Mercersburg, Prof. Green) to Illinois, and westward. May.— Shrub tall, not
thorny ; the yellowish-green flowers of two forms on distinct plants, both per-
fect : one with the short pedicels clustered in the axils and with a short in-
cluded style ; the other with tlie pedicels oftener solitary, the style longer and
exserted.

,

CELASTRACE. (STAFF-TREE FAMILY.) 115

* * Lobes of the calyx and stamens 5: petals wanting.
8. R. alnifolius, L’Her. A low shrub, leaves oval, acute, serrate, nearly
straight-veined : fruit 3-seeded. — Swamps, Maine to Penn., Illinois, and north-
ward. June.

38. FRANGULA, Tourn. Axper-Buckruory.

Seeds not grooved or concave (but convex) on the back. Cotyledons plane,
thick. Flowers perfect; the lobes of the calyx, petals, and stamens almost
always 5. Leaves with nearly straight parallel veins. Otherwise as in Rham-
nus. (Name from /rango, to break, in allusion to the brittleness of the stems.)

1. F. Caroliniana, Gray. Thornless shrub or small tree; leaves (3/—-5/
long) oblong, obscurely serrulate, nearly glabrous, deciduous; flowers in one
form umbelled, in another solitary in the axils, short-peduncled ; drupe globose,
3-seeded. — Secaucus swamp, New Jersey, Dr. Post, W. H. Leggett, and river-
banks. Virginia to Kentucky and southward. June.

4. CEANOTHUS, L. New Jersey Tea. Rep-roor.

Calyx 5-lobed ; the lobes colored and incurved ; the lower part with the thick
disk cohering with the ovary, the upper separating across in fruit. Petals
hooded, spreading, on slender claws longer than the calyx. Filaments also
elongated. Fruit 3-lobed, dry and splitting into its 3 carpels when ripe. Seed
as in Frangula.—Shrubby plants; the flowers in little umbel-like clusters,
which are crowded in dense panicles or corymbs at the summit of naked flower-
branches: calyx and pedicels colored like the petals. (An obscure name in
Theophrastus, probably misspelled.)

1. C. Americanus, L. (New Jersey Tea.) Leaves ovate or ob-
long-ovate, 3-ribbed, serrate, downy beneath, often heart-shaped at the base :
common peduncles elongated. — Dry woodlands. July. — Stems 1°-3° high

_from a dark red root: branches downy. Flowers in pretty white clusters. —
The leaves were used for tea during the American Revolution; and the manu-
facture has been recently revived in Pennsylvania.

2. C. ovalis, Bigelow. Leaves narrowly oval or elliptical-lanceolate, finely
glandular-serrate, glabrous or nearly so, as well as the short common peduncles.
— Dry rocks, W. Vermont to Wisconsin, and westward. May.— The white
flowers larger than in No. 1, more corymbed: leaves narrower, smooth, mostly
acute at both ends.

Orper 29. CELASTRACE. (Srarr-TReEE Famty.)

Shrubs with simple leaves, and small regular flowers, the sepals and the
petals both imbricated in the bud, the 4 or 5 perigynous stamens as many as
the petals and alternate with them, inserted on a disk which fills the bottom
of the calyx and sometimes covers the ovary. Seeds arilled. — Ovules one

_ or few (erect or pendulous) in each cell, anatropous: styles united into

one. Fruit 2-5-celled, free from the calyx. Embryo large, in fleshy
albumen: cotyledons broad and thin. Stipules minute and fugacious.
Pedicels jointed. — Represented by two genera.

116 SAPINDACEH. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.)

1. CELASTRUS Py Op SrTaFrr-TREE. SHRUBBY BITTER-SWEET.

Flowers polygamo-diccious. Petals (crenulate) and stamens 5, inserted on
the margin of a cup-shaped disk which lines the base of the calyx. Pod glo-
bose (orange-color and berry-like), 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1 or 2
in each cell, erect, enclosed in a pulpy scarlet aril. — Leaves alternate. Flowers
small, greenish, in raceme-like clusters terminating the branches. (An ancient
Greek name for some evergreen, which our plant is not.)

1. C. scandens, L. (Wax-work. CLIMBING BITTER-SWEET.) Twin-
ing shrub; leaves ovate-oblong, finely serrate, pointed. — Along streams and
“thickets. June.— The opening orange-colored pods, displaying the scarlet
covering of the seeds, are very ornamental in autumn.

2. EUONYMUS, Tourn. SPINDLE-TREE.

Flowers perfect. Sepals 4 or 5, united at the base, forming a short and flat
calyx. Petals 4-5, rounded, spreading. Stamens very short, inserted on the
edge or face of a broad and flat 4—5-angled disk, which coheres with the calyx
and is stretched over the ovary, adhering to it more or less. Style short
or none. Pod 3-5-lobed, 3-—5-valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1-4 in each cell,
enclosed in a red aril.—Shrubs, with 4-sided branchlets, opposite serrate
leaves, and loose cymes of small flowers on axillary peduncles. (Derivation
from et, good, and dvopza, name, because it has the bad reputation of poisoning
eattle. Tourn.)

1. E. atropurpureus, Jacq. (Burninc-Busa. Waanoo.) Shrub
tall (6°-14° high) and upright; leaves petioled, oval-oblong, pointed ; parts of
the (dark-purple) flower commonly in fours ; pods smooth, deeply lobed. — New
York to Wisconsin and southward: also cultivated. June.— Ornamental in
autumn, by its copious crimson fruit, drooping on long peduncles.

2, E. Americanus, L. (Strawserry Busu.) Shrub low, upright or
straggling (2°-5° high) ; leaves almost sessile, thickish, bright green, varying
from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed ; parts of the greenish-purple
flowers mostly in fives; pods rough-warty, depressed, crimson when ripe; the »
aril scarlet. — Wooded river-banks, Western New York to Illinois and south-
ward. June.
~ Var. obovatus, Torr. & Gray. Trailing, with rooting branches ; flower-
ing stems 1°-2° high; leaves thin and dull, obovate or oblong. (E. obovatus,
Nutt.) — Low or wet places : the commoner form.

Orper 30. SAPINDACEZE. (Soapperry FAMILy.)

Trees, shrubs, with simple or compound leaves, mostly unsymmetrical and
often irregular flowers ; the 4-5 sepals and petals both imbricated in cesti-
vation; the 5-10 stamens inserted on a fleshy (perigynous or hypogynous)
disk ; a 2—8-celled and lobed ovary, with 1-2 (or rarely more) ovules in
each cell; and the embryo (except Staphylea) curved or convolute, without
albumen. — A large and diverse order, the true Sapindacee principally
tropical, here represented only by the Buckeyes.

SAPINDACEZ, (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.) 1h?

SunorpErR I. STAPHYLEACEZ. Brapper-Nut Famity.

Flowers (perfect) regular : stamens as many as the petals. Ovules 1-8
in each cell. Seeds bony, with a straight embryo in scanty albumen. —
Shrubs with opposite pinnately compound leaves, both stipulate and sti-
pellate.

1. Staphylea, Lobes of the colored calyx and petals 5, erect. Stamens 5. Fruit a 3-celled
bladdery-inflated pod.

Suporper II. SAPINDACE proper (including HrprocastTane®.)

Flowers (often polygamous) mostly unsymmetrical and irregular; the
stamens commonly more numerous than the petals or sepals, but rarely
twice as many. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. Albumen none. Embryo
curved or convolute, rarely straight : cotyiedons thick and fleshy. — Leaves
alternate or sometimes opposite, destitute of stipules, mostly compound.

2. AMsculus. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 4or5. Stamens commonly 7. Fruit a leathery pod.
Leaves opposite, digitate.

Susporper Il. ACERINEA. Marre Famiry.

Flowers (polygamous or dicecious) small, regular, but usually unsym-
metrical. Petals often wanting. Ovary 2-lobed and 2-celled, with a pair
of ovules in each cell. Winged fruits 1-seeded. Albumen none. Em-
bryo coiled or folded ; the cotyledons long and thin. — Leaves opposite,
simple or compound.

3. Acer. Flowers polygamous. Leaves simple, or rarely digitately compound.
4. Negundo. Flowers diccious. Leaves pinnate, with 3-5 leaflets.

1. STAPHYLEA, L. _ Bravper-Nvr.

Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes erect, whitish. Petals 5, erect, spatulate,
inserted on the margin of the thick perigynous disk which lines the base of the
calyx. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Pistil of 3 several-ovuled carpels,
united in the axis, their long styles lightly cohering. Pod large, membrana-
ceous, inflated, 3-lobed, 3-celled, at length bursting at the summit; the cells
containing 1-4 bony anatropous seeds. Aril none. Embryo large and straight,
in scanty albumen ; cotyledons broad and thin. — Upright shrubs, with opposite
pinnate leaves of 3 or 5 serrate leaflets, and white flowers in drooping raceme-
like clusters, terminating the branchlets. Stipules and stipels deciduous. (Name
from orapvaAn, a cluster.)

1. S. trifolia, L. (American Biapper-Nut.) Leaflets 3, ovate,
pointed. — Thickets, in moist soil. May.— Shrub 10° high, with greenish
striped branches.

2. ASCULUS APU HorsE-CHESTNUT. BUCKEYE.

Calyx tubular, 5-lobed, often rather oblique or gibbous at the base. Petals
4, sometimes 5, more or less unequal, with claws, nearly hypogynous. Stamens

118 SAPINDACEZ. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.)

7 (rarely 6 or 8): filaments long and slender, often unequal. Style 1: ovary
8-celled, with 2 ovules in each, only one of which, or one in each cell, forms a
seed. Seed very large, with a thick and shining coat, and a large and round
pale scar, without albumen. Cotyledons very thick and fleshy, their contiguous
faces more or less united, remaining under ground in germination: plumule 2-
leaved: radicle curved. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, digitate: leaflets
serrate, straight-veined, like a Chestnut-leaf. Flowers in a terminal thyrsus or
dense panicle, often polygamous, the greater portion with imperfect pistils and
sterile. Pedicels jointed. Seeds farinaceous, but imbued with a bitter and
narcotic principle. (The ancient name of some Oak or other mast-bearing
tree.)
§1. ZASCULUS proper. Fruit covered with prickles when young.

1. Ai. HirrocaAstanum, L. (Common Horse-cuestnut.) Corolla
spreading, white spotted with purple and yellow, of 5 petals ; stamens declined ;
leaflets 7.— Commonly planted. (Adv. from Asia via Eu.)

2. AG. glabra, Willd. (Frrip or Onto Buckeye.) Stamens curved,
longer than the pale yellow corolla of 4 upright petals; leaflets 5.— River-
banks, W. Penn. and Virginia to Michigan and Kentucky. June. —A large
tree ; the bark exhaling an unpleasant odor, as in the rest of the genus. Flow-
ers small, not showy. :

§ 2. PAVIA, Boerhaave. Fruit smooth: petals 4, conniving ; the 2 upper smaller
and longer than the others, with a small and rounded blade on a very long claw.

3. A. flava, Ait. (SweEer Buckeye.) Stamens included in the yellow
corolla; calyx oblong-campanulate ; leaflets 5, sometimes 7, glabrous, or often
minutely downy underneath. — Rich woods, Virginia to Ohio, Indiana, and
sOuthward. May. A large tree or a shrub.

Var. purpurascens. Flowers (both calyx and corolla) tinged with flesh-
color or dull purple ; leaflets commonly downy beneath. (2%. discolor, Pursh.)
— From West Virginia southward and westward.

4. AX. Pavia, L. (Rep Buckeye.) Stamens not longer than the co-
rolla, which is bright red, as well as the tubular calyx ; leaflets glabrous or soft-
downy beneath. — Fertile valleys, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May.
—A shrub or small tree.

3. ACER, Toun. Marie.

Flowers polygamo-diccious. Calyx colored, 5- (rarely 4-12-) lobed or parted.
Petals either none, or as many as the lobes of the calyx, equal, with short claws
if any, inserted on the margin of the lobed disk, which is either perigynous or
hypogynous. Stamens 4-12. Ovary 2-celled, with a pair of ovules in each :
styles 2, long and slender, united only below, stigmatic down the inside. From
the back of each ovary grows a wing, converting the fruit into two 1-seeded, at
length separable samaras or keys. Seed without albumen. Embryo variously
coiled or folded, with large and thin cotyledons. — Trees, or sometimes shrubs,
with opposite palmately-lobed leaves, and small flowers. Pedicels not jointed.
(The classical name, from the Celtic ac, hard.)

SAPINDACEA. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.) 119

* Flowers in terminal racemes, greenish, appearing after the leaves: stamens 6 —8.

1. A. Pennsylvanicum, L. (Srrivep Maruz.) Leaves 3-lobed at Wand
the apex, finely and sharply doubly serrate; the short lobes taper-pointed and
also serrate ; racemes drooping, loose ; petals obovate ; fruit with large diverging
wings. (A. striatum, Lam.)— Rich woods, Maine to Wisconsin, and north-
ward along the Alleghanies to Virginia and Kentucky. June.—A small and
slender tree, with light-green bark striped with dark lines, and greenish flowers
and fruit. Also called Striped Dogwood and Moose- Wood.

2. A. spicatum, Lam. (Movunrain M.) Leaves downy underneath,
3- (or slightly 5-) lobed, coarsely serrate, the lobes taper-pointed; racemes up-
right, dense, somewhat compound ; petals linear-spatulate ; fruit with small very
divergent wings. (A. montanum, Ait.) — Moist woods, with the same range
as No.1. June.—A tall shrub, forming clumps.

Va: !

* * Flowers umbellate-corymbed, greenish-yellow, appearing with the leaves.

3. A. saccharinum, Wang. (Sucar or Rock M.) Leaves 3 —5-lobed,
with rounded sinuses and pointed sparingly sinuate-toothed lobes, either heart-
shaped or nearly truncate at the base, whitish and smooth or a little downy on
the veins beneath; flowers from terminal leaf-bearing and lateral leafless buds,
drooping on very slender hairy pedicels; calyx hairy at the apex; petals none;
wings of the fruit broad, shghtly diverging. — Rich woods, especially north-
ward and along the mountains southward. April, May.— A large and hand-
some tree.

Var. nigrum. (Brack Sucar-M.) Leaves scarcely paler beneath, but
often minutely downy, the lobes wider, the sinus at the base often closed. (A.
nigrum, Miche.) — With the ordinary form.

* * * Flowers in umbel-like clusters arising from separate lateral buds, and much
preceding the leaves ; stamens 3-6. -

4. A. dasycarpum, Ehrhart. (Wurre or Sirver M.) Leaves very
deeply 5-lobed with the sinuses rather acute, silvery-white (and when young
downy) underneath, the divisions narrow, cut-lobed and toothed ; flowers
(greenish-yellow) on short pedicels ; petals none ; fruit woolly when young, with
large divergent wings. — River-banks ; most common southward and westward.
March - April. — A fine ornamental tree.

5. A. rubrum, L. (Rep or Swamp M.) Leaves 3-5 lobed, with acute
sinuses, whitish underneath; the lobes irregularly serrate and notched, acute,
the middle one usually longest ; petals linear-oblong ; flowers (scarlet, crimson,
or sometimes yellowish) on very short pedicels ; but the smooth fruit on pro-
-longed drooping pedicels. —Swamps and wet woods. April. — A small tree,
with reddish twigs; the leaves varying greatly in shape, turning bright crim-
son in early autumn.

4. NEGUNDO » Mench. Asn-LEAvED Marte. Box-Exper.

Flowers dicecious. Calyx minute, 4-—5-cleft. Petals none. Stamens 4—5.
Disk none.— Sterile flowers in clusters on capillary pedicels, the fertile in
drooping racemes, from lateral buds. Leaves pinnate, with 3 or 5 leaflets.
(Name unmeaning.)

yX

120 POLYGALACEE. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) ‘.

1. N. aceroides, Mench. (Acer Negundo, Z.) Leaflets smoothish
when old, very veiny, ovate, pointed, toothed ; fruit smooth, with large rather
incurved wings. — River-banks. Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, and southward.
April. —A small but handsome tree, with light-green twigs, and very delicate
drooping clusters of small greenish flowers, rather earlier than the leaves.

Orver 31. POLYGALACEZ. (Mirxworr Fairy.)

Plants with irregular hypogynous flowers, 4—8 diadelphous or monadel-
phous stamens, their 1-celled anthers opening at the top by a pore or chink ;
the fruit a 2-celled and 2-seeded pod. — Represented in this country only
by the genus

1. POLYGALA, Tourn. Mirxworr.

Flower very irregular. Calyx persistent, of 5 sepals, of which 3 (the upper
and the 2 lower) are small and often greenish, while the two lateral or inner
(called wings) are much larger, and colored like the petals. Petals 3, hypogy-
nous, connected with each other and with the stamen-tube, the middle (lower)
one keel-shaped and often crested on the back. Stamens 6 or 8: their filaments
united below into a split sheath, or into 2 sets, cohering more or less with the
petals, free above: anthers 1-celled, often cup-shaped, opening by a hole or
broad chink at the apex. Ovary 2-celled, with a single anatropous ovule pen-
dulous in each cell: style prolonged and curved: stigma various. Fruit a
small, loculicidal 2-seeded pod, usually rounded and notched at the apex, much
flattened contrary to the very narrow partition. Seeds with a caruncle, or va-
riously shaped appendage, at the hilum. Embryo large, straight, with flat and
broad cotyledons, surrounded by a sparing albumen. — Bitter plants (low herbs
in temperate regions), with simple entire often dotted leayes, and no stipules:
sometimes (as in the last two species) bearing concealed flowers next the ground,
which are fertilized in the closed bud. (An old name composed of roAvs, much,
and yada, milk, from a fancied property of its increasing this secretion.)

§ 1. Biennials or annuals, with alternate leaves, and yellow flowers, which are dis-
posed to turn greenish in drying: crest of the keel (lower petal) small: flowering
all summer.

1. P. lutea, L. Low; flowers (bright orange-yellow) in solitary ovate or oblong
heads (%' thick,) terminating the stem or simple branches ; leaves (1/— 2! long) ob-

‘ovate or spatulate ; lobes of the caruncle nearly as long as the seed. — Sandy swamps,

New Jersey and southward, near the coast.

2. P. ramosa, Ell. Flowers (citron-yellow) in numerous short and dense spike-
like racemes collected in a flat-topped compound cyme; leaves oblong-linear, the
lowest spatulate or obovate; seeds ovoid; minutely hairy, twice the length of the
caruncle. (P. cymosa, Poir., not of Walt. P. corymbosa, Nutt.) —Damp pine-
barrens, Delaware and southward. (The allied P. cymOsa, Walt., which is
P. graminifolia, Poir., P. attenuata, Nutt. and P. acutifolia, Torr. & Gray, —
known by its simpler cymes, stem naked above, narrower leaves, and globu-
lar seeds with no caruncle,— may occur in 8. Virginia.)

a

—

POLYGALACEX. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) 121

§ 2. Annuals, with all the leaves alternate: flowers in spikes, heads, or racemes termi-
nating the stem or branches, purple or rose-color, in summer: none subterranean.
* Corolla conspicuously crested on the keel: the claws of the true petals united into a
long and slender cleft tube much surpassing the wings.

3. P. incarnata, L. Glaucous; stem slender, sparingly branched ; leaves
minute and linear-awl-shaped; spike cylindrical; flowers flesh-color; caruncle
longer than the narrow stalk of the hairy seed. — Dry soil, Penn. to Wisconsin
and southward ; rather rare.

* * Corolla minutely or inconspicuously crested ; the true petals not longer but mostly
shorter than the wings: seed pear-shaped.

4. P. sanguinea, L. Stem sparingly branched above, leafy to the top;
leaves oblong-linear ; heads globular, at length oblong, very dense (4/’-5! thick),
bright red-purple (rarely paler or even white); pedicels scarcely any ; wings
broadly ovate, closely sessile, longer than the pod; the 2-parted caruncle almost
equalling the seed. — Sandy and moist ground: common.

5. P. fastigiata, Nutt. Stem slender, at length corymbosely branched ; N
leaves narrowly linear, small ; spikes short and dense (3! in diameter); the small A a
rose-purple flowers on pedicels of about the length of the pod; wings obovate- or
oval-oblong, narrowed at the base, scarcely exceeding the pod ; bracts deciduous
with the flowers or fruits; caruncle as long as and nearly enveloping the stalk-
like base of the minutely hairy seed. (P. sanguinea, Torr. § Gr., excl. syn.;
not of Nutt., nor LZ.) —Pine barrens of New Jersey (Nuttall) and Delaware
to Kentucky and southward.

6. P. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gr. (F/7.1, p. 670, excl. syn. & descr.) Resembles
the last, but usually lower; spikes more cylindrical; flowers duller or greenish
purple, on shorter pedicels ; the awl-shaped scaly bracts persistent on the axis after
the flowers or fruits fall; seed very hairy, the caruncle smaller. (P. sanguinea,
Nutt., not of ZL. P. Mariana, &c., Pluk. t. 437. P. ambigua, Torr. & Gr. Fl.,
not of Nutt.) — Dry sandy soil, coast of Massachusetts to Kentucky and south-
ward. — Spike sometimes rather loose.

7. P. Curtissii, n. sp. Slender (9! high); leaves, &c., as in the two pre-
ceding ; flowers rose-purple, in elongated and loose racemes ; the ascending pedicels
and the narrow oblong erect wings fully twice the length of the pod ; bracts persistent,
those of the lower and remoter flowers foliaceous; caruncle small, on one side
of the stalk-like base of the very hairy seed, which is conspicuously apiculate at
the broader end. — Near Alexandria, Virginia, A. H. Curtiss. — Most related to
P. Chapmanii of Florida.

§ 3. Annuals with at least the lower stem-leaves whorled in fours, sometimes in fives:
spikes terminating the stem and branches ; fl. summer and autumn.

% Spikes short and thick (4!"-9" in diameter ; the axis rough with the squarrose bracts

persisting after the fall of the (middle-sized) rose or greenish purple flowers : crest

of the keel small.

8. P. cruciata, L: Stems (3/-10! high) almost winged at the angles, JrQ

with spreading opposite branches; leaves nearly all in fours, linear and some- ~~ ‘CA.
what spatulate or oblanceolate; spikes sessile or nearly so, wings broadly deltoid- Un: Ww
ovate, slightly heart-shaped, tapering to a bristly point, or rarely pointless; caruncle

Mate &

_ concave ; crest short; caruncle nearly as long as the seed. — Rocky soil, W.

122 POLYGALACEH. (MILKWORT FAMILY.)

nearly as long as the seed. — Margin of swamps, Maine to Virginia and south-
ward near the coast, and along the Great Lakes.

9. P. brevifolia, Nutt. Rather slender, branched above; leaves scattered
on the branches, narrower; spikes peduncled ; wings lanceolate-ovate, pointless or
barely mucronate. — Margin of sandy bogs, Rhode Island (Olney), New Jersey, and
southward. Too near the last.

* * Spikes slender (about 2! thick), the bracts falling with the flowers, which are
small, greenish-white or barely tinged with purple, the crest of the keel larger.

10. P. verticillata, L. Slender (6/-10! high), much branched; stem-
leaves all whorled, those of the branches scattered, linear, acute ; spikes peduncled,
dense, acute; wings round, clawed; the 2-lobed caruncle half the length of the
seed. — Dry soil: common.

11. P. ambigua, Nutt. Very slender, loosely branched ; lowest stem-leaves
in fours, the rest scattered; spikes long-peduncled, more slender, the flowers often
purplish and scattered; wings oval; caruncle shorter; otherwise nearly as in
No. 10, — of which it is probably a mere variety. —Dry soil, from New York
and Pennsylvania southward.

§ 4. Perennial, with alternate leaves throughout, and white flowers in a solitary close
spike: no subterranean blossoms.

12. P. Sénega, L. (Seneca Snakeroor.) Stems several from thick

and hard knotty rootstocks, simple (6/—12! high) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-

lanceolate, with rough margins; flowers almost sessile; wings round-obovate,

New England to Wisconsin and southward. May, June.
Var. latifolia, Torr. & Gray. Taller, sometimes branched ; leaves ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, 2'-4! long, tapering to each end. — Kentucky, Short.

§ 5. Biennials and perennials, with showy, rose-purple, conspicuously crested flowers ;
also bearing colorless and inconspicuous more fertile ones, with imperfect corollas,
Jertilized in the bud, on subterranean branches.

13. P. polygama, Walt. Stems numerous from the biennial root, mostly
simple, ascending, very leafy (6! to 9! high) ; leaves oblanceolate or oblong, alternate ;
terminal raceme many-flowered, the broadly obovate wings longer than the keel ;
stamens 8 ; radical flowers racemed on short runners beneath the ground ; lobes
of the caruncle 2, scale-like, shorter than the seed. — Dry sandy soil; common
eastward. July.

14. P. paucifdlia, Willd. Perennial ; flowering stems short (3!-4! high),

rising from long and slender prostrate or subterranean shoots, which also bear
: g “ p

concealed fertile flowers ; lower leaves small and scale-like, scattered : the upper
leaves ovate, petioled, crowded at the summit of the stem; flowers 1-3, large, pe-
duncled ; wings obovate, rather shorter than the conspicuously fringe-crested
keel; stamens 6; caruncle of 2 or 3 awl-shaped lobes longer than the seed. —
Woods, in light soil, especially northward, extending southward along the Al-
leghanies. May.— A delicate plant, with large and very handsome flowers, 9!’
long, rose-purple, or rarely pure white. Sometimes called Flowering Winter-
green, but more appropriately FRINGED POLYGALA.

LEGUMINOS&. (PULSE FAMILY.) 123

Orver 32. LEGUMINOSZ. (Putse Famtty.)

Plants with papilionaceous or sometimes regular flowers, 10 (rarely 5 and
sometimes many) monadelphous, diadelphous, or rarely distinct stamens, and
a single simple free pistil, becoming a legume in fruit. Seeds mostly without
albumen. Leaves alternate, with stipules, usually compound. One of the
sepals inferior (i. e. next the bract); one of the petals superior (i. e. next
the axis of the inflorescence). — A very large order (nearly free from
noxious qualities), of which the principal representatives in northern tem-
perate regions belong to the first of the three suborders it comprises.

SusporpDER I. PAPILIONACEZE. Prorer Putse Famity.

Calyx of 5 sepals, more or less united, often unequally so. Corolla peri-
gynous (inserted into the base of the calyx), of 5 irregular petals (or very
rarely fewer), imbricated in the bud, more or less, distinctly papilionaceous,
i. e. with the upper or odd petal, called the vexillum or standard, larger
than the others and enclosing them in the bud, usually turned backward
or spreading ; the two lateral ones, called the wings, oblique and exterior
to the two lower petals, which last are connivent and commonly more or
less coherent by their anterior edges, forming a body named the carina or
keel, from its resemblance to the keel or prow of a boat, and which usually
encloses the stamens and pistil. Stamens 10, very rarely 5, inserted with
the corolla, monadelphous, diadelphous (mostly with 9 united in one set
in a tube which is cleft on the upper side, i. e. next the standard, and the
tenth or upper one separate), or occasionally distinet. Ovary 1-celled, some-
times 2-celled by an intrusion of one of the sutures, or transversely 2-
many-celled by cross-division into joints: style simple: ovules amphitro-
pous, rarely anatropous. Cotyledons large, thick or thickish: radicle
incurved. — Leaves simple or simply compound, the earliest ones in ger-
mination usually opposite, the rest alternate: leaflets almost always quite
entire. Flowers perfect, solitary and axillary, or in spikes, racemes, or

panicles.
A. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous.

Tribe I. GENISTEZ. Shrubsor herbs, never climbing, with simple or palmately com-
pound leaves, and peduncles terminal or opposite the leaves. Stamens monadelphous: an-

’ thers of two forms. Pod continuous.

1. Lupinus. Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Keel scythe-shaped, pointed. Pod flat.

2. Crotalaria. Calyx 5-lobed. Keel scythe-shaped, pointed. Pod inflated. Leaves simple.

3. Genista. Keel straight, deflexed. Pod usually flat. Leaves simple.

Tribe II. TRIFOLIEZ. Herbs, not climbing, with 3 -(rarely 5-7-) foliolate leaves,
the veinlets of the leaflets often running into minute teeth, and the stipules united with the
base of the petiole. Peduncles axillary. Stamens diadelphous: anthers uniform. Pod small
and 1-few-seeded, or coiled.

4. Trifolium. Flowers capitate. Pods membranaceous, 1-6-seeded. Petals adherent to

the stamen-tube.

5. Melilotus. Flowers racemed. Pods coriaceous, wrinkled, 1-2-seeded.

6. Medicago. Flowers racemed or spiked. Pods curved or coiled, 1-few-seeded.

124 LEGUMINOS&, (PULSE FAMILY.)

Tribe III. GALEGEZ. Herbs or woody plants (twining only in No. 12), not tendril-
bearing, with pinnate or sometimes palmately compound leaves. Stamens diadelphous or
rarely ménadelphous: anthers uniform (or the 5 alternate ones sometimes smaller in
No. 7). Pod continuous, at least not transversely jointed. .

* PSORALIE. Glandular-dotted shrubs or herbs. Ovary 1-3 ovuled; the legume small
and indehiscent, 1-seeded, rarely 2-seeded.
4. Psoralea. Corolla truly papilionaceous. Stamens 10, more or less diadelphous, half of
the anthers often smaller or less perfect. Leaves 3 —5-foliolate.
8. Dalea,. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous. Stamens 9 or 10, monadelphous ; the cleft
tube of filaments bearing 4 of the petals about its middle. Leaves pinnate.
9. Petalostemon. Corolla scarcely at all papilionaceous. Stamens 5, monadelphous ;
the cleft tube of filaments bearing 4 of the petals on its summit. Leaves pinnate.
10. Amorpha. Corolla of only one petal! Stamens 10, monadelphous at the base. Leaves
pinnate.

* * TEPHROSIE. ‘Trees, shrubs, or herbs. Ovary several—many-ovuled: pod flattened,
sevyeral-seeded, 2-valved. Leaves pinnate. Standard large and broad.

11. Robinia. Wings of the corolla free from the keel. Pod flat, thin, margined on one edge.
Trees or shrubs: leaflets stipellate. ‘

12. Wistaria. Wings free from the keel. Pod tumid, marginless. Woody twiners: leaflets
obscurely stipellate.

13. Tephrosia. Wings cohering with the keel. Pod flat, marginless. Herbs: leaflets not
stipellate.

* * * ASTRAGALEZ. Chiefly herbs, with pinnate leaves and axillary racemes or spikes. Pod

mostly turgid or inflated. Style beardless. Standard narrow, erect.

14. Astragalus. Aunthers distinctly 2-celled. Keel not tipped with a point or sharp ap-
pendage. Pod turgid, with one or both the sutures turned in, sometimes dividing the cell
lengthwise into two.

15. Oxytropis. Keel of the corolla tipped with a point: otherwise as Astragalus.

16. Glycyrrhiza. Anthers with the two cells confluent. Pod short, few-seeded, nearly
indehiscent, glandular-prickly.

Tribe IV. HEDYSARE. Herbs, with pinnate or pinnately 1-3-foliolate leaves,
not tendril-bearing. Anthers uniform, except in No. 21. Pod (loment) transversely 2-sev-
eral-jointed, the reticulated 1-seeded joints remaining closed, or sometimes reduced to one

such joint.
» Leaves pinnate, with several leaflets, not stipellate.

17. Eschynomene. Stamens equally diadelphous (5 & 5). Calyx 2-lipped. Pod several-
jointed : joints square.

18. Hedysarum. Stamens unequally diadelphous (9 & 1). Calyx 5-cleft. Pod several-
jointed: joints roundish.

»% * Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, rarely 1-foliolate.

19. Desmodium. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) or monadelphous below. Calyx 2-lipped.
Pod several-jointed. Flowers all of one sort and complete. Leaflets stipellate.

20. Lespedeza. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1): anthers uniform. Pod1-2-jointed. Flow-
ers often of 2 sorts, the more fertile ones apetalous. Leaflets not stipellate.

21. Stylosanthes. Stamens monadelphous: anthers of 2 sorts. Pod 1-2-jointed. Calyx
deciduous, the tube narrow and stalk-like. Leaflets not stipellate.

Tribe V. VICIEZE. Herbs, with abruptly pinnate leaves, usually climbing, the common
leafstalk continued into a tendril or bristle. Peduncles axillary. Stamens chiefly diadelphous
(9&1). Pod continuous, 2-valved, few - several-seeded. Cotyledons very thick, remaining
under ground in germination.

22. Wicia. Wings adherent to the keel. Style filiform, bearded with a tuft or ring of hairs

at the apex.

23. Lathyrus. Wings nearly free. Style somewhat dilated and flattened upwards, bearded

down the inner face.

LEGUMINOS&. (PULSE FAMILY.) 125

Tribe VI. PHASEOLE2. Twining or sometimes only trailing plants (herbs in tem-
perate regions), with pinnately 3- (rarely 1- or 5-7-) foliolate leaves, commonly stipellate.
Peduncles or flowers axillary ; the pedicels usually clustered on the thickened nodes of
the raceme. Anthers uniform. Pod continuous, not jointed, nor more than 1-celled, except
by cellular matter sometimes deposited between the seeds, 2-valved. Cotyledons thick, and
rising above ground little changed in germination, or sometimes becoming foliaceous.

* Leaves pinnate.
12. Wistaria. Woody twiner: leaflets 9-13. Keel barely incurved, obtuse.
24. Apios. Herbaceous twiner: leaflets 5-7, Keel slender and much incurved or coiled.

* * Leaves 3-foliolate. Ovules and seeds several. Flowers not yellow.

25. Phaseolus. Keel strongly incurved or coiled: standard recurved-spreading. Style
bearded lengthwise.

26. Cemtrosema. Calyx short, 5-cleft. Standard with a spur at the base: keel broad,
merely incurved. Style minutely bearded next the stigma.

27. Clitoria, Calyx tubular, 5-lobed. Standard erect, spurless: keel scythe-shaped. Style
bearded down the inner face.

28. Amphicarpzea. Calyx tubular, 4 - 5-toothed. Standard erect: keel almost straight.
Style beardless. Some nearly apetalous fertile flowers next the ground.

29. Galactia. Calyx 4-cleft, the upper lobe broadest and entire. Style beardless. Bract
and bractlets minute, mostly deciduous.

* * * Leaves 1-8-foliolate. Ovules and seeds only one or two. Flowers yellow.
30. Rhynchosia. Keel scythe-shaped. Calyx 4-5-parted. Pod short.
B. Stamens all separate.

Tribe VII. SOPHOREZ and PODALYRIEZ. Stamens 10, distinct; the co-
rolla being truly papilionaceous.

31. Baptisia. Calyx4-5-lobed. Pod inflated. Herbs: leaves palmately 3-foliolate or simple.

82. Cladrastis. Calyx 5-toothed. Pod very flat. Tree, with pinnate leaves.

SusporpDer II. CZESALPINIEZ. Brasicertro FaAmity.

Corolla imperfectly or not at all papilionaceous, sometimes nearly regu-
lar, imbricated in the bud, the upper or odd’ petal inside and enclosed
by the others. Stamens 10 or fewer, commonly distinct, inserted on the
calyx. Seeds anatropous, often with albumen. Embryo straight.

* Flowers imperfectly papilionaceous, perfect.
83. Cercis. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Pod flat, wing-margined. Leaves simple.
* * Flowers not at all papilionaceous, perfect.
34. Cassia. Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals. Leaves simply and abruptly pinnate.
* * * Flowers not at all papilionaceous, polygamous or dicecious.
35. Gymmnocladus. Tree: leaves all doubly pinnate. Calyx-tube elongated, at its sum-
mit bearing 5 petals resembling the calyx-lobes. Stamens 10.
86. Gleditschia. Trees thorny: leaves simply and doubly pinnate. Calyx-tube short ;
its lobes, petals, and stamens 3-5.

SuBORDER III. MYMWOSEZE. Mimosa Famity.

Flower regular. Corolla valvate in estivation, often united into a
4-5-lobed cup, hypogynous, as are the (often very numerous) exserted
stamens. Embryo straight. Leaves twice pinnate.

87. Desmanthus. Petals distinct. Stamens 5 or10. Pod smooth.
38. Schrankia. Petals united below into a cup. Stamens 8 or 10. Pod covered with
small prickles or rough projections, :

126 LEGUMINOS£. (PULSE FAMILY.)

1. LUPINUS, Tourn Lupine.

Calyx very deeply 2-lipped. Sides of the standard reflexed: keel scythe-
shaped, pointed. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens entire: anthers alter-
nately oblong and roundish. Pod oblong, flattened, often knotty by constric-
tions between the seeds. Cotyledons thick and fleshy. Herbs, with palmately
1-15-foliolate leaves, stipules adnate to base of the petiole, and showy flowers
in terminal racemes or spikes. (Name from Lupus, a wolf, because these plants
were thought to devour the fertility of the soil.)

\ Co kL. perénnis, L. (W1Lp Luring.) Perennial, somewhat hairy ; stem
# erect (1°-2°); leaflets 7-11, oblanceolate; flowers in a long raceme; pods

mn CW.

r. Ww

a Wa v very hairy. — Sandy soil: common. May, June.— Flowers showy, purplish-

blue, rarely pale.
2. CROTALARIA, L. Rarrzz-zox.

Calyx 5-cleft, scarcely 2-lipped. Standard large, heart-shaped: keel scythe-
shaped. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens cleft on the upper side: 5 of
the anthers smaller and roundish. Pod inflated, oblong, many-seeded. — Herbs
with simple leaves. Flowers yellow. (Name from kpéradoy, a ratile ; the loose
seeds rattling in the coriaceous inflated pods.)

1. C. sagittalis, L. Annual, hairy (3’-6! high) ; leaves oval or oblong-
lanceolate, scarcely petioled; stipules united and decurrent on the stem, so as
to be inversely arrow-shaped; peduncles few-flowered; corolla not longer than
the calyx. — Sandy soil, Mass. to Virginia near the coast, Illinois and south-
ward. July.

8. GENISTA, L. Woap-Waxen. WHIN.

Calyx 2-lipped. Standard oblong-oval, spreading: keel oblong, straight,
deflexed. Stamens monadelphous, the sheath entire ; 5 alternate anthers
shorter. Pod mostly flat and several-seeded.—Shrubby plants, with simple
leaves, and yellow flowers. (Name from the Celtic gen, a bush.)

1. G. trvctoria, L. (Dyer’s GREEN-WEED.) Low, not thorny, with
striate-angled erect branches; leaves lanceolate; flowers in spiked racemes. —
Eastern New York and Massachusetts, especially Essex Co., where it is thor-
oughly established on sterile hills. June. (Adv. from Eu.)

4. TRIFOLIUM, L. Crover. Trerom.

Calyx persistent, 5-cleft, the teeth bristle-form. Corolla mostly withering or
persistent ; the claws of all the petals, or of all except the oblong or ovate
standard, more or less united below with the stamen-tube: keel short and
obtuse. Tenth stamen more or less separate. Pods small and membranous,
often included in the calyx, 1 -6-seeded, indehiscent, or opening by one of the
sutures. — Tufted or diffuse herbs. Leaves mostly palmately, sometimes pin-
nately 3-foliolate : leaflets often toothed. Stipules united with the petiole.
Flowers in heads or spikes. (Name from tres, three, and folium, a leaf.)-

* Flowers sessile in dense heads: corolla purple or purplish, withering away after
flowering, tubular below ; the petals more or less coherent with each other.

Le

LEGUMINOSE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 127

+ Calyx-teeth silky-plumose, longer than the whitish corolla: root annual.

1. T. arvénse, L. (Rapeit-roor or Stone Crover.) Silky, branch-
ing (5!-10! high); leaflets oblanceolate ; heads becoming very soft-silky and
grayish, oblong or cylindrical. — Old fields, &e. (Nat. from Eu.)

++ Calyx scarcely hairy except a bearded ring in the throat, shorter than the rose-
purple elongated-tubular corolla. (Short-lived perennials : flowers sweet-scented.)

2. T. prarense, L. (Rep C.) Stems ascending, somewhat hairy ; leaflets
oval or obovate, often notched at the end and marked on the upper side with a
pale spot ; stipules broad, bristle-pointed ; heads ovate, sessile. — Fields and mead-
ows; largely cultivated. (Ady. from Eu.)

3. T. mEpium, L. (Z1gzac C.) Stems zigzag, smoothish; leaflets oblong,
entire, and spotless ; heads mostly stalked; flowers deeper purple, otherwise too
like the last. — Dry hills, E. Massachusetts. (Ady. from Eu.)

* * Flowers pedicelled in umbel-like round heads on a naked peduncle, their short pedi-
cels reflexed when old: corolla white or rose-color, withering-persistent and turn-
ing brownish in fading ; the tubular portion short,

4. T. refléxum, L. (Burrato C.) Annual or biennial ; stems ascending,
downy ; leaflets obovate-oblong, finely toothed ; stipules thin, ovate; calyx-teeth
hairy ; pods 3-5-seeded.— Western New York (rare) to Illinois and south-
ward. — Heads and flowers larger than in No. 2: standard rose-red ; wings and
keel whitish.

5. T. stoloniferum, Muhl. (Running Burrazto-C.) Smooth, peren-
nial ; stems with long runners from the base ; leaflets broadly obovate or obcordate,
minutely toothed ; heads loose; pods 2-seeded. — Open woodlands and prairies,
Ohio to Illinois, Kentucky, and westward. — Flowers white, tinged with purple.
Probably a variety of the last.

6. T. repens, L. (Wuite C.) Smooth, perennial; the slender stems
spreading and creeping ; leaflets inversely heart-shaped or merely notched, obscurely
toothed ;' stipules scale-like, narrow ; petioles and especially the peduncles very
long ; heads small and loose; calyx much shorter than the white corolla; pods
about 4-seeded. — Fields and copses, everywhere, Here probably introduced,
but indigenous northward.

7. T. Carolinianum, Michx. (Carotixa C.) Somewhat pubescent
small perennial, procumbent, in tufts ; leaflets wedge-obovate and slightly notched ;
stipules ovate, foliaceous; heads small on slender peduncles ; calyz-teeth lance-
olate nearly equalling the purplish corolla ; standard pointed ; pods 4-seeded. —
Nat. from Southern States in waste grounds below Philadelphia (C. E. Smith) ;
probably wild in S. Virginia. May.

* * * Flowers short-pedicelled in close heads, reflexed when old : corolla yellow, per-
sistent, turning dry and chestnut-brown with age, the standard becoming hood-
shaped : annuals, fl. in summer.

7. T. acrArtum, L. (YeLtow or Hop-C.) Smoothish, somewhat up-
right (6’-12/ high) ; leaflets obovate-oblong, all three from the same point (palmate)
and nearly sessile ; stipules narrow, cohering with the petiole for more than half ts
length. — Sandy fields, Massachusetts to Virginia, (Nat. from Eu.)

i
NM

a

128 LEGUMINOS&. (PULSE FAMILY.)

8. T. proctmpens, L. (Low Hopr-C.) Stems spreading or ascending,
pubescent (3/—6/ high) ; leaflets wedge-obovate, notched at the end; the lateral at

"Wis a small distance Jrom the other (pinnately 3-foliolate); stipules ovate, short. —

Sandy fields and roadsides, New England to Virginia. Also var. Minus ,
(T. minus, Relhan), with smaller heads, the standard not much striate with
age. With the other; also Kentucky, in cultivated grounds. (Nat. from Eu.)

5. MELILOTUS, Tourn. Meumor. Sweer Crover.

Flowers much as in Clover, but in spiked racemes, small: corolla deciduous,
free from the stamen-tube. Pod ovoid, coriaceous, wrinkled, longer than the
calyx, scarcely dehiscent, 1 - 2-seeded. — Annual or biennial herbs, fragrant in
drying, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves; leaflets toothed. (Name from peAt,
honey, and Awrds, some leguminous plant.)

1. M. orricinaxis, Willd. (Yerrow Meio.) Upright (2°-4° high) ;
leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse ; corolla yellow ; the petals nearly of equal length.
— Waste or cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. M. Arpa, Lam. (Wuitre M.) Leaflets truncate; corolla white; the
standard longer than the other petals. (M. leucdntha, Koch.) — In similar
places to the last, and much like it. _ (Ady. from Eu.)

6. MEDICAGO, LL. Menicx.

Flowers nearly as in Melilotus. Pod 1-several-seeded, scythe-shaped, in-
curved, or variously coiled. — Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. Stipules often cut.
(Mné:kn, the name of Lucerne, because it came to the Greeks from Media.)

1. M. sativa, L. (Lucerne.) Upright, smooth, perennial ; leaflets
obovate-oblong, toothed ; flowers (purple) racemed ; pods spirally twisted. —
Cultivated for green fodder, rarely spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. M. tururina, L. (Brack Mrpicx. Nonesucy.) Procumbent, pu-

bescent, annual; leaflets wedge-obovate, toothed at the apex; flowers in short _

spikes (yellow) ; pods kidney-form, 1-seeded. — Waste places. (Ady. from Eu.)

3. M. macurara, Willd. (Sporrep Mepicxk.) Spreading or procum-
bent annual, somewhat pubescent ; leaflets obcordate, with a purple spot, mi-
nutely toothed ; peduncles 3-5-flowered ; flowers yellow; pods compactly spiral,
of 2 or 3 turns, compressed, furrowed on the thick edge, and fringed with a double
row of curved prickles. —Introduced with wool into waste grounds in some
places. (Ady. from Eu.)

4. M. penricurAra, Willd. Nearly glabrous; pods loosely spiral, deeply
reticulated, and with a thin keeled edge: otherwise like the last; in similar places,
eastward. (Ady. from Eu.)

7. PSORALEA, L. Psorarma.

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, the lower lobe longest. Stamens diadelphous or
sometimes monadelphous. Pod seldom longer than the calyx, thick, often
wrinkled, indehiscent, 1-seeded.— Perennial herbs, usually sprinkled all over
or roughened (especially the calyx, pods, &c.) with glandular dots or points.

LEGUMINOS®. (PULSE FAMILY.) 129

Leaves mostly 3-5-foliolate. Flowers spiked or racemed, white or mostly
blue-purplish.. Root sometimes tuberous and farinaceous. (Name, Wapareos,
scurfy, from the glands or dots.)

* Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate.

1. P. Ondbrychis, Nutt. Nearly smooth and free from glands, erect
(3°-5° high) ; leaflets lanceolate-ovate, taper-pointed (3! long) ; stipules and bracts
awl-shaped ; racemes elongated ; peduncle shorter than the leaves; pods rough-
ened and wrinkled. — River-banks, Ohio to Ill. and southward. July.

2. P. stipulata, Torr. & Gray. Nearly smooth and glandless ; stems dif-
fuse ; leaflets ovate-elliptical, reticulated ; stipules ovate ; flowers in heads on rather
short peduncles ; bracts broadly ovate, sharp-pointed. — Rocks, Falls of the Ohio,
Kentucky. June, July.

3. P. melilotoides, Michx. Somewhat pubescent, more or less glan-
dular ; stems erect (1°-2° high), slender ; leaflets lanceolate or narrowly oblong ;
spikes oblong, long-peduncled ; stipules awl-shaped ; bracts ovate or lanceolate,
taper-pointed ; pods strongly wrinkled transversely. (Also P. eglandulosa, Ell.)
— Dry soil, Ohio to Illinois, Virginia, and southward. June.

* * Leaves palmately 3 — 5-foliolate.

4. P. floribunda, Nutt. Slender, erect, much branched and bushy (2°-
4° high), minutely hoary-pubescent when young ; leaflets varying from linear to
obovate-oblong (3/—14! long), glandular-dotted ; racemes panicled ; lobes of the
calyx and bracts ovate, acute ; pod glandular. — Prairies of Illinois and south-
westward. June-Sept.— Flowers 2" or 3" long.

5. P. argophylla, Pursh. Silvery silky-white all over, erect, divergently
branched (1°-3° high) ; leaflets elliptical-lanceolate ; spikes interrupted ; lobes
of the calyx and bracts lanceolate. — High plains, N. Wisconsin, and westward.
June. — Flowers 4! - 5" long:

6. P. esculénta, Pursh. Roughish hairy all over; stem stout (5'-15!
high) and erect from a tuberous or turnip-shaped farinaceous root; leaflets 5,
obovate- or lanceolate-oblong ; spikes oblong, dense, long-peduncled ; lobes of the
calyx and bracts lanceolate, nearly equalling the corolla (3! long). — High
plains, N. W. Wisconsin, Mr. Spears, T. J. Hale, &c., and westward. June.
The PoMME BLANCHE, or PoMME DE PRrarRiIB, of the Voyageurs.

8). DALEA;)\E. Dares.

Calyx 5-cleft or toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous: petals all on
claws: the standard heart-shaped, inserted in the bottom of the calyx: the keel
and wings borne on the middle of the monadelphous sheath of filaments, which
is cleft down one side. Stamens 10, rarely 9. Pod membranaceous, I-seeded,
indehiscent, enclosed in the persistent calyx. — Mostly herbs, more or less glan-
dular-dotted with minute stipules; the small flowers in terminal spikes or heads.
(Named for Thomas Dale, an English botanist.)

‘1. D. alopecuroides, Willd. Erect annual (1°-2° high), glabrous,
except the dense and cylindrical silky-villous spike; leaves pinnate, of many
linear-oblong leaflets ; corolla whitish. — Alluvial soil, Illinois and southward.
July. (Numerous apres occur farther southwest.)

130 LEGUMINOSE. (PULSE FAMILY.)

9. PETALOSTEMON, Michx. Prarrm Crover.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla indistinctly papilionaceous: petals all on thread-
shaped claws, 4 of them nearly similar and spreading, borne on the top of the
monadelphous and cleft sheath of filaments, alternate with the 5 anthers; the
fifth (standard) inserted in the bottom of the calyx, heart-shaped or oblong.
Pod membranaceous, enclosed in the calyx, indehiscent, 1-seeded. — Chiefly
perennial herbs, upright, glandular-dotted, with crowded odd-pinnate leaves,
minute stipules, and small flowers in very dense terminal and peduncled heads
or spikes. (Name combined of the two Greek words for petal and stamen, al-
luding to the peculiar union of these organs in this genus.)

1. P. violaceus, Michx. Smoothish: leaflets 5, narrowly linear; heads
globose-ovate, or oblong-cylindrical when old; bracts pointed, not longer than
the silky-hoary calyx ; corolla rose-purple. — Dry prairies, Michigan to Minnesota
and southward. July.

2. P. candidus, Michx. Smooth; leaflets 7-9, lanceolate or linear-ob-
long; heads oblong, when old cylindrical; bracts awned, longer than the nearly
glabrous calyx ; corolla white. — With No.1. July.

3. P. villosus, Nutt. Soft-downy or silky all over ; leaflets 13-17, linear
or oblong, small (4!/"- 5! long) ; spzkes cylindrical (1!-.5' long), short-peduncled,
soft-villous ; corolla rose-color. —N. Wisconsin (Lake Pepin, &c. T. J. Hale) and:
westward.

10. AMORPHA, L. Fats Invico.

Calyx inversely conical, 5-toothed, persistent. Standard (the other petals en-
tirely wanting!) wrapped around the stamens and style. Stamens 10, monadel-
phous at the very base, otherwise distinct. Pod oblong, longer than the calyx,
1-2-seeded, roughened, tardily dehiscent. — Shrubs, with odd-pinnate leaves;
the leaflets marked with minute dots, usually stipellate. Flowers violet or pur-
ple ; crowded in clustered terminal spikes. (Name, aopdn, wanting form, from
the absence of four of the petals.)

1. A. fruticdsa, L. (Fatse Inpico.) Rather pubescent or smoothish ;
leaflets 8-12 pairs, oval, scattered; pods 2-s¢eded. — River-banks S. Penn. to
Wisconsin and southward. June.—A tall shrub: very variable.

2. A. canéscens, Nutt. (Leap-Prant.) Low (1°-8° high), whitened
with hoary down ; leaflets 15 — 25 pairs, elliptical, crowded, small, smoothish above
with age; pods 1-seeded. — Prairies and crevices of rocks, Michigan to Wiscon-
sin and southwestward, July. — Supposed to indicate lead-ore.

1l. ROBINIA, L. Locvust-TReEz.

Calyx short, 5-toothed, slightly 2-lipped. Standard large and rounded,
turned back, scarcely longer than the wings and keel. Stamens diadelphous.
Pod linear, flat, several-seeded, margined on the seed-bearing edge, at length 2-
valved. — Trees or shrubs, often with prickly spines for stipules. Leaves odd-
pinnate, the ovate or oblong leaflets stipellate. Flowers| showy, in hanging
axillary racemes. Base of the leaf-stalks covering the buds of the next year.
(Named in honor of John Robin, herbalist to Henry IV. of France, and his son
Vespasian Robin, who first cultivated the Locust-tree in Europe.)

LEGUMINOSE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 131

1. R. Pseudacacia, L. (Common Loctst or Fatse Acacra.) Branches
naked ; racemes slender, loose; flowers white, fragrant; pod smooth. —S, Penn-
sylvania to S. Illinois and southward. Commonly cultivated as an ornamental
tree, and for its valuable timber: naturalized in many places. June.

2. R. viscosa, Vent. (Crammy L.) SBranchlets and leafstalks clammy ;
Jlowers crowded in oblong racemes, tinged with rose-color, nearly inodorous ; pod
glandular-hispid. — Virginia and southward. Cultivated, like the last, a smaller
tree. June.

3. R. hispida, L. (Bristrty L. or Rosr Acacia.) Branchlets and stalks
bristly ; flowers large and deep rose-color, inodorous; pods glandular-hispid. —
Varies with less bristly or nearly naked branchlets; also with smaller flowers,
&c.— Mountains of Virginia and southward: commonly cultivated. May,
June. — Shrub 3°-8° high,

12. WISTARIA, Nutt. Wisrarra.

Calyx campanulate, somewhat 2-lipped ; upper lip of 2 short teeth, the lower
of 8 longer ones. Standard roundish, large, turned back, with 2 callosities at
its base: keel scythe-shaped: wings doubly auricled at the base. Stamens di-
adelphous. Pod elongated, thickish, knobby, stipitate, many-seeded, at length
2-valved. Seeds large.— Woody twiners, climbing high, with minute stipules,
pinnate leaves of 9 - 13-ovate-lanceolate leaflets, with or without minute stipels,
and dense racemes of large and showy lilac-purple flowers. (Dedicated to the
late Professor Wistar, of Philadelphia. )

1. W. frutéscens, DC. Downy or smoothish when old; wings of the
corolla with one short auricle and an awl-shaped one as long as the claw. (W.
speciosa, Nutt.) — Alluvial grounds, W. Virginia to Illinois and southward.
May. — Sometimes cultivated for ornament, as is the still handsomer Chinese
species.

13. TEPHROSIA, Pers. Hoary Ppa.

Calyx about equally 5-cleft. Standard roundish, usually silky outside, turned
back, scarcely longer than the coherent wings and keel. Stamens monadelphous
or diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded, 2-valved. — Hoary perennial
herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and white or purplish racemed flowers. Leaflets
mucronate, veiny. (Name from tepés, ash-colored or hoary.)

1. T. Virginiana, Pers. (Goar’s Ruz. Careurt.) Silky-villous with
whitish hairs when young ; stem erect and simple (1°-2° high), leafy to the top;
leaflets 17 —- 29, linear-oblong ; flowers large and numerous, clustered in a termi-
nal oblong dense raceme or panicle, yellowish-white marked with purple. — Dry
sandy soil. June, July.— Roots long and.slender, very tough.

2. T. spicata, Torr. & Gray. Villous with rusty hairs; stems branched
below, straggling or ascending (2° long), few-leaved ; leaflets 9-15, obovate or
oblong-wedge-shaped, often notched ; flowers few, in a loose interrupted very long-
peduncled spike, reddish. — Dry soil, Delaware and southward. July.

3. T. hispidula, Pursh. Hairy with some long and rusty or only minute
and appressed pubescence; stems slender (9/-24! long), divergently branched,

132 LEGUMINOSE. (PULSE FAMILY.)

straggling ; leaflets 5- 15, oblong, varying to obovate-wedge-shaped and oblance-
olate; peduncles longer than the leaves, 2-4-flowered ; flowers reddish-purple. —
Dry sandy soil, Virginia and southward.

14. ASTRAGALUS, L. M«-Vercu.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla usually long and narrow : standard narrow, equal-
ling or exceeding the wings and blunt keel, its sides reflexed or spreading. Sta-
mens diadelphous. Stigma minute, terminal. Pod several - many-seeded, various,
mostly turgid, one or both sutures usually projecting into the cell, either slightly
or so as to divide the cavity lengthwise into two. Seed-stalks slender. Chiefly
herbs (ours perennials), with odd-pinnate leaves and spiked or racemed flowers.
(The ancient Greek name of a leguminous plant, as also of the ankle-bone; but
the connection between the two is past all guess.)

§ 1. Pod very thick and juicy when fresh, not stalked in the calyx, 2-celled, indehiscent,
or tardily separable into 2 closed portions: stems low, decumbent or ascending :
leaflets numerous.

1. A. caryocarpus, Ker. (Grounp Prvum.) Pale and minutely ap-
pressed-pubescent ; leaflets narrowly oblong; flowers in a short spike-like
raceme : corolla violet-purple ; fruit glabrous, ovate-globular, more or less pointed,
about 2/ in diameter, very thick-walled, cellular or corky when dry. Upper Mis-
sissippi River, thence westward and southward. May.

2. A. Mexicanus, A. DC. Smoother, or pubescent with looser hairs,
larger; leaflets roundish, obovate, or oblong; flowers larger (10//-12! long) ;
calyx softly hairy; corolla cream-color, bluish only at the tip ; fruit globular, very ob-
tuse and pointless, 1! or more in diameter: otherwise like the last: the unripe
fruits of both resemble green plums,— whence the popular name, —and are
eaten, raw or cooked, by travellers. (A. trichocalyx, Nutt.) — Prairies and open
plains, from Illinois opposite St. Louis westward and southward.

3. A. Platténsis, Nutt. Loosely villous; stipules conspicuous; leaflets
oblong, often glabrous above; flowers crowded in a short spike or oblong head,
cream-color often tinged or tipped with purple; /ruit ovate, pointed, and with the
calyx villous, —in var. TennEssEENSIS (A. Tennesseensis, Gray, in Chaym. S.
Fl.) oblong and slightly curved, much less fleshy and thick than in the preceding.
— Gravelly or sandy banks of Illinois River ( Vasey, Slosson, Bebb), thence south-
ward and westward. May.

§ 2. Pod dry and dehiscent, more or less thin-walled, turgid, not stalked in the calyx,

completely 2-celled only in No. 4.

4. A. Canadénsis, L. Tall and erect (1°-4° high), somewhat pubes-
cent; leaflets 21 - 27, oblong; flowers greenish cream-color, very numerous, in long
and close spikes; pods ovoid-oblong, coriaceous, small, completely 2-celled. — River-
banks : common from N. New York westward and southward. July — Aug.

5. A. Cooperi, Gray. Nearly smooth, erect (1°-2° high); leaflets 11-
21, elliptical or oblong, somewhat notched at the end, minutely hoary under-
neath ; flowers white, rather numerous in a short spike; pods inflated-ovoid (al- -
most 1/ long), thin-walled, one-celled, the dorsal suture slightly, the ventral more
decidedly projecting inwards. (Phaca neglecta, Torr. § Gray. Now named for

LEGUMINOS&. (PULSE FAMILY.) 133

the discoverer, the late Wm. Cooper, there being already an A. neglectus.) —
Gravelly shores, &c., W. New York to Wisconsin. June, July.

6. A. distértus, Torr. & Gray. Low and spreading, branched from the
base, smoothish; leaflets 11-23, oblong or obovate; flowers purplish or violet,
10-20 in a short spike; the standard deeply notched at the summit ; pods oblong,
turgid, incurved (3! long), coriaceous, incompletely 2-celled. — Mason Co., Illinois,
Dr. Mead. May. (Also in Arkansas and Texas.)

§ 3. Pod dry and dehiscent, thin-walled, small, stalked in the calyx (stipitate), and with
it more or less pubescent with fine blackish hairs, hanging on short pedicels: ra-
ceme short, rather many-flowered, long-peduncled : leaflets oval or oblong.

7. A. alpinus, L. Smooth or slightly hairy; stem diffuse, 6! to 12! high;
leaflets 13-25; corolla violet-purple, or at least the keel tipped with violet or
blue (5!'-6/ long) ; pods black-hairy, oblong, deeply grooved on the back and
partly 2-celled by the intrusion of the dorsal suture, its stipe usually rather
exceeding the calyx. — Rocks and banks, Northern Vermont (Willoughby
Mountain, J. Blake) and Maine (Dr. Scammon, G. L. Goodale), and north-
ward. June, July. (Eu.)

8. A. Robbinsii, Gray. Nearly smooth and erect (1° high), slender;
leaflets 7-11; corolla white (4" long); calyx-teeth short ; pods oblong, flattish (3!
long), membranaceous, almost glabrous, the base suddenly contracted into a stipe
about equalling the calyx, one-celled, a thin membrane slightly projecting from
the dorsal suture. (Phaca Robbinsii, Oakes.) — Rocky ledges of Onion River,
at Colchester, Vermont, Dr. Robbins (1829) : the station now obliterated. May.

15. OXYTROPIS, DC. Oxyrzoris.

Keel of the corolla tipped with a sharp projecting point or appendage: other-
wise as in Astragalus. Pod often partly 2-celled by the intrusion of the ventral
suture. — Our species, and most others, are low, nearly acaulescent perennials,
with tufts of numerous very short stems from a hard and thick root or rootstock,
covered with scaly adnate stipules; pinnate leaves of many leaflets; and naked
scapes bearing a head or short spike of flowers. (Name indicates the peculiarity
of the flower, from o&vs, sharp, and tpomts, keel.)

1. O. campéstris, DC. Pubescent or smoothish; leaflets lanceolate or
oblong: flowers yellowish or white, often tinged or tipped with purple or yiolet-
blue; pods ovate or oblong-lanceolate, of a thin or papery texture. — Northern
border of Maine, on the St. John’s, near Seven Isles, G. LZ. Goodale, and north-
ward. July. (Eu.) .

' 2. O. Lambérti, Pursh. Silky with fine appressed hairs; leaflets mostly
linear ; flowers larger, purple, violet, or sometimes white ; pods cartilaginous or
firm coriaceous in texture, strictly erect, cylindraceous-lanceolate and long-pointed,
almost 2-celled by intrusion of the ventral suture. — Dry plains, Minnesota and
westward. June.

16. GLYCYRRHIZA, Toum. Lrqvorice.

Calyx with the two upper lobes shorter or partly united. Anther-cells con-
. fluent at the apex, the alternate ones smaller. Pod ovate or oblong-linear, com-

134 LEGUMINOSE. (PULSE FAMILY).

pressed, often curved, clothed with rough glands or short prickles, scarcely de-
hiscent, few-seeded. The flower, &c., otherwise as in Astragalus. — Long peren-
nial root sweet (whence the name, from yAv«kvs, sweet, and piga, root) ; herbage
glandular-viscid ; leaves odd-pinnate, with minute stipules; flowers in axillary
spikes, white or bluish.

1. G. lepiddota, Nutt. (Witp Liquorice.) Tall (2°-3° high) ; leaf-
lets 15-19, oblong-lanceolate, mucronate-pointed, sprinkled with little scales
when young, and with corresponding dots when old; spikes peduncled, short ;
flowers whitish; pods oblong, beset with hooked prickles, so as to resemble the
fruit of Xanthium on a smaller scale. — Vicinity of Buffalo, New York, on the
sands of the shore, probably drifted from its native northwest regions ; but per-
fectly established, G. W. Clinton.

17. BSCHYNOMENE, L. | Seysirive Jornt-Vercu.

Calyx 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-, the lower 3-cleft. Standard roundish: keel
boat-shaped. Stamens diadelphous in two sets of 5 each. Pod flattened, com-
posed of several square easily separable joints. — Leaves. odd-pinnate, with sev-
eral pairs of leaflets, sometimes sensitive, as if shrinking from the touch (whence
the name, from aicxuvopérn, being ashamed).

1. Ai. hispida, Willd. Erect, rough-bristly annual; leaflets 37-51, lin-
ear; racemes few-flowered ; pod stalked, 6 -10-jointed. — Along rivers, 8. Penn.
and southward. Aug.— Flowers yellow, reddish externally.

18. HEDYSARUM, Tourn. _ Hepysarum.

Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes awl-shaped and nearly equal. Keel nearly straight,
obliquely truncate, not appendaged, longer than the wings. Stamens diadel-
phous, 5 & 1. Pod flattened, composed of several equal-sided separable round-
ish joints connected in the middle.— Perennial herbs: leaves odd-pinnate.
(Name composed of 7dvs, sweet, and dpapa, smell.)

1. H. boreale, Nutt. Leaflets 13-21, oblong or lanceolate, nearly gla-
brous ; stipules scaly, united opposite the petiole ; raceme of many deflexed pur-
ple flowers ; standard shorter than the keel; joints of the pod 3 or 4, smooth,
reticulated. — Mountain above Willoughby Lake, Vermont, A. Wood, &e. St.
John’s River, Maine, G. Z. Goodale. Also northward.

19. DESMODIUM, DC. _— Tick-Trerort.

Calyx usually more or less 2-lipped. Standard obovate: wings adherent to
the straight or straightish and usually truncate keel, by means of a little trans-
verse appendage on each side of the latter. Stamens diadelphous, 9 & 1, or
monadelphous below. Pod flat, deeply lobed on the lower margin, separating
into few or many flat reticulated joints (mostly roughened with minute hooked
hairs, by which they adhere to the fleece of animals or to clothing). — Perennial
herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate (rarely 1-foliolate) leaves, stipellate. Flowers
(in summer) in axillary or terminal racemes, often panicled, and 2 or 3 from
each bract, purple or purplish, often turning green in withering. Stipules and

LEGUMINOS&. (PULSE FAMILY.) 135

bracts scale-like, often striate. (Name from Seopds, a bond or chain, from the
“connected joints of the pods.)

§ 1. Pod raised on a stalk within the calyx (stipe) many times longer than the slightly
toothed calyx and nearly as long as the pedicel, straightish on the upper margin,
deeply sinuate on the lower ; the 1-4 joints mostly half-obovate and concave on
the buck: stamens monadelphous below: plants nearly glabrous: stems erect or
ascending : raceme terminal, panicled : stipules bristle-form, deciduous.

1. D. nudiflorum, DC. Leaves all crowded at the summit of sterile stems ;
leaflets broadly ovate, bluntish, whitish beneath ; raceme elongated on an ascend-
ing mostly leafless stalk or scape from the root, 2° long. — Dry woods: common.

2. D. acuminatum, DC. Leaves all crowded at the summit of the stem from
which arises the elongated naked raceme or panicle; leaflets round-ovate, taper-
pointed, green both sides, the end one round (4/—5! long). — Rich woods.

3. D. pauciflorum, DC. Leaves scattered along the low (8!—15! high)
ascending stems; leaflets rhombic-ovate, bluntish, pale beneath; raceme few-
flowered, terminal. — Woods, W. New York and Pennsylvania to Ilinois and
southward.

§ 2. Pod raised on a stalk (stipe) little if not all surpassing the deeply-cleft calyx :

stems long and prostrate or decumbent : racemes axillary and terminal.

* Stipules conspicuous, ovate, taper-pointed, striate, persistent: racemes mostly simple.

4. D. rotundifolium, DC. Soft-hairy all over, truly prostrate ; leaflets
orbicular, or the odd one slightly rhomboid ; flowers purple ; pods almost equally
sinuate on both edges, 3-—5-jointed; the joints rhomboid-oval. — Dry rocky
woods: rather common.

Var. glabratum: almost glabrous, otherwise nearly as the ordinary form.
(Hedysarum humifusum, Mul. in part, Bigel., &c.) —Mass., New York, &c.

5. D. ochroleticum, M. A. Curtis. Stems sparsely hairy, decumbent ; leaf-
lets nearly glabrous, ovate, acute or obtuse, transversely reticulated beneath,
the lateral ones smaller or sometimes wanting; racemes much elongated ;
corolla whitish ; pods twisted, 2—4-jointed, the large rhomboid joints smooth and
reticulated but the margins downy. (Perhaps Muhlenberg’s H. humifusum
from “ Carolina.”) — Woodlands, Maryland (W. 4. Canby) and southward.

* * Stipules smaller, lanceolate and awl-shaped, less persistent : racemes panicled.

6. D. humifisum, Beck (as to syn.). Glabrous or nearly so, procum-
bent ; /eaflets ovate or ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, much smaller than in the two
preceding (14/-2! long) ; corolla purple ; pods 2—4-jointed, flat, the oval-rhom-
boid joints minutely scabrous throughout. (Hedysarum humifusum, Muhl. Fl.
“Lancast. herb., ex Canby.) —Dry sandy soil (Lancaster, Penn., Muhlenberg),
Salisbury, Maryland, W. M. Canby. -

§ 3. Pod slightly if at all stalked in the calyx: racemes panicled.

* Stems tall (3°-5°) and erect ; the persistent stipules and deciduous bracts large
and conspicuous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed : pods of 4-7 unequal-
sided rhombic joints, which are considerably longer than broad, about 3! long.
(Flowers rather large.)

7. D. canéscens, DC. Stem loosely branched, aia y; leaflets ovate,
bluntish, about the length of the petioles, whitish and reticulated beneath, both sides

\—

136 LEGUMINOS&. (PULSE FAMILY.)

roughish with a close fine pubescence ; joints of the pod very adhesive. — Moist
grounds, W. Vermont to Wisconsin and southward, chiefly westward. —
Branches clothed with both minute and hooked, and longer, spreading, rather
glutinous hairs.

8. D. cuspidatum, Torr. & Gray. Very smooth except the panicle; stem
straight ; leaflets lanceolate-ovate and taper-pointed, green both sides ; longer than
the petiole (3'—5/) ; joints of the pod rhomboid-oblong, smoothish. — Thickets :
common. — The conspicuous bracts and stipules §! long.

* * Stems (2°-5° high) erect: stipules as well as the bracts mostly deciduous, small
and inconspicuous: pods of 3-5 triangular or half-rhombic or very unequal-
sided rhomboidal joints, which are longer than broad, 4' or less in length. (Flow-
ers middle-sized. ) “

9. D. leevigatum, DC. Smooth or nearly so throughout: stem straight ;
leaflets ovate, bluntish, pale beneath (2/-3! long); panicles minutely rough-
pubescent. — Pine woods, New Jersey and southward.

10. D. viridiflorum, Beck. Stem very downy, rough at the summit;
leaflets broadly ovate, very obtuse, rough above, whitened with a soft velvety down
underneath (2'-3! long). —S. New York and southward.

11. D. Dillénii, Darlingt. Stem pubescent; leaflets oblong or oblong-ovate,
commonly bluntish, pale beneath, softly and finely pubescent (mostly thin, 2! - 3!
long’). — Open woodlands : common.

12. D. paniculatum, DC. Nearly smooth throughout; stem slender,
tall ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, or narrowly lanceolate, tapering to a blunt point, thin
(3'-5! long) ; racemes much panicled. — Copses, common.

13. D. strictum, DC. Stem very straight and slender, simple (2° - 3°
high), the upper part and narrow panicle rough-glandular ; leaflets linear, blunt,
strongly reticulated, thickish, very smooth (1'- 2! long, 4' wide) ; joints of the pod
1-3, semi-obovate or very gibbous (only 2/ long). — Pine woods of New
Jersey, and southward.

* * * Stipules small and inconspicuous, mostly deciduous : pods of few roundish or
obliquely oval or sometimes roundish-rhomboidal joints, 14! - 24" long.
+— Stems erect: bracts before flowering conspicuous : racemes densely flowered.

14. D. Canadénse, DC. Stem hairy (3°-6° high) ; leaflets oblong-lance-
olate, or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, with numerous straightish veins, much longer
than the petiole (13! -3' long); flowers showy, larger than in any other species

3'-4! long). — Dry, rich woods: common, especially northward.

15. D. sessilifolium, Torr. & Gray. Stem pubescent (2°-4° high) ;
leaves nearly sessile; leaflets linear or linear-oblong, blunt, thickish, reticulated,
rough above, downy beneath; branches of the panicle long; flowers small. —
Copses, Pennsylvania and Michigan to Illinois and southward.

++ Stems ascending (1°-8° high): bracts small; racemes or panicles elongated
and loosely flowered: flowers small.

16. D. rigidum, DC. Stem branching, somewhat hoary, like the lower
surface of the leaves, with a close roughish pubescence; leaflets ovate-oblong,
blunt, thickish, reticulated-veiny, rather rough above, the lateral ones longer thar
the petiole. —Dry hillsides, Mass. to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. — In-
termediate, as it were, between No. 17 and No. 11.

LEGUMINOSE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 137

17. D. ciliare, DC. Stem slender, hairy or rough-pubescent ; leaves crowded,
on very short hairy petioles ; leaflets round-ovate or oval, thickish, more or less hairy
on the margins and underneath (}’-1' long). — Dry hills and sandy fields :
common, especially southward.

is. D. Marilandicum, Boott. Nearly smooth throughout, slender ;
leaflets ovate or roundish, very obtuse, thin, the lateral ones about the length of the
slender petiole: otherwise resembling the preceding. (D. obtusum, DC.) —
Copses : common.

+++ Stems reclining or prostrate: racemes loosely flowered.

19. D. lineatum, DC. Stem minutely pubescent, striate-angled ; leaflets
orbicular, smoothish (5/-1/ long), much longer than the petiole; pod scarcely
stalked in the calyx.— Dry soil, Maryland (W. M. Canby), Virginia and
southward.

20. LESPEDEZA, Mich. Busn-Crover.

Calyx 5-cleft ; the lobes nearly equal, slender. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1):
anthers all alike. Pods of a single 1-seeded joint (sometimes 2-jointed, with
the lower joint empty and stalk-like), oval or roundish, flat, reticulated. —
Perennials with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, not stipellate. Stipules and bracts
minute. Flowers often polygamous, in summer and autumn. (Dedicated to
Lespedez, the Spanish governor of Florida in the time of Michaux.)

* Flowers of two sorts, the larger (violet-purple) perfect, but seldom fruitful, panicled
or clustered ; with smaller pistillate and fertile but mostly apetalous ones inter-
mixed, or in subsessile little clusters.

1. L. procumbens, Michx. Soft-downy, except the upper surface of
the leaves, trailing, slender ; leaflets oval or elliptical ; peduncles slender, mostly
simple, few-flowered.— Sandy soil: commonest southward.— The apetalous
fertile flowers, as in the rest, have short hooked styles.

2. L. repens, Torr. & Gray. Smooth, except minute close-pressed scattered
hairs, prostrate, spreading, very slender ; leaflets oval or obovate-elliptical (3!
long); peduncles slender and few-flowered; pods roundish. — Dry sandy soil,
S. New York to Kentucky and southward. — Much like the last.

3. L. violacea, Pers. Stems upright or spreading, branched ; leaflets vary-
ing from oval-oblong to linear, whitish-downy beneath with close-pressed pybes-
cence; peduncles or clusters few-flowered ; pods ovate. — The principal varieties
are, 1. DIVERGENS, with oval or oblong leaflets and loosely panicled flowers ;
this runs into, 2. SESSILIFLORA, with the flowers principally on peduncles much
‘shorter than the leaves, and clustered ; and a more distinct form is 3. ANGUSTI-
FOLIA, with closely clustered flowers on straight branches, crowded leaves, and
narrowly oblong or linear leaflets, which are often silky. — Dry copses: com-
mon. — Pods ripening from both sorts of flowers.

4. L. Sttivei, Nutt. Stems upright-spreading, bushy, downy; leaflets oval
or roundish, longer than the petiole, silky or white-woolly beneath (and some-
times above) ; clusters many-flowered, crowded ; pods ovate, downy. — Dry hills,
and sand, Plymouth, Mass. to Virginia, Michigan, and southward. — Appear-
. ing intermediate between No. 3 and No. 5.

ya. Nye

138 LEGUMINOSH. (PULSE FAMILY.)

* * Flowers all alike and perfect, in close spikes or heads: corolla whitish or cream-
color with a purple spot on the standard, about the length of the downy calyx:
stems upright, wand-like (2° - 4° high).

5. L. hirta, Ell. Peduncles longer than the leaves; petioles slender ; leaflets
roundish or oval, hairy; spikes cylindrical, rather loose; pods nearly as long as
the calyx. (L. polystachia, Michx.) — Dry hillsides.

6. L. capitata, Michx. Peduncles and petioles short ; stems rigid, woolly;
leaflets elliptical or oblong, thickish, reticulated and mostly smooth above, silky
beneath ; spikes or heads short; pods much shorter than the calyx. — Varies
greatly, most of all in var. ancusTIFOLIA : slender; leaflets linear; peduncles
sometimes elongated. — Dry and sandy soil; the narrow variety only found
near the coast and southward.

21. STYLOSANTHES, Swartz, Pxnci-Fiower.

Calyx early deciduous; the tube slender and stalk-like ; the limb unequally
4-5-cleft, the lower lobe more distinct. Corolla and monadelphous stamens
inserted at the summit of the calyx-tube: standard orbicular: keel incurved.
Anthers 10, the 5 longer ones fixed near their base, and the 5 alternate shorter
ones fixed by the middle. Style filiform, its upper part falling off after flower-
ing, the lower part incurved or hooked, and persistent on the apex of the 1-
2-jointed small and short reticulated pod, the lower joint when present empty
and stalk-like.— Low perennials, branched from the base, with wiry stems,
pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, the sheathing stipules united to the petiole, no
stipels, and small, yellow flowers in terminal heads or short spikes. (Name
composed of orvAos, a column, and dvOos, a flower, from the stalk-like
calyx-tube.)

1. S. elatior, Swartz. Tufted leaflets lanceolate, strongly straight-
veined ; heads or clusters small and few-flowered. — Pine barrens, Long Island,
New York, to Virginia, Illinois, and southward. July— Oct.

22. VICIA » Tourn. Vercu. Tare.

Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth often shorter, or the lowest
longer. Wings of the corolla adhering to the middle of the keel. Stamens
more or less diadelphous (9 & 1); the orifice of the tube oblique. Style fili-
form, hairy all round or only on the back at the apex. Pod flat, 2-valved, 2-
several-seeded. Seeds globular. Cotyledons very thick, remaining under
ground in germination. — Herbs, mostly climbing more or less by the tendril
at the end of the pinnate leaves. Stipules half-sagittate. Flowers or pedun-
cles axillary. (The classical Latin name.)

* Annual : flowers 1-2 in the axils, nearly sessile, large, violet-purple.

1, V. sariva, L. (Common Vercu or Tare.) Somewhat pubescent ;
stem simple ; leaflets 5-7 pairs, varying from obovate-oblong to linear, notched
and mucronate at the apex ; pod linear, several-seeded. — Cultivated fields and
waste places; both the common form and the var. ANGUSTIFOLIA, which has
longer and narrow leaflets. (Adv. from Eu.) ;

LEGUMINOS£. (PULSE FAMILY.) 139

* * Annual, slender : peduncles elongated: flowers small. (Species of Ervum, L.)
2. V. rerraspérma, L. Peduncles 1-2-flowered ; leaflets 4-6 pairs, linear-
oblong, obtuse; calyx-teeth unequal; corolla whitish ; pods narrowly oblong, 4-
seeded, smooth. — Waste or open places, near the coast. (Nat. from Eu.)
3. V. urrstra, Koch. Peduncles 3-6-flowered ; leaflets 6-8 pairs, trun-
cate; calyx-teeth equal; corolla bluish ; pods oblong, 2-seeded, hairy. — Massa-
chusetts to Virginia. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * * Perennial: peduncles elongated ; calyx-teeth unequal: pod several-seeded.

4. V. Cracea, L. Downy-pubescent ; leaflets 20 - 24, oblong-lanceolate,
strongly mucronate ; peduncles densely many-flowered ; calyx-teeth shorter than the
tube. — Borders of thickets, New England to Kentucky and northward: rather
rare. July. — Flowers blue, turning purple, 6’ long, one-sided in the spike,
reflexed. (KEu.)

5. V. Caroliniana, Walt. Nearly smooth ; leaflets 8-24, oblong, obtuse,
scarcely mucronate; peduncles loosely flowered ; calyx-teeth very short. — River-
banks, &e. May. — Flowers small, more scattered than in the preceding,
whitish, the keel tipped with blue.

6. V. Americana, Muhl. Glabrous; /eaflets 10-14, elliptical or ovate-
oblong, very obtuse, many-veined; peduncles 4-—8-flowered.— Moist soil, New
York to Kentucky and northward. June. — Flowers purplish, 8’ long.

23. LATHYRUS, L. Vercutine. Everrastine Pea.

Style flattish, dilated and flattish (not grooved) above, hairy along the inner
side (next the free stamen). Sheath of the filaments scarcely oblique at the
apex. Otherwise nearly as in Vicia. (Ad@upos, a leguminous plant of Theo-
phrastus. ) — Our species are perennial and mostly smooth plants.

1. L. maritimus, Bigelow. (Bracn Pra.) Stem stout (1° high);
leaflets 4-8 pairs, crowded, oval or obovate; stipules broadly halberd-shaped,
nearly as large as the leaflets; peduncles 6 -10-flowered. — Sea-coast, from New
Jersey northward, and shore of the Great Lakes. June —-Aug.— Flowers
large, purple. Leaflets very veiny, as also in the other species. (Eu.)

2. L. venosus, Muhl. Stem climbing (2°-5° high) ; leaflets 5-7 pairs,
scattered, oblong-ovate, often downy beneath; stipules very small and usually slen-
der, half arrow-shaped, rarely larger and broader ; peduncles many-flowered ; corolla
purple. — Shady banks, Penn. to Wisconsin, and southward. June.

3. L. ochroleticus, Hook. Stem slender (1°-3° high); leaflets 3-4
pairs, ovate or oval, smooth, glaucous, thin ; stipules half heart-shaped, about half
as large as the leaflets ; peduncles 7 - 10-flowered ; corolla yellowish-white, smaller
than in the last.— Hillsides, W. Vermont to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and
northward. July.

4. L. palustris, L. (Marsu Vercurine.) Stem slender (1°-2° high),
often winged-margined ; leaflets 2-4 pairs, lanceolate, linear, or narrowly ob-
long, mucronate-pointed ; stipules small, lanceolate, half arrow-shaped, sharp-
pointed at both ends; peduncles 3-5-flowered ; corolla blue-purple. — Moist
places, N. England to Penn., Ilinois, and northward. July. (Eu.)

Var. myrtifolius, Taller, climbing 2°-4° high ; leaves oblong or ovate-

NV.
a YW

uw uv
wu Sn.

140 LEGUMINOS&. (PULSE FAMILY.)

elliptical ; upper stipules much larger: corolla pale purple. (L. myrtifolius,
Mull.) —W. New England to Virginia and northward, July. — Ordinarily
appears quite distinct from L. palustris ; but intermediate specimens occur.

5. IL. praténsis, L. Low and straggling ; leaflets a single pair, narrow-
lanceolate ; stipules large ; peduncles several-flowered ; corolla yellow. — Spon-
taneous and abundant along the Connecticut at West Springfield, Mass.,
A. P. Foster. July. (Adv. from Eu.)

24. APIOS, Boerhaave. Grounp-nur. Witp Buay.

Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, the 2 lateral teeth being nearly obsolete, the upper
very short, the lower one longest. Standard very broad, reflexed: the long
scythe-shaped keel strongly incurved, at length coiled. Stamens diadelphous.
Pod straight or slightly curved, linear, elongated, thickish, many-seeded. — A
perennial herb (with some milky juice !), bearing edible tubers on underground
shoots, twining and climbing over bushes. Leaflets 5 - 7, ovate-lanceolate, ob-
securely stipellate. Flowers in dense and short, often branching racemes.
(Name from dmov, a pear, from the shape of the tubers.)

1. A. tuberosa, Mench. (Glycine Apios, Z.) — Low grounds ; common.
Aug. —- Sept. — Flowers brown purple, or chocolate-color, violet-scented.

25. PHASEOLUS, L. Krwyey Bray.

Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft, the two upper teeth often higher united. Keel of
the corolla, with the included stamens and style, spirally coiled or curved into
aring. Stamens diadelphous. Style bearded along the upper side: stigma
oblique or lateral. Pod linear or scythe-shaped, several — many-seeded, tipped
with the hardened base of the style. Cotyledons thick and fleshy, rising out
of the ground nearly unchanged in germination. — Twining or prostrate herbs,
with pinnately 3-foliolate stipellate leaves. Flowers often clustered on the
knotty joints of the raceme, produced in summer and autumn. (The ancient
name of the Kidney Bean.)

* Pods seymetar-shaped : racemes long and loose, panicled.

1. P. perénnis, Walt. (W1ip Bean.) Stem climbing high from a. per-
ennial root; leaflets roundish-ovate, short-pointed; pods drooping, strongly
curved, 4 —5-seeded. — Copses, Connecticut to Illinois, and southward. — Flow-
ers purple, handsome, but small.

x * Pods long and straight, linear, rather terete: flowers few in a short clustered and
long-peduncled raceme. (Strophostyles, Ell.)

2. P. diversifolius, Pers. Annual; stem prostrate, spreading, rough-
hairy ; leaflets ovate-3-lobed, or angled towards the base, or some of them oblong-
ovate and entire ; peduncles at length twice the length of the leaves. — Sandy
fields and banks, coast of Massachusetts and along the Great Lakes to
Illinois and southward. — Corolla greenish-white, tinged with red or purple.
Pod thickish.

3. P. hélvolus, L. Perennial, hairy ; stems diffuse, slender ; leaflets ovate
or oblong, entire or obscurely angled ; peduncles 3-6 times the length of the leaves.
— Sandy fields, S. New York to Illinois and southward. — More slender than
the last: pods narrower : flowers as large and similar.

LEGUMINOS&. (PULSE FAMILY.) 141

* * Pods straight and linear, flat: peduncles short, 1 -— few-flowered at the summit :
JSlowers small: keel less incurved.

4. P. pauciflorus, Benth. Annual; stems diffuse, but twining, slender,
pubescent ; leaflets varying from oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong to linear.
(P. leiospermus, Torr. §- Gr.) — River-banks, Illinois (J/ead) and southwest-
ward. July — Sept.— Flowers 3” long, purple. Pod 1’ long, pubescent.

26. CENTROSEMA, DC. SpurRED BurTerFiy-PEa.

Calyx short, 5-cleft. Corolla, &c. much as in Clitoria, but the spreading
standard with a spur-shaped projection on the back near the base: keel broad.
Style bearded at the apex around the terminal stigma. Pod long and linear,
flat, pointed with the awl-shaped style, many-seeded, thickened at the edges,
the valves marked with a raised line on each side next the margin. — Twining
perennials, with 3-foliolate stipellate leaves, and large showy flowers. Stipules,
bracts, and bractlets striate, the latter longer than the calyx. (Name from
kévTpov, a spur, and onpa, the standard.)

1. C. Virginianum, Benth. Rather rough with minute hairs; leaflets
varying from oblong-ovate to lanceolate and linear, very veiny, shining ; pedun-
cles 1 —4-flowered ; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped. — Sandy woods, from Mary-
land southward. July. — Corolla 1! long, violet. Pods straight, 4/-5! long.

27. CLITORIA, L. Burrerriy-Pua.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Standard much larger than the rest of the flower,
erect, rounded, notched at the top, not spurred on the back: keel small, shorter
than the wings, incurved, acute. Stamens monadelphous below. Style bearded
down the inner face. Pod linear-oblong, flattish, knotty, several-seeded, pointed
with the base of the style. — Erect or twining perennials, with mostly pinnately
3-foliolate stipellate leaves, and very large flowers. Peduncles 1 —3-flowered :
bractlets opposite, striate. (Derivation recondite. )

1. C. Mariana, L. Smooth; leaflets oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate ;
stipules and bracts awl-shaped ; peduncles short, 1—3-flowered.— Dry banks,
E. New York to Virginia and southward. July. — Low, ascending or twining ;
the showy pale-blue flowers 2/ long.

28. AMPHICARPAIA, Ell. Hoe Pea-nvr.

_ Flowers of 2 kinds ; those of the racemes from the upper branches perfect, but
seldom ripening fruit; those near the base and on creeping branches with the
corolla none or rudimentary, and few free stamens, but fruitful. Calyx about
equally 4- (rarely 5-) toothed: bractlets none or minute. Keel and wing-petals
similar, almost straight; the standard partly folded round them. Stamens dia-
delphous. Style beardless. Pods of the upper flowers, when formed, somewhat
scymetar-shaped, 3-—4-seeded ; of the lower ones commonly subterranean, obo-
vate or pear-shaped, fleshy, ripening usually but one large seed. — Low and
slender perennials; the twining stems clothed with brownish hairs. Leaves
pinnately 3-foliolate: leaflets rhombic-ovate, stipellate. Flowers small, in clus-

142 LEGUMINOS&. (PULSE FAMILY.)

tered or compound racemes, purplish. Bracts persistent, round, partly clasp-
ing, striate, as well as the stipules. (Name from dpi, both, and kaprés, fruit,
in allusion to the two kinds of pods.)

1. A. mondica, Nutt. Racemes nodding; bracts each supporting 2 or
more flowers, shorter than the pedicels ; subterranean pods hairy. — Rich wood-
lands. Aug., Sept.

29. GALACTIA, P.Browne. Muivx-Pra.

Calyx 4-cleft ; the lobes acute, the upper one broadest, entire. Keel scarcely
incurved. Stamens diadelphous or nearly so. Style beardless. Pod linear, flat,
several-seeded (some few of them rarely partly subterranean and fleshy or de-
formed). — Low, mostly prostrate or twining perennial herbs. Leaflets usually
3, stipellate. Flowers in somewhat interrupted or knotty racemes, purplish; in
summer. (Name frdm yada, -axros, milk; some species being said to yield a
milky juice, which is unlikely.)

1. G. glabélla, Michx. Stems nearly smooth, prostrate; leaflets elliptical
or ovate-oblong, sometimes slightly hairy beneath ; racemes short, 4—8-flowered ;
pods somewhat hairy.— Sandy woods, S. New York, New Jersey and Penn. to
Virginia and southward. — Flowers large for the genus, rose-purple.

AN.2. G. mollis, Michx. Stems (decumbent and somewhat twining) and

leaves beneath soft-downy and hoary ; leaflets oval; racemes many-flowered ; pods
very downy. —S. Pennsylvania, Maryland, and southward. July.

30. RHYNCHOSIA, Lou, DC. Ruyrncnosia.

Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, or deeply 4—5-parted. Keel scythe-shaped, or in-
curved at the apex. Stamens diadelphous. Ovules only 2. Pod 1 -2-seeded,
short and flat, 2-valved. — Usually twining or trailing perennial herbs, pinnatelv
3-foliolate, or with a single leaflet, not stipellate. Flowers yellow, racemose or
clustered. (Name from pvvyos, a beak, from the shape of the keel.)

1. R. tomentosa, Torr. & Gray. More or less downy; leaflets roundish ;
racemes short or capitate; calyx about as long as the corolla, 4-parted, the
upper lobe 2-cleft ; pod oblong. — Very variable: or perhaps the following are
distinct species. :

Var. monophylla, Torr. & Gray. Dwarf and upright (3/-6! high) ;
leaves mostly of one round leaflet 1/-2/ wide. (R. reniformis, DC.) — Virginia
and southward, in dry sandy soil. — Flowers earlier than the following.

Var. volubilis, Torr. & Gray. Trailing and twining, less downy ; leaflets
3, roundish; racemes few-flowered, almost sessile in the axils. (R. difformis,
DC.) —S. Virginia and southward. :

Var. erécta, Torr. & Gray. Upright (1°-2° high), soft-downy; leaflets
8, oval or oblong. (R. erecta, DC.) — Maryland and southward.

31. BAPTISIA, Vent. Fazse Inpico.

Calyx 4-5-toothed. Standard not longer than the wings, its sides reflexed :
keel-petals nearly separate, and, like the wings, straight. Stamens 10, distinct.

LEGUMINOS. (PULSE FAMILY.) 145

Pod stalked in the persistent calyx, roundish or oblong, inflated, pointed, many-
seeded. — Perennial herbs, with palmately 3-foliolate (rarely simple) leaves,
which generally blacken in drying, and racemed flowers. (Named from Barrio,
to dye, from the economical use of some species, which yield a poor indigo.)

1. B. tinetoria, R.Br. (Wiip Inpico.) Smooth and slender (2°-3°
high), rather glaucous; leaves almost sessile; leaflets rounded, wedge-obovate
(3/ long) ; stipules and bracts minute and deciduous ; racemes few-flowered, terminat-
ing the bushy branches; pods oval-globose, on a stalk longer than the calyx. —
Sandy dry soil: common. June- Aug.— Corolla yellow, 3! long.

2. B. australis, R. Br. (Buvue Fatse-Inpico.) Smooth, tall and stout
(4°-5°) ; leaflets oblong-wedge-form, obtuse ; stipules lanceolate, as long as the
petioles, rather persistent ; raceme elongated (1° - 2°) and many-flowered, erect ; bracts
deciduous ; stalk of the oval-oblong pods about the length of the calyx. — Alluvial soil,
from Pennsylvania westward and southward: often cultivated. June. — Flow-
ers 1’ long, indigo-blue. Pods 2'-3/ long.

3. B. leucantha, Torr.& Gr. Smooth; stems, leaves, and racemes as in
the foregoing ; stipules early deciduous ; pods oval-oblong, raised on a stalk fully twice
the length of the calyx.— Alluvial soil, Ohio to Wisconsin and southwestward.
July. — Flowers white; the standard short. Pods 2! long.

4. B. alba, R. Br. Smooth (1°-3° high) ; the branches slender and widely
spreading ; petioles slender ; stipules and bracts minute and deciduous; leaflets ob-
long or oblanceolate; racemes slender on a long naked peduncle ; pods linear-
oblong (1-14! long), short-stalked. —Dry soil, Virginia and southward. May,
June. — Flowers white, 6!’- 9"! long.

5. B. leucophea, Nutt. Hairy, low (1° high), with divergent branches ;
leaves almost sessile ; leaflets narrowly oblong-obovate or spatulate ; stipules and
bracts large and leafy, persistent ; racemes long, reclined; flowers on elongated pedi-
cels; pods ovoid, hoary. — Michigan to Wisconsin and southward. April, May.
— Raceme often 1°, pedicels 1-2’, the cream-colored corolla 1’, in length.

32. CLADRASTIS, Raf. Ye.tow-Woon.

Calyx 5-toothed. Standard large, roundish, reflexed: the distinct keel-petals
and wings straight, oblong. Stamens 10, distinct: filaments slender, incurved
above. Pod short-stalked above the calyx, linear, flat, thin, marginless, 4 -6-
seeded, at length 2-valved.— A small and handsome tree, with yellow wood,
smooth bark, nearly smooth pinnate leaves of 7-11 oval or ovate leaflets, and
ample panicled racemes (10/’— 20! long) of showy white flowers drooping from
the end of the branches. Stipules obsolete. Base of the petioles hollow, and
enclosing the leaf-buds of the next year. Bracts minute and fugacious. (Name
of obscure derivation.)

1. C. tinctoria, Raf. (Virgilia lutea, Michr. f.) Rich hillsides, E. Ken-
tucky and southward along the western base of the Alleghanies. May, June.

33. CERCIS = oe ReEeD-BuD. JUDAS-TREE.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous : standard smaller than
the wings, and enclosed by them in the bud: the keel-petals larger and not

144 LEGUMINOS&. (PULSE FAMILY.)

united. Stamens 10, distinct, declined. Pod oblong, flat, many-seeded, the
upper suture with a winged margin. Embryo straight. — Trees, with rounded-
heart-shaped simple leaves, caducous stipules, and red-purple flowers in umbel-
like clusters along the branches of the last or preceding years, appearing before
the leaves, acid to the taste. (The ancient name of the Oriental Judas-tree.)

1. C. Canadénsis, L. (Rep-sup.) Leaves pointed; pods nearly sessile
above the calyx. — Rich soil, New York to Ohio, Ilinois, and southward.
March - May. — A small ornamental tree, often cultivated : the blossoms smaller
than in the European species.

34. CASSIA, L. Senna.

Sepals 5, scarcely united. Petals 5, unequal, not papilionaceous, spreading.
Stamens 5-10, unequal, and some of them often imperfect, spreading: anthers
opening by 2 pores or chinks at the apex. Pod many-seeded, often with cross
partitions. — Herbs (in the United States), with simply and abruptly pinnate
leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. (An ancient name of obscure derivation.)

« Leaflets large: stipules deciduous: the 3 upper anthers deformed and imperfect :
Jlowers in short axillary racemes, the upper ones panicled: herbage glabrous.

1. C. Marilandica, L. (Witp Senna.) Leaflets 6-9 pairs, lanceolate-
oblong, obtuse; petiole with a club-shaped gland near the base; pods linear,
slightly curved, flat, at first hairy (2'-4') ; root perennial. — Alluvial soil. July.
— Stem 3°-4°high. Leaves used as a substitute for the officinal Senna.

2. C. occrpentALis, L. Leaflets 4-6 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, acute ; an ovate
gland at the base of the petiole; pods long-linear (5! long) with a tumid border,
glabrous. — Virginia and southward. Aug. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.)

3. C. obtusifdlia, L. Leaflets 3 or rarely 2 pairs, obovate, obtuse, with an
elongated gland between those of the lower pairs or lowest pair; pods slender,
6’ long, curved; root annual. — Banks of the Ohio River, Illinois (Dr. Vasey),
S. Virginia and southward.

* * Leaflets small, somewhat sensitive to the touch: stipules striate, persistent: a cup-
shaped gland beneath the lowest pair of leaflets: anthers all perfect: flowers in
small clusters above the axils: pods flat: root annual.

AA -arnwp 4 C- Chamecrista, L. (Parrripce Pra.) Leaflets 10-15 pairs,
linear-oblong, oblique at the base; flowers (large) on slender pedicels ; anthers 10,
elongated, unequal (4 of them yellow, the others purple) style slender. — Sandy
fields: common, especially southward. Aug.— Stems spreading, 1° long: 2
or 3 of the showy yellow petals often with a purple spot at the base.

5. C. nictitans, L. (Witp Seysirive-Piayt.) Leaflets 10-20 pairs,
oblong-linear ; flowers (very small) on very short pedicels ; anthers 5, nearly equal ;
style short. — Sandy fields, New England, near the coast, to Illinois and south-
ward. Aug.—Sept.

85. GYMNOCLADUS, Lam. Kenrucny Corree-rree.

Flowers dicecious or polygamous, regular. Calyx elongated-tubular below,
5-cleft. Petals 5, oblong, equal, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube. Sta-

LEGUMINOSE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 145

mens 10, distinct, short, inserted with the petals. Pod oblong, flattened, hard,
pulpy inside, several-seeded. Seeds flattish.— A tall large tree, with rough
bark, stout branchlets, not thorny, and large unequally twice-pinnate leayes;
the leaflets standing vertically. — Flowers whitish, in axillary racemes. (Name
from yupvos, naked, and kAd6os, a branch, alluding to the stout branches desti-
tute of spray.)

1. G. Canadénsis, Lam. Rich woods, along rivers, W. New York and
Penn. to Illinois and southwestward. June.— Cultivated as an ornamental
tree: timber valuable. Leaves 2°-3° long, with several large partial leafstalks
bearing 7-13 ovate stalked leaflets, the lowest pair with single leaflets. Pod
6'-10! long, 2’ broad ; the seeds over 3! across.

36. GLEDITSCHIA, L. Honey-Locvsr.

Flowers polygamous. Calyx short, 3—5-cleft, the lobes spreading. Petals
as many as the sepals and equalling them, the 2 lower sometimes united. Sta-
mens 3-10, distinct, inserted with the petals on the base of the calyx. Pod flat,
1-many-seeded. Seeds flat.— Thorny trees, with abruptly once or twice pin-
nate leaves, and inconspicuous greenish flowers in small spikes. Thorns above
the axils. (Named in honor of J. G, Gleditsch, a botanist contemporary with
Linneus. )

1. G. triacanthos, L. (Tures-rHornep Acacia, or Honey-Locvst.)
Thorns stout, often triple or compound; leaflets lanceolate-oblong, somewhat ser-
rate; pods linear, elongated (1°-13° long), often twisted, filled with sweet pulp
between the seeds. — Rich woods, Penn. to Virginia, Illinois, and southwest-
ward. June.— Common in cultivation as an ornamental tree, and for hedges.

2. G. monospérma, Walt. (Warer-Locust.) Thorns slender, mostly
simple ; leaflets ovate or oblong ; pods oval, 1-seeded, pulpless. — Swamps, Ilinois
and southwestward. July.— A small tree.

37. DESMANTHUS, Willd. Desmanrtuvs.

Flowers perfect or polygamous, regular. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed.
Petals 5, distinct. Stamens 5 or 10. Pod flat, membranaceous or somewhat
coriaceous, several-seeded, 2-valved, smooth. — Herbs, with twice-pinnate leaves
of numerous small leaflets, and with one or more glands on the petiole, setaceous
stipules, and axillary peduncles bearing a head of small greenish-white flowers.
(Name composed of dopa, a bond, and dvOos, flower.)

_l. D. brachylobus, Benth. Nearly glabrous perennial, erect (1°-4°
high) ; partial petioles 6-15 pairs; leaflets 20-30 pairs; stamens 5; pods ob-
long or lanceolate, curved, scarcely 1/long, 2-6-seeded. (Darlingtonia brachy-
loba & glandulosa, DC.) — Prairies and alluvial banks, Illinois and southwest-
ward.

38. SCHRANKIA, Willd. Sewsrrive Briar.

Flowers polygamous, regular. Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Petals united into

a funnel-form 5-cleft corolla. Stamens 10-12, distinct, or the filaments united

at the base. Pods long and narrow, rough-prickly, several-seeded, 4-valved, i. e.
10

146 ROSACEZ. (ROSE FAMILY.)

the two narrow valves separating on each side from a thickened margin. — Pe-
rennial herbs, nearly related to the true Sensitive Plants (Mimosa) ; the procum-
bent stems and petioles prickly, with twice-pinnate sensitive leaves of many
small leaflets, and axillary peduncles bearing round heads of small rose-colored
flowers. (Named for F’. P. Schrank, a German botanist.)

1. S. uncinata, Willd. Prickles hooked; partial petioles 4-6 pairs;
leaflets elliptical, reticulated with strong veins beneath ; pods oblong-linear, nearly
terete, short-pointed, densely prickly (2! long).—Dry sandy soil, Virginia,
Illinois? and southward. June- Aug.

2. S. angustata, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets oblong-linear, scarcely veined ; pods
slender, taper-pointed, sparingly prickly (about 4! long). — With the preceding.

OrpER 33. ROSACEZE. (RosE FAMILY.)

Plants with regular flowers, numerous (rarely few) distinct stamens in-
serted on the calyx, and 1—many pistils, which are quite distinct, or (in the
Pear tribe) united and combined with the calyx-tube. Seeds (anatropous)
1—few in each ovary, almost always without albumen. Embryo straight,
with large and thick cotyledons. Leaves alternate, with stipules, these some-
times caducous, rarely obsolete or wanting. — Calyx of 5 or rarely 3-4—-
8 sepals (the odd one superior), united at the base, often appearing double
by a row of bractlets outside. Petals as many as the sepals (rarely want-
ing), mostly imbricated in the bud, and inserted with the stamens on the
edge of a disk that lines the calyx-tube. Trees, shrubs, or herbs. — A
large and important order, almost destitute of noxious qualities, and pro-
ducing the most valuable fruits. Very intimately connected with Legu-
minosz on one hand, and with Saxifragacez on the other.

Suzorper lL AMYWGDALEZE. (Armonp FamIty.)

Calyx entirely free from the (usually) solitary ovary, deciduous. Style
terminal or nearly so. Fruit a drupe (stone-fruit), 1-seeded, or rarely 2-
seeded. — Trees or shrubs, with simple leaves, the bark exuding gum, and
the bark, leaves, and kernels yielding the peculiar flavor of prussic acid.
Stipules free, often deciduous.

1. Prunus. Flowers perfect. Lobes of the calyx and petals 5. Stone of the drupe bony.

SuzorpEer I. BOSACEZE proper.

Calyx free from the ovaries (but sometimes enclosing them in its tube),
mostly persistent with the fruit. Pistils few or many, distinct, occasionally
single. Stipules commonly united with the petiole.

Tribe I. SPIRZZXEA, Pistils mostly 5 and forming follicles in fruit: styles terminal.
Calyx without bractlets. Seeds not rarely with some albumen !

2. Spirzea. Calyx 5-cleft, short. Petals obovate, equal, chiefly imbricated in the bud.
3. Gillenia. Calyx elongated, 5-toothed. Petals slender, unequal, convolute in the bud.

ROSACE&. (ROSE FAMILY.) 147
Tribe Il. POTERIE®. Pistils 1-4, one-ovuled, becoming achenia, and enclosed in
the urn-shaped tube of the dry persistent calyx, which is constricted or nearly closed at the
throat. Petals often wanting.
4. Poterium. Petals none. Lobes of the calyx 4, petal-like. Style terminal: stigma tufted.
5. Alchemilla. Petals none. Stamens and pistils 1-4: style lateral.
6. Agrimonia. Petals 5. Stamens 12-15. Pistils 2: style terminal.

Tribe III. DRYADE®. Pistils numerous, rarely few or single, one-ovuled, becoming

dry achenia ; the calyx open, not fleshy in fruit. Petals present, usually conspicuous.

7. Dryas. Petals and calyx-lobes 8 or 9. Stamens and carpels numerous: persistent
styles Becoming long plumose tails in fruit.

8. Geum. Petals and calyx-lobes 5, the latter usually with 5 alternating small bractlets.
Stamens and carpels numerous: persistent styles becoming long plumose or hairy, or
naked and straight or jointed, tails. Radicle inferior.

9. Waldsteinia. Petals and calyx-lobes 5; no bractlets. Stamens numerous. Achenia
2-6: styles deciduous from the base. Radicle inferior.

10. Sibbaldia. Petals minute: stamens and achenia 5-10: otherwise same as Potentilla.

11. Potentilla. Petals 5 (rarely 4), conspicuous. Calyx-lobes as many, and also with an
alternating set of accessory lobes or bractlets. Stamens and achenia numerous; the
latter heaped on a dry receptacle. Styles commonly more or less lateral, deciduous or
not enlarging in fruit. Radicle superior.

12. Fragaria. Flower as in Potentilla. Receptacle much enlarged and pulpy in fruit.

Tribe IV. RUBE. Pistils numerous or several, 2-ovuled, becoming berry-like or
drupelets in fruit ; the 5-cleft calyx not bracteolate, open, persistent or withering beneath
the fruit. Petals conspicuous.

13. Dalibarda. Carpels 5-10, in the bottom of the calyx, almost dry.

14. Rubus. Carpels numerous, heaped on the receptacle.

Tribe V. ROSES. Pistils numerous, one-ovuled, becoming achenia, contained in the
urn-shaped or globular and almost closed fleshy tube of the calyx, or hip: no bractlets.
Petals conspicuous.

15. Rosa. Character of the Tribe.

Suporpver II. POMEZE. (Pear Famity.)

Calyx-tube thick and fleshy in fruit, including and combined with the
2-5 ovaries (forming a pome). Stipules free.

* Cells of the compound ovary as many as the styles (2 - 5), each 2- (rarely several-) ovuled.
16. Cratzegus. Pome drupe-like, with 1-5 bony stones or kernels. Usually thorny.
17. Pyrus. Pome containing 2-5 papery or cartilaginous carpels.

* Cells of the compound ovary becoming twice as many as the styles, each 1-ovuled.
18. Amelanchier. Pome usually of 5 carpels ; each becomes incompletely 2-celled by a
projection from its back: otherwise as Pyrus.

1. PRUNUS, Tourn. Priv, Cuerry, &c.

Calyx 5-cleft ; the tube bell-shaped, urn-shaped or tubular-obconical, decidu-
ous after flowering. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 15-20. Ovary solitary,
with 2 pendulous ovules. Drupe fleshy, with a bony stone.— Small trees or
shrubs, with mostly edible fruit. (The ancient Latin name.)

§1. PRUNUS & CERASUS, Tourn. Drupe smooth, and the stone smooth or
somewhat rugged: flowers (usually white) from separate lateral scaly buds in
early spring, preceding or coetaneous with the leaves; the pedicels few or several
in simple umbel-like clusters. — The Piums of the Old World have the leaves

148 ROSACEH. (ROSE FAMILY.)

convolute in the bud, the fruit with a bloom ; its stone oblong, flattened or flattish
and acute at both ends: but our wild Plums are like CHERrRrEs in having the
leaves folded before expansion, little or no bloom, and some of them in the thicker
or globular stone, thus confounding the distinctions.

1. P. Americana, Marshall. (Wi1rp YeLtow or Rep Pium.) Leaves
ovate or somewhat obovate, conspicuously pointed, coarsely or doubly serrate, very
veiny, glabrous when mature ; fruit nearly destitute of bloom, roundish-oval, yel-
low, orange, or red, 3/- 3! in diameter, with the turgid stone more or less acute
on both margins, or in cultivated states 1‘ or more in diameter, the flattened
stone with broader margins: pleasant-tasted, but with a tough and acerb skin.
— Woodlands and river-banks : common. — Tree thorny, 8° —20° high.

2. P. maritima, Wang. (Bracn Prium.) Low and straggling (2°-

M\ 5°); leaves ovate or oval, finely serrate, softly pubescent underneath ; pedicels short,
pubescent; fruit globular, purple or crimson with a bloom (3/—1/ in diameter) ;
the stone very turgid, acute on one edge, rounded and minutely grooved on the
other. (P. littoralis, Bigelow.) — Varies, when at some distance from the coast,
with the leaves smoother and thinner, and the fruit smaller. (P. pygmixa,
Willd.) —Sea-beach and the vicinity, Maine to Virginia; the variety, New
Jersey and southward.

3. P. Chicasa, Michx. (Cuickasaw Pxum.) Stem scarcely thorny
(8'-15! high) ; leaves nearly lanceolate, finely serrulate, glabrous; fruit globular,
red, nearly destitute of bloom (3! -3/ in diameter) ; the ovoid stone almost as
thick as wide, rounded at both sutures, one of them minutely grooved. — Mary-
land to Illinois (probably not indigenous) and southwestward.

4. P.spindsa, L. (Stor. Buack Tuorn.) Branches thorny; leaves
obovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, at length glabrous; pedicels gla-
brous; fruit small, globular, black with a bloom, the stone turgid, acute on one
edge. — Var. insitftr1a (Bui LAcE-Pium), is less spiny, the pedicels and lower
side of the leaves pubescent. (P. insititia, Z.) — Roadsides and waste places,
New England, to Penn., &c. (Adv. from Eu.)

5. P. pumila, L. (Dwarr Cuerry.) Smooth, depressed, and trailing
(6’—18! high) ; leaves obovate-lanceolate, tapering to the base, somewhat toothed near
the apex, pale underneath ; flowers 2—4 together; fruit ovoid, dark red, without
bloom ; stone ovoid, marginless, of the size of a large pea. — Rocks or sandy
banks, Massachusetts northward to Wisconsin, ana south to Virginia along the
mountains.

. : 0 6. P. Pennsylvanica, L. (Witp Rep Cuerry.) Leaves oblong-lanceo-

“ += late, pointed, finely and sharply serrate, shining, green and smooth both Sides ; flowers

\. many in a cluster, on long pedicels; fruit globose, light red, very small, with

\Nvey thin and sour flesh; stone globular.— Rocky woods : common, especially
northward. May.— Tree 20°-30° high, with light red-brown bark.

§ 2. PADUS, Mill. (Currry.) Drupe small, globose, without bloom ; the stone
turgid-ovate, marginless : flowers in racemes terminating leafy branches, therefore
appearing after the leaves, late in spring. -

7. P. Virginiana, L. (Cuoxr-Curerry.) Leaves oval, oblong, or obovate,
abruptly pointed, very sharply (often doubly) serrate with slender teeth, thin; racemes

SY Go _

ROSACEE, (ROSE FAMILY.) 149

short and close; petals roundish; fruit red turning to dark crimson; stone
smooth. — River-banks : common, especially northward. May.— A tall shrub,
seldom a tree, with grayish bark; the fruit very austere and astringent till per-
fectly ripe. (P. obovata, Bigelow. P. serotina, of several authors. )

8. P. serdtina, Ehrhart. (Wirp Brack Cuerry.) Leaves oblong or
lanceolate-oblong, taper-pointed, serrate with incurved short and callous teeth, thickish,
shining above; racemes elongated; petals obovate; fruit purplish-black. —
Woods: common. June.—A fine large tree, with reddish-brown branches,
furnishing valuable timber to the cabinet-maker : also abounding eastward as a
shrub. Fruit slightly bitter, but with a pleasant vinous flavor.

2. SPIRAMA, L. Meavow-Sweer.

Calyx 5-cleft, short, persistent. Petals 5, obovate, equal, imbricated in the
bud (except in No. 6). Stamens 10-50. Pods (follicles) 2-12, several- (2-
15-) seeded. — Flowers white or rose-color, sometimes dicecious : rarely the parts
are 4 instead of 5. (Name probably from ozreupda, to wind, alluding to the fit-
ness of the plants to be formed into garlands.)

§1. PHYSOCARPOS, Camb. (Nerxira, Don.) Shrubs with simple pal-
mately-lobed leaves and umbel-like corymbs: pods inflated and diverging when
grown, 2-4-seeded: seeds pretty large, roundish, bitter, with a thick crustaceous
seed-coat, and rather copious albumen !

1. S. opulifolia, L. (Nixe-Barx.) Leaves roundish, somewhat 3-lobed
and heart-shaped ; pods 2-5. — Rocky river-banks, especially westward. June.
— Shrub 4°-10° high, with long recurved branches, and white flowers, suc-
ceeded by membranaceous purplish pods: the old bark loose and separating in
numerous thin layers.

§ 2. SPIRAEA proper. Shrubs, with simple leaves ; the stipules obsolete: pods
(mostly 5) not inflated, several-seeded: seeds mostly linear and with a thin or
loose coat and no albumen, in this and the following sections.

2. S. corymbosa, Raf. Nearly smooth (1°-2° high); leaves oval or
ovate, cut-toothed towards the apex ; corymbs large, flat, several times compound ;
flowers white. — Alleghanies of Pennsylvania to Virginia and Kentucky. Also
Morris Co., New Jersey, C. I’. Austin. June. —A form of §. betulzfolia, Pallas.

3. §. salicifolia, L. (Common Mrapow-Sweert.) Nearly smooth (2°-
3° high) ; leaves wedge-lanceolate, simply or doubly serrate ; flowers in a crowded
panicle, white or flesh-color ; pods smooth. — Wet or low grounds : also culti-
vated. July. (Ku.)

4. S. tomentosa, L. (Harpwack. Sreepre-Busu.) Stems and lower

surface of the ovate or oblong serrate leaves very woolly ; flowers in short racemes

crowded in a dense panicle ; pods woolly. — Low grounds : commonest in New

England. July. — Flowers rose-color, rarely white.

§ 3. ULMARIA, Mench. Perennial herbs, with pinnate leaves and panicled
cymose flowers: calyx reflexed : pods 5-8 in number, 1 - 2-seeded.

5. S. lobata, Murr. (QuEEN oF THE Prarrie.) Glabrous (2° - 8° high) ;

leaves interruptedly pinnate; the terminal leaflet very large, 7-9-parted, the

lobes incised and toothed; stipules kidney-form ; panicle compound-clustered,

Wrur
Ry an

~

Umnrs ©

wr Co:

150 ROSACEX. (ROSE FAMILY.)

ona long naked peduncle. — Meadows and Prairies, Penn. to Michigan, Ili-

nois, and Kentucky. June.— Flowers deep peach-blossom color, handsome,

the petals and sepals often in fours! The bruised foliage exhales the odor of

Sweet Birch.

§ 4. ARUNCUS, Seringe. Perennial herbs, with diacious whitish flowers, in
many slender spikes disposed in a long compound panicle: leaves thrice-pinnate :
stipules obsolete: pods 3-5, several-seeded : pedicels reflexed in fruit.

6. S. Aruncus, L. (Goar’s-Bearp.) Smooth, tall; leaflets thin, lance-
olate-oblong, or the terminal ones oyate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply cut
and serrate. — Rich woods, Catskill and Alleghany Mountains and westward.

June. (Eu.)
3. GILLENIA, Mench. _Ivpi4y Parysic.

Calyx narrow, somewhat constricted at the throat, 5-toothed ; teeth erect.
Petals 5, rather unequal, linear-lanceolate, inserted in the throat of the calyx;
convolute in the bud. Stamens 10-20, included. Pods 5, included, at first
lightly cohering with each other, 2-4-seeded. Seeds ascending, with a close
coriaceous coat, and some albumen. — Perennial herbs, with almost sessile 3-fo-
liolate leaves; the thin leaflets doubly serrate and incised. Flowers loosely
paniculate-corymbed, pale rose-color or white. (Dedicated to an obscure Ger-
man botanist or gardener, A. Gille, or Grillenius.)

1. G. trifoliata, Moench. (Bowmay’s Root.) Leaflets ovate-oblong,
pointed, cut-serrate ; stipules small, awl-shaped, entire. — Rich woods, from W.

* New York southward, and sparingly in the Western States. July.

2. G. stipulacea, Nutt. (American Ipecac.) Leaflets lanceolate,
deeply incised; stipules large and leaf-like, doubly incised. — From W. Peun-
sylvania and New York to Illinois and Kentucky. June.

4. POTERIUM, L. (including Sayeursérpa.) Burner.

Calyx with a top-shaped tube, constricted at the throat, persistent; the 4
broad petal-like spreading lobes imbricated in the 4ud, deciduous. Petals none.
Stamens 4-12 or more, with flaccid filaments and short anthers. Pistils 1-3:
the slender terminal style tipped with a tufted or brush-like stigma. Achenium
(commonly solitary) enclosed in the 4-angled dry and thickish closed calyx-
tube. Seed suspended. — Chiefly perennial herbs, with unequally pinnate
leaves, stipules coherent with the petiole, and small, often polygamous or di-
cecious flowers crowded in a dense head or spike at the summit of a long and
naked peduncle, each bracteate and 2-bracteolate. (Name mornptov, a drinking-
cup, the foliage of Burnet having been used in the preparation of some medici-
nal drink.)

1. P. Canadénse. (Canapian Burner.) Stamens 4, long-exserted,
club-shaped, white, as is the whole of the elongated and cylindrical spike; stem
3° - 6° high, leaflets numerous, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, ob-
tuse, heart-shaped at the base, as if stipellate; stipules serrate. (Sanguisorba
Canadensis, L., and former edition.) — Bogs and wet meadows; chiefly north-
ward. Aug. - Oct.

ROSACEH. (ROSE FAMILY.) 151

5. ALCHEMILLA, Tourn. Lapy’s Mantte.

Calyx-tube inversely conical, contracted at the throat; limb 4-parted with as
many alternate accessory lobes outside. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Pistils
1-4; the slender style arising from near the base of the ovary ; the achenia in-
cluded in the tube of the persistent calyx. — Low herbs, with palmately lobed
or compound leaves, and small corymbed greenish flowers. (From Alkemelych,
the Arabic name.)

1, A. arvensis, L. (Parstey Piert.) Small annual (3/-8! high),
leafy ; leaves 3-parted, with the wedge-shaped lobes 2 - 3-cleft, pubescent; flow-
ers sessile in the axils. — Eastern Virginia. (Ady. from Eu.)

A. avpina, L., is said by Pursh to grow on the Green and White Moun-
tains, New England: but there is most probably some mistake about it.

6. AGRIMONIA, Tourn. Acrrony.

Calyx-tube top-shaped, contracted at the throat, beset with hooked bristles
above, indurated in fruit and enclosing the 2 achenia; the limb 5-cleft, closed
after flowering. Petals5. Stamens12-15. Styles terminal. Seed suspended.
— Perennial herbs, with interruptedly pinnate leaves, and yellow flowers in slen-
der spiked racemes: bracts 3-cleft. (Name a corruption of Argemonia, of the
same derivation as Argemone, p. 59.)

1. A. Eupatoria, L. (Common Acrimony.) Leaflets 5-7 with minute
ones intermixed, oblong-obovate, coarsely toothed; petals twice the length of the
calyx. — Borders of woods: common. July—Sept. (Eu.)

2. A. parviflora, Ait. (Smaxtt-FLrowrrep A.) Leaflets crowded, 11-
19, with smaller ones intermixed, lanceolate, acute, deeply and regularly cut-serrate,
as well as the stipules; petals small. — Woods and glades, S. New York (C. F.
Austin) to Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. July.

7. DRYAS, LL... Devas:

Calyx open, flattish, 8-9-parted. Petals 8-9, large. Otherwise like Geum
§ Sieversia. — Dwarf and matted slightly shrubby plants, with simple toothed
leaves, and solitary large flowers. (Name from Dryades, the nymphs of the
Oaks, the foliage of the original species resembling oak-leaves in miniature.)

1. D. integrifodlia, Vahl. Leaves oblong-ovate, slightly heart-shaped,
with revolute margins, nearly entire, white-downy beneath, flowers white. —
White Mountains, New Hampshire, Prof. Peck, according to Pursh; not since
‘Inet with: but it grows in Lower Canada. (Eu.)

8. GEUM, L._ Avens.

Calyx bell-shaped or flattish, deeply 5-cleft, usually with 5 small bractlets at
the sinuses. Petals 5. Stamens many. Achenia numerous, heaped on a coni-
cal or cylindrical dry receptacle, the long persistent styles forming hairy or
naked and straight or jointed tails. Seed erect.— Perennial herbs, with pin-
nate or lyrate leaves. (Name from yevo, to give an agreeable flavor, the roots
being rather aromatic.)

152 ROSACEZ. (ROSE FAMILY.)

§ 1. GEUM proper. Styles jointed and bent near the middle; the lower portion
persistent, naked, hooked at the end after the deflexed and mostly somewhat hairy
upper joint falls away: head of fruit sessile in the calyx: calyx-lobes reflexed.
(Flowers somewhat panicled at the summit of a leafy stem: achenia in our
species glabrous or nearly so below, more or less bristly at the top or along the base
of the style.)

* Petals white or pale greenish-yellow, small, spatulate or oblong: stipules small.

1. G. album, Gmelin. Smoothish or softly pubescent ; stem slender (2° high) ;
root-leaves of 3-5 leaflets, or simple and rounded, with a few minute leaflets on
the petiole below ; those of the stem 3-divided or lobed, or only toothed; petals
about the length of the calyx; receptacle of the fruit densely bristly-hirsute. — Bor-
ders of woods, &c.: common. May -Aug.— Too near the European G. urba-
num ; probably a white or whitish-flowered form of it.

2. G. Virginianum, L. Bristly-hairy, especially the stout stem ; lower and
root-leaves pinnate, very various, the upper mostly 3-parted or divided, incised ;
petals inconspicuous, shorter than the calyx; receptacle of the fruit glabrous or
nearly so.— Borders of woods and low grounds: common. June-Aug.—
Heads of fruit larger than in the preceding, on stouter hirsute peduncles.

* * Petals golden-yellow, conspicuous, broadly obovate, exceeding the calyx: stipules
larger and all deeply cut.

3. G. macrophyllum, Willd. Bristly-hairy, stout (1°-3° high) ; root-
leaves lyrately and interruptedly pinnate, with the terminal leaflet very large and
round-heart-shaped ; lateral leaflets of the stem-leayes 2-4, minute, the terminal
roundish, 3-cleft, the lobes wedge-form and rounded ; receptacle of the fruit nearly
naked. — Around the base of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, also North-
ern Michigan, Illinois, and northwestward. June. (Eu.)

4. G. strictum, Ait. Somewhat hairy (3°-5° high); root-leaves inter-
ruptedly pinnate, the leaflets wedge-obovate ; leaflets of the stem-leaves 3-5, rhom-
bic-ovate or oblong, acute; receptacle of fruit downy. — Moist meadows: common,
especially northward. July, Aug. (Ku.)

§ 3. STYLIPUS, Raf. Styles smooth: head of fruit conspicuously stalked in the
calyx : bractlets of the calyx none: otherwise nearly as § 1.

5. G. vérnum, Torr. & Gr. Somewhat pubescent; stems ascending, few-
leaved, slender ; root-leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3—5-lobed, or some of them
pinnate, with the lobes cut; petals yellow, about the length of the calyx ; recep-
tacle smooth. (Stylipus vernus, Raf.) — Thickets, Ohio to Illinois and Ken-
tucky. April-June.

§ 3. CARYOPHYLLATA, Tourn. Style jointed and bent in the middle, the up-
per joint plumose: flowers large: calyx erect or spreading: petals erect.

6. G. rivale, L. (Warer, or Purrite Avens.) Stems nearly simple,
several-flowered (2° high); root-leaves lyrate and interruptedly pinnate ; those
of the stem few, 3-foliolate or 3-lobed; petals dilated-obovate, retuse, contracted
into a claw, purplish-orange ; head of fruit stalked in the calyx. — Bogs and wet
meadows, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. May.— Blos-
soms nodding, but the feathery fruiting heads upright. Calyx brown-purple.
(Eu.)

ROSACEH., (ROSE FAMILY.) 153

§ 4. SIEVERSIA, Willd. Style not jointed, wholly persistent and straight: head
of fruit sessile: flowers large: calyx erect or spreading. (lowering stems simple,
and bearing only bracts or small leaves.) .

7. G. triflorum, Pursh. Low, softly-hairy; root-leaves interruptedly
pinnate ; the leaflets very numerous and crowded, oblong-wedge-form, deeply
cut-toothed; flowers 3 or more on long peduncles; bractlets linear, longer than the
purple calyx, as long as the oblong purplish erect petals: styles very long (2'), strongly
plumose in fruit. — Rocks, N. New Hampshire and N. New York to Wisconsin
and westward: rare. April-June.

8. G. radiatum, Michx. Hirsutely hairy or smoothish ; root-leaves rounded-
kidney-shaped, radiate-veined (2!-5! broad), doubly or irregularly cut-toothed and
obscurely 5—7-lobed, also a set of minute leaflets down the*long petiole; stems
(8’-18/ high) 1—5-flowered; bractlets minute; petals yellow, round-obovate and
more or less obcordate, exceeding the calyx (3/ long), spreading ; styles naked
except the base. (High mountains of Carolina.)

Var. Péckii. Nearly glabrous, or the stalks and veins of the leaves sparsely
hirsute. (G. Peckii, Pursh.)— Alpine tops of the White Mountains of New
Hampshire. July —Sept.

9. WALDSTEINIA, Willd. (Comanorsis, DC.)

Calyx-tube inversely conical; the limb 5-cleft, with 5 often minute and decid-
uous bractlets. Petals 5. Stamens many, inserted into the throat of the calyx.
Achenia 2-6, minutely hairy ; the terminal slender styles deciduous from the
base by a joint. Seed erect. — Low perennial herbs, with chiefly radical 3-5-
lobed or divided leaves, and small yellow flowers on bracted scapes. (Named
in honor of Francis von Waldstein, a German botanist.)

1. W. fragarioides, Tratt. (Barren Srrawperry.) Low; leaflets

3, broadly wedge-form, cut-toothed ; scapes several-flowered ; petals longer than.

the calyx. (Dalibarda fragarioides, Michx.) — WoodedAillsides, common north-
ward, and southward along the Alleghanies. June.

10. SIBBALDIA, L. SIBBALDIA.

Calyx flattish, 5-cleft, with 5 bractlets. Petals 5, linear-oblong, minute. Sta-
mens 5, inserted alternate with the petals into the margin of the woolly disk
which lines the base of the calyx. Achenia 5-10: styles lateral. — Low and
depressed mountain perennials, —in fact only reduced Potentillas. (Dedicated
to Dr. Robert Sibbald, Prof. at Edinburgh at the close of the 17th century.)

-1. S. procumbens, L. Leaflets 3, wedge-shaped, 3-toothed at the apex ;
petals yellow. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire,
and northward. (Eu.)

1l. POTENTILLA, LL. Cinqve-rom. Frve-rincer.

Calyx flat, deeply 5-cleft, with as many bractlets at the sinuses, thus appear-
ing 10-cleft. Petals 5, usually roundish. Stamens many. Achenia many,
collected in a head on the dry mostly pubescent or hairy receptacle: styles lat-
eral or terminal, deciduous. Radicle superior. — Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with

Js

154 ROSACEH. (ROSE FAMILY.)

compound leaves, and solitary or cymose flowers: their parts rarely in fours.
(Name a kind of diminutive from potens, powerful, alluding to the reputed medi-
cinal power, of which in fact these plants possess very little, being wi mild
astringents, like the rest of the tribe.)

§ 1. Style terminal, or attached above the middle of the ovary: achenia glabrous.

* Annuals or biennials: petals pale yellow, small, not exceeding the calyx : receptacle
globular, ovoid, or even oblong in fruit.

1. P. Norvegica, L. Hairy, erect, branched above; leaves palmately 3-
Joliolate; leaflets obovate-oblong, cut-toothed. — Fields: common, especially
northward. A homely weed. (Eu.) \

2. P. paradéxa, Nutt. Somewhat pubescent, spreading or decumbent,
branched ; leaves pinnate; leaflets 5-9, obovate-oblong, cut-toothed ; achenia
with a thick appendage at the base.— Banks of the Ohio and Mississippi.
Shore of L. Ontario, J. A. Paine; probably an immigrant from the West.

* * Perennial herbs : petals yellow, commonly longer than the calyx.
+ Low: leaves palmate, of 3 or 5 leaflets.

3. P. frigida, Vill. Dwarf (1'-3' high), tufted, villous when young,
stems or scapes mostly 1-flowered ; leaflets 3, broadly wedge-obovate, deeply cut into
5-7 oblong approximate teeth. (P. Robbinsiana, Oakes.) — Alpine summits
of the White Mountains of New Hampshire (Robbins, Tuckerman, &e.).. July. 2
—Less villous with age and smaller-flowered than P. frigida of the Alps, but -
agreeing closer with it than with P. minima, which probably is only another
form of the same species. (Eu.) Ef

4. P. Canadénsis, L. (Common Crnqve-Foit or Five-Finerr.) Low
or dwarf, silky-hairy ; stems decumbent, prostrate, or at length creeping ; peduncles
axillary, 1-flowered ; leaflets 5, obovate-wedge-form, cut-toothed towards the apex.
— Dry soil. April-July: producing summer runners (P. sarmentosa, Muhi.).

Var. simplex, Torr. & Gr. Less hairy and greener, larger, the ascending
stems (1°-2° long, seldom if ever creeping) from a thicker and harder caudex :
leaflets obovate-oblong, sometimes almost glabrous. (P. simplex, Micha.) —
Meadows or moister soil. May -Sept. — Usually appearing distinct.

TAL argéntea, L. (Sitvery Crxque-roin.) Stems ascending, panicu-

: lately branched at the summit, many-flowered, white-woolly ; leaflets 5, wedge-oblong,
* almost pinnatifid, entire towards the base, with revolute margins, green above,

white with silvery wool beneath. —Dry barren fields, &e. June—Sept. (Eu.)
+ + Leaves pinnate, of 3-9 leaflets.

6. P. Pennsylvanieca, L.° Stems erect (5!-18/ high), hairy or woolly ;
cymose at the summit, many-flowered ; leaflets 5-9, oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid,
silky or downy with white hairs, especially beneath, the upper ones larger and
crowded ; petals scarcely longer than the calyx. — Pennsylvania? New Hamp-
shire (Isle of Shoals, Robbins), Maine (Cape Elizabeth, C. J. Sprague), N. Wis-
consin, and northwestward. July - Aug.

§ 2. Style deeply lateral ; petals yellow or white, deciduous.
* Achenia glabrous: style thickened upwards: receptacle conical in fruit.

7. P. arguta, Pursh. Stem erect and stout (1°-4° high,) brownish-hairy,

clammy above; leaves pinnate, of 3-9 oval or ovate cut-serrate leaflets, downy

ROSACEH. (ROSE FAMILY.) 155

underneath ; flowers cymose-clustered ; petals yellowish or whitish ; disk thick and
glandular. — Rocky hills: common northward and westward. July.

* * Achenia (at least below) and the convex receptacle villous.

8. P. Anserina, L. (Sitver-Wrep.) Herbaceous, creeping with slender

runners ; leaves all radical, pinnate; leaflets 9-19, with minute pairs interposed,
oblong, pinnatifid-serrate, mostly green and nearly smooth aboye, silvery-white
with silky down underneath; stipules many-cleft ; flowers solitary (yellow), on long
seape-like peduncles. — Brackish marshes, river-banks, &c., New England to
Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. June-Sept. (Eu.)
- 9. PB. fruticdsa, L. (Suruppy Cinque-rorn.) Stem erect, shrubby (2°-
4° high), very much branched ; leaves pinnate; leaflets 5-7, closely crowded,
oblong-lanceolate, entire, silky, especially beneath; stipules scale-like ; flowers
numerous (yellow), terminating the branchlets. — Wet grounds: common north-
wards. June-Sept. (Eu.)

10. P. tridentata, Ait. (THres-rootHep C.) Stems low (4/-6/ high),
rather woody at the base, tufted, ascending, cymosely several-flowered ; leaves
palmate ; leaflets 3, wedge-oblong, nearly smooth, thick, coarsely 3-toothed at the
apex ; petals white; achenia and receptacle very hairy. — Coast of New England,
from Cape Cod, and mountain-tops from the Alleghanies, northward: also
shores of the upper Great Lakes. June.

§ 3. Styles moderately lateral: petals (shorter than the calyx, ovate-lanceolate) and
filaments more or less persistent: disk thick and hairy: achenia glabrous; recep-
tacle hairy, convex, at length large and spongy. (Comarum, L.)

11. P. palustris, Scop. (Marsu Five-Frncer.) Stems ascending
from a creeping perennial base (1°-2° high) ; leaves pinnate, of 5-7 lanceolate
or oblong crowded serrate leaflets, whitish beneath; flowers somewhat cymose ;
calyx (1/ broad) dark purple inside; petals purple. (Comarum palustre, Z.) —
Cool bogs, New England to Penn., Illinois, and northward. June-Aug. (Eu.)

4 12. FRAGARIA, Tour. STRAWBERRY.

Flowers nearly as in Potentilla. Styles deeply lateral. Receptacle in fruit
much enlarged and conical, becoming pulpy and scarlet, bearing the minute dry
achenia scattered over its surface.— Stemless perennials, with runners, and with
white cymose flowers on scapes. Leaves radical: leaflets 3, obovate-wedge-form,
coarsely serrate. Stipules cohering with the base of the petioles, which with the
scapes are usually hairy. (Name from the fragrance of the fruit.) — Flowering
in spring. (The species are indiscriminately called Witp STRAWBERRY.)

1. F. Virginiana, Ehrhart. <Achenia imbedded in the deeply pitted fruiting
receptacle, which usually has a narrow neck; calyx becoming erect after flower-
ing and connivent over the hairy receptacle when sterile or unfructified ; leaflets
of a firm or coriaceous texture. (F. Canadensis, Michx.) — Moist or rich wood-
lands, fields, &.—In the true F. Virginiana, the hairs of the scapes, and es-
pecially of the pedicels, are silky and appressed. It is the original of the Vir-
ginian Scarlet strawberries.

Var. Illinoénsis (F. Grayana, Vilmorin, F. Dlinoensis & F. Iowensis,

156 ROSACE®. (ROSE FAMILY.)

Prince) is a coarser or larger plant, perhaps a distinct species, the flowers more
inclined to be polygamo-dicecious, the villous hairs of the scape and pedicels
widely spreading, as in F. elatior and F. collina, which it seems to represent in
this country. — Common in richer soil, from W. New York to Illinois and be-
yond the Rocky Mountains. The supposed original of Hovey’s Seedling, Bos-
ton Pine, and other cultivated varieties.

2. F. vésea, L. Achenia superficial on the glabrous conical or hemispherical
fruiting receptacle (not sunk in pits); calyx remaining spreading or reflexed ;
hairs on the scape mostly widely spreading, on the pedicels appressed ; leaflets
thin, even the upper face strongly marked by the veins. — Fields and rocky
places: common; certainly indigenous northward. (Eu.)

3. BF. fxprca, L. (or Duchésnea fragarioides, Smith), — which differs from
the true Strawberries in having leafy runners, a calyx with incised leafy bract-
lets larger than the sepals, yellow petals, and insipid fruit, —has sparingly estab-
lished itself in copses around Philadelphia (Charles E. Smith, &ec.), and in the
Southern States. (Ady. from Ind.) ;

13. DALIBARDA, L. Darmarpa.

Calyx deeply 5-6-parted, 3 of the divisions larger and toothed. Petals 5,
sessile, deciduous. Stamens many. Ovaries 5-10, becoming nearly dry seed-
like drupes: styles terminal, deciduous. — Low perennials, with creeping and
densely tufted stems or rootstocks, and roundish-heart-shaped crenate leaves on
slender petioles. Flowers 1 or 2, white, on scape-like peduncles. (Named in
honor of Thomas Dalibard, a French botanist of the time of Linnzeus.)

1. D. repens, L. Downy; sepals spreading inthe flower, converging and
enclosing the fruit.— Wooded banks: common northward. June-Aug. —
In aspect and foliage resembling a stemless Violet.

14. RUBUS, Tourn. Bramste.

Calyx 5-parted, without bractlets. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens numerous.
Achenia usually many, collected on a spongy or succulent receptacle, becoming
small drupes: styles hearly terminal. — Perennial herbs, or somewhat shrubby
plants, with white (rarely reddish) flowers, and edible fruit. (The Roman
name, kindred with ruber, red.)

§1. RASPBERRY. Fruit, or collective mass of drupes, falling off whole from the
dry receptacle when ripe, or of few grains which fall separately.
* Leaves simple: flowers large: prickles none: fruit and receptacle flat and broad.
1. R. odoratus, L. (Purpre Frowerine-Raspperry.) Stem shrubby
(3°-5° high) ; branches, stalks, and calyx bristly with glandular clammy hairs ;
leaves 3 - 5-lobed, the lobes pointed and minutely toothed, the middle one pro-
longed; peduncles many-flowered ; calyx-lobes tipped with a long narrow ap-
pendage; petals rounded, purple rose-color ; fruit reddish. — Dells, &c. : common
northward. June—Aug.— Flowers showy, 2! broad.
2. R. Nutkanus, Mocino. (Wuirre F,) Glandular, scarcely bristly ;
leaves almost equally 5-lobed, coarsely toothed ; peduncles few-flowered ; petals
oval, white. (R. parviflorus, Nutt.) — Upper Michigan, and westward.

ROSACEH. (ROSE FAMILY.) 157

3. R. Chamseemorus, L. (Cioup-nerry.) Herbaceous, low, diccious ;
stem simple, 2—3-leaved, 1-flowered ; leaves roundish-kidney-form, somewhat 5-
lobed, serrate, wrinkled; calyx-lobes pointless; petals obovate, white ; fruit of
few grains, amber-color. — White Mountains of New Hampshire at the limit of
trees: also on the coast at Lubeck, Maine, and northward. (Eu.)

* * Leaflets (pinnately) 3-5: petals small, erect, white.
~— Stems annual, herbaceous, not prickly: fruit of few separate grains.

4. R. triflorus, Richardson. (Dwarr Raspserry.) Stems ascending
(6-12! high) or trailing; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5), rhombic-ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, acute at both ends, coarsely doubly serrate, thin, smooth; peduncle
1 -3-flowered. — Wooded hillsides, New England to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin,
and northward. June. —Sepals and petals often 6 or 7.

++ Stems biennial and woody, prickly: receptacle oblong: fruit hemispherical.

5. R. strigosus, Michx. (Witp Rep Rasrgerry.) Stems upright, and
with the stalks, &c. beset with stiff straight bristles (or a few becoming weak
hooked prickles), glandular when young, somewhat glaucous; leaflets 3-5,
oblong-ovate, pointed, cut-serrate, whitish-downy underneath ; the lateral ones
sessile ; petals as long as the sepals ; fruit light red. — Thickets and hills: com-
mon everywhere, especially northward. June, July. — Fruit ripening all sum-
mer, more tender than that of the Garden or European Raspberry (R. Inats),
which it too closely resembles.

6. R. occidentalis, L. (Brack Raspsperry. THIMBLEBERRY.)
Glaucous all over ; stems recurved, armed like the stalks, &c., with hooked prickles,
not bristly ; leaflets 3 (rarely 5), ovate, pointed, coarsely doubly serrate, whitened-
downy underneath ; the lateral ones somewhat stalked ; petals shorter than the
sepals ; fruit purple-black (rarely a whitish variety), ripe early in July. — Very
common northward, especially where ground has been burned over.

§2. BLACKBERRY. Fruit, or collective drupes, not separating from the juicy
prolonged receptacle, mostly ovate or oblong, blackish.

7. R. villosus, Ait. (Common or Hicu Brackserry.) Shrubby (1°-
6° high), furrowed, upright or reclining, armed with stout curved prickles ; branch-
lets, stalks, and lower surface of the leaves hairy and glandular ; leaflets 3 (or
pedately 5), ovate, pointed, unequally serrate; the terminal ones somewhat
heart-shaped, conspicuously stalked ; flowers racemed, numerous, bracts short ;
sepals linear-pointed, much shorter than the obovate-oblong spreading petals. —
Var. 1. FRONDOsUS: smoother and much less glandular; flowers more corym-
bose, with leafy bracts ; petals roundish. Var. 2. HumiFUsus: trailing, smaller ;
peduncles few-flowered. — Borders of thickets, &e.: common. May, June: the
pleasant large fruit ripe in Aug. and Sept. — Plant very variable in size, aspect,
and shape of the fruit ;— the varieties connecting with

8. R. Canadénsis, L. (Low Brackxserry. Dewserry.) Shrubby,
extensively trailing, slightly prickly ; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5-7), oval or ovate-
lanceolate, mostly pointed, thin, nearly smooth, sharply cut-serrate ; flowers ra-
cemed, with leaf-like bracts. (R. trivialis, Pursh, Bigel., gc. ; not of Michr.) —
Rocky hills and copses: common. May; ripening its excellent fruit earlier
than No. 7.

158 ROSACEH. (ROSE FAMILY.)

9. R. hispidus, L. (Ruynrinc Swamp-BiacKBERRY.) Stems slender,
scarcely woody, extensively procumbent, beset with small reflexed prickles ; leaflets 3
(or rarely pedately 5), smooth, thickish, mostly persistent, obovate, obtuse, coarsely
serrate, entire towards the base; peduncles leafless, several-flowered, often bristly ;
flowers small. (R. obovalis, Michr. R. sempérvirens and R. sétosus, Bigelow.)
— Low woods: common northward. June. — Flowering shoots short, ascend-
ing ; sterile-ones forming long runners. Fruit of few grains, red or purple, sour.

10. R. cuneifolius, Pursh. (Sanp Biackperry.) Shrubby (1°-3°
high), upright, armed with stout recurved prickles ; branchlets and lower surface of
the leaves whitish-woolly ; leaflets 3-5, wedge-obovate, thickish, serrate above ;
peduncles 2 —4-flowered ; petals large. — Sandy woods, S. New York, Penn. and
southward. May-July; ripening its well-flavored black fruit in August.

ll. R. trivialis, Michx. (Low Busu-Biackperry.} Shrubby, procum-
bent, bristly and prickly ; leaves evergreen, coriaceous, nearly glabrous ; leaflets 3 (or
pedately 5), ovate-oblong or lanceolate, sharply serrate ; peduncles 1 —3-flowered ;
petals large. — Sandy soil, Virginia and southward. March - May.

15. ROSA, Toum. Rose.

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, contracted at the mouth, becoming fleshy in fruit.
Petals 5, obovate or obcordate, inserted, with the many stamens, into the edge
of the hollow thin disk that lines the calyx-tube and within bears the numerous
pistils below. Ovaries hairy, becoming bony achenia in fruit. —Shrubby and
prickly, with odd-pinnate leaves, and stipules cohering with the petiole: stalks,
foliage, &c. often bearing aromatic glands. (The ancient Latin name.)

* Styles cohering in a protruding column, as long as the stamens.

1. R. setigera, Michx. (Cxiieine or Prairie Rose.) Stems climbing,
armed with stout nearly straight prickles, not bristly ; leaflets 3-5, ovate, acute,
sharply serrate, smooth or downy beneath ; stalks and calyx glandular ; flowers
corymbed; sepals pointed; petals deep rose-color changing to white; fruit
(hip) globular. — Borders of prairies and thickets, W. New York (indigenous?)
to Wisconsin and southwestward: also cultivated. July.— The only Ameri-
can climbing rose, or with united protruding styles: strong shoots growing
10° —20° in a season.

* * Styles separate, included in the calyx-tube: petals rose-color.

2. R. Carolina, L. (Swamp Rose.) Stems tall (4°-7° high), armed

with stout hooked prickles, not bristly ; leaflets 5-9, elliptical, often acute, dull

- above and pale beneath; stipules narrow ; flowers numerous, in corymbs ; peduncles

and calyx (with leaf-like appendages) glandular-bristly ; fruit (hip) depressed-
globular, somewhat bristly. — Low grounds: common. June- Sept.

3. R. lucida, Ehrhart. (Dwarr Wirp-Rose.) ‘Stems (1°-2° high),
armed with unequal bristly prickles, which are mostly deciduous, the stouter per-
sistent ones nearly straight, slender ; leaflets 5-9, elliptical or oblong-lanceolate,
shining above, sharply serrate ; stipules broad ; peduncles 1 -3-flowered, and with
the appendaged calyx-lobes glandular-bristly ; fruit depressed-globular, smooth
when ripe. — Common in dry soil, or along the borders of swamps. May-
July. — R. nitida; Willd., is a smooth and narrow-leaved form.

ROSACEEH. (ROSE FAMILY.) 159

4. R. blanda, Ait. (Earty Witp-Rose.) Nearly unarmed, or with
scattered straight deciduous prickles (1°-3° high) ; leaflets 5-7, oval or oblong,
obtuse, pale on both sides and minutely downy or hoary beneath, serrate; stipules
large ; flowers 1-3, the peduncles and calyx-tube smooth and glaucous ; fruit glo-
bose, crowned with the persistent erect and connivent entire calyx-lobes. —
Rocks and banks, Vermont to Penn. and Wisconsin, chiefly northward, May,
June. — Petals light rose-color.

5. R. rupiernosa, L. (Sweet-Brier.) Climbing high; prickles numer-
ous, the larger ones strong and hooked, the smaller awl-shaped ; leaflets doubly serrate,
rounded at the base ; downy and clothed with fragrant russet glands beneath ; fruit
pear-shaped or obovate, crowned with the mostly persistent calyx-lobes. — Roadsides
and thickets. June-Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)

6. R. micrAntHa, Smith. (Smauuer-ry. 8.) Prickles uniform and hooked ;
fruit elliptical and ovate ; calyx-lobes deciduous ; flowers smaller: otherwise as the

last: probably a mere variety. — E. New England. (Nat. from Eu.)
4

16. CRATAGUS, L. MHawrnorn. Wuire Tuory.

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, the limb 5-cleft. Petals 5, roundish. Stamens many,
or only 10-5. Styles 1-5. Pome drupe-tike, containing 1-5 bony 1-seeded
stones. — Thorny shrubs or small trees, with simple and mostly lobed leaves,
and white (rarely rose-colored) blossoms. (Name from xkparos, strength, on ac-
count of the hardness of the wood.)

* Corymbs many-flowered.
+ Fruit very small, depressed-globose (not larger than peas), bright red: flowers
small : calysx-teeth short and broad: styles 5: plants glabrous (except No. 1) and
glandless.

1. C,. Prracdnrua, Pers. (EverGREEN Tuorn.) Leaves evergreen, shin-
ing (1! long), oblong or spatulate-lanceolate, crenulate; the short petioles and
young branchlets pubescent; corymbs small.— Shrub, spontaneous at Wash-
ington, and near Philadelphia, Zsaac Martindale. (Ady. from Eu.)

2. C. spathulata, Michx. Leaves thickish, shining, but deciduous, spatu-
late or oblanceolate, with a long tapering base, crenate above, rarely cut-lobed,

“nearly sessile. — Virginia and southward. May.— Shrub 10°- 15° high.

3. C. cordata, Ait. (Wassixeron Tuory.) Leaves broadly ovate or
triangular, mostly truncate or a little heart-shaped at the base, on a slender
petiole, variously 3-5-cleft or cut, serrate. — Virginia, Kentucky, and southward.
June. — Trunk 15°-25° high.

++ Fruit small (3! -14! long), ovoid, deep red: flowers rather large: styles 1-3.

4, C, OxyacAntHa, L. (Ener~ish Hawtnorn.) Smooth; leaves obovate,
cut-lobed and toothed, wedge-form at the base; calyx not glandular. May.—
More or less spontaneous as well as cultivated. (Ady. from Eu.)

5. C. apiifolia, Michx. Softly pubescent when young; leaves roundish,
with a broad truncate or slightly heart-shaped base, pinnately 5-7-cleft, the
crowded divisions cut-lobed and sharply serrate; petioles slender ; calyx-lobes
glandular-toothed, slender. — Virginia and southward. March, April.

Wudr aur
Kit. &

160 ROSACE®. (ROSE FAMILY.)

+ + + Fruit large (3!-%! long), red: flowers large: styles and stones of the fruit
even in the same species 1-3 (when the fruit is ovoid or pear-shaped), or 4-5
(when the fruit is globular): stipules, calyx-teeth, bracts, &c. often beset with
glands.

6. C. coccinea, L. (Scartet-rruitep Tuorn.) Glabrous throughout ;
leaves thin, roundish-ovate, sharply toothed and cut, or somewhat cut-lobed,
usually abrupt at the base, on slender petioles ; flowers white, often with a rosy
tinge (%! broad); fruit bright coral-red, ovoid (3! broad), scarcely edible. —
Thickets and rocky banks: common. May.— A low tree.

7. C. tomentosa, L. (Brack or Pear Tuorn.) Downy or villous-
pubescent at least when young on the peduncles, calyx, and lower side of the
leaves ; leaves thickish, rather large, oval or ovate-oblong, sharply toothed and
often cut, abruptly narrowed at the base into a somewhat margined petiole, the
upper surface more or less furrowed along the veins; flowers large (often 1,
broad), white ; fruct scarlet or orange, large (3'- 3! broad), globular or somewhat
pear-shaped, edible. —Thickets: common. May, June. — A tall shrub or low
tree, of many varieties, of which the following are the most marked.

Var. pyrifolia. Leaves sparingly pubescent beneath when young, soon
glabrous, smooth above, and shining often slightly cut-lobed ; fruit large, bright-
colored, sparingly dotted, of a pleasant flavor. (C. pyrifolia, Ait.)

Var. punctata. Leaves rather small, mostly wedge-obovate, with a longer
tapering and entire base, unequally toothed above, rarely cut, villous-pubescent
when young, smooth but dull when old, the numerous veins more strongly im-
pressed on the upper surface and prominent underneath; fruit globose, usually
dull red and yellowish with whitish dots. (C. punctata, Jacq.)

Var. mollis. Leaves rounded, abrupt or somewhat heart-shaped at the
base, soft-downy both sides, or at least beneath, very sharply doubly-toothed
and cut; fruit often downy, dull red. (C. subvillosa, Schrader. C. coccinea,
var.? mollis. Torr. § Gray.) — Michigan, Illinois, and southwestward.

8. C. Crus-galli, L. (Cockxspur Tuorn.) Glabrous ; leaves thick,
shining above, wedge-obovate and oblanceolate, tapering into a very short petiole,
serrate above the middle; fruit globular, bright-red (4' broad). — Thickets.
June. — Shrub or tree 10°- 20° high, with firm dark-green leaves very shining
above, and slender thorns often 2! long. ‘This is our best species for hedges.

* Corymbs simple, few- (1-6-) flowered: calyx, bracts, §-c. glandular.

9. C. flava, Ait. (Summer Haw.) Somewhat pubescent or glabrous ;
leaves wedge-obovate or rhombic-obovate, narrowed into a glandular petiole, unequally
toothed and somewhat cut above the middle, rather thin, the teeth glandular; styles
4-5; fruit somewhat pear-shaped, yellowish, greenish, or reddish (3! - 3! broad).
—Sandy soil, Virginia and southward. May.— Tree 15°-20° high, with
rather large flowers, 2-6 in a corymb.

Var. pubéscens. Downy or villous-pubescent when young ; leaves thick-
ish, usually obtuse or rounded at the summit. (C. elliptica, Ait. C. glandu-
losa, Miche. C. Virginica, Lodd.) — Virginia and southward.

10. C. parvifolia, Ait. (Dwarr THorn.) Downy; leaves thick, obovate-
spatulate, crenate-toothed (}'-13' long), almost sessile, the upper surface at length

ROSACE. (ROSE FAMILY.) 161

shining ; flowers solitary or 2-3 together on very short peduncles ; calyz-lobes as
long as the petals; styles 5; fruit globular or pear-shaped, yellowish. — Sandy
soil, New Jersey to Virginia and southward. May.— Shrub 3° -6° high.

7p, eee is Une.’ Li. Pear. Appie.

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, the limb 5-cleft. Petals roundish or obovate. Sta-
mens numerous. Styles 2-5. Pome fleshy or berry-like ; the 2—5 carpels or
cells of a papery or cartilaginous texture, 2-seeded.— Trees or shrubs, with
handsome flowers in corymbed cymes. (The classical name of the Pear-tree.)

§ 1. MALUS, Tourn. (Apptp.) Leaves simple: cymes simple and umbel-like :
pome fleshy, globular, sunk in at the attachment of the stalk.

1. P. coronaria, L. (American Cras-Appie.) Leaves ovate, often
rather heart-shaped, cut-serrate or lobed, soon glabrous ; styles woolly and united at
the base. — Glades, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. May.— Tree
20’ high, with large, rose-colored, fragrant blossoms, few in the corymb, and
fragrant, greenish fruit.

2. P. angustifolia, Ait. (Narrow-Leavep C.) Leaves oblong or lance-
olate, often acute at the base, mostly toothed, glabrous ; styles distinct. — Glades,
from Pennsylvania southward. April. — Perhaps a variety of No. 1.

§ 2. ADENORHACHIS, DC. Leaves simple, the mid-rib glandular along the up-
per side: cymes compound: styles united at the base: fruit berry-like, small.

3. P. arbutifolia, L. (Cuoxn-serry.) Leaves oblong or obovate, finely
serrate; fruit pear-shaped, or when ripe globular. — Var. 1. ERYTHROCARPA,
has the cyme and leaves beneath woolly, and red or purple fruit. Var. 2. mxE-
LANOCARPA, is nearly smooth, with black fruit.— Damp thickets: common.
May, June. — Shrub 2°-10° high. Flowers white, or tinged with purple.

§ 3. SORBUS, Tourn. Leaves odd-pinnate, with rather numerous leaflets: cymes
compound : styles separate: pome berry-like, small.

4. P. Americana, DC. (American Mountain-Agu.) Nearly glabrous
or soon becoming so; leaflets 13 - 15, lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate with
pointed teeth, bright green; cymes large and flat; berries globose, not larger
than peas; leaf-buds pointed, glabrous and somewhat glutinous. — Swamps and
mountain-woods, Maine to Penn. and Michigan, and southward along the whole
length of the Alleghanies. June. (P. microcarpa, DC.) — Tree or tall shrub,
with leaflets rather shining above and scarcely pale underneath, the rhachis and
petiole reddish and elongated: prized in cultivation for the autumnal clusters
of bright-red berries.

5. P. sambucifodlia, Cham. & Schlecht. Leaflets oblong, oval, or lance-
ovate, mostly obtuse or abruptly short-pointed, serrate (mostly doubly) with more
spreading teeth, often pale beneath ; cymes smaller ; flowers and berries larger,
the latter (4/’ broad) when young ovoid, at length globose ; leaf-buds sparingly
hairy: otherwise nearly as the preceding. (Sorbus. aucuparia, var. 8B. Michz.)
— Along the northern frontiers of the United States, northward and westward
to the Pacific, &c. Perhaps passes into No. 4: it is sometimes cultivated for it,
and nearly connects it with.

11

162 CALYCANTHACEH. (CALYCANTHUS FAMILY.)

P. aucupArta, Gertn., the European Mountain Asu or ROWAN-TREE,
the one more commonly planted in grounds: it has paler, oblong, and obtuse
leaflets, their lower surface downy, larger globose berries, and blunter and
tomentose leaf-buds.

18. AMELANCHIER, Medic. Juye-perry.

Calyx 5-cleft. Petals oblong, elongated. Stamens numerous, short. Styles
5, united below. Ovary 5-celled, each cell 2-ovuled; but a projection grows
from the back of each, and forms a false partition; the berry-like pome thus
10-celled, with one seed in each cell (when all ripen): partitions cartilaginous.
— Small trees or shrubs, with simple sharply serrated leaves, and white flowers
in racemes. (Amelancier is the popular name of A. vulgaris in Savoy.)

1. A. Canadénsis, Torr. & Gray. (SHAD-BUSH. SERVICE-BERRY.)
Calyx-lobes triangular-lance-form ; fruit globular, purplish, edible (sweet, ripe
in June). — Along streams, &c. : common, especially northward. April, May.
— Varies exceedingly ; the leading forms are, —

Var. Botryapium; a tree 10°- 30° high, nearly or soon glabrous ; leaves
ovate-oblong, sometimes heart-shaped to the base, pointed, very sharply serrate ;
flowers in long drooping racemes; the oblong petals 4 times the length of the
calyx. (Pyrus Botryapium, Willd.)

Var. oblongifolia; a smaller tree or shrub; leaves oblong, beneath, like
the branchlets white downy when young; racemes and petals shorter.

Var. rotundifolia; with broader leaves and smaller petals than in the first
variety ; racemes 6 — 10-flowered. ;

Var. alnifolia; shrub, with the roundish leaves blunt or notched at both
ends, serrate towards the summit; racemes dense and many-flowered. — Chiefly
in the Western States and westward.

Var. oligocarpa; shrub, with thin and smooth narrowly oblong leaves,
and 2-4-flowered racemes, the broader petals scarcely thrice the length of the
calyx. — Cold and deep mountain swamps, northward.

Orver 34. CALYCANWHACEAE. (Carycanruus Famty.)

Shrubs with opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the sepals and petals similar
and indefinite, the anthers adnate and extrorse, and the cotyledons convolute :
the fruit like a rose-hip. Chiefly represented by the genus

1. CALYCANTHUS a Pals CaroLina ALLSPICE. SWEET-

ScENTED SHRUB.

Calyx of many sepals, united below into a fleshy inversely conical cup (with
some leaf-like bractlets growing from it); the lobes lanceolate, mostly colored
like the petals ; which are similar, in many rows, thickish, inserted on the top
of the closed calyx-tube. Stamens numerous, inserted just within the petals,
short; some of the inner ones sterile (destitute of anthers). Pistils several or
many, enclosed in the calyx-tube, inserted on its base and inner face, resembling
those of the Rose ; but the enlarged hip dry when ripe, enclosing the achenia.

SAXIFRAGACE®, (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 163

— The lurid purple flowers terminating the leafy branches. Bark and foliage
aromatic; the crushed flowers exhaling more or less the fragrance of strawber-
ries. (Name composed of kdAv&, a cup or calyx, and avOos, flower, from the
closed cup which contains the pistils. )

1. C. fléridus, L. Leaves oval, soft-downy underneath. — Virginia? and
southward, on hillsides in rich soil. Common in gardens. April- Aug.

2. C. levigatus, Willd. Leaves oblong, thin, either blunt or taper-pointed,
bright green and glabrous or nearly so on both sides, or rather pale beneath; flow-
ers smaller. — Mountains of Franklin Co., Penn. (Prof. Porter), and southward
along the Alleghanies. May- Aug.

3. C. glaticus, Willd. Leaves oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; conspicu-
ously taper-pointed, glaucous-white beneath, roughish above, glabrous, large (4/—-7/
long); probably a variety of the preceding. — Virginia? near the mountains
and southward. May- Aug.

Orper 35. SAXIFRAGACEZE. (Saxrrrace FamIty.)

Herbs or shrubs, of various aspect, distinguishable from Rosacee by hav-
ing copious albumen in the seeds, opposite as well as alternate leaves, and
usually no stipules when the leaves are alternate ; the stamens mostly definite,
and the carpels commonly fewer than the sepals, either separate or partly
so, or all combined into one compound pistil. Calyx either free or adher-
ent, usually persistent or withering away. Stamens and petals almost al-
ways inserted on the calyx. Ovules anatropous.— A large family, to
which Parnassia, formerly associated with Drosera, is commonly referred,
— now made to include Ribes also.

’

Tribe I. GROSSULARIEZ. Shrubs, with alternate and palmately veined and lobed
leaves: stipules none or united with the base of the petiole. Calyx-tube coherent with the
one-celled ovary, which has 2 parietal placentze and forms a many-seeded berry. Seed-coat
externally gelatinous. Embryo minute at the base of the hard albumen.

1. Ribes. Character of the tribe. Stamens and small petals 5.

Tribe II. ESCALLONIE®. Shrubs or trees, with alternate and simple pinnately
veined leaves, and no stipules. Ovary 2-5-celled.
2. Itea. Calyx 5-cleft, free from the 2-celled ovary, which becomes a septicidal pod.

Tribe III. HYDRANGIE®. Shrubs or trees, with opposite simple leaves, and no
stipules. Ovary 2 -5-celled ; the calyx coherent at least with its base. Fruit (in the fol-
lowing) a many-seeded pod.

3. Hydrangea. Lobes of the calyx minute in complete flowers. Petals valvate in the bud.

Stamens 8 or 10.
4, Philadelphus. Lobes of the calyx and petals conspicuous ; the former valvate, the
latter convolute in the bud. Stamens 20-40.

Tribe IV. SAXIFRAGEZE. Herbs, without stipules, except perhaps a membranous
dilatation of the base of the petiole. Petals imbricated or rarely convolute in the bud. Fruit
dry, capsular or follicular.

* A cluster of sterile or gland-tipped filaments at the base of each petal. Stigmas 3 or 4, situ-
ated directly over as many parietal placentz !
5. Parnassia. Sepals, petals, and proper stamens 5. Peduncle a scape or scape-like, 1-
flowered.

164 SAXIFRAGACER. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)

* * No sterile stamens or bodies resembling them.
+ Pod 2-3-celled and 2-3-beaked, or of as many distinct follicles.

6. Astilbe. Flowers polygamous. Stamens twice as many as the small petals. Seeds few.
Leaves decompound.

7. Saxifraga. Flowers perfect. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Seeds numerous,
with a close coat.

8. Boykinia. Flowers perfect. Stamens only as many as the petals, which are convolute
in the bud and deciduous. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Seed-coat close.

9. Sullivantia. Flowers perfect. Stamens 5. Calyx nearly free. Seeds wing-margined.

+ + Pod one-celled with 2 parietal placente.
++ Stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx, namely 5.
10. Heuchera. Calyx bell-shaped, coherent with the ovary below. Petals small, entire.

++ ++ Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the calyx, namely 8 or 10.
11. Mitella. Calyx partly cohering with the depressed ovary. Petals small, pinnatifid.
12. Tiarella. Calyx nearly free from the slender ovary. Petals entire,
18. Chrysosplenium. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary. Petals none.

Ja : oS 1. RIBES A ibe CurRANT. GOOSEBERRY.

Calyx 5-lobed, often colored; the tube coherent with the ovary. Petals 5,
inserted in the throat of the calyx, small. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals.
Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placente and 2 distinct or united styles. Berry
crowned with the shrivelled remains of the calyx; the surface of the numerous
seeds swelling into a gelatinous outer coat investing a crustaceous one. Em-
bryo minute at the base of hard albumen. — Low, sometimes prickly shrubs,
with alternate and palmately-lobed leaves, which are plaited in the bud (except
in one species), often clustered in the axils; the small flowers from the same
clusters, or from separate lateral buds. (An Arabic name, properly belonging
to a species of Rheum. Grossularia was the proper name to have been adopted
for the genus.)

§ 1. GROSSULARIA, Tourn. (GoosrpErRy.) Stems mostly bearing thorns
at the base of the leafstalks or clusters of leaves, and often with scattered bristly
prickles: berries prickly or smooth. (Our species are indiscriminately called
WiLp GoosEeBerRRY : the flowers greenish.)

+ Peduncles 1 - 3-flowered : leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3 - 5-lobed.

1. R. Cynosbati, L. Leaves pubescent; peduncles slender, 2 -3-flowered ;
stamens and undivided style not longer than the broad calyx.— Rocky woods: com-
mon, especially northward. May.—Spines small or obsolete. Berry large,
armed with long prickles like a burr, or rarely smooth.

2. R. hirtéllum, Michx. Leaves somewhat pubescent beneath ; peduncles
‘very short, 1 - 2-flowered, deflexed ; stamens and 2-cleft style scarcely longer than the
bell-shaped calyx ; fruit smooth, small, purple, sweet. — Moist grounds, New Eng-
land to Illinois, common. May.— Stems either smooth or prickly, and with
very short thorns, or none. — This yields the commonest smooth gooseberry of
New England, &c., and usually passes for R. triflorum, Willd., which name be-
longs to the next.

3. R. rotundifolium, Michx. Leaves smooth or downy ; peduncles slen-
der, 1 -3-flowered ; stamens and 2-parted style slender, longer than the narrow cylin-
drical calyx ; fruit smooth, pleasant. — Rocks, W. Massachusetts to Wisconsin,
and southward along the mountains to Virginia, &c. June.

SAXIFRAGACE®, (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 165°

* * Racemes 4 -9-flowered, slender, nodding.

4. R. lacustre, Poir. Young stems clothed with bristly prickles, and
with weak thorns; leaves heart-shaped, 3 - 5-parted, with the lobes deeply cut;
calyx broad and flat; stamens and style not longer than the petals ; fruit bristly
(small, unpleasant). — Cold woods and swamps, New England to Wisconsin
and northward. June.

§ 2. RIBESIA, Berl. (Curranr.) Stems neither prickly nor thorny: flowers
(greenish) in racemes: berries never prickly.

5. R. prostratum, L’Her. (Feri Currant.) Stems reclined; leaves
deeply heart-shaped, 5-7-lobed, smooth ; the lobes ovate, acute, doubly serrate ;
racemes erect, slender; calyx flattish ; pedicels and the (pale red) fruit glandular-
bristly. — Cold damp woods and rocks, from N. England and Penn. northward.
May. — The bruised plant and berries exhale an unpleasant odor.

6. R. fléridum, L. (Wirp Brack Currant.) Leaves sprinkled with
resinous dots, slightly heart-shaped, sharply 3-—5-lobed, doubly serrate ; racemes
drooping, downy ; bracts longer than the pedicels ; calyx tubular-bell-shaped, smooth ;
fruit round-ovoid, black, smooth.— Woods: common. May.— Much like the
Black Currant of the gardens, which the berries resemble in smell and flavor.
Flowers large, whitish:

7. R. rubrum, L. (Rep Currant.) Stems straggling or reclined;
leayes somewhat heart-shaped, obtusely 3 — 5-lobed, serrate, downy beneath
when young ; racemes from lateral buds distinct from the leaf-buds, drooping ; calyx
flat (green or purplish) ; fruct globose, smooth, red ; on our wild plant apt to turn
upwards in the drooping raceme: the veins of the leaves are whitish beneath
(whence the name R. albinérvium, Michr.): but apparently not distinct from
the garden Red Currant of the Old World. — Cold bogs and damp woods, New
Hampshire to Minnesota and northward. May, June. (Eu.)

R. atrevm, Pursh, the Burrato or Missourr Currant, remarkable
for the spicy fragrance of its yellow blossoms in early spring, is widely culti-

>
vated for ornament. Its leaves are convolute (instead of plaited) in the bud.

oe Pp Ree ie

Calyx 5-cleft, free from the ovary or nearly so. Petals 5, lanceolate, much
longer than the calyx, and longer than the 5 stamens. Pod oblong, 2-grooved,
2-celled, tipped with the 2 united styles, 2-parted (septicidal) when mature,
several-seeded. — Shrubs, with simple, alternate, petioled leaves, without stip-
ules, and small white flowers in simple racemes. (Greek name of the Willow.)
' 1. I. Virginica, L. Leaves deciduous, oblong, pointed, minutely ser-
rate ; seeds oval, flattish, with a crustaceous coat.— Wet places, New Jersey
and southward, near the coast. June.

3. HYDRANGEA, Gronov. Hyprancra.

Calyx-tube hemispherical, 8-10-ribbed, coherent with the ovary; the limb
4-5-toothed. Petals ovate, valvate in the bud. Stamens 8-10, slender. Pod
crowned with the 2 diverging styles, 2-celled below, many-seeded, opening by a
hole between the styles. — Shrubs, with opposite petioled leaves, no stipules,

Ja hd ’

166 SAXIFRAGACEH. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)

and numerous flowers in compound cymes. The marginal flowers are usually
sterile and radiant, consisting merely of a membranaceous and colored flat and
dilated calyx, and showy. (Name from vdwp, water, and ayyos, a vase.)

1. H. arboréscens, L. (Wizp HyprancGea.) Glabrous or nearly so;
leaves ovate, rarely heart-shaped, pointed, serrate, green both sides ; cymes flat.
— Rocky banks, N. Penn. to Illinois, and southward. July. — Flowers often
all fertile, rarely all radiant, like the Garden Hydrangea.

4. PHILADELPHUS, L. Mock ORANGE or SYRINGA.

Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the ovary ; the limb 4 — 5-parted, spread-
ing, persistent, valvate in the bud. Petals rounded or oboyate, large, convolute
in the bud. Stamens 20-40. Styles 3-5, united below or nearly to the top.
Stigmas oblong or linear. Pod 3—5-celled, splitting at length into as many
pieces. Seeds very numerous, on thick placente projecting from the axis, pen-
dulous, with a loose membranaceous coat prolonged at both ends. — Shrubs,
with opposite often toothed leaves, no stipules, and solitary or cymose-clustered
showy white flowers. (An ancient name, applied by Linnzus to this genus for
no obvious reason.)

1. P. inodorus, L. Glabrous; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed,
entire or with some spreading teeth; flowers single or few at the ends of the
diverging branches, pure white, scentless; calyx-lobes acute, scarcely longer
than the tube. — Mountains of Virginia and southward.

Var. grandiflorus. Somewhat pubescent; flowers larger; calyx-lobes
longer and taper-pointed. — Virginia and southward, near the mountains.
May - July. — A tall shrub, with long and recurved branches: often cultivated.

P. coronirivs, L., the common Mock OranGE or SyrinGa of the gar-
dens, with cream-colored, odorous flowers, in full clusters, the crushed foliage
with the odor and taste of cucumbers, — has sometimes escaped from grounds.

5. PARNASSIA, Tourn. Grass or Parnassus.

Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, slightly united at the base, and sometimes
also with the base of the ovary, persistent. Petals 5, veiny, spreading, at length
deciduous, imbricated in the bud: a cluster of somewhat united gland-tipped
sterile filaments at the base of each. Proper stamens 5, alternate with the
petals: filaments persistent: anthers opening inwards. Ovary 1-celled, with
4 projecting parietal placente : stigmas 4, sessile, directly over the placente.
Pod 4-valved, the valves bearing the placentz on their middle. Seeds very nu-
merous, anatropous, with a thick wing-like seed-coat and little if any albumen.
Embryo straight : cotyledons very short. — Perennial smooth herbs, with the
leaves entire and chiefly radical, and the solitary flowers terminating the long
naked stems. Petals white, with greenish or yellowish veins. (Named from
Mount Parnassus: called Grass of Parnassus by Dioscorides.) In former
edition placed between Droseracex and Hypericacee.

1. P. parviflora, DC. Petals sessile, little longer than the calyx ; sterile
Jilaments about 5 in each set, slender ; leaves ovate or oblong, tapering at the base.
—N. W. shore of L. Michigan (White-Fish Bay, Wisconsin, Henry Gillman),

SAXIFRAGACEH, (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 167

and westward. July. — More slender than, the next, and the flower only half
the size.

2. P. palustris, L. Petals sessile; rather longer than the calyx, few-
veined ; sterile filaments 9-15 in each set, slender ; leaves heart-shaped. — Shore
of Lake Superior, and northward. Aug. — Stalks 3’-10! high. Flower nearly
1! broad. (Hu.)

3. P. Caroliniana, Michx. Petals sessile, more than twice the length
of the calyx, many-yeined ; sterile filaments 3 in each set, stout, distinct almost to
the base. — Wet banks, New England to Wisconsin and southward, especially
along the mountains. July—Sept.— Leaves thickish, ovate or rounded, often
heart-shaped, usually but one on the stalk, and that low down and clasping.
Stalk 9'-2° high. Flower 1/-13/ broad.

4. P. asarifolia, Vent. Petals abruptly contracted into a claw at the base ;
sterile filaments 3 in each set ; leaves rounded kidney-shaped: otherwise as in the
foregoing. — High Alleghanies of Virginia and southward.

6. ASTILBE, Don. Farse Goarsprarp.

Flowers diceciously polygamous. Calyx 4-5-parted, small. Petals 4-5,
spatulate, small, withering-persistent. Stamens 8 or 10. Ovary 2-celled, almost
free, many-oVuled: styles 2, short. Pod 2-celled, separating -into 2 follicles,
each ripening few seeds. Seed-coat loose and thin, tapering at each end. —
Perennial herbs, with twice or thrice ternately-compound ample leaves, cut-lobed
and toothed leaflets, and small white or yellowish flowers in spikes or racemes,
which are disposed in a compound panicle. (Name composed of @ privative and
oTiABn, a bright surface, because the foliage is not shining.)

1. A. decandra, Don. Somewhat pubescent; leaflets mostly heart-
shaped ; petals minute or wanting in the fertile flowers ; stamens 10.— Rich
woods, Alleghanies of S. W. Virginia and southward. July. — Plant imitating
Spirea Aruncus, but coarser, 3° - 5° high.

7. SAXIFRAGA, L._ Saxirrace.

Calyx either free from or cohering with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft or
parted. Petals 5, entire, imbricated in the bud, commonly deciduous. Stamens
10. Styles 2. Pod 2-beaked, 2-celled, opening down or between the beaks ; or
sometimes 2 almost separate follicles. Seeds numerous, with a close coat. —
Chiefly perennial herbs, with the root-leaves clustered, those of the stem mostly
alternate. (Name from saxum, a rock, and frango, to break; many species
. rooting in the clefts of rocks.)

* Stems prostrate, in tufts, leafy: leaves opposite: calyx free from the pod.

1. S. oppositifolia, L. (Mountain Saxirrace.) Leaves fleshy,
ovate, keeled, ciliate, imbricated on the sterile branches (1!'—2! long) ; flowers
solitary, large ; petals purple, obovate, much longer than the 5-cleft-calyx. —
Rocks, Willoughby Mountain, Vermont, and northward. (Eu.)

* * Stems ascendiug, leafy : stem-leaves alternate : calyx coherent below with the pod.
+ Petals all alike.
2. §. rivularis, L. (Atpine Broox-S.) Small; stems weak, 3-5-

168 SAXIFRAGACEE. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)

flowered ; lower leaves rounded, 3 -5-lobed, on slender petioles, the upper lance-
olate ; petals white, ovate. — Alpine region of Mount Washington, New Hamp-
shire (Oakes, &c.): rare. (Eu.) f

3. S. aizoides, L. (Yettow Moonrtary-S.) Low (3/-5’ high), in
tufts, with few or several corymbose flowers ; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, fleshy,
distantly spinulose-ciliate ; petals yellow, spotted with orange, oblong. — Willoughby
Mountain, Vermont; near Oneida Lake, New York; N. Michigan ; and north-
ward. June. (Eu.)

4. §. tricuspidata, Retz. Stems tufted (4/-8' high), naked above ;
flowers corymbose ; leaves oblong or spatulate, with 3 rigid sharp teeth at the sum-
mit ; petals obovate-oblong, yellow. — Shore of L. Superior and northward. (Eu.)

* * Leaves clustered at the root : scape many-flowered, erect, clammy-pubescent.

5. S. Aizdon, Jacq. Leaves persistent, thick, spatulate, with white cartilagi-
nous toothed margins ; calyx partly adherent ; petals obovate, cream-color, often
spotted at the base. — Moist rocks, Upper Michigan and Wisconsin ; Willoughby
Mountain, Vermont (Wr. Blake), and northward. — Seape 5!-10! high. (Eu.)

6. S. Virginiénsis, Michx. (Earty S.) Low (4/-9! high); leaves
obovate or oval-spatulate, narrowed into a broad petiole, crenate-toothed, thickish ;
flowers in a clustered cyme, which is at length open and loosely panicled; lobes
of the nearly free calyx erect, not half the length of the oblong obtuse (white) petals ;
pods 2, united merely at the base, divergent, purplish. — Exposed rocks: com-
mon, especially northward. April—June.

7. S. Pennsylvanica, L. (Swamp §.) Large (1°-2° high) ; leaves
oblanceolate, obscurely toothed (4'-8' long), narrowed at the base into a short and
broad petiole ; cymes in a large oblong panicle, at first clustered ; lobes of* the
nearly free calyx recurved, about the length of the linear-lanceolate (greenish) small
paals ; filaments awl-shaped: pods at length divergent.— Bogs: common, es-
pecially northward. May, June.— A homely species.

8. S. erdsa, Pursh. (Lerruce 8.) Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse,
sharply toothed, tapering into a margined petiole (8’~12! long) ; scape slender
(1°-3° high) ; panicle elongated, loosely flowered; pedicels slender ; calyx re-
Slexed, entirely free, nearly as long as the oval obtuse (white) petals ; filaments club-
shaped ; pods 2, nearly separate, diverging. — Cold mountain brooks, Penn-
sylvania (near Bethlehem, Mr. Wolle), and throughout the Alleghanies, south-
ward. June.

++ Peals unequal, with claws, white, all or some of them with a pair of yellow
spots near the base: leaves oblong, wedge-shaped or spatulate; calyx free and
reflexed.

9. S. leucanthemifolia, Lapeyrouse, Michx. Leaves coarsely toothed
or cut, tapering into a petiole; scapes (5'-18/ high) bearing one or more leaves
or leafy bracts and a loose, spreading corymbose or paniculate eyme ; petals
lanceolate ; the 3 larger ones with a heart-shaped base and a pair of spots; the 2
smaller with a tapering base and no spots.— Salt Pond Mountain, Virginia
(Wm. M. Canby), and southward in the Alleghanies.

10. S. stellaris, L., var. comdsa, Willd. Leaves wedge-shaped, more
or less toothed ; scape (4-5! high) bearing a small contracted panicle; many

SAXIFRAGACEA. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 169

or most of the flowers changed into little tufts of green leaves; petals all lanceo-
late and tapering into the claw. —Mount Katahdin, Maine (Rev. J. Blake) and
high northward. (Eu.)

8. BOYKINIA, Nutt. Bornrnia.

Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the 2-celled and 2-beaked pod. —Sta-
mens 5, as many as the deciduous petals, these mostly convolute in the bud.
Otherwise as in Saxifraga. — Perennial herbs, with alternate palmately 5 -7-
lobed or cut petioled leaves, and white flowers in cymes. (Dedicated to the
late Dr. Boykin of Georgia.)

1. B. aconitifolia, Nutt. Stem glandular (6’-20! high) ; leaves deeply
5-7-lobed. — Mountains of S. W. Virginia, and southward. July.

9. SULLIVANTIA, Torr. & Gray. Surtrvanrta.

Calyx bell-shaped, cohering below only with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft.
Petals 5, entire, acutish, withering-persistent. Stamens 5, shorter than the
petals. Pod 2-celled, 2-beaked, many-seeded, opening between the beaks: the
seeds wing-margined, imbricated upwards. — A low and reclined-spreading per-
ennial herb, with rounded and cut-toothed, or slightly lobed smooth leaves, on
slender petioles, and small white flowers in a branched loosely cymose panicle,
raised on a nearly leafless slender scape (6/-12' long). Peduncles and calyx
glandular: pedicels recurved in fruit. (Dedicated to the distinguished bryoloy
gist who discovered the only species.)

1. §. Ohidnis, Torr. & Gr. (Gray, Chloris Bor.-Am., pl. 6.) — Limestone
cliffs, Highland County, Ohio, Sullivant ; Wisconsin River, Lapham. June.

10. HEUCHERA, L. _ Atvx-Roor.

Calyx bell-shaped ; the tube cohering at the base with the ovary 5-cleft. Pet-
als 5, spatulate, small, entire. Stamens 5. Styles 2, slender. Pod 1-celled,
with 2 parietal many-seeded placentz, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks.
Seeds oval, with a rough and close seed-coat. — Perennials, with the round
heart-shaped leaves principally from the rootstock; those on the scapes, if any,
alternate. Petioles with dilated margins or adherent stipules at their base.
Flowers in small clusters disposed in a prolonged and narrow panicle, greenish
or purplish. (Named in honor of John Henry Heucher, 2 German botanist of
the beginning of the 18th century.)

* Flowers small, loosely panicled : stamens and styles exserted : calyx regular.

1. H. villésa, Michx. Scapes (1°-3° high), petioles, and veins of the
acutely 7 —9-lobed leaves beneath villous with rusty hairs; calyx 13" long ; petals
spatulate-linear, about as long as the stamens, soon twisted. — Rocks, Maryland,
Kentucky and southward, in and near the mountains. Aug. — Sept.

2. H. Americana, L. (Common Atum-roor.) Scapes (2°=3° high),
&e. glandular and more or less hirsute with short hairs; leaves roundish, with
short rounded lobes and crenate teeth; calyx broad, 2" long, the spatulate petals
not longer than its lobes. —Rocky woodlands, Connecticut to Wisconsin and
southward. June.

170 SAXIFRAGACEH. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)

* * Flowers larger: calyx (3!'— 4" long) more or less oblique: stamens short : panicle
very narrow : leaves rounded, slightly 5 -9-lobed.

3. H. hispida, Pursh. WHispid or hirsute with long spreading hairs (oc-
casionally almost glabrous), scarcely glandular ; stamens soon exserted, longer than
the spatulate petals. (H. Richardsonii, &. Br.) — Mountains of Virginia. Also
Illinois (Dr. Mead) and northwestward. May-July. —Scapes 2° - 4° high.

4. H. pubéscens, Pursh. Scape (1°-3° high) and petioles granular-
pubescent or glandular above, not hairy, below often glabrous ; stamens shorter than
the lobes of the calyx and the spatulate petals. — Rich woods, Lancaster, Penn. to
Virginia and Kentucky, along the mountains. June, July.

11. MITELLA, Tourn. Mirre-worr. Buisnor’s-Car.

Calyx short, coherent with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, slender,
pinnatifid. Stamens 10, included. Styles 2, very short. Pod short, 2-beaked,
1-celled, with 2 parietal or rather basal several-seeded placentz, 2-valved at the
summit. Seeds smooth and shining. — Low and slender perennials, with round
heart-shaped alternate leaves on the rootstock or runners, on slender petioles ;
those on the scapes, opposite, if any. Flowers small, in a simple slender raceme
or spike. (Name a diminutive from pitpa, a mitre or cap, alluding to the form
of the young pod.)

1. M. diphylla, L. Hairy, leaves heart-shaped, acute, somewhat 3 -5-
lobed, toothed, those on the many-flowered-scape 2, opposite, nearly sessile. — Hill-

sides in rich woods: common, especially westward and northward. May.—
Flowers white, in a raceme 6/-8! long.
2. M. nida, L. Small and slender ; leaves rounded or kidney-form, deeply

and doubly crenate; scape usually leafless, few-flowered, very slender (4!- 6!
high). (M. cordifolia, Zam. M. prostrata, Michr.)— Deep moist woods in
moss, Maine to Wisconsin and northward. May-July.— A delicate little
plant, sending forth runners in summer. Blossoms greenish.

12. TIARELLA, L. Fase Mirre-worr.

Calyx bell-shaped, nearly free from the ovary, 5-parted. Petals 5, with claws,
entire. Stamens 10, long and slender. Styles 2. Pod membranaceous, 1-celled,
2-valved; the valves unequal. Seeds few, at the base of each parietal placenta,
globular, smooth. — Perennials: flowers white. (Name a diminutive from
Tlapa, a tiara, or turban, from the form of the pod, or rather pistil, which is like
that of Mitella, to which the name of Mitre-wort properly belongs.)

1. T. cordifolia, L. Leaves from the rootstock or summer runners heart-
shaped, sharply lobed and toothed, sparsely hairy above, downy beneath; scape
leafless (5/-12! high); raceme simple; petals oblong. — Rich rocky woods :
common northward, and southward along the mountains. April, May.

13. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, Town. Gorpey Saxrrrace.

Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary; the blunt lobes 4-5, yellow within.
Petals none. Stamens-8-10, very short, inserted on a conspicuous disk.

CRASSULACEZ. (ORPINE FAMILY.) 171

Styles 2. Pod inversely heart-shaped or 2-lobed, flattened, very short, 1-celled,
with 2 parietal placentz, 2-valved at the top, many-seeded.— Low and small
smooth herbs, with tender succulent leaves, and small solitary or leafy-cymed
flowers. (Name compounded of xpuads, golden, and omyy, the spleen, probably
from some reputed medicinal qualities. )

1. C. Americanum, Schwein. Stems slender, spreading and forking;
leaves principally opposite, roundish or somewhat heart-shaped, obscurely ere-
nate-lobed ; flowers distant, inconspicuous, nearly sessile (greenish tinged with
yellow or purple.) — Cold wet places: common northward. April, May.

Orver 36. CRASSULACEZ. (Orrine Famity.)

Succulent herbs, with perfectly symmetrical flowers: viz. the petals and
pistils equalling the sepals in number (3-20), and the stamens the same or
double their number, — technically different from Saxifrageze only in this
complete symmetry, and in the carpels being quite distinct from each
other, but even this does not hold in two N. American genera. Also, in-
stead of a perigynous disk, there are usually little scales on the receptacle,
one behind each carpel. Fruit dry and dehiscent; the pods (follicles)
opening down the ventral suture, many- rarely few-seeded. — Stipules
none. Flowers usually cymose, small. Leaves mostly sessile, in Pentho-
rum not at all fleshy.

* Not succulent: the carpels united, forming a 5-celled pod. Transition to the Saxifrage Family.
‘1. Penthorum. Sepals 5. Petals none. Stamens 10. Pod 5-hbeaked, many-seeded.
* * Leaves, &c., thick and succulent. Carpels distinct.
2. Tillzea. Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4. Seeds few or many.
8. Sedum. Sepals, petals, and pistils 4 or 5. Stamens 10-8. Seeds many.

1. PENTHORUM > Gronovy. Ditcu STONE-CROP.

Sepals 5. Petals rare, if any. Stamens10. Pistils 5, united below, forming
a 5-angled, 5-horned, and 5-celled pod, which opens by the falling off of the
beaks, many-seeded. — Upright weed-like perennials (not fleshy like the rest of
the family), with scattered leaves, and yellowish-green flowers loosely spiked
along the upper side of the naked branches of the cyme. (Name from zévre,
Jive, and 6pos, a rule or mode, probably from the quinary order of the flower.)

1. P. sedoides, L. Leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends. — Open wet
places, everywhere. July - Oct. — Parts of the flower rarely in sixes or sevens.

2) BLEED AVA, L. (Tune!

Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4. Pods 2—many-seeded. — Very
small tufted annuals, with opposite entire leaves and axillary flowers. (Named
in honor of Michael Angelo Tilli, an early Italian botanist.)

1. T. simplex, Nutt. Rooting at the base (1/2! high) ; leaves linear-
oblong ; flowers solitary, nearly sessile ; calyx half the length of the (greenish-
white) petals and the narrow 8-10-seeded pods, the latter with a scale at the
base of each. (T. ascéndens, Eaton.) —Muddy river-banks, Nantucket to Ma-
ryland. July—- Sept.

172 CRASSULACE®. (ORPINE FAMILY.)

8. SEDUM, Tourn. Srone-cror. Orpine.

Sepals and petals 4or5. Stamens 8 or 10. Pods many-seeded ; a little scale
at the base of each. — Chiefly perennial, smooth, and thick-leaved herbs, with
the flowers cymose or one-sided. Petals almost always narrow and acute or
pointed. (Name from sedeo, to sit, alluding to the manner in which these plants
fix themselves upon rocks and walls.)

* Flowers perfect and sessile, as it were spiked along one side of spreading flowering
branches or of the divisions of a scorpioid cyme, the first or central flower mostly
5-merous and 10-androus, the others often 4-merous and 8-androus.

1. S. Acre, L. (Mossy Srone-crop.) Spreading on the ground, moss-
like ; leaves very small, alternate, almost imbricated on the branches, ovate,
very thick; petals yellow. — Escaped from cultivation to rocky roadsides, &e.
July. (Ady. from Eu.)

2. S. pulchéllum, Michx. Stems ascending or trailing (4/-12! high) ;
leaves terete, linear-filiform, much crowded ; spikes of the cyme several, densely
flowered ; petals rose-purple. — Virginia to S. Illinois, Kentucky, and southward ;
also cultivated in gardens. July.

3. S. Névii, Gray. Stems spreading, simple (3!-5! high) ; leaves all alter-
nate, those of the sterile shoots wedye-obovate or spatulate, on flowering stems /in-
ear-spatulate and flattish; cyme about 3-spiked, densely flowered ; petals white,
more pointed than in the next; the flowering 3 or 4 weeks later; leaves and
blossoms smaller. — Mountains of Virginia (Salt Pond Mountain, W. JZ. Can-
by) to Alabama (ft. D. Nevius).

4. §. ternatum, Michx. Stems spreading (3'-6! high) ; leaves flat; the
lower whorled in threes, wedge-obovate, the upper scattered, oblong ; cyme 3-spiked,
leafy ; petals white. — Rocky woods, Penn. to Illinois and southward: common
in gardens. May, June.

* * Flowers in a terminal naked and regular cyme or cluster, more or less peduncled :
leaves flat, obovate or oblong, mostly alternate.

+ Flowers perfect, 5-merous, 10-androus.

5. S. telephioides, Michx. Stems ascending (6’—12! high), stout, leafy
to the top; leaves oblong or oval, entire or sparingly toothed; cyme small;
petals flesh-color, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed ; pods tapering into a slender style.
— Dry rocks, Alleghany Mountains, from Maryland southward, and sparingly
in New Jersey? W. New York? and Indiana. June. — Too near the next.

6. S. Tevzepnium, L. (Garpen Orpine or Live-For-EVER.) Stems
erect (2° high), stout; leaves oval, obtuse, toothed ; cymes compound ; petals
purple, oblong-lanceolate ; pods abruptly pointed with a short style. — Rocks and
banks, escaped from cultivation in some places. July. (Adv. from Eu.)

+ + Flowers diacious, mostly 4-merous and 8-androus.

7. S. Rhodiola, DC. (Rosrroor.) Stems erect (5!-10! high) ; leaves
oblong or oval, smaller than in the preceding ; flowers in a close cyme, greenish-
yellow, or the fertile turning purplish. — Pennsylvania, on cliffs of Delaware
River, above Easton! (Professors Porter § Green) ; Quoddy Head, Maine (Prof:
Verrill), and northward. May, June. (Eu.)

HAMAMELACE. (WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY.) 173

Orver 37. HAMAMELACE 4, (Wircu-Hazet Famiy.)

Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves and deciduous stipules ; Jlow-
ers in heads or spikes, often polygamous or monecious ; the calyx cohering
with the base of the ovary ; which consists of 2 pistils united below, and forms
a 2-beaked, 2-celled woody pod, opening at the summit, with a single bony seed
in each cell, or several, only one or two of them ripening. — Petals inserted
on the calyx, narrow, valvate, or involute in the bud, or often none at all.
Stamens twice as many as the petals, and half of them sterile and changed
into scales, or numerous. Seeds anatropous. Embryo large and straight,
in sparing albumen: cotyledons broad and flat.

Tribe I. HAMAMELEZ. Flowers with a manifest calyx or calyx and corolla, and a
single ovule suspended from the summit of each cell.

1. Hamamelis. Petals 4, strap-shaped. Stamens and scales each 4, short.

2. Fothergilla. Petalsnone. Stamens about 24, long: filaments thickened upwards.

Tribe Il, BALSAMIFLUZ. Flowers naked, with barely rudiments of a calyx, and
no corolla, crowded into catkin-like heads. Ovules several or many in each cell.
8. Liquidambar. Monccious or polygamous. Stamens very numerous. Pods consoli-
dated by their bases in a dense head.

1. HAMAMELIS, L. Wircn-Hazer.

Flowers in little axillary clusters or heads, usually surrounded by a scale-like
3-leaved involucre. Calyx 4-parted, and with 2 or 3 bractlets at its base, Pet-
als 4, strap-shaped, long and narrow, spirally invyolute in the bud. Stamens 8,
very short; the 4 alternate with the petals anther-bearing, the others imperfect
and seale-like. Styles 2, short. Pod opening loculicidally from the top; the
outer coat separating from the inner, which encloses the single large and bony
seed in each cell, but soon bursts elastically into two pieces. —— Tall shrubs, with
straight-veined leaves, and yellow, perfect or polygamous flowers. (From dya,
like to, and pndis, an apple-tree ; a name anciently applied to the Medlar, or some
other tree resembling the Apple, which the Witch-Hazel does not.)

1. H. Virginica, L. Leaves obovate or oval, wavy-toothed, somewhat
downy when young. —Damp woods: blossoming late in autumn, when the
leaves are falling, and maturing its seeds the next summer. °

2. FOTHERGILLA, Lf. Fornererra.

Flowers in a terminal catkin-like spike, mostly perfect. Calyx bell-shaped,
the summit truncate, slightly 5-—7-toothed. Petals none. Stamens about 24,
borne on the margin of the calyx in one row, all alike: filaments very long,
thickened at the top (white). Styles 2, slender. Pod cohering with the base
of the calyx, 2-lobed, 2-celled, with a single bony seed in each cell. — A low
shrub; the oval or obovate leaves smooth, or hoary underneath, toothed at the
summit; the flowers appearing rather before the leaves, each partly covered by
a scale-like bract. (Dedicated to the distinguished Dr. John Fothergill.)

1. F. alnifolia. L. f.—Low grounds, Virginia and southward. April,
May.

174 HALORAGEX. (WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY.)

3. LIQUIDAMBAR, L. _ Sweer-Gum Trex.

Flowers usually moneecious, in globular heads or catkins ; the sterile arranged
in a conical cluster, naked: stamens very numerous, intermixed with minute
scales: filaments short. Fertile flowers consisting of many 2-celled 2-beaked
ovaries, subtended by minute scales in place of a calyx, all more or less cohering
together and hardening in fruit, forming a spherical catkin or head; the pods
opening between the 2 awl-shaped beaks. Styles 2, stigmatic down the inner
side. Ovules many, but only one or two perfecting. Seeds with a wing-angled
seed-coat. — Catkins racemed, nodding, in the bud enclosed by a 4-leaved decid-
uous involucre. (A mongrel name, from liquidus, fluid, and the Arabic ambar,
amber; in allusion to the fragrant terebinthine juice which exudes from the
tree.)

1. L. Styraciflua, L. (Sweer Gum. Birstep.) Leaves rounded,
deeply 5-7-lobed, smooth and shining, glandular-serrate, the lobes pointed. —
Moist woods, from Connecticut to Illinois, and southward. April.—A large ©
and beautiful tree, with fine-grained wood, the gray bark commonly with
corky ridges on the branchlets. Leaves fragrant when bruised, turning deep
crimson in autumn. The woody pods filled mostly with abortive seeds, re-
sembling sawdust.

Orper 38. HALORAGEA. (Warter-Mitrom Famiry.)

Aquatic or marsh plants (at least in northern countries), with the incon-
spicuous symmetrical flowers sessile in the axils of leaves or bracts, calyx-tube
coherent with the ovary, which consists of 2—4 more or less united carpels
(or in Hippuris of only one carpel), the styles or sessile stigmas distinct.
Limb of the calyx obsolete or very short in fertile flowers. Petals small
or none. Stamens 1-8. Fruit indehiscent, 1—4-celled, with a single
anatropous seed suspended from the summit of each cell. Embryo in the
axis of fleshy albumen: cotyledons minute. — Formerly attached as a sub-
order to Onagracee, but now deemed quite distinct.

1. Myriophyllum. Flowers monecious or polygamous, the parts in fours, with or without
petals. Stamens 4 or 8. Immersed leaves pinnately dissected.

2. Proserpimaca. Flowers perfect, the parts in threes. Petals none. Immersed leaves
pinnately dissected.

8. Hippuris. Flowers usually perfect. Petals none. Stamen, style, and cell of the ovary
only one. Leaves entire.

1. MYRIOPHYLLUM, Vaill. Warer-Mirrom.

Flowers moncecious or polygamous. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-parted,
of the fertile 4-toothed. Petals 4, or none. Stamens 4-8. Fruit nut-like, 4-
celled, deeply 4-lobed: stigmas 4, recurved.— Perennial aquatics. Leaves
crowded, often whorled ; those under water pinnately parted into capillary divis-
ions. Flowers sessile in the axils of the upper leaves, usually above water in
summer; the uppermost staminate. (Name from pupios, a thousand, and pvA-
Aor, a leaf, i. e. Milfoil.)

HALORAGEA. (WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY.) 175

* Stamens 8: petals deciduous: carpels even: leaves whorled in threes or fours.

1. M. spicatum, L. Leaves all pinnately parted and capillary, except
the floral ones or bracts ; these ovate, entire or toothed, and chiefly shorter than the
flowers, which thus form an interrupted spike. — Deep water: common. (Eu.)

2. M. verticillatum, L. Floral leaves much longer than the flowers, pec-
tinate-pinnatifid : otherwise nearly as No. 1. — Ponds, &c. northward. (Eu.)

* * Stamens 4: petals rather persistent : carpels 1-2-ridged and roughened on the
back: leaves whorled in fours and fives, the lower with capillary divisions.

3. M. heterophyllum, Michx. Stem stout; floral leaves ovate and lance-
olate, thick, crowded, sharply serrate, the lowest pinnatifid ; fruit obscurely rough-
ened. — Lakes and rivers, from N. New York westward and southward.

4. M. scabratum, Michx. Stem rather slender; lower leaves pinnately
parted with few capillary divisions ; floral leaves linear (rarely scattered), pectinate-
toothed or cut-serrate: carpels strongly 2-ridged and roughened on the back. — Shallow
ponds, from S. New England and Ohio southward.

* & & Stamens 4: petals rather persistent: carpels even on the back: leaves chiefly
scattered, or wanting on the flowering stems.

5. M. ambiguum, Nutt. Immersed leaves pinnately parted into about 10
very delicate capillary divisions; the emerging ones pectinate, or the upper floral
linear and sparingly toothed or entire; flowers mostly perfect; fruit (minute)
smooth. — Var. 1. NATANS: stems floating, prolonged. Var. 2. CAPILLACEUM:
stems floating, long and very slender; leaves allimmersed and capillary. Var.
3. LIMOSUM: small, rooting in the mud; leaves all linear, incised, toothed, or
entire. — Ponds and ditches, Massachusetts to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and
southward, near the coast.

6. M. tenéllum, Bigelow. Flowering stems nearly leafless and scape-like,
(3'-10! high), erect, simple; the sterile shoots creeping and tufted; bracts
small, entire ; flowers alternate, monecious ; fruit smooth. — Borders of ponds, N.
New York, New England, and northward.

2. PROSERPINACA, LL. Mermaip-weep.

Flowers perfect. Calyx-tube 3-sided, the limb 3-parted. Petals none. Sta-
mens 3. Stigmas 3, cylindrical. Fruit bony, 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-seeded, nut-
like. — Low, perennial herbs, with the stems creeping at the base (whence the
name, from proserpo, to creep), alternate leaves, and small flowers sessile in the
axils, solitary or 3-4 together, in summer.

- 1. BP. palustris, L. Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate, the lower pectinate
when under water; fruit sharply angled. — Wet swamps: not rare.

2. P. pectinacea, Lam. Leaves ail pectinate, the divisions linear-awl-
shaped ; fruit rather obtusely angled. — Sandy swamps, near the coast.

9. HIPPURIS, L. Mare’s Tat.

Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx entire. Petals none. Stamen one,
inserted on the edge of the calyx. Style single, thread-shaped, stigmatic down
one side, received in the groove between the lobes of the large anther. Fruit

176 ONAGRACEH. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

nut-like, 1-celled, 1-seeded. — Perennial aquatics, with simple entire leaves in
whorls, and minute flowers sessile in the axils in summer. (Name from ios,
a horse, and ovpa, a tail.)

1. H. vulgaris, L. Leaves in whorls of 8 or 12, linear, acute. — Ponds
and springs, New York to Kentucky and northward: rare. Stems simple, 1°-
2° high. Flowers very inconspicuous. (Eu.)

Orver 39. ONAGRACEAE. (Evenryc-Primrose Famtry.)

Herbs, with 4-merous (sometimes 2—3- or 5 — 6-merous) perfect and sym-
metrical flowers; the tube of the calyx cohering with the 2—4-celled ovary,
its lobes valvate in the bud, or obsolete ; the petals convolute in the bud, some-
times wanting ; and the stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or
calyz-lobes, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube. Style single, slen-
der: stigma 2-4-lobed or capitate. Pollen grains often connected by cob-
webby threads. Seeds anatropous, small, without albumen.

* Parts of the flower in twos.

1. Cirezea. Petals 2, obcordate or 2-lobed. Stamens 2. Fruit 1 - 2-seeded, bristly.
* * Parts of the flowers in fours or more.
+ Fruit dry and indehiscent, mostly becoming 1-celled, 1 -4-seeded.
2. Gaura. Petals 4. Stamens 8 and with the long style turned downwards.

+ + Fruit a many-seeded pod, usually loculicidal.
Epilobium, Stamens 8. Petals 4. Seeds with a large downy tuft at the apex.
GEnothera. Stamens 8 and petals 4 on the prolonged calyx-tube. Seeds naked.
Jussizea. Stamens 8-12. Petals 4-6. Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary.
Ludwigia. Stamens 4. Petals 4 or more. Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary.

GING ee

1. CIRC AA, Toun. Encuanver’s NicursHape.

Calyx-tube slightly prolonged, the end filled by a cup-shaped disk, deciduous ;
lobes 2, reflexed. Petals 2, inversely heart-shaped. Stamens 2. Fruit inde-
hiscent, small and bur-like, bristly with hooked hairs, 1 - 2-celled: cells 1-seeded.
— Low and inconspicuous perennials, in cool or damp woods, with opposite thin
leaves on slender petioles, and small whitish flowers in racemes, produced in
summer. (Named from Circe, the enchantress. )

1. C. Lutetiana, L. Taller (1°-2° high); leaves ovate, slightly toothed ;
bracts none ; hairs of the roundish 2-celled fruit bristly. — Very common. (Eu.)

2. C. alpina, L. Low (3'-8! high), smooth and weak ; leaves heart-shaped,
thin, shining, coarsely toothed ; bracts minute; hairs of the obovate-oblong 1-celled
fruit soft and slender.—Deep woods: common northward. July. (Eu.)

2. GAUBA, L.... Gimme

Calyx-tube much prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous ; the lobes 4 (rarely
3), reflexed. Petals clawed, unequal or turned to the upper side. Stamens
mostly 8, often turned down, as is also the long style. A small scale-like ap-
pendage before the base of each filament. Stigma 4-lobed, surrounded by a
ring or cup-like border. Fruit hard and nut-like, 3-4-ribbed or angled, inde-

ONAGRACEE. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 177

hiscent or nearly so, usually becoming 1-celled and 1-4-seeded. Seeds naked.
— Leaves alternate, sessile. Flowers rose-color or white, changing to reddish
in fading, in wand-like spikes or racemes ; in our species quite small (so that
the name, from yavpos, superb, does not seem appropriate),

1. G. biénnis, L. Soft-hairy or downy (3° - 8° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceo-
late, acute, denticulate ; fruit oval or oblong, nearly sessile, ribbed, downy. —
Dry banks, from New York westward and southward: common. Aug.

2. G. filipes, Spach. Nearly smooth ; stem slender (2°-4° high) ; leaves
linear, mostly toothed, tapering at the base ; branches of the panicle very slen-
der, naked ; fruit obovate-club-shaped, 4-angled at the summit, slender pedicelled.
— Open places, Virginia to Ohio, Illinois, and southward, Aug.

3. EPILOBIUM, L. Wutow-ners.

Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary ; the limb 4-cleft, deciduous. Pet-
als 4. Stamens 8: anthers short. Pod linear, many-seeded. Seeds with a tuft
of long hairs at the end.— Perennials, with nearly sessile leaves, and violet,
purple, or white flowers; in summer. (Name composed of éi AoBod tov, viz.
a violet on a pod.)

* Flowers large in a long spike or raceme : petals widely spreading, on claws, entire :
stamens and style turned downwards : stigma of 4 long lobes: leaves scattered.

1. E. angustifolium, L. (Grear WitLow-HeERB.) Stem simple, tall
(4°-7°); leaves lanceolate. — Low grounds, especially in newly cleared land:
common northward. — Flowers pink-purple, very showy. (Eu.)

* * Flowers rather large, regular : petals obcordate: stamens and style erect : stigma
of 4 long linear lobes : leaves mostly opposite.

2. Ei. urrsttum, L. Soft-hairy, branching (3°-5° high); leaves lance-
oblong, serrulate ; flowers in the upper axils or in a leafy short raceme; petals
rose-purple, 6” long.— Spontaneous in waste grounds, New Bedford, Mass.
(1. A. Greene) and Roxbury (D. Murray); and in a ravine near Albany, New
York (C. H. Peck). (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Flowers small, corymbed or panicled : petals (mostly notched at the end), sta-
mens, and style erect: stigma club-shaped, nearly entire: lower leaves opposite,
entire or denticulate.

3. E. alpinum, L. Low (2'-6! high), nearly glabrous; stems ascending
from a stoloniferous base, simple ; leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, obtuse, nearly
entire, on short petioles ; flowers few or solitary, drooping in the bud; petals
purple ; pods long, glabrous. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains of
New Hampshire, and Adirondack Mountains, New York. (Eu.)

Var. majus, Wahl. Taller; upper leaves more or less acute and toothed,
pod glabrous or somewhat pubescent. (E. alsinifolium, Vill. E. origanifolium,
Lam.) — With the typical form: also upper Wisconsin and Michigan. (Eu.)

4. HE. palustre, L., var. lineare. rect and slender (1°-2° high),
branched above, minutely hoary-pubescent ; stem roundish ; leaves narrowly lanceo-
late or linear, nearly entire ; flower-buds somewhat nodding ; petals purplish or
white; pods hoary. (E. lineare, Muhl. E. squamatum, Nut.) — Bogs, N.

12

178 ONAGRACEE. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

England to Penn., Illinois, and northward. There is also a small an simple
1 - few-flowered form (4'-9! high), less hoary or nearly glabrous, with shorter
leaves (E. oliginthum, Michr.), found in N. New York, White Mountains of
New Hampshire, and northward. This is E. nutans, Sommerf. & E. lineare,
Fries, but the pods are usually a little hoary. (Eu.)

5. E. modlle, Torr. Soft-downy all over, strictly erect (1°-2}° high), at
length branching ; leaves crowded ; linear-oblong or lanceolate, blunt, mostly peti-
oled; petals rose-color, notched (2!'-3" long). — Bogs, Rhode Island and
Pennsylvania to Michigan, and northward. Sept.

6. E. coloratum, Muhl. Glabrous or nearly so; stem roundish, not
angled, much branched (19 - 3° high), many-flowered ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-
oblong, acute, denticulate, often petioled, not at all decurrent, thin, usually pur-
ple-veined ; flower-buds erect ; petals purplish, 2-cleft at the summit (13/'-2!
long). — Wet places: common. July —Sept.

4. GNOTHERA, L. EVENING PRIMROSE.

Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous ; the lobes 4, reflexed.
Petals 4. Stamens 8: anthers mostly linear and versatile. Pod 4-valvyed,
many-seeded. Seeds naked. — Leaves alternate. (Name from oivos, wine, and
Onpa, a hunt or eager pursuit, given to some plant the roots of which were eaten
to provoke a relish for wine.)

§ 1. Tube of the calyx filiform or cylindrical and much prolonged beyond the ovary :
stamens nearly equal: anthers linear: stigma of 4 filiform or linear divergent
lobes. P

* Annuals or biennials: flowers nocturnal, odorous, yellow, withering the next day:

pods fusiform or cylindrical, closely sessile.

1. Gi. biénnis, L. (Common Evenryc-Primrose.) Erect, mostly
hairy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, obscurely toothed ; flowers in a terminal
rather leafy spike; calyx-tube much prolonged; petals inversely heart-shaped

(light yellow) ; pods oblong, somewhat tapering above. — Varies greatly ; as

Var. 1. muricAra, with rough-bristly stem and pods, and petals rather longer
than the stamens. Var. 2. GRANDIFLORA, with larger and more showy petals.
Var. 3. PARVIFLORA, with petals about the length of the stamens. Var. 4.
CRUCIATA, with singularly small and narrow linear-oblong petals, shorter than
the stamens, and smooth pods. Var. 5. OaKrstAna (CE. Oakesiana, Robbins),
with a minute and wholly appressed pubescence, or almost glabrous: otherwise
as Var. 3.— Fields and waste places: very common. June-Sept.

2. Gs. rhombipétala, Nutt. Petals rhombic-ovate, acute ; calyx-tube very
slender, extended an inch longer than the short cylindrical ovary : otherwise
resembling a smoothish or rather hoary narrow-leaved state of No. 1.— Sandy
soil, Illinois, Wisconsin, and westward. July —Sept.

3. Gs. sinuata, L. Hairy, low, ascending, or at length procumbent ; leaves
oblong or lanceolate, sinuate-toothed, often pinnatifid, the lower petioled ; flow-
ers (small) axillary; petals not longer than the stamens (pale yellow, rose-color
in fading); pods cylindrical, elongated. — Sandy fields, New Jersey and south-
ward, principally a dwarf state. June.

ONAGRACE. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 179

* * Biennials or perennials: flowers diurnal (opening in sunshine), yellow : pods club-
shaped, with 4 strong or winged angles and 4 intermediate ribs.

4. Ci. glatica, Michx. Very glabrous, glaucous; leaves ovate or ovate-
lanceolate ; pods obovoid-oblong, 4-winged, almost sessile ; root perennial. — Moun-
tains of Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May -July.— Leaves broader
and flowers larger than in the next. \

5. Ci. fruticdsa, L. (Sunprors.) Hairy or nearly smooth (1°-3°
high) ; leaves /anceolate or oblong ; raceme corymbed, naked below ; petals broadly

obcordate, longer than the calyx-lobes and stamens; pods oblong-club-shaped, 4-
winged, longer than the pedicels ; root perennial. — Open places, S. New England
to Illinois, and southward. June - Aug. — Corolla 13! broad.

6. CK. riparia, Nutt. Scarcely pubescent; leaves linear-lanceolate, elon-
gated, tapering below and somewhat stalked ; flowers (large) in a rather leafy at
length elongated raceme ; petals slightly obeordate ; pods oblong-club-shaped, slen-
der-pedicelled, scarcely 4-winged ; root biennial. — River-banks and swamps, Qua-
ker Bridge, New Jersey, to Virginia and southward.

7. C&. linearis, Michx. Slender, minutely hoary-pubescent ; leaves linear ;
flowers (rather large) somewhat corymbed at the end of the branches ; pods ob-
ovate, hoary, scarcely 4-winged at the summit, tapering into a slender pedicel. — Mon-
tauk Point, Long Island, to Virginia and southward. June, July. — Plant 1°
high, bushy-branched : flowers 1’ wide.

8. Gi. chrysantha, Michx. Slender, smooth or pubescent ; leaves lance-
olate, rather blunt ; flowers crowded or at first corymbed ; petals obovate, notched
at the end (orange-yellow), longer than the stamens: pods all pedicelled, oblong-club-
shaped, scarcely wing-angled; root biennial? — Banks, Oswego, New York, to
Wisconsin and northward. July. — Stem 12/-15/ high; flowers larger than in
No. 9, from which it may not be distinct.

9. Gi. pumila, L. Almost smooth, small ; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate,
mostly obtuse ; flowers in a loose and prolonged leafy raceme; petals obcordate
(pale yellow), scarcely longer than the stamens ; pods almost sessile, oblong-club-
shaped, strongly wing-angled ; root perennial or biennial ?— Dry fields: com-
mon northward, and southward along the Alleghanies. June.—Stems mostly
simple, 5/-12! high: the corolla }' broad.

§ 2. Tube of the calyx funnel-form, strongly 4-nerved, and shorter than the cylindrical
ovary, its lobes keeled with the midrib: filaments opposite the petals shorter : an-
thers oblong, versatile: stigma disk-shaped, almost entire: flowers opening in sun-
shine or daylight.

10. G8. serrulata, Nutt. Stems low, slightly woody at the base ; leaves
lance-linear, oblanceolate or linear-spatulate, sharply serrulate or toothed ; flow-
ers axillary mostly small; petals yellow, obovate, wavy-crenulate, much longer
than the stamens; pods cylindrical, puberulent. — Falls of St. Anthony, Wis-
consin (Lesquereur, T. J Hale), and westward.

5. JUSSIAIA, L. Jusstma.

Calyx-tube elongated, not at all prolonged beyond the ovary ; the lobes 4-6,
herbaceous and persistent. Petals 4-9. Stamens twice as many as the petals.

180 ONAGRACE®. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

Pod 4-6-celled, usually long, opening between the ribs. Seeds very numerous.
— Herbs (ours glabrous perennials), with mostly entire and alternate leaves,
and axillary yellow flowers, in summer. (Dedicated to Bernard de Jussieu, the
founder of the Natural System of Botany, as further developed by his illustrious
nephew. )

1. J. decurrens, DC. Stem erect (1°-2° high), branching, winged by
the decurrent lanceolate leaves ; calyx-lobes 4, as long as the petals ; pod oblong-
club-shaped, wing-angled. — Wet places, Virginia to Illinois, and southward.

2. J. repens, L. Stem creeping, or floating and rooting ; leaves oblong, ta-
pering into a slender petiole; flowers large, long-peduncled; calyx-lobes and
obovate petals 5; pod cylindrical, with a tapering base. —In water, Illinois,
Kentucky, and southward. Also nat. near Philadelphia.

6. LUDWIGIA, L. Fase Looszsrrire.

Calyx-tube not at all prolonged beyond the ovary ; the lobes 4, usually persist-
ent. Petals 4, often small or wanting. Stamens 4. Pod short or cylindrical,
many-seeded. Seeds minute, naked, — Perennial herbs, with axillary (rarely
capitate) flowers, produced through summer and autumn. (Named in honor
of Christian G. Ludwig, Professor of Botany at Leipsic, contemporary with Lin-
nus.)

* Leaves all alternate, sessile or nearly so.
~— Flowers peduncled in the upper axils, with conspicuous yellow petals (4! -8"' long),
equalling the ovate or lanceolate foliaceous lobes of the calyx.

1. L. alternifolia, L. (Spep-nox.) Smooth or nearly so, branched
(3° high) ; leaves lanceolate, acute or pointed’ at both ends; pods cubical, rounded
at the base, wing-angled. — Swamps : common, especially near the coast. — Pods
opening first by a hole where the style falls off, afterwards splitting in pieces.

2. L. hirtélla, Raf. Hairy all over; stems nearly simple (1°-2° high) ;
leaves oblong, or the upper lanceolate, blunt at both ends ;. pods nearly,as in the last,
but scarcely wing-angled. — Moist pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia, and
southward. — Fascicled roots often tuberous-thickened.

+ + Flowers small, sessile (solitary or sometimes clustered or crowded) in the axils,
with very small greenish petals (in No.5) or mostly none: leaves mostly lanceolate
or linear on the erect stems (1°-3° high) and numerous branches ; but prostrate
or creeping sterile shoots or stolons are often produced Jrom the base of the stem,
these are thickly beset with shorter obovate or spatulate leaves. (Our species gla-
brous, except No. 3.)

3. L. spheerocarpa, Ell. Minutely pubescent, especially the calyx, or
nearly glabrous ; leaves lanceolate or linear, acute, tapering at the base; those
of the runners obovate with a wedge-shaped base and glandular-denticulate ;
bractlets minute, obsolete, or none ; pods globular or depressed (sometimes acute at the
base), not longer than the calyx-lobes (less than 2! long).— Water or wet —
swamps, E. Mass., S. New York, New Jersey, Penn., and southward. — Bark
of lower part of the stem often spongy-thickened.

4. L. polycarpa, Short & Peter. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute at
both ends; those of the runners oblong-spatulate, acute, entire ; bractlets linear-

MELASTOMACEA. (MELASTOMA FAMILY.) 181

awl-shaped, and conspicuous on the base of the 4-sided somewhat top-shaped pod,
which is longer than the calyx-lobes. —Swamps, Michigan to Illinois, Ken-
tucky, and southward.

5. L. linearis, Walt. Slender, mostly low; leaves narrowly linear, those
of the short runners obovate; minute petals usually present; bractlets minute at
the base of the elongated top-shaped 4-sided pod, which is 3! long and much longer
than the calyx-lobes. — Bogs, pine barrens of New Jersey and southward.

6. L. cylindrica, Ell. Much branched; leaves oblong- or spatulate-
lanceolate, much tapering at the base, or even petioled ; bractlets very minute at
the base of the cylindrical pod, which is 3’ long, and several times exceeds the
calyx-lobes. — Mound City, 8. Illinois, Dr. Vasey, and southward.

* * Leaves all opposite: stems creeping or floating.

7. L. palustris, Ell. (Warer Purstane.) Smooth: leaves ovate or
oval, tapering into a slender petiole ; petals none, or small and reddish when the
plant grows out of water; calyx-lobes very short; pods oblong, 4-sided, not ta-
pering at the base, sessile in the axils (2’’ long). (Isndrdia palustris, Z.) —
Ditches: common. (Eu.)

8. L. arecuata, Walt. Smooth, small and creeping; leaves oblanceolate,
nearly sessile; flowers solitary, long-peduncled ; petals yellow, exceeding the
calyx (3! long) ; pods oblong-club-shaped, somewhat curved (4! long). —
Swamps, Eastern Virginia and southward.

Orver 40. WELASTOMACEZE. (Metasroma Famtty.)

Plants with opposite 3-7-ribbed leaves, and definite stamens, the anthers
opening by pores at the apex ; otherwise much as in the Evening-Primrose
Family. — All tropical, except the genus

1. RHEXIA, UL. Deerr-Grass. Meapow-Bravry.

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, coherent with the ovary below, and continued above
it, persistent, 4-cleft at the apex. Petals 4, convolute in the bud, oblique, in-
serted, along with the 8 stamens, on the summit of the calyx-tube. Anthers
long, 1-celled, inverted in the bud. Style 1: stigmal. Pod invested by the
permanent calyx, 4-celled, with 4 many-seeded placente projecting from the
central axis. Seeds coiled like a snail-shell, without albumen. — Low perennial
herbs, often bristly, with sessile 3- 5-nerved and bristle-edged leaves, and large
showy cymose flowers ; in summer ; the petals falling early. (Name from pyéts,
a rupture, applied to this genus for no obvious reason.)

* Anthers linear, curved, with a minute spur on the back at the attachment of the
Jilament above its base: flowers cymose, peduncled.

1. R. Virginica, L. Stem square, with wing-like angles; leaves oval-
lanceolate, acute; petals bright purple. — Sandy swamps, E. Massachusetts to
Penn., Wisconsin, Illinois, and southward.

2. R. Mariana, L. Stems cylindrical ; leaves linear-oblong, narrowed below ;
petals paler. — Sandy swamps, New Jersey, Kentucky, and southward.

182 LYTHRACES. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.)

* * Anthers oblong, straight, without any spur: flowers few, sessile.
3. R. ciliosa, Michx. Stem square, glabrous; leaves broadly ovate,
ciliate with long bristles; calyx glabrous. — Maryland and southward.

Orper 41. LWYWHRACEZE. (Loosestrire Famity.)

Herbs, with mostly opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the calyx enclosing
but free from the 1—4-celled many-seeded ovary and membranous pod, and
bearing the 4—7 deciduous petals and 4—14 stamens on is throat ; the latter
lower down. Style1: stigma capitate, or rarely 2-lobed. — Flowers axillary
or whorled, rarely irregular, perfect, sometimes dimorphous or even tri-
morphous, those on different plants with filaments and style reciprocally
longer and shorter. Petals sometimes wanting. Pod often 1-celled by
the early breaking away of the thin partitions: placente in the axis.
Seeds anatropous, without albumen. — Branches usually 4-sided.

* Flowers regular, or nearly so.
1. Ammannia. Calyx short, 4-angled, not striate. Petals 4,or none. Stamens 4, rarely 2.

Lythrum, Calyx tubular-cylindrical, striate. Petals 5-7. Stamens 6-14.
3. Neszea. Calyx short-campanulate or hemispherical. Stamens 10-14, exserted.

&

* * Flowers irregular: petals unequal.
4. Cuphea. Calyx spurred or enlarged on one side at the base. Stamens 12.

1. AMMANNIA, Houston. Ammannta.

Calyx globular or bell-shaped, 4-angled, 4-toothed, usually with a little horn-
shaped appendage at each sinus. Petals 4 (purplish), small and deciduous,
sometimes wanting. Stamens 4, rarely 2, short. Pod globular, 2-4-celled.
— Low and inconspicuous smooth herbs, with opposite narrow leaves, and small
greenish flowers in their axils, produced all summer. (Named after Paul
Ammann, a German botanist anterior to Linnzus.)

§ 1. Calyx with manifest tooth-like or horn-shaped appendages at the sinuses: pod 4-
celled: plants of low or wet ground ; ours are annuals.

1. A. humilis, Michx. Leaves tapering at the base or into a short petiole,
linear-oblanceolate or somewhat spatulate ; flowers solitary or 3 together in the
axils of the leaves, sessile; style very short. — Massachusetts to Michigan,
Illinois and southward.

2. A. latifolia, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate (2'-3!' long), with a broad
auricled sessile base; style sometimes very short, sometimes slender.— Ohio,
Illinois, and southward. Ship-yards, Philadelphia, an immigrant from the
south, C. F’. Parker.

§ 2, HYPOBRYCHIA, M. A. Curtis. Appendages at the sinuses of the calyx
mere callous points or none: petals none: pod 2-celled.

3. A. Nuttallii, Gray. Submersed aquatic, or sometimes terrestrial,
rooting in the mud ; leaves linear, when immersed elongated, thin, and closely
sessile by a broad base, when out of water shorter and contracted at the base ;
flowers mostly solitary in the axils, sessile, small ; calyx with broad -triangular
lobes; style very short. (Péplis diandra, Nutt., but stamens usually 4. Hypo-

LYTHRACEH. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.) 183

brichia Nuttallii, 1 A. Curtis.) — Wisconsin and Minnesota (7. J. Hale),
Illinois (Buckley, Vasey, Hall, &c.), and southward. — When in deep water the
stems are 1°-3° long, very leafy, the flowers and pods not larger than a pin’s
head : when terrestrial 2’ - 6! long, larger-flowered, resembling depauperate
specimens of No. 1, with obsolete projections at the sinuses.

2. LYTHRUM, L. _Looszsrnrire.

Calyx cylindrical, striate, 5-7-toothed, with as many little processes in the
sinuses. Petals 5-7. Stamens as many as the petals or twice the number, in-
serted low down on the calyx, commonly nearly equal. Pod oblong, 2-celled.
— Slender herbs, with opposite or scattered mostly sessile leaves, and purple
(rarely white) flowers; produced in summer. (Name from Av@poy, blood ; per-
haps from the crimson blossoms of some species.)

* Stamens and petals 5-7: flowers small, solitary and nearly sessile in the axils of
the mostly scattered upper leaves: proper calyx-teeth often shorter than the inter-
mediate processes : plants smooth.

1. L. Hyssopifolia, L. Low annual (6/-10! high), pale; leaves oblong-
linear, obtuse, longer than the inconspicuous’ flowers ; petals (pale-purple) 5-6,—
Marshes, coast of New England and New Jersey. (Eu.)

2. L. alatum, Pursh. Tall and wand-like perennial; branches with
margined angles ; leades from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, the upper not longer than the
Jlowers ; petals (deep purple) 6. — Michigan, Wisconsin, and southward.

3. L. lineare, L. Stem slender and tall (3°-4° high), bushy at the top,
two of the angles margined ; leaves linear, short, chiefly opposite, obtuse, or the
upper acute and scarcely exceeding the flowers ; calyx obscurely striate; petals
(whitish) 6. — Brackish marshes, New Jersey and southward.

* * Stamens 12, twice the number of the petals, 6 longer and 6 shorter : flowers large,
crowded and whorled, in an interrupted wand-like spike.

4. IL. Salicaria, L. (Srixep Loosrsrrire.) Leaves lanceolate, heart-
shaped at the base, sometimes whorled in threes. — Wet meadows, Eastern New
England, and Orange County, New York: also cultivated. — Plant more or less
downy, tall: flowers large, purple, trimorphous, as to respective length of style
and filaments in 3 different kinds of individuals.

3. NES#A, Commerson, Juss. Swame Loosestrire.

Calyx short, broadly bell-shaped or hemispherical, with 5-7 erect teeth, and
as many longer and spreading horn-like processes at the sinuses. Petals 5.
Stamens 10-14, exserted, of two lengths. Pod globose, 3 -—5-celled. — Peren-
nial herbs or slightly shrubby plants, with opposite or whorled leaves, and ax-
illary flowers (these probably dimorphous or trimorphous).

1. N. verticillata, H. B. K. Smooth or downy; stems recurved (2°-
8° long), 4-6-sided ; leaves lanceolate, nearly sessile, opposite or whorled, the
upper with clustered flowers in their axils on short pedicels; petals 5, wedge-
lanceolate, rose-purple (3! long) ; stamens 10, half of them shorter. (Décodon
verticillatum, Gmelin.). — Swampy grounds: common eastward. July - Sept.

Q.

(g>

, .

184 CACTACER. (CACTUS FAMILY.)

4. CUPHEA, Jacq. Curuera.

Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed, somewhat inflated below, gibbous or spurred at the
base on the upper side, 6-toothed at the apex, and usually with as many little
processes in the sinuses. Petals 6, very unequal. Stamens mostly 12, approxi-
mate in 2 sets, included, unequal. Ovary with a curved gland at the base next
the spur of the calyx, 1 -2-celled: style slender: stigma 2-lobed. Pod oblong,
few-seeded, early ruptured through one side. — Flowers solitary or racemose,
stalked. (Name from kugds, gibbous, from the shape of the calyx, &c.)

1. C. viscosissima, Jacq. (CrAmmy Curnea.) Annual, very viscid-

i. “as hairy, branching: leaves ovate-lanceolate ; petals ovate, short-clawed, purple.
3 — Dry fields, from Connecticut to Illinois, and southward. Aug.— Seeds flat,
borne on one side of the placenta, which is early forced out the ruptured pod.

Orper 42. LOASACEZE. (Loasa Famtty.)

Herbs, with a rough or stinging pubescence, no stipules, the calyx-tube ad-
herent to a 1-celled ovary with 2 or 3 parietal placente ;— represented here
only by the genus

1. MENTZELIA, Plumier. (Barronta, Nutt.)

Calyx-tube cylindrical or club-shaped; the limb 5-parted, persistent. Petals
5 or 10, regular, spreading, flat, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens in-
definite, rarely few, inserted with the petals on the throat of the calyx. Styles
3, more or less united into one: stigmas terminal, minute. Pod at length dry,
and opening irregularly, few-many-seeded. Seeds flat, anatropous, with little
albumen. — Stems erect. Leaves alternate. Flowers terminal, solitary or cy-
mose-clustered. (Dedicated to C. Mentzel, an early German botanist.)

1. M. oligospérma, Nutt. Rough and adhesive (1°-3° high), much
branched, the brittle branches spreading ; leaves ovate and oblong, cut-toothed
or angled; flowers yellow (7!'—10/ broad), opening in sunshine; petals wedge-
oblong, pointed ; stamens 20 or more: filaments filiform: pod small, about 9-
seeded. — Prairies and plains, Illinois, and on the western plains ;— where M.
orNATA and M. NupA, with large white flowers, are showy representatives of
the genus,

Orper 43. CACTACEAE. (Cactus Famry.)

Fleshy and thickened mostly leafless plants, of peculiar aspect, globular,
or columnar and many-angled, or flattened and jointed, usually with prickles.
Flowers solitary, sessile ; the sepals and petals numerous, imbricated in sev-
eral rows, adherent to the 1-celled ovary. — Stamens numerous, with long
and slender filaments, inserted on the inside of the tube or cup formed by
the union of the sepals and petals. Style 1: stigmas numerous. Fruit a
1-celled berry, with numerous campylotropous seeds on several parietal
placenta. — Represented east of the Mississippi only by the genus

PASSIFLORACE. (PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY.) 185

1. OPUNTIA, Tourn. Prickry Pear. Inpran Fie.

Sepals and petals not united into a prolonged tube, spreading, regular, the
inner roundish. Berry often prickly. Seeds flat and margined. Embryo
coiled around albumen : cotyledons large, foliaceous in germination. — Stem
composed of joints, bearing very small awl-shaped and usually deciduous leaves
arranged in a spiral order, with clusters of barbed bristles and often spines also
in their axils. Flowers in our species yellow, opening in sunshine for more than

-one day. (A name of Theophrastus, originally belonging to some different
plant.)

1. O. vulgaris, Mill. (Cactus Opuntia, Z.) Low, prostrate or spreading,
pale, with flat and broadly obovate joints; the minute leaves ovate-subulate and
appressed ; the axils bristly, rarely with a few small spines; flowers sulphur-yel-
low; berry nearly smooth, pulpy, eatable. — Sandy fields and dry rocks, from
Nantucket, Mass., southward, usually near the coast. June.

2. O. Rafinésquii, Engelm. Joints (deep green) and flowers larger than J * IA
in the preceding, the latter often with a red centre, and with more numerous
(10-12) petals; leaves spreading, longer and narrower (3//—4") ; axils some of
them bearing a few small spines and a single strong one (9//-12" long). —
Wisconsin to Kentucky and westward. June.

3. O. Missouriénsis, DC. Prostrate; the joints broadly obovate and
flat (2/-4/ long), tuberculate ; leaves minute; axils armed with a tuft of straw-

/ colored bristles and 5-10 slender radiating spines (1/—2/ long); flowers light
yellow; berry dry, prickly. — Borders of Wisconsin and westward. May-July.

Orver 44. PASSIFLORACEZE. (Passron-FLtower Famity.)

Herbs or woody plants, climbing by tendrils, with perfect flowers, 5 mona-
delphous stamens, and a stalked 1-celled ovary free from the calyx, with 3 or
4 parietal placente, and as many club-shaped styles ; represented by the
typical genus

1. PASSIFLORA, L. Passion-Frower.

Calyx of 5 sepals united at the base into a short cup, imbricated in the bud,
usually colored like the petals, at least within ; the throat crowned with a double
or triple fringe. Petals 5, on the throat of the calyx. Stamens 5: filaments
united in a tube which sheathes the long stalk of the ovary, separate above :
anthers large, fixed by the middle. Berry (often edible) many-seeded ; the ana-
tropous albuminous seeds invested by a pulpy covering. Seed-coat brittle,
grooved. — Leaves alternate, generally palmately lobed, with stipules. Pedun-
cles axillary, jointed. Ours are perennial herbs. (Name, from passzo, passion,
and flos, a flower, given by the early missionaries in South America to these
blossoms, in which they fancied a representation of the implements of the cru-
cifixion. )

1. P. lutea, L. Smooth, slender; leaves obtusely 3-lobed at the summit, the
lobes entire; petioles glandless; flowers greenish-yellow (1! broad). — Damp
thickets, S. Penn. to Ill. and southward. July-Sept.— Fruit }' in diameter.

:

186 CUCURBITACEH. (GOURD FAMILY.)

2. P. inearnata, L. Nearly smooth; leaves 3-cleft ; the lobes serrate ; peti-
ole bearing 2 glands; flower large (2! broad), nearly white, with a triple purple
and flesh-colored crown; involucre 3-leaved. — Dry soil, Virginia, Kentucky,
and southward, May-—July.— Fruit of the size of a hen’s egg, oval, called
Maypops.

Orver 45. CUCURBITACEZE. (Govurp Famrry.)

Mostly succulent herbs with tendrils, dicecious or monecious (often mono-
petalous) flowers, the calyx-tube cohering with the 1—3-celled ovary, and the
5 or usually 24 stamens (i. e. one with a one-celled and 2 with two-celled
anthers) commonly united by their often tortuous anthers, and sometimes also
by the filaments. Fruit (pepo) fleshy, or sometimes membranaceous. —
Limb of the calyx and corolla usually more or less combined. Stigmas 2
or 3. Seeds large, usually flat, anatropous, with no albumen. Cotyledons
leaf-like. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed or veined. — Mostly a trop-
ical or subtropical order; represented in cultivation by the Gourp (La-
GENARIA VULGARIS), PuMpkrN and SquasnH (species of CucUrsIrTA),
MuskMELoN (Citcumis Mero), CucumsBer (C. sativus), and Wa-
TERMELON (CITRULLUS VULGARIS) ; while as wild plants, there are only
the three following : — :

1. Sicyos. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, 5-lobed. Fruit prickly, indehis-
cent, 1-celled, 1-seeded.

2. Echinocystis. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, 6-parted. Pod prickly,
2-celled, 4-seeded, bursting at the top.

3. Melothria. Corolla of the sterile flowers somewhat campanulate, 5-cleft. Berry smooth,
many-seeded.

1. ‘SHEOVOS, L: ONE-SEEDED STAR-CUCUMBER.

Flowers monecious. Petals 5, united below into a bell-shaped or flattish co-
rolla. Anthers cohering in a mass. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended
ovule: style slender :, stigmas 3. Fruit ovate, dry and indehiscent, filled by the
single seed, covered with barbed prickly bristles which are readily detached. —
Climbing annuals, with 3-forked tendrils, small whitish flowers ; the sterile and
fertile mostly from the same axils, the former corymbed, the latter in a capitate
cluster, long-peduncled. (Greek name for the Cucumber.)

1. S. angulatus, L. Leaves roundish heart-shaped, 5-angled or lobed,
the lobes pointed; plant clammy-hairy. — River-banks ; and a weed in damp
yards. July -Sept.

2. ECHINOCYSTIS, Torr. & Gray. Wirp BaxsaM-aprre.

Flowers moncecious. Petals 6, lanceolate, united at the base into an open
spreading corolla. Anthers more or less united. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect
ovules in each cell: stigma broad. Fruit fleshy, at length dry, clothed with
weak prickles, bursting at the summit, 2-celled, 4-seeded, the inner part fibrous-
netted. Seeds large, with a thickish hard coat. Tall climbing plants, nearly
smooth, with 3-forked tendrils, thin leaves, and very numerous small greenish-

UMBELLIFERE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 187

white flowers; the sterile in compound racemes often 1° Jong, the fruitful in
small clusters or solitary, from the same axils. (Name composed of €ytvos,
a hedgehog, and kvorts, a bladder, from the prickly covering of the at length
bladdery fruit.)

1. E. lobata, Torr. & Gr. Root annual; leaves deeply and sharply 5-
lobed ; fruit oval (2/ long); seeds flat, dark-colored. (Sicyos lobatus, Micha.
Momordica echinata, Juhl.) — Rich soil along rivers, W. New England to
Wisconsin and Kentucky: also cult. for arbors. July —- Oct.

3. MELOTHRIA, L. Metornrra.

Flowers polygamous or moncecious; the sterile campanulate, the corolla 5-
lobed; the fertile with the calyx-tube constricted above the ovary, then cam-
panulate. Anthers more or less united. Berry small, pulpy, filled with many
flat and horizontal seeds. —Tendrils simple. Flowers very small. (Altered
from MnA@@por, an ancient name for a sort of white grape.)

1. M. péndula, L. Slender, from a perennial root, climbing ; leaves
small, roundish and heart-shaped, 5-angled or lobed, roughish; sterile flowers
few in small racemes ; the fertile solitary, greenish or yellowish; berry oval,
green. — Copses, Virginia and southward. June -Aug.

Orver 46. UMBELLIFERZE. (Parsiey FaMILy.)

Herbs, with small flowers in umbels (or rarely in heads), the calyx entirely
adhering to the 2-celled and 2-ovuled ovary, the 5 petals and 5 stamens in-
serted on the disk that crowns the ovary and surrounds the base of the 2
styles. Fruit consisting of 2 seed-like dry carpels. Limb of the calyx
obsolete, or a mere 5-toothed border. Petals either imbricated in the bud
or valvate with the point inflexed. The two carpels (called mericarps)
cohering by their inner face (the commissure), when ripe separating from
each other and usually suspended from the summit of a slender prolon-
gation of the axis (carpophore): each carpel marked lengthwise with 5
primary ribs, and often with 5 intermediate (secondary) ones ; in the inter-
stices or intervals between them are commonly lodged the oil-tubes (vitte),
which are longitudinal canals in the substance of the fruit, containing
aromatic oil. (These are best seen in slices made across the fruit.) Seed
suspended from the summit of the cell, anatropous, with a minute embryo
in hard albumen. — Stems usually hollow. Leaves alternate, mostly com-
pound, the petioles expanded or sheathing at the base: rarely with true
stipules. Umbels usually compound ; when the secondary ones are termed
umbellets: each often subtended by a whorl of bracts (that under the
umbel is the involucre ; that of the umbellet, involucel). — In many the
flowers are dichogamous, i. e. the styles are protruded from the bud some
time before the anthers develop,—an arrangement for cross-fertilization.
— A large family, some of the plants innocent and aromatic, others with
very poisonous (acrid-narcotic) properties; the flowers much alike in all,

188 UMBELLIFERZ. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

— therefore to be studied by their fruits, inflorescence, &c., which likewise
exhibit comparatively small diversity. The family is therefore difficult
for the young student.

I. Inner face of each seed flat or nearly so (not hollowed out).

* Umbels or heads simple or irregularly compound, sometimes proliferous (i. e. one from the
summit of another).
1. Hydrocotyle. Fruit smooth, orbicular or shield-shaped, flattened laterally. Leaves
with an orbicular or roundish blade.
2. Crantzia. Fruit smooth, globular, corky. Leaves are thread-shaped or awl-shaped
petioles, with no true blade,
3. Sanicula. Fruit clothed with hooked prickles, globular. Flowers polygamous, capitate
in the umbellets. ‘
4. Eryngium. Fruit clothed with appressed scales or tubercles, top-shaped. Flowers
perfect, in dense heads.

* * Umbels compound and perfect ; i. e. its rays regularly bearing umbellets.
+ Fruit beset with bristly prickles, not flat.
5. Daucus. Fruit beset with weak prickles in single rows on the ribs.

+ + Fruit smooth, strongly flattened on the back, and single-winged or margined at the junc-
tion of the 2 carpels (next to the commissure).
6. Polytzenia, Fruit surrounded with a broad and tumid corky margin thicker than the
fruit itself, which is nearly ribless on the back.
Heracleum. Fruit broadly wing-margined: the carpels minutely 5-ribbed on the back :
lateral ribs close to the margin. Flowers white, the marginal ones radiant.
8. Pastinaca. Fruit wing-margined: ribs of the carpels as in No. 7. Flowers yellow, the
marginal ones perfect, not radiant.
9. Archemora. Fruit broadly winged: the 5 ribs on the back equidistant ; the 2 lateral
ones close to the wing. Flowers white. Leaves pinnate or 3-foliolate.
10. Tiedemannia. Fruit winged, much as in No. 9. Leaves simple, long and eylindrical,
hollow, with some cross partitions.

-1

+ + + Fruit smooth, fiat or flattish on the back, and double-winged or margined at the edge,
each carpel also 3-ribbed or sometimes 3-winged on the back.
ll. Angelica. Carpels with 3 slender ribs on the back ; a single oil-tube in each interval.
Seed not loose.
12. Archangelica. Carpels with 3 rather stout ribs on the back, and 2-3 or more oil-
tubes in each interval adhering to the loose seed.
13. Conioselinum. Carpels with 3 wings on the back narrower than those of the margins,

— ++ + Fruit smooth, not flattened either way, or only slightly so, the cross-section nearly
orbicular or quadrate ; the carpels each with 5 wings or strong ribs.

14. #thusa. Fruit ovate-globose: carpels with 5 sharply keeled ridges, and with single
oil-tubes in the intervals.

15. Ligusticum. Fruit elliptical: carpels with 5 sharp almost winged ridges, and with
several oil-tubes in each interval. s

16. Thaspium. Fruit elliptical or ovoid: carpels 5-winged or 5-ribbed, and with single
oil-tubes in each interval. Flowers yellow or dark purple. j
—++-+ + Fruit smooth, flattened laterally or contracted at the sides, wingless.

17. Zizia. Flowers yellow. Fruit oval, somewhat twin: the carpels narrowly 5-ribbed: oil-
tubes 3 in each interval. Leaves compound. i

18. Bupleurum. Flowers yellow. Fruit ovoid-oblong: the carpels somewhat 5-ribbed.

Leaves all simple.
19. Discopleura. Flowers white. Fruit ovoid: the lateral ribs united with a thick corky

margin. Leaves cut into capillary divisions,

UMBELLIFERE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 189

20. Ciewta, Flowers white. Fruit subglobose, twin: the carpels strongly and equally 5-
ribbed. Leaves twice or thrice ternate.

21. Sium. Flowers white. Fruit ovate or globular: the carpels 5-ribbed. Leaves all simply
pinnate.

22 Cryptotzenia. Flowers white. Fruit oblong. Leaves 3-parted. Umbel irregular.

II. Inner face of the seed hollowed out lengthwise, or the margins invo-
lute, so that the cross-section is semilunar. (Umbels compound.)

23. Chzerophyllum. Fruit linear or oblong, narrowed or beaked at the apex.

24. Osmorrhiza. Fruit linear-club-shaped, tapering below : ribs bristly.

25. Conium. Fruit ovate, flattened at the sides: ribs prominent, wavy.
26. Eulophus. Fruit ovoid, somewhat twin, nearly destitute of ribs.

Ill. Inner face of the seed hollowed in the middle, or curved inwards at
the top and bottom, so that the section lengthwise is semilunar.

27. Erigenia. Fruit twin: carpels nearly kidney-form. Umbellets few-flowered.

1. HYDROCOTYLE, Tourn. Warer Pennyworr.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened laterally, orbicular or shield-shaped ;
the carpels 5-ribbed, two of the ribs enlarged and often forming a thickened
margin; oil-tubes none. — Low, mostly smooth, marsh or aquatic perennials,
with slender creeping stems, and round shield-shaped or kidney-form leaves,
with scale-like stipules. Flowers small, white, in simple umbels or clusters,
which are either single or proliferous, appearing all summer. (Name from
Udwp, water, and KoTvAn, a flat cup, the peltate leaves of several species being
somewhat cup-shaped.)

* Peduncles much shorter than the petioles: pedicels short or none: leaves not peltate.

1. H. repanda, Pers. Petioles (2'- 9! long) and peduncles (1/—2/ long)
clustered on the creeping stems or runners ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped with a shal-
low open sinus, repand-toothed, thickish; flowers 2—4 in a head or cluster, with
a conspicuous 2-leaved involucre; ripe fruit ribbed, reticulated between the
ribs. — Maryland (W. M. Canby) and southward. — Probably a variety of
H. Asidtica, Z.

2. H. ranunculoides, L. Petioles (2/-9! long) and peduncles (3/-1!

long, in fruit reflexed) from long commonly floating creeping stems; leaves or-
bicular or kidney-form, 3 —7-cleft, the lobes broad and crenate; flowers 5-10 in a
capitate umbel; fruit smooth, scarcely ribbed. — Pennsylvania? Virginia, and
southward.
_ 38. H. Americana, L. Stems filiform, branching, spreading and creeping ;
leaves rounded kidney-form, crenate-lobed and the lobes crenate, thin, very smooth and
shining, short-petioled ; the few-flowered umbels of minute flowers in their axils
almost sessile. — Shady damp places: common northward.

* * Peduncles scape-like, as long as the slender petioles, all from slender runners or
rootstocks creeping in the mud: leaves orbicular, centrally peltate, simply or doubly
crenate: fruit sharp-margined.

4. H. umbellata, L. Umbel many-flowered and simple or sometimes
proliferous (2 or 3, above one another) ; pedicels slender 13/'- 3’ long); fruit

190 UMBELLIFEREZ. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

notched at base arid apex. — Massachusetts on the coast, to Penn. (on the Juni-
ata River, Prof. Porter), and southward. — Petioles and peduncles 3'—8" high:
leaves 1! - 2! wide.

Var.? ambigua. Umbels 3-4; pedicels only once or twice the length of
the fruit. — Maryland, W. Jf. Canby. Intermediate between H. umbellata and
H. vulgaris: differs from the next by the distinctly pedicelled fruit.

5. H. interrupta, Muhl. Umbels or rather little heads few-flowered,
proliferous and forming an interrupted spike ; pedicels scarcely any, the broadly
margined fruit acutish at the base. — Massachusetts to Virginia and southward,
along the coast. — Usually smaller than No. 4.

2. CRANTZIA, Nutt. Cranrzra.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit globose; the carpels corky, 5-ribbed : an oil-tube
in each interval. — Minute perennials, creeping and rooting in the mud, like
Hydrocotyle, but with fleshy and hollow cylindrical or awl-shaped petioles, in
place of leaves, marked with cross divisions. Umbels few-flowered, simple.
Flowers white. (Named for Prof. Henry John Crantz, an Austrian botanist of
the 18th century.)

1. C. lineata, Nutt. Leaves somewhat club-shaped, very obtuse (1/—2!
long); lateral ribs of the fruit projecting, forming a corky margin. — Brackish
marshes, from Massachusetts southward along the coast. July.

3. SANICULA, Tourn. SanIcLE. Briack SNAKEROOT.

Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Fruit globular; the carpels not separating
spontaneously, ribless, thickly clothed with hooked prickles, each with 5 oil-tubes.
— Perennial rather tall herbs, with palmately-lobed or parted leaves, those from
the root long-petioled. Umbels irregular or compound, the flowers (greenish or
yellowish) capitate in the umbellets, perfect, and with staminate ones intermixed.
Inyolucre and involucels few-leaved. (Name from sano, to heal.) ~

1. S. Canadénsis, L. Leaves 3-5- (the upper only 3-) parted; sterile
flowers few, scarcely pedicelled, shorter than the fertile ones ; styles shorter than the
prickles of the fruit. —Copses. June-Aug.— Plant 1°-2° high, with thin
leaves; their divisions wedge-obovate or oblong, sharply cut and serrate, the
lateral mostly 2-lobed. Fruits few in each umbellet.

2. S. Marilandica, L. Leaves all 5-7-parted; sterile flowers numerous,
on slender pedicels, about the length of the fertile ; styles elongated and conspicuous,
recurved. — Woods and copses: common. — Stem 2°-3° high; the leaves more
rigid and with narrower divisions than in the former, with almost cartilaginous
teeth. Fruits several in each umbellet.

4. ERYNGIUM, Toun. _ Enyryco.

Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Styles slender. Fruit top-shaped, covered
with little scales or tubercles, with no ribs, and scarcely any oil-tubes. — Chiefly
perennials, with coriaceous, toothed, cut, or prickly leaves, and blue or white
bracted flowers closely sessile in dense heads. (A name used by Dioscorides,
of uncertain origin. )

UMBELLIFER@, (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 191

1. EK. yucceefolium, Michx. (Ratritesnake-Master. Burron SyaKke-
root.) Leaves linear, taper-pointed, rigid, grass-like, nerved, bristly-fringed ; leaf-
lets of the involucre mostly entire and shorter than the heads; root perennial.
(E. aquaticum, Z., in part, but never aquatic.) — Dry or damp pine-barrens or
prairies, New Jersey to Wisconsin, and southward. July, Aug.

2. KE. Virginianum, Lam. Leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate with hooked
or somewhat spiny teeth, veiny; leaflets of the involucre cleft or spiny-toothed,
longer than the cymose whitish or bluish heads ; root biennial. — Swamps, New
Jersey and southward near the coast. July.

5. DAUCUS, Toumn. Carror.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla irregular. Fruit ovoid or oblong; the carpels
scarcely flattened on the back, with 5 primary slender bristly ribs, two of them
on the inner face, also with 4 equal and more or less winged secondary ones,
each bearing a single row of slender bristly prickles : an oil-tube under each of
these ribs. — Biennials, with finely 2-3-pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, cleft invo-
lucres, and concave umbels, dense in fruit. (The ancient Greek name.)

1. D. Carodtra, L. (Common Carrot.) Stem bristly; involucre pinnati-
fid, equalling the umbel. — Spontaneous in old fields. July —- Sept. — Flowers
white or cream-color, the central one of each umbellet abortive and dark-purple.
Umbel in fruit dense and concave, resembling a bird’s nest. (Ady. from Eu.)

6. POLYTAINIA, DC. Poryreyta.

Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit oval, very flat, with an entire broad and thick corky
margin, the impressed back very obscurely ribbed: oil-tubes 2 in each interval,
and many in the corky margin. — A smooth herb (2°-3° high), resembling a
Parsnip, with twice-pinnate leaves, the uppermost opposite and 3-cleft, no invo-
lucres, bristly involucels, and bright yellow flowers. (Name from 7roAvs, many,
and rawia, a fillet, alluding to the numerous oil-tubes. )

1. P. Nuttallii, DC. — Barrens, Michigan, Wisconsin, and southwestward.
May.

7. HERACLEUM, L._ Cow-Parsnrr.

Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit as in Pastinaca, but the oil-tubes shorter than the

carpels (reaching from the summit to the middle). Petals (white) inversely

heart-shaped, those of the outer flowers commonly larger and radiant, appearing
2-cleft. — Stout perennials, with broad sheathing petioles and large flat umbels.
Involucre deciduous: involucels many-leaved. (Dedicated to Hercules.)

1. H. lanatum, Michx. Woolly; stem grooved; leaves 1 -—2-ternately
compound ; leaflets somewhat heart-shaped ; fruit obovate or orbicular. — Moist
rich ground: most common northward. June.— A very large, strong-scented
plant, 4°-8° high, in some places wrongly called Masterwort.

8. PASTINACA, Tour. Parsnip.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval, flat, with a thin single-winged margin ; the
carpels minutely 5-ribbed; three of the ribs equidistant on the back, the lateral

(vow

192 UMBELLIFERE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

ones distant from them and near the margin: an oil-tube in each interval, of the
length of the fruit. Petals yellow, roundish, entire ; none of the flowers radiant.
— Chiefly biennials, with spindle-shaped roots, and pinnately-compound leaves.
Involucre and inyolucels small or none. (The Latin name, from pastus, food.)

1. P. sativa, L. (Common Parsniv.) Stem grooved, smooth; leaflets
ovate or oblong, obtuse, cut-toothed, somewhat shining above. — Fields, &c.
July. (Ady. from Eu.)

F 9. ARCHEMORA, DC. Cowsanz.

Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit with a broad single-winged margin, oval, flattish ;
the carpels with 5 obtuse and approximated equidistant ribs on the convex back :
oil-tubes one in each interval, and 4-6 on the inner face. — Smooth perennials,
with rather rigid leaves of 3-9 lanceolate or linear leaflets. Involucre nearly
none: involucels of numerous small leaflets. Flowers white. (Name applied
to this poisonous umbelliferous plant in fanciful allusion to Archemorus, who is
said to have died from eating parsley. DC.)

1. A. rigida, DC. Leaves simply pinnate; leaflets 3-9, varying from
lanceolate to ovate-oblong, entire or remotely toothed, or, in Var. AmBfGua,
linear, long and narrow. — Sandy swamps, New Jersey and W. New York to
Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Stem 2°-5° high.

10. TIEDEMANNIA, DC. Fatse Warer-Dropwort.

Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit with a single-winged margin, obovate, flattish ; the
carpels with 5 equidistant slender ribs on the convex back: oil-tubes one in each
interval, and 2 on the inner face. —A smooth and erect aquatic herb, with a
hollow stem (2°-6° high), and cylindrical pointed and hollow petioles (the
cavity divided by cross partitions) in place of leaves. Involucre and involucels
of few subulate leaflets. Flowers white. (Dedicated to the distinguished anat-
omist the late Prof. Tiedemann, of Heidelberg.)

1. T. teretifolia, DC. Virginia (Harper’s Ferry) and southward. Aug.

ll. ANGELICA, L. Ancozrtca..

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened, with a double-winged margin at the
commissure ; i. e. the lateral rib of each oval carpel expanded into a wing; their
flattish backs each strongly 3-ribbed: an oil-tube in each interval, and 2-4 on
the inner face. Seed adherent to the pericarp.— Stout perennial herbs, more
or less aromatic, with first ternately, then once or twice pinnately or ternately
divided leaves, toothed and cut ovate or oblong leaflets, large terminal umbels,
scanty or no inyolucre, and small many-leayed involucels. Flowers white or
greenish. Petioles membranaceous at the base. (Named angelic from its cor-
dial and medicinal properties.)

1. A. Curtisii, Buckley. Nearly glabrous; leaves twice ternate or the
divisions quinate; leaflets thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed, sharply cut
and toothed ; involucels of small subulate leaflets ; wings of the fruit broad. —~
Mountains of Pennsylvania (Prof: Porter), Virginia, and southward in the Alle-
ghanies. Aug.

UMBELLIFERZ. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 193

12. ARCHANGELICA, Hoffm. Arcuancetica.

. Calyx-teeth short. Seed becoming loose in the pericarp, coated with numer-
ous oil-tubes which adhere to its surface. Otherwise as in Angelica, from which
the species have been separated, with hardly sufficient reason.

1. A. hirsuta, Torr. & Gr. Woolly or downy at the top (2°-5° high),
rather slender; leaves twice pinnately or ternately divided; leaflets thickish,
ovate-oblong, often blunt, serrate ; involucels as long as the umbellets ; pedun-
cles and fruit downy, broadly winged. (Angélica triquinata, Nutt.) — Dry open
woods, New York to Michigan, and southward. July. — Flowers white.

2. A. atropurpurea, Hoffm. (Great AnGEtica.) Smooth; stem dark
purple, very stout, (4°-6° high), hollow; leaves 2-3-ternately compound; the
leaflets pinnate, 5-7, sharply cut serrate, acute, pale beneath; petioles much
inflated; involucels very short; fruit smooth, winged. (Angélica triquinita,
Michx.) — Low river-banks, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward.
June. — Flowers greenish-white. Plant strong-scented.

3. A. Gmélini, DC. Stem a little downy at the summit (1°- 3° high) ;
leaves 2—3-ternately divided ; the leaflets ovate, acute, cut-serrate, glabrous; in-
volucels about as long as the umbellets ; fruit oblong with 5 thick and corky wing-
like ribs to each carpel, the marginal ones little broader than the others. (A. pere-
grina, Nutt., & ed. 2.)— Rocky coast of Massachusetts Bay and northward.
July. — Flowers greenish-white. Plant little aromatic. Fruit so thick and so
equally ribbed, rather than winged, that it might be taken for a Ligusticum.

13. CONIOSELINUM, Fischer. Hemtock-Parstey.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval: the carpels conyex-flattish and narrowly
3-winged on the back, and each more broadly winged at the margins : oil-tubes
in the substance of the pericarp, 1-3 in each of the intervals, and several on
the inner face. — Smooth perennials, with finely 2-3-pinnately compound thin
leaves, inflated petioles, and white flowers. Involucre scarcely any: leaflets of
the involucels awl-shaped. (Name compounded of Conium, the Hemlock, and
Selinum, Milk-Parsley, from its resemblance to these two genera.)

1. C. Canadénse, Torr. & Gr. Leaflets pinnatifid; fruit longer than the
pedicels. — Swamps, Vermont to Wisconsin northward, and southward through
the Alleghanies. Aug.— Herbage resembling the Poison Hemlock.

14. HTHUSA, L. Foor’s Parszey.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate-globose; the carpels each with 5 thick
sharply-keeled ridges: intervals with single oil-tubes.— Annual, poisonous
herbs, with 2-3-ternately compound and many-cleft leaves, the divisions pin-
nate, and white flowers. (Name from aiOo, to burn, from the acrid taste.)

1. AS. CynArium, L. Divisions of the leaves wedge-lanceolate ; inyolucre
none: involucels 3-leaved, long and narrow. — About cultivated grounds, New
England to Penn. July. —A fetid, poisonous herb, with much the aspect of
Poison Hemlock, but with dark-green foliage, long hanging inyolucels, and
unspotted stem. (Ady. from Eu.)

13

194 UMBELLIFERZ. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

15. LIGUSTICUM, L. _ Lovace.

Calyx-teeth small or minute. Fruit elliptical, round on the cross-section, or
slightly flattened on the sides; the carpels each with 5 sharp and projecting or
narrowly winged ridges: intervals and inner face with many oil-tubes. — Peren-
nials, with aromatic roots and fruit, 2-3-ternately compound leaves, and white
flowers. (Named from the country Liguria, where the officinal Lovage of the
gardens, L. Levisticum, abounds. )

1. L. Scéticum, L. (Scorcu Lovace.) Very smooth; stem (2° high),
simple ; leaves 2-ternate; leaflets rhombic-ovate, coarsely toothed or cut; leaflets
of the involucre and involucels linear; calyx-teeth distinct ; fruit narrowly oblong.
— Salt marshes, from Rhode Island northward. Aug. — (Eu.)

2. L. acteifolium, Michx. (Nonpo. AneEtico.) Smooth; stem (3°-
6° high) branched above; the numerous umbels forming a loose and naked
somewhat whorled panicle, the lateral ones mostly barren ; leaves 3-ternate ; leaf-
lets broadly ovate, equally serrate, the end ones often 3-parted ; calyx-teeth mi-
nute; ribs of the short fruit wing-like. — Rich woods, Virginia, Kentucky, and
southward along the mountains. July, Aug.— Root large, with the strong
aromatic odor and taste of Angelica. (Michaux’s habitat, “Banks of the St.
Lawrence,” is probably a mistake.)

16. THASPIUM, Nutt. Merapvow-Parsnipe.

Calyx-teeth obsolete or short. Fruit ovoid or oblong, somewhat flattish or
contracted at the sides (the cross-section of each seed orbieular and somewhat
angled or 5-angular) ; the carpels each with 5 strong and equal ribs or wings,
the lateral ones marginal: oil-tubes single in each interval. — Perennial herbs,
with 1 -2-ternately divided leaves (or the root-leaves simple), umbels with no
involucre, minute few-leaved involucels, and yellow or sometimes dark-purple
flowers. (Name a play upon Thapsia, a genus so called from the island of Thap-
sus.) I include in this genus Zizia, Koch, — because the same species has fruit
either ribbed or winged, —and retain the name of Zizia for Z. integerrima, DC.

* Stems loosely branched, 2°-5° high, mostly pubescent on the joints: calyx short but
manifest : corolla light yellow : leaves all ternately compound.

1. T. barbindde, Nutt. Leaves 1 —3-ternate ; leaflets ovate or lance-ovate
and acute, mostly with a wedge-shaped base, above deeply cut-serrate, often 2-3-cleft
or parted, the terminal one long-stalked (1/- 2! long) ; fruit oblong, 6 — 10-winged
(3 long), some of the dorsal wings often narrow or obsolete. — River-banks,
W. New York to Wisconsin, and southward. July.

2. T, pinnatifidum, Gray. Branchlets, umbels, &c. roughish-puberulent ;
leaves 1-3-ternate ; leaflets 1 -2-pinnatifid, the lobes linear or oblong ; fruit oblong,
narrowly 8 -10-winged (13! long), the intervals minutely scabrous. (Zizia pin-
natifida, Buckley. Thaspium Walteri, Shuttlew., excl. syn. Walt.) — Barrens of
Kentucky (Short), and southward in the mountains.

x % Stems somewhat branched ; the whole plant glabrous : calys-teeth obscure.

3. T. atreum, Nutt. Leaves all 1-2-ternately divided or parted (or rarely

some of the root-leaves simple and heart-shaped); the divisions or Jea/lets oblong-

UMBELLIFERE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 195

lanceolate, very sharply cut-serrate, with a wedge-shaped entire base ; flowers deep
yellow ; fruit oblong-oval, with 10 winged ridges. — Moist river-banks, &c. June.

Var. A4pterum. Fruit with strong and sharp ribs in place of wings.
(Smyrnium aureum, Z. Zizia aurea, Koch.) — With the winged form.

4. T. trifoliatum. oot-leaves or some of them round and heart-shaped ;
stem-leaves simply ternate or quinate, or 3-parted; the divisions or leaflets ovate-
lanceolate or roundish, mostly abrupt or heart-shaped at the base, crenately toothed ;
flowers deep yellow ; fruit globose-ovoid, with 10 winged ridges. — Rocky thickets,
Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward: rare eastward. June.

Var. atropurpureum, Torr. & Gr. Petals deep dark-purple. (Thap-
sia trifoliata, Z. Smyrnium cordatum, Walt, Thaspium atropurpureum,
Nutt.) — From New York westward and southward.

_Var. A€pterum. Petals yellow: fruit with sharp ribs in place of wings.
(Zizia cordata, Koch, Torr.) With the preceding form.

17. ZIZIA, DC. partly. (Zizrta § Tanfpra, Torr. & Gr.)

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovoid-oblong, contracted at the junction of the
carpels so as to become twin, the cross-section of each seed nearly orbicular :
carpels somewhat fleshy when fresh, with 5 slender ribs (which are more con-
spicuous when dry) : oil-tubes 3 in each interval and 4 on the inner face. — A
perennial smooth and glaucous slender herb (2°-3° high), with 2-3-ternately
compound leaves, the leaflets with entire margins; umbels with long and slen-
der rays, no involucre, and hardly any involucels. Flowers yellow. (Named
for I. B. Ziz, a Rhenish botanist.)

1. Z. integérrima, DC.— Rocky hillsides: not rare. May, June.

18. BUPLEURUM, Town. THOROUGH-WAX.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate-oblong, flattened laterally or somewhat
twin, the carpels 5-ribbed, with or without oil-tubes. Plants with simple entire
leaves and yellow flowers. (Name from Bois, an ox, and mAeupdv, a rib.)

1. B. rorunpirorium, L. Leaves ovate, perfoliate ; involucre none; in-
volucels of 5 ovate leaflets. — Fields, New York to Virginia: rare. (Adv.
from Eu.)

19. DISCOPLEURA, DC. Mock Brsnop-weep.

Calyx-teeth awl-shaped. Fruit ovoid ; the carpels each with 3 strong ribs on
the back, and 2 broad lateral ones aihited with a thickened corky margin: in-
tervals with single oil-tubes. — Smooth and slender branched annuals, with the
leaves finely dissected into bristle-form divisions, and white flowers. Involucre
and involucels conspicuous. (Name from dlcKkos, a disk, and mevpév, a rib.)

1. D. capillacea, DC. Umbel few- rayed ; leaflets of the involucre 3 —5-
cleft ; involucels longer than the umbellets ; fruit ovate in outliné. — Brackish
swamps, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. July — Oct.

Var. ? costata, DC. Larger; rays and divisions of the involucre numer-
ous; ribs of the fruit stronger. —S. Illinois ( Vasey) and southwestward.

2. D. Nuttallii, DC. Umbel many-rayed ; leaflets of the involucre entire
and shorter ; fruit globular. — Wet prairies, Kentucky and southward.

Cay

\yu Worn
Want

196 UMBELLIFERZ. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

20. CiCUTA, =: WatTER-HEMLOCK.

Calyx minutely 5-toothed. Fruit subglobose, a little contracted at the sides,
the carpels with 5 flattish and strong ribs: intervals with single oil-tubes. —
Marsh perennials, very poisonous, smooth, with thrice pinnately or ternately
compound leaves, the veins of the lanceolate or oblong leaflets terminating in
the notches. Involucre few-leaved: involucels many-leayed. Flowers white ;
in summer. (The ancient Latin name of the Hemlock.)

1. C. maculata, L. (Sporrep Cowspane. Musquasn Roor. Bra-
ver-Poison.) Stem streaked with purple, stout; leaflets oblong-lanceolate,
coarsely serrate, sometimes lobed, pointed. — Swamps: common. Aug. —
Plant 3'-6° high, coarse; the root a deadly poison.

2. C. bulbifera, L. Leaflets linear, remotely toothed or cut-lobed ; upper
axils bearing clustered bulblets. — Swamps : common northward : seldom fruiting.

21. SIUM te OP Warter-Parsnip.

Calyx-teeth small or none. Fruit oblong, ovate or globular, flattish or con-
tracted at the sides; the carpels with 5 mostly strong ribs: intervals with 1-
several oil-tubes. — Marsh or aquatic perennials, smooth, poisonous, with sharp-
angled or grooved stems, simply pinnate leaves, and serrate or incised ]aflets,
or the immersed leayes more compound. Inyolucre several-leaved. Flowers
white ; in summer. (Name supposed to be from the Celtic siu, water.)

x Pericarp thin between the strong projecting ribs: lateral ribs marginal.

1. S. lineare, Michx. Tall (2°- 4°) ; leaflets linear, lanceolate, or oblong-
lanceolate, tapering to a sharp point, very sharply serrate ; calyx-teeth none or
obsolete ; fruit globular, with corky and very salient ribs, or rather wings ; oil-tubes
1-3 in the very narrow intervals. (S. cicutefolium, Gmelin, of Siberia is prob-
ably the same, and if so, the older name.) — In water or wet places: common.

S. Latirouium, L., of Europe (for which broad-leaved forms of our plant
have been mistaken), if ever found in this country, will be known by its blunt
or less tapering leaves, slender calyx-teeth, and much less projecting or wing-
like ribs to the more oval fruit.

2. S. Carsonii, Durand, ined. Smaller (1°-2° high), branched ; leaflets
3-7, thin, varying from linear to oblong, acute, sharply serrate ; calyx-teeth
none or obsolete ; fruit ovoid-globular, with strong filiform ribs, the broad inter- |
vals with 1-3 conspicuous oil-tubes.— Wet banks of streams, or in flowing
water (when the submersed or floating leaflets are very thin, sometimes reduced
to the terminal one, ovate or oblong, and usually laciniate-toothed or dissected :
in this state it was doubtfully referred to Helosciadium nodiflorum, Koch, in
addend. to ed. 2).—— Pennsylvania, around the Pocono Mountain, Prof. Traill
Green, Prof. T. C. Porter, Dr. Carson. Connecticut, Prof. D. C. Eaton.

* Pericarp of a thick texture, concealing the oil-tubes : ribs inconspicuous, the lateral
ones not quite marginal. (Bérula, Koch.)

2, §. angustifolium, L. Low (9/-20! high); leaflets varying from
oblong to linear, mostly cut-toothed and cleft or even pinnatifid ; peduncles
short ; fruit ovate; calyx-teeth scarcely any. — Wet places, Massachusetts (J/.
A. Curtis in herb Durand), Michigan, Illinois (Dr. Vasey), and westward. (Eu.)

UMBELLIFERZ. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 197

22. CRYPTOTAINIA, DC. Honeworr.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, contracted at the sides; the carpels
equally and obtusely 5-ribbed : oil-tubes very slender, one in each interval and
one under each rib. Seed slightly concave on the inner face. — A perennial
smooth herb, with thin 3-foliolate leaves, the umbels and umbellets with very
unequal rays,-no involucre, and few-leaved involucels. Flowers white. (Name
composed of kpumrds, hidden, and rawvia, a fillet, from the concealed oil-tubes.)

1. C. Canadénsis, DC.— Thickets: common. June- Sept. — Plant
2° high. Leaflets large, ovate, pointed, doubly serrate, the lower ones lobed.

23. CHHROPHYLLUM, L. Cuervi.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear or oblong, pointed or short-beaked, con-
tracted at the sides; the carpels 5-ribbed, at least at the apex: inner face of
the seed deeply grooved lengthwise: intervals usually with single oil-tubes. —
Chiefly annuals or biennials: leaves ternately decompound ; the leaflets lobed
or toothed: involucre scarcely any: involucels many-leaved. Flowers chiefly
white. (Name from yaip, to gladden, and pvAdov, a leaf, alluding to the
agreeable aromatic odor of the foliage. )

1. C. procumbens, Lam. Stems slender (6!-18/), spreading, a little
hairy ; lobes of the pinnatifid leaflets obtuse, oblong ; umbels few-rayed (sessile
or peduncled) ; fruit narrowly oblong, with conspicuous narrow ribs, not beaked.
— Moist copses, New Jersey to Illinois and southward. May, June.

2. C. sativum, Lam. (GarpEN CueERvIL.) Taller; lobes of the leaves
ovate and pinnatifid ; fruit oblong-linear, ribless, but tapering into a ribbed beak
shorter than the seed. (Anthriscus Cerefolium, Hoffm.)— Rarely seen in
gardens (as a sweet herb), but thoroughly spontaneous in fields and copses near
Lancaster, Penn., Prof: T. C. Porter. (Nat. from Eu.)

24. OSMORRHIZA, Raf. Sweer Cicery.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear-oblong, angled, tapering downwards into
a stalk-like base, contracted at the sides, crowned with the styles; the carpels
with sharp upwardly bristly ribs: inner face of the nearly terete seed with a
deep longitudinal channel: oil-tubes none. — Perennials, with thick sweet-aro-
matic roots, and large 2-.3-ternately compound leaves ; the leaflets ovate,
pinnatifid-toothed. Involucre and involucels few-leaved. Flowers white. (Name
from dcp, a scent, and piga, a root, from the anise-like flavor of the latter.)

1. O. longistylis, DC. (Smoorner Sweet Crcery.) Styles slender,
nearly as long as the ovary ; leaflets sparingly pubescent or smooth when old, short-
pointed, cut-toothed, sometimes lobed. — Rich moist woods : commonest north-
ward. May, June. — Plant 3° high, branching: stem reddish.

2. O. brevistylis, DC. (Harry Sweet Cicery.) Styles conical and not
longer than the breadth of the ovary ; fruit somewhat tapering at the summit ; leaf
lets downy-hairy, taper-pointed, pinnatifid-cut. — Common : root less sweet.

25. CONIUM, L. Porson Hemiocx.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, flattened at the sides, the carpels with 5
prominent wavy ribs, and no oil-tubes: inner face of the seed with a deep nar-

ie

198 ARALIACEE. (GINSENG FAMILY.)
*

row longitudinal groove. — Biennial poisonous herbs, with large decompound
leaves. Involucre and involucels 3 - 5-leaved, the latter 1-sided. Flowers white.
(Kayvetov, the Greek name of the Hemlock, by which criminals and philosophers
were put to death at Athens.) P

1. ©, macuLAtum, L. Smooth; stem spotted; leaflets lanceolate, pinnati-
fid: involucels shorter than the umbellets.— Waste places. July.—A large
branching herb: the pale green leaves exhale a disagreeable odor when bruised.
A virulent narcotico-acrid poison, used in medicine. (Nat. from Eu.)

26. EULOPHUS, Nutt. Evtopuus.

Calyx-teeth small. Fruit ovoid, contracted at the sides and somewhat twin ;
the carpels smooth, indistinctly ribbed, and with a close row of oil-tubes : inner
face of the seed longitudinally channelled, the cross-section semilunar. — A slen-
der, smooth perennial : leaves 2-ternately divided into narrow linear leaflets. In-
yolucre scarcely any: inyolucels bristle-form. Flowers white. (Name from ev,
well, and Addos, a crest, not well applied to a plant with no crest at all.)

1. E. Americanus, Nutt. — Darby plains, near Columbus, Ohio (Sulli-

vant), Illinois, and southwestward. July.— Root a cluster of small tubers.

27. ERIGENIA, Nutt. Harsrycer-or-Sprine. Y

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obovate or spatulate, flat, entire. Fruit twin;
the carpels incurved at top and bottom, nearly kidney-form, with 5 very slender
ribs, and several small oil-tubes in the interstices: inner face of the seed hollowed
into a broad deep cavity. — A small and smooth vernal plant, producing from
a deep round tuber a simple stem, bearing one or two 2—3-ternately divided
leaves, and a somewhat imperfect and leafy-bracted compound umbel. Flowers
few, white. (Name from nptyevis, bora in the spring.)

1. E. bulbosa, Nutt. — Alluvial soil, Western New York and Penn. to
Wisconsin, Kentucky, &e. March, April. — Stem 3/-9! high.

Orpver 47; ARALIACEZE. (GINSENG FAMILY.)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with much the same characters as Umbellifere, but
with usually more than 2 styles, and the fruit a. few—several-celled drupe.
(Albumen mostly fleshy. Petals not inflexed.) — Represented here only
by the genus »

1. ARALIA, Tourn. Ginsenc. Wuitp SArSAPARILLA.

Flowers more or less polygamous. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, the
teeth very short or almost obsolete. Petals 5, epigynous, oblong or obovate,
lightly imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 5, epigynous, alternate with
the petals. Styles 2-5, mostly distinct and slender, or in the sterile flowers
short and united. Ovary 2~5-celled, with a single anatropous ovule suspended
from the top of each cell, ripening into a berry-like drupe, with as many seeds ~
as cells. Embryo minute. — Leaves compound or decompound. Flowers white
or greenish, in umbels. Roots (perennial), bark, fruit, &c. warm and aromatic.
(Derivation obscure. )

~

CORNACEZ. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.) 199

§ 1. ARALIA, L. Flowers moneciously polygamous or perfect, the umbels usually
in corymbs or panicles ; styles and cells of the (black or dark purple) fruit 5: stems
herbaceous or woody: ultimate divisions of the leaves pinnate.

* Umbels very numerous in a large compound panicle: leaves very large, quinately or

pinnately decompound.

1. A. spinosa, L. (ANGELICcA-TREE. Hercures’ Crus.) Shrub, ora
low tree ; the stout stem and stalks prickly ; leaflets ovate, pointed, serrate, pale be-
neath. — River-banks, Pennsylvania to Kentucky and southward: common in
cultivation. July, August. :

2. A. racemosa, L. (Spikenarv.) Herbaceous; stem widely branched ;
leaflets heart-ovate, pointed, doubly serrate, slightly downy; umbels racemose;
styles united. — Rich woodlands. July.— Well known for its spicy-aromatic
large roots. There are traces of stipules at the dilated base of the leafstalks.

* * Umbels 2-7, corymbed: stem short, somewhat woody.

3. A. hispida, Michx. (Bristty SarsapariLya. Wixtp Exper.) Stem
(1°-2° high), bristly, leafy, terminating in a peduncle bearing several umbels;
leaves twice pinnate; leaflets oblong-ovate, acute, cut-serrate. — Rocky places :
common northward, and southward along the mountains. June.

4. A. nudicatlis, L. (Wiip Sarsaparitia.) Stem scarcely rising out
of the ground, smooth, bearing a single long-stalked leaf and a shorter naked scape, with
2-7 umbels; leatlets oblong-ovate or oval, pointed, serrate, 5 on each of the 3
divisions. — Moist woodlands ; with the same range as No. 3. May, June. —
The aromatic horizontal roots, which are several feet long, are employed as a
substitute for the officinal Sarsaparilla. Leafstalk 1° high.

§ 2. GINSENG, Decaisne & Planchon. (Panax, LZ.) Flowers diwciously poly-
gamous: styles and cells of the (red or reddish) fruit 2 or 3: stem herbaceous, low,
simple, bearing at its summit a whorl of 3 palmately 3 -7-foliolate leaves (or per-
haps rather a single and sessile twice-compound leaf), and a single umbel on a
slender naked peduncle.

5. A. quinquefolia. (Ginsene.) Root large and spindle-shaped, often
Jorked (4'-9! long, aromatic); stem 1° high; Jeaflets long-stalked, mostly 5,
large and thin, obovate-oblong, pointed ; styles mostly 2; fruit bright red. (Par
nax quinquefolium, Z.) — Rich and cool woods: becoming rare. July.

6. A. trifdlia. (Dwarr Giysenc. Grounp-nut.) Root or tuber globular,
deep in the ground (pungent to the taste, not aromatic) ; stems 4/- 8! high; leaf
lets 3-5, sessile at the summit of the leafstalk, narrowly oblong, obtuse; styles
usually 3; fruit yellowish. — Rich woods: common northward. April, May.

Hipera Hérix, the European Ivy, is almost the only other representative
of this family in the northern temperate zone.

Orver 48.. CORNACEZE. (Docwoop Famiry.)

Shrubs or trees (rarely herbaceous), with opposite or alternate simple leaves,
the calyx-tube coherent with the 1-2-celled ovary, its limb minute, the petals
(valvate in the bud) and as many stamens borne on the margin of an epigy-
nous disk in the perfect flowers; style one; a single anatropous ovule hang-

Juee

Oa-~ 0

Wt

Wh our

: Bir i See : ad
(i - and simple (5'-7' high) from a slender creeping and subterranean rather woody

200 CORNACEE. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.)

ing from the top of the cell; the fruit a 1-2-seeded drupe; embryo nearly
the length of the albumen, with large and foliaceous cotyledons. — A small
family represented by Cornus, and by a partly apetalous genus, Nyssa.
(Bark bitter and tonic.)

1. CORNUS, Tourn. CornEL. Dogwoop.

Flowers perfect (or in some foreign species dicecious). Calyx minutely 4-
toothed. Petals 4, oblong, spreading. Stamens 4: filaments slender. Style
slender : stigma terminal, flat or capitate. Drupe small, with a 2-celled and 2-
seeded stone. — Leaves opposite (except in one species), entire. Flowers small,
in open naked cymes, or in close heads which are surrounded by a corolla-like
involucre. (Name from cornu, a horn; alluding to the hardness of the wood.)
§ 1. Flowers greenish, in a head or close cluster, which is surrounded by a large and

showy, 4-leaved, corolla-like, white or rarely pinkish involucre : fruit bright red.

1. C. Canadénsis, L. (Dwarr Cornet. Buncu-Berry.) Stems low

war Uy: trunk ; leaves scarcely petioled, the lower scale-like, the upper crowded into an
Qyywesapparent whorl in sixes or fours, ovate or oval, pointed ; leaves of the involucre

ovate ; fruit globular.— Damp cold woods: common northward. June.

2. C. fidrida, L. (FrowrrmG Docwoop.) Leaves ovate, pointed,
acutish at the base; leaves of the involucre inversely heart-shaped or notched (14!
long) ; fruit oval.— Rocky woods: more common southward. May, June. —
Tree 12°-30° high, very showy in flower, scarcely less so in fruit.

§ 2. Flowers white, in open and flat spreading cymes: intolucre none: fruit spherical.
* Leaves all opposite: shrubs.

3. C. circinata, L’Her. (Rounp-LEAvED Cornet or Docwoop.)
Branches greenish, warty-dotted ; leaves round-oval, abruptly pointed, woolly beneath
(2'-5! broad); cymes flat; fruit light blue.— Copses; in rich soil. June. —
Shrub 6°-10° high. Leaves larger than in any other species.

4. C. sericea. L. (Strxy Cornen. Krynrxinnix.) Branches purplish ;
the branchlets, stalks, and lower surface of the narrowly ovate or elliptical pointed leaves
silky-downy (often rusty), pale and dull; cymes flat, close ; calyx-teeth lanceolate ;
Sruit pale blue. — Wet places: common. June.— Shrub 3°-10° high.

5. C. stolonifera, Michx. (Rrep-oster Docwoop.) Branches, especially
the osier-like annual shoots, bright red-purple, smooth ; leaves ovate, rounded at the
base, abruptly short-pointed, roughish with a minute close pubescence on both
sides, whitish underneath : cymes small and flat, rather few-flowered, smooth ; fruit
white or lead-color. — Wet places: common, especially northward. Multiplies
freely by prostrate or subterranean suckers, and forms broad clumps, 3°-6°
high. June.

6. C. asperifolia, Michx. (Rovcu-teavep Doewoon.) Branches
brownish ; the branchlets, &c. rough-pubescent ; leaves oblong or ovate, on very short
petioles, pointed, rough with a harsh pubescence above, and downy beneath ; calyx-
teeth minute. — Dry or sandy soil, Illinois and southward. May, June.

7. C. stricta, Lam. (Stirr Corner.) Branches brownish or reddish,
smooth ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, acutish at the base, glabrous,

CORNACEZ. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.) 201

of nearly the same hue both sides ; cymes loose, flattish; anthers and fruit pale blue.
— Swamps, Virginia and southward. April, May.— Shrub 8°-15° high.

8. C. paniculata, L’Her. (PanicLtep Cornet.) Branches gray, smooth ;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, acute at the base, whitish beneath but not
downy ; cymes conver, loose, often panicled; fruit white, depressed-globose. —
Thickets and river-banks. June.— Shrub 4°-8° high, very much branched,
bearing a profusion of pure white blossoms.

* * Leaves mostly alternate, crowded at the ends of the branches.

9. C. alternifolia, L. (ALTERNATE-LEAVED Cornet.) Branches green-
ish streaked with white, alternate ; leaves ovate or oval, long-pointed, acute at the
base, whitish and minutely pubescent underneath; frwt deep blue on reddish
stalks. — Hillsides in copses. May, June.— Shrub or tree 8°- 20° high, with
flattish top, and very open, broad cymes.

2. NYSSA, L. Turero. Preprrertpce. Sour-Gum TREE.

Flowers diceciously polygamous, clustered or rarely solitary at the summit
of axillary peduncles. Stam. Fl. numerous in a simple or compound dense
cluster of fascicles. Calyx small, 5-parted. Petals as in fertile flower or none.
Stamens 5-12, oftener 10, inserted on the outside of a convex disk: filaments
slender: anthers short. No pistil. Pust. Fl. solitary, or 2-8, sessile in a bracted
cluster, much larger than the staminate flowers. Calyx with a very short re-
pand-truncate or minutely 5-toothed limb. Petals yery small and fleshy, decidu-
ous, or often wanting. Stamens 5-10, with perfect or imperfect anthers. Style
elongated, revolute, stigmatic down one side. Ovary one-celled. Drupe ovoid
or oblong, with a bony and grooved or striate 1-celled and 1-seeded stone. —
Trees with entire or sometimes angulate-toothed leaves, which are alternate, but
mostly crowded at the end of the branchlets, and greenish flowers appearing
with the leaves. (The name of a Nymph: “‘so called because it [the original
species] grows in the water.”’)

1. N. multiflora, Wang. (Tureto. Perrertpce. Brack or Sour
Gum.) Leaves oval or obovate, commonly acuminate, glabrous or villous-pubes-
cent when young, at least on the margins and midrib, shining above when old
(2'-5/ long) ; fertile flowers 3-8, at the summit of a slender peduncle ; fruit ovoid,
bluish-black (about 3! long). (N. sylvatica, Marsh. N. villosa, Willd, &e.) —
Rich soil, either moist or nearly dry, Massachusetts to Illinois, and southward.
April, May. — A middle-sized tree, with horizontal branches and a light flat
spray, like the Beech: the wood firm, close-grained and very unwedgeable, on
account of the oblique direction and crossing of the fibre of different layers.
Leaves turning bright crimson in autumn.

2. N. uniflora, Walt. (Larce Tupeto.) Leaves oblong or ovate, some-
times slightly cordate at the base, long-petioled, entire or angulate-toothed, pale
and downy-pubescent beneath, at least when young (4/-12! long) ; fertile flower
solitary on a slender peduncle ; fruit oblong, blue (1! or more in length). (N. den-
ticulata, Ait. N. tomentosa, and angilisans, Michr. N. grandidentata, Michr.
Jf.) — In water or wet swamps, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. April. —
Wood soft: that of the roots very light and spongy, used for corks.

~Co-

202 CAPRIFOLIACEZ. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)

Drviston I. MONOPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter
composed of more or less united petals, that is, monopetalous.*

Orper 49. CAPRIFOLIACEZ. (Honrysuckre Fatty.)

Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with opposite leaves, no (genuine) stipules, the
calyx-tube coherent with the 2—5-celled ovary, the stamens as many as (or
one fewer than) the lobes of the tubular or wheel-shaped corolla, and inserted
on its tube. — Fruit a berry, drupe, or pod, 1—several-seeded. Seeds an-

atropous, with a small embryo in fleshy albumen. 4

Tribe I. LONICEREZ. Corolla tubular, often irregular, sometimes 2-lipped. Style
slender: stigma capitate.

1. Limnzea. Stamens 4, one fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Fruit dry, 3-celled, but only
1-seeded ; two of the cells sterile.

2. Symphoricarpus. Stamens 4 or 5, as many as the lobes of the bell-shaped regular
corolla. Berry 4-celled, but only 2-seeded ; two of the cells sterile.

38. Lonmicera. Stamens 5, as many as the lobes of the tubular and more or less irregular
corolla. Berry several-seeded ; all the 2 or 3 cells fertile.

4. Diervilla. Stamens 5. Corolla funnel-form, nearly regular. Pod 2-celled, 2-valved,
many-seeded, slender.

5. Triosteum. Stamens 5. Corolla gibbous at the base. Fruit a 3-celled drupe.

Tribe Il, SAMBUCEZ. (Ooralla wheel-sbaped or urn-shaped, regular, deeply 5-lobed.
Stigmas 1-3, rarely 5, sessile. Flowers in broad cymes. -

6. Sambucus. Fruit berry-like containing the small seed-like nutlets. Leaves pinnate.

7. Viburnum. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded drupe, with a compressed stone. Leaves simple.

1. LINNA, Gronoy. Liynma. Twry-rtower.

Calyx-teeth 5, awl-shaped, deciduous. Corolla narrow bell-shaped, almost
equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, two of them shorter, inserted toward the base of
the corolla. Ovary and the small dry pod 3-celled, but only 1-seeded, two of the
cells having only abortive ovules. —A slender creeping and trailing little ever-
green, somewhat hairy, with rounded-oval sparingly crenate leaves contracted at
the base into short petioles, and thread-like upright peduncles* forking into 2
pedicels at the top, each bearing a delicate and fragrant nodding flower. Co-
rolla purple and whitish, hairy inside. (Dedicated to the immortal Linneus,
who first pointed. out its characters, and with whom this pretty little plant was a
special favorite. )

1. L. borealis, Gronov. — Moist mossy woods and cold bogs: common
northward, but towards the south of rare occurrence as far as New Jersey, and
along the mountains to Maryland. June, (Eu.)

* In certain families, such as Ericacez, &c., the petals in some genera are nearly or quite sep-
arate. In Composite and some others, the calyx is mostly reduced to a pappus, or to scales, or a
mere border, or even to nothing more than a covering of the surface of the ovary. The student
might look for these in the first or the third division. But the artificial analysis prefixed to the
volume provides for such anomalies, and will lead the student to the proper order.

CAPRIFOLIACEE, (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 2038

2. SYMPHORICARPUS, Dill. Syowzerry.

Calyx-teeth short, persistent on the fruit. Corolla bell-shaped, regularly 4-
5-lobed, with as many short stamens inserted into its throat. Ovary 4-celled,
only 2 of the cells with a fertile ovule ; the berry therefore 4-celled but only 2-
seeded. Seeds bony. —Low and branching upright shrubs, with oval short-
petioled leaves, which are downy underneath and entire, or wavy-toothed or
lobed on the young shoots. Flowers white tinged with rose-color, in close
short spikes or clusters. (Name composed of ovppopée, to bear together, and
kap7ros, fruit ; from the clustered berries.)

1. S. occidentalis, R. Brown. (Wotrserry.) Flowers in dense ter-
minal and axillary spikes ; corolla much bearded within ; the stamens and style
protruded ; berries white. — Northern Michigan, Dlinois, and westward. — Flow-
ers larger and more funnel-form, and stamens longer, than in the next.

2. S. racemosus, Michx. (SnNowperry.) Flowers in a loose and some-
what leafy interrupted spike at the end of the branches ; corolla bearded inside ;
berries large, bright white. — Rocky banks, W. Vermont to Pennsylvania and
Wisconsin : common in cultivation. June-Sept.— Berries ripe in autumn.

Var. paucifldrus, Robbins. Low, diffusely branched and spreading ;
leaves smaller (about 1! long), the spike reduced to one or two flowers in the
axils of the uppermost. — Rocky woods of L. Superior, Dr. Robbins, and north-
westward, Alleghanies of Pennsylvania, J. R. Lowrie, Mr. Bécking.

3. S. vulgaris, Michx. (Inp1an Currant. Corat-Berry.) Flowers
in small close clusters in the axils of nearly all the leaves; corolla sparingly
bearded ; berries small, dark red. — Rocky banks, W. New York and Penn. to
Illinois and southward - also cultivated. July.

3. LONICERA, L. MHowneysuckre. Woopsrne.

Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often gibbous at the
base, irregularly or almost regularly 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-3-celled.
Berry several-seeded. — Leaves entire. Flowers often showy and fragrant.
(Named in honor of Adam Lonitzer, latinized Lonicerus, a German herbalist of
the 16th century. )

§1. CAPRIFQLIUM, Juss, Twining shrubs, with the flowers in sessile whorled
clusters from the axils of the (often connate) upper leaves, and forming interrupted
terminal spikes: calyx-teeth persistent on the (red or orange) berry.

* Corolla trumpet-shaped, almost reqularly and equally 5;lobed.

‘1. L. sempérvirens, Ait. (Trumpet Honrysuck ie.) Flowers in
somewhat distant whorls ; leaves oblong, smooth; the lower petioled, the up-
permost pairs united round the stem.— Copses, New York (near the city) to
Virginia, and southward: common also in cultivation. May -— Oct. — Leaves
deciduous at the North. Corolla scentless, nearly 2/ long, deep red outside,
yellowish within or rarely throughout.

* * Corolla ringent : the lower lip narrow, the upper broad and 4-lobed.

2. L. grata, Ait. (American Woopgrye.) Leaves smooth, glaucous be-

neath, obovate, the 2 or 3 upper pairs united ; flowers whorled in the axils of

204 CAPRIFOLIACEX. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY:)

the uppermost leaves or leaf-like connate bracts ; corolla smooth (whitish with a
purple tube, fading yellowish), not gibbous at the base, fragrant. — Rocky wood-
lands, New York, Penn., and westward: also cultivated. May.

3. L. flava, Sims. (YeELLow HoneysucKkxe.) Leaves smooth, very pale
and glaucous both sides, thickish, obovate or oval, the 2—4 upper pairs united into
round cup-like disks ; flowers in approximate whorls ; tube of the smooth (/ight
yellow) corolla somewhat gibbous ; filaments almost or quite smooth. — Rocky
banks. Catskill mountains (Pursh), Ohio to Wisconsin (a form with rather
short flowers), and southward along the Alleghany Mountains. June.

4. L. parviflora, Lam. (Smart Honeysucxiz.) Leaves smooth, ob-
long, green above, very glaucous beneath, the upper pairs united, all closely sessile ;
flowers in 2 or 3 closely approximate whorls raised on a peduncle; corolla gib-
bous at the base, smooth outside (greenish-yellow tinged with dull purple), short
(9 long); filaments rather hairy below. — Rocky banks, mostly northward.
May, June. — Stem commonly bushy, only 2°—4° high.

Var. Douglasii. Leaves greener, more or less downy underneath when
young, or ciliate; corolla crimson or deep dull purple. (L. Douglasii, DC.) —
Northern Ohio to Wisconsin and northward.

5. L. hirstitta, Eaton. (Harry Honeysuckyie.) Leaves not glaucous,
downy-hairy beneath, as well as the branches, and slightly so above, veiny, dull,
broadly oval; the uppermost united, the lower short-petioled ; flowers in ap-
proximate whorls ; tube of the (orange-yellow) clammy-pubescent corolla gibbous at
the base, slender. — Damp copses and rocks, Maine to Wisconsin northward,
July. — A coarse, large-leaved species.

§ 2, XYLOSTEON, Juss. Upright bushy shrubs: leaves all distinct at the base:
peduncles axillary, single, 2-flowered at the summit; the two berries sometimes
united into one: calyx-teeth not persistent.

* The two flowers involucrate by 4 conspicuous and broad foliaceous bracts.

6. L. involucrata, Banks. Pubescent, or becoming glabrous ; branches
4-angular ; leaves (3/- 6! long) ovate-oblong, mostly pointed, petioled, and with
a strong midrib, exceeding the peduncle; corolla yellowish, viscid-pubescent,
cylindraceous (6-8 long); ovaries and globose berries distinct. — Deep
woods, Lake Superior (C. G. Loring, Jr., Dr. Robbins) and westward. June.

* * Bracts (2 or sometimes 4) at the base of the ovaries minute.

7. L. ciliata, Muhl. (Fry-Honrysucxisz.) Branches straggling (3° -
5° high) ; leaves oblong-ovate, often heart-shaped, petioled, thin, downy beneath ;
Jiliform peduncles shorter than the leaves; corolla funnel-form, almost spurred
at the base (greenish-yellow, 3! long), the lobes nearly equal ; berries separate
(red). — Rocky woods, Mass. to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. May.

8. L. certlea, L. (Mountain F.) Low (1°-2° high) ; branches up-
right ; leaves oval, downy when young ; peduncles very short; bracts awl-shaped,
longer than the ovaries of the two (yellowish) flowers, which are united into one (blue)
berry. (Xyldsteum villosum, Micha.) — Mountain woods and bogs, Massachu-
setts to Wisconsin, northward. May. (Eu.)

9. L. oblongifolia, Muhl. (Swamp F.) Branches upright ; leaves ob-
long, downy when young, smooth when old; peduncles long and slender ; bracts

CAPRIFOLIACEEX. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 205

minute or deciduous ; corolla deeply 2-lipped (3! long, yellowish-white) ; berries
(purple) united or nearly distinct.— Bogs, Northern New York to Wisconsin.
June. — Shrub 2°-5° high. Leaves 2/—3! long.

4. DIERVILLA, Tourn. Busn-Honeysuck.e.

Calyx-tube tapering at the summit ; the lobes slender, awl-shaped, persistent.
Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, almost regular. Stamens 5. Pod ovoid-oblong,
pointed, 2-celled, 2-valved, septicidal, many-seeded. — Low, upright shrubs,
with ovate or oblong pointed serrate leaves, and cymosely 3 -several-flowered
peduncles, from the upper axils, or terminal. (Named in compliment to M.
Dierville, who brought it from Canada to Tournefort.)

1. D. trifida, Mench. Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, petioled ; pe-
duncles mostly 3-flowered ; pod long-beaked. (D. Canadénsis, Juhl.) — Rocks:
common, especially northward. June - Aug. — Flowers honey-color, not showy,
like the Japanese species cultivated under the name of WEIGELA.

D. sessitiro1ia, Buckley, of the mountains of North Carolina, may
occur in those of S. W. Virginia.

5. TRIOSTEUM, L._ Fever-worr. Horse-Genrian.

Calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, leaf-like, persistent. Corolla tubular, gibbous
at the base, somewhat equally 5-lobed, scarcely longer than the calyx. Stamens
5. Ovary mostly 3-celled, in fruit forming a rather dry drupe, containing as
many angled and ribbed 1-seeded bony nutlets.— Coarse, hairy, perennial
herbs, leafy to the top; with the ample entire pointed leaves tapering to the
base, but connate round the simple stem. Flowers sessile, and solitary or
clustered in the axils. (Name from rpets, three, and daréop, a bone, alluding to
three bony seeds, or rather nutlets.)

1. T. perfoliatum, L. Softly hairy (2°-4° high) ; leaves oval, abruptly
narrowed below, downy beneath ; flowers brownish-purple, mostly clustered. —
Rich woodlands: not rare. June.— Fruit orange-color, 3! long.

2. T. angustifolium, L. Smaller; bristly-hairy ; leaves lanceolate, taper-
ing to the base; flowers greenish-cream-color, mostly single in the axils. —S,
Pennsylvania to Illinois, and southward. May.

6. SAMBUCUS, Toun. ELDER.

Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete. Corolla open urn-shaped, with a broadly
spreading 5-cleft limb. Stamens 5, Stigmas 3. Fruit a berry-like juicy
drupe, containing 3 small seed-like nutlets. —Shrubby plants, with a rank
smell when bruised, pinnate leaves, serrate pointed leaflets, and numerous small
and white flowers incompound cymes. (Name from capPv«n, an ancient mu-
sical instrument, supposed to have been made of Elder-wood.)

1. S. Canadénsis, L. (Common Exper.) Stems scarcely woody
(5°-10° high) ; leaflets 7-11, oblong, mostly smooth, the lower often 3-parted ;
cymes flat ; fruit black-purple. — Rich soil, in open places. June. — Pith white.

2. S. pubens, Michx. (Rrep-serriep Exper.) Stems woody (2°-18°
high), the bark warty; leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate, downy underneath ; cymes

Deena

206 CAPRIFOLIACEH. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)

panicled, convex or pyramidal ; frut bright red (rarely white). — Rocky woods;
chiefly northward, and southward in the mountains. May: the fruit ripening
in June. — Pith brown. — Var. with dissected leaves, Lake Superior, Lewis Foote,
Dr. Robbins.

7. VIBURNUM » L. ARrow-woop. LavresTInvs.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas
1-3. Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded drupe, with soft pulp and a thin-crustaceous
(flattened or tumid) stone. — Shrubs, with simple leaves, and white fiowers in
flat compound cymes. Petioles sometimes bearing little appendages which are
evidently stipules. Leaf-buds naked, or with a pair of scales: (The classical
Latin name, of unknown meaning.) 5

§ 1. Flowers all alike and perfect.

* Leaves finely serrate or entire, bright green ; veins not prominent : no stipular ap-
pendages: whole plant glabrous or with some minute rusty scurf: fruit black or
with a blue bloom, sweet ; the stone very flat and even, broadly oval or orbicular.

1. V. Lentago, L. (Swreer Visurnum. SHEEP-BERRY.) Leaves ovate,
strongly pointed, closely and very sharply serrate ; petioles long and margined ;
cyme sessile ; fruit oval, $' or more long, ripe in autumn, edible ; tree 15°-—30°
high. — Copses, &c. : common, especially northward. May, June.

2. V. prunifolium, L. (Brack Haw.) Leaves oval, obtuse or slightly
pointed, finely and sharply serrate, smaller than in the preceding (1/—2! long) ;
fruit similar or rather smaller ; cyme sessile. —Dry copses; Connecticut to Ili-
nois, and common southward. May.—A tall shrub or small tree.

3. V. nudum, L. (Wirne-rop.) Leaves thickish, oval, oblong or
lanceolate, not shining, the margins entire, repand, or crenate ; cyme short-peduncled ;
fruit round-ovoid (3'’ long). — Var. 1. CtayrOnt has the leaves nearly entire,
the veins somewhat prominent underneath, and grows in swamps from Massa-
chusetts, near the coast, to Virginia and southward. Var. 2. CaSsINoIDEs (V.
pyrifolium, Pursh, /c.) has more opaque, often toothed leaves ; and grows in cold
swamps from Pennsylvania northward. May, June. — Shrub 6°-10° high.

4. V. obovatum, Walt. Leaves obovate or spatulate, obtuse, entire or denticu-
late, thickish, small (1!-13/ long), shining ; cymes sessile, small; fruit ovoid-
oblong. — River-banks, Virginia and southward. May. — Shrub 2°-8° high.
* * Leaves (with base inclined to heart-shaped) coarsely toothed, prominently pinnately

veined, the veins straight and simple or sparingly forked: no rusty scurf: fruit
small, ovoid, blue or purple; the stone tumid and grooved : cymes peduncled.

5. V. dentatum, L. (Arrow-woop.) Smooth; leaves broadly ovate,
very numerously sharp-toothed and strongly veined, on slender petioles ; fruit bright
blue; the turgid stone deeply excavated on one face; cross section of the seed
between kidney- and horseshoe-shaped. — Wet places, common northward. June.
— Shrub 5°-10° high, with ash-colored bark ; the pale leaves often with hairy
tufts in the axils of the straight veins.

6. V. médlle, Michx. Leaves broadly oval, obovate or ovate, scarcely pointed,
coarsely crenate or repand-toothed, the lower surfice, rather slender petioles, branch-
lets and cymes soft-downy, the latter with stellate pubescence ; fruit oily (EZn-

CAPRIFOLIACES. , (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 207

gelm.), the stone as in No. 5, but less deeply excavated on the face. (V. denta-
tum, yar, scabréllum, Torr. §- Gir.) — Rich woods, Kentucky and southward.

7. V. pubéscens, Pursh. (Downy A.) Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate,
acute or taper-pointed, the veins and teeth fewer and less conspicuous than in
No. 5, the lower surface and very short petioles soft-downy, at least when young ;
fruit dark-purple; the stone plano-convex and 3 -4-grooved on the flat face. —
Rocks, &c., W. Vermont to New Jersey, Kentucky, Wisconsin, and northward.
June. — A low, straggling shrub.

* * * Leaves coarsely toothed and somewhat 3-lobed, roundish, the base mostly
truncate or somewhat heart-shaped, 3 -5-ribbed from the base, the ribs and veins
prominent beneath: stipular appendages bristle-shaped : cymes small, slender-
peduncled : fruit red ; the stone flattened.

8. V. acerifolium, L. (Marrie-teavep A. Docxmacxtrs.) Leaves
soft-downy beneath, 3-ribbed, the pointed lobes diverging, unequally toothed ;
stamens exserted ; fruit crimson turning purple; the lenticular stone undulately
2-grooved on one face and 3-grooved on the other. — Rocky woods : common.
May, June. Shrub 3°-6° high.

9. V. pauciflorum, Pylaie. Leaves glabrous or loosely pubescent beneath,
5-ribbed at base, unequally serrate nearly all round, with 3 short lobes at the
summit ; cyme few-flowered ; stamens shorter than the corolla ; fruit red, sour, glob-
ular ; the stone very flat and even. (V. Oxycoccus, var. eradiatum, Oakes.) —
Cold woods, Northern N. Hampshire, New York, Wisconsin, and northward. —
A low straggling shrub, most related to the next; the leaf-buds similar.

§ 2. Marginal flowers of the cyme destitute of stamens and pistils, and with corollas
many times larger than the others, forming a kind of ray, as in Hydrangea:
stipular appendages conspicuous on the petiole.

* Fruit spherical, pleasantly acid, bright red; the stone very flat, smooth and even,

nearly orbicular : leaf-buds enclosed in one or two pairs of scales.

10. V. Opulus, L. (Cranperry-rrer.) Nearly smooth, upright (5°-
10° high) ; leaves 3 -5-ribbed, strongly 3-lobed, broadly wedge-shaped or trun-
cate at the base, the spreading lobes pointed, mostly toothed on the sides, entire
in the sinuses ; petioles bearing 2 glands at the apex, cymes peduncled. (V.
Oxycoccus and V. édule, Pursh.) — Low grounds, along streams: common
northward, and southward in the Alleghanies to the borders of Maryland.
June, July.— The acid fruit is a substitute for cranberries, whence the name
High Cranberry-bush, &e, — The well-known SNow-BaLi TREE, or GUELDER-
Rose, is a cultivated state, with the whole cyme turned into showy sterile
flowers. (Eu.)

% % Fruit ovoid, red, turning darker ; the stone tumid, 6-grooved : buds wholly naked.

ll. V. lantanoides, Michx. (Hossie-nusu. American Wayrar-
ING-TREE.) Leaves round-ovate, abruptly pointed, heart-shaped at the base,
closely serrate, pinnately many-veined ; the veins and veinlets underneath along
with the stalks and branchlets very rusty-scurfy ; cymes sessile, very broad and
flat. — Cold moist woods, New England to Penn. and northward, and southward
in the Alleghanies. May.—A straggling shrub ; the reclining branches often
taking root, Flowers handsome. Leaves 4!=8! across.

208 RUBIACEH. (MADDER FAMILY.)

Orper 50. RUBIACE. (Mapper Famry.)

Shrubs or herbs, with opposite entire leaves connected by interposed stipules,
or in whorls without apparent stipules, the calyx coherent with the 2—4-celled
ovary, the stamens as many as the lobes of the regular corolla (3-5), and
inserted on its tube. — Flowers perfect, but often dimorphous (as in Mitch-
ella and Houstonia). Fruit various. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous.
Embryo commonly pretty large, in copious hard albumen. — A very large
family, the greater part, and all its most important plants (such as the
Coffee and Peruvian-Bark trees) tropical; not sufficiently represented in
our district to render it worth while to note the tribes and the larger
systematic divisions.

J. STELLATE. Leaves in whorls: no apparent stipules.

1. Galium. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4- (or rarely 3-) parted. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit
twin, separating into 2 indehiscent one-seeded carpels.

Il. CINCHONE, &c. Leaves rarely in whorls, with stipules.

* Ovules and seeds solitary in each cell.
+ Flowers axillary, separate. Fruit dry when ripe. Herbs.
2. Spermacoce. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form: lobes 4. Fruit separating when ripe
into 2 carpels, one or both of them opening.
8. Diodia. Fruit separating into 2 or 3 closed and indehiscent carpels: otherwise as No. 2.

+ + Flowers in a close and globose long-peduncled head. Fruit dry. Shrubs.
4. Cephalanthus. Corolla tubular: lobes 4. Fruit inversely pyramidal, 2-4-seeded.
+ + + Flowers twin; their ovaries united into one. Fruit a 2-eyed berry.
5. Mitchella. Corolla funnel-form ; its lobes 4.— A creeping herb.

* * Ovules and seeds many or several in each cell of the (loculicidal) pod.
6. Glidenlandia. Corolla wheel-shaped in our species, 4-lobed. Seeds very numerous
and minute, angular.
7. Houstonia. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, 4-lobed. Seeds rather few, thimble-
shaped or saucer-shaped. ;

1. GALIUM, L. -Benstraw. Creavers.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Corolla 4-parted, rarely 3-parted, wheel-shaped, valvate
in the bud. Stamens 4, rarely 3, short. Styles 2. Fruit dry or fleshy, globu-
lar, twin, separating when ripe into the 2 seed-like, indehiscent, 1-seeded carpels.
— Slender herbs, with small ceymose flowers (produced in summer), square stems,
and whorled leaves : the roots often containing a red coloring matter. (Name
from yada, milk, which some species are used to curdle.)

* Annual ; leaves about 8 in a whorl : peduncles 1 -2-flowered, axillary.

1. G. Aparine, L. (Creavers. Goosz-Grass.) Stem weak and re-
clining, bristle-prickly backwards, hairy at the joints ; leaves lanceolate, tapering
to the base, short-pointed, rough on the margins and midrib (1/-2/ long) ; flow-
ers white ; fruit (large) bristly with hooked prickles. — Moist thickets. Doubtful
if truly indigenous in our district. (Eu.)

# * Perennial, ascending ; leaves 4-6 or 8 in a whorl, with prominent midrib, but
no lateral nerves : flowers white, few or numerous, on slender pedicels ; fruit smooth.

RUBIACEZ. (MADDER FAMILY.) 209

+ Flowers very abundant, the small clusters or cymes panicled on the branches.

2. G. Motiteo, L. Stems (1°-3° long) very smooth; leaves mostly in
whorls of 8, oblanceolate or oblong-linear, barely rough on the margins, slen-
der-pointed ; flowers forming a long panicle. — Washington Heights, near New
York, W. W. Denslow. (Ady. from Eu.)

3. G. aspréllum, Michx. (Rouen Bepsrraw.) Stem weak, much
branched, rough backwards with hooked prickles, leaning on bushes (3° — 5° high) ;
leaves in whorls of 6, or 4-5 on the branchlets, oval-lanceolate, pointed, with almost
prickly margins and midrib; peduncles short, 2-3 times forked. — Low thick-
ets; common northward.

4. G. concinnum, Torr. & Gr. Stems low and slender (6/-12! high),
with minutely roughened angles ; leaves all in whorls of 6, linear, slightly pointed,
veinless, the margins upwardly roughened ; peduncles slender, 2-3 times forked,
diffusely panicled at the summit; pedicels short. — Dry ground, Pennsylvania
from the Susquehanna, to Virginia, Michigan, Illinois, and Kentucky. — Leaves
not blackening in drying.

+ + Flowers few, lateral or terminating the branches, not panicled.

5. G. trifidum, L. (Smaty Bepsrraw.) Stems weak, ascending (5!—-
20’ high), branching, mostly roughened backwards on the angles; leaves in
whorls of 4 to 6, linear or oblanceolate, obtuse, the margins and midrib rough ;
corolla-lobes and stamens often only 3.— Var. 1. pusfLLUM: stems rather
simple, 5'—8! high, nearly smooth; leaves only 3-4’ long, all in fours, soon
reflexed ; peduncles 1~—3-flowered. (In deep sphagnous swamps, northward.)
Var. 2. TINCTORIUM: stem taller and stouter, and with nearly smooth angles ;
peduncles 3 —7-flowered, the corolla-lobes and stamens 4. Var. 3. LATIFOLIUM
(G. obtusum, Bigel.): stem smooth and widely branched ; leaves oblong or ellip-
tical, quite rough on the midrib and margins. — Swamps: common, and very
variable. (Eu.)

* * * Perennial, procumbent : leaves 6 or rarely 5 in a whorl, with prominent midrib
and no lateral nerves: flowers greenish: fruit bur-like, beset with hooked bristles.

6. G. triflorum, Michx. (Sweret-scenrED Bepstraw.) Stem (1°-
8° long) bristly-roughened backwards on the angles ; leaves elliptical-lanceolate,
bristle-pointed, with slightly roughened margins (1/-2’ long) ; peduncles 3-flow-
ered, the flowers all pedicelled. — Rich woodlands : common. — Sweet-scented
in drying. (Eu.)

% * * * Perennial, ascending or upright : leaves all in fours, more or less 3-nerved :

- peduncles loosely or remotely 3 - several-flowered : corolla dull-purple, brownish, or

rarely cream-color ; the lobes pointed or bristle-tipped: fruit, except in No. 10,
bur-like, beset with hooked bristles.

7. G. pildsum. Stem hairy ; leaves oval, dotted, hairy (1! long), scarcely 3-
nerved ; peduncles twice or thrice 2 — 3-forked, the flowers all pedicelled. — Dry copses,
Rhode Island and Vermont to Illinois and southward. — Var. PUNCTICULOSUM
is a nearly smooth form (G. puncticulosum, Michr.): Virginia and southward.

8. G. circtezans, Michx. (Wiip Liquorice.) Smooth or downy (1°
high) ; leaves oval, varying to ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, 3-nerved, ciliate (1/- 14!
long) ; peduncles usually once forked, the branches elongated and widely diverging in

14

210 RUBIACEE. (MADDER FAMILY.)

fruit, bearing several remote flowers on very short lateral pedicels, reflexed in fruit;
lobes of the corolla hairy outside above the middle. — Rich woods: common. —
The var. MONTANUM is a dwarf, broad-leaved form, from mountain woods.

9. G. lanceolatum, Torr. (Witp Liquorice.) Leaves (except the
lowest) /anceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex (2! long) ; corolla glabrous :
otherwise like the last. — Woodlands: common northward.

10. G. latifolium, Michx. Smooth (19°-2° high); leaves lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved below; the midrib and marginsgrough ; cymes
panicled, loosely many-flowered, the purple flowers all on slender spreading pedi-
cels ; fruit smooth. — Dry woods, Mercersberg, Penn. (Prof. Porter), Maryland,
and southward in the Alleghanies. (Also Arkansas, Engelmann.)

* * * * * Perennial, erect: leaves 4 or 8 in a whorl; flowers very numerous and
crowded in a narrow and compact terminal panicle, white or yellow.

11. G. boreale, L. (NortHern Bepstraw.) Smooth (1°-2° high) ;
leaves in fours, linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved ; flowers white ; fruit minutely bristly, some-
times smooth. — Rocky banks of streams : common, especially northward. (Eu.)

12. G. vErum, L. (YeLLtow Brepstrraw.) Leaves in eights (or some in
sixes), linear, grooved above, roughish, deflexed ; flowers yellow ; fruit smooth. —
Dry fields, E. Massachusetts. (Ady. from Eu.)

2. SPERMACOCEH, L. Burton-weep.

Calyx-tube short; the limb parted into 4 teeth. Corolla funnel-form or
salver-form ; the lobes valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Stigma or style 2-cleft.
Fruit small and dry, 2-celled, 2-seeded, splitting when ripe into 2 carpels, one
of them usually carrying with it the partition, and therefore closed, the other
open on the inner face. — Small herbs, the bases of the leaves or petioles con-
nected by a bristle-bearing stipular membrane. Flowers small, crowded into
sessile axillary whorled clusters or heads. Corolla whitish. (Name compounded
of oméppa, seed, and dk@kn, a point, probably from the pointed calyx-teeth on
the fruit.)

1. S. glabra, Michx. Glabrous perennial ; stems spreading (9/— 20! long) ;
leaves oblong-lanceolate ; whorled heads many-flowered ; corolla little exceeding
the calyx, bearded in the throat, bearing the anthers at its base; filaments and
style hardly any. — River-banks, S. Ohio, Illinois, and southward. Aug.

3. DIODIA, L. Bourron-weep.

Calyx-teeth 2-5, often unequal. Fruit 2- (rarely 3-) celled; the crustaceous
carpels into which it splits all closed and indehiscent. Otherwise resembling
Spermacoce. Flowering all summer. (Name from 6i0d0s, a thoroughfare ; the
species often growing by the wayside.)

1. D. Virginica, L. Smooth or hairy perennial; stems spreading (1°-
2° long); leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile; flowers 1-3 in each
axil; corolla white (3/ long), the slender tube abruptly expanded into the large
limb ; style 2-parted ; fruit oblong, strongly furrowed, crowned mostly with 2 slender
ealyx-teeth. — River-banks, Maryland, and southward. Also naturalized near
Philadelphia, C. F’. Parker.

RUBIACEE. (MADDER FAMILY.) 211

2. D. teres, Walt. Hairy or minutely pubescent annual ; stem spreading
3!—9! long), nearly terete; leaves linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, rigid ; fowers
1-3 in each axil; corolla funnel-form (2! -3"' long, whitish), with short lobes,
not exceeding the long bristles of the stipules; style undivided ; fruit obovate-
turbinate, not furrowed, crowned with 4 short calyx-teeth. — Sandy fields, from
New Jersey and Illinois southward.

4. CEPHALANTHUS, L._ Borroy-susn.

Calyx-tube inversely pyramidal, the limb 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, 4-
toothed ; the teeth imbricated in the bud. Style thread-form, much protruded.
Stigma capitate. Fruit dry and hard, small, inversely pyramidal, 2-4-celled,
at length splitting from the base upward into 2- 4-closed 1-seeded portions. —
Shrubs, with the flowers densely aggregated in spherical peduncled heads. Flow-
ers white. (Name composed of kehady, a head, and av@0s, a flower.)

1. C. occidentalis, L. Smooth or pubescent; leaves petioled, ovate or
lanceolate-oblong, pointed, opposite or whorled in threes, with short intervening
stipules. — Wet places: common. July, Aug.

5. MITCHELLA, ee PARTRIDGE-BERRY.

Flowers in pairs, with their ovaries united. Calyx 4toothed. Corolla fun-
nel-form, 4-lobed; the lobes spreading, densely bearded inside, valvate in the
bud. Stamens 4. Style 1: stigmas 4, linear. Fruita berry-like double drupe,
crowned with the calyx-teeth of the two flowers, each with 4 small and seed-like
bony nutlets. — A smooth and trailing small evergreen herb, with round-ovate
and shining petioled leaves, minute stipules, white fragrant flowers often tinged
with purple, and scarlet edible (but nearly tasteless) dry berries, which remain
over winter. Flowers occasionally 3-6-merous, always dimorphous ; all those
of some individuals having exserted stamens and included stigmas; of others,
included stamens and exserted style. (This very pretty plant commemorates
Dr. John Mitchell, an early correspondent of Linnzus, and an excellent botanist,
who resided in Virginia.)

1. M. repens, L. — Dry woods, creeping about the foot of trees : common.
June, July. — Leaves often variegated with whitish lines. Rarely the two flow-
ers are completely confluent into one, with a 10-lobed corolla.

6. OLDENLANDIA, Plumier, L. Oxpeyranpia.

Calyx 4- (rarely 5-) lobed, persistent. Corolla short, in our species wheel-
shaped; the limb 4- (rarely 5-) parted, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4 (rarely
5): anthers short. Style 1 or none: stigmas 2. Pod thin, 2-celled, many-
seeded, opening loculicidally across the summit. Seeds concave, very numer-
ous, minute and angular. — Low herbs, with small stipules united to the peti-
oles. (Dedicated, in 1703, to the memory of Oldenland, a German physician
and botanist, who died early at the Cape of Good Hope.)

1. O. glomerata, Michx. An inconspicuous, pubescent or smoothish,
branched and spreading annual (2!-12' high) ; leaves oblong; flowers in sessile

212 RUBIACEEZ. (MADDER FAMILY.)

axillary clusters; corolla nearly wheel-shaped (white), much shorter than the
calyx. (O. uniflora, Z. Hedyotis glomerata, Ell.) — Wet places, S. New York
to Virginia near the coast, aud southward.

7. HOUSTONIA, L. _ Hovsronza.

Calyx 4-lobed, persistent; the lobes in fruit distant. Corolla salver-form or
funnel-form, usually much longer than the calyx-lobes, 4-lobed, the lobes valvate
in the bud. Stamens 4: anthers linear or oblong. Style 1: gtigmas 2. Ovary
2-celled. Pod top-shaped, globular, or didymous, thin, its summit or upper
half free from and projecting beyond the tube of the calyx, loculicidal across the
top. Seeds rather few (4-20 in each cell), peltate and saucer-shaped or globu-
lar-thimble-shaped, pitted. — Small herbs, with short entire stipules connecting
the petioles or narrowed bases of the leaves, and cymose or solitary and pedun-
cled flowers. These are dimorphous, in some individuals with the anthers borne
high up on the tube of the corolla and projecting from its throat, while the style
is short and the stigma therefore included : in the other sort the anthers are low
down in the corolla and the style long, the stigmas therefore protruding ;— an
arrangement for cross-fertilization. (Named for Dr. Wm. Houston, an English
botanist who collected in Central America.) The genus, formerly merged in
Oldenlandia, merits restoration.

* Erect, mostly perennial herbs (6’-20! high), with stem-leaves sessile, and flowers
in terminal small cymes or clusters: corolla funnel-form, purplish, often hairy in-
side: seeds meniscoidal, with a ridge across the hollowed inner face.

1. H. purptrea, L. Pubescent or smooth (8!-15! high) ; leaves varying
from roundish-ovate to lanceolote, 3-5-ribbed ; calyx-lobes longer than the half
Sree globular pod. * (Houstonia purpurea, Z. H. varians, Michx. Oldenlandia
purpurea, ed. 2.) — Woodlands, W. Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward.
May - July. — Varying wonderfully, as into : —

Var. longifolia. Leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to linear, nar-
rowed at the base, 1-ribbed ; calyx-lobes scarcely as long as the pod; stems 5!—
12! high. (Houstonia longifolia, Willd.) — Maine to Wisconsin and southward.
— A narrow-leaved, slender form is H. tenuifolia, Nutt.

Var. ciliolata. More tufted stems 3’-6! high; root-leayes in rosettes,
thickish and ciliate ; calyx-lobes about as long as the pod. (Houstonia ciliolata,
Torr.) — Along the Great Lakes and rivers, from N. New York to Wisconsin.

2. H. angustifolia, Michx. Stems tufted from a hard or woody root;
leaves narrowly linear, acute, 1-ribbed, many of them fascicled; flowers crowded,
short-pedicelled ; lobes of the corolla densely bearded inside; pod obovoid, acute at
the base, only its summit free from the calyx, opening first across the top, at length
through the partition. (Oldenlandia angustifolia, ed. 2. Hedyotis stenophylla,
Torr. § Gray.) — Plains and banks, from Illinois southward. June-Aug.

* * Small and delicate, chiefly annuals or biennials, vernal-flowering : peduncles 1-flow-
ered: corolla salver-form: upper half of the broad and somewhat 2-lobed pod free :
seeds globular, with a very deep round cavity occupying the inner face.

3. H. minima, Beck. Scabrous; stems at length much branched and
spreading (1/-4! high) ; lowest leaves ovate or spatulate, the upper oblong or

S..

VALERIANACEE. (VALERIAN FAMILY.) 213

nearly linear; earlier peduncles elongated and spreading in fruit, the later ones
short; tube of the purplish corolla not longer than its lobes nor than the ample calyx-
lobes (14' long). — Dry hills, W. Illinois and southwestward. March - May.

4. H. ceertilea, L. (Buiverts.) Glabrous; stems erect, slender, sparingly
branched from the base (3/-5/ high); leaves oblong-spatulate (3/’-4'’ long) ;
peduncle filiform, erect; corolla with tube much longer than its lobes or than those
of the calyx. (Oldenlandia cerulea, ed. 2.) Moist and grassy places; produ-
cing from early spring to midsummer its delicate little flowers, light blue, pale
lilac, or nearly white with a yellowish eye.

ch BE: SERPYLLIFOLIA, Michx.,—with similar flowers, but with slender
creeping stems, abounding in the mountains of N, Carolina, — may occur in
those of Virginia.

H. rorunprrouia, Michx., — also creeping, but with much larger round-
ish leaves, and axillary peduncles nodding in fruit, — belongs to the low country
of the Southern States, and may occur in S. E. Virginia.

Orper 51. VALERIANACEZE. (Vacerran Famity.)

Herbs, with opposite leaves and no stipules; the calyx-tube coherent with
the ovary, which has one fertile 1-ovuled cell and two abortive or empty ones ;
the stamens distinct, 1-3, fewer than the lobes of the corolla, and inserted
on its tube. — Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often irregular, mostly 5-
lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Style slender: stigmas 1-3.
Fruit indehiscent, 1-celled (the two empty cells of the ovary disappear-
ing), or 3-celled, two of them empty, the other 1-seeded. Seed suspended,
anatropous, with a large embryo and no albumen. — Flowers in panicled
or clustered cymes. (Roots often odorous and antispasmodic.) — Repre-
sented by only two genera.

1. VALERIANA, Tourn. VALERIAN.

Limb of the calyx of several plumose bristles (like a pappus) which are rolled
up inwards in flower, but unroll and spread as the seed-like 1-celled fruit ma-
tures. Corolla commonly gibbous near the base, the 5-lobed limb nearly regular.
Stamens 3. — Perennial herbs, with thickened strong-scented roots, and simple
or pinnate leaves. Flowers in many species imperfectly dicecious, or dimorphous.
(Name from valere, to have efficacy, alluding to the medicinal qualities.)

* Root fibrous: leaves thin. (Stems 1°-3° high.)

1. V. paucifiora, Michx. Smooth, slender, surculose ; root-leaves ovate,
heart-shaped, toothed, pointed, sometimes with 2 small lateral. divisions ; stem-
leaves pinnate, with 3-7 ovate toothed leaflets ; branches of the panicled cyme
few-flowered ; tube of the (pale pink) corolla long and slender (4! long). — Wood-
lands, and alluvial banks, Penn. (near Lancaster, Prof. Porter) and Ohio to S.
Illinois and southward. June.

2. V. sylvatica, Richards. Smooth or minutely pubescent ; root-leaves
ovate or oblong, entire, rarely with 2 small lobes ; stem-leaves pinnate, with 5-11

214 VALERIANACEH. (VALERIAN FAMILY.)

oblong-ovate or lanceolate nearly entire leaflets; cyme at first close, many-
flowered ; corolla inversely conical (3" long, rose-color or white). — Cedar swamps,
Western Vermont to Wisconsin and northward. June. (Probably a form of
V. dioica, L.)

+ Root spindle-shaped, large and deep (6'-12! long) : leaves thickish.

3. V. édulis, Nutt. Smooth, or minutely downy when very young ; stem
Straight (1°- 4° high), few-leaved ; leaves commonly minutely and densely
ciliate, those of the root spatulate and lanceolate, of the stem ypinnately parted
into 3-7 long and narrow divisions ; flowers in a long and narrow interrupted
panicle, nearly dicecious; corolla whitish, obconical (2!! long). (V. ciliata,
Torr. §& Gr.) — Alluvial ground, Ohio to Wisconsin, and westward. June.

2. FEDIA, Gaertn. Corn Satap. Lams-Lerruce.

Limb of the calyx obsolete or merely toothed. Corolla funnel-form, equally
or unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 3, rarely 2. Fruit 3-celled, two of the cells
empty and sometimes confluent into one, the other 1-seeded. — Annuals and
biennials, usually smooth, with forking stems, tender and rather succulent leaves
(entire or cut-lobed towards the base), and white or whitish cymose-clustered
and bracted small flowers. (Name of uncertain derivation.) — Our species all
have the limb of the calyx obsolete, and are so much alike in aspect, flowers,
&c., that good characters are only to be taken from the fruit. They all have
a rather short corolla, the limb of which is nearly regular, and therefore be-
long to the section (by many botanists taken as a genus) VALERIANELLA.

1. F. ovirorra, Vahl. Fruit compressed, oblique, at length broader than
long, with a corky or spongy mass at the back of the fertile cell nearly as large as the
(often confluent) empty cells; flowers bluish. — Fields, New York and Penn.
to Virginia: rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. F. Fagopyrum, Torr. & Gr. Fruit ovate-triangular, smooth, not grooved
between the (at length confluent) empty cells, which form the anterior angle, and are
much smaller than the broad and flat fertile one; flowers white. — Low grounds,
from Western New York to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May, June. — Plant
1°-2° high.

3. F. radiata, Michx. Fruit ovoid, downy (rarely smooth), obtusely and
unequally somewhat 4-angled ; the empty cells parallel and contiguous, but with a
deep groove between them, rather narrower than the flattish fertile cell. —Low
grounds, Penn. to Michigan, and southward. — Plant 6/-15! high.

4. F. umbilicata, Sulliv. Fruit globular-ovate, smooth ; the much inflated
sterile cells wider and many times thicker than the flattish fertile one, contiguous, and
when young with a common partition, when grown, indented with a deep circular
depression in the middle, opening into the confluent sterile cells; bracts not cili-
ate. — Moist grounds, Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant. (Sill. Jour. Jan. 1842.)

5. F. patellaria, Sulliv. Fruit smooth, circular, platter-shaped or disk-like,
slightly notched at both ends, the flattened-concave sterile cells widely divergent,
much broader than the fertile one, and forming a kind of wing around it when
ripe. — Low grounds, Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant.— Plant 1°-2° high, resem-
~ bling the last, but with a very different fruit.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 215

Orver 52. DIPSACEAE. (Teaser Famrry.)

Herbs, with opposite or whorled leaves, no stipules, and the flowers in dense
heads, surrounded by an involucre, as in the Composite Family ; but the sta-
mens are distinct, and the suspended seed has albumen.— Represented by
the Scabious (cultivated) and the genus

1. DIPSACUS, Toum. Teaser.

Involucre many-leayed, longer than the chaffy leafy-tipped and pointed bracts
among the densely capitate flowers : each flower with a 4-leaved calyx-like in-
volucel investing the ovary and fruit (achenium). Calyx-tube coherent with
the ovary, the limb cup-shaped, without a pappus. Corolla nearly regular,
4-cleft. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla. Style slender. — Stout and coarse
biennials, hairy or prickly, with large oblong heads. (Name from dipfda,
to thirst, probably because the united cup-shaped bases of the leaves in some
species hold water.)

1. D. sytveésrris, Mill. (Witp Teaser.) Prickly ; leaves lance-oblong ;
leaves of the involucre slender, longer than the head; bracts (chaff) tapering
into a long flexible awn with a straight point. — Roadsides : rather rare. (Nat.
from Eu.) Suspected to be the original of

2. D. Fuiionem, L., the cultivated FULLER’s TEASEL, which has a shorter
involucre, and stiff chaff to the heads, with hooked points, used for raising a
nap upon woollen cloth: it has escaped from cultivation in some places. (Adv.
from Eu.)

Orver 53. COMPOSITAE. (Composite Fatty.)

Flowers in a close head (the compound flower of the older botanists),
on a common receptacle, surrounded by an involucre, with 5 (rarely 4)
stamens inserted on the corolla, their anthers united in a tube (syngenesious).
— Calyx-tube united with the 1-celled ovary, the limb (called a pappus)
crowning its summit in the form of bristles, awns, scales, teeth, &c., or
cup-shaped, or else entirely absent. Corolla either strap-shaped or tubu-
lar ; in the latter chiefly 5-lobed, valvate in the bud, the veins bordering
the margins of the lobes. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Fruit seed-like
(achenium), dry, containing a single erect anatropous seed, with no albu-

_men. — An immense family, in temperate regions chiefly herbs, without
stipules, with perfect, polygamous, monecious, or dicecious flowers. The
flowers with a strap-shaped (ligulate) corolla are called rays or ray-flow-
ers: the head which presents such flowers, either ‘throughout or at the
margin, is radiate. The tubular flowers compose the disk ; and a head
which has no ray-flowers is said to be discoid. When the head contains
two sorts of flowers it is said to be heterégamous ; when only one sort,
homogamous. The leaves of the involucre, of whatever form or texture,
are termed scales. The bracts or scales, which often grow on the recep-

Ovorry

216 COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

tacle among the flowers, are called the chaff: when these are wanting,
the receptacle is said to be naked. — The largest order of Pheenogamous
plants. It is divided by the corolla into three suborders, only two of
which are represented in the Northern United States. The first is much
the larger.

Sunorper L TUBULIFLORE. ”

Corolla tubular in all the perfect flowers, regularly 5- (rarely 3—4-)
lobed, ligulate only in the marginal or ray-flowers, which when present
are either pistillate only, or neutral (with neither stamens nor pistil).

The technical characters of the five tribes of the vast suborder Tubuliflore,
taken from the styles, require a magnifying-glass to make them out, and will
not always be clear to the student. The following artificial analysis, founded
upon other and more obvious distinctions, will be useful to the beginner. (The
numbers are those of the genera.)

Artificial Key to the Genera of this Suborder.

§ 1. Rays or ligulate flowers none: corollas all tubular (or rarely none).
* Flowers of the head all perfect and alike.
Pappus composed of bristles ;

Double, the outer of very short, the inner of longer bristles. . +. . . oe NOnt.
Simple, the bristles all of the same sort.
Heads few-flowered, themselves aggregated into a compound or dense cluster. . E 2.
Heads separate, few-flowered or many-flowered.
Receptacle (when the flowers are pulled off) bristly-hairy . . . ~~. 67,68, 70.
Receptacle deeply honeycomb-like. . ° . . Sa . . bo:

Receptacle naked.
Pappus of plumose or bearded stiff bristles. Flowers purple. . ° 4 5 - 4
Pappus of very plumose bristles. Flowers whitish. . . . ° . 5.
Pappus of slender but rather stiff rough bristles. . 5 5 b ae es
Pappus of very soft and weak naked bristles. . i ° = ; - 6
Pappus composed of scales or chaff.

Receptacle naked. Leaves in whorls. . 3: sae 2 s ; SUN s- : « » oO

Receptacle naked. Leaves alternate. nd - ot ees : ; . pe een PEs

Receptacle bearing chaff among the flowers. oat ae a et ee ee = 49.

Pappus of 2 or few barbed awns or teeth. . . o at () | od) tae Bee ene

Pappus none, or a mere crown-like margin to the fruit. o aghet ot ieee . 5d, 57.
* * Flowers of two kinds in the same head.

Marginal flowers neutral and sterile, either conspicuous or inconspicuous. . - 65, 66.

Marginal flowers pistillate and fertile.
Receptacle elongated and bearing broad chaff among the flowers. . . . . 60.
Receptacle naked or bearing no conspicuous chaff.

Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre imbricated. . 2 4 5 4 - 23, 58, 59.
Pappus of capillary bristles. Invyolucre merely one row of scales. : é a Has Ol.
Pappus obsolete or none.
Achenia becoming much longer than the inyolucre. oats vall Pack ct De 11.
Achenia not exceeding the involucre. . . Tee wat y < . * 99, 56, 57.
* * * Flowers of two kinds in separate heads, bee one pistillate, the other staminate.
Heads dicecious ; in.both kinds many-flowered. Pappus capillary. . 3 . ° 24, 59.

Heads moneecious ; the fertile 1-2-flowered and closed. Pappusnone. .« . - 80, 381.

COMPOSITZ, (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 217

§ 2. Rays present ; i. e. the marginal flowers or some of them with ligulate corollas.
* Pappus of capillary bristles. (Rays all pistillate.)

Rays occupying several rows. 5 : a P ' 2 i é e 2 MAG aes
Rays in one marginal row, and
White, purple or blue, never yellow. ° : ; . ° . ; - 12-15.
Yellow, of the same color as the disk.
Pappus double, the outer short and minute. . . : . ° : - oie vad;
Pappus simple.
Scales of the involucre equal and all in one row. Leaves alternate. . ° 63.
Scales of the involucre in two rows. Leaves opposite. . Fi : A ° « G4.
Scales of the involucre imbricated. Leaves alternate. . 5 ° - - 19, 22.

* * Pappus a circle of chaffy scales, dissected into bristles. . . . 44.
* * * Pappus a circle of thin chaffy scales or short chaffy bristles.

Heads several-flowered. Receptacle chaffy. . : n c , - . A - 50.
Heads 8-10-flowered. Receptacle naked. . 4 agro’. : F F - : oe 48;
Heads many-flowered. Receptacle deeply honeycombed. . C . : 2 : 48.

Heads many-flowered. Receptacle naked. . r : P f ; = - 454, 46, 47.

* * * Pappus none, or a cup or crown, or of 2 or 3 awns, teeth, or chaffy scales corresponding
with the edges or angles of the achenium, often with intervening minute bristles or scales.
+ Receptacle naked.

Achenia flat, wing-margined. Pappus of separate little bristles orawns. . ; 3 . 16.
Achenia flat, marginless. Pappus none. Receptacle conical. . : . r : Pathe! 7)
Achenia terete or angled. Pappus none. Receptacle flattish. . : 2 : 4 . 5A.
Achenia angled. Pappus a little cup or crown. Receptacle conical. : ‘ = ne hs

+ + Receptacle chaffy.
Rays neutral (rarely pistillate but sterile) ; the disk-flowers perfect and fertile.
Receptacle elevated (varying from strongly convex to columnar), and

Chaffy only at the summit ; the chaff deciduous. Pappusnone. . j . - 51.

Chaffy throughout. Achenia flattened laterally if atall. . : 36 - 40.

Receptacle flat or flattish. Achenia flattened parallel with the scales or chal. 41, 42.
Rays pistillate and fertile ; the disk-flowers also perfect and fertile.

Achenia much flattened laterally, 1-2-awned. . = - : - . aw 4:

Achenia flattened parallel with the scales and chaff. Pappus none. . ° . 53.

Achenia 3-4-angular, terete or laterally flattish, awnless.
Receptacle convex or conical. Leaves alternate, dissected. . = 2 : - 52.
Receptacle conical. Leaves opposite simple.
Achenia oboyoid. Involucre a leafy cup. %, Se hs] Se ee oN pa

Achenia 4-angular. Involucre of separate scales. . . ‘ ~ - . 3d
Receptacle flat. Leaves opposite and simple. . . . . 33, 34.

Rays pistillate and fertile: the disk-flowers staminate and sterile > (pst acacia,
Recep tacleichaliyir.s9 isnt sce! ghee aimee le lich al libs, b leat ue 25 - 28.

Systematic Synopsis.

Tribe I. VERNONIACEZ, Heads discoid; the flowers all alike, perfect and tubu-
lar. Branches of the style long and slender, terete, thread-shaped, minutely bristly-hairy
all over. — Leaves alternate or scattered.

1. Vernonia. Heads several-many-flowered, separate. Involucre of many scales. Pap-

pus of many capillary bristles.

2. Elephantopus. Heads 3-5-flowered, several crowded together into a compound head.

Involucre of 8 scales. Pappus of several chaffy bristles.

Tribe II. EUPATORIACE2. Heads discoid, the flowers all alike, perfect and tu-
bular ; or in a few cases dissimilar, and the outer ones ligulate. Branches of the style
thickened upwards or club-shaped, obtuse, very minutely and uniformly pubescent ; the
stigmatic lines indistinct.

218 COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

Subtribe 1. Eupatorieze. Flowers all perfect and tubular, never truly yellow. °

* Pappus a row of hard scales.
8. Sclerolepis. Head many-flowered. Scales of the involucre equal. Leaves whorled.

* * Pappus of slender bristles.

4. Liatris. Achenia many-ribbed. Bristles of the pappus plumose or barbellate. Corollas
red-purple, strongly 5-lobed.

5. Kuhnia. Achenia many-ribbed. Bristles of the pappus very stroggly plumose. Corol-
las whitish, 5-toothed.

6. Eupatorium. Achenia 5-angled. Bristles of the pappus roughish. Scales of the
involucre many or several. Receptacle of the 5-many flowers flat or barely convex.

7. Mikania. Achenia and pappus as No. 6. Scales of the involucre and flowers only 4.

8. Conoclinium. Achenia, pappus, &c. as No.6. Receptacle conical.

Subtribe 2. Tussilagineze. Flowers (sometimes yellow, more or less monccious or
dicecious) of 2 sorts in the same head.

* Outer flowers of each (many-flowered) head pistillate and ligulate. Scape leafless.
9. Nardosmia. Heads corymbed. Flowers somewhat dicecious. Pappus capillary.
10. Tussilago. Head single ; the outer pistillate flowers in many rows. Pappus capillary.

* * Flowers all tubular. Stem leafy.
ll. Adenocaulon. Head few-flowered ; the outer flowers pistillate. Pappus none.

Tribe III. ASTEROIDEZ. Heads discoid, with the flowers all alike and tubular ;
or else radiate, the outer ones ligulate and pistillate. Branches of the style in the perfect
flowers flat, smooth up to where the conspicuous marginal stigmatic lines abruptly termi-
nate, and prolonged above this into a flattened lance-shaped or triangular appendage which
is evenly hairy or pubescent outside. — Leaves alternate. Receptacle naked (destitute of
chaff) in all our species.

Subtribe 1. Asterineze. Flowers of the head all alike and perfect, or the marginal
ones ligulate and pistillate. Anthers without tails at the base.

* Ray-flowers white, blue, or purple. never yellow.
+ Pappus of numerous long and capillary bristles: receptacle flat.
12. Sericocarpus. Heads 12-15-flowered: rays4or5. Involucre oblong or club-shaped,
imbricated, cartilaginous. Achenia short, narrowed downwards, silky.
13. Aster. Heads many-flowered. Involucre loosely or closely imbricated. Achenia flattish.
Pappus simple, copious.
14. Erigeron. JHeads many-flowered. Involucre of narrow scales, little imbricated.
Achenia flattened. Pappus simple and rather scanty, or with some outer minute scales.
15. Diplopappus. JHeads many-flowered. Involucre imbricated. Pappus double; the
outer obscure, of minute stift bristles.
+ + Pappus of very short rigid bristles, or none: receptacle conical or hemispherical.

16. Boltonia. Achenia flat and wing-margined. Pappus very short.
17. Bellis. Achenia marginless. Pappus none. Receptacle conical.

* * Ray-flowers yellow (in one species of Solidago whitish), or sometimes none at all.

18. Brachychzeta. Heads 8-10-flowered, clustered: rays 4 or 5. Pappus a row of mi-
nute bristles shorter than the achenium.

19. Solidago. Heads few -many-flowered: rays 1-16. Pappus simple, of numerous slen-
der and equal capillary bristles.

20. Bigelovia. Heads 3-4-flowered: rays none. Receptacle awl-shaped. Pappus simple,
a single row of capillary bristles.

21. Chrysopsis. Heads many-flowered: rays numerous. Pappus double; the outer of
very small chaffy bristles, much shorter than the inner of copious capillary bristles.

Subtribe 2. Inmuleze. Anthers with tails at their base: otherwise as Subtribe 1.
22. Inula, Heads many-flowered. Rays many. Pappus capillary and copious.

COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 219

Subtribe 3. Baccharideze & Tarchonantheze. Flowers of the head all tubu-
lar, either dicecious or moncecious, namely, the staminate and pistillate flowers either in
different heads on distinct plants, or in the same head. Corolla of the pistillate fertile flow-
ers a very slender tube sheathing the style, and truncate at the summit.

23. Pluchea. Heads containing a few perfect but sterile flowers in the centre, and many

pistillate fertile ones around them. Anthers tailed at the base. Pappus capillary.

24. Baccharis. Heads dicecious, some all pistillate, others all staminate, on different plants.

Anthers tailless. Pappus capillary.

Tribe IV. SENECIONIDE ZS. Heads various. Branches of the style in the fertile
flowers linear, thickish or convex externally, flat internally, hairy or pencil-tufted at the
apex (where the stigmatic lines terminate abruptly), and either truncate, or continued be-
yond into a bristly-hairy appendage. — Leaves either opposite or alternate.

Subtribe 1. Melampodineze. Flowers none of them truly perfect, but either stam-
inate or pistillate ; the two sorts either in the same or in different heads. Anthers tailless.
Pappus, if any, never of bristles.

* Heads containing two kinds of flowers, the marginal ones pistillate, the central and tubular
staminate flowers having a style, but always sterile.
+ Fertile flowers with a ligulate corolla (rarely wanting in No. 25): receptacle chaffy.
25. Polymnia. Achenia thick and turgid, roundish. Pappus none.
26. Chrysogonum. Achenia flattish. Pappus a one-sided 2~3-toothed chaffy crown.
27. Silphium. Achenia flat, wing-margined, numerous in several rows: rays deciduous.
28. Parthenium. Achenia flat, slightly margined: rays very short, persistent.

+ + Fertile flowers with tubular or no corolla: no pappus.
29. Iwa. Achenia short and thick: receptacle with narrow chaff.
57. Artemisia, in part. Achenia short and small: receptacle naked.
ll. Adenocaulon. Achenia elongated, bearing stalked glands: receptacle naked.

* * Heads of two sorts, one containing staminate, the other pistillate flowers, both borne on
the same plant; the pistillate only 1 or 2, in a closed inyolucre resembling an achenium or
a bur; the staminate several, in an open cup-shaped involucre.

80. Ambrosia. Fertile involucre (fruit) small, 1-flowered, pointed and often tubercled.

81. Xanthium. Fertile involucre (fruit) an oblong prickly bur, 2-celled, 2-flowered.

Subtribe 2. Heliantheze. Heads radiate, or rarely discoid ; the rays ligulate, the disk-
flowers all perfect and fertile. Receptacle chaffy. Anthers blackish, tailless. Pappus none,
or a crown or cup, or of one or two chaffy awns, never capillary, nor of several uniform
chaffy scales. — Leayes more commonly opposite.

* Rays pistillate and fertile: achenia 3-4-sided, slightly if at all flattened.
+ Involucre double; the outer forming a cup.
82. Tetragonotheca. Outer involucre 4leaved. Achenia obovoid. Pappus none.

+ + Involucre of one or more rows of separate scales.
83. Eclipta. Receptacle flat ; its chaff bristle-shaped. Pappus obsolete or none.
34. Borrichia. Receptacle flat, its chaff scale-like and rigid. Pappus an obscure crown.
35. Heliopsis. Receptacle conical ; its chaff linear. Pappus none or a mere border.

* * Rays sterile (either entirely neutral or with an imperfect style), or occasionally none ; ache-
nia 4-angular or flattened laterally, i.e. their edges directed inwards and outwards, the
chaff of the receptacle embracing their outer edge.

+ Receptacle elevated, conical or columnar. Pappus none or a short crown.
386. Echinacea. Rays (very long) pistillate, but sterile. Achenia short, 4-sided.
37. Rudbeckia. Rays neutral. Achenia 4-sided, flat at the top, marginless.
88. Lepachys. Rays few, neutral. Achenia flattened laterally and margined.

+ + Receptacle flattish or conical. Pappus chaffy or awned.
89, Helianthus. Achenia flattened, marginless. Pappus of 2 very deciduous chaffy scales.
40. Actinomeris. Achenia very flat, wing-margined, bearing 2 persistent awns.

220 COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

* * * Rays sterile, neutral: achenia obcompressed, i. e. flattened parallel with the scales of the
involucre, the faces looking inwards and outwards. Involucre double ; the outer spreading
and often foliaceous. Receptacle flat.

41. Coreopsis. Pappus of 2 (or rarely more) scales, teeth, or awns, which are naked or

barbed upwards, sometimes obsolete or a mere crown.

42. Bidens. Pappus of 2 or more rigid and persistent downwardly barbed awns or teeth.

* * * * Rays pistillate or fertile (rarely none): achenia laterally flattened, 2-awned.
43. Werbesina. Rays few and small, or rarely none. Receptacle convex. Achenia some-
times winged.
Subtribe 3. Tagetinmeze. Heads commonly radiate ; the rays ligulate ; the disk-flowers
all perfect and fertile. Receptacle naked, flat. Scales of the involucre united into a cup.
Pappus various. — Herbage strong-scented (as in ‘lagetes of the gardens), being dotted with

large pellucid glands containing a volatile oil.
44. Dysodia. Pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into many bristles.

Subtribe 4. Helenieze. Heads radiate or sometimes discoid ; the disk-flowers perfect.
Pappus a circle of several chaffy scales. Anthers tailless.

* Receptacle naked (not chaffy nor honeycombed.)
45. Hymenopappus. Rays none. Receptacle flat. Scales of the involucre colored.
451. Actimella. Rays pistillate, merely toothed. Receptacle elevated. Involucre appressed.
46. Helenium. Rays pistillate, 3 -5-cleft. Receptacle elevated. Involucre small, reflexed.
47. Leptopoda. Rays neutral or sterile: otherwise as No. 46.

* * Receptacle deeply pitted, like honeycomb.
48. Baldwinia. Rays numerous: neutral, elongated. Involucre much imbricated.

* * * Receptacle chaffy.
49. Marshallia. Rays none. Involucre of many narrow and foliaceous scales.
50. Galinsoga. Rays 4 or 5, short, pistillate, whitish ; the disk yellow. Involucre of 4 or
5 ovate and thin scales.

Subtribe 5. Anthemideze. Heads radiate or discoid; the perfect flowers sometimes
infertile, and the pistillate flowers rarely tubular. Pappus a short crown or none. Other- _
wise nearly as Subtribe 4.

* Receptacle chaffy, at least in part: rays ligulate.
51. Maruta. Rays neutral. Achenia obovoid and many-ribbed. Pappus none.
52. Amthemis. Rays pistillate. Achenia terete or 4-angular. Pappus minute or none.
538. Achillea. Rays pistillate, short. Achenia flattened and margined.

* * Receptacle naked.

54. Leucanthemum. Rays numerous. pistillate. Receptacle flattish. Achenia striate
or ribbed. Pappus none.

55. Matricaria. Rays pistillate, or none, and then all the flowers perfect. Receptacle con-
ical. Pappus crown-like or none.

56. Tamacetum. Rays none, but the marginal flowers pistillate. Achenia broad at the
top. Pappus ashort crown.

57. Artemisia. Rays none; some of the outer flowers often pistillate. Achenia narrow at
the top. Pappus none.

Subtribe 6. Gnaphalineze. Heads all discoid, with tubular corollas; those of the
fertile flowers filiform. Anthers with tails at their base. Pappus of capillary bristles.
Flocculent-woolly herbs: leaves alternate.

58. Gnaphalium. Receptacle naked, flat. , Heads containing both perfect and pistillate

flowers. Bristles of the pappus all slender.

59. Antennaria. Receptacle naked, flat. Heads dicecious, or nearly so. Pappus of the

staminate flowers thickened or club-shaped at the summit.

60. Filageo. Receptacle columnar or top-shaped, chaffy. Pappus of the inner flowers capil-

lary, of the outer often none.

COMPOSITH, (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 221

Subtribe 7. Senecioneze. Heads radiate or discoid ; the central flowers perfect. An-
thers tailless. Pappus capillary. Receptacle naked. (Scales of the involucre commonly
in a single row.)

* Heads discoid. Leaves alternate.

61. Erechthites. Heads many-flowered: flowers whitish; the marginal ones pistillate

and with filiform corollas.

62. Cacalia. Heads 5-many-flowered : flowers white or cream-color, all tubular and perfect.

63. Semecio. Heads many-flowered: flowers yellow, all perfect.

* * Heads radiate, many-flowered.
+ Rays conspicuous and in a single row: flowers all fertile, yellow.
63. Semecio. Pappus fine and soft. Leaves alternate.
64. Arnica. Pappus of more rigid and rough-denticulate bristles. Leaves all opposite.

+ + Rays narrow or small, in more than one row, at least in fertile heads. Leaves all radical.
9. Nardosmia. Flowers whitish or purplish. Scape bearing several heads.
10. Tussilago. Flowers yellow. Scape bearing a single head.

Tribe V. CYNAREZ. Heads (in our species) discoid, with the flowers tubular, or
some of the outer corollas enlarged and appearing like rays. but not truly ligulate. Style
thickened or thickish near the summit ; the branches stigmatic to the apex, without any
appendage, often united below. (Heads large.)

* Marginal flowers mostly neutral or sterile. Pappus not plumose.
65. Centaurea. Achenia flat. Pappus of short naked bristles, or none. Marginal neutral
flowers commonly enlarged or ray-like.
66. Cnmicus. Achenia terete, bearing 10 horny teeth and a pappus of 10 long and 10 shorter
rigid naked bristles. Marginal flowers inconspicuous.

* * Flowers all alike in the (ovoid or globular) head.

67. Cirsium. Achenia smooth. Pappus of plumose bristles. Receptacle clothed with long
and soft bristles or hairs.

68. Carduus. Pappus of naked bristles: otherwise as No. 67.

69. Onopordon. Achenia wrinkled transversely, 4-angled. Pappus not plumose. Recep-
tacle honeycombed.

70. Lappa. Achenia wrinkled, flattened. Pappus of short and rough bristles. Receptacle
bristly.

Susporper Il. LIGULIFLOR 2. Tribe VI. CICHORACE.

Corolla ligulate in all the flowers of the head, and all the flowers per-
fect. — Herbs, with milky juice. Leaves alternate.

* Pappus none.
71. Lampsana. Involucre cylindrical, of 8 scales in a single row. 8 - 12-flowered.

* * Pappus chaffy, or of both chaff and bristles.
72. Cichorium, Pappus a small crown of many bristle-form scales. Inyolucre double.
73. Krigia. Pappus of 5 broad chaffy scales, and 5 slender bristles.
74. Cynthia. Pappus double ; the outer short, of many minute chaffy scales, the inner of
numerous long capillary bristles.

* * * Pappus plumose.
75. Leontodon. Bristles of the pappus several, chaffy-dilated at the base, tawny.

* * * * Pappus composed entirely of capillary bristles, not plumose.
+ Achenia not flattened nor distinctly beaked, columnar or terete, often slender: pappus
rather stiff, mostly tawny or dirty-white.
76. Troximon. Inyolucre loosely imbricated, many-flowered: corolla yellow. Achenia
10-ribbed. Pappus very copious and unequal.
77. Hieracium. Involucre more or less imbricated, 12 -many-flowered: corolla yellow.
Achenia short. Pappus of rather scanty and tawny roughish bristles.
¢

222 COMPOSIT&. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

78. Nabalus. Involucre cylindrical, of 5-14 linear equal scales in a single row and a few
little scales at base, 5 -many-flowered: corolla whitish, eream-color, or purplish. Ache-
nia rather short and blunt. Pappus of very copious tawny or brown roughish bristles.

79. Lygodesmia, Involucre as the preceding, 5 - 10-flowered : corolla rose-purple. Ache-
nia long and slender, tapering at the summit. Pappus of copious whitish bristles.

+ + Achenia terete or nearly so, ribbed, roughish above, abruptly slender-beaked. Pappus
soft, fine, and flaccid. Inyolucre cylindrical, of several linear scales in a single row and
some small short ones at the base. Corolla yellow. ;

80. Chondrilla. Involucre few-flowered. Pappus white. Stems branching, leafy.

81. Pyrrhopappus. Involucre many-flowered. Pappus reddish or rusty. Stems

branching, leafy below.

82. Taraxacum. Involucre many-flowered. Pappus whitish. Scape naked, simple.
+ + + Achenia flat or flattish. Involucre somewhat imbricated, mostly many-flowered.

83. Lactuea. Achenia abruptly long and slender-beaked, very flat: pappus bright white.
84. Mulgedinm. Achenia flattish, and with a short and thick beak.
85. Sonchus. Achenia flattish, beakless. Pappus white. Flowers yellow.

1. VERNONIA, Schreb. Inon-wezp.

Heads 15-many-flowered, in corymbose cymes; flowers all perfect. Invo-
lucre shorter than the flowers, of many appressed closely imbricated scales,
Receptacle naked. Achenia cylindrical, ribbed. Pappus double; the outer
of minute scale-like bristles ; the inner of copious capillary bristles. — Peren-
nial herbs, with alternate leaves and mostly purple flowers. (Named in honor
of a Mr. Vernon, an early English botanist who travelled in this country.)

1. V. Noveboracénsis, Willd. Scales of the involucre tipped with a long
bristle-form or awl-shaped spreading appendage or awn; in some varieties merely
pointed. — Low grounds near the coast, Maine to Virginia; and river-banks in
the Western States, from Wisconsin southward. Aug.—A tall coarse weed
with lanceolate or oblong leaves.

2. V. fasciculata, Michx. Scales. of the involucre (all but the lowest)
rounded and obtuse, without appendage. — Prairies and river-banks, Ohio to Wis-
consin and southward. Aug.— Leaves narrowly or broadly lanceolate : heads
mostly crowded. Very variable, and manifestly passing into No. 1.

2. ELEPHANTOPUS, L._ Evermanr’s-roor.

Heads 3 - 5-flowered, several together clustered into a compound head : flow-
ers perfect. Inyolucre narrow, flattened, of 8 oblong dry scales. Achenia
many-ribbed. Pappus of stout bristles, chaffy-dilated at the base. — Perennials,
with alternate leaves and purplish flowers. (Name composed of €Aedas, ele-
phant, and trovs, foot.)

1. E. Carolinianus, Willd. Somewhat hairy, corymbose, leafy; leaves
ovate-oblong, thin. — Dry soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward.

3. SCLEROLEPIS, Cas. ScLEROLEPIS.

Head many-flowered ; flowers perfect. Scales of the involucre linear, equal,
in 1 or 2 rows. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia 5-angled. Pappus a single row of
almost horny oval and obtuse scales. — A smooth perennial, with simple stems,
rooting at the base, linear entire leaves in whorls of 5 or 6, and a terminal head

COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 223

of flesh-colored flowers. (Name of oxAnpds, hard, and Aeris, a scale, from the
pappus. )

1. §S. verticillata, Cass.—In water: pine barrens, New Jersey and
southward. Aug.

4. LIATRIS, Schreb. Burton SNakeroor. Briazinc-Srar,

Head several — many-flowered : flowers perfect. Scales of the involucre im-
bricated, appressed. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-lobed. Achenia slender,
tapering to the base, about 10-ribbed. Pappus of 15 —40 capillary bristles,
which are manifestly plumose, or only barbellate.— Perennial herbs, often
resinous-dotted, with rigid alternate entire leaves (these sometimes twisted so
as to become vertical), and heads of handsome rose-purple flowers, spicate,
racemose, or panicled-cymose, appearing late in summer or in autumn. (Deri-
vation of the name unknown.)

§ 1. Stem usually wand-like and simple, from a globular er roundish corm or tuber
(impregnated with resinous matter), very leafy: leaves narrow or grass-like, 1 -
5-nerved: heads spicate or racemed: involucre well imbricated: lobes of the
corolla long and slender.

* Pappus very plumose ; scales of the 5-flowered involucre with ovate or lanceolate
spreading petal-like (purple or sometimes white) tips, exceeding the flowers.
1. L. élegans, Willd. Stem (3°-5° high) and involucre hairy ; leaves
short and spreading ; spike or raceme compact (1° long). — Barren soil, Vir-
ginia and southward,

* * Pappus very plumose: scales of the cylindrical many-flowered involucre imbri-
cated in many rows, the tips rigid, not petal-like: corolla hairy within.

2. L. squarrodsa, Willd. (Buiazine-Srar, &c.) Often hairy (19-39
high) ; leaves linear, elongated; heads few (1! long) ; scales of the involucre
mostly with elongated and leaf-like spreading tips. —Dry soil, Pennsylvania to
Illinois and southward. :

3. L. cylindracea, Michx. Commonly smooth (6/-18! high) ; leaves
linear ; heads few (4'-3! long) ; scales of the involucre with short and rounded ap-
pressed tips. — Dry open places, Niagara Falls to Wisconsin, and southwestward,

*& * *& Pappus not obviously plumose to the naked eye: corolla smooth inside.

4. L. secaridsa, Willd. Stem stout (2°-5° high) pubescent or hoary ;
leaves (smooth, rough, or pubescent) lanceolate ; the lowest oblong-lanceolate or
obovate-oblong, tapering into a petiole; heads few or many, large, 30 -40-flow-
ered} scales of the broad or depressed involucre obovate or spatulate, very numerous,
with dry and scarious often colored tips or margins.— Dry soil, New England to
Minnesota, and southward. — Widely variable : heads 1! or less in diameter.

5. L. pilosa, Willd. Beset with long scattered hairs; stem stout ; leaves
linear or linear-lanccolate, elongated; heads few, 10-15-flowered ; scales of the
top-shaped or bell-shaped involucre slightly margined, the outer narrowly oblong, very
obtuse, the innermost linear. — Mountains of Virginia and southward: rare and
obscure. Perhaps a remarkable state of the next; but the flowers as large
as in the preceding.

c

224 COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

6. L. spicata, Willd. Smooth or somewhat hairy; stems very leafy
(2°-5° high) ; leaves linear, the lower 3-5-nerved ; heads 8 - 12-flowered (3/-
3! long), crowded in a long spike; scales of the cylindrical-bell-shaped involucre
oblong or oval, obtuse, appressed, with slight margins ; achenia pubescent or smoothish.
— Moist grounds: common from 8. New York to Wisconsin and southward. —
Involucre somewhat resinous, very smooth.

7. L. graminifolia, Willd. Hairy or smoothish; stem (1°-3° high)
slender, leafy ; leaves linear, elongated, 1-nerved; heads several or numerous,
in a spike or raceme, 7 - 12-flowered ; scales of the obconical or obovoid involucre
spatulate or oblong, obtuse, or somewhat pointed, rigid, appressed ; achenia hairy. —
Virginia and southward. — Inflorescence sometimes panicled, especially in

Var. dubia. Scales of the involucre narrower and less rigid, oblong, often
ciliate. (L. dubia, Barton.) — Wet pine barrens, New Jersey and southward.

8. L. pycnostachya, Michx. Hairy or smoothish; stem stout (3°- 5°
high), very leafy; leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper very narrowly linear ;
spike thick and dense (6'-20' long) ; heads about 5-flowered (3! long) ; scales of
the cylindrical involucre oblong or lanceolate, with recurved or spreading colored tips.
— Prairies, from Indiana southward and westward.

§ 2. Stem simple or branched above, not from a tuber: heads small, corymbed or pan-
icled, 4-—10-flowered: involucre little imbricated: lobes of the corolla ovate:
pappus not plumose.

9. L. odoratissima, Willd. (Vani~ta-pLant.) Very smooth; leaves
pale, thickish, obovate-spatulate, or the upper oval and clasping ; heads corymbed.
— Low pine barrens, Virginia and southward. — Leaves exhaling the odor of
Vanilla when bruised.

10. L. paniculata, Willd. Viscid-hairy ; leaves narrowly oblong or lan-
ceolate, smoothish, those of the stem partly clasping, heads panicled. — Virginia ~
and southward.

5. KUHNIA, L. Koayr.

Heads 10-25-flowered : flowers perfect. Scales of the involucre few and
loosely imbricated, lanceolate. Corolla slender, 5-toothed. Achenia cylindri-
cal, many-striate. Pappus a single row of very plumose (white) bristles. — A
perennial herb, resinous-dotted, with mostly alternate lanceolate leaves, and
paniculate-corymbose heads of cream-colored flowers. (Dedicated to Dr. Kuhn,
of Pennsylvania, who brought the living plant to Linnzus.)

1. K. eupatorioides, L. Leaves varying from broadly lanceolate and
toothed, to linear and entire. — Dry soil, New Jersey to Wisconsin and south-
ward, Sept.

6. EUPATORIUM, Toum. Tuorovenwort.

Heads 3~many-flowered : flowers perfect. Involucre cylindrical or bell-
shaped. Receptacle flat or barely convex. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia 5-
angled. Pappus a single row of slender capillary barely roughish bristles. —
Perennial herbs, often sprinkled with bitter resinous dots, with generally co-
rymbose heads of white, bluish, or purple blossoms, appearing near the close of

COMPOSIT&. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 225

sumer. (Dedicated to Eupator Mithridates, who is said to have used a species
of the genus in medicine. )

* Heads cylindrical, 5 - 15-flowered ; the purplish scales numerous, closely imbricated
in several rows, of unequal length, slightly striate: stout herbs, with ample mostly
whorled leaves, and flesh-colored flowers.

1. BE. purputreum, L. (Joz-PyeE Weep. Trumpet-WeeED.) Stems tall
and stout, simple; leayes 3-6 in a whorl, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, pointed,
very veiny, roughish, toothed ; corymbs very dense and compound. — Varies
greatly in size (2°-12° high), &c., and with spotted or unspotted, often dotted:
stems, &c.,— including several nominal species. — Low grounds: common.

* * Heads 3-20-flowered : involucre of 8-15 more or less imbricated and unequal
scales, the outer ones shorter: flowers white.
+ Leaves all alternate, mostly dissected : heads panicled, very small, 3 —5-flowered.

2. E. foeniculaceum, Willd. Smooth or nearly so, paniculately much-
branched (3°-10° high) ; leaves 1-2-pinnately parted, filiform. — Virginia,
near the coast, and southward. Ady. near Philadelphia.

+ + Leaves mostly opposite and sessile: heads 5 - 8-flowered, corymbed.,

8. E. hyssopifolium, L. Minutely pubescent (1°-2° high); leaves
narrow, linear or lanceolate, elongated, obtuse, 1 -3-nerved, entire, or the lower
toothed, often crowded in the axils, acute at the base ; scales of the involucre obtuse.
— Sterile soil, Massachusetts to Virginia, E. Kentucky and southward.

4, B. leucdlepis, Torr. & Gr. Minutely pubescent, simple (1°- 2° high) ;
leaves linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, 1-nerved, obtuse, serrate, rough both sides ;
corymb hoary ; scales of the involucre with white and scarious acute tips. — Sandy
bogs, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward.

5. E. parviflorum, Ell. Minutely velvety-pubescent, branching (2°-3°
high) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, triple-ribbed and veiny, serrate above the middle,
tapering to the base, the lower slightly petioled ; scales of the short involucre
obtuse. (Leaves sometimes whorled in threes, or the upper alternate.) —Damp
soil, Virginia and southward.

6. E. altissimum, L. Stem stout and tall (3°-7° high), downy ; leaves
lanceolate, tapering at both ends, conspicuously 3-nerved, entire, or toothed above the
middle, the uppermost alternate; corymbs dense; scales of the involucre obtuse,
shorter than the flowers. — Dry soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois and Kentucky. —
Leaves 3!- 4’ long, somewhat like those of a Solidago.

7. BK. album, L. Roughish-hairy (2° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarsely
toothed, veiny ; heads clustered in the corymb ; scales of the involucre closely imbri-
cated, rigid, narrowly lanceolate, pointed, white and scarious above, longer than the
Jlowers. — Sandy and barren places, pine barrens of New Jersey to Virginia and
southward.

8. EK. teucrifolium, Willd. Roughish-pubescent (2°-3° high); Jeaves
ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or truncate at the base, slightly triple-
nerved, veiny, coarsely toothed or incised towards the base, the upper ones alternate ;
branches of the corymb few, unequal ; scales of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, rather
obtuse, at length shorter than the flowers. (E. verbenzfolium, Michr.) — Low
grounds, Massachusetts to Virginia and southward near the coast.

15

226 COMPOSITAZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

9. BE. rotundifolium, L. Downy-pubescent (2° high); leaves roundish-
ovate, obtuse, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the base, deeply crenate-toothed,
triple-nerved, veiny, roughish (1/-2/ long) ; corymb large and dense; scales of
the (5-flowered) involucre linear-lanceolate, slightly pointed.— Dry soil, Rhode
Island to Virginia, near the coast, and southward,

10. E. pubéscens, Muhl. Pubescent: Jeaves ovate, mostly acute, slightly
truncate at the base, serrate-toothed, somewhat triple-nerved, veiny ; scales of the _
7 -—8-flowered involucre lanceolate, acute. (E. ovatum, Bigel.) — Massachusetts to
New Jersey, near the coast, and Kentucky. — Like the last, but larger.

ll. E. sessilifolium, L. (UpLanp Bonerser.) Stem tall (4°-6° high),
smooth, branching ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering from near the rounded
sessile base to the sharp point, serrate, veiny, smooth (3'—6! long) ; corymb very
compound, pubescent ; scales of the 5- (or 5—12-%) flowered involucre oval and oblong,
obtuse. — Copses and banks, Massachusetts to Illinois, and southward along the
mountains.

+ + + Leaves opposite, clasping or united at the base, long, widely spreading: heads
mostly 10-—15-flowered: corymbs very compound and large.

12. BK. resinosum, Torr. Minutely velvety-downy (2°-3° high); leaves
linear-lanceolate, elongated, serrate, partly clasping, tapering to the point, slightly
veiny beneath (4'—6/ long); scales of the involucre oval, obtuse. — Wet pine
barrens, New Jersey. — Name from the copious resinous globules of the leaves.

13. E. perfoliatum, L. (THoroucuwort. Bowneset.) Stem stout
(2°-4° high), hairy ; leaves lanceolate, united at the base around the stem (connate- ~
perfoliate), tapering to a slender point, serrate, very veiny, wrinkled, downy be-
neath (5’—8' long); scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate. — Low grounds:
common and well-known. — Varies with the heads 30 - 40-flowered.

+ + + + Leaves long-petioled, the upper ones alternate: heads 12 -15-flowered, in

compound corymbs.

14. E. serétinum, Michx. Stem pulverulent-pubescent, bushy-branched
(3°-6° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a point, triple-nerved and
veiny, coarsely serrate (5'—6/ long); involuere very pubescent. — Alluvial
ground, Maryland to Illinois and southward.

* * * Heads 8-30-flowered ; the scales of the involucre nearly equal and in one
row: leaves opposite, ovate, petioled, triple-nerved and veiny, not resinous-dotted ;
lowers white.

15. E. ageratoides, L. (Wuirr Synaxe-roor.) Smooth, branching
(3° high) ; leaves broadly ovate, pointed, coarsely and sharply toothed, long-petioled,
thin (4/-5! long) ; corymbs compound. — Rich woods: common northward.

16. E. aromaticum, L. Smooth or slightly downy; stems nearly sim-
ple; leaves on short petioles, ovate, rather obtusely toothed, not pointed, thickish. —
Copses, Massachusetts to Virginia and southward, near the coast. — Lower and
more slender than No. 15, with fewer, but usually larger heads.

7. MIKANIA, Willd. Cxumerxe Hemr-weep.

Heads 4-flowered. Involucre of 4 scales. Receptacle small. Flowers and
achenia, &c., as in Eupatorium.— Twining perennials, climbing bushes, with

COMPOSITA. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 227

opposite commonly heart-shaped and petioled leaves, and corymbose-panicled
flesh-colored flowers. (Named for Prof. Mikan, of Prague.)

1. M. scandens, L. Nearly smooth, twining ; leaves somewhat triangu-
lar-heart-shaped or halberd-form, pointed, toothed at the base. — Copses along
streams, E. New England to Kentucky and southward. July - Sept.

8. CONOCLINIUM, DC. Misr-riower.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre bell-shaped, the nearly equal linear-awl-
shaped scales somewhat imbricated. Receptacle conical! Otherwise as in Eu-
patorium, of which it is rather a section. — Perennial erect herbs, with opposite
petioled leaves, and violet-purple or blue flowers in crowded terminal corymbs.
(Name formed of x&vos, a cone, and KAivn, a bed, from the conical receptacle.)

1. C. ecelestinum, DC. Somewhat pubescent (1°-2° high) ; leaves tri-
angular-ovate and slightly heart-shaped, coarsely and bluntly toothed. — Rich
soil, Pennsylvania to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Sept.

9. NARDOSMIA, Cass. Swerr Corrsroor.

Heads many-flowered, somewhat dicecious: in the sterile plant with a single
row of ligulate pistillate ray-flowers, and many tubular ones in the disk; in the
fertile plant with many rows of minutely ligulate ray-flowers, and a few tubular
perfect ones in the centre. Scales of the involucre in one row. Receptacle flat.
Achenia terete. Pappus of soft capillary bristles, longer and copious in the fer-
tile flowers. — Perennial woolly herbs, with the leaves all from the rootstock,
the scape with sheathing scaly bracts, bearing heads of purplish or whitish fra-
grant flowers, in a corymb. (Name from vdpdos, spikenard, and dopn, odor.)

1..N. palmata, Hook. Leaves rounded, somewhat kidney-form, white-
woolly beneath, palmately and deeply 5—7-lobed, the lobes toothed and cut.
(Tussilago palmata, Ait. T. frigida, Bigel.) —Swamps, Maine and Massachu-
setts to Michigan and northwestward: rare. April, May. — Full-grown leaves
(6'-10! broad).

10. TUSSILAGO, Tourn. Co.tsFroor.

Head many-flowered; the ray-flowers narrowly ligulate, pistillate, fertile, in
many rows; the tubular disk-flowers few, staminate. Scales of the involucre
nearly in a single row. Receptacle flat. Fertile achenia cylindrical-oblong.
Pappus capillary, copious in the fertile flowers. — A low perennial, with hori-
zontal creeping rootstocks, sending up simple scaly scapes in early spring, bear-
ing a single head, and producing rounded-heart-shaped angled or toothed leaves
later in the season, woolly when young. Flowers yellow. (Name from tussis,
a cough, for which the plant is a reputed remedy.)

1. T. FArrara, L.— Wet places, and along brooks, New England, New
York, and Pennsylvania; thoroughly wild. (Nat. from Eu.)

11. ADENOCAULON, Hook. Aneyocavton.

Heads 5-10-flowered; the flowers all tubular and with similar corollas; the
marginal ones pistillate, fertile; the others staminate. Scales of the involucre

228 COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

equal, in a single row. Achenia elongated at maturity, club-shaped, beset with
stalked glands above. Pappus none. — Slender perennials, with the alternate
thin and petioled leaves smooth and green above, white woolly beneath, and few
small (whitish) heads in a loose panicle, beset with glands (whence the name,
from adnv, a gland, and kavXos, a stem).

1. A. bicolor, Hook. Leaves triangular, rather heart-shaped, with angu-
lar-toothed margins; petioles margined. — Moist woods, shore of Lake Supe-

rior, and westward.

12. SERICOCARPUS » Nees. WHITE-TOPPED ASTER.

Heads 12—15-flowered, radiate; the rays about 5, fertile (white). Involucre
somewhat cylindrical or club-shaped; the scales closely imbricated in several
rows, cartilaginous and whitish, appressed, with short and abrupt often spread-
ing green tips. Receptacle alveolate-toothed. Achenia short, inversely pyram-
idal, very silky. Pappus simple, of numerous capillary bristles. — Perennial
tufted herbs (1°-2° high), with sessile somewhat 3-nerved leaves, and small
heads mostly in little clusters, disposed in a flat corymb. Disk-flowers pale
yellow. (Name from onptkds, silky, and kapros, fruit.)

1. S. solidagineus, Nees. Smooth, slender; leaves linear, rigid, obtuse,
entire, with rough margins, tapering to the base ; heads narrow (3" long), in close

clusters, few-flowered ; pappus white. —'Thickets, S. New England to Virginia, -

near the coast. July.

2. S. conyzoides, Nees. Somewhat pubescent; Jeaves oblong-lanceolate or
the lower spatulate, mostly serrate towards the apex, ciliate, veiny; heads rather
loosely corymbed, obconical (4-6! long) ; pappus rusty-color.— Dry ground:
common. July.

3. §. tortifolius, Nees. Hoary-pubescent; leaves obovate or oblong-spatu-
late, short, (}'-1! long), turned edgewise, both sides alike, nearly veinless ; heads

rather loosely forymbed, obovoid (4! -5" long) ; pappus white. — Pine woods, ©

Virginia and southward. Aug.

13. ASTER ge BE Srarwort. ASTER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the ray-flowers in a single series, fertile.
Scales of the involucre more or less imbricated, usually with herbaceous or leaf-
like tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Achenia more or less flattened. Pappus
simple, of capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs (or annual only in § 6), with co-
rymbed, panicled, or racemose heads ; flowering in autumn. Rays white, purple,
or blue: the disk yellow, often changing to purple. (Name dovjp, a star, from
the appearance of the radiate heads of flowers.)

§1. BIOTIA, DC. Involucre obovoid-bell-shaped ; the scales regularly imbricated in
several rows, appressed, nearly destitute of herbaceous tips: rays 6-15 (white or
nearly so): achenia slender: lower leaves large, heart-shaped, petioled, coarsely
serrate: heads in open corymbs.

1. A. corymbosus, Ait. Stem slender, somewhat zigzag; leaves thin,
smoothish, coarsely and unequally serrate with sharp spreading teeth, sharp-pointed,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, all but the uppermost heart-shaped at the base and on

4

COMPOSITA. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 229

slender naked petioles ; rays 6-9. — Woodlands : common, especially northward.
July, Aug. — Plant 1°-2° high, with smaller heads, looser corymbs, rounder
and less rigid exterior involucral scales, and thinner leaves than the next; not
rough, but sometimes pubescent.

2. A. macrophyllus, L. Stem stout and rigid (2°-3° high); leaves
thickish, rough, closely serrate, somewhat pointed; the lower heart-shaped (4! —- 10!
long, 3'-6' wide), long-petioled ; the upper ovate or oblong, sessile or on mar-
gined petioles ; heads in ample rigid corymbs ; rays 12 - 25 (white or bluish). —
Moist woods: common northward, and southward along the mountains. <Aug.,
Sept. —Involucre 3! broad ; the outer scales rigid, oblong or ovate-oblong, the
innermost much larger and thinner.

§ 2. CALLIASTRUM, Torr. & Gr. Scales of the involucre imbricated in several
rows, coriaceous, with short herbaceous tips: rays 12-30, violet or blue: achenia
narrow (smoothish) : pappus of rigid bristles of unequal thickness: stem-leaves all
sessile; lower ones not heart-shaped: heads few, or when several corymbose, large
and showy. (Allied to § 1, and to Sericocarpus.)

3. A. Radula, Ait. Stem simple or corymbose at the summit, smooth,
many-leayed (1°-3° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate pointed, sharply serrate in the
middle, very rough both sides and rugose-veined, closely sessile (2'-3! long), nearly
equal ; scales of the bell-shaped involucre oblong, appressed, with very short and slightly
spreading herbaceous tips; achenia smooth. — Bogs and low grounds, Delaware
to Maine and northward, near the coast. Also Pocono Mountain, Penn. (Prof.
T. Green); and a dwarf variety, with linear-lanceolate leaves, at White Moun-
tains, New Hampshire. Aug.— Rays light violet. Involucre nearly smooth,
except the ciliate margins. ‘

4. A. surculdsus, Michx. Stems slender ($°-1° high), from long and
slender, or here and there tuberous-thickened, creeping, subterranean shoots or suck-
ers, roughish-pubescent above, 1-2- or corymbosely several-flowered ; leaves
roughish, obscurely toothed, lanceolate or the lower spatulate ; involucre obconical or
bell-shaped (4/- 3! long), the whitish and coriaceous scales with short herbaceous
tips, the outer ones shorter ; achenia slightly pubescent. — Var. GRAcILIS (A. gra-
cilis, Nuit.) is a form with the scales of the narrower obconical involucre succes-
sively shorter and with very short and scarcely spreading green tips, resembling
a Sericocarpus. — Moist grounds, pine barrens of New Jersey and southward.
Sept. — Rays about 12, violet, 6’ long.

5. A. spectabilis, Ait. Stems (1°-2° high) minutely rough and gland-
ular-pubescent at the summit; leaves oblong-lanceolate, roughish, obscurely toothed,
tapering to the base; scales of the short and almost hemispherical involucre linear-ob-
long, with conspicuous spatulate glandular-downy tips, the outermost scarcely shorter ;
achenia slightly pubescent. — Sandy soil, Massachusetts to New Jersey, near
the coast, and southward. Sept.- Nov. — One of the handsomest of the genus,
though the heads are few. The rays, about 20, are narrowly lanceolate, nearly
1! long, very deep violet-blue. Involucre 3! long and wide.

6. A. Hérveyi, nu. sp. Stem slender (1°-2° high), nearly smooth, the
summit and peduncles of the several corymbose heads minutely glandular-pubes-
cent; leaves thinnish, roughish, obscurely serrate, oblong-lanceolate, very acute, all but

230 COMPOSIT&. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

the uppermost taper-pointed, and also tapering below into a narrowed base or winged
petiole ; heads small (less than }! long, exclusive of the narrow rays) ; involucre
between bell-shaped and top-shaped ; the scales obscurely glandular, linear, or the
short outer ones oblong, with greenish appressed tips; achenia linear, slightly
pubescent. — Borders of oak woods, in rather moist soil, New Bedford, Mass.,
E. W. Hervey. Sept.— An ambiguous member, and the smallest-flowered, of
the section. Pappus whitish, finer than that of the preceding.

§ 3. ASTER, proper. Scales of the involucre imbricated in various degrees, with
herbaceous or leaf-like summits, or the outer ones entirely foliaceous : rays numer-
ous: pappus soft and nearly uniform: achenia flattened. (All flowering late
in summer or in autumn.)

* Leaves whitened, silvery-silky both sides, all sessile and entire, mucronulate: involu-

cre imbricated in 8 to several rows: rays showy, purple-violet.

7. A. sericeus, Vent. Stems slender, branched ; leaves silver-white, lance-
olate or oblong ; heads mostly solitary, terminating the short branchlets ; scales of.
the globular involucre similar to the leaves, spreading, except the short coriaceous —
base ; achenia smooth, many-ribbed. — Prairies and dry banks, Wisconsin to
Kentucky and southward. — Heads large: rays 20-30.

8. A. concolor, L. Stems wand-like, nearly simple ; leaves crowded, ob-
long or lanceolate, appressed, the upper reduced to little bracts ; heads in a simple
or compound wand-like raceme ; scales of the obovoid involucre closely imbricated
in several rows, appressed, rather rigid, silky, lanceolate; achenia silky. — Dry
sandy soil, pine barrens of New Jersey and southward.— Plant 1°-3° high,
with the short leaves 1! or less in length, grayish-silky both sides.

* * Lower leaves not heart-shaped ; the upper all sessile and more or less clasping by
a heart-shaped or auricled base: heads showy: scales of the inversely conical or
bell-shaped involucre regularly imbricated in several rows, the outer successively
shorter, appressed, coriaceous, whitish, with short herbaceous tips: rays large,
purple or blue.

9. A. patens, Ait. Rough-pubescent ; stem loosely panicled above (1°-3°
high), with widely spreading branches, the heads mostly solitary, terminating
the slender branchlets ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, often contracted
below the middle, all clasping by a deep auricled-heart-shaped base, rough, especially
above and on the margins, entire; scales of the minutely roughish involucre with
spreading pointed tips; achenia silky. — Var. PHLOGIFOLIUS is a form which
the plant assumes in shady moist places, with larger and elongated thin scarcely
rough leaves, downy underneath, sometimes a little toothed above, mostly much
contracted below the middle. —Dry ground: common, especially southward.
Heads 4’ broad, and with showy deep blue-purple rays.

10. A. lgevis, L. Very smooth throughout ; heads in a close panicle ; leaves
thickish, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, chiefly entire, the upper more or less
clasping by an auricled or heart-shaped base ; scales of the short-obovoid or hemi-
spherical involucre with appressed green points ;.rays sky-blue; achenia smooth.
A variable and elegant species, of which the two best-marked forms are : —

Var. levigatus. Scareely if at all glaucous; leaves lanceolate or oblong ;
involucre nearly hemispherical ; the scales lanceolate or linear, with narrow and

COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 257

acute green tips tapering down on the midnerve. (A. levis, Z. <A. levigatus,
Willd.) —Dry woodlands : rather common.

Var. eyaneus. Very smooth, but pale or glaucous ; leaves thicker ; the
upper often oblong or oyate-lanceolate, clasping by a heart-shaped base ; inyo-
luere narrowed at the base, of broader and more coriaceous scales with shorter
and abrupt tips. (A. cyaneus, Hoffm., sc.) — Border of woodlands : common,
especially northward.

ll. A. turbinéllus, Lindl. Very smooth; stem slender, paniculately
branched ; leaves lanceolate, tapering to each end, entire, with rough margins ;
involucre elongated-obconical or almost club-shaped (3! long); the scales linear,
with very short and blunt green tips ; rays violet-blue ; achenia nearly smooth. —
Dry hills, &c., Illinois and southwestward. — Well-marked and handsome.

* * * Lower leaves all heart-shaped and petioled, the upper sessile or petioled : invo-
lucre imbricated much as in the last division, but the heads smaller, very numerous,
racemosed or panicled.

~~ Leaves entire or slightly serrate: heads middle-sized : rays bright-blue.

12. A. azureus, Lindl. Stem rather rough, erect, racemose-compound
at the summit, the branches slender and rigid ; leaves rough ; the lower ovate-lance-
olate or oblong, heart-shaped, on long often hairy petioles ; the others lanceolate or lin-
ear, sessile, on the branches awl-shaped ; involucre inversely conical. — Copses
and prairies, Niagara Falls (Clinton), and Ohio to Wisconsin and southward. —
Involucre much as in A. levis, but much smaller, slightly pubescent ; the rays
bright blue.

13. A. Shértii, Boott. Stem slender, spreading, nearly smooth, bearing
very numerous heads in racemose panicles ; leaves smooth above, minutely pubes-
cent underneath, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, elongated, tapering gradually to a
sharp point, all but the uppermost more or less heart-shaped at the base, and on naked
petioles; involucre bell-shaped. — Cliffs and banks, Ohio to Wisconsin and
southward. — A pretty species, 2°-4° high; the leaves 3'- 5! long.

14. A. undulatus, L. Pale or somewhat hoary with close pubescence ;
stem spreading, bearing numerous heads in racemose panicles ; leaves ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, with wavy or slightly toothed margins, roughish above, downy under-
neath, the lowest heart-shaped on margined petioles, the others abruptly contracted
into short broadly winged petioles which are dilated and clasping at the base, or di-
rectly sessile by a heart-shaped base; inyolucre obovoid. (A. diversifolius,
Michx.) — Dry copses: common.

+— + Leaves conspicuously serrate: heads small: rays pale blue or nearly white.

15. A. cordifolius, L. Stem much branched above, the spreading or di-
verging branches bearing very numerous panicled heads; lower leaves all heart-
shaped, on slender and mostly naked ciliate petioles ; scales of the inversely coni-
eal involucre all appressed and tipped with short green points, obtuse or acutish. —
Woodlands: very common.— Varies with the stem and leaves either smooth,
roughish, or sometimes hairy. Heads profuse, but quite small. aad

16. A. sagittifolius, Willd. Stem rigid, erect, with ascending branches
bearing numerous racemose heads; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed ; the lower
heart-shaped at the base, on margined petioles ; the upper lanceolate or linear,

232 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

pointed at both ends ; scales of the oblong involucre linear, tapering into awl-shaped
slender and loose tips. —Dry ground, New York and Penn. to Kentucky and
northward. — Usually more or less hairy or downy ; the heads rather larger
than in the last, almost sessile. — A. Drummondii, Lindl., which probably
grows on the Illinois side of the Mississippi, is a downy-leaved variety of this.

* * * * Leaves none of them heart-shaped ; those of the stem sessile, narrow, rigid,
entire: involucre imbricated in several rows: the coriaceous scales appressed and
whitish at the base, with abrupt and conspicuous spreading herbaceous tips: heads
small and very numerous, paniculate-racemose ; rays white. j

17. A. ericoides, L. Smooth or sparingly hairy (1°-1$° high) ; the sim-
ple branchlets or peduncles racemose along the upper side of the wand-like
spreading branches ; lowest leaves oblong-spatulate, sometimes toothed ; the others
linear-lanceolate or linear-awl-shaped, acute at both ends ; scales of the involucre
broadest at the base, with acute or awl-shaped green tips. — Var. VILLOSUS is a
hairy form, often with broader leaves ; chiefly in the Western States. — Dry
open places, S. New England to Wisconsin and southward.

18. A. multiflorus, Ait. Pale or hoary with minute close pubescence (1°
high), much branched and bushy ; the heads much crowded on the spreading
racemose branches ; leaves crowded, linear, spreading, with rough or ciliate mar-
gins, the upper somewhat dilated and partly clasping at the base ; scales of the in-
volucre with spatulate spreading green tips broader than the lower portion, the outer
obtuse. — Dry gravelly or sandy soil: common.

% % * * * Leaves none of them heart-shaped ; those of the stem tapering at the base,
sessile; involucre imbricated ; the scales unequal, with short and narrow ap-
pressed or rather loose greenish tips: heads small or middle-sized: rays white or
bluish-purple.

«— Heads small. (Involucre 2" -4"' long.)

19. A. dumosus, L. Smooth or nearly so, racemosely compound, the
scattered heads mostly solitary at the end of the spreading branchlets ; leaves linear
or the upper oblong, crowded, entire or slightly serrate, with rough margins ;
scales of the closely imbricated involucre linear-spatulate, obtuse, in 4-6 rows. —
Thickets : common. — A variable species, 1°-3° high, loosely branched, with
small leaves, especially the upper, and an inversely conical or bell-shaped invo-
lucre, with more abrupt green tips than any of the succeeding. Rays pale
purple or blue, larger than in the next. Runs into several peculiar forms.

20. A. Tradeseanti, L. Smooth or smoothish ; the numerous heads closely
racemed along one side of the erect-spreading or diverging branches; leaves
Janceolate-linear, elongated, the larger ones remotely serrate in the middle with
fine sharp teeth ; scales of the involucre narrowly linear, acute or acutish, in 3 or 4
rows. — Var. FRAGILIS has the leaves entire or nearly so, except the lowest,
the heads more scattered. — Moist banks : very common. — Stems 2° - 4°
high, bushy : heads very numerous, smaller than in the last. Rays white or
nearly so.

21. A. miser, L., Ait. More or less hairy, much branched ; the branches
usually diverging, bearing racemose often scattered heads ; leaves lanceolate or ob-
long-lanceolate, tapering or pointed at each end, sharply serrate in the middle ;

COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 233

scales of the involucre linear, acute or rather obtuse, imbricated in 8 or 4 rows. —
Thickets, fields, &c.: very common, and extensively variable. — Leayes larger
than in either of the preceding (2'-5/); the involucre intermediate between
them, as to the form of the scales. Rays mostly short, pale bluish-purple or
white.

+ + Heads middle-sized. (Involucre 3! - 5"! long.)

22, A. simplex, Willd. Smooth or nearly so (3°- 6° high), much
branched ; the branches and scattered heads somewhat corymbose at the summit ;
leaves lanceolute, pointed, the ‘lower serrate ; scales of the involucre linear-awl-shaped,
loosely and sparingly imbricated. — Shady moist banks: common. — Rays pale.
Approaches in its different forms the preceding and the two following.

23. A. tenuifolius, L. Nearly smooth; stem much branched (2°-38°
high); the heads spmewhat panicled or racemed; leaves narrowly lanceolate,
tapering into a long slender point (2'- 6! long), with rough margins, the lower some-
what serrate in the middle ; scales of the hemispherical involucre linear-awl-shaped,
very slender-pointed, numerous, closely imbricated.— Low grounds, New York to
Wisconsin, and southward. Rays short and narrow, pale purple or whitish.

24. A. carneus, Nees. Smooth, or the branches rough or pubescent ;
leaves lanceolate, somewhat pointed, or the upper short and partly clasping ;
heads racemose along the ascending leafy branches; scales of the obovate in-
volucre lanceolate, abruptly acute, closely imbricated. — Moist soil: common. Leaves
firm in texture, smooth, or rough above. Rays rather large, bluish, purplish,
violet-purple, or almost white. —On a thorough revision of the genus, older
names will be found and verified for this and No. 22, which here cover a multi-
tude of forms. A mutabilis, Z., is probably one of them.

* & * * * * Stem-leaves sessile, the upper more or less clasping : scales of the hemi-
spherical involucre loosely more or less imbricated, somewhat equal, with herba-
ceous tips, or the outer often entirely herbaceous: heads middle-sized or large:
rays blue or purple. (The species of this group are still perplexing.)

25. A. sestivus, Ait. Stem slender, rough, bushy-branched ; leaves nar-
rowly lanceolate-linear, elongated, taper-pointed, entire, with rough margins ; heads
corymbose, loose ; scales of the involucre linear, loose ; rays large, apparently light
blue. (A. laxifolius, Nees.) — Var. LaTirLorus has very slender branches
and leaves, and the scales of the inyolucre unequal and more appressed. —
Moist shady places, Ohio to Wisconsin and northward. — Heads about as large
as in A. puniceus, in some forms appearing more like A. carneus. Leaves 4/-
7' long, 4! to $/ wide.

26. A. Novi-Bélgii, L. Nearly smooth; stem stout ; leaves oblong-lanceo-
late, pale or somewhat glaucous, serrate in the middle, acute, tapering to each end ;
scales of the involucre rather closely imbricated, with broadish acute herbaceous tips ;
rays pale blue or purplish. — Low grounds, not clearly known in a wild state.
The plant here in view is intermediate between No. 24 and No. 27.— Heads
smaller and less showy than in the next.

27. A. longifolius, Lam. Smooth or nearly so; stem branched, corym-
bose-panicled at the summit ; leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lower ovate-lanceo-
late, entire or sparingly serrate in the middle, taper-pointed, shining above ; scales

234 COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

of the involucre imbricated in 3-5 rows, linear, with acute or awl-shaped spreading
or recurved green tips ; rays large and numerous, bright purplish-blue. — Moist
places, along streams, &c.: common eastward. — Plant 1°-5° high, with large

and showy heads; very variable in the foliage, involucre, &c.; its multiform |

varieties including A. thyrsiflorus, Hoffm., A. laxus, Willd. (a form with more
leafy involucres), A. preedltus, Poir., A. elodes, Torr. § Gr.: also A. salicifolius,
Scholler, the oldest name of all.

28. A. puniceus, L. Stem tall and stout, rough-hairy all over or in lines,
usually purple below, panicled above ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, clasping by an auri-
cled base, sparingly serrate in the middle with appressed teeth, rough above, nearly
smooth underneath, pointed; scales of the involucre narrowly linear, acute, loose,
equal, in about 2 rows; rays long and showy (lilac-blue, paler or whitish in
shade).— Low thickets and swamps, very common. — Sgems 3°-6° high, in
open grounds rough with rigid bristly hairs.

Var. vimineus (A. vimineus, Willd.) is a variety nearly smooth through-
out; growing in shade.

29. A. prenanthoides, Muhl. Stem low (1°-3° high), corymbose-pani-
cled, hairy above in lines ; leaves rough above, very smooth underneath, ovate-lanceolate,
sharply cut-toothed in the middle, conspicuously taper-pointed, and tapering below in a
long contracted entire portion, which is abruptly dilated into an auricled-heart-shaped
clasping base; scales of the involucre narrowly linear, with recurved-spreading
tips; rays light blue.— Borders of rich woods, W. New York to Wisconsin, and
southwards to Virginia.

* * * * * x * Leaves entire, those of the stem sessile, the base often clasping: heads
solitary terminating the branches or somewhat corymbed, showy: scules of the invo-
lucre very numerous, with loose and spreading or recurved mostly foliaceous tips,
usually more or less glandular or viscid, as are the branchlets, &c.

+— Involucre imbricated, the scales in several or many ranks.

30. A. grandifiorus, L. Rough with minute hispid hairs; stems slender,
loosely much branched (1°-38° high) ; leaves very small (4!-1! long), oblong-
linear, obtuse, rigid, the uppermost passing into scales of the hemispherical
squarrose many-ranked involucre; rays bright violet (1! long); achenia hairy.
— Dry open places, Virginia and southward. — Heads large and very showy.

31. A. oblongifolius, Nutt. Minutely glandular-puberulent, much branched
above, rigid, paniculate-corymbose (1°-2° high) ; leaves narrowly oblong or lance-
olate, mucronate-pointed, partly clasping, thickish (1/-2/ long by 2” —5!' wide) ;
scales of the involucre broadly linear, appressed at the base; rays violet-purple ;
achenia canescent. — Banks of rivers, from Pennsylvania (Huntingdon County,
Prof. Porter!) and Virginia to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and westward. — Heads
middle-sized or smaller.

32. A. amethystinus, Nutt. Taller than the foregoing (2°-5° high),
more upright, with more hirsute and not at all glandular or viscid pubescence ;
heads more racemose on the branches and smaller; involucre only about 3/ in
diameter, the tips of the scales less spreading; rays light clear blue. — Moist
grounds, Massachusetts (near Salem, Cambridge, &c., Nuttall, Dr. Robbins, &c. :
Amherst (Prof. Tuckerman), Ilinois (E. Hall), and Wisconsin.

Vv

COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 235

+ + Involucre of many very slender equal scales appearing like a single row.

33. A. Novee-Angliz, L. Stem stout, hairy (3° -8° high), corymbed at
the summit ; leaves very numerous, lanceolote, entire, acute, auriculate-clasping, clothed
with minute pubescence ; scales of the involucre linear-awl-shaped, loose, glandular-viscid,
as well as the branchlets; rays violet-purple, in var. ROSEUS rose-purple (A.
roseus, Desf.), very numerous; achenia hairy. — Moist grounds: common. —
Heads large, corymbed. Var.? with white rays, Carroll Co., Ill., H. Shimer.

* & * * * * * * Heads, &§c., as in the preceding group ; but foliage as in * * *.

34. A. anédmalus, Engelm. Somewhat hoary-pubescent; stems slender
(2°-4° high), simple or racemose-branched above ; leaves ovate or ovate-lance-
olate, pointed, entire or nearly so, the lower cordate and long-petioled, the upper
small and almost sessile; scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated in
several rows, appressed, with linear spreading leafy tips; achenia smooth. —
Limestone cliffs, W. linois (and Missouri, near St. Louis), Engelmann. — Heads
as large as those of No. 31: rays violet-purple.

§ 4. ORITROPHIUM, Kunth. Scales of the involucre narrow, nearly equal and
almost in a single row, more or less herbaceous : pappus of soft and uniform capil-
lary bristles: mostly low perennials, bearing solitary or few heads.

35. A. graminifolius, Pursh. Slightly pubescent, slender (6/-12/ high) ;
leaves very numerous, narrowly linear; branches prolonged into slender naked
peduncles, bearing solitary small heads; rays rose-purple or whitish. — North-
ern borders of New England, Lake Superior, and northward.

§ 5. ORTHOMERIS, Torr. & Gr. Scales of the involucre regularly imbricated,
unequal, often carinate, with membranaceous margins, entirely destitute of herba-
ceous tips: pappus of soft and unequal capillary bristles.

36. A. acuminatus, Michx. Somewhat hairy; stem (about 1° high)
simple, zigzag, panicled-corymbose at the summit; peduncles slender ; leaves
oblong-lanceolate, conspicuously pointed, coarsely toothed above, wedge-form and entire
at the base; scales of the involucre few and loosely imbricated, linear-lanceolate,
pointed, thin (3'’-5/’ long) ; heads few or several ; rays 12-18, white, or slightly
purple. — Cool rich woods : common northward and southward along the Alle-
ghanies. Aug.— There is a depauperate narrow-leaved variety on the White
Mountains of New Hampshire.

37. A. nemoralis, Ait. Minutely roughish-pubescent ; stem slender,
simple or corymbose at the summit, very leafy (1°-2° high) ; leaves small (1/-
1}! long), rather rigid, lanceolate, nearly entire, with revolute margins ; scales of the
inversely conical involucre narrowly linear-lanceolate, the outer passing into
awl-shaped bracts; rays lilac-purple, elongated. — Bogs, pine barrens of New
Jersey to Maine along the coast, and northward. Also White Mountains of

New Hampshire; a small form, with solitary heads. Sept.

38. A. ptarmicoides, Torr. & Gr. Smooth or roughish; stems clus-
tered (6/-15' high), simple ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid, entire, tapering
to the base, 1—3-nerved, with rough margins (2/—4! long) ; heads small, in a
flat corymb ; scales of the involucre imbricated in 8 or 4 rows, short; rays white
(2!"-3" long). — Dry rocks, W. Vermont to Illinois and Wisconsin along the
Great Lakes, and northward. Aug.

.

—A

) AMA

236 COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

§ 6. OXYTRIPOLIUM, DC. Scales of the involucre imbricated, without herba-
ceous tips, usually very acute, the outer passing into scale-like bracts : pappus soft
and capillary : achenia striate.

39. A. flexuodsus, Nutt. Stem zigzag, rigid, forked (6//- 20! high) ; the
branches bearing large solitary heads ; leaves linear, thick and fleshy, pointed, entire ;
scales of the bell-shaped involucre imbricated in many rows, ovate-lanceolate with
awl-shaped points ; rays numerous, large, pale purple. — Salt marshes on the
coast, Maine to Virginia. Sept.

40. A. linifolius, L. Annual; stem much branched (6!—24! high), the
branches bearing numerous racemose or panicled small heads ; leaves linear-lanceolate,
pointed, entire, flat, on the branches awl-shaped ; scales of the oblong involucre
linear-awl-shaped, in few rows ; rays somewhat in two rows, short, not projecting be-
yond the disk, more numerous than the disk-flowers, purplish. (A. subulatus,
Michz.) Salt marshes, on the coast, Maine to Virginia. Aug. - Oct.

41. A. angustus, Torr. & Gr. (Tripolium angustum, Lindl. T. frondo-

‘sum, Nutt. Also in Siberia, Conyza Altaica, DC., and Brachyactis ciliata,

Lede.) An annual species related to the last, but with broader leaves, very
many minute rays, and more copious pappus: comes from the northwest to near
the borders of Wisconsin.

14. ERIGERON, L. _ Freapave.

Heads many-flowered, radiate, mostly flat or hemispherical ; the narrow rays
very numerous, pistillate. Scales of the involucre narrow, nearly equal and
little imbricated. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Achenia flattered, usually
pubescent and 2-nerved. Pappus a single row of capillary bristles, with minuter
ones intermixed, or with a distinct short outer pappus of little bristles or chaffy
scales. — Herbs, with entire or toothed and generally sessile leaves, and solitary
or corymbed heads. Disk yellow ; ray white or purple. (Name from 7p, spring,
and yepav, an old man, suggested by the hoary appearance of some of the yer-
nal species. )

§1. CANOTUS, Nutt. Rays inconspicuous, in several rows, scarcely longer than

the pappus: pappus simple: chiefly annuals and biennials. —.

1. EK. Canadénse, L. (Horse-weep. Burrer-weep.) Bristly-hairy ;
stem erect, wand-like (3° -5° high) ; leaves linear, mostly entire ; those from the
root cut-lobed ; heads very numerous and small, cylindrical, panicled. — Waste
places ; a common weed, now widely diffused over the world. July —Oct.—
Ligules much shorter than their tube, white. (Nat. in Eu. &e.)

2. BE. divaricatum, Michx. Diffuse and decumbent (3! - 6’ high); leaves
linear or awl-shaped ; heads loosely corymbed ; rays purple: otherwise like No. 1.—
Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. _ ,

3. E. acre, L. Sparsely hairy or smoothish ; stem erect (10/-20! high) ;
leaves lanceolate or the lower spatulate-oblong, entire ; heads several or rather
numerous, racemose or at length corymbose, nearly hemispherical (4! — 5!’
long) ; rays purplish or bluish, equalling or a little exceeding the copious pap-
pus. — Shores of Lake Superior (Dr. Robbins, Prof. Porter, &c.), and northwest-
ward. (Eu.)

COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 237

§ 2. EUER{GERON, Torr. & Gr. Rays elongated, crowded in one or more rows :
pappus simple. (Erect perennials: heads somewhat corymbed, middle-sized.)

4. KE. bellidifolium, Muhl. (Rogin’s Prantrain.) Hairy, producing
offsets from the base: stem simple, rather naked above, bearing few (1-9) large
heads on slender peduncles, root-leaves obovate and spatulate, sparingly toothed ;
those of the stem distant, lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, entire ; rays (about
50) rather broad, light bluish-purple. — Copses and moist banks: common. May.

5. EK. Philadélphicum, L. (Common Fieapane.) Hairy; stem leafiy,
corymbed, bearing several small heads; leaves thin, with a broad midrib, ob-
long; the upper smoothish, clasping by a heart-shaped base, mostly entire ; the
lowest spatulate, toothed ; rays innumerable and very narrow, rose-purple or flesh-
color. (KE. purpureum, Ait.) — Moist ground: common. June-Aug.

§ 3. STENACTIS, Cass. Outermost bristles of the pappus short and minute, or

rather chaffy, forming an external series : otherwise as § 2.
6. E. glabéllum, Nutt. Stem (6/-15/ high) stout, hairy above, the
leafless summit bearing 1-7 large heads; leaves nearly glabrous, except the
margins, entire, the upper oblong-lanceolate and pointed, closely sessile or
partly clasping, the lower spatulate and petioled ; rays (more than 100, purple)
more than twice the length of the hoary-hispid involucre. — Plains N. Wiscon-
sin, and westward. June.

: 4, PHALACROLOMA, Cass. Rays numerous, but nearly in a single row, con-
spicuous : pappus plainly double, the outer a crown of minute chaffy-bristle-form
scales ; the inner of scanty capillary bristles which are deciduous, or entirely
wanting in the ray: annuals and biennials.

7. BE. A4nnuum, Pers. (Daisy Freasane. Sweer Scasrovs.) Stem
stout (3°-5° high), branched, beset with spreading hairs; leaves coarsely and
sharply toothed ; the lowest ovate, tapering into a margined petiole; the upper
ovate-lanceolate, acute and entire at both ends; heads corymbed; rays white,
tinged with purple, not twice the length of the bristly involucre. (E. hetero-
-phyllum, Mull. E. strigosum, Bigel.) — Fields and waste places : a very com-
mon weed. June-Aug. (Nat. in Eu.)

8. KB. strigosum, Muhl. (Daisy Fieanane.) Stem panicled-corym-
bose at the summit, roughish like the leaves with minute appressed hairs, or almost
smooth ; leaves entire or nearly so, the upper lanceolate, scattered, the lowest ob-
long or spatulate, tapering into a slender petiole; rays white, twice the length
of the minutely hairy involucre. (E. integrifolium, Bigel.) — Fields, &c. : com-
mon. June- Aug. — Stem smaller and more simple than the last, with smaller
heads but longer rays. — Var. piscofprum, Robbins, has the rays minute,
scarcely exceeding the involucre.— Uxbridge, Massachusetts, and adjacent parts
of Connecticut and Rhode Island, Dr. Robbins.

§5. ERIGER{DIUM, Torr. & Gr. Rays about 30, in a single row, rather
broad: pappus simple: achenia mostly 4-nerved : root perennial.

9. E. vérnum, Torr. & Gr. Glabrous;. leaves clustered at the root,
oval or spatulate; scape leafless, slender (1°-2° high), bearing 5-12 small
corymbed heads ; rays white. (E. nudicaule, Michz. Aster yernus, L.) — Low
grounds, E, Virginia and southward. May.

238 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

15. DIPLOPAPPUS, Cass. Dovsre-sristrep ASTER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays 8-12, pistillate. Scales of the invo-
lucre imbricated, appressed, narrow, 1-nerved or keeled, destitute of herbaceous
tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Achenia flattish. Pappus double ; the outer
of very short and small stiff bristles, the inner of capillary bristles as long as
the disk-corolla. — Perennials with corymbose or simple heads: disk-flowers
yellow ; rays white or violet. (Name composed of durAdos, double, and mdzmos,
pappus, the character which distinguishes the genus from Aster.)

§ 1. Rays violet, showy: head solitary, pretty large: involucre much imbricated :
achenia silky: bristles of the inner pappus all alike.
1. D. linariifolius, Hook. Stems (6/-20! high) several from the same
woody root, mostly simple, very leafy ; leaves rigid, spreading, linear, strongly
1-nerved, smooth, rough-margined. — Dry soil: common. Sept., Oct.

§ 2. Rays white: heads small, corymbed : involucre shorter than the disk, imbricated
in about 3 rows; achenia smoothish: bristles of the inner pappus unequal, some
of them thickened at the tip: leaves rather large, scattered, membranaccous, veiny,
entire.

2. D. umbellatus, Torr. & Gr. Smooth, leafy to the top (2°-6° high) ;
leaves lanceolate, elongated, taper-pointed and tapering at the base (3/-6! long) ;
heads very numerous in compound flat corymbs; scales of the involucre rather
close, obtusish. — Moist thickets: common, especially northward. Aug.

3. D. amygdalinus, Torr. & Gr. Smooth or roughish above, leafy ;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, abruptly narrowed at the base ; scales of the inyolu-
cre loose, obtuse. — Low grounds, New Jersey, Penn., and southward. Aug.—
Too near the last ; but lower, rougher, and with broader and shorter leaves.

4. D. cornifolius, Darl. Stem (1°-2° high) pubescent, bearing few
heads on divergent peduncles ; leaves elliptical or ovate-lanceolate, conspicuously pointed
at both ends, ciliate, hairy on the veins underneath. — Woodlands, E. Massa-
chusetts to Kentucky, and southward along the mountains. July —Sept.

16. BOLTONIA, W’Her. Botrtoyra.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the
hemispherical involucre imbricated somewhat in 2 rows, appressed, with narrow
membranaceous margins: Receptacle conical or hemispherical, naked. Ache-
nia very flat, obovate or inversely heart-shaped, margined with a callous wing,
or in the ray 3-winged, crowned with a pappus of several minute bristles and
usually 2—4 longer awns. — Perennial and bushy-branched smooth herbs, pale
green, with the aspect of Aster: the thickish leaves chiefly entire, often turned
edgewise. Flowers autumnal: disk yellow: rays white or purplish. (Dedicated
to James Bolton, an English botanist of the last century.)

e * Heads middle-sized, loosely corymbed.

1. B. asteroides, L’Her. Leaves lanceolate; achenia broadly oval; pap-
pus of few minute bristles and no awns. — Moist places along streams. Penn-
sylvania (Bartram), and southward along the Alleghanies: rare. Oct. — Plant
usually 6° high.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 239

2. B. glastifolia, L’Her. Leaves lanceolate, ascending ; achenia obovate,
broadly winged ; pappus of several short bristles and 2 or 3 short awns. — Rich
soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward. Sept., Oct. — Plant 2°-4° high.

* * Heads small, panicled on the slender branches.

3. B. diffusa, L’Her. Stem diffusely branched ; leaves lance-linear, those
on the branchlets very small and awl-shaped ; pappus of several very short bris-
tles and 2 short awns, — Prairies near Centralia, Illinois ( Vasey), and southwest-
ward. Aug. - Oct.

17. BELLIS, Toum. Daisy.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the
involucre herbaceous, equal, in about 2 rows. Receptacle conical, naked. Ache-
nia obovate, flattened, wingless, and without any pappus. — Low herbs (all but
our single species natives of the Old World), either stemless, like the true Daisy,
B. perennis, or leafy-stemmed, as is the following. (The Latin name, from
bellus, pretty.)

1. B. integrifolia, Michx. (Western Daisy.) Annual or biennial,
diffusely branched (4'—9’ high), smoothish; leaves lanceolate or oblong, the
lower spatulate-obovate ; heads on slender peduncles ; rays pale violet-purple. —
Prairies and banks, Kentucky and southwestward. March-June.

18. BRACHYCHATA, Torr.&Gr. Fase Gorpey-rop.

Heads and flowers nearly as in Solidago, except the pappus, which is a row
of minute rather scale-like bristles, shorter than the achenia. — A perennial herb,
with rounded or ovate serrate leaves, all the lower ones heart-shaped; the small
yellow heads in sessile clusters racemed or spiked on the branches. (Name com-
posed of Spayus, short, and xairn, bristle, from the pappus.)

1. B. cordata, Torr. & Gr. (Solidago cordata, Short.) Wooded hills,
E. Kentucky and southward. Oct.— Plant 29-4° high, slender, more or less
pubescent.

19. SOLIDAGO, L. _ Gorpey-rop.

Heads few - many-flowered, radiate; the rays 1-16, pistillate. Scales of the
oblong involucre appressed, destitute of herbaceous tips (except No.1). Recep-
tacle small, not chaffy. Achenia many-ribbed, nearly terete. Pappus simple,
of equal capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with mostly wand-like stems and
nearly sessile stem-leaves, never heart-shaped. Heads small, racemed or clus-
tered: flowers both of the disk and ray (except No. 2) yellow. (Name from so-
lido, to join, or make whole, in allusion to reputed vulnerary qualities.) Flow-
ering in autumn,

§ 1. CHRYSASTRUM, Torr. & Gr. Scales of the much imbricated and rigid
involucre with abruptly spreading herbaceous tips: heads in clusters or glemerate
racemes, disposed in a dense somewhat leafy and interrupted wand-like compound
spike,

1, §. squarrdsa, Muhl. Stem stout (2°-5° high), hairy above; leaves
large, oblong, or the lower spatulate-oval and tapering into a margined petiole,

240 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

serrate, veiny ; disk-flowers 16 — 24, the rays 12—16.— Rocky and wooded
hills, Maine and W. Vermont to Pennsylvania, and the mountains of Virginia :
rather rare.

§ 2. VIRGAUREA, Tourn. Scales of the involucre destitute of herbaceous tips :
rays mostly fewer than the disk-flowers: heads all more or less pedicelled.
* Heads clustered in the axils of the feather-veined leaves.

2. S. bicolor, L. Hoary or grayish with soft hairs; stem mostly simple ;
leaves oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute at both ends, or the lower oval and
tapering into a petiole, slightly serrate; clusters or short racemes from the axils of |
the upper leaves, forming an interrupted spike or crowded panicle; rays small,
cream-color or nearly white. — Var. CONCOLOR has the rays yellow. — Dry copses
and banks: the var. in Pennsylvania and westward. é/

3. S. latifolia, L. Smooth or nearly so, stem angled, zigzag, simple or
paniculate-branched (1°-3° high) ; leaves broadly ovate or oval, very strongly and
sharply serrate, conspicuously pointed at both ends (thin, 3'-6' long); heads in very
short axillary clusters, or somewhat prolonged at the end of the branches. —
Moist shaded banks: common northward, and along the mountains.

4. S. cxesia, L. Smooth; stem terete, mostly glaucous, at length much
branched and diffuse; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, pointed,
sessile; heads in very short clusters, or somewhat racemose-panicled on the
branches. — Moist rich woodlands : common.

* * Racemes terminal, erect, either somewhat simple and wand-like, or compound and
panicled, not one-sided : leaves feather-veined. (Not maritime.)
+- Heads small: leaves nearly entire, except-the lowermost.

5. S. virgata, Michx. Very smooth throughout; stem strict and simple, wand-
like (2°-4° high), slender, beset with small and entire appressed lanceolate-ob-
long thickish leaves, which are gradually reduced upwards to mere bracts; the
lowest oblong-spatulate ; heads crowded in a very narrow compound spicate raceme ;
rays 5-7.— Damp pine barrens, New Jersey and southward.

6. S. pubérula, Nutt. Stem (1°-3° high, simple or branched) and pan-
icle minutely hoary ; stem-leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering to the base, smoothish; the
lower wedge-lanceolate and sparingly toothed; heads very numerous and crowded
in compact short racemes forming a prolonged and dense narrow or pyramidal panicle ;
scales of the involucre linear-awl-shaped, appressed ; rays about 10.— Sandy soil,
Maine to Virginia and southward, near the coast.

7. S. stricta, Ait. Very smooth throughout; stem simple, strict (2°-3°
high) ; Jeaves lanceolate, pointed, the lower tapering into winged petioles, partly
sheathing at the base, minutely serrate above with appressed teeth ; racemes much
crowded and appressed in a dense wand-like panicle; scales of the involucre linear-
oblong, obtuse; rays 5-6, small. — Peat-bogs, Maine to Pennsylvania, Wis-
consin, and northward. Root-leaves 6!-10! long. Flowers earlier than most
species, beginning in July.

+- + Heads rather large, at least for the size of the plant.

8. §. speciosa, Nutt. Stem stout (3°-6° high), smooth; leaves thickish,

smooth with rough margins, oval or ovate, slightly serrate, the uppermost oblong-

{. lanceolate, the lower contracted into a margined petiole; heads somewhat

COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 241

crowded in nitmerous erect racemes, forming an ample pyramidal or thyrsiform pan-
icle; peduncles and pedicels rough-hairy ; scales of the cylindrical involucre
oblong, obtuse ; rays about 5, large. — Var. aNGusTATA is a dwarf form, with
the racemes short and clustered, forming a dense interrupted or compound spike.
—Copses, Maine to Wisconsin and southward. — A very handsome species ;
the lower leaves 4'-6' long and 2/-4! wide in the larger forms.

9. S. petiolaris, Ait. MJinutely hoary or downy ; stem strict, simple, (1° -
8° high) ; leaves small (3/~2' long), oval or oblong, mucronate, veiny, rough-cilio-
late; the upper entire and abruptly very short-petioled, the lower often serrate and
tapering to the base; heads few, in a wand-like raceme or panicle, on slender
bracted pedicels; rays about 10, elongated: scales of the pubescent involucre
lanceolate or linear-awl-shaped, the outer ones loose and spreading, more or less
foliaceous, — especially in var. sQUARRULOSA, Torr. & Gr.—S, W. Hinois
(Dr. Engelmann), and southward.— The name is misleading, as the leaves are
hardly petioled.

10. S. Virga-auirea, L. Pubescent or nearly glabrous ; stem /ow (6’- 18’
high) and simple ; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, or the lowest spatulate or elliptical-
obovate and petioled, serrate with small appressed teeth or nearly entire; racemes
thyrsoid or simple, narrow ; scales of the involucre lanceolate or linear, acute ;
rays 8-12.— An extremely variable species in the Old World and in our north- -
ern regions ; perhaps including several. (Eu.)

Var. alpina, Bigel. Dwarf (1/-8’ high), with few (1-12) pretty large
heads (3/’—4"' long, becoming smaller as they increase in number) ; leaves thick-
ish, mostly smooth; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute or acutish; rays
about 12.— Alpine region of the mountains of Maine, New Hampshire, and
New York; and shore of Lake Superior.

Var. humilis. Low (6/-12! high) and smooth, bearing several or numer-
ous loosely thyrsoid smaller heads, which, with the peduncles, &c., are mostly
somewhat glutinous; scales of the involucre obtuse; rays 6-8, short; leaves
varying from narrowly lanceolate and nearly entire to oblanceolate and serrate.
(S. humilis, Pursh, Torr. § Gr.) — Rocky banks, W. Vermont, and along the
Great Lakes northward. Also on islands in the Susquehanna, near Lancaster,
Penn., Prof. Porter! Great Falls of the Potomac, Virginia, Dr. Robbins !— At
the base of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, on gravelly banks of
streams, occurs a form, with the minutely pubescent stout stem 1°- 2° high, the
leaves larger and broader, and the heads very numerous in an ample compound
raceme ; the rays occasionally almost white.

11. S. thyrsoidea, E. Meyer. Stem stout (1°-4° high), wand-like, pubes-
cent near the summit, simple; leaves thin, ovate, irregularly and coarsely serrate
with sharp salient teeth, large (1!-4! long), all but the uppermost abruptly con-
tracted into long and margined petioles ; heads large (5''~6'' long), many-flowered,
crowded in an oblong or wand-like raceme or contracted panicle (2/—18/ long) ;
scales of the involucre loose and thin, long, lanceolate, taper-pointed ; rays 8-
10, elongated ; acheniasmooth. (S. Virga-aurea, Pursh. S. leiocarpa, DC.) —
Wooded sides of mountains, N. Maine to New York (south to the Catskills),
shore of Lake Superior, and northward. — Very near an European form of S.

Virga-aurea,
16

242 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

* * * Heads in a compound corymb terminating the simple stem, not at all racemose :
leaves mostly with a strong midrib.

12. S. rigida, L. Rough and somewhat hoary with a minute pubescence ;
stem stout (3°-5° high), very leafy; corymb dense; leaves oval or oblong, copi-
ously feather-veined, thick and rigid; the upper closely sessile by a broad base,
slightly serrate, the uppermost entire ; heads large, about 34-flowered ; the rays
7-10.— Dry soil, Connecticut to N. Wisconsin and southward.

13. S. Ohioénsis, Riddell. Very smooth throughout; stem wand-like,
slender, leafy (2°-3° high) ; stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, flat, entire, obscurely
feather-veined, closely sessile; the lower and radical ones elongated, slightly
serrate towards the apex, tapering into long margined petioles ; heads numerous,
on smooth pedicels, small, 16 -20-flowered ; the rays 6 or 7.— Moist meadows
or prairies, W. New York to Ohio and Wisconsin. — Root-leaves 1° long; the
upper reduced to 1/-2/, with rough margins, like the rest.

14. S. Riddeéllii, Frank. Smooth and stout (2°-4° high), very leafy, the
branches of the dense corymb and pedicels rough-pubescent ; leaves linear-lance-
olate, elongated (4'- 6! long), entire, acute, partly clasping or sheathing, condupli-
cate and mostly recurved, the lowest elongated-lanceolate and tapering into a long
keeled petiole, obscurely 3-nerved; heads very numerous, clustered, 20 —24-flow-
ered ; the rays 7—9.— Wet grassy prairies, Ohio to Wisconsin and Illinois. —
Heads larger than in the last, 2!'"-3” long. Stem-leaves upright and partly
sheathing at the base, then gradually recurved-spreading.

15. S. Houghtonii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem rather low and slender
(1°-2° high) ; leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, acutish, flat, entire, tapering into
a narrowed slightly clasping base, or the lower into margined petioles; heads
Jew or several, 20-30-flowered; the rays 9 or 10.— North shore of Lake Michi-
gan; collected in the Michigan State Survey. Swamps at West Bergen, Gen-
esee Co., New York, J. A. Paine, &. July, Aug. — Leaves rough-margined,
2'-5! long, 2!'-4'' wide, 1-nerved, or the lower obscurely 3-nerved above; veins
obscure. Heads large, nearly $/ long. Scales of the involucre obtuse.

* * * * Heads in one-sided more or less spreading or recurved racemes: leaves veiny,
Z not 3-ribbed, but sometimes obscurely triple-nerved.
+ Leaves thickish, very smooth, entire, elongated, obscurely veiny: heads rather large.
16. S. sempérvirens, L. Smooth and stout (1°-6° high) ; leaves fleshy,
lanceolate, slightly clasping, or the lower ones lanceolate-oblong, obscurely
triple-nerved ; racemes short, in an open or contracted panicle. — Varies, in less
brackish swamps, with thinner elongated linear-lanceolate leaves, tapering to
each end, and more erect racemes in & narrower panicle. — Salt marshes, or
rocks on the shore, Maine to Virginia. — Heads showy: the golden rays 8 - 10.

+ + Leaves usually ample, serrate, loosely feather-veined, or rarely slightly triple-
nerved: heads middle-sized.

17. S. elliptica, Ait. Smooth; stem stout (1°-3° high), very leafy ; leaves
elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, acute (2'-3! long), closely sessile, slightly serrate,
strongly veined, thick, smooth both sides, shining above; heads in dense spreading ra-
cemes which are crowded in a close pyramidal panicle ; peduncles and achenia stri-
gose-pubescent. — Swamps (fresh or brackish) near the coast, Mass. to New Jer-
sey and southward. — Heads showy, 3’ long; the rays 8-12.

COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 243

1s. S. neglécta, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; stem stout (2°-3° high) ; leaves
thickish, smooth both sides, opaque; the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute and
nearly entire; the /ower ovate-lanceolate or oblong, sharply serrate, tapering into a
petiole ; racemes short and dense, at length spreading, disposed in an elongated or
pyramidal close panicle; peduncles and achenia nearly glabrous. — Swamps,
Maine to Penn. and Wisconsin. — Heads rather large, crowded ; the racemes at
first erect and scarcely one-sided.

19. S. patula, Muhl. Stem strongly angled, smooth (3°-5° high); leaves
(4!-8! long) ovate, acute, serrate, pale, very smooth and veiny underneath, but the
upper surface very rough, like shagreen ; racemes rather short and numerous on
the spreading branches. — Swamps: common.

20. S. arguta, Ait. Smooth throughout (1°-4° high); radical and lower
stem-leaves elliptical or lanceolate-oval, sharply serrate with spreading teeth, pointed,
tapering into winged and ciliate petioles ; the others lanceolate or oblong, slightly
triple-nerved, tapering to each end, the uppermost entire ; racemes dense, naked, at
length elongated and recurved, forming a crowded and flat corymb-like panicle: rays
8-12, small.— Var. 1. sGNcEA has the leaves narrower and less serrate, or all
the upper entire. — Var. 2. SCABRELLA is somewhat roughish-pubescent ( Wis-
consin, &c.).— Copses and banks: common, especially the first variety. — Well
distinguished by its long or drooping racemes, and the closely appressed rigid
scales of the involucre, small rays, &c. But the name is a bad one, as even
the root-leaves are seldom much toothed.

21. S. Muhlenbérgii, Torr. & Gr. Smooth; stem angled ; leaves (large
and thin) ovate, and the upper elliptical-lanceolate, very sharply and strongly ser-
rate, pointed at both ends, the lowest on margined petioles; racemes pubescent,
spreading, disposed in an elongated open panicle ; rays 6-7, large. —Copses and
moist woods, New Hampshire to Penn. — Racemes much shorter and looser
than in the last; the involucral scales thin and more slender.

22. §. linoides, Solander. Smooth; stem slender, simple (10! - 20! high) ;
leaves lanceolate, serrate with small appressed teeth, narrowed at the base, the
lower tapering into margined ciliate petioles, the uppermost oblong ; racemes
short, crowded in one or 3-4 small one-sided panicles (3'-4' long); heads small
and few-flowered ; rays 1-3.— Bogs, New England (near Boston and Provi-
dence), to the pine barrens of New Jersey. :

+ + + Leaves broad, not large, sessile or short-petioled, coarsely and sharply serrate,
copiously feather-veined and conspicuously reticulated: heads small: rays short.

23. §. altissima, L. Rowgh-hairy, especially the stem (2'-7' high) ; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, elliptical or oblong, often thickish and very rugose ; racemes panicled,
spreading ; scales of the involucre linear; rays 6-9; the disk-flowers 4-7. —
Borders of fields and copses : very common, presenting a great variety of forms :
but instead of the tallest, as its name denotes, it is usually one of the lowest
of the common Golden-rods. It flowers early. Aug. - Sept.

24. §. ulmifodlia, Muhl. Stem smooth, the branches hairy; leaves thin,
elliptical-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, tapering to the base, loosely veined, be-
set with soft hairs beneath; racemes panicled, recurved-spreading ; scales of
the involucre lanceolate-oblong ; rays about 4.— Low copses : common. — Too
near the last; distinguished only by its smooth stem and thin lar ger leaves.

244 COMPOSIT#. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

25. S. Drummondii, Torr. & Gr. Stem (1°=3° high) and lower surface
of the broadly ovate or oval somewhat triple-ribbed leaves minutely velvety-pubescent,
some of the leaves almost entire; racemes panicled, short; scales of the in-
volucre oblong, obtuse ; rays 4 or 5.— Rocks, Illinois opposite St. Louis, and
southwestward.

+ + + + Leaves entire or nearly so, thickish, reticulate-veiny, but the veins obscure.

26. S. pildsa, Walt. Stem stout, upright (3°-7° high), clothed with spread-
ing hairs, often panicled at the summit; leaves oblong-lanceolate, roughish, hairy
beneath, at least on the midrib, serrulate, the upper ovate-lanceolate or oblong
and entire, closely sessile ; racemes many, recurved, crowded in a dense pyram-
idal panicle ; rays 7-10, very short. — Low grounds, pine barrens of New Jer-
sey to Virginia, and southward.

27. S. odora, Ait. (Sweet GoLpEN-RoD.) Smooth or nearly so through-
out; stem slender (2°-3° high), often reclined ; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, shin-
ing, pellucid-dotted ; racemes spreading in a small one-sided panicle; rays 3-4,
rather large. — Border of thickets in dry or sandy soil, Vermont and Maine to
Kentucky and southward. — The crushed leaves yield a pleasant anisate odor.
But an occasional form, var. INODORA, is nearly scentless.

+ + + + Leaves more or less grayish or hoary, thickish, feather-veined and
slightly triple-nerved, obscurely serrate or entire; heads middle-sized.

28. S. nemoralis, Ait. Clothed with a minute and close grayish-hoary (soft
or roughish) pubescence; stem simple or corymbed at the summit (}°-23°
high) ; leaves oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong, the lower somewhat crenate-
toothed and tapering into a petiole; racemes numerous, dense, at length re-
curved, forming a large and crowded compound raceme or panicle which is
usually turned to one side; scales of the inyolucre linear-oblong, appressed ;
rays 6-9.— Dry sterile fields: very common. — Flowers very bright yellow,
beginning early in Aug.

29. S. radula, Nutt. Stem and oblong or oboyate-spatulate leaves rigid
and very rough, not hoary, the upper sessile; scales of the involucre oblong,
rigid; rays 3-6: otherwise nearly as in S. nemoralis, of which it is most
probably a greener and rough variety. — Dry Hills, Western Illinois and south-
westward.

* * * * * Heads in one-sided spreading or recurved racemes, forming an ample
panicle ; leaves plainly 3-ribbed, or triple-ribbed.
+ Scales of the involucre thickish and rigid, closely imbricated, and with somewhat
greenish tips or midrib : leaves rigid, smooth and shining.

30. §. Shortii, Torr. & Gr. Stem slender, simple (1°-3° high), mi-
nutely roughish-pubescent ; leaves oblony-lanceolate, acute, the lower sharply
serrate above the middle with scattered fine teeth ; racemes mostly short in a
crowded panicle; achenia silky-pubescent. —Rocks at the Falls of the Ohio, &c.
— A handsome species: heads 3!’ long, narrow.

81. S. Missouriénsis, Nutt. Smooth throughout (1°-3° high) ; leaves
linear-lanceolate, or the lower broadly lanceolate, tapering to both ends, with
very rough margins, the lower very sharply serrate; heads and dense crowded
racemes nearly as in No. 20; achenia nearly glabrous. — Dry prairies, from Wis- —
consin and Illinois southward and westward. — Heads 13//=2" long.

COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 245

+ + Scales of the involucre narrow, thin and membranaceous ; racemes mostly elon-
gated and numerous, forming a crowded ample panicle. (These all present in-
termediate forms, and should rather be regarded as one polymorphous
species. )

32. S. rupéstris, Raf. Stem smooth and slender (2°-3° high); leaves
linear-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, smooth and glabrous, entire or nearly so ;
panicle narrow ; heads very small; rays very short. — Rocky river-banks, Ken-
tucky and Indiana,

33. S. Canadénsis, L. Stem rough-hairy, tall and stont (3°-6° high) ;
leaves lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate (sometimes almost entire), more or less
pubescent beneath and rough above; heads small; rays very short.— Borders of
thickets and fields: very common. — Varies greatly in the roughness and hairi-
ness of the stem and leaves, the latter oblong-lanceolate or elongated linear-
lanceolate ; —in var. PROCERA, Whitish-woolly underneath ; and in var. scABRA
also very rough above, often entire, and rugose-veined.

34. S. serdtina, Ait. Stem very smooth, tall and stout (4°-8° high), often
glaucous ; /eaves lanceolate, pointed, serrate, roughish above, smooth except the veins
underneath, which are more or less hairy ; rays short. — 'Thickets and low grounds :
common. — Intermediate in character, and in the size of the heads and rays,
between the last and the next.

35. S. gigantea, Ait. Stem stout (3°-7° high), smooth, often glaucous ;
heaves quite smooth both sides, lanceolate, taper-pointed, very sharply serrate, ex-
cept the narrowed base, rough-ciliate ; the ample panicle pubescent ; rays rather
long. — Copses and fence-rows: common : — presenting many varieties, but with
decidedly larger heads and rays than in the preceding. Seldom very tall.

§3. EUTHAMIA, Nutt. Corymbosely much branched: heads small, sessile, in
little clusters which are crowded in flat-topped corymbs ; the closely appressed
scales of the involucre somewhat glutinous: receptacle fimbrillate: rays 6 —20,
short, more numerous than the disk-flowers : leaves narrow, entire, sessile, crowded
or fascicled in the axils,

36. S. lanceolata, L. Leaves lanceolate-linear, 3-5-nerved; the nerves,
margins, and angles of the branches minutely rough-pubescent ; heads oboyoid-
cylindrical, in dense corymbed clusters; rays 15-—20.— River-banks, &c., in
moist soil : common. — Stem 2°-—4° high: leaves 3/-5/ long.

37. §&. tenuifolia, Pursh, Smooth, slender; leaves very narrowly linear,
mostly 1-nerved, dotted: heads obovoid-club-shaped, in numerous clusters of 2 or
3, disposed in a loose corymb ; rays 6—12.— Sandy fields, Massachusetts to
Illinois, and southward : common near the coast.

20. BIGELOVIA, DC. Ravzess Goxpen-rop.

Heads 3 - 4-flowered, the flowers all perfect and tubular: rays none. Invo-
lucre club-shaped, yellowish ; the rigid somewhat glutinous scales linear, closely
imbricated and appressed. Receptacle narrow, with an awl-shaped prolongation
in the centre. Achenia somewhat obconical, hairy. Pappus a single row of
eapillary bristles. — A smooth perennial; the slender stem (1°-2° high) sim-
ple or branched from the base, naked above, corymbose at the summit, bearing

246 COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

small heads in a flat-topped corymb. Flowers yellow. Leaves scattered, oblan-
ceolate or linear, 1—3-nerved. (Dedicated by DeCandolle to Dr. Jacob Bigelow,
author of the Florula Bostoniensis, and of the American Medical Botany.)

1. B. nudata, DC.— Low pine barrens, New Jersey (rare), and south-
ward. Sept.

21. CHRYSOPSIS, Nutt. Gorpen Asrer.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the
involucre linear, imbricated, without herbaceous tips. Receptacle flat. Achenia
obovate or linear-oblong, flattened, hairy. Pappus in all the flowers double, the
outer of very short and somewhat chafty bristles, the inner of long capillary
bristles. — Chiefly perennial, low herbs, woolly or hairy, with rather large often
corymbose heads terminating the branches. Disk and ray-flowers yellow.
(Name composed of ypuads, gold, and owes, aspect, from the golden blossoms.)

* Leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear: achenia linear.

1. C. graminifolia, Nutt. Silvery-silky, with long close-pressed. hairs ;
stem slender, often with runners from the base, naked above, bearing few heads ;
leaves lanceolate or linear, elongated, grasstike, nerved, shining, entire. — Dry sandy
soil, Delaware to Virginia, and southward. July - Oct.

2. C. faleata, Ell. Stems (4’-10! high) very woolly; leaves crowded,
linear, rigid, about 3-nerved, entire, somewhat recurved or scythe-shaped, hairy, or
smooth when old, sessile; heads (small) corymbed.— Dry sandy soil on the
coast, pine barrens of New Jersey to Nantucket and Cape Cod, Mass. Aug.

* * Leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or slightly serrate, mostly sessile, veined, not
nerved ; achenia obovute, flattened.

3. C. gossypina, Nutt. Densely woolly all over ; leaves oblong, obtuse (1!-
2' long); heads larger than in the next. — Pine barrens, Virginia and south-
ward. Aug. - Oct.

4. C. Mariana, Nutt. Silky with long and weak hairs, or when 01d smooth-
ish; leaves oblong ; heads corymbed, on glandular peduncles. — Dry barrens,
from S. New York and Penn., southward, near the coast. Aug. — Oct.

5. C. villosa, Nutt. Hirsute and villous-pubescent ; stem corymbosely
branched, the branches terminated by single short-peduncled heads ; leaves
narrowly oblong, hoary with rough pubescence {as also the involucre), bristly-ciliate
toward the base. — Dry plains and prairies, Wisconsin to Kentucky, and west-
ward. July-Sept.

22. INULA, L. Execampaye.

Outer scales of the involucre sometimes leaf-like. Achenia terete or 4-sided.
Pappus simple, of capillary bristles. Anthers with 2 tails at their base. Other-
wise much as in the last genus. (The ancient Latin name.)

1. I. Herznium, L. (Common Evecampane.) Stout perennial (3°-5°
high) ; leaves large, woolly beneath; those from the thick root ovate, petioled,
the others partly clasping; rays very many, narrow. — Roadsides, escaped
from gardens. Aug.— Heads very large. Root mucilaginous. (Nat. from Eu.)

COMPOSIT&. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 247

23. PLUCHEA, Cass. Marsu-FLEeAaBAne.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular; the central perfect, but sterile,
few, with a 5-cleft corolla; all the others with a thread-shaped truncate corolla,
pistillate and fertile. Involucre imbricated. Anthers with tails. Achenia
grooved. Pappus capillary, in a single row. — Herbs, somewhat glandular,
emitting a strong or camphorie odor, the heads in close compound corymbs.
Flowers purplish, in summer. (Dedicated to the Abbé Pluche.)

1. P. camphorata, DC. (Satr-marsn Frieasane.) Annual, minutely
viscid, pale (1°-2° high) ; leaves scarcely petioled, oblong-ovate or lanceolate,
thickish, obscurely veiny, serrate; corymb flat; involucre viscid-downy. (Co-
nyza camphorata, Bigel. C. Maryldndica, Pursh.) — Salt marshes, Massa-
chusetts to Virginia and southward.

2. PB. foetida, DC. Perennial, almost smooth (2°-4° high) ; leaves distinctly
petioled, veiny, oval-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, serrate ; corymbs panicled ;
involucre smooth. River-banks, Ohio to Illinois, and southward.

3. P. bifrons, DC. Perennial; leaves closely, sessile or half-clasping by a
somewhat heart-shaped base, lance-oblong, sharply denticulate, veiny (only 2/—-
3’ long); heads clustered in a corymb ; involucre smooth. — Salisbury, Mary-
land (W. MZ. Canby), and southward.

24. BACCHARIS, L. Grovnpser-Tree.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, dicecious, viz. the pistillate and
staminate flowers in separate heads borne by different plants. Involucre imbri-
cated. Corolla of the pistillate flowers very slender and thread-like; of the
staminate, larger and 5-lobed. Anthers tailless. Achenia ribbed. Pappus of
slender capillary bristles, in the sterile plant scanty and tortuous; in the fertile
plant very long and copious. — Shrubs, commonly smooth and resinous or glu-
tinous. Flowers whitish or yellow, autumnal. (The name of some shrub
anciently dedicated to Bacchus.)

1. B. halimifolia, L. Smooth and somewhat scurfy ; branches angled ;
leaves obovate and wedge-form, coarsely toothed, or the upper entire; heads
scattered or in leafy panicles; scales of the involucre acutish.— Sea beach,
Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. — Shrub 6°-12° high; the fertile
plant conspicuous in autumn by its very long and white pappus.

2. B. glomeruliflora, Pers. Leaves spatulate-oblong; heads larger,
sessile in the axils or in clusters; scales of the bell-shaped involucre broader,
very obtuse: otherwise like the last. — Pine barrens, E. Virginia and south-
ward.

25. POLYMNIA, L._ Lear-Cor.

Heads many-flowered, radiate: the rays several (rarely abortive), pistillate ;
the disk-flowers perfect but sterile. Scales of the involucre in two rows; the
outer about 5, leaf-like, large and spreading ; the inner small and membrana-
ceous, partly embracing the thick triangular-oboyoid achenia. Receptacle flat,
with a membranaceous chaff to each flower. Pappus none. — Tall branching

248 COMPOSITZ, (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

perennial herbs, yiscid-hairy, exhaling a heavy odor. Leaves large and thin,
opposite, or the uppermost alternate, lobed, and with dilated appendages like
stipules at the base. Heads in panicled corymbs. Flowers light yellow; in
summer and autumn. (Dedicated to the Muse, Polyhymnia, for no obvious
reason, as the plants are coarse and inelegant.)

1. P. Canadénsis, L. Clammy-hairy ; lower leaves deeply pinnatifid, the
uppermost triangular-ovate and 3-—5-lobed or angled, petioled; heads small;
rays few, obovate or wedge-form, shorter than the involucre, whitish-yellow. — Moist
shaded rayines, W. New York (and Weehawken, New Jersey, Dr. Allen) to
Penn., Wisconsin, and southward along the mountains. — Var. piscoipEa has
the corolla of the ray-flowers reduced to a mere ring around the base of the style.
Mt. Carroll, Illinois, Henry Shimer.

2. P. Uvedalia, L. Roughish-hairy, stout (4°-10° high) ; leaves broadly
ovate, angled and toothed, nearly sessile; the lower palmately lobed, ‘abruptly
narrowed into a winged petiole; outer involucral scales very large; rays 10-15,
linear-oblong, much longer than the inner scales of the involucre, yellow. — Rich soil,
W. New York to Illinois and southward.

26. CHRYSOGONUM, L. _ Curysoconvm.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays about 5, pistillate and fertile; the
disk-flowers perfect but sterile. Involucre of about 5 exterior leaf-like oblong
scales, which exceed the disk, and as many interior shorter and chafflike con-
eave scales. Receptacle flat, with a linear chaff to each disk-flower. Achenia
all in the ray, obovate, obcompressed, 4-angled, each one partly enclosed by the
short scale of the involucre behind it; those of the disk-flowers abortive. Pap-
pus a small chaffy crown, 2-3-toothed, and split down the inner side. — A low
(2/- 6! high), hairy, perennial herb, nearly stemless when it begins to flower,
the flowerless shoots forming runners. Leaves opposite, ovate or spatulate, cre-
nate, long-petioled. Heads single, long-peduncled. Flowers yellow. (Name
composed of xpuads, golden, and yovu, knee.)

1. C. Virginianum, L. Dry soil, from Pennsylvania (Mercersburg,
Prof. Porter) and Ilinois southward. May - Aug.— Rays } long.

27. SILPHIUM, L. _ Rosi-Pranr.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays numerous, pistillate and fertile, their
broad flat ovaries imbricated in 2 or 3 rows; the disk-flowers apparently perfect,
but with undivided style, and sterile. Scales of the broad and flattish involu-
cre imbricated in several rows, broad and with loose leaf-like summits, except
the innermost, which are small and resemble the linear chaff of the flat recep-
tacle. Achenia broad and flat, obcompressed, surrounded by a wing which is
notched at the top, destitute of pappus, or with 2 teeth confluent with the
winged margin: achenia of the disk sterile and stalk-like.— Coarse and tall
rough perennial herbs, with a copious resinous juice, and large corymbose-
panicled yellow-flowered heads. (2iAqduov, the ancient name of a plant which
produced some gum-resin, perhaps assafwtida, was transferred by Linnzus to
this American genus,)

COMPOSITE, (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 249

% Stem terete, naked above, alternate-leaved near the base (root very large and thick),

1. S. laciniatum, L. (Rosry-weep, Compass-Piant.) Rough-bristly
throughout ; stem stout (3°-6° high), leafy to the top; leaves pinnately parted,
petioled but dilated and clasping at the base; their divisions lanceolate or linear,
acute, cut-lobed or pinnatifid, rarely entire; heads few (1/—2! broad), somewhat
racemed ; scales of the involucre ovate, tapering into long and spreading rigid points ;
achenia broadly winged and deeply notched. — Prairies, Michigan and Wiscon-
sin, thence southward and westward. July,— Lower and root-leaves yertical,
12/— 30! long, ovate in outline; on the wide open prairies disposed to present

their edges north and south; hence called Compass-Plant,

2. S. terebinthinaceum, L. (Prairie Dock.) Stem smooth, slender
(4°-10° high), panicled at the summit and bearing many (small) heads, leafless
except towards the base; leaves ovate and ovate-oblong, somewhat heart-shaped,
serrate-toothed, thick, rough, especially beneath (1° - 2° long, on slender petioles) ;
scales of the involucre roundish, obtuse, smooth; achenia narrowly winged, slightly
notched and 2-toothed. — Var. pinnatfripum has the leaves deeply cut or pin-
natifid, but varies into the ordinary form, — Prairies and oak-openings, Ohio
and Michigan to Wisconsin and southward. July —Sept.

* * Stem terete or slightly 4-angled, leafy: leaves undivided (not large).

3. S. trifoliatum, L. Stem smooth, often glaucous, rather slender (4° -6°
high), branched above; stem-leaves lanceolate, pointed, entire or scarcely serrate,
rough, short-petioled, in whorls of 3 or 4, the uppermost opposite; heads loosely
panicled; achenia rather broadly winged, and sharply 2-toothed at the top.—
Dry plains and banks, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. Aug.

4. §. Asteriscus, L. Stem hispid (2°-4° high) ; leaves opposite, or the
lower in whorls of 3, the upper alternate, oblong or oval-lanceolate, coarsely toothed,
rarely entire, rough-hairy; heads nearly solitary (large); achenia obovate,
winged, 2-toothed. — Dry sandy soil, Virginia and southward.

5. S. integrifolium, Michx. Stem rough, rather stout (2°-4° high),
rigid, 4-angular and grooved; leaves all opposite, rigid, lanceolate-ovate, entire,
tapering to a sharp point from a roundish heart-shaped and partly clasping base,
rough-pubescent or nearly smooth, thick (3'-5/ long); heads in a close forking
eorymb, short-peduncled; achenia broadly winged, deeply notched. — Var,
L¥VE has the stem and leaves smooth or nearly so. — Prairies, Michigan to
Wisconsin, and southward. Aug.

* * * Stem square: leaves opposite, connate (thin and large, 6'-15! long).

6. S. perfoliatum, L. (Cuv-Piant.) Stem stout, often branched aboye
(4°-8° high) ; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, the upper united by their bases
and forming a cup-shaped disk, the lower abruptly narrowed into winged petioles
which are connate by their bases; heads corymbose ; achenia winged and yari-
ously notched. — Rich soil along streams, Michigan to Wisconsin, and south-
ward: common. Also escaped from gardens eastward. July.

28. PARTHENIUM, L. ParrHenium.

Heads many-flowered, inconspicuously radiate ; the 5 ray-flowers with very
short and broad obcordate ligules not projecting beyond the woolly disk, pistil-

250 COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

late and fertile; the disk-flowers staminate with imperfect styles, sterile. Invo-
lucre hemispherical, of 2 ranks of short ovate or roundish scales. Receptacle
conical, chaffy. Achenia only in the ray, obecompressed, surrounded by a slen-
der callous margin, crowned with the persistent ray-corolla and a pappus of 2
small chaffy scales. — Leaves alternate. Heads small, corymbed ; the flowers
whitish. (An ancient name of some plant, from mapO€vos, virgin.)

1. P. integrifolium, L. Rough-pubescent perennial (1°-3° high) ;
leayes oblong or ovate, crenate-toothed, or the lower (3!/— 6/ long) cut-lobed be-
low the middle; heads many ina very dense flat corymb. — Dry soil, Maryland
to Wisconsin and southward. June-Aug.

29. IVA, L. Marsu Exper. Hicuwater-survs.

Heads several-flowered, not radiate; the pistillate fertile and the staminate
sterile flowers in the same heads, the former few (1-5) and marginal, with a
small tubular or no corolla; the latter with a funnel-form 5-toothed corolla.
Anthers nearly separate. Scales of the involucre few, roundish. Receptacle
small, with narrow chaff among the flowers. Achenia obovoid or lenticular.
Pappus none. — Herbaceous or shrubby coarse plants, with thickish leaves, the
lower opposite, and small greenish-white heads of flowers; in summer and au-
tumn. (Name of unknown derivation. )

§ 1. Fertile flowers with a small tubular corolla: involucre simple (heads nodding in
the axils of leaf-like bracts, forming spikes or racemes).

1. I. frutéscens, L. Shrubby at the base, nearly smooth (3°-8° high) ;
leaves oval or lanceolate, coarsely and sharply toothed, rather fleshy, the upper
reduced to linear bracts, in the axils of which the heads are disposed, in leafy
panicled racemes ; fertile flowers and scales of the involucre 5.— Salt marshes,
coast of Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward.

2. I. ciliata, Willd. Annual (2°-8° high), rough and hairy ; leaves ovate,
pointed, coarsely toothed, downy beneath, on slender ciliate petioles ; heads in dense
spikes, with conspicuous ovate-lanceolate rough-ciliate bracts; scales of the in-
volucre and fertile flowers 3-5.— Moist ground, from Illinois southward.

§ 2. EUPHROSYNE, DC. Fertile flowers 5, in the axils of as many thin mem-
branaceous scales of the involucre, which loosely enwrap the achenia, their corolla
a mere rudimentary ring or none.

3. I. xanthiifolia, Nutt. Annual, tall, roughish; leaves nearly all oppo-
site, hoary with minute down, ovate, rhombic, or the lowest heart-shaped, doubly
or cut-toothed, or obscurely lobed; heads small, crowded in spikes or clusters
disposed in axillary and terminal panicles ; bracts inconspicuous. —N. W. Wis-
consin (7. J. Hale), and northwestward.

30. AMBROSIA, Town. Racweep.

Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads on the same plant; the
fertile 1-3 together and sessile in the axil of leaves or bracts, at the base of the
racemes or spikes of sterile heads. Sterile involucres flattish or top-shaped,
composed of 7-12 scales united into a cup, containing 5-20 funnel-form stam-

COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 251

inate flowers, with slender chaff intermixed, or none. Anthers almost sepa-
rate. Fertile involucre (fruit) oblong or top-shaped, closed, pointed, resembling
an achenium, and usually with 4-8 tubercles or horns near the top in one row,
enclosing a single flower which consists of a pistil only ; the elongated branches
of the style protruding. Achenia ovoid: pappus none. — Homely and coarse
weeds, with opposite or alternate lobed or dissected leaves, and inconspicuous
greenish or whitish flowers, produced throughout late summer and autumn: our
species are all annuals. (’ApSpooia, the food of the gods, an ill-chosen name for
these miserable weeds. )

§ 1. Sterile heads sessile, crowded in a dense cylindrical spike, the top-shaped involucre
with its truncate margin extended on one side into a large, lanceolate, hooded, re-
curved, bristly-hairy tooth or appendage ; fertile involucre oblong and 4-angled.

1. A. bidentata, Michx. Hairy (1°-38° high), very leafy ; leaves alter-
nate, lanceolate, partly clasping, nearly entire, except a short lobe or tooth on
each side near the base. — Prairies of Illinois and southward.

§ 2. Sterile heads in single or panicled racemes or spikes, the involucre regular.
* Leaves opposite, only once lobed: sterile involucre 3-ribbed on one side.

2. A. trifida, L. (Grear Racweep.) Stem stout (4°-12° high), rough-
hairy, as are the large deeply 3-lobed leaves, the lobes oval-lanceolate and
serrate; petioles margined; fruit obovate, 5-6-ribbed and tubercled. — Var.
INTEGRIFOLIA is only a smaller form, with the upper leaves, or all of them, un-
divided, ovate or oval. — Moist river-banks : common.

* * Leaves many of them alternate, all once or twice pinnatifid.

3. A. artemisiefolia, L. (Roman Wormwoop. Hoc-weep. Bir-
TER-WEED.) Much branched (1°- 3° high), hairy or roughish-pubescent ;
leaves thin, twice-pinnatifid, smoothish above, paler or hoary beneath; fruit obo-
void or globular, armed with about 6 short acute teeth or spines. — Waste places
everywhere. — An extremely variable weed, with finely cut leaves; rarely the
spikes bear all fertile heads.

4. A. psilostachya, DC. Paniculate-branched (2°-5° high), rough and
somewhat hoary with short hispid hairs ; leaves once pinnatifid, thickish, the lobes
acute, those of the lower leaves often incised ; fruit obovoid, without tubercles or
with very small ones, pubescent. (A. coronopifolia, Torr. § Gir.) — Prairies and
plains, Wisconsin, Lllinois, and southwestward.

31. XANTHIUM, Tourn. CockLEeBuR. CLOTBUR.

Sterile and fertile fowers occupying different heads on the same plant; the
latter clustered below, the former in short spikes or racemes above. Sterile in-
volucres and flowers as in Ambrosia, but the scales separate. Fertile involucre
closed, coriaceous, ovoid or oblong, clothed with hooked prickles so as to form
a rough bur, 2-celled, 2-flowered; the flowers consisting of a pistil with a slen-
der thread-form corolla. Achenia oblong, flat, destitute of pappus. — Coarse
and vile weeds, with annual roots, low and branching stout stems, and alternate
toothed or lobed petioled leaves ; flowering in summer and autumn. (Name
from &dvOos, yellow, in allusion to the color the plants are said to yield.)

252 COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

1. X.strumarium, L. (Common Cocxiepur.) Rough; stems unarmed ;
leaves dilated-triangular and more or less heart-shaped, on long petioles, toothed and
cut or obscurely lobed; fruit oval or oblong ($/- 3! long), pubescent on the
lower part of and between the hooked prickles, and with two strong and usually
straight beaks at the summit. — Barn-yards, &c. (Nat. from Eu.) — Varies into
forms with more spotted stems, and often larger fruit ($/-1' long), which -is
either glabrous, glandular, or glandular-hairy, the prickles longer and the beaks
often incurved. (X. Canadense, Mill., &c.) — River-banks, &c., common west-
ward; apparently indigenous. And this passes into

Var. echinatum. (X. echinatum, Murr,, &c.) Fruit turgid (1! long),
thickly clothed with long prickles, glandular-hispid, the beaks commonly in-
curved. — Sandy sea-shore, and along the Great Lakes and rivers. Perhaps
an immigrant from farther south. Now widely scattered over the warmer parts
of the world.

2. X. spinosum, L. (Sprny Crorsur.) Hoary-pubescent ; stems slender,
with slender yellow 3-parted spines at the base of the lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate
leaves; these taper into a short petiole, are white-downy beneath, often 2-
3-lobed or cut; fruit (4/ long) pointed with a single short beak,— Waste places
on the sea-board and along rivers, southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer. ?)

32. TETRAGONOTHEGA, Dill) Terraconornzca.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays 6-9, fertile. Involucre double; the
outer of 4 large and leafy ovate scales, which are united below by their margins
into a 4-angled or winged cup; the inner of as many small and chaffy scales as
there are ray-flowers, and partly clasping their achenia. Receptacle convex or
conical, with narrow and membranaceous chaff between the flowers. Achenia
roundish and obovoid, flat at the top. Pappus none. — An erect perennial herb,
viscidly hairy when young, with opposite and coarsely toothed oval or oblong
leaves, their sessile bases sometimes connate, and large single heads of pale yel-
low flowers, on terminal peduncles. (Name compounded of rerpdywvos, four-
angled, and nxn, a case, from the shape of the involucre.)

1. T, helianthoides, L.— Sandy soil, Virginia and southward. June.

33. ECLIPTA, L. Ecurra.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays short, fertile; the disk-flowers perfect,
4-toothed. Scales of the involucre 10-12, in 2 rows, leaf-like, ovate-lanceolate.
Receptacle flat, with almost bristle-form chaff between the flowers. Achenia
short, 3 -4-sided, or in the disk laterally flattened, roughened on the sides, hairy
at the summit; the pappus none, or an obscure denticulate crown. — Annual
or biennial rough herbs, with slender stems and opposite lanceolate or oblong
leaves. Heads solitary, small. Flowers whitish: anthers brown. (Name from
éxheitr@, to be deficient, alluding to the absence of pappus.)

1. KE. procumbens, Michx. Rough with close appressed hairs; stems
procumbent, creeping, or ascending ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end,
sessile, slightly serrate ; peduncles many times longer than the head. — Var.
BRACHYPODA has the peduncles not more than twice the length of the heads. —

COMPOSITA, (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 253

‘
Wet river-banks, Pennsylvania to Illinois, and southward. June -Oct.— All
belong to a wide-spread and variable species of the warmer regions, the oldest
specific name of which is E. ava.

34. BORRICHIA, Adans. Sra Ox-rye.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays fertile. Scales of the hemispherical
involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, covered with lanceolate rigid and per-
sistent chaff. Achenia somewhat wedge-shaped, 3-—4-angled. Pappus a short
4-toothed crown.—Shrubby low maritime plants, coriaceous or fleshy, with
opposite nearly entire leaves, and solitary peduncled terminal heads of yellow
flowers : anthers blackish. (Named for Olof Borrich, a Danish botanist.)

1. B. frutéscens, DC. Whitened with a minute silky pubescence (6/-
12’ high) ; leaves spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, often toothed near the base ;
chaff rigidly pointed. — Virginia and southward.

35. HELIOPSIS, Pers. Ox-eve.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays 10 or more, fertile. Scales of the
involucre in 2 or 3 rows; the outer leaf-like and somewhat spreading, the inner
shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical: chaff linear. Achenia smooth, 4-
angular. Pappus none, or a mere border. — Perennial herbs, like Helianthus.
Heads showy, peduncled, terminating the stem or branches. Leaves opposite,
petioled, triple-ribbed, serrate. Flowers yellow. (Name composed of 7Azos, the
sun, and Opis, appearance, from the likeness to the Sunflower.)

1. H. levis, Pers. Nearly smooth (1°-4° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate
or oblong-ovate. — Var. scABRA has roughish foliage, and the involucre some-
what hoary. — Banks and copses: common. Aug.

86. ECHINACEA, Mench. Purete Conn-rrower.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays very long, drooping, pistillate but
sterile. Scales of the involucre imbricated, lanceolate, spreading. Receptacle
conical ; the lanceolate spiny-tipped chaff longer than the disk-flowers. Ache-
nia thick and short, 4-sided. Pappus a small toothed border. — Perennial herbs,
with the stout and nearly simple stems naked above and terminated by a single
large head ; the leaves chiefly alternate, 3—5-nerved. Rays rose-purple, rather
persistent: disk purplish. (Name formed from ’Exivos, the Hedgehog, or Sea-
urchin, in allusion to the spiny chaff of the disk.)

1. E. purptrrea, Mench. Leaves rough, often serrate ; the lowest ovate,
5-nerved, veiny, long-petioled ; the others ovate-lanceolate ; involucre imbricated
in 3-5 rows; stem smooth, or in one variety (E. serotina, DC.) rough-bristly,
as well as the leaves. — Prairies and banks, from W. Penn. and Ohio southward
and westward. July. — Rays 15-20, dull purple (rarely whitish), 1/-2’ long.
Root thick, black, very pungent to the taste, used in popular medicine under
the name of Black Sampson. — Probably varies into

2. EK. angustifolia, DC. Leaves, as well as the slender simple stem,
bristly-hairy, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, entire ; involucre less imbri-
cated ; rays 12-15 (2! long), rose-color or red. Plains from Illinois and Wis-
consin southwestward. June-Aug,

18

254 COMPOSITA. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

37. RUDBECKIA, L. Conz-rrower.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays neutral. Scales of the involucre
leaf-like, in about 2 rows, spreading. Receptacle conical or columnar ; the short
chaff concave, not rigid. Achenia 4-angular, smooth, not margined, flat at the
top, with no pappus, or a minute crown-like border. — Chiefly perennial herbs,
with alternate leaves, and showy heads terminating the stem or branches; the
rays generally long, yellow. (Named in honor of the Professors Rudbeck, father
and son, predecessors of Linnzus at Upsal.)

* Disk columnar in fruit, dull greenish-yellow : leaves divided and cut.

1. R. laciniata, L. Stem smooth, branching (3°-7° high); leaves
smooth or roughish, the lowest pinnate, with 5-7 cut or 3-lobed leaflets; upper
leaves irregularly 3 -5-parted ; the lobes ovate-lanceolate, pointed, or the upper-
most undivided ; heads long-peduncled ; chaff truncate and downy at the tip;
rays linear (1/-2! long), drooping. — Low thickets: common. July —Sept.

* * Disk globular, pale brownish : lower leaves 3-parted: receptacle sweet-scented.

2. R. subtomentosa, Pursh. Stem branching above (3°-4° high),
downy, as well as the lower side of the ovate or ovate-lanceolate serrate leaves ;
heads short-peduncled ; chaff downy at the blunt apex. — Prairies, Wisconsin,
Illinois, and southward.

* * *& Disk broadly conical, dark purple or brown : leaves undivided, except No. 3.

3. R. triloba, L. Hairy, biennial, much branched (2°- 5° high), the
branches slender and spreading ; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, sparingly toothed,
the lower 3-lobed, tapering at the base, coarsely-serrate (those from the root pin-
nately parted or undivided) ; rays 8, oval or oblong ; chaff of the black-purple
disk smooth, awned.— Dry soil, Penn. to Illinois, and southward. Aug.—
Heads small, but numerous and showy.

4. R. specidsa, Wenderoth. Roughish-hairy (1°-2° high), branched ;
the branches upright, elongated and naked above, terminated by single large
heads ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, petioled, 3 - 5-nerved
coarsely and unequally toothed or incised ; involucre much shorter than the numer-
ous elongated (1/-13!) rays; chaff of the dark purple disk acutish, smooth. —
Dry soil, W. Penn. to Ohio and Virginia. July.

5. R. falgida, Ait. Hairy, the branches naked at the summit and bear-
ing single heads ; leaves spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, triple-nerved,
the upper entire, mostly obtuse ; rays about 12, equalling or exceeding the involucre ;
chaff of the dark purple disk nearly smooth and blunt. — Dry soil, Pennsyl-
vania to Kentucky and southward. — Variable, 1°-3° high: the rays orange-
yellow. Nearly approaches the next. :

6. R. hirta, L. Very rough and bristly-hairy throughout ; stems simple
or branched near the base, stout (1°-2° high), naked above, bearing single
large heads ; leaves nearly entire ; the upper oblong or lanceolate, sessile ; the lower
spatulate, triple-nerved, petioled ; rays (about 14) more or less exceeding the
involuere ; chaff of the dull brown disk hairy at the tip, acutish. — Dry soil, W.
New York to Wisconsin and southward. Now common eastward, as a weed
in meadows, of recent introduction, with clover-seed from the West. June~
Aug.

COMPOSIT£, (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 255

38. LEPACHYS, Raf. (Opexiscaria, DC.)

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays few, neutral. Scales of the involucre
few and small, spreading. Receptacle oblong or columnar: the chaff truncate,
thickened and bearded at the tip, partly embracing the flattened and margined
achenia. Pappus none or 2 teeth. — Perennial herbs, with alternate pinnate
leaves; the grooved stems or branches naked above, terminated by single showy
heads. Rays yellow or party-colored, drooping ; the disk grayish. (Name from
Aeris, a scale, and maxvs, thick, from the thickened tips of the chaff.)

1. L. pinnata, Torr. & Gr. Hoary with minute appressed hairs, slender
(4° high), branching; leaflets 3-7, lanceolate, acute ; disk oblong, much
shorter than the large and drooping light-yellow rays (which are 2! long). —
Dry soil, W. New York (Dr. Sartwell), to Wisconsin and southward. July. —
The receptacle exhales a pleasant anisate odor when bruised. Achenia slightly
margined on the inner edge, obscurely 2-toothed at the top.

89. HELIANTHUS, L. Sunrtower.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays several or many, neutral. Involucre
imbricated. Receptacle flattish or convex ; the persistent chaff embracing the
4-sided and laterally compressed achenia, which are neither winged nor mar-
gined. Pappus very deciduous, of 2 thin chaffy scales on the principal angles
of the achenium, and often 2 or more little intermediate scales. — Coarse and
stout herbs, with solitary or corymbed heads, and yellow rays; flowering to-
wards autumn. (Named from 7Acos, the sun, and avOos, a flower.)

§ 1. Root annual : leaves alternate: receptacle flat : disk brownish.

1. H. Annuvs, L. (Common Sunrrower.) Tall, rough ; leaves triple-
ribbed, ovate or the lower heart-shaped ; heads in cult. plant very broad, and
rays many. — Escaped from cult. into waste grounds. (Adv. from trop. Amer.)
§ 2. Root perennial, the creeping rootstocks sometimes tuberous-thickened or tuberiferous.

* Disk convex, dark purple : leaves mainly opposite: heads small, except No. 4.

2. H. angustifolius, L. Stem slender (2°-6° high) ; leaves long and
linear, sessile, entire, with revolute margins, 1-nerved ; heads loosely corymbed,
long-peduncled ; scales of the involucre tapering into narrow and spreading her-
baceous tips. — Low pine barrens, New Jersey to Kentucky and southward.

3. H. atrorubens, L. Rough-hairy; stem slender (2°-5° high), smooth,
and naked and forking above ; leaves thin, ovate or oval, or the lowest heart-
shaped (3/-6! long), serrate, abruptly contracted into a margined petiole ;
heads small, corymbed; scales of the involucre ovate, obtuse, regularly imbri-
cated, appressed, destitute of herbaceous tips; rays 10-16; pappus of 2 fringed
scales. — Dry soil, Virginia, Illinois, and southward.

4. H. rigidus, Desf. Stem stout (1°-3° high), simple or sparingly
branched, rough ; leaves very thick and rigid, rough both sides, oblong-lanceolate,
usually pointed at both ends, nearly sessile, slightly serrate, the lowest oval ;
heads nearly solitary, pretty large; scales of the involucre ovate or lance-oblong,
obtuse, ciliate, appressed, destitute of herbaceous tips; rays 20-25; pappus of 2
large and often several small scales. — Dry prairies, Michigan to Illinois, and
westward.

.

256 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

x * Disk convex, yellow : scales of the involucre regularly imbricated and appressed,
with somewhat spreading and acute (but not foliaceous) tips: leaves chiefly opposite.

5. H. leetiflorus, Pers. Stout and rough (3°-4° high), branching above ;
leaves oval-lanceolate, very rough both sides, narrowed into short petioles, serrate, taper-
pointed, the uppermost alternate and nearly entire ; heads single or corymbed,
on naked peduncles ; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, pointed, ciliate. —
Dry open places, Ohio to Illinois, and southward, — Leaves almost as thick as
in H. rigidus. Rays showy, 1/-2! long.

6. H. occidentalis, Riddell. Somewhat hairy; stem slender, simple, naked
above (1°-3° high, sending out runners from the base), bearing 1-5 small
heads on long peduncles ; lowest leaves oval or lanceolate-ovate, 3-nerved, obscurely
serrate, roughish-pubescent beneath, abruptly contracted into long hairy petioles ; the
upper small and remote, entire ; scales of the involucre oval-lanceolate, pointed,
ciliate. — Dry barrens, Ohio to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward.

7. H. cinéreus, var. Sullivantii, Torr. & Gr. Gray with a close rough-
ish pubescence ; stem branching above, hairy ; leaves ovate-oblong, sessile by a nar-
rowed base, acute, obscurely serrate; the upper small and remote; peduncles
slender ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, hoary. — Darby Plains, Ohio, Sulli-
vant. Stem 2°-3° high, bearing few heads, as large as those of the next.

8. H. mollis, Lam. Stem clothed with soft white hairs, simple, leafy, to
the top (2°-4° high) ; leaves ovate, with a broad heart-shaped and clasping base,
pointed, nearly entire, hoary above, very soft white-woolly and reticulated under-
neath ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, downy. — Barrens and Prairies, Ohio
to Illinois, and westward.

* * & Heads very small (about 4"' broad) : scales of the involucre few, shorter than the
yellow disk, irregularly imbricated, appressed, the outer with spreading foliaceous
pointed tips: rays 5-8, slender : leaves all but the uppermost opposite.

9. H. microcéphalus, Torr. & Gr. Stem smooth (3°-8° high), with
numerous slender branches above; leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed,
somewhat serrate, veiny, petioled, rough above, downy or hairy underneath ; pe-
duncles slender, rough; scales of the involucre ovate and ovate-lanceolate,
ciliate. — Thickets, Pennsylvania to Illinois, and southward,

10. H. leevigatus, Torr. & Gr. Stem slender (1°- 4° high), simple or
sparingly branched, very smooth and glabrous throughout, as well as the slightly
serrate lanceolate leaves. —Dry soil, Alleghany Mountains, west of the Warm
Springs of Virginia, and southward.

% * * * Heads midile-sized or large: scales of the involuere irregularly imbricated,
loose, with spreading foliaceous tips, as long as the yellow disk or longer.
+ Leaves chiefly alternate or scattered, feather-veined, sometimes obscurely triple-ribbed.
ll. H. giganteus, L. Stem hairy or rough (3°-10° high), branched
above ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrate, very rough above, rough-hairy beneath,
narrowed and ciliate at the base, but nearly sessile ; scales of the involucre long,
linear-lanceolate, pointed, hairy, or strongly ciliate. — Var. ampfeuus has most
of the leaves opposite and closely sessile by an obtuse base, and approaches No.
14. — Low thickets and swamps: common. Heads somewhat corymbed: the
pale yellow rays 15 - 20.

COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 257

12. H. grosse-serratus, Martens. Stem smooth and glaucous, at least
below (5° -10° high) ; leaves elongated-lanceolate or ovyate-lanceolate, taper-
pointed, serrate, rough above, rounded or acute at the base, petioled, hoary-
downy beneath ; scales of the involucre lance-awl-shaped, slightly ciliate. — Dry
plains, Ohio to Illinois, and southwestward. — Probably runs into the last.

13. H. tomentdsus, Michx. Stem hairy, stout (4°-8° high); leaves
oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest ovate, taper-pointed, obscurely serrate, large (5’-
12/ long), somewhat petioled, very rough above, soft-downy beneath ; scales of the
involucre with very long and spreading tips, hairy; the chaff and tips of the
disk-flowers pubescent. (Disk 1! broad; rays 12-16 about 1! long.) — Rich
woods, Illinois? Virginia and southward along the mountains.

+ + Leaves opposite, or the uppermost alternate, 3-nerved or triple-ribbed.

14. H. strumosus, L. Stem (3°-4° high) smooth below ; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, tapering gradually to a point, serrate with small appressed t-eth, abruptly
contracted into short margined petioles, rough above, whitish and naked or mi-
nutely downy underneath ; scales of the involucre broadly lanceolate with spread-
ing tips, equalling the disk; rays mostly 10.— Var. mouuis has the leaves
softly downy underneath. — River-banks and low copses. common, especially
westward.

15. H. divaricatus, L. Stem simple or forked and corymbed at the top
(1°-4° high) smooth ; leaves all opposite and divaricate, ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved
Jiom the rounded or truneate sessile base, tapering gradually to a sharp point (3!-
6! long), serrate, thickish, rough both sides; scales of the involucre lanceolate
‘from a broad base, pointed, equalling the disk; rays 8-12.— Thickets and
barrens : common. — Disk 6” wide; rays 1’ long.

16. H. hirstitus, Raf. Stem simple or forked above, stout (1° - 2° high),
bristly-hairy ; leaves more or less petioled, ovate-lunceolate, gradually pointed, slightly
serrate, rounded or obtuse at the base, very rough above, rough-hairy underneath ;
scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, pointed, equalling the disk; rays about
12. — Dry plains, Ohio to Wisconsin, and southward. — Runs into the last.

17. H. tracheliifolius, Willd. Stem loosely branched, tall, hairy ;
leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-langegolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate,
smoothish or roughish-pubescent both sides, contracted into short petioles; scales of
the involucre lanceolate-linear, elongated and very taper-pointed, loose, exceed-
ing the disk; rays 12—15.— Copses, Pennsylvania and Ohio to Illinois, and
southward. — Probably runs into the next.

1s. H. decapétalus, L. Stem branching (3°-6° high), smooth below ;
leaves thin and green both sides, smooth or roughish, ovate, coarsely serrate, pointed,
abruptly contracted into marginal petioles; scales of the involucre lanceolate-
linear, elongated, loosely spreading, the outer longer than the disk; rays about
10. — Var. rRonDOsvs has the outer involucral scales foliaceous or changing to
leaves. — Copses and low banks of streams: common, especially northward.
(H. multiflorus, Z., may be a cultivated state of this.)

19. H. doronicoides, Lam. Stem stout (5°- 9° high), branching, rough-
hairy above ; leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, strongly triple-veined,
rough above, smoothish or downy underneath, the lower often heart-shaped and on

17

258 COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

margined petioles; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, pointed, scarcely
exceeding the disk ; rays 12-15. — River-bottoms, Pennsylvania to Illinois and
southward. — A coarse species, with ample leaves (the lower often 1° long) ; the
upper ones frequently alternate; rootstock thickening into elongated tubers.
This is probably the original of

20. H. ruserdsus, L., the JerusALEM ARTICHOKE, (i. e. Girasole of the
Italians, meaning the same as sunflower, and corrupted in England into Jerusa-
lem), which has all the upper leaves alternate. It has escaped from gardens into
fence-rows, &c. in some places.

40. ACTINOMERIS, Nutt. Acrinomerts.

Heads many-flowered ; the rays few or several, neutral, or rarely none. In-
volucre foliaceous, nearly equal, in 1 to 3 rows. Receptacle conyex or conical,
chaffy ; the chaff embracing the outer margin of the flat (laterally compressed)
and winged achenia. Pappus of 2 smooth persistent awns. — Tall and branch-
ing perennials, with serrate feather-veined leaves, tapering to the base and
mostly decurrent on the stem. Heads corymbed: flowers chiefly yellow. (Name
from axtis, a ray, and pepis, a part; alluding to the irregularity of the rays.)

1. A. squarrodsa, Nutt. Stem somewhat hairy and winged above (4°-8°
high) ; leaves alternate or the lower opposite, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, pointed
at both ends; heads in an open corymbed panicle; scales of the involucre in 2
rows, the outer linear-spatulate, reflexed ; rays 4-10, irregular ; achenia broadly
winged ; receptacle globular. — Rich soil, Penn. and W. New York (Sartwell)
to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Sept.

2. A. helianthoides, Nutt. Stem hairy (1°-3° high), widely winged by
the ovate-lanceolate sessile alternate leaves, which are rough above and soft-
hairy beneath ; heads few; scales of the involucre not spreading; rays 8-15,
regular ; achenia oval, slightly winged, tipped with 2 fragile awns; receptacle
conical. — Prairies and copses, Ohio to Illinois and southward. July.

41. COREOPSIS, L._ Ticxseep.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays mostly 8, neutral, rarely wanting.
Involucre double ; each of about 8 scales, the outer rather foliaceous and some-
what spreading; the inner broader and appressed, nearly membranaceous.
Receptacle flat, with membranaceous chaff deciduous with the fruit. Achenia
flat, obcompressed (i. e. parallel with the scales of the involucre), often winged,
not beaked or narrowed at the top, 2-toothed, 2-awned, or sometimes naked at
the summit, the awns not barbed downwardly. — Herbs, generally with op-
posite leaves, and yellow or party-colored, rarely purple, rays. (Name from
Kdpis, a bug, and dyes, resemblance; from the form of the fruit.)

§ 2. Branches of the style truncate: rays rose-color : disk yellow: root perennial.

1. C. rosea, Nutt. Stem branching, leafy, smooth (6/- 20! high) ; leaves
opposite, linear, entire; heads small, somewhat corymbed, on short peduncles ;
outer involucre very short; rays 3-toothed; achenia oblong, wingless; pappus
an obscure crown-like border.— Sandy and grassy swamps, Plymouth, Massa-
chusetts, to New Jersey, and southward: rare. Aug.

COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 259

§ 3. Corolla of the ray and disk yellow or partly brown: branches of the style tipped

with a pointed or acute appendage.

* Achenia nearly orbicular, broadly winged, incurved, furnished with a callous tubercle
on the inside at the top and bottom, crowned with 2 small chaff-like denticulate
teeth: outer involucre about the length of the wmner: rays large, coarsely 3—5-
toothed: leaves opposite or the uppermost alternate: heads on long naked pedun-
cles: root in our wild species perennial.

2. C. auriculata, Linn. Pubescent or glabrous; stems 1°-4° high,
branching, sometimes with runners ; leaves mostly petioled, the upper oblong or oval-
lanceolate, entire ; the lower oval or roundish, some of them variously 3—5-lobed or
divided ; scales of the outer inyolucre oblong-linear or lanceolate. — Rich woods
and banks, Virginia to Illinois and southward. June - Sept.

3. C. lanceolata, L. Smooth or hairy (1°-2° high); stems short, tufted,
branched only at the base ; eaves all entire (or the lower rarely with a pair of
small lateral lobes), /anceolate, sessile, the lowest oblanceolate or spatulate, tapering
into petioles; scales of the outer involucre oyate-lanceolate.— Rich or damp
soil, Michigan and Illinois to Virginia, and southward. July. Also cultivated
in gardens. — Heads showy: rays 1! long.

C. trxcroria, Nutt., a native of the plains beyond the Mississippi, with
the rays yellow above, and brown-purple towards the base, a common garden
biennial or annual, is becoming spontaneous in a few places.

* * Achenia oblong, narrowly winged, minutely or obscurely 2-toothed at the summit:
scales of the outer involucre narrow, about the length of the inner, all more or less
united at the base: rays mostly entire and acute: leaves opposite, sessile, mostly 3-
divided, therefore appearing as if whorled: perennial (1° -3° high).

4. C. senifdlia, Michx. Leaves each divided into 3 sessile ovate-lanceolate
entire leaflets, therefore appearing like 6 in a whorl: plant minutely soft-pubes-
cent. — Sandy woods, Virginia and southward. July.

Var. stellata, Torr. & Gr. Glabrous, and the leaves narrower. (C. stel-
lata, Nutt.) — Virginia, Kentucky, and southward.

5. C. delphinifolia, Lam. Glabrous or nearly so; leaves divided into
3 sessile /eaflets which are 2-5-parted, their divisions lance-linear (1''—3" broad),
rather rigid; disk brownish. — Pine woods, Virginia and southward. July.

6. C. verticillata, L. Glabrous; leaves divided into 3 sessile /eaflets
which are 1 -2-pinnately parted into narrowly linear or filiform divisions. — Damp
soil, from Maryland and Michigan southward. Also cultivated in old gardens,
‘but not showy. July —Sept.

7. C. palmata, Nutt. Nearly smooth, simple ; leaves broadly wedge-shaped,
deeply 3-cleft, rigid; the lobes broadly linear, entire, or the middle one 3-lobed. —
Prairies, Michigan to Wisconsin, and southwestward. July.

* * * Achenia elliptical, narrowly winged, the narrowly notched summit of the wing
minutely lacerate-toothed : scales of the outer involucre foliaceous, much smaller than
the inner, all united at the base: rays obtuse, entire: leaves opposite, petioled, 3 —
5-divided: perennial.

8. C. tripteris, L. (Tart Coreopsis.) Smooth; stem simple (4°-9°
high), corymbed at the top; leaflets lanceolate, acute, entire. (Chrysostémma,

260 COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

Less.) — Penn. to Michigan, Illinois and southward. Aug.-Sept.— Heads ex-
haling the odor of anise when bruised: disk turning brownish.

* * * * Achenia wingless, flat, 2-awned, 2-toothed, or rarely truncate, 1-nerved or
ridged on each face: scales of the outer involucre leafy, reflexed or spreading !
leaves opposite, petioled, generally pinnately or ternately compound, the leaves or
leaflets serrate: biennials or annuals, with the aspect of Bidens, intermediate be-
tween that genus and Coreopsis ;—and certain ambiguous (hybridized ?) speci-
mens, with the awns barbed some upwards and some downwards, connect the two.

+ Rays conspicuous, golden-yellow.

9. C. aristosa, Michx. Somewhat pubescent; leaves 1-2-pinnately 5-
7-divided, petioled ; leaflets lanceolate, cut-toothed or pinnatifid ; heads panicled-
corymbose; outer involucre of 10-12 leafy bracts; achenia obovate, often ob-
scurely wing-margined, bristly-ciliate, with 2 (rarely 4) long and slender diverging
awns as long as the achenium itself. — Swamps, Ohio to Michigan, Wisconsin,
and southwestward. Aug. -Oct.— Var. mutica has two short divergent teeth
or points in place of the awns. — W. Illinois and southwestward, where a form
(C. involucrata, Nutt.) occurs with the bracts of the outer involucre more leafy,
numerous, and hirsute. Mr. Fritchey sends, from near St. Louis, specimens with
short awns and their barbs either spreading or retrorse, and others with long
awns retrorsely barbed, — perhaps hybrids with some Bidens.

10. C. trichospérma, Michx. (TicksEED SunFLoweER.) Smooth,
branched ; leaves short-petioled, 5 -7-divided; leaflets lanceolate or linear, cut-
toothed, or the upper leaves only 3-—5-cleft and almost sessile; heads panicled-
corymbose ; achenia narrowly wedge-oblong or the inner ones wedge-linear, smooth or
minutely appressed-hairy, marginless, crowned with 2 erect triangular or awl-shaped
stout teeth. — Swamps, Massachusetts to Virginia near the coast. Also Buffalo,
New York (G. W. Clinton), and Illinois (Vasey), where forms with shorter
achenia approach the Southern C. aurea. Aug. - Oct.

+ + Rays none, or rarely small and inconspicuous: outer involucre of few (usually
3-5) loose leafy bracts commonly surpassing the heads: achenia minutely ap-
pressed-pubescent : plants glabrous, 1° — 3° high.

ll. C. discoidea, Torr. & Gr. Diffusely branched; leaves ternately di-
vided, slender-petioled ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, coarsely serrate ; heads
2!'- 3! long ; achenia linear-wedge-shaped (2''-3"' long), bearing a pair of short
and stout upwardly-barbed awns of the length of the corolla. — Wet banks and
swamps, Delaware (W. M/. Canby) to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. July.

Anomalous specimens, from near Philadelphia (A. HZ. Smith, &e.), growing
with Bidens frondosa, differ from small forms of that only in the less rigid and
upturned Larbs of the awns.

12. C, bidentoides, Nutt. Paniculately branched ; leaves undivided, lan-
ecolute, coarsely toothed, taper-pointed, and the base tapering into a slender pet-
iole; heads 6-10" long; achenia nearly subulate tapering downwards, bearing a
pair of very slender upwardly roughened awns surpassing the corolla (4" long), but
shorter than the achenium, often also 2 minute teeth alternate with the awns. —
Shores of Delaware River, near Philadelphia, and in Delaware, Nuttall, Durand,
A, H. Smith, W. M. Canby.

COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 261

42. BIDENS, 1. Bur-Maricorp.

Heads many-flowered ; the rays when present 3-8, neutral. Involucre double,
the*outer commonly large and foliaceous. Receptacle flattish ; the chaff decidu-
ous with the fruit. Achenia flattened parallel with the scales of the involucre,
or slender and 4-sided, crowned with 2 or more rigid and persistent awns which
are downwardly barbed. — Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite various
leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. (Latin, bidens, two-toothed. )

* Achenia flat, not tapering at the summit. (All annuals ?)

1. B. fronddsa, L. (Common Brecear-ticks.) Smooth or rather hairy,
tall (2°-6° high) and branching ; leaves 3—5-divided ; the leaflets mostly stalked,
lanceolate, pointed, coarsely toothed; outer leafy involucre much longer than
the head, ciliate below ; rays none or few and very small ; achenia wedge-obovate,
2-awned, the margins ciliate with upwardly-turned bristles, except near the summit.
— Moist waste places: a coarse troublesome weed, the achenia, as in the other
species, adhering by their retrorsely barbed awns to the dress, and to the fleece
of animals. July - Oct.

2. B. connata, Muhl. (Swamp Becear-ticks.) Smooth (1°- 2° high) ;
leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, tapering into mar-
gined petioles which are slightly united at the base ; the lower often 3-divided, their
lateral divisions united at the base and decurrent on the petiole; scales of the outer
involucre longer than the head, few, mostly obtuse; rays none; achenia narrowly
wedge-form, 3- (2-4-) awned, the margins minutely retrorsely ciliate. (B. tripartita,
Bigel.) — A thin-leavyed more petioled form is B. petiolata, Nutt. — E. New Eng-
land to Illinois, and southward. — Var. coms, is stouter, the leaves commonly
all simple, upper ones nearly sessile, the heads larger and with more numerous
and leafy bracts. — Illinois, Kentucky, and westward. Aug. - Oct.

3. B. cérnua, L. (Smarter Bur-Maricorp.) Nearly smooth (5/—10/
high) ; leaves all undivided, lanceolate, unequally serrate, scarcely connate ; heads
nodding, with or without (light yellow) rays: outer involucre longer than the
head; achenia wedge-obovate, 4-awned, the margins downwardly barbed. —

_ Wet places, Virginia to Wisconsin, and northward. July - Sept. — Rays, when
present, smaller than in the next, the leaves irregularly toothed, and the outer
involucre more leaf-like. (Eu.)

4. B. chrysanthemoides, Michx. (Larger Bur-Maricotp.) Smooth,
erect, or reclining at the base (6'-30! high) ; leaves lanceolate, tapering at both
ends, more or less connate, regularly serrate; outer involucre mostly shorter than
the showy golden-yellow (1' long) rays ; sachenia wedge-shaped, with almost prickly
downwardly barbed margins; awns 2, 3, or 4.— Swamps: common. Aug. -
Oct. — Northward it runs into No. 3.

* * Achenia linear or awl-shaped, 4-sided, slender, tapering at the summit.

5. B. Béckii, Torr. (Warer Maricoxp.) Aquatic, perhaps perennial,
smooth; stems long and slender, bearing crowded immersed leaves many times dis-
sected into fine capillary divisions; the few emerging leaves lanceolate, slightly
connate, toothed ; heads single, short-peduncled ; involucre much shorter than the
showy (golden yellow) rays ; achenia linear, thickish, smooth ( }/ Jong), bearing 4-
6 stout divergent awns which are an inch long and barbed only towards the

262 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

apex. — Ponds and slow deep streams, Massachusetts (rare) to Illinois and
northward. Aug. -— Oct.

6. B. bipinnata, L. (Spanisn Nerepries.) Smooth annual, branched ;
leaves. 1- 3-pinnately parted, petioled ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, mostly wedge-shaped
at the base; heads small, on slender peduncles; outer involucre of linear scales
equalling the short pale yellow rays ; achenia slender, 4-grooved and angled, nearly
smooth, 3-4-awned. — Dry soil, Connecticut to Illinois and southward.

43. VERBESINA, L. CROWNBEARD.

Heads several-many-flowered; the rays pistillate, few, or sometimes none.
‘Seales of the erect involucre few, imbricated in 2 or more rows. Receptacle
rather conyex; the chaff concave. Achenia flat (compressed laterally), winged
or wingless, 2-awned. — Perennial herbs ; the toothed or lobed leaves decurrent
on the stem. (‘“ Name metamorphosed from Verbena.”)

1. V. Siegesbéckia, Michx. Stem tall, 4-winged ; leaves opposite, ovate,
triple-nerved, serrate, pointed at both ends, often pubescent beneath (large and
thin) ; heads in compound corymbs; flowers yellow; rays 1-5, lanceolate ;
achenia wingless. — Rich soil, S. Penn. to Illinois, and southward. July.

2. V. Virginica, L. Stem narrowly or interruptedly winged, downy-
pubescent, like the lower surface of the ovate-lanceolate feather-veined alternate
leaves ; heads in compound corymbs ; flowers white; rays 3-4, oval; achenia
narrowly winged. — Dry soil, Pennsylvania? Lllinois, and southward. Aug.

44. DYSODIA, Cav. Feri Maricotp.

Heads many-flowered, usually radiate ; the rays pistillate. Involucre of one
row of scales united into a firm cup, at the base some loose bractlets. Recep-
tacle flat, not chaffy, but beset with short chaffy bristles. Achenia slender, 4-
angled. Pappus a row of chatty scales dissected into numerous rough bristles.
— Herbs, mostly annuals or biennials, dotted with large pellucid glands, which
give a strong odor (as in Tackres, the Frencu Maricoup of the gardens,
which belongs to the same group); the heads terminating the branches: flow-
ers yellow. (Name dva@dia, an ill smell, which the plants exemplify.)

1. D. chrysanthemoides, Lag. Nearly smooth, diffusely branched
(6’/-18' high); leaves opposite, pinnately parted, the narrow lobes bristly-
toothed or cut; rays few, scarcely exceeding the involucre. — Roadsides, and
banks of rivers, from Illinois southward : a common weed ; now migrating east-
ward, established at Buffalo, N. Y., G. W. Clinton. Aug. - Oct.

45. HYMENOPAPPUS, I’Her. Hymenoparpvs.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of the in-
yolucre 6 —12, loose and broad, thin, the upper part petal-like (usually white).
Receptacle small, naked. Corolla with large revolute lobes. Achenia top-
shaped, with a slender base, striate. Pappus of 15-20 small and blunt scales
in a single row, very thin (whence the name of the genus, from byny, membrane,
and mdmzus, pappus). — Biennial or perennial herbs, with alternate mostly dis-
sected leaves, and corymbed small heads of usually whitish flowers.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 263

1. H. seabioséeus, L’Her. Somewhat flocculent-woolly when young
(1°-3° high) ; leaves 1-2-pinnately parted into linear or oblong lobes ; scales
of the involuere roundish, nearly all whitish.— Sandy barrens, Illinois and
southward. May, June.

454. ACTINELLA, Pers. Nutt. AcrTIneLra.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays several, wedge-oblong, 3-lobed at the
apex or 3-toothed, pistillate. Scales of the hemispherical involucre ovate or
lanceolate, membranaceous or coriaceous, nearly equal, appressed in 2 or 3
ranks, little shorter than the disk. Receptacle hemispherical or conical, naked.
Achenia top-shaped, densely silky-villous. Pappus of 5 or more ovate or lance-
olate very thin chaffy scales. — Low herbs, with narrow leaves, dotted or sprin-
kled with resinous atoms as in the next genus; the solitary heads terminating
scapes or slender naked peduncles; flowers yellow.— Natives of the Western
plains, &c., and barely entering our borders. (Name a diminutive of Actinea,
from axris, ray.)

1. A. seaposa, Nutt., var. glabra. Tufted; leaves crowded on the
summit of woolly rootstocks, linear or somewhat spatulate, thickish, sparingly
silky-hairy, becoming glabrous ; scape (3’—9/ high) and involucre more woolly,
the scales ovate and obtuse; chaffy scales of the pappus ovate, awnless. —
Joliet, Illinois, on an Indian mound (Dr. Scammon, W. Boott), and westward.

46. HELENIUM, L. SNEEZE-WEED.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the spreading wedge-shaped rays several, 3—
5-cleft at the summit, fertile. Involucre small, reflexed, the scales linear or
awl-shaped. Receptacle globose or oblong, naked. Achenia top-shaped, ribbed.
Pappus of 5-8 thin and 1-nerved chaffy scales, the nerve usually extended into
a bristle or point. — Erect, branching herbs, with alternate leaves decurrent on
the angled stem and branches, which are terminated by single or corymbed
(yellow, rarely purple) heads ; often sprinkled with bitter and aromatic resin-
ous globules. (Named after Helen, the wife of Menelaus.)

1. H. autumnale, L. (Sneeze-weep.) Nearly smooth, perennial ;
leaves lanceolate, toothed ; rays longer than the globular-disk. — Alluvial river-
banks : common (except in New England). Sept. — Plant 1°-3° high, bitter:
the corymbed heads showy.

47. LEPTOPODA, Nutt. Lepropopa.

Rays neutral. Otherwise nearly as in Helenium. — In the true species (of
which LZ. puberula and L. brevifolia may be found in 8. Virginia) the stems are
simple, and naked above, like a long peduncle, and bearing a single head
(whence the name, from demos, slender, and mrovs, foot); but the following is
leafy to the top, and branched ; and were better restored to Helenium.

1. L. brachypoda, Torr. & Gr. Stem corymbed at the summit (1°-4°
high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, decurrent on the stem; disk globular, brown-
ish ; rays (3!- 3’ long) yellow, or in one variety brownish-purple, sometimes
with an imperfect style. — Damp soil, from Illinois southward. June - Aug.

264 COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

48. BALDWINIA, Nutt. Barpwinta.

Heads globular, many-flowered, radiate ; the long and narrowly wedge-shaped
rays neutral. Involucre short, of many thickish small scales imbricated in 3 or
4 rows, the outer obovate and obtuse. Receptacle strongly convex, with deep
honeycomb-like cells containing the obconical or oblong silky-villous achenia,
Pappus of 7-9 lance-oblong erect chaffy scales. — A perennial herb, smoothish,
with slender simple stems (2°-3° high), bearing alternate oblanceolate leaves,
and the long naked summit terminated by a showy large head. Rays yellow
(1’ long) ; the disk-flowers often turning dark purple. (Named for the late Dr.
William Baldwin.)

1. B. uniflora, Nutt. — Borders of swamps, Virginia and southward.
Aug.

49. MARSHALLIA, Schreb. Manrsnarria.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of the
involucre linear-lanceolate, foliaceous, erect, in one or two rows, nearly equal.
Receptacle convex or conical, with narrowly linear rigid chaff among the flow-
ers. Lobes of the corolla slender, spreading. Achenia top-shaped, 5-angled.
Pappus of 5 or 6 membranaceous and pointed chaffy scales. — Smooth and low
perennials, with alternate and entire 3-nerved leaves, and solitary heads (re-
sembling those of a Scabious) terminating the naked summit of the simple
stem or branches. Flowers purplish ; the anthers blue. (Named for Humphry
Marshall, of Pennsylvania, author of Arbustrum Americanum, one of the earliest
works on the trees and shrubs of this country.) ,

1. M. latifolia, Pursh. Stems leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed,
sessile. — Dry soil, Virginia and southward. (M. LancroxaTa and M. An-
\, GUSTIFOLIA may occur in 8. Virginia.)

50. GALINSOGA, Ruiz & Pay. GALINSOGA.

Heads several-flowered, radiate; the rays 4-5, small, roundish, pistillate.
Involucre of 4 or 5 ovate thin scales. Receptacle conical, with narrow chaff
among the tlowers. Achenia angled. Pappus of small oblong cut-fringed
chaffy scales (sometimes wanting). — Annual herbs, with opposite triple-nerved
thin leaves, and small heads: disk-flowers yellow ; rays whitish. (Named for
Galinsoga, a Spanish botanist.)

1. G. pARVIFLORA, Cay. Smoothish (1° high) ; leaves ovate, acute, some-
what toothed ; scales of the pappus 8-16. — Waste places, especially eastward ;
spreading from year to year. (Ady. from §. Amer.)

51. MARUTA, Cass. May-wezep.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays neutral. Involucre of many small
somewhat imbricated scales, shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical, bearing
slender chaff, at least near the summit. Achenia obovoid, ribbed, smooth.
Pappus none. — Annual acrid herbs, with a strong odor, finely thrice-pinnately
divided leayes, and single heads terminating the branches. Rays white, soon

COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 265

reflexed ; the disk yellow. (Derivation unknown.— The genus not distinct
enough from the next.)

1. M. Corura, DC. (Common May-wnep.) Scales of the involucre
with whitish margins. (Anthemis Cotula, Z.) — Roadsides: very common.
(Nat. from Eu.)

52. ANTHEMIS, L. Cuamomue.

Heads and flowers as in Maruta, but the rays pistillate. Achenia terete, stri-
ate or smooth. Pappus none, or a minute crown. — Herbs with aromatic or
strong odor, 1 —2-pinnately divided leaves, the branches terminated by single
‘heads. Rays in ours white; the disk yellow. (’AvOeyis, the ancient name, given
in allusion to the profusion of the. flowers.)

1. A. arvensis, L. (Corn Cuamomite.) Pubescent annual or biennial,
resembling May-weed, but not ill-scented ; chaff of the receptacle lanceolate,
pointed ; pappus a minute border. — Waste places: rare. (Ady. from Eu.)

2. A. novitis, L. (Garpen Cuamomite.) More downy and perennial,
pleasantly strong-scented ; sterile shoots depressed or creeping; leaves very
finely dissected ; chaff of the receptacle blunt; pappus none. — Established
“near Lewiston, Delaware, Nuttall. (Adv. from Eu.)

53. ACHILLEA, L. _ Yarrow.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays few, fertile. Involucre imbricated.
Receptacle chaffy, flattish. Achenia oblong, flattened, margined. Pappus
none. — Perennial herbs, with small corymbose heads. (So named because its
virtues are said to have been discovered by Achilles.)

1. A. Millefolium, L. (Common Yarrow or Mrirrort.) Stems
simple ; leaves twice-pinnately parted ; the divisions linear, 3—5-cleft, crowded ;
corymb compound, flat-topped ; involucre oblong ; rays 4-5, short, white (some-
times rose-color).— Fields and hills: common northward. Aug. (Eu.)

2. A. Pr&ruica, L. (SNEEzEwort.) Leaves simple, lance-linear, sharply
serrate with appressed teeth; corymb loose; rays 8-12, much longer than the
involucre ; flowers white. — Danvers, Massachusetts, &c. (Ady. from Eu.)

54. LEUCANTHEMUM, Town. Ox-ere Darsy.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays numerous, fertile. Scales of the
broad and flat involucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle flat or
convex, naked. Disk-corollas with a flattened tube. Achenia of the disk and
ray similar, striate, without pappus. — Perennial herbs, with toothed, pin-
natifid, or divided leaves, and single or corymbed heads. Rays white: disk
yellow. (Name composed of Aevkds, white, and avOenov, a flower, from the
white rays.)

1. L. vuneAre, Lam. (Ox-Eye or Wuire Daisy. WHuitE-wEED.)
Stem erect, nearly simple, naked above and bearing a single large head ; root-
leaves spatulate, petioled, the others partly clasping, all cut or pinnatifid-toothed ;
scales of the involucre with rusty brown margins. (Chrysdénthemum Leucan-
hemum, Z.— Fields and meadows: too abundant. June, July. A pernicious

ne

266 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

weed, with large and showy heads: in Connecticut is a variety with inconspicu-
ous rays. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. L. Parruénium, Godron. (Frverrew.) Tall, branched, leafy ; leaves
twice-pinnately divided ; the divisions ovate, cut ; heads corymbed, rather small. .
(Matricaria Parthenium, Z. Pyrethrum Parthenium, Smith.) — Escaped from
gardens in some places. (Ady. from Eu.)

55. MATRICARIA > Tourn. Witp CHAMOMILE.

Heads many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, or wanting. Scales of the inyolu-
cre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle conical, at least in fruit, na-
ked. Achenia angular, wingless. Pappus a membranaceous crown or border,
or none. — Smooth and branching herbs (ours annuals or biennials) with di-
vided leaves and single or corymbed heads. Rays white or none: disk yellow.
(Named for reputed medicinal virtues.)

1. M. 1yopora, L. Leaves twice-pinnately divided into fine almost filiform
lobes ; heads large, naked-peduncled, and with many long rays; pappus a short
crown or border. — (Wild far northward.) Roadsides, Eastport, Maine, Prof.
Verrill. Aug. (Ady. from Eu.)

2. M. discoidea, DC. Low (6!-9/ high); leaves 2-—3-pinnately parted
into short linear lobes; heads rayless, short-peduncled ; scales of the involucre
oval, with broad margins, much shorter than the conical disk ; pappus obsolete.
— Banks of the Mississippi opposite St. Louis. Probably an immigrant from —
Oregon, now extending eastward: also established in N. Europe. July - Sept.

56. TANACETUM, L._ Tansy.

Heads many-flowered, nearly discoid, all fertile; the marginal flowers chiefly
pistillate and 3-5-toothed. Scales of the involucre imbricated, dry. Recep-
tacle convex, naked. Achenia angled or ribbed, with a large flat top. Pap-
pus a short crown. — Bitter and acrid strong-scented herbs (ours perennial),
with 1-3-pinnately dissected leaves, and corymbed heads. Flowers yellow ; in
summer. (Name said to be a corruption of a@avacia, undying, from its durable
flowers.)

1. T. vurcArr, L. (Common Tansy.) Stem (2°-4° high) smooth;
leaflets and the wings of the petiole cut-toothed ; corymb dense; pistillate —
flowers terete; pappus 5-lobed.— Var. crfspum has the leaves more cut and
crisped. — Escaped from gardens to roadsides. (Ady. from Eu.)

2. T. Huronénse, Nutt. Hairy or woolly when young, stout (1°-3°
high) ; lobes of the leaves oblong; heads large (3/-%/ wide) and usually few;
pistillate flowers flattened, 3-5-cleft; pappus toothed. —St. John’s River,
Maine (G. L. Goodale), shores of the upper Great Lakes, and westward.

57. ARTEMISIA, L. Wormwoop.

Heads discoid, few-many-flowered; the flowers all tubular, the marginal
ones pistillate, or sometimes all similar and perfect. Scales of the involucre
imbricated, with dry and scarious margins. Receptacle small and flattish, ne

COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 267

ked. Achenia obovoid, with a small summit and no pappus. — Herbs or shrubby

plants, bitter and aromatic, with small heads in panicled spikes or racemes ;

flowering in summer. Corolla yellow or purplish. (Dedicated to Artemis, the

Greek Diana.)

§ 1. Receptacle smooth: marginal flowers pistillate and fertile: disk-flowers perfect but
sterile: root perennial, except in No. 4.

1. A. dracunculoides, Pursh. ‘Tall (8°-5°), somewhat woody at base,
slightly hoary or glabrous; leaves linear and entire or the lower 3-cleft; heads
small and numerous, panicled. — Sandy banks of streams, S. W. Illinois (Dr.
Vasey, Dr. Mead) and westward.

2. A. borealis, Pallas. Low (3'-6! high), tufted, silky-villous or nearly
smooth ; lower leaves 3 —5-cleft at the apex, or like the others 1 - 2-pinnately parted,
the lobes lanceolate or linear; heads few, hemispherical, pretty large, spiked or
racemed. — Shore of Lake Superior, and northward. (EKu.)

3. A. Canadénsis, Michx. Smooth, or hoary with silky down (1°-2°
high) ; lower leaves twice-pinnately divided, the upper 3 —7-divided ; the divisions
linear, rather rigid ; heads rather large, in panicled racemes. — Shore of all the Great
Lakes, &c., and northward. (Eu.)

4. A. caudata, Michx. Smooth (2°-5° high) ; upper leaves pinnately,
the lower 2—3-pinnately divided ; the divisions thread-form, diverging ; heads small,
the racemes in a wand-lile elongated panicle ; root biennial. — Sandy soil, coast of
New Hampshire to Virginia; also Michigan and Illinois.

§ 2. Receptacle smooth: flowers all fertile, a few pistillate, the others perfect.
* Tall (1°-5°) and branching perennials, whitened with fine and close-pressed wool :
heads small, ovoid, crowded in leafy panicles.

5. A. Ludoviciana, Nutt. (Western Muewort.) Whitened woolly
throughout ; leaves lanceolate, the wpper mostly entire, the lower cut-lobed, toothed
or pinnatifid ; heads larger than in the next, mostly sessile in narrow panicles.
— Dry banks, Lakes Huron and Michigan, and southwestward ; especially the
var, GNAPHALODES, which has the elongated nearly entire leaves very woolly
both sides.

6. A. vutGAris, L. (Common Mueworr.) Leaves mostly glabrous and
green above, beneath and the branches white-woolly, all pinnatifid, with the divi-
sions often cut-lobed, linear-lanceolate ; heads small in open panicles. — Waste
places, near dwellings. (Ady. from Eu.)

* * Less branched (1° —3°) biennial or annual, glabrous: heads densely clustered.

7. A. biénnis, Willd. (Brennratr Wormwoop.) Lower leaves twice-
pinnately parted, the upper pinnatifid ; lobes linear, acute, in the lower leaves
cut-toothed ; heads in short axillary spikes or clusters, crowded in a narrow and
glomerate leafy panicle. — Gravelly banks, Ohio to Illinois, and northwestward ;
rapidly extending eastward by railroad to Buffalo, Philadelphia, &c.

§ 3. Receptacle hairy ; flowers all fertile, the marginal ones pistillate: heads nodding.

8. A. Apsfntuium, L. (Common Wormwoop.) Rather shrubby (2°-
4° high), silky-hoary ; leaves 2—3-pinnately parted, lobes lanceolate ; heads hemi-
spherical, panicled. — Roadsides, sparingly escaped from gardens. (Ady. from
Eu.)

‘
268 COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

9. A. frigida, Willd. Low (6/-20/ high), in tufts, slightly woody at the
base, white-silky ; leaves pinnately parted and 3—5-cleft, the divisions narrow-
lmear; heads globose, racemose. — Dry hills and rocks, Falls of St. Anthony,
Wisconsin (Z. Lesquereux, T. J. Hale), Lake Superior, and northwestward.

58. GNAPHALIUM, LL. Cuvween.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular; the outer pistillate and very
slender, the central perfect. Scales of the involucre dry and scarious, white or
colored, imbricated in several rows. Receptacle flat, naked. Pappus a single
row of capillary rough bristles. — Woolly herbs, with sessile or decurrent leaves,
and clustered or corymbed heads ; fl. in summer and autumn. Corolla whitish
or yellowish. (Name from yvadadoy, a lock of wool, in allusion to the floccose
down of the leaves.)

§ 1. Achenia terete: pistillate flowers in several rows : bristles of pappus distinct.

1. G. decurrens, Ives. (Evertasrine.) Stout, erect (2° high) peren-
nial, branched at the top, clammy-pubescent, white-woolly on the branches,
bearing numerous heads in dense corymbed clusters ; leaves linear-lanceolute, partly
clasping, decurrent ; scales of the (yellowish-white) involucre oval, acutish. —
Hillsides, New Jersey and Penn. to Maine, Michigan, and northward.

2. G. polycéphalum, Michx. (Common Evertastine.) Erect, woolly
annual (1/- 2! high), fragrant ; leaves lanceolate, tapering at the base, with undu-
late margins, not decurrent, smoothish above ; heads clustered at the summit of the
panicled-corymbose branches, ovate-conical before expansion, then obovate; scales
of the (whitish) involucre ovate and oblong, rather obtuse; perfect flowers
few. — Old fields and woods : common.

3. G. uliginodsum, L. (Low Cupweep.) Diffusely branched, woolly
annual (3/-6' high); leaves lanceolate or linear, not decurrent; heads (small)
in terminal sessile capitate clusters subtended by leaves.—Low grounds by the
roadside ; common eastward and northward: perhaps introduced. (Eu.)

§ 2. GAMOCHATA, Weddell. Achenia and flowers as § 1: bristles of the
pappus united at the very base into a ring, so falling off all together.

4. G. purptreum, L. (Purrrisn Cupweep.) Annual, simple or
branched from the base, ascending (6/—20! high), woolly ; leaves oblong-spatu-
late, mostly obtuse, not decurrent, green above, very white with close wool un-
derneath ; heads in sessile clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, and spiked at the
wand-like summit of the stem; scales of the involucre tawny, the inner often
marked with purple. — Sandy or gravelly soil, coast of Maine to Virginia, and
southward.

§ 3. HOMALOTHECA, DC. Achenia flattened : pistillate flowers in a single

marginal row: bristles of the pappus distinct and falling separately, as in § 1.

5. G. supinum, Villars. (Mountain Cupweep.) Dwarf and tufted
perennial (2! high) ; leaves linear, woolly ; heads solitary or few and spiked on
the slender simple flowering stems ; scales of the involucre brown, lanceolate,
acute. — Alpine summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire: very rare,
(Eu.)

COMPOSITA. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 269

59. ANTENNARIA, Gertn. EVERLASTING.

Heads many-flowered, dicecious or nearly so; the flowers all tubular : pistil-
late corollas very slender. Scales of the involucre dry and scarious, white or
colored, imbricated. Receptacle convex or flat, not chaffy. Pappus a single
row of bristles, in the fertile flowers capillary, and in the sterile thickened and
club-shaped ¥r barbellate at the summit. — Perennial white-woolly herbs, with
entire leaves and corymbed (rarely single) heads. Corolla yellowish. (Name
from the resemblance of the sterile pappus to the antenne of certain insects. )

1. A. margaritacea, R. Brown. (Prarty Everzastine. Stem erect
(1°-2° high), corymbose at the summit, with many heads, leafy ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, taper-pointed, sessile ; fertile heads often with a few imperfect stami-
nate flowers in the centre ; scales of the pearly-white involucre obtuse or rounded.
— Dry hills and woods ; common northward. Aug.

2. A. plantaginifolia, Hook. (Pranrain-LEAVED EVERLASTING.)
Spreading by offsets and runners, low (4!-10! high) ; leaves silky-woolly when
young, at length green above and hoary beneath ; those of the simple and scape-
like flowering stems small, lanceolate, appressed ; the radical obovate or oval-
spatulate, petioled, ample, 3-nerved ; heads in a small crowded corymb ; scales
of the (mostly white) involucre obtuse in the sterile, and acutish and narrower
in the fertile plant. — Var. MonocEPHALA is an occasional state, with a single
larger head. — Sterile knolls and banks: common. March- May.

60. FILAGO, Toum. Corron-Ross.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, the central ones perfect, but
often infertile ; the others pistillate, very slender and thread-form. Scales of
the involucre few and woolly. Receptacle elongated or top-shaped, naked at the
summit, but chaffy at the margins or toward the base ; the chaff resembling the
proper inyolucral scales, each covering a single pistillate flower.— Pappus of
the central flowers capillary, of the outer ones mostly none. — Annual, low,
branching woolly herbs, with entire leaves, and small heads in capitate clusters.
(Name from jfilum, a thread, in allusion to the cottony hairs of these plants.)

1. F. GermAnicoa, L. (Hersa Iveta.) Stem erect, short, clothed with
lanceolate and upright crowded leaves, producing a capitate cluster of woolly
heads, from which rise one or more branches, each terminated by a similar
head, and so on: — hence the common name applied to it by the old botanists,
as if the offspring were undutifully exalting themselves above the parent. —
Dry fields, New York to Virginia. July-Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

61. ERECHTHITES, Raf. Frreweep.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and fertile ; the marginal pis-
tillate, with a slender corolla. Scales of the cylindrical involucre in a single
row, linear, acute, with a few small bractlets at the base. Receptacle naked.
Achenia oblong, tapering at the end. Pappus copious, of very fine and white
soft hairs. — Erect and coarse annuals, of rank smell, with alternate simple
leaves, and paniculate-corymbed heads of whitish flowers. (The ancient name
of some species of Groundsel, probably called after Erechtheus.)

270 COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

1. KE. hieracifolia, Raf. (Frrewrrp.) Often hairy; stem grooved
(1°-5° high); leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute, cut-toothed, sessile; the
upper with an auricled clasping base. (Senecio hieracifolius, L.) — Moist
woods: common, especially northward, and in recent clearings, where the
ground has been burned over ; whence the popular name. July —Sept.

62. CACALIA, L. Invpian Prantarn.

Heads 5 - many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of the
inyolucre in a single row, with a few bractlets at the base. Receptacle naked.
Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Achenia oblong, smooth. Pappus of numerous capil-
lary bristles. — Smooth and tall perennial herbs, with alternate often petioled
leaves, and rather large heads, in flat corymbs. Flowers white or whitish,
(An ancient name, of uncertain meaning.)

* Involucre 25 —30-flowered, with several bracts at its base: receptacle flat.
1. C. suavéolens, L. Stem grooved (3°-5° high); leaves triangular-
lanceolate, halberd-shaped, pointed, serrate, those of the stem on winged petioles.
— Rich woods, Connecticut to Wisconsin and Kentucky: rare. Sept.

* * Involucre 5-leaved and 5-flowered, its bracts minute or none: receptacle bearing
a more or less evident scale-like pointed appendage in the centre.

2. C. reniformis, Muhl. (Great Inp1an Prantain.) Stem (4°-9°
high) grooved and angled ; leaves green both sides, dilated fan-shaped, or the lowest
kidney-form (1°-2° broad), repand-toothed and angled, palmately veined, peti-
oled; the teeth pointed; corymbs large.— Rich damp woods, New Jersey to
Illinois, and southward along the mountains. Aug.

3. C. atriplicifolia, L. (Pate Inpian P.) Stem terete (3°-6° high),
and with the palmately veined and angulate-lobed leaves glaucous; lower leaves
triangular-kidney-form or slightly heart-shaped; the upper rhomboid or
wedge-form, toothed. — Rich woodlands, W. New York to Wisconsin, and
southward. Aug.

4. C. tuberdsa, Nutt. (Tuserous Inp1an P.) Stem angled and grooved
(2°-6° high), from a thick or tuberous root; leaves green both sides, thick,
strongly 5-7-nerved ; the lower lance-ovate or oval, nearly entire, tapering into
long petioles ; the upper on short margined petioles, sometimes toothed at the
apex. — Wet prairies, &c., Ohio to Wisconsin, and southward. June.

63. SENECIO, L. Grovnpset.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all perfect and tubular, or mostly with
radiate marginal ones ; the rays pistillate. Scales of the inyolucre in a single
row, or with a few bractlets at the base. Receptacle flat, naked. Pappus of
numerous very soft and slender capillary bristles. — Herbs, in the United States,
with alternate leaves and solitary or corymbed heads. Flowers chiefly yellow.
(Name from senev, an old man, alluding to the hoary hairs which cover many
species, or to the white hairs of the pappus.)

* Root annnal or in No. 3 biennial: heads several or many in a corymb: herbage
labrous or soon becoming so.

COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 271

1. S. voneAris, L. (Common Grounpset.) Low, corymbosely branched ;
leaves pinnatifid and toothed, clasping ; rays none.— Waste grounds. July-
Sept. = from Eu.) :

2. S. lobatus, an (BuTTER-WEED.) Ré#fher tall; leaves somewhat
fleshy, mostly lyrate or pinnate, the divisions or leaflets crenate or cut-lobed, yari-
able; heads small in a naked corymb; rays about 12, conspicuous. — Low banks
of the Ohio and Mississippi, Illinois and southward. April-July.

3. S. palustris, Hook. Biennial, loosely woolly when young ; stem stout,
6'-3° high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, irregulurly toothed or laciniate, the upper
with a heart-shaped clasping base; rays 20 or more, short, pale yellow ; pappus
copious and becoming very long. — Wet ground, N. W. Wisconsin (7. /. Hale)
and northward. June. (Eu.)

* * Root perennial: heads small or middle-sized, in a naked corymb.

4. §. aureus, L. (Gotpen Ragwort. SqQuaw-weep.) Smooth, or
Sloccose-woolly when young (10! —30! high) ; root-leaves simple and rounded, the larger
ones mostly heart-shaped, crenate-toothed, long-petioled ; the lower stem-leaves
lyrate; upper ones lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid, sessile or partly clasping ; corymb
umbel-like ; rays 8-12.— Varies greatly, the leading forms being, — Var. 1.
OBOVATUS, with the root-leaves round-obovate (growing in drier places). —
Var. 2. BatsAmit#, with root-leaves oblong, spatulate, or lanceolate, sometimes
cut-toothed, tapering into the petiole. Rocky places. — Var. 3. LANCEOLATUS,
Oakes, with the leaves all lanceolate-oblong, thin, sharply and unequally toothed,
either wedge-shaped or somewhat heart-shaped at the base, the upper merely
pinnatifid-cut towards the base. (Cedar swamps, Vermont, Robbins.) —Common
everywhere: the primary form in swamps. May, June.

5. S. Elliottii, Torr. & Gr. Soon smooth, stem simple (1° high), often
nearly leafless, bearing a small corymb; root-leaves thickish, obovate or roundish,
narrowed into a short and winged petiole, or sessile, crenate-toothed, sometimes ly-
rate; stem-leaves small, cut-pinnatifid. — Rich soil, Virginia and southward
along the mountains. May.

6. S. tomentdsus, Michx. (Wootty Racwort.) Clothed with scarcely
deciduous hoary wool (1°-2° high) ; root-leaves oblong, obtuse, crenate toothed, on
slender petioles ; the upper sessile; corymb flat-topped ; rays 12-15. — Moun-
tains of Pennsylvania (Pursh), Maryland, and southward. May.—S. cAnus,
Hook., which too closely resembles smaller forms of this, probably occurs within
the northern borders of Wisconsin.

* * * Root perennial: heads large and mostly solitary.

7. 8. Pseudo-Arnica, Less. Loosely white-woolly, sometimes becom-
ing glabrous; stem stout, 6’-12! high, leafy to the top; leaves oblong, repand,
tapering into a narrow petiole-like base; heads 1-4, over an inch in diameter ;
rays 20 or more, large. —Grand Manan Island off Maine (Prof. Verrill) and
northward.

64, ARNICA, LL. Aryica.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays pistillate. Scales of the bell-shaped
involucre lanceolate, equal, somewhat in 2 rows. Receptacle flat, fimbrillate.

272 COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

Achenia slender or spindle-shaped. Pappus a single row of rather rigid and
strongly roughened-denticulate bristles. — Perennial herbs, chiefly of mountains
and cold northern regions, with simple stems, bearing single or corymbed large
heads and opposite leaves. Flowers vellow. (Name thought to be a corruption
of Ptarmica.)

1. A. mollis, Hook. Soft-hairy; stem leafy (1°- 2° high), bearing 1 to 5
heads ; leaves thin, veiny, smoothish when old, toothed; the upper ovate-lanceolate,
closely sessile; the lower narrower, tapering into a margined petiole; scales of
the inyolucre pointed ; pappus almost plumose. — Alpine rivulets, mountains of
New Hampshire and N. New York, shores of Lake Superior, and northwest-
ward. July. ;

2. A. nudicatlis, Ell. Hairy and rather glandular (1° -3° high) ; leaves
thickish, 3 -5-nerved, ovate or oblong, all sessile, mostly entire and near the root,
those of the naked stem small and only one or two pairs; heads several, corymbed,
showy. — Damp pine barrens, S. Penn. and southward. April, May.

65. CENTAUREA, L._ Srar-Tustxe.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, the marginal often much larger
and as it were radiate, sterile. Receptacle bristly. Involucre imbricated, the
scales margined or appendaged. Achenia compressed. Pappus wanting, or of
a few bristles. — Herbs with alternate leaves and single heads. (Named from
the Centaur, Chiron.)

1. C. Cyanus, L. (Brvrnsorrie.) Scales of the globular involucre fringe-
margined ; false rays large; pappus very short; leaves linear, entire, or toothed at
the base; root annual. — Roadsides, escaped from gardens. July. — Flowers
blue, varying to purplish or white. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. C. nicra, L. (Knapwerep.) Scales of the globular involucre appen-
daged, and with a stiff black fringe; rays wanting; pappus very short; leaves
lanceolate, or the lower lyrate-angled, rough; root perennial. — Waste places, E.
New England. Aug.— Flowers purple. (Ady. from Eu.)

3. C. catcfrrara, L. (Star Tuistie.) Stem diffusely much branched ;
leaves pinnately lobed or spinulose-toothed ; heads sessile, the middle scales of the
ovoid involucre spiny; pappus none; flowers purple; root annual. — Norfolk,
Virginia, and Philadelphia. (Adv. from Eu.)

66. CNICUS, Vaill. Bressep TuistT1z.

Heads many-flowered; the ray-flowers tubular and sterile, shorter than the
rest, which are all tubular and perfect. Scales of the ovoid inyolucre coriaceous,
appressed, extended into a long and rigid pinnately spinose appendage. Re-
ceptacle clothed with capillary bristles. Achenia terete, short, strongly striate,
crowned with 10 short and horny teeth, and bearing a pappus of 10 elongated
rigid bristles, and 10 short bristles alternate with the last in an inner row. —An
annual smoothish herb, with clasping scarcely pinnatifid-cut leaves and large
bracted heads. Flowers yellow. (Name from kvi¢a, to prick.)

1. C. penepfcrus, L.— Roadsides, southward: rare, scarcely naturalized.
(Ady. from Eu.)

COMPOSIT#. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 273

67. CIRSIUM, Tour. Common or Ptumep TuisttLe.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, perfect and similar, or rarely
imperfectly dicecious. Scales of the ovoid or spherical involucre imbricated in
many rows, tipped with a point or prickle. Receptacle thickly clothed with soft
bristles or hairs. Achenia oblong, flattish, not ribbed. Pappus of numerous
bristles united into a ring at the base, plumose to the middle, deciduous. — Herbs,
with sessile alternate leaves, often pinnatifid, and prickly. Heads large, ter-
minal. Flowers reddish-purple, occasionally yellowish, white, or cream-color ;
in summer. (Name from kipgos, a swelled vein, for which the Thistle was a
reputed remedy.)

* Scales of the involucre all tipped with spreading prickles : root biennial.

1. GC. LancreoLAtum, Scop. (Common TursTLe.) Leaves decurrent on
the stem, forming prickly lobed wings, pinnatifid, rough and bristly above,
woolly with deciduous webby hairs beneath, prickly ; flowers purple. — Pastures
and roadsides, everywhere, at the North. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Scales of the involucre appressed ; the inner ones not prickly : filaments hairy.

+ Leaves white-woolly beneath, and sometimes also above : outer scales of the involucre
successively shorter, and tipped with short prickles.

2. C. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gr. White-woolly throughout, perennial, low ; stem
stout, very leafy ; leaves all pinnately parted into rigid narrowly linear and elongated
divisions, with revolute margins ; flowers cream-color. — Sandy shores of Lakes
Michigan, Huron, and Superior.

3. C. undulatum, Spreng. White-woolly throughout, biennial, low and
stout, leafy; leaves lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, undulate-pinnatifid, with
prickly lobes; flowers reddish-purple. —Islands of L. Huron and Michigan ;
thence westward.

4. C. discolor, Spreng. Biennial; stem grooved, hairy, branched, tall,
leafy ;_leaves all deeply pinnatifid, sparingly hairy and green above, whitened with
close wool beneath ; the diverging lobes 2 —3-cleft, linear-lanceolate, prickly-pointed ;
flowers pale purple, rarely white. — Meadows and copses.

5. C. altissimum, Spreng. Stem downy, branching (3° - 10° high), leafy
quite to the heads: leaves roughish-hairy above, whitened with close wool beneath,
oblong-lanceolate sinuate-toothed, undulate-pinnatifid, or undivided, the lobes or teeth
prickly ; those from the base pinnatifid ; and their lobes: short, oblong or triangular ;
flowers chiefly purple. — Fields and copses, Penn. to Hlinois and southward.

6. C. Virginianum, Michx. Stem woolly, slender, simple or sparingly
branched (1°-3° high) ; the branches or long peduncles naked: leaves lanceolate,
green above, whitened with close wool beneath, ciliate with prickly bristles, en-
tire or sparingly sinuate-lobed, sometimes the lower deeply sinuate-pinnatifid ; outer
scales of the involucre scarcely prickly; heads small; flowers purple. — Woods
and plains, Virginia, Ohio, and southward.

Var. filipéndulum. Stem stouter, more leafy, corymbosely branched
above; the heads on shorter peduncles; leaves pinnatifid; roots tuberous, en-
larged below. (C. filipendulum, Engelm.) — Prairies of S. Illinois and south-
westward.

18

274 COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

+ + Leaves green both sides, or only with loose cobwebby hairs underneath: scales of
the involucre scarcely prickly-pointed: heads large.

7. C. muticum, Michx. (Swamp Tuistxe.) Stem tall (3°-8° high),
angled, smoothish, panicled at the summit, the branches sparingly leafy and
bearing single or few rather large naked heads ; leaves somewhat hairy above,
whitened with loose webby hairs beneath when young, deeply pinnatifid, the divisions
lanceolate, acute, cut-lobed, prickly-pointed ; scales of the webby and glutinous invo-
lucre closely appressed, pointless or barely mucronate; flowers purple ; root per-
ennial. — Swamps and low woods: common.

8. C. pumilum, Spreng. (Pasture TuistLe.) Stem low and stout
(1°-3° high), hairy, bearing 1-3 very large heads (13! broad), which are some-
what leafy-bracted at the base; leaves green, lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping,
somewhat hairy, pinnatifid, with short and cut very prickly-margined lobes ; outer scales
of the involucre prickly-pointed, the inner very slender ; flowers purple or rarely
white (fragrant, 2’ long); root biennial. — Dry fields, Maine to Penn., near the

‘coast, Illinois and westward: common.

9. C. horridulum, Michx. (YELLow Tuistie.) Stem stout (1°-4°

-high), webby-haired when young; /eaves partly clasping, green, soon smooth,

lanceolate, pinnatifid, the short toothed and cut lobes very spiny with yellowish
prickles ; heads (1'-1}' broad), surrounded at the base by an involucrate whorl of
leaf-like and very prickly bracts, which equal or exceed the narrow and unarmed
scales of the involucre; flowers pale yellow or purple. — Sandy fields, Massachu-
setts to Virginia, and southward, near the coast.

* * * Outer scales of the appressed involucre barely prickly-pointed : filaments nearly
smooth: heads imperfectly diccious, small and numerous.

10. C. arvense, Scop. (Canapa TuisTLe.) Perennial, the roots exten-
sively creeping ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, smooth, or slightly woolly beneath,
sinuate-pinnatifid, prickly-margined; flowers rose-purple.— Cultivated fields,
pastures, and roadsides: common at the North; a most troublesome weed, ex-
tremely difficult to eradicate. (Nat. from Eu.)

68. CARDUUS, Tourn. Pxrumeress THISTLE.

Bristles of the pappus naked (not plumose), merely rough or denticulate.
Otherwise as in Cirsium. (The ancient Latin name.)

1. C. ntrans, L. (Musk Tuistie.) Biennial ; leaves decurrent, sinuate,
spiny; heads solitary, drooping; flowers purple. —Fields near Harrisburg,
Pennsylvania, Prof. Porter. (Adv. from Eu.)

69. ONOPORDON, Vaill. Corroy or Scorcu Tutstxe.

Heads and flowers nearly as in Cirsium. Scales of the involucre coriaceous,
tipped with a lanceolate prickly appendage. Receptacle deeply honeycombed.
Achenia 4-angled, wrinkled transversely. Bristles of the pappus numerous,
slender, not plumose, united at the base into a horny ring. — Coarse, branching
annuals, or biennials, with the stems winged by the decurrent base of the lobed
and toothed somewhat prickly leaves, Heads large: flowers purple. (The an-
cient Greek name of the plant.)

COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 275

1. O. acknturum, L. Stem (2°-4° high) and leaves cotton-woolly ; scales
linear-awl-shaped. — Roadsides and waste places: rather rare. July —Sept.
(Ady. from Eu.)

70. LAPPA, Tourn. Burvocx.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all perfect and similar. Involucre globular ;
the imbricated scales coriaceous and appressed at the base, tipped with an abrupt
and spreading awl-shaped hook-pointed appendage. Receptacle bristly. Ache-
nia oblong, flattened, wrinkled transversely. Pappus short, of numerous rough
bristles, not united at the base, deciduous. — Coarse biennial weed, with large
unarmed and petioled leaves, and small solitary or clustered heads: flowers
purple, rarely white. (Name from AaBeiy, to lay hold, the inyolucre forming a
hooked bur which holds tenaciously to the dress, or the fleece of animals.)

1. L. orricinAris, Allioni.— Waste places and around dwellings, in ma-
nured soil. — The var. MAgor (Common Burpock) has the involucre smoothish ;
leaves loosely whitish-cottony beneath or becoming smooth, the upper ovate,
lower heart-shaped. — Var. TOMENTOSA has the involucre cottony, and is rare.
— Var. minor has smaller heads with smooth involucre, and smaller smoothish
leaves, often tapering at the base; occasionally cut-toothed or laciniate-lobed.
(Uxbridge, Mass., Dr. Robbins.) July-Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

Susorper Il LIGULIFLORAE. (Cicnorace2.)

71. LAMPSANA, Toun. Niprre-worr.

Heads 8-12-flowered. Scales of the cylindrical involucre 8, erect, in one
row. Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong. Pappus none. — Slender branch-
ing annuals, with angled or toothed leaves, and loosely panicled small heads :
flowers yellow. (The Aayyavy of Dioscorides was evidently a wild Mustard.)

1. L. commotyis, L. Nearly smooth; lower leaves ovate, sometimes lyre-
shaped. — Roadsides, near Boston, Buffalo, &e. (Ady. from Eu.)

72. CICHORIUM, Tou. Succory or Cicnory.

Heads several-flowered. Involucre double; the outer of 5 short spreading
scales, the inner of 8—10 scales. Achenia striate. Pappus of numerous small
chaffy scales, forming a short crown. — Branching perennials, with deep roots ;
the sessile heads 2 or 3 together, axillary and terminal. Flowers bright blue or
varying to purple, showy. (Altered from the Arabian name of the plant.)

1. C. fxrysus, L. Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, the
lowest runcinate, those of the rigid flowering branches minute. — Roadsides :
common near the coast, especially in E. Mass. July-Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

73. KRIGIA > Schreber. DwarFr DANDELION.

Heads 15-20-flowered. Scales of the involucre several, in about 2 rows.
Achenia top-shaped, many-striate or angled. Pappus double; the outer of 5

276 COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

broad and rounded chaffy scales ; the inner of as many alternate slender bris-
tles. — Small annuals or biennials, branched from the base; the leaves chiefly
radical, lyrate or toothed; the small heads terminating the naked scapes or
branches. Flowers yellow. (Named after D. Krieg, an early German botani-
cal collector in this country.)

1. K. Virginica, Willd. Stems or scapes several (1/—10/ high) ; earlier
leayes roundish and entire, the others narrower and often pinnatifid. — Var.
DICHOTOMA is a branched and leafy summer state. — New England to Illinois
and southward. April—Aug.

74. CYNTHIA, Don. Cyrnruza.

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre several, somewhat in 2 rows.
Achenia short, striate. Pappus double; the outer of numerous yery small
chaffy bristles ; the inner of numerous capillary elongated bristles. — Low per-
ennial herbs, nearly smooth and glaucous, with scattered or radical leayes ;
the scapes or naked peduncles (often bristly at the apex) bearing rather showy
single heads. Flowers yellow. (Perhaps named after Mount Cynthus.)

1. C. Virginica, Don. Roots fibrous ; stem-leaves 1-2, oblong or lan-
ceolate-spatulate, clasping, mostly entire; the radical ones on short winged
petioles, often toothed, rarely pinnatifid ; peduncles 2—-5.— Moist banks, New
York to Michigan and southward. June. — Stem 1° high, or more.

2. C. Dandelion, DC. Scapes leafless, from a tuberous root (6'—15! high) ;
leaves varying from spatulate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or few-lobed. —
Moist ground, Maryland to Kentucky and southward. March—July.

75. LEONTODON 5) diy eins: Hawxeir. Fart DANnpeELion.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre scarcely imbricated, but with several bract-
lets at the base. Achenia spindle-shaped, striate, all alike. Pappus persistent,
composed of plumose bristles which are enlarged and flattened towards the base.
— Low and stemless perennials, with toothed or pinnatifid root-leaves, and scapes
bearing one or more yellow heads. (Name from Aéwy, a hon, and d8ous, a tooth,
in allusion to the toothed leaves.) — The following belongs to the subgenus
OporfN1A, with a tawny pappus of a single row of equal bristles.

1. L. aurumnaAre, L. (Fart Danpetion.) Leaves laciniate-toothed or
pinnatifid ; scape branched; peduncles thickened at the summit and furnished
with small scaly bracts. — Meadows and roadsides: common in E. New Eng-
land. July-Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

76. TROXIMON, Nutt. Troxrmon.

Head many-flowered. Scales of the bell-shaped involucre ovate or lanceo-
late, pointed, loosely imbricated in 2 or 3 rows. Achenia smooth, 10-ribbed,
not beaked. Pappus longer than the achenium, white, of copious and unequal
rigid capillary bristles, some of the larger gradually thickened towards the base.
— Perennial herbs, with elongated linear tufted root-leaves, and a simple naked
scape. Heads solitary, large: flowers yellow. (Name from Tpw€opat, to cat,
first applied to some plant with an edible root, like Salsify.)

COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) ~ 277

1. T. cuspidatum, Pursh. Leaves lanceolate, clongated, tapering to a
sharp point, woolly on the margins ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, sharp-
pointed. — Prairies, Wisconsin, N. Illinois, and westward. April, May.

77. HIERACIUM, Tour. HAWKWEED.

Heads 12—many-flowered. Involucre more or less imbricated. Achenia
short, oblong or columnar, striate, not beaked. Pappus a single row of tawny
and fragile capillary rough bristles. — Perennial herbs, with entire or toothed
leaves, and single or panicled heads of mostly yellow flowers; in summer and
early autumn. (Name from tépag, a hawk.)

* ITeads large and broad : involucre imbricated : achenia tapering towards the base.

1. H. Canadénse, Michx. (Canapa Hawkweep.) Stems simple,
leafy, corymbed at the summit (1°-—3° high) ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or ovate-
oblong, acute, remotely and yery coarsely toothed, somewhat hairy, the upper-
most slightly clasping. — Dry woods, northward.

* * Heads small: involucre cylindrical, scarcely imbricated.

2. H. scabrum, Michx. (Rovcu H.) Stem rather stout (1°-3° high),
leafy, rough-hairy ; the stiff panicle at first racemose, at length rather corymbose;
the thickish peduncles and the hoary 40—50-flowered involucre densely clothed
with dark glandular bristles ; achenia columnar, not tapering at the summit ; leaves
obovate or oval, nearly entire, hairy. — Dry open woods ; common.

3. H. longipilum, Torr. (Lone-Bearpep H.) Stem wand-like, sim-
ple, stout (2°-3° high), very leafy towards the base, naked above, and bearing a
small racemed panicle ; the lower portion and both sides of the oblong-lanceo-
late or spatulate entire leaves thickly clothed with very long and upright bristles
(often 1’ long) ; peduncles and 20 -30-Howered involucre glandular-bristly ; ache-
nia spindle-shaped, narrowed at the apex. — Prairies, Michigan to Wisconsin and
southwestward. — Heads intermediate between the last and the next.

4. H. Gronovii, L. (Harry H.) Stem wand-like, mostly simple, leafy
and very hairy below, naked above and forming a long and narrow panicle ; leaves
oblong or obovate, nearly entire, hairy ; the slender peduncles and the 20-30-
flowered involucre sparingly glandular-bristly ; achenia spindle-shaped, with a
very taper summit.— Dry sterile soil: common, especially southward. — Varies
from 1°-4° high. The small heads and almost beaked fruit distinguish the
largest forms from No. 2, and small naked-stemmed states from the next.

5. H. vendsum, L. (Rarrresyakr-weEEpD.) Stem or scape (1°-2°
high) naked or with a single leaf, smooth and slender, forking above into a spreading
loose corymb ; root-leaves obovate or oblong, nearly entire, scarcely petioled, thin
and pale, purplish and glaucous underneath (often hairy along the midrib),
marked above with purple veins ; peduncles very slender ; involucre 20-flowered ;
achenia _snear, not tapering upwards. — Var. sUBCAULESCENS has the stem
more or less leafy next the base. — Dry plains and pine woods: common.

6. H. paniculatum, L. (Panicrep H.) Stem slender, leafy, diffusely
branched, hairy below (2°-3° high); leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends,
slightly toothed, smooth; heads in a loose panicle (very small), on slender and

278 COMPOSITA. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

diverging peduncles, 12 —20-flowered ; achenia short, not tapering at the summit.
— Open woods : rather common.

78. NABALUS, Cass. RarrzesNaKe-Roor.

Heads few - many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of 5 to 14 linear scales in
a single row, and a few small bractlets at the base. Achenia short, linear-ob-
long, striate or grooved, not contracted at the apex. Pappus of copious straw-
color or brownish and rough capillary bristles.— Perennial herbs, with upright
leafy stems arising from spindle-shaped (extremely bitter) tubers, very variable
leaves, and racemose-panicled mostly nodding heads. Flowers greenish-white
or yellowish, often tinged with purple; in late summer and autumn. (Name ~
probably from vaPda, a harp, in allusion to the lyrate leaves which these plants
sometimes present.) Species of Prendnthes, L.

* Involucre smooth or nearly so, 5 — 20-flowered.

1. N. albus, Hook. (Wuire Lerruce. RaTTLEsNAKE-ROOT.) Smooth
and glaucous (2°-4° high) ; stem corymbose-panicled at the summit: leaves angu-
late or triangular-halberd-form, sinuate-toothed, or 3-5-cleft; the uppermost
oblong and undivided ; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales, 8 -12-flowered ;
pappus deep cinnamon-color, — Var. SERPENTARIA is a form with deeply divided
leaves, their margins often rough-ciliate. — Borders of woods, in rich soil :
common, especially northward. — Stouter and more corymbed than the next,
with thickish leaves and often purplish branches. Heads 6’ long.

2. N. altissimus, Hook. (Tari W.) Smooth; stem tall and slender
(3°-6° high) ; the heads in small axillary and terminal loose clusters forming
a long and wand-like leafy panicle: leayes membranaceous, all petioled, ovate,
heart-shaped, or triangular, and merely toothed or cleft, with naked or winged
petioles, or frequently 3 - 5-parted, with the divisions entire or again cleft; a-
volucre slender (greenish), of 5 scales, 5—6-flowered ; pappus dirty white, or pale
straw-color. — Rich moist woods: common northward.

3. IN. Fraseri, DC. (Lion’s-roor. GaALu-OF-THE-EARTH.) Nearly
smooth ; stem corymbose-panicled at the summit (1°-4° high) ; leaves mostly del-
toid, roughish ; the lower variously 3- 7-lobed, on margined petioles ; the upper
oblong-lanceolate, mostly undivided, nearly sessile ; involucre (greenish or pur-
plish, sometimes slightly bristly) of about 8 scales, 8-12-flowered: pappus dull
straw-color. — Varies greatly in foliage: the var. INTEGRIFOLIUS has the thick-
ish leaves all undivided and merely toothed. — Dry sandy or sterile soil, S. New
England to Virginia and southward.

4. NW. nanus, DC. Smooth; stem low and simple (5'-10' high); the
heads in axillary clusters forming a narrow racemed panicle; leaves triangular-
halberd-shaped and very variously lobed or cleft, on slender petioles ; involucre
(livid) 10- 13-flowered, of about 8 proper scales and several very short bract-like ones,
which are triangular-ovate and appressed ; pappus straw-color. — Alpine aummits,
White Mountains of New Hampshire, and Adirondacks, N. New York:

5. WN. Bodttii, DC. Stem simple, dwarf (5'- 6! high), pubescent at the
summit; the heads in an almost simple raceme; lowest leaves halberd-shaped
or heart-shaped, the middle oblong, the upper lanceolate, nearly entire, taper-

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 279

ing into a margined petiole; involucre (livid) 10-18-flowered, of 10-15 very ob-
tuse proper scales, and several linear and loose exterior ones nearly half the length of
the former; pappus straw-color. — Higher alpine summits of the mountains of
Maine, New Hampshire, and N. New York.

6. N. virgatus, DC. (Stenper RarriesnaKke-RooT.) Smooth, slightly
glaucous ; stem simple (2°-4° high), prolonged into a naked and slender spiked
raceme (13°-2° long) ; heads clustered and mostly unilateral ; leaves lanceolate,
acute, closely sessile, the upper reduced to bracts, the lower toothed or pinnati-
fid ; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales, 8 - 12-flowered ; pappus straw-color. —
Sandy pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward.

* * Involucre 12 -40-flowered, hairy, as well as the peduncles.

7. N. racemosus, Hook. Stem wand-like, simple (2°-5° high), smooth,
as well as the oval or oblong-lanceolate denticulate leaves ; the lower tapering
into winged petioles (rarely cut-pinnatifid,) the upper partly clasping ; heads in
clusters crowded in a long and narrow interruptedly spiked panicle ; involucre about
12-flowered ; pappus straw-color. — Plains, Ohio to Illinois and northward.
Also Hackensack marshes, New Jersey. — Flowers flesh-color.

8. N. asper, Torr. & Gr. Stem wand-like, simple (2°-4° high), rough-
pubescent, as well as the oval-oblong or broadly lanceolate toothed leaves ; heads
(mostly erect) in small clusters disposed in a long and narrow compound raceme :
involucre 12—14-flowered ; pappus straw-color. — Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio
to Illinois, and southward. — Flowers larger than No. 7, cream-color.

9. IN. crepidineus, DC. Somewhat smooth ; stem stout (5° -8° high),
bearing numerous nodding heads in loose clusters on the corymbose-panicled
branches ; leaves large (6'-12 long), broadly triangular-ovate or halberd-form,
strongly toothed, contracted into winged petioles ; involucre 20 - 40-flowered ;
pappus brown. — Rich soil, Ohio to Illinois and southward. — Involucre black-
ish ; flowers cream-color.

79. LYGODESMIA, Don. Lycopesmra.

Heads and flowers (5-10) nearly as in Nabalus; the cylindrical involucre
more elongated, and the achenia long and slender, tapering at the summit.
Pappus whitish. — Smooth, often glaucous, low perennials, with single erect
heads of rose-purple flowers terminating almost leafless or rush-like stems or
branches. (Name composed of Avyos, a twig for wickerwork, and Secpés, « bond,
from the twiggy or rush-like stems.) :

1. L. juncea, Don. Stems (1° high) tufted, branched, striate; lower
leaves lance-linear, 1’—2! long, rigid, the upper awl-shaped and minute; heads
5-flowered. — St. Croix River, Wisconsin, 7. J. Hale, and westward. July.

80. CHONDRILLA, Tourn. Cuonpritxa.

Heads few-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of several narrow linear equal
scales, and a row of small bractlets at the base. Achenia terete, several-ribbed,
smooth below, roughened at the summit by little scaly projections, from among
which springs an abrupt slender beak. Pappus of copious very fine and soft
capillary bristles, bright white.— Herbs of the Old) World, with wand-like

280 COMPOSIT&. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

branching stems, and small heads of yellow flowers. (A name of Dioscorides for
some plant which exudes a gum.)

1. C. stncea, L. Biennial, bristly-hairy below, smooth above (19-89
high) ; root-leaves runcinate; stem-leaves few and small, linear ; heads scattered
on nearly leafless branches, 6/'/—8!’ long. — Fields and roadsides, abundant
near Alexandria, Virginia, M. J. Bebb, A. H. Curtiss; perhaps of recent intro-
duction. Aug. (Ady. from Eu.)

Sill PYRRHOPAPPUS, DC. Fase DANDELION.

Heads, &c. nearly as in Taraxacum, but the soft pappus reddish or rusty-
color, and with a villous ring at the top of the long beak of the achenium. —
Mostly annual or biennial herbs, often branching and leafy below. Heads soli-
tary, terminating the naked summit of the stem or branches. Flowers deep
yellow. (Name composed of muppos, flame-colored, and mammés, pappus.)

1. P. Carolinianus, DC. Stem branching (1°-2° high); leaves oblong
or lanceolate, entire, cut, or pinnatifid, the stem-leaves partly clasping. — Sandy
fields, from Maryland southward. April—July.

82. TARAXACUM, Haller. Danperion.

Head many-flowered. Involucre double, the outer of short scales; the inner
of long linear scales, erect in a single row. Achenia terete, oblong, ribbed, and
roughened on the ribs, the apex prolonged into a very slender thread-like beak,
bearing the pappus of copious soft and white capillary bristles. — Perennials or
biennials, producing a tuft of pinnatifid or runcinate radical leaves, and slender
naked hollow scapes, bearing a single large head of yellow flowers. (Name
from tapaooa, to disquiet or disorder, in allusion to medicinal properties.)

1. T. Dens-lednis, Desf. (Common Danpexion.) Smooth, or at first
pubescent; outer involucre reflexed. — Pastures and fields everywhere: prob-
ably indigenous in the North. April- Sept. — After blossoming, the inner invo-
lucre closes, the slender beak elongates and raises up the pappus while the fruit
is forming ; the whole involucre is then reflexed, exposing to the wind the naked
fruits, with the pappus displayed in an open globular head. (Eu.)

83. LACTUCA, Toum. Lerrucs.

Heads several-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated in 2 or more sets
of unequal lengths. Achenia flat (compressed parallel to the scales of the invo-
lucre), abruptly contracted into a long thread-form beak, bearing a copious and
fugacious pappus of very soft and white capillary bristles. — Leafy-stemmed
herbs, with panicled heads; the flowers of variable color, produced in summer
andautumn. (The ancient name of the Lettuce, Z. sativa; from Jac, milk, in
allusion to the milky juice.)

1. L. Canadénsis, L. (Wixip Lerruce.) Biennial, mostly tall; leaves
partly clasping, pale beneath ; the upper lanceolate and entire ; heads about 20-
flowered ; achenia oval, rather longer than the beak, minutely rugose transversely
and roughish, one-ribbed on each face. The typical form (L. elongata, Muhl,,

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 281

and Ed. 2) is tall, with a thick and hollow very leafy stem (4°-9° high), smooth
or nearly so ; leaves long, most of them runcinate-pinnatifid ; heads very numer-
ous, in a long and narrow naked panicle; flowers mostly pale yellow. — Rich
and damp soil, borders of fields or thickets: common, especially northward. —
The following are perhaps to be restored as species : —

Var. integrifolia, Torr. & Gr. (L. integrifolia, Bigel.) Stem 3°-6° high;
leaves all undivided, either entire or sharply denticulate; panicle more open ;
flowers pale yellow, cream-color, or purple. — Open and dry or sterile soil, E.
New England near the coast to Illinois and southward.

Var. sanguinea, Torr. & Gr. (L. sanguinea, Bigel.) Lower and less
stout (2°-5° high); leaves all runcinate-pinnatifid, the midrib beneath and
lower part of the stem often sparsely bristly-hairy ; heads fewer, in a loose open
panicle ; flowers yellow-purple, reddish with or without a yellow centre, or rarely
white. — Open dry ground, Eastern New England to New Jersey, Illinois, and
southward.

2. L. Scariora, L. (Prickiy Lerruce.) Annual or biennial; stem
below sparsely prickly-bristly, as also the midrib on the lower face of the sagit-
tate-clas»ing oblong or lanceolate spinulose-denticulate vertical leaves; panicle
narrow ; heads small, few-flowered ; achenia striate. — Waste grounds and road-
sides, Cambridge, Massachusetts. (Ady. from Eu.)

84. MULGEDIUM, Cass. Fatse or Brun Lerruce.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre, &c. asin Lactuca. Achenia laterally com-
pressed, striate or ribbed, the summit contracted into a short and thick (or in
No. 1 slender) beak or neck of the same texture, expanded at the apex into a
ciliate disk, which bears a copious rather deciduous pappus of soft capillary
bristles. — Leafy-stemmed herbs, with the general aspect and foliage of Lactuca ;
ours glabrous or nearly so. Heads racemed or panicled; the flowers chiefly
blue; insummer. (Name from mulgeo, to milk.)

* Pappus bright white: flowers blue.

. M. pulchéllum, Nutt. Perennial, pale or glaucous ; stem simple, 1° -
2° ne leaves sessile, oblong- or linear-lanceolate, entire, or the lower runci-
nate-pinnatifid ; heads few and large, racemose, erect ; scales of the conical- -cylin-
draceous involucre lanceolate, imbricated in 3 or 4 ranks; the peduncles scaly-
bracted; achenia tapering into a slender beak, almost as in Lactuca. — Upper
Michigan (Prof. Porter, &c.), probably in N. W. Wisconsin: common on the
plains westward.

2. M. acuminatum, DC. Tall biennial (83°-6° high), with many small
heads in a loose panicle, on diverging peduncles ; /eaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
pointed, barely toothed, sometimes hairy on the midrib beneath, contracted into a
winged petiole, the lowest occasionally sinuate; achenia with a very short béak.
— Borders of thickets, New York to Illinois, and southward. — Probably only
an entire-leaved state of the next.

3. M. Floridanum, DC. Leaves all lyrate or runcinate, the upper often
with a heart-shaped clasping base; panicle larger: otherwise as No. 2. — Rich
soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward.

282 LOBELIACE. (LOBELIA FAMILY.)

* * Pappus tawny: corolla pale blue, or cream-color turning bluish.

4. M. leucophzum, DC. Nearly smooth biennial; stem tall (3°-12°
high), very leafy; leaves irregularly pinnatifid, sometimes runcinate, coarsely
toothed, the uppermost often undivided and sometimes clasping ; heads in a
large and dense compound panicle. — Low grounds: rather common.

85. SONCHUS, L. _ Sow-Turstxe.

_ Heads many-flowered, becoming tumid at the base. Involucre more or less
imbricated. Achenia flattened laterally, ribbed or striate, not beaked. Pappus
copious, of very white exceedingly soft and fine capillary bristles. — Leafy-
stemmed coarse weeds, chiefly smooth and glaucous, with corymbed or umbel-
late heads of yellow flowers ; produced in summer and autumn. (The ancient
Greek name.)

* Annual (1°-5° high): flowers pale yellow.

1. S. orprAcevs, L. (Common Sow-Tutsrie.) Stem-leaves runcinate-
pinnatifid, or rarely undivided, slightly toothed with soft spiny teeth, clasping
by a heart-shaped base, the auricles acute; involucre downy when young ; ache-
nia striate, also wrinkled transversely. — Waste places in manured soil and around
dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. §. Asper, Vill. (Spryy-LeEAveD 8S.) Stem-leaves less divided and more
spiny-toothed, the auricles of the clasping base rounded ; achenia margined, 3-
nerved on each side, smooth. — With and like the last. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Perennial, with creeping rootstocks : flowers bright yellow, in large heads.

3. S. arvensis, L. (Fietp S.) Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, spiny-toothed,
clasping by a heart-shaped base ; peduncles and involucre bristly ; achenia trans- »
versely wrinkled on the ribs. — Roadsides, &c., New England and New York:
becoming more common. (Nat. from Eu.)

Orver 54. LOBELIACEZ. (Losers Famtry.)

Herbs with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers, an irregular
monopetalous 5-lobed corolla ; the 5 stamens free. from the corolla, and united
- into a tube commonly by their filaments and always by their anthers. — Calyx-
tube adherent to the many-seeded pod. Style 1: stigma often fringed.
Seeds anatropous, with a small straight embryo, in copious albumen.—
Acrid poisonous plants (rather to be regarded as a part of the next
order), represented only by the genus

1. LOBELIA, LL. Lopenra.

Calyx 5-cleft, with a short tube. Corolla with a straight tube, split down on
the (apparently) upper side, somewhat 2-lipped; the upper lip of 2 rather erect
lobes, the lower lip spreading and 3-cleft. Two of the anthers in our species
bearded at the top. Pod 2-celled, many-seeded, opening at the top. — Flowers
axillary or chiefly in bracted racemes ; in summer and early autumn. (Dedi-
eated to Matthias De ? Obel, an early Flemish herbalist.)

LOBELIACEE. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) 283

* Flowers deep red, large: stem simple,

Ts: cardinalis, L. (CarDINaL-FLOWER.) Tall (2°-4° high), smooth-
ish ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed ; raceme elongated, rather 1-sided ;
the pedicels much shorter than the leaf-like bracts. —Low grounds: common.
— Perennial by offsets, with large and very showy intensely red flowers, — rarely
varying to rose-color! (Plymouth, Mr. Gilbert), or even to white !

* * Flowers blue, or blue variegated with white. :

+ Stems leafy to the top, simple (1°-38° high) from a perennial root ; leaves oblong or
ovate-lanceolate: sinuses of the calyx with conspicuous deflexed auricles: flowers
crowded in a long spike or dense raceme.

2. L. syphilitica, L. (Grear Loperra.) Somewhat hairy ; leaves thin,
acute at both ends (2'-6' long), irregularly serrate; flowers (nearly 1! long) pedi-
celled, longer than the leafy bracts ; calyx hirsute, the lobes half the length of
the corolla, the short tube hemispherical.—Low grounds: common. — Flowers
light blue, rarely white.

3. L. pubérula, Michx. Finely soft-pubescent ; leaves thickish, obtuse (1! =
2' long), with small glandular teeth ; spike rather 1-sided ; calyx-lobes (and ovate
bracts) litile shorter than the corolla, the hairy tube top-shaped. — Moist grounds, New
Jersey to Illinois and southward. — Corolla bright blue, 3! long.

4. L. leptéstachys, A. DC. Smooth above; leaves obtuse, denticulate, ob-
long-lanceolate, the upper gradually reduced to awl-shaped bracts ; raceme spike-
like, long and dense; lobes of the calyx nearly equalling the corolla, the auri-
cles in the form of 10 awl-shaped appendages as long as the hemispherical tube. —
Sandy soil, Illinois and southward. — Corolla 3!’ - 4" long.

+ + Stems leafy, mostly simple (1'-23! high) from a perennial root: leaves lanceo-
late or oblong-lanceolate: calyx-tube hemispherical, the sinuses destitute of auricles :
Jlowers pretty large (3'- 1! long) and showy, in a loose nearly 1-sided raceme :
anthers sometimes bearded on the back.

5. L. glandulosa, Walt. Sparingly pubescent: leaves, bracts, and usu-
ally the lobes of the calyx strongly glandular-toothed ; calyx-tube densely hispid,
rarely sparsely so, or smoothish. — Moist places, Virginia and southward,

6. L. amcena, Michx. -Glabrous (rarely minutely pubescent) ; leaves and
bracts usually glandular-toothed ; calyzx-lobes entire und slender. — Shady moist
places, Virginia and southward.

+ + + Stems leafy: calyx with no auricles or appendages at the sinuses: flowers
small 3'-%! long, racemed : roots slender, annual or biennial, or perhaps some-
times perennial.

++ More or less pubescent, at least bélow: leaves oblong or ovate: stems angled or

striate: racemes spike-like : corolla pale blue.

7. L. inflata, L. (Inp1an Topacco.) Stems paniculately much branched
from an annual root, pubescent with spreading hairs (9/-18! high) ; leaves
ovate or oblong, toothed, gradually diminishing into leaf-like bracts, which ex-
ceed the lower short-pedicelled flowers, calyx-tube ovoid, the pod inflated. 4 Dry
open fields : common. — Corolla only 13-2" long. Plant poisonous ahd a
noted quack medicine. ‘*

284 LOBELIACEH. (LOBELIA FAMILY.)

8. L. spicata, Lam. Stem slender, strict and simple (1°-3° high) from a
biennial or perhaps perennial root, below and the barely denticulate leaves mi-
nutely pubescent ; lower and root-leaves obovate or spatulate, the upper reduced -
to linear or club-shaped bracts ; raceme long and naked, mostly dense and many-
flowered ; calyx-tube short, obconical or becoming almost hemispherical. (L.
Claytoniana, Michr. L. pallida, Muhl.) — Moist or dry, mostly gravelly or
sandy soil: rather common, at least southward and westward. — A slender and
smaller flowered variety (beginning to blossom in June) grows in swamps at
Lancaster, Penn., Prof. Porter. — Corolla ordinarily 4" long.

++ ++ Glabrous or nearly so: leaves small, linear or lanceolate, only those from the
root obovate or spatulate, the uppermost reduced to setaceous bracts, all entire or
barely denticulate: stems very slender, simple or becoming paniculately branched
above : racemes loosely several-flowered.

9. L. Nuttallii, Rem. & Sch. Stem very slender (1°-2° high), terete ;
pedicels mostly longer than the bract and shorter than the flower, usually with very
minute bractlets near the base; calyx-tube very short, depressed-hemispherical in
fruit, the globular pod half free; corolla pale blue, barely 3" long. — Sandy
swamps, from Long Island, New Jersey, and the adjacent lower borders of
Pennsylvania, southward,

10. L. Kalmii, L. Stem mostly low (4/-18/ high) minutely angled ;
pedicels filiform, not exceeding the linear or setaceous bracts but as long as the flower,
minutely 2-bracteolate or 2-glandular above the middle ; calyx-tube top-shaped or obo-
void with an acute base, fully half the length of the lobes, in fruit rather longer
than they, smooth, covering the whole pod; corolla bright light blue, 4'-5!
long. — Wet limestone rocks and banks, Northern New England to Wisconsin
and northward along the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes, and through New
York southward to Lancaster, Penn. (Prof. Porter).

11. L. Canbyi, n. sp. Stem strict (1°-2° high), minutely angled ; pedi-
cels shorter than the bracts and mostly shorter than the flower, minutely roughened
under a lens ; bractlets none; calyx-tube top-shaped, acute at the base, and only half
the length of the lobes (which, with the linear leaves, are sparsely glandular-den-
ticulate along the margins), in fruit becoming oblong, covering the whole pod ;
corolla deep blue (fully 5’ long), more or less bearded in the throat. — Wet places,
pine barrens of New Jersey, especially at Quaker Bridge, Wm. M. Canby, C.
E. Smith, &c. (Also South Carolina, M. A. Curtis.) Aug., Sept. — Leaves 1’,
rarely 1}/ long, numerous, gradually diminishing in size up to the raceme, the
largest 2” wide. Pod nearly 3! long.
cae ++ Stem simple from a perennial root, and nearly leafless, except at or near

the base: flowers in a simple loose raceme, light blue: leaves fleshy: calyx-tube
acute at the base, top-shaped: auricles none.

12. L. paluddosa, Nutt. Nearly smooth; stem slender (19-23° high) ;
leaves thickish but flat, scattered near the base, linear-spatulate or oblong-linear,
glandular-denticulate, mostly tapering into a petiole; lower lip of the corolla
bearded in the middle; calyx-tube about half the length of the short lobes, be-
coming hemispherical in fruit. — Wet bogs, Delaware (Nuttall) and southward.
— Corolla 5!’-6!' long,

CAMPANULACEE. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.) 285

13. L. Dortmanna, L. (Water Losetia.) Very smooth; scape thick-
ish (5'-12' high), few-flowered ; leaves all tufted at the root, linear, terete, hollow,
with a partition lengthwise, sessile; lower lip of the corolla slightly hairy ;
calyx-tube about as long as the lobes, in fruit much longer.—In the gravelly
borders of ponds, New York, New England, and northward. — Corolla 6!’ — 8!’
long. (Eu.)

Orper 55. CAMPANULACEZE. (Campanvuta Famiry.)

Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers ; the calyx
adherent to the ovary ; the regular 5-lobed corolla bell-shaped, valvate in the
bud ; the 5 stamens free from the corolla and usually distinct. — Style 1, be-
set with collecting hairs above: stigmas 2 or more. Pod 2-several-celled,
many-seeded. Seed small, anatropous, with a straight embryo in fleshy
albumen. — Flowers generally blue and showy. — Sparingly represented
in America, and in the Northern States by only two genera.

¢ 1. CAMPANULA, Tourn. Betxriower.

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla generally bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, separate ;
the filaments broad and membranaceous at the base. Stigmas and cells of the
pod 3 in our species, the short pod opening on the sides by as many valves or
holes. — Herbs, with terminal or axillary flowers; in summer. (A diminutive
_ of the Italian cumpana, a bell, from the shape of the corolla.)

* Indigenous species, perennials, except nerhaps No. 2.
+- Flowers loosely panicled (or rarely solitary), long-peduncled : pods nodding.

1. C. rotundifolia, L. (HareBe ty.) Slender, branching (5/- 12! high),
1 - 10-flowered ; root-leaves round-heart-shaped or ovate, mostly toothed or crenate,
long-petioled, early withering away ; stem-leaves numerous, linear or narrowly
lanceolate, entire, smooth ; calyx-lobes awl-shaped, varying from } to 3 the length
of the bright-blue corolla (which is 6’- 9" long). — Rocky shaded banks : com-
mon northward, and along the mountains. — A delicate and pretty, but variable
species, with a most inappropriate name, since the round root-leaves are rarely
obvious. (Eu.)

Var. linifdlia. Stems more upright and rather rigid; the lowest leaves
varying from heart-shaped to ovate-lanceolate ; corolla 3’-1! long. (C. linifo-
lia, Lam.) — Shores of the Great Lakes, and northwestward. (Eu.)

2. C. aparinoides, Pursh. (Marsu Beittrtower.) Stem simple and
slender, weak (8'-20! high), few-flowered, somewhat 3-angled, rough backwards
on the angles, as are the slightly toothed edges and midrib of the linear-lanceolate
leaves ; peduncles diverging, slender ; lobes of the calyx triangular, half the length
of the bell-shaped nearly white corolla. (C. erinoides, Muhl.) — Bogs and wet
meadows, among high grass. — Plant with somewhat the habit of a Galium; the
corolla barely 4/’ long.

3. C. divarieata, Michx. Very smooth; stem loosely branched (1°-3°
high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolute, pointed at both ends, coarsely and shurply toothed ;

Dr amy
Ro drbw

286 ERICACEH. (HEATH FAMILY.)

lowers numerous on the branches of the large compound panicle, calyzx-lobes awt-

shaped, about half the length of the pale-blue small corolla (of 3! long) ; style

protruded. — Dry woods and rocks, mountains of Virginia, Kentucky, and

southward.

+ + Flowers numerous and nearly sessile, crowded in a long more or less leafy spike :
corolla almost wheel-shaped, deeply 5-lobed: pods erect.

4. CG. Americana, L. (Tati Betitrtower.) Stem mostly simple
(3°-6° high); leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, mostly
on margined petioles, thin, somewhat hairy (23!-6/ long); the slender style
protruded and curved. — Moist rich soil, New York to Wisconsin, and south-
ward. — Spike 1°-2° long. Corolla light blue, 1/ broad.

« European species escaped from gardens into roadsides ; both perennials.

5. C. cromerAta, L. (CxiusterEeD B.) Somewhat hairy, stout and erect,
1° high; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, cordate-clasping ; flowers sessile,
clustered in the upper axils, forming a leafy head ; corolla open-bell-shaped, 1!
long. — Danvers, Mass., &c. (Adv. from Eu.)

6. C. RapuncuLoipEs, L. Smoothish, slender, erect; stem-leaves ovate-
lanceolate, pointed, the lower long-petioled and heart-shaped ; flowers nodding,
single in the axil of bracts, forming racemes ; corolla oblong, 1’ long. — E. Mas-
sachusetts ; and Richfield Springs, New York, G. W. Clinton. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. SPECULARIA, Heister. Venus’s LOOKING-GLASS.

Calyx 5- (or 3-4-) lobed. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, sepa-
rate ; the membranaceous hairy filaments shorter than the anthers. Stigmas 3.
Pod prismatic or elongated-oblong, 3-celled, opening by 3 small lateral valves.
— Low annuals ; the earlier flowers in the American species ({ TRIODALLUS,
Raf.) minute and fruiting precociously in the bud, without expanding their im-
perfect corolla. (Name from Speculum Veneris, the early name of the common
European species. )

1. S. perfoliata, A. DC. Somewhat hairy (3! - 20! high) ; leaves round-
ish or ovate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed ; flowers sessile, solitary
or 2-3 together in the axils; the upper or later ones only with a conspicuous —
and expanding (purple-blue) corolla; pod oblong, opening rather below the
middle, — Sterile open ground: common. May - Aug.

Orver 56. ERICACEZE. (Hearn Fay.)

Shrubs, sometimes herbs, with the flowers regular or nearly so : the stamens
as many or twice as many as the 4—5-lobed or 4—5-petalled corolla, free
Jrom but inserted with it: anthers 2-celled, commonly appendaged or open-
ing by terminal chinks or pores, introrse (except in Suborder 3)-: style 1:
ovary 3—10-celled. Pollen compound, of 4 united grains, except in Sub-
order 4. Seeds small, anatropous. Embryo small, or sometimes minute,
in fleshy albumen. — A large family, very various in many of the charac-
ters, comprising four well-marked suborders, as follows: —

ERICACEX. (HEATH FAMILY.) 287

SusporpEeR I WACCINEIEZE. WuortLtesperry FAmIry.

Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, which forms an edible berry or berry-
like fruit, crowned with the short calyx-teeth. Anthers 2-parted. — Shrubs
or somewhat woody plants, with scaly buds.

1. Gaylussacia. Ovary 8-10-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit a berried
drupe with 8 or 10 small seed-like nutlets.

2. Vaccinium. Berry 4-5-celled (or imperfectly 8-10-celled by false partitions), many-
seeded. Anther-cells tapering upward into a tube.

3. Chiogenes. Berry 4-celled, many-seeded, its summit free. Anther-cells not prolonged
into a tube, but each 2-pointed.

SuporDER Il. ERICINEZE. Proper Heatu Famity.

Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla monopetalous, or sometimes poly-
petalous, hypogynous. — Shrubs or small trees.

Tribe I. ARBUTEZX. Fruit indehiscent, a berry or drupe. Corolla deciduous.
4. Arctostaphylos. Corolla urn-shaped. Drupe berry-like, 5 - 10-seeded.

Tribe II ANDROMEDE®.. Fruita loculicidal pod. Corolla deciduous.
* Anthers upright in the bud. Corolla monopetalous.
+ Anther-cells opening through their whole length ; not appendaged.
5. Epigesea. Corolla salver-shaped. Calyx of 5 separate dry and pointed sepals.

+ + Anther-cells opening only at the top. Corolla not salver-shaped.
++ Calyx becoming enlarged and berry-like in fruit.
6. Gaultheria. Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit enclosing the small pod. Anthers 4-awned at the top.

++ ++ Calyx dry, not becoming fleshy after flowering.
-% Leucothoe. Calyx imbricated in the bud. Corolla cylindraceous, 5-toothed. Pod
depressed, 5-lobed, the valves entire.
8. Cassandra. Calyx imbricated in the bud. Corolla cylindraceous, 5-toothed. Pod
splitting when ripe into an outer and inner layer, the inner of 10 valves.
9. Cassiope. Calyx imbricated. Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 4-5-cleft. Pod
globular-ovoid, 4- 5-valved, the valves 2-cleft.
10. Andromeda. Calyx valvate and very early open in the bud. Pod globular. Seeds
mostly hanging on the central placenta.
11. Oxydendrum. Calyx valvate and opening early in the bud. Pod oblong-pyramidal.
¢ Seeds all ascending.

« * Anthers turned over outwardly in the bud. Corolla of 5 separate petals.
12. Clethra. Sepals 5. Stamens 10: anther-cells opening by a terminal hole or chink.
Style 3-cleft at the apex. Pod 3-valved.

Tribe III. ERICEE. Corolla persistent, becoming scarious after flowering.
18. Calluna. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted Pod opening septicidally.

Tribe IV. RHODORE. Fruita septicidal pod. Corolla deciduous.
* Anther-cells opening by a hole or chink at the top.
' Flowers not from scaly buds ; the bracts leaf-like or coriaceous.
14. Phyllodoce. Corolla ovate or urn-shaped. Leaves narrow and heath-like.
15. Kalmia. Corolla broadly bell-shaped or wheel-shaped, with 10 pouches receiving as
many anthers. Leaves oblong or linear.

+ + Flowers developed from large scaly buds, the scales or bracts caducous.
16. Menziesia. Corolla globular-bell-shaped, 4-toothed. Stamens 8. Leaves deciduous.
17. Azalea. Corolla open funnel-form, 5-lobed. Stamens5. Leaves deciduous.

288 ERICACEZ. (HEATH FAMILY.)

18. Rhododendron. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-form. Stamens 10. Leaves evergreen.
19. Rhodora, Corolla irregular, two petals nearly separate. Stamens 10. Leaves deciduous.
20. Ledum. Corollaregular, all 5 petals nearly separate. Stamens5-10. Leaves evergreen.

* * Anther-cells opening lengthwise. Leaves evergreen. Bud-scales firm and persistent.
21. Loiseleuria. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Stamens 5, included.
22. Leiophyllum. Corolla of 5 separate petals. Stamens 10, exserted.

SusporpeR II. PYROLEZE. Pyrora FAmIty.

Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla polypetalous. Anthers extrorse
in the bud. Seeds with a loose and translucent cellular coat much larger
than the nucleus. — Nearly herbaceous and broad-leaved evergreens.

23. Pyrola. Flowers in a raceme. Petals not widely spreading. Filaments awl-shaped.
Style long. Valves of the pod cobwebby on the edges.

24. Momeses. Flower single. Petals widely spreading. Filaments not dilated in the mid-
dle: anthers conspicuously 2-horned. Style straight, exserted: stigma 5-rayed. Valves
of the pod smooth on the edges.

25. Chimaphila. Flowers corymbed or umbelled. Petals widely spreading. Filaments
dilated in the middle: anthers 2-horned. Style very short and top-shaped, covered by a
broad and orbicular stigma. Valves of the pod smooth on the edges.

SuporpER IV. MONOTROPEZ. InpIAn-Prre FAmMILy.

Flowers nearly as in Suborders 2 or 3, but the plants herbaceous, root- -
parasitic, entirely destitute of green foliage, and with the aspect of Beech-
drops. Seeds as in Suborder 3.

* Corolla monopetalous: anthers 2-celled.

26. Pterospora. Corolla ovate, 5-toothed: anthers 2-awned on the back, opening lengthwise.
27. Schweinitzia. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-lobed : anthers opening at the top.

* * Corolla of 4 or 5 separate petals: calyx imperfect or bract-like.
28. Monotropa. Petals narrow. Anuthers kiduey-shaped, opening across the top.

1. GAYLUSSACIA, H.B.K. Hucxteserry.

Corolla tubular, ovoid, or bell-shaped; the border 5-cleft. Stamens 10: an-
thers awnless; the cells tapering upward into more or less of a tube, opening by
a chink at the end. Fruit a berry-like drupe, containing 10 seed-like nutlets. —
Branching shrubs, with the aspect of Vaccinium, commonly sprinkled with res-
inous dots; the flowers (white tinged with purple or red) in lateral and bracted
racemes. (Named for the distinguished chemist, Gay-Lussac.)

* Leaves thick and evergreen, not resinous-dotted.

1. G. brachycera, Gray. (Box-Huck.LeBerry.) Very smooth (1°high) ;
leaves oval, finely crenate-toothed; racemes short and nearly sessile; pedicels
very short; corolla cylindrical-bell-shaped. — Dry Woods, Perry Co., Pennsyl-
vania, near Bloomfield ( Prof: Baird), and mountains of Virginia. May. — Leaves
in shape and aspect like those of the Box.

* * Leaves deciduous, entire, sprinkled more or less with resinous or wary atoms.
2. G. dumosa, Torr.& Gr. (Dwarr Huckiteperry.) Somewhat hairy
and glandular, low (1°-5° high from a creeping base), bushy; leaves obovate-

ERICACEEH. (HEATH FAMILY.) 289

oblong, mucronate, green both sides, rather thick and shining when old; racemes
elongated ; bracts leaf-like, oval, persistent, as long as the pedicels ; ovary bristly or
glandular ; corolla bell-shaped ; fruit black (insipid). — Var. HIRTELLA has the
young branchlets, racemes, and often the leaves hairy. — Sandy low soil, Maine
to Penn. and Virginia, near the coast, and southward. June.

3. G. frondosa, Torr.& Gr. (BLue Tanere. Dancieserry.) Smooth
(3°-6° high); branches slender and divergent; leaves obovate-oblong, blunt,
pale, glaucous beneath ; racemes slender, loose; bracts oblong or linear, deciduous,
shorter than the slender drooping pedicels ; corolla globular-bell-shaped ; fruit dark
blue with a white bloom (sweet and edible). — Low copses, coast of New Eng-
land to Kentucky, and southward. May, June.

4. G. resinosa, Torr. & Gr. (Brack Huckreserry.) Much branched,
rigid, slightly pubescent when young (1°-3° high) ; leaves oval, oblong-ovate, or
oblong, thickly clothed and at first clammy, as well as the flowers, with shining res-
inous globules ; racemes short, clustered, one-sided ; pedicels about the length of
the flowers; bracts and bractlets (reddish) small and deciduous ; corolla ovyoid-coni-
eal, or at length cylindrical with an open mouth; fruit black, without bloom
(pleasant, very rarely white). — Woodlands and swamps: common (except
southwestward towards the Mississippi). May, June. — The common Huckle-
berry of the North.

2. VACCINIUM, L. CRANBERRY. BLUEBERRY. BILBERRY.

Corolla various in shape; the limb 4-5-cleft, revolute. Stamens 8 or 10:
anthers sometimes 2-awned on the back; the cells separate and prolonged up-
wards into a tube, opening by a hole at the apex. Berry 4 -5-celled, many-seeded,
or sometimes 8-10-celled by a false partition stretching from the back of each
cell to the placenta. — Shrubs with solitary, clustered, or racemed flowers: the
corolla white or reddish. (Ancient Latin name, of obscure derivation.)

§1. OXYCOCCUS, Tourn. Ovary 4-celled: corolla 4-parted, the long narrow
divisions revolute: anthers 8, awnless, tapering above into very long tubes: pedi-
cels slender. .

* Stems very slender, creeping or trailing: leaves small, entire, whitened beneath, ever-
green: pedicels erect, with the pale rose-colored flower nodding on their summit :
corolla deeply 4-parted : berries red, acid.

1. V. Oxycéccus, L. (Smart Cranperry.) Stems very slender (4/-
9! long) ; leaves ovate, acute, with strongly revolute margins (2''-3!' long) ; pedicels
1-4, terminal ; filaments more than half the length of the anthers. (Oxycoccus
vulgaris, Pursh.) —Peat-bogs, New England and Pennsylvania to Wisconsin,
and northward. June.— Berry 3!!—4" broad, often speckled with white when
young; seldom gathered for the market. (Eu.)

2, V. macrocarpon, Ait. (Larce or AMERICAN CRANBERRY.) Stems
elongated (1°-3° long), the flowering branches ascending ; leaves oblong, obtuse,
glaucous underneath, less revolute (41-6! long) ; pedicels several, becoming
lateral; filaments scarcely one third the length of the anthers. (Oxycoccus
macrocarpus, Pers.) —Peat-bogs, Virginia to Wisconsin, and everywhere north-
ward, but scarcely westward. June.— Berry }/-1’ long.

19

290 ERICACEZ. (HEATH FAMILY.)

* * Stem upright and leaves deciduous, as in common Bluberries: flowers axillary
and solitary: corolla deeply 4-cleft: berries turning purple, insipid.
3. V. erythrocarpon, Michx. Smooth, divergently branched (1°-4°
high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, bristly serrate, thin. — Wooded
hills, mountains of Virginia and southward. July.

§ 2, VITIS-IDAA, Tourn. Ovary 4—5-celled: corolla bell-shaped, 4 - 5-lobed:
anthers 8-10, awnless: filaments hairy: flowers in short and bracted nodding
racemes : leaves evergreen: berries red or purple. :

4. V. Vitis-Idéea, L. (Cowserry.) Low (6/-10! high) ; branches erect
from tufted creeping stems ; leaves obovate, with revolute margins, dark green,
smooth and shining above, dotted with blackish bristly points underneath ; co-
rolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft.— Higher mountains of New England, also on the
coast of Maine, and at Danvers, Massachusetts (Oakes), and northward. June.
— Berries dark red, acid and rather bitter, mealy, barely edible. (Eu.)

§ 8. PICROCOCCUS, Nutt. Ovary more or less 10-celled by false partitions: ber-
ries greenish, hardly edible, ripening few seeds: corolla open-bell-shaped, 5-lobed :
anthers 10, extended into very long much exserted tubes, 2-awned on the back: flow-
ers on slender pedicels, singly in the axils of the upper leaves or leaf-like bracts,
Sorming leafy racemes, not articulated : leaves thin, deciduous.

5. V. stamineum, L. (Drerreerry. Squaw HucKkieBerry.) Dif-
fusely branched (2°-3° high), somewhat pubescent; leaves ovate or oval, pale,
glaucous or whitish underneath; corolla greenish-white or purplish ; berries
globular or pear-shaped, large, greenish, mawkish.— Dry woods, Maine to
Michigan and southward, mainly eastward. May, June. :

§4. BATODENDRON, Nutt. Ovary more or less 10-celled by false partitions :
berries black : corolla short-bell-shaped, 5-toothed : anthers 10, included, conspicu-
ously 2-awned on the back, and extended into slender tubes: filaments hairy : flow-
ers on slender pedicels singly in the axils of coriaceous shining leaves, or racemed
at the end of the branches, articulated just below the ovary !

6. V. arboreum, Marshall. (Fark LE-BERRY.) Tall (8°-15° high),
smoothish ; leaves oval or obovate, entire or denticulate, mucronate, bright
green and shining above, at the South evergreen ; corolla white; berries mealy,
insipid, ripening late. —Dry ground, Makanda, S. Illinois (Dr. Vasey), proba-
bly also in Virginia, and southward. June.

§5. EUVAC CINIUM. Ovary 4 -5-celled, with no trace of false partitions : corolla
urn-shaped or globular, 4 —5-toothed: anthers 2-awned on the back: filaments
smooth: flowers axillary, solitary, or 2 or 3 together : berries blue or black, edible :
northern or alpine plants, with deciduous leaves.

* Parts of the flower mostly in fours: stamens 8.

7. V. uligindsum, L. (Boo Bruserry.) Low and spreading (4/—18!
high), tufted ; leaves entire, dull, obovate or oblong, pale and slightly pubescent
underneath ; flowers single or 2-3 together from a scaly bud, almost sessile ;
corolla short, urn-shaped ; berries black with a bloom, sweet. — Alpine tops of
the high mountains of New England and New York, shore of Lake Superior,
and northward, (Eu.)

Vv

ERICACEEZ. (HEATH FAMILY.) 291

* * Parts of the flower in fives: stamens 10: leaves membranaceous : flowers solitary
on short axillary peduncles, nodding.

8. V. ceespitosum, Michx. Dwarf (3/-5! high), tufted ; leaves obovate,
narrowed at the base, smooth and shining, serrate; corolla oblong, slightly urn-
shaped ; berries blue. — Alpine region of the White Mountains of New Hamp-
shire; and high northward.

9. V. ovalifolium, Smith. Straggling, 3°-10° high; leaves elliptical,
obtuse, nearly entire, pale, mostly glaucous beneath, smooth ; corolla ovoid ; berries
blue. — Peat-bogs, Keweenaw Co., Lake Superior, Dr. Robbins (and far west-
ward). May.

10. V. myrtilloides, Hook. More erect, 1°-4° high; branchlets some-
what angled ; leaves mostly ovate and acute or pointed, sharply and closely serrulute,
bright green, nearly smooth; border of the calyx almost entire ; corolla depressed-
globular, rather large; berries large, black, rather acid. — Woods and bluffs,
Keweenaw Co., Lake Superior, Dr. Robbins. (Lake Huron, Dr. Todd; and
northwestward.) May, June. — Pedicels 3/-6! long, drooping in flower,
erect in fruit.

§ 6. CYANOCOCCUS. Ovary more or less completely 10-celled by false partitions :
corolla oblong-cylindrical or slightly urn-shaped, 5-toothed: anthers 10, awnless :
filaments hairy: berries blue or black with a bloom (sweet): flowers in clusters or
very short racemes from scaly buds separate from and rather preceding the leaves,
on short pedicels, appearing in early spring. (Leaves deciduous in the Northern
species or proper Blueberries.)

ll. V. Pennsylvanicum, Lam. (Dwarr Biueserry.) Dwarf (6/-
15’ high), smooth ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, distinctly serrulate with bristle-pointed
teeth, smooth and shining both sides (or sometimes downy on the midrib under-
neath) ; corolla short, cylindrical-bell-shaped. — Var ANGUSTIFOLIUM is a high
mountain or boreal form, 3!—6/ high, with narrower lanceolate leaves. (V. an-
gustifolium, Ait.) — Dry hills and woods: common from Pennsylvania and N.
Illinois far northward.— Branches green, angled, warty. Berries abundant,
large and sweet, ripening early in July: the earliest blueberry or blue huckle-
berry in the market.

12. V. Canadénse, Kalm. (Canapa Biursperry.) Low (1°-2° high) ;
leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, entire, downy both sides, as well as the crowded
branchlets ; corolla shorter: otherwise as the last, into which it seems to pass.
— Swamps or moist woods, Maine to Wisconsin, and northward.

13. V. vacillans, Solander. (Low Biurserry.) Low (1°-23° high),
glabrous ; leaves obovate or oval, very pale or dull, glaucous, at least underneath,
minutely ciliolate-serrulate or entire; corolla between bell-shaped and cylindra-
ceous, the mouth somewhat contracted. — Dry woodlands, especially in sandy
soil, New England to Virginia and N. Illinois. — Branches yellowish-green.
Berries ripening later than those of No. 11.

14. V. corymbosum, L. (Common or Swamp-Biurserry.) Tall
(5°-10° high) ; leaves ovate, oval, oblong, or elliptical-lanceolate ; corolla varying
from turgid-ovate and cylindrical-urn-shaped to oblong-cylindrical. — Swamps
and low thickets: everywhere common, except southwestward. — This yields

292 ERICACE&. (HEATH FAMILY.)

the common blueberry or blue huckleberry of the latter part of the season. The
typical form has the leaves entire and more or less pubescent, at least when
young, as also the branchlets. The species exhibits the greatest variety of forms :
the last of those here mentioned is the most remarkable, and the only one which
has any claims to be regarded as a species.

Var. glabrum, is wholly or nearly glabrous throughout ; the leaves entire.

Var. amcenum, has the leaves bristly-ciliate, shining above, green both
sides, beneath somewhat pubescent’ on the veins. (V. amcnum, Ait., &c.)

Var. pallidum, has the leaves mostly glabrous, pale or whitish, glaucous
especially underneath, serrulate with bristly teeth. (V. pallidum, Ait.)

Var. atrococcum, has the leaves entire, downy or woolly underneath even
when old, as also the branchlets; berries smaller, black, without bloom. (Ni
fuscatum, Ait.? & Ed. 1.)

3. CHIOGENES, Salisb. CREEPING SNOWBERRY.

Calyx-tube adherent to the lower part of the ovary; the limb 4-parted. Co-
rolla bell-shaped, deeply 4-cleft. Stamens 8, included, inserted on an 8-toothed
epigynous disk : filaments very short and broad: anther-cells ovate-oblong, quite
separate, not awned on the back, but each minutely 2-pointed at the apex, and
opening by a large chink down to the middle. Berry white, globular, crowned
with the 4-toothed calyx, rather dry, 4-celled, many-seeded. — A trailing and
creeping evergreen, with very slender and scarcely woody stems, and small
Thyme-like, ovate and pointed leaves on short petioles, with revolute margins,
smooth above, the lower surface and the branches beset with rigid rusty bristles.
Flowers very small, solitary in the axils, on short nodding peduncles, with 2
large bractlets under the calyx. (Name from yx-@v, snow, and yevos, offspring,
in allusion to the snow-white berries.)

1. C. hispidula, Torr. & Gr. — Peat-bogs, and mossy mountain woods,
in the shade of evergreens; common northward, extending southward in the
Alleghanies. May.— Plant with the aromatic flavor of Gaultheria or Birch.
Leaves 3’'- 4" long. Berries 3’! broad, bright white. ;

4. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adans.. BrarBerry.

Corolla ovate and urn-shaped, with a short revolute 5-toothed limb. Stamens
10, included: anthers with 2 reflexed awns on the back near the apex, opening
by terminal pores. Drupe berry-like, with 5-10 seed-like nutlets. — Shrubs,
with alternate leaves, and scaly-bracted nearly white flowers in terminal racemes
or clusters. Fruit austere. (Name composed of apktos, a bear, and orapvaAn,
a grape or berry, the Greek of the popular name.)

1. A. Uva-trsi, Spreng. (Bearperry.) Trailing; leaves thick and ever-
green, obovate or spatulate, entire, smooth ; fruit red. (Arbutus Uva-ursi, Z.) —
Rocks and bare hills, New Jersey to Wisconsin and northward. May. (Eu.)

2. A. alpina, Spreng. (Atpine BearsBerry.) Dwarf, tufted and de-
pressed ; leaves deciduous, serrate, wrinkled with strong netted veins, obovate ;
Sruit black, — Alpine region of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, Mount

Katahdin, Maine, and high northward. (En.)

ERICACEXZ. (HEATH FAMILY.) 293

5. EPIGAIA, L. Grounp Laurer. Traine Arseres.

Corolla salver-form ; the tube hairy inside, as long as the ovate-lanceolate
pointed and scale-like nearly distinct sepals. Stamens 10, with slender filaments :
anthers oblong, awnless, opening lengthwise. Style slender, its apex (as in
Pyrola) forming a sort of ring or collar around and partly’ adnate to the 5 little
lobes of the stigma. Pod depressed-globular, 5-lobed, 5-celled, many-seeded. —
A prostrate or trailing scarcely shrubby plant, bristly with rusty hairs, with ever-
green and reticulated rounded and heart-shaped alternate leaves, on slender peti-
oles, and with rose-colored flowers in small axillary clusters, from scaly bracts.
(Name composed of €7t, upon, and yi, the earth, from the trailing growth.)

1. EK. repens, L.— Sandy woods, or sometimes in rocky soil, especially
in the shade of pines: common in many places, especially eastward. — Flowers
appearing in early spring, exhaling a rich spicy fragrance. In New England
called MAYFLOWER. ;

6. GAULTHERIA, Kalm. Aromatic WinTERGREEN.

Corolla eylindrical-ovoid or a little urn-shaped, 5-toothed. Stamens 10, in-
cluded: anther-cells each 2-awned at the summit, opening by a terminal pore.
Pod depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded, enclosed when ripe by
the calyx, which thickens and turns fleshy, so as to appear as a globular red
berry !— Shrubs, or almost herbaceous plants, with alternate evergreen leaves
and axillary (nearly white) flowers: pedicels with 2 bractlets. (Dedicated by
Kalm to “ Dr. Gaulthier,” of Quebec; Linn. Amen. Acad. 3, p. 15. The true
orthography, a¥ ascertained by Prof. Brunet from the old records in Quebec,
is Gaultier ; so that the orthography of the genus, if changed at all, should be
GAULTIERA.)

1. G. procumbens, L. (Crererinc WINTERGREEN.) Stems slender
and extensively creeping on or below the surface ; the flowering branches ascend-
ing, leafy at the summit (3!—-5/ high) ; leaves obovate or oval, obscurely serrate ;
flowers few, mostly single in the axils, nodding. — Cool damp woods, mostly in
the shade of evergreens especially northward, and southward along the Allegha-
nies. July. — The bright red berries (formed of the calyx) and the foliage have
the well-known spicy-aromatic flavor of the Sweet Birch. In the interior of the
country it is called Wintergreen, or sometimes Tea-berry. Eastward it is called
Checkerberry or Partridge-berry (names also applied to Mitchella, the latter espe-
cially so), also Boxberry.

7. LEUCOTHOKE, Don. Levucoruoi.

Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals, imbricated in the bud, not enlarged nor
fleshy in fruit. Corolla ovate or cylindraceous, 5-toothed. Stamens 10: an-
thers naked, or the cells with 1. or 2 erect awns at the apex, opening by a pore.
Pod depressed, more or less 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, the sutures not thick-
ened; valves entire: the many-seeded placentz borne on the summit of the short
columella, mostly pendulous. — Shrubs with petioled and serrulate leaves, and
white scaly-bracted flowers crowded in axillary or terminal spiked racemes. (A
mythological name.)

294 ERICACEH. (HEATH FAMILY.)

§ 1. LEUCOTHOE proper. Anthers awnless ; the cells sometimes obscurely 2-
pointed: stigma depressed-capitate, 5-rayed: racemes sessile (dense), produced ut
the time of flowering from scaly buds in the axils of the coriaceous and shining per-
sistent leaves of the preceding year, shorter than they: bracts persistent: bractlets
at the base of the short pedicels. (Seed-coat loose and cellular, wing-like.)

1. L. axillaris, Don. Leaves lanceolate-oblong or oval, abruptly pointed or
acute, somewhat spinulose-serrulate, on very short petioles; sepals broadly ovate. —
(Andromeda axillaris, Lam.) — Banks of streams, Virginia, in the low country,
and southward. Feb.- April. — Shrub 2°-4° high.

2. L. Catesbei. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrulate with ciliate-
spinulose appressed teeth, conspicuously petioled (3'-6!.long) ; sepals ovate-oblong,
often acute. (Andr. Catesbei, Walt, <A. axillaris, Wichr. A. spinulosa, Pursh.
L. spinulosa, Don.) — Moist banks of streams, Virginia along the mountains,
and southward. May.—Shrub 2°-4° high, with Jong spreading or recurved
branches. Flowers exhaling the unpleasant scent of Chestnut-blossoms.

§ 2. EUBOTRYS, Nutt. Anthers awned: stigma simple: bractlets close to the
calyx, and, like the sepals, of a rigid texture, ovate or lanceolate, pointed: pla-
centce not pendulous; flowers very short-pedicelled, in long one-sided racemes,
which mostly terminate the branches, formed with them in the summer, but the
Jlower-buds not expanding till the following spring: bracts awl-shaped, deciduous :
leaves membranaceous and deciduous, serrulate, the midrib and veins beneath pu-
bescent.

3. L. recturva, Buckley. Branches and racemes recurved-spreading ; leaves
lanceolate or ovate, taper-pointed ; sepals ovate; anther-cells 1-awned ; pod 5-lobed ;
seeds flat and cellular-winged. — Dry hills, Alleghanies of Virginia and southward.
April. — Lower and more straggling than the next.

4. L. racemosa. Branches and racemes mostly erect ; leaves oblong or oval-
lanceolate, acute ; sepals ovate-lanceolate ; anther-cells each 2-awned ; pod not lobed ;
seeds angled and wingless. (Andromeda racemosa & A. paniculata, Z.) — Moist
thickets, Massachusetts to Virginia, near the coast, and southward. May,
June. — Shrub 4°-6° high. Corolla cylindrical.

8. CASSANDRA, Don. Learuer-Lear.

Calyx of 5 distinct rigid ovate and acute sepals, imbricated in the bud, and
with a pair of similar bractlets. Corolla eylindrical-oblong, 5-toothed. Sta-
mens 10: anther-cells tapering into a tubular beak, and opening by a pore at
the apex, awnless. Pod depressed, 5-celled, many-seeded; the pericarp of 2
layers, the outer 5-valved, the cartilaginous inner layer at length 10-valved.
Seeds flattened, wingless. — Low and much branched shrubs, with nearly ever-
green and coriaceous leaves, which are scurfy, especially underneath. Flowers
white, in the axils of the upper small leaves, forming small 1-sided leafy ra-
cemes ; the flower-buds formed in the summer and expanding early the next
spring. (Cassandra, a daughter of Priam and Hecuba.)

1. C. calyeulata, Don. Leaves oblong, obtuse, flat. (Andromeda caly-

‘ culata, Z.) — Wet bogs: common northward: rare westward to North Wis-
consin. (Eu.)

ERICACEH. (HEATH FAMILY.) 295

9. CASSIOPE, Don. — Cassrorr.

Calyx without bractlets, of 4 or 5 nearly distinct ovate sepals, imbricated in
the bud. Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 4-5-cleft. Stamens 8 or 10:
anthers fixed by their apex ; the ovoid cells each opening by a large terminal
pore, and bearing a long recurved awn behind. Pod ovoid or globular, 4—5-
celled, 4-—5-valved ; the valves 2-cleft: placentae many-seeded, pendulous from
the summit of the columella. Seeds smooth and wingless. — Small, arctic or
alpine evergreen plants, resembling Club-Mosses or Heaths. Flowers solitary,
nodding on slender erect peduncles, white or rose-color. (Cassiope was the
mother of Andromeda. )

1. C. hypnoides, Don. Tufted and procumbent, moss-like (1/- 4! high) ;
leaves needle-shaped, imbricated ; corolla 5-cleft ; style short and conical. (An-
dromeda hypnoides, L.) — Alpine summits of the Adirondack Mountains, New
York (Dr. Parry), White Mountains of New Hampshire, Mount Katahdin,
Maine (Mr. Young), and high northward. (Ku.)

10. ANDROMEDA, L. (in part). | Ayxpromepa.

Calyx without bractlets, of 5 nearly or partly distinct sepals, valvate in the
bud, but very soon separate or open. Corolla 5-toothed. Stamens 10: anthers
fixed near the middle, the cells opening by a terminal pore. Pod globular, 5-
celled, 5-valved; the many-seeded placentz borne on the summit or middle
of the columella. — Shrubs, with umbelled, clustered, or panicled and racemed
(mostly white) flowers. (Fancifully named by Linnzeus for A, polifolia, in al-
lusion to the fable of Andromeda.)

§1. ANDROMEDA proper. Corolla globular-urn-shaped : filaments bearded,
not appendaged : anthers short, the cells each surmounted by a slender ascending
awn: seeds turned in all directions, oval, with a close and hard smooth coat:
flowers in a terminal umbel: pedicels from the axils of ovate persistent scaly
bracts ; leaves evergreen. ‘

1. A. polifolia, L. Smooth and glaucous (6/-18! high; leaves thick,
lanceolate or oblong-linear, with strongly revolute margins, white beneath. —

Cold bogs, from Pennsylvania northward. May. (Eu.)

§ 2, PORTUNA, Nutt. Corolla ovoid-urn-shaped and 5-angled: filaments not
appendaged : anthers oblong, the cells each bearing a long reflered awn near the
insertion: seeds mostly pendulous, and with a loose cellular coat: flowers in axil-
lary and terminal naked racemes, formed in summer, but the blossoms expanding
the following spring: pedicels 1-sided, bracted and with minute bractlets, re-
curved : leaves thick and evergreen.

2. A. floribtinda, Pursh. Branches bristly when young; leaves lance-
oblong, acute or pointed (2! long), petioled, serrulate and bristly-ciliate ; racemes
dense, crowded in panicles. — Moist hills, in the Alleghanies from Virginia
southward. April. — A very leafy shrub, 2°- 10° high, bearing abundance
of handsome flowers.

§ 8. PIERIS, "Don. Corolla ovoid-oblong or cylindraceous : filaments slender and
awl-shaped, usually appendaged with a spreading or recurved bristle on each side

296 ERICACEZ. (HEATH FAMILY.)

at or below the apex : anthers oblong, awnless: sutures of the 5-angular pod with
a more or less thickened line or ridge, which often falls away separately when the
pod opens: seeds turned in all directions, oblong, with a thin and rather loose
reticulated cout : flowers in umbel-like clusters varvously arranged.

8. A. Mariana, L. (Sraccer-susu.) Nearly glabrous; leaves decid-
uous, but rather coriaceous, oval or oblong, veiny ; flowers large and nodding,
in clusters from axillary scaly buds, which are crowded on naked branches of
the preceding year ; sepals leaf-like, deciduous with the leaves. — Sandy low
places, Rhode Island to Virginia near the coast, and southward. May, June.
— Shrub 2°-4° high: foliage said to poison lambs and calves.

§4. LYONIA, Nutt. Calyx 5-cleft: corolla globular, pubescent : filaments and
anthers destitute of awns or appendages, or the former sometimes 2-setose near the
apex: pods prominently ribbed at the sutures, the ribs at length separating or
separable : seeds slender, all pendulous, with a loose and thin cellular coat : flow-
ers small, mostly in clusters which ure racemosed-panicled: bracts minute and
deciduous : leaves pubescent or scurfy beneath.

4. A. ligustrina, Muhl. Leaves deciduous, not seurfy, smoothish when
‘old, obovate-oblong varying to oblong-lanceolate ; flowers racemose-panicled on
branchlets of the preceding year.— Swamps and low thickets, New England
to Penn., Virginia, and southward. June, July. — Shrub 4°-10° high.

11. OXYDENDRUM, DC. SORREL-TREE. SouR-woop.

Calyx without bractlets, of 5 almost distinct sepals, valvate in the bud.
Corolla ovate, 5-toothed, puberulent. Stamens 10: anthers fixed near the base,
linear, awnless ; the cells tapering upwards, and opening by along chink. Pod
oblong-pyramidal, 5-celled, 5-valved ; the many-seeded placentze at the base of
the cells. Seeds all ascending, slender, the thin and loose reticulated coat ex-
tended at both ends into awl-shaped appendages. — A tree with deciduous, ob-
long-lanceolate, pointed, soon smooth, serrulate leaves, on slender petioles, and
white flowers in long one-sided racemes clustered in an open panicle, terminat-
ing the branches of the season. Bracts and bractlets minute, deciduous. Foli-
age sour to the taste (whence the name, from 0€vs, sour, and d€vdpor, tree).

1. O. arboreum, DC. (Andromeda arborea, L.) — Rich woods, from
Penn. and Ohio southward, mostly along the Alleghanies. June, July. — Tree
40°-60° high. Leaves in size and shape like those of the Peach.

12. CLETHRA, L. Wuire Avper. Sweer Peprersusn.

Calyx of 5 sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-ob-
long petals. Stamens 10, often exserted: anthers inversely arrow-shaped, in-
verted and reflexed in the bud, opening by terminal pores or short slits. Style
slender, 3-cleft at the apex. Pod 3-valved, 3-celled, many-seeded, enclosed in ~
the calyx. Shrubs or trees, with alternate and serrate deciduous leaves, and
white flowers in terminal hoary racemes. Bracts deciduous. (KA7jOpa, the
ancient Greek name of the Alder, which this genus somewhat resembles in
' foliage.)

6
ERICACEH. (HEATH FAMILY.) 297

1. C. alnifdlia, L. Leaves wedge-obovate, sharply serrate, entire towards
the base, prominently straight-veined, smooth, green both sides; racemes upright,
panicled ; bracts shorter than the flowers ; filaments smooth. — Wet copses, Maine
to Virginia near the coast, and southward. — Shrub 38°-10° high, covered in
July and August with handsome fragrant blossoms. — In the South are varieties
with the leaves rather scabrous, and pubescent or white-downy beneath.

2. C. acuminata, Michx. Leaves oval or oblong, pointed, thin, finely ser-
rate (5'-7/ long), pale beneath ; racemes solitary, drooping ; bracts longer than the
flowers : filaments and pods hairy. — Woods in the Alleghanies, Virginia and
southward. July.—A tall shrub or small tree.

13. CALLUNA, Salisb. HEATHER.

Calyx of 4 colored sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted, much shorter and
less conspicuous than the calyx, both becoming scarious and persistent. Sta-
mens 8, distinct: anthers with a pair of deflexed appendages on the back, the
cells opening each by a long chink. Pod 4-celled, septicidally 4-valved. —
Evergreen undershrub, with no scaly buds, opposite and minute leaves (mostly
extended at base into 2 sharp auricles), crowded and imbricated on the branches.
Flowers axillary, or terminating very short shoots and crowded on the branches,
forming close mostly one-sided spikes or spike-like racemes, rose-colored or
sometimes white, small, bracted by 2 or 3 pairs of leaves, the innermost of which
are more or less scarious. (Named from kadAvva, to brush or sweep, brooms
being made of its twigs.)

1. C. vulgaris, Salisb. (C. Atlantica, Seemann, Jour. Bot. 4, p. 305, t.
53. Erica vulgaris, L.)— Low grounds, Tewksbury, Massachusetts (Jackson
Dawson, &c., a small patch) ; border of forest on Cape Elizabeth, Maine (Mr.
Pickard, from Dr. Wood) ; also Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, and Newfoundland ;
mostly local. (See various articles in Amer. Jour. Sci.) July, Aug. (Eu.)

14. PHYLLODOCE, Salisb. Puytiopoce.

Corolla urn-shaped or bell-shaped, 5-toothed, deciduous. Stamens 10: anthers
pointless, shorter than the filaments, opening by terminal pores. Pod 5-celled,
5-valved, septicidal (as are all the succeeding), many-seeded.— Low alpine
Heath-like evergreen undershrubs, clothed with scattered linear and obtuse
rough-margined leaves. Flowers usually nodding on solitary or umbelled pe-
duncles at the summit of the branches. (‘A mythological name.’’)

1. P. taxifolia, Salisb. Corolla oblong-urn-shaped, purplish, smooth ;
style included. (Menziesia cxrtlea, Smith.) — Alpine summits of the moun-
tains of New Hampshire and Maine, and northward. July. (Eu.)

15. KALMIA, L._ American Laveen.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped, 5-lobed,
furnished with 10 depressions in which the 10 anthers are severally lodged ;
filaments long and thread-form. Pod globose, 5-celled, many-seeded. — Ever-
green mostly smooth shrubs, with alternate or opposite entire coriaceous leaves,

298 ERICACEH. (HEATH FAMILY.)

naked buds, and showy flowers. (Dedicated to Peter Kalm, a pupil of Linneus
who travelled in this country about the middle of the last century, afterwards
Professor at Abo.) 3

§ 1. Flowers in simple or clustered naked umbel-like corymbs: pedicels from the axils
of small and firm foliaceous persistent bracts: calyx smaller than the pod, per-
sistent : leaves glabrous.

1. K. latifolia, L. (Caxico-suso. Mountain Laurer. Spoon-
woop.) Leaves mostly alternate, bright green both sides, ovate-lanceolate or ellipti-
cal, tapering to each end, petioled ; corymbs terminal, many-flowered, clammy-
pubescent; pod depressed, glandular.— Rocky hills and damp soil, rather
common from Maine to Ohio and Kentucky, as a shrub 4°-8° high; but in
the mountains from Penn. southward forming dense thickets, and often tree-
like (10°-20° high). May, June. — Flowers profuse, large and very showy,
varying from deep rose-color to nearly white, clammy.

2. K. angustifolia, L. (Serr Laurer. Lampxiwy.) Leaves com-
monly opposite or in threes, pale or whitish underneath, light green above, narrowly
oblong, obtuse, petioled ; corymbs lateral (appearing later than the shoots of the
season), slightly glandular, many-flowered ; pod depressed, nearly smooth;
pedicels recurved in fruit.— Hillsides: common. May, June.— Shrub 2°-3°
high: the flowers more crimson and two thirds smaller than in the last.

3. K. glatiea, Ait. (Pate Laurex.) Sranchlets 2-edged: leaves opposite,
nearly sessile, oblong, white-glaucous beneath, with revolute margins ; corymbs termi-
nal, few-flowered, smooth ; bracts large ; pod ovoid, smooth. — Var. ROSMARI-
NIFOLIA has linear and strongly revolute leaves. — Cold peat-bogs and moun-
tains, from Pennsylvania northward. May, June. — Straggling, about 1° high.
Flowers 3’ broad, lilac-purple.

§ 2. Flowers scattered, solitary in the axils of the leaves of the season: calyx leafy,
larger than the pod, nearly equalling the corolla, at length deciduous : leaves (alter-
nate and opposite) and branches bristly-hairy.

4. K. hirsuta, Walt. Branches terete; leaves oblong or lanceolate (4!
long), becoming glabrous. — Sandy pine-barren swamps, E. Virginia and south-
ward. May-Sept.— Shrub 1° high. Corolla rose-color.

16. MENZIESIA, Smith. Menzzesra.

Calyx very small and flattish, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla cylindraceous-
urn-shaped and soon bell-shaped, obtusely 4-lobed. Stamens 8, included : an-
ther-cells opening at the top by an oblique pore. Pod ovoid, woody, 4-celled,
4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds narrow, with a loose coat.— A low shrub;
the straggling branches and the oblong-obovate alternate deciduous leaves (like
those of Azalea) hairy and ciliate with rusty rather chafflike bristles. Flowers
small, developed with the leaves, in terminal clusters from scaly buds, greenish-
white and purplish, nodding. (Named for Archibald Menzies, who in Vancouver’s
voyage brought the species from the Northwest Coast.)

1. M. ferruginea, Smith, var. globularis. Corolla rather shorter
and broader than in the Oregon plant. — Alleghany Mountains, S. Pennsyl-
yania to Virginia, &c. (Also beyond Lake Superior.) June.

ERICACEH. (HEATH FAMILY.) 299

17. AZALEA, L. Fatse Honeysuckin. AZALEA.

Calyx 5-parted, often minute. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, slightly irregu-
lar; the lobes spreading. Stamens 5, with long exserted filaments, usually
declined, as well as the similar style: anthers short, opening by terminal pores,
pointless. Pod 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds scale-like. — Upright
shrubs, with alternate and obovate or oblong deciduous leaves, which are entire,
ciliate, and mucronate with a glandular point. Flowers large and showy, often
glandular and glutinous outside, in umbelled clusters from large scaly-imbri-
cated terminal buds. (Name from a¢adéos, arid, —most inappropriate as ap-
plied to our species, which grow in swamps.)

* Flowers appearing after the leaves.

1. A. arboréscens, Pursh. (Smoorn Azarea.) Branchlets smooth ;
leaves obovate, obtuse, very smooth both sides, shining above, glaucous beneath, the
margins bristly-ciliate ; calyx-lobes long and conspicuous ; corolla slightly clammy ;
stamens and style very much exserted. — Mountains of Penn. to Virginia, and
southward. June.—Shrub 3°-10° high, with thickish leaves, and very fra-
grant rose-colored blossoms larger than in No. 3.

2. A. viscosa, L. (Crammy A. Wuite Swamp-HoneysuckLe.)
Branehlets bristly, as well as the margins and midrib of the oblong-obovate
otherwise smooth leaves ; calyx-lobes minute; corolla clammy, the tube much longer
than the lobes; stamens and especially the style exserted. — Var. GLatca has
the leaves paler, often white-glaucous underneath or both sides, sometimes rough-
hairy. — Var. nftrpa is dwarf, with oblanceolate leaves green both sides, —
Swamps, Maine to Kentucky, mostly near the coast. June, July. — Shrub 4°
-10° high, with clammy fragrant flowers, white or tinged with rose-color.

* * Flowers appearing before or with the leaves.

3. A. nudiflora, L. (Purrre A. Pinxrer-FLower.) Branchlets
rather hairy; leaves obovate or oblong, downy underneath ; calyx very short ;
tube of the corolla scarcely longer than the ample lobes, slightly glandular ; stamens and
style much exserted.— Swamps, Massachusetts and New York to Virginia,
and southward. April, May. — Shrub 2°-6° high; the showy flowers varying
from flesh-color to pink and purple. There are numberless varieties, some of
them with 10 stamens.

4. A. ecalendulacea, Michx. (FLame-coLtorep AzaLea.) Branchlets
and obovate or oblong leaves hairy ; calyxr-lobes oblong, rather conspicuous ; tube of
the corolla shorter than the lobes, hairy ; stamens and style much exserted. — Woods,
mountains of Penn. to Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May.— Shrub
3°-10° high, covered just when the leaves appear with a profusion of large
orange blossoms, usually turning to flame-color, not fragrant.

18. RHODODENDRON, L._ Rose-ay.

Calyx 5-parted, minute in our species. Corolla bell-shaped or partly funnel-
form, sometimes slightly irregular, 5-lobed. Stamens 10 (rarely fewer), com-
monly declined: anthers, pods, &c. as in Azalea. — Shrubs or low trees, with
evergreen entire alternate leaves, and ample showy flowers, in compact terminal

300 ERICACE£. (HEATH FAMILY.)

corymbs or clusters, from large scaly-bracted buds. (‘Podddevdpor, rose-tree ; the
ancient name.)

1 R. maximum, L. (Grear Lauren.) Leaves elliptical-oblong or lance-
oblong, acute, narrowed towards the base, very smooth, with somewhat revolute
margins ; pedicels viscid; corolla bell-shaped.— Damp deep woods, sparingly
from Maine to Ohio, but very common along shaded water-courses through the
mountainous parts of Pennsylvania and southward. July. — Shrub or tree 6°-
20° high. Leaves 4/-10! long, very thick. Corolla an inch broad, pale rose-
color or nearly white, greenish in the throat on the upper side, and spotted with
yellow or reddish.

2. R. Catawbiénse, Michx. Leaves oval or oblong, rounded at both ends,
smooth, pale beneath (3'-5! long); corolla broadly bell-shaped, lilac-purple ;
pedicels rusty-downy. — High Alleghanies, Virginia and southward. June. —
Shrub 3° - 6° high.

3. R. Lapponicum, Wahl. (Lapitanp Ross-Bay.) Dwarf, prostrate ;
leaves elliptical, obtuse, dotted (like the branches) with rusty scales; umbels few-
flowered ; corolla open bell-shaped, dotted ; stamens 5-10.— Alpine summits of
the mountains of Maine, New Hampshire, and New York. July.—Shrub 6/
high, in broad tufts: leaves 3! long. Corolla violet-purple. (Eu.)

19. RHODORA, Duhamel. RHODORA.

Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Corolla irregular and 2-lipped; the upper lip
usually 3-lobed or 3-cleft, and the lower two-parted or of 2 distinct spreading
petals. Stamens 10, and with the slender style declined. Otherwise as in
Azalea. (Name from pddov, a rose, from the color of the showy flowers.)

1. R. Canadénsis, L.— Damp cold woods and swamps, New England
to Penn. and northward, or on mountains. May.—A handsome low shrub,
with the oblong deciduous leaves whitish and downy underneath ; the showy
rose-purple (rarely white) flowers in umbel-like clusters, on short peduncles,
appearing rather earlier than the leaves.

20. LEDUM, L. Laprapor TEA.

Calyx 5-toothed, very small. Corolla of 5 obovate and spreading distinct
petals. Stamens %-10: anthers opening by terminal pores. Pod 5-celled,
splitting from the base upwards, many-seeded: placente borne on the summit
of the columella. —Low shrubs, with the alternate entire leaves clothed with
rusty wool underneath, persistent, the margins revolute: herbage slightly fra-
grant when bruised. Flowers white, small, in terminal umbel-like clusters
from large scaly buds: bracts or scales thin and caducous. (Andor, the ancient
Greek name of the Cistus.)

1. L. latifolium, Ait. Leaves elliptical or oblong ; stamens 5, sometimes
6 or 7; pod oblong. — Cold bogs and damp mountain woods, New England to
Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward. June.—Shrub 2°-5° high. (L.
PALUSTRE, L., grows in British America. It is distinguished by its linear leaves,
uniformly 10 stamens, and oval pods.) (Eu.)

ERICACEH. (HEATH FAMILY.) 301

21. LOISELEURIA, Desv. ALPINE AZALEA.

Calyx 5-parted, nearly as long as the rather bell-shaped and deeply 5-cleft reg-
ular corolla. Stamens 5, not declined, included: anthers opening lengthwise.
Style short. Pod ovoid, 2 -3-celled, many-seeded, 2-3-valved; the valves 2-
cleft from the apex: placentz borne on the middle of the columella. — A small
depressed evergreen shrubby plant, much branched and tufted, smooth, with
coriaceous opposite elliptical leaves, on short petioles, with revolute margins.
Flowers small, white or rose-color, 2—5 in a cluster, from a terminal scaly bud ;
the scales or bracts thick and persistent. (Named for Loiseleur Delongchamps, a
French botanist.)

1. L. procumbens, Desy. (Azalea procumbens, /.) — Alpine summits
of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, on rocks. June. (Eu.)

22. LEIOPHYLLUM, Pers. Sanp Myrttp.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-oblong petals, spreading. Sta-
mens 10, exserted: anthers opening lengthwise. Pod 2-3-celled, splitting from
the apex downward, many-seeded. — A low much-branched evergreen, with the
aspect, foliage, &c. of the preceding genus, but the crowded leaves sometimes al-
ternate, scarcely petioled. Flowers small, white, in terminal umbel-like clusters.
(Name formed of Aetos, smooth, and PvAXor, foliage, from the leaves.)

1. L. buxifolium, Ell. — Sandy pine barrens of New Jersey, and moun-
tain-tops in Virginia? and southward. May.— Shrub 6’-10! high: leaves
oval or oblong, smooth and shining, 3/’- 6" long.

23. PYROLA, Tourn. Wrstercreen. SHIN-LEAF.

Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, concave and more or less converging,
deciduous. Stamens 10: filaments awl-shaped, naked: anthers extrorse in the
bud, but in the flower inverted by the inflexion of the apex of the filament, more
or less 4-celled, opening by a pair of pores at the blunt or somewhat 2-horned
base which by the inversion becomes the apparent apex! Style generally long:
stigma 5-lobed or 5-rayed. Pod depressed-globose, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved
from the base upwards (loculicidal) ; the valves cobwebby on the edges. Seeds
minute, innumerable, resembling saw-dust, with a very loose cellular-reticulated
coat. — Low and smooth perennial herbs, with running subterranean shoots,
bearing a cluster of rounded and petioled evergreen root-leaves, and a simple
raceme of nodding flowers, on an upright more or less scaly-bracted scape.
(Name a diminutive of Pyrus, the Pear-tree, from some fancied resemblance
in the foliage, which is not obvious.)

§ 1. Stamens ascending: style turned down and towards the apex usually more or less
curved upwards, longer than the campanulate-connivent or somewhat expanding
petals: stigma much narrower than the truncate and somewhat excavated apex of
the style which forms a sort of ring or collar, the 5 lobes at first very short and in-
cluded, at length usually protruded. (Leaves denticulate or entire.)

1. P. rotundifolia, L. Leaves orbicular, thick, shining, usually shorter
than the petiole ; raceme elongated, many-flowered ; calyz-lobes lanceolate or oblong-

302 ERICACEE. (HEATH FAMILY.)

lanceolate, acutish, with somewhat spreading tips, one half or one third the length
of the roundish-obovate rather spreading (chiefly white) petals ; anther-cells nearly
blunt. —Damp or sandy woods: common, especially northward. June, July. —
Scape 6/-12! high, many-bracted : flowers 4! broad. — Exhibits many varieties,
such as: Var. INCARNATA, with flesh-colored flowers; calyx-lobes triangular-
lanceolate. — Var. ASARIFOLIA, with oblate or round-reniform leaves, and trian-
gular-ovate calyx-lobes of about half the length of the white or flesh-colored
petals. (P. asarifolia, Michr.) Common northward. — Var. ULIGINOsA, with
roundish-oval or somewhat kidney-shaped smaller leaves (1!-13' wide), and
ovate acute calyx-lobes, about one quarter of the length of the reddish or pur-
ple petals; flowers rather smaller, few or several. (P. uliginosa, Torr. § Gr.)
Cold bogs, N. New England to Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.)

2. P. elliptica, Nutt. (Suin-tear.) Leaves thin and dull, elliptical or
obuvate-oval, usually longer than the margined petiole ; raceme many-flowered ; calyz-
lobes ovate, acute, not one fourth the length of the obovate rather spreading (greenish-
white) petals; anther-cells blunt. — Rich woods, New England to Pennsylvania,
Wisconsin, and northward: common. June.— Scape and flowers nearly as
large as in the preceding.

3. P. chlorantha, Swartz. Leaves small (1' long), roundish, thick, dull,
shorter than the petiole ; scape few-flowgred, naked (5! - 8! high) ; calyx-lobes roundish-
ovate, very short; the elliptical petals converging (greenish-white) ; anther-cells
contracted below the orifice into a distinct neck or horn ; style little exserted. — Open
woods, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. June, July.

4. P. oxypétala, C. F. Austin, n. sp. Leaves ovate, small (8/’-12" long),
shorter than the slender petiole; scape (7'!-8' high) several-flowered ; flowers
on ascending pedicels, not nodding; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute, short;
petals lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, greenish ; anthers conspicuously mucronate at the
apex, obtusely 2-horned (as in No. 3) at the base, not inverted ; style straightish,
scarcely exserted. — Wooded hill near Deposit, Delaware Co., New York, June
1, 1860, C. F. Austin. —Stigma as in No. 3; the calyx-lobes, &c., different, so
that it can hardly be a monstrosity of that species.

§ 2. Stamens regular: style straight, much narrower than the expanded depressed
5-rayed stigma: petuls erect and connivent.

5. P. secunda, L. Subcaulescent; leaves ovate, thin, longer than the peti-
ole, scattered, finely serrate; racemes dense and spike-like, the numerous small
(greenish-white) flowers all turned to one side, scarcely nodding ; calyx-lobes ovate,
very much shorter than the oblong oval petals ; style long, exserted. — Rich woods:
common eastward and northward. July.— Scape 3/-6/ high. (Eu.)

Var. pumila (Paine, Cat. Pl. Oneida Co.) is a remarkable form, growing
in high peat-bogs from Otsego Co., New York, Lake Superior, and northward
(indicated by Chamisso in Russian America) ; leaves orbicular or broadly oval,
very thin (5!’-12/ long) ; scape 2'-4!' high, 3-8-flowered. July, Aug.

6. P. minor, L. Leaves roundish, slightly crenulate, thickish, mostly longer
than the margined petiole; raceme spiked; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, very
much shorter than the nearly globose corolla; style short and included. — Woods
at the base of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, Lake Superior (Z. Foot: ),

ERICACEX. (HEATH FAMILY.) 303

and northward. July, Aug.— Scape 5/-10/ high. Flowers small, crowded,
white or rose-color. (Eu.)

24. MONESES, Salisb. One-rLowerep Prroxa.

Petals 5, widely spreading, orbicular. Filaments awl-shaped, naked : anthers
as in Pyrola, but conspicuously 2-horned. Style straight, exserted: stigma
large, peltate, with 5 narrow and conspicuous radiating lobes. Valves of the
pod naked, as in the next genus. (Parts of the flower occasionally in fours.)
Scape 1-flowered. Otherwise as in Pyrola: intermediate between it and Chima-
phila. (Name formed of pdvos, single, and rovs, delight, from the pretty and
solitary flower.)

1. M. uniflora. (Pyrola uniflora, Z.) — Deep cold woods, from Penn. and
New England northward. June.— A small perennial, with the rounded and
veiny serrate thin leaves (6/’-9! long), clustered at the ascending apex of creep-
ing subterranean shoots; the 1 -2-bracted scape (2/-4/ high) bearing a White
or rose-colored terminal flower 6!’ wide. (Eu.)

25. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. Prrstssewa.

Petals 5, concave, orbicular, widely spreading. Stamens 10: filaments en-
larged and hairy in the middle: anthers as in Pyrola, but more or less conspic-
uously 2-horned. Style very short, inversely conical, nearly immersed in the
depressed summit of the globular ovary: stigma broad and orbicular, disk-
shaped, the border 5-crenate. Pod, &c. as in Pyrola, but splitting from the
apex downwards, the edges of the valves not woolly. — Low, nearly herbaceous
- plants, with long running underground shoots, and evergreen thick and shining
leaves, somewhat whorled or scattered along the short ascending stems: the
fragrant (white or purplish) flowers corymbed or umbelléd on a terminal pe-
duncle. (Name from yxetwa, winter, and drA€q@, to love, in allusion to one of the
popular names, viz. Wintergreen.)

1. C. umbellata, Nutt. (Prince’s Piny. Pripsisspewa.) Leaves wedge-
lanceolate, acute at the base, sharply serrate, not spotted ; peduncles 4 —7-flowered.

— Dry woods: common. June. — Plant 4!-10! high, leafy: petals flesh-color =

anthers violet. (Eu.)

2. C. maculata, Pursh. (Spotrep WINTERGREEN.) Leaves ovate-lan-
ceolate, obtuse at the base, remotely toothed, the upper surface variegated with white ;
peduncles 1-—5-flowered.—Dry woods: most common in the Middle States.
June, July. — Plant 3' - 6! high.

26. PTEROSPORA, Nutt. Prve-prors.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ovate, urn-shaped, 5-toothed, persistent. Stamens
10: anthers 2-celled, awned on the back, opening lengthwise. Style short:
stigma 5-lobed. Pod globose, depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, loculicidal, but the
valves cohering with the columella. Seeds very numerous, ovoid, tapering to
each end, the apex expanded into a broad reticulated wing many times larger
than the body of the seed. — A stout and simple purplish-brown clammy-pubes-

304 ERICACEH. (HEATH FAMILY.)

cent root-parasitic herb (1°-2° high); the wand-like stem furnished towards
the base with scattered lanceolate scales in place of leaves, above bearing many
nodding (white) flowers, resembling those of Andromeda, in a long bracted ra-
ceme. (Name from mrepév, a wing, and o7opd, seed, alluding to the singular
wing borne by the seeds.)

1. P. Andromedéa, Nutt.— Hard clay soil, parasitic apparently on the
roots of pines, from Vermont, Peekskill and Albany, N. Y., and N. Pennsylvania
northward and westward: rare.

27. SCHWEINITZIA, Ell. Sweer Prve-sap.

Calyx of 5 oblong-lanceolate acute scale-like sepals, erect, persistent. Corolla
persistent, bell-shaped, rather AHeshy, 5-lobed, slightly 5-gibbous at the base.
Stamens 10: anthers much shorter than the filaments, fixed near the summit,
awnless; the two sac-shaped cells opening at the top. Pod ovoid, 5-celled, with
a short and thick style, and a large 5-angular stigma. Seeds innumerable.—
A low and smooth brownish plant, 3'-4! high, with the aspect of Monotropa,
scaly-bracted, the flowers several in a terminal spike, at first nodding, flesh-color,
exhaling the fragrance of violets. (Mamed for the late Z. D. von Schweinitz.)

1. S. odorata, Ell. — Woods, parasitic on the roots of herbs, Maryland
and southward: rare. April.

28. MONOTROPA, L. _ Inpran Pires. Prve-sap.

Calyx of 2—5 lanceolate bract-like scales, deciduous. Corolla of 4 or 5 sep-
arate erect spatulate or wedge-shaped scale-like petals, which are gibbous or
saccate at the base, and tardily deciduous. Stamens 8 or 10: filaments awl-
shaped: anthers kidney-shaped, becoming 1-celled, opening across the top.
Style columnar: stigma disk-like, 4-5-rayed. Pod ovoid, 8- 10-grooved, 4—5-
celled, loculicidal: the very thick placentz covered with innumerable minute
seeds, which have a very loose coat. — Low and fleshy herbs, tawny, reddish, or
white, parasitic on roots, or growing on decomposing vegetable matter like a
Fungus; the clustered stems springing from a ball of matted fibrous rootlets,
furnished with scales or bracts in place of leaves, 1 -several-flowered ; the flow-
ering summit at first nodding, in fruit erect. (Name composed of pdvos, one,
and tpdros, turn, from the summit of the stem turned to one side.)

§1. MONOTROPA, Nutt. Plant inodorous, with a single 5-petalled and 10-an-
drous flower at the summit ; the calyx of 2-4 irregular scales or bracts: anthers
transverse, opening by 2 chinks: style short and thick: stigma naked.

1. M. uniflora, L. (Ivpran Pire. Corrse-Piant.) Smooth, waxy-
white (turning blackish in drying, 3!-8! high); stigma naked. — Dark and
rich woods: common, June - Aug.

§ 2, HYPOPITYS, Dill. Plant commonly fragrant: flowers several in a scaly
raceme ; the terminal one usually 5-petalled and 10-androus, while the rest are 4-
petalled and 8-androus ; the bract-like sepals mostly as many as the petals: anthers
opening by a continuous line into 2 very unequal valves, the smaller one erect and
appearing like a continuation of the filament: style longer than the ovary, hollow,

AQUIFOLIACH. (HOLLY FAMILY.) 305

2. M. Hypdopitys, L. (Pine-sar. Fatse Beecn-proprs.) Somewhat
pubescent or downy, tawny, whitish, or reddish (4'-12! high); pod globular
or oval; stigma ciliate. — Occurs in various forms: the more pubescent is M.
lanuginosa, Jichx. — Oak and pine woods: common. June-Aug. (Eu.)

Orper 57. GALACINEZE. (Garax Famiry.)

Character that of the following genus ; which is kept as a distinct order
until the true relationship is ascertained.

Fe GAL Aes beni.

Calyx of 5 small and separate sepals, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous, ob-
ovate-spatulate, rather erect, deciduous. Stamens hypogynous: filaments united
in a 10-toothed tube, slightly cohering with the base of the petals, the 5 teeth
opposite the petals naked, the 5 alternate ones shorter and bearing each a round-
ish 1-celled anther, which opens across the top. Pollen simple. Style short:
stigma 3-lobed. Pod ovoid, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved: columella none.
Seeds numerous, the cellular loose coat tapering to each end. Embryo straight
in fleshy albumen, more than half its length. — A smooth herb, with a thick
matted tuft of scaly creeping rootstocks, beset with fibrous red roots, sending up
round-heart-shaped crenate-toothed and veiny shining leaves (about 2! wide) on
slender petioles, and a slender naked scape, 1°-2° high, bearing a wand-like
spike or raceme of small and minutely-bracted white flowers. (Name from
ya, milk, — of no conceivable application to this plant.)

1, G. aphylla, L.— Open woods, Virginia and southward. June.

OrpeR 58. AQUIFOLIACE. (Horry Famrry.)

Trees or shrubs, with small axillary 4 —8-merous flowers, a minute calyx
free from the 4-8-celled ovary and the 4-—8-seeded berry-like drupe; the
stamens as many as the divisions of the almost or quite 4 — 8-petalled corolla
and alternate with them, attached to their very base. — Corolla imbricated
in the bud. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigmas 4-8, or united into
one, nearly sessile. Seeds suspended and solitary in each cell, anatropous,
with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. Leaves simple, mostly alternate.
Flowers white or greenish. — A small family, here represented by only
two genera (Prinos being placed under Ilex) ; related to the Celastracez,
&c., among the Polypetalous orders as much as to the following order.

1. ILEX, L. (lex & Prinos, L.) Hotty.

Flowers more or less diceciously polygamous. Calyx 4-6-toothed. Petals
4-6, separate, or united only at the base, oval or obovate, obtuse, spreading.
Stamens 4-6. The berry-like drupe containing 4-6 little nutlets. — Leaves
alternate. Fertile flowers inclined to be solitary, and the sterile or partly sterile
flowers to be clustered in the axils. (The ancient Latin name of the Holly-Oak
rather than of the Holly.)

20

)

306 AQUIFOLIACEE. (HOLLY FAMILY.)

§1. AQUIFOLIUM, Tourn. Parts of the flower commonly in fours, sometimes
in fives or sixes: drupe red, its nutlets ribbed, veiny, or one-grooved on the back :
leaves (mostly smooth) coriaceous and evergreen.

* Leaves armed with spiny teeth: trees.

1. I. opaca, Ait. (American Horry.) Leaves oval, flat, the wavy
margins with scattered spiny teeth; flowers in loose clusters along the base of
the young branches and in the axils; calyx-teeth acute. — Moist woodlands,
Maine to Pennsylvania, near the coast, and more common from Virginia —
southward. June.— Tree 20°-40° high; the deep green foliage less glossy,
the berries not so bright red, and their nutlets not so veiny, as in the European
Holly (I. Aqguiro.ium, L.).

* * Leaves serrate or entire, not spiny: shrubs.

2. I. Cassine, L. (Cassena. Yaupron.) Leaves lance-ovate or elliptical,
crenate (1‘— 13! long) ; flower-clusters nearly sessile, smooth ; calyzx-teeth obtuse. —
Virginia and southward along the coast. May.— Leaves used for tea by the
people along the coast, as they were to make the celebrated black drink of the
North Carolina Indians.

3. I. myrtifolia, Walt. eaves linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, sparingly
and sharply serrate or entire (1' long); peduncles slender and 3-9-flowered, or
the more fertile shorter and 1-flowered, smooth ; calyz-teeth acute. — Coast of
Virginia and southward. May. — Probably a var. or the next.

4. I. Dahoon, Walt. (Danoon Hotty.) Leaves oblanceolate or oblong,
entire, or sharply serrate towards the apex, with revolute margins (2'—3/long),
the midrib and peduncles pubescent ; calyx-teeth acute. — Swamps, coast cf Virginia
and southward. May, June.

§ 2. PRINOIDES. Parts of the (polygamous or diccious) flowers in fours or fives
(rarely in sixes): drupe red or purple, the nutlets striate-many-ribbed on the back :
leaves deciduous: shrubs.

5. I. decidua, Walt. Leaves wedge-oblong or lance-obovate, obtusely serrate,
downy on the midrib beneath, shining above, becoming thickish ; peduncles of the
sterile flowers longer than the petioles, of the fertile short ; calyx-teeth smooth,
acute. — Wet grounds, Virginia, Illinois, and southward. May.

6. I. monticola, Gray. Leaves ovate or lance-oblong, ample (3'- 5! long),
taper-pointed, thin-membranaceous, smooth, sharply serrate ; fertile flowers very
short-peduncled ; calyx ciliate. (I. ambigua, Torr. I. montana, Ed. 1, not
Prinos montanus, Sw.) — Damp woods, Taconic and Catskill Mountains, and
Cattaraugus Co., New York (G. W. Clinton), through Pennsylvania (east to
Northampton Co. Mr. Wolle, Prof. T. Green), and southward along the Alle-
ghanies. May.

7. I. mollis, Gray. Leaves soft downy beneath, oval, ovate, or oblong, taper-
pointed at both ends, especially at the apex, thin-membranaceous, sharply ser-
rulate ; sterile flowers very numerous in umbel-like clusters, the pedicels shorter
than the petiole and (with the calyx) soft-downy, the fertile peduncles very
short. (Prinos pubescens, Michr. herb. P. ambiguus, Pursh, not Michr.) —
Burgoon’s Gap, Alleghanies of Pennsylvania (J. R. Lowrie, in fruit), and along
the mountains in the Southern States. — Resembles the last.

EBENACEE. (EBONY FAMILY.) 307

§ 3. PRINOS, L. Parts of the sterile flowers in fours, fives, or sixes, those of the
fertile flowers commonly in sixes (rarely in fives, sevens, or eights) : nutlets smooth
and even: shrubs.

* Leaves deciduous: flowers in sessile clusters, or the fertile solitary : fruit bright red.

8. I. verticillata, Gray. (Brack Atper. Wrinterserry.) Leaves
obovate, oval, or wedge-lanceolate, pointed, acute at the base, serrate, downy on
the veins beneath ; flowers all very short-peduncled. (Prinos verticillatus, L.) — Low
grounds: common. May, June.

9. I. levigata, Gray. (Smoorm WINTERBERRY.) Leaves lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, appressed-serrulate, shining above, be-
neath mostly glabrous ; sterile flowers long-peduncled. (Prinos levigatus, Pursh.)
— Wet grounds, Maine to the mountains of Virginia. June.— Fruit larger
than in the last, ripening earlier in the autumn.

* * Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, shining above, often black-dotted beneath: fruit black.

10. I. glabra, Gray. (INKBERRy.) Leaves wedge-lanceolate or oblong,
sparingly toothed towards the apex, smooth; peduncles (3' long) of the sterile
flowers 3 -6-flowered, of the fertile 1-flowered ; calyx-teeth rather blunt. (Pri-
nos glaber, L.) —Sandy grounds, Cape Ann, Massachusetts, to Virginia and
southward near the coast. June. —Shrub 2°-3° high.

2. NEMOPANTHES, Raf. Movnrarn Hotty.

Flowers polygamo-dicecious. Calyx in the sterile flowers of 4-5 minute de-
ciduous teeth; in the fertile ones obsolete. Petals 4-5, oblong-linear, spread-
ing, distinct. Stamens 4-5: filaments slender. Drupe with 4-5 bony nutlets,
light red.— A much-branched shrub, with ash-gray bark, alternate and oblong
deciduous leaves on slender petioles, entire, or slightly toothed, smooth. Flowers
on long and slender axillary peduncles, solitary, or sparingly clustered. (Name
said by the author to mean “ flower with a filiform peduncle,” therefore prob-
ably composed of yjya, a thread, rods, a foot, and avOos, a flower.)

1. N. Canadénsis, DC. (Ilex Canadensis, Michr.) —Damp cold woods,
from the mountains of Virginia to Maine, Wisconsin, and northward: common‘
at the north. May.

Orper 59. EBENACEZE. (Exony Famity.)

Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire leaves, and polygamous regular flow-
ers which have a calyx free from the 3—12-celled ovary; the stamens 2-4
times as many as the lobes of the corolla, often in pairs before them, their
anthers turned inwards, and the fruit a several-celled berry. Ovules 1 or 2,
suspended from the summit of each cell. Seeds anatropous, mostly single
in each cell, large and flat, with a smooth coriaceous integument; the
embryo shorter than the hard albumen, with a long radicle and flat cotyl-
“edons. Styles wholly or partly separate. — Wood hard and dark-colored.
No milky jnice. — A small family, chiefly tropical, represented here only
by the Persimmon.

308 SAPOTACEH. (SAPPODILLA FAMILY.)

1. DIOSPYROS, LL. DarePuum. Persrmon.

Calyx 4-6-lobed. Corolla 4—6-lobed, convolute in the bud. Stamens com-
monly 16 in the sterile flowers, and 8 in the fertile, in the latter imperfect.
Berry large, globular, surrounded at the base by the thickish calyx, 4—8-celled,
4 -8-seeded. — Flowers diceciously polygamous, the fertile axillary and solitary,
the sterile smaller and often clustered. (Name, Acds, of Jove, and mupds, grain.)

1. D. Virginiana, L. (Common Persimmon.) Leaves ovate-oblong,
smooth or nearly so; peduncles very short; calyx 4-parted; corolla between
bell-shaped and urn-shaped ; styles 4, two-lobed at the apex; ovary 8-celled. —
Woods and old fields, Rhode Island and New York to Illinois, and southward.
June. — Tree 20°-60° high, with very hard blackish wood, thickish leaves, a
pale yellow corolla, and a plum-like fruit, 1’ in diameter, which is exceedingly
astringent when green, yellow when ripe, and sweet and edible after exposure
to frost.

Orper 60. SAPOTACEZE. (Sappopitia Famiry.)

Trees or shrubs, mostly with a milky juice, simple and entire alternate
leaves (often rusty-downy beneath), small and perfect regular flowers usually
in axillary clusters ; the calyx free and persistent ; the fertile stamens com-
monly as many as the lobes of the hypogynous short corolla and opposite
them, inserted on its tube, along with one or more rows of appendages and
scales, or sterile stamens ; anthers turned outwards ; ovary 4—12-celled, with
a single anatropous ovule in each cell ; seeds large. — Albumen mostly none ;
but the large embryo with thickened cotyledons. Style single, pointed. —
A small, mostly tropical order, producing the Sappodilla or Star-apple,
and some other edible fruits, represented in our district only by the genus

1. BUMELIA, Swartz. Bomerta.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with a pair of internal appendages at each
sinus. Fertile stamens 5: anthers arrow-shaped. Sterile stamens 5, petal-like,
alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit small, resem-
bling a cherry, black, containing a large ovoid and erect seed, with a roundish
sear at its base. — Flowers small, white, in fascicles from the axil of the leaves.
Branches often spiny. Leaves often fascicled on short spurs. Wood very hard.
(The ancient name of a kind of Ash.) :

1. B. lycioides, Gertn. (Sournern BuckrnHorn.) Spiny (10° - 25°
high) ; leaves wedge-oblong varying to oval-lanceolate, with a tapering base, often
acute, reticulated, nearly glabrous (2'-4' long); clusters densely many-flowered ;
fruit ovoid. — Moist ground, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. May, June.

2. B. lanuginosa, Pers. Spiny (10°-40° high) ; leaves oblong-obovate or
wedge-obovate, rusty-woolly beneath, obtuse (14/-3! long) ; clusters 6- 12-flowered ;
fruit globular. (B. lanuginosa & tomentosa, A. DC.) — Woods, Illinois, oppo-
site St. Louis, and southward, — a variety with the leaves less woolly and rusty
beneath (B. oblongifolia, Nutt.), passing towards No.1. July.

STYRACACEA. (STORAX FAMILY.) 309

Orper 61. S'TWRACACEZ. (Srorax Famity.)

Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves destitute of stipules, and per-
fect regular flowers ; the calyx either free or adherent to the 2—-—5-celled
ovary ; the corolla of 4—8 petals, commonly more or less united at the base ;
the stamens twice as many as the petals or more numerous, monadelphous or
polyadelphous at the base ; style 1; fruit dry or drupe-like, 1 —5-celled, the cells
commonly 1-seeded. — Seeds anatropous. Embryo nearly the length of the
albumen: radicle slender, as long as or longer than the flat cotyledons.
Corolla hypogynous when the calyx is free: the stamens adherent to its
base. Ovules 2 or more in each cell. — A small family, mostly of warm
countries, comprising two very distinct tribes, which are sometimes sepa-
rated as suborders or orders.

Tribe I. STYRACEX., Calyx 4-8-toothed orentire. Stamens 2-4 times as many
as the petals: anthers linear or oblong, adnate, introrse. Ovules or part of them ascending,
— Flowers white, handsome, Pubescence soft and stellate.
1. Styrax. Calyx coherent only with the base of the 3-celled ovary. Corolla mostly 5,
parted. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded.
2. Halesia. Calyx coherent with the whole surface of the 2-4-celled ovary, which is 2-4,
winged and 2-4-celled in fruit, Corolla 4-lobed.

Tribe II. SYMPLOCINE. Calyx 5-cleft. Stamens usually very numerous: an-
thers short, innate. Ovules pendulous. -— Flowers yellow. Pubescence simple.
3. Symplocos. Calyx coherent. Petals 5, united merely at the base.

1. STYRAX, Tourn. STorax.

Calyx truncate, somewhat 5-toothed, the base (in our species) coherent with
the base of the 3-celled many-ovuled ovary. Corolla 5-parted (rarely 4-8-
parted), large ; the lobes mostly soft-downy. Stamens twice as many as the
lobes of the corolla: filaments flat, united at the base into a short tube: anthers
linear, adnate. Fruit globular, its base surrounded by the persistent calyx,
1-celled, mostly 1-seeded, dry, often 3-valved. Seed globular, erect, with a hard
coat. — Shrubs or small trees, with commonly deciduous leaves, and axillary or
leafy-racemed white and showy flowers, on drooping peduncles ; produced in
spring. Pubescence scurfy or stellate. (1 Srvpa€, the ancient Greek name of
the tree which produces storaz. )

1. S. grandifolia, Ait. Leaves obovate, acute or pointed, white-tomentose
beneath (3'—6! long) ; flowers mostly in elongated racemes ; corolla (4! long) convo-
lute-imbricated in the bud. — Woods, Virginia and southward.

2. S. pulverulénta, Michx. Leaves oval or obovate (about 1’ long),
above sparingly puberulent, and scurfy-tomentose beneath ; flowers (3! long) 1-3 to-
gether in the axils and at the tips of the branches, fragrant. — Low pine barrens,
Virginia (Pursh) and southward. — Shrub 19-49 high.

3. S. Americana, Lam. Leaves oblong, acute at both ends (1: -3/ long),
smooth, or barely pulverulent beneath ; flowers axillary or in 3—4-flowered racemes
(3/ long) ; corolla valvate in the bud. (S. glabrum and S. lve, Ell.) —Mar-
gin of swamps, Virginia and southward. — Shrub 4° - 8° high.

510 PLANTAGINACER. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.)

2. HALESIA, Ellis. Snowprop or SILVER-BELL-TREE.

Calyx inversely conical, 4-toothed ; the tube 4-ribbed, coherent with the 2-4-
celled ovary. Petals 4, united at the base, or oftener to the middle, into an open
bell-shaped corolla, convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8-16: fila-
ments united into a ring at the base, and usually a little coherent with the base
of the corolla: anthers linear-oblong. Ovules 4 in each cell. Fruit large and
dry, 2-4-winged, within bony and 1-4-celled. Seeds single, cylindrical. —
Shrubs or small trees, with large and veiny pointed deciduous leaves, and showy
white flowers, drooping on slender pedicels, in clusters or short racemes, from
axillary buds of the preceding year. Pubescence partly stellate. (Named for
Stephen Hales, author of Vegetable Statics, &c.)

1. H. tetraptera, L. Leaves oblong-ovate ; fruit 4-winged. — Banks of
streams, upper part of Virginia, also on the Ohio River at Evansville (Short),
and southward. Fruit 13! long.

3. SYMPLOCOS, Jacq. (HOPEA, L.) Sweer-Lear.

Calyx 5-cleft, the tube coherent with the lower part of the 3-celled ovary.
Petals 5, imbricated in the bud, lightly united at the base. Stamens very nu-
merous, in 5 clusters, one cohering with the base of each petal: filaments slen-
der: anthers very short. Fruit drupe-like or dry, mostly 1-celled and 1-seeded,
— Shrubs or small trees, the leaves commonly turning yellowish in drying,
and furnishing a yellow dye. Flowers in axillary clusters or racemes, yellow.
(Name cvpm)okos, connected, from the union of the stamens.)

1. S. tinetoria, L’Her. (Horsr-Sucar, &c.) Leaves elongated-oblong,
acute, obscurely toothed, thickish, almost persistent, minutely pubescent and
pale beneath (3’—5/ long) ; flowers 6 - 14, in close and bracted clusters, odorous.
— Rich ground, Virginia and southward. April.—Leaves sweet, greedily
eaten by cattle.

Orver 62. PLANTAGINACEZ. (PiantTarn Famiy.)

Chiefly stemless herbs, with regular 4-merous spiked flowers, the stamens
inserted on the tube of the dry and membranaceous veinless monopetalous
corolla, alternate with its lobes ; — chiefly represented by the genus

1. PLANTAGO, L._ Prantary. Rrecrass.

Calyx of 4 imbricated persistent sepals, mostly with dry membranaceous mar-
gins. Corolla salver-form, withering on the pod, the border 4-parted. Stamens
4, or rarely 2, in all or some flowers with long and weak exserted filaments, and
fugacious 2-celled anthers. Ovary 2- (or in No. 5 falsely 3-4-) celled, with 1-
several ovules in each cell. Style and long hairy stigma single, filiform. Pod
2-celled, 2-several-seeded, opening all round by a transverse line, so that the
top falls off like a lid, and the loose partition (which bears the peltate seeds) falls
away. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen. — Leaves ribbed. Flowers whitish,
small, in a bracted spike or head, raised on a naked scape. (The Latin name.)

PLANTAGINACEZ. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 311

§ 1. Flowers all perfect and alike, and with the 4 stamens and filiform stigma much
exserted, but dichogamous, i. e. with the stigma exserted from the tip of the corolla a
day or so before it expands and the anthers are hung out (an arrangement for crose-
fertilization) : lobes of the corolla spreading or reflexed after flowering.

* Leaves 5-—7-ribbed, mostly broad: spike long and slender, smooth: seeds not concave

on the inner face: root perennial, or perhaps annual in No. 2 and 3.

1. P. mAsor, L. (Common Prantarn.) Smooth or rather hairy, rarely
roughish ; leaves ovate, oblong, oval, or slightly heart-shaped, often toothed,
abruptly narrowed into a channelled petiole; spike dense; pod 7 —16-seeded. —
Moist grounds, everywhere near dwellings. June - Sept. — A small and rougher
= in salt marshes. (Nat. from Eu., but probably indigenous high north.)

. P. KamrscuAtica, Cham. Much resembles small forms of the preced-

\

— Buffalo, N. Y., Mr. Day, and sparingly in the south. (Apparently adv.)

3. P. sparsiflora, Michx. Slender (3/-18! high), smoothish or hairy;
leaves lanceolate or oblong, 3 — 5-nerved, tapering to both ends, denticulate or entire ;
spike sparsely-flowered, very slender ; lobes of the corolla acute; pod 2-seeded. —
Mound City, Ilinois (Dr. Vasey), and southward. July - Sept.

4. P. cordata, Lam. Tall, glabrous; /eaves heart-shaped or round-ovate
(3’-8' long), long-petioled, the ribs rising from the midrib ; spike at length loosely
flowered ; bracts round-ovate, fleshy ; pod 2-4-seeded. — Along rivulets, New York
to Wisconsin (rare), and southward. April-June.

* * Leaves linear, thick and fleshy, without ribs, or when dry obscurely 3-nerved : spike
slender : tube of the corolla hairy below: seeds not hollowed.

5. P. maritima, L., var.juncoides. Smooth, or the scape slightly pu-
bescent ; leaves flat or flattish and channelled, erect, nearly as long as the scape
(5'-12'), mostly entire; pod 2-celled or incompletely 3-4-celled, 2—4-seeded ;
root on our coast annual or biennial. (P. juncoides, Lam.) — Salt marshes, from
New Jersey northward. Near Boston a depauperate form, 2/—5! high, little
fleshy, grows in sand beyond the influence of salt water (D. Murray). The per-
ennial P. maritima occurs in New Brunswick, &c., perhaps in Maine.

* * * Leaves 3=5-ribbed, narrow: spike thick and dense, at first or throughout very
short : two of the scarious sepals generally united into one: seeds only 2, hollowed
on the inner face.

6. P. ranceoxrAta, L. (Rreerass. RippLecrass. ENnGLisH PLANTAIN.)
Mostly hairy; scape grooved-angled, at length much longer than the lanceolate
or lance-oblong leaves, slender (9'!-2° high) ; root perennial. — Dry fields :
common eastward. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. Flowers of two sorts on distinct plants, apparently polygamo-dicecious ; the mostly
sterile with the usual large anthers on long capillary filaments, and the lobes of the
corolla reflered or spreading ; the truly fertile with minute anthers on short included
filaments, and the corolla usually closing permanently over the apex of the fruit:
seeds not hollowed on the fuce: small annuals or biennials.

* Stamens 4: spike dense.

7. P. Virginica, L. Hairy or hoary-pubescent (2/-9/ high) ; leaves ob-

long, varying to obovate and spatulate-lanceolate, 3~-5-nerved, slightly or

Le oar

ing; but sepals and bract narrower, and pod 4-seeded. (P. Rugelii, Decaisne.) age

vs ay ee

rs

312 PLUMBAGINACEE. (LEADWORT FAMILY.)

coarsely and sparingly toothed; seeds usually 2.—Sandy grounds, Rhode
Island to Illinois and southward. May - Sept.

* % Stamens only 2: leaves narrowly linear or thread-shaped, barely 1-ribbed: spike

mostly slender, of few or many crowded or scattered small flowers.

8. P. pusilla, Nutt. Minutely pubescent (1/- 4! high) ; leaves entire; pod
short-ovoid, 4-seeded, little exceeding the calyx and bract.— Dry hills, New York
to Illinois, and southward. April- Aug.

9. P. heterophylla, Nutt. Leaves rather fleshy, acute, entire, or some
of them below 2-4-lobed or toothed ; pod oblong-conoidal, 10 - 28-seeded, nearly
twice the length of the calyx and bract. (P. pusilla, Decaisne, in DC.) — Low or
sandy grounds, from Philadelphia southward. April-June.— Plant 2/-8/
high.

§ 3. Flowers all commonly fertile, but of 2 sorts on different plants ; the more common
with very small anthers on short filaments (perhaps early and close-fertilized) ; oth-
ers with large anthers on long-exserted filaments: corolla with broad round lobes
permanently widely spreading : seeds 2 (one in each cell), boat-shaped, deeply hol-
lowed on the face: mostly annuals, with narrow and woolly or hairy leaves.

10. P. Patagonica, Jacq. Silky-woolly, or becoming naked; leaves 1-
3-nerved ; spike cylindrical or oblong, dense; sepals very obtuse, scarious, with
a thick centre. (Found through almost the whole length of America.)

Var. gnaphalioides, Gray. White with silky wool; leaves varying from
oblong-linear to filiform; spike very dense (4! 4! long), woolly; bracts not
exceeding the calyx. (P. Lagopus, Pursh. P. gnaphalioides, Nutt.) — Dry
plains, W. Wisconsin and southwestward. — Runs through var. SPINULOSA and
var. NUDA into

Var. aristata, Gray. Loosely hairy and green, or becoming glabrous ;
bracts awned, 2-3 times the length of the flowers. (P. aristata, Michz., &c.) —
Iilinois and southwestward.

Orver 63. PLUMBAGINACEZE. (Leapwort Famty.)

Maritime herbs, with regular 5-merous flowers, a plaited calyx, the 5 sta-
mens opposite the separate petals or the lobes of the corolla, and the free ovary
one-celled, with a solitary ovule hanging from a long cord which rises from
the base of the cell. —The Sraticka or Marsu-Rosemary TriBe only
is represented in our region, in gardens by the Turirr (ARMERIA VUL-
GARIS), on the coast by a single species of

1. STATICE > Tourn. Sea-LAVENDER. Marsn-Rosemary.

Flowers scattered or loosely spiked and 1-sided on the branches, 2—3-bracted.
Calyx funnel-form, dry and membranaceous, persistent. Corolla of 5 nearly or
quite distinct petals, with long claws, the 5 stamens severally attached to their
bases. Styles 5, rarely 3, separate. Fruit membranous and indehiscent, 1-seeded,
in the bottom of the calyx. Embryo straight, in mealy albumen. —Sea-side
perennials, with thick and stalked radical leaves; the naked flowering stems or

)

PRIMULACEZ. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 313

scapes branched into panicles. ( Srariky, an ancient name given to this or some
other herb, on account of its astringency.)

1. S. Limonium, L. Leaves oblong, spatulate, or obovate-lanceolate, 1-
ribbed, tipped with a deciduous bristly point, petioled; scape much-branched,
corymbose-panicled (1°-2° high) ; spikelets 1 - 3-flowered ; calyx-tube hairy on
the angles, the lobes ovate-triangular, with as many teeth in the sinuses, —
Root thick and woody, very astringent. Flowers lavender-color. (Eu.)

Var. Caroliniana (S. Caroliniana, Walt., &c.), the plant of the Northern
States, has a hollow scape, more erect branches, at length scattered flowers, and
sharper calyx-lobes.— Salt marshes along the coast, extending northward (where
it passes into S. Bahusiensis, Fries). Aug., Sept. (Eu.)

Orver 64. PREIMULACEZX. (Primrose Famiy.)

Herbs, with simple leaves, and regular perfect flowers, the stamens as many
as the lobes of the monapetalous (rarely polypetalous) corolla and inserted
opposite them, a 1-celled ovary with a central free placenta rising from the
base, bearing several or many seeds. — Calyx free from the ovary, or in
Samolus partly coherent. (Corolla none in Glaux.) Stamens 4 or 5,
rarely 6 or 8. Style and stigma one. Seeds with a small embryo in fleshy
albumen, amphitropous and fixed by the middle, except in Tribe 4.

Tribe I. PRIMULE. Pod free from the calyx, opening by valves or teeth.

* Stemless: leaves all in a cluster from the root.
1. Primula. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, open at the throat. Stamens included.
2. Androsace. Corolla short, very small, constricted at the throat. Stamens included.
3. Dodecatheon. Corolla refiexed, 5-parted. Stamens exserted: filaments united.

* * Stems leafy: corolla wheel-shaped (or in Glaux none).
4. Trientalis. Corolla mostly 7-parted. Stem leafy only at the summit.
5. Lysimachia. Corolla 5-6-parted or 5-6-petalled. Stems leafy throughout.
6. Glaux. Corolla none: the calyx petal-like.

Tribe II. ANAGALLIDEZ. Pod circumcissile. Otherwise as in Tribe I.
7. Amagallis. Corolla longer than the calyx, 5-parted. Leaves opposite.
8. Centuneulus. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4-5-cleft. Leaves alternate.

Tribe III. SAMOLEZ. Pod partly adherent to the calyx, opening by valves.
9. Samolus. Corolla bell-shaped and with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses.

Tribe IV. HOTTONIE®. PodasinTribeI. Seeds fixed by the base, anatropous.
10. Hottonia. Corolla salver-shaped. Immersed leaves pectinately dissected.

1. PRIMULA cal bs Primrose. Cows ip.

Calyx tubular, angled, 5-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped, enlarging above the
insertion of the stamens; the 5 lobes often notched or inversely heart-shaped.
Stamens 5, included. Pod many-seeded, splitting at the top into 5 valves or 10
teeth. — Low perennial herbs, producing a tuft of veiny leaves at the root, and
simple scapes, bearing the flowers in an umbel. (Name a diminutive of primus,
from the flowering of the true Primrose in early spring.)

1. P. farindsa, L. (Brrp’s-eye Primrose.) Leaves elliptical or obo-
vate-lanceolate, the lower surface and the 3-20-flowered involucre, §-c. covered with

514 PRIMULACEE. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

a white mealiness: corolla pale lilac with a yellow eye. — Shores of Lakes St.
Clair and Huron; also Mount Kineo, Maine (A. H. Smith), and northward.
June, July. — Scape 3/-10' high. (Eu.)

2. P. Mistassinica, Michx. Leaves spatulate or wedge-oblong, thin and
veiny, not mealy; involucre 1—8-flowered; lobes of the flesh-colored corolla
broadly and deeply obcordate. — Shores of the Upper Lakes: also Crooked Lake
(Sartwell) and Annsville, Oneida County, New York (Knieskern and Vasey),
Willoughby Mountain, Vermont (Wood, §c.), and northward. May. —A
pretty species, 2!-6! high. (Eu.)

2. ANDROSACE, Tourn. Anprosacz.

Calyx 5-cleft; the tube short. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-form ; the tube
shorter than the calyx, contracted at the throat; the limb 5-parted. Stamens
and style included. Pod 5-valved. — Small herbs, with clustered root-leaves,
and very small solitary or umbelled flowers. (An ancient and obscure name,
thought by Linnzus to be formed of avdpés, of man, and aakos, a shield.)

1. A. occidentalis, Pursh. Smoothish annual; scapes diffuse (2!-4!
high), many-flowered ; leaves and leaflets of the involucre oblong-ovate, entire, _
sessile ; calyx-lobes leafy, triangular-lanceolate, longer than the (white) corolla.
— Bare hills on the Mississippi, Illinois, and northwestward.

3. DODECATHEON, LL. American CowstP.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft; the divisions lanceolate, reflexed. Corolla with a very
short tube, a thickened throat, and a 5-parted reflexed limb; the divisions long
and narrow. Filaments short, monadelphous at the base: anthers long and
linear, approximate in a slender cone.— Perennial smooth herb, with fibrous
roots, a cluster of oblong or spatulate leaves, and a simple naked scape, involu-
crate with small bracts at the summit, bearing an ample umbel of showy flowers,
nodding on slender peduncles. Corolla rose-color, or sometimes white. (Name
fancifully assumed from dadexa, twelve, and Oeoi, gods.)

1. D. Meadia, L.— Rich woods, Pennsylvania and Maryland to Wiscon-
sin, and southwestward. May, June.— Very handsome in cultivation. In the
West called SHooTinG-Srar.

4. TRIENTALIS >» L. CHickWEED-WINTERGREEN.

Calyx mostly 7-parted; the divisions linear-lanceolate, pointed. Corolla
mostly 7-parted, spreading, flat, without any tube. Filaments slender, united in
a ring at the base: anthers oblong, revolute after flowering. Pod few-seeded. —
Low and smooth perennials, with simple erect stems, bearing a few alternate
usually minute and scale-like leaves below, and a whorl of ‘thin veiny leaves at
the summit. Peduncles one or more, very slender, bearing a delicate white and
star-shaped flower. (A Latin name, meaning the third part of a foot, alluding
to the height of the plant.) .
1. T. Americana, Pursh. (Star-rrower.) Leaves elongated-lanceo-
OVA late, tapering to both ends; petals finely pointed. — Damp cold woods : common
‘dan Ay) northward, and southward in the mountains. May. 4

PRIMULACEX. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 815

5. LYSIMACHIA, Toumn. Loosesrrire.

Calyx 5- (rarely 6-7-) parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5- (or 6-7-) parted,
or even of as many separate petals. Stamens as many. Pod globose, 5-10-
valved, few — many-seeded. — Leafy-stemmed perennials, with mostly yellow
flowers, either axillary or in a terminal raceme. (Named in honor of King
Lysimachus, or from vats, a release from, maxn, strife.)

§ 1. NAUMBURGIA, Meench. Leaves opposite, sessile, minutely glandular-dotted :
parts of the flower not rarely 6, sometimes 7; the narrow petals almost or quite
distinct, and with an interposed small tooth, sprinkled with purplish dots : filaments
slender, distinct, equal: anthers short: pod few-seeded.

1. L. thyrsiflora, L. (Turrep Loosesrrire.) Smooth; stem simple
(1°- 2° high); lower leaves reduced to scales, the rest lanceolate, the axils of
one or two pairs of the middle ones bearing a short-peduncled head-like or spike-
like cluster of light yellow small flowers; divisions of the corolla lance-linear.
(Naumburgia thyrsiflora, Reichenb., and Ed. 2.) — Cold wet swamps, from Penn.
northward. June, July. (Eu.)

§2. TRIDYNIA, Raf. Leaves opposite or whorled, sessile, dotted: calyx and
golden-yellow corolla streaked with dark lines: filaments mostly unequal, plainly
monadeiphous at the base, with no interposed sterile ones: anthers short: pod 5-
valved, ripening only 2-5 seeds.

2. L. stricta, Ait. Smooth, at length branched, very leafy ; leaves opposite
or rarely alternate, lanceolate, acute at each end; flowers on slender pedicels in
a long raceme (5'—12'), which is leafy at the base; or, in var. proptcTA, leafy
for fully half its length: lobes of the corolla lance-oblong. — Low grounds : com-
mon. June-Aug.— Stems 1°-2° high, often bearing oblong or moniliform
bulblets in the axils.

3. L. quadrifolia, L. Somewhat hairy; stem simple (1°-2° high);
leaves whorled in fours or fives (rarely in threes or sixes) ovate-lanceolate ; flow-
ers on long capillary peduncles from the axils of the leaves; lobes of the corolla
ovate-oblong. — Moist or sandy soil: common. June.—A variety has the
leaves varying to opposite and partly alternate, some of the upper reduced to
bracts shorter than the peduncles. Near New York, Washington, &c.

§ 3. STEIRONEMA, Raf. Leaves opposite, not dotted, glabrous, mostly ciliate at
the base: flowers nodding on slender peduncles from the axils of the upper leaves :
corolla light yellow, not streaked nor dotted ; the lobes broadly ovate, pointed, with
undulate or denticulate margins, little exceeding the sepals: filaments nearly equal,
scarcely monadelphous, with the rudiments of a sterile set interposed at the base in
the form of slender teeth or processes: anthers linear, at length curved : pod 5 - 10-
valved, or bursting irregularly, 10 - 20-seeded.

4. L. ciliata, L. Stem erect (2°-3° high); leaves lanceolate-ovate (3!'-6!
long), tapering to an acute point, rounded or heart-shaped at the base, all on long
and fringed petioles; corolla longer than the calyx.— Low ground and thickets:
common. July.

5. L. radicans, Hook. Stem slender, soon reclined, the elongated branches
often rooting in the mud ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, mostly rounded at the base, on slen-

516 PRIMULACEE. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

der petioles: corolla about the length of the calyx.— Swampy river-banks, West
Virginia (Aikin) and southward. — Leaves and flowers nearly one half smaller
than in the last.

6. L. lanceolata, Walt. Stem erect (10!-20/ high) ; leaves lanceolate, va-
rying to oblong and to linear, narrowed into a short margined petiole or tapering base,
or the lowest short and broad on long petioles. — Var. HYBRIDA is merely the
broader-leaved form. Var. ANGUSTIFOLIA (L. angustifolia, Zam.) is a slender
branching form, with the upper leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, and acute
at both ends. — Low grounds: not uncommon, especially westward and south-
ward. June-Aug.

7. L. longifolia, Pursh. Stem erect, 4-angled, slender (1°-3° high), often -
branched below ; stem-leaves sessile, narrowly linear, elongated (2'-4' long, 2! -3!/
wide), smooth and shining, rather rigid, obtuse, the margins often a little revo-
lute, the veins obscure; the lowest oblong or spatulate ; corolla (8'’—9/' broad)
longer than the calyx, the lobes conspicuously pointed. (L. revoluta, Nutt.) —
Moist soil, Western New York and Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and Illinois.
July — Sept.

§ 4. Introduced European species of true Lysimachia.

8. IL. nummutAria, L. (Moneyworrt.) Smooth; stems trailing and
creeping ; leaves roundish, small, short-petioled ; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered ;-
divisions of the corolla broadly ovate, obtuse, longer than the lance-ovate calyx-
lobes and the stamens ; filaments slightly monadelphous at the base. — Escaped
from gardens into damp ground in some places. July —Sept.

6. GLAUX, L. Sea-MILKWwort.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft ; the lobes ovate, petal-like. Corolla wanting. Sta-
mens 5, on the base of the calyx, alternate with its lobes. Pod 5-valved, few-
seeded. — A low and leafy fleshy perennial, with opposite oblong and entire ses-
sile leaves, and solitary nearly sessile (purplish and white) flowers in their axils.
(An ancient Greek name, from yAavkds, sea-green.)

1. G. maritima, L. — Sea-shore of New England from Cape Cod north-
ward. Also beyond the Mississippi northwestward. June. (Eu.)

7. ANAGALL IS, Tourn. Prreryev.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, with almost no tube, 5-parted, longer
than the calyx; the divisions broad. Stamens 5: filaments bearded. Pod
membranaceous, circumcissile, the top falling off like a lid, many-seeded. — Low,
spreading or procumbent herbs, mostly annuals, with opposite or whorled entire
leaves, and solitary flowers on axillary peduncles. (The ancient Greek name,
probably from avd, again, and ayddAa, to delight in.)

1, A. arvensis, L. (Common PimperNeEL.) Leaves ovate, sessile, shorter
than the peduncles ; petals obovate, obtuse, fringed with minute teeth or stalked
glands. — Waste sandy fields. June- Aug. — Flowers variable in size, scarlet,
sometimes purple, blue, or white, quickly closing at the approach of bad
weather; whence the English popular name of “ Poor Man’s Weather-glass.”
(Nat. from Eu.)

LENTIBULACEEZ. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.) 317

8. CENTUNCULUS, L._ Cuarrwern.

Calyx 4-5-parted. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4—5-cleft, wheel-shaped,
with an urn-shaped short tube, usually withering on the summit of the pod
(which is like that of Anagallis). Stamens 4 or 5: filaments beardless. —
Small annuals, with alternate entire leaves, and solitary inconspicuous flowers
in their axils. (Derivation obscure.)

1. C. minimus, L. Stems ascending (2’-5! long) ; leaves ovate, obovate,
or spatulate-oblong ; flowers nearly sessile, the parts mostly in fours. (C. lan-
ceolatus, Michx.) — Low grounds, Illinois and southward, (Eu.)

9. SAMOLUS, LL. Warer Piveeryet. Broox-weep.

Calyx 5-cleft; the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Corolla somewhat
bell-shaped, 5-cleft, commonly with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses. True
stamens 5, on the tube of the corolla, included. Pod 5-valved at the summit,
many-seeded. — Smooth herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small white
flowers in racemes. (“ According to Pliny, an ancient Druidical name.”

1. S. Valerandi, L. Stem erect (6’-12! high), leafy; leaves obovate ;
bracts none; bractlets on the middle of the slender ascending pedicels ; calyx-
lobes ovate, shorter than the corolla. (Eu.)

Var. Americanus, Gray. More slender, becoming diffusely branched ;
racemes often panicled, the pedicels longer and spreading ; bractlets, flowers,
and pods smaller. (S. floribiindus, H. b. K.) — Wet places: common. June-
Sept.

10. HOTTONIA, L. Fearuerror. Warer Viorer.

Calyx 5-parted, the divisions linear. Corolla salver-shaped, with a short
tube; the limb 5-parted. Stamens 5, included. Pod many-seeded, 5-valved;
the valves cohering at the base and summit. Seeds attached by their base,
anatropous. — Aquatic perennials, with the immersed leaves pectinate, and the
erect hollow flower-stems almost leafless. Flowers white or whitish, whorled at
the joints, forming a sort of interrupted raceme. (Named for Prof. Hotton, a
botanist of Leyden, in the 17th century.)

1. H. inflata, Ell. Leaves dissected into thread-like divisions, scattered
on the floating and rooting stems, and crowded at the base of the cluster of pe-
duncles, which are strongly inflated between the joints (often as thick as one’s
finger) ; pedicels short.— Pools and ditches, New England to Kentucky, and
southward. June-Aug.

Orper 65. LENTIBULACE. (Biapperwort FamILy.)

Small herbs (growing in water or wet places), with a 2-lipped calyx, and a
2-lipped personate corolla, 2 stamens with (confluently) one-celled anthers,
and a one-celled ovary with a free central placenta, bearing several anatro-
pous seeds, with a thick straight embryo, and no albumen. — Corolla deeply
2-lipped, spurred at the base in front ; the palate usually bearded. Ovary

318 LENTIBULACEEZ. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.)

free: style very short or none: stigma 1—2-lipped, the lower lip larger
and with a prominent palate. Pod often bursting irregularly. Scapes
1 -few-flowered. — Consists mostly of the two following genera :—

1. UTRICULARIA, Le Burapperworr.

Lips of the 2-parted calyx entire, or nearly so. Corolla personate, the palate
on the lower lip projecting, often closing the throat. Anthers convergent. —
Aquatic and immersed, with capillary dissected leaves bearing little bladders,
which are filled with air and float the plant at the time of flowering ; or rooting
in the mud, and sometimes with few or no leaves or bladders. Scapes 1 - few-
flowered ; usually flowering all summer. (Name from utriculus, a little bladder.) °

* Upper leaves in a whorl on the otherwise naked scape, floating by means of large
bladders formed of the inflated petioles ; the lower leaves dissected and capillary,
bearing little bladders : rootlets few or none.

1. U. inflata, Walt. (InrLtarep BiappERworRT.) Swimming free ;
bladder-like petioles oblong, pointed at the ends, and branched near the apex,
bearing fine thread-like divisions ; flowers 5-10 (large, yellow) ; the appressed
spur half the length of the corolla; style distinct. — Ponds, Maine to Virginia,
and southward, near the coast.

* * Scapes naked (except some small scaly bracts), from immersed branching stems,
which commonly swim free, and bear capillary dissected leaves furnished with
small air-bladders on their lobes: roots few and not affixed, or none. (Mostly
perennial, propagated from year to year by a sort of buds.)

+ Flowers all alike, yellow, several in a raceme: pedicels nodding in fruit.

2. U. vulgaris, L. (Greater BLappEeRwort.) Immersed stems (1°-
3° long) crowded with 2-3-pinnately many-parted capillary leaves, bearing many
bladders ; scapes 5 - 12-flowered (6’-12! long) ; corolla closed (6''—9" broad, the
sides reflexed ; spur conical, rather shorter than the lower lip, thick and blunt
in the European and the high northern plant; in the common Var. AMERICANA
(U. macrorhiza, LeConte), less thick and rather acute. — Common in ponds and
slow streams. (Eu.)

3. U. minor, L. (Smarrer B.) Leaves scattered on the thread-like im-
mersed stems, 2-4 times forked, short ; scapes weak, 2 - 8-flowered (3! - 7! high) ;
upper lip of the gaping corolla not longer than the depressed palate ; spur very short
and blunt, or almost none. — Shallow water, Connecticut to N. Illinois and north-
ward. — Corolla 2!'-3" broad. (Eu.)

+ + Flowers of 2 sorts; viz. the usual sort (3-7) in a raceme, their pedicels ascend-
ing, the corolla yellow ; and more fertile ones solitary and scattered along the leafy
stems, on short soon reflexed peduncles, fruiting in the bud, the corolla minute and
never expanding.

4. U. clandestina, Nutt. Leaves numerous on the slender immersed
stems, several times forked, capillary, copiously bladder-bearing ; scapes slen-
der (3/—5' high) ; lips of the corolla nearly equal in length, the lower broader
and 3-lobed, somewhat longer than the approximate thick and blunt spur. —
Ponds, E. New England, W. New York, and New Jersey.

LENTIBULACEZ. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.) 319

+ + + Flowers all alike, few (1-5): pedicels erect in fruit.
++ Corolla yellow: scape and pedicels filiform: spur ascending or horizontal.

5. U. intermédia, Hayne. Leaves crowded on the immersed stems,
2-ranked, 4-5 times forked, rigid; the divisions linear-awl-shaped, minutely
bristle-toothed along the margins, not bladder-bearing, the bladders being on sep-
arate leafless branches ; upper lip of the corolla much longer than the palate; spur
conical-oblong, acute, appressed to the very broad (6"'-8!') lower lip and nearly as long
as it. — Shallow pools, New England and New Jersey to Ohio, Wisconsin, and
northward. — Leafy stems 3/-6/ long. Scapes 3/—7! high. (Eu.)

ee U: striata, LeConte. Leaves crowded or whorled on the small im-
mersed stems, several times forked, capillary, bladder-bearing ; flowers 2-5 (6!
broad), on long pedicels ; lips of the corolla nearly equal, broad and expanded ;
the upper undulate, concave, plaited-striate in the middle; spur nearly linear,
obtuse, approaching and almost equalling the lower lip. — Shallow pools in pine bar-
rens, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward. — Scape 8/— 12! high.

7. U. biflora, Lam. Scape (2’-5! high) 1-3-/lowered, at the base bear-
ing somewhat elongated submersed branches with capillary root-like leaves and
numerous bladders ; spur oblong, equalling the lower lip ; seeds scale-shaped ; other-
wise resembles the next. — Shallow water, [linois and southward.

8. U. gibba, L. Scape (1/-3! high), 1-2-flowered, at the base furnished
with very slender short branches, bearing sparingly dissected capillary root-like
leaves and scattered bladders; lips of the corolla broad and rounded, nearly
equal; the /ower with the sides reflexed (4-5! long), exceeding the very thicl:
and blunt conical gibbous spur.— Shallow water, Virginia to Massachusetts, N.
New York and N. Ulinois.

++ ++ Corolla violet-purple.

9. U. purptirea, Walt.? Leaves whorled along the long immersed free
floating stems, petioled, decompound, capillary, bearing many bladders ; flowers
2-4 (6/' wide) ; spur appressed to the 3-lobed 2-saccate lower lip of the corolla
and about half its length. (U. saccata, LeConte.) — Ponds, Maine to Virginia,
and southward. — Scape 3!-6/ high, not scaly below.

* * * Scape solitary, slender and naked, or with a few small scales, the base rooting
in the mud or soil: leaves small, awl-shaped or grass-like, often raised out of the
water, commonly few or fugacious: air-bladders few on the leaves or rootlets, or
commonly none.

+ Flower purple, solitary: leaves bearing a few delicate lobes.

10. U. resupinata, Greene. Scape (2/-8/ high) 2-bracted above ; leaves
thread-like, on delicate creeping branches ; corolla (4’’—5!' long) deeply 2-parted ;
spur oblong-conical, very obtuse, shorter than the dilated lower lip and remote
from it, both ascending, the flower resting transversely on the summit of the scape.
— Sandy margins of ponds, E. Maine to Rhode Island.

+ + Flowers 2-10, (chiefly) yellow: leaves entire, rarely seen.

11. U. cornuta, Michx. Stem strict (3/-1° high), 2-10-flowered ; ped-
icels not longer than the calyx ; lower lip of the corolla large and helmet-shaped, its
centre very convex and projecting, while the sides are strongly reflexed ; upper
lip obovate and much smaller; spur awl-shaped, turned downward and outward,

320 BIGNONIACEE. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.)

about as long as the lower lip. — Peat-bogs, or sandy swamps: common both
northward and southward. — Flowers close together, large.

12. U. subulata, L. Stem capillary (3'—5! high) ; pedicels capillary ;
lower lip of the corolla flat or with its margins recurved, equally 3-lobed, much
larger than the ovate upper one; spur oblong, acute, straight, appressed to the
lower lip, which it nearly equals in length. —Sandy swamps, pine-barrens of
New Jersey, Virginia, and southward. June. — Corolla 2!/-4!' broad.

U.— Walter characterizes his U. purpurea as with “ floribus parvis.”
Elliott mentions that he once saw, near Savannah, a small terrestrial species,
like U. subulata, but purple-flowered, which he took for Walter’s plant. Mr. J.
A. Paine, Jr. found in the pine barrens of New Jersey, in Sept., 1866, a few
minute specimens of this sort, with “ faint pink-purple corolla, not larger than
a pin’s head.” It is left for further investigation.

2. PINGUICULA, L. Burrerworr.

Upper lip of the calyx 3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with an open hairy
or spotted palate. —Small and stemless perennials, growing on damp rocks,
with 1-flowered scapes, and broad and entire leaves, all clustered at the root,
soft-fleshy, mostly greasy to the touch (whence the name, from pinguis, fat).

1. P. vulgaris, L. Leaves ovate or elliptical ; scape and calyx a little
pubescent; lips of the violet corolla very unequal, the tube funnel-form ; spur
straightish. — Wet rocks, W. New York to Lake Superior, and northward.
July. (Eu.)

Orver 66. BIGNONIACEZE. (BicNnoniA Famity.)

Woody or rarely herbaceous plants, monopetalous, didynamous or dian-
drous, with the ovary commonly 2-celled by the meeting of the two parietal
placente or of a projection from them, many-seeded : the large seeds with a
flat embryo and no albumen. — Calyx 2-lipped, 5-cleft, or entire. Corolla
tubular or bell-shaped, 5-lobed, somewhat irregular or 2-lipped, deciduous;
the lower lobe largest. Stamens inserted on the corolla; the fifth or pos-
terior one, and sometimes the shorter pair also, sterile or rudimentary :
anthers of 2 diverging cells. Ovary free, bearing a long style, with a
2-lipped stigma.— Leaves compound or simple, opposite, rarely alternate.
Flowers large and showy. — Chiefly a tropical family: to which are ap-
pended several outlying groups, such as the PEDALINE#, represented
by Martynia, &c.

* Woody plants, with dry pods. Seeds transverse, very flat, winged ; the broad and leaf-like
cotyledons notched at both ends.
1. Bignonia. Pod flattened parallel with the partition. Leaves compound, tendril-bearing.

2. Tecoma. Pod flattish contrary to the partition. Leaves compound, without tendrils.
8. Catalpa. Pod asin No. 2. Fertile stamens only 2. Trees: leaves simple.

* * Herbs. Fruit fleshy outside, woody within. Seeds attached by one end, not winged ; the
cotyledons thick and entire.
4. Martynia. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Fruit beaked.

BIGNONIACE®., (BIGNONIA FAMILY.) 521

1. BIGNONIA, Tourn. Bicnonta.

Calyx truncate, or slightly 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, 5-lobed
and rather 2-lipped. Stamens 4, often showing a rudiment of the fifth. Pod
2-celled, flattened parallel with the valves and partition. Seeds transversely
winged. — Woody climbers, with chiefly compound leaves, terminating in a ten-
dril. (Named for the Abbé Bignon.)

1. B. eapreolata, L. Smooth ; leaves of 2 ovate or oblong leaflets and a
branched tendril, often with a pair of accessory leaves in the axil resembling
stipules; peduncles few and clustered, 1-flowered. — Rich soil, Virginia to S.
Illinois and southward. April. — Stems climbing tall trees; a transverse sec-
tion of the wood showing a cross. Corolla orange, 2/long. Pod 6’ long. Seeds
with the wing 13’ long.

2. TECOMA, Juss. TruMPEt-FLOWER.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, a little irregular.
Stamens 4. Pod 2-celled, the partition contrary to the convex valves. Seeds
transversely winged. — Woody climbers, with compound leaves. (Abridged from
the Mexican name.)

1. T. radicans, Juss. (Trumpet Creeper.) Climbing by rootlets;
leaves pinnate; leaflets 5-11, ovate, pointed, toothed ; flowers corymbed ; sta-
mens not protruded beyond the tubular-fannel-form corolla. (Bignonia radi-
cans, Z.) — Rich soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward; but cultivated
farther north. July-Sept.— Corolla 2'-3/ long, orange and scarlet, showy.

3. CATALPA, Scop. Walt. Cararpa. Inpran Bran.

Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla bell-shaped, swelling ; the undulate 5-lobed
spreading border irregular and 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 2, or sometimes 4;
the 1 or 3 others sterile and rudimentary. Pod very long and slender, nearly
cylindrical, 2-celled; the partition contrary to the valves. Seeds winged on
each side, the wings cut into a fringe. (The aboriginal name.)

1. C. bignonioides, Walt. Leaves heart-shaped, pointed, downy be-
neath; flowers in open compound panicles. —§. Illinois? and southward. Cul-
tivated in the Northern States: a well-known ornamental tree, with large leaves,
and showy flowers, which are white, slightly tinged with violet, and dotted with
purple and yellow in the throat, appearing in July. Pods hanging till the next
spring, often 1° long.

4. MARTYNIA, L. Usrcory-prant.

Calyx 5-cleft, mostly unequal. Corolla gibbous, bell-shaped, 5-lobed and
somewhat 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 4, or only 2, Pod fleshy, the flesh at length
falling away in 2 valves ; the inner part woody, terminated by a beak, which at
length splits into 2 hooked horns, and opens at the apex between the horns,
imperfectly 5-celled, owing to the divergence of the two plates of each of the two
partitions or placentz, leaving a space in the centre, while by reaching and co-
hering with the walls of the fruit they form 4 other cells. Seeds several, wing-

21

322 OROBANCHACEH. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.)

less, with a thickened and roughened coat. — Low branching annuals, clammy-
pubescent, exhaling a heavy odor: stems thickish: leaves simple, rounded.
Flowers racemed, large. (Dedicated to Prof: John Martyn, of Cambridge.)

1. M. proboscidea, Glox. Leaves heart-shaped, oblique, entire, or un-
dulate, the upper alternate ; corolla dull white or purplish, or spotted with yel-
low and purple ; endocarp of the fruit crested on one side, long-beaked. — Banks
of the Mississippi in 8. Illinois (probably indigenous) and southwestward. Also
common in gardens. July — Oct.

Orver 67. OROBANCHACEZE. (Broom-rare FAmMILy.)

Herbs destitute of green foliage (root-parasites) monopetalous, didyna-
mous, the ovary one-celled with 2 or 4 parietal placente ; pod very many-
seeded: seeds minute, with albumen, and a very minute embryo. — Calyx
persistent, 4—5-toothed or parted. Corolla tubular, more or less 2-lipped,
ringent, persistent and withering; the upper lip entire or 2-lobed, the low-
er 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on the tube of the corolla:
anthers 2-celled, persistent. Ovary free, ovoid, pointed with a long style
which is curved at the apex: stigma large.. Pod 1-celled, 2-valved; the
valves each bearing on their face one placenta or a pair. Seeds very nu-
merous, minute, anatropous, the minute embryo at the base of transparent
albumen. — Low, thick or fleshy herbs, bearing scales in place of leaves,
lurid yellowish or brownish throughout. Flowers solitary or spiked.

* Flowers of two sorts: stems branching.

1. Epiphegus. Upper flowers sterile, with a tubular corolla ; the lower fertile, with the

corolla minute and not expanding. Bracts inconspicuous.
* * Flowers all alike and perfect: stems mostly simple.

2. Conopholis. Flowers spiked. Calyx with 2 bractlets, and split on the lower side. Sta-
mens protruded. Corolla 2-lipped.

3. Phelipzea. Flowers spiked or panicled. Calyx with 2 bractlets, and regularly 5-cleft.
Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens included.

4. Aphyllon. Flowers solitary, without bractlets. Calyx regularly 5-cleft. Corolla with
the border almost equally 5-lobed. Stamens included.

1. EPIPHEGUS, Nutt. _ Bexcu-props. Cancrr-Roor.

Flowers racemose or spiked, scattered on the branches; the upper sterile, with
along tubular corolla and long filaments and style; the lower fertile, with a very
short corolla which seldom opens, but is forced off from the base by the growth
of the pod: the stamens and style very short. Calyx 5-toothed. Stigma capi-
tate, a little 2-lobed. Pod 2-valved at the apex, with 2 approximate placentsz
on each valve. — Herbs slender, purplish or yellowish-brown, much branched,
with small and scattered scales, 6'-12! high. (Name composed of emt, upon,
and nyés; the Beech, because it grows on the roots of that tree.)

1. E. Virginiana, Bart. (E. Americanus, Nutt.) — Common under
Beech-trees, parasitic on their roots. Aug.-Oct.— Corolla of the upper (ster-
ile) flowers whitish and purple, 6’ - 8” long, curved, 4-toothed.

OROBANCHACE&. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.) 323

2. CONOPHOLIS, Wallroth. Squaw-roor. Cancrer-Roor.

Flowers in a thick scaly spike, perfect, with 2 bractlets at the base of the irreg-
ularly 4 —5-toothed calyx; its tube split down on the lower side. Corolla tubu-
lar, swollen at the base, strongly 2-lipped; the upper lip arched, notched at the
summit; the lower shorter, 3-parted, spreading. Stamens protruded. Stigma
depressed. Pod with 4 placenta, a pair on the middle of each valve. — Upper
scales forming bracts to the flowers ; the lower covering each other in regular
order, not unlike those of a fir-cone (whence the name, from k@vos, a cone, and
bonis, a scale.) .

1. C. Americana, Wallroth. (Orobdnche Americana, Z.) —Oak woods:
not rare, growing in clusters among fallen leaves. May, June.— A singular
plant, chestnut-colored or yellowish throughout, as thick as a man’s thumb, 3! -
6! long, covered with scales, which are at first fleshy, then dry and hard.

3. PHELIPAA, Toum. Broom-rare.

Flowers perfect, crowded in a spike, raceme, or clustered panicle, with a pair
of bractlets at the base of the regular 4 - 5-cleft calyx. Corolla 2-lipped ; the
upper lip 2-lobed or notched ; the lower 3-parted. Stamens included. Ovary
with a gland at the base on the upper side. Pod with 4 placenta, two on the
middle of each valve. — Stems rather thick, scaly. (Named for L. & J. Pheli-
peaux, patrons of science in the time of Tournefort.)

1. P. Ludoviciana, Don. Glandular-pubescent, branched (3!- 12! high) ;
the flowers spiked in close clusters; corolla somewhat curved, twice the length
of the narrow lanceolate calyx-lobes ; the lips equal in length. — Illinois (£.
Hall) and westward. Oct.

4. APHYLLON, Mitchell. Naxep Broom-rare.

Flowers perfect, solitary on long naked scapes or peduncles, without bractlets.
Calyx 5-cleft, regular. Corolla with a long curved tube anda spreading bor-
der, somewhat 2-lipped; the upper lip deeply 2-cleft, its lobes similar to the 3
of the lower lip. Stamens included. Stigma broadly 2-lipped. Capsule with
4 equidistant placentz, 2 borne on each valve half-way between the midrib and
the margin. Plants brownish or yellowish. Flowers (purplish) and scapes
minutely glandular-pubescent. (Name from a privative and @vANor, foliage,
alluding to the naked stalks.) — Perhaps rather a section of Phelipza.

1. A. uniflorum, Torr. & Gr. (ONE-FLOWERED CANCER-ROOT.) Stem
subterranean or nearly so, very short, scaly, often branched, each branch sending
up 1-3 slender one-flowered scapes (3/- 5! high) ; divisions of the calyx lance-
awl-shaped, half the length of the corolla. (Orobnche uniflora, LZ.) — Woods :
not rare. April, May.—Corolla 1! long, with 2 yellow bearded folds in the
throat, the lobes obovate.

2. A. fasciculatum, Torr. & Gr. Scaly stem erect and rising 3! - 4! out
of the ground, mostly longer than the crowded peduncles; divisions of the calyx
triangular, very much shorter than the corolla, which has rounded short lobes.
(Orobanche fasciculata, Nutt.) — Islands in Lake Michigan (Engelmann), N.
Ilinois ( Vasey), and northwestward. May.

324 SCROPHULARIACE®. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

Orver 68. SCROPHULARIACEX. (Ficworr Famity.)

” Chiefly herbs (rarely trees), with didynamous or diandrous (or very rarely
5 perfect) stamens inserted on the tube of the 2-lipped or more or less irregu-
lar corolla, the lobes of which are imbricated in the bud: fruit a 2-celled and
usually many-seeded pod, with the placente in the axis: seeds anatropous,
with a small embryo in copious albumen. — Style single: stigma entire or
2-lobed. Leaves and inflorescence various; but the flowers not terminal
in any genuine representatives of the order. — A large order of bitterish,
some of them narcotic-poisonous plants : the two principal groups generally
distinguishable by the estivation of the corolla.

I. ANTIRRHINIDEZ. Upper lip of the corolla covering the lower in
the bud (with occasional exceptions in Mimulus, &c.). Pod usually
septicidal.

Tribe I. VERBASCEZE. Oorolla nearly wheel-shaped. Flowers in a simple spike or

raceme. Leaves all alternate.
1. Verbascum. Stamens 5, all with anthers, and 3 or all of them with bearded filaments.

Tribe 11. ANTIRRHINEZ. Corolla tubular, with a spur or sac at the base below,
the throat usually with a palate. Pod opening by chinks or holes. Flowers in simple
racemes or axillary. Lower leaves usually opposite or whorled.

2. Limaria. Corolla spurred at the base ; the palate seldom closing the throat.
3. Antirrhinum. Corolla merely saccate at the base; the palate closing the throat.

Tribe ILL CHELONEZ. Corolla tubular, or 2-lipped, not spurred nor saccate below.
Pod 2-4-valved. Leaves opposite. Inflorescence usually compound ; the flowers in small
clusters or cymes in the axils of the leaves or bracts, the clusters spiked or racemed ; or
when reduced to a single flower the peduncle 2-bracteate. Stamens 4, with mostly a rudi-
ment of the fifth.

4. Scrophularia. Corolla inflated, globular or oblong, with four erect lobes and one
spreading one. Rudiment of the sterile stamen a scale on the upper lip.

5. Collinsia. Corolla 2-cleft, the short tube saccate on the upper side ; the middle lobe of
the lower lip sac-like and enclosing the declined stamens. 4

6. Chelone. Corolla tubular, inflated above. Sterile stamen shorter than the others.
Anthers very woolly. Seeds winged.

7. Pentstemon. Corollatubular. Sterile stamen about aslong as the rest. Seeds wingless.

Tribe IV. GRATIOLEZ. Corolla tubular, not saccate nor spurred. Pod 2-valved.
Inflorescence simple ; the flowers being single in the axil of the bracts or leaves, the pe-
duncles bractless. Leaves all or the lower ones opposite. No rudiment of a fifth stamen.

* Stamens 4, all anther-bearing and similar.
8. Mimulus. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla elongated.
9. Conobea, Calyx 5-parted, the divisions equal. Corolla short.
10. Herpestis. Calyx 5-parted, unequal, the upper division largest. Corolla short.

* * Anther-bearing stamens 2: usually also a pair of sterile filaments,
11. Gratiola. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included ; the sterile pair short or none.
12. Ilysanthes. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included ; the sterile filaments protruded.

Il. RHINANTHIDE. Under lip or the lateral lobes of the corolla
covering the upper in the bud. Pod commonly loculicidal.

Tribe V. SIBTHORPIEX, VERONICEM, Sc. Corolla wheel-shaped, salver-
shaped, or bell-shaped. Stamens 2 or 4, not approaching each other in pairs nor strongly
didynamous: anthers 2-celled,

SCROPHULARIACES, (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 325

18. Micranthemum. Calyx 4-toothed or cleft. Upper lip of corolla short or none. Sta-
mens 2, anterior: filaments with an appendage. Leaves opposite. Flowers axillary.

14. Limosella. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla open bell-shaped, 5-cleft, nearly reguiar. Sta-
mens 4. Leaves alternate or fascicled, fleshy. Flowers axillary.

15. Symthyris. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 2—4-lobed, irregular. Stamens 2
or 4. Leaves alternate. Flowers racemed.

16. Veronica. Calyx 4- (rarely 3-5-) parted. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped,
almost regular. Stamens 2. Leaves chiefly opposite or whorled. Flowers racemed.

Tribe VI. BUCHNERE®, Corolla salver-shaped. .Stamens 4, approximate in pairs :
anthers 1-celled. Upper leaves alternate. Flowers in a spike.
17. Buchunera. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Limb of the elongated corolla 5-cleft.

Tribe VII. GERARDIEZE. Corolla inflated or tubular, with a spreading and slightly
unequal 5-lobed limb. Stamens 4, approximate in pairs: anthers 2-celled. Leaves oppo
site, or the uppermost alternate.

18. Seymeria. Stamens nearly equal. Tube of the corolla broad, not longer than the lobes.

19. Gerardia. Stamens strongly unequal, included.

Tribe VIII. EUPHRASIEM. Corolla tubular, 2-lipped; the upper lip narrow,
erect or arched, enclosing the 4 usually strongly didynamous stamens.
* Anther-cells unequal and separated. Pod many-seeded.
20. Castilleia. Calyx tubular, cleft down the lower, and often also on the upper, side.

* * Anther-cells equal. Pod many —-several-seeded.
21. Schwalbea. Calyx 5-toothed, very oblique, the upper tooth much the smallest.
22. Euphrasia. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed. Pod oblong.
23. Rhinanthus. Calyx inflated, ovate. Pod orbicular: seeds winged.
24. Pedicularis. Calyx not inflated. Pod ovate or sword-shaped: seeds wingless.

| * * * Anther-ceils equal. Pod 1-4-seeded.
25. Melampyrum, Calyx 4-cleft. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Pod flat, oblique.

1. VERBASCUM, LL. Mette.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-lobed, open or concave, wheel-shaped ; the lobes
broad and rounded, a little unequal. Stamens 5; all the filaments, or the 3
upper, woolly. Style flattened at the apex. Pod globular, many-seeded. —
Tall and usually woolly biennial herbs, with alternate leaves, those of the stem
sessile or decurrent. Flowérs in large terminal racemes, ephemeral; in sum-
mer. (The ancient Latin name, altered from Barbascum.)

1. V. Tudpsus, L. (Common Mutxern.) Densely woolly throughout ; stem
tall and stout, simple, winged by the decurrent bases of the oblong acute leaves ;
Jlowers (yellow, very rarely white) in a prolonged and very dense cylindrical spike ;
lower stamens usually beardless. — Fields, &e.: common. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. V. Buarrarta, L. (Mora M.) Green and smoothish, slender ; lower
leaves petioled, oblong, doubly serrate, sometimes lyre-shaped, the upper partly
clasping ; raceme loose; filaments all bearded with violet wool. — Roadsides :
not rare eastward. Corolla either yellow, or white with a tinge of purple.
(Nat. from Eu.)

3. V. Lycunitis, L. (Waite M.) Clothed with a thin powdery woolliness ;
stem and branches angled above; leaves ovate, acute, not decurrent, greenish
above; jlowers (yellow, rarely white) in a pyramidal panicle; filaments with
whitish wool. — Waste places, Penn, to New York: rare: hybridizes spontane
ously with the common Mullein. (Ady. from Eu.)

326 SCROPHULARIACE®. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

2. LINARIA, Tourn Toap-Frax.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate, with the prominent palate often nearly
closing the throat, spurred at the base on the lower side. Stamens 4. Pod
thin, opening below the summit by one or two pores or chinks. Seeds many.
— Herbs, with at least all the upper leaves alternate: fl. in summer. (Name
from Linum, the Flax, which the leaves of some species resemble.) ;

* Leaves sessile, narrow : plant glabrous, erect, leafy.

1. L, Canadénsis, Spreng. (Witp Toap-Frax.) Slender annual or
biennial, mostly simple, with scattered linear leaves ; those from prostrate shoots
oblong, crowded, and mostly opposite or whorled ; flowers blue (very small), in
a slender raceme, short-pedicelled ; spur thread-shaped (occasionally wanting).
— Sandy soil: common.

2. L. vureaAris, Mill. (Tosap-Frax. Burrer-anp-eccs. RamstTeD.)
Perennial, pale (1°-3° high) ; leaves alternate, crowded, linear or lanceolate,
acutish ; flowers crowded in a dense raceme, yellow (1! long); spur awl-shaped ;
seeds flattened and margined. — Old fields and roadsides : common eastward, ex-
tending westward : a showy but pernicious weed. — The Peloria state, with a
regular 5-cleft border to the corolla, 5 spurs, and 5 stamens, has been observed
in Pennsylvania by Dr. Darlington. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. L. Genistirovia, Mill. Glaucous perennial, paniculate-branched ; leaves
lanceolate, acute, often partly clasping ; flowers scattered, yellow (smaller than in
No. 2) ; seeds angled and wrinkled. — Roadsides, New York, near the city (Prof.
H. J. Clark, Lesquereux). (Ady. from Eu.)

* * Leaves petioled, broad, veiny, hairy: stems procumbent.

4. L. ExvArriye, Mill. Branching annual; leaves alternate, ovate and hal-
berd-shaped, mostly shorter than the slender axillary peduncles ; flowers small,
yellow and purplish; sepals lanceolate, very acute. — Fields and banks, east-
werd: scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. ANTIRRHINUM, L. _ Swarpracon.

Corolla saccate at the base, the throat closed by the large bearded palate.
Seeds oblong-truncate. Otherwise nearly as Linaria. Corolla commonly showy,
resembling the face of an animal or a mask; whence the name (from avtt, in
comparison with, and pw, a snout.) ¥)., summer and autumn.

1. A. Oroxtivum, L. A small flowered annual or biennial, low, erect 3
leaves lance-linear ; spike loose, leafy ; sepals longer than the purplish or white
corolla. — About gardens, and old fields in Virginia. (Ady. from Eu.)

2. A. mAsus, L. (Lance Sxappracon.) A large-flowered perennial, with
oblong smooth leaves and a glandular-downy raceme; sepals short; corolla 14! -
2’ long, purple or white. — Eastward escaping from gardens. (Ady. from Eu.)

4. SCROPHULARIA, Toum. Ficworr.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a somewhat globular tube; the 4 upper
lobes of the short border erect (the two upper longer), the lower spreading.
Stamens 4, declined, with the anther-cells transverse and confluent into one;

SCROPHULARIACEE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 327

the vestige of the fifth stamen forms a scale-like rudiment at the summit of the
tube of the corolla. Pod many-seeded. — Rank herbs, with mostly opposite
leaves, and small greenish-purple or lurid flowers in loose cymes, forming a ter-
minal narrow panicle. (So called because a reputed remedy for scrofiula.)

1. S. nodosa, L. Smooth perennial (3°-4° high); stem 4-sided; leaves
ovate, oblong, or the upper lanceolate, cut-serrate, rounded or heart-shaped at
the base. (S. Mariliéndica, L.) —— Damp copses and banks. June- Aug. (Eu.)

5. COLLINSIA, Nutt. Coxurysia.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla declined, with the tube saccate or bulging at
the base on the upper side, deeply 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-cleft, its lobes
partly folded backwards ; the lower 3-cleft, its middle lobe keeled and sac-like,
enclosing the 4 declined stamens and style. Fifth stamen a slender rudiment.
Pod 4 -many-seeded. — Slender branching annuals or biennials, with opposite
leaves, and handsome party-colored flowers in umbel-like clusters, appearing
whorled in the axils of the upper leaves. (Dedicated to the late Zaccheus Collins,
of Philadelphia, an accurate botanist.)

1. C. vérna, Nutt. Slender (6'-20' high); lower leaves ovate; the up-
per ovate-lanceolate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed ; whorls about
6-flowered ; flowers long-peduncled ; corolla (blue and white) twice the length of the
calyx. — Moist soil, W. New York to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May, June.

2. C. parviflora, Dougl. Small; lower leaves ovate or rounded ;
the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly entire ; whorls 2-6-flowered ; flowers short-
peduncled ; the small (blue) corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx — Shore of Lake
Superior and westward.

6. CHELONE, Toum. 3 Torrie-neap. SNAKE-HEAD.

Calyx of 5 distinct imbricated sepals. Corolla inflated-tubular, with the

mouth a little open; the upper lip broad and arched, keeled in the middle
notched at the apex ; the lower woolly-bearded in the throat, 3-lobed at the apex,
the middle lobe smallest. Stamens 4, with woolly filaments and very woolly
heart-shaped anthers ; and a fifth sterile filament smaller than the others. Seeds
many, wing-margined. — Smooth perennials, with upright branching stems, op-
posite serrate leaves, and large white or purple flowers, which are nearly sessile
in spikes or clusters, and closely imbricated with round-ovate concave bracts
and bractlets. (Name from xeA@vn, a tortoise, the corolla resembling in shape
the head of a reptile.) : \
Wi. ic. glabra, L. Leaves very short-petioled, lanceolate or lance-oblong,
pointed, variable in width, &e.: the flowers white, rose-color, or purple. (Also
C. obliqua, Z., &e.) — Wet places: common. July — Sept. — Called also SHELL-
FLOWER, Batmony, &e.

7. PENTSTEMON, Mitchell. Berarp-roncur. PentTsTEMoy.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular and more or less inflated, or bell-shaped,
either decidedly or slightly 2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-lobed, and the lower 3-cleft.
Stamens 4, declined at the base, ascending above; and a fifth sterile filament

328 SCROPHULARIACEE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

usually as long as the others, either naked or bearded, Seeds numerous, wing-

less. -g- Perennials, branched from the base, simple above, with opposite leaves,

the upper sessile and mostly clasping. Flowers mostly showy, thyrsoid or ra-

cemose-panicled. (Name from wevre, jive, and oTnpev, stamen; the fifth stamen

being present and conspicuous, although sterile.)

* Sterile filament bearded down one side: flgwers numerous in a loose and somewhat
clammy panicle, white or purplish.

1. P. pubéscens, Solander. More or less pubescent (1°-3° high) ; stem-
leaves lanceolate from a clasping base, serrate or sometimes entire; corolla 2-
lipped, gradually widened upwards, somewhat flattened and one-ridged on the upper
side, and with 2 infolded lines on the lower which are bearded inside; the throat
almost closed ; lower lip rather longer than the upper; sterile filament densely
yellow-bearded. — Varies greatly in the foliage, sometimes nearly glabrous, when
it is P. levigatus, Solander, &.— Dry banks, Connecticut to Wisconsin, and
southward. June- Sept.

2. P. Digitalis, Nutt. Nearly glabrous (2°-4° high); stem-leaves ob-
long- or ovate-lanceolate, clasping, serrulate or entire ; corolla abruptly inflated and
almost bell-shaped from a narrow base, beardless, with the throat widely open, the
spreading lobes nearly equal ; sterile filament sparingly bearded. (Flowers more
showy than in the preceding, mostly white, over 1/ long). — Rich soil, Alexan-
dria, Virginia (A, H. Curtiss), to Illinois, and southward. June-Aug.

* * Sterile filament nearly beardless, dilated and hooked at the end (rarely wanting).

3. P. grandiflorus, Fraser. Very smooth and glaucous; stems simple
(1°-3° high); leaves thickish, ovate or rounded, the upper clasping ; flowers
(showy, 2/ long) on short pedicels, in a long and narrow raceme rather than
panicle; corolla oblong-bell-shaped, almost regular, bluish or lilac-purple. —
Prairies, W. Wisconsin (Falls of St. Anthony, Lapham), and westward. June.

8. MIMULUS, L. Monxey-Frrower.

Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed, the upper tooth largest. Corolla tubu-
lar ; the upper lip erect or reflexed-spreading, 2-lobed; the lower spreading, 3-
lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma 2-lipped, the lips ovate. Seeds numerous. — Herbs,
with opposite leaves, and mostly handsome flowers on solitary axillary and
bractless peduncles. (Name from pipe, an ape, on account of the gaping corolla.)

* Erect from a perennial root, glabrous: leaves feather-veined : corolla violet-purple.

1. M. ringens, L. Stem square (1°-2° high) ; leaves oblong or lanceolate,
pointed, clasping by a heart-shaped base, serrate; peduncles longer than the
flower ; calyx-teeth taper-pointed, nearly equal.—Wet places: common. July -
Sept. — Flower 1/-13! long, yarely white.

2. M. alatus, Ait. Stem somewhat winged at the angles ; leaves oblong-
ovate, tapering into a petiole; peduncles shorter than the calyx, which has very
short abruptly pointed teeth: otherwise like the last. — Low grounds, Connecti-
cut to Illinois, and southward.

* * Diffusely spreading: leaves several-nerved and veiny: ove yellow.

8. M. Jamésii, Torr. Smooth or smoothish ; stems creeping at the base ;

stem-leaves roundish or kidney-shaped, nearly sessile, equalling the peduncles ;

SCROPHULARIACE&. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 329

calyx ovate, inflated in fruit, the upper tooth much the largest. — In cool springs,
N. Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, and westward. — Flowers small, little larger
than in the cultivated M. moscuarus or Musk-Puanv.

9. CONOBEA, Aublet. (Caprarta, Michz.)

Calyx 5-parted, equal. Upper lip of the corolla 3-lobed, the lower 3-parted.
Stamens 4, fertile: anthers approximate. Style 2-lobed at the apex, the lobes
wedge-form. Seeds numerous. — Low branching herbs, with opposite leaves,
and small solitary flowers on axillary 2-bractleted peduncles, (Name unex-
plained.)

1. C. multifida, Benth. Diffusely spreading, much branched, minutely
pubescent, annual; leaves petioled, pinnately parted, divisions linear-wedge-
shaped ; corolla (greenish-white) scarcely longer than the calyx. — River-banks,
Ohio to Illinois, and southward ; also adventive below Philadelphia. July -Sept.

10. HERPESTIS, Gertn. Herrssris.

Calyx 5-parted ; the upper division broadest, the innermost often very narrow.
_ Upper lip of the corolla entire, notched or 2-cleft; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens
4, all fertile. Style dilated or 2-lobed at the apex. Seeds numerous. — Low
herbs, with opposite leaves, and solitary axillary flowers; in summer: ours
rather succulent perennials. (Name from €prnotis, a creeping thing, the species
being chiefly procumbent.)

* Upper lip of the blue corolla merely notched : leaves many-nerved.

1. H. rotundifolia, Pursh. Nearly smooth, creeping ; leaves round-obovate,
half clasping ($'-1' long) ; peduncles twice or thrice the length of the calyx, the upper
sepal ovate. — Wet places, Llinois and southward.

2. H. amplexicaulis, Pursh. Stems hairy, creeping at the base ; leaves
ovate, clasping ; peduncles shorter than the calyx; upper sepal heart-shaped. — Wet
places, New Jersey and southward. — Aromatic when bruised.

* * Corolla (bluish) almost equally 5-cleft, the upper lip being 2-parted: calyx 2-
bracted : stamens almost equal: leaves nearly nerveless.
3. H. Monniera, H. B. K. Smooth, somewhat creeping; leaves obovate
or wedge-shaped. — Maryland and southward along the coast.

11. GRATIOLA, L. Henex-Hyssor.

Calyx 5-parted, the divisions narrow and nearly equal. Upper lip of the co-
rolla entire or 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, posterior ;
the anterior mere sterile filaments, or wanting. Style dilated or 2-lipped at the
apex. Pod 4-valved, many-seeded. — Low herbs, mostly perennials, some appar-
ently annuals, with opposite sessile leaves, and axillary 1-flowered peduncles,
usually with 2 bractlets at the base of the calyx. Flowering all summer; all
inhabiting wet or damp places. (Name from gratia, grace or favor, on account
of supposed excellent medicinal properties. )

§ 1. Anthers with a broad connective: the cells transverse: stems mostly diffusely
branched, or creeping at base, soft viscid-pubescent or smooth.

J.

«

330 SCROPHULARIACEX. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

* Sterile filaments minute or none: corolla whitish, with the tube yellowish.
1. G. Virginiana, L. Stem clammy-puberulent above (4'-6! high) ;
leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base, sparingly toothed ; peduncles almost equal-
ling the leaves (3!-1! long) ; pod ovoid (2" long). — Very common.
2. G. spherocarpa, Ell. Smooth, rather stout (5'-10' high) ; leaves
lance-ovate or oblong, toothed ; peduncles scarcely longer than the calyx and the
large (3!') globular pod. — Maryland to Ilinois, and southward.

* * Sterile filaments slender, tipped with a little head: leaves short (3!-1! long).

3. G. viscosa, Schweinitz. Clammy-pubescent or glandular ; leaves ovate-
lanceolate or oblong, acute, toothed, mostly shorter than the peduncles ; corolla
whitish, yellow within. — Kentucky and southward.

4. G. aurea, Muhl. Nearly glabrous ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear, entire,
equalling the peduncles; corolla golden-yellow (4! long). — Sandy swamps, N.
Vermont and New Hampshire to Virginia, and southward.

§ 2. Anthers with no broad connective ; the cells vertical: hairy plants, with erect rigid
and more simple stems, from an apparently annual root: sterile filaments tipped
with a head.

5. G. pilosa, Michx. Leaves ovate or oblong, sparingly toothed, sessile

(4! long) ; flowers nearly sessile; corolla white, scarcely exceeding the calyx. —

Low ground, Camden Co., New Jersey (C. E. Smith, C.F. Parker), Maryland, ©

and southward.

12. ILYSANTHES, Raf. (Linpérnia, Mull.)

Calyx 5-parted, nearly equal. Upper lip of the corolla short, erect, 2-lobed ;
the lower larger and spreading, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, posterior ;
the anterior pair sterile, inserted in the throat of the corolla, 2-lobed, without
anthers ; one of the lobes glandular ; the other smooth, usually short and tooth-
like. Style 2-lipped at the apex. Pod ovate or oblong, many-seeded. — Small
and smooth annuals, with opposite leaves, and small axillary (purplish) flowers,
or the upper racemed, produced all summer. (Name from idvs, mud, or mire,
and av6os, flower.)

1. I. gratioloides, Benth. (Fatse Pimpernet.) Much branched, dif-
fusely spreading (4/-8! high); leaves ovate, rounded, or oblong, sparingly
toothed or entire, the upper partly clasping. (Capraria gratioloides, Z. Lin-
dernia dilatata, & L. attenuata, JZuhl.) — Wet places : common.

13. MICRANTHEMUM, Michx. (Including Hemranruus, Nutt.)

Calyx 4-lobed or 4- (rarely 5-) parted. Corolla short, 2-lipped, with the up-
per lip considerably shorter than the lower, or 1-lipped, the upper lip obsolete ;
lower lip 3-cleft, the middle lobe longest. Stamens 2, anterior, the short fila-
ment with a glandular (mostly basal) appendage: anthers 2-celled, didymous.
No sterile filaments. Style short, its apex or the stigma 2-lobed. Pod glob-
ular, thin, with a very delicate or evanescent partition, several —many-seeded.
— Small, smooth, depressed and tufted or creeping annuals, in mud or shallow
water, with opposite and entire rounded or spatulate sessile leaves, and minute

.

SCROPHULARIACEE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 331

white or purplish flowers solitary in the axils of some of the middle leaves (usu-
ally one axil floriferous, that of the other leaf sterile). (Name formed of puxpds,
small, and av@epov, flower.) — The section HemiAnruus (from jue, half, and
avOos, flower) includes the species like ours, of which there are several dis-
covered by C. Wright in Cuba, having the upper lip of the corolla very short
or obsolete, and mostly slender or subulate stigmas.

1. M. Nuttallii. (Hemianthus micranthemoides, Nutt.) Branches as-
cending, 1/-2! high; leaves obovate-spatulate or oval; peduncles at length
recurved, about the length of the calyx, which is bell-shaped, 4-toothed and
usually split down on one side, in fruit becoming pear-shaped; middle lobe of
the corolla linear-oblong, nearly twice the length of the lateral ones ; appen-
dage of the stamens nearly as long as the filament itself; stigmas subulate, —
Tidal muddy bands of the Delaware River, and southward. Aug. - Oct.

14. LIMOSELLA, L. Mupworr.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla short, widely bell-shaped, 5-cleft, nearly
regular. Stamens 4: anthers confluently 1-eelled. Style short, club-shaped.
Pod globular, many-seeded ; the partition thin and vanishing. — Small annuals,
growing in mud, usually near the sea-shore, creeping by slender runners, with-
out ascending stems ; tie entire fleshy leaves in dense clusters around the simple
1-flowered peduncles. Flowers small, white or purplish. (Name a diminutive
of /imus, mud, in which these little plants delight to grow.)

1. L. aquatica, L.: var. tenuifolia, Hoffm. Leaves (with no blade
distinct from the petiole) awl-shaped or thread-form. (L. tenuifolia, Nutt. L.
subulata, Zves.) — In brackish tidal mud, from New Jersey northward. Aug.,
Sept. — Plant 1’-2' high. (Eu.)

15. SYNTHYRIS, Benth. SYNTHYRIS.

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, variously 2 -4-lobed or cleft.
Stamens 2, inserted just below the sinuses on each side of the upper lobe of the
corolla, occasionally with another pair from the other sinuses, exserted : anther-
cells not confluent into one. Style slender: stigma simple. Pod flattened,
rounded, obtuse or notched, 2-grooved, 2-celled (rarely 3-lobed and 3-celled),
many-seeded, loculicidal ; the valves cohering below with the columella. — Per-
ennial herbs, with the simple scape-like stems beset with partly-clasping bract-
like alternate leaves, the rgot-leaves rounded and petioled, crenate. Flowers
in a raceme or spike, with bracted pedicels. (Name composed of avy, together,
and 6upis, a little door ; evidently in allusion to the closed valves of the pod.)

1. S. Houghtoniana, Benth. Hairy; root-leaves round-ovate, heart-
shaped ; raceme spiked, dense (5!-12!); corolla not longer than the calyx,
usually 2—3-parted. — High prairies and hills, Wisconsin, Houghton, Lapham.
Michigan, Wright. Illinois, Mead. May. — Corolla greenish-white, for the
most part deeply 2-parted, with the upper lip entire, a little longer and narrower
than the lower, which is 3-toothed ; but occasionally 3-parted, with the upper
lip notched or 2-lobed. When there are 4 stamens the lower are later than
the others.

532 SCROPHULARIACES. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

16. VERONICA, L. Speepwett.

Calyx 4- (rarely 3-5-) parted. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped, the
border 4-parted (rarely 5-parted) ; the lateral lobes or the lower one commonly
narrower than the others. Stamens 2, one each side of the upper lobe of the
corolla, exserted: anther-cells confluent at the apex. Style entire: stigma
single. Pod flattened, obtuse or notched at the apex, 2-celled, few-many-
seeded. — Chiefly herbs: leaves mostly opposite or whorled: flowers blue, flesh-
color, or white. (Derivation doubtful; perhaps the flower of St. Veronica.)

§ 1. Tall perennials, with mostly whorled leaves: racemes terminal, dense, spiked :
bracts very small: tube of the corolla longer than its limb and much longer than
the calyx ; both sometimes 5-cleft. (Leptandra, Nutt.)

1. V. Virginica, L. (Cunver’s-roor. Cunver’s Puysic.) Smooth
or rather downy ; stem simple, straight (2°-6° high) ; leaves whorled in fours
to sevens, short-petioled, lanceolate, pointed, finely serrate; spikes panicled ;
stamens much exserted. — Rich woods, Vermont to Wisconsin and southward :
often cultivated. July, Aug.— Corolla small,‘nearly white. Pod oblong-ovate,
not notched, opening by 4 teeth at the apex, many-seeded.

§ 2. Perennials with opposite usually serrate leaves: flowers in axillary mostly oppo-
site racemes: corolla wheel-shaped (pale blue): pod notched, many-seeded.

2. V. Anagallis, L. (Water Sreepwett.) Smooth, creeping and
rooting at the base, then erect; leaves sessile, most of them clasping by u heart
shaped base, ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate or entire (2!—3/ long) ; pedicels spread- »
ing; pod slightly notched. — Brooks and ditches, especially northward: rare
eastward. June-Aug.—Corolla pale blue with purple stripes. (Eu.)

3. V. Americana, Schweinitz. (American Brooxiime.) Smooth,
decumbent at the base, then erect (8!-15! high) ; leaves mostly petioled, ovate or
oblong, acutish, serrate, thickish, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the base;
the slender pedicels spreading ; pod turgid. (V. Beccabuinga, Amer. authors.)
— Brooks and ditches: common. June-Aug.

§ 3. Perennials, with diffuse or ascending branches from a decumbent base : leaves
opposite: racemes axillary, from alternate or sometimes opposite axils: corolla
wheel-shaped : pod strongly flattened, several-seeded.

4. V. seutellata, L. (Marsu Speppwett.) Smooth, slender and weak
(6/—12' high) ; leaves sessile, linear, acute, remotely denticulate ; racemes | or 2, very
slender and zigzag ; flowers few and scattered, on elongated spreading or reflexed
pedicels ; pod very flat, much broader than long, notched at both ends or didy-
mous. — Bogs: common northward. June—Aug. (Eu.)

5. V. officinalis, L. (Common Sprepwex..) Pubescent; stem pros-
trate, rooting at the base ; leaves short-petioled, obovate-elliptical or wedge-oblong, ob-
tuse, serrate ; racemes densely many-flowered ; pedicels shorter than the calyx ; pod
obovate-triangular, broadly notched. — Dry hills and open woods. July. (Eu.)
§ 4. Leaves opposite: flowers in a terminal raceme, the lower bracts resembling the

stem-leaves: corolla wheel-shaped: pods flat, several-seeded.
* Perennials (mostly turning blackish in drying).

6. V. alpina, L. Stem branched from the base, erect, simple (2!/-—6/

high) ; leaves elliptical, or the lowest rounded, entire or toothed ; nearly sessile ;

SCROPHULARIACE&. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 333

raceme hairy, frw-flowered, crowded ; pod obovate, notched, — Alpine summits of
-the White Mountains of New Hampshire. (Eu.)

7. V. serpyllifolia, L. (Tuyme-LEAvep SrEEDWELL.) Much branched
at the creeping base, nearly smooth ; branches ascending and simple (2! ~ 4’ high) ;
leaves ovate or oblong, obscurely crenate, the lowest petioled and rounded, the upper
passing into lanceolate bracts ; raceme loose ; pod rounded, broader than long,
obtusely notched. — Roadsides and fields : common : introduced and indigenous.
May —July.— Corolla whitish, or pale blue, with deeper stripes. (Eu.)

* * Annuals or biennials: floral leaves like those of the stem, so that the flowers
appear to be axillary and solitary: corolla shorter than the calyx.

8. V. peregrina, L. (Neckweep, PursLtane SPEEDWELL.) Nearly
smooth, erect (4/-9! high), branched ; lowest leaves petioled, oval-oblong, toothed,
thickish ; the others sessile, obtuse ; the upper oblong-linear and entire, longer
than the almost sessile (whitish) flowers ; pod orbicular, slightly notched, many-
seeded. — Waste and cultivated grounds: common: appearing like an intro-
duced weed. April-June.

9. V. arvensis, L. (Corn SpEEpDWELL.) Simple or diffusely branched
(3'-8' high), hairy ; lower leaves petioled, ovate, erenate; the uppermost sessile,
lanceolate, entire ; peduncles shorter than the calyx ; pod inversely heart-shaped,
the lobes rounded. — Cultivated grounds: rather common. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 5. Annuals or biennials (prostrate-spreading, hairy): stem-leaves opposite (all peti-
oled), the upper alternate and bearing solitary peduncled flowers in their azils :
corolla wheel-shaped > pod flat: seeds cup-shaped. Rare or local immigrants,
and only near the coast, from Massachusetts to Virginia.

10. V. acrtstis, L. (Fre~p SPEEDWELL.) eaves round or ovate, ecre-
nate-toothed ; the floral somewhat similar, about the length of the recurved pedun-
eles ; calyx-lobes oblong; flower small ; ovary many-ovuled, but the nearly orbicu-
lar and sharply notched pod 1 - 2-seeded. — Sandy fields. (Ady. from Eu.)

11. V. Buxsatun, Tenore. Leaves round or heart-ovate, crenately cut-
toothed (§/-1' long), shorter than the peduncles ; flower large (nearly }! wide,
blue) ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, widely spreading in fruit ; pod obcordate-triangular,
broadly notched, 16 -24-seeded.— Waste grounds. (Adv. from Eu.)

12. V. neperR#rouia, L. (Ivy-Leavep SPEEDWELL.) Leaves rounded
or heart-shaped, 3 -7-loothed or lobed, shorter than the peduncles ; calyx-lobes some-
what heart-shaped; flowers small; pod turgid, 2-lobed, 2-4-seeded. — Shaded
places. April-June. (Ady. from Eu.)

Lay BUCHNERA, L. Btrve-Hearts.

Calyx tubular, obscurely nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-form, with a
straight or curved tube, and an almost equally 5-cleft limb: the lobes oblong or
wedge-obovate, flat. Stamens 4, included, approximate in pairs: anthers one-

eelled (the other cell wanting). Style club-shaped and entire at the apex, Pod
2-valved, many-seeded. — Perennial rough-hairy herbs (doubtless root-parasitic),
turning blackish in drying, with opposite leaves, or the uppermost alternate ;
the flowers opposite in a terminal spike, bracted and with 2 bractlets. (Named
in honor of J. G. Buchner, an early German botanist.)

334 SCOPHULARIACE®. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

1. B. Americana, L. Rough-hairy; stem wand-like (1°-2° high);
lower leaves obovate-oblong, the others oblong and lanceolate, sparingly and
coarsely toothed, veiny; the uppermost linear-lanceolate, entire; spike inter-
rupted; calyx longer than the bracts, one third the length of the deep-purple
corolla. — Plains, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. June-Aug.

18. SEYMERIA, Pursh. Sevmerta.

Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a short and broad tube, not
- Jonger than the 5 ovate or oblong nearly equal and spreading lobes. Stamens
4, somewhat equal: anthers approximate by pairs, oblong, 2-celled ; the cells
equal and pointless. Pod many-seeded. — Erect branching herbs, with the gen-
eral aspect and character of Gerardia: leaves mostly opposite and dissected ‘or
pinnatifid, the uppermost alternate and bract-like. Flowers yellow, interrupt-
edly racémed or spiked. (Named for Henry Seymer, an English naturalist.)

1. S. macrophylla, Nutt. (Muxiern-FoxcLove.) Rather pubescent -
(4°-5° high) ; leaves large, the lower pinnately divided, with the broadly lan- ~
ceolate divisions pinnatifid and incised, the upper lanceolate; tube of the corolla
incurved, very woolly inside, as are the filaments except their apex ; style short,

dilated and notched at the point; pod ovate, pointed. — Shady river-banks, Ohio ~ ‘

to Illinois, and southwestward. July.

19. GERARDIA, L. GERARDIA.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla campanulate-funnel-form, or
somewhat tubular, swelling above, with 5 more or less unequal spreading lobes,
the 2 upper usually rather smaller and more united. Stamens 4, strongly di-
dynamous, included, hairy: anthers approaching by pairs, 2-celled; the cells
parallel, often pointed at the base. Style elongated, mostly enlarged and flat-
tened at the apex. Pod globular or ovate, pointed, many-seeded. — Erect branch-
ing herbs (more or less root-parasitic) : stem-leaves opposite, or the upper alter-
nate, the uppermost reduced to bracts and subtending 1-flowered peduncles,
which often form a raceme or spike. Flowers showy, purple or yellow; in late
summer and autumn. (Dedicated to the celebrated herbalist, John Gerarde.)

§1. GERARDIA proper. Calyx-teeth short: corolla purple or rose-color : anthers
all alike, nearly pointless: leaves linear, entire. (Our species are all branching
annuals. They still need revision, in connection with those of the Southern States.)

% Peduncles shorter or moderately longer than the calyx: stem erect.

1. G. purpurea, L. (Purrre Gerarpia.) Stem (8/-20! high) with
long and rigid widely spreading branches; leaves linear, acute, rough-margined ;
flowers large (1' long), bright purple, dften downy; calyz-teeth sharp-pointed,
shorter than the tube.— Low grounds, Maine to OW itCOneme and southward,
mostly towards the coast.

2. G. maritima, Raf. (Sra-sipe G.) Low (4!-12!/ high), with shorter
branches ; leaves rather fleshy and obtuse, as are the short calyx-teeth ; corolla }! long.
— Salt marshes along the coast.

3. G. aspera, Dougl. Sparingly branched (1°-2° high); leaves long
and narrowly linear, rough ; pedicels once or twice the length of the calyx, which has

SCROPHULARIACEZ, (FIGWORT FAMILY.) | 335

lanceolate acute teeth nearly as long as the tube; corolla larger than in No. 1.—
Damp grounds, Illinois, Wisconsin, and westward.

* * Peduncles long and filiform, commonly exceeding the leaves: stems diffusely
branched, slender (8'-20! high): corolla light purple, 5-7! long.

4. G. tenuifdlia, Vahl. (Stenper G.) Leaves narrowly linear, acute,
the floral ones mostly like the others}; calyx-teeth very short, acute; pod globular,
not exceeding the calyx.— Dry woods: common.

5. G. setacea, Walt. Leaves bristle-shaped, as are the branchlets, or the
lower linear ; pod ovate, mostly longer than the calyx, which has short setaceous teeth.
(G. Skinneriana, Wood.) — Dry grounds, Penn. to Wisconsin, and,gouthward.

§ 2. DASYSTOMA, Raf. Calyz 5-cleft, the lobes often toothed: corolla yellow ;
the tube elongated, woolly inside, as well as the anthers and filaments: anthers all
alike, scarcely included, the cells awn-pointed at the base: leaves rather large, all
of them or only the lower pinnatifid or toothed. ( Perennials.)

6. G. flava, L. partly. (Downy Fatse Foxeiove.) Pubescent with a
Jine close down ; stem (3°-4° high) mostly simple; leaves ovate-lanceolate or ob-
long, obtuse, entire, or the lower usually sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid ; peduncles very
short ; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, rather shorter than the tube.— Open woods,
especially in the Middle States. — Corolla 13! long.

7. G. quercifolia, Pursh. (Smoot Fatsre Foxe ove.) Smooth and
glaucous (3° - 6° high), usually branching ; lower leaves commonly twice-pinnatifid ;
the upper oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid or entire; peduncles nearly as long as the calyx,
the lance-linear acute lobes of which are as long as the at length inflated tube-
— Rich woods, especially southward. — Corolla 2’ long.

8. G. integrifdlia, Gray. Smooth, not glaucous ; stem (1° - 2° high) mostly
simple ; leaves lanceolate, acute, entire, or the lowest obscurely toothed; peduncles
shorter than the calyx. (Dasystoma quercifolia, var. ? integrifolia, Benth.) —Woods

~and barrens, Pennsylvania to Illinois, and southward along the mountains. —

Corolla 1! Jong.

9. G. grandiflora, Benth. Minutely downy; stem much branched (3°-
4° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed or cut, the lower pinnatifid ; pedun-
cles rather shorter than the calyx; corolla (2' long) 4 times the length of the
broadly lanceolate entire or toothed calyx-lobes. (Dasystoma Drummondii,
Benth.) —Oak openings, Wisconsin (Lapham), Illinois ( Vasey) and southward.
— Intermediate between G. flava and the next.

10. G. pedicularia, L. Smoothish or pubescent, much branched (2°-
3° high, very leafy) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid, and the lobes cut and toothed ;
peduncles longer than the hairy mostly serrate calyx-lobes.— Dry copses : common.

§ 3, OTOPHYLLA, Benth. Calys deeply 5-cleft, the lobes unequal : corolla pur-
ple (rarely white), sparingly hairy inside, as well as the very unequal stamens:
anthers pointless, those of the shorter pair much smaller, (Annuals ?)

11. G. auriculata, Michx. Rough-hairy; stem erect, nearly simple (9!/-
20! high); leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile, the lower entire, the
others with an oblong-lanceolate lobe on each side at the base; flowers nearly
sessile in the axils (1/ long). —Low grounds, Penn. to Michigan, Illinois, and
southward.

536 SCROPHULARIACEE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

20. CASTILLEIA, Mutis. Paryrep-Cur.

Calyx tubular, flattened, cleft at the summit on the anterior, and usually on
the posterior side also; the divisions entire or 2-lobed. Tube of the corolla in-
cluded in the calyx ; its upper lip long and narrow, arched and keeled, flattened
laterally, enclosing the 4 unequal stamens; the lower lip short, 3-lobed. Anther-
cells oblong-linear, unequal, the outer fixed by the middle, the inner pendulous.
Pod many-seeded. — Herbs (root-parasitic), with alternate entire or cut-lobed
leaves ; the floral ones usually dilated, colored, and more showy than the yel-
low or purplish spiked flowers. (Dedicated to Castillejo, a Spanish botanist.)

1. C. coccinea, Spreng. (ScarLtet Parntep-Cur.) Hairy biennial or
annual; stem simple; root-leaves clustered ; those of the stem incised ; the floral
3-cleft, bright scarlet towards the summit (rarely yellow) ; calyx almost equally 2-
cleft, the lobes nearly entire, about the length of the pale yellow corolla. (Euchroma
coccinea, Nutt.) — Sandy low grounds: not uncommon. May- Aug.

2. C. pallida, Kunth. Smooth or sparingly hairy perennial ; at the sum-
mit woolly; leaves often incised; the floral oblong or obovate, whitish, rarely
tinged with purple ; calyx cleft more deeply in front, the divisions 2-cleft, the ovate-
oblong lobes mostly shorter than the whitish corolla. (C. septentrionalis,
Lindl.) — Alpine region of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and Green
Mountains, Vermont, Lake Superior and northwestward. Aug. (Eu.}

3. C. sessiliflora, Pursh. Hairy and low perennial (6/-9" high) ; leaves
mostly 3-cleft, with narrow diverging lobes; the floral broader, not colored: spike
many-flowered, crowded ; calyx deeper cleft in front, the divisions deeply 2-cle/f,
shorter than the tube of the long and narrow greenish-yellow corolla; which »
has the lobes of the lower lip slender, pointed, about half the length of the upper.
— Prairies, Wisconsin (Lapham), Illinois, and westward. — Corolla 2! long.

21. SCHWALBEA, Gronov. CHAFF-SEED.

Calyx oblique, tubular, 10-12-ribbed, 5-toothed; the posterior tooth much
smallest, the 2 anterior united much higher than the others. Upper lip of the
corolla arched, oblong, entire; the lower rather shorter, erect, 2-plaited, with 3
very short and broad obtuse lobes. Stamens 4, included in the upper lip: an-
ther-cells equal and parallel, obscurely pointed at the base. Pod ovate, many-
seeded. Seeds linear, with a loose chaff-like coat.— A perennial minutely pu-
bescent upright herb (1°-2° high), with leafy simple stems, terminated by a
loose spike of rather large dull purplish-yellow flowers; the leaves alternate,
sessile, 3-nerved, entire, ovate or oblong, the upper gradually reduced into nar-
row bracts. Pedicels very short, with 2 bractlets under the calyx. (Dedicated
to CO. G. Schwalbe, an obscure German botanist.)

1. S. Americana, L.— Wet sandy soil, Cape Cod at Sandwich (B. D.
Greene), near Albany, New York, pine barrens of New Jersey, and southward
near the coast. May-July.

22. EUPHRASIA, Tourn, Evzpricur.

Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla erect, scarcely
arched, 2-lobed, the lobes broad and spreading; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the

SCROPHULARIACE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 337

lobes obtuse or notched. Stamens 4, under the upper lip: anther-cells equal,
pointed at the base. Pod oblong, flattened. Seeds numerous. — Herbs with
branching stems, and opposite toothed or cut leaves. Flowers small, spiked.
(Name evppacia, cheerfulness, in allusion to its reputed medicinal properties.)

1. E. officinalis, L. Low annual; leaves ovate or lanceolate, the lowest
crenate, the floral bristly-toothed ; lobes of the lower lip of the (whitish, yellow-
ish, or bluish) corolla notched. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New
Hampshire (Oakes), Lake Superior, and northward. A dwarf variety, 1!-5/
high, with very small flowers. (EE. pusilla, Godet, mss.) (Eu.)

23. RHINANTHUS, L. Yertow-Rarrts.

Calyx membranaceous, flattened, much inflated in fruit, 4-toothed. Upper
lip of the corolla arched, ovate, obtuse, flattened, entire at the summit, but fur-
nished with a minute tooth on each side below the apex ; lower lip 3-lobed. Sta-
mens 4, under the upper lip: anthers approximate, hairy, transverse ; the cells
equal, pointless. Pod orbicular, flattened. Seeds many, orbicular, winged. —
Annual upright herbs, with opposite leaves; the lower oblong or linear; the
upper lanceolate, toothed ; the floral rounded and cut-serrate with bristly teeth ;
the solitary yellow flowers nearly sessile in their axils, and crowded in a one-
sided spike. (Name composed of piv, a snout, and dvOos, a flower, from the
beaked upper lip of the corolla in some species formerly of this genus.)

1. R. Crista-galli, L. (Common Yettow-Rartrte.) Leaves oblong
or lanceolate ; seeds broadly winged (when ripe they rattle in the inflated calyx,
whence the popular name). — Plymouth, Mass. (probably introduced), White
Mountains, N. Hampshire (Tuckerman), Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

24. PEDICULARIS, Toum. Lovseworr.

Calyx various. Corolla strongly 2-lipped; the upper lip arched, flattened,
often beaked at the apex; the lower erect at the base, 2-crested above, 3-lobed ;
the lobes commonly spreading, the lateral ones rounded and larger. Stamens
4, under the upper lip: anthers transverse; the cells equal, pointless. Pod
ovate or lanceolate, mostly oblique, several-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with
chiefly pinnatifid leaves, the floral bract-like, and rather large flowers in a spike.
(Name from pediculus, a louse ; of no obvious application.)

1. P. Canadénsis, L. (Common Lovusrworr. Woop Bertony.)
Hairy ; stems simple, clustered (5’-12! high); leaves scattered ; the lowest pin-
nately parted ; the others half-pinnatifid; spike short and dense; calyx split in
front, otherwise almost entire, oblique; upper lip of the (dull greenish-yellow
and purplish) corolla hooded, incurved, 2-toothed under the apex; pod /lat,
somewhat sword-shaped. — Copses and banks: common. May -July.

2. P. lanceolata, Michx. Stem upright (1°-3° high), nearly simple,
mostly smooth; leaves partly opposite, oblong-lanceolate, doubly cut-toothed ; spike
crowded; calyx 2-lobed, leafy-crested; upper lip of the (pale yellow) corolla
incurved and bearing a short truncate beak at the apex; the lower erect, so as
nearly to close the throat; pod ovate, scarcely longer than the calyx. (P. pallida,
Pursh.) —Swamps, Connecticut to Virginia and Wisconsin. Aug., Sept.

22

338 ACANTHACE. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.)

25. MELAMPYRUM, Tour. Cow-Wueat.

Calyx bell-shaped, 4-cleft; the taper lobes sharp-pointed. Tube of the co-
rolla cylindrical, enlarging above; upper lip arched, compressed, straight in
front; the lower erect-spreading, biconvex, 3-lobed at the apex. Stamens 4,
under the upper lip: anthers approximate, oblong, nearly vertical, hairy; the
equal cells minutely pointed at the base. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell.
Pod flattened, oblique, 1-4-seeded. — Erect branching annuals, with opposite
leaves, the lower entire, the upper mostly larger and fringed with bristly teeth
at the base. Flowers scattered and solitary in the axils of the upper leaves in
our species. (Name composed of péAas, black, and rupés, wheat ; from the color
of the seeds of field species in Europe, as they appear mixed with grain.)

1. M. Americanum, Michx. Leaves‘lanceolate, short-petioled, the lower
entire; the floral ones similar, or abrupt at the base and beset with a few bristly
teeth ; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped, not half the length of the slender tube of
the pale greenish-yellow corolla, (M. pratense, var. Americanum, Benth.) —
Open woods: common. June—Sept.— Plant 6/-12' high. Corolla 5” long,
more slender than in M. pratense, sometimes tinged with purple.

Orper 69. ACANTHACEZE. (Acanruus Famiy.)

Chiefly herbs, with opposite simple leaves, didynamous or diandrous sta-
mens, inserted on the tube of the more or less 2-lipped corolla, the lobes of
which are convolute or imbricated in the bud ; fruit a 2-celled and few- (4-
12-) seeded pod ; seeds anatropous, without albumen, usually flat and sup-
ported by hooked projections of the placente.— Flowers commonly much
bracted. Calyx 5-cleft. Style thread-form: stigma simple or 2-cleft.
Pod loculicidal, usually flattened contrary to the valves and partition.
Seed with albumen in Elytraria of the Southern States, according to Dr.
Feay. Cotyledons broad and flat. — Mucilaginous and slightly bitter, not
noxious. <A large family in the warmer parts of the world: represented
in gardens by THUNBERGIA, which differs from the rest by the globular
pod and seeds, the latter not on hooks (retinacula) ; in the Northern States
by only two indigenous genera.

1. DIANTHERA, Gronovy. Warer-Wittow.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla deeply 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, notched; the
lower spreading, 3-parted, external in the bud. Stamens 2: anthers 2-celled,
the cells separated and somewhat unequal. Pod obovate, flattened, contracted
at the base into a short stalk, 4-seeded. — Perennial herbs, growing in water or
wet places, with entire leaves, and purplish flowers in axillary peduncled spikes
or heads. (Name formed of dis, double, and avOnpa, anther ; the separated cells
giving the appearance of two anthers on each filament.)

1. D. Americana, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated; spikes ob-
long, dense, long-peduncled. (Justicia pedunculdsa, Miche. Rhytiglossa, Nees.)
— Borders of streams and ponds, N. W. Vermont to Wisconsin, Virginia, and
southward. July -Sept.

VERBENACEH. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) 339

2) OU Bil Tek Aly Ti. (Drereracdntuts, Nees, & Ed. 2.)

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, the spreading ample border almost
equally and regularly 5-cleft, convolute in the bud. Stamens 4, included, di-
dynamous: cells of the somewhat arrow-shaped anthers parallel and nearly
equal. Pod narrow, in our species (of the section DipTERACANTHUS) somewhat
flattened, contracted and seedless at the base, above 8-12-seeded. Seeds with
a mucilaginous coat, when wet under the microscope exhibiting innumerable
tapering short bristles, their walls marked with rings or spirals. — Perennials,
with rather large and showy blue or purple flowers, mostly in axillary clusters,
sometimes also with small flowers precociously close-fertilized in the bud. Calyx
often 2-bracteolate. (Named for the early herbalist, John Ruelle.)

1. R. cilidsa, Pursh. Hirsute with soft whitish hairs (1°-3° high) ; leaves
nearly sessile, oval or ovate-oblong (1/-2! long); flowers 1-3 and almost sessile
in the axils; tube of the corolla (1'— 14! long) fully twice the length of the setaceous
calyx-lobes ; the throat short. (Dipteracanthus ciliosus, Nees.) — Dry soil, Mich-
igan to Illinois, and southward. June - Sept.

2. R. strépens, L. Glabrous or sparingly pubescent (1°-4° high) ; leaves
narrowed at the base into a petiole, ovate, obovate, or mostly oblong (23/-5! long) ;
tube of the corolla (about 1' long) little longer than the dilated portion, slightly
exceeding the lanceolate or linear calyx-lobes. (Dipteracanthus strepens, Nees.) —
Flowers 1-5 in each axil, rarely on a slender peduncle, usually almost sessile ;
sometimes many and closely crowded, then mostly fruiting in the bud, (when it
‘is D. micrénthus, Engelm. § Gr.).— Rich soil, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, and
southward. July - Sept.

Orper 70. VERBENACEZE. (Vervain Famity.)

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite leaves, more or less 2-lipped or irregular
corolla, and didynamous stamens, the 2—4-celled (in Phryma 1-celled) frwit
dry or drupaceous, usually splitting when ripe into as many 1-seeded inde-
hiscent nutlets ; differing from the following order in the ovary not being
4-lobed, the style therefore terminal, and the plants seldom aromatic or
furnishing a volatile oil. — Seeds with a straight embryo and little or no
albumen. — A large order in the warmer parts of the world, sparingly rep-
resented in cool regions.

Tribe I VERBENEZ. Ovary 2-4-celled, and with an erect anatropous ovulein each
cell: radicle inferior. 4
1. Werbema. Flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx tubular. Fruit splitting into 4 nutlets.

2. Lippia. Flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx short, 2-cleft. Fruit splitting into 2 nutlets.
3. Callicarpa. Flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx.short. Fruit berry-like, with 4 nutlets.

Tribe II. PHRYMEZ. Ovary 1-celled: ovule erect, orthotropous: radicle superior.
4. Phryma. Flowers in slender spikes. Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped. Fruit an achenium.

1. VERBENA, L. Vervar.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, one of the teeth often shorter than the others. Co-
rolla tubular, cften curved, salver-form; the border somewhat unequally 5-cleft,

340 VERBENACEE. (VERVAIN FAMILY.)

Stamens included ; the upper pair occasionally without anthers. Style slender :
stigma capitate. Fruit splitting into 4 seed-like nutlets. — Flowers sessile, in
single or often panicled spikes, bracted; produced all summer. (The Latin
name for any sacred herb ; derivation obscure.) — The speciés present numerous
spontaneous hybrids.
§ 1. Anthers not appendaged : erect herbs, with slender spikes.
* Leaves undivided : root perennial.

1. V. angustifolia, Michx. Low (6/-18! high), often simple; leaves
narrowly lanceolate, tapering to the base, sessile, roughish, slightly toothed ;
spikes few or single; the purple flowers crowded, larger than in the next. — Dry
soil, Amherst, Mass., to Wisconsin and southward: rare northward.

2. V. hastata, L. (Birux Vervain.) Tall (4°-6° high) ; leaves lance-
olate or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, cut-serrate, petioled, the lower often lobed and
sometimes halberd-shaped at the base ; spikes linear, erect, densely flowered, corymbed
or panicled. (V. paniculata, Zam., when the leaves are not lobed.) — Low and
waste grounds: common. At the north probably immigrant from the south.

3. V. urticifolia, L. (Nerrie-Leavep or Waite V.) Rather tall;
leaves oval or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely serrate, petioled ; spikes very slender, at
length much elongated, with the flowers remote, loosely panicled, very small, white.
— Old fields and roadsides: apparently immigrant.

4. V. stricta, Vent. (Hoary V.) Downy with soft whitish hairs; stem
nearly simple (1°- 2° high) ; leaves sessile, obovate or oblong, serrate ; spikes thick
and very densely flowered, somewhat clustered, hairy. — Barrens, Ohio to Wiscon-
sin, and southward. — Flowers blue, pretty large.

* * Leaves cleft or pinnatifid, narrowed at the base: root perennial ?

5. V. orFicinaAis, L. (European V.) rect, loosely branched (1°-3°
high) ; /eaves pinnatifid or 3-cleft, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, smooth above, the lobes
cut and toothed; spikes panicled, very slender ; bracts small, much shorter than
the very small purplish flowers. (V. spuria, Z.) —Roadsides; chiefly south-
ward: scarce. (Nat. from Eu.)

6. V. bractedsa, Michx. Widely spreading or procumbent, hairy ; leaves
wedge-lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid or 3-cleft, short-petioled ; spikes single, remotely
flowered ; bracts large and leafy, the lower pinnatifid, longer than the small pur-
ple flowers. — Waste places, Wisconsin to Kentucky and southward.

§ 2. Anthers of the longer stamens tipped with a glandular appendage.

7. V. Aubletia, L. Annual, rather hairy, spreading or ascending; leaves
obovate-oblong with a wedge-shaped base, 3-cleft and cut or pinnatifid; spikes
peduncled, flat-topped in flower; bracts shorter than the calyx; flowers showy,
light purple. — Prairies and rocks, from Illinois southward. Also cultivated.

Fin, Tet P PTAs, (ZAPANIA, Juss.)

Calyx short, aaa 2-4-toothed, or 2-lipped. Corolla 2-lipped: up-

per lip notched; the lower much larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style

slender: stigma obliquely capitate. Fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded. (Dedicated to

Augustus Lippi, an Italian naturalist and traveller.)
o

LABIATZ. (MINT FAMILY.) 541

1. L. lanceolata, Michx. (Foa-rrurr.) Procumbent or creeping, rough-
ish, green; leaves oblanceolate or wedge-spatulate, serrate above; peduncles
axillary, slender, bearing solitary closely bracted heads of bluish-white flowers ;
calyx 2-cleft, the divisions sharply keeled. — River-banks, Pennsylvania to Ili- .
nois and southward. July -Sept.

8. CALLICARPA, L. § Cattrcarré

Calyx 4-5-toothed, short. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, 4—5-lobed, nearly
regular. Stamens 4, nearly equal, exserted : anthers opening at the apex. Style
slender, thickened upwards. Fruit a small berry-like drupe, with 4 nutlets. —
Shrubs, with scurfy pubescence, and small flowers in axillary cymes. (Name
formed of ka\Xos, beauty, and kaprés, fruit.)

1. C. Americana, L. (Frencu Mutserry.) Leaves oyate-oblong with
a tapering base, toothed, whitish beneath; calyx obscurely 4-toothed ; fruits vio-
let-color. — Rich soil, Virginia and southward. May-July.

4. PHRYMA, L. _ Lopszszp.

Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped; the upper lip of 3 bristle-awl-shaped teeth; the
lower shorter, 2-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip notched ; the lower much
larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style slender: stigma 2-lobed. Fruit dry,
in the bottom of the calyx, oblong, 1-celled and 1-seeded! Seed orthotropous.
Radicle pointing upwards: cotyledons convolute round their axis. — A peren-
nial herb, with slender branching stems, and coarsely toothed ovate leaves, the
lower long-petioled ; the small opposite flowers in elongated and slender terminal
spikes, reflexed in fruit, and bent close against the axis. Corolla purplish or
pale rose-color. (Derivation of the name unknown.)

1. P. Leptostachya, L.— Woods and copses: common. July. — Plant
(2°-38° high) : leaves 3/-5! long, thin.

Orper 71. LABIATAE. (Mint Famtty.)

Chiefly herbs, with square stems, opposite aromatic legves, more or less 2-
lipped corolla, didynamous or diandrous stamens, and a deeply 4-lobed ovary,
which forms in fruit 4 little secd-like nutlets or achenia, surrounding the base
of the single style in the bottom of the persistent calyx, each filled with a sin-
gle erect seed. —Nutlets smooth or barely roughish and fixed by their
base, except in the first tribe. Albumen mostly none. Embryo straight
(except in Scutellaria): radicle at the base of the fruit. Upper lip of
the corolla 2-lobed or sometimes entire; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens
inserted on the tube of the corolla. Style 2-lobed at/the apex. Flowers
axillary, chiefly in cymose clusters, these often aggregated in terminal
spikes or racemes. Foliage mostly dotted with small glands containing a
volatile oil, upon which depends the warmth and aroma of the plants of
this large and well-known family. (More abundant in the Old World
than the New. One third of our genera and many of the species are
merely introduced plants.)

342 LABIATH, (MINT FAMILY.)

Tribe I. AJUGOIDEZ. Stamens 4, ascending (curved upwards) and parallel, usually
projecting from the notch of the upper side of the (not evidently 2-lipped) 5-lobed corolla.
Nutlets reticulated and pitted, obliquely attached by the inside near the base.

* Lobes of the corolla all declined (turned forwards) : stamens exserted.
Teucrium. Lower lobe of the corolla much larger than the others. Calyx 5-toothed.
2. Trichostema. Lobes of the corolla scarcely unequal. Calyx 5-cleft, oblique.

* * Lobes of the corolla almost equally spreading: stamens nearly included.
8. Isanthus. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, almost equalling the small corolla.

Tribe II. SATUREIEZ. Stamens 4, the inferior pair longer, or only 2, distant,
straight, diverging, or converging under the upper lip: anthers 2-celled. Lobes of the
corolla flat and spreading.

* Corolla not evidently 2-lipped, but almost equally 4-lobed, small. Stamens erect, distant.
4. Mentha, Fertile stamens 4, nearly equal.
5. Lycopus. Fertile stamens 2; and often 2 sterile filaments without anthers.

* * Corolla more or less 2-lipped ; the tube naked (not bearded) within.
+ Stamens only 2, distant: no rudiments of the upper pair.
6. Cunila. Calyx very hairy in the throat, equally 5-toothed. Corolla small.

+ + Stamens 4, all with anthers.
Hyssopus. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, naked in the throat, equally 5-toothed. Sta-
mens exserted, diverging.
8. Pyenanthemum. Calyx ovate or short-tubular, 10 -13-nerved, naked in the throat,
equally 5-toothed or somewhat 2-lipped. Flowers in dense heads or clusters.
9. Origanum. Calyx oyvate-bell-shaped, hairy in the throat, 13-nerved, 5-toothed. Sta-
mens diverging. Flowers spiked, and with large colored bracts.
10. Thymus. Calyx ovate, nodding in fruit, hairy in the throat, 10 -13-nerved, 2-lipped.
Stamens distant. Bracts minute. Leaves very small.
1l. Satureia. Calyx bell-shaped, naked in the throat, 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Sta-
mens somewhat ascending.
12. Calamintha. Calyx tubular, often hairy in the throat, 13-neryed, 2-lipped. Tube of
the corolla straight. Stamens connivent at the summit in pairs under the upper lip.
13. Melissa. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 2-lipped, flattish on the upper side. Tube of the
corolla curved upwards. Stamens curved above, connivent under the erect upper lip.

1
C

+ + + Stamens only 2 with anthers, ascending, and a pair of small sterile filaments.
14. Hedeoma,. Calyx gibbous on the lower side, hairy in the throat. Flowers loose.

* * * Corolla 2-lipped and with a bearded ring inside at the bottom of the enlarged throat.
15. Collimsonia. Calyx enlarged and declined in fruit, 2-lipped. Lower lobe of the co-
rolla much larger than the other four. Stamens 2 or 4, long, diverging. .

Tribe III. MONARDEZ. Stamens 2 (sometimes also with mere rudiments of the
upper pair), ascending and parallel: anthers either apparently or really 1-celled. Corolla
2-lipped.

16. Salvia. Calyx 2-lipped. Anthers with a long connective astride the filament, bearing

a linear cell at the upper end, and none or an imperfect cell on the lower.

17. Monarda. Calyx tubular and elongated, equally 5-toothed. Anthers of 2 cells con-

fluent into one; the connective inconspicuous.

18. Blephilia. Calyx ovate-tubular, 2-lipped. Anthers as in the preceding.

Tribe IV. NEPETEZ. Stamens 4, the superior (inner) pair longer than the*inferior !
ascending or diverging. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip concave or arched, the lower
spreading. Calyx mostly 15-nerved.

19. Lophanthus. Stamens divergent; the upper pair curvéd downwards ; the lower as-

cending: anther-cells nearly parallel.

20. Nepeta. Stamens all ascending; the anthers approximate in pairs ; the cells at length

widely diverging. Calyx more or less curved.

LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 843

21. Dracocephalum. Stamens nearly as in the preceding. Calyx straight, the upper
lip or upper tooth commonly larger.
22. Cedromella. Stamens all ascending. Anther-cells parallel.

Tribe V. STACHYDEZ. Stamens 4, ascending and parallel; the inferior (outer)
pair longer than the superior, except in No. 33. Anthers usually approximate in pairs.
Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip concaye or arched. Calyx 5-10-nerved.

* Calyx not 2-lipped, thin and membranaceous, inflated-bell-shaped in fruit.
23. Symandra. Calyx almost equally 4-lobed! Anther-cells widely divergent. _
24. Physostegia. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Anther-cells parallel.

* * Calyx 2-lipped, closed in fruit.
25. Brunella. Calyx nerved and veiny ; upper lip flat, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft.
26. Seutellaria. Calyx with a helmet-like projection on the upper side ; the lips entire.

* * * Calyx not 2-lipped, nor the tube inflated, 5 - 10-toothed.
+ Stamens included in the tube of the corolla.
27. Marrubium. Calyx tubular, 5-10-nerved, and with 5 or 10 awl-shaped teeth.

+ + Stamens projecting beyond the tube of the corolla.
++ Anthers opening transversely by two unequal valves ; the smaller valve ciliate.
28. Galeopsis. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped; the 5 teeth spiny-pointed.

++ ++ Anthers opening lengthwise.

29. Stachys. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped. Nutlets rounded at the top. Stamens after
shedding the pollen often turned downward.

30. Leonurus. Calyx top-shaped, the rigid and spiny-pointed teeth soon spreading. Nut-
lets truncate and acutely 3-angled at the top.

81. Lamium. Calyx-teeth not spiny-pointed. Nutlets sharply 3-angled, truncate at the top.

32. Ballota. Calyx somewhat funnel-form, the 5-10 teeth united at the base into a spread-
ing border. Nutlets roundish at the top. Upper lip of the corolla erect.

83. Phlomis. Calyx tubular, the 5 teeth abruptly awned. Upper lip of the corolla arched.

1. TEUCRIUM, L. Germanver.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, oblong, turned
forward, so that there seems to be no upper lip; the lower one much larger.
Stamens 4, exserted from the deep cleft between the 2 upper lobes of the corolla :
anther-cells confluent. (Named for Teucer, king of Troy.)

1. T. Canadénse, L. (American GeRMANDER. Woop Sace.) Her-
baceous perennial, downy ; stem erect (1°-3° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
serrate, rounded at the base, short-petioled, hoary underneath; the floral scarcely
longer than the oblique unequally-toothed calyx; whorls about 6-flowered,
crowded in a long and simple wand-like spike. — Low grounds: not rare.
July — Sept. — Corolla pale purple, rarely white.

2. TRICHOSTEMA, L.* Buvz Crrts.

Calyx bell-shaped, oblique, deeply 5-cleft ; the 3 upper teeth elongated and
partly united, the 2 lower very short. Corolla 5-lobed ; the lobes narrowly ob-
long, declined, nearly equal in length; the 3 lower more or less united. Sta-
mens 4, with very long capillary filaments, exserted much beyond the corolla,
curved : anther-cells divergent and at length confluent. — Low annuals, some-
what clammy-glandular and balsamic, branched, with entire leaves, and mostly
solitary 1-flowered pedicels terminating the branches, becoming lateral by the
production of axillary branchlets, and the flower appearing to be reversed,

344 LABIATH. (MINT FAMILY.)

namely, the short teeth of the calyx upward, &c. Corolla blue, varying to pur-
ple, rarely white, small; in summer and autumn. (Name composed of 6pié,
hair, and otnpa, stamen, from the capillary filaments.)

1. T. dichédtomum, L. (Bastarp Pennyroyat.) Leaves lance-oblong
or rhombic-lanceolate, rarely lance-linear, short-petioled. — Sandy fields, New
England to Kentucky, and southward, chiefly eastward. —Stamens 3! long.
Corolla blue: a pink variety near Hartford, Conn., C. H. Olmstead.

2. T. lineare, Nutt. Leaves linear, nearly smooth. — Sandy pine barrens
of New Jersey, and southward. — More slender and less forked than the last.

3. ISANTHUS, Michx. Farse Pennyroyat.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-lobed, equal, enlarged in fruit. Corolla little longer than
the calyx; the border bell-shaped, with 5 nearly equal and obovate spreading
lobes. Stamens 4, slightly didynamous, incurved-ascending, scarcely exceeding
the corolla. — A low, much branched annual, clammy-pubescent, with nearly en-
tire lance-oblong 3-nerved leaves, and small pale blue flowers on axillary 1 -3-
flowered peduncles. (Name from igos, equal, and av6os, flower, referring to the
almost regular corolla. )

1. I. ceertileus, Michx.— Gravelly banks and fields, Maine to Illinois, and
southward. July, Aug. — Corolla 2" long.

4. MENTHA, L. Mninr.

Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, 5-toothed, equal or nearly so. Corolla with a
short included tube ; the bell-shaped border somewhat equally 4-cleft; the upper
lobe broadest, entire or notched. Stamens 4, equal, erect, distant. — Odorous
perennial herbs, with the small flowers mostly in close clusters, forming axil-
lary capitate whorls, sometimes approximated in interrupted spikes ; produced
in summer; of two sorts as to the length of the stamens in most species.
Corolla pale purple or whitish. (Miv6n of Theophrastus, from a Nymph of that
name, fabled to haye been changed into Mint by the jealous Proserpine. )

* Inflorescence terminal, forming narrow spikes : leaves sessile or nearly so.

1, M. rorunprrouia, L. (Rovunp-LEAvED Mint.) Soft-hairy or downy ;
leaves round-ovate and somewhat heart-shaped, rugose, crenate-toothed. — Wet
places, Cumberland, Maine, J. Blake. (Ady. from Eu.)

2. M. viripis, L. (Srearmint.) Nearly smooth; leaves oblong- or ovate-
lanceolate, unequally serrate. — Wet places: common. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Inflorescence mostly terminal, Sorming interrupted spikes or heads : leaves petioled.

3. M. preerira, L. (Perrermint.) Smooth; leaves ovate-oblong, acute ;
spikes loose. — Var. suBuiRsuUTA, Benth., has the petioles, veins of the leaves,
&ce. rather hairy. — Low grounds, and along brooks: less naturalized than the
last; and like it multiplying rapidly by running under-ground shoots. (Nat.
from Eu.)

4. M. aqudrica, L. (Water Mint.) Pubescent or smoothish; leaves
ovate or round-ovate; flowers in a terminal globular or interrupted and oblong
head, often with one or more clusters in the axils of the upper leaves ; calyx and

LABIAT&. (MINT FAMILY.) 845

usually the pedicels hairy. The common form has the stems hairy downwards.
— Muddy shores, Nanticoke River, Delaware, W. M. Canby. — Var. GLABRATA,
Benth., a nearly smooth form, differing from Peppermint in the rounder leaves
and spike of 2 or 3 rounded heads (M. citrata, Lhrh.).— Litchfield, Connecti-
cut, Dr. T. F. Allen. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * * Inflorescence axillary, the globular whorls or clusters all in the axils of the leaves,
the uppermost axils not flower-bearing : leaves more or less petioled, toothed. (The
species apparently run together.)

5. M. sativa, L. (Wnorvep Mint.) Stem hairy downwards ; leaves ovate ;
calyx oblong-cylindrical with very slender teeth. Intermediate between the last
and the next, apparently runs into both. — River-banks, Lancaster, Penn., Prof.
Porter. (Ady. from Eu.)

6. M. arvensis, L. (Corn Mint.) Lower and smaller-leaved than the
last; calyx bell-shaped, the teeth short and broader.— Moist fields: rare. (Ady.
from Eu.)

7. M. Canadénsis, L. (Witp Mint.) Leaves varying from ovate-oblong
to lanceolate, tapering to both ends; calyx oblong-bell-shaped, the teeth rather
short; hairs on the stem when present not conspicuously reflexed. The com-
moner form is more or less hairy, and has nearly the odor of Pennyroyal. —
Var. GLABRATA, Benth. (M. borealis, Michr.) is smoothish, “the scent pleas-
anter, more like that of Monarda.”” (Prof. Porter.) Shady wet places, New
England to Kentucky and northward. 2

5. LYCOPUS, L. Warer Horenounn.

Calyx bell-shaped, 4—5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla bell-shaped,
scarcely longer than the calyx, nearly equally 4-lobed. Stamens 2, distant; the
upper pair either sterile rudiments or wanting. Nutlets with thickened margins.
— Perennial low herbs, resembling Mints, with sharply toothed or pinnatifid
leayes, the floral ones similar and much longer than the dense axillary whorls of
small mostly white flowers; in summer. (Name compounded of Avxkos, a wolf,
and trovs, foot, from some fancied likeness in the leaves.)

1. L. Virginicus, L. (Bucie-weep.) Stem obtusely 4-angled (6/-18'
high), producing long and slender runners from the base ; leaves oblong or ovate-
lanceolate, toothed, entire towards the base, short-petioled ; calyzx-teeth 4, ovate,
bluntish and pointless. — Shady moist places: common, especially northward. —
Smooth, often purplish, with small capitate clusters of very small flowers. — The
depauperate, few-flowered form, often tuberiferous at base (L. uniflorus, JZiche.,
and L. pumilus, Vahl), Lake Superior and northward.

2. L. Européeus, L. Stem sharply 4-angled (1°-3° high); leaves ovate-
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid, usually more or less
petioled; whorls many-flowered ; calyz-teeth 5, triangular-lanceolate, tapering to a
rigid very sharp point ; nutlets (smooth or glandular-roughened at the top) equal-
ling or exceeding the calyx-tube. (Eu.) — Includes several nominal species (the
sterile filaments variable) ; among them in our district is

Var. sessilifolius. Nearly smooth, producing slender leafy runners from
the decumbent base; leaves oblong-ovate, closely sessile or almost clasping, re-

346 LABIATZ. (MINT FAMILY.)

motely toothed ; sterile filaments minute and slender. — Atsion Creek, New Jer-
sey, W. M. Canby.— Nearest the var. parvifolius, Miquel, from Japan: proba-
bly L. rubellus, Mench, is a closely related form.

Var. integrifolius. Stems often-producing slender runners ; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, varying to narrowly lanceolate (L. angustifolius, Nuét.), much acu-
minate at both ends (2’-4! long), slender-petioled, sharply serrate. — Common
westward.

Var. sinuatus. (L. sinuatus, Benth. L. exaltatus & L. sinuatus, Ell.)
Much branched, smooth or smoothish; runners short or none; leaves mostly
more tapering to both ends than in the European form, varying from cut-toothed
to pinnatifid ; sterile filaments mostly with a globular or spatulate tip. — Com-
mon in wet grounds,

6. CUNILA, L. Drrrany.

Calyx ovate-tubular, equally 5-toothed, very hairy in the throat. Corolla 2-
lipped; upper lip erect, flattish, mostly notched; the lower spreading, 3-cleft.
Stamens 2, erect, exserted, distant: no sterile filaments.— Perennials, with
small white or purplish flowers, in corymbed cymes or clusters. (An ancient
Latin name, of unknown origin.)

1. C. Mariana, L. (Common Dirrany.) Stems tufted, corymbosely
much branched (1° high) ; leaves smooth, ovate, serrate, rounded or heart-shaped
at the base, nearly sessile, dotted (1/ long); cymes peduncled ; calyx striate. —
Dry hills, S. New York to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. July—Sept.

7, HYSSOPUS, L. _ Hyssop.

Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla
short, 2-lipped; upper lip erect, flat, obscurely notched ; the lower 3-cleft, with
the middle lobe larger and 2-cleft. Stamens 4, exserted, diverging. — A peren-
nial herb, with wand-like simple branches, lanceolate or linear entire leaves, and
blue-purple flowers in small clusters, crowded in a spike. (The ancient name.) —

1. H. orrrcrAxis, L.— Roadsides, &e., sparingly escaped from gardens.
(Ady. from Eu.)

8. PYCNANTHEMUM, Michx. Movnrarn Mint. Bast.

Calyx ovate-oblong or tubular, about 13-nerved, equally 5-toothed, or the
three upper teeth more or less united, naked in the throat. Corolla short, more
or less 2-lipped; the upper lip straight, nearly flat, entire or slightly notched ;
the lower 3-cleft, its lobes all ovate and obtuse. Stamens 4, distant, the lower
pair rather longer: anther-cells parallel. — Perennial upright herbs, with a pun-
gent mint-like flavor, corymbosely branched above; the floral leaves often
whitened; the many-flowered whorls dense, crowded with bracts, and usually
forming terminal heads or close cymes. Corolla whitish or purplish, the lips
mostly dotted with purple. Fl. summer and early autumn, — Varies, like the
Mints, with the stamens exserted or included in different flowers. (Name com-
posed of muxvds, dense, and avOepov, a blossom, from the dense inflorescence.)

LABIATH. (MINT FAMILY.) 347

* Calyx scarcely at all 2-lipped, the teeth and bracts awl-shaped and awn-pointed,
rigid, naked, as long as the corolla: flowers in rather dense mostly terminal heads :
leaves rigid, slightly petioled.

1. P. aristatum, Michx. Minutely hoary-puberulent (1°-2° high) ;
leaves oyate-oblong and oblong-lanceolate, acute, sparingly denticulate-serrate
(1/-2' long), roundish at the base. — Pine barrens, from New Jersey southward.

Var. hyssopifolium, Gray. Leaves narrowly oblong or broadly linear,
nearly entire and obtuse. (P. hyssopifolium, Benth.) — Virginia and southward.

* * Calyx 2-lipped from the greater union more or less of the 3 upper teeth, which,
with the bracts, are subulate and bearded with some spreading hairs: flowers in
dense and compound flattened cymes, which become considerably expanded in fruit :
leaves membranaceous, petioled. (Species 2-5 incline to run together.)

2. P. Tullia, Benth. Leaves greener and loosely soft-downy, only the floral
ones whitened, otherwise resembling those of the next; cymes dense; bracts
much surpassing the flowers, their long awn-like points and the awn-pointed calyx-
teeth bearded with long loose hairs. — Dry ground, mountains of Virginia and
southward.

3. P. incanum, Michx. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute, remotely toothed,
downy above and mostly hoary with whitish wool underneath, the uppermost whitened
both sides ; cymes open ; bracts linear-awl-shaped and, with the calyx-teeth, more
or less awn-pointed. — Rocky woods and hills, New England to Michigan, and
southward. — Plant 2°-4° high, the taste intermediate between that of Penny-
royal and Spearmint, as in most of the following species. Very variable.

4. P. clinopodioides, Torr. & Gr. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, scarcely
toothed, short-petioled, not whitened; the upper surface often smooth, the lower
as well as the stem downy ; cymes contracted ; bracts and calyx-teeth short-subu-
late, the latter nearly one half shorter than the tube. — Dry copses, S. New York
to Pennsylvania. Connects No. 3 with No. 5.

* * * Calyx usually almost equally 5-toothed : flowers crowded in loose heads or dense
clusters at the end of the branches and in the uppermost axils; the bracts shorter
than the 2-lipped corollas: leaves almost sessile.

5. P. Torréyi, Benth. Somewhat pubescent; stem strict and nearly
simple (2°-3° high) ; leaves thin, linear-lanceolate, tapering to both ends (mostly
2! long and 2" —3/' wide), nearly entire; the awl-shaped calyx-teeth and bracts
canescent. — Dry soil, S. New York to Pennsylvania. — Intermediate in aspect
between No. 4 and No. 8.

6. P. pildsum, Nutt. More or less downy with long and soft whitish hairs,
much branched above; Jeaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, or the lower ovate-lan-
ceolate, nearly entire, the floral not whitened; calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate, acute,
and with the bracts hoary-hairy.— Dry hills and plains, W. Pennsylvania to
Illinois, and southward.

7. P. muiticum, Pers. Minutely hoary throughout, or becoming almost
smooth, corymbosely much branched (1°-23° high) ; leaves ovate or broadly ovate-
lanceolate, varying to lanceolate, rather rigid, acute, rounded or slightly heart-shaped
at the base, mostly sessile and minutely sharp-toothed, prominently veined, green
when old; the floral ones, bracts, and triangular or ovate calyx-teeth, hoary with a

ir

a &
Re

348 LABIAT£. (MINT FAMILY.)

Sine close down. (Brachystemum verticillatum, Michx.) —Dry hills, Maine to
Ohio, Kentucky, and southward. — Flowers in very dense clusters; the outer
bracts oyate-lanceolate and pointed, the others pointless.

* * * * Calyx equally 5-toothed: flowers collected in dense and globular, often fas-
cicled, small and numerous heads, which are crowded in terminal corymbs: bracts
rigid, closely appressed, shorter than the flowers: lips of the corolla very short :
leaves narrow, sessile, entire, rigid, crowded and clustered in the axils.

8. P. lanceolatum, Pursh. Smoothish or minutely pubescent (2° high) ;

leaves lanceolate or lance-linear, obtuse at the base; heads downy; calyx-teeth short ~

and triangular. — Dry thickets: not rare.

9. P. linifélium, Pursh. Smoother and leaves narrower and heads less
downy than in the last ; the narrower bracts and lance-awl-shaped calyx-teeth pun-
gently pointed. —S. New England to Ilinois, and southward.

* * * * * Calyx equally 5-toothed: flowers collected in few and solitary large and
globular heads (terminal, and in the upper axils of the membranaceous petioled
leaves); the bracts loose, ciliate-bearded. /

10. P. montanum, Michx. Stem (1°-3° high) and ovate- or oblong-
lanceolate serrate leaves glabrous; bracts very acute or awl-pointed, the outer-
most ovate and leaf-like, the inner linear; teeth of the tubular calyx short and
acute. — Alleghanies, from S. Virginia southward. — Flavor warm and pleas-
ant. Foliage and heads resembling Monarda.

9. ORIGANUM, L. Wup Mazsoram.

Calyx ovate-bell-shaped, hairy in the throat, striate, 5-toothed. Tube of the
corolla about the length of the calyx, 2-lipped; the upper lip rather erect and
slightly notched ; the lower longer, of 3 nearly equal spreading lobes. Stamens
4, exserted, diverging. — Perennials, with nearly entire leaves, and purplish
flowers crowded in cylindrical or oblong spikes, imbricated with colored bracts.
(An ancient Greek name, said to be composed of pos, a mountain, and yavos,
delight.)

1. O. vurcAre, L. Upright, hairy, corymbose at the summit; leaves peti-
oled, round-ovate ; bracts ovate, obtuse, purplish. — Dry banks: scarce. June-
Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

10. THYMUS, L. Tarme.

Calyx ovate, 2-lipped, 13-nerved, hairy inthe throat; the upper lip 3-toothed,
spreading ; the lower 2-cleft, with the awl-shaped divisions ciliate. Corolla
short, slightly 2-lipped ; the upper lip straight and flattish, notched at the apex ;
the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, straight and distant, usually exserted. — Low per-
ennials, with small and entire strongly-veined leayes, and purplish or whitish
flowers. (The ancient Greck name of the Thyme, probably from @v@, to burn
perfume, because it was used for incense.)

1, T. Serpyiium, L. (Creeprnc Tuyme.) Prostrate; leaves green, flat,
ovate, entire, short-petioled, flowers crowded at the end of the branches. — Old
fields, Eastern New England and Pennsylvania: rare. (Ady. from Eu.) The
GARDEN THYME is T. vuLGARIs,L. *

LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 349

ll. SATUREIA, L. Savory.

Calyx bell-shaped, 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla
2-lipped; the upper lip erect, flat, nearly entire, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4,
somewhat ascending. — Aromatic plants, with narrow entire leaves, often clus-
tered, and somewhat spiked purplish flowers. (The ancient Latin name.)

1. S. nortréysis, L. (Summer Savory.) Pubescent annual; clusters few-
flowered; bracts small or none. — Prairies of Illinois, and rocky islands at the
Falls of the Ohio, Short: escaped from gardens. (Ady. from Hu.)

Zr. CALAMINTHA, Meench. CALAMINTH.

Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, mostly hairy in the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip
8-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with a straight tube and an inflated throat,
distinctly 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, flattish, entire or notched; the lower
spreading, 3-parted, the middle lobe usually largest. Stamens 4, mostly ascend-
ing; the anthers usually approximate in pairs. — Perennials, with mostly pur-
plish or whitish flowers; produced all summer: inflorescence various. (Name
composed of kaAds, beautiful, and pivOa, Mint.)

§1. CALAM{NTHA, Meench. Calyx striate, scarcely gibbous at the base: clusters
of flowers loose and peduncled in the axils of the leaves, and forming a raceme at
the summit: bracts minute. e
1. C, Nérera, Link. (Basitx-Tuyme.) Soft hairy; stem ascending (1°-
3° high) ; leaves petioled, broadly ovate, obtuse, crenate ; corolla (3” long) about
twice the length of the calyx. — Dry hills, Virginia, &c. (Nat. from Eu.)

§2. CALOMEL[SSA, Benth. Calyx nearly as § 1: whorls Jew - several-flow-
ered, sessile ; flowers on slender naked pedicels; the bracts at their base linear or
oblong, leaf-like.

2. C. glabélla, Benth. Smooth; stems diffuse or spreading (1° -2° long) ;
leaves slightly petioled, oblong or oblong-linear, narrowed at the base (8!/— 2!
long), sparingly toothed, or nearly entire ; clusters 6-10-flowered ; corolla (pur-
plish, 5’"-6" long) fully twice the length of the calyx, the teeth of the latter
awl-pointed. (Cunilaglabella, Michr. Micromeria, Benth.) — Limestone banks,
near Frankfort, Kentucky (Short), and southward.

Var. Nuttallii, Gray. Smaller; the flowering stems more upright (5/-9
high), with narrower mostly entire leaves and fewer-flowered clusters; while
sterile runners from the base bear ovate thickish leaves only 2/"-5! long. (C.
Nuttallii, Benth, Micromeria glabella, var. angustifolia, Torr.) — Wet limestone
rocks, Niagara Falls to Wisconsin, Central Ohio (Sullivant), and soythwestward.
— Appearing very distinct, but united by southwestern specimens.

§ 3. CLINOPODIUM, L. Calyx more or less gibbous below: clusters sessile and
many-flowered, dense, crowded with awl-shaped bracts.

3. C. Clinopodium, Benth. (Basix.) Hairy, erect (1°-2° high) ; leaves
ovate, petioled, nearly entire; flowers (pale purple) in globular clusters; hairy
bracts as long as the calyx. (Clinopodium vulgare, Z.)— Borders of thickets
and fields. Naturalized extensively: but apparently also indigenous about the
upper Great Lakes. (Eu.)

350 LABIAT£, (MINT FAMILY.)

18: MELISSA, L.. Bax

Calyx with the upper lip flattened and 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla
with a recurved-ascending tube. Stamens 4, curved and conniving under the
upper lip. Otherwise nearly as Calamintha.— Clusters few-flowered, loose,
one-sided, with few and mostly ovate bracts resembling the leaves. (Name from
pnruooa, a bee; the flowers yielding abundance of honey.)

1. M. orricinAxis, L. (Common Batu.) Upright, branching; leaves
broadly ovate, crenate-toothed, lemon-scented ; corolla nearly white. —Sparingly ~
escaped from gardens. (Nat. from Eu.)

14. HEDEOMA, Pers. Mock Pexnyroyat.

Calyx ovoid or tubular, gibbous on the lower side near the base, 13-nerved,
bearded in the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Co-
rolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, flat, notched at the apex; the lower spread-
ing, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2; the upper pair reduced to sterile filaments or
wanting. — Low, odorous annuals, with small leaves, and loose axillary clusters
of flowers (in summer), often forming terminal leafy racemes. (Altered from
“Hévdcpor, an ancient name of Mint, from its sweet scent.)

1. H. pulegioides, Pers. (American Pennyroyat.) Erect, branch-
ing, hairy ; leaves petioled, oblong-ovate, obscurely serrate, the floral similar ; whorls
few-flowered ; corolla (bluish, pubescent) scarcely exceeding the calyx; sterile
filaments tipped with a little head. — Open barren woods and fields. — The taste
and odor nearly of the true Pennyroyal (Mentha Pulegium) of Europe. ©

2. H. hispida, Pursh. Erect, hairy (2!—5! high); leaves sessile, linear, ~
entire, the floral similar and exceeding the flowers ; corolla scarcely longer than —
the ciliate hispid calyx. — Dry hills, W. Illinois and westward.

15. COLLINSONIA, L. Horsz-Barm.

Calyx ovate, enlarged and declined in fruit, 2-lipped ; upper lip truncate and
flattened, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla elongated, expanded at the throat,
somewhat 2-lipped ; the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, but the lower much larger and
longer, pendent, toothed or lacerate-fringed. Stamens 2 (sometimes 4, the up-
per pair shorter), much exserted, diverging: anther-cells divergent. — Strong-
scented perennials, with large ovate leaves, and yellowish flowers on slender pedi-
cels, in loose and panicled terminal racemes. (Named in honor of Peder Collin-
son, a well-known patron of science and correspondent of Linnzus, who intro-
duced it into England.)

1. C. Canadénsis, L. (Ricu-weep. Srone-root.) Nearly smooth
(19°-8° high); leaves serrate, pointed, petioled (3/-6' long); panicle loose ;
stamens 2. — Rich moist woods: common. July - Sept. — Corolla 8!’ -9" long,
lemon-scented.

16. SALVIA, L. Saez.

Calyx naked in the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip 3-toothed or entire, the
lower 2-cleft. Corolla deeply 2-lipped, ringent ; the upper lip straight or seythe-
shaped, entire or barely notched; the lower spreading or pendent, 3-lobed, the

LABIATA. (MINT FAMILY.) 351

middle lobe larger. Stamens 2, on short filaments, jointed with the clongated
transverse connective, one end of which ascending under the upper lip bears a
linear 1-celled (half-) anther, the other usually descending bears an imperfect or
deformed (half-) anther. — Flowers mostly large and showy, in spiked, racemed,
or panicled whorls, produced in summer. (Name from salvo, to save, in allu-
sion to the reputed healing qualities of Sage.)

1. S. lyrata, L. (Lyre-teavep Sace.) Low perennial (10/-20/ high),
somewhat hairy ; stem nearly simple and naked ; root-leaves obovate, lyre-shaped or sin-
uate-pinnatifid, sometimes almost entire; those of the stem mostly a single pair,
smaller and narrower ; the floral oblong-linear, not longer than the calyx ; whorls
loose and distant, forming an interrupted raceme; upper lip of the blue-purple
pubescent corolla short, straight, not vaulted. — Woodlands and meadows, New
Jersey to Ohio, Illinois, and southward.

2. S. urticifolia, L. (Nerrie-LeEavep Sace.) Downy with clammy hairs,
leafy ; leaves rhombic-ovate, pointed, crenate, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at
the base, narrowed into a short petiole, the floral nearly similar; whorls remote,
many-flowered ; upper lip of the blue corolla erect, one third the length of the
lower; style bearded. — Woodlands, from Maryland southward. — Corolla 4!
long; the lateral lobes deflexed, the middle notched.

17. MONARDA, L. _ Horss-Minr.

Calyx tubular, elongated, 15-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, usually hairy
in the throat. Corolla elongated, with a slightly expanded throat, and a strongly
2-lipped limb ; the lips linear or oblong, somewhat equal; the upper erect, entire
or slightly notched; the lower spreading, 3-lobed at the apex, the lateral lobes
ovate and obtuse, the middle one narrower and slightly notched. Stamens 2,
elongated, ascending, inserted in the throat of the corolla: anthers linear (the
divaricate cells confluent at the junction). — Odorous erect herbs, with entire or
toothed leaves, and pretty large flowers in a few whorled heads, closely surrounded
with bracts. (Dedicated to Micolas Monardes, author of many tracts upon
medicinal and other useful plants, especially those of the New World, in the
latter half of the 16th century.)

* Stamens and style exserted beyond the narrow acute upper lip of the corolla : root per-
ennial: leaves lance-ovate or oblong, with a rounded or slightly heart-shaped base.
1. M. didyma, L. (Oswreco Tza.) Somewhat hairy (2° high) ; leaves
petioled, pointed; the floral ones and the large outer bracts tinged with red ;
calyx smooth, incurved, nearly naked in the throat; corolla smooth (2! long), bright
red, showy. — Moist woods by streams, New England to Wisconsin northward,
_ and southward in the Alleghanies: often cultivated (under the name of Balm or
Bee-Balm). July, Aug.
2. M. fistulosa, L. (Witp Bercamor.) Smoothish or downy ; leaves
petioled ; the uppermost and outer bracts somewhat colored (whitish or purplish) ;

Jud

calyx slightly curved, very hairy in the throat ; corolla purplish, rose-color, or almost _

white, smooth or hairy. — Woods and rocky banks, Vermont to Wisconsin, and
southward, especially westward. July-Sept.— Very variable in appearance,
2°-5° high; the pale corolla smaller than in the last.

-

302 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.)

3. M. Bradburiana, Beck. Leaves nearly sessile, clothed with long soft hairs,
especially underneath ; the floral and the outer bracts somewhat heart-shaped, pur-
plish ; calyx smoothish, contracted above, very hairy in the throat, with awl-shaped
awned teeth ; corolla smoothish, bearded at the tip of the upper lip, scarcely twice
the length of the calyx, pale purplish, the lower lip dotted with purple. — Oak-
openings and woods, Ohio to Illinois, and westward. May-July.

* * Stamens not exceeding the upper lip of the short corolla: annuals or biennials.

4. M. punctata, L. (Horse-Mryt.) Minutely downy (2°-3° high) ;
leaves petioled, lanceolate, narrowed at the base; bracts lanceolate, obtuse at
the base, sessile, yellowish and purple; teeth of the downy calyx short and rigid,
awnless; corolla nearly smooth, yellowish, the upper lip spotted with purple,
notched at the apex, the tube scarcely exceeding the calyx. — Sandy fields and
dry banks, New York to Illinois and southward. July-Sept.— Very odorous
and pungent.

18. BLEPHILIA, Raf. Brepurria.

Calyx ovoid-tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped, naked in the throat; upper lip with
3 awned teeth, the lower with 2 nearly awnless teeth. Corolla inflated in the
throat, strongly and nearly equally 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, entire; the
lower spreading, 3-cleft, with the lateral lobes ovate and rounded, larger than
the oblong and notched middle one. Stamens 2, ascending, exserted (the rudi-
ments of the upper pair minute or none): anthers, &c. as in Monarda.— Peren-
nial herbs, with nearly the foliage, &c. of Monarda ; the small pale bluish purple
flowers crowded in axillary and terminal globose capitate whorls; in summer.
(Name from Bdedapis, the eyelash, in reference to the hairy-fringed bracts and
calyx-teeth. )

1. B. ciliata, Raf. Somewhat downy (1°-2° high) ; leaves almost sessile,

oblong-ovate, narrowed at the base, whitish-downy underneath; outer bracts ovate, .

acute, colored, ciliate, as long as the calyx; corolla hairy. (Monarda ciliata,
LL.) —Dry open places, Penn. to Kentucky and Wisconsin.

2. B. hirstta, Benth. Hairy throughout ; leaves long-petioled, ovate, pointed,
rounded or heart-shaped at the base; the lower floral ones similar, the uppermost
and the bracts linear-awl-shaped, shorter than the long-haired calyx ; corolla
smoothish, pale, with darker purple spots. (B.nepetoides, Raf. Monarda hir-
suta, Pursh.) —Damp rich woods, E. Vermont to Wisconsin and Kentucky. —
Plant 2°-3° high, with spreading branches, and numerous close whorls, the
lower remote.

19. LOPHANTHUS, Benth. Grant Hyssop.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 15-nerved, oblique, 5-toothed, the upper teeth rather
longer than the others. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip nearly erect, 2-lobed ;
the lower somewhat spreading, 3-cleft, with the middle lobe crenate. Stamens 4,
exserted ; the upper pair declined ; the lower and shorter pair ascending, so that
the pairs cross. Anther-cells nearly parallel. — Perennial tall herbs, with peti-
oled serrate leaves, and small flowers crowded in interrupted terminal spikes ; in
summer. (Name from Adqos, a crest, and avOos, a flower.)

v

LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 353

1. L. nepetoides, Benth. Smooth, or nearly so; leaves ovate, somewhat
pointed, coarsely crenate-toothed (2/— 4! long) ; ca/yx-teeth ovate, rather obtuse, little
shorter than the pale greenish-yellow corolla. — Borders of woods, W. Vermont to
Wisconsin, and southward. — Stem stout, 4°-6° high, sharply 4-angled. Spikes
2'— 6! long, crowded with the ovate pointed bracts.

2. L. serophularizefolius, Benth. Stem (obtusely 4-angled) and lower
surface of the ovate or somewhat heart-shaped acute leaves more or less pubes-
cent ; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute, shorter than the purplish corolla (spikes 4'—15! long) :
otherwise like the last. — Same geographical range.

3. L. anisatus, Benth. (Anise Hyssop.) Smooth, but the ovate acute
leaves glaucous-white underneath with minute down ; calyzx-teeth lanceolate, acute.
— Plains, Wisconsin and northwestward. — Foliage with the scent of anise.

20. NEPETA, L. Cat-Minv.

Calyx tubular, often incurved, obliquely 5-toothed. Corolla dilated in the
throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, rather concave, notched or 2-cleft; the
lower spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe largest, either 2-lobed or entire. Sta-
mens 4, ascending under the upper lip, the lower pair shorter. Anthers ap-
proximate in pairs; the cells divergent. — Perennial herbs. (The Latin name,
thought to be derived from Nepete, an Etrurian city.)

§ 1. Cymose clusters rather dense and many-flawered, forming interrupted spikes or
racemes: upper floral leaves small and bract-like.

1. W. CaraArta, L. (Catnip.) Downy, erect, branched; leaves heart-
shaped, oblong, deeply crenate, whitish-downy underneath ; corolla whitish,
dotted with purple. — Near dwellings: a very common weed. July-—Sept.
(Ady. from Eu.)

§ 2. GLECHOMA, L. Leaves all alike: the axillary clusters loosely few-flowered.

2. IN. Grecnoma, Benth. (Grounp Ivy. GuLu.) Creeping and trail-
ing ; leaves petioled, round kidney-shaped, crenate, green both sides; corolla
thrice the length of the calyx, light blue. (Glechoma hederacea, L.) —Damp
waste grounds near dwellings. May -Aug.— Anther-cells diverging at a right
angle, each pair approximate and forming a cross. (Ady. from Eu.)

21. DRACOCEPHALUM, L. _ Dnracoy-Heap.

Calyx tubular, 13-15-nerved, straight, 5-toothed ; the upper tooth usually
much largest. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip slightly arched and notched ; the
lower spreading, 3-cleft, with its middle lobe largest and 2-cleft or notched at the
end. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; the lower pair shorter. An-
thers approximate by pairs, the cells divergent. —Whorls many-flowered, mostly
spiked or capitate, and with awn-toothed or fringed leafy bracts. (Name from
dpaxwv, a dragon, and kepadn, head, alluding to the form of the corolla in the
original species. )

1. D. parviflorum, Nutt. Annual or biennial; stem erect, leafy (8 -
20! high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, sharply cut-toothed, petioled ; whorls crowded
in a terminal head or spike ; upper tooth of the calyx ovate, nearly equalling

23

B04 LABIAT. (MINT FAMILY.)

the bluish small slender corolla. — Rocky places, from St. Lawrence Co., New
York, to Wisconsin along the Great Lakes, northward. May - Aug.

22. CEDRONELLA, Mench. Crpronerna.

Calyx rather obliquely 5-toothed, many-nerved. Corolla ample, expanded
at the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip flattish or concave, 2-lobed ; the lower 3-
cleft, spreading, the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending; the lower pair
shorter. Anther-cells parallel. — Sweet-scented perennials, with pale purplish
flowers. (Name a diminutive of kédptoy, oil of Cedar, from the aromatic leaves
of the original species, C. triphylla, the Balm-of- Gilead of English gardens.)

1. C. cordata, Benth. Low, with slender runners, hairy ; leaves broadly
heart-shaped, crenate, petioled, the floral shorter than the calyx; whorls few-
flowered, at the summit of short ascending stems ; corolla hairy inside (13 long) ;
stamens shorter than the upper lip. (Dracocephalum cordatum, Nutt.) —Low
shady banks, W. Penn. to Kentucky, and southward along the mountains. June.

23. SYNANDRA, Nutt. Synanpra.

Calyx bell-shaped, inflated, membranaceous, irregularly veiny, almost equally
4-toothed! Corolla with a long tube, much expanded above and at the throat;
the upper lip slightly arched, entire ; the lower spreading and 3-cleft, with ovate
lobes, the middle one broadest and notched at the end. Stamens 4, ascending:
filaments hairy: anthers approximate in pairs under the upper lip; the two
upper each with one fertile and one smaller sterile cell, the latter cohering with
each other (whence the name; from ov», together, and avnp, for anther).

1. S. grandiflora, Nutt. — Shaded banks, Ohio, Kentucky, and south-
ward. June.—A perennial? hairy herb, 1° high. Lower leaves long-petioled,
broadly ovate, heart-shaped, crenate, thin; the floral sessile, gradually reduced
to bracts, each with a single sessile flower. Corolla 14! long, yellowish-white.

24. PHYSOSTEGIA, Benth. Farse Dracon-neap.

Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed, obscurely 10-nerved, short-tubular or bell-
shaped, more or less enlarged and slightly inflated in fruit. Corolla funnel-
form with a much inflated throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, nearly entire ;
the lower 3-parted, spreading, small: its middle lobe larger, broad and rounded,
notched. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip: anthers approximate ;
the cells parallel. — Smooth perennials, with upright wand-like stems, and ses-
sile lanceolate or oblong mostly serrate leaves. Flowers large and showy, rose
or flesh-color variegated with purple, opposite, crowded in simple or panicled
terminal leafless spikes. (Name from ica, a bladder, and oréyn, a covering.)

1. P. Virginiana, Benth. Corolla 1! or more long, gaping, the upper
lip slightly arching ; calyx-tube oblong- or obconical-bell-shaped. (Dracoceph-
alum Virginianum, Z.)— Wet banks, &c., W. New York to Wisconsin and
southward. July - Sept. — Varies from 1°~-4° high, stout or slender; the
leaves from oblong-obovate (the lower) to narrowly lanceolate, and from very
sharply toothed to nearly entire ; the flowers either crowded or scattered.

LABIATH., (MINT FAMILY.) 355

25. BRUNELLA, Tourn. (Prunella, Z.) SELF-HEAL.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, somewhat 10-nerved and reticulated-veiny, flat-
tened on the upper side, naked in the throat, closed in fruit, 2-lipped ; the up-
per lip broad and flat, truncate, with 3 short teeth ; the lower 2-cleft. Corolla
ascending, slightly contracted at the throat, and dilated at the lower side just
beneath it, 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, arched, entire; the lower reflexed-
spreading, 3-cleft ; its lateral lobes oblong ; the middle one rounded, concave,
crenulate. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip: filaments 2-toothed at
the apex, the lower tooth bearing the anther. Anthers approximate in pairs,
their cells diverging. — Low perennials, with nearly simple stems, and 3-flow-
ered clusters of flowers sessile in the axils of round and bract-like membrana-
ceous floral leaves, imbricated in a close spike or head. (Name said to be taken
from the German braune, a disease of the throat, for which this plant was a
reputed remedy. :

2. B. vulgaris, L. (Common Sevr-near or Hear-auu.) Leaves ovate-
oblong, entire or toothed, petioled, hairy or smoothish ; corolla (violet or flesh-
color, rarely white) not twice the length of the purplish calyx.— Woods and
fields: common. June-Sept. (Eu.)

26. SCUTELLARIA, L. Sxuttcap.

Calyx bell-shaped in flower, 2-lipped ; the lips entire, closed in fruit, the upper
with a helmet-like at length concave and enlarged appendage on the back (the
upper sepal) ; calyx splitting to the base at maturity, the upper lip usually fall-
ing away. Corolla with an elongated curved ascending tube, dilated at the
throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip arched, entire or barely notched; the lateral
lobes mostly connected with the upper rather than the lower lip ; the lower lobe
or lip spreading and convex, notched at the apex. Stamens 4, ascending under
the upper lip: anthers approximate in pairs, ciliate or bearded; those of the
lower stamens 1-celled (halved), of the upper 2-celled and heart-shaped. — Bit-
ter perennial herbs, not aromatic, with axillary or else spiked or racemed flow-
ers; in summer: the short peduncles or pedicels chiefly opposite, 1-flowered,
often l-sided. (Name from scutella, a dish, in allusion to the form of the ap-
pendage to the fruiting calyx.)

* Flowers (blue) in terminal (single or panicled) racemes ; the floral leaves, except the
lower ones, being small, and reduced to bracts.
+ Lips short, nearly equal in length, the lateral lobes rather distinct, and almost as
long as the straightish or scarcely incurved upper lip : leaves on slender petioles.

1. S. versicolor, Nutt. Soft hairy, the hairs of the inflorescence, &c.
partly viscid-glandular ; stem mostly erect (1°-3° high) ; leaves ovate or round-
ovate, chiefly heart-shaped, crenate-toothed, very veiny, rvgose, the floral reduced
to broadly ovate entire bracts about equalling the glandular-hairy calyx ; ra-
cemes mostly simple. — River-banks, &c., Penn. to Wisconsin and southward.
— Corolla 9" long, with a slender tube, below whitish, the lower lip purple-
spotted ; the upper deep blue; the lateral lobes belonging as much to the lower
as to the upper lip. —S. saxatilis, var.? pilosior, Benth., is probably a smaller

356 LABIATZ. (MINT FAMILY.)

form of this, as is S. rugosa, Wood. (The latter from Harper’s Ferry, Dr. Arkin,
according to Wood.) &

2. §. saxAtilis, Riddell. Smoothish or slightly hairy ; stem weak, ascend-
ing (6/—18/ long), often producing runners, branched ; Jeaves ovate or ovate-oblong
and mostly heart-shaped, coarsely crenate-toothed (1/—2' long), thin, obtuse ; upper
bracts oblong or ovate, small; racemes loose. — Moist shaded banks, 8. Ohio,
Virginia, and Kentucky, and southward in the mountains. — Corolla 8” long,
the lateral lobes connected with the straightish upper lip.

+ + Lateral lobes of the corolla small, much shorter than the decidedly arched or in-
curved upper lip, and connected with it: stem erect: leaves moderately petioled,
except in No. 6.

3. S. canéscens, Nutt. Stem branched (2°-4° high) above, with the
panicled many-flowered racemes, flowers, and the lower surface of the ovate or lance-
ovate acute (at the base acute, obtuse, or cordate) crenate leaves whitish with fine
soft down, often becoming rather glabrous; bracts oblong or lanceolate ; upper
lip of the corolla shorter than the lower.— Rich ground, Penn. to Illinois and
southward. — Corolla 8” long.

4. §. serrata, Andrews. Green and nearly glabrous ; stem rather simple
(1°-3° high), with single loosely-flowered racemes ; leaves serrate, acuminate at
both ends, ovate or ovate-oblong ; calyx, &c. somewhat hairy ; lips of the corolla
equal in length (corolla 1! long, the tube more tapering below than in the last,
which this resembles). — Woods, Maryland, Illinois, and southward.

5. S. pilosa, Michx. Pubescent with spreading hairs; stem nearly simple
(1°-8° high) ; leaves rather distant, crenate, oblong-ovate, obtuse, varying to round-
ish-oyate, the lower abrupt or heart-shaped at the base and long-petioled, the
upper on short margined petioles, veiny ; bracts oblong-spatulate ; racemes short,
often branched ; corolla (6!!- 8" long) rather narrow, the lower lip a little shorter,
(S. hirsitta, Short, is a large form.) —Dry ground, S. New York ‘to Michigan
and southward.

6. S. integrifolia, L. Downy all over with a minute hoariness ; stem com-
monly simple (1°-2° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear, mostly entire, obtuse,
very short-petioled ; raceme often branched ; corolla (1! long) much enlarged above,
the ample. lips equal in length. — Borders of thickets, from Bridgewater, Mass.
(Mr. Howard), to Pennsylvania and southward.

* * Flowers (blue or violet, short-peduncled) solitary in the axils of the upper mosily
sessile leaves, which are similar to the lower ones.
+ Corolla (2!-3"' long) seldom thrice the length of the calyx ; the short lips nearly
equal in length, the upper lip concave.

7. §. nervosa, Pursh. Smooth, simple or branched, slender (10! - 20!
high) ; lower leaves roundish ; the middle ones ovate, toothed, somewhat heart-shaped
(1/ long) ; the floral ovate-lanceolate, entire ; nerye-like veins prominent beneath.
(S. gracilis, Nutt.) — Moist thickets, New York to Illinois and southward.

8. S. parvula, Michx. Minutey downy, dwarf (3'-6! high), branched
and spreading ; lowest leaves round-ovate ; the others ovate or lance-ovate, obtuse, all
entire or nearly so, slightly heart-shaped (6!"-8" long). (S. ambigua, Nuit.) —
Dry banks, W. New England to Wisconsin and southward. May, June,

LABIATH. (MINT FAMILY.) 357

+ + Corolla (8!!-9!' long), with a slender tube: lower lip large and rather longer
than the somewhat arched upper lip: stem simple.
9. S. galericulata, L. Smooth or a little downy, erect (1°-2° high) ;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, roundish and slightly heart-shaped at the
base (1/-2/long).— Wet shady places: common northward. (Eu.)

* * * Flowers small (blue, 3" long), in axillary and often also in terminal one-sided
racemes ; the lower floral leaves like the others, the upper small and bract-like.

10. §S. lateriflora, L. Smooth; stem upright, much branched (1° -2°
high) ; leaves lanceolate-ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed, coarsely serrate, rounded
at the base, petioled (2/- 3! long). — Wet shaded places : common. — A quack
having formerly vaunted its virtues as a remedy for hydrophobia, this species
bears the name of Mad-dog Skullcap.

27. MARRUBIUM, L. _ Horenovnp.

Calyx tubular, 5-10-nerved, nearly equally 5-10-toothed ; the teeth more or
less spiny-pointed and spreading at maturity. Upper lip of the corolla erect,
notched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its middle lobe broadest. Stamens 4,
included in the tube of the corolla. Nutlets not truncate. — Whitish-woolly bitter-
aromatic perennials, branched at the base, with rugose and crenate or cut leaves,
and many-flowered axillary whorls. (A name of Pliny, said to be derived from
the Hebrew marrob, a bitter juice.)

1. M. vureAre, L. (Common Horenounn.) Stems ascending; leaves
round-ovate, petioled, crenate-toothed ; whorls capitate; calyx with 10 recurved ~
teeth, the alternate ones’shorter; corolla small, white. — Escaped from gardens
into waste places. (Nat. from Eu.)

28. GALEOPSIS, L.. Heme-Nerrwe.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved, with 5 somewhat equal and spiny-
tipped teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat ; the upper lip ovate, arched, entire ;
the lower 3-cleft, spreading ; the lateral lobes ovate, the middle one inversely
heart-shaped ; palate with 2 teeth at the sinuses. Stamens 4, ascending under
the upper lip : anther-cells transversely 2-valved ; the inner valve of each cell bristly-
fringed, the outer one larger and naked. — Annuals, with spreading branches,
and several — many-flowered whorls in the axils of floral leaves which are nearly
like the lower ones. (Name composed of yadén, a weasel, and ois, resemblance,
from some fancied likeness of the corolla to the head of a weasel.)

1. G. TerraAnir, L. (Common Hemp-Nettie.) Stem swollen below the
joints, bristly-hairy ; leaves ovate, coarsely serrate ; corolla purplish, or variegated,
about twice the length of the calyx; or, in var. GRANDIFLORA, 3-4 times the
length of the calyx, often yellowish with a purple spot on the lower lip. —
Waste places: rather common. Aug., Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. G. LApanum, L. (Rep H.) Stem smooth or pubescent; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, more or less downy ; corolla red or rose-color (the throat often spotted
with yellow), much exceeding the calyx. — Eastern New England : rare. Aug.
(Ady. from Eu.)

358 LABIATH. (MINT FAMILY.)

29. STACHYS, I. Hepcr-NeEtr_e.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5- 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, or the upper teeth
united to form an upper lip. Corolla not dilated at the throat; the upper lip
erect or rather spreading, often arched, entire or nearly so; the lower usually
longer and spreading, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe largest and nearly entire.
Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip (often reflexed on the throat after
flowering): anthers approximate in pairs. Nutlets obtuse, not truncate. —
Whorls 2—many-flowered, approximate in a terminal raceme or spike (whence
the name, from orayxvs, a spike), Flowering in summer.

x Root annual: stems decumbent, low.

1. §S. arvensis, L. (Wounpwort.) Hairy; leaves petioled, ovate, obtuse,
crenate, heart-shaped at the base ; axillary whorls 4 — 6-flowered, distant ; corolla
(purplish) scarcely longer than the soon declined unarmed calyx.— Waste
places, E. Massachusetts : scarce. (Ady. from Eu.)

* * Root perennial: stem erect.

2. §S. palustris, L. Stem 4-angled (2°-3° high), leafy, hirsute with
spreading or reflexed hairs, especially on the angles ; leaves sessile, or the lower
short-petioled, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, crenately serrate, rounded or heart-
shaped at the base, downy or hairy-pubescent, obtusish (2/-4! long), the upper
floral ones shorter than the nearly sessile calyx ; whorls 6 -10-flowered, the up-
per crowded into an interrupted spike; calyx hispid; the lance-subulate teeth
somewhat spiny, half the length of the purple corolla, diverging in fruit. — Wet
banks of streams, &c., mostly northward. (Eu.)— To this, for the present, we
must refer all the following as varieties, different as some of them are : —

Var. aspera. (S. aspera, Michr.) Stem more commonly smooth on the
sides, the angles beset with stiff reflexed bristles; leaves hairy or smoothish,
pointed, the lower petioled, the lower floral as long as the flowers; spike often
slender and more interrupted; calyx-tube rather narrower and the teeth more
awl-shaped and spiny. —Common in wet grounds. — This passes into

Var. glabra. (S. glabra, Riddell, suppl. cat. Ohio pl. 1836.) More slender,
smooth and glabrous throughout, or with few bristly hairs ; leaves oblong- or ovate-
lanceolate, taper-pointed, more sharply toothed, mostly rounded or truncate at
the base, all petioled. — W. New York to Michigan and southwestward.

Var. cordata. (S. cordata, Riddell, ].c. S. Nuttallii, Shuttlew.) Stem
beset with spreading or reflexed bristly hairs ; leaves hairy or smoothish, oblong,
heart-shaped at the narrowed base, all more or less petioled ; calyx-teeth sometimes
shorter, — Common westward and southward.

3. S. hyssopifolia, Michx. Smooth and glabrous, or nearly so; stems
slender (1° high), the angles sometimes reflexed-bristly ; leaves linear-oblonq, or
narrowly linear, sessile, obscurely toothed towards the apex ; whorls 4 —6-flowered,
rather distant ; corolla (light purple) twice or thrice the length of the triangular-
awl-shaped spreading calyx-teeth.— Wet sandy places, Massachusetts to Vir-
ginia; also Michigan, Illinois and southward.

Bet6nica OFFICINALIS, the Woop Brrony of Europe, —of a genus hardly
distinct from Stachys, — was found by C. J. Sprague in a thicket at Newton,
iviassachusetts.

LABIAT. (MINT FAMILY.) 359

30, LEONURUS, L. Moruerwort.

Calyx top-shaped, 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal teeth which are awl-shaped,
and when old rather spiny-pointed and spreading. Upper lip of the corolla ob-
long and entire, somewhat arched ; the lower spreading, 3-lobed ; its middle lobe
larger, broad and inversely heart-shaped, the lateral ones oblong. Stamens 4,
ascending under the upper lip: anthers approximate in pairs, the valves naked.
Nutlets truncate and sharply 3-angled. — Upright herbs, with cut-lobed leaves,
and close whorls of flowers in their axils; insummer. (Name from A€ay, a lion,
and ovpd, tail, i. e. Lion’s-tail.)

1. L. Carpiaca, L. (Common Motnerwort.) Tall perennial; leaves
long-petioled ; the lower rounded, palmately lobed; the floral wedge-shaped at
the base, 3-cleft, the lobes lanceolate ; upper lip of the pale purple corolla bearded.
— Waste places, around dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. L. Marrvusisstrum, L. Tall biennial, with elongated branches ; stem-
leaves oblong-ovate, coarsely toothed ; corolla (whitish) shorter than the calyx-
teeth; the tube naked within; lower lip rather erect. — Roadsides, Pennsyl-
vania: rare. (Ady. from Eu.)

31. LAMIUM, L. Dnrap-Nerrte.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal awl-pointed
teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat ; the upper lip ovate or oblong, arched, nar-
rowed at the base; the middle lobe of the spreading lower lip broad, notched
at the apex, contracted as if stalked at the base; the lateral ones small, at the
margin of the throat. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip: anthers ap-
proximate in pairs, 2-celled, the cells divergent. Nutlets truncate at the apex.
— Herbs, decumbent at the base, the lowest leaves small and long-petioled, the
middle ones heart-shaped and doubly toothed, the floral subtending the whorled
clusters of flowers ; produced from spring to autumn. (Name from Aaipos, the
throat, in allusion to the ringent corolla.)

* Annuals or biennials, low: flowers small, purple, in few whorls or heads.

1. L. amprexicatie, L. Leaves rounded, deeply crenate-toothed or cut,
the upper ones clasping ; corolla elongated, upper lip bearded, the lower spotted ;
lateral lobes truncate. — Cultivated grounds. (Ady. from Eu.)

2. L. purrtreum, L. Leaves roundish or oblong, heart-shaped, crenate-
toothed, all petioled.— Cult. grounds, Pennsylvania. (Ady. from Eu.)

* * Perennial, taller : flowers larger, in several axillary whorls.

3. L. Arsum, L. Hairy; leaves ovate, heart-shaped, petioled ; calyx-teeth
very slender, spreading ; corolla white, the tube curved upwards, obliquely con-
tracted near the base, where there is a ring of hairs inside; lateral lobes of lower
lip bearing a long slender tooth.— Waste ground near Boston, D. Murray.
(Ady. from Eu.)

32. BALLOTA, L. _ Ferip Horenovnp.

Calyx nearly funnel-form ; the 10-ribbed tube expanded above into a spread-
ing regular border, with 5-10 teeth. Anthers exserted beyond the tube of

360 BORRAGINACEE. | (BORAGE FAMILY.)

the corolla, approximate in pairs. Otherwise much asin Marrubium. (The
Greek name, of uncertain origin.)

1. B. wiera, L. (Brack Horenounp.) More or less hairy, but green,
erect ; the root perennial ; leaves ovate, toothed; whorls many-flowered, dense ;
calyx-teeth 5, longer than the tube of the purplish corolla. — Waste places, Mas-
sachusetts and Connecticut: scarce. (Ady. from Eu.)

33. PHLOMIS, L. Jznrvusarem Sace.

Calyx tubular, 5-10-ribbed, truncate or equally 5-toothed. Upper lip of the
corolla arched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, ascending and approx-
imate in pairs under the upper lip; the filaments of the upper pair with an awl-
shaped appendage at the base, longer than the others in P. tuberosa, &c.: anther-
cells divergent and confluent. — Leaves rugose. Whorls dense and many-flow-
ered, axillary, remote, bracted. (An old Greek name of a woolly species, of
obscure derivation.)

1. P. ruperosa, L. Tall perennial (3°-5° high), nearly smooth; leaves
ovate-heart-shaped, crenate, petioled ; the floral oblong-lanceolate ; bracts awl-
shaped, hairy; upper lip of the purple corolla densely bearded with white hairs
on the inside. — Shore of Lake Ontario near Rochester. June, July. (Ady.
from Eu.)

Orper 72. BORRAGINACEE. (Borace Famrry.)

Chiefly rough-hairy herbs (not aromatic), with alternate entire leaves, and
symmetrical flowers with a 5-parted calyx, a regular 5-lobed corolla (except
in No. 1), 5 stamens inserted on its tube, a single style and a deeply 4-lobed
ovary (as in Labiate), which forms in fruit 4 seed-like nutlets, each with a
single seed.— Albumen none. Cotyledons plano-convex: radicle pointing
to the apex of the fruit. Stigmas 1 or 2. Calyx valvate, the corolla im-
bricated (in Myosotis convolute) in the bud. Flowers mostly on one side
of the branches of a reduced cyme, imitating a spike or raceme, which is
rolled up from the end, and straightens as the blossoms expand (circinate
or scorpioid), often bractless. (A rather large family of innocent, muci-
laginous, and slightly bitter plants; the roots of some species yielding a
red dye.)

Tribe I. BORRAGEZ. Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming as many separate 1-seeded
nutlets in fruit; the style rising from the centre between them. (Root frequently red.)

* Corolla naked and open (without scales) in the throat, somewhat irregular! Nutlets erect
1. Echium. Corolla funnel-form, unequally 5-lobed. Stamens protruded.

* * Corolla with 5 scales closing the throat. Nutlets not prickly, erect ; the scar broad.
2. Lycopsis,. Corolla funnel-form, slightly curved and oblique: scales blunt and hairy.
3. Symphytum. Corolla tubular, and enlarged at the summit: scales awl-shaped.

* * * Corolla open, with folds rather than scales in the throat. Nutlets smooth, erect ; scar small.
~~ Lobes of the tubular corolla imbricated in the bud.
4. Onosmodium. Nutlets stony, smooth. Lobes of the corolla acute and erect.
5. Lithospermum. Nutlets stony, smooth. Lobes of the corolla spreading, rounded.

BORRAGINACEH. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 361

6. Mertensia. Nutlets fleshy, fixed by the inner angle. Lobes of the corolla rounded.
+ + Lobes of the short salver-shaped corolla convolute in the bud.

“7. Myosotis. Nutlets hard and smooth. Flowers all or most of them bractless.

* * * * Corolla with 5 scales closing the throat. Nutlets prickly, laterally fixed to the central
column or the base of the style, often recumbent.

8. Echinospermum. Corolla salver-shaped. Nutlets exect, prickly on the margin.

9. Cynoglossum. Corolla funnel-form. Nutlets oblique or depressed, prickly all over.

Tribe Il, HELIOTROPEX. Ovary not lobed, tipped with the simple style : the fruit
separating when ripe into 2 or 4 nutlets.
10. Heliotropium. Throat of the short salver-shaped corolla open. Nutlets 1-celled.
ll. Heliophytum. Throat of the corolla contracted. Nutlets 2, each 2-celled, i. e. 4 in 2
pairs and sometimes a pair of empty false cells.

1. ECHIUM, Tourn. Virer’s BuGtoss.

Corolla with a cylindraceous or funnel-form tube, and a more or less unequal
spreading 5-lobed border; the lobes rounded, the expanded throat naked. Sta-
mens mostly exserted, unequal. Style thread-form. Nutlets roughened or
wrinkled, fixed by a flat base. (A name of Dioscorides, from €xis, a viper.)

1. BK. vureArn, L. (Biue-weep.) Rough-bristly biennial; stem erect
(2° high), mostly simple; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile ; flowers showy,
in short lateral clusters, disposed in a long and narrow raceme ; corolla reddish-
purple changing to brilliant blue (rarely pale). — Roadsides and meadows: rather
rare northward ; but a troublesome weed in cultivated fields in Virginia. June.
(Nat. from Eu.)

2. LYCOPSIS, L. Buczoss.

Corolla funnel-shaped, with a curved tube and a slightly unequal limb; the
throat closed with 5 conyex obtuse bristly scales placed opposite the lobes. Sta-
mens and style included. Nutlets rough-wrinkled, erect, fixed by a hollowed-
out base. — Annuals. (Name from Avxos, a wolf, and dyis, face.)

1. L. arvensis, L. (Smart Buetoss.) Very rough-bristly (1° high) ;
leaves lanceolate ; flowers in leafy raceme-like clusters ; calyx as long as the tube
of the small blue corolla. — Dry or sandy fields, New England to Virginia:
scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. SYMPHYTUM, Toun. Comrnrey.

Corolla oblong-tubular, inflated above, 5-toothed; the short teeth spreading ;
the throat closed with 5 converging linear-awl-shaped scales. Stamens included :
anthers elongated. Style thread-form. Nutlets smooth, ovate, erect, fixed by
the large hollowed base, which is finely toothed on its margin. — Coarse peren-
nial herbs, with thickened bitterish mucilaginous roots ; the nodding raceme-like
clusters either single or in pairs. (Name from ovpdety, to grow together, proba-
bly in allusion to its reputed healing virtues.)

1. S. orricrnALe, L. (Common Comrrey.) Hairy, branched, winged
above by the decurrent leaves; the lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering into
a petiole, the upper narrower ; corolla yellowish-white, rarely purplish. — Moist
places; escaped from gardens. June. (Ady. from Eu.)

362 BORRAGINACEEZ. (BORAGE FAMILY.)

4. ONOSMODIUM, Michx. Farse Gromwett.

Calyx 5-parted ; the divisions linear and erect. Corolla tubular, or tubular-
funnel-form, naked in the throat (the sinuses minutely hooded-inflexed) ; the 5
acute lobes converging or barely spreading. Anthers oblong-linear or arrow-
shaped, mucronate, inserted in the throat of the corolla. Style thread-form,
much exserted. Nutlets bony, ovoid, smooth, erect, fixed by the base; the scar
minute, not hollowed out, — Chiefly perennial herbs, coarse and hispid, with ob-
long and sessile ribbed-veined leaves, and white, greenish, or yellowish flowers,
in at length elongated and erect leafy raceme-like clusters; in summer. —
Our species all belong to true Onosmopium, haying the anthers all included,
smooth, and on very short filaments; the corolla only once or twice the length
of the calyx. (Named from the resemblance to the genus Onosma, which means
ass-smell.)

1. O. Virginianum, DC. Clothed all over with harsh and rigid appressed
short bristles ; stems rather slender (1°-2° high) ; leaves narrowly oblong, or ob-
long-lanceolate (1/-23' long), the lower narrowed at the base; lobes of the nar-
row corolla lance-awl-shaped, sparingly bearded outside with long bristles. (O.
hispidum, Miche. Lithospérmum Virginianum, LZ. !) — Banks and hillsides, S.
New England to Virginia and southward.

2. O. Carolinianum, DC. (excl. syn. Michxr.) Shaggy all over with long
and spreading bristly hairs ; stem stout, upright (83°-4° high) ; leaves ovate-lance-
olate or oblong-lanceolute, acute ; lobes of the rather broad corolla ovate-triangular
or triangular-lanceolate, thickly hirsute outside. (O. molle, Beck, &c. Lithosper-
mum Carolinianum, Lam.) — River-banks, W. New York to Wisconsin and
southward. — Perhaps passes into the next.

3. O. modlle, Michx. Hoary with finer and soft mostly appressed hairs ; leaves
oblong-ovate, obtusish, strongly ribbed, lobes of the rather narrow corolla triangu-
lar and sharp-pointed, thickly hirsute outside. — Dry grounds, Ohio to Illinois
and southward.

5. LITHOSPERMUM, Tourn. Gromwett. Puccoon.

Corolla funnel-form, or sometimes salver-shaped ; the open throat naked, or
with a more or less evident transverse fold or scale-like appendage opposite each
lobe; the spreading limb 5-cleft; its lobes rounded. Anthers oblong, almost
sessile, included. Nutlets ovate, smooth or roughened, mostly bony or stony,
fixed by the base; the scar nearly flat. — Herbs, with thickish and commonly
red roots and sessile leaves ; the flowers solitary and as if axillary, or spiked and
leafy-bracted : sometimes dimorphous as to insertion of stamens and length of
style. (Name formed of \i6os, stone, and o7éppa, seed, from the hard nutlets.)

§ 1. Nutlets tubercled or rough-wrinkled and pitted, gray and dull: throat of the
(nearly white) corolla destitute of any evident folds or appendages.

1. L. arvénse, L. (Cory Gromwetu.) Minutely rough-hoary annual
or biennial; stems erect (6/-12! high); leaves lanceolate or linear, veinless ;
corolla scarcely longer than the calyx.—Sandy banks and roadsides. May -
Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)

BORRAGINACEE. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 863

§ 2. Nutlets smooth and shining, mostly white like ivory, occasionally dotted with pores:
corolla in our species greenish-white or cream-color, small, with 5 small but distinct
pubescent scales in the throat. (Root perennial.)

2. L. angustifolium, Michx. Minutely and slightly hoary, roughish,
much branched, erect or spreading (6/-15! high) ; leaves linear, rigid, 1-nerved ;
corolla not longer than the calyx; the short peduncles in fruit mostly recurved ;
nutlets more or less pitted when young, rarely bright white, but smooth and shin-
ing. — River-banks, from Illinois southward and westward. May.

3. L. orricrnAte, L. (Common Gromwett.) Much branched above,
erect (L°—2° high) ; leaves thinnish, broadly lanceolate, acute, with a few distinct
veins, rough above, soft-pubescent beneath ; corolla exceeding the calyx ; nutlets very
smooth and even. — Roadsides, &c.: rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. L. latifolium, Michx. Stem loosely branched, erect (2°-3° high),
rough ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, mostly taper-pointed (even the floral ones
2'—4!' long), ribbed-veined, roughish above, finely soft-pubescent beneath, the
root-leaves large and rounded ; corolla shorter than the calyx ; nutlets very smooth or
sparingly impressed-punctate, shining, turgid (2 long). — Borders of woods, W.
New York and Penn. to Wisconsin and southwestward. June.

§ 3. BATSCHIA, Gmelin. Nutlets smooth and shining : corolla large, salver-shaped
or nearly so, deep orange-yellow, somewhat pubescent outside, the tube 2—4 times
longer than the calyx, the throat more or less appendaged. (Roots perennial, long
and deep, yielding a red dye.)

* Tube of the corolla from one half to twice longer than the calyx, not much longer than
its ample limb, the lobes entire ; the appendages glandular and adherent (especially
when the stamens are at the base of the tube), or slightly arched.

5. L. hirtum, Lehm. (Harry Puccooy.) WHispid with bristly hairs
(1°-2° high) ; stem-leaves lanceolate or linear, those of the flowering branches
ovate-oblong, bristly-ciliate ; corolla woolly-bearded at the base inside; flowers dis-
tinctly peduncled; fruiting calyx (}'long) 3-4 times longer than the nutlets.
(Also L. sericeum, Lehm, Batschia Caroliniensis, Gmel. B. Gmelini, Mich.)
— Dry woods, New York to Wisconsin, Virginia, and southward and westward.
April-June. — Flowers crowded, showy : limb of the corolla 3'-1' broad.

6. L. canéscens, Lehm. (Hoary Puccoon or ALKANE?.) Softly hairy
and more or less hoary (6/-15! high) ; leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the upper
ovate-oblong, more or less downy beneath and roughish with close appressed hairs
above ; corolla naked at the base within; flowers sessile; fruiting calyx (3" long)
barely twice the length of the nutlets, (Batschia canescens, Michr.) — Open woods
and plains, New York to Kentucky and northwestward. May.— Limb of the
showy corolla smaller and the calyx shorter than in the last.

* * Tube of the corolla 2—4 times the length of the calyx and of its erose-toothed or
crenulate lobes, the appendages more projecting. (Pentdlophus, A. DC.)

7. L. longiflorum, Spreng. Minutely strigose-hoary ; stem simple (6/-
18 high); leaves linear; tube of the corolla much longer than the calyx (8!/-
1}/ long). (Batschia longiflora, Pursh, LL. incisum, Lehm. Pentalophus lon-
giflorus, A. DC.) —Prairies and plains, from W. Illinois and Wisconsin west-
ward. May.

364 BORRAGINACEEH. (BORAGE FAMILY.)

6. MERTENSIA, Roth. SmootH Lunewort.

Corolla trumpet-shaped or bell-funnel-shaped, longer than the deeply 5-cleft
or 5-parted calyx, uaked, or with 5 small glandular folds or appendages in the
open throat. Anthers oblong or arrow-shaped. Style long and thread-form.
Nutlets ovoid, fleshy when fresh, smooth or wrinkled, obliquely attached next
the base by a prominent internal angle ; the scar small. — Smooth! or soft-hairy
perennial herbs, with pale and entire leaves, and handsome purpiish-blue (rarely
white) flowers, in loose and short panicled or corymbed raceme-like clusters,
only the lower one leafy-bracted: pedicels slender. (Named for Prof: Francis
Charles Mertens, a German botanist.)

§ 1. Corolla perfectly naked in the throat; the broad trumpet-mouthed limb almost
entire: filaments slender, protruding, much longer than the anthers.

1. M. Virginica, DC. (Vircinian Cowsiip or Lunewort.) Very
smooth, pale, erect (1°-2° high) ; leaves obovate, veiny, those of the root, (4'-
6! long) petioled ; corolla trumpet-shaped, 1’ long, many times exceeding the
calyx, rich purple-blue, rarely white ; lobes of the disk one on each side of the
ovary. (Pulmonaria Virginica, Z.) — Alluvial banks, W. New York to Wis-
consin, Virginia, and southward. May. — Cultivated for ornament.

§ 2. Corolla with 5 glandular folds or appendages at the throat ; the limb 5-lobed.

2. M. maritima, Don. (Sea Luneworr.) Spreading or decumbent,
smooth, glaucous ; leaves fleshy, ovate or obovate, the upper surface becoming pa-
pillose ; corolla bell-funnel-form, twice the length of the calyx (3! long) ; fila-
ments longer and narrower than the anthers ; nutlets flattened. — Sea-coast, on
rocks and sand, Cape Cod to Maine and northward: scarce. June- Aug. (Eu.)

3. M. paniculata, Don. Roughish and more or less hairy, erect (1° -2°
high), loosely branched ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, ribbed,
thin ; corolla (6/’ long) somewhat funnel-form, 3-4 times the length of the
lance-linear acute divisions of the calyx; filaments broader and shorter than the
anthers. — Shore of L. Superior and northward and westward. July.

7. MYOSOTIS, L. ScorPron-GRass. FORGET-ME-NOT.

Corolla salver-form, the tube about the length of the 5-toothed or 5-cleft calyx ;
the throat with 5 small and blunt arching appendages opposite the rounded
lobes ; the latter convolute in the bud! Stamens included, on very short fila-
ments. Nutlets smooth, compressed, fixed at the base; the scar minute. — Low
and mostly soft-hairy herbs, with entire leaves, those of the stem sessile, and
with small flowers in naked (so called) racemes, which are-entirely bractless, or
occasionally with one or two small leaves next the base, prolonged and straight-
ened in fruit. Flowering through the season. (Name composed of pus, mouse,
and ods, @Tds, ear, in allusion to the aspect of the short and soft leaves in some
species: one popular name is MousE-£aR.)

* Calyx open in fruit, its hairs appressed, none of them hooked nor glandular.

1. M. palustris, Withering. (Trun Forert-me-nor.) Perennial; stems

ascending from an oblique creeping base (9/-20! high), loosely branched,

BORRAGINACE&. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 365

smoothish ; leaves rough-pubescent, oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong ; calyx
moderately 5-cleft, shorter than the spreading pedicels ; corolla (rather large in
the genuine plant) pale blue with a yellow eye. — Nat. from Eu. near Boston,
escaping from gardens. — Varies into smaller-flowered forms, among which high
authorities rank M, cxspitosa, and (with yet more reason) the intermediate

Var. laxa. (M. laxa, Zehm.) Creeping base of the stem short; flowers a
third or half smaller ; pedicels longer. — Wet places, northward. (Eu.)

* * Calyx closing or the lobes erect in fruit, clothed with spreading hairs, a part of
them minutely hooked or glandular at the apex: corolla small: root annual or
biennial.

2. M. arvénsis, Hoff. Hirsute with spreading hairs, erect or ascend-
ing (6’- 15’ high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acutish ; racemes naked at the base
and stalked ; corolla blue, rarely white ; pedicels spreading in fruit and longer than
the 5-cleft equal calyx. (M. intermedia, Link. M. scorpioides, var. arvensis, L.)
— Fields, &c.: not very common, perhaps not indigenous. (Eu.)

3. M. vérna, Nutt. Bristly-hirsute, branched from the base, erect (4!-
12! high) ; leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the lower spatulate-oblong ; racemes
leafy at the base; corolla very small, white, with a short limb; pedicels in fruit
erect and appressed at the base, usually abruptly bent outwards near the apex,
rather shorter than the deeply 5-cleft unequal (somewhat 2-lipped) very hispid calyx.
(M. inflexa, Engelm.) — Dry hills: rather common. May -July.

4. MM. versfcotor, Pers. More slender than the last, simple at the base ;
racemes loose, mostly naked at the base ; flowers almost sessile; corolla pale yel-
low changing to blue or violet ; calyx deeply and equally 5-cleft. — Fields, Delaware,
W. ML. Canby. (Nat. from Eu.)

8. ECHINOSPERMUM, Svartz. STICKSEED.

Corolla salver-form, short, nearly as in Myosotis, but imbricated in the bud,
the throat closed with 5 short scales. Stamens included. WNutlets erect, fixed
laterally to the base of the style or central column, triangular or compressed,
the back armed with 1-3 marginal rows of prickles which are barbed at the
apex, otherwise naked. — Rough-hairy and grayish herbs, with small blue flow-
ers in bracted (so called) racemes; ours annuals or biennials, flowering all
summer. (Name compounded of exivos, a hedgehog, and oéppa, seed.)

1. E. Lhprvura, Lehm. Stem upright, branched above (1°-2° high); the
short pedicels erect; leaves lanceolate, rough-hairy ; nutlets each with a double
row of prickles at the margins, and rough-tubercled on the back. —Waste places :
common. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. E. Redowskii, Lehm. Nutlets with a single marginal row of stout
prickles, and granulate-roughened on the back: otherwise much like the last.
(E. patulum, Hook.) — St. Paul’s, Minnesota, and on the plains westward.

9. CYNOGLOSSUM, Toum. Hovyn’s-Toneve.

Corolla funnel-form ; the tube about the length of the 5-parted calyx ; the
throat closed with 5 obtuse scales; the lobes rounded. Stamens included. Nut-

AY
crG.

366 BORRAGINACEE. (BORAGE FAMILY.)

lets depressed or convex, oblique, fixed near the apex to the base of the style,
roughened all over with short barbed or hooked prickles. — Coarse herbs, with
a strong scent and petioled lower leaves; the mostly panicled (so-called) ra-
cemes naked above, usually bracted at the base. FI. all summer. (Name from
kvav, a dog, and yAeooa, tongue; from the shape and texture of the leaves.)

1. CG. orricrnALe, L. (Common Howunn’s-Toneve.) Biennial ; clothed
with short soft hairs, leafy, panicled above ; upper leaves lanceolate, closely sessile
by a rounded or slightly heart-shaped base ; racemes nearly bractless ; corolla
reddish-purple (rarely white); nutlets flat on the broad upper face, somewhat
margined. — Waste grounds and pastures: a familiar and troublesome weed ;
the large nutlets adhering to the fleece of sheep, &e. (Nat. from Eu.).

2. C. Virginicum, L. (Witp Comrrey.) Perennial; roughish with
spreading bristly hairs ; stem simple, few-leaved (2°-3° high) ; stem-leaves lance-
olate-oblong, clasping by a deep heart-shaped base; racemes few and corymbed,
raised on a long naked peduncle, bractless ; corolla pale blue; nutlets strongly con-
vex. — Rich woods: rather common, especially westward. — Flowers interme-
diate in size between the other two.

3. C. Morisoni, DC. (Brcear’s Lice.) Biennial; stem hairy, very
broadly branched, leafy (2°-4° high); leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, also
tapering at the base, thin, minutely downy underneath and roughish above ;
racemes panicled, forking, diverging, hairy, leafy-bracted at the base ; flowers very
small; corolla white or pale blue (minute); pedicels reflexed in fruit; nutlets
convex, the prickles with barbed points. (Myosotis Virginica, Z. Echino-
spérmum, Lehm.) — Copses: a common and vile weed.

10. HELIOTROPIUM, Tourn. Heviorrorr.

Corolla salver-shaped, short, 5-lobed; the sinuses more or less plaited in the
bud; the throat open. Anthers nearly sessile. Style short: stigma conical, or
capitate. Nutlets 4, when young united by their whole inner faces into a 4-
celled ovary, but separating when ripe, each 1-seeded. — Herbs or low shrubby
plants, the small flowers in one-sided spikes; in summer. (The ancient name,
from Atos, the sun, and tpon, a turn.)

1. H. Evrorxvum, L. Erect annual (6/-18! high), hoary-pubescent ; leaves
oval, long-petioled ; lateral spikes single, the terminal in pairs; calyx spreading
in fruit, hairy. — Waste places, southward: searee. (Ady. from Eu.)

2. H. Curassavicum, L. Apparently annual, glabrous ; stems ascend-
ing; leaves lance-linear or spatulate, thickish, pale, almost veinless; spikes in
pairs. — Sandy shores, Norfolk, Virginia, S. W. Illinois, and southward.

1l. HELIOPHYTUM, Cham., DC. Inp1an Hetrorrore.

Corolla constricted at the throat. Style very short. Nutlets 2, each 2-celled,
i. e. 4, in pairs, and sometimes a pair of empty false cells besides : otherwise
nearly as in Heliotropium. (Name, cos, sun, and @utép, plant.)

1. H. fypicum, DC. Erect and hairy annual; leaves petioled, ovate or
oval and somewhat heart-shaped; spikes single; fruit 2-cleft, mitre-shaped,
with an empty false cell before each seed-bearing cell. (Heliotropium Indi-
cum, ZL.) — Waste places, S. Illinois, and southward. (Ady. from India.)

HYDROPHYLLACE®. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 367

Orprr 73. HYDROPHYLLACEX®. (Warertear Fairy.)

Herbs, commonly hairy, with mostly alternate leaves, regular 5-merous and
5-androus flowers, in aspect between the foregoing and the next order ; but
the ovary entire and 1-celled with 2 parietal 4—many-ovuled placente, or
rarely 2-celled by the union of the placente in the axis; style 2-cleft or 2
separate styles ; fruit a 2-valved 4—many-seeded pod. — Seeds mostly retic-
ulated or pitted. Embryo small in copious albumen. — Flowers chiefly blue
or white, in one-sided cymes or racemes, which are mostly bractless and
coiled from the apex when young, as in the Borage Family, (A small order
of plants of no marked properties, some cultivated for ornament.)

Tribe I. HYDROPHYLLEX. Ovary and pod 1-celled. Seeds amphitropous, pitted
or reticulated, and with cartilaginous albumen. Leaves usually cut-toothed, lobed or pinnate.
Style 2-cleft.

* Ovary lined with the dilated and fleshy placentz, which enclose the ovules and seeds (in our

plants these are only 4 in number) like an inner pericarp.

1. Hydrophyllum. Stamens exserted: anthers linear. Calyx unchanged in fruit.

2. Nemophila. Stamens included: anthers short. Calyx with appendages at the sinuses.

8. Ellisia. Stamens included. Calyx destitute of appendages, enlarged in fruit.

* * Ovary with narrow parietal placente, in fruit projecting inwards more or less.
4. Phacelia. Coralla-lobes imbricated in the bud. Calyx destitute of appendages.

Tribe II. HYDROLEZ. Ovary and pod 2-celled, the placente often projecting from
the axis far into the cells. Seeds anatropous: albumen fleshy. Leaves undivided.
5. Hydrolea. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped. Styles 2. Leaves entire.

1. HYDROPHYLLUM, L. Warertear.

Calyx 5-parted, sometimes with a small appendage in each sinus, early open
in the bud. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft; the lobes convolute in the bud; the
tube furnished with 5 longitudinal linear appendages opposite the lobes, which
cohere by their middle, while their edges are folded inwards, forming a necta-
riferous groove. Stamens and style mostly exserted: filaments more or less
bearded: anthers linear. Ovary bristly-hairy (as is usual in the family) ; the 2
fleshy placentz expanded so as to line the cell and nearly fill the cavity, soon
free from the walls except at the top and bottom, each bearing a pair of ovules
on the inner face. Pod ripening 1 - 4 seeds, spherical. — Perennials, with petioled
ample leaves, and white or pale blue cymose-clustered flowers. (Name formed
of Udwp, water, and PvAXov, leaf; of no obvious application to these plants.)

* Calyx with minute if any appendages : rootstocks creeping, scaly-toothed.

1. H. macrophyllum, Nutt. Rough-hairy; leaves oblong, pinnate and
pinnatifid ; the divisions 9-13, ovate, obtuse, coarsely cut-toothed ; peduncle very
long; calyx-lobes lanceolate-pointed from a broad base, very hairy. — Rocky,
shaded banks, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and southward. July. — Root-leaves
1° Jong; flowers crowded in a globular cluster.

2. H. Virginicum, L. Stmoothish (1° - 2° high); leaves pinnately divided ;
the divisions 5 - 7, ovate-lanceolate or oblong. pointed, sharply cut-toothed, the lowest
mostly 2-parted, the uppermost confluent ; peduncles longer than the petioles of the
upper leaves, forked ; calyx-lobes narrowly linear, bristly-ciliate. — Damp woods.
June — Aug.

Nuk das

368 HYDROPHYLLACEZ. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.)

3. H. Canadénse, L. Nearly smooth (1° high); leaves palmately 5 —7-
lobed, rounded, heart-shaped at the base, unequally toothed; those from the root
sometimes with 2—3 small and scattered lateral leaflets; peduncles much shorter
than the long petioles, forked, the crowded (nearly white) flowers on very short
pedicels ; calyx-lobes linear-awl-shaped, nearly smooth. — Damp rich woods, W.
New England to the mountains of Virginia and northward. June-Aug. —
Rootstocks thickened and very strongly toothed in 2 rows by the persistent bases
of the stout petioles: leaves 3'- 5! broad,

* * Calyx with a small reflexed appendage in each sinus: stamens sometimes not
exserted (probably two forms of flowers, as in some Borraginacee, §:c.).

4. H. appendiculatum, Michx. Hairy; stem-leaves palmately 5-lobed,
rounded, the lobes toothed and pointed, the lowest pinnately divided ; cymes
rather loosely flowered ; pedicels (at length slender) and calyx: bristly-hairy. —
Open woods, New York to Virginia, Wisconsin, and westward. June, July.

2. NEMOPHILA, Nutt. Nemopuia.

Calyx 5-parted, and with a reflexed tooth or appendage in each sinus, more
or less enlarged in fruit. Corolla bell-shaped or almost wheel-shaped ; the lobes
convolute in the bud; the tube mostly with 10 small folds or scales inside. Sta-
mens included: anthers ovoid or heart-shaped. Placente (bearing each 2-12
ovules), pod, and seeds as in Hydrophyllum. — Diffuse and fragile annuals, with
opposite or partly alternate pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and one-flowered pedun-
cles ; the corolla white, blue, or marked with purple. (Name composed of véepos,
a grove, and dude, to love.) Some handsome species are garden annuals.

1. N. microcalyx, Fisch. & Meyer. Small, roughish-pubescent; stems
diffusely spreading (2'-8! long) ; leaves parted or deeply cleft into 3 - 5 roundish
or wedge-obovate sparingly cut-lobed divisions, the upper leaves all alternate ;
peduncles opposite the leaves, shorter than the long petioles; flowers minute;
corolla white, longer than the calyx; placentz each 2-ovuled ; pod 1 —2-seeded.
(Ellisia microcalyx, Nutt. Nemophila evanescens, Darby.) — Moist woods,
Virginia (near Washington), and southward. April-June.

8. ELDLISIA, ©.) Mame

Calyx 5-parted, without appendages, enlarged and foliaceous in fruit. Corolla
bell-shaped or cylindraceous, not longer than the calyx, 5-lobed above ; the lobes
imbricated or convolute in the bud, the tube with 5 minute appendages within.
Stamens included. Placenta (each 2-ovuled), fruit, and seeds much as in Hy-
drophyllum. — Delicate and branching annuals, with lobed or divided leaves,
the lower opposite, and small whitish flowers. (Named for John Ellis, a dis-
tinguished naturalist, an English correspondent of Linnzus.)

1. E. Nyctélea, L. Minutely or sparingly roughish-hairy, divergently
branched (6/-12! high); leaves pinnately parted into 7 - 13 lanceolate or linear-
oblong sparingly cut-toothed divisions; peduncles solitary in the forks or oppo-
site the leaves, 1-flowered ; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate lanceolate, pointed, about
the length of the cylindraceous (whitish) corolla (in fruit becoming nearly 3!
long); pod pendulous. — Shady damp places, W. New Jersey and E. Pennsyl-
vania to Virginia. May-July.

HYDROPHYLLACE®. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 369

2. E. ambigua, Nutt. Later peduncles sometimes 2—3-flowered ; corolla
rather more bell-shaped, the upper part of tube 5-angular: otherwise like the
preceding, of which it is probably a variety. — Illinois and westward.

4. PHACELIA, Juss. (Phacelia & Eutoca, R. Br.)

Calyx 5-parted; the sinuses naked. Corolla open-bell-shaped, 5-lobed; the
lobes imbricated in the bud. Filaments slender, often (with the 2-cleft style)
exserted: anthers ovoid or oblong. Ovary with 2 narrow linear placentz ad-
herent to the walls, in fruit usually projecting inwards more or less, the two
often forming an imperfect partition in the ovoid 4—many-seeded pod. (Ovules
2-30 on each placenta. ) — Perennial or mostly annual herbs, with either simple,
lobed, or divided leaves, and commonly handsome (blue, purple, or white) flow-
ers in one-sided raceme-like clusters. (Name from dikeXos, a fascicle.)

§ 1. PHACELIA. Seeds and ovules only 4 (two on each placenta): corolla with
narrow folds, appendages, or scales within, the lobes entire.

1. P. bipinnatifida, Michx. Biennial; stem upright, much branched,
hairy (1°-2° high) ; leaves long-petioled, pinnately 3 - 5-divided ; the divisions
or leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely and often sparingly cut-lobed
or pinnatifid; racemes elongated, loosely many-flowered, glandular-pubescent ;
pedicels about the length of the calyx, spreading or recurved. — Shaded banks,
in rich soil, Ohio to Illinois and southward. May, June. — Corolla bright blue,
6!’ broad, with 5 pairs of longitudinal folds, covering as many externally keeled
deep grooves. Stamens bearded below; these, with the style, are either some-
what included (P. brevistylis, Buckley) or exserted in different individuals. y

§2. COSMANTHUS. (Cosmanthus, Nolte. Sect. Eucosmanthus, A. DC.,
in part.) Seeds and ovules only 4: corolla naked within ; its lobes beautifully
Sringe-toothed : filaments villous-bearded below : leaves pinnatifid, the upper clusp-
ing at the base: flowers long-pedicelled : annuals or spring biennials.

2. P. Purshii, Buckley. Sparsely hairy ; stem erect or ascending, branched
(8’-12! high) ; lobes of the stem-leaves 5 - 9, oblong or lanceolate, acute; raceme many-
Jlowered ; calyx-lobes lance-linear ; corolla light blue, varying to white (about $! in
diameter). (P. fimbriata, Pursh., not of Michrz. Cosmanthus fimbriatus,
Nolte, &c.) — Moist wooded banks, W. Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward.
April - June.

3. P. fimbriata, Michx. Slightly hairy, slender; stems spreading or as-
cending (5'-8! long), few-leaved ; lowest leaves 3 —5-divided into roundish leaf-
lets; the upper 5 -7-cleft or cut-toothed, the lobes obtuse ; raceme 3 —10-flowered ;
calyzx-lobes linear-oblong, obtuse, becoming spatulate ; corolla white (3! - 4! broad).
— Woods, high mountains of Virginia, and southward. May.

§3, EUTOCA. (Eutoca, R. Br.) Seeds (or at least the ovules) several or many,
rarely only 3 or 4 on each placenta: corolla usually with small and inconspicuous
folds or appendages within, its lobes entire. (Ours are annuals or biennials.)

4. P. parviflora, Pursh. Somewhat hairy, slender, diffusely spreading
(3'-8! high) ; leaves pinnately cleft or the lower divided into 3-7 short lobes;
racemes solitary, loosely 5-15-flowered ; pedicels filiform, at length several times

24

370 POLEMONIACEH. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.)

longer than the oblong calyx-lobes; corolla bluish-white (3!’—4" broad) ; pod
few-seeded. — Shaded banks, 8. Penn. to Virginia and southward. April-June.

5. P. Franklinii, Gray. Soft-hairy ; stem erect (6'-15! high), rather
stout; leaves pinnately parted into many lanceolate or oblong-linear lobes,
which are crowded and often cut-toothed or pinnatifid ; racemes short, dense,
crowded into un oblong spike ; calyx-lobes linear ; corolla blue ; pod many-sceded.
(Eutoca Franklinii, 2. Br.) — Shores of Lake Superior, especially on Isle
Royale ; thence northward and westward.

5. HYDROLEA, L. Hyprorea.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short-campanulate or almost wheel-shaped, 5-cleft.
Filaments dilated at the base. Styles 2, distinct. Pod globular, 2-celled, and
the cells often partly divided into 2 by the projection of the many-seeded pla-
cent, thin-walled, 2-4-valved or bursting irregularly. Seeds minute, striate-
ribbed. —Herbs or scarcely shrubby plants, growing in water or wet places
(whence the name, from Udep, water), with entire leaves, often haying spines
in their axils, and clustered blue flowers.

1. H. affinis, n. sp. Glabrous throughout; stem ascending from a creep-
ing base, armed with small axillary spines ; leaves lanceolate, tapering into a
very short petiole; flowers in small axillary leafy-bracted clusters; divisions of
the calyx lance-ovate, equalling the corolla and the irregularly-bursting globose
pod. — Banks of the Ohio in S. Illinois, Dr. Vasey (and of the Missisippi at
Memphis, A. Fendler: also E. Texas, C. Wright: in addenda to ed. 2, referred
_to H. quadrivalvis, Walt., of the Southeastern States, from which it is dis-
tinguished by the smoothness and the broader sepals.

Orper 74. POLEMONIACEZE. (Potemontum Famtty.)

Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, regular 5-merous and 5-androus
flowers, the lobes of the corolla convolute (in one tribe imbricated) in the bud,
a 3-celled ovary and 8-lobed style ; the pod 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal, few—
many-seeded ; the valves usually breaking away from the triangular central
column. — Seeds amphitropous, the coat frequently mucilaginous when
moistened and emitting spiral threads. Embryo straight in the axis of
copious albumen. Calyx persistent, usually imbricated. Corolla with a
5-parted border. Anthers introrse. (Insipid and innocent plants; many
are ornamental in cultivation.) .

Tribe I. POLEMONIEZ. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla convolute in the bud. Filaments
filiform, inserted on the tube of the corolla: cells of the anther parallel, opening length-
wise. Flowers cymose-panicled or clustered.

1. Polemonium. Calyx and corolla open-bell-shaped. Filaments slender, equal.

2. Phlox. Calyx narrow. Corolla salver-shaped, with a long tube, including the unequally

inserted filaments. ‘

Tribe If. DIAPENSIEZ. Calyx of 5 sepals. Corolla imbricated in the bud, and
with the broad and fiat filaments in the sinuses. Anthers opening transversely.

3. Diapensia. Anther-cells pointless, opening by an obliquely transverse line.

4. Pyxidanthera. Another-cells awn-pointed underneath, opening straight across.

POLEMONIACE%. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 371

1. POLEMONIUM, Town.) Greek Vareriay.

Calyx bell-shaped. Stamens equally inserted at the summit of the very short
tube of the open-bell-shaped or short funnel-form corolla: filaments slender,
declined, hairy-appendaged at the base. Pod few -several-seeded. — Perennials,
with alternate pinnate leaves, the upper leaflets sometimes confluent ; the (blue
or white) corymbose flowers nearly bractless. (An ancient name, from mdAepos,
war, of doubtful application.)

1. P. réptans, L. Smooth throughout ; stems weak and spreading (6'-
10! high, never creeping as the name denotes) ; leaflets 7-11, ovate-lanceolate
or oblong ; corymbs few-flowered ; flowers nodding ; lobes of the calyx rather
shorter than the tube ; stamens and style not protruding beyond the corolla, which
is light blue, about 3! wide; pods about 3-seeded.— Woods, W. New York to
Wisconsin and southward. May, June.

2. P. eertleum, L. (Jacop’s Lapper.) Stem erect (1°-3° high) ;
leaflets 9-21, linear-lanceolate, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, mostly crowded ;
flowers numerous, in a thyrsus or contracted panicle ; lobes of the calyx longer
than the tube ; stamens and style mostly exserted beyond the bright blue corolla,
which is nearly 1! broad; pod several-seeded. — Swamps, about the sources of
the Susquehanna, New York: East of Charlottesville, Schoharie Co., Dr. E. C.
Howe. Elk Creek, near Delhi, Delaware Co., B. D. Gilbert. Head of Little
Lakes, Warren, Herkimer Co., G. W. Clinton. Warren Co., New Jersey,
A. P. Garber. Wild far northwestward. July. (Eu.)

2. PBLOX.,... Lan« PHLOX

Calyx narrow, somewhat prismatic, or plaited and angled. Corolla salver-
form, with a long tube. Stamens very unequally inserted in the tube of the
corolla, included. Pod ovoid, with (sometimes 2 ovules but ripening only) a sin-
gle seed in each cell. — Perennials (except a few Southern species, such as P.
Drummondii of the gardens), with opposite and sessile perfectly entire leaves,
the floral often alternate. Flowers cymose, mostly bracted ; the open clusters
terminal or crowded in the upper axils. (®Ad&, flame, an ancient name of
Lychnis, transferred to this North American genus.) Most of the species are
cultivated in gardens.

* Stem strictly upright : panicle pyramidal or oblong, many-flowered : peduncles and
pedicels very short : lobes of the corolla entire. (Very common in gardens.)

1. P. paniculata, L. Stem stout (2°-4° high), smooth; leaves oblong-
lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, pointed, large, tapering at the base, the upper
often heart-shaped at the base ; panicle ample, pyramidal-corymbed ; calyx-teeth awn-
pointed. (P. undulata, Ait., &.) — Var. acumINATA (P. acuminata, Pursh) has
the broader and taper-pointed leaves beneath downy, like the stem, which is some-
times rough-hairy and spotted below. — Rich woods, from Penn. to Illinois, and
southward. June, July. — Flowers pink-purple varying to white.

2. P. maculata, L. (Witp Sweer-Witriam.) Smooth, or barely
roughish ; stem spotted with purple, rather slender (1° - 2° high); lower leaves
lanceolate, the upper nearly ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex from the broad

NALS

372 POLEMONIACEE. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.)

and rounded or somewhat heart-shaped base ; panicle narrow, oblong, leafy below ;
calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, short, scarcely pointed ; corolla purple (sometimes
white, when it is P. suaveolens, Ait.). Lower branches of the panicle rarely
elongated, so as to become pyramidal, when it is P. pyramidalis, Smith. — Rich
woods and riyer-banks, N. Penn. to Wisconsin, and southward, June.

* * Stems ascending or upright, often from u decumbent base: flowers in terminal co-
rymbed cymes: the whole plant smooth and glabrous: lobes of the corolla round and
entire: calyx-teeth short, triangular-lanceolate.

3. P. Carolina, L. Stems ascending (}°-2° high), often from a pros-
trate base ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, and sometimes
heart-shaped at the base, acute or pointed ; flowers crowded, short-peduncled ;
calyx-teeth acute. — Var, ovATA, Genth., has broader leaves (P. ovata, L.).—
Var. nftipa, Benth., has narrower leaves (P. nitida, Pursh), and verges to the
next. — Woods, W. Pennsylvania to Michigan, Virginia, and southward. June,
July. — Corolla 1! long; the limb 1’ broad, pink-purple.

4. P. glabérrima, L. Stems slender, erect (1°-3° high) ; leaves linear-
lanceolate or rarely oblong-lanceolate, very smooth (except the rough and sometimes
revolute margins), tapering gradually to a point (3/-4! long); cymes few-flow-
ered and loosely corymbed; flowers peduncled (pink or whitish) ; calyzx-teeth
sharp-pointed. (P.carnea, Sims. P. revoluta, Atkin.) — Prairies and open woods,
Ohio and Wisconsin to Virginia and southward. July.

* * * Stems ascending (or in No. 5 erect) from a spreading or prostrate base, more
or less clammy-pubescent, as well as the calyx and the oblong, lanceolate, or linear
leaves: flowers in terminal corymbed cymes, mostly pedicelled: calyx deeply cleft,
the teeth linear-awl-shaped or setaceous.

5. P. pilosa, L. Stems slender, nearly erect (1°-13° high), usually hairy,
as are the lanceolate or linear leaves, which commonly taper to a sharp point ; cymes
at length open; calyzx-teeth slender awl-shaped and awn-like, longer than the tube,
loose or spreading ; lobes of the pink-purple or rose-red (rarely white) corolla
obovate, entire. (P. aristata, Michr. P. aristata & pilosa in part, Benth. in
DC.) — Borders of thickets and prairies, New Jersey to Wisconsin and south-
ward. May, June.— Leaves 1!-23' long, 1/’-3" wide.

6. P. procumbens, Lehm. Stems ascending (}°-1}° high), mostly
simple ; leaves broadly linear, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, abruptly acute or blunt
(5'-1}' long, on sterile shoots often ovate) ; cyme mostly compact and sessile, leafy-
bracted ; calyx-teeth awl-shaped or linear, sharp-pointed, but seldom awned, rather
longer than the tube, straight; lobes of the corolla obovate and entire (or rarely
notched), purple, pink, or sometimes white. (P. pilosa, Walt., Michx., Ell.,
Benth. in part, not L. P. pilosa, var.? Walteri, Ed. 2. P. Walteri, Chapman.
P. procumbens, Lehm. is a small form.) — Dry hills and barrens, Kentucky,
Virginia, and southward. May, June.

7. P. réptans, Michx. Runners creeping, bearing roundish-obovate smooth-
ish and thickish leaves; flowering stems (4/-8/ high) and their oblong or ovate
obtuse leaves (5' long) pubescent, often clammy ; cyme close, few-flowered ; calyx-
teeth linear-awl-shaped, about the length of the tube; lobes of the reddish-purple
corolla round-obovate, mostly entire. — Damp woods, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and

POLEMONIACE%. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 373

southward. May, June.— Flowers showy: tube of the corolla an inch long ;
the limb nearly as broad.

8. P. divaricata, L. Stems spreading or ascending from a decumbent
base (9!-18! high) ; /eaves oblong-ovate or the lower oblong-lanceolate (13! long),
acutish ; cyme corymbose-panicled, spreading, loosely-flowered ; peduncles slen-
der; calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped, much longer than the tube ; lobes of the pale
lilac or bluish corolla obcordate or wedge-obovate and notched at the end, or often entire
(var. Laphamii, Wood), 5/- %' long, equalling or longer than the tube, with rather
wide sinuses between them. — Rocky damp woods, mountains of Virginia to N.
New York, Wisconsin, and northward. May.

9. P. bifida, Beck. Stems ascending, branched (5! - 8’ high) ; leaves linear,
becoming nearly glabrous (3'-13/ long, 13!’ wide) ; flowers few, on slender pe-
duncles ; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, about the length of the tube; lobes of the pale
purple corolla 2-cleft to or below the middle (4" long), equalliug the tube, the divis-
tons linear-oblong. — Prairies of Illinois, Mead (and Missouri). May.

* * * & Stems creeping and tufted in broad mats, the short flowering shoots ascending,
glandular-pubescent ; the rigid narrow leaves crowded and fascicled.

10. P. subulata, L. (Grounp or Moss Pink.) Depressed, in broad
mats ; leaves awl-shaped, lanceolate, or narrowly linear (3/'—6! long); cymes
few-flowered ; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, rigid; corolla pink-purple or rose-color
with a darker centre (sometimes white) ; the lobes wedge-shaped, notched, rarely
entire. (P. setacea, Z.) —Dry rocky hills and sandy banks, S. New York to
Michigan and southward. April, May. — Common in cultivation.

3. DIAPENSIA, L. Drapensta.

Calyx of 5 concave imbricated sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; the lobes
rounded. Filaments broad and flat, adherent to the corolla up to the sinuses,
short: anthers adnate, of 2 ovoid pointless cells, diverging below, each opening
therefore by a transverse-descending line. Pod enclosed in the calyx, cartilagi-
nous; the cells few-seeded. — An alpine dwarf evergreen, growing in very dense
convex tufts, with the stems imbricated below with cartilaginous narrowly spat-
ulate mostly opposite leaves, terminated by a scape-like 1-flowered peduncle,
3-bracted under the calyx. Corolla white (4/ wide). (Ancient Greek name of
the Sanicle, of obscure meaning, strangely applied by Linnzus to this plant.)

1. D. Lapponica, L.— Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New
Hampshire, and Adirondack Mountains, N. New York. July. (Eu.)

4. PYXIDANTHERA, Michx. Pyxipanruera.

Anther-cells awn-pointed at the base, opening by a strictly transverse line.
Otherwise much as in Diapensia. — A small prostrate and creeping evergreen,
with narrowly oblanceolate and awl-pointed crowded leaves, which are mostly
alternate on the sterile branches, and somewhat hairy near the base. Flowers
solitary and sessile, very numerous, white or rose-color. (Name from mv&is,
a small box, and av@npa, anther, the anther opening as if by a lid.)

1. P. barbulata, Michx. — Sandy pine barrens of New Jersey and south-
ward, April, May.

‘

374 CONVOLVULACEH. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.)

ORDER 75. CONVOLVULACEZE. (Convotvutus Famity.)

Chiefly twining or trailing herbs, often with some milky juice, with alter-
nate leaves (or scales) and regular 5-androus flowers ; a calyx of 5 imbricated
sepals ; a 5-plaited or 5-lobed corolla convolute or twisted in the bud ; a 2-
celled (rarely 3-celled) ovary, or in one tribe 2 separate pistils, with a pair
of erect ovules in each cell, the cells sometimes doubled by a false partition
between the seeds, so. becoming 4-celled ; the embryo large, curved or coiled
in mucilaginous albumen. — Fruit a globular 2—6-seeded pod. Flowers
mostly showy, on axillary peduncles: pedicels articulated, often 2-bracted.
(Many are cultivated for ornament, and one, the Sweet Potato, for its edi-
ble farinaceous roots: those of several species are cathartic; e. g. Jalap.)
— There are three suborders, or rather strongly marked tribes.

Tribe I. CONVOLVULEZ. Leafy plants, mostly twiners. Ovary 2-4-celled. Pod
usually septifragal. Embryo with broad and leaf-like cotyledons, crumpled in the seed.

* Style single and undivided.
+ Calyx naked, i. e. not enclosed or surrounded by leafy bracts.
1. Quamoclit. Stamens and style exserted. Corolla salver-shaped or nearly so. Stigma
capitate-2-lobed. Pod 4-celled ; the cells 1-seeded.
2. Ipomoea. Stamens included. Corolla funnel-form or bell-shaped. Stigma capitate, often
2-3-lobed. Pod 2-—3-celled ; the cells 2-seeded.
8. Convolvulus. Stigmas 2, elongated, linear. Otherwise much as in Ipomea.

+ + Calyx surrounded and enclosed by a pair of broad leafy bracts.
4. Calystegia. Stigmas 2, linear or oblong. Pod imperfectly 2-celled, 4-seeded.

* * Style single and 2-cleft, or styles 2, rarely more. Prostrate or spreading herbs.
5. Bonamia, Styles 2 and undivided, or a single one 2-cleft: stigmas capitate.
6. Evolvulus. Styles 2, and each 2-cleft: stigmas obtuse.

Tribe II. DICHONDREZ. Creeping plants. Ovaries as well as styles 2 or more.
Embryo, &c. as in the preceding tribe.
7. Dichondra. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Pistils 2, one-seeded.

Tribe III. CUSCUTINE. Leafless parasitic twiners. Embryo spiral, slender, desti-
tute of cotyledons. Ovary 2-celled. Parts of the flower rarely in fours!
8. Cuscuta. The only genus of the group.

1. QUAMOCLIT, Tourn. Cypress-Vine.

Sepals mostly mucronate or awned. Corolla cylindrical-tubular, with a small
spreading border, not twisted in the bud. Stamens and style protruded. Stigma
capitate-2-lobed. Pod 4-celled; the cells 1-seeded. — Annual twiners, with red
or crimson flowers; in summer. (An aboriginal, probably Mexican, name.)

1. Q. coccinea, Moench. Leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire, or an-
gled; sepals awn-pointed ; corolla light scarlet (1/ long). (Ipomoea coccinea,
L.) — River-banks, &c., Ohio to Illinois, Virginia, and southward. (Nat. from
Trop. Amer. or Ind.)

2. Q. vuicAris, Choisy. (Cypress-Vrne.) Leaves pinnately parted into
linear-thread-shaped delicate parallel lobes ; peduncles 1-flowered ; corolla nar-
row, scarlet-red, and a white variety. — Sparingly escaped from gardens south-
ward. (Ady. from India.)

CONVOLVULACEX. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 375

2. IPOMGA, L. Morninc-Grory.

Calyx naked at the base. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-form, &c., twisted in
the bud. Stamens included. Stigma capitate, often 2-3-lobed. Pod 2-celled,
or in one group 3-celled; the cells 2-seeded. (Name, according to Linnzus,
- from iy, inds, a Bindweed [which it is not], and 6povos, like.)

§1. PHARBITIS, Choisy. Pod 3- (rarely 4-) celled ; the cells 2-seeded.

1. I. purptrea, Lam. (Common Morninc-Giory.) Annual; stems re-
trorsely hairy ; leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire; peduncles long umbellately
3-5-flowered ; calyx bristly-hairy below; corolla funnel-form (2' long), purple,
varying to white. (Convolvulus purpureus, £. Pharbitis hispida, Choisy.) —
Around dwellings, escaping from cultivation. (Ady. from Trop. Amer.)

2. I. Niz, Roth. (Smatter M.) Stems retrorsely hairy ; leaves heart-shaped,
3-lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate; peduncles short, or rather long, 1 - 3-flow-
ered ; calyx densely hairy below; corolla white and purple or pale blue (1/-13/
long). (Cony. Nil. & C. hederaceus, Z.)— Banks and near dwellings, from
Maryland southward. (Ady. from Trop. Amer. ?)

§ 2. IPOMCEA, Choisy. Pod 2-celled ; the cells 2-seeded.

3. I. lacundsa, L. Annual; rather smooth; stem twining and creeping,
slender ; leaves heart-shaped, pointed, entire or angled-lobed ; peduncles short, 1 -
8-flowered ; sepals lance-oblong, pointed, bristly-ciliate or hairy, half the length of
the sharply 5-lobed (white, 3/- 4! long) corolla. (C. micrdénthus, Riddell.) —
Woods and fields, Penn. to Illinois and southward. Aug.

4. I. pandurata, Meyer. (WiLp Porato-vine. Man-or-THE-Eartu.)
Perennial, smooth or nearly so when old, trailing or sometimes twining ; leaves
regularly heart-shaped, pointed, occasionally some of them contracted at the
sides so as to be fiddle-shaped; peduncles longer than the petioles ; 1 -5-flowered ;
sepals smooth, ovate-oblong, very obtuse; corolla open-funnel-form (3! long), white
with purple in the tube. — Sandy fields and banks, from Connecticut to linois
and southward. June-Aug.— Stems long and stout, from a huge root, which
often weighs 10-20 pounds. Flowers opening in bright sunshine.

3. CONVOLVULUS, L. _ Bixpweep.

Calyx naked at the base. Corolla open funnel-form or bell-shaped. Stamens
included. Style 1: stigmas 2, linear, often revolute. Pod 2-celled; the cells 2-
seeded. — Stems twining, procumbent, or often erect-spreading. Flowers mostly
opening at dawn. (Name from convolvo, to entwine.)

1. C, arvensis, L. (Brypweep.) Perennial; stem procumbent or twin-
ing, and low; leaves ovate-oblong, arrow-shaped, with the lobes at the base acute;
peduncles mostly 1-flowered ; bracts minute, remote; corolla (9! long) white or
tinged with reddish. — Fields, near the coast: likely to become a troublesome
weed. June. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. CALYSTEGIA, R.Br. Bractep Brnpweep.

Calyx enclosed in 2 large and mostly heart-shaped leafy bracts: sepals equal.
Corolla bell-funnel-form, the border obscurely 5-lobed or entire. Stamens in-

376 CONVOLVULACEH. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.)

cluded. Style 1: stigmas 2, linear or oblong. Pod imperfectly 2-celled or 1-
celled, 4-seeded. — Perennials, with heart-shaped or arrow-shaped leaves, and
axillary 1-flowered peduncles; fl. in summer. (Name from Kadv&, calyx, and
oréye, to cover, alluding to the bracts enclosing the calyx.)

1. C. sepium, R. Br. (HepGe Brypweep.) Stem twining or sometimes
trailing extensively ; leaves triangular-halberd-shaped or arrow-shaped, acute or
pointed, the lobes at the base obliquely truncate and often somewhat toothed
or sinuate-lobed ; peduncles 4-angled ; corolla white, or in the American plant
more commonly light rose-color (13/-2' long) : the typical form glabrous through-
out. (Convolvulus sepium, and C. repens, L.) — Varies greatly, often slightly
pubescent: Var. PUBESCENS is a downy form, in the young state approaching
the next. (C. Catesbyana, Pursh.) — Common, especially along the moist banks
of streams. (Eu.)

2. C. spithaméea, Pursh. Downy; stem low and mostly simple, upright or
ascending (6!—12/ long); leaves oblong, with or without a heart-shaped or auri-
cled base ; corolla white (2! long). — Dry, mostly sandy ground: not rare.

5. BONAMIA, Thouars. (Breweria, R. Br. & Stylisma, Raf.)

Styles 2, or rarely 3, simple and distinct, or else united into one below: stig-
mas depressed-capitate, Otherwise as Convolvulus and Evolvulus. — Perennial
prostrate or diffusely spreading herbs (or in warmer regions sometimes shrubby) ;
flowers small; in summer: corolla more or less hairy or silky outside. (Named +
for Francis Bonamy, author of a Flora of Nantes.)

1. B. humistrata, Gray. (Proceed. Amer. Acad. 5, p. 337.) Sparsely
hairy or nearly smooth; leaves varying from oblong with a somewhat heart-
shaped base to linear, mucronate; peduncles 1 -7-flowered ; bracts shorter than
the pedicels ; sepals pointed, glabrous or nearly so; corolla white; filaments hairy ;
styles united at the base. (Convolvulus humistratus, Walt., who well distinguishes
this from the next. Stylisma evolvuloides, Chois., in part. S. humistrata,
Chapm.) — Dry pine barrens, Virginia (probably not in Ohio), and southward.

2. B. aquatica, Gray. Minutely soft-downy and somewhat hoary ; sepals
silky ; corolla pink or purple; filaments smooth ; styles separate almost to the base :
otherwise nearly as in the last. (Cony. aquaticus, Walt. Stylisma aquatica,
Chapm.) — Margin of ponds, S. Virginia? and southward.

3. B. Pickeringii, Gray. Soft-pubescent or smoothish ; leaves very nar-
rowly linear or the lowest linear-spatulate, tapering to the base, nearly sessile ; pe-
duncles 1 —3-flowered ; bracts resembling the leaves, mostly exceeding the flowers ;
sepals hairy ; filaments (scarcely hairy) and styles (which are united far above the
middle) exserted from the open white corolla. (Stylisma Pickeringii, Ed. 2.) —
Rather dry sandy pine-barrens, New Jersey and southward. —Stems 1°-3°
long: leaves 1/-13’ long. Corolla 4-5" broad.

6. EVOLVULUS, LL. Evotvuwws.

Calyx of 5 sepals, naked at the base. Corolla open funnel-form or almost
wheel-shaped. Styles 2, each 2-cleft: stigmas obtuse. Pod 2-celled; the cells

CONVOLVULACEX., (CONVOLVULUS ‘FAMILY.) 377

2-seeded. — Low and small herbs or suffrutescent plants, mostly diffuse, never
twining (hence the name, from evolvo, to unroll, in contrast with Convolvulus).

1. E. argénteus, Pursh. Many-stemmed from a somewhat woody base,
dwarf, silky-villous all over; leaves crowded, broadly lanceolate, sessile, or the
lower oblong-spatulate and short-petioled, about 3!’ long; flowers almost sessile
in the axils; corolla purple, 3!’ broad. — Potosi lead-mines, Missouri, probably
also on the Illinois side of the Mississippi: common westward.

7. DICHONDRA, Forst. Dicnonpra.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens included.
Styles, ovaries, and the utricular 1-2-seeded pods 2, distinct. Stigmas thick.
— Small and creeping perennial herbs, soft-pubescent, with kidney-shaped
entire leaves, and axillary 1-flowered bractless peduncles. Corolla small, yel-
lowish or white. (Name composed of dis, double, and xé6vdpos, roundish mass ;
from the fruit.)

1. D. repens, Forst.: var. Carolinénsis, Choisy. Leaves round-kid-
ney-shaped, pubescent, green both sides; corolla not exceeding the calyx (1"-
13" long). (D. Carolinensis, Michx.) — Moist ground, Virginia, near Norfolk,
and southward. (Widely diffused in the Southern hemisphere.)

8. CUSCUTA, Tourn. Donner.

Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) cleft, or of 5 sepals. Corolla globular-urn-shaped, bell-
shaped, or somewhat tubular, the spreading border 5- (rarely 4-) cleft. Stamens
furnished with a scale-like often fringed appendage at their base. Ovary 2-celled,
4-ovuled: styles distinct, or rarely united. Pod mostly 4-seeded. Embryo
thread-shaped, spirally coiled in the rather fleshy albumen, destitute of cotyle-
dons! sometimes with a few alternate scales (belonging to the plumule): ger-
mination occurring in the soil. — Leafless herbs, chiefly annuals, yellowish or
reddish in color, with thread-like stems, bearing a few minute scales in place of
leaves; on rising from the ground becoming entirely parasitic on the bark of
herbs and shrubs on which they twine, and to which they adhere by means of
papillz developed on the surface in contact. Flowers small, cymose-clustered,
mostly white; usually produced late in summer and in autumn. (Name of un-
certain, supposed to be of Arabic, derivation.)

The following account of our species is contributed by Dr. ENGELMANN,
whose monograph of the whole genus is published in Transactions of the St.
Louis Academy of Science.

§ 1. Stigmas elongated: pod opening regularly around the base by circumcissile dehis-
cence, leaving the partition behind. (Natives of the Old World.)

1. C. Erfiixum, Weihe. (Frax Dopper.) Stems very slender, low,
flowers globular, sessile in dense scattered heads; corolla 5-parted, short-cylin-
drical, scarcely exceeding the broadly ovate acute divisions of the calyx, left sur-
rounding the pod in fruit; stamens shorter than the limb; scales short, broad,
crenulate, shorter than the globose ovary. — Flax-fields; in Europe very in-
jurious: sparingly introduced with flax-seed into the Northern States. June.
(Ady. from Eu.)

€ ha.

378 CONVOLYULACEE. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.)

§ 2. Stigmas capitate: pods indehiscent, rarely bursting irregularly.
* Flowers more or less pedicelled: the scaly bracts few and distant: calyx 4 -5-cleft.
+ Corolla cylindrical, in fruit covering the top of the pod.

2. C. tenuiflora, Engelm. Much branched, twining high, pale-colored ;
flowers at length peduncled and in rather loose cymes; tube of the corolla (ven-
tricose after flowering) twice the length of its obtuse spreading lobes and of the ovate
obtuse calyx-lobes ; scales ovate, cut-fringed ; stamens shorter than the lobes of
the corolla; pod depressed, membranaceous, thin, yellowish. (C. Cephalanthi,
Engelm.) — Swamps, New Jersey to Illinois and westward; on Cephalanthus
and other shrubs, and on various tall herbs. — Flower the narrowest of all our
Northern species.

3. C. infléxa, Engelm. Flowers peduncled, in umbel-like cymes, 1" long ;
tube of the mostly 4-cleft fleshy corolla as long as the ovate acutish and minutely crenate
erect inflexed lobes and the acute keeled calyx-lobes; scales minute and few-toothed,
appressed ; pod depressed, somewhat umbonate, of a thicker texture, brown, its
top covered with the remains of the corolla. (C. Coryli, Engelm. C. umbrosa,
Beyrich, and Ed. 2.) — Prairies and barrens, in rather dry soil, on Hazels, Ceano-
thus, and other shrubs or herbs; from Western Virginia and Illinois southward
and westward.

4. C. decora, Chois., altered by Engelm. Flowers larger than in No. 3,
from 14" to nearly 2! long, loosely paniculate, broadly campanulate ; corollu 5-
cleft; the lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute; the scales large, broadly oval; pod envel-
oped by the remains of the corolla. (C.indecora, Chois. C.neuropetala, Engel.
C. pulcherrima, Scheele.) — Wet prairies, S. W. Illinois and southward ; on va-
rious shrubs and herbs. — The name changed by Dr. Engelmann, because this
is not a homely but the handsomest of our species.

+ + Corolla bell-shaped, persistent at the base of the ripe pod.

5. C. arvensis, Beyrich. Low; flowers small, 5-parted, peduncled in
loose umbel-like cymes; tube of the corolia included in or little exceeding the
broad-lobed calyx, shorter than its lanceolate acuminate spreading or reflexed
lobes ; stamens much shorter than the lobes of the corolla; scales ovate, fim-
briate, converging and often exceeding the tube; pod globose, thin, yellowish.
(C. pentagona, Hngelm.) —In fields, prairies, and barrens, from 8. New York
(C. F. Austin) to Virginia, Illinois, and southwestward ; on smaller herbs, and
flowering (in June and July) earlier than any other of our species. —Stems
low, scarcely over a foot high ; flowers smaller than in any of our species, and
quite variable: when with a large 5-angled calyx it is C. pentagona ( Virginia) «
with a small one, it is var. microcalyx (Illinois) : with a large and hemispherical
one, var. calycina (Texas): with a fleshy verrucose Sy it is C. verrucosa,
Engelm. (Texas. )*

6. C. chlorocarpa, Engelm. Low, or sige MOREE flowers mostly 4-
cleft, about 1/’ long, short-pedicelled, in scattered clusters ; corolla open bell-
shaped, the tube nearly the length of the acute lobes and calyx-teeth ; stamens
as long as the lobes; scales small, appressed, incised, sometimes almost want-
ing ; the thick styles as long as the large depressed ovary ; pod depressed, thin,
greenish-yellow. (C. polygonorum, Engelm.) — Low grounds, on Polygonum

CONVOLVULACE&. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 379

and other herbs, Delaware to Wisconsin, and southwestward. — The large ovary
fills the shallow tube of the corolla.

7. C. Gronovii, Willd. Stems coarse, climbing high; flowers mostly 5-
cleft, peduncled, in close or mostly open paniculate cymes ; corolla bell-shaped,
the tube longer than (or sometimes only as long as) the ovate obtuse entire
spreading lobes ; scales large, converging, copiously fringed; confluent at the
base ; pod globose, umbonate, brown. (C. Americana, Pursh, &c. C. vulgivaga,
Engelm. C. umbrosa, Torr.) — Low, damp grounds, especially in shady places ;
everywhere common both east and west, and the principal species northward
and eastward : chiefly on coarser herbs and low shrubs. — The close-flowered
forms occur in the Northeastern States; the loosely-flowered ones westward
and southward ; a form with 4-parted flowers was collected in Connecticut. C.
Sauriri, Lngelm., is a form with more open flowers, of a finer texture, in the
Mississippi valley.

8. C. rostrata, Shuttleworth. Stems coarse, climbing high; flowers
(2''-3" long) 5-parted, peduncled, in umbel-like cymes; corolla deep bell-
shaped, the tube twice as long as the ovate obtuse teeth of the calyx and its
ovate obtuse entire spreading lobes ; the large scales fimbriate, confluent at the
base ; styles slender, as long as the acute ovary; the large pod ‘pointed. —
Shady valleys of the Alleghanies, from Maryland and Virginia southward ; on
tall herbs, rarely on shrubs. Flowers and fruit larger than in any other of our
species.

* * Flowers sessile in compact and mostly continuous clusters: calyx of 5 separate
sepals surrounded by numerous similar bracts: remains of the corolla borne on the
top of the globose somewhat pointed pod. (Lepiddnche, Engel.)

9. C. compacta, Juss. Stems coarse; bracts (3-5) and sepals orbicular,
concave, slightly crenate, appressed, nearly equalling or much shorter than the cy-
lindrical tube of the corolla ; stamens shorter than the oblong obtuse spreading
lobes of the latter ; scales pinnatifid-fringed, convergent, confluent at the base.
C. coronata, Beyrich (C. compacta, Choisy) is the Eastern and Southern form,
with a smaller, slenderer, more exserted corolla. C. (Lepidanche) adpressa,
Engelm., is the Western form, with a larger, shorter, nearly included corolla.
Both grow almost entirely on shrubs; the first from N. New York, and New
Jersey southward ; the latter from Western Virginia to the Mississippi and
Missouri, in fertile shady bottoms. The clusters in fruit are sometimes fully
2/ in diameter.

10. C. glomerata, Choisy. Flowers very densely clustered, forming
knotty masses closely encircling the stem of the foster plant, much imbricated
with scarious oblong bracts, their tips recurved-spreading ; sepals nearly similar,
shorter than the oblong-cylindrical tube of the corolla; stamens nearly as long
as the oblong-lanceolate obtuse spreading or reflexed lobes of the corolla; scales
large, fringed-pinnatifid ; styles slender, longer than the pointed ovary; the
pointed pod mostly 1-2-seeded. (Lepidanche Compositarum, Engelm.) — Moist
prairies, Ohio to Wisconsin and southward: growing commonly on tall Com-
posit. — The orange-colored stems soon disappear, leaving only the close mat-
ted coils of flowers, appearing like whitish ropes twisted around the stems.

380 SOLANACEA. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.)

Orver 76. SOLANACEZE. (Nicursape Famity.)

Herbs (or rarely shrubs), with a colorless juice and alternate leaves, requ-
lar 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, on bractless pedicels ; the corolla imbri-
cate, convolute, or valvate in the bud, and mostly plaited ; the fruit a 2-celled
(rarely 3 —5-celled) many-seeded pod or berry. —Seeds campylotropous or
amphitropous. Embryo mostly slender and curved in fleshy albumen.
Calyx usually persistent. Stamens mostly equal, inserted on the corolla.
Style and stigma single. Placenta in the axis, often projecting far into
the cells. (Foliage rank-scented, and with the fruits mostly narcotic,
often very poisonous, while some are edible.) — A large family in the
tropics, but very few indigenous in our district. It shades off into Sero-
phulariacez, from which the plaited regular corolla and 5 equal stamens
generally distinguish it.

* Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted or 5-lobed ; the lobes valyate and their margins usually

turned inwards in the bud. Anthers connivent. Fruit a berry.
1. Solanum, Anthers opening by pores or chinks at the tip.

* ¥ Corolla various, not wheel-shaped, nor valvate in the bud. Anthers separate.
+ Fruit a berry, enclosed in the bladdery-inflated calyx. Corolla widely expanding.
2. Physalis. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 5-lobed or nearly entire. Berry juicy, 2-celled.
8. Nieandra. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla nearly entire. Berry dry, 3-5-celled.
+ + Fruit a berry with the unaltered calyx persistent at its base.
4. Lycium. Corolla funnel-form or tubular, not plaited. Berry small, 2-celled.

+ + + Fruit a pod.
5. Hyoscyamus. Calyx urn-shaped, enclosing the smooth 2-celled pod, which opens by
the top falling off as a lid. Corolla and stamens somewhat irregular.
6. Datura. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed. Pod prickly, naked, more or less 4-celled, 4-valved.
Corolla funnel-form.
7. Nicotiama. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Pod enclosed in the calyx, 2-celled.

1. SOLANUM > Tourn. NIGHTSHADE.

Calyx and the wheel-shaped corolla 5-parted or 5-cleft (rarely 4—-10-parted),
the latter plaited in the bud, and valvate or induplicate. Stamens exserted:
filaments very short: anthers converging around the style: opening at the tip
by two pores or chinks. Berry usually 2-celled. — Herbs, or shrubs in warm
climates, the larger leaves often accompanied by a smaller lateral (rameal) one;
the peduncles also mostly lateral and extra-axillary. — A vast genus, chiefly in
the warmer regions, including the Poraro (S. ruUBEROsuUM) and the Eee-
PLANT (S, MELonGENA); while the Tomaro (LycopERsIcUM ESCULENTUM)
is hardly of a distinct genus. (Name of unknown derivation.)

* Anthers blunt. (Plants not prickly, smooth or nearly so.)

1. S. DurcamaAra, L. (Birrersweer.) Stem shrubby, scarcely climbing ;
leaves ovate-heart-shaped, the upper halberd-shaped, or with two ear-like lobes at the
base ; flowers (purple or blue) in small cymes; berries oval, red. — Moist banks
and around dwellings. June-Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. S. nigrum, L. (Common Nicursuape.) Annual, low, much branched
and often spreading, rough on the angles; leaves ovate, wavy-toothed ; flowers

-

SOLANACEE, (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 381

(very small, white) im small and umbel-like lateral clusters, drooping; berries
globular, black. — Shaded grounds and fields: common. ' July —-Sept.— A
homely weed, said to be poisonous. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Anthers elongated, lanceolate, pointed. (Plants mostly prickly.)

8. S. Carolinénse, L. (Horse-Netrie.) Perennial, low (1° high);
stem erect, prickly; leaves ovate-oblong, acute, sinuate-toothed or angled,
roughish with stellate pubescence, prickly along the midrib, as also the calyx ;
flowers (pale blue or white, large) in simple loose racemes; berries globular,
orange-yellow. — Sandy soil, Connecticut to Illinois and southward. June-
Aug. (S. Virginianum, Z., is not here identified as distinct.)

2. PHYSALIS, L. Grounp CHERRY.

Calyx 5-cleft, reticulated and enlarging after flowering, at length much in-
flated and enclosing the 2-celled globular (edible) berry. Corolla between
wheel-shaped and funnel-form, the very short tube marked with 5 concave
spots at the base; the plaited border somewhat 5-lobed or barely 5 —10-toothed.
Stamens 5, erect: anthers separate, opening lengthwise. — Herbs (in this coun-
try), with the leaves often unequally in pairs, and the 1-flowered nodding pe-
duncles extra-axillary; flowering through the summer. (Name, ducadis, a
bladder, from the inflated calyx.)

* Root annual: anthers tinged with blue or violet : stems 1° --3° high.
+ Corolla white, large.

1. P. grandiflora, Hook. Clammy-pubescent, erect ; leaves lance-ovate,
pointed, entire or nearly so; corolla 1/-2/ wide when expanded, almost entire,
and with a woolly ring in the throat ; fruiting calyx globular, apparently nearly
filled by the berry. — Upper Michigan, shore of Lake Superior (Dr. Robbins,
&c.) and northward, springing up in new clearings.

+ + Corolla pale or greenish-yellow, small or smallish.

2. P. Philadélphica, Lam. Almost glabrous, erect ; leaves ovate or ob-
long-ovate, oblique at base, entire, repand, or very sparingly angulate-toothed ;
corolla brownish- or violet-spotted in the centre, 7!"-10'' broad; calyx at maturity
globose and completely filled by the large reddish or purple berry and open at
the mouth. — Rich grounds, not rare, especially southward : also cult.

3. P. angulata, L. Glabrous or nearly so, erect, much branched ; leaves
ovate or ovate-oblong, sharply and irregularly laciniate-toothed ; peduncles fili-
form ; corolla unspotted, very small (3’!- 6" broad when expanded) ; fruiting calyx
conical-ovate with a truncate or sunken base, 10-angled, loosely inflated, but at
length well filled by the greenish-yellow berry. — Cult. and waste grounds.

4. P. pubéscens, L. Pubescent or clammy-hairy (rarely. smoothish) dif
fusely much branched or at length decumbent ; leaves ovate or heart-shaped, angu-
late- or repand-toothed ; corolla spotted with brown-purple in the centre, 5!’—- 6!’
broad when expanded, obscurely 5 -10-toothed ; fruiting calyx ovate from a
truncate or impressed base, pointed, sharply 5-angled, loosely enclosing the
yellow or greenish berry. (P. hirsuta, Dunal. P. obscura, Michz. in part.) —
Low grounds : common, especially southward and westward.

382 SOLANACEE%. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.)

* * Root perennial: stems mostly from slender creeping rootstocks, usually low (6! -
20! high): anthers yellow: fruiting calyx loosely inflated, 5-angled, much larger
than the berry. :

+ Wild species: corolla greenish-yellow and commonly brown or purplish in the

centre, the border 5-angled or barely 5 - 10-toothed, 6'' - 12" broad.

5. P. viscosa, L. Clammy-pubescent, diffusely much branched and widely
spreading, or at first erect; leaves ovate or slightly heart-shaped, sometimes
oblong, repand or obtusely toothed, rarely entire; corolla dark brown in the
centre; fruiting calyx ovate, barely concave or truncate at base, sharply 5- —
angled ; berry orange or reddish, glutinous. (P. heterophylla, Nees. P. nyc-
taginea, & P. viscido-pubescens, Dunal?) — Light or sandy soil : common.

6. P. Pennsylvanica, L. Minutely hirsute-pubescent (not clammy), or
nearly glabrous ; leaves ovate, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate and tapering at the
base, entire or sparingly repand-toothed ; corolla merely darker or purplish-veiny
in the centre; fruiting calyx conical or globular-ovate, pointed, and with an im-
pressed base ; berry red.— Var. LANCEOLATA ; the narrower-leaved and pubes-
cent form (5'-15! high), especially the state with a hairy calyx. (P. lanceolata,
Michz. P. maritima, Mf. A. Curtis.) —Dry, often sandy soil, from Pennsyl-
vania southward and westward, even northwestward to the Winipeg valley. —
Fruiting calyx 1’-13/ long. Shape of calyx-lobes very variable.

+ + Introduced : corolla greenish-white, unspotted, 5-lobed.

7. P. Arxexéner, L. (Strawsperry Tomato.) More or less pubes.
cent; sparingly branched ; leaves deltoid-ovate, pointed ; calyx-teeth awl-shaped ;
fruiting calyx broadly ovate, turning red ; the berry bright red, pleasant. — Cult.
and waste grounds, eastward. (Cult. & Adv. from Eu.)

3. NICANDRA, Adans. Appre or Perv.

Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, the divisions rather arrow-shaped, enlarged and
bladder-like in fruit, enclosing the 3 -5-celled globular dry berry. Corolla with

border nearly entire. Otherwise much like Physalis. — An annual smooth herb

(2°-8° high), with ovate sinuate-toothed or angled leaves, and solitary pale
blue flowers on axillary and terminal peduncles. (Named after the poet Nican-.
der of Colophon.)

1. N. puysatoipes, Gertn. — Waste grounds. (Adv. from Peru.)

4. LYCIUM, L. Marriiony-Vinez.

Calyx 3-5-toothed or cleft, not enlarging, persistent at the base of the berry.
Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated and not
plaited in the bud. Stamens 5: anthers opening lengthwise. Style slender:
stigma capitate. Berry small, 2-celled. Shrubby, often spiny plants, with
alternate and entire small leaves, and mostly axillary small flowers. (Named
from the country, Lycia.)

1. L. vurcAre, Dunal. (Common M.) Shrub with long sarmentose re-
curved-drooping branches, smooth, sparingly if at all spiny ; leaves oblong- or
spatulate-lanceolate, often fascicled, narrowed into a short petiole; flowers on
slender peduncles fascicled in the axils; corolla short funnel-form, greenish-

SOLANACEX. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 385

purple ; style and slender tilaments equalling its lobes ; berry oval, orange-red.
(L. Barbarum, Z., in part.) — About dwellings ; and escaped into waste grounds
in Pennsylvania, &c. June-Aug. (Ady. from Eu.)

5. HYOSCYAMUS, Tourn. Hevywane.

Calyx bell-shaped or urn-shaped, 5-lobed. Corolla funnel-form, oblique, with
a 5-lobed more or less unequal plaited border. Stamens declined. Pod en-
closed in the persistent calyx, 2-celled, opening transversely all round near the
apex, which falls off like a lid.— Clammy-pubescent, fetid, narcotic herbs, with
lurid flowers in the axils of angled or toothed leaves. (Name composed of
Us, vds, a hog, and kvapos, a bean; said by lian to be poisonous to swine.)

1. H. nicer, L. (Brack HenBane.) Biennial or annual; leaves clasp-
ing, sinuate-toothed and angled ; flowers sessile, in one-sided leafy spikes ; co-
rolla dull yellowish, strongly reticulated with purple veins. — Escaped from
gardens to roadsides. (Ady. from Eu.)

6. DATURA, L. Jamestown-Weep. Tuorn-Appe.

Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed, separating transversely aboye the base in fruit,
the upper part falling away. Corolla funnel-form, with a large and spreading
5-10-toothed plaited border. Stigma 2-lipped. Pod globular, prickly, 4-valved,
2-celled, with 2 thick placente projected from the axis into the middle of the
cells, and connected with the walls by an imperfect false partition, so that the
pod is 4-celled except near the top, the placente as if on the middle of these
false partitions. Seeds rather large, flat.— Rank weeds, narcotic-poisonous,
with ovate leaves, and large and showy flowers on short peduncles in the forks
of the branching stem; produced all summer and autumn. (Altered from the
Arabic name, Tatorah.)

1. D. Srramontum, L. (Common Srramonium or THorn APPLe.)
Annual, glabrous; leaves ovate, sinuate-toothed or angled; stem green ; corolla
white (3' long), the border with 5 teeth. — Waste grounds: a well-known weed.
(Ady. from Asia.)

2. D. TArvra, L. (Purrre T.) Mostly taller; stem purple ; corolla pale
violet-purple. Thought to be specifically distinct from the last, on account of the
behavior of the cross-breeds. (Adv. from trop. Amer. ?)

7. NICOTIANA, L. Toxacco.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, usu-
ally with a long tube; the plaited border 5-lobed. Stigma capitate. Pod 2-
celled, 2—4-valved from the apex. Seeds minute. — Rank acrid-narcotic herbs,
mostly clammy-pubescent, with ample entire leaves, and racemed or panicled
flowers. (Named after John Nicot, who was thought to have introduced the
Tobacco (N. Tasacum, L.) into Europe.)

1, WN. rtstica, L. (Wiip Toxpacco.) Annual; leaves ovate, petioled ;
tube of the dull greenish-yellow corolla cylindrical, two thirds longer than the
calyx, the lobes rounded.— Old fields, from New York westward and south-
ward : a relic of cultivation by the Indians. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.)

384 GENTIANACEZ. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)

Orver 77. GENTIANACEZ. (Gentran Famtty.)

Smooth herbs, with a colorless bitter juice, opposite and sessile entire and
simple leaves (except in Tribe II.) without stipules, regular flowers with the
stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, which are convolute (rarely im-
bricated and sometimes valvate) in the bud, a 1-celled ovary with 2 parietal
placente, or nearly the whole inner face of the ovary ovuliferous ; the fruit
usually a 2-valved and septicidal many-seeded pod. — Flowers solitary or
cymose. Calyx persistent. Corolla mostly withering-persistent ; the
stamens inserted on its tube. Seeds anatropous, with a minute embryo
in fleshy albumen. (Bitter-tonic plants.)

Tribe I. GENTIANEZ. Lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud (with the sinuses
mostly plaited), or in Obolaria imbricated. Leaves almost always opposite or whorled, en-
tire, those of the stem sessile. Seeds very small and numerous, with a cellular coat; in
Obolaria, Bartonia, and several Gentians, the ovules and seeds covering the whole face of
the pericarp !

* Style distinct and slender, deciduous.
1. Sabbatia. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-12-parted : anthers at length recurved.
2. Erythrzea. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, 4 - 5-cleft: anthers soon spiral.

* * Style (if any) and stigmas persistent: anthers straight.
3. Frasera. Corolla 4-parted, wheel-shaped ; a fringed glandular spot on each lobe.
Halenia. Corolla 4-5-cleft, bell-shaped, and 4 -5-spurred at the base.
Gentiana. Corolla funnel- or bell-shaped, mostly plaited in the sinuses, nof spurred. ~
Bartonia. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, bell-shaped: no plaits. Calyx 4-parted.
Obolaria. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, 4-lobed, with no plaits, the lobes imbricated in
the bud! Calyx 2-leaved. a

epi Gli

Tribe IL. MENYANTHE2. Lobes of the corolla valvate in the bud, with the edges
turned inwards. Stem-leaves alternate, petioled. Seed-coat hard or bony.

8. Menyanthes. Corolla bearded inside. Leaves 3-foliolate.

9. Limnanthemum.. Corolla naked or bearded on the margins only. Leaves simple,
rounded.

1. SABBATIA, Adans. American CenTavry.

Calyx 5-12-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla 5-12-parted, wheel-
shaped. Stamens 5-12: anthers soon recurved. Style 2-parted, slender. —
Biennials or annuals, with slender stems, and cymose-panicled handsome (white
or rose-purple) flowers ; in summer. (Dedicated to Z. Sabbati, an early Italian
botanist. )

* Corolla 5-parted, or rarely 6 —7-parted.

+ Corolla white, often turning yellowish in drying: cymes corymbed, many-flowered.

1. S. paniculata, Pursh. Stem brachiately much-branched (19-2° high),
rather terete, but angled with 4 sharp lines; leaves linear or the lower oblong, ob-
tuse, 1-nerved, nearly equalling the internodes; calyx-lobes linear-thread-form,
much shorter than the corolla. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward.

2. S. lanceolata, Torr. & Gr. Stem simple (1°-—8° high) bearing a flat-
topped eyme; leavs ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 3-nerved, the upper acute, much
shorter than the internodes; calyx-lobes longer and flowers larger than in

GENTIANACEE. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 585

No. 1. (Chironia lanceolata, Walt. §. corymbosa, Baldw.)— Wet pine bar-

rens, from New Jersey southward.

+ + Corolla rose-pink, rarely white, with a yellowish or greenish eye: stem erect,
1° —3° high, pyramidally many-flowered : branches opposite : peduncles short.

3. S. brachiata, Ell. Stem slightly angled, simple below (1°-2° high) ;
leaves linear and linear-oblong, obtuse, or the upper acute; branches rather few-
flowered, forming an oblong panicle; calyx-lobes nearly half shorter than the
corolla. (S. concinna, Wood, ex char.) — Dryish grassy places, Virginia (Indi-
ana, Wood), and southward. — Corolla rather smaller, and its lobes narrower
than in the next.

4. S. angularis, Pursh. Stem somewhat 4-winged-angled, much branched
above (1°-24° high), many-flowered ; /eaves ovate, acutish, 5-nerved, with a
somewhat heart-shaped clasping base; calyx-lobes one third or half the length of
the corolla. — Dry ground, New York to Ilinois and southward. Corolla 13/
wide ; the lobes obovate.

+ + + Corolla rose-purple or white: stems (5'-20! high) slender, loosely and often
alternately branched, or merely forked, terete or scarcely 4-angled : peduncles elon-
gated and 1-flowered.

5. S. ealycosa, Pursh. Diffusely forking, pale ; leaves oblong or lance-ob-
long, narrowed at the base; calyx-lobes foliaceous, spatulate-lanceolate (3'- 1! long),
exceeding the almost white corolla, — Marshes, E, Virginia, and southward.

6. §. stellaris, Pursh. Loosely branched and forking ; leaves oblong- or
ovate-lanceolate, or the upper linear ; calyzx-lobes awl-shaped-linear, varying from
half to nearly the length of the bright rose-purple corolla. — Salt marshes, Massachu-
setts to Virginia, and southward. ‘Too near the next.

7. S. gracilis, Salisb. Stem very slender, at length diffusely branched ;
the branches and long peduncles filiform ; leaves Jinear, or the lower lance-linear,
the uppermost similar to the setaceous calyxr-lobes, which equal the rose-purple
corolla. (Chironia campanulata, LZ.) — Brackish marshes, Nantucket (Oakes),
banks of lower Delaware River (Mr. Cooley, Dr. Diffenbaugh), and southward.

* * Corolla 9-12-parted, large (about 2' broad). (Lapithea, Grisebach.) .

8. §. chloroides, Pursh. Stem (1°-2° high), loosely panicled above;
the peduncles slender, 1-flowered ; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; calyx-lobes linear,
half the length of the deep rose-colored (rarely white) corolla. — Borders of
brackish ponds, Plymouth, Massachusetts, to Virginia, and southward. — One
of our handsomest plants.

2. ERYTHRAA, Pers. CernrTaury.

Calyx 4-5-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form,
with a slender tube and a 4—5-parted limb. Anthers exserted, erect, twisting
spirally. Style slender, single: stigma capitate or 2-lipped. — Low and small
branching annuals, chiefly with rose-purple or reddish flowers (whence the name,
from €pvOpds, red); in summer. All our Northern species were probably intro-
duced, and occur in few localities.

1. HE. Cenratrivm, Pers. (Centaury.) Stem upright, corymbosely branched
above ; leaves oblong or elliptical, acutish ; the uppermost linear ; cymes clus-

25

386 GENTIANACEM. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)

tered, flat-topped, the flowers all nearly sessile; tube of the (purple-rose-colored)
corolla not twice the length of the oval lobes. — Oswego, New York. — Plant
6'-12! high: corolla 3-4’ long. (Ady. from Eu.)

2. HE. ramosfssima, Pers., var. PULCHELLA, Griseb, Low (2'-6! high) ;
stem many times forked above and forming a diffuse cyme; leaves ovate-oblong or
oval; flowers all on short pedicels; tube of the (pink-purple) corolla thrice the
length of the elliptical-oblong lobes. (E. Muhlenbérgii, Griseb., as to Penn.
plant. Exacum pulchellum, Pursh.) — Wet or shady places, Long Island to E.
Virginia: scarce. — Flowers smaller than in No. 1. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. EB. spicara, Pers. Stem strictly upright (6’-10/ high) ; the flowers ses-
sile and spiked along one side of the simple or rarely forked branches ; leaves oval
and oblong, rounded at the base, acutish ; tube of the (rose-colored or whitish)
corolla scarcely longer than the calyx, the lobes oblong. (E. Pickeringii,
Oakes.) — Sandy sea-shore, Nantucket, Massachusetts, Oakes, and Norfolk, Vir-
ginia, Rugel. — Remarkable for the spike-like arrangement of the flowers.
(Nat. from Eu. 4)

3. FRASERA, Walt. American Corumno.

Calyx deeply 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-parted, wheel-shaped, each division
with a glandular and fringed pit on the face. Filaments awl-shaped, usually
somewhat monadelphous at the base: anthers oblong, versatile. Style persist-
ent: stigma 2-lobed. Pod oval, flattened, 4-14-seeded. Seeds large and flat,
wing-margined. — Tall and showy herbs, with a thick root, upright and mostly
simple stems, bearing whorled leaves, and numerous peduncled flowers in open
cymes, which are disposed in an ample elongated panicle. (Dedicated to John
Fraser, an indefatigable collector in this country towards the close of the last
century.)

1. F. Carolinénsis, Walt. Smooth biennial or triennial (3°-8° high) ;
leaves mostly in fours, lance-oblong, the lowest spatulate, veiny ; panicle py-
ramidal, loosely flowered ; divisions of the corolla oblong, mucronate, longer
than the narrowly lanceolate calyx-lobes, each with a large and round gland
on their middle; pod much flattened parallel with the flat valves. — Rich dry
soil, S. W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. July. — Root very thick
and bitter. Corolla 1’ broad, light greenish-yellow, marked with small brown-
purple dots.

4. HALENIA, Borkh. SPURRED GENTIAN.

Calyx 4-5-parted. Corolla short bell-shaped, 4-5-cleft, without folds or
fringe, prolonged at the base underneath the erect lobes into spurs, which are
glandular in the bottom. Stigmas 2, sessile, persistent on the oblong flattish
pod. Seeds rather numerous, oblong. — Small and upright herbs, with yellow-
ish or purplish panicled-cymose flowers. (Name of unknown meaning.)

1. H. defléxa, Grisebach. Leafy annual or biennial (9/-18/ high), sim-
ple or branched above; leaves 3-5-nerved, the lowest oblong-spatulate and _
petioled ; the others oblong-lanceolate, acute ; spurs cylindrical, obtuse, curved,
descending, half the length of the acutely 4-lobed corolla. (Swértia corniculata,

GENTIANACEH. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 387

L., partly.) — Damp woods, from the northern parts of Maine, to Wisconsin, and
northward. July, August.

5. GENTIANA, L. _— Gentian.

Calyx 4-5-cleft. Corolla 4-5-lobed, regular, usually with intermediate
plaited folds, which bear appendages or teeth at the sinuses. Style short or
none: stigmas 2, persistent. Pod oblong, 2-valved; the innumerable seeds
either borne on placente at or near the sutures, or in most of our species cover-
ing nearly the whole inner face of the pod. (First shown by Prof: 1. J. Clark!)
— Flowers solitary or cymose, showy, in late summer and autumn. (Name
from Gentius, king of Illyria, who used some species medicinally.)

§ 1. AMARELLOIDES, Torr. & Gr. Corolla tubular-funnel-form, without
crown or plaited folds, and with the lobes naked: anthers separate, fixed by
the middle, introrse in the bud, but reflexed after the flower opens: seeds wing-
less: annuals.

1. G. quinqueflora, Lam. (Five-rtowrerep G.) Stem rather slen-
der, branching (1° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a partly clasping and
heart-shaped base, 3 - 7-nerved, tipped with a minute point; branches racemed
or panicled, about 5-flowered at the summit; lobes of the small 5-cleft calyx
awl-shaped-linear ; lobes of the pale-blue corolla triangular-ovate, bristle-pointed,
one fourth the length of the slender obconical tube. — Var. occIDENTALIS has
linear-lanceolate calyx-lobes, more leaf-like, about half the length of the corolla.
— Dry hilly woods, Maine to Wisconsin and southward, especially along the
Alleghanies: the var. is the common form in the Western States. — Corolla
nearly 1! long ; in the variety proportionally shorter.

§ 2. CROSSOPETALUM, Freel. Corolla funnel-form, gland-bearing between the
bases of the filaments, without crown or plaited folds ; the lobes fringed or toothed

Dy rang

on the margins: anthers as in § 1: pod somewhat stalked: seeds wingless, clothed .

with little scales: annuals or biennials.

2. G. crinita, Freel. (Frixcep G.) Flowers solitary on long peduncles
terminating the stem or simple branches ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate from
a partly heart-shaped or rounded base ; lobes of the 4-cleft calyx unequal, ovate and
lanceolate, as long as the bell-shaped tube of the sky-blue corolla, the /obes of:
which are wedge-obovate, and strongly fringed around the summit ; ovary lanceolate.
— Low grounds, New England to Kentucky and Wisconsin: rather common. —
Plant 1°-2° high: the showy corolla 2/ long.

3. G. detonsa, Fries. (SmaLteR Frincep G.) Stem simple or with
slender branches, terminated by solitary flowers on very long peduncles; leaves

linear or lanceolate-linear ; lobes of the 4- (rarely 5-) cleft calyx unequal, ovate or
triangular and lanceolate, pointed ; lobes of the sky-blue corolla spatulate-oblong,
with ciliate-fringed margins, the fringe shorter or almost obsolete at the summit ;
ovary elliptical or obovate. — Moist grounds, Niagara Falls to Ulinois and north-
westward. Passes into the last. (Eu.)

§ 3. PNEUMONANTHE, Necker. Corolla bell-shaped or obconical, 5-lobed,
with plaited folds which project into appendages in the sinuses: anthers erect,

388 GENTIANACE. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)

fixed by the deep sagittate base, extrorse, often cohering with each other in a ring
or tube: pod stalked: perennials, mostly autumn-flowering.
* Flowers nearly sessile, clustered or rarely solitary, 2-bracteolate.
+ Seeds wingless : anthers unconnected.

4. G. ochroletica, Frel. (YrLLowisu-Wuite G.) Stems ascending,
mostly smooth ; the flowers in a dense terminal cluster and often also in ax-
illary clusters ; /eaves obovate-oblong, the lowest broadly obovate and obtuse, the
uppermost somewhat lanceolate, all narrowed at the base ; calyx-lobes linear, un-
equal, much longer than its tube, rather shorter than the greenish-white open corolla,
which is painted inside with green veins and lilac-purple stripes ; its lobes ovate,
very much exceeding the small and sparingly toothed oblique appendages ; pod
included in the persistent corolla.— Dry grounds, 8. Pennsylvania (rare) to
Virginia, and common southward.

+ + Seeds winged; anthers connivent and usually more or cohering.

5. G. alba, Muhl Cat.! (Wuitisu G.) Stems upright, stout, and very
smooth ; flowers closely sessile and much crowded in a dense terminal cluster,
sometimes also clustered in the upper axils ; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a heart-
shaped closely clasping base, gradually tapering to a point; calyx-lobes ovate,
shorter than the top-shaped tube, and many times shorter than the tube of the —
corolla, reflexed-spreading ; corolla white more or less tinged with greenish or yellow-
ish, inflated-club-shaped, at length open, its short and broad ovate lobes nearly twice the
length of the toothed appendages; pod nearly included; seeds broadly winged.
(G. fldvida, Gray, in Sill. Jour. G. ochroleuca, Sims., Darlingt., Grisebach,
in part.) — Glades and low grounds, S. W. New York to Virginia along the
Alleghanies, and west to Illinois and Lake Superior. Begins to flower in July,
far earlier than the two next.

6. G. Andréwsii, Griseb. (Ciosep G.) Stems upright, smooth ; flow-
ers closely sessile in terminal and upper axillary clusters ; /eaves ovate-lanceolate
and lanceolate from a narrower base, gradually pointed, rough-margined ; calyx-
lobes ovate or oblong, recurved, shorter than the top-shaped tube, and much
shorter than the inflated club-shaped and truncate mostly blue corolla, which is
closed at the mouth, its proper lobes obliterated, the apparent lobes consisting of
the broad fringe-toothed and notched appendages ; pod finally projecting out
of the persistent corolla; seeds broadly winged. (G. Saponaria, Frel., not
of LZ.) — Moist and rich soil: common, especially northward. — Corolla an
inch or more in length, striped inside, the folds whitish; occasionally pure
white throughout.

7. G. Saponaria, L. (SoapwortG.) Stem erect or ascending, smooth ;
the flowers clustered at the summit and more or less so in the axils ; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, oblong, or lanceclate-obovate, with rough margins, narrowed at the base ;
calyx-lobes linear or spatulate, acute, equalling or exceeding the tube, half the
length of the corolla; lobes of the club-bell-shaped light-blue corolla obtuse, erect or
converging, short and broad, but distinct, and more or less longer than the conspicuous
2-cleft and minutely toothed appendages ; seeds acute, narrowly winged. (G. Cates-
bei, Walt.) — Moist woods, New Jersey and 8. Penn. to Virginia, Ilinois, and
southward : flowering late.

GENTIANACEH. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 889

Var. linearis. Slender, nearly simple (1°-2° high); leaves linear or
lance-linear (2/-3/ long), acutish ; appendages of the corolla shorter and less
cleft, or almost entire. (G. Pneumondnthe, Amer. auth., § Ed.1. G. linearis,
Frel.) — Mountain wet glades of Maryland and Penn., to Lake Superior,
Northern New York, New Hampshire (near Concord), and Maine (near Port-
land): beginning to blossom at midsummer. — Seems to pass on one side into
G. Saponaria, on the other into G. Pneumonanthe of Europe.

8. G. pubérula, Michx. Stems erect or ascending (8/-16/ high), mostly
rough and minutely pubescent above ; leaves rigid varying from linear-lanceolate
to oblong-lanceolate, rough-margined (1/-2' long) ; flowers clustered, rarely soli-
tary; calyx-lobes lanceolate, not longer than the tube, much shorter than the
bell-funnel-form open bright-blue corolla, the spreading ovate lobes of which are acutish
and twice or thrice the length of the cut-toothed appendages. (G. Catesbii,
Ell. G. Saponaria, var. puberula, Ld. 1.) — Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio to
Wisconsin, and southward. Flowering near the end of summer. Corolla large
for the size of the plant, 14/-2'long. Seeds (also in G. Pneumonanthe) not
covering the walls, as they do in the rest of this division.

* * Flowers 1-3, peduncled: seeds wingless: anthers separate.

9. G. angustifolia, Michx. Stems slender and ascending (6! -15! high) ;
leaves linear or the lower oblanceolate, rigid ; corolla open-funnel-form, azure-
blue, also a greenish and white variety (2' long), about twice the length of the
thread-like calyx-lobes, its ovate spreading lobes twice the length of the cut-
toothed appendages. — Moist pine barrens, New Jersey, and southward.

6. BARTONIA, Mull. (CENTAURELLA, Michz.)

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, destitute of glands, fyinges, or folds.
Stamens short. Pod oblong, flattened, pointed with a large persistent at length
2-lobed stigma. Seeds minute, innumerable, covering the whole inner surface
of the pod. — Small annuals or biennials (3!-10! high), with thread-like stems,
and little awl-shaped scales in place of leaves. Flowers small, white, peduncled.
(Dedicated, in the year 1801, to Prof. Benjamin Smith Barton, of Philadelphia. )

1. B. tenélla, Muhl. Stems branched above; the branches or peduncles
mostly opposite, 1-3-flowered ; lobes of the corolla oblong, acutish, rather longer
than the calyx, or sometimes twice as long ; anthers roundish ; ovary 4-angled, the
cell somewhat cruciform. —- Open woods, New England to Wisconsin and south-
ward. Aug.—Centaurella Moseri, Grisebuch, is a variety with the scales and
peduncles mostly alternate, and the petals acute.

2. B. vérna, Muhl. Stem 1-few-flowered ; lobes of the corolla spatulate,
obtuse, spreading, thrice the length of the calyx ; anthers oblong ; oyary flat.— Bogs
near the coast, Virginia and southward, March. — Flowers 3!- 4!’ long, larger
than in No. 1.

7. OBOLARIA, L. Ozorart.

Calyx of 2 spatulate spreading sepals, resembling the leaves. Corolla tubu-
lar-bell-shaped, withering-persistent, 4-cleft; the lobes oval-oblong, or with age

nan OK

Marr .
Q-

390 GENTIANACEE. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)

spatulate, imbricated in the bud! Stamens inserted at the sinuses of the corolla,
short. Style short, persistent: stigma 2-lipped. Pod ovoid, 1-celled, the cell
cruciform : the seeds covering the whole face of the walls. — A low and very
smooth purplish-green perennial (3/- 8! high), with a simple or sparingly
branched stem, opposite wedge-obovate leaves ; the dull white or purplish
flowers solitary or in clusters of three, terminal and axillary, nearly sessile ; in
spring. (Name from ofodds, a small Greek coin; to which, however, the
leaves of this plant bear no manifest resemblance.)

1. O. Virginica, L. (Gray, Chlor. Bor.-Am., t. 3.) — Rich soil, in woods,
from New Jersey to Illinois, and southward : rather rare.

8. MENYANTHES, Tourn. Bucxsean.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short funnel-form, 5-parted, deciduous, the whole
upper surface white-bearded, valvate in the bud with the margins turned inward.
Style slender, persistent: stigma 2-lobed. Pod bursting somewhat irregularly,
many-seeded. Seed-coat hard, smooth, and shining. — A perennial alternate-
leaved herb, with a thickish creeping rootstock, sheathed by the membranous
bases of the long petioles, which bear 3 oval or oblong leaflets at the summit ;
the flowers racemed on the naked scape (1° high), white or slightly reddish.
(The ancient Theophrastian name, probably from pry, month, and avOos, a
Jlower, some say from its flowering for about that time.)

1. M. trifoliata, L.— Bogs, New England to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin,
and northward. May, June. (Eu.)

9. LIMNANTHEMUM, Gmelin. Froatine Hearv.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla almost wheel-shaped, 5-parted, the divisions fringed
or bearded at the base or margins only, folded inwards in the bud, bearing a
glandular appendage near the base. Style short or none: stigma 2-lobed, per-
sistent. Pod few-many-seeded, at length bursting irregularly. Seed-coat
hard. — Perennial aquatics, with rounded floating leaves on very long petioles,
which, in most species, bear near their summit the umbel of (polygamous)
flowers, along with a cluster of short and spur-like roots, sometimes shooting
forth new leaves from the same place, and so spreading by a sort of proliferous
stolons : flowering all summer. (Name compounded of Airy, a marsh or pool,
and av@epov, a blossom, from the situations where they grow.)

1. L. lacundsum, Grisebach (partly). Leaves entire, round-heart-shaped
(1/- 2! broad), thickish ; petioles filiform ; lobes of the (white) corolla broadly
oval, naked, except the crest-like yellowish gland at their base, twice the length
of the lanceolate calyx-lobes; style none; seeds smooth and even. (Villdrsia
lacunosa, Vent. V. cordata, Ell.) — Shallow water, from Maine and N. New
York to Virginia and southward.

2, L. trachyspérmum, Gray. Leaves larger (2! - 6' broad), and rounder,
thicker, often wavy-margined or crenate, roughish and dark-punctate or pitted
beneath ; petioles stouter ; seeds glandular-roughened. (Menyanthes trachysperma,
Michx.) — Ponds, Maryland (W. MW. Canby) and southward.

LOGANIACEH., (LOGANIA FAMILY.) 391

OrpeR 78. LOGANIACEAE. (Locania Famity.)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with opposite and entire leaves, and stipules or a
stipular membrane or line between them, and with regular 4—5-merous 4 —5-
androus perfect flowers, the ovary free from the calyx: a connecting group
between Gentianacex, Apocynacee, Scrophulariacee (from all which they
are known by their stipules) and Rubiacez, from which they differ in their
free ovary: our representatives of the family are all most related to the
Rubiacez, to which, indeed, they have been appended.

* Woody twiners: leaves evergreen.
1. Gelsemium. Corolla large, the 5 lobes imbricated in the bud. Style slender: stigmas 4.

* * Herbs.
Polypremum. Corolla 4-lobed, not longer than the calyx, imbricated in the bud.
Spigelia. Corolla 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Style single, jointed in the middle.
4. Mitreola. Corolla 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Styles 2, short, converging, united at the
summit, and with a common stigma.

pate

1. GELSEMIUM, Juss. YeELLow (Fase) JESSAMINE.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla open-funnel-form, 5-lobed ; the lobes imbricated in
the bud. Stamens 5, with oblong sagittate anthers. Style long and slender.
Stigmas 2, each 2-parted; the divisions linear. Pod elliptical, flattened con-
trary to the narrow partition, 2-celled, septicidally 2-valved. Seeds many or
several, winged. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen ; the ovate flat cotyledons
much shorter than the slender radicle.— Smooth and twining shrubby plants
with opposite and entire ovate or lanceolate leaves, minute stipules, and showy
yellow flowers, of two sorts as to relative length of stamens and style. ( Gelse-
mino, the Italian name of the Jessamine.)

1. G. sempérvirens, Ait. (YELLOW Jessamtne of the South.) Stem
climbing high; leaves short-petioled, shining, nearly persistent; flowers in
short axillary clusters ; pedicels scaly-bracted ; flowers very fragrant (the bright
yellow corolla 1/-13! long); pod flat, pointed. — Low grounds, Eastern Vir-
ginia and southward. March, April.

2. POLYPREMUM, L. _ Potypremum.

Calyx 4-parted ; the divisions awl-shaped from a broad scarious-margined
base. Corolla not longer than the calyx, almost wheel-shaped, bearded in the
throat ; the 4 lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4, very short: anthers
globular. Style 1, very short: stigma ovoid, entire. Pod ovoid, a little flat-
tened, notched at the apex, 2-celled, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — A
smooth, diffuse, much-branched, small annual, with narrowly linear or awl-
shaped leaves, connected at their base across the stem by a slight stipular line ;
the small flowers solitary and sessile in the forks and at the ends of the
branches ; corolla inconspicuous, white. (Name altered from rodvmpepvos,
many-stemmed.)

1. P. procimbens, L.—Dry fields, mostly in sandy soil, Maryland and
southward; also adventive at Philadelphia, June— Oct.

392 APOCYNACEE. (DOGBANE FAMILY.)

3. SPIGELIA, L. Prxx-roor. Worm-crass.

Calyx 5-parted; the lobes slender. Corolla tubular-funnel-form, 5-lobed at
the summit, valvate in the bud. Staméns 5; anthers linear. Style 1, slender,
hairy above, jointed near the middle. Pod short, 2-celled, twin, laterally flat-
tened, separating at maturity from a persistent base into 2 carpels, which open
loculicidally, few-seeded. — Chiefly herbs, with the pair of leaves united by
means of the stipules, and the flowers spiked in one-sided cymes. (Named for
Adrian Spiegel, latinized Spigelius, who wrote on botany at the beginning of
the seventeenth century, and was perhaps. the first to give directions for
preparing an herbarium.)

1. S. Marilandica, L. (Maryianp Pink-roor.) Stems simple and
erect from a perennial root (6/—18/ high) ; leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate,
acute ; spike simple or forked, short; tube of the corolla 4 times the length of
the calyx, the lobes lanceolate; anthers and style exserted. — Rich woods,
Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and southward: not common northward. June,
July. — Corolla 13! long, red outside, yellow within. — A well-known officinal
anthelmintic, and a showy plant.

4. MITREOLA, L. Mirreworr.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla little longer than the calyx, somewhat funnel-form,
5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, included. Ovary at the base slightly
adnate to the bottom of the calyx, 2-celled: styles 2, short, converging and
united above; the stigmas also united into one. Pod projecting beyond the
calyx, strongly 2-horned or mitre-shaped, opening down the inner side of each
horn, many-seeded. — Annual smooth herbs, 6!—2° high, with small stipules
between the leaves, and small white flowers spiked along one side of the
branches of a terminal petioled cyme. (Name, a little mitre, from the shape
of the pod.)

1. M. petiolata, Torr. & Gray. Leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, petioled.
— Damp soil, from Eastern Virginia southward.

2. M. sessilifolia, Torr. & Gray, with thickish sessile and roundish
leaves, probably occurs as far north as Virginia.

Orper 79. APOCYNACEZE. (Docpane Famiry.)

Plants almost all with milky acrid juice, entire (chiefly opposite) leaves
without stipules, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers ; the 5 lobes of the
corolla convolute and twisted in the bud ; the filaments distinct, inserted on
the corolla, and the pollen granular; the calyx entirely free from the
two ovaries, which (in our genera) are distinct (and forming pods),
though their styles or stigmas are united into one. — Seeds amphitro-
pous or anatropous, with a large straight embryo in sparing albumen,
often bearing a tuft of down (comose). — Chiefly a tropical family (of
acrid-poisonous plants), represented in gardens by he Oleander and
Periwinkle, and among wild plants by three genera :—

APOCYNACEZ. (DOGBANE FAMILY.) 393

1. Amsonia. Seeds naked. Corolla with the tube bearded inside. Anthers longer than the
filaments. Leaves alternate.

2. Forsteronia. Seeds comose. Corolla funnel-form, not appendaged. Filaments slen-
der. Calyx glandular inside. Leaves opposite.

38. Apocynum. Seeds comose. Corolla bell-shaped, appendaged within. Filaments short,
broad and flat. Calyx not glandular. Leaves opposite.

1. AMSONIA, Walt. = Amsonta.

Calyx 5-parted, small. Corolla with a narrow funnel-form tube bearded in-
side, especially at the throat; the limb divided into 5 long linear lobes. Sta-
mens 5, inserted on the tube, included: anthers obtuse at both ends, longer than
the filaments. Ovaries 2: style 1: stigma rounded, surrounded with a cup-like
membrane. Pod (follicles) 2, long and slender, many-seeded. Seeds cylindri-
cal, abrupt at both ends, packed in one row, naked. — Perennial herbs, with
alternate leaves, and pale blue flowers in terminal panicled cymes. (Said to be
named for a Mr. Charles Amson.)

1. A. Tabernzemontana, Walt. Loosely somewhat pubescent or hairy
when young, or soon glabrous ; leaves varying from ovate-lanceolate to linear-
lanceolate, taper-pointed ; calyx-lobes short, awl-shaped; tube of the bluish
corolla little longer than the lobes, the upper part either hairy when young or
glabrous. — Low grounds, Illinois, Virginia? and southward. May, June.

2. FORSTERONIA, Meyer. Forsteronta.

Calyx 5-parted, with 3-5 glands at its base inside. Corolla funnel-form, not
appendaged ; the limb 5-lobed. Stamens 5, included: filaments slender: an-
thers arrow-shaped, with an inflexed tip, adhering to the stigma. Pods (follicles)
2, slender, many-seeded. Seeds oblong, with a tuft of down. — Twining plants,
more or less woody, with opposite leaves and small flowers in cymes. (Named
for Mr. T. F. Forster, an English botanist.)

1. F. difformis, A. DC. Nearly herbaceous and glabrous; leaves oval-
lanceolate, pointed, thin; calyx-lobes taper-pointed; corolla pale yellow. —
Damp grounds, Virginia, S. Illinois, and southward. April.

38. APOCYNUM ; Tourn. Docpane. InpiAn Hemp.

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes acute. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, bearing 5 trian-
gular appendages in the throat opposite the lobes. Stamens 5, inserted on the
very base of the corolla: filaments flat, shorter than the arrow-shaped anthers,
which converge around the oyoid obscurely 2-lobed stigma, and are slightly ad-
herent to it by their inner face. Style none: stigma large, oyoid, slightly 2-
lobed. Fruit of 2 long and slender follicles. Seeds comose with a long tuft of
silky down at the apex. — Perennial herbs, with upright branching stems, oppo-
site mucronate-pointed leaves, a tough fibrous bark, and small and pale cymose
flowers on short pedicels. (An ancient name of the Dogbane, composed of
urd, from, and xv@v, a dog, to which the plant was thought to be poisonous.)

1. A. androsemifdlium, L. (Spreapinc Docpane.) Smooth,
branched above; branches divergently forking; leaves ovate, distinctly petioled ;

394 ASCLEPIADACEZ. (MILKWEED FAMILY.)

cymes loose, spreading, mostly longer than the leaves ; corolla (pale rose-color,
4" broad) open-bell-shaped, with revolute lobes, the tube much longer than the ovate
pointed divisions of the calyx.— Varies, with the leaves downy underneath. —
Borders of thickets: common northward. June, July.— Pods 3/- 4! long,
pendent.

2. A. cannéabinum, L. (Inp1an Hemp.) Stem and branches upright
or ascending, terminated by erect and close many-flowered cymes, which are usually
shorter than the leaves ; corolla (greenish-white) with nearly erect lobes, the tube
not longer than the lanceolate divisions of the calyx. — Var. GLABERRIMUM, DC.
Entirely smooth; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, on short but manifest
petioles, obtuse or rounded, or the uppermost mostly acute at both ends. —
Var. puBpEscENS, DC. Leaves oblong, oval, or ovate, soft-downy underneath
or sometimes on both sides, as well as the cymes. (A. pubescens, R. Br.) —
Var. HYPERICIFOLIUM. Leaves more or less heart-shaped at the base and on
very short petioles, commonly smooth throughout. (A. hypericifolium, Ait.)
— River-banks, &c.: common. July, Aug. — Plant 2°-3° high, much more
upright than the last; the flowers scarcely half the size.

Orper 80. ASCLEPIADACEZ. (Mirxweep Famity.)

Plants with milky juice, and opposite or whorled (rarely scattered) entire
leaves ; the follicular pods, seeds, anthers (connected with the stigma), sensible
properties, &c., just as in the last family ; from which they differ in the com-
monly valvate corolla, and in the singular connection of the anthers with the
stigma, the cohesion of the pollen into waa-like or granular masses, &c., as
explained under the first and typical genus.

Tribe I. ASCLEPIADEZ. Filaments monadelphous. Pollen-masses 10, waxy,
fixed to the stigma in pairs by a gland, hanging vertically.
1. Aseclepias. Calyx and corolla refiexed, deeply 5-parted. Crown of 5 hooded fleshy bod-
ies (nectaries, Z.), with an incurved horn rising from the cavity of each.
2. Acerates. Calyx and corolla reflexed or merely spreading. Crown as in No, 1, but
without a horn inside.
3. Enslenia. Calyx and corolla erect. Crown of 5 membranaceous flat bodies, terminated

by a 2-cleft tail or awn.
4. Vincetoxicum. Calyx and wheel-shaped corolla spreading. Crown a fleshy 5-10-
lobed ring or disk.

Tribe II. GONOLOBE2. Filaments monadelphous. Pollen-masses 10, affixed to the
stigma in pairs, horizontal.
5. Gonolobus. Corolla wheel-shaped. Crown a wavy-lobed fleshy ring.

Tribe III. PERIPLOCE®. Filaments distinct or nearly so. Pollen-masses granu-
lar, separately applied to the stigma.
6. Periploca. . Corolla wheel-shaped, with 5 awned scales in the throat.

1, ASCLEPIAS, L. Mirxwexp. SiILKWEED.

Calyx 5-parted, persistent ; the divisions small, spreading. Corolla deeply
5-parted ; the divisions valvate in the bud, reflexed, deciduous. Crown of 5
hooded bodies (nectaries, L.) seated on the tube of stamens, each containing

.

ASCLEPIADACE. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 399

an incurved horn. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla. filaments
united in a tube which encloses the pistil: anthers adherent to the stigma, each
with 2 vertical cells, tipped with a membranaceous appendage, each cell con-
taining a flattened pear-shaped and waxy pollen-mass ; the two contiguous pol-
len-masses of adjacent anthers forming pairs which hang by a slender prolon-
gation of their summits from 5 cloven glands that grow on the angles of the
stigma extricated from the cells by the agency of insects, and directing copious
pollen-tubes into the point where the stigma joins the apex of the styles.
Ovaries 2, tapering into very short styles: the large depressed 5-angled fleshy
mass which takes the place of stigma common to the two. Follicles 2, one of
them often abortive, soft, ovate or lanceolate. Seeds anatropous, flat, margined,
downwardly imbricated all over the large placenta, which separates‘ from the
suture at maturity, furnished with a long tuft of silky hairs (coma) at the hilum.
Embryo large, with broad foliaceous cotyledons in thin albumen. — Perennial
upright herbs, with thick and deep roots: peduncles terminal or lateral and be-
tween the petioles, bearing simple many-flowered umbels : flowering in summer.
(The Greek name of 4'sculapius, to whom the genus is dedicated.)

* Leaves opposite (or some of them in No. 5 -7 in threes or fours.)

+ Stem simple or nearly so, leafy to the top, and bearing lateral umbels as well as a
terminal one: leaves ovate or oblong : flowers whitish, pinkish, or dull purple.

++ Pods beset with soft spinous projections : flowers 6!'-9" long when open, greenish-
purple, numerous in dense umbels.

1. A. Corntti, Decaisne. (Commoy Mirkweep or SItKWEED.) Stem
tall and stout; /eaves oval-oblong (4/—8’ long), contracted at base into a short
petiole, pale, minutely downy beneath, as well as the peduncles, &c.; hoods of the
crown ovate, obtuse, with a lobe or tooth on each side of the short and stout claw-like
horn ; pods ovate, covered with weak spines and woolly. (A. Syriaca, L., but the
plant belongs to this country only.) — Rich ground, everywhere,

2. A. Sullivantii, Engelm. Very smooth throughout, tall; leaves ovate-
oblong with a somewhat heart-shaped base, nearly sessile ; hoods obovate, entire, ob-
tusely 2-cared at the base outside; flowers larger (9/ long) and more purple than
in the preceding ; pods obscurely soft-spiny, chiefly on the beak, ovate-lanceolate.
— Low grounds, Columbus, Ohio (Su/livant) to Ilinois.

++ Pods even, not warty-roughened, mostly glabrous.

3. A. phytolaccoides, Pursh. (Pokr-Mitkweep.) Stem (3°-5°
high) smooth ; leaves broadly ovate, or the upper oval-lanceolate and pointed at both
ends, short-petioled, smooth or slightly downy underneath (5’—8! long); lateral
umbels several ; pedicels loose and nodding, numerous, long and slender (1/-3! long),
equalling the peduncle, many times longer than the ovate-oblong divisions of the (green-
ish) corolla; hoods of the crown (white) truncate, the margins 2-toothed at the
summit, the horn with a long projecting awl-shaped point; pods minutely downy.
— Moist copses ; flowering early in summer. — Flower 6! long.

4. A. purpurascens, L. (Purrre M.) Stem rather slender (1°-3°
high) ; leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, the upper taper-pointed, minutely velvety-
downy underneath, smooth above, contracted at the base into a short petiole ; pediceis

396 ASCLEPIADACEH. (MILKWEED FAMILY.)

shorter than the peduncle, 3-4 times the length of the dark purple lanceolate-
ovate divisions of the corolla; hoods of the crown oblong, abruptly narrowed
above ; the horn broadly scythe-shaped, with a narrow and abruptly inflexed horizontal
point. (A. amena, L., Michx.) — Borders of woods, &c., New England to Illinois
and southward. — Flowers 6" long.

5. A. variegata, L. (Variecatep M.) Nearly glabrous (1° -2° high) ;
leaves ovate, oval, or obovate, somewhat wavy, contracted into short petioles ; pedicels
(numerous and crowded) and peduncle short, downy ; divisions of the corolla ovate
(white) ; hoods of the crown orbicular, entire, purplish or reddish, the horn
semilunar with a horizontal point; pods slightly downy. (A. nivea, Z., in part.
A. hybrida, Michx.) — Dry woods, S. New York to Wisconsin and southward,
July. — Remarkable ‘for its compact umbels of nearly white flowers. Leaves
4-5 pairs, the middle ones sometimes whorled.

6. A. ovalifolia, Decaisne in DC. Low (6/-18! high), soft-downy, es-
pecially the lower surface of the ovate or lanceolate-oblong acute short-petioled
leaves ; umbels loosely 10 - 18-flowered, either sessile or peduncled ; pedicels slen-
der; hoods of the crown oblong, obtuse, yellowish, with a small horn, about
the length of the oval greenish-white divisions of the corolla (which are tinged
with purple outside); pods downy. (A. lanuginosa, £d. 1, probably not of
Nutt. A. Vaseyi, Carey). — Prairies and oak-openings, N. Illinois, Vasey, Wis-
consin, Lapham, aud northwestward. June. — Leaves 13/-3/ long, smoothish
above, the upper sometimes scattered ; the middle rarely in threes. Flower
4!'-5" long.

7. A. quadyrifolia, Jacq. (Four-teavep M.) Nearly smooth; stem
slender (1°-2° high), mostly leafless below, bearing usually one or two whorls
of four in the middle and one or two pairs of ovate or ovate-lanceolate taper-
pointed petioled leaves (2/—4! long); pedicels slender; divisions of the (pale
pink) corolla oblong; hoods of the white crown elliptical-ovate, the incurved
horn short and thick; pods linear-lanceolate, smooth. — Dry woods and hills:
not very common. June.— Flowers 4! long.

+- + Stem branching, leafy to the top, bearing lateral as well as terminal umbels :
leaves petioled : flowers small (3" long) : pods smooth and glabrous.

8. A. perénnis, Walt. Nearly glabrous; stems (1°-2° high) persistent
or somewhat woody at the base; leaves lunceolate or lanceolate-ovute, tapering to both
ends, thin, rather slender-petioled ; flowers white, small; the small hoods of the
crown shorter than the needle-shaped horn; seeds sometimes destitute of a
coma! (A. parviflora, Pursh, and Ed, 2.) — Low grounds, 8. Indiana, Illinois,
and southward.

9. A. incarnata, L. (Swamp Mitkweep.) Smooth, or nearly so, in
the typical form, the stem with two downy lines above and on the branches of
the peduneles (2°-3° high), very leafy; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed,
obtuse or obscurely heart-shaped at base; flowers rose-purple; hoods of the crown
scarcely equalling the slender needle-pointed horn. —Var. pULcuRA has broader
and shorter-petioled leaves, more or less hairy-pubescent, as well as the stem. (A.
pulchra, Willd.) — Wet grounds; the smooth form very common northward ;
the hairy variety more so southward. — Milky juice scanty.

ASCLEPIADACEX. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 397

+ + + Stem perfectly simple, producing only a single conspicuously-peduncled termi-
nal umbel of dull-colored largish (6"' long) flowers : hoods and lobes of the co-
rolla broad: pods smooth: whole plant glabrous or nearly so, and pale or glau-
cous: leaves closely sessile, transversely veiny.

10. A. obtusifolia, Michx. Stem tall (2°-3° high) ; leaves wavy, oblong
with a heart-shaped clasping base, very obtuse or retuse (23'/- 5! long) ; peduncle
3/-12! long; corolla pale greenish purple; hoods of the crown truncate and
somewhat toothed at the summit, shorter than the slender awl-pointed horn, —
Sandy woods and fields: not rare, especially southward,

11. A. Meadii, Torr. (in Ed. 2, addend.) Stem slender (1°-2° high) ;
leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, not wavy, obtuse or acutish (13/-23/ long); peduncle
only twice the length of the upper leaves ; pedicels rather short; corolla green-
ish-white ; hoods of the crown rounded-truncate at summit, and with a sharp
tooth at each margin, somewhat exceeding the stouter horn; pod unknown, —
Augusta, Illinois, Dr. S. B. Mead. Clinton, Iowa, Dr. Vasey. June.

+ + + + Stem simple or mostly so (2°-4° high), bearing 2—5 panicled umbels on
a naked terminal peduncle, and sometimes single axillary ones : flowers pink-red,
rather large (over 6'' long) : crown conspicuously elevated above the base of the
corolla: pods smooth: whole plant glabrous or nearly so.

12. A. ribra, L. Leaves ovate or lanceolate and tapering from a rounded or
heart-shaped base to a very acute point, sessile or nearly so (2'-6! long, 3! — 23!
wide), bright green ; umbels many-flowered ; divisions of the corolla and hood
of the crown oblong-lanceolate, purple-red ; the horn long and slender. (A. lauri-
folia, Michr. A. acuminata, Pursh.) — Wet pine-barrens, &c., New Jersey and
Penn. to Virginia and southward.

13. A. paupéreula, Michx. Stem slender (2°-4° high); leaves elon-
gated lanceolate or linear (5'-10! long), tapering to both ends, slightly petioled ;
umbels 5 -12-flowered ; divisions of the red corolla narrowly oblong ; the bright orange
hoods broadly oblong, obtuse, much exceeding the incurved horn. — Wet pine-bar-
rens on the coast, New Jersey, Virginia, and southward.

* + Leaves scattered, or some opposite: milky juice little or none: flowers orange-red.

14. A. tuberdsa, L. (BuTTeRFLY-wEED. PLevRisy-RooT.) Rough-
ish-hairy ; stems erect or ascending, very leafy, branching at the summit, and
bearing the umbels in a terminal corymb; leaves varying from linear to oblong-
lanceolate, sessile or slightly petioled ; divisions of the corolla oblong (greenish-
orange) ; hoods of the crown narrowly oblong, bright orange, scarcely longer
than the nearly erect and slender awl-shaped horns; pods hoary. (A. dectim-
bens, L.) — Dry hills and fields: common, especially southward. — Plant 1°-
2° high, leafy to the summit, usually with numerous and corymbed short-
peduncled umbels of showy flowers.

* # * Leaves nearly all whorled, rarely alternate, crowded: flowers white, small.

15. A. verticillata, L. (Wuortep M.) Smoothish; stems slender,
simple or sparingly branched, very leafy to the summit; leaves very narrowly
linear, with revolute margins (2/—3/ long, 1! wide), 3-6 in a whorl; umbels
small, lateral and terminal; divisions of the corolla ovate (greenish-white) ;

398 ASCLEPIADACE®. (MILKWEED FAMILY.)

hoods of the crown roundish-oval, about half the length of the incurved claw-
shaped horns; pods smooth. — Dry hills: common, especially southward.

2. ACERATES, EI. GREEN MILKWEED.

Nearly as in Asclepias ; but the hoods of the crown destitute of a horn
(whence the name, from a privative and xépas, -atos, a horn). — Flowers green-
ish. Leaves varying from opposite to irregularly alternate, short-petioled or
sessile. Pollen-masses slender-stalked.

§ 1. Divisions of the corolla reflexed, oblong: hoods of the crown erect and concave:
umbels compactly many-fluwered : pods not muricate, slender.
* Crown not elevated ; its hoods oblong, nearly equalling the anthers.

1. A. viridiflora, Ell. Minutely soft-downy, becoming smoothish ; stems as-
cending (1°-2° high) ; leaves varying from oval to linear, thick (13/- 4! long),
umbels nearly sessile, lateral, dense and globose ; flower (when the corolla is re-
flexed) nearly 3! long, short-pedicelled. — Dry soil: common, especially south-
ward. July —Sept.

2. A. lanuginosa, Decaisne. Hairy, low (5!-12! high) ; leaves lanceolate
or ovyate-lanceolate ; umbel solitary and terminal, peduncled; flowers not larger
than in the next ; pedicels slender. (Probably Asclepias lanuginosa, Nutt.: cer-
tainly A. Nuttalliana, Torr. Acerates monocephala, Lapham, in Ed. 2, addend.)
— Prairies, Wisconsin (Lapham) and westward. July.

* * Crown short-stalked, 7. e. elevated above the base of the corolla; its hoods oval,
strongly concave, and decidedly shorter than the tips of the anthers.

3. A. longifolia, Ell. Minutely roughish-hairy or smoothish; stem
erect (1°-3° high), very leafy ; leaves mostly alternate-scattered, linear (3! —7/
long) ; umbels lateral, on peduncles of about the length of the slender pedicels ;
flowers 3!’ long when expanded. — Moist prairies, Ohio to Wisconsin and south-
ward. July - Oct.

§2. ANANTHERIKX, Nutt. Divisions of the corolla ascending or barely spread-
ing: hoods of the crown widely spreading and somewhat incurved, slipper-shaped
and laterally compressed, the cavity divided at the apex by a crest-like partition :
umbels solitary and terminal or corymbed, loosely-flowered : pods oblong or ovate,
often somewhat muricate with soft spinous projections.

4. A. paniculata, Decaisne. Almost glabrous; stems short (1° high) ;
leaves alternate, short-petioled, elongated-oblong, 1/—2/ wide; umbels several in
a cluster, short-peduncled ; flowers large (1/ in diameter), green, with a purplish
crown. — Prairies, Illinois (Vasey, Bebb), and southward. June.

38. ENSLENIA, Nutt. Enszenia.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted; the divisions erect, ovate-lanceolate.
Crown of 5 free membranaceous leaflets, which are truncate or obscurely lobed
at the apex, where they bear a pair of flexuous awns united at their base. An-
thers nearly as in Asclepias: pollen-masses oblong, obtuse at both ends, fixed
below the summit of the stigma to the descending glands. Pods oblong-lanceo-
late, smooth. Seeds with a tuft, as in Asclepias. —A perennial twining herb,

ASCLEPIADACE®. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 599

smooth, with opposite heart-ovate and pointed long-petioled leaves, and small
whitish flowers in raceme-like clusters, on slender axillary peduncles. (Dedi-
cated to A. Hnslen, an Austrian botanist who collected in the Southern United
States early in the present century.)

1. E. albida, Nutt. — River-banks, Ohio to Illinois, and southward: com-
mon. July-Sept.— Climbing 8°-12° high: leaves 3!- 5! wide.

4. VINCETOXICUM, Mench. Vinceroxicum.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped. Crown flat and fleshy,
disk-like, 5-10-lobed, simple. Anthers smooth, pods and seeds much as in
Asclepias. — Herbs, often twining. (Name composed of Vinca, the Periwinkle,
and toxicum, poison. )

1. V. nigrum, Meench. (Brack V.) More or less twining, nearly smooth ;
leaves ovate or lance-ovate ; flowers small, dark purple, in an axillary cluster,
on a peduncle shorter than the leaves. — Cambridge, Mass., &c.: a weed escap-
ing from gardens. (Ady. from Eu.)

5. GONOLOBUS, Michx. Govotosvs.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped, sometimes reflexed-spread-
ing; the lobes convolute in the bud. Crown a small and fleshy wayy-lobed ring
in the throat of the corolla. Anthers horizontal, partly hidden under the flat-
tened stigma, opening transversely. Pollen-masses 5 pairs, horizontal. Pods
turgid, mostly muricate with soft warty projections, sometimes ribbed. Seeds
with a coma. — Twining herbs or shrubs (ours herbaceous), with opposite heart-
shaped leaves, and corymbose-umbelled greenish or dark purple flowers, on pe-
duncles rising from between the petioles. (Name composed of yovos, an angle,
and Aofes, a pod, from the angled or ribbed follicles of some species.)

1. G. levis, Michx. Nearly glabrous, or the stems and petioles sparingly
hirsute and finely puberulent; ca/yx and corolla glabrous, the latter tapering-con-
ical in the bud, the expanded divisions lanceolate, yellowish-green ; pods ribbed,
smooth. (Vincetoxicum gonocarpos, Walt. Periploca late-scandens, Clayt. G.
macrophyllus, Michx., also Decaisne, excl. syn. Jacq. & Bot. Mag. G. tilizfo-
lius, Decaisne.) — River-banks, Virginia, to Illinois and southward. July.

2. G. obliquus, R. Br. Stems, petioles and often the ribs of the leaves
beneath /irsute with spreading viscid hairs ; calyx and corolla pubescent or puberu-
lent outside, the latter narrow-conical-oblong in the bud, its divisions ligulate-
linear or lanceolate, obtuse, dark dull crimson-purple within ; pods copiously muri-
cate, ribless. (Cynanchum obliquum, Jacqg., 1786. CC. discolor, Sims, Bot.
Mag. Gonolobus hirsttus, Ed. 2,&c. G. discolor, R. gS. G. macrophyllus,
Decaisne in part.) — River-banks, Penn. to Virginia. Aug., Sept. — Lobes of
the corolla nearly 6” long. Pod 5! long.

3. G. hirsutus, Michx. (Apdcynum hirsutum, Pluk. ; perhaps Periploca
Carolinensis, Di//., and P. late-scandens fl. ferrugineo, Clayt.; Vincetoxicum
acanthocarpos, Walt.; and clearly Cynanchum Carolinense, Jacq.) Known
from the last by its short-ovate flower-buds, and the oval or oblong divisions of the
purple corolla (only about 3” long); perhaps occurs in S. E. Virginia.

400 OLEACEX. (OLIVE FAMILY.)

6. PERIPLOCA, L._ Perrrenoca.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped, with 5 awned scales in the
throat. Filaments distinct: anthers coherent with the apex of the stigma,
bearded on the back: pollen-masses 5, each of 4 united, singly affixed directly
to the glands of the stigma. Stigma hemispherical. Pods smooth, widely
divergent. Seeds with a silky tuft.— Twining shrubby plants, with smooth
opposite leaves, and panicled-cymose flowers. (Name from mepumdokn, a coiling
round, in allusion to the twining stems.)

1. P. Grca, L. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the loosély-
flowered cymes; divisions of the brownish-purple corolla linear-oblong, very
hairy above. — Near Rochester, &c., New York. Probably hardly established.
Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)

OrvER 81. OLEACEZE. (Otrve Famtty.)

Trees or shrubs, with opposite and pinnate or simple leaves, a 4-cleft (or
sometimes obsolete) calyx, a regular 4-cleft or nearly or quite 4-petalous
corolla, sometimes apetalous; the stamens only 2 (rarely or accidentally 3
or 4); the ovary 2-celled, with 2 (rarely more) ovules in each cell. — Seeds
anatropous, with a large straight embryo in hard fleshy albumen, or with-
out albumen. — The Olive is the type of the true Oleacez, to which be-
longs the Lirac (Syrinea), &c.; while the JeEsSSAMINE (JASMINUM)
represents another division of the order.

Tribe I. OLEINEZE. Fruit a drupe or berry. Flowers perfect or polygamous, with
both calyx and corolla; the latter valvate in the bud. Ovules suspended. Leaves simple,
mostly entire.

1. Ligustrum. Corolla funnel-form, its tube longer than the calyx, 4-cleft.

2. Olea. Corolla short, bell-shaped or salver-shaped ; the limb 4-parted.
8. Chionanthus. Corolla 4-parted or 4-petalous, the divisions or petals long and linear.

Tribe Il. FRAXINEZ. Fruit dry and winged (a samara). Flowers dicecious or
polygamous, mostly apetalous, and sometimes also without a calyx. Ovules suspended.
Leaves odd-piunate.

4. Fraxinus. The only genus of the Tribe.

Tribe IIL, FORESTIERE. Fruit adrupeor berry. Flowers diecious or perfect,
apetalous. Ovules suspended. Leaves simple.
5. Forestiera. Flowers dicecious, from a scaly catkin-like bud. Stamens 2-4.

1. LIGUSTRUM, Tourn. Priver.

Calyx short-tubular, 4-toothed, deciduous. Corolla funnel-form, 4-lobed ; the
lobes ovate, obtuse. Stamens 2, on the tube of the corolla, included. Stigma
2-cleft. Berry spherical, 2-celled, 2-1-seeded. — Shrubs, with entire leaves on
short petioles, and small white flowers in terminal thyrsoid panicles. (The clas-
sical name.)

1. L. vureArr, L. (Common Priver or Prim.) Leayes elliptical-
lanceolate, very smooth, thickish, deciduous; berries black. — Used for low
hedges: naturalized in copses by the agency of birds in E. New England and
Pennsylvania. June. (Nat. from Eu.)

OLEACE®. (OLIVE FAMILY.) 401

2. OLEA, Tourn. OLIVE.

Calyx short, 4-toothed, rarely entire. Corolla with a short bell-shaped tube
and a 4-parted spreading limb. Stamens 2. Drupe with a bony stone, 2-1-
seeded. — Shrubs or trees, with opposite and coriaceous mostly entire leaves,
and perfect, or (in our species) polygamous or dicecious small white flowers, in
panicles or corymbs. (The classical name of the Olive, O. Europ.)

1. O. Americana, L. (Devit-woop.) Leaves oblong-lanceolate, smooth
and shining (3/-6/ long) ; fruit spherical. — Moist woods, coast of S. Virginia,
and southward. May.— Tree 15°- 20° high.

3. CHIONANTHUS, L._ Frivce-rrer.

Calyx 4-parted, very small, persistent. Corolla of 4 long and linear petals,
which are barely united at the base. Stamens 2 (rarely 3 or 4), on the very base
of the corolla, very short. Stigma notched. Drupe fleshy, globular, becoming
1-celled, 1 - 3-seeded. — Low trees or shrubs, with deciduous and entire petioled
leaves, and delicate flowers in loose and drooping graceful panicles, from lateral
buds. (Name from xiv, snow, and av@os, blossom, alluding to the light and
snow-white clusters of flowers. )

1. C. Virginica, L. Leaves oval, oblong, or obovate-lanceolate ; flowers
on slender pedicels; drupe purple, with a bloom, ovoid (6’'-8'! long). — River-
banks, S. Pennsylvania and southward: very ornamental in cultivation. June.
— Petals 1’ long, narrowly linear, acute, varying to 5-6 in number.

4. FRAXINUS, Tourn. Asu.

Flowers polygamous or.(in our species) dicecious. Calyx small and 4-cleft,
toothed, or entire, or obsolete. Petals 4, slightly cohering in pairs at the base,
or only 2, oblong or linear, or altogether wanting in our species. Stamens 2,
sometimes 3 or 4: anthers linear or oblong, large. Style single: stigma 2-cleft.
Fruit a 1-2-celled samara or key-fruit, flattened, winged at the apex, 1-2-
seeded. Cotyledons elliptical: radicle slender. — Light timber-trees, with peti-
oled pinnate leaves of 3-15 either toothed or entire leaflets; the small flowers
in crowded panicles or racemes from the axils of last year’s leaves. (The clas-
sical Latin name, thought to be derived from dpd&ts, a separation, from the
facility with which the wood splits. )

* Fruit winged from the apex only, barely margined or quite terete towards the base:
calyx minute, persistent: corolla none: leaflets stalked.

1. F. Americana, L. (Wuaire Asu.) Branchlets and petioles glabrous ;
leaflets 7-9, ovate- or lance-oblong, pointed, pale and either smooth or pubescent
underneath, somewhat toothed or entire; fruit terete and marginless below, above
extended into a lanceolate, oblunceolate, or wedge-linear wing. (F. acuminata, and
F. juglandifolia, Zam. F. epiptera, Michx.) — Rich or moist woods : common.
April, May. — A large forest tree, with gray furrowed bark, smooth gray branch-
lets, and rusty-colored buds. (The figure of the fruit in Michaux’s Sylva is
misplaced, apparently interchanged with that of the Green Ash.)

26

402 OLEACEE. (OLIVE FAMILY.)

2. F. pubéscens, Lam. (Rep Asu.) Branehlets and petioles velvety-pu-
bescent ; leaflets 7-9, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, almost entire,
pale or more or less pubescent beneath ; fruit acute at the base, flattish and 2-edged,
the edges gradually dilated into the long (14! - 2") oblanceolate or linear-lanceolate
wing. (F. tomentosa, Michx.) — With No. 1: rare west of the Alleghanies: a
smaller tree, less valuable for timber: passes by gradations into the next.

3. F. viridis, Michx. f. (Green Asu.) Glabrous throughout ; leaflets 5-9,
ovate or oblong-lanceolate, often wedge-shaped at the base and serrate above,
bright green both sides ; fruit acute at the base, striate, 2-edged or margined, gradually
dilated into an oblanceolate or linear-spatulate wing, much as in No. 2. (F.
concolor, Muhl. F. juglandifolia, Willd., DC., and Ed. 1, but not of Lam.) —
Near streams, New England to Wisconsin and southward; most common west-
ward. — A small or middle-sized tree. (The figure of the fruit given in Michaux’s
Sylva evidently belongs to F. Americana.)

x * Fruit winged all round the seed-bearing portion.
+ Calyx wanting, at least in the fertile flowers, which are entirely naked !

4. F. sambucifélia, Lam. (Brack or Water Asn.) Branchlets and
petioles glabrous ; leaflets 7-11, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to a point,
serrate, obtuse or rounded at the base, green and smooth both sides, when young
with some rusty hairs along the midrib; fruit linear-oblong or narrowly ellipti-
cal, blunt at both ends. — Swamps, Penn. to Kentucky, and everywhere north-’
ward. April, May. — Small tree; its tough wood separable into thin layers,
used for coarse basket-work, &c. Bruised leaves with the odor of Elder.

+ + Calyx present, persistent at the base of the fruit.

5. F. quadrangulata, Michx. (Bive Asn.) Branchlets square, at least
on vigorous shoots, glabrous ; leaflets 7-9, short-stalked, oblong-ovate or lance-
olate, pointed, sharply serrate, green both sides ; fruit narrowly oblong, blunt, and
of the same width at both ends, or slightly narrowed at the base, often notched at ~
the apex (13! long, 3/- 4! wide). — Dry or moist rich woods, Ohio to Wisconsin,
Illinois, and Kentucky. — Tree large, with timber like No. 1.

6. F. platycarpa, Michx. (Caronina Water-Asu.) Branclilets terete,
glabrous or pubescent; leaflets 5-7, ovate or oblong, acute at both ends, short-
stalked ; fruit broadly winged (not rarely 3-winged), oblong (9! wide), with a taper-
ing base. — Wet woods, Virginia and southward. March.

5. FORESTIERA, Poir. (Apvéxra, Miche.,

Flowers dicecious, crowded in catkin-like scaly buds from the axils of last
year’s leaves, imbricated with scales. Corolla none. Calyx early deciduous,
of 4 minute sepals. Stamens 2-4: anthers oblong. Ovary ovate, 2-celled,
with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell: style slender: stigma somewhat 2-lobed.
Drupe small, ovoid, 1-celled, 1-seeded. — Shrubs, with opposite and often fasci-
cled deciduous leaves and small flowers. Fertile peduncles short, 1 —3-flowered.
(Named for I. Forestier, a French physician.)

1. F. acuminata, Poir. Glabrous; leaves thin, oblong-ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, often serrulate; drupe oblong, usually
pointed. — Wet river-banks, W. Illinois and southward. - April.

ARISTOLOCHIACE. (BIRTHWORT FAMILY.) 403

Drvision Il. APETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Corolla none; the floral envelopes in a single series (calyx), or
sometimes wanting altogether.

Orver 82. ARISTOLOCHIACE. (Birruworr Famiry.)

Twining shrubs, or low herbs, with perfect flowers, the conspicuous lurid
calyx valvate in the bud and coherent (at least at the base) with the 6-celled
ovary, which forms a many-seeded 6-celled pod or berry in fruit. Stamens
6-12, more or less united with the style: anthers adnate, extrorse.— Leaves
petioled, mostly heart-shaped and entire. Seeds anatropous, with a large
fleshy rhaphe, and a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. A small family of
bitter-tonic or stimulant, sometimes aromatic plants.

1. ASARUM, Toum. Asarapacca. Wiip Greer.

Calyx regular; the limb 3-cleft or parted. Stamens 12, with more or less
distinct filaments, their tips usually continued beyond the anther into a point..
Pod rather fleshy, globular, bursting irregularly. Seeds large, thick. — Stem-
less herbs, with aromatic-pungent creeping rootstocks, bearing 2 or 3 scales, then
one or two kidney-shaped or heart-shaped leaves on long petioles, and termi-
nated by a short-peduncled flower, close to the ground; in spring. (An ancient
name, of obscure derivation. )

§ 1. Calyx-tube wholly coherent with the ovary, the tips inflexed in bud: filaments
slender, united only with the base of the style, much longer than the short anthers :
styles united into one, which is barely 6-lobed at the summit, and with 6 radiating
thick stigmas: leaves unspotted, a single pair, with the peduncle between them.

1. A. Canadénse, L. Soft-pubescent; leaves membranaceous, kidney-
shaped, more or less pointed (4/- 5! wide when full grown) ; calyx bell-shaped,
with the upper part of the short-pointed lobes widely and abruptly spreading,
brown-purple inside; at each sinus is usually a small awl-shaped appendage
(abortive petal). — Hillsides in rich woods : common, especially northward.

§ 2. Calyx-tube inflated bell-shaped, somewhat contracted at the throat, only its base
coherent with the lower half of the ovary ; the limb 3-cleft, short : filaments very
short or none: anthers oblong-linear : styles 6, fleshy, diverging, 2-cleft, each bear-
ing a thick extrorse stigma below the cleft: leaves thickish, persistent, usually only
one each year, the upper surface often whitish-mottled ; peduncle very short: root-
stocks clustered, ascending.

2. A. Virginicum, L. Nearly glabrous ; leaves round-heart-shaped (about
2! wide) ; calyx short, reticulated within; anthers pointless. — Virginia, and
southward, in and near the mountains.

3. A. arifolium, Michx. Leaves halberd-heart-shaped (2/—4' long); calyx
oblong-tubular, with very short and blunt lobes ; anthers obtusely short-pointed. —
Virginia and southward.

404 NYCTAGINACEH. (FOUR-O’CLOCK FAMILY.)

2. ARISTOLOCHIA, Toun. Birruworr.

Calyx tubular ; the tube variously inflated above the oyary, mostly contracted
at the throat. Stamens 6; the sessile anthers wholly adnate to the back of the
short and fleshy 3 —6-lobed or angled stigma. Pod naked, 6-valved. Seeds very
flat. —Twining, climbing, or sometimes upright perennial herbs or shrubs, with
alternate leaves and lateral or axillary greenish or lurid-purple flowers. (Named
from reputed medicinal properties. )

§ 1. Calyx-tube bent like the letter S, enlarged at the two ends, the small limb obtusely
3-lobed : anthers contiguous in pairs (making 4 cells in a row under each of the
three truncate lobes of the stigma) : low herbs.

1. A. Serpentaria, L. (Vircinita Snaxeroor.) Stems (8/-15! high)
branched at the base, pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong from a heart-shaped
base, or halberd-form, mostly acute or pointed; flowers all next the root, short-
peduncled. — A narrow-leaved variety is A. sagittata, Muhl., A. hastata, Nutt.,
&c. — Rich woods, Connecticut to Indiana and southward: not common except
near the Alleghany Mountains. July.— The fibrous, aromatic-stimulant root
is well known in medicine.

§ 2. Calysx-tube strongly curved like a Dutch pipe, contracted at the mouth, the short
limb obscurely 3-lobed : anthers contiguous in pairs under each of the 3 short and
thick lobes of the stigma: twining shrubs: flowers from one or two of the super-
posed accessory axillary buds.

_2. A. Sipho, L’Her. (Pire-Vine. Durcuman’s Pipz.) Nearly gla-

brous ; leaves round-kidney-shaped ; peduncles with a clasping bract; calyx (13!

long) with a brown-purple abrupt flat border. — Rich woods, Penn. to Kentucky,

and southward, along the mountains. May. — Stems sometimes 2! in diameter,
climbing trees: full-grown leaves 8! - 12! broad.

8. A. tomentosa, Sims. Downy or soft-hairy ; leaves round-heart-shaped,
yery veiny (3!-5! long) ; calyx yellowish, with an oblique dark purple closed orifice
and a rugose reflexed limb. — Rich woods, from §. Illinois southward. June.

Orper 83. NYCTAGINACEZE. (Four-o’ctock Famity.)

Herbs (or in the tropics often shrubs or trees), with mosily opposite and -
entire leaves, stems tumid at the joints, a delicate tubular or funnel-form
calyx which is colored like a corolla, its persistent base constricted above the
1-celled 1-seeded ovary, and indurated into a sort of nut-like pericarp ; the
stamens few, slender, and hypogynous ; the embryo coiled around the out-
side of mealy albumen, with broad foliaceous cotyledons. — Represented in
our gardens by the Four-o’cLock, or MARVEL OF Peru (MIRABILIS
JALAPA), in which the calyx is commonly mistaken for a corolla, the cup-
like involucre of each flower exactly imitating a calyx ; —and by a single

1. OXYBAPHUS, Vahl. Oxysarnvs.

Flowers 1-5 in the same 5-lobed membranaceous broad and open involucre,
which enlarges and is thin and reticulated in fruit. Calyx with a very short

CHENOPODIACEE. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 405

tube and a bell-shaped (rose or purple) deciduous limb, plaited in the bud.
Stamens mostly 3. Style filiform: stigma capitate. Fruit achenium-like,
several-ribbed or angled. — Herbs, abounding on the western plains, with very
large and thick perennial roots, opposite leaves, and mostly clustered small flow-
ers. (Name d&uBador, a vinegar-saucer, or small shallow vessel ; from the shape
of the involucre.)

1. O. nyctagineus, Sweet. Nearly smooth; stem repeatedly forked

_, (1°-8° high) ; leaves varying from ovate, or somewhat heart-shaped to lanceo-

late ; involucres 3-5-flowered. — Rocky places, from Wisconsin and Llinois
southward and westward. June- Aug.

Orper 84. PHYTOLACCACEE. (Poxewreep Famtty.)

Plants with alternate entire leaves and perfect flowers, having the general
characters of Chenopodiacez, but usually a several-celled ovary composed
of as many carpels united in a ring, and forming a berry in fruit ; — repre-
sented only by the typical genus

1. PHYTOLACCA, Tourn. Poxeweep.

Calyx of 5 rounded and petal-like sepals. Stamens 5-30. Ovary of 5-12
carpels, united in a ring, with as many short separate styles, in fruit forming a
depressed-globose 5-12-celled berry, with a single vertical seed in each cell.
Embryo curved in a ring around the albumen. — Tall and stout perennials,
with large petioled leaves, and terminal racemes which become lateral and op-
posite the leaves. (Name compounded of durov, plant, and the French /ac,
lake, in allusion to the crimson coloring matter resembling that pigment which
the berries yield.)

1. P. decandra, L. (Common Poxe or Scoxe. Garcetr. PiGEon-
Berry.) Stamens 10: styles 10.— Low grounds. July-Sept.— A smooth
plant, with a rather unpleasant odor, and a very large poisonous root, often
4’—6! in diameter, sending up stout stalks (which are in early spring sometimes
eaten as a substitute for Asparagus), at length 6°-9° high. Calyx white:
ovary green; the long racemes of dark-purple berries filled with crimson juice,
ripe in autumn.

OrverR 85. CIHTENOPODIACEZ. (Goosrroor Famity.)

Chiefly herbs, of homely aspect, more or less succulent, with mostly alter-
nate leaves, and no stipules nor scarious bracts, minute greenish flowers, with
the free calyx imbricated in the bud; the stamens as many as its lobes, or
occasionally fewer, and inserted opposite them or on their base ; the 1-celled
ovary becoming a 1-seeded thin utricle or rarely an achenium. Embryo coiled
into a ring around the mealy albumen, when there is any, or else condupli-
cate, or spiral. — Calyx persistent, mostly enclosing the fruit. Styles or
stigmas 2, rarely 3—5. (Mostly inert or innocent, weedy plants: several
are pot-herbs, such as Spinach and Beet.)

406 CHENOPODIACEX. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)

* Embryo coiled into a ring around copious central albumen, Leaves flat, not spiny nor fleshy.

-— Flowers all alike and perfect, or merely polygamous by the want of stamens in some of them,
clustered or panicled. Calyx obvious. Seed-coat crustaceous.
1. Cycloloma. Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit surrounded by a horizontal continuous membrana-
ceous wing. Seed horizontal.
2. Chenopodium. Calyx 3-5-cleft or parted, the lobes naked or merely keeled in fruit.
Seed horizcntal, rarely vertical.
3. Blitum. Calyx of 3-5 sepals, mostly juicy or fleshy in fruit. Seed vertical.

+ + Flowers moneecious or dicecious, and of 2 distinct sorts; the staminate with a regular
calyx, clustered, the clusters mostly spiked.
4, Atriplex. Fertile flowers without calyx, enclosed between a pair of appressed bracts.

+ + + Flowers all perfect and alike, single in the axil of bracts, naked or 1-sepalled.
5. Corispermum. Fruit oval, flattened: pericarp adherent to the seed. Leaves linear.

* * Embryo narrowly horseshoe-shaped or conduplicate: no albumen. Stem fleshy, jointed :
leaves reduced to opposite fleshy scales or teeth. Flowers densely spiked, perfect.
6. Salicornia. Flowers sunk in hollows of the axis of the fleshy spike. Calyx utricle-like.

* * * Embryo coiled into a spiral: albumen mostly none. (Leaves alternate.)
7. Suzveda. Embryo flat-spiral. Calyx wingless. Leaves succulent.
8. Salsola. Embryo conical-spiral. Calyx in fruit horizontally winged. Leaves spinescent.

1. CYCLOLOMA, Moquin. Wrncep Picweep.

Flowers perfect, bractless. Calyx 5-cleft, with the concave lobes strongly.
keeled, enclosing the depressed fruit, at length appendaged with a broad and
continuous horizontal scarious wing. Stamens 5. Styles 3. Seed horizontal,
flat. Embryo encircling the mealy albumen. — An annual and much-branched
coarse herb, with alternate sinuate-toothed petioled leaves, and small panicled
clusters of sessile flowers. (Name composed of KUKA@, round about, and Apa,
a border, from the encircling wing of the calyx in fruit.)

1. C. platyphyllum, Moquin. (Salsola platyphylla, Mchx.) — Illinois,
on sandy banks of the Mississippi, and northwestward.

2. CHENOPODIUM, L._ Goosrroor. PicWweEep.

Flowers perfect, all bractless. Calyx 5-cleft, rarely 2-4-cleft or parted, with
the lobes sometimes keeled, but not appendaged nor becoming succulent, more
or less enveloping the depressed fruit. Stamens mostly 5: filaments filiform.
Styles 2, rarely 3. Seed horizontal (sometimes vertical in Nos. 3, 7-9), lenticu-
lar ; the coat crustaceous : embryo coiled partly or fully round the mealy albumen.
— Weeds, usually with a white mealiness, or glandular. Flowers sessile in
small clusters collected in spiked panicles. (Named from x7v, a goose, and srovs,
foot, in allusion to the shape of the leaves.) — Our species are all annuals (ex-
cept the last two), flowering through late summer and autumn, growing around
dwellings, in manured soil, cultivated grounds, and waste places.

§ 1. Smooth or mealy, never glandular nor sweet-scented : embryo a complete ring.

1. C, potyspérmum, L. Low, often spreading, green and wholly destitute of
mealiness throughout ; leaves all entire, oblong or ovate and on slender petioles ;
flowers very small, the thin lobes of the ealyx very incompletely enclosing the
fruit ; seed obtuse-edged. — In and around Boston: scarce. (Ady. from Eu.)

CHENOPODIACEE. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 407

2. C. Arsum, L. (Lamp’s-Quarrers. PicweeEp.) Erect (1°-3° high),
mealy and pale, sometimes green and the mealiness obscure ; leaves varying from
rhombic-ovate to lanceolate or the uppermost even linear, acute, all or only the lower
more or less angulute-toothed ; clusters spiked-panicled, mostly dense ; seed with
acute or bluntish margins. — Common, especially in cult. ground: extremely
variable. — The genuine C. album is considerably whitish-mealy, at least the
inflorescence, which is dense; the calyx with strongly keeled lobes, and com-
pletely enclosing the fruit. A green form with somewhat entire leaves and less
dense inflorescence is C. viride, Z. (Nat. from Eu.)

Var. BoscrAnum. Loosely branched, more slender, the mealiness obscure
or slight and only on the inflorescence, which is laxer, the flowers smaller ; calyx
incompletely covering the fruit, its lobes moderately or slightly if at all keeled;
leaves inclined to be entire. (C. Bosclanum, Moguin. C. Berlandieri, Moguin,
an intermediate form. C. polyspermum, var. spicatum, Hd. 2.) — More shady
places, Pennsylvania and southward. In some forms appears as if a distinct
species ; seemingly indigenous southwestward.

3. C. Gravcum, L. (OaxK-Leavep GooseFroor.) Low (5/-12! high),
spreading, glaucous-mealy, leaves sinuately pinnatifid-toothed, oblong, obtuse, pale
green above ; clusters spiked, small; calyx-lobes not at all keeled; seed sharp-
edged, often vertical. — Streets of towns; rather scarce. Brackish borders of
Onondaga Lake. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. C. treicum, L. Rather pale or dull green, nearly destitute of meali-
ness, with erect branches (1°-—3° high) ; deaves triangular, acute, coarsely and
sharply many-toothed ; spikes erect, crowded in a long and narrow racemose panicle ;
calyx-lobes not keeled ; seed with rounded margins. — Var. RHOMBIFOLIUM,
Moquin (C. rhombifolium, M/uhl.), is a form with the leaves more or less wedge-
shaped at the base, and with longer and sharper teeth. — Not rare eastward.
(Nat. from Eu.)

5. C. murAte, L. Resembles No. 4, but less erect, loosely branched (1°-13°
high) ; leaves rhomboid-ovate, acute, coarsely and sharply unequally toothed, thin,
bright green ; spikes or racemes diverging, somewhat corymbed ; calyx-lobes scarcely
keeled ; seed sharp-edged. — Boston to Illinois: rare. (Ady. from Eu.)

6. C. u¥pripum, L. (Mapie-Leavep Gooseroor.) Bright green
throughout; stem widely much branched (2°-4° high) ; leaves thin (2'-8!
long), somewhat triangular and heart-shaped, taper-pointed, sinuate-angled, the
angles extended into a few large and pointed teeth; racemes diffusely and loosely
panicled, leafless ; calyx not fully covering the fruit, its lobes keeled ; seed sharp-
edged, the thin pericarp adhering closely to it.-— Common. Heavy-scented, like
Stramonium. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. BOTRYOIS, Moquin. (Amprina, Moquin, in part.) Not mealy, but
more or less viscid-glandular and pleasant-aromatic ; seed Srequently vertical,
obtuse-edged : embryo forming only two thirds or three quarters of a ring.

7. C. Borrys, L, (JeRrusatem Oak. FratTHER GERANIUM.) Glan-
dular-pubescent and viscid; leaves slender-petioled, oblong, obtuse, sinuate-pin-
natifid ; racemes cymose-diverging, loose, leafless; fruit not perfectly enclosed. —
Escaped from gardens. (Ady. from Eu.)

Kyat

408 CHENOPODIACEE. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)

8. C. amprosrotpes, L. (Mexican Tea.) Smoothish; leaves slightly
petioled, oblong or lanceolate, repand-toothed or nearly entire, the upper taper-
ing to both ends ; spikes densely flowered, leafy, or intermixed with leaves ; fruit
perfectly enclosed in the calyx. —Waste places : common, especially southward.
(Nat. from Trop. Amer.) — Passes into

Var. ANTHELM{NTICUM. (WorMSEED.) oot perennial (?); leaves more

: Gn, _ aStrongly toothed, the lower sometimes almost laciniate-pinnatifid ; spikes mostly
leafless. (C. anthelminticum, Z.)— Common in waste places southward. (Nat.
from Trop. Amer.)

9. C. mutrfripum, L. Glandular-puberulent, diffusely branched; leaves
once or twice pinnatifid, pale; flowers small in axillary clusters ; calyx only 5-
cleft, compressed and completely closed over the glandular-dotted utricle ; seed always
vertical. (Roubiéva multifida, Moquin, & Ed. 2.) — Waste places, City of New
York (the station now seemingly extinct), and Philadelphia. Introduced in
ballast from South America, not permanently established.

3. BLITUM, Toum. Bute.

Flowers perfect, bractless." Calyx 3-5-parted, becoming fleshy or berry-like
in fruit; the genus also made to include some with calyx unchanged in fruit.
Stamens 1-5: filaments filiform. Styles or stigmas 2. Seed vertical, com-
pressed-globular ; the embryo coiled into a ring quite around the albumen. —
Herbs, with petioled triangular or halberd-shaped and mostly sinuate-toothed
leaves. (The ancient Greek and Latin name of some insipid pot-herb.)

§ 1. MOROCARPUS, Meench. Gilabrous annuals or biennials, not mealy : flowers
in axillary heads, the upper ones often spiked: calyx in fruit commonly becoming
Sleshy or berry-like, nearly enclosing the utricle.

1. B. maritimum, Nutt. (Coast Buire-) Stem angled, much branched ;
leaves thickish, triangular-lanceolate, tapering below into a wedge-shaped base
and above into a slender point, sparingly and coarsely toothed, the upper linear-
lanceolate ; clusters scattered in axillary leafy spikes ; calyx-lobes 2-4, rather fleshy ;
stamen 1; seed shining, the margin acute. — Salt marshes, New Jersey to Mas-
sachusetts: salt springs, at Syracuse, New York (G. W. Clinton), and north-
westward. Probably a variety of B. rubrum of Eu.

2. B. capitatum, L. (Srrawserry Brite.) Stem ascending, branch-
ing; leaves triangular and somewhat halberd-shaped, sinuate-toothed ; clusters
simple (large), interruptedly spiked, the upper leafless ; stamens 1-5 ; calyx berry-
like in fruit; seed ovoid, flattish, smooth, with a very narrow margin. — Dry
rich ground, common from W. New York to Lake Superior, and northward.
June. — The calyx becomes pulpy and bright red in fruit, when the large clus-
ters look like Strawberries. (Ku.)

§ 2. AGATHOPHYTON, Moquin. Somewhat mealy: root perennial; flowers
in clusters crowded in a terminal spike: calyx not fleshy, shorter than the half-
naked fruit. Intermediate between Blitum and Chenopodium.

3. B. Bonus-Henricus, Reichenbach. (Goop-Kinc-Henry.) Leaves
triangular-halberd-form ; stamens 5. (Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus, LZ.) —
Around dwellings: scarce. (Ady. from Eu.)

CHENOPODIACEZ. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 409

4. ATRIPLEX, Toun. ORACHE.

Flowers monecious or dicecious ; the staminate like the flowers of Chenopo-
dium, only sterile by the abortion of the pistil; the fertile flowers consisting
simply of a naked pistil enclosed between a pair of appressed foliaceous (ovate
or halberd-shaped) bracts, which are enlarged in fruit, and sometimes united.
Seed vertical. Embryo coiled into a ring around the albumen. In one section,
to which the Garden Orache belongs, there are also some fertile flowers with a
calyx, like those of Chenopodium, but without stamens, and with horizontal
seeds. — Herbs usually mealy or scurfy with bran-like scales, with triangular
or halberd-shaped angled leaves, and spiked-clustered flowers ; in summer and
autumn. (The ancient Latin name, of obscure meaning.)

1. A. patula, L. Erect, or diffusely spreading, annual, scurfy, green or
rather hoary, branching ; leaves alternate or partly opposite, petioled, varying
from triangular and halberd-form to lance-linear; fruiting bracts ovate-trian-
gular or rhombic, entire or 1 —2-toothed below, united to near the middle, their
flat faces either even or sparingly warty-muricate ; radicle inferior or some-
what ascending. — The two extreme forms are, Var. HASTATA (A. hastata, Z.),
with the leaves nearly all triangular-halberd-shaped, entire or sparingly toothed.
— Var. LirToRALIs (A. littoralis, Z.), with lanceolate or linear mostly entire
leaves. — Salt marshes, brackish river-banks, &c., Virginia to Maine, and spar-
ingly on the Great Lakes, and northward. The plant on the shore is more
scurfy and hoary ; more inland, sometimes far from saline soil, it is greener and
thinner-leaved. (Eu.)

2. A. arenaria, Nutt. Silvery-mealy annual, diffusely spreading ; leaves
oblong, narrowed at the base, nearly sessile; fruiting bracts broadly wedge-
shaped, united, 2-3-toothed at the summit, and with a few prickly points on
the sides; radicle superior. (Obione arenaria, Moquin, & Ed. 2.) — Sandy
beaches, Massachusetts to Virginia and southward.

5. CORISPERMUM, Ant. Juss. © Bua-seep.

Flowers perfect, single and sessile in the axil of the upper leaves reduced to
bracts, usually forming a spike. Calyx of a single delicate sepal on the inner
side. Stamens 1 or 2, rarely 5. Styles 2. Fruit oval, flat, with the outer face
rather convex and the inner concave, sharp-margined, a caryopsis, i. e. the thin
pericarp adherent to the vertical seed. Embryo slender, coiled around a cen-
tral albumen. — Low branching annuals, with narrow linear alternate 1-nerved
leaves. (Name formed of kdpis, a bug, and omépya, seed.)

1. C. hyssopifolium, L. Somewhat hairy when young, pale; floral
leaves or bracts awl-shaped from a dilated base or the upper ovate and pointed,
scarious-margined ; fruit wing-margined. — Sandy beaches of the Great Lakes
from Buffalo, a recent immigrant (G. W. Clinton), Chicago (Dr. Scammon, &c.),
to Lake Superior and northwestward. Aug.-Oct. (Eu.)

6. SALICORNIA, Toun. Guasswort. SAMPHIRE.

Flowers perfect, 3 together immersed in each hollow of the thickened upper
joints, forming a spike ; the two lateral sometimes sterile. Calyx small and

Ne. Cute

410 CHENOPODIACE®. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)

bladder-like, with a toothed or torn margin, at length spongy and narrowly
wing-bordered, enclosing the flattened thin utricle. Stamens 1 or 2. Styles 2,
united at base. Seed vertical. Embryo thick, conduplicate : no albumen. —
Low saline plants, with succulent leafless jointed stems, and opposite branches ;
the flower-bearing branchlets forming the spikes. (Name composed of sal, salt,
and cornu, a horn ; saline plants with horn-like branches.)

§ 1. Annuals: spikes very thick and fleshy: flowers and seeds deeply immersed.

1. S. herbacea, L. Erect or at length spreading (6/-12/ high), green ;
scales obscure and very blunt, making a truncate barely emarginate termination
of the joints of stem or elongated spike; middle flower much higher than the
lateral ones; seed oval or oblong.— Salt marshes of the coast and interior salt
springs. Aug.-Oct. (Eu.)

2. S. Virginica, L. (pl. Clayt.) Erect, less branched, naked below
(2'-9' high), turning red in age; spike shorter and thicker; scales mucronate-
pointed and conspicuous, especially when dry; middle flower little higher than
the lateral ones; seed round-oval. (S. mucronata, Lagasca? 1818, Bigelow, and
Ed. 2.) — Salt marshes, coast of Virginia to Maine. Sept., Oct. (Eu. ?)

§ 2. Perennial : spikes less thick, and flowers less immersed ; middle one hardly higher.

3. S. fruticosa, L., var. ambigua. (S. ambigua, Michr.) Numerous
tufted stems (3’-12/ long) decumbent or ascending from a hard and rather
woody creeping base or rootstock, greenish, turning lead-colored ; the cylindri-
cal joints rather strongly notched at the end; seed round-oval.— Sandy wet
beaches, &c., Massachusetts to Virginia and southward. Aug.—Oct. (Eu.)

7. SUDA, Forskal. Sxa Buire.

Flowers perfect, solitary or clustered in the axils of the leaves. Calyx 5-
parted, not appendaged, fleshy, becoming somewhat inflated and closed over the
fruit (utricle). Stamens 5. Stigmas 2 or 3. Seed vertical or horizontal, with
a flat-spiral embryo, dividing the scanty albumen (when there is any) into 2
portions. — Fleshy maritime plants, with alternate nearly terete linear leaves.
(An Arabic name.) Cuenopopina, Moquin was founded for those species,
like ours, which have horizontal seeds, —a wholly insufficient and inconstant
difference.

1. S. maritima, Dumortier. Annual, smooth, diffusely much branched ;
leaves slender (1/ long), acute; calyx-lobes keeled ; stigmas 2; seed horizontal.
(Chenopodina maritima, Moquin.) — Salt marshes of the sea-shore, and on the
northwest plains. Aug. (Eu.)

9. SALSOLA, L. Sarrworr.

Flowers perfect, with 2 bractlets. Calyx 5-parted, persistent and eficlosing
the depressed fruit in its base ; its divisions at length horizontally winged on the
back, the wings forming a broad and circular scarious border. Stamens mostly
5. Styles 2. Seed horizontal, without albumen, filled by the embryo, which is
coiled in a conical spiral (cochleate).— Herbs, or slightly shrubby branching
plants of the sea-shore, with fleshy and rather terete or awl-shaped leaves, and

AMARANTACEH. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 411

sessile axillary flowers. (Name from sal, salt; in allusion to the alkaline salts
these plants copiously contain. )

1, S. Kali, L. (Common Sartworr.) Annual, diffusely branching,
bushy, rough or smoothish; leaves all alternate, awl-shaped, prickly-pointed ;
flowers single; calyx with the converging lobes forming a sort of beak over the
fruit, the large rose or flesh-colored wings nearly orbicular and spreading. —
Sandy sea-shore: common. Aug. (Eu.)

Orper 86. AMARANTACEZE. (Amarantu Famity.)

Weedy herbs, with nearly the characters of the last family, but the flowers
mostly imbricated with dry and scarious persistent bracts ; these often colored,
commonly 3 in number; the one-celled ovary sometimes many-ovuled.
(The greater part of the order tropical, but several have found their way
northward as weeds.)

* Anthers 2-celled: filaments separate. Ovule and seed solitary.
1. Amarantus. Flowers monccious or polygamous, all with a calyx of 3 or 5 distinct
erect sepals, not falling off with the fruit.
2. Montelia. Flowers dicccious. Calyx none in fertile flowers. Utricle thin, cireumcissile.
3. Acnida. Flowers diecious. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent, 3 -5-angled.

* * Anthers 1-celled. Ovule and seed solitary.
4. Iresine. Calyx of 5sepals. Filaments united below into a cup.
5. Froelichia. Calyx 5-cleft at the apex. Filaments united throughout into a tube.

1. AMARANTUS, Tourn. Awmanranru.

Flowers moneecious or polygamous, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5, or sometimes 3,
equal erect sepals, glabrous. Stamens 5, rarely 2 or 3, separate: anthers 2-
celled. Stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit an ovoid 1-sceded utricle, 2-3-beaked at the
apex, mostly longer than the calyx, opening transversely or sometimes bursting
irregularly. Embryo coiled into a ring around the albumen. — Annual weeds,
of coarse aspect, with alternate and entire petioled leaves, and small green or
purplish flowers in axillary or terminal spiked clusters; in late summer and
autumn. (Apdpavtos, unfading, because the dry calyx and bracts do not wither.
The Romans, like the Greeks, wrote Amarantus, which the early botanists in-
correctly altered to Amaranthus.)

§ 1. Utricle thin, circumcissile, the top falling away as a lid: flowers polygamous.
* Flowers in terminal and axillary simple or mostly panicled spikes: stem erect
(1°- 6° high) : leaves long-petioled : stamens and sepals 5.

+ Rep Amarantus. Flowers and often leaves tinged with crimson or purple.

1. A. HypocHonDRiacvs, L. Smooth or smoothish; leaves oblong-lanceo-
late, acute or pointed ; spikes very obtuse, thick, crowded, the terminal one elon-
' gated and interrupted ; bracts long-awned ; fruit 2 -3-cleft at the aper, longer than
the calyx. — Rarely spontaneous around gardens. (Virginia, ex L.; but doubt-
less ady, frgm Trop. Amer.)

2. A. panicuLAtus, L. Stem mostly pubescent; leaves oblong-ovate or
ovate-lanceolate ; spikes numerous and slender, panicled, erect or spreading ; bracts
awn-pointed ; fruit 2—3-toothed at the apex, longer than the calyx. — Flowers

412 AMARANTACEEH. (AMARANTH FAMILY.)

small, green, tinged with red, or sometimes crimson as in A. caudatus, L., the
Prince’s FEatuer of the gardens. (A. sanguineus, Z.)—In gardens, &c.
(Ady. from Trop. Amer.)

+ + GREEN AmMARANTHS, PIGwEED. Flowers green, rarely a little reddish.

3. A. reTROFLEXUs, L. Roughish and pubescent, or smoothish; leaves
dull green, long-petioled, ovate or rhombic-ovate, undulate ; spikes crowded ina
stiff or glomerate panicle ; bracts awn-pointed, rigid, exceeding the calyx. — Var.
cHLOROsTACHYS (A. chlorostachys, Willd.) is smoother, with brighter green
leaves and less thick and crowded spikes, apparently passing into var. HYBRIDUS
(A. hybridus, Z.), which is smooth and more loosely panicled, — perhaps not in
our district. — Cultivated and manured soil, gardens, &c. Probably indigenous
‘southwestward. (Ady. from Trop. Amer. ?)

* * Flowers crowded in close and small axillary clusters: stems low, spreading or
ascending : stamens and sepals 3, or the former only 2.

4. A. Atsus, L. Smooth, pale green; stems whitish, mostly spreading next
the ground; leaves long-petioled, obovate and spatulate-oblong, very obtuse or
retuse ; flowers greenish; sepals mucronate, half the length of the rugose fruit,
much shorter than the rigid pungently pointed bracts. — Waste grounds, near
towns, and roadsides: common. (Nat. from Trop. Amer. *)

§ 2. Utricle thinnish, bursting or imperfectly circumcissile: flowers monacious.

5. A. spinosus, L. (Tuorny Amarantu.) Smooth, bushy-branched ;
stem reddish; leaves rhombic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, dull green, a pair of
spines in their axils; upper clusters sterile, forming long and slender spikes ;
the fertile globular and mostly in the axils; flowers yellowish-green, small. —
Waste grounds, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer.)

§ 3. EUXOLUS, Raf. Uricle rather fleshy, remaining closed or bursting irrequ-
larly: no spines: bracts inconspicuous.

6. A. tfvipus, L. Smooth, somewhat succulent, much branched (19-39
high) ; leaves livid-purplish, long-petioled, ovate or oval; flower-clusters greenish,
sessile in the axils and crowded in a terminal interrupted spike ; stamens 3; se-
pals mostly 3, rather shorter than the ovate smoothish fruit. (Ewxolus lividus,
Raf.) — Coast of Virginia, Clayton. Probably an introduced species, and to in-
clude A. oleraceus, Z., and the next.

7. A. pumilus, Raf. Low or prostrate; leaves more fleshy and obovate,
emarginate, the ribs stouter and transverse; flower-clusters small and axillary ;
stamens and sepals 5, the latter half the length of the obscurely 5-ribbed fruit :
probably a maritime form of the preceding. (Euxolus pumilus, Raf.) — Sandy
beaches, Rhode Island to Virginia and southward. j

8. A. vfripis, L. Smooth or minutely pubescent, spreading or ascending
(6'-18! high); leaves pale green, ovate or ovate-oblong, long-petioled ; flowers
much smaller than in the preceding, in axillary clusters and usually also in a
terminal spike; sepals and stamens 3, the latter thin, shorter than the small
globose-ovate roughish fruit. (Euxolus deflexus, Hd. 2; but that ‘has a larger
and more elongated smooth 3-nerved utricle.) — Streets of Albany, New York :
depauperate form with the terminal spike undeveloped. (Ady. from Eu.)

7 —_AMARANTACEZ. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 413

2. MONTELIA, Mogquin (under Acyina).

Flowers dicecious, 2-3-bracted. Staminate flowers of 5 thin oblong and mu-
cronate-tipped sepals, longer than the bracts, and as many stamens with oblong
anthers; the cells of the latter united only at the middle. Pistillate flowers
without any calyx, their lanceolate awl-pointed bracts longer than the 1-ovuled
ovary: stigmas 2-4, very long, bristle-awl-shaped, plumose-hispid. Fruit a thin
and membranaceous globular utricle, smooth and even, opening transversely
around the middle; the upper part falling off like a lid. Radicle of the annular
embryo inferior. — An annual glabrous herb, mostly tall, with lanceolate or ob-
long-ovate alternate leaves, on long petioles, and small clusters of greenish flow-
ers, usually crowded into elongated and panicled interrupted spikes. (Probably
a personal name.)

1. M. tamariscina. (Amarantus tamariscinus, Nutt. A. altissimus &
Miamensis, Riddell. Acnida altissima, Michr. herb. A. rusocarpa, Moquin, &c.)
— Low grounds and moist sandy shores, Vermont to Wisconsin, Illinois, and
southward, especially westward. Aug., Sept.— Var. concATENATA is a form \
with the lower clusters in the fertile plant forming thickish distant heads (5!’- 6"
in diameter) in the axils of the leaves; the stems often low and spreading or
decumbent. — A very variable plant, as to inflorescence, height (1°-6° high),
the size and shape of the leaves (1/—5! long, the petioles often of the same
length), the bracts more or less awl-shaped, equalling or exceeding the fruit
(which is that of Amarantus): but all are forms of one species. The sterile
plant is Acnida rusocarpa, Michr., or was mixed with it in Michaux’s collec-
tion, but the fruit is neither obtuse-angled, rugose, nor indehiscent. That name
is unmeaning, perhaps a misprint of ruscocarpa.

3. ACNIDA, LL. Warer-Hew.

Fruit a fleshy and indehiscent utricle, 3—5-angled, the angles often rugose or
tubercled-crested. Stigmas 3-5, shorter than the ovary, linear-awl-shaped.
Flowers in rather loose panicled spikes. Otherwise as in the preceding genus.
(Name formed of a privative and kdn, a nettle.) ,

1. A. cannabina, L. Annual, tall (2°-6° high); leaves elongated-lan-
ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, long-petioled ; fruit globular (13/- 2" long), much
exceeding the pointless bracts. —Salt marshes on the coast, Massachusetts to
Virginia and southward. Aug.-—Oct.— Probably the only species; for A.
rusocarpa, Michz., is certainly to be divided between this and Montelia tamaris-
cina; and A. tuberculata, Moquin, must be one or the other.

4. IRESINE, P.Browne. Irestne.

Flowers mostly polygamous or dicecious, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5 sepals. Sta-
mens mostly 5: filaments slender, united into a short cup at the base : anthers
1-celled, ovate. Fruit a globular utricle, not opening. — Herbs, with opposite
petioled leaves, and minute scarious-white flowers, crowded into clusters or spiked
and branching panicles; the calyx, &e. often bearing long wool (whence the
name, from eipegtvn, a branch entwined with fillets of wool borne in proces-
sions at festivals.)

414 POLYGONACEH., (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)

1. I. celosioides, L. Nearly glabrous annual, erect, slender (2°-4°
high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate; panicles narrow, naked; bracts and calyx sil-
very-white, the latter woolly at the base. —Dry banks, Ohio to Illinois and
southward. Sept.

5. FR@LICHIA, Mench. (OrrotHica, Nutt.)

Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft at the summit, below 2 —5-
crested lengthwise, or ¢tubercled and indurated in fruit, enclosing the indehiscent
thin utricle. Filaments united into a tube, bearing 5 oblong 1-celled anthers,
and as many sterile strap-shaped appendages. — Hairy or woolly herbs, with
opposite sessile leaves, and spiked scarious-bracted flowers. (Named for J. A.
Frilich, a German botanist of the last century.)

1. F. Floridana, Moquin. Root annual; stem leafless above (1°-2°
high) ; leaves lanceolate, silky-downy beneath ; spikelets crowded into an inter-
rupted spike; calyx very woolly. — Illinois, and southward. Aug.

Orper 8&7. POLYGONACEZ. (Buckwurat Famity.)

Herbs, with alternate leaves, and stipules in the form of sheaths (ochree,
these sometimes obsolete) above the swollen joints of the stem; the flowers
mostly perfect, with a more or less persistent calyx, a 1-celled ovary bearing
2 or 3 styles or stigmas, and a single erect orthotropous seed. _ Embryo
curved or straightish, on the outside of the albumen, or rarely in its centre;
the radicle pointing from the hilum and to the apex of the dry seed-like
fruit. Stamens 4-12, inserted on the base of the 3—6-cleft calyx. Leaves
usually entire. (The watery juice often acrid, sometimes agreeably acid,
as in Sorrel; the roots, as in Rhubarb, sometimes cathartic.) — West of the
Mississippi are a great number of ER1I0GONE®, having their flowers sur-
rounded by an involucre. Our few genera are all of the true Polygona-
cex, except the anomalous Brunnichia.

* Stipular sheaths (ochree) manifest. Ovule erect from the base of the cell.
+- Sepals 5, sometimes 4, somewhat equal and erect in fruit.

1. Polygonum. Embryo curved around one side of the albumen: cotyledons narrow.
2. Fagopyrum. Embryo in the albumen, its very broad cotyledons twisted-plaited.

+ + Sepals 4-6, the outer row reflexed, the inner erect and enlarging in fruit.
8. Oxyria. Sepals4. Stigmas 2. Fruit 2-winged, samara-like.
4. Rumex. Sepals 6. Stylies3. Fruit 3-angled, enclosed by the inner sepals.

* * Stipules obsolete. Ovule hanging from the apex ofa slender stalk.
5. Brunnichia. Calyx 5-parted, in fruit with a wing decurrent on the pedicel. Tendril-
climber.

1. POLYGONUM, L._ Kyorweep.

Calyx mostly 5-parted ; the divisions often petal-like, all erect in fruit, with-
ering or persistent and surrounding the lenticular or 3-angular achenium, Sta-
mens 4-9. Styles or stigmas 2 or 3. Embryo placed in a groove on the outside
of the albumen and curved half-way around it; the radicle and usually the cotyl-

POLYGONACEH. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 415

edons slender. — Pedicels jointed. Ours all herbaceous, flowering through late
summer and early autumn. (Name composed of wodv, many, and ydvu, knee,
from the numerous joints.)

§1. BISTORTA, Tourn. Calyx petal-like, deeply 5-cleft: stamens 8 or 9: styles
8, slender: achenium 3-sided: stems low and simple from a thick and woody
creeping rootstock : flowers in a spike-like raceme.

1. P. viviparum, L. (Avrrne Bistort.) Smooth, dwarf (4/—8! high),
bearing a linear spike of flesh-colored flowers (or often little red bulblets in their
place) ; leaves lanceolate. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hamp-
shire, shore of Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

§ 2. PERSICARIA, Tourn. Calyx petal-like, 5-parted: stigmas capitate: ache-
nium lenticular, or (when there are 3 stigmas) 3-sided cotyledons: accumbent and
albumen hard and horny except in No. 2: roots fibrous: flowers crowded in
spikes or spike-like racemes.

* Sheaths some of them with an abrupt spreading and more or less foliaceous (some-
times deciduous) border : tall branching annuals, with panicled and nodding dense
eylindrical spikes : flowers rose or flesh-color: achenium flat.

2. P. ortentAre, L. (PRrince’s FeatueEr.) Soft-hairy; leaves ovate or
oblong, pointed, distinctly petioled ; flowers large, bright rose-color ; stamens 7 ;
style 2-cleft; cotyledons incumbent; albumen floury.—Sparingly escaped
from gardens into waste grounds. (Adv. from India.)

3. P. Careyi, Olney. Stem (3°-5° high) and peduncles glandular-bristly ;
leaves lanceolate, roughish ; flowers purplish ; stamens mostly 5; style 2-parted. —
Shady swamps, Rhode Island to the mountains of Pennsylvania, and northward.

* * Sheaths all cylindrical and truncate, without a border.

+ Annuals: spikes oblong or linear, densely flowered: flowers rose or flesh-color, or
occasionally varying to white, slightly or not at all glandular-dotted : stamens 6-8 :
styles '2 or 2-cleft and achenium flattened, except sometimes in No. 7, which alone
has the sheaths at all or more than slightly ciliate.

4. P. Pennsylvanicum, L. Stem (1°-3° high), smooth below, the
branches above, and especially the peduncles, beset with bristly-stalked glands; leaves
lanceolate, roughish on the midrib and margins (1}/-5/ long) ; spikes oblong,
obtuse (1’-2! long), erect, thick ; stamens mostly 8, somewhat exserted ; style 2-cleft ;
achenium with flat sides. — Moist soil, im open waste places : common. |

5. P. incarnatum, Ell. Nearly glabrous (3°-6° high) ; the peduncles,
&c. often minutely rough with scattered sessile glands; sheaths wholly naked
and glabrous; leaves rough on the midrib and margins, elongated-lanceolate
(4'-12' long, 1!—3' wide below), tapering gradually from towards the base to a
narrow point; spikes linear, nodding, becoming slender (1}/-3! long) ; stamens
6 and styles 2, both included; achenium with concave sides. (P. nodosum, var.
incarnatum, Ed. 2. P. lapathifolium, Amer. authors, gc.) — Wet borders of
ponds and streams; rather common everywhere, especially southward and
westward. — Flowers smaller than in the last, lighter rose-color, or flesh-color,
varying to white.

6. P. lapathifolium, Ait., is lower, with shorter and much less pointed —
leaves ; sheaths often somewhat hairy or ciliolate ; spikes oblong and blunt ; flowers

416 POLYGONACEH. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)

pale or whitish; style 2-cleft, or not parted to the base. We have, sparingly, var.
iIncANnum, Koch (P. incanum, Wéld.), and only a depauperate form of it,
3'-6' high; leaves lanceolate, obtuse, white-downy beneath; spikes barely 6//
long, erect. — Borders of Cayuga Lake, New York (Chickering and Brewer), of
Lake Superior (O. B. Wheeler) and farther northward (Bourgeau). — The true
P. nodosum, Pers., which connects this species with the next, has not been
detected. (Ku.)

7. PB. PersicArta, L. (Lapy’s Tuums.) Nearly smooth and glabrous
(12/—18! high) ; sheaths more or less bristly-ciliate; leaves lanceolate, pointed,
roughish, usually marked with a dark triangular or lunar spot near the middle ;
spikes ovoid or oblong, dense, erect, on smooth (or at least not glandular) peduncles ;
stamens mostly 6; styles half 2-3-cleft; achenium gibbous-flattened or some-
times’ triangular, smooth and shining. — Waste and damp places: very com-
mon. — Flowers greenish-purple. (Nat. from Eu.)

+ + Annuals or perennials: spikes slender, filiform, loosely-flowered or inter-
rupted: flowers greenish or whitish, sometimes purplish-tinged: sepals dotted
with conspicuous glands: leaves pellucid-dotted: sheaths fringed with bristles :
whole herbage pungently acrid !

8. P. Hydropiper, L. (Common SmartweEep or WATER-PEPPER.)
Annual, 1°-2° high, smooth; spikes nodding, usually short or interrupted ;
flowers mostly greenish ; stamens 6; style 2—3-parted ; achenium dull, minutely
striate, either’ flat or obtusely triangular.— Moist or wet grounds; apparently
introduced eastward, but indigenous northward. (Eu.)

9. P. acre, H. B. K. (Warer SmMartweep.) Perennial, nearly smooth ;
stems rooting at the decumbent base, 2°-5° high; leaves larger and longer
than in the last, taper-pointed ; spikes erect; flowers whitish, sometimes flesh-
color; stamens 8; style mostly 3-parted, and the achenium sharply triangular,
smooth and shining. (BP. punctatum, Ell. P. hydropiperoides, Pursh.) — Wet
places : common, especially southward.

+ + + Perennials, not acrid, aquatic or amphibious: sepals not glandular-dotted.
10. P. hydropiperoides, Michx. (Mizp Warer-Perrer.) Stem
smooth (1°-3° high), branching ; the narrow sheaths hairy, fringed with bristles ; »
leaves narrowly lanceolate ; sometimes oblong ; spikes erect, slender, sometimes
filiform, often interrupted at the base (1/- 23! long); flowers small, flesh-color
or nearly white ; stamens 8; style 3-cleft ; achenium sharply triangular, smooth and
shining. (P. mite, Pers., not of Schrank.) — Wet places, and in shallow water :

common, especially southward.

11. P. amphibium, L. (Water Persicaria.) Stems somewhat sim-
ple, and usually terminated by a single ovate or oblong and very dense spike
(6” thick) of rather large bright rose-red flowers; sheaths not fringed with bris-
tles; stamens 5; style 2-cleft; achenium biconvex; leaves varying greatly, from
elliptical or cordate-oblong to lance-ovate or lanceolate. — The typical plant is
yar. aquAticum, Willd. (Var. natans, Mcench. P. coccineum, Mull., &e.), in
water, nearly glabrous ; leaves long-petioled, floating, elliptical or oblong, some.
times heart-shaped at base; spikes short. — Var. TERRESTRE, Willd, grows
in shallow water, or in wet soil, or even “in sandy prairies” in Illinois

POLYGONACE&. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 417

(Dr. Mead), either almost glabrous or strigose-hirsute; leaves short-petioled,
varying from elongated-lanceolate to lance-ovate and taper-pointed ; spikes
cylindrical (1/-3/ long) often in pairs. —Common. (Eu.)

§ 3. TOVARIA, Adans. Calyx rather herbaceous (greenish), unequally 4-parted :
stamens 5: styles 2, distinct, rigid and persistent on the smooth lenticular ache-
nium: cotyledons oblong, accumbent: perennial: flowers loosely disposed in naked
long and slender spikes.

12. P. Virginianum, L. Almost smooth; stem terete, upright (2°-4°
high) ; leaves ovate, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, rounded at the
base, short-petioled, rough-ciliate (3’-6' long); sheaths cylindrical, truncate,
hairy and fringed; flowers 1-3 from each bract, somewhat curved, the styles
in fruit obliquely bent down, minutely hooked at the tip.— Thickets in rich
soil: common.

§ 4. PSEUDO-POLYGONELLA. Characters of the next section, except that the

sheaths are truncate, naked and rigid ; the flowers racemed, solitary from each trun-

cate bract; pedicels jointed below the middle ; calyx expanding and petaloid.

13. P. articulatum, L. (Jorntweep.) Annual; stem upright, panic-
ulately branched (4/—12/ high), slender; leayes linear-thread-form, deciduous ;
flowers rose-color, crowded in slender and spike-like panicled racemes, om re-
curved pedicels twice the length of the crowded joint-like bracts; stamens 8 ;
achenium triangular, smooth and shining. (Polygonella articulata, Meisner,
but has not the enlarged connivent inner sepals, nor the axile embryo of that
genus.) — Dry, sandy soil; along the coast and the Great Lakes, and im inter-
mediate places in New York. — Singular for its many-jeinted spikes or racemes,
which are 1'!- 3’ long; the lower bracts tooth-pointed on one side. Three inner
filaments dilated at the base.

§ 4. AVICULARIA, Meisn. Calyx more or less petal-like, 5-parted: stamens
3-8; the filaments awl-shaped, 3 of them broader at the base: stigmas 3, glo-
bose, nearly sessile: achenium 3-sided: cotyledons ineumbent : albumen horny :
Jlowers inconspicuous, greenish-white, 2 or 3 together or sometimes solitary in the
azils of the small leaves, appearing nearly sessile, sometimes more or less spiked
along the leafless summits of the branches : ours all annuals or nearly so: shegths
scarious, usually 2 -3-cleft or cut-fringed and torn.

14. P. aviculare, L. (Kvyorerass. Goosr-crass. Door-weep.)
Prostrate or spreading ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong, pale ; stamens chiefly
5 in the American, 8 in the European plant; achenium dull, minutely’ granular
under a lens, enclosed in the calyx.— The commonest weed, in yards, waste
places, &e. (Eu.)

Var. eréctum, Roth. Stems upright or ascending; leaves broader (ob-
long or oval) and larger. (P. eréetum, Z.)—JIn richer soil or more shaded
places : common.

15. P. maritimum, L. (Coast Kyorerass.) Prostrate, glaucous, with
a hard and sometimes woody and perennial root; stems very short-jointed ;
scarious sheaths large; leaves thickened, elliptical-lanceolate or narrow oblong ;
flowers larger than in the last ; achenium very smooth and shining. (P. glaucum,

27

Wd. ,

418 POLYGONACEX. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)

Nutt. P. aviculare, var. littorale, Ed. 2.)— Sandy sea-beach, Mass, to Virginia
and southward: at the north apparently only annual. (Eu.)

16. P. ramosissimum, Michx. Stems erect or ascending, much branched
(2°-4° high), rigid, many-striate ; leaves lanceolate or linear, tapering into a
petiole ; sheaths mostly short; calyx (drying yellowish) 6-parted and with 6 or 3 |
stamens, or 5-parted and with 4 or 5 stamens; achenium very smooth and shining.
—Sandy shores and banks of streams, Michigan to Illinois and southward.

Salt marshes, Rhode Island, Olney. — Larger leaves 2! long.

17. P. ténue, Michx. Stem slender, upright, sparingly branched (6! —12! high),
sharp-angled ; leaves sessile, narrowly linear, very acute ; sheaths capillary fringed ; ©
flowers axillary and loosely gpiked on the filiform branches ; achenium smooth and
shining. — Dry soil, and rocky hills.

§ 6. TINIARIA, Meisn. Calyx 5-parted (rarely 4-parted), greenish tinged with
rose-color or white: stamens mostly 8: styles or capitate stigmas 3 and achenium
3-sided (except in No. 18) : leaves heart-shaped or arrow-shaped, petioled: sheaths
semicylindrical.

* Annuals, erect or somewhat climbing by the reflexed prickles which beset the angles
of the stem and petioles: divisions of the (pale rose-colored or white) calyx not
keeled: bracts chaff-like.

18. P. arifolium, L. (Hatperp-LEavep TEAR-THUMB.) Stem grooved-
angled ; leaves halberd-shaped, taper-pointed, long-petioled ; flowers somewhat ra-
cemed (few) ; peduncles glandular-bristly ; calyx often 4-parted ; stamens 6 ; styles
2, very short; achenium lenticular (large). — Low grounds.

19. P. sagittatum, L. (Arrow-reavep Tear-ruums.) Stem 4-angled ;
leaves arrow-shaped, short-petioled; flowers capitate; peduncles smooth; stamens
mostly 8; styles 3, slender; achenium sharply 3-angled. — Low grounds : common.
— Slender, smooth except the angles of the stem and midrib beneath: these are
armed with a line of fine and very sharp saw-toothed prickles, which cut the
hand drawn against them.

* * Stems twining, not prickly: calyx with the 3 outer divisions keeled, at least in
Jruit: flowers in loose panicled racemes : bracts like the stipules.

20. P. Convétvurus, L. (Brack BrypweeEp.) Annual; stems twining

or procumbent, low, roughish, the joints naked; leaves halberd-heart-shaped,

_ pointed ; flowers in small interrupted corymbose racemes ; outer calyx-lobes keeled ;

achenium smoothish. — Cult. and waste grounds: common. (Nat. from Eu.)

21. P. cilindde, Michx. Perennial, minutely downy; the sheaths fringed at
the base with reflexed bristles; leaves heart-shaped and slightly halberd-shaped,
taper-pointed; racemes panicled; calyx-lobes obscurely keeled; achenium very
smooth and shining. — Copses and rocky hills. Climbing 3°-9° high.

22. P. dumetorum, L. (Crimping Farse Buckwueat.) Perennial,
smooth ; sheaths naked ; leaves heart-shaped or slightly halberd-shaped, pointed ;
racemes interrupted, leafy; the 3 outer calyx-lobes strongly keeled and in fruit
winged ; achenium smooth and shining. (Eu.)

Var. seandens (P. scandens, Z.) has more panicled flowers, and usually
much broader wings to the fruiting calyx than ‘the European. — Moist thickets.
Twining 8°-12° high over bushes. ’

POLYGONACEE. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 419

2. FAGOPYRUM,,. Town. Buckwnear.

Calyx petal-like, equally 5-parted, withering and nearly unchanged in fruit.
Stamens 8. Styles 3: stigmas capitate. Achenium 3-sided, longer than the
calyx. Embryo large, in the centre of the albumen, which it divides into 2 parts,
with very broad and foliaceous plaited and twisted cotyledons. — Annuals, with
triangular-heart-shaped or halberd-shaped leaves, semicylindrical sheaths, and
corymbose racemes or panicles of white flowers, often tinged with green or rose-
color. (Name, Pyyds, the beech, and mupds, wheat, from the shape of the grain
being that of the beech-nut; whence also the English name Buckwheat, from
the German Suche, beech.)

1. F. escutentum, Mench. (Buckwuerat.) Smoothish; flower with 8
honey-bearing yellow-glands interposed between the stamens; the fruit acute
and entire. (Polygonum Fagopyrum, Z.)— Old fields, remaining as a weed
after cultivation, and escaping into copses. June-—Sept. (Ady. from Eu.)

3. OXYRIA, Hill. Mownrarn Sorret.

Calyx herbaceous, of 4 sepals; the two outer smaller and spreading, the two
inner broader and erect (but unchanged) in fruit. Stamens 6. Stigmas 2, ses-
sile, tufted. Achenium lenticular, thin, flat, much larger than the calyx, sur-
rounded by a broad and veiny wing. Seed flattened in the opposite direction
from the wing. Embryo straight, occupying the centre of the albumen, slender.
—Low alpine perennials, with round-kidney-form and long-petioled leaves
chiefly from the root, obliquely truncate sheaths, and small greenish flowers
clustered in panicled racemes on a slender scape. (Name from d€vs, sour, in
allusion to the acid leaves, like those of Sorrel.)

1. O. digyna, Campdera. Leaves all round-kidney-form, usually notched
at the end; fruit orbicular. — Alpine region of the White Mountains, New
Hampshire, Oakes, &c., and high northward. (Eu.)

4. RUMEX, L. Dock. Sorret.

Calyx of 6 sepals; the 3 outer herbaceous, sometimes united at the base,
spreading in fruit; the 3 inner larger, somewhat colored, increasing after flow-
ering and convergent over the 3-angled achenium, veiny, often bearing a grain-
like tubercle on the back (in fruit called valves). Stamens 6. Styles 3:
stigmas tufted. Embryo slightly curved, lying along one side of the albumen,
slender. — Coarse herbs, with small and homely (mostly green) flowers, which
are crowded and commonly whorled in panicled racemes ; the petioles somewhat
sheathing at the base. (The ancient Latin name of these plants; of unknown
etymology.)

§1. Dock. Flowers perfect or moneciously polygamous: herbage not sour: none
of the leaves halberd-shaped. (Flowering through the summer.)
* Perennials, 2°-7° high: valves not bearing bristles.
+ Valves (large, 3" broad, thin) all naked or one with a small grain.

1. R. Parréntia, L. (Patience Dock.) A very tall species, with ovate-

oblong and lanceolate leaves, those from the root 2°-3° Jong, and one of the

420 POLYGONACEE. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)

heart-shaped nearly entire valves bearing a small grain, or its midrib thickened
at the base, was found spontaneous at Amherst, Mass., by Prof. Tuckerman, in
the form with undulate leaves, R. orientalis, Bernh. (Ady. from Eu.)

2. R. tonarroxius, DC. (R. domésticus, Hartm., and too near .R. aquat-
icus, Z.), known by the rounded somewhat heart-shaped valves all without a
grain, — is indigenous at the northwest, perhaps in Northern Wisconsin. (Ku.)

+ Valves (smaller) one or more of them conspicuously grain-bearing.

++ Indigenous: leaves not wavy, none heart-shaped, except the lowest of No. 6.

3. R. orbiculatus, Gray. (Great Warter-Dock.) ‘Tall and stout
(5° -6° high) ; racemes upright in a large compound panicle, nearly leafless ;
whorls crowded ; pedicels capillary, nodding, about twice the length of the fruiting
calyx ; the valves orbicular or round-ovate, very obtuse, obscurely heart-shaped at
base, membranaceous, finely reticulated, entire or repand-denticulate (2!’- 3!’
broad), all grain-bearing ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, rather acute at both ends,
transversely veined, and with obscurely erose-crenulate margins (the lowest, in-
cluding the petiole, 1°- 2° long, the middle rarely truncate or obscurely cordate
at base). (R. Hydroldpathum, var. ? Americanus, Ed. 2. R. Britannica, Pursh?
Bigelow, Torr, F\.N. Y. BR. aquaticus, Pursh ?) — Wet places: rather common
northward. — Root yellow. Leaves occasionally abruptly contracted a little be-
low the enlarging apex. Valves very much rounder, thinner, larger in propor-
tion to the grain, and more reticulated than in the European R. Hydrolapathum,
resembling those of R. longifolius except in bearing a conspicuous grain.

4. R. Britannica, L. (Pate Dock.) Rather tall (2°-6° high); ra-
cemes spike-like and panicled, nearly leafless ; whorls crowded ; pedicels nodding,
shorter than the fruiting calyx ; the valves broadly ovate or obscurely heart-shaped,
obtuse or acutish, entire, membranaceous, loosely reticulated (about 2! broad),
one with a conspicuous grain, the others with a small grain or thickened midrib,
or naked ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, pale, thickish, obscurely
veiny (those of the stem 3/-6/ long, contracted at base into a short petiole), none
heart-shaped. (R. Claytonii, Campdera, which name is to be adopted if we
reject that inconsiderately assigned by Linnzeus, who transferred the obscure
Ferba Britannica of the old writers to a Virginian species. R. xanthorhizus,
Hoffmansegg, ex Meisner. R. altissimus, Wood.) — Moist grounds, New York
to Llinois and southward.

5. R. salicifolius, Weinmann. (Wuite Dock.) Rather low (1°-3°
high); root white; leaves narrowly or linear-lanceolate, or the lowest oblong ;
whorls much crowded ; pedicels much shorter than the fruiting calyx ; valves deltoid-
ovate, obtusish or acutish (about 13” long), one, two or sometimes all three with
a conspicuous often very large grain: otherwise nearly asin the preceding. (R.
pallidus, Bigelow.) — Salt marshes, coast of New England; also far westward
and northward.

6. R. verticillatus, L. (Swamp Dock.) Rather tall (3°-5° high) ;
racemes nearly leafless, elongated, loose ; the whorls crowded or the lower ones
distant; fruit-bearing pedicels slender, club-shaped, abruptly reflered, 3-4 times
longer than the fruiting calyx ; the valves dilated-rhomboid, obtusely somewhat pointed,
strongly rugose-reticulated, each bearing a very large grain; leaves lanceolate or

POLYGONACEE. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) ” aay

oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse, thickish, pale-green, the lowest often heart-
shaped at the base. — Wet swamps: common.

++ ++ Naturalized weeds: lower leaves mostly heart-shaped at the base.

7. R. crfspus, L. (Curtep Dock.) Smooth; leaves with strongly wavy-
curled margins, lanceolate, acute, the lower truncate or scarcely heart-shaped at
the base; whorls crowded in prolonged wand-like racemes, leafless above; valves
round-heart-shaped, obscurely denticulate or entire, mostly all of them grain-bearing.
— A very common weed in cultivated and waste grounds. Stem 3°-4° high,
from a deep spindle-shaped yellow root. There is a hybrid of this with the
next. (Nat. from Eu.)

8. R. osrusrrouius, L. (Birrer Dock.) Stem roughish; lowest leaves
ovate-heart-shaped, obtuse, rather downy on the veins underneath, somewhat wavy-
margined, the upper oblong-lanceolate, acute ; whorls loose and distant ; valves ovate-
halberd-shaped, and with some sharp awl-shaped teeth at the base, strongly reticulated,
one of them principally grain-bearing. — Fields, &ce. (Nat. from Eu.)

9. R. concromerAtus, Murray. (SMALLER GREEN Dock.) Leaves ob-
long, pointed, slightly wavy-margined, the lower heart-shaped at the base ; whorls
distant, leafy ; pedicels very short; valves linear-oblong, rather broader next the base ;
obtuse, entire, each bearing a single reddish grain, (R. acutus, Smith.) — Moist
places; sparingly introduced. (Nat. from Eu.) Hi

10. R. sancufneus, L. (Bioopy-vernep Dock.) Leaves lanceolate, wavy-
margined, the lowest heart-shaped at the base ; whorls distant, in long and slender
leafless interrupted spikes ; pedicels very short ; valves narrowly oblong, obtuse, entire,
one at least grain-bearing ; veins of the leaf red, or, in var. VfRIDIS, green. —
Waste and cultivated grounds. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Annuals, low: valves bearing long awns or bristles.

11. R. maritimus, L. (Gotpen Dock.) Minutely pubescent, diffusely
branched ; leaves larf€e-linear, wayy-margined, the lower auricled or heart-shaped
at base ; whorls excessively crowded in leafy and compact or interrupted spikes ;
valves. rhombic-oblong, lance-pointed, each bearing 2-3 long awn-like bristles
on each side, and a large grain on the back. (Also R. persicarioides, L.) — Sea-
shore, Virginia to Massachusetts: also Illinois and westward. — Plant 6/-12/
high ; remarkable for the crowded and almost orange-colored fruiting calyx,
the bristles usually longer than the width of the valves. (Eu.)

§ 2. Sorrer. Flowers diccious, small, in a terminal naked panicle: herbage sour :
some leaves halberd-shaped : smooth perennials, flowering in spring.

12. R. Engelmanni, Ledeb. Stem simple, 1°-2° high; leaves nearly
as in the next; pedicels jointed at or below the middle; valves of the fruiting calyx
round-heart-shaped, thin, finely reticulated, naked, many times larger than the
achenium. (R. hastulatus, Baldwin.) —S. W. Illinois, thence southward and
westward.

13. R. Acetros&iia, L. (Frevp or SHeep Sorrev.) Low (6/-12! high) ;
leaves lance-halberd-form, at least those of the root, the narrow lobes entire ;
pedicels jointed with the flower ; valves scarcely enlarging in fruit, ovate, naked. —
An abundant weed in waste places and all sterile and worn fields. — The fertilg
panicles usually turn reddish in summer. (Nat. from Eu.)

422 LAURACE®. (LAUREL FAMILY.)

5. BRUNNICHIA, Banks. Bruwnyicura.

Calyx 5-parted; the divisions somewhat petal-like, oblong, connivent and
coriaceous in fruit. Stamens 8: filaments capillary: styles 3, slender: stigmas
depressed-capitate. Ovule hanging on the summit of a slender erect funiculus :
the seed erect, 6-grooved. Embryo in one of the angles of the mealy albumen,
somewhat curved. Achenium obtusely triangular, partly 3-celled, enclosed in
the indurated calyx, its base and almost the whole length of the pedicel winged
on one side. (Named for F. Brunnich, a Danish naturalist.)

1. B. cirrhdosa, Banks. — A somewhat shrubby smooth plant, with grooved
stems, climbing by tendrils extended from the ends of the branches. Leaves
ovate or heart-shaped, pointed, entire: petioles dilated at base and partly clasp-
ing; but no distinct sheath or stipules. Flowers greenish, 2-5 in a fascicle
from the axil of an awl-shaped bract, these crowded in axillary and terminal
racemes : pedicel jointed near the base. Fruiting calyx with the wing 1! long.
— Pulaski Co., S. W. Illinois, Dr. F. Brendel: also southward.

Orper 88. LAURACEAE. (Lavret Fatty.)

Aromatic trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves mostly marked with
minute pellucid dots, and flowers with a regular calyx of 4 or 6 colored sepals,
imbricated in 2 rows in the bud, free from the 1-celled and 1-ovuled ovary,
and mostly fewer than the stamens; anthers opening by 2 or 4 uplifted
valves. — Flowers clustered. Style single. Fruit a 1-seeded berry or
drupe. Seed anatropous, suspended, with no albumen, filled by the large
almond-like embryo. — A well-marked family, very numerous in the trop-
ics, represented in our district by only five species, in four genera.

* Flowers perfect, panicled: stamens 12, three of them sterile.
1. Persea. Calyx persistent. Anthers 4-celled, those of three stamens turned outward.

* * Flowers dicecious, or nearly so: stamens in the male flowers 9.
2. Sassafras. Flowers in corymb- or umbel-like racemes. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved.
Lindera. Flowers in umbel-like clusters. Anthers 2-celled, 2-valved.
4. Tetranthera. Flowers few in involucrate umbels. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved.

&

1. PERSEA, Gertn. AtricaTor Pzar.

Flowers perfect, with a 6-parted calyx, which persists at the base of the berry-
like fruit. Stamens 12, in four rows, the 3 of the innermost row sterile and re-
duced to a sort of glands: the rest bearing 4-celled anthers (i. e. each of the
two proper cells is divided transversely into two), opening by as many uplifted
valves; the anthers of 3 stamens turned outward, the others introrse. — Trees,
with persistent entire leaves, and small panicled flowers. (An ancient name of
some Oriental tree.)

1. P. Carolinénsis, Nees. (Rep Bay.) Hoary at least when young
with a fine down ; leaves oblong, pale, soon becoming smooth above ; peduncle
bearing few flowers in a close cluster ; sepals downy, the outer shorter ; berries
dark blue, on a red stalk. (Laurus Carolinensis, Catesb. L. Borbonia, LZ.) —
Swamps, Delaware, Virginia, and southward. May.— A small tree.

LAURACEX. (LAUREL FAMILY.) 423

2. SASSAFRAS, Nees. — Sassarras.

Flowers dicecious, with a 6-parted spreading calyx; the sterile kind with 9
stamens inserted on the base of the calyx in 3 rows, the 3 inner with a pair of
stalked glands at the base of each; anthers 4-celled, 4-valved: fertile flowers
with 6 short rudiments of stamens and an ovoid ovary. Drupe ovoid (blue),
supported on a club-shaped and rather fleshy reddish pedicel. — Trees, with
spicy-aromatic bark, very mucilaginous twigs and foliage; the latter decidu-
ous, often lobed. Flowers greenish-yellow, naked, in clustered and peduncled
corymbed racemes, appearing with the leaves, involucrate with scaly bracts.
Leaf-buds scaly. (The popular name, of Spanish origin.)

1. S. officinale, Nees. Leaves ovate, entire, or some of them 3-lobed,
soon glabrous. (Laurus Sassafras, Z.) — Rich woods: common. April. —
Tree 15°-50° high, with yellowish-green twigs.

8. LINDERA, Thunberg. Witp Attsrrice. Frver-Busn.

Flowers polygamous-dicecious, with a 6-parted open calyx; the sterile kind
with 9 stamens in 3 rows, the inner filaments 1 -2-lobed and gland-bearing at
the base ; anthers 2-celled and 2-valved : fertile flowers with 15-18 rudiments
of stamens in 2 forms, and a globular ovary. Drupe obovoid, red, the stalk not
thickened. — Shrubs, with deciduous leaves, and honey-yellow flowers in almost
sessile lateral umbel-like clusters, appearing before the leaves (in our species) ;
the clusters composed of smaller clusters or umbels, each of 4-6 flowers and
surrounded by an involucre of 4 deciduous scales. Leaf-buds scaly. (Named
for John Linder, a Swedish botanist of the early part of the 18th century.
Benzoin, Nees, adopted in Ed. 2, is a much later name.)

1. L. Benzoin, Meisner. (Sprice-pusu. Bernsamrin-pusn.) Nearly
smooth ; leaves oblong-obovate, pale underneath. (Laurus Benzoin, ZL. Benzoin
odoriferum, Nees, & Ed. 2.) — Damp woods: rather common. March, April.—
Shrub 6°-15° high.

2. L. melisseefolia, Blume. Young branches and buds pubescent ; leaves
oblong, obtuse or heart-shaped at the base, downy beneath ; umbels few. (Laurus
melisszfolia, Walt. L. diospyroides, Michr. Benzoin melisszfolium, Nees.) —
Low grounds, Virginia, Illinois? and southward. April.

4. TETRANTHERA, Jacq. Terranruera.

Flowers dicecious, with a 6-parted deciduous calyx ; the sterile with 9 stamens
in 8 rows ; their anthers all introrse, 4-celled, 4-valved : fertile flowers with 12
or more rudiments of stamens and a globular ovary. Drupe globular.—
Shrubs or trees, with entire leaves, and small flowers in axillary clustered um-
bels. (Name composed of rérpa, four, and avOnpd, anther.)

1. T. geniculata, Nees. (Ponp Spice.) Flowers (yellow) appearing
before the deciduous oblong leaves, which are hairy on the midrib beneath ;
branches forked and divaricate, the branchlets zigzag ; involucres 2 -4-leaved,
2-4-flowered; fruit red. (Laurus geniculata, Michxr.) — Swamps, Virginia
and southward. April.

AM:

Wud

We used by the Indians for thongs, whence the popular names. In Northern New

424 ELEAGNACEE. (OLEASTER FAMILY.)

Orpver 89. THWYMELEACEZ. (Mezerrum Famiry.)

Shrubs, with acrid and very tough (not aromatic) bark, entire leaves, and
perfect flowers with a regular and simple colored calyx, bearing usually twice
as many stamens as its lobes, free from the 1-celled and 1-ovuled ovary,
which forms a berry-like drupe in fruit, with a single suspended anatro-
pous seed. Embryo large: albumen little or none. — A small family, rep-
resented in cultivation by DAPHNE MEzEREUM, and one or two other
species; in North America only by a single species.

i. DIRGCAWE: LEATHERWOOD. Moosr-woop.

Calyx petal-like, tubular-funnel-shaped, truncate, the border wavy or obscurely
about 4-toothed. Stamens 8, long and slender, inserted on the calyx above the
middle, protruded, the alternate ones longer. Style thread-form: stigma capi-
tate. Drupe oval (reddish). — A much-branched bush, with jointed branchlets,
oval-obovate alternate leaves, at length smooth, deciduous, on very short peti-
oles, the bases of which conceal the buds of the next season. Flowers light
yellow, preceding the leaves, 3 or 4 in a cluster from a bud of as many dark-
hairy scales, forming an involucre, from which soon after proceeds a leafy branch,
(Aipkn, the name of a fountain near Thebes, applied by Linnzeus to this North
American genus, for no imaginable reason, unless because the bush frequently
grows near mountain rivulets.)

1. D. palustris, L.— Damp rich woods, seldom in swamps, New England
to Penn., Kentucky, and (especially) northward. April. — Shrub 2°-5° high ;
the wood white, soft, and very brittle; but the fibrous bark remarkably tough,

England also called Wicopy.

Orper 90. ELZEAGNACEZE. (OLraster Famry.)

Shrubs or small trees, with silvery-scurfy leaves and mostly dicecious flow-
ers; further distinguished from the Mezereum Family by the erect or
ascending albuminous seed, and the calyx-tube becoming pulpy and
berry-like in fruit, and strictly enclosing the achenium; and from the
following or by the calyx-tube not cohering with the ovary, &c. A
small family, represented by only three North American species, only
one strictly within our limits.

1. SHEPHERDIA, Nutt. Suepnerpra.

Flowers diccious ; the sterile with a 4-parted calyx (valvate in the bud) and
8 stamens, alternating with as many processes of the thick disk ; the fertile with
an urn-shaped 4-cleft calyx, enclosing the ovary (the orifice closed by the teeth
of the disk), and becoming berry-like in fruit. Style slender: stigma 1-sided.
— Leaves opposite, entire, deciduous; the small flowers nearly sessile in their
axils on the branchlets, clustered, or the fertile solitary. (Named for John Shep-.
herd, formerly curator of the Liverpool Botanic Garden.)

SANTALACEZ. (SANDALWOOD FAMILY.) 425

1. S. Canadénsis, Nutt. (Canapian Suernerpia.) Leaves elliptical
or oyate, nearly naked and green above, silvery-downy and scurfy with rusty
scales underneath ; fruit yellowish-red, insipid. — Rocky or gravelly banks, Ver-
mont to Wisconsin and northward. May.— Shrub, 3°-6° high; the branch-
lets, young leaves, yellowish flowers, &c., covered with the rusty scales.

2. §. argéntea, Nutt., the Burrato-Berry of Upper Missouri, has nar-
rower leaves, tapering at base, silvery on both sides, and edible, acid, scarlet
fruit: probably in Minnesota: sometimes cultivated.

ELAGNUS ARGENTEA, Pursh, the SILVER-BERRY, with oval silvery leaves,
and silvery and mealy edible fruit, differing from Shepherdia in its perfect flow-
ers with only 4 stamens, — abounds not far beyond our northwestern limits.

Orver 91. SANTALACEZE. (Sanpatwoop Famity.)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with entire leaves ; the 4—5-cleft calyx valvate in
the bud, its tube coherent with the 1-celled ovary, which contains 2—4 ovules
suspended from the apex of a stalk-like free central placenta which rises from
the base of the cell, but the (indehiscent) fruit always 1-seeded. — Seed des-
titute of any proper seed-coat. Embryo small, at the apex of copious al-
bumen : radicle directed upward: cotyledons cylindrical. Stamens equal
in number to the lobes of the calyx, and inserted opposite them into the
edge of the fleshy disk at their base. Style 1. A small order, the greater
part belonging to warm regions, here represented only by the two follow-
ing genera.

1. COMANDRA, Nutt. Basrarp Toap-rrax.

Flowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped or soon urn-shaped, lined above the ovary
with an adherent disk which has a 5-lobed free border. Stamens inserted on the
edge of the disk between its lobes, opposite the lobes of the calyx, to the middle
of which the anthers are connected by a tuft of thread-like hairs. Fruit drupe-
like or nut-like, crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes, the cavity filled by the
globular seed. —Low and sfnooth perennials, with herbaceous stems from a
rather woody base or root, alte*aete and almost sessile leaves, and greenish-white
flowers in terminal or axillary small umbel-like clusters. (Name from kdéun,
hair, and dvSpes, for stamens, in allusion to the hairs on the calyx-lobes which
are attached to the anthers.)

1. C. umbellata, Nutt. Leaves oblong, pale (1/ long) ; peduncles several
and corymbose-clustered at the summit of the stem, several-flowered ; calyx-tube con-
spicuously continued beyond the ovary, forming a neck to the globular-urn-
shaped fruit; the lobes oblong; style slender ; fruit dry. — Dry ground: common.
May, June. — Stems 8/-10! high, very leafy. Root forming parasitic attach-
ments to the roots of trees (as shown by Mr. Stauffer).

2. C. livida, Richardson. Peduncles axillary, 3 -5-flowered, shorter than
the oval leaves; calyx-tube not continued beyond the ovary, the lobes ovate ; style
short ; fruit pulpy when ripe, red. — Sandy shores of Lake Superior, and north-
ward. — Leaves larger than in the last.

426 LORANTHACES. (MISTLETOE FAMILY.)

2. PYRULARIA, Michx. | Omnvr. Burrato-xur.

Flowers dicecious or polygamous. Calyx 4-5-cleft, the lobes recurved ; a
tuft of hairs at their base in the male flowers. Stamens 4 or 5, on very short
filaments, alternate with as many rounded glands. Fertile flowers with a pear-
shaped ovary invested by the adherent tube of the calyx, naked at the flat sum-
mit: disk with 5 glands: style short and thick : stigma capitate-flattened. Fruit
fleshy and drupe-like, pear-shaped ; the globose endocarp thin. Embryo small :
albumen very oily. — Shrubs or trees, with alternate short-petioled and decidu-
ous leaves; the small greenish flowers in short and simple spikes or racemes.
(Name a diminutive of Pyrus, from the fruit, which in the original species looks
like a small pear.)

1. P. oleifera, Gray. Shrub straggling (3°-12° high), minutely downy
when young, at length nearly glabrous ; leaves obovate-oblong, acute or pointed
at both ends, soft, very veiny, minutely pellucid-punctate ; spike small and few-
flowered, terminal; calyx 5-cleft. (P. pubera, Michz.; a little older than the
other specific name, but much less appropriate. Hamiltonia oleifera, Muhl.) —
Rich woods, mountains of Pennsylvania, and southward through the Allegha-
nies. May.— Whole plant imbued with an acrid oil, especially the fruit, which
is an inch long.

Orver 92. LORANTHACEZ. (MistieTor Famiry.)

Shrubby plants with coriaceous greenish foliage, parasitic on trees, repre-
sented in the northern temperate zone chiefly by the Mistletoe and its
near allies ; distinguished from the preceding family more by the parasitic
growth and habit, and by the more reduced flowers, than by essential
characters: represented by an American genus nearly allied to Viscum, or
true Mistletoe, viz.

1. PHORADENDRON, Nutt. Farse Misrieron.

Flowers dicecious, in short and catkin-like jointed spikes, usually several under
each short and fleshy bract or scale, and sunk in the joint. Calyx globular, 3-
(rarely 2-4-) lobed: in the staminate flowers a sessile anther is borne on the
base of each lobe, and is transversely 2-celled, each cell opening by a pore or
slit: in the fertile flowers the calyx-tube adheres to the ovary: stigma sessile,
obtuse. Berry 1-seeded, pulpy. Embryo small, half imbedded in the summit
of mucilaginous albumen. — Yellowish-green woody parasites on the branches
of trees, with jointed much-branched stems, thick and firm persistent leaves (or
only scales in their place), and axillary small spikes of flowers. (Name com-
posed of Gap, a thief, and d€vépor, tree; because these plants steal their food
from the trees they grow upon.)

1. P. flavéscens, Nutt. (American Mistreroe.) Leaves obovate or
oval, somewhat petioled, longer than the spikes in their axils, yellowish; berries
white. (Viscum flavescens, Pursh.) —New Jersey to Illinois and southward,
on various deciduous-leayed trees.

CALLITRICHACEX. (WATER-STARWORTS.) 427

Orper 93. SAURURACE. (Lizarp’s-TaAit Famity.)

Herbs, with jointed stems, alternate entire leaves, and perfect flowers in
spikes, entirely destitute of any floral envelopes, and with 3-5 more or less
separate or united ovaries. — Ovules few, orthotropous. Embryo heart-
shaped, minute, contained in a little sac at the apex of the albumen. — An
offshoot of the (tropical) Pepper Family, and represented only by

1. SAURURUS, L. Lizarp’s-TAIL.

Stamens mostly 6 or 7, hypogynous, with distinct filaments. Fruit somewhat
fleshy, wrinkled, of 3-4 pistils united at the base. Stigmas recurved. Seeds
usually solitary, ascending. — Perennial marsh herbs, with heart-shaped con-
verging-ribbed petioled leaves, without distinct stipules; flowers (each with a
small bract) crowded in a slender wand-like and naked peduncled terminal
spike or raceme (its appearance giving rise to the name, from oavpos, a lizard
and ovpa, tail). Bract adnate to or borne on the pedicel.

1. S. cérnuus, L. Flowers white, in a dense spike nodding at the end;
bract lanceolate ; filaments long and capillary.— Swamps: common. June-
Aug.

Orper 94. CERATOPHYLLACEZ. (Hornworr Famity.)

Aquatic herbs, with whorled finely dissected leaves, and minute axillary
and sessile monecious flowers without floral envelopes, but with an 8—12-
cleft involucre in place of a calyx, the fertile a simple 1-celled ovary, with a
suspended orthotropous ovule: seed filled by a highly developed embryo with 4
cotyledons ! and a conspicuous plumule. — Consists only of the genus

1. CERATOPHYLLUM, L._ Horyworr.

Sterile flowers of 12-24 stamens, with large sessile anthers. Fruit an ache-
nium, beaked with the slender persistent style. — Herbs growing under water,
in ponds or slow-flowing streams: the sessile leaves cut into thrice-forked thread-
like rigid divisions (whence the name from kepas, a horn, and @vdXoyp, leaf).

1. C. démersum, L.— Var. commtne has a smooth marginless fruit
beaked with a long persistent style, and with a short spine or tubercle at the
base on each side. — Var. EcHINATUM (C. echinatum, Gray) has the fruit
mostly larger (3! long), rough-pimpled on the sides, the narrowly winged mar-
gin spiny-toothed. — Slow streams and ponds: common, but rarely seen in fruit.
Probably there is only one species. (Eu.)

Orver 95. CALLYITRICHACER. (Warer-Srarworvs.)

Small annuals or perennials, mostly aquatics, with opposite entire leaves
and axillary monecious flowers without any proper floral envelopes, and with
a 4-lobed and 4-celled 4-seeded fruit ; — consisting only of the genus Calli-
triche (regarded by many botanists, perhaps with good reason, as repre-

428 CALLITRICHACEE. (WATER-STARWORTS.)

senting the most reduced form of the Haloragee, p. 174. The so-called
perfect flower is considered to be a staminate and a pistillate, or two stam-
inate and one pistillate naked flowers in the same axil, each of a single
stamen or pistil.)

The elaboration of our species is contributed by Dr. G. ENGELMANN.

1. CALLITRICHE, | WatTeErR-STARWORT.

Flowers moncecious, solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axil of the same leaf,
wholly naked or between a pair of membranaceous bracts. Sterile flower a sin-
gle stamen: filament bearing a heart-shaped 4-celled anther, which by confluence
becomes one-celled, and opens by a single slit. Fertile flower.a single 4-celled
ovary, either sessile or pedicelled, bearing 2 distinct and filiform sessile, usually
persistent stigmas. Ovule solitary in each cell. Fruit nut-like, compressed, 4-
lobed, 4-celled, separating at maturity into as many closed 1-seeded portions.
Seed anatropous, suspended, filling the cell: embryo slender, straight or slightly
curved, in the axis and nearly the length of the oily albumen. — Smooth, or beset
with minute stellate scales (visible only under the microscope), with spatulate or
linear leaves, both forms often occurring on the same stem. (Name from Kadds,
beautiful, and @pté, hair, from the almost capillary and usually tufted stems of
the commoner species.)

§ 1. TerrestriaL species. Small annuals, forming tufts on merely moist soil ;
destitute of stellate scales and of bracts: leaves uniform, very small, obovate or
wedge-shaped, 3-nerved, crowded, provided with stomata: filament not lengthen-
ing: carpels connate.

1. C. Austini, Engelm. Fruit small, broader than high, deeply notched
above and below, on a pedicel often nearly of its own length; lobes of the fruit
narrowly winged and with a deep groove between them, wings denticulate ; per-
sistent stigmas shorter than the fruit, spreading or reflexed ; leaves obovate. —
On damp soil in open woods, fields and roads, New York and New Jersey (C. F’.
Austin) to Illinois, Missouri, Texas, Mexico, and South America. April-June.
— Half an inch or an inch high: leaves 1/'- 2/ long: fruit $'’ in diameter.

C. pepioives, Nutt. and C. NurrAuwii, Torr. (C. pedunculosa, Nutt.), —
the former with subsessile curiously gibbous fruit, the latter with long-peduncled
fruit with eversed keels, — are southwestern species of this section.

§ 2. Ampuipious species. Perennials? with elongated stems (occasionally quite
terrestrial as in the former, or wholly submersed as in the next section) : leaves
with stellate scales and stomata, the floating ones obovate and 3-nerved, the sub-
mersed linear: flowers usually between a pair of bracts, rarely naked : pollen shed
only in the air ; the filament elongating afterwards: carpels in fruit connate.

2. C. vérna, L. Fruit (3” long) higher than broad, obovate, slightly ob-
cordate, usually thicker at the base than upwards, sessile, its lobes sharply keeled
‘or very narrowly winged upwards, and with a wide groove between them; stig-
mas shorter than the fruit, almost erect, usually deciduous; floating leaves
crowded in a tuft, obovate, narrowed into a petiole. —Common in stagnant
waters, from Pennsylvania and New Jersey north and northwestward. April -

PODOSTEMACE®. (RIVER-WEED FAMILY.) 429

Aug. — From a few inches to a foot and more in length: upper leaves 3!!-5!/
long ; lower ones twice as long. A terrestrial form with smaller, narrower, and
more uniform leaves (C. brevifolia, Pursh), occurs where the waters recede in
summer and fall. (Ku.)

3. C. heterophylla, Pursh. Fruit smaller, as broad or broader than
high, deeply emarginate, thick, almost ventricose, sessile or nearly so, its lobes
obtusely angled, with a small groove between them; stigmas as long as the
fruit, erect, persistent ; floating leaves crowded in a tuft, broadly spatulate, often
retuse, abruptly narrowed into a long petiole. (C. Asagrayi, Hegelmaier.) —
Stagnant water, New York to Hlinois and southward: common, April—Aug.
— Similar to the last, of same size, but with smaller leaves (2!//- 4’ long), and
fruit scarcely larger than in No. 1, but much thicker. A terrestrial form (which
comes also under C. brevifolia, Pursh) and a submerged one, with linear leaves
often an inch long (C. linearis, Pursh), are not rare.

§ 3. Supmersep species. Perennials, entirely under water, with crowded and uni-
form linear 1-nerved leaves, without scales or stomata : flowers bractless, fertilized
under water : filament not elongating: carpels separate nearly to the axis.

4, C. autumnalis, L. Fruit large, flattened, circular, deeply and nar-
rowly notched, sessile or nearly so, its lobes broadly winged, and with a very
deep and narrow groove between them; stigmas very long, reflexed, deciduous ;
leaves all linear from a broader base, retuse or notched at tip. — In the St. Law-
rence River, near Ogdensburgh (G. W. Clinton), Lake Superior (C. G. Loring,
Jr.), and northwestward. Aug.-—Sept.— Stems 3//-6” high: leaves 2’/-5!
long: fruit variable in size, usually 1" or more in diameter. (Ku.)

Orver 96. PODOSTEMACEZE. (Rriver-weepD Famity.)

Aquatics, growing on stones in running water, some with the aspect of
Sea-weeds or others of Mosses or Liverworts; the minute naked flowers
bursting from a spathe-like involucre as in Liverworts, producing a 2-3-
celled many-seeded ribbed pod ; — represented in North America by

1. PODOSTEMON, Michx. Rrver-weep.

Flower solitary, pedicelled, from a tubular sac-like involucre, destitute of
floral envelopes. Stamens borne on one side of the stalk of the ovary, with
their long filaments united into one for more than half their length, and 2 short
sterile filaments, one on each side: anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 2, awl-shaped.
Pod oval, 8-ribbed, 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds minute, very numerous on a thick
persistent central placenta, destitute of albumen. — Leaves 2-ranked. (Name
from Trovs, foot, and oTnpwyY, stamen; the two stamens being apparently raised
on a stalk by the side of the ovary.)

1. P. ceratophyllus, Michx. Leaves rigid or horny, dilated into a
sheathing base, above mostly forked into thread-like or linear lobes. — Not rare
in the bottom of shallow streams. July-Sept.— A small olive-green plant, of
firm texture, resembling a Sea-weed, tenaciously attached to loose stones, in
the manner of a Fucus, by fleshy disks or processes in place of roots.

430 EUPHORBIACEH. (SPURGE FAMILY.)

Orper 97. EUPHORBIACER. (Spurce FAamity.)

Plants usually with a milky-acrid juice, and monecious or diecious flow-
ers, mostly apetalous, sometimes achlamydeous (occasionally polypetalous or
monopetalous) ; the ovary free and usually 3-celled, with a single or some-
times a pair of ovules hanging from the summit of each cell; stigmas or
branches of the style as many or twice as many as the cells ; fruit commonly
a 8-lobed pod, the lobes or carpels separating elastically from a persistent
axis and elastically 2-valved ; seed anatropous ; embryo straight, almost as
long as and the flat cotyledons mostly as wide as the fleshy or oily albumen.
Stipules often present. — A vast family in the warmer parts of the world
(the acrid juice poisonous); most numerously represented in Northern
countries by the genus Euphorbia, which has very remarkable reduced
flowers enclosed in an involucre that imitates a calyx. Our last genus
belongs to the Box-Family, which some botanists of late separate from the
Euphorbiacez, on account of the rhaphe being on the outer or dorsal side
of the suspended ovule, &c.

* Seeds and ovules only one in each cell.
+ Staminate and pistillate flowers both destitute of calyx as well as corolla, and contained in
the same cup-shaped involucre, which imitates a calyx, —the whole liable to be mistaken
for a single flower.

1. Euphorbia. Involucre surrounding many staminate flowers (each of a single naked
stamen) and one pistillate flower (a 3-lobed pistil).

+ + Staminate and pistillate flowers both with a calyx, not involucrate.
++ Stamens erect in the bud.
Jatropha. Flowers cymose or panicled. Calyx corolla-like, 5-cleft ; the lobes imbri-
cated in the bud. Stamens 10 or more.
3. Stillimgia. Flowers ina spike, pistillate at the base. Calyx 2-3-parted, the lobes im-
bricated in the bud. Stamens 2 or 3. Stigmas or branches of the style 3, simple.
Acalypha. Flowers spiked or glomerate, the pistillate in the axil of bracts. Calyx 3-5-
parted ; in staminate flowers valvate in the bud. Stamens mostly 8: anthers with 2
separate pendulous cells. Styles or stigmas 3, dissected.
5. Tragia. Flowers in racemes, pistillate at the base. Calyx in staminate flowers valvate in
the bud, Anther-cells united. Styles united at the base, simple.

2.

:

4

++ ++ Stamens inflexed in the bud.
6. Croton. Flowers spiked or glomerate. Ovary and fruit 3- (rarely 2—4-) celled.
Crotonopsis. Flowers scattered on the branchlets. Ovary and fruit 1-celled.

a

* * Seeds and ovules 2 in each cell. Calyx imbricated in the bud.
- Phyllanthus. Flowers axillary. Stamens mostly 3, and usually monadelphous.
9. Pachysandra. Flowers spiked. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4, separate.

oo

1. EUPHORBIA, L. _ Spurez.

Flowers moneecious, included in a cup-shaped 4—5-lobed involucre ( flower of
older authors) resembling a calyx or corolla, and usually bearing large thick
glands (with or without petal-like margins) at its sinuses. Sterile flowers
numerous and lining the base of the involucre, each from the axil of a little
bract, and consisting merely of a single stamen jointed on a pedicel like the fila-
ment: anther-cells globular, separate. Fertile flower solitary in the middle of

EUPHORBIACEX. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 431

the involucre, soon protruded on a long pedicel, consisting of a 3-lobed and 3-
celled ovary with no calyx, or a mere vestige. Styles 3, each 2-cleft; the stig-
mas therefore 6. Pod separating into 3 one-seeded carpels, which split elasti-
cally into 2 valves. Seed often caruncled. — Plants (herbs in the United States),
* with a milky acrid juice. Peduncles terminal, often umbellate-clustered ; in the
first section mostly appearing lateral, but not really axillary. (Named after
Euphorbus, physician to King Juba.) w. Ath a“erted’ Are

Genus newly elaborated for this work by Dr. GEorGE ENGELMANN.

A. APPENDICULATZ. Glands of the involucre with petal-like, usually white
or rose-colored, and entire or toothed margins or appendages ; these almost obsolete
in No.1. ilk

§1. ANISOPHYLLUM. Leaves all similar, opposite, on short petioles, small,
oblique at base, furnished with awl-shaped or scaly and often fringed persistent
stipules: stems much branched, spreading or usually procumbent : involucres soli-
tary in the forks of the branches or in terminal or pseudo-lateral clusters, small,
always with 4 glands: seeds without a caruncle: all our species are annuals,
Jflowering throughout summer and autumn.

* Seeds smooth and even, ash-colored : leaves entire, glabrous, as is the whole plant,
and pale green or glaucous.

1. E. polygonifolia, L. Prostrate-spreading ; leaves oblong-linear, ob-
tuse, mucronate, slightly cordate or obtuse at base (4!/-8/’ long) ; stipules seta-
ceously divided ; peduncles in the forks of the branches, as long as the petioles ;
lobes of the involucre longer than the minute not appendaged glands ; pods ob-
tusely angled; seeds ovate (over 1/! long, the largest of this section). — Sandy
shores of the Atlantic and of the Great Lakes,

2. E. Géyeri, Engelm. Procumbent; leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, slightly
mucronate, mostly acutish at base, lowermost cordate (3!'- 6! long) ; stipules
setaceously divided ; peduncles as long as petioles, at length in loose foliaceous
lateral clusters; glands of the involucre with narrow white or red appendages ;
pods acutely angled; seeds ovate, acute at one end (}” long). — Sandy soil,
Illinois (Geyer, Vasey) to Wisconsin and Minnesota (7’. J. Hale).

The nearly allied E. peETALoIDEA, Engelm., of Kansas and Nebraska, extends
into Western Missouri and Iowa, and may cross the upper Mississippi ; it is dis-
tinguished by its half-erect spreading growth; longer, narrower, and retuse or
emarginate leaves ; peduncles longer than petioles ; larger involucres, the broadly
campanulate appendages much larger and conspicuous ; capsule obtusely angled ;
seeds nearly a line long.

3. E. sérpens, H.B.K. Stems filiform, prostrate, and often rooting ;
leaves round-ovate, obtuse or cordate at base (only 3-14" long) ; stipules mem-
branaccous, triangular ; peduncles much longer than petioles, at length in loose
foliaceous lateral clusters ; glands of the very small involucre with minute crenu-
late appendages ; pods acutely angled; seeds obtusely angled (3’ long or less).
(E. herniarioides, Nutt. and Ed. 2.) —In rich soil, Illinois, especially in the
alluvions of the larger rivers, and southwestward: also adventive on ballast
sand-banks of the Delaware near Philadelphia. (Z. Martindule, C. F. Parker.)

432 EUPHORBIACER, (SPURGE FAMILY.)

% #* Seeds minutely roughened, or transversely wrinkled, or pitted, ash-colored, or (in
the last species) blackish : leaves more or tess serrulate, smooth or often hairy.

4. EK. serpyllifolia, Pers. Glabrous, prostrate-spreading ; leaves obovate-
oblong, narrowed at the very oblique base, sharply serrulate towards the obtuse
apex (3/’-6" long, often with a red spot); stipules lanceolate, fimbriate ; pe-
duncles as long or longer than petioles, at length in loose foliaceous lateral clus-
ters selands ‘of the small inYelucre with narrow somewhat toothed appendages ;
pods sharply angled ; seeds acutely quadrangular, slightly cross-wrinkled and often
pitted (nearly $/' long). — Wisconsin and Minnesota, and southwestward.

5. BE. glyptospérma, Engelm. Glabrous (or very rarely puberulent),
erect-spreading ; leaves linear-oblong, mostly falcate, very unequal at base, slightly
serrulate towards the obtuse apex (2/’- 5!’ long) ; stipules lanceolate, setaceously
divided ; peduncles as long as petioles, in dense foliaceous lateral clusters ; glands
of the very small involucre with narrow crenulate appendages; pods sharply
angled ; seeds sharply 4-angled and with 5 or 6 sharp transverse wrinkles (4" long).
— Wisconsin (Hale, Lapham) to Ilinois, opposite St. Louis, where is also the
pubescent form (Rieh/), and southwestward. :

6. E. maculata, L. Prostrate; stems puberulent or hairy ; leaves oblong-
linear, very oblique at base, serrulate upwards, more or less pubescent or some-
times smoothish (4/'-6" long), usually with a brown-red spot in the centre;
stipules lanceolate, fimbriate ; peduncles as long as petioles, in dense foliaceous
lateral clusters; glands of the small involucre minute, with narrow slightly
crenate (usually red) appendages ; pods acutely angled, puberulent; seeds ovate
(2" long), sharply 4-angled. and with about 4 shallow grooves across the con-
cave sides. (KE. thymifolia, Pursh, not Z. E. depréssa, Torr.) — Open places,
roadsides, &c. : everywhere.

7. HE. humistrata, Engelm. Procumbent, puberulent or hairy; leaves
elliptical or obovate, very oblique at base, serrulate towards the apex, sparsely
hairy underneath (4! -9/' long, sometimes with a brown spot above) ; stipules
lanceolate, fimbriate ; peduncles rather shorter than petioles, in dense scarcely
foliaceous lateral clusters; involucre cleft on the back, its (red or white) appen-
dages truncate or crenate ; pods sharply angled, puberulent ; seeds ovate, obtusely
angled, minutely roughened (}'' long). — Rich soil, in the alluvions of the Missis-
sippi and lower Ohio and their tributaries ; and also southward.

8. BE. hypericifolia, L.. Smooth or with scattered hairs, ascending or
erect (1°-2° high); leaves oblique at the obtuse or slightly cordate base, ovate-
oblong or oblong-linear, sometimes falcate, serrate (}/-13/ long), often with a
red spot or red margins; stipules triangular; peduncles longer than the peti-
oles, collected in loose leafy cymes at the end of the branches ; appendages of the
involuere entire, larger and white, or smaller and sometimes red; pod glabrous,
obtusely angled ; sceds ovate, obtusely angled, wrinkled and tubereled (3 long),
blackish. (This character is from the U. S. plant, E. Preslii, Gussone and
Boissier, the FE. hypericifolia, var. communis, Engelm. The West Indian origi-
nal E. hypericifolia, Z. (found also in Florida) has more compact and usually
lateral inflorescence, smaller flowers and small reddish seeds.) — Open places,
cultivated soil: very common.

EUPHORBIACEH. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 433

§2. PETALOMA. Uppermost or floral leaves with conspicuous white petal-like
margins, whorled or opposite, the others scattered : erect annuals, with the leaves
equal at the base and entire, and with lanceolate deciduous stipules : involucres
mostly 5-lobed, collected in an umbel-like inflorescence: no caruncle to the seed.

9. BE. marcrnaArta, Pursh. Stem stout (2°-3° high), erect, hairy; leaves
sessile, ovate or oblong, acute; umbel with 3 dichotomous rays; glands of the
involucre with broad white appendages. — Frequently cultivated in gardens for
its showy broadly white-margined floral leaves: native of the plains of Kansas
and Nebraska.

§ 3. TITHYMALOPSIS. Only the uppermost or floral leaves whorled or opposite :
erect perennials, with entire leaves equal at the base: stipules none: involucres
mostly 5-lobed, in the forks of the branches and terminal, in an umbelliform inflo-
rescence: seeds without caruncle.

10. E. corollata, L. Glabrous or sometimes sparingly hairy (2°-3° high) ;
leaves ovate, lanceolate, or linear, entire, obtuse; umbel 5- (3—7-) forked, and
the forks again 2-3- (or rarely 5-) forked; involucres long-peduncled ; pod
slender-pedicelled, smooth; seeds thick (1’’ long or more), ash-colored, the surface
slightly uneven. — Rich or sandy soil, New York to Wisconsin and southward.
July - Oct. — Conspicuous for the showy false lobes of the involucre, which ap-
pear like five white petals, the true lobes minute and incurved.

B. EXAPPENDICULAT 2. Glands of the involucre without petaloid appendages.

§ 4. POINSETTIA. Jnvolucres in terminal clusters, 4 5-lobed, with few (or
often solitary) cup-shaped glands: seed without a caruncle: ours erect annuals,
with variable, entire, dentate, or sinuate leaves, all of them or only the upper ones
opposite ; the uppermost often colored, especially at the base: stipules small and
glandular.

11. E. dentata, Michx. Erect or ascending, hairy (1° high) ; leaves ovate,
lanceolate, or linear, petioled, coarsely toothed (1’- 2! long), only the lowest ones
alternate, all others opposite, upper ones often paler at base; involucres almost
sessile, with 5 oblong dentate lobes, and one or sometimes more short-stalked
glands ; seeds ovate-globular, slightly tubercled. — Rich soil, Ohio to Llinois and
southward. July— Sept.

12. EK. heterophylla, L. Erect (1°-3° high), glabrous ; leaves alternate,
petioled, ovate-fiddle-shaped and sinuate-toothed, or lanceolate or linear and en-
tire, often only those of the branches linear; the upper ones usually with a red
base; involucres about the length of the peduncle, with 5 ovate incised lobes
and a single or few and almost sessile glands; seeds nearly globular, tubercled.
(E. cyathophora, Jacg.)— Slopes and rocky soil, W. Illinois and southward.
July — Sept.

§ 5. TITHYMALUS. | Znvolucres in a terminal dichotomous or commonly umbelli-
Jorm inflorescence, 5- or usually 4-lobed, with as many flat or conver entire or
crescent-shaped glands: seeds mostly carunculate: ours ascending or erect, and
glabrous (except No. 15) annuals or perennials; with entire or serrulate leaves,
and no stipules.

* Perennials with entire leaves, all or only the upper ones opposite: involucres long-

28

-

434 EUPHORBIACER. (SPURGE FAMILY.)

peduncled in u dichotomous inflorescence, mostly with 5 obtuse glands: seeds with-
out caruncle.

3. E. Ipecacuanhee, L. Stems many from a very long perpendicular
A - “tS root, erect or diffusely spreading (5'-10! long), forking from near the base;

Te. leaves varying from obovate or oblong to narrowly linear, almost sessile, gla-
brous ; peduncles elongated (3/-1/ long); pod long-pedicelled, obtusely angled;
nearly smooth ; seed ovate, white, sparsely marked with impressed dots. — Sandy
soil, near the coast, New York to Virginia and southward. May-July.

* * Perennials or mostly annuals, with serrulate or rarely entire scattered leaves, only
the floral leaves in the umbelliform inflorescence whorled or opposite and of differ-
ent shape: glands of the involucre mostly 4, transversely oval, obtuse.

+ Seeds smooth and even: pod warty or rough.

14. E. Darlingtonii, Gray. Tall perennial (2°-4° high) ; leaves entire,
minutely downy beneath; those of the stem lanceolate-oblong from a narrow base ;
the floral ones oval, very obtuse; the upper roundish-dilated with a truncate
base; umbel 5—8-rayed, then simply forked; pod minutely warty ; large globular
seed with a small caruncle. (E. nemoralis, Darl., not of Kitaibel.) — Copses,
Penn. and southward along the mountains. July —Sept.

15. KE. prarypuyyyia, L. Erect annual (8'-18! high); upper stem-leaves
lanceolate-oblong, acute, cordate at base, minutely serrulate, mostly with scattered
hairs beneath; floral ones triangular-ovate, subcordate ; umbel 5-rayed ; involucre
with ciliate lobes and large sessile glands; styles longer than the ovary, united at
the base, slightly 2-cleft; pod covered with depressed warts. — Along the Great
Lakes and the St. Lawrence to L. Champlain. June—Aug. (Ady. from Eu.)

16. E. obtusata, Pursh. Erect annual (1°-2° high) ; leaves oblong-spatu-
late, minutely serrulate, smooth, all obtuse ; upper ones cordate at base; floral ones
ovate, dilated, barely mucronate ; umbel once or twice divided into 3 rays, then
into 2; involucre with naked lobes and small stipitate glands; styles distinct and
longer than the ovary, rect, 2-cleft to the middle; pod beset with long warts. —
Damp woods, Virginia to Illinois. May-July.

+ + Seeds rugose or reticulated : leaves serrulate: annuals.

17. E. diectyospérma, Fischer & Meyer. Stem erect (8/-18! high);
leaves oblong- or obovate-spatulate, smooth, all obtuse and obtusely serrate ; upper
ones cordate at base; floral ones roundish-ovate or obscurely heart-shaped,
slightly mucronate; umbels once or twice 3-forked, then 2-forked; involucre
with nearly naked lobes and small almost sessile glands ; styles shorter than the
ovary, spreading or recurved ; pod warty ; seeds delicately reticulated. (E. Arkan-
sana, Engelm. § Gray.) — Prairies and roadsides, Kentucky (Short), and west
and southwestward. May-July.

18. E. Herroscoria, L. Stems ascending (6!-12! high), stout; leaves all
obovate and very rounded or retuse at the end, finely serrate, smooth or a little
hairy, those of the stem wedge-shaped; umbel divided into 5 rays, then into 3,
or at length simply forked; glands orbicular, stalked ; pod smooth and even ; seeds
with coarse honeycomb-like reticulations. — Waste places, especially eastward and
along the Great Lakes. July-Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

EUPHORBIACER. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 455

* * * Perennials or annuals ; ours with entire and scattered leaves, ouly the floral ones
in the umbel-like inflorescence whorled or opposite and of different shape: glands
of the involucre mostly 4, crescent-shaped or 2-horned.

4 Seeds smooth and dark-colored: perennials, with running rootstocks.

19. BE. Esura, L. Stems clustered (1° high) ; leaves lanceolate or linear ; the
floral (yellowish) broadly heart-shaped, mucronate ; umbel divided into many rays,
then forking; glands short-horned (brown); pods smoothish and granular. —
Essex County, Massachusetts, Oakes. June. (Ady. from Eu.)

20. KE. Cyrparfssras, L. Stems densely clustered (6! - 10! high) ; stem-leaves
linear, crowded, the floral ones heart-shaped; umbel many-rayed ; glands crescent-
shaped ; pods granular. — Escaped from gardens to roadsides, in a few places in
New England. (Ady. from Eu.)

+ + Seeds sculptured, ash-colored: pod smooth: annuals or biennials.

21. BE. Péetus, L. Erect or ascending (5!-10! high) ; leaves petioled, thin,
round-obovate, the upper floral ones ovate ; umbel 3-rayed, then forking; glands
long-horned ; lobes of the pod 2-wing-crested on the back ; seeds 2-grooved on the
inner fuce, pitted on the back (scarcely over half a line long). — Waste places east-
ward: notcommon. July, Aug.

22. EK. commutata, Engelm. Stems branched from a commonly de-
cumbent base (6/—12' high) ; leaves obovate, obtuse ; the upper all sessile, the —
upper floral ones roundish-dilated, broader than long; umbel 3-forked; glands
with slender horns ; pod obtusely angled, crestless ; seeds ovate, pitted all over (a line
long). (E. Ohidtica, Steudel §- Hochstetter.) — Along streams and shady slopes,
from Virginia towards the mountains to Kentucky, Wisconsin, and westward.
May, June. — Leaves often persistent over the winter on sterile shoots, turning
red. Larger in all its parts than E. Peplus, with which it has been confounded ;
but the characters of the pod and seeds readily distinguish it.

* * * * A glabrous annual or biennial, with entire opposite and decussate leaves, an
umbelliform inflorescence, and short-horned glands: seeds carunculate.
23. E. Lituyris, L. Stem stout (2°-3° high) ; leaves thick, linear or ob-
long, the floral ones oblong-ovate and heart-shaped ; umbel 4-rayed, then forking.
—Sparingly escaped from gardens, where it is common. (Ady. from Eu.)

>. JATBROPHA.,, .L. (Cxiposcotus, Pohl., Ed. 2.)

Flowers moneecious, rarely dicecious, in a terminal open forking cyme; the
fertile ones usually in the lower forks. Calyx corolla-like, in the staminate
flowers often salver-shaped, 5-lobed; in the pistillate, 5-parted, imbricated or
convolute in the bud. Corolla of 5 distinct or apparently united petals, or in
our species none. Glands of the disk opposite the calyx-lobes. Stamens 10-30,
in 2 or more whorls: filaments monadelphous at the base. Ovary mostly 3-
celled : styles 3, united below, their summits once or twice forked. Pod 3-celled,
3-seeded, separating into 3 two-valved carpels. Seed carunculate. — Perennial
herbaceous or shrubby plants, chiefly tropical, with alternate mostly long-
petioled palmately-veined leaves, and stipules. —Our species is of the section
Cniposco.us; of plants mostly armed with stinging bristles. (Name said by
Linnzus to be formed of tatpdv, a remedy, and ddya, to eat.)

436 EUPHORBIACEE. (SPURGE FAMILY.)

1. J. urens, L., var. stimuldsa, J. Miller. (Treap-sorriy. Spurce-
Nettce.) Herbaceous, from a long perennial root, branching (6!~2° high) ;
Jeaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3 —5-lobed ; the divisions toothed, cut, or even pin-
natifid, often discolored ; flowers slender ; filaments 10, monadelphous only at
the woolly base, or the outer set almost distinct. (J. stimulosa, Michr. Cni-
doscolus stimulosus, Hd. 2.) — Dry sandy soil, Virginia on the coast, and south-
ward. June - Sept.

3. STILLINGIA, Garden. Srivxinera.

Flowers monecious, aggregated in a terminal spike. Petals and glands of
the disk none. Calyx 2-3-cleft or parted; the divisions imbricated in the bud.
Stamens 2 or 3: anthers adnate, turned outwards. Style thick: stigmas 3, di-
verging, simple. Pod 3-celled, 3-lobed, 3-seeded. Seed carunculate. — Smooth
upright plants, with the alternate leaves mostly 2-glandular at the base; the
fertile flowers few at the base of the dense sterile spike (rarely separate) ; the
bract for each cluster with a glandon each side. (Named for Dr. B. Stillingfleet.)

1. S. sylvatica, L. Herbaceous (1°-3° high); leaves almost sessile, ob-
long-lanceolate, serrulate ; glands of the spike saucer-shaped. — Sandy and dry
soil, E. Virginia and southward. June- Sept.

4. ACALYPHA, L. Turee-seepep Mercury.

Flowers moneecious ; the sterile very small, clustered in spikes, with the few
or solitary fertile flowers at their base, or sometimes in separate spikes. Calyx
of the sterile flowers 4-parted and valvate in the bud ; of the fertile 3-5-parted.
Corolla none. Stamens 8-16: filaments short, monadelphous at the base:
anther-cells separate, long, often worm-shaped, hanging from the apex of the
filament. Styles 3, the upper face or stigmas cut-fringed (usualiy red). Pod
separating into 3 globular carpels which split into 2 valves, rarely of only one
carpel. — Herbs (ours annuals), or in the tropics often shrubs, with the appear-
ance of Nettles or Amaranths ; the leaves alternate, petioled, with stipules.
Clusters of sterile flowers with a minute bract; the fertile surrounded by a
large and leaf-like cut-lobed persistent bract. (AkaAndn, an ancient name of
the Nettle.)

* Fruit smooth or merely pubescent : seeds nearly smooth.

i. A. Virginica, L. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, obtusely and sparsely
serrate, long-petioled ; sterile spike rather few-flowered, mostly shorter than the
deeply palmately-cleft fruiting bracts. — Fields and open places : common.
July -Sept.— A homely weed, 1°-2° high, smoothish or rather hairy, often
turning purplish in autumn. Fertile flowers 1-8 in each axil, along with the
small and short-peduncled sterile spike: bracts large and leaf-like, unequally
cut into 5-9 lanceolate lobes. — Passes by various forms (belonging to var.
INTERMEDIA, J. MMiill.) into

Var. gracilens, with lanceolate or even linear leaves, less toothed and
shorter-petioled; the slender sterile spike often 1! long, and much surpassing
the less cleft or few-toothed fruiting bracts. (A. gracilens, Hd. 1 g 2. A. Vir-
giniana, var. gracilescens, J. Mill. A. monocdcca, Engelm., a reduced form with

EUPHORBIACE. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 437

two cells of the ovary abortive.) — Sandy dry soil, Rhode Island to Illinois,
and common southward.

* * Fruit echinate with soft bristly green projections : seeds rough-wrinkled.

2. A. Caroliniana, Walt., Ell. Leaves thin, ovate-cordate, sharply and
closely serrate-toothed, abruptly acuminate, long-petioled ; sterile spikes short,
axillary ; the fertile ones mostly terminal and elongated, its bracts deeply cut
into many linear lobes. (A. ostryzefolia, Riddell.) — New Jersey (Princeton,
Torrey), Ohio, and southward.

5. TRAGIA, Plumer. TRAGIA.

Flowers moncecious, in racemes, apetalous. Ster. F/. Calyx 3-5- (chiefly
3-) parted, valvate in the bud. Stamens 2 or 3: filaments short: anther-cells
united. Fert. Fl. Calyx 3 - 8-parted, persistent. Style 3-cleft or 3-parted ;
the branches 3, simple. Pod 3-celled, 3-lobed, bristly, separating into three
2-valved 1-seeded carpels. Seeds not carunculate.— Erect or climbing plants
(perennial herbs in U. 8.), pubescent or hispid, sometimes stinging, with mostly
alternate stipulate leaves ; the small-flowered racemes terminal or opposite the
leaves ; the sterile flowers above, the few fertile at the base, all with small bracts.
(Named for the early herbalist Bock, latinized Tragus.)

1. T. innécua, Walt. rect, paniculate-branched, softly hairy-pubescent
(6'-12! high) ; leaves varying from obovate-oblong to narrowly linear, acute ut
the base, obtusely or sinuately few-toothed or lobed, sometimes entire, short-peti-
oled or sessile, paler beneath; stamens 2. (T. urens, L., having been discarded
as a false name, the next oldest, and a good one, is adopted, rather than the
recent one of T. discolor, MJiiller.) — Dry sandy soil, E. Virginia and south-
ward. May- Aug.

2. T. urticefolia, Michx. Lect or reclining or slightly twining, hirsute
with stinging hairs ; /eaves ovate-lunceolate or triangular-lanceolate, or the lower
ovate, all somewhat cordate or truncate at the base, coarsely cut-toothed, short-peti-
oled. — Virginia (Pursh), and common southward.

3. T. macrocarpa, Willd. Twining, somewhat hirsute, not stinging ;
leaves deeply cordate, ovate, sharply serrate (3! long), all but the uppermost /ong-
petioled (pod 4! broad). (T.cordata, Michx.) — Kentucky (Michauz,) and south-
ward. — Apparently quite distinct.

6. CROTON, L._ Croroy.

Flowers moneecious, rarely dicecious, mostly in terminal spike-like racemes or
spikes. Ster. F/. Calyx 5= (rarely 4-6-) parted; the divisions lightly imbri-
cated or nearly valvate in the bud. Petals usually present, but mostly small or
rudimentary, hypogynous, as many as the divisions of the calyx. Glands or
lobes of the disk as many as and alternate with the petals. Receptacle usually
hairy. Stamens 5 or more: filaments with the anthers inflexed in the bud.
Fert. Fl. Calyx 5-10-cleft or parted, nearly as in the staminate flowers: but
petals none or minute rudiments. Ovary mostly 3-celled, rarely 2-celled, with
a single ovule in each cell: styles as many, from once to thrice 2-cleft. Pod 3-
(rarely 2 -4-) celled, separating into as many 2-valved 1-seeded carpels. Seeds

438 EUPHORBIACB&. (SPURGE FAMILY.)

carunculate. — Stellate-downy, or scurfy, or hairy and glandular plants, mostly
strong-scented ; the sterile flowers above; the fertile usually at the base of the
same spike or cluster. Leaves alternate, or sometimes imperfectly opposite,
with or without obvious stipules. (Kpor@y, the Greek name of the Castor-oil
Plant, of this family.)

§ 1. GEISELERIA, Klotzsch. Sterile flowers mostly with a 4-parted calyx,
as many ovate-lanceolate petals, a 4-rayed disk, and 8 stamens: fertile flowers
with a 5-parted calyx, and very minute awl-shaped rudiments of petals ; the
3 styles 2-cleft.

1. C. glandulosus, L. Annual, rough-hairy and glandular (1° - 2° high),
somewhat umbellately branched ; leaves oblong or linear-oblong, obtusely toothed,
the base with a saucer-shaped gland on each side ; fertile flowers capitate-clus-
tered at the base of the sterile spike, sessile in the forks and terminal. — Open
waste places, Virginia, Illinois, and southward. July -Sept.

§ 2. PILINOPHYTUM, Klotzsch. Sterile flowers with the calyx equally 5-
parted, as many glands alternate with the petals, and 10-14 stamens: fertile
flowers with a 7-12-parted calyx and without petals; the 3 styles twice or
thrice 2-parted.

2. C. capitatus, Michx. Annual, densely soft-woolly and somewhat
glandular (1°-2° high), branched ; leaves long-petioled, lance-oblong or elon-
gated-oblong, rounded at the base, entire; petals obovate-lanceolate, densely
fimbriate ; fertile flowers several, capitate-crowded at the base of the short ter-
minal sterile spike. — Barrens of Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. Pine
barrens of New Jersey, Anieskern! July - Sept.

§ 3. GYNAMBLOSIS, Torr. (Engelmannia, Klotzsch.) Sterile flowers with
an unequally 3—5-parted calyx, and as many petals and scale-like glands ; the
stamens varying from 3-11: fertile flowers with an equally 5-parted calyx,
and with no petals, 5 glands, and a 2-3-celled ovary, crowned with as many
sessile 2-parted stigmas.

3. C. monanthdégynus, Michx. Annual, whitish-stellate-pubescent and
rusty-glandular ; stems (1°-2° high), slender, erect, below often umbellately
3—4-forked, then repeatedly 2-3-forked or alternately branched ; leaves oblong-
ovate or narrowly oblong, entire, often acutish (6//-12' long, about twice
the length of their petioles); flowers in the forks, the sterile few on the sum-
mit of a short and erect peduncle, the fertile few and clustered or mostly soli-
tary on short recurved peduncles; stamens 3-8; ovary 2-celled; fruit often
by abortion 1-celled and 1-seeded; the seed broadly oval. (C. ellipticum, Nutt.
Engelmannia Nuttalliana, A/otzsch. Gynamblosis monanthogyna, Torr.) —
Barrens and dry prairies, from Illinois and Kentucky southward and west-
ward. June -— Sept.

(C. nuTRfGYNUS, as 1t may be named, is the related Texan species, — with
more silvery down, rounder leaves on longer petioles, 7-12 stamens, more pe-
duncled fertile flowers, and a 3-celled ovary generally ripening 3 oblong-oval
seeds, — mentioned by Torrey as a possible variety of this, and taken by
Baillon and Miiller for C. ellipticus of Nuttall.)

EUPHORBIACEE. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 439

7. CROTONOPSIS, Michx. Croronopsis.

Flowers moneecious, in very small terminal or lateral spikes or clusters, the
lower fertile. Ster. Fl. Calyx equally 5-parted. Petals 5, spatulate. Sta-
mens 5, opposite the petals : filaments distinct, inflexed in the bud, enlarged at
the apex. Fert. Fl. Calyx unequally 3-5-parted. Petals none. Glands
(petal-like scales) 5, opposite the sepals. Ovary 1-celled, simple, 1-ovuled, bear-
ing a twice or thrice forked style. Fruit dry and indehiscent, small, 1-seeded.
—A slender low annual, with alternate or opposite short-petioled linear or
elliptical-lanceolate leaves, which are green and smoothish above, but silvery
hoary with starry hairs and scurfy with brownish scales underneath, as well as
the branches, &e. (Name compounded of Kpérwr, and ys, appearance, for a
plant with the aspect and general character of Croton.)

1. C. linearis, Michx.— Dry sandy soil, New Jersey (Knieskern, C. E.
Smith), Bristol, Pennsylvania (£. Diffenbaugh), Wlinois, and southward. July -
Sept. The form with shorter and broader leaves is C. elliptica, Willd., and C.
argéntea, Pursh.

8. PHYLLANTHUS, L._ Puvirantuvs.

Flowers moneecious, axillary. Calyx usually 5-6-parted, imbricated in the
bud. Petals none. Stamens mostly 3, erect in the bud, often united. Ovules 2
in each cell of the ovary. Pod depressed ; each carpel 2-valved, 2-seeded. Seeds
not carunculate. — Leaves alternate, 2-ranked, with small stipules. (Name com-
posed of @vAdov, leaf, and GvGos, blossom, because the flowers in a few species
are borne upon leaf-like dilated branches.)

1. P. Carolinénsis, Walt. Annual, low and slender, branched ; leaves
obovate or oval, short-petioled ; flowers commonly 2 in each axil, almost sessile,
one staminate, the other fertile; calyx 6-parted; stamens 3; styles 3, each
2-cleft ; glands of the disk in the fertile flowers united in a cup. — Gravelly
banks, E. Penn. to Illinois and southward. July - Sept.

9. PACHYSANDRA » Michx. Pacnysanpra.

Flowers monecious, in naked spikes. Calyx 4-parted. Petals none. Ster.
Fi. Stamens 4, separate : filaments long-exserted, thick and flat: anthers ob-
long-linear. Fert. Fl. Ovary 3-celled: styles 3, thick, awl-shaped, recurved,
stigmatig down their whole length inside. Ovules a pair in each cell, suspended,
with the rhaphe dorsal (turned away from the placenta). Pod deeply 3-horned,
3-célled, splitting into 3 at length 2-valved 2-seeded carpels. — Nearly glabrous,
Jow and procumbent, perennial herbs, with matted creeping rootstocks, and alter-
nate, ovate or obovate, coarsely toothed leaves, narrowed at the base into a petiole.
Flowers each 1 -3-bracted, the upper staminate, a few fertile ones at the base,
unpleasantly scented: sepals greenish or purplish: filaments white (the size
and thickness of the latter giving the name, from wayvs, thick, and dvdpa, used
for stamen).

1. P. procumbens, Michx. Stems (6/-9/ long) bearing several ap-
proximate leaves at the summit on slender petioles, and a few many-flowered
spikes along the base ; the intervening portion naked, or with a few small scales.

?

440 EMPETRACEX. (CROWBERRY FAMILY.)

(P. erécta, Raf, Baillon, is the same.) — Woods, mountains of Kentucky, W.
Virginia, and southward. March - May.

Orper 98. EMPETRACEZE. (Crowserry Famity.)

Low shrubby evergreens, with the foliage, aspect, and compound pollen of
Heaths, and the drupaceous fruit of Arctostaphylos, but the divided or
laciniate stigmas, &c. of some Euphorbiacez : — probably only an apetalous
and polygamous or diccious degenerate form of Ericacee, — comprising
three genera, two of which occur within the limits of this work, and the
third farther south.

1. EMPETRUM, Tourn. Crowserry.

Flowers polygamous, scattered and solitary in the axils of the leaves (incon-
spicuous), scaly-bracted. Calyx of 3 spreading and somewhat petal-like sepals.
Stamens 3. Style very short: stigma 6-9-rayed. Fruit a berry-like drupe,
with 6-9 seed-like nutlets, each containing an erect anatropous seed. Embryo
terete, in the axis of copious albumen, with a slender inferior radicle and very
small cotyledons. (An ancient name, from év, upon, and térpos, a rock.)

1. E. nigrum, L. (Brack Crowserry.) Procumbent and spreading ;
leaves linear-oblong, scattered ; fruit black. — Alpine summits of the mountains
of New England and New York, Lake Superior, and northward. (EKu.)

2. COREMA, Don. (Broom-CRrowBERkRY.)

Flowers dicecious or polygamous, collected in terminal heads, each in the axil
of a scaly bract, and with 5 or 6 thin and scarious imbricated bractlets, but no
proper calyx. Stamens 3, rarely 4, with long filaments. Style slender, 3-
(or rarely 4-5-) cleft: stigmas narrow, often toothed. Drupe small, with 3
(rarely 4-5) nutlets. Seed, &c. as in the last. — Diffusely much-branched
little shrubs, with scattered or nearly whorled narrowly linear heath-like leaves.
(Name kopnya, a broom, from the bushy aspect.)

1. C. Conradii, Torrey. Diffusely branched, nearly smooth ; drupe very
small, dry and juiceless when ripe. (Empetrum, Zorr. Tuckermania, Klotzsch.
Oakesia, Tuckermann.) — Sandy pine barrens and dry rocky places, New Jersey ;
Long Island ; Plymouth and Cape Cod, Massachusetts; Bath, and islands of
Penobscot Bay, Maine. (Also Newfoundland.) April. —Shrub 6/-9/ high :
the sterile plant handsome in flower, on account of the tufted purple filaments
and brown-purple anthers. (Gray, Chlor. Bor.-Am. t. 1.)

Orper 99. URTICACEAE. (Nettie Famiy.)

Plants with stipules, and monecious or diecious, or rarely (in the Elm
Family) perfect flowers, furnished with a regular calyx, free from the 1-
celled (rarely 2-celled) ovary which forms a 1-seeded fruit ; the embryo in
the albumen when there is any, its radicle pointing upwards; stamens as

4

URTICACEH. (NETTLE FAMILY.) 441

many as the lobes of the calyx and opposite them, or sometimes fewer. Coty-
ledons usually broad. Stipules often deciduous. — A large order (far the
greater part tropical), comprising the following suborders, viz. : —

SuporpER I. ULMIACEAR. Em Famity.

Flowers perfect or moneciously polygamous. Filaments straight or
moderately incurved in the bud. Styles or stigmas 2. , Fruit a samara
or drupe. Seed suspended.— Trees, with a watery juice (no active or
noxious properties), and alternate leaves.

* Fruit dry, winged or crested (a samara): anthers extrorse.
1. Ulmus. Flowers sometimes perfect. Ovary 2-ovuled. Fruit 1-celled, winged.
2. Plamera. Flowers polygamous. Ovary l-ovuled. Fruit wingless, nut-like.

* * Fruit a drupe: anthers introrse.
8. Celtis. Flowers polygamous. Ovary l-oyuled. Cotyledons curved and crumpled,

Susporper Il. ARTOCARPEZ. Breap-rruit & Fic FAMILY.

Flowers moncecious or dicecious, crowded in catkin-like spikes or heads ;
the calyx, &c. becoming fleshy or juicy in fruit, but the 1- (rarely 2-)
celled ovary ripening as a dry achenium. Styles or stigmas commonly 2.
— Mostly trees or shrubs, with a milky or yellow (acrid or poisonous)
juice, and alternate (rough or smooth) leaves. — Stamens inflexed in
the bud, and elastically spreading when the flower opens, in the Tribe
More.

4, Morus. Fertile and sterile flowers in separate spikes. Calyx berry-like in fruit.

Suporper II URTICEA. Nerrre Famiry.

Flowers moneecious or dicecious. Filaments transversely wrinkled and
inflexed in the bud, straightening or spreading elastically when the flower
opens. Style or stigma simple. Ovary always 1-celled, with an erect or-
thotropous ovule, forming an achenium in fruit. Embryo straight in the
axis of albumen. — Herbs (or in the tropics often shrubs or trees), with a
watery bland juice, a tough fibrous bark, and opposite or alternate leaves:
many are armed with stinging hairs.

* Calyx in the fertile flowers of 2-5 separate or nearly separate sepals.
+ Plant beset with stinging bristles.
5. Urtica. Sepals 4 in both sterile and fertile flowers. Achenium straight and erect, en-
closed by the 2 inner and larger sepals. Stigma capitate-tufted. Leaves opposite.
6. Laportea. Sepals 5 in the sterile flowers, 4 in the fertile, or apparently only 2, the two
exterior minute and obscure. Achenium very oblique and bent down, nearly naked.
Stigma long and awl-shaped. Leaves alternate.

+ + Plant wholly destitute of stinging bristles.
7. Pilea. Sepals 3 or 4, those of the fertile flowers unequal, all or all but one small.
Achenium partly naked, straight and erect. Stigma pencil-tufted.

* * Calyx of the fertile flowers tubular or cup-shaped, enclosing the achenium.

8. Boehmeria. Flowers moncecious, glomerate, the clusters spiked, not involucrate.
St. le long and thread-shaped, stigmatic down one side.

9. Parietaria. Flowers polygamous, in inyolucrate-bracted clusters. Stigma tufted.

442 URTICACEH. (NETTLE FAMILY.)

Susorper IV. CANNABINEZ:. (Hemp Fam y.)

Flowers diccious; the sterile racemed or panicled ; the fertile in clus-
ters or catkins. Filaments short, not inflexed in the bud. Fertile calyx
of one sepal, embracing the ovary. Stigmas 2, elongated. Ovary 1-celled,
with an erect orthotropous ovule, forming a glandular achenium in fruit.
Seed with no albumen. Embryo coiled or bent.— Herbs, with a watery
juice, mostly opposite and lobed or divided leaves, and a fibrous inner
bark (yielding bitter and narcotic products).

10. Cannabis. Fertile flowers spiked-clustered. Anthers drooping. Leaves 5-7-divided.

ll. Humulus. Fertile flowers in a short spike forming a membranaceous catkin in fruit.
Anthers erect. Leaves 3-5-lobed.

1, A GRE Sy) alae

Calyx bell-shaped, 4-9-cleft. Stamens 4—9, with long and slender filaments.
Ovary 2-celled, with a single anatropous ovule suspended from the summit of
each cell, rarely 1-celled: styles 2, short, diverging, stigmatic along the inner
edge. Fruit (by obliteration) a 1-celled and 1-seeded membranaceous samara,
winged all around. Albumen none: embryo straight; the cotyledons large. —
Flowers polygamous, purplish or yellowish, in lateral clusters, in our species
preceding the leaves, which are strongly straight-veined, short-petioled, and
oblique or unequally somewhat heart-shaped at the base. Stipules small, cadu-
cous. (The classical Latin name.)

* Flowers appearing nearly sessile : fruit orbicular, not ciliate : leaves very rough above.

1. U. fulva, Mich. (Strepery or Rep Em.) Buds before expansion
soft-downy with rusty hairs (large); leaves ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, doubly
serrate (4'—8' long, sweet-scented in drying), soft-downy underneath or slightly
rough downwards; branchlets downy; calyx-lobes and stamens 7-9; fruit
(8'’—9! wide) with the cell pubescent. — Rich soil from W. New England to
Lake Superior and southward. March, April. —A small or middle-sized tree,
with tough reddish wood, and a very mucilaginous inner bark.

# * Flowers on slender drooping peduncles or pedicels, which are jointed above the
middle: fruit ovate or oval, fringed-ciliate: leaves smooth above, or nearly so.

2. U. Americana, L. (pl. Clayt.), Willd. (Amprican or WuiTE Exam.)
Buds and branchlets glabrous ; branches not corky ; leaves oboyate-oblong or oval,
abruptly pointed, sharply and often doubly serrate (2!-4/ long), soft-pubescent
beneath, or soon glabrous ; flowers in close fascicles; calyx with 7-9 roundish
lobes ; fruit glabrous except the margins (}/ long), its sharp points incurved and
closing the notch. — Moist woods, especially along rivers, in rich soil. April. —
A large and well-known ornamental tree, variable, usually with spreading
branches and drooping branchlets.

3. U. racemosa, Thomas. (Corky Wuitr Exm.) Bud-scales downy-
ciliate, and somewhat pubescent, as are the young branchlets ; branches often with
corky ridges ; leaves nearly as in the last, but with veins more simple and straight ;
Slowers racemed ; fruit much as in the last, but rather larger. — River-banks, W.
New England to Wisconsin and southward. April.

URTICACEEH. (NETTLE FAMILY.) 443

4. U. alata, Michx. (Wxanoo or Wincep Erm.) Bud-scales and branch-
lets nearly glabrous ; branches corky-winged, at least some of them; leaves downy
beneath, ovate-oblong and oblong-lanceolate, acute, thickish, small (1/—23' long) ;
calyx-lobes obovate; fruit downy on the face, at least when young. — Virginia
to Illinois, and southward. March. — Wood fine-grained, valuable.

2. PLANERA, Gmelin. Prayer-rren.

Flowers moneciously polygamous. Calyx 4—5-cleft. Stamens4-5. Ovary
ovoid, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, crowned with 2 spreading styles which are stigmatose
down the inner side, in fruit becoming coriaceous and nut-like, not winged. <A|-
bumen none: embryo straight. — Trees with small leaves, like those of Elms,
the flowers appearing with them, in small axillary clusters. (Named for J. J.
Planer, « German botanist. )

1. P. aquatica, Gmel. Nearly glabrous ; leaves ovate-oblong, small ; fruit
stalked in the calyx, beset with irregular rough projections. — Wet banks, Ken-
tucky (Michaux) and southward. April.

3; CELTIS, Tourn. NeTTLeE-TREE. HackBErry.

Flowers moneeciously polygamous. Calyx 5 - 6-parted, persistent. Stamens
5-6. Ovary l-celled, with a single suspended ovule: stigmas 2, long and
pointed, recurved. Fruit a globular drupe. Embryo curved, nearly enclosing
a little gelatinous albumen: cotyledons folded and crumpled. — Leaves pointed,
petioled. Stipules caducous. Flowers greenish, axillary, the fertile solitary or
in pairs, peduncled, appearing with the leaves; the lower usually staminate
only, in little fascicles, or racemose along the base of the branches of the season.
(An ancient Greek name for the Lotus; the fruit of the European Nettle-tree
supposed to have been the food of the Lotophagi.)

1. C. occidentalis, L. (Sucarperry. Hackperry.) Leaves reticu-
lated, ovate, cordate-ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, usually conspicu-
ously and sharply so, more or less oblique at the base, glabrous, sharply serrate,
sometimes sparingly so, or soft-pubescent beneath, at least when young ; fruit
on a peduncle from once to twice the length of the petiole, reddish or yellowish,
turning dark purple at maturity, its peduncle once or twice the length of the
petiole. (Also C. Audibertiana, Spach., &c.) — Woods and river-banks, New
England to Wisconsin and southward. April, May. — A small or middle-sized
tree, with the aspect of an Elm, bearing sweet and edible fruits as large as bird-
cherries, at first obovate, ripe in autumn; the flesh thin. — Var. pUmiLa. Low
and straggling (4°-10° high); leaves thin when mature, and smooth, slightly
acuminate. (C. pumila, Pursh.) River-banks, on rocks, from Maryland south-
ward. — Var. CRASSIFOLIA. A tall or low tree; leaves thicker, usually serrate
all round, and with a long tapering point, dull above, pale beneath. (C- cras-
sifolia, Lam.) — Common southward and westward.

2. C. Mississippiénsis, Bose. Leaves entire, very long taper-pointed,
rounded at the base, mostly oblique, thin, and smooth; fruit small. (C. integri-
folia, Nutt.) —W. Kentucky, Illinois? and southwestward. — Even this proba-
bly runs into the last.

444 URTICACEEH. (NETTLE FAMILY.)

4. MORUS, Tourn. Muzzerry.

Flowers monecious or dicecious; the two kinds in separate axillary and
catkin-like spikes. Calyx 4-parted ; lobes ovate. Stamens 4: filaments elastical-
ly expanding. Ovary 2-elled, one of the cells smaller and disappearing : styles 2,
thread-form, stigmatic down the inside. Achenium ovate, compressed, covered
by the succulent berry-like calyx, the whole fertile spike thus becoming a thick-
ened oblong and juicy (edible) aggregate fruit. —Trees with milky juice and
rounded leaves: sterile spikes rather slender. (Mopéa, the ancient name.)

1. M. riibra, L. (Rep Mutperry.) Leaves heart-ovate, serrate, rough
above, downy underneath, pointed (on young shoots often lobed) ; flowers frequently
dicecious ; fruit dark purple, long. — Rich woods, New England to Illinois and
southward. May.— Small tree, ripening its blackberry-like fruit in July.

2. M. Area, L. (Wuite Motperry.) Leaves obliquely heart-ovate,
acute, serrate, sometimes lobed, smooth and shining ; fruit whitish. — Spontaneous
near houses: introduced for feeding silk-worms. (Ady. from Eu.)

5. URTICA, Tourn. Nerrte.

Flowers moncecious, or rarely dicecious; clustered, the clusters mostly in ra-
cemes, spikes, or loose heads. Ster. Fl. Sepals 4. Stamens 4, inserted around
the cup-shaped rudiment of a pistil. Fert. Fl. Sepals 4, in pairs; the 2 outer
smaller and spreading; the 2 inner flat or concave, in fruit membranaceous and
enclosing the straight and erect ovate flattened achenium. Stigma sessile, cap-
itate and pencil-tufted. — Herbs armed with stinging hairs. Leaves opposite:
stipules in our species distinct. Flowers greenish; in summer. (The classical
Latin name; from uro, to burn.)

* Perennials: flower-clusters in branching panicled spikes, often diccious.

1. U. gracilis, Ait. Sparingly bristly, slender (2°-6° high) ; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, pointed, serrate, 3 - 5-nerved from the rounded or scarcely heart-shaped
base, almost glabrous, the elongated slender petioles sparingly bristly; spikes slender
and loosely panicled. (U. procera, Willd.) —Fence-rows and moist ground:
common. Stings few. :

2. U. pioica, L. Very bristly and stinging (2° -8° high) ; leaves ovate, heart-
shaped, pointed, very deeply serrate, downy underneath as well as the upper part of
the stem ; spikes much branched. — Waste places and roadsides, chiefly eastward.
(Nat. from Eu.)

* * Annuals: flower-clusters chiefly axillary and shorter than the petiole, androgynous.

3. U. trens, L. Leaves elliptical or ovate, very coarsely and deeply serrate
with long spreading teeth, the terminal not longer than the lateral ones ; flower-
clusters 2 in each axil, small and loose. —Waste grounds, near dwellings, east-
ward: scarce. Plant 8/-12! high, with sparse stings. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. U. chameedryoides, Pursh. Leaves ovate and mostly heart-shaped, the
upper ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate-toothed ; flower-clusters globular, 1-2 in
each axil, and spiked at the summit. (U. gracilis & U. verna, Raf. U. purpu-
rascens, ‘Nuti.) — Alluvial shaded soil, Kentucky and southward. — Slender,
6/- 30! high, sparsely beset with stings.

URTICACEX, (NETTLE FAMILY.) 445

6. LAPORTEA, Gaudichaud. Woop-Nertre.

Flowers moneecious or dicecious, clustered, in loose cymes ; the upper widely
spreading and chiefly or entirely fertile; the lower mostly sterile. Ster. L’/,
Sepals and stamens 5, with a rudiment of an ovary, Fert. Fl. Calyx of 4
sepals, the two outer or one of them usually minute, and the two inner much
larger. Stigma elongated awl-shaped, hairy down one side, persistent. Ache-
nium ovate, flat, extremely oblique, reflexed on the winged or margined pedicel,
nearly naked.— Perennial herbs, with stinging hairs, large alternate serrate
leaves, and axillary stipules. (Named for /. Laporte.)

1. L. Canadénsis, Gaudichaud. Leaves ovate, pointed, strongly feather-
veined (3/-7/ long), long-petioled; fertile cymes divergent; stipule single,
2-cleft. (U. Canadensis and U. divaricata, L.)— Moist rich woods. July -
Sept. —Stem 2°-3° high.

7. PILEA, Lind. Ricawerp. CiEearweep.

Flowers moneecious or dicecious. Ster. Fl. Sepals and stamens 3-4, Fert.
Fl. Sepals 3, oblong, more or less unequal: a rudiment of a stamen commonly
before each in the form of a hooded scale. Stigma sessile, pencil-tufted. Ache-
nium ovate, compressed, erect, partly or nearly naked. — Stingless, mostly gla-
brous and low herbs, with opposite leaves and united stipules; the staminate
flowers often mixed with the fertile. (Named from the shape of the larger sepal
of the fertile flower in the original species, like the pileus, or felt cap, of the
Romans, which partly covers the achenium. In our solitary species the three
sepals are nearly equal, small, and not hooded.)

1. P. pumila, Gray. (Richweep. CLEARWEED.) Low (3/-18' high);
stems smooth and shining, pellucid; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, pointed ;
3-ribbed and veiny ; flower-clusters much shorter than the petioles ; sepals of the
fertile flowers lanceolate, scarcely unequal. (Urtica pumila, Z. Dubrueilia
pumila, Gaudichaud. Adice pumila, Raf:)— Cool and moist shaded places.
July - Sept.

8. BH HMERIA, Jacq. Fause Nettte.

Flowers monecious or dicecious, clustered ; the sterile much as in Urtica; the
fertileswith a tubular or urn-shaped entire or 2-4-toothed calyx enclosing the
ovary. Style elongated awl-shaped, stigmatic and papillose down one side.
Achenium elliptical, closely invested by the dry and persistent compressed
calyx. — No stings. (Named after G. R. Béhmer, Professor at Wittenberg in
the last century.)

1. B. cylindrica, Willd. Perennial, smoothish; stem (19-3° high)
simple; leaves chiefly opposite, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed, ser-
rate, 3-nerved, long-petioled; stipules distinct; flowers dicecious, or the two
kinds intermixed, the small clusters densely aggregated in simple and elongated
axillary spikes, the sterile interrupted, the fertile often continuous. — A state
with alternate leaves is B. lateriflora, Muh/.— Moist or shady ground: very
common throughout.

446 URTICACEE. (NETTLE FAMILY.)

9. PARIETARIA, Tourn. Petrirory.

Flowers moneciously polygamous; the staminate, pistillate, and perfect in-
termixed in the same involucrate-bracted cymose axillary clusters; the sterile
much as in the last; the fertile with a tubular or bell-shaped 4-lobed and nerved
calyx, enclosing the ovary and the ovoid achenium. Style slender or none:
stigma pencil-tufted. — Homely, diffuse or tufted herbs, not stinging, with alter-
nate entire 3-ribbed leaves, and no stipules. (The ancient Latin name, because
growing on old walls.)

1. P. Pennsylvanica, Muhl. Low, annual, simple or sparingly branched,
minutely downy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, thin, veiny, roughish with opaque
dots ; flowers shorter than the leaves of the involucre; stigma sessile. — Shaded
rocky banks, Vermont to Wisconsin and southward. June- Aug.

10. CANNABIS, Toum. Henre.

Flowers dicecious ; the sterile in axillary compound racemes or panicles, with
5 sepals and 5 drooping stamens. Fertile flowers spiked-clustered, 1-bracted :
the calyx of a single sepal enlarging at the base and folded round the ovary.
Embryo simply curved. — A tall roughish annual, with digitate leaves of 5-7
linear-lanceolate coarsely toothed leaflets, the upper alternate; the inner bark
of very tough fibres. (The ancient name, of obscure etymology.)

1. C. sativa, L. (Hemp.)— Waste and cultivated ground. (Ady. from
Eu.)

11. HUMULUS, L. | Hor.

Flowers diecious; the sterile in loose axillary panicles, with 5 sepals and 5
erect stamens. Fertile flowers in short axillary and solitary spikes or catkins:
bracts foliaceous, imbricated, each 2-flowered, in fruit forming a sort of mem-
branaceous strobile. Calyx of a single sepal, embracing the ovary. <Achenia
invested with the enlarged scale-like calyx. Embryo coiled in a flat spiral. —
Twining rough perennials, with stems almost prickly downwards, mostly oppo-
site heart-shaped and palmately 3 - 7-lobed leaves, with persistent ovate stipules
between the petioles. (Name thought to be a diminutive of humus, moist earth,
from the alluvial soil where the Hop spontaneously grows.)

1. H. Lupulus, L. (Common Hor.) Leaves mostly 3-5-lobed, and
commonly longer than the petioles; bracts, &c., smoothish; the fruiting calyx,
achenium, &c., sprinkled with yellow resinous grains, giving the bitterness and
aroma of the hop. — Alluvial banks: common northward and westward, where
it is clearly indigenous, July. (Eu.)

Orper 100. PLATANACEE. (PLANE-TREE FAMILY.)

Trees, with watery juice, alternate palmately-lobed leaves, sheathing stip-
ules, and monacious flowers in separate and naked spherical heads, destitute
of calyx or corolla; the fruit merely club-shaped 1-seeded nutlets, furnished .
with bristly down along the base: consists only of the following genus (of
uncertain relationship).

JUGLANDACEZ. (WALNUT FAMILY.) 447

l. PLATANUS;:L. PLANE-TREE. Butrronwoop.

Sterile flowers of numerous stamens, with club-shaped little scales intermixed :
filaments very short. Fertile flowers in separate catkins, consisting of inversely
pyramidal ovaries mixed with little scales. Style rather lateral, awl-shaped or
thread-like, simple. Nutlets coriaceous, small, tawny-hairy below, containing
a single orthotropous pendulous seed. Embryo in the axis of thin albumen.
(The ancient name, from mAarvs, broad.)

1. P. occidentalis, L. (American Prane or Sycamore.) Leaves
mostly truncate at base, angularly sinuate-lobed or toothed, the short lobes
sharp-pointed ; fertile heads solitary, hanging on a long peduncle. — Alluvial
banks: very common, especially westward. May.—A very large and well-
known tree, with a white bark, separating early in thin brittle plates.

OrpErR 101. JUGLANDACEZE. (WALNUT FAMILY.)

Trees, with alternate pinnate leaves, and no stipules ; flowers monecious,
the sterile in catkins (aments) with an irregular calyx adnate to the bract ;
the fertile solitary or in a small cluster or spike, with a regular 3 —5-lobed
calyx adherent to the incompletely 2 —4-celled but only 1-ovuled ovary. Fruit
a kind of dry drupe, with a crustaceous or bony nut-shell, containing a large
4-lobed orthotropous seed. Albumen none. Cotyledons fleshy and oily,
sinuous or corrugated, 2-lobed: radicle short, superior. Petals sometimes
present in the fertile flowers. — A small family of important trees, consist-
ing chiefly of the two following genera.

1. JUGLANS, L. Watnvr.

Sterile flowers in long and simple lateral catkins from the wood of the preced-
ing year; the calyx adherent to the entire bracts or scales, unequally 3 -6-cleft.
Stamens 12-40: filaments free, very short. Fertile flowers solitary or several
together on a peduncle at the end of the branches, with a 4-toothed calyx, bear-
ing 4 small petals at the sinuses. Styles 2, very short: stigmas 2, somewhat
club-shaped and fringed. Fruit with a fibrous-fleshy indehiscent epicarp, and a
mostly rough irregularly furrowed endocarp or nut-shell. — Trees, with strong-
scented or resinous-aromatic bark, few-scaled or almost naked buds (3 or 4 su-
perposed, and the uppermost far above the axil), odd-pinnate leaves of many
serrate leaflets; and the embryo sweet and edible. Pithin plates. (Name con-
tracted from Jovis glans, the nut of Jupiter.)

1. J. cinerea, L. (Butrernut.) Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, pointed,
rounded at the base, downy, especially underneath, the petioles and branchlets
downy with clammy hairs ; fruit oblong, clammy, pointed, the nut deeply sculptured
and rough with ragged ridges, 2-celled at the base. — Rich woods: common.
May: fruit ripe in Sept.— Tree 30°-50° high, with gray bark and widely
spreading branches; wood lighter brown than in the next.

2. J. nigra, L. (Brack Watnut.) Leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed,
somewhat heart-shaped or unequal at the base, smooth above, the lower surface

448 JUGLANDACEH. (WALNUT FAMILY.)

and the petioles minutely downy ; fruit spherical, roughly dotted, the nut corrugated,
4-celled at top and bottom. — Rich woods; rare in the Eastern, very common
in the Western States. May: the fruit ripe in Oct. —A large and handsome
tree, with brown bark, and valuable purplish-brown wood turning blackish
with age. Seed less oily than the butternut, more so than in the European
Walnut (J. riers).

2. CARYA, Nutt. Hickory.

Sterile flowers in slender lateral and clustered catkins: calyx naked, adherent
to the bract, unequally 2-3-parted. Stamens 3-10: filaments short or none,
free. Fertile flowers 2-5 in a cluster or short spike, on a peduncle terminating
the shoot of the season: calyx 4-toothed: petals none. Stigmas sessile, 2 or 4,
large, papillose, persistent. Fruit with a 4-valved, firm and at length dry
exocarp, falling away from the smooth and crustaceous or bony endocarp or
nut-shell, which is incompletely 2-celled, and at the base mostly 4-cellea. — Fine
timber-trees, with hard and very tough wood, and scaly buds, from which in
spring are put forth usually both kinds of flowers, the sterile below and the fer-
tile above the leaves. Nuts ripen and fall in October. (Kapva, an ancient
name of the Walnut.)

§ 1. Sterile catkins fuscicled (no common peduncle or sometimes a very short one) from
separate lateral scaly buds near the summit of shoots of the preceding year: bud-
scales few: fruit elongated-oblong : the thin-shelled nut 2-celled below: seed sweet :
leaflets short-stalked, numerous.

1. C. oliveeférmis, Nutt. (Pecan-nut.) Minutely downy, becoming
nearly smooth ; leaflets 13 -15, oblong-lanceolate, tapering gradually to a slen-
der point, faleate, serrate; nut olive-shaped. — River bottoms, from Illinois
southward. — A large tree; its delicious nuts well-known.

§ 2. Sterile catkins in threes (or rarely more) on a common peduncle from the aril of
the inner scales of the common bud, therefore at the base of the shoot of the
season, which, then bearing 3 or 4 leaves, is terminated by the fertile flowers:
Sruit globular or oval : nut 4-celled at base : leaflets sessile or nearly so.

* Bud-scales numerous, about 10, successively enwrapping ; the inner ones accrescent,
becoming thin and membranaceous and rather tardily deciduous: husk of the fruit
splitting promptly into 4 thick (but variable in this respect) and when dry hard
or woody valves: seed sweet and delicious. (The hickory nuts of the market.)

2. C. alba, Nutt. (Smert-Bark or Swac-park Hickory.) Bark of
trunk shaggy, exfoliating in rough strips or plates ; inner bud-scales becoming
large and conspicuous, persistent till the floweys are fully developed ; Jeaficts 5,
when young minutely downy beneath, finely serrate, the three upper obovate-
lanceolate, the lower pair much smaller and oblong-lanceolate, all taper-pointed ;
fruit globular or depressed ; nut white, flattish-globular, barely mucronate, the
shell thinnish. — Large and handsome tree, furnishing most valuable wood and
the principal hickory nuts of the market.

8. C. microcarpa, Nutt. (Smari-rrurrep Hickory.) Nut as in the
preceding, but smaller (7’-9" long), and the husk much thinner; while the
foliage resembles that of No. 6 ; the /eaflets 5-7, oblong-lanceolate glandular under-

CUPULIFEREZ. (OAK FAMILY.) 449

neath, and the bark of the trunk is said to be close : an uncertain species. — New
York to Penn. and southwestward.

4. C. suleata, Nutt. (Wersrern Sueri-Bark Hickory.) Bark, &c. as
in No. 1; leaflets 7-9, more downy beneath ; fruit oval or ovate, 4-ribbed above
the middle, the husk very thick ; nut large (14!-2!' long) and usually angular,
dull white or yellowish, thick-walled, usually strongly pointed at both ends. — Pennsy]-
vania to Wisconsin and southward. — Seed as sweet as in No. 1. Heart-wood
light-colored.

5. C. tomentdsa, Nutt. (Mocker-nut. Wuitr-HEArt Hickory.)
Bark close, rough, but not shaggy and exfoliating on old trunks; catkins,
shoots, and lower surface of the leaves tomentose when young, resinous-scented ;
leaflets 7-9, lance-obovate or the lower oblong-lanceolate, pointed ; fruit globular
or ovoid, with a very thick and hard husk; nut globular, not compressed, 4-ridged
towards the slightly pointed summit, brownish, very thick-shelled, 1’ in diameter or
smaller, — Dry woods, New England to Virginia, Kentucky and southward. —
Wood, &c. as in the last: seed more oily. — A var. MAxima, of Nuttall bears
“fruit as large as an apple,’’ the husk exceedingly thick.

* * Bud-scales numerous or few ; husk of the fruit thin and rather friable at maturity,
4-valved only to the middle or tardily to near the base: seed more or less bitter :
bark of old trunk not exfoliating.

6. C. porcina, Nutt. (Pic-nut or Broom H.) Bud-scales nearly as in
No. 5, but smaller, caducous; shoots, catkins, and leaves glabrous or nearly so;
leaflets 5-7, oblong- or obovate-lanceolate and taper-pointed, serrate ; fruit
pear-shaped, oblong, or oval ; nut oblong or oval (13' to nearly 2! long), with a
thick bony-shell; the oily seed at first sweet in taste, then “bitterish. (C. glabra,
Torr. & Ed. 2. Juglans glabra, Wang., Muhl., &c., is much the oldest name,
but not quite clear in application. The ordinary forms of the present species
are J. ovata and J. obcordata, Wang.) — Woodlands : common.— Wood very
tough: heart-wood reddish or dark-colored: bark of trunk rough.

7. C. amara, Nutt. (Birrer-Nut or Swamp H.) Scales of the small
yellowish buds about 6, valvate in pairs, caducous in leafing; catkins and
young herbage more or less pubescent, soon becoming almost glabrous ; /eaflets
7-11, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate ; fruit globular, narrowly 6-ridged ; nut
globular, short-pointed, white (barely 1! long), thin-walled; seed at first sweet-
tasted, soon extremely bitter. — Moist soil : common.— Wood less valued,
husk and nut-shell thinner and less hard than in other species: bark of trunk
close and smooth,

Orver 102. CUPULIFERA. (Oak Famtry.)

Trees or shrubs, with alternate and simple straight-veined leaves, very
deciduous stipules, and monecious flowers ; the sterile in catkins (aments)
(or capitate-clustered in the Beech) ; the fertile solitary, clustered or spiked,
furnished with an involucre which forms a cup or covering to the 1-celled
and 1-seeded nut. Ovary more or less 2 — 7-celled, with 1 or 2 pendulous
anatropous ovules in each cell; but all the cells and ovules except one

29

450 CUPULIFERH. (OAK FAMILY.)

disappearing in the fruit. Calyx adherent to the ovary, the minute teeth
crowning its summit. Seed with no albumen, filled with the embryo:
cotyledons thick and fleshy, in many edible: radicle short, superior. Stip-
ules forming the bud-scales. Leaves usually conduplicate in the bud.

Tribe I. QUERCINE®. Sterile flowers with a distinct 4-7-lobed calyx, including
5-20 stamens: filaments slender, free, exserted : anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers one or
few enclosed in a cupule consisting of bracts variously consolidated. Ovary imperfectly
8-7-celled, crowned with 3-8 (mostly 6) calyx-teeth, forming a nut (gland), in fruit
surrounded or enclosed by the indurated scaly or prickly cupule.

* Sterile flowers in slender catkins.
1. Quercus. Cupule 1-flowered, scaly, and entire: nut hard and terete.
2. Castanea. Cupule 2-4-flowered, forming a prickly hard bur, 2—4-yalyed when ripe.

* * Sterile flowers in a small head.
8. Fagus. Cupule 2-flowered, 4-valved, containing 2 sharply triangular ‘nuts.

Tribe If. CARPINEZ. Sterile flowers destitute of true calyx, consisting of several
stamens included under and more or less adnate to a bract: filaments short: anthers 1-
celled. Fertile flowers in a short spike, catkin, or head, two together under each fertile
bract, each with one or more bractlets, which form a foliaceous or membranaceous invo-
lucre to the nut. Ovary imperfectly 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Seed-coat single.

* Bract of staminate flower furnished with a pair of bractlets inside.
4. Corylus. Involucre enclosing the large bony nut, leafy-coriaceous.

* * Bract of staminate flower simple: nut small, achenium-like.
5. Ostrya. Each ovary and nut included in a bladdery and closed bag.
6. Carpinus. Each nut subtended by an enlarged leafy bractlet.

1. QUERCUS, L. -Osk

Sterile flowers in slender and naked catkins: bracts caducous: calyx 2-8-
parted or lobed: stamens 5-12: anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers scattered or
somewhat clustered, consisting of a nearly 3-celled and 6-ovuled ovary, with a
3-lobed stigma, enclosed by a scaly bud-like involucre which becomes an indu-
rated cup (cupule) around the base of the rounded nut or acorn. Cotyledons
remaining underground in germination : radicle very short, included. — Flowers
greenish or yellowish. Sterile catkins single or often several from the same
lateral scaly bud, filiform and hanging in all our species. (The classical Latin
name.) All flower in spring, and shed their nuts in October.

§ 1. ANNUAL-FRUITED; i, e. acorns perfected in the autumn of the first year, borne
therefore on the wood of the season, usually in the axil of the leaves, and often
raised on a peduncle; the kernel commonly sweet-tasted: lobes or teeth of the
leaves if any not bristle-pointed: abortive ovules persistent under the seed : sterile
Jlowers mostly 4 —6-parted and 8-androus.

* Wurte Oaks. Leaves lyrate or sinuate-pinnatifid, pale beneath.

1. Q, alba, L. (Wuirr Oax.) Mature leaves smooth, pale or glaucous
underneath, bright green above, obovate-oblong, obliquely cut into 3-9 oblong or
linear and obtuse mostly entire lobes ; cup *hemispherical-saucer-shaped, rough or
tubercled*at maturity, naked, much shorter than the ovoid or oblong acorn. — Rich
woods : common. — A yaluable large tree. Lobes of the leaves short and broad
3-5, or 5-9 deep and narrow. Acorn about 1! long; kernel edible.

CUPULIFER&. (OAK FAMILY.) 451

a > obtusiloba, Michx. (Post-Oak. Rouen or Box Wuite-Oxx.)
Leaves grayish or yellowish-downy underneath, pale and rough above, thickish, sinu-
ately cut into 5-7 rounded divergent lobes, the upper ones much larger and
often 1 - 3-notched ; cup deep saucer-shaped, naked, one third or half the length of the
ovoid acorn. (Q. stellata, Willd.) — Sandy or sterile soil : common, especially
southward. — A small tree, with very durable wood, Acorn 6’'—9" long.

3. Q. macrocarpa, Michx. (Bur-Oax. Over-cup or Mossy-cup
Wuire-Oax.) Leaves obovate or oblong, lyrately-pinnatifid or deeply stnuate-
lobed, or nearly parted, irregular, downy or pale beneath; the lobes sparingly
and obtusely toothed, or the smaller ones entire; eup deep, thick and woody,
conspicuously imbricated with hard and thick pointed scales, the upper ones (awned,
so as usually to make a mossy-fringed border ; acorn’ broadly ovoid ere
long), half immersed in or entirely enclosed by the cup. — Rich soil, W. New Eng-
land to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southwestward. — A handsome, middle-sized
tree. Cup very variable, especially in size, from 9!’ to 2! across.

Var. oliveeférmis (Q. oliveformis, Michxr.) is apparently a mere state of
this (figured by Michaux with unripe or imperfect fruit), with narrower and
more deeply lobed leaves, and oblong acorns and cups.

x « Curestnut-Oaxs. Leaves coursely sinuate-toothed, but not lobed, except slightly
in No. 4, whitish and more or less downy beneath : cup hoary, hemispherical or a
little depressed, about half the length of the oblony-ovoid edible acorn.

4. Q. bicolor, Willd. (Swamp Wuite Oak.) Leaves obovate or ob-
long-obovate, wedge-shaped at base, coarsely sinuate-crenate and often rather pin-
natifid than toothed, soft-downy and white-hoary underneath, the main primary
veins 6 -8 pairs, lax and little prominent ; fruiting peduncle much longer than the
getiole ; wpper scales of the cup awn-pointed, sometimes forming a mossy-fringed
margin ; acorn scarcely 1/long. (Q. Prinus, var. tomentosa, Michr. Q. Prinus,
discolor, Michr. f. & Ed, 2.)— Low ground: common. A tall tree.

5. Q. Prinus, L. (Cuestyur-Oax.) Leaves varying, obovate or oblong,
with an obtuse or acute base, undulately crenate-toothed, minutely downy beneath, the
main primary ribs 10-16 pairs, straight, prominent beneath; fruiting pedun-
cles shorter than the petioles, often very short; eup thick (6/'-12' wide), mostly
tuberculate with hard and stout scales ; acorn 1’ or less in length. — Dry or moist
ground: common southward, scarce northward : a middle-sized or small tree.

Var. monticola, Michx. (Rock Cuestnut-Oax.) (Q. montana, Willd.)
Connects with the next variety, but has large acorns; the cup is figured and de-
scribed as top-shaped: but I have not seen the like when the acorn is well grown.
— From Vermont southward along the upper country. A small tree.

Var. acuminata, Michx. (YeLtow Cuestnut-Oak.) (Q. Castdnea,
Muhl. & Ed. 2.) Leaves slender-petioled, often oblong or even lanceolate, usu-
ally acute or pointed, mostly obtuse or roundish at the base, almost equably and
rather sharply toothed ; cup hemispherical, thin, of small appressed scales, 5’/=
7" broad; acorn 7''-9! long. — Rich soil, W. New England to Wisconsin:
common in the Middle States. — Leaves more like those of Chestnut than any
other; the primary veins very straight, impressed above, prominent beneath. A
middle-sized tree.

+

Ta) Cds c

* 452 CUPULIFERE. (OAK FAMILY.)

Var. humilis, Marsh. (Dwarr Cuestnut- or CHINnQuAPIN-Oax.)}
(Q. pumila, Michx. Q. Prinus, var. Chineapin, Michxr. f,A.DC. Q. pri-
noides, Willd. & Ed. 2.) Foliage as in one other of the preceding forms ;
acorns and cups similar, but mostly smaller (abundant, sessile or nearly so) ;

but is a shrub, only 2°-4° high; seemingly therefore a distinct species, but.
no good character is found. — Poor soil, sandy barrens, &c., 8. New England.

and New York to Wisconsin and southward. -

* * * Live Oaks. Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, entire or rarely spiny-toothed.

6. Q. virens, Ait. (Live Oax.) Leaves small, oblong or elliptical,
hoary beneath as well as the branchlets; peduncle usually conspicuous, 1 —3-
fruited ; cup top-shaped ; acorn oblong; cotyledons completely united into one
mass. — Coast of Virginia and southward. Farther south becoming a large
tree: timber invaluable.

§ 2. BIENNIAL-FRUITED ; i. e. acorns perfected in the autumn of the second year,
therefore on old wood below the leaves of the season: peduncles short and thick or
none: kernel bitter ; the abortive ovules at the apex of the seed: calyx of sterile
flowers 2—5-parted: stamens 3-5,

* Leaves entire or with a few teeth, or somewhat 3 -5-lobed at the summit, coriaceous,
inclined to be persistent southward, but none of them really evergreen at the north,
the tips or lobes commonly bristle-pointed : acorns globular, small, at most only 6"
long. (Intermediate forms, in certain cases probably hybrids, occur between all
these species und some of the next section.)

~ Leaves not dilated upwards, generally entire: acorn globose.

7. Q. cinérea, Michx. (Uptanp Wittow-Oax.) Hoariness and shape
of the leaves as in No. 6, but commonly more lance-oblong or lanceolate, and
rather more downy beneath, and the shallow cups and globular acorns as in the
next. — Dry pine-barrens, from E. Virginia southward.

8. Q. Phéllos, L. (Wrttow-Oax.) Leaves linear-lanceolate, narrowed to
both ends, svon glabrous, light green (3!-4! long); cup saucer-shaped. — Sandy
low woods, Long Island and New Jersey to Kentucky and southward. — Tree
30° - 50° high, remarkable for the willow-like leaves.

9. Q. imbricaria, Michx. (Laurer or Suinere Oax.) Leaves lan-
ccolate-oblong, thickish, smooth and shining above, downy underneath, the down

commonly persistent ; cup between saucer-shaped and top-shaped. — Barrens and .,

open woodlands, New Jersey to Wisconsin and southward. — Tree 30°-50°

high; the wood used for shingles in the Western States, whence the specific

name.

+ + Leaves thick, widening or often much dilated upwards, when they are more or less
sinuate or somewhat 3—5-lobed: acorns globular-ovoid.

10. Q. aquatica, Catesby. (Warpr-Oax.) Leaves glabrous and shining,
obovate-spatulate or narrowly wedge-form, with a long tapering base, and an often ob-
scurely 3-lobed summit, varying to oblanceolate; cup saucer-shaped or hemi-
spherical. — Wet grounds, around ponds, &c., Maryland to Virginia and south-
ward. — Tree 30°- 40° high ; running into many varieties, especially southward ;
the leaves on seedlings and strong shoots often incised or sinuate-pinnatifid ;
then mostly bristle-pointed.

CUPULIFERZ. (OAK FAMILY.) 453

ll. Q. nigra, L. (Biack-Jack or Barren Oak.) Leaves broadly wedge-
shaped, but sometimes rounded or obscurely cordate at the base, widely dilated
and somewhat 3-lobed (rarely 5-lobed) at the summit, occasionally with one or
two lateral conspicuously bristle-tipped lobes or teeth, rusty-pubescent beneath,
shining above, large (4'-9! long) ; cup top-shaped, coarse-scaly ; acorn short-
ovoid. (Q. ferruginea, Michxr.) — Dry sandy barrens, New York to Illinois, and
southward. — Tree 8° - 25° high.

+ + + Anomalous or occasional, probably some or all of them hybrid forms, derived
wholly or in part from the foregoing species.

Q. TRIDENTATA, Engelm., arranged by DC. as a var. of Q. nigra, is
just intermediate between it and Q. imbricaria. — Near St. Louis, Engelmann.

Q. QuinquELoBa, Engelm., is intermediate between, and probably de-
rived from Q. nigra, and Q. coccinea, var. tinctoria. — St. Louis, Engelmann.

Q. Liana, Nutt. (Lea’s Oak), by its characters and by the foliage of
the second generation, communicated by Mr. David Christy, is pretty clearly a
hybrid between Q. imbricaria and Q. coccinea, var. tinctoria.— S$. Ohio and
Illinois: two or three trees known.

Q. HETEROPHYLLA, Michx. (BarTRAM’s Oak), lately rediscovered in
Delaware and New Jersey, by T. Meehan, C. E. Smith, &c. —has laciniate leaves
like those of vigorous young shoots of Q. aquatica, to which De Candolle refers
it as a variety. It is as likely to be a state of Q. Phellos, with dilated and
toothed or cut leaves. ;

x * Brack and Rep Oaks. Leaves pinnatifid or lobed, and slender-petioled, not
coriaceous, the tips of the lobes or teeth conspicuously bristle-pointed.
+ Mature leaves soft-downy beneath: cup saucer-shaped with a somewhat top-shaped
base, about half the length of the fully developed small acorn.

12. Q. ilicifolia, Wang. (Bear or Biack Scrus-Oaxk.) Dwarf (3°-
8° high), straggling ; leaves obovate, wedge-shaped at base, angularly about 5- (3 -7-)
lobed, white-downy beneath; acorn ovoid, globular, 5-6! long. — Sandy barrens
and rocky hills, New England to Ohio and Kentucky. (Q. Banisteri, Michx.) —
Leaves 2/—4! long, thickish, with short and triangular spreading lobes.

13. Q. falcata, Michx. (Spanisu Oak.) Leaves grayish-downy or fulvous
underneath, obtuse or rounded at the base, 3—5-lobed above; the lobes prolonged,
mostly narrow and more or less scythe-shaped, especially the terminal one, entire or
sparingly cut-toothed ; acorn globose, 4/-5'"long.— Dry or sandy soil, New
Jersey to Illinois and southward. — A small or large tree, extremely variable in
foliage; bark excellent for tanning. (Q. triloba, Michr., seems to be a confu-
sion of this and Q. nigra.)

+ + Mature leaves glabrous on both sides or nearly so ; oval, oblong or somewhat obo-
vate in outline, all except some of No. 14 varying from moderately sinuate-pin-
natifid to deeply pinnatifid, turning various shades of red or crimson in late
autumn: large trees ; the wood reddish, coarse-grained. (Apparently these species
all naturally intercross.)

14. Q. coccinea, Wang. (Scartet Oax.) Cup top-shaped, or hemispher-
ical with a conical scaly base (7''-9" broad), coarsely scaly, covering half or more
of the broadly or globular-ovoid acorn. — Leaves in the ordinary forms, at least on

na. -

454 CUPULIFERE. (OAK FAMILY.)

full-grown trees, bright green, shining above, turning red in autumn, deeply
pinnatifid, the lobes divergent and sparingly cut-toothed; acorns 6” -9/' long,
the kernel and the scar in the cup whitish or yellowish ; bark of the trunk gray,
the interior reddish. — Moist or dry soil: common,

Var. tinctoria. (QueRciTRON, YELLOW-BARKED, or BLack Oak. (Q.
tinctoria, Bartram.) Leaves, especially on young trees, often less deeply pinnat-
ifid, sometimes barely sinuate, more membranaceous, commonly retaining some
pubescence on the lower surface, turning brownish, orange, or dull red in au-
tumn ; bark of trunk darker-colored and rougher on the surface, thicker, and
internally orange, much more valuable for the tanner and dyer ; cup sometimes
less top-shaped, rather hemispherical with a conical base, the scar inside orange-
colored, the kernel yellowish. But the shape of the acorn-cup and the charac-
ter of the bark do not always coincide: and in the figure of the younger Mi-
chaux, and in one of the two by the elder, the cup is just that of true coccinea.
The foliage, in general, approaches that of Q. rubra. — Rich and poor soil,

Var. ambigua. (Gray Oak.) (Q. ambigua, or borealis, Michr, f.)
Found along our northeastern borders to Lake Champlain and northward, fig-
ured and briefly characterized as with the foliage of Q. rubra and the fruit of
Q. coccinea. The acorn in rising more out of the cup, also approaches the
former. The Oak of Lake Superior, with “ wood better than that of Q. rubra”
(Dr. Robbins) has cup and acorn still more like this last.

A hybrid Q. coccINEA-ILICIFOLIA is found by Dr. Robbins at Northbridge,
S. Massachusetts.

15. Q. rubra, L. (Rep Oak.) Cup saucer-shaped or flat, with a narrow
raised border (9/’—12" in diameter), of rather fine closely appressed scales, sessile
or on a very short and abrupt narrow stalk or neck, very much shorter than the
oblong-ovoid or ellipsoidal acorn, which is 1! or less in length; leaves rather thin,
moderately (rarely very deeply) pinnatitid, turning dark red after frost; bark
of trunk dark gray, smoothish. — Common both in rich and poor soil. —'Tim-
ber coarse and poor. In Illinois and southward occurs a form with a deeper cup,
more or less conical at base.

Var. runcinata, Engelm. Leaves with less deep and more ascending
lobes ; fruit nearly half smaller; acorn 7-9" long by 6!’ broad; cup with a
convex or obscurely top-shaped base: approaches the next therefore in fruit,
but not in foliage. St. Louis, in company with Q. rubra, palustris and imbri-
caria; probably a hybrid.

16. Q. palustris, Du Roi. (Swamp Spanisn, or Pin Oak.) Cup flat-
saucer-shaped, sometimes contracted into a short scaly base or stalk; fine-scaled
(5 -7" broad), very much shorter than the ovoid-globose acorn, which is 5!’-7!!
long; leaves deeply pinnatifid with divergent lobes and broad rounded sinuses.
— Low grounds: rather common. — A middle-sized tree: timber accounted
better than of the last.

2. CASTANEA, Tourn. Cuzsrnvt.

Sterile flowers interruptedly clustered in long and naked cylindrical catkins ;
calyx mostly 6-parted: stamens 8-20: filaments slender: anthers 2-celled.

CUPULIFERE. (OAK FAMILY.) 455

Fertile flowers few, usually 3 together-in an ovoid sealy prickly involuere : calyx
with a 6-lobed border crowning the 3-7-celled 6-—14-ovuled ovary: abortive
stamens 5-12; stigmas bristle-shaped, as many as the cells of the ovary. Nuts
coriaceous, ovoid, enclosed 2-3 together or solitary in the hard and thick
very prickly 4-valved involucre. Cotyledons very thick, somewhat plaited, co-
hering together, remaining underground in germination. — Leaves strongly
straight-veined. Flowers appearing later than the (undivided straight-veined)
leaves; the catkins axillary near the end of the branches, cream-color ; the fer-
tile flowers at the base of the upper ones. (The classical name, from that of a
town in Thessaly.)

1, C. vésea, L. (Cuestnut.) Leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate with
coarse pointed teeth, when mature smooth and green both sides; nuts 2 or 3 in
each involucre, therefore flattened on one or both sides: in the American tree,
var. AMERICANA, Michx., leaves acute at the base, nuts smaller and sweeter. ~
Rocky or hilly woods, Maine to Michigan and Kentucky and southwards, espe-
cially along the Alleghanies. June, July.—A large tree, with light coarse-
grained wood. (Eu.)

2. C. pumila, Michx. (Curnquariy.) Leaves oblong, acute, serrate with
pointed teeth, whitened-downy underneath; nut solitary, not flattened. — Sandy
woods, from (Long Island?) S. Penn. and Ohio, southward, where it abounds.
June. — Shrub or tree 6°-20° high, Inyolucres small, often spiked ; the ovoid
pointed nut scarcely half as large as a common chestnut, very sweet.

3. FAGUS, Toun. Beecn,

Sterile flowers in small heads on drooping peduncles, with deciduous scale-like
bracts : calyx bell-shaped, 5—7-cleft : stamens 8-16: filaments slender: anthers
2-celled. Fertile flowers usually in pairs at the apex of a short peduncle, in-
vested by numerous awl-shaped bractlets, the inner grown together at their bases
to form the 4-lobed involucre: calyx-lobes 6, awl-shaped: ovary 3-celled with 2
oyules in each cell: styles 3, thread-like, stigmatic along the inner side. Nuts
sharply 3-sided, usually 2 in each urn-shaped and soft-prickly coriaceous involu-
cre, which divides to below the middle into 4 valves. Cotyledons thick, folded
and somewhat united; but rising and expanding in germination. Trees, with
a close and smooth ash-gray bark, a light horizontal spray, and undivided
strongly straight-veined leaves, which are open and convex in the tapering bud,
and plaited on the veins. Flowers appearing with the leaves, the yellowish
staminate flowers from the lower, the pistillate from the upper axils of the
leaves of the season. (The classical Latin name, from aya, to eat, in allusion
to the esculent nuts.)

1. F. ferruginea, Ait. (American Berecn.) Leaves oblong-ovate,
taper-pointed, distinctly and often coarsely toothed; petioles and midrib soon
nearly naked ; prickles of the fruit mostly recurved or spreading. (F. ferru-
ginea and F. sylvéstris, Michx. f.) — Woods: common, especially northward,
and along the Alleghanies southward. May. — Leaves longer, thinner, and
less shining than in the European Beech, most of the silky hairs usually early
deciduous ; the very straight veins all running into the salient teeth.

Lund Co
ce

cs

456 CUPULIFERE. (OAK FAMILY.)

4. CORYLUS, Toun. Hazevnvr. Fiveerr.

Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins consisting of 8 (half-) stamens
with 1-celled anthers, their short filaments and pair of scaly bractlets cohering
more or less with the inner face of the bract or scale of the catkin. Fertile
flowers several in a scaly bud or ovoid catkin, each a single ovary in the axil of
ascale or bract, and accompanied by a pair of lateral bractlets; the ovary
tipped with a short limb of the adherent calyx, incompletely 2-celled, with 2
pendulous ovules, one of them sterile: style short: stigmas 2, elongated and
slender. Nut ovoid or oblong, bony, each enclosed in a leafy or partly coria-
ceous cup or involucre, consisting of the two bractlets enlarged and often grown
together, lacerated at the border. Cotyledons very thick (but raised to the sur-
face of the soil in germination), edible; the short radicle included. — Shrubs or
small trees, with thinnish doubly-toothed leaves, folded lengthwise in the bud,
flowering in early spring: sterile catkins single or fascicled from scaly buds of
the axils of the preceding year, the fertile terminating early leafy shoots. (The
classical name, probably from kdpvs, a helmet, from the involucre.)

1. C. Americana, Walt. (Witp Hazex-nut.) Leaves roundish-heart-
shaped, pointed ; involucre open above down to the globose nut, of 2 bread foliaceous
cut-toothed almost distinct bracts, their base coriaceous and downy, or with glandular
bristles intermixed. — Thickets : common. — Twigs and petioles often glandular-
bristly. Nut smaller and thicker-shelled than the European Hazel-nut.

2. C. rostrata, Ait. (Brakep Hazet-nut.) Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong,
somewhat heart-shaped, pointed ; involucre of united bracts, much prolonged above the
ovoid nut into a narrow tubular beak, densely bristly. — Common northward and
along the Alleghanies. — Shrub 2°-5° high, with slender and mostly smooth
branches.

5. OSTRYA, Micheli. Hop-Hornseam. Iron-woop.

Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of several stamens
in the axil of each bract: filaments short, often forked, or irregularly united,
bearing 1-celled (half-) anthers; their tips hairy. Fertile flowers in short cat-
kins; a pair under each deciduous bract, each of an incompletely 2-celled 2-
ovuled ovary, crowned with the short bearded border of the adherent calyx,
tipped with 2 long-linear stigmas, and enclosed in a tubular bractlet, which in
fruit becomes a closed bladdery oblong bag, very much larger than the small
and smooth nut ; these inflated involucres loosely imbricated to form a sort of
strobile, in appearance like that of the Hop.— Slender trees, with very hard
wood, brownish furrowed bark, and foliage resembling that of Birch: leaves
open and concave in the bud, more or less plaited on the straight veins. Flow-
ers in spring, appearing with the leaves; the sterile catkins 1-3 together from
scaly buds at the tip of the branches of the preceding year; the fertile single,
terminating short leafy shoots of the season. (The classical name.)

1. O. Virginica, Willd. (American Hop-Hornpeam. LEveR-woop.)
Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, very sharply doubly serrate, downy beneath,
with 11-15 principal veins; buds acute; involucral sacs bristly-hairy at the
base. —Rich woods: common. Hop-like fruit full grown in Aug.

a |

MYRICACEEH. (SWEET-GALE FAMILY.) 45

6. CARPINUS, L. Hornseam. Iron-woop.

Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of several stamens
in the axil of a simple and entire scale-like bract : filaments very short, mostly
2-forked, the forks bearing 1-celled (half-) anthers with hairy tips. Fertile flow-
ers several, spiked in a sort of loose terminal catkin, with small deciduous bracts,
each subtending a pair of flowers, as in Ostrya; but the involucre-like bractlets
are open, enlarged in fruiting and foliaceous, merely subtending the small ovate
several-nerved nut. — Trees, or tall shrubs, with a smooth and close gray bark,
in this and in the slender buds and straight-veined leaves resembling the Beech ;
the leaf-buds and the inflorescence-as in Ostrya. (The ancient Latin name.)

1. C. Americana, Michx: (American Hornseam. Buivre or Water
Beecu.) Leaves ovate-oblong, pointed, sharply doubly serrate, soon nearly
smooth ; bractlets 3-lobed, halberd-shaped, sparingly cut-toothed on one side,
acute. — Along streams: common. — Tree or shrub 10° - 20° high, with a
ridged trunk, and very hard whitish wood ; also called Iron-woop.

Orper 103. MWRICACEE. (Swert-GaLe Famity.)

Monecious or diecious shrubs, with both kinds of flowers in short scaly
catkins, and resinous-dotted often fragrant leaves, — differing from the
Birch Family chiefly by the 1-celled ovary with a single erect orthotropous
ovule, and the drupe-like nut. Involucre none. — Consists chiefly of the
typical genus, from which our Sweet-Fern is not sufficiently distinct.

1. MYRICA, L. Barserry. Wax-Myrrre.

Flowers chiefly dicecious: the sterile in oblong or cylindrical, the fertile in
ovoid catkins, from axillary scaly buds; both destitute of calyx and corolla,
solitary under a scale-like bract and with a pair of bractlets. Stamens 2-8:
filaments somewhat united below: anthers 2-celled. Ovary with 2-4 scales
at its base, and 2 thread-like stigmas. Fruit a small globular nut, or dry drupe,
coated with resinous grains or wax. (Mupixn, the ancient name of the Tama-
risk or some other shrub ; perhaps from pupi¢a, to perfume.)

1. M. Gale, L. (Sweer Gate.) Leaves wedge-lanceolate, serrate towards
the apex ; pale, later than the flowers ; sterile catkins closely clustered ; nuts in im-
bricated heads, 2-winged by the two thick ovate scales which coalesce with its
base. — Wet borders of ponds, New England to Virginia in the mountains,
Penn. to Wisconsin, and northward. April. — Shrub 3°-5° high. (Eu.)

2. M. cerifera, L. (Bayserry. Wax-Myrtte.) Leaves oblong-lanceo-
late, narrowed at the base, entire or wavy-toothed towards the apex, shining and
resinous-dotted both sides, somewhat preceding the flowers; sterile catkins scattered,
oblong; scales wedge-shaped at the base ; nuts scattered and naked, bony, and
incrusted with white wax.— Sandy soil on and near the sea-shore: also on
Lake Erie. May.— Shrub 3°-8° high, with fragrant leaves: the catkins ses-
sile along the last year’s branches; the fruits sometimes persistent for 2 or 3
years.

458 BETULACEH. (BIRCH FAMILY.)

2. COMPTONTIA, Solander. SweEeEt-Fern.

Flowers frequently moneecious ; the sterile in cylindrical catkins, with kidney-
heart-shaped pointed scale-like bracts, and 3-6 stamens ; the fertile in globular
catkins, bur-like : ovary surrounded by 8 long linear-awl-shaped scales, persistent
around the ovoid-oblong smooth nut: otherwise as in Myrica. — Leaves linear-
lanceolate, pinnatifid with many rounded lobes, thin, appearing rather later than
the flowers. Stipules half heart-shaped. (Named after Henry Compton, Bishop
of London a century ago, a cultivator and patron of botany.)

1. C. asplenifolia, Ait. (Myrica Comptonia, C. DC.) — Sterile hills,
New England to Virginia, Wisconsin, and northward. April, May. — Shrub
1°— 2° hich, with sweet-scented fern-like leaves.

Orper 104. BEWULACEZE. (Breen Famtty.)

Monecious trees or shrubs, with alternate simple mostly straight-veined
leaves, both kinds of flowers in scaly catkins, 2 or 3 under each bract, and
no involucre to, the naked \-celled and 1-seeded often winged small nut,
which results from a 2-celled and 2-ovuled ovary. Stipules often early
deciduous. Stigmas 2, thread-like. Seed anatropous, suspended: no
albumen. Cotyledons flattish, oblong, foliaceous in germination. — Com-
prises the two genera, Birch and Alder.

1. BETULA, Tourn. Brrcu.

Sterile flowers 3, and bractlets 2, under each shield-shaped scale or bract of
the catkins, consisting each of a calyx of one scale bearing 4 short filaments
with l-celled anthers, or strictly of 2 two-parted filaments, each division bear-
ing an anther-cell. Fertile flowers 2 or 3 under each 3-lobed bract, without
bractlets or calyx, each of a naked ovary, becoming a broadly wigged and scale-
like nutlet or small samara crowned with the two spreading stigmas. — Outer
bark usually separable in sheets, that of the branchlets dotted. Twigs and
leaves often spicy-aromatic. Foliage mostly thin and light. Buds sessile,
scaly. Sterile catkins long and drooping, terminal and lateral, formed in sum-
mer, remaining naked through the succeeding winter, and expanding their
golden flowers in early spring, with or preceding the leaves: fertile catkins ob-
long or cylindrical, usually terminating very short 2-leaved early lateral branches
of the season. (The ancient Latin name.)

* Trees, with brown or yellow-gray bark on the trunk, sweet-aromatic as well as the
twigs, membranaceous and straight-veined Hornbeam-like leaves with a heart-
shaped or rounded base, on short petioles, and sessile very thick fruiting catkins:
their about equally 3-cleft scales rather persistent : wing of fruit on each side not
broader than the seed-bearing body.

1. B. lénta, L. (Cuerry-B. Sweer or Brack Biren.) Bark of trunk
dark: brown, close (outer layers scarcely laminate), very sweet-aromatic; leaves
ovate or oblong-ovate from a more or less heart-shaped base, acuminate, sharply

BETULACEZ. (BIRCH FAMILY.) 459

and finely doubly serrate all round, when mature shining or bright green above
and glabrous except on the veins beneath ; fruiting catkins oblong-cylindrical
(1/-14/ long), the scales with short and divergent lobes. (B. carpinifolia, Ehrh.,
Michx.) — Moist woods, &c.: common northward from New England to Illinois,
and along the Alleghany region southward. — Rather large tree, reddish-bronze-
colored on the spray, much as in the Garden Cherry : timber rose-colored, fine-
grained, valuable for cabinet-work.

2. B. lutea, Michx. f. (Yexttow or Gray Biren.) Bark of trunk yel-
lowish- or silvery-gray, detaching in very thin filmy layers, within and the twigs
much less aromatic; leaves slightly or not at all heart-shaped and often nar-
rowish towards the base, duller-green above and usually more downy on the
veins beneath; fruiting catkins oblong-ovoid (1! or less in length, 6’’-9! thick),
the thinner seales (5!/'-6'! long) twice as large as in No, 1, and with narrower
barely spreading lobes. (B. excélsa, Amer. authors, but not of Ait., Regel, &e.
The latter unaccountably fails to distinguish the present from the preceding
species. ) — Moist woods, New England to L. Superior and northward. — Wood
whiter and less valuable: tree not higher than No. 1. Leaves 3/-5! long.

* * Trees, with chalky-white bark of the trunk separable in thin sheets, ovate or tri-
angular leaves of firmer texture, on long and slender petioles: fruiting catkins
cylindrical, usually hanging on rather slender peduncles ; their scales glabrous,
with short diverging lobes, separating freely from the axis: wing of the fruit
much broader than its body.

3. B. alba, var. populifolia, Spach. (Amertcan Waite Brrcu.)
Leaves triangular (deltoid), very taper-pointed, truncate or nearly so at the broad
base, smooth and shining both sides, except the resinous glands when young. (B.
populifolia, At.) —Common on poor soils, Penn. to Maine, near the coast. —
A small and slender graceful tree (15°-25° high), with bark much less separa-
ble into sheets than the next; the mostly very long-pointed leaves on petioles
of fully half their length, tremulous as those of an Aspen. (Eu.)

4, B. papyracea, Ait. (Paper or Canoe Bircu.) Leaves ovate, taper-
pointed, heart-shaped or abrupt (or rarely wedge-shaped) at the base, smooth
above, dull underneath. — Woods, New England to Penn. and Wisconsin, almost
entirely northward, and extending far northwest.— A large tree, with fine-
grained wood, and very tough durable bark splitting freely into paper-like
layers. Leaves dark-green above, pale, glandular-dotted, and a little hairy on
the veins underneath, sharply and unequally doubly serrate, 3-4 times the
length of the petiole. —Var, Minor, Tuckerman, in the alpine region of White
Mountains, is a dwarf form, approaching the var. occidentalis of N. W. Amer.
and B. Davurica. In this country no transitions are seen between our White
and the Paper Birch. (The original B. excelsa, A’t., and of Regel, seems likely
to belong here, or to have been mixed up with the next.)

# & * Tree, with greenish-brown bark, somewhat laminate, and reddish twigs, ovate

leaves whitish beneath, and soft-downy peduncled fruiting catkins.

5. B. nigra, L. (River or Rep Brreu.) Leaves rhombic-ovate, acut-
ish at both ends, irregularly doubly serrate, whitish and (until old) downy un-
derneath ; petioles and peduncle of nearly the same length (3-7!) and with

460 BETULACEEZ. (BIRCH FAMILY.)

the oblong catkin tomentose; the bracts with oblong-linear nearly equal lobes ;
fruit broadly winged. (B. rubra, Michzr. f.) —Low river-banks, E. Massachu-
setts to Illinois and southward. —A rather large tree, with light-colored wood,
and somewhat Alder-like leaves.

* * * * Shrubs, with brownish bark, rounded or wedge-shaped crenate and mostly
small leaves of thickish or coriaceous texture, and oblong or cylindrical glabrous
and mostly erect catkins, on short peduncles.

6. B. pumila, L. (Low Bircu.) Stems (2°-8° high) erect or ascend-
ing, not glandular ; young branches and lower face of young leaves mostly soft-
downy ; leaves obovate, roundish, or orbicular (6! — 16 long), pale beneath, veinlets
on both faces finely reticulated ; wing of the fruit mostly narrower than the body. —
Bogs, Conn. (Canaan, W. H. Leggett) to Michigan and northward. — Leaves in

bole J

one form resiniferous or glandular-dotted, usually not at all so. —B. Grayu,
Regel, recently characterized on specimens of a shrub introduced from Central
Ohio into the Cambridge Botanic Garden, since lost, appears to be only a marked
variety or luxuriant form of the present species, with shoots and young leaves
beneath more tomentose, and wings of fruit (which are as wide as body in one
Michigan specimen of B. pumila) here almost twice as wide!

7. B. glandulosa, Michx. (Dwarr Brrcu.) Stems erect or mostly
spreading (1°-4° high), or when alpine procumbent ; branchlets glabrous, conspic-
uously dotted with resinous wart-like glands; leaves roundish wedge-obovate or
sometimes orbicular (6/!—9’' long), green both sides, less reticulated; fruiting
catkins mostly shorter and oblong or oval; wing of the fruit narrower. than or
sometimes equalling the body. (B. nana, Ed. 2, not of Z. A round-leaved
alpine form is B. rotundifolia, Spach., and B. Littelliana, Tuckerman.) — High
mountains, Northern New England and New York, and shore of Lake Superior
and northward. — The resinous-glandular branches chiefly distinguish some of
the larger forms from B. pumila, and the small alpine ones from B. nana, Z.
of Europe: probably they run together.

2. ALNUS, Tourn. Axper.

Sterile catkins elongated and drooping, with 4 or 5 bractlets and 3 (rarely 6)
flowers under each short-stalked shield-shaped scale ; each flower usually with
a 3—5-parted calyx and as many stamens: filaments short and simple: anthers
2-celled. Fertile catkims ovoid or oblong ; the fleshy scales each 2-3-flowered,
with a calyx of four little scales adherent to the scales or bracts of the eatkin,
which are thick and woody in fruit, wedge-obovate, truncate, or 3—5-lobed, and
persistent. — Shrubs or small trees, with few-scaled leaf-buds, and solitary or
often racemose-clustered catkins, terminating leafless branchlets or peduncles.
(The ancient Latin name.)

§ 1. Flowers developed in spring with the leaves ; the sterile from catkins which have
remained naked over winter ; while the fertile have been enclosed in a scaly bud :
Sruit with a conspicuous thin wing, as in Birch.

1. A. viridis, DC. (Green or Mounrarn ALDER.) Leaves round-
oval, ovate, or slightly heart-shaped, glutinous and smooth or softly downy.
underneath, serrate with very sharp and closely set teeth, on young shoots often

SALICACEZ. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 461

cut-toothed ; fertile catkins slender-stalked, clustered, ovoid. (A. undulata,
Willd. Betula erispa, Michr.) — On mountains and along streams descending
from them, N. New England and New York, shore of L. Superior, and north-
ward. Also in the Alleghanies southward. Shrub 3°-8° high. (Eu.)

§ 2. Flowers developed in earliest spring, before the leaves, from mostly clustered
catkins which (of both sorts) were formed the foregoing summer and have remained
naked over winter ; fruit wingless or with a narrow coriaceous margin.

2. A. incana, Willd. (Seeckiep or Hoary A.) Leaves broadly oval or
ovate, rounded at the base, sharply serrate, often coarsely toothed, whitened and
mostly downy underneath ; stipules oblong-lanceolate ; fruit orbicular. (A. glatca,
Michx.) — Shrub or small tree 8°-20° high, forming thickets along streams :
the common Alder northward. — Var. GLatca has the leaves pale, but when
old quite smooth, beneath. (Eu.)

3. A. serrulata, Ait. (Smoorn A.) Leaves obovate, acute at the base,
sharply serrate with minute teeth, thickish, green both sides, smooth or often
downy beneath; stipules oval; fruit ovate. — Shrub 6°-12° high: the com-
mon Alder from S. New England to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward.

§ 3. Flowers in autumn (Sept.) from catkins of the season ; the fertile mostly solitary

in the axils of the leaves, ripening the fruit a year later: fruit wingless.

4. A. maritima, Muhl., Nutt. Sylv. t. 10. (Sea-sipe A.) Glabrous;
leaves oblong, ovate, or obovate with a wedge-shaped base, slender-petioled,
sharply serrulate, bright green, or rather rusty beneath ; fruiting catkins large,
ovoid or oblong (9! -12" long, 6" thick). (A. oblongata, Regel, not of Willd.
A. Japonica, Siebold § Zuccarini, according to Regel.) — Along streams, Dela-
ware and E. Maryland, Dr. Pickering, W. M. Canby, &c. Also, what is thought
to be the same species in Japan! — Tree 20° high.

Orver 105. SALICACEZE. (Witiow Famity.)*

Diecious trees or shrubs, with both kinds of flowers in catkins, one under
cach bract, entirely destitute of floral envelopes (unless one or two gland-like.
bodies represent the calyx); the fruit a 1-celled and 2-valved pod, with 2
parietal or basal placenta, bearing numerous seeds furnished with a long
silky down.— Style short or none: stigmas 2, often 2-lobed. Seeds as-
cending, anatropous, without albumen. Cotyledon’ flattened. — Leaves
alternate, undivided, with scale-like and deciduous, or else leaf-like and
persistent, stipules. Wood soft and light: bark bitter.

1. SALIX, Tourn. Wrirtow. Oster.

Bracts (scales) of the catkins entire. Sterile flowers of 3-10, mostly 2,
distinct or united stamens, accompanied by 1 or 2 little glands. Fertile flowers
also with a small flat gland at the base of the ovary on the inner side: stig-

* This order was elaborated for the first edition by Jonn Carey, Esq.; whose account is
essentially preserved, pending the publication of Professor Andersson’s monograph in the
forthcoming yolume of DeCandolle’s Prodromus.

-

462 SALICACEH. (WILLOW FAMILY.)

mas short. — Trees or shrubs, generally growing along streams, with terete and
lithe branches. Leaves mostly long and pointed, entire or glandularly toothed.
Buds covered by a single scale, with an inner adherent membrane (separating
in § 2). Catkins appearing before or with the leaves. (The classical name,
said to be derived from the Celtic sal, near, and lis, water.)

§ 1. Catkins lateral and sessile, appearing before the leaves in April or May : stamens
2: scales dark red or brown becoming black, more or less hairy, persistent.
* Ovary stalked, downy, hairy, or woolly.

+ Cutkins ovoid or cylindrical : leaves entire or obscurely wavy-toothed, hairy or woolly,

with prominent veins and more or less revolute margins. Shrubs.

1. S. candida, Willd. (Hoary Wittow.) Leaves narrowly lanceolate,
taper-pointed, or the lowest obtuse, the upper surfuce and young branches covered
with a thin web-like wool more white and dense beneath; stipules small, lanceolate;
toothed, about the length of the petioles; catkins cylindrical, closely flowered ; the
fertile 13/-2! long at maturity ; ovary densely woolly; style distinct ; stigmas
2-cleft; scales oblong, obtuse. (S. incana, Michz., not of Schrank.) — New
York and New Jersey to Wisconsin and northward ; in bogs. — Stems 2° = 5°
high: reddish twigs smooth and shining at maturity. The whole shrub very
white in exposed situations, greener in shade.

2. S. tristis, Ait. (Dwarr Gray W.) Leaves almost sessile, wedge-lanceo-
late, pointed, or the lower obtuse, grayish-woolly on both sides, the upper side
becoming nearly smooth at maturity ; st/pules minute, hairy, very early deciduous ;
catkins small and very short, globular when young, loosely flowered ; ovary with a long
tapering beak, clothed with silvery hairs; style short; stigmas 2-lobed.— Bogs:
common. — Shrub 19-15° high, much branched: leaves thick, 13’ long. Stip-
ules seldom seen, often reduced to a mere gland. — Var. MICROPHYLLA has very
small and rigid contorted leaves.

3. S. humilis, Marshall. (Prarrre W.) Leaves petioled, lanceolate or
obovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse with an abrupt point, slightly downy above,
more thickly so or sometimes grayish-woolly beneath ; stipules smail, semi-ovate
and entire, or larger and lunate with 2-4 teeth, shorter than the petioles; catkins
ovoid or oblong, small, often recurved ; ovary hairy ; style distinct ; stigmas 2-
cleft. (S. Muhlenbergiana, Barratt, §S. conifera, Muhl.) — Dry plains and bar-
rens : common. — Shrub 3°-8° high, varying much; the small forms some- »
times scarcely distinguishable from No. 2; but leaves longer, thinner, and
generally stipulate: the larger forms, with leaves 3/-5! long and §/-1! broad,
resemble those of the two next species, but retain more or less down beneath at
maturity. — The species of this and the following section often bear cones on
the ends of the branches, formed of closely imbricated leaves, probably occa-
sioned by the puncture of insects.

+ + Cathins cylindrical, large, clothed with very long glossy hairs: leaves more or
less serrate, smooth and shining above, glaucous beneath and at length smooth.
Shrubs or small trees.

4. §. discolor, Muhl. (Gravcous W.) Leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceo-
late, or oblong, acute, irregularly toothed on the sides, entire at the base and
apex; stipules lunate, toothed; catkins erect; scales very hairy, oblanceolate ;

SALICACER. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 463

ovary densely silky. —Low meadows and river-banks : common. — A large shrub
or small tree, 8°-15° high. Young leaves commonly obtuse and pubescent,
at length becoming smooth and whitish-glaucous beneath. Stipules on vigor-
ous shoots equalling the petiole, often inconspicuous. Young catkins 14! long,
glossy, blackish with the conspicuous scales, elongating in fruit to 25’. —S. eri-
océphala, Michx., admitted in former editions, is of this species.

* * Ovary stalked, silky-hoary and shining : catkins with a few small leaf-like bracts
at their base: leaves jinely and evenly serrate, silky-gray or glaucous beneath,
drying dark : stipules varying from linear to semilunar, toothed, very deciduous.
Shrubs, 8°-10° high.

5. S. sericea, Marshall. (Sirxy W.) Leaves lanceolate, pointed, downy
above, grayish underneath with short silky hairs; sterile catkins small, globular ;
the fertile cylindrical, closely flowered ; scales obtuse, round-obovate, as long as the
stalk of the densely-silky ovoid ovary ; stigma sessile. (S. grisea, Willd.) — Sandy
river-banks : common. Fertile catkins, at length 1/ long ; the pods not spread-
ing or elongating in fruit, thus appearing sessile.

6. S. petiolaris, Smith. (Prriotep W.) Leaves lanceolate, pointed,
smooth above, slightly silky beneath when young, at length smooth and glaucous ; fer-
tile catkins ovoid-cylindrical ; scales acute, very hairy, scarcely as long as the stalk
of the silky tapering ovary ; style distinct ; stigma 2-cleft. (S. rosmarinifolia, and
S. fuscata, Pursh.?)—Same situations as the last, which this resembles; but
the mature leaves are not silky beneath, nor so blackish in drying ; the scales
not so dark, and clothed with longer white hair; fertile catkins shorter and
broader ; the pods spreading and showing the stalks,

* * * Ovary sessile or almost so: downy: catkins bracted at the base. Small trees.
+ Filaments and often the reddish anthers united, so as to appear as one.

7. §. purptrea, L. (Purete W.) Leaves oblanceolate, pointed, smooth,
minutely and sparingly toothed ; catkins cylindrical ; scales round and concave,
very black ; stigmas nearly sessile; ovary sessile. (S. Lambertiana, Pursh.) —
Low grounds. — Twigs olive-colored or reddish. (Ady. from Eu.)

+ + Filaments separate.

8. S. vrurnAris, L. (Basket Oster.) Leaves linear-lanceolate, very long,
(3'-6'), taper-pointed, entire or obscurely crenate, lustrous white and satiny be-
neath ; sterile catkins oblong, the fertile cylindrical, silky-hairy ; style elongated ;
stigmas linear, mostly entire. — Wet meadows. — Considered the best species
for basket-work.—S. Smithiana, Willd. (thought to be a hybrid of this with
some other species), differing principally in the somewhat broader leaves, is
also occasionally met with. (Ady. from Eu.)

§ 2. Catkins lateral, with 4-5 leafy bracts at the base, appearing with or before the
leaves in May or June: inner membrane of the scales of flowering buds separating
from the cartilaginous exterior, sometimes raised on the apex of the bursting cat-
kins: ovary slender-stalked, smooth (under a lens granular, with occasionally u
Jew short hairs at the base): stamens 2: scales dark or black, hairy, persistent.

9. S. cordata, Muhl. (Heart-Lteavep W.) Leaves lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, heart-shaped, truncate, or even acute at base, taper-pointed, sharply

464 SALICACER. (WILLOW FAMILY.)

toothed, smooth, paler and with veinlets reticulated beneath ; stipules kidney-
shaped or ovate, toothed, often large and conspicuous, of the length of the
(when young downy) petiole, or sometimes small and almost entire; catkins
appearing with the leaves, leafy at base, cylindrical, the fertile elongating in
fruit; ovary lanceolate, tapering to the summit. — Var. rfG1pa has the leaves
large and rigid, with coarser teeth, of which the lowest are somewhat elongated.
(S. rigida, Muhl. §S. Torreyana, Garratt, which has leaves of a deeper green
beneath, appears to belong here.) — Var. MyR1coipes has narrower leaves,
neither heart-shaped nor truncate at the base. (S. myricoides, Muhl.) — Var.
ANGUSTATA has lanceolate tapering finely serrate leaves, acute at the base, and
amore slender style. (S. angustata, Pursh, & Ed. 2.) — Low or inundated
places: common. — Shrub or small tree, with leaves 23/—6/ long.

§ 3. Catkins lateral, with a few leafy bracts at the base, appearing with the leaves in
May or June: ovary stalked, silky-hoary : stamens 2: scales persistent.

10. S. livida, Wahl., var. occidentalis. (Livin W.) Leaves oblong
or obovate-lanceolate, acute, obscurely toothed, downy above, prominently veiny,
softly hairy and glaucous beneath ; stipules semilunar, toothed ; catkins cylindrical, .
the fertile becoming loose in fruit; ovary almost linear; style scarcely any ;
pods slender, tapering from near the base, their very slender stalk longer than the nar-
row scale. (S. rostrata, Richardson, & Ed. 2. §. vagans, cinerascens, var. occi-
dentalis, Anders.) — Moist or dry ground, New England to Penn., Illinois, and
northward : common. — Shrub 3°-15° high. <A transformation of the anthers
into imperfect ovaries is frequently observable in this species.

11. S. chlorophylla, Anders. (GrreeN W.) Glabrous, except the cat-
kins; leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong, mostly entire, obtuse or acutish at
both ends (1/-2' long), shining above, pale or glaucous beneath ; fertile cat-
kins dense, short-cylindrical ; ovary ovoid-conical; pod silky, very short-stalked ;
style slender; scale dark-colored, villous. (S. phylicifolia, Ed. 2, not of L.) —
Moist ravines, on the alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire
(Oakes, Tuckerman), and northward. — A low spreading shrub, with leaves of a
coriaceous texture when old.

§ 4. Catkins peduncled (long and loose), borne on the summit of lateral leafy branches
of the season, appearing in May and June: scales greenish-yellow, more or less
hairy, falling before the pods are ripe: filaments hairy below. Shrubs and trees,
with the branches very brittle at the base.

% Stamens 3-6 or sometimes more: ovary stalked, glabrous.

12. S. lucida, Muhl. (Surxinc W.) Leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate
and narrow, usually with a long tapering point, smooth and shining on both sides,
serrate; stipules oblong and toothed; stamens commonly 5, rarely 7-10; pods
tapering. — Along streams : rather common.— A beautiful species, sometimes
flowering at the height of 3°, sometimes becoming a small bushy tree of 12°-
15°. Probably the same as S. pentandra, Z., of Eu.

13. S. nigra, Marsh. (Brack W.) Leaves narrowly lanceolate, pointed
and tapering at each end, serrate, smooth (except on the petioles and midrib)
and green on both sides ; stipules small, deciduous ; scales short and rounded,
woolly ; glands large, of the sterile flowers cleft, of the sterile kidney-shaped ;

-

SALICACEH. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 465

stamens 3-6; pods mostly short-ovate. (S. ambigua, Pursh.) — Var. FALCATA
has the leaves elongated, scythe-shaped, and the stipules large, broadly lunate, re-
flexed, (S. faleata, Pursh. S. Purshiana, Spreng. S. ligustrina, Michr. f) —
Tree 15°- 25° high, with a rough black bark : frequent along streams, especially
southward,

* * Stamens mostly 2: ovary very short-stalked or nearly sessile, glabrous,

14. S. rrdertis, L. (Brirrire W.) Leaves lanceolate, taper-pointed, smooth,
glaucous beneath (slightly silky when young), serrate with inflexed teeth ; stipules
half-heart-shaped ; pods tapering-conical. — Var. DEcfrreNSs has dark brown
buds, and the lowest leaves on the branches broadly obovate, very obtuse.
(S. decipiens, Hoffm.) — Var. RusseLiiana has the leaves long and bright,
strongly and very sharply serrate; the younger ones and upper branches of
the annual shoots silky-downy towards autumn; stipules large and taper-
pointed. (S. Russelliana, Smith.) — Var. vfripis, has long and acute flexuous
erect catkins, tough pendulous branchlets, and firmer bright-green leaves. (S.
viridis, Fries.) — A tall and handsome tree, with smooth polished branches ;
cultivated for basket-work. (Ady. from Eu.)

15. S. Avspa, L. (Wuite W.) Leaves lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate,
pointed, toothed, clothed more or less with white and silky hairs, especially beneath ;
stipules lanceolate ; stigmas nearly sessile, thick and recurved. — Var. VITELLINA
has yellow branches ; leaves shorter and broader. (S. vitellina, Smith & Borrer.)
— Var. cmRru ea has the leaves nearly smooth at maturity, greenish or brown-
ish, and greatly resembles the preceding species. (S. cxrulea, Smith.) —A
familiar tree, of rapid growth, attaining a height of 50° - 80°. (Adv. from Eu.)

16. S. Basytoénica, Tourn. (WEEPING W1LLow), belongs to this section,
and. is planted for ornament. Only the fertile plant is known in the United
States. — There is also a remarkable form of it with curled or annular leaves
(S. annularis, Forbes), well known in gardens as the RinG-LEAVED or Hoop
WIiLLow.

* * * Stamens 2: ovary stalked, mostly silky or downy ; the scale narrow.

17. S. longifolia, Muhl. (Lone-teavep W.) Leaves linear-lanceolate,
very long, tapering at each end, nearly sessile, remotely denticulate with pro-
jecting teeth, clothed with gray hairs when young; stipules small, lanceolate,
toothed; gland long, in the sterile flowers sometimes deeply 2-3-cleft; in the
fertile longer than the short stalk of the ovary; stigmas very large, sessile. —
River-banks, rooting extensively in sand or gravel: common, especially west-
ward. Varying greatly, 2°-20° high.

§ 5. Catkins peduncled, borne on the lateral (or sometimes the terminal) leafy branches
of the season, appearing in June: stipules deciduous or none: scales persistent. —
Small shrubs, mostly with underground spreading stems, sending up short erect or
prostrate branches.

* Upright (1°-3° high), not alpine: pod long-stalked : stamens 2.

1s. §S. myrtilloides, L. (Myrrre W.) Very glabrous, except the
scales of the catkin; leaves elliptical, oblong, or linear-oblong, entire (1/- 2!
long) reticulated, pale or glaucous beneath, somewhat coriaceous ; catkins ob-

30

*

466 SALICACEE. (WILLOW FAMILY.)

long, the fertile loose in fruit ; stalk of the ovary slender, longer than the green-
ish-yellow scale. (S. pedicellaris, Pursh., more luxuriant than the European
plant.) — Cold peat-bogs, New England to Wisconsin and northward. (Eu.)

* * Prostrate or spreading and matted, alpine.

19. S. Cutleri, Tuckerman. (Currer’s W.) Leaves elliptical and
pointed, or obovate and obtuse, tapering at the base, slightly toothed, strongly
veiny, smooth and shining above, pale and rather glaucous beneath ; catkins mostly
lateral, oblong-cylindrical ; ovary smooth, short-stalked ; style distinct ; stamen sin-
gle ; scales oblanceolate, entire, black, covered with long silky hairs. (S. Uva-Ursi,
Pursh, in part, & Ed. 2.) Alpine summits of the high mountains of Maine,
New Hampshire, and New York.

20. S. argyrocarpa, Anders. (Sinvery-rruirep W.) Leaves lanceo-
late, acute, or the earliest obovate and obtuse, irregularly repand-crenate, smooth
and green above, covered beneath when young with long and shining deciduous hairs, at
maturity smooth and glaucous ; catkins ovoid, short ; ovary densely silvery-silky,
stalked ; style distinct ; stamens 2-3; gland sometimes double ; scales obovate,
obtuse, clothed with long hairs. (S. repens, Hd. 2, but is much nearer S.
arbuscula, Z.) — Moist alpine ravines of the White Mountains, New Hamp-
shire. — Whole plant, when young, of a glossy satiny lustre; the leaves at
length becoming quite smooth, with a white and prominent midrib, and slightly
elevated veins.

21. S. herbacea, L. (Hers-tixe W.) Leaves roundish-oval, heart-shaped,

notched at the apex, serrate, smooth and shining, with reticulated veins ; catkins _

issuing from the terminal buds, small and few-flowered ; ovary sessile, smooth ; scales
smooth, ciliate. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire,
and high northward. — A very small herb-like species, the stems seldom rising
above an inch or two from the ground. (Eu.) .

2. POPULUS, Tourn. Poprar. ASPEN.

Bracts (scales) of the catkins irregularly cut-lobed at the apex. Flowers from
a cup-shaped disk which is obliquely lengthened in front. Stamens 8 —30, or
more: filaments distinct. Stigmas elongated. — Trees, with broad and more
or less heart-shaped or ovate-toothed leaves, and mostly angular branches. Buds
scaly, covered with resinous varnish. Catkins long and drooping, appearing
before the leaves. (The ancient name, called Arbor Populi, because it was used
to decorate the public walks, or on account of the constant agitation of the
leaves by every impulse.)

1. P. tremuloides, Michx. (American Aspen.) Leaves roundish-
heart-shaped, with a short sharp point, and small somewhat regular teeth, smooth
on both sides, with downy margins; scales cut into 3—4 deep linear divisions,
fringed with long hairs.— Woods: common. — Tree 20° - 50° high, with
smooth greenish-white bark. Leaf-stalk long, slender, and laterally com-
pressed, which accounts for the continual agitation of the foliage by the slight-
est breeze.

2. P. grandidentata, Michx. (Larcr-rootnep Aspen.) Leaves
roundish-ovate, with large and irregular sinuate teeth, when young densely coyered

SALICACEX. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 467

with white silky wool, at length smooth both sides ; scales cut into 5-6 unequal
small divisions, slightly fringed. — Woods : common, especially northward. —
A rather larger tree than the last, with a smoothish gray bark.

3. P. heterophylla, L. (Downy Poptar.) Branches round ; leaves
heart-shaped or roundish-ovate, obtuse, serrate, white-woolly when young, at length
nearly smooth, except on the elevated veins beneath. — Swamps, W. New
England to Illinois and southward. — Tree 40° - 60° high, with large, usually
blunt leaves; the sinus, when heart-shaped, closed by the overlapping lobes
which conceal the insertion of the nearly round leaf-stalk.

4. P. monilifera, Ait. (Corroy-woop. Neckiace Poprar.) Young
branches slightly angled, becoming round ; leaves broadly deltoid, with spreading promi-
nent nerves, slightly heart-shaped or truncate at the base, taper-pointed, serrate with
cartilaginous and incurved slightly hairy teeth ; fertile catkins very long; scales
lacerate-fringed, not hairy ; stigmas nearly sessile, toothed, dilated and very large.
— Margins of lakes and streams, W. New England to Illinois and southward,
especially westward. — A large tree, 80° high or upwards; the vigorous branches
decidedly angled, bearing large leaves ; the more stunted round, with smaller
foliage. (P. Canadénsis, Michr. f. P. levigata, Willd.)

5. P. angulata, Ait. (ANegLtep Corron-woop.) Branches acutely angu-
lar or winged ; leaves broadly deltoid or heart-ovate, smooth, crenate-serrate, or with
obtuse cartilaginous teeth.— Low grounds, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and
southward. — Tree large as (and probably a mere variety of) the last, and like
it bearing very large heart-shaped leaves (7/-8! in length and breadth) on
young plants and suckers: on full-grown trees only one fourth of that size, and
commonly without the sinus.

6. P. balsamifera, L. (Barsam Poprar. Tacamanac.) Branches
round ; leaves ovate, gradually tapering and pointed, finely serrate, smooth on both
sides, whitish and reticulately veined beneath ; scales dilated, slightly hairy ; sta-
mens very numerous. —N. New England to Wisconsin, and northward. — A
tall tree, growing on the borders of rivers and swamps: its large buds varnished
with copious fragrant resinous matter.

Var. candicans. (Baim or Giteap.) Leaves broader and more or less
heart-shaped, pointed, serrate, whitish and reticulate-veined beneath ; petiole
commonly hairy. (P. candicans, Ait.) —N. New England to Lake Superior
and Kentucky: rare in a wild state, but common in cultivation.

P. nigra, L., was admitted by the elder Michaux into his Flora, without any
mention of its locality. It was afterwards published by his son, under the name
of P. Hudsénica : he, however, found it “ only on the banks of the Hudson River,
above Albany.” Lastly, it was described as P. betulifolia by Pursh, who further
added as its station, “about Lake Ontario.” It was probably introduced from
Europe, and was latterly so considered by the younger Michaux himself.

P. preatAra, Ait., the well-known Lomparpy Poptar (probably a form of
P. nigra) has been extensively introduced as an ornamental tree.

P. Avpa, L., the ABELE or WHITE Popxar of the Old World, is occasionally
planted, when it spreads widely by the root, and becomes more common than is
desirable.

468 CONIFERE. (PINE FAMILY.)

Sunciass II. CGYMNOSPERMA.

Pistil represented by an open scale or leaf, or else entirely want-
ing; the ovules and seeds therefore naked (without a pericarp), and
fertilized by the direct application of the pollen. Cotyledons often
more than two.

Orver 106. CONIFERZE. (Pryet FamIiry.)

Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, mostly awl-shaped or needle-shaped
entire leaves, and monecious or rarely dicecious flowers in catkins, destitute
of calyx or corolla. Ovules orthotropous. Embryo in the axis of the al-
bumen, nearly its length. (Wood destitute of ducts, composed chiefly of
a homogeneous large woody fibre which is marked with circular disks on
two sides.) _Composes the three following Suborders : —

SuporpER I. ABTETINEARX. Prorer Pine FAmiIty.

Fertile flowers in catkins, consisting of open imbricated carpels in the
form of scales in the axil of a bract; in fruit forming a strobile or cone.
Ovules 2, adherent to the base of each carpellary scale, their orifice turned
downward. Buds scaly.

* Cones maturing the year after flowering.
1. Pinus. Leaves 2-5 ina cluster from the axil of a scale-like primary leaf, persistent.
* * Cones maturing the same year.
2. Abies. Leaves all scattered on the branches and alike, persistent.
8. Larix. Leaves many in a cluster, the primary ones similar to the others, deciduous.

Suporper I. CUPRESSINEZE. Cypress Famity.

Fertile flowers consisting of few carpellary scales, without bracts, bear-
ing single or several erect ovules on their base (the orifice upward), form-
ing a closed strobile or a sort of drupe in fruit. Buds naked.

* Flowers moneecious. Strobile dry, opening at maturity.

4. Thuja. Fruit of few imbricated oblong scales. Ovules 2. Leaves scale-like, closely im-
bricated on the flattened branches.

5. Cupressus. Fruit of several shield-form thick scales united in a globular woody cone.
Seeds 2 or more on the stalk of each scale. Leaves scale-like or awl-shaped.

6. Taxodium. Fruit of several thick shield-shaped scales united in a globular woody
cone. Seeds 2 on the base of each scale. Leaves linear, 2-ranked, deciduous.

* * Flowers chiefly dicecious. Fruit berry-like, not opening.
7. Juniperus. Fruit composed of 3-6 coalescent 1—3-ovuled scales, becoming fleshy.

Suporper II. 'TAXENEZE. Yew Famiry.
Fertile flower solitary, consisting of a naked ovule, ripening into a nut-
like or drupe-like seed@ Carpel or scale entirely wanting. Buds scaly.

8. Taxus. Ovule erect, encircled at the base by an annular disk, which in fruit forms a
berry-like cup around the nut-like seed.

CONIFERZ. (PINE FAMILY.) 469

1. PINUS, Tourn. PINE.

Sterile catkins arranged in a spike at the base of the shoot of the same spring,
involucrate by a nearly definite number of scales, consisting of numerous sta-
mens spirally inserted on the axis, with very short filaments and a scale-like
connective: anther-cells 2, opening lengthwise. Pollen of 8 united grains.
Fertile catkins solitary or aggregated immediately below the terminal bud, or
lateral on the young shoot, consisting of imbricated carpellary scales, each in
the axil of a persistent bract, bearing a pair of inverted ovules at the base.
Fruit a cone formed of the imbricated and woody carpellary scales, which are
thickened at the apex (except in White Pines), persistent, spreading when ripe
and dry; the 2 nut-like seeds partly sunk in excavations at the base of the scale,
and in separating carrying away a part of its lining in the form of a thin and
fragile wing. Cotyledons 3-12, linear. — Primary leaves of the shoots thin
and chaff-like, merely bud-scales; from their axils immediately proceed the
secondary leaves, which make the foliage, in the form of fascicles of 2 to 5 needle-
shaped evergreen leaves, from slender buds, some thin scarious bud-scales sheath-
ing the base of the cluster. When there are only 2 leaves in the cluster they
are semicylindrical and when dry channelled or concave; when more than 2
triangular; their edges in our species serrulate. Blossoms developed in spring ;
the cones maturing only in the autumn of the second year. (The classical
Latin name.)

The species here arranged and characterized from notes contributed by Dr.
ENGELMANN.

§ 1. Leaves 2 or 3 in a close sheath: cones (except in No.7) persistent after shedding
the seed ; their woody scales thickened at the end, and usually spiny-tipped.
* Fertile catkins and cones lateral: scales much thickened at the end: leaves rigid.
+ Leaves in threes.

1. P. Teeda, L. (Lopioury or OLp-F1eELp Pine.) Leaves long (6'-10'),
with elonguted sheaths, light green; cones elongated-oblong (3/—5! long) and
tapering ; scales tipped with a stout incurved spine. — Barren light soil, Delaware
(W. M. Canby), Virginia, and southward near the coast. — Tree 50° — 100° high.
Sterile catkins slender, 2! long, their involucre of 10-13 (rarely fewer) scales,
Seeds with 3 strong and rough ridges on the under side: cotyledons 5-8.

2. P. rigida, Miller. (Prrcw Pine.) Leaves (3'-5! long) dark green,
Jirom short sheaths ; cones ovoid-conical or ovate (1/—33/ long), often in clusters ;
the scales tipped with a short and stout recurved prickle. — Sandy or spare rocky
soil, Maine to W. New York and southward: common. — Tree 30°—70° high,
with very rough and dark bark, and hard resinous wood. Sterile catkins slen-
der (3/—13’ long), with 6-8 involucral scales. Seed with hardly any ridges:
cotyledons about 5.

+ + Leaves in twos, or some of them in threes in No. 6.

3. P. pungens, Michx. (Taste Mountain Pine.) Leaves stout, short
(13/-23! long), crowded, bluish, the sheath short (very short on old foliage) ;
cones ovate (35! long), the scales armed with a strong hooked spine (}/ long).—
Alleghany Mountains, especially in the Blue Ridge, N. Carolina and Virginia

NS)._ a

d b&w

470 CONIFER. (PINE FAMILY.)

(near Charlottesville, M.A. Curtis) to Penn., Prof. Porter, as far north as Port
Clinton near Reading (7. Meehan). — Sterile catkins 6/'- 9" long, with 6 -8 in-
volucral scales. Seed with 2 or 3 slight ridges: cotyledons about 7.

4. P. inops, Ait. (Jersey or Scrus Prine.) Leaves short (13!-3! long) ;
cones oblong-conical, sometimes curved (2/—3! long), the scales tipped with a
straight or recurved awl-shaped prickle. — Barrens and sterile hills, New Jersey to
Kentucky and southward. A straggling tree, 15°-40° high, with spreading
or drooping branchlets: young shoots with a purplish glaucous bloom. Sterile
catkins linear-oblong, 5//- 6" long, with about 8 inyolucral scales.

5. P. Banksiana, Lambert. (Gray or NorrHern Scrus Pine.)
Leaves short (1! long), oblique, divergent ; cones conical, oblong, usually curved
(13/-2! long), smooth, the scales pointless. (P. rupestris, Michx. f.) — Rocky
banks, N. Maine, N. Michigan and Wisconsin, and northward. — A straggling
shrub or low tree (5°-20° high): the sterile catkins nearly as in No. 4. Seed
with 2 or 3 ridges on the inner side: cotyledons 4 or 5.

6. P. mitis, Michx. (YrELLow Prive.) Leaves in pairs or sometimes in
threes, from long sheaths, slender (3'!-5!' long); cones ovate- or oblong-conical
(barely 2! long) ; the scales tipped with a minute and weak prickle. (P. variabilis,
Pursh.) — Dry or sandy soil, W. New England ? and New Jersey to Wisconsin,
and common southward. — Tree 50° - 60° high, straight, producing a durable,
fine-grained, moderately resinous timber, valuable for flooring, &c. Leaves
more soft and slender than in any of the preceding, dark green. The western
form has more rigid leaves, and more tuberculate and spiny cones. Sterile
catkins linear, 6-9! long, with 9-12 involucral scales. Seed with 2 or 3
rough ridges : cotyledons 5 —7.

* * Fertile catkins and cones terminal, the latter deciduous after shedding the seed :

their scales slightly thickened, pointless: leaves in twos, slender.

7. P. resinosa, Ait. (Rep Pine.) Leaves from long sheaths, elongated
(5'-6/ long), dark green; cones ovate-conical, smooth (about 2! long) ; sterile
catkins oblong-linear (6//— 9! long), subtended by about 6 involucral scales
which are early deciduous by an articulation above their base; seeds slightly
ridged on the lower surface; cotyledons 6 or 7. (P. rubra, Michx. f.) — Dry
woods, Mass. to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. — Tree 50° - 80° high, with
reddish and rather smooth bark, and compact, not very resinous wood. —
Wrongly called Norway Pine.

§ 2. Leaves 5 in a (loose-scaled entirely deciduous) sheath : cones terminal, deciduous
after shedding the seed ; their scales slightly if at all thickened at the end and
wholly destitute of prickle or point: bark smooth except on old trunks.

8. P. Strobus, L. (Wurre Pine.) Leaves very slender, glaucous ;
sterile catkins oval (4!"-5/ long), with 6-8 involucral scales at base; fertile
catkins long-stalked, cylindrical ; cones narrow, cylindrical, nodding, often
curved (4'—6/ long) ; seed smooth ; cotyledons 8-10. — Cool and damp woods ;
common northward to the Mississippi, and southward in the Alleghanies. —
The White Pine (called in England Weymouth Pine) is our tallest tree, often
120°—160° in a straight column in primitive forests, and is invaluable for its
soft and light white or yellowish wood, in large trunks nearly free from resin.

CONIFERE. (PINE FAMILY.) 471

2. ABIES, Tour. Spruce. Fir.

Sterile catkins scattered or somewhat clustered in the axils of leaves of the
preceding year. Fertile catkins and cones lateral or terminal on branches of
the preceding year: scales of the cone thin and eyen, not at all thickened nor
prickly-tipped. Leaves all of one kind and foliaceous, scattered (not fascicled),
short, persistent for two or more years. Flowering in spring, and cones ma-
turing in autumn. Otherwise nearly as in Pinus. (The classical Latin name.)
Of European species A. excktsa, the Norway Spruce is most commonly,
and A. pECTINATA, the SILVER Fir, occasionally planted.

§1. Spruce. (Picea of Link, not of Z. Asres, LZ. and others. These
ancient names much transposed by moderns.) Cones hanging from or near
the end of a branch; the scales persistent on the axis: anthers tipped with a
rounded recurved appendage, their cells distinct and opening lengthwise: pollen
nearly as in Pine : leaves needle-shaped and 4-sided, pointing every way.

1. A. nigra, Poir. (Biack or Dousite Spruce.) Leaves short (6//-8!!
long), either dark green or glaucous-whitish ; cones ovate or ovate-oblong (1'-14!
long), mostly recurved, persistent, the rigid scales with a thin often eroded edge.
— Swamps and cold mountain woods, New England to Wisconsin and north-
ward, and southward along the mountains.

2. A. alba, Michx. (Wuite Spruce.) Leaves pale or glaucous ; cones
nodding, cylindrical (about 2! long), pale, deciduous, the thinner scales with an
entire edge; a handsomer tree than No. 1, in aspect more like a Balsam Fir. —
Northern New England and New York to Lake Superior, and northward.

§ 2. Hemiock-Seruce. (TsucGa, Endl.) Cones hanging on the end of declined
branches of the preceding year, persistent, small ; the scales persistent on the axis:
sterile catkins small, of a few capitate anthers, their short confluent cells opening
transversely: pollen-grains simple: leaves flat, whitened beneath, petioled, spread-
ing in two directions so as to seem 2-ranked.,

8. A. Canadénsis, Michx. (Hemtocx Spruce.) Leaves short-linear,
obtuse (5/ long) ; cones oval (6-8" long), of few thin scales much longer
than the bracts. — Hilly or rocky woods: very common northward, and rare
southward in the Alleghanies. — A large tree, when young the most graceful
of Spruces, with a light and spreading spray, and delicate foliage, bright greer:
above, silvery underneath. Timber coarse-grained and poor.

§3. Fir. (Antes of Pliny. Picea, Z., not of Link.) Cones erect on the upper
side of spreading branches ; their scales and mostly exserted bracts deciduous from
the persistent axis at maturity : seeds and bark of tree with balsam-bearing vesi-
cles: anthers tipped with a 1-2-pointed appendage, their cells opening by lacer-
ation ; pollen nearly as in Pine : leaves flat, with midrib prominent on the whitened
lower face, mostly sessile, on horizontal branches more or less spreading in two di-
rections, so as to seem 2-ranked.

4.™A. balsamea, Marshall. (Batsam Frr.) Leaves narrowly linear;
cones cylindrical, large (2'-4!' long, 1 thick), violet-colored ; the bracts obovate,
serrulate, tipped with an abrupt slender point, ancluded or slightly projecting. —

Cold damp woods and swamps, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and north-

472 CONIFERH. (PINE FAMILY.)

ward. — A slender tree, of no value as timber, when young very handsome,
but short-lived. Leaves 6//-10/ in length, narrower and lighter green above
than those of the European Silver Fir. Also called Balm-of- Gilead Fir. Canada
balsam is drawn from blisters in the bark of this and the next species. — A sub-
alpine state on the Green Mountains, &c., has shorter or oblong, stunted cones,
and approaches the next.

5. A. Fraseri, Pursh. (Fraser’s or SOUTHERN Barsam Fir.) Cones
small (1!-2! long), oblong-ovate ; the bracts oblong-wedge-shaped, the short-pointed
upper part much projecting and reflered. (A. balsamifera, Michx. Fl.) —Moun-
tains of Penn., Virginia, and southward on the highest Alleghanies. — Foliage,
&c. nearly as in the last.

38. LARIX, Tourn. Larcn.

Catkins lateral, terminating short spurs on the branches of the preceding
year, short or globular, developed in early spring ; the sterile from leafless buds ;
the fertile mostly with leaves below. Anther-cells opening transversely. Pol-
len-grains simple, globular. Cones as in Spruce, the scales persistent. — Leaves
needle-shaped, soft, deciduous, all foliaceous, very many in a fascicle developed
in early spring from lateral scaly and globular buds, and scattered along the
developed shoots of the season. Fertile catkins crimson or red in flower. (The
ancient name.)

1. L. Americana, Michx. (American or Brack Larcn. TAMARACK.
Hacxmarack.) Leaves short; cones ovoid (6-9! long), of few rounded
scales, arranged in # order. (Pinus péndula, Act. P. microcarpa, Lambert.) —
Swamps, New England to Penn. and Wisconsin, and (chiefly) northward. — A
slender tree, with heavy, close-grained wood, horizontal branches, and more
slender and usually shorter leaves than the Kuropean Larch ;— which is a
handsomer tree, and has the scales of its larger cones arranged in the order 3.

4. THUJA, Tourn. Arzor Virz.

Flowers mostly moneecious on different branches, in very small terminal ovoid
catkins. Stamens with a scale-like filament or connective, bearing 4 anther-
cells. Fertile catkins of few imbricated scales, fixed by the base, each bearing
2 erect ovules, dry and spreading at maturity. Cotyledons 2.— Small ever-
green trees, with very flat 2-ranked spray, on which the small and appressed
persistent leaves are closely imbricated ; these are of two sorts, on different or
successive branchlets ; the one awl-shaped ; the other scale-like, blunt, short, and
adnate to the branch. (©Ovia, Ova, or Oveia, the ancient name of some resin-
bearing evergreen.)

1. T. occidentalis, L. (American Arsor Vitm.) Leaves appressed-
imbricated in 4 rows on the 2-edged branchlets; scales of the cones pointless ;
seeds broadly winged all round.— Swamps and cool rocky banks: common
from Penn. northward, where it forms extensive “cedar-swamps,” and is called
Wuire Cepar: rare southward along the Alleghanies. May, June. — Tree
20° — 50° high, yielding a pungent aromatic oil: wood light, but very durable.

CONIFERH. (PINE FAMILY.) 473

5. CUPRESSUS, Tourn. Cypress.

Flowers moneecious on different branches, in terminal small catkins. Sterile
catkins composed of shield-shaped seale-like filaments bearing 2-4 anther-cells
under the lower margin. Fertile catkins globular, of shield-shaped scales bear-
ing several erect bottle-shaped ovules. Cone globular, firmly closed, but open-
ing at maturity; the scales thick, pointed or bossed in the middle; the few or
several seeds attached to their contracted base or stalk. Cotyledons 2 or 3. —
Strong-scented evergreen trees, with very small and scale-like or some awl-
shaped closely appressed-imbricated leaves, and exceedingly durable wood.
(The classical name.)

1. C. thyoides, L. (Wuite Crepar.) Leaves minute, pale, ovate or
triangular-awl-shaped, often with a small gland on the back, closely imbricated
in 4 rows; anther-cells 2 under each scale; cones small (3'!-5" in diameter) ;
seeds slightly winged. — Swamps, Massachusetts to Wisconsin, Virginia, and
southward. May. — Tree 30°-70° high; the wood and fibrous shreddy bark,
as well as the foliage, much as in Arbor Vitz; but the spray more slender, the
leaves finer and glaucous-green.

6. TAXODIUM, Richard. Bap Cyrress.

Flowers monecious, the two kinds on the same branches. Sterile catkins
spiked-panicled, of few stamens: filaments scale-like, shield-shaped, bearing 2 —
5 anther-cells. Fertile catkins ovoid, in small clusters, scaly, with a pair of
ovules at the base ofeach scale. Cone globular, closed, composed of very thick
and angular somewhat shield-shaped scales, bearing 2 angled seeds at their base.
Cotyledons 6-9.— Trees, with narrow linear 2-ranked light and deciduous
leaves ; a part of the slender leafy branchlets of the season also deciduous in
autumn. (Name compounded of Tdéos, the Yew, and eiSos, resemblance, the
leaves being Yew-like.

1. T. distichum, Richard, (American Batp Cypress.) Leaves linear
and spreading ; also some awl-shaped and imbricated on flowering branchlets.
— Swamps, Delaware, to S. Ilinois, and southward, where it is a very large
and valuable tree. March, April.

7. JUNIPERUS, L. Jonirer.

Flowers dicecious, or occasionally moncecious, in very small lateral catkins.
Anther-cells 3-6, attached to the lower edge of the shield-shaped scale. Fertile
catkins ovoid, of 3-6 fleshy coalescent scales, each one-ovuled, in fruit forming
a sort of berry, which is scaly-bracted underneath, black with white bloom.
Seeds 1 - 3, wingless, bony. Cotyledons 2.— Evergreen trees or shrubs, with
awl-shaped or scale-like rigid leaves, often of two shapes in § 2. (The classical
name.)

§ 1. Leaves all in whorls and linear-awl-shaped, prickly-pointed, free, articulated with
the stem, with a midrib and rib-like margins.

1. J. communis, L. (Common Juniper.) Leaves in threes, with slen-
der prickly point, spreading, bright green except the glaucous-white upper face,

474 CONIFERE. (PINE FAMILY.)

6!’-9!' long ; berries large. — Dry sterile hills: common. May, June. — Low
shrub, ascending or spreading on the ground. (Eu.)

Var. alpina, L. (J. nana, Willd.), is a prostrate state, with shorter and less
tapering, mostly ascending or incurved leaves. — Shores of upper Great Lakes,
Maine, and northward. (Eu.)

§ 2. Leaves small, mostly opposite, not articulated but connate-decurrent on the stem
of two somewhat different forms, i. e. awl-shaped and loose, and scale-shaped and
appressed-imbricated, the latter flattened and often with a resiniferous gland on
the back, and no distinct nerve or midrib.

2. J. Virginiana, L. (Rep Cepar or Savin.) Scale-shaped leaves
acute or acutish; fruit small, erect on the short supporting branchlet. — Dry,
mostly sterile or rocky soil: common. May.— Shrub, small tree, or westward
often a large tree, 60° - 90° high ; with most durable, compact, reddish and odor-
ous wood.

3. J. Sabina, L., var. procumbens, Pursh. Scale-shaped leaves ob-
tuse or acutish, strongly appressed ; fruit larger, nodding on the recurved peduncle-
like branchlet ; stems procumbent or prostrate, sometimes extensively creeping.
(J. Virginiana, var. humilis, Hd. 2.) — Rocky banks, borders of swamps, &c.,
Maine to Wisconsin along and near the Great Lakes, and northward. May,
June. (Ku.)

8. TAXUS, Tour. Yew.

Flowers mostly dicecious, or sometimes moneecious, axillary from scaly buds ;
the sterile in small globular catkins formed of a few naked stamens: anther-
cells 3-8 under a shield-like somewhat lobed connective. Fertile flowers
solitary, scaly-bracted at the base, consisting merely of an erect sessile ovule;
with an annular disk, which becomes cup-shaped around its base, and at
length pulpy and berry-like, globular and red, and nearly enclosing the nut-
like seed. Cotyledons 2. — Leaves evergreen, flat, mucronate, rigid, scattered,
2-ranked. (The classical name, probably from réov, a bow ; the wood anciently
used for bows. )

1. T. baceata, L., var. Canadénsis. (American Yew. Grovunp
Hemiock.) Stems diffusely spreading; leaves linear, green both sides. (T.
Canadensis, |uld.) — Moist banks and hills, near streams, especially in the
shade of evergreens: common northward, extending southward only along
the Alleghanies. April. — Our Yew is a low and straggling or prostrate
bush, never forming an erect trunk like that of Europe and of Northwest
America. (Eu.)

ARACEE. (ARUM FAMILY.) 475

Ctass II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS or EN-
DOGENOUS PLANTS"

Stems with no manifest distinction into bark, wood, and
pith ; but the woody fibre and vessels in bundles or threads
which are irregularly imbedded in the cellular tissue: peren-
nial trunks destitute of annual layers. Leaves mostly paral-
lel-veined (nerved) and sheathing at the base, seldom sepa-
rating by an articulation, almost always alternate or scattered
and not toothed. Parts of the flower commonly in threes.
Embryo with a single cotyledon, and the leaves of the plu-
mule alternate.

Orver 107. ARACEZE. (Arum FAMILY.)

Plants with acrid or pungent juice, simple or compound often veiny leaves,
and flowers crowded ona spadix, which is usually surrounded by a spathe.
— Floral envelopes none, or of 4 -6 sepals. Fruit usually a berry. Seeds
with fleshy albumen, or none but filled with the large fleshy embryo in
Nos. 2,4, and 5. A large family, chiefly tropical. Herbage abounding
in slender rhaphides. — The genuine Aracez have no floral envelopes, and
are almost all moneecious or dicecious: but the genera of the second section
with more highly developed flowers are not to be separated.

* Spathe surrounding or subtending the spathe: flowers naked; i. e. without perianth.

1. Ariszema. Flowers moncecious or dicecious, covering only the base of the spadix.

2. Peltandra. Flowers monccious, covering the spadix ; anthers above, ovaries below.

3. Calla. Flowers perfect (at least the lower ones), covering the whole of the short spadix.
Spathe open and spreading.

* * Spathe surrounding the spadix in No. 4, none or imperfect in the rest: flowers with a
calyx or perianth and perfect, covering the whole spadix.

4. Symplocarpus, S§padix globular, ina fleshy shell-shaped spathe. Stemless.

5. Orontium. Spadix narrow, naked, terminating the terete scape.

6. Acorus. Spadix cylindrical, borne on the side of a leaf-like scape.

1. ARIS AMA, Martius. Inp1an Tursie. Dracon-Arv™.

Spathe convolute below and mostly arched above. Flowers moncecious or
by abortion dicecious, covering only the base of the spadix, which is elongated
and naked above. Floral envelopes none. Sterile flowers above the fertile,
each of a cluster of almost sessile 2—4-celled anthers, opening by pores or chinks
at the top. Fertile flowers consisting each of a 1-celled ovary, tipped with a
depressed stigma, and containing 5 or 6 orthotropous ovules erect from the base

476 ARACEH, (ARUM FAMILY.)

of the cell; in fruit a 1 -few-seeded scarlet berry. Embryo in the axis of albu-
men. — Low perennial herbs, with a tuberous rootstock or corm, sending up a
simple scape sheathed with the petioles of the simple or compound veiny leaves,
as if coalescent. (A play upon Arum, the ancient name; probably formed of
dpov, Arum, and ona, a sign or mark.)

1. A. triphyllum, Torr. (Inp1an Turnip.) Leaves mostly 2, divided
into 8 elliptical-ovate pointed leaflets ; spadix mostly diccious, club-shaped, obtuse,
much shorter than the spathe, which is flattened and incurved-hooded at the
summit. (Arum triphyllum, Z.) — Rich woods: common. May. — Corm
turnip-shaped, wrinkled, farinaceous, with an intensely acrid juice. Spathe with
the petioles and sheaths green, or often variegated with dark purple and whitish
stripes or spots (Arum atrorubens, Ait.) ; the limb ovate-lanceolate, pointed.

2. A. Dracéntium, Schott. (Green Dracon. Dracon-roor.) Leaf
usually solitary, pedately divided into 7-11 oblong-lanceolate pointed leaflets ;
spadix ofien androgynous, tapering to a long and slender point beyond the oblong
and convolute pointed spathe. (Arum Dracontium, LZ.) — Low grounds along
streams. June.—Corms clustered. Petiole 1°- 2° long, much longer than
the peduncle. Spathe greenish, rolled into a tube, with a short erect point.

2. PELTANDRA, Raf. Arrow Arum.

Spathe elongated, convolute throughout, wavy on the margin, curved at the
apex. Flowers monecious, thickly covering the long and tapering spadix
throughout. Floral envelopes none. Anthers sessile, naked, covering all the
upper part of the spadix, each of 5 or 6 cells imbedded in the margin of a thick
and shield-shaped connective, opening by a terminal pore. Ovaries 1-celled at
the base of the spadix, bearing several amphitropous or nearly orthotropous
ovules at the base: stigma almost sessile. Fruit a leathery or fleshy utricle,
1-3-seeded. Seed obovate, surrounded by a tenacious jelly, the base empty,
the upper part filled with a large and fleshy spherical embryo; no albumen. —
A stemless herb, with arrow-shaped leaves and simple scapes from the root of
thick tufted fibres. Upper part of the spathe and the sterile portion of the
spadix rotting away after flowering, leaving the fleshy base firmly enclosing the
globular cluster of fruit. (Name composed of weAty, a target, and dynp, for
stamen, from the shape of the latter.) :

1. P. Virginica, Raf. (P. undulata, Raf Arum Virginicum, ZL. Le-
contia, Torr. Rensseleria, Beck.) — In shallow water: common. June. —
Leaves large, pointed ; nerves reticulated next the margin. (It seems to have
escaped attention that this plant has an exalbuminous corm-like embryo, nearly as

in Symplocarpus. )
4. CA LUA. i Water Arvum.

Spathe open and spreading, ovate (abruptly pointed, the upper surface white),
persistent. Spadix oblong, entirely covered with flowers ; the lower perfect and
6-androus ; the upper often of stamens only. Floral envelopes none. Filaments
slender: anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, with 5 —9 erect
anatropous ovules: stigma almost sessile. Berries (red) distinct, few-seeded.

ARACE&. (ARUM FAMILY.) 477

Seeds with a conspicuous rhaphe and an embryo nearly the length of the hard
albumen. — A low perennial herb, growing in cold bogs, with a long creeping
rootstock, bearing heart-shaped long-petioled leaves, and solitary scapes. (An
ancient name, of unknown meaning. )

1. C. palustris, L.— Cold bogs, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and
common northward. June. — Seeds surrounded with jelly. (Eu.)

4. SYMPLOCARPUS, Salish. Skunx Cappace.

Spathe hooded-shell-form, pointed, very thick and fleshy, decaying in fruit.
Spadix globular, short-stalked, entirely covered with perfect flowers, which are
thickly crowded and their (1-celled or abortively 2-celled) ovaries immersed in
the fleshy receptacle. Sepals 4, hooded. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals, with
at length rather slender filaments : anthers extrorse, 2-celled, opening length-
wise. Style 4-angled and awl-shaped: stigma small. Ovule solitary, suspended,
anatropous. Fruit a globular or oval mass, composed of the enlarged and
spongy spadix, enclosing the spherical seeds just beneath the surface, which is
roughened with the persistent and fleshy sepals and pyramidal styles. Seeds
filled by the large globular and fleshy corm-like embryo, which bears one or
several plumules at the end next the base of the ovary: albumen none. —
Perennial herb, with a strong odor like that of the skunk, and also somewhat
alliaceous ; a thick descending rootstock bearing a multitude of long and coarse
fibrous roots, and a cluster of very large and broad entire veiny leaves, preceded
in earliest spring by the nearly sessile spathes, which barely rise out of the
ground. (Name from cupmdokn, connection, and kap7os, fruit, in allusion to
the coalescence of the ovaries into a compound fruit.)

1. S. feetidus, Salisb. (Ictodes, Bigel.) — Bogs and moist grounds : com-
mon. — Leaves ovate and heart-shaped, 1° -2° long when grown, short-petioled.
— Spathe spotted and striped with purple and yellowish-green, ovate, incurved.
Fruit ripe in September, forming a roughened globular mass 2'-3/ in diameter,
in decay shedding the bulblet-like seeds, which are 4” - 6” in diameter, and filled
with the singular solid fleshy embryo.

5. ORONTIUM, L. Gotpen-cuvs.

Spathe incomplete and distant, merely a leaf-sheath investing the lower part
of the slender scape, and bearing a small and imperfect bract-like blade. Flow-
ers crowded all over the narrow spadix, perfect: the lower with 6 concave
sepals and 6 stamens; the upper ones with 4. Filaments flattened: anthers 2-
celled, opening obliquely lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, with an anatropous
ovule: stigma sessile, entire. Fruit a green utricle. Seed without albumen.
Embryo thick and fleshy, “with a large concealed cavity at the summit, the
plumule curved in a groove on the outside.” (Zorr.)— An aquatic perennial,
with a deep rootstock, long-petioled and entire oblong and nerved floating
leaves, and the spadix terminating the elongated scape; its rather club-shaped
emersed apex as thick as the spadix. (Origin of the name obscure.)

1. O. aquaticum, L.— Ponds, Massachusetts to Virginia, near the coast,
and southward. May.

IIa,

Dy Op t

478 LEMNACEEH. (DUCKWEED FAMILY.)

6; ACORUS, -L. Sweet Frac. CaLamus.

Spadix cylindrical, lateral, sessile, emerging from the side of a simple 2-edged
scape which resembles the leaves, densely covered with perfect flowers. Sepals
6, concave. Stamens 6: filaments linear: anthers kidney-shaped, 1-celled,
opening across. Ovary 2-3-celled, with several pendulous orthotropous ovules
in each cell: stigma minute. Fruit at length dry, gelatinous inside, 1 -few-
seeded. Embryo in the axis of albumen. — Pungent aromatic plants, especially
the thick creeping rootstocks (calamus of the shops), which send up 2-edged
sword-like leaves, and scapes similar to them, bearing the spadix on one edge ;
the upper and more foliaceous prolongation sometimes considered as a kind of
open spathe. (The ancient name, from a privative, and kdpn, the pupil of the
eye, having been used as a remedy for sore eyes.)

1. A. Calamus, L. Scape leaf-like and prolonged far beyond the (yel-
lowish-green) spadix. — Margin of rivulets, swamps, &c. Probably truly in-
digenous northward. June. (Eu.)

OrverR 108. LEMNACEZE. (Duckweep Famity.)

Minute stemless plants, floating free on the water, destitute of distinct stem
and foliage, being merely a frond, producing one or few monecious flowers
from the edge or upper surface, and commonly hanging roots from under-
neath: ovules rising from the base of the cell. Fruit a 1—7-seeded utricle.
Seed large; the apex or radicular extremity of the seed-coat separable as
an operculum or lid (as in Cabomba, &c.) Embryo straight, surrounded by
fleshy or sometimes very scanty albumen —'The simplest, and some of them
the smallest of flowering plants, propagating by the proliferous growth of a
new individual from a cleft in the edge or base of the parent frond, remain-
ing connected for some time or separating, also by autumnal fronds in the
form of minute bulblets, which sink to the bottom of the water, but rise
and vegetate in spring; the flowers (in summer) and fruit scarce, in some
species hardly ever seen. Frond more or less cavernous; the upper sur-
face furnished with stomata. — These plants may be regarded as a sort of
very simplified Aracez.

Arranged from notes contributed by C. F. Austin, Esq., who is pre-
paring a monograph of the American Lemnacee.

i LEMNA, 1, DuckWeEED. DvcK’s-MEAT.

Flowers produced from a cleft in the margin of the frond, usually three to-
gether surrounded by a spathe ; two of them staminate, consisting of a stamen’
only ; the other pistillate, of a simple pistil; the whole therefore imitating a
single diandrous flower. Ster. Fl. Filament slender: anther 2-celled, didy-
mous; the cells dehiscent transversely : pollen-grains large, spherical, muricate.
Fert. Fl, Ovary 1-celled: style and truncate or funnel-shaped stigma simple.
Ovules and seeds 1-7.— Fronds producing rootlets underneath, proliferous

LEMNACEEZ. (DUCKWEED FAMILY.) 479

from a cleft in the margin towards the base, and at length stipitate; the tissue
abounding with bundles of acicular rhaphides, as in Araceze. (An old Greek
name, of uncertain meaning.)

§ 1. LEMNA, Schleiden. Root single: ovule one, half-anatropous or orthotropous.

1. L. tristlea, L. Fronds oblong-lanceolate from a stalked base, thin, dentic-
ulate at the tip ($/-§/ long), proliferous from one or both sides; seed half-ana-
tropous. — Ponds and springy places; immersed and living through the winter,
usually several generations remaining connected. Flowers found, for the first
time in this country, by C. MM. Booth, Rochester, New York. (Eu.)

2. L. Torreyi, Austin, n.sp. Fronds oblong or obovate-oblong, usually some-
what falcate (1!'-24" long), thin, faintly 1-nerved, cavernous to the apex, pale
green both sides, commonly in groups of 4-8; utricle elongated-ovate, pointed by
the long style, flattish, usually half the length of the frond; seed oblong and rather
abruptly expanded below the middle, unequally cordate at the base, orthotropous,
very obtuse, faintly striate when dry ; testa fleshy, loosely adhering to the thick-
ish and solid inner coat; operculum distinctly apiculate ; albumen very scanty (a sin-
gle layer of cells). — Pools, New Jersey (fertile) to Missouri and southward.

3. L. perpusilla, Torr. Fronds obovate or roundish-obovate, thinnish (1! -
2" long), obscurely 3-nerved, grouped in circular patches (of 4-8) ; utricle ovate
and at length oblique, tipped with a rather long eccentric style; seed roundish or
obovate-oval, obtuse, oblique in the utricle, orthotropous, slightly striate when dry ; testa
coriaceous, solid, firmly attached to the very thin inner coat; operculum scarcely
apiculate ; albumen abundant. — 8. New York to Wisconsin and southward : not
rare.— Var. TRINERVIS, Austin. Fronds larger, distinctly 3-nerved, somewhat
hyaline ; utricle ovate, pointed with rather long style; seed ovate, acutish, mostly
straight, unequally cordate. — New York and Penn. (fertile) to Wisconsin.

4. L. minor, L. Fronds obovate or elliptical-obovate, thickish (1''- 2" long),
often grouped and short-stalked, obscurely 3-nerved ; utricle short-uin-shaped and
tipped with a short style ; seed oval or ovate, half-anatropous, horizontal, parallel with
the margin of the frond. — Stagnant waters: common: rare in flower. (Eu.)

Var. obscura, Austin. Fronds obovate, convex on both surfaces, often
purple underneath. — New York to Virginia: sterile.

Var. orbiculata, Austin. Fronds nearly orbicular, flat above, convex and
dark purple underneath, proliferous on very short included stalks. — New York
to Wisconsin and southward: sterile. — This and the preceding variety have been
taken for L. gibba by American authors.

§ 2. SPIRODELA, Schleiden. Roots several in a cluster: ovules 2, anatropous.

5. L. polyrrhiza, L. Fronds round-obovate (2!’- 4" long), thick, purple
and rather convex beneath, dark green above, palmately (mostly 7-) nerved. —
Very common in ponds and pools; not found here in blossom. (Eu.)

§ 3. TELMATOPHACE, Schleiden. Roots single: ovules and seeds 2-7, ana-
tropous : albumen hardly any in the mature seed.

6. L. gibba, L. Fronds obovate or almost orbicular (11-35! long),

nearly flat above, much thickened and cavernous-spongy underneath (almost

hemispherical), proliferous on short and very fragile stalks, therefore seldom

480 TYPHACEH. (CAT-TAIL FAMILY.)

more than 2 or 3 in connection. — Occurs in Arizona and southward: but the
true plant seems not to have been detected within our limits. (Eu.)

2. WOLFFIA, Horkel, Schleiden.

Flowers central, bursting through the upper surface of the roundish entirely
and loosely cellular frond, only 2; one pistillate, of a single stamen with a one-
celled 2-valved anther; the other pistillate, a globular ovary, tipped with a very
short style and a depressed stigma. Ovule orthotropous, rather oblique in the
cell. Pollen-grains smooth. Utricle spherical. Albumen thin. — Fronds root-
less, proliferous from a cleft at the base, the offspring soon detached : no rhaph-
ides. — The simplest and smallest of flowering plants, from }!/’- 4" long (a new
African and Cuban species much larger), floating as little grains on the water.
(Named for John Fred. Wolff; who wrote on Lemna in 1801.)

1. W. Columbiana, Karsten. Frond oval-orbicular, lenticular (}!! - 3!
long), very cavernous, when dry concave and darker green above, sometimes
purple beneath, the chink at the base appendaged by an expanded hyaline bor-
der; flowers and fruit not seen. — Floating on stagnant waters with Lemna;
near Dutcher’s Bridge, Salisbury, Connecticut, Dr. J. W. Robbins, who discoy-
ered it many years ago. Orange Co., New York, C.F. Austin. Lake Ontario,
J. A. Paine. Also in the Southern States (Louisiana, Riddell, &c.): probably
not rare, but overlooked. The fruiting plant recently discovered by Karsten in
Venezuela, according to Hegelmaier, in litt.

Orper 109. TWPHACE. (Carram Famtry.)

Marsh or aquatic herbs, with nerved and linear sessile leaves, and mone-
cious flowers on a spadiz or in heads, destitute of proper floral envelopes.
Ovary tapering into a style and (usually elongated) 1-sided stigma.
Fruit nut-like when ripe, 1-seeded, rarely 2-seeded. Seed suspended,
anatropous: embryo straight in copious albumen. Root perennial. —
Comprises only the two following genera.

1. TYPHA, Tourn. Car-ram Frac.

Flowers in a long and very dense cylindrical spike terminating the stem; the
upper part consisting of stamens only, intermixed with long hairs, and inserted
directly on the axis; the lower or fertile part consisting of ovaries, surrounded
by club-shaped bristles, which form the copious down of the fruit. Nutlets
minute, very long-stalked. — Spathes merely deciduous bracts, or none. Root-
stocks creeping. Leaves long, sheathing the base of the simple jointless stems,
erect, thickish. Flowering in summer. (Name from tidos, a fen.)

1. T. latifolia, L. (Common Car-rain or Resp-mace.) Leaves flat:
staminate and pistillate parts of the spike approximate, Common. (Enu.)

2, T. angustifolia, L. (Narrow-Leavep or Smarty C.) Leaves chan-
nelled towards the base, narrowly linear ; staminate and pistillate parts of the spike
usually separated by an interval. A rarer and smaller plant. (Eu.)

TYPHACEZ. (CAT-TAIL FAMILY.) 481

2. SPARGANIUM, Tourn. * Bur-reep.

Flowers collected in separate dense and spherical leafy-bracted heads, which
are scattered along the summit of the stem; the upper ones sterile, consisting
merely of stamens, with minute scales irregularly interposed; the lower or fer-
tile larger, consisting of numerous sessile pistils, each surrounded by 3-6 scales
much like a calyx. Fruit wedge-shaped or club-shaped. — Rootstocks creeping
and stoloniferous: roots fibrous. Stems simple or branching, sheathed below
by the base of the linear leaves. Flowering through the summer. (Name from
ordpyavor, a fillet, from the ribbon-like leaves.)

* Erect, with branched inflorescence of numerous heads: pistil as long as the surround-
ing truncate scales, attenuated into a short style bearing one or often two elongated
stigmas : nuts sessile, wedge-shaped, angular : leaves for the greater part flat and
merely keeled, the base triangular with concave sides.

1. S. euryearpum, Engelm. Fruit many-angled (33/'-4" long) when
fully ripe, with a broad and depressed or retuse summit (23/’"-33" wide) ab-
ruptly tipped in the centre; fruit-heads 1! wide. (S. ramosum, in part, of most
American botanists.) — Borders of ponds, lakes, and rivers, from New England
and Pennsylvania northward and westward. — Stems stout, 2°-4° high; heads
2 to 6 or more: the largest species known.

(S. ramOsum, Hudson, of Europe, has not yet been found on this continent :
it is distinguished by smaller heads, and smaller, few-angled, usually 1-seeded
fruit, with a conical and long-pointed summit.)

* * Erect or rarely floating, with simple (or rarely branched) inflorescence of numer-
ous heads ; the conspicuous style longer than the spatulate denticulate scales: stig-
mas always single, linear or oblong: nuts attenuated at both ends, and with a
stalked base, nearly terete: stems rather slender: leaves (unless floating) triangu-
lar with flat sides in the lower half.

2. S. simplex, Hudson, cenuinum. Erect (9/-15! high), slender; in-
florescence simple, the lower heads supra-axillary, sessile or commonly pedun-
cled (7/.—8'! wide) ; stigma linear, equal to the style; fruit more or less con-
tracted in the middle. — New England and northward. (Eu.)

Var. Nuttallii. Like the last or type, but heads axillary; stigma linear-
oblong, shorter than the style; fruit less contracted. (S. Americanum, Nutt.)
— From Pennsylvania and New England northward and northwestward. — In-
florescence rarely branched; heads 8! - 9/' wide.

Var. andrécladum. Stouter (1$°-38° high) ; inflorescence branched be-
low; branches bearing numerous sterile (rarely also 1 or even 2 fertile) heads;
stigma linear, as long as the style; fruit larger, not contracted, long-tapering
upwards and downwards. (S. ramosum, in part, of American authors.) — From
New England southward and especially westward. — Heads 10" — 12" wide.

Var. fillitans. Leaves floating; inflorescence branched ; branches bearing
fertile heads below; stigma oval, shorter than the style; fruit somewhat con-
tracted and with a short stipe. (S. fluitans, Fries.) — Ponds at the base of the
White Mountains, Oukes. — Heads 6!'-7"' wide, (Eu.)

Var. angustifolium. Leaves floating, longer and narrower than in the

31

482 NAIADACEX. (PONDWEED FAMILY.)

last; inflorescence simple ; lower fertile heads usually supra-axillary, sessile or
peduncled ; stigma linear, about the length of the style; fruit smaller, short-
stiped, contracted in the middle. (S. angustifolium, Michr. S. affine, Schnitz-
lein; said to be the true S. natans of Linneus.) — Mountain lakes and slow
streams, New York, New England, and northward. — Heads 5/’-7!' wide.
Dwarf states, growing nearly out of water, have shorter erect leaves. (Eu.)

* * * Usually floating, with very slender stems and delicate always flat and narrow
leaves: inflorescence simple, of few small heads: stigma oval, about as long as
the short style, scarcely surpassing the oval or obovate denticulate scales : nuts oval,
with a very short stipe and short point.

3. S. minimum, Bauhin, Fries. Fertile heads solitary or usually 2, ax-
illary, sessile or the lower one peduncled, fruit heads 4”-—5’ in diameter; nuts
somewhat triangular, the lower third usually contracted; stems when out of
water only 5'-6' high; when submersed longer, (S. natans, of older authors,
but not of Linnzus, according to Fries. §S. angustifolium, d. 2.) — Northern
New England to Wisconsin and northward, (Eu.)

Orper 110. NATADACEZE. (Ponpweep Famity.)

Immersed aquatic plants, with jointed stems and sheathing stipules within
the petioles, or with sheathing bases to the leaves, inconspicuous flowers, which
are naked or with a free merely scale-like calyx ; the ovaries solitary or 2-4
and distinct, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Seed without albumen, filled by the large
embryo, often curved or hooked. Flowers usually bursting from a spathe,
sometimes on a spadix.

* Flowers moncecious or diccious, axillary, naked, monandrous.
Naias. Pistils solitary and naked. Stigmas 2 or 4
2. Zannichellia. Pistils about 4 from a cup-shaped involucre or sheath.
8. Zostera. Pistils and anthers alternately sessile in two rows on one side of a linear spadix
; enclosed in a leaf. Stigmas 2.

La

* * Flowers perfect, spiked or clustered.
4. Ruppia. Flowers naked (no perianth), each of 4 large anther-cells, and 4 ovaries.
5. Potamogeton. Flowers with sepals, stamens, and sessile ovaries each 4.

1. NAIAS, L. Natap.

Flowers dicecious or moneecious, axillary, solitary and sessile; the sterile con-
sisting of a single stamen enclosed in a little membranous spathe: anther at
first nearly sessile, the filament at length elongated. Fertile flowers consisting
of a single ovary tapering into a short style: stigmas 2-4, awl-shaped: oyule
erect, anatropous. Fruit a little seed-like nutlet, enclosed in a loose and separa-
ble membranous epicarp. Embryo straight, the radicular end downwards. —
Slender branching herbs, growing under water, with opposite and linear leaves,
somewhat crowded into whorls, spinulose-toothed, sessile and dilated at the base.
Flowers very small, solitary, but often clustered with the branch-leaves in the
axils; insummer. (Naids, water-nymph; an ill-chosen name for these insig-
nificant water-weeds. )

NAIADACEEH. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 483

1. N. major, All. Leaves linear, rather broad, strongly repand-toothed,
the back as well as the stem more or less beset with little spines, the sheathing
base entire or nearly so; flowers dicecious; anther 4-celled, 4-valved. — New
York, Onondaga Lake, G. W. Clinton; Lake Ontario, near Rochester, C. M.
Booth: recent discoveries. (Eu.)

2. N. fléxilis, Rostk. Leaves very narrowly linear and minutely serrate,
as is their abrupt rounded sheathing base ; flowers moneecious? (N. Canadensis,
Miche. Caulinia flexilis, Willd.) — Ponds and slow streams: common. (Eu.)

2. ZLANNICHELLIA, Micheli. Hornep PonpWEED.

Flowers moneecious, sessile, naked, usually both kinds from the same axil;
the sterile consisting of a single stamen, with a slender filament bearing a 2-4-
celled anther; the fertile of 2-5 (usually 4) sessile pistils in the same cup-
shaped inyolucre, forming obliquely oblong nutlets in fruit, beaked with a short
style, which is tipped by an obliquely disk-shaped or somewhat 2-lobed stigma.
Seed orthotropous, suspended, straight. Cotyledon taper, bent and coiled up.
—Slender branching herbs, growing under water, with opposite or alternate
long and linear thread-form entire leaves, and sheathing membranous stipules.
(Named in honor of Zannichelli, a Venetian botanist. )

1. Z. palustris, L. Style at least half as long as the fruit, which is flat-
tish, somewhat incurved, even, or occasionally more or less toothed on the back
(not wing-margined in our plant), nearly sessile ; or, in var. PEDUNCULATA, both
the cluster and the separate fruits evidently peduncled.— Ponds and slow
streams: rather rare. July. (Eu.)

3

3. ZOSTERA, L. Grass-wrack. EEt-crass.

Flowers moneecious ; the two kinds naked and sessile and alternately arranged
in two rows on the midrib of one side of a linear leaf-like spadix, which is hid-
den in a long and sheath-like base of a leaf (spathe) ; the sterile flowers consist-
ing of single ovate or oval 1-celled sessile anthers, as large as the ovaries, and
containing a tuft of threads in place of ordinary pollen; the fertile of single
ovate-oblong ovaries attached near their apex, tapering upward into an awl-
shaped style, and containing a pendulous orthotropous ovule: stigmas 2, long
and bristle-form, deciduous. Utricle bursting irregularly, enclosing an oblong
longitudinally ribbed seed (or nutlet). Embryo short and thick (proper cotyle-
don almost obsolete), with an open chink or cleft its whole length, from which
protrudes a doubly curved slender plumule. — Grass-like marine herbs, growing
wholly under water, from a jointed creeping stem or rootstock, sheathed by the
bases of the very long and linear, obtuse, entire, grass-like, ribbon-shaped leaves
(whence the name, from (wornp, a band).

1. Z. marina, L. Leaves obscurely 3-5-nerved.— Common in. bays
along the coast, in water of 5°-15° deep. Aug. (Eu.)

4. RUPPIA, L. Dirci-crass.

Flowers perfect, 2 or more approximated on a slender spadix, which is at first
enclosed in the sheathing spathe-like base of a leaf, entirely destitute of floral

484 NAIADACEZ. (PONDWEED FAMILY.)

envelopes, consisting of 2 sessile stamens, each with 2 large and separate an-
ther-cells and 4 small sessile ovaries, with a single campylotropous suspended
ovule: stigma sessile, depressed. Fruit of little obliquely-ovate pointed drupes,
each raised on a slender stalk which appears after flowering; the spadix itself
also then raised on an elongated thread-form peduncle. Embryo ovoid, with a
short and pointed plumule from the upper end, by the side of the short cotyle-
don. — Marine herbs, growing under water, with long and thread-like forking
stems, and slender almost capillary alternate leaves, sheathing at the base.
Flowers rising to the surface at the time of expansion. (Dedicated to 1. B.
Ruppius, a German botanical author of the early part of the 18th century.)

1. R. maritima, L. Leaves linear-capillary ; nut ovate, obliquely erect ;
fruiting peduncles capillary (4'-1' long). — Shallow bays, along the whole coast :
also Onondaga Lake (near salt springs), New York, J. A. Paine. Chiefly a
narrowly leaved variety with strongly pointed fruit, approaching R. rostellata,
Koch. June-Sept. (Eu.)

5. POTAMOGETON, Tourn. Ponpweep.

Flowers perfect. Sepals 4, rounded, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, oppo-
site the sepals: anthers nearly sessile, 2-celled. Ovaries 4 (rarely only one),
with an ascending campylotropous ovule: stigma sessile or on a short style.
Fruit drupe-like when fresh, more or less compressed : endocarp (nutlet) crus-
taceous. Embryo hooked, annular, or cochleate, the radicular end pointing
downwards. — Herbs of fresh, or one in brackish, ponds and streams, with jointed
mostly rooting stems, and 2-ranked leaves, which are usually alternate or im-
perfectly opposite ; the submersed ones pellucid, the floating ones often dilated,
and of a firmer texture. Stipules membranous, more or less united and sheath-
ing. Spikes sheathed by the stipules in the bud, mostly raised on a peduncle to
the surface of the water. (An ancient name, composed of morapés, a river, and
yelrev, a neighbor, from their place of growth.)

The following account of the genus is contributed by Dr. J. W. Rogzrns, of
Uxbridge, Mass. — By fruit, the full-grown fresh or macerated fruit is intended ;
by nutlet, that with the fleshy outer portion or epicarp removed. All except
No. 15 flower in summer: the month mentioned indicates the season of the
maturation of the fruit, which, especially, should be collected.

§ 1. Diversrroiit. Leaves of two sorts; the floating ones coriaceous, and different

in form from the more delicate submersed ones.

* Submersed leaves mostly with no distinction of blade and petiole, being in fact blade-
less more or less flattened petioles, or phyllodia, sessile, grass-like, narrowly linear,
or so attenuated as to become filiform or capillary.

+ Stems rather stout: stipules free from the leaves : spikes all emersed, cylindrical and

~ densely fruited: fruits fleshy and turgid, obliquely obovate : embryo coiled into less

or scarcely more than one turn.

1. P. natans, L. Stem simple or sparingly branched; floating leaves all
tong-petioled, elliptical or ovate, somewhat cordate at base, obtuse but with a
blunt point, 21-29-nerved ; upper submersed leaves lanceolate, early perishing,
the lower (later in the season) very slender (3'-7! long, barely a line wide) ;

NAIADACEZ. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 485

upper stipules very long, acute ; peduncle about the thickness of the stem ; spikes 1! - 2!
long ; sides of the turgid nutlet with a small deep impression in the middle ; embryo
coiled into an incomplete elliptical ring. — Var. proLtfxus, Koch. More slen-
der ; upper leaves lanceolate, frequently submersed, acute; stem (6° - 12°),
submersed leayes (sometimes 21‘) and stipules very long. —Common in ponds
and ditches: the var. in deep flowing water. Aug. (Eu.)

2. P. Oakesianus, Robbins, n. sp. Stem more slender, much branched ;
floating leaves smaller (1’- 1}! long), ovate- or oblong-elliptical, obtuse, fewer-
(17-23-) nerved; lowest submersed ones almost capillary (only 4!- 3" wide),
continuing through the flowering season ; spikes shorter (§/-1/ long), on pe-
duncles much thicker than the stem ; fruit smaller and more acute ; sides of the tur-
gid nutlet not at all impressed ; curvature of the embryo nearly circular, its apex
directed to a point above its base. — Ponds, and especially pools and stagnant
ditches, not rare in E. Massachusetts. Aug.

3. P. Claytonii, Tuckerman. Stems compressed, often simple from the
creeping rootstocks ; floating leaves chiefly opposite (1/- 14! long), 11-17-
nerved, oblong, tapering into a short petiole, the lower gradually narrowing and
passing into the submersed ones, which are very numerous and approximate,
2-ranked, linear (2’—5/ long, and 1/!— 23!’ wide), 5-nerved, the lateral nerves
slender and nearly marginal, the space within the inner nerves coarsely cellular-
reticulated ; stipules very obtuse ; spikes numerous, about the length of the thick-
ened peduncle; fruit round-obovate, flattish, 3-keeled when dry ; nutlet distinctly
impressed on the sides ; curvature of the embryo transversely oval. (P. Nuttallii,
Chamisso ?) — Still or flowing water, and even in small streams: common. —
Perfectly distinct, and peculiar in the reticulation of the centre of the delicate
grass-like submersed leaves. July, Aug.

+ + Characters of the preceding section, but all the parts small, slender and delicate
as in the next, or as in No, 20 (and like it propagated by autumn buds), but with
coriaceous floating leaves.

4. P. Vaseyi, Robbins, n. sp. Very delicate ; stem almost capillary ;
floating leaves obovate (3/’- 5” long) and about the length of their filiform
petioles, with 5 nerves deeply impressed beneath, cross-veins distinct ; sub-
mersed leaves filiform-linear, very attenuate (1/- 2! long, }!’-4!! wide) and
acute ; stipules not adnate, scarious ; spikes all emersed and similar, few, inter-
rupted-oblong, 3 -5-flowered, on a thickish peduncle ; fruit oblique round-
obovate (3 long) compressed, slightly sharp-margined, tipped with a distinct
recurved style, the sides impressed and face acute; upper portion of the embryo
circularly incurved, its apex transverse to the fruit. — Illinois, near Ringwood,
McHenry Co., Dr. G. Vasey. Apparently also in Quinsigamond Lake, Mass.

+ + + Stems slender or filiform and much branched: floating leaves sometimes
wanting : stipules adnate to the base of the leaf: spikes of two kinds ; one emersed,
cylindrical and many-flowered, on a club-shaped peduncle ; the other submersed,
globular and few-flowered : fruit flat, cochleate, with thin or scarcely uny flesh,
and a thin nutlet: embryo spiral.

5. P. Spirillus, Tuckerman. Floating leaves varying from oval to
lance-oblong and lanceolate (the largest 10!’ long and 4” wide), usually obtuse,

486 NAIADACEH. (PONDWEED FAMILY.)

about equalling the rather dilated petioles, with 5-many nerves beneath deeply
impressed ; upper submersed leaves either with or without a lance-oblong or
broad-linear proper blade; the numerous lower ones narrow-linear, tapering
towards the obtuse apex (§/- 13! long, }!/—%'' wide) ; stipules early lacerate ;
submersed flowers usually solitary on very short erect peduncles ; shell-shaped fruit with
the back either winged and with 4-5 distinct teeth or wingless and entire; embryo
coiled 1% turns. — Rivers, and even far up small streams, in company with the
preceding, rarely with the following, Maine (J. Blake) to Lake Superior and
Virginia. June-Aug.— Stem less slender than the next.

6. P. hybridus, Michx. Floating leaves varying from oyal to lance-
oblong ; (the largest 10" long and 6"' wide), often acute, longer than the filiform
petioles, with about 5-7 nerves beneath deeply impressed ; submersed leaves very
numerous, almost setaceous, (1/—3’ long, very rarely $’ wide) ; stipules obtuse ;
submersed spikes 1—4-flowered, their peduncles (of their own length) frequently
recurved ; fruit minute, about 8-toothed on the margin; embryo coiled 15 turns. (P.
diyersifolius, Barton. P. setaceus, Pursh.) — Shallow stagnant waters. June-
Aug. — Emersed spikes 4! to (in var. spicatus, Engelm.) 7! long.

* * Submersed leaves lanceolate, rarely oval or linear, membranaceous.

7. P. ruféscens, Schrader. Stem simple, floating leaves (often wanting,
P. obrutus, Wood) rather thin, wedge-oblanceolate, narrowed into a short petiole, 11 -
17-nerved ; submersed leaves almost sessile, lanceolate and lance-oblong, smooth
on the margin, fewer-nerved ; stipules broad, hyaline, obtuse, upper ones
acuminate ; fruit obovate, lenticular, pitted when immature, with an acute
margin and pointed with the rather long style; embryo incompletely annular.
— Rivers and streams, New England to Pennsylvania, Illinois, and especially
northward. — Aug. —- Sept. — Spike often somewhat compound! (Eu.)

8. P. lonchites, Tuckerman. Stem often branching below; floating
leaves thinnish, lance-oblong or long-elliptical, often acute, long-petioled, 17 -23-
nerved ; submersed leaves very long (3!—12', by 2/'-12" wide), lanceolate and
lance-linear, 7—15-nerved, coarsely reticulated ; peduncles somewhat thickened
upwards ; fruit obliquely obovate, obscurely 3-keeled when fresh and distinctly
so when dry, the middle one winged above and sometimes with 3-5 shallow
indentations ; the rounded slightly curved face surmounted by the short style;
nutlet with the sides scarcely impressed ; upper part of the embryo circularly
incurved. (P. Americanus, Chamisso?) — Rivers and ponds, New England to
Illinois. Aug., Sept. — More slender than the very similar P. fluitans of
Europe, its leaves longer petioled, the floating ones more abrupt at the base ;
stipules not bicarinate.

9. P. pulcher, Tuckerman. Stem simple, black-spotted ; leaves of three
kinds ; floating ones becoming very large (43! by 33!) roundish-ovate and cordate
or ovate-oblong, 25-37-nerved ; all alternate; upper submersed ones (3-5) usually
lanceolate, acute at the base and very long-acuminate, 10-15-nerved, very thin,
cellular each side of the midrib, undulate, short-petioled ; lowest (2-4 near the
base of the stem) thicker, plane, oval or oblong with a rounded base, or spatulate-
oblong, on longer petioles ; stipules rather short and obtuse; peduncles thicker
than the stem; fruit with a rounded back and angular face, pointed with the

t

NAIADACEH. (PUNDWEED FAMILY.) 487

style, distinctly 3-keeled when fresh, sharply so when dry; nutlet marked on
the back by two deep furrows rad in front by a sinus below the angle; sides
flat ; upper portion of the embryo circularly much incurved. — Ponds ; found as
yet only in Eastern Massachusetts and “in ponds on hills north of St. Louis,”
Missouri, Engelmann: also Georgia, Le Conte. — July, Aug.

10. P. amplifolius, Tuckerman. Stems simple, of very variable length ;
floating leaves (sometimes wanting) large, oblong or lance-ovate, sometimes slightly
cordate at base, abruptly acutish, 30-50-nerved, on rather long petioles ; sub-
mersed leaves often very large (reaching 7! by 2’), lanceolate or oval, acute at
each end, usually much recurved, undulate, mostly on short petioles ; stipules
very long and tapering to a point, soon becoming loose; peduncles thickened up-
ward, in deep water much elongated ; fruit rather obliquely obovate, the back
rounded and bluntly keeled; nutlet slightly impressed on the sides; upper
portion of the embryo incurved into a ring. — Ponds and large rivers; not rare.
—Aug., Sept. — In very shallow water sometimes without membranaceous
leaves, and in deep water it may have those only. — (Leaves on a radical
shoot in one specimen with adnate stipules !)

ll. P. gramineus, L. Stem slender, very branching below ; floating leaves
mostly thin, variable, but with a short blunt point, 9-15-nerved; submersed
ones usually lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate, narrowed
towards the base, about 7-nerved on the stem and 3-nerved on the branches ;
upper ones petioled, lower sessile; stipules obtuse, loose; peduncles somewhat
thickened upwards; fruit small, roundish, compressed, scarcely keeled ; upper
portion of the embryo annular, (P. heterophyllus, Schreber.) — Still or flowing
water: common. — Varies exceedingly in its submersed leaves, peduncles, and
otherwise. The ordinary forms are:— Var. Graminiro.ius, Fries. Sub-
mersed leaves lance-linear, attenuate at each end, flaccid, sometimes more
than 4! long by 3! wide ; stem elongated. — Var. HETEROPHYLLUS, Fries. \
Lower leaves shorter, lanceolate, more rigid: the commonest form. The follow-
ing are doubtfully referred to this species. (Eu.)

Var.? spathuleeformis. (P. spathxformis, Tuckerman, in herb.) Branches
scattered ; floating leaves obovate or oblong, with a larger point; submersed
ones spatulate-oblong, obtuse, mucronate, sometimes recurved ; spikes large and
densely flowered. — Mystic Pond, near Boston, Tuckerman. The fruit is lacking
to prove its rank.

Var.? myriophyllus. Sending up from running rootstocks many short
repeatedly dichotomous and densely leafy stems; fertile stems very slender ;
floating leaves small, delicate, lance-oblong, on long filiform petioles; sub-
mersed stem-leaves larger, early perishing ; those of the branches (deep green)
linear-oblanceolate, very small (3/-1! long), acute, sometimes minutely serru-
late ; spike slender, loosely-flowered, much shorter than the thickened peduncle.
— Apponaug Pond, Rhode Island, without fruit.

§ 2. Conrormiro.it. Leaves all submersed and similar, mostly sessile, membrana-
ceous and dilated, lanceolate, oblong, or oval. (Stipules obtuse, becoming loose.)

12. P. lucens, L. Stem thick, branching, sometimes very large; leaves

more or less petioled, oval or lanceolate, mucronate, often rough-serrulate, frequently

488 NAIADACEEH. (POs’DWEED FAMILY.)

shining ; fruit roundish and compressed, wit: obtuse margins, slightly keeled ; em-
bryo circularly incurved above. — Ponds: not sommon. <Aug., Sept. (Eu.)

Var. minor, Nolte. Smaller; upper leaves distinctly petioled and sometimes
emersed, the others subsessile, all usually numerous, undulate and shining.

Var.? Connecticuténsis. Stem flexuous; leaves all submersed, nearly
sessile, lanceolate, acuminute, crisped, not shining; fruit larger, distinctly keeled ;
nutlet thick and hard. — Saltonstall’s pond, East Haven, Connecticut, 1850.

13. P. preléngus, Wulfen. Stem very long, branching, flexuous ; leaves
lance-oblong or lanceolate (sometimes 7/ long), half-clasping, obtuse with a boat-
shaped cavity at the extremity, thence splitting on pressure; stipules scarious,
very obtuse; spikes rather loose-flowered ; peduncles very long (sometimes reach-
ing 20’); fruit obliquely obovate, compressed, sharply keeled when dry ; style ter-
minating the nearly straight face; curve of the embryo oyal and longitudinal. —
Ponds and large rivers, E. New England, and along the Great Lakes to Lake
Superior. Sept., Oct.— Stem white: foliage bright green. (Ku.)

14. P. perfoliatus, L. Stem branching ; leaves orbicular, ovate or lanceo-
late from a cordate-clasping base, usually obtuse and often minutely serrulate ;
peduncles short, cylindrical ; fruit irregularly obovate, obtusely margined ; embryo
incuryed in an oval. — Ponds and slow streams: common. Sept., Oct. (Eu.)

Var. lanceolatus. Larger; leaves long-lanceolate from a cordate-clasping
base and acuminate, wavy, 3! to sometimes 43! long ; peduncles thickened upwards.
— Along the Great Lakes. — This form seems peculiarly American.

15. P. ecrispus, L. Stem compressed ; leaves linear-oblong, halt-clasping, ob-
tuse, serrulate, crisped-wavy, 3-nerved ; fruit long-beaked ; upper portion of the em-
bryo incurved in a large circle. — Flowing and stagnant waters, Delaware,
Penn., and New Jersey, Tatnall, Porter, Meehan. June, July. (Eu.)

§ 3. AncustiroLit. Leaves all submersed and similar, mostly membranaceous and
sessile, linear or setaceous. (No. 16, 17, and 20 are often gemmiparous, propa-
gating by narrow terminal buds detached in autumn.)

* Stipules free from the sheathing base of the leaf.

16. P. compréssus, L. (ex Fries.) Stem branching, wing-flattened ; leaves
linear and grass-like (commonly 4! by 13'), abruptly pointed, with muny fine and
3 larger nerves ; stipules (seen young) oblong, very obtuse ; spikes cylindrical, 12 -
15-flowered, not half as long as the peduncle; fruit obliquely obovate, somewhat
keeled and with slight teeth on the back, the sides not impressed, the face arch-
ing and terminated by the short style; summit of the large embryo lying transverse
to the fruit. (P. zostereefolius, Schumacher.) — Still and slow-flowing waters,
New England to Penn. and Wisconsin: not common. Aug., Sept. (Eu.)

17. P. obtusifolius, Mertens & Koch. Stem flattened, very branching,
leaves linear, tapering towards the base, obtuse and mucronate or very acute, 3-
(rarely 5-) nerved ; stipules elongated, very obtuse; spike ovate, continuous, 5-8-
flowered, about the length of the peduncle; fruit oval, apiculate with the style, not
keeled when fresh, upper portion of embryo coiled inward and lying transverse to
the fruit. — Slow streams and ponds: very rare: Dillerville swamp, near Lan-
caster, Penn., Prof. Porter. Swamp of Beaver pond, near Central mine, and
floating in Gratiot Lake, N. Michigan. Sept., Oct. (Eu.)

NAIADACEEZ. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 489

18. P. Niagarénsis, Tuckerman. Stem flattened, very branching ; leaves
linear, very acute, mucronate and much attenuate at the nearly sessile base, 3 —5-
nerved, scarcely veiny (1$/-3/ long and at most 1!’ wide) ; midrib below dilated ;
stipules acutish (sometimes 8! long), the numerous nerves early becoming bristles ;
peduncles short, club-shaped, compressed ; spikes few, capitate, 8 — 12-flowered ;
Jruit roundish, compressed, with a winged and toothed keel and angled face ; “ seed
conyolute-uncinate.” — Rapids above Niagara Falls, Tuckerman. Aug.

19. P. pauciflorus, Pursh. Stem filiform, flattish and very branching ;
leaves narrow linear (1’-2' long and seldom 3” wide), acute, obscurely 3-nerved ;
stipules obtuse ; spikes capitate, 1 - 4- usually 2-flowered, on short club-shaped pedun-
cles ; fruit roundish-lenticular ; the back more or less crested; upper portion of the
embryo incuryed in a circle. — Still or stagnant waters: common. Aug.,
Sept. — Its largest forms are approached by:the preceding.

20. P. pusillus, L. Stem slender, flattish or nearly cylindrical, branching ;
leaves narrow- or setaceous-linear, obtuse or acute, furnished with trans/ucent glands
on each side at the base ; stipules at first obtuse; spikes interrupted or capitate,
2 —8-flowered, on rather long peduncles ; fruit obliquely elliptical, scarcely keeled ;
apex of embryo incurved and directed obliquely downwards. — Pools and ditches :
rather common, especially southward. — The principal forms are

Var. major, Fries. Stem less branching ; leaves broader (almost 1!’ wide),
often 5-nerved ; spikes interrupted. (P. mucronatus, Schrader.) — This hardly
passes into the following forms: rather rare. July. (Ku.)

Var. vulgaris, Fries. Slender, very branching ; leaves 3-nerved, often ob-
tuse ; spikes cylindrical and interrupted, or capitate and then but 1 —3-flowered.
—A rare form (E. Mass.) has sometimes lanceolate floating leaves of the length
of the petioles, with 5 nerves impressed beneath, as in P. hybridus. A Swedish
specimen in Fries. Herb. Norm. exhibits the same in the following variety, though
in a slighter degree. July, Aug. (Ku.)

Var. tenuissimus, Mertens & Koch. Stem very slender and much
branched ; leaves almost setaceous, acute or cuspidate, obsoletely 3-nerved ; spikes
interrupted or capitate. — New England and New York: rather rare. July,
Aug. — All three are rather sparingly furnished with reproductive buds: also
the last two fruit freely, — the reverse of the fact in the following.

Var.? gemmiparus. Stem filiform and very branching, leaves thicker,
perfectly setaceous and usually exceedingly attenuate to the finest point, scarcely
with a proper midrib; stipules long (3$/-1’), obtuse; spikes very few, always
interrupted, 3—6-flowered, long-peduncled ; propagating buds very numerous ; fruit
wanting. (P. gemmiparus, Robbins in herb.) — Pools and slow-flowing waters :
outlet of Mystic Pond, near Boston, Tuckerman; valley of the Blackstone from
Worcester to Providence. — This plant is annual, propagated exclusively by its
gemm, the fruit not maturing.

21. P. Tuckermani, Robbins. Very slender and delicate from a creeping
rootstock, of a fine light green; stem filiform with several short and repeatedly
dichotomous leaf-bearing branches ; leaves thin and flat, but setaceous and taper-
ing to near the fineness of a hair (\'-4!' long and 4!’ extreme width), obscurely 1 —
3-nerved, with a few coarse reticulations ; stipules rather persistent below, $/
long, obtuse ; peduncle solitary, very long, rather thickening upward ; spike 4-8-

490 ALISMACEE. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY).

flowered, in fruit continuous, oblong ; fruit thick-lenticular, obscurel y 3-keeled ; nutlet
slightly impressed on the sides; shell thick and hard; embryo nearly annular. —
Cold ponds, White Mountains, New Hampshire, to Penn. June, July.

* * Stipules united with the sheathing base of the leaf:

22, P. pectinatus, L. Stem jiliform, repeatedly dichotomous ; leaves se-
tuceous, attenuate to the apex, I-nerved with a few transverse veins ; spikes inter-
rupted, on long filiform peduncles; fruit obliquely broad-obovate, compressed,
bluntly keeled; shell of nutlet very thick; embryo nearly annular. — Lake
Champlain to Lake Superior, and along the coast, both in fresh and salt water.
Aug.-Oct. (Eu.)

23. P. Robbinsii, Oakes. Stem ascending from a creeping base, rigid, very
branching, invested by the bases of the leaves and stipules ; leaves crowded in two ranks,
recurved-spreading, narrow-lanceolate or linear (3/—5! long and 2/’-—3!' wide),
acuminate, ciliate-serrulate with translucent teeth, many-nerved ; stipules obtuse
when young, their nerves soon becoming bristles ; spikes numercus, loosely few-
Jlowered, on short peduncles. A single, rather immature fruit in Professor
Tuckerman’s herbarium, from Prof. Eaton, is obliquely obovate, acutish at the
base, 3-keeled on the back, the middle keel winged, much arched on the thinner
face, compressed and impressed on the sides, and apiculate with the rather long
style; superior portion of the large embryo circularly incurved and pointing
obliquely downwards. — Oozy bottoms of ponds and slow streams: common in
New England : also in New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. Flowering in June
and July. Mature fruit not yet seen.

(P. pENsus, L. The plant upon which Schweinitz introduced this
European species into the U. S. flora proves to be Anacharis Canadensis. )

Orver 111. ALISMWACEAE. (Warter-PLantain Famiy.)

Marsh herbs, with scape-like flowering stems, and perfect or monecious
Slowers, not on a spadiz, furnished with both calyx and corolla: sepals and
petals each 3, distinct. Ovaries 3—many, distinct or partly so, or if united
separating at maturity, forming as many 1 —2-seeded pods or achenia. Seed
ascending or erect. Embryo without albumen. Stamens hypogynous,
from 6 to many: anthers extrorse, 2-celled. Leaves sheathing at the base.
— Comprises two very distinct suborders, viz. :—

Suporper I. JUNCAGINEZE. Arrow-crass FAmILy.

Calyx and corolla colored alike (greenish). Carpels more or less
united, Seed anatropous, with a straight embryo. Leaves petiole-like,
without a blade. (Flowers perfect.)

1. Triglochin, Ovaries 3-6, united to the apex into one, but separating in fruit.
2. Secheuchzeria. Ovaries 3, almost distinet, forming diverging pods in fruit.

Suporper I]. ALEISMEZE. Warer-PLAntTAIn FAMILy.

Calyx green and persistent. Corolla white, deciduous. Ovaries nu-
merous, distinct. Seed campylotropous: embryo bent double or hook-

/

ALISMACER. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 491

shaped. Leaves or some of them commonly furnished with a blade.
(Flowers perfect, moneecious, or sometimes dicecious.)

8. Alisma. Flowers perfect, with definite, mostly 6 stamens. Carpels flattened, whorled.
4. Echinodorus. Flowers perfect, with 6- many stamens. Carpels capitate, ribbed.

5. Sagittaria. [Flowers monecious, rarely dioecious, with indefinite, rarely few stamens.
Carpels capitate, flattened, winged.

1. TRIGLOCHIN, L. Arrow-crass.

Sepals and petals nearly alike (greenish), ovate, concave, deciduous. Sta-
mens 6: anthers oval, on very short filaments. Pistils united into a 3 -6-celled
compound ovary: stigmas sessile: ovules solitary. Pod splitting when ripe
into 3-6 carpels, which separate from a persistent central axis. — Perennials,
with rush-like, fleshy leaves, below sheathing the base of the wand-like naked
and jointless scape. Flowers small, in a spiked raceme, bractless. (Name
composed of tpeis, three, and yA@yiy, point, from the three points of the ripe
fruit in No. 1 when dehiscent.)

1. T. palustre, L. Scape (6'-18! high) and leaves slender ; fruit linear-
club-shaped ; the 3 carpels when ripe separating from below upwards leaving a
triangular axis, awl-pointed at the base. — Marshes, both fresh and brackish, New
York to Illinois, and northward. Aug. (Eu.)

2. T. maritimum, L. Scape (12!-20! high) and leaves thickish, fleshy,
Jruit ovate or oblong, acutish, of 6 or rarely 5 carpels which are rounded at the base
and slightly grooved on the back ; the edges acute. — Salt marshes along the coast,
also salt springs in the interior, shore of the Great Lakes, and northward. —
Var. pLATumM (T. elatum, Nutt.) grows in cold and fresh bogs, from W. New
York to Wisconsin, often 2$° high, and has the angles of the carpels sharper,
or almost winged. (Eu.)

2. SCHEUCHZERIA, L. _ Scnevcnzerta.

Sepals and petals oblong, spreading, nearly alike (greenish-yellow), but the
latter narrower, persistent. Stamens 6: anthers linear. Ovaries 3, globular,
slightly united at the base, 2—3-ovuled, bearing flat sessile stigmas, in fruit
forming 3 diverging and inflated 1 - 2-seeded pods, opening along the inside. —
A low bog-herb, with a creeping jointed rootstock, tapering into the ascending
simple stem, which is zigzag, partly sheathed by the bases of the grass-like con-
duplicate leaves, and terminated by a loose raceme of a few flowers, with sheath-
ing bracts. (Named for John and John Jacob Scheuchzer, distinguished Swiss
botanists early in the 18th century.)

1. S. palustris, L.—Peat-bogs, New England to Pennsylvania, Illinois,
and northward. July. (Eu.)

3. ALISMA, L. Warer-Pranrar.

Flowers perfect. Petals involute in the bud. Stamens definite, mostly 6.
Ovaries many in a simple circle on a flattened receptacle, forming flattened cori-
aceous achenia, which are dilated and 2-38-keeled on the back. — Roots fibrous.

Wasper &

492 ALISMACEE. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.)

Leaves all from the root, several-ribbed, with connected veinlets. Scape with
whorled panicled branches. Flowers small, white or pale rose-color. (The
Greek name; of uncertain derivation.)

1. A. Plantago, L., var. Americanum. Root perennial; leaves long-
petioled, ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, poimted, mostly rounded or heart-shaped
at the base, 3- 9-nerved ; panicle loose, compound, many-flowered (1°- 2°
long); carpels obliquely obovate, forming an obtusely triangular whorl in fruit.
(A. trivialis and parviflora, Pursh.) — Shallow water. July-Sept. (Eu.)

4. ECHINODORUS, Richard, Engelmann.

Flowers perfect. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens 6-21 or more.
Ovaries several or many, imbricated in a head, forming thick and ribbed
achenia-in fruit, often beaked with a projecting persistent style. — Habit inter-
mediate between the preceding genus and the following. Fl. summer and
autumn. (Name from extv@dns, prickly, or from €xtvos, and dopds, a leathern
bottle, applied to the ovary, which is in most species armed with the persistent
style, so as to form a sort of prickly head of fruit.)

Genus elaborated for this work by Dr. ENGELMANN.

1. K. parvulus, Engelm. Leaves lanceolate or spatulate, acute (}'-13' long,
including the petiole) ; shoots often creeping and proliferous ; scapes (1/-3/
high) bearing a 2—8-flowered umbel; pedicels reflexed in fruit; stamens 9;
styles much shorter than the ovary ; achenia beakless, many-ribbed ; root annual. —
Margin of ponds, Michigan to Illinois and westward. — Flower 3! broad.

2. E. rostratus, Engelm. Leaves broadly heart-shaped, obtuse, nerved (1!—
3! long, excluding the petiole); scape erect, longer than the leaves, bearing a
branched panicle of proliferous umbels ; stamens 12; styles longer than the ovary ;
achenia beaked, many-ribbed ; root annual. (Alisma rostrata, Nutt.) —Swamps
and ditches, Illinois and southward.— Plant from 3/ to 2° high. Flower 5!
wide. Head of fruit ovoid, 3" wide.

3. HE. radicans, Engelm. Leaves somewhat truncately broadly heart-
shaped, obtuse, nerved (3’-8! broad, long-petioled) ; stems or scapes prostrate,
creeping (2°-4° long), proliferous, bearing many whorls of flowers; stamens
about 21; styles shorter than the ovary; achenia short-beaked, the keeled back
denticulate. (Alisma radicans, Nutt.) —Swamps, Llinois and southward. —
Flowers 6!’ -9!' in diameter.

5. SAGITTARIA, L. Arrow-neap.

Flowers monececious, or often dicecious in No. 2, and polygamous in No. 3.
Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens indefinite, rarely few. Ovaries many,
crowded in a spherical or somewhat triangular depressed head on a globular
receptacle, in fruit forming flat membranaceous winged achenia. — Marsh or
aquatic, perennial, stoloniferous herbs, with milky juice and fibrous roots; the
scapes sheathed at the base by the bases of the long cellular petioles, of which
the primary ones, and sometimes all of them, are flattened, nerved, and desti-
tute of any proper blade (i. e. are phyllodia) : when present the blade is arrow-
shaped or lanceolate, nerved and with cross veinlets as in Alisma. Flowers

ALISMACEH. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 493

produced all summer, mostly whorled in threes, with membranous bracts ;
the sterile above. (Name from sagitta, an arrow, from the prevalent form of
the leaves. )

Genus newly elaborated for this edition by Dr. ENGELMANN.

* Filaments narrow, as long as the linear-oblong anthers: scape simple or branched.

1. S. lancifdlia, L. Scape 2°-5° high, with several of the lower whorls
fertile; bracts ovate, acute or acuminate; pedicels slender, the fertile scarcely
shorter than the sterile ones; filaments pubescent; achenia obovate-falcate,
pointed with an incurved beak ; leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong, rarely linear,
all with a tapering base, thick or coriaceous (6/-—18/ long and ona long and
stout petiole, never sagittate), the nerves mostly arising from the very thick
midrib. (S. falcata, Pursh, and Ed. 2.) — Swamps, Virginia and southward to
the West Indies.

2. S. variadbilis, Engelm. Scape ({°-4° high) angled, with one or more
of the lower whorls fertile ; bracts mostly pointed ; pedicels of the fertile flowers
about half the length of the sterile ones; petals with white claws; filaments
glabrous, nearly twice the length of the anthers ; achenia broadly obovate, with
along and curved beak }-4 its length; leaves very various, almost always
sagittate. (S. sagittifolia "Amer. auth. etc. — The European species has the
fertile pedicels only 4 or } the length of the sterile; claws of the petals purple-
tinged ; filaments not longer than the anthers; achenia almost orbicular, very
broadly winged and with a short and straight beak.) — In water or wet places :
very common. — Excessively variable in size and foliage : the following are the
leading forms. — Var. opttsa (S. obtusa, Willd.) is large and dicecious; the
broadly sagittate leaves obtuse, 6!-12' long. — Var. LatiFoxia (S. latifolia,
Willd.) is large, moncecious, with broad and acute sagittate leaves. — Var.
HASTATA is the ordinary form, with narrow halberd-shaped or sagittate leaves
(including S. hastata, Pursh). — Var. DIVERSIFOLIA, with some leaves lanceo-
late or ovate-lanceolate, others more or less sagittate. — Var. ANGUSTIFOLIA
has the narrow leaves with long and linear diverging lobes. — Var. GRACILIS
(S. gracilis, Pursh) is the most slender form, with nearly linear leaves and
lobes. — Var. puBESCENS (S. pubéscens, Muhl.): upper part of petiole and of
scape and especially the orbicular-ovate obtuse bracts and sepals pubescent or
woolly ; leaves obtuse or acute; beak of fruit (as also sometimes in some of the
other forms) horizontal, so that the fruit-head appears compact and smoothish,
while usually it has a squarrose surface, from the protruding and recurved beak,
New Jersey and southward. —A state with double flowers has been found in
Pennsylvania and Delaware.

3. §S. calycina, Engelm. Scape weak (3’-9! high), at length mostly
procumbent; usually only the lowest whorl fertile, with pedicels as long as
those of the sterile flowers, recurved in fruit; bracts orbicular, obtuse or rarely
pointed ; calyx appressed to the fruit-head and partly covering it ; filaments slightly
rough, as long as the anthers; achenia obovate with a short horizontal style;
leaves broadly halberd-shaped, obtuse or acutish, with wide spreading lobes,
often wider than long, or lanceolate or sometimes reduced to linear phyllodia.
— Maine to Delaware, Wisconsin, and southward. — Var. sPpONGIOSA, With a
loose or spongy texture and linear bladeless leaves submersed, occurs eastward ;

¢

7

494 HYDROCHARIDACE&. (FROG’S-BIT FAMILY.)

Var. FLUITANS, with lance-linear floating leaves, has been found in Missouri and
westward; and Var. GRANpIS, with leaves 9!- 12! wide and 9! long, branched
scape, and fruit-heads 9/' diameter, grows farther south. — This species shows
9-12 stamens in the fertile, and some sterile pistils in the sterile flowers; and
thus connects with Echinodorus.

* « Filaments very short, with enlarged mostly glandular base: scape more simple.

4. §. heterophylla, Pursh. Scape weak (3/-2° high), at length pro-
cumbent; bracts roundish, obtuse; flowers of the lowest whorl fertile and al-
most sessile; the sterile on long pedicels; filaments glandular-pubescent ; ache-
nia narrowly obovate with a long erect beak; leaves lanceolate or lance-oval,
entire, or with one or two narrow basal sagittate appendages. — Rather common,

at least southward.— Var. ELLfpTica has broad leaves (sometimes 6! long °

and 5/ wide), either obtuse or cordate at the base, or sagittate. — Var. rfGIDA
{S. rigida, Pursh, on the Niagara and along the Great Lakes), the tallest form,
has stout petioles and rigid narrowly lanceolate blades, acute at both ends. —
Var. ANGUSTIFOLIA has nearly linear leaves.

5. S. graminea, Michx. Scape very slender, erect (3/-2? high); the

lower whorls fertile; bracts rather obtuse and usually connate; pedicels all
slender, the sterile and fertile of equal length; filaments glandular-pubescent ;
achenia small, narrowly obovate, almost beakless; leaves varying from ovate-
lanceolate to linear or reduced to broad and acute phyllodia (when it is §S.
acutifolia, Pursh); scarcely ever sagittate. (S. simplex of Amer. authors; not
of Pursh, whose plant of this name is a dicecious form of S. variabilis.) — Rather
common, especially southward. — Flowers and fruit-heads smaller than in any
of the foregoing; except in the var. PLATYPHYLLA, which is found farther
south, and has leaves 6’-9! long and 3/-4! wide; flowers 1’ wide, on pedi-
cels 15/-2! long.

6. S. pusilla, Nutt. Scape (1/-3! high) weak, reclining in fruit; bract
single, clasping ; one or two whorls only, of which but a single flower is fertile,
recurved in fruit; stamens about 7, with glabrous filaments; achenia obovate,
with an erect beak and three notched dorsal ridges. (Alisma subulata, Pursh.)
— Inundated shores, from Eastern New Jersey (C. F. Austin) and Philadelphia
southward near the coast.

S. nArans, Michx., closely allied to the last, is only found farther south ;
it is a larger plant with long phyllodia, or oval floating leaves, glabrous fila-
ments, and obovate short-beaked achenia, with 5-9 crenate angles, — by which
structure it is nearly connected with Echinodorus.

Orver 112. HYDROCHARIDACEZE. (Froc’s-Bit Famiry.)

Aquatic herbs, with dicecious or polygamous regular flowers on scape-like
peduncles from a spathe, and simple or double floral envelopes, which in the
Sfertile flowers are united into a tube and coherent with the 1 -3-celled ovary.
Stamens 3-12, distinct or monadelphous: anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 3
or 6. Fruit ripening under water, indehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds as-
cending, without albumen: embryo straight.

HYDROCHARIDACEH. (FROG’S-BIT FAMILY.) 495

Tribe I, STRATIOTIDEZX. Ovary 6-9-celled: stigmas 6-9.
1. Limnobium. Filaments 6-12, unequally united in the sterile flowers : anthers linear.
Tribe Il. VALLISNERIEZ. Ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal placente: stigmas 3,

2. Anmacharis. Stem leafy. Tube of the perianth of the fertile flowers thread-form.
8. Vallisneria. Stemless. Tube of the perianth not prolonged beyond the ovary.

1. LIMNOBIUM, Richard. American Froc’s-Bir.

Flowers dicecious, (or moneecious?) from sessile or somewhat peduncled
spathes; the sterile spathe l-leaved, producing about 3 long-pedicelled flowers ;
the fertile 2-leaved, with a single short-pedicelled flower. Calyx 3-parted or
cleft ; sepals oblong-oval. Petals 3, oblong-linear. Filaments entirely united
in a central solid column, bearing 6 — 12 linear anthers at unequal heights : there
are 3-6 awl-shaped rudiments of stamens in the fertile flowers. Ovary 6-9-
celled, with as many placentz in the axis, forming an ovoid many-seeded berry
in fruit: stigmas as many as the cells, but 2-parted, awl-shaped (ovules ortho-
tropous, Torr.).— A stemless perennial herb, floating in stagnant water, pro-
liferous by runners, with long-petioled and round-heart-shaped leaves, which
are spongy-reticulated and purplish underneath ; rootlets slender, hairy. Ster-
ile flowers rather small; the fertile larger; peduncle nodding in fruit. Petals
white? (Name from AcuydBros, living in pools.)

1. L. Spéngia, Richard. (Hydrécharis Spongia, Bosc. H. cordifolia,
Nuit.) —Lake Ontario (Dr. Bradley, Dr. Sartwell), Illinois, Dr. Vasey, and in
the Southern States. Aug.— Leaves 1/-2! long, faintly 5-nerved. Peduncle
of the sterile flower about 3! long, thread-like; of the fertile, only 1’, stout.

2. ANACHARIS (and Etopéa), Richard. Water-weep.

Flowers polygamo-dicecious, solitary and sessile from a sessile and tubular 2-
cleft axillary spathe. Sterile flowers small or minute; with 3 sepals, barely
united at the base, and usually 3 similar or narrower petals: filaments short and
monadelphous at the base, or none; anthers 3-9, oval. Fertile flowers either
pistillate or apparently perfect: perianth extended into an extremely long and
capillary tube; the limb 6-parted ; the small lobes (sepals and petals) obovate,
spreading. Stamens 3-9, sometimes merely short sterile filaments, without
anthers, or with imperfect ones, sometimes with oblong anthers. Ovary 1-celled,
with 3 parietal placente, each bearing a few orthotropous ovules; the capillary
style coherent with the tube of the perianth : stigmas 3, large, 2-lobed or notched,
exserted. Fruit oblong, coriaceous, few-seeded. — Perennial slender herbs, grow-
ing under water, with elongated branching stems, thickly beset with pellucid
and veinless, 1-nerved, sessile, whorled or opposite leaves. The staminate flow-
ers (which are rarely seen) commonly break off, as in Vallisneria, and float on
the surface, where they expand and shed their pollen around the stigmas of the
fertile flowers, which are raised to the surface by the excessively prolonged calyx-
tube, varying in length according to the depth of the water. (Name formed of
av, throughout, and dxapts, without charms, being rather homely water-weeds.)

1. A. Canadénsis, Planchon. Leaves in threes or fours, or the lower
opposite, varying from linear to oval-oblong, minutely serrulate; stamens 9 in

496 BURMANNIACEH. (BURMANNIA FAMILY.)

the sterile flowers, 3 or 6 almost sessile anthers in the perfect flowers. (Elodeéa
Canadensis, Michxr., and E. latifolia, Caspary, who has recently well illustrated
this and the two related genera; all perhaps to be reduced to one, Hydrilla.
Udora Canadensis, Nutt. Anacharis Alsinastrum (Babington), Nuttallii, and
Canadensis, also Apaldénthe Schweinitzii, Planchon.) — Slow streams and ponds :
common. July. — Nat. in England, where it is very troublesome by its rapid
increase, filling navigable waters ; but no inconvenience of the sort is complained
of here in its native country.

3. VALLISNERIA, Micheli. Targ-crass. Exrt-Grass.

Flowers strictly dicecious: the sterile numerous and crowded in a head on a
conical receptacle, enclosed in an ovate at length 3-valved spathe which is borne
on a very short scape: stamens mostly 3. Fertile flowers solitary and sessile in
a tubular spathe which is borne on an exceedingly long scape. Perianth (calyx)
3-parted in the sterile flowers; in the fertile with a linear tube coherent with the
1-celled ovary, but not extended beyond it, 3-lobed (the lobes obovate); also 3
linear small petals. Stigmas 3, large, nearly sessile, 2-lobed. Ovules very nu-
merous, scattered over the walls, orthotropous. Fruit elongated, cylindrical,
berry-like. — Stemless plants, with long and linear grass-like leaves, growing
entirely under water. The staminate clusters being confined to the bottom of
the water by the shortness of the scape, the flower-buds themselves spontaneously
break away from their short pedicels and float on the surface, where they
expand and shed their pollen around the fertile flowers, which are raised
to the surface at this time: afterwards the thread-form fertile scapes (2-4 feet
long, according to the depth of the water) coil up spirally, drawing the fruit
under water to ripen. (Named for Ant. Vullisneri, an early Italian botanist.)

1. V. spiralis, L. Leaves linear, thin, long and ribbon-like (1°- 2° long),
obscurely serrulate, obtuse, somewhat nerved and netted-veined. — Common in
slow waters. Aug. (Eu.)

Orper 113. BURMANNIACEZ. (BurmanntA Famity.)

Small annual herbs, often with minute and scale-like leaves, or those of the
root grass-like ; the flowers perfect, with a 6-cleft corolla-like perianth, the
tube of which adheres to the 1-celled or 3-celled ovary ; stamens 3 and dis-
tinct, opposite the inner divisions of the perianth ; pod many-seeded, the seeds
very minute. — A small, chiefly tropical family, of which only one species is
found within our borders.

1 BURMANNIA Pea: Os (TripTERELLA, Miche.)

Ovary 3-celled, with the thick placent in the axis. Filaments 3, very short.
Style slender: stigma capitate-3-lobed. Pod often 3-winged. (Named for
J. Burmann, an early Dutch botanist.)

1. B. biflora, L. Stem low and slender (2/-4' high), 2-flowered at the
summit, or soon several-flowered ; perianth (2-3! long) bright blue, 3-winged.
(Tripterella cerulea, Michx.) —Peaty bogs, Virginia and southward.

Vv

ORCHIDACE®. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 497

Orver 114. ORCHIDACE. (OrcuiIs FAmILy.)

Herbs, clearly distinguished by their perfect irregular flowers, with 6-merous
perianth adnate to the 1-celled ovary, with innumerable ovules on 3 parietal
placentee, and with either one or two gynandrous stamens, the pollen cohering
in masses. Fruit a 1-celled 3-valved pod, with innumerable minute seeds,
appearing like fine saw-dust. Perianth of 6 divisions in 2 sets ; the 3 outer
(sepals) mostly of the same petal-like texture and appearance as the 3
inner (petals). One of the inner set differs more or less in figure, direc-
tion, &c. from the rest, and is called the labellum or lip ; only the other
two taking the name of petals in the following descriptions. The lip is
really the upper or posterior petal, i. e. the one next to the axis, but by a
twist of the ovary of half a turn it more commonly is directed forward, as
if anterior, i. e. is next the bract. Before the lip, in the axis of the flower,
is the column, composed of a single stamen, or in Cypripedium of two sta-
mens and a sterile rudiment of a third, variously coherent with or borne
on the style or thick fleshy stigma; the anther 2-celled ; each cell con-
taining one or more masses of pollen (pollinia or pollen-masses). Stigma a
broad glutinous surface, except in Cypripedium. — Perennials, often tuber-
bearing or tuberous-rooted ; some epiphytes. Leaves parallel-nerved, all
alternate. Flowers often showy, commonly singular in shape, solitary,
racemed, or spiked, each subtended by a bract,—in all arranged for
fertilization by the aid of insects, very few capable of unaided self-fertili-
zation. (See articles on Fertilization of Orchids, in Sill. Jour. 1862,
1863, &c.) — A vast family, but few in the United States.

I. Anther only one. (The 2 cells should not be mistaken for anthers !)

Tribe I. OPHRYDEZ. Anther (of 2 separate cells) borne on and entirely adnate to
the face of the stigma, erect or reclined. Pollen cohering into a great number of coarse
grains, which are all fastened by elastic and cobwebby tissue into one large mass, and to
a stalk that connects it with a gland or disk which was originally a part of the stigma.
Flower in our species ringent, the lip with a spur beneath: one distinct gland to each
pollen-mass.

1. Orchis. The two glands or viscid disks enclosed in a common pouch.
2. Habenaria. The two glands or disks naked (without any pouch or covering), either
approximate or widely separated.

Tribe II. NEOTTIEZ. Anther dorsal and erect or inclined, attached by its base
only or by a short filament to the back or summit of the column, persistent. Pollen im
our genera loosely cohering (mostly by some delicate elastic threads) in 2 or 4 soft. masses,
and soon attached directly to a viscous gland on the beak of the stigma.

8. Goodyera. Lip entire, free from the column, without callosities at the base.
4. Spiranthes. Lip ascending and embracing the column below, 2 callosities at the base.
5. Listera. Lip flat, spreading or pendulous, 2-lobed at the apex.

Tribe III. ARETHUSEZX, MALAXIDE®, &c. Anther terminal and in-

verted (except in No. 12) like a lid over the stigma, deciduous.

* Pollen powdery or pulpy, in 2 or 4 delicate masses : no gland.
6. Arethusa. Lip bearded, its base adherent to the linear column. Pollen-masses 4.
7. Pogonia. Lip more or less crested, free from the club-shaped column. Pollen-masses 2.

32

498 ORCHIDACE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) “

8. Calopogon. Lip bearded, stalked, free: column winged at the apex. Pollen-masses 4.

* * Pollen in 4-8 smooth waxy masses,
+ Without stalks, attached directly to a large gland.
9. Calypso. Lip inflated and sac-like. Column winged and petal-like. Stem 1-flowered.

+ + With stalks to the 2 or 4 pollen-masses, connecting them with a gland.
10. Tipularia. Lip short, flat, long-spurred beneath. Raceme many-flowered.
+ + + With stalks to the 8 pollen-masses, but no gland.
ll. Bletia. Lip hooded, crested, spurless. Scape several-flowered.

+ + + + Without either stalks or glands to the 4 pollen-masses.
++ Plants green and with ordinary leaves. Sepals spreading.
12. Microstylis. Column minute, round: anther erect.
13. Liparis. Column elongated, margined at the apex: anther lid-like.

++ ++ Plants tawny or purplish, leafless, or with a root-leaf only.
14. Corallorhiza. Perianth gibbous at base, or with a spur adherent to the ovary.
15. Aplectrum. Perianth not gibbous nor spurred at base. A green autumnal leaf.

II. Anthers two, or very rarely three.

Tribe IV. CYPRIPEDIE2Z. The stamen which bears the anther in the rest of
the order here usually forms a petal-like sterile appendage to the column. Pollen not in
masses: no stalks nor gland.

16. Cypripedium. Lip an inflated sac. Anthers 2, one each side of the column.

1. ORCHIS, L. Oncnrs.

Flower ringent; the sepals and petals nearly equal, all of them (in our
species) converging upwards and arching over the column. Lip turned down-
wards, coalescing with the base of the column, bearing a nectariferous spur at
the base underneath. Anther-cells contiguous and parallel. Pollen cohering
in numerous coarse waxy grains, which are collected on a cobweb-like elastic
tissue into 2 large masses (one filling each anther-cell) borne on a slender stalk,
the base of which is attached to a gland or sticky disk of the stigma, the two
glands contained in a common little pouch or hooded fold, placed just above the
orifice of the spur or nectary. Flowers showy, in a spike. — These glands stick
fast to the proboscis of a butterfly or some such insect introduced into the
nectar-bearing spur: when it flies to another flower, it drags out of the anther
and carries with it the pollen-masses, and applies them to the stigma of the
second or of several succeeding flowers, thus effecting cross-fertilization.
(“Opxis, the ancient name.)

1. O. spectabilis, L. (Snowy Orcuis.) Root of thick fleshy fibres,
producing 2 oblong-obovate shining leaves (3/—5/ long), and a few-flowered 4-
angled scape (4/—7! high); bracts leaf-like, lanceolate; sepals and petals all
lightly united to form the vaulted galea or upper lip, pink-purple, the ovate un-
divided lip white. — Rich woods, New England to Kentucky and (especially)
northward. May.

2. HABENARIA, Willd, R. Br. Rery-Orcuts.

Glands or viscid disks (to which the pollen-masses are attached) naked and
exposed, separate, sometimes widely separated (becoming attached, some to the
proboscis, others to the face or head of insects feeding upon the nectar of the

ORCHIDACER. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 499
spur, the pollen thus carried from one blossom to another) : otherwise nearly as
in true Orchis: the lateral sepals, however, mostly spreading. (Name from
habena, a thong or rein, in allusion to the shape of the lip or spur of some
species.) — PLATANTHERA, named primarily for the species with the glands
and bases of the anther-cells widely divergent, and GymMNADENIA, where
these are approximate, are found to afford no wholly fixed or clear practical
distinctions. Accordingly, in this edition, our species are restored to the

older genus.

§1. GYMNADENIA, R. Br. Cells of the anther parallel and approximate,
their glands therefore contiguous. (Appendages of the stigma in our species two
or three and much developed, oblong or club-shaped.)

1. H. tridentata, Hook. Stem slender (6/-12/ high), with a single
oblong or oblanceolate obtuse leaf below, and 2 or 3 small ones like bracts
above ; spike 6-12-flowered, oblong; flowers greenish or whitish, very small ; lip
wedge-oblong, truncate and with 3 short teeth at the apex; the slender and slightly
club-shaped spur curved upwards, longer than the ovary. (Orchis tridentata,
Muhl. Gymnadenia tridentata, Lindl.) — Wet woods: common northward and
along the Alleghanies. June, July. — Root of few fleshy fibres. Appendages
of the stigma (sterile stamens?) three, oblong-club-shaped, one outside each
orbicular gland and one between them, rising as high as the anther-cell, their
cellular viscid summits receiving pollen in the unopened flower, and penetrated
by pollen-tubes!

2. H. intégra, Spreng. Stem several-leayed (15’ high), the 1 or 2 lower
leayes elongated, oblong-lanceolate, acute; the others becoming smaller and
bract-like ; spike densely many-flowered, oblong-cylindrical ; flowers orange-yel-
low, small ; lip ovate, entire or slightly crenulate or wavy, shorter than the awl-
shaped descending spur. (Orchis integra & flava, Nutt. H. Elliottii, Beck.
Gymnadenia flava, Lindl.) — Wet pine barrens of New Jersey, Virginia, and
southward. July. — Root of very fleshy fibres, one or two of them tuber-like.
Appendages of the stigma two, lateral, oblong, fleshy: rostellum or middle
appendage narrow.

§ 2. PERULARIA, Lindl. Cells of the anther nearly parallel, separated by a
broadish connective, narrowed towards the base, the margins of which are ex-
tended so as to form the sides of a deep oblong groove or cavity (more than semi-
circular in cross-section), which is lined by the dilated orbicular and incurvd gland.
(Flowers small, greenish, slender-spurred.)

3. H. viréscens, Spreng. Leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate ;
the uppermost linear-lanceolate and pointed, passing into the bracts of the
elongated raceme ; petals ovate ; flowers dull green ; lip furnished with a tooth
on each side and a strong nasal protuberance in the middle of the base, oblong,
truncate-obtuse, about the length of the sepals, half the length of the slen-
der club-shaped spur. (Orchis flava, Z.! but the flowers are not yellow. O.°
virescens, Muhl., Willd. O. fuseéscens, Pursh., not of Z. O. herbiola, Pursh.
O. bidentata, F//. O. scutellata, Nutt. H. herbiola, R. Br. H. flava, Gray.
Platanthera flava, Gray.) — Wet places: common. June, July. — Stem 10!—20!
high; the spike at first dense, with the bracts longer than the flowers, at length

500 ORCHIDACEE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

elongated and often loose, the upper bracts shorter than the flowers; which
are quite small, and with scarcely a tinge of yellow, drying brownish. — The
Siberian H. (Perularia) fuscescens is clearly distinct.

§ 3. PLATANTHERA, Richard. Cells of the anther sometimes parallel, more com-
monly divergent, so that their tapering bases and the exposed glands are more or
less distant. (Root a cluster of fleshy fibres, or tuberous-thickened. )

% Flowers greenish or white, small, numerous in a close spike: spur not longer than the
entire or merely notched narrow lip: anther-cells almost parallel, wholly adnate :
stem leafy.

+ Spur short and sac-like: the 3 sepals and 2 narrow petals erect: glands small,
rather widely separated. (Prrfstyius, Lindl.)

4. H. viridis, R. Br., var. bracteata, Reichenbach. Lower leaves obo-
vate, the upper oblong and gradually reduced to lanceolate acute bracts 2-4
times the length of the green flowers; spike 10 -30-flowered ; lip oblong-linear
or slightly spatulate, truncate and 2-3-toothed or lobed at the tip, more than
twice the length of the spur. (H. bracteata, R. Br.) —Stem 6’-12' high.
According to Mr. Darwin, in the common European H. viridis each gland is
protected by a minute pouch: this is not yet verified in ours. —Damp woods,
especially northward. (Eu.)

+ + Spur slender, incurved, about as long as the entire lip: lateral sepals spreading.

5. H. hyperborea, R. Br. Stem very leafy (6!-2° high) leaves lanceo-
late, erect; spike dense (2'-15! long) ; lower bracts lanceolate, longer than the
(greenish) flowers ; lip and petals lanceolate, somewhat equal, the latter spreading
from the base; anther somewhat overhanging the transversely dilated stigma ;
glands orbicular ; stalk of the pollen-masses very slender and weak. (P. hyper-
borea, Huronensis, &c., Lindl.) — Peat-bogs and wet cold woods: common north-
ward. June, July. (Eu.)

6. H. dilatata, Gray. (That of Hook, Exot. Fl. is the preceding.) Re-
sembles No. 5, but usually more slender, with narrower commonly linear leaves ;
flowers white ; lip lanceolate from a rhomboidal-dilated base, entire, its base with the
bases of other petals and sepals erect-connivent, above spreading; anther-cells
almost parallel ; glands approximate, large and strap-shaped, vertical, nearly as long
as the pollen mass and its short flat stalk together; stigma narrow; a trowel-
shaped conspicuous beak (rostellum) between the bases of the anther-cells.
(Orchis dilatata, Pursh.) — Cold bogs: common northward. June, July.

* * Flowers greenish or white and purple, few or several (5-15) in a loose spike,
rather large for the size of the plant: scape or stem naked above, 1-leaved at the
base (5'-9! high): spur not longer than the lip: anther-cells wholly adnate.

7. H. rotundifolia, Richardson. Leaf varying from almost orbicular to
oblong (13/-3' long) ; flowers rose-purple ; or the lip white and spotted with pur-
ple, 3-lobed, and the larger middle lobe dilated and 2-lobed or strongly notched at the
summit (4/'-6" long), exceeding the ovate-oblong petals and sepals, and the
slender depending spur; anther-cells contiguous and parallel, (O. rotundifolia,
Pursh.) —Damp woods and bogs, N. Maine, Mr. Goodrich; Warren, Herkimer
Co., New York, J. A. Paine; shore of L. Michigan in Wisconsin, Lewis Foote,
and northward. June.

ORCHIDACEE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 501

8. H. obtusata, Richardson. Leaf ubovate or spatulate-oblong ; flowers
greenish-white ; upper sepal very broad and rounded, the others and the petals
lance-oblong ; lip entire, linear or lanceolate, deflexed (3! long), about the length
of the tapering and curving spur; anther-cells arcuate and widely separated. (O.
obtusata, Pursh.) — Cold peat-bogs, &c., northeastern coast of Maine, and on
mountains of New England and N. New York to Lake Superior (chiefly sub-
alpine), and northward. June. (Eu.)

* * * Flowers white or greenish, numerous in a loose spike, on a naked scape, 2-leaved
at the base: spur longer than the narrow entire lip: anther-cells widely diverging,
their narrowed beak-like bases projecting forwards: base of the stalk of the pollen-
mass laterally affixed by a short intermediate body to the back of the orbicular
gland, the viscous face of which looks obliquely inward (the space between the two
broad enough to receive the head of a butterfly).

9. H. Hoodkeri, Torr. Leaves orbicular, spreading (3/-4! broad) ; scape Ww

4 ‘ : ; our by
mostly naked ($°-1° high), bearing 10-20 upright sessile yellowish-green flow-

ers in a strict spike; sepals ovate-lanceolate ; lip lanceolate, pointed, incurved, WNe.0 ty

longer than the lance-awl-shaped petals ; spur slender, acute, about the length of the ~

ovary (nearly 1' long). (H. orbiculata, [7ook.) —— Woods, Rhode Island to Penn.,

Wisconsin and northward. June.— Var. OBLONGIFOLIA, J. A. Paine. Leaves

oblong (3!-5! by 13’-2'). Little Falls, New York, J. A. Paine.

10. H. orbiculata, Torr. Leaves very large (4!-—8! wide), orbicular,
spreading fat on the ground; scape bracted, bearing many spreading greenish- dur. GQ.
white flowers in a loose raceme; upper sepal orbicular, the lateral ovate; lip nar- +
rowly linear and slightly spatulate, obtuse, drooping, nearly thrice the length of the
oblong-lanceolate and falcate obtuse petals ; spur curved, slender (about 14/ long),
gradually thickened towards the blunt apex, twice the length of the ovary; anther-
cells strongly projecting at the free beak-like base (the glands nearly }/ apart).

(H. macrophylla, Hook. Orchis orbiculata, Pursh.) — Rich woods, especially

of Coniferze, Maine to Pennsylvania and Lake Superior, and southward along

the Alleghanies. July.— Leaves very smooth, shining above, silvery under-

neath. Scape 1°-2° high.

-a

* * * * (Frincep Orcuis.) Flowers several or many in an open spike, with
mostly foliaceous bracts: stem (rather tall) leafy: spur thread-shaped or scarcely
club-shaped, longer than the fringed, cleft, or dissected lip: anther-cells widely sep-
arated and usually diverging, their narrow beak-like bases, supported by the arms
of the stigma, strongly projecting forwards or partly upwards: base of the stalk of
the pollen-mass mostly affixed more or less laterally to the gland.

+ Lip pectinately fringed but undivided: flowers golden yellow or white: anther-cells
widely divergent and beak-pointed, the orbicular glands as if raised on a tentacle
much projecting forwards or slightly inwards: ovary long, tapering to the summit.

11. H. cristata, R. Br. Lower leaves lanceolate, elongated; the upper NA
gradually reduced to sharp-pointed bracts, nearly the length of the crowded (yellow) hi
flowers; spike oblong or cylindrical; petals rounded, crenate; lip ovate, with a
lacerate-fringed margin, scarcely shorter than the slender obtuse incurved spur, which
is not half the length of the ovary.—(O. cristata, Michr.) —Bogs, Penn.

(Pursh) to Virginia and southward. July.— Flowers only a quarter as large
as in the next.

502 ORCHIDACEZ. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

12. H. ciliaris, R. Br. (Yertow Frincep-Orcuis.) Leaves oblong or
lanceolate ; the upper passing into pointed bracts, which are shorter than the ova- °
ries ; spike oblong, rather closely many-flowered ; flowers bright orange-yellow ;
lateral sepal rounded, reflexed ; petals linear, cut-fringed at the apex ; lip oblong,
about half the length of the spur, furnished with a very long and copious capillary fringe.
(O. ciliaris, Z.) — Wet sandy places, New England to Michigan, and especially
southward: rare north of New Jersey. July - Sept. — Our handsomest species,
1$° - 2° high, with a short spike of very showy flowers ; the lip 3! long, the con-
spicuous fringe fully 4’ long on each side.

13. H. blephariglottis, Hook. (Wuirr Frineep Orcuis.) Leaves,
&c. as in the last; flowers white; petals spatulate, slightly cut or toothed at the
apex; lip ovate- or lanceolate-oblong, with the irregular capillary fringe of
the margins usually shorter than its disk, one third the length of the spur. —
Var. HOLOPETALA (Platanthera holopetala, Lindl.) has narrower petals with
the toothing obsolete, and the lip less fringed. — Peat-bogs and borders of
ponds, with the preceding, commonly taking its place in the northward. July.
— <A foot high, the flowers beautiful, but rather smaller than in the last.

~+ (GREENISH FriInGED-OrcuHIs.) Lip 3-parted above the stalk-like base, the
divisions cut into capillary fringes: flowers greenish- or yellowish-white: anther-
cells not very divergent, the beaked bases, supported on the upper edge of the broad
arms of the stigma, projecting forwards ; the large glands oval or lanceolate, trans-
verse, nearly facing each other: ovary short-tapering at the summit: the long spurs
gradually thickened downward.

14. H. leucophea. Leaves oblong-lanceolate ; the bracts similar, rather
shorter than the (large) flowers; spike commonly elongated, loose; petals obo-
vate, minutely cut-toothed ; divisions of the lip broadly wedye-shaped or fan-shaped,
many-cleft to the middle into a copious thread-like fringe ; spur longer than the ovary
(1/-13' long); glands transversely oval. (Orchis leucophza, Nutt.) — Moist
meadows, Ohio to Wisconsin and southwestward. July. — Stem 2°-4° high.
Lip 7/’- 10" long.

15. H. lacera, R. Br. (Raccep Frincep-Orcuis.) Leaves oblong or
lanceolate ; raceme loosely many-flowered; petals oblong-linear, entire ; divisions
of the lip narrow, deeply parted into a few long nearly capillary lobes ; spur about the
length of the ovary; glands lanceolate, as long as the stalk of the pollen-mass.
(O. psycodes, Muhl., &e., not of Z. Platanthera psychodes, Lindl. . lacera,
Michx.) — Bogs and moist thickets: common, July.

+++ (PurpLe Frincep-Orcuis.) Lip fan-shaped, 3-parted above the stalk-
like base, the dilated divisions erosely fringed: flowers purple: anther-cells widely
separated, but little divergent, their tapering bases (supported as in the preceding)
strongly projecting, the orbicular glands looking obliquely forwards and downwards :
ovary contracted only at the summit: the long curving spur somewhat thickened
downward.

16. H. psyeddes, Gray. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, the uppermost
passing into linear-lanceolate bracts; raceme cylindrical, densely many-flowercd ;
lower sepals round-oval, obtuse ; petals wedge-obovate or spatulate, denticulate above ; di-
visions of the spreading lip broadly wedge-shaped, many-cleft into a short fringe.

ORCHIDACEH. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 503

(O. psycodes, Z.! O. fimbriata, Pursh, Bigelow. O. incisa and O. fissa, Muh.
’ in Willd. Platanthera fimbriata, Lindl.) — Wet meadows and bogs: common.
July, Aug. — Flowers short-pedicelled, crowded in a spike of 4’-10! in length,
small, but very handsome, fragrant; lip short-stalked, barely }’ broad and not
so long; the middle lobe broadest and more closely fringed, but not so deeply
cleft as the lateral ones.

17. H. fimbriata, R. Br. Lower leaves oval or oblong, the upper few, \W
passing into lanceolate bracts ; spike or raceme oblong, loosely-flowered ; lower sep- cs ia
als ovate, acute; petals oblong, toothed down the sides; divisions of the pendent
large lip fan-shaped, more fringed. (O. fimbriata, A7t., Willd., Hook. Exot.
Fl. &e. O. grandiflora, Bigelow.) —-Wet meadows, New England to Penn.
and (chiefly) northeastward. June. — Flowers fewer, paler (or lilac-purple),
and 3 or 4 times larger than those of the preceding; the more ample dilated
lip §/ to 1’ broad, with a deeper and almost capillary crowded fringe, different-
shaped petals, &e.

18. H. peramcena, Gray. Lower leaves oblong-ovate, the upper lanceo-
late; spike oblong or cylindrical, densely flowered; lower sepals round-oyvate ;
_ petals rounded-obovate, raised on a claw; divisions of the large lip very broadly
wedge-shaped, irregularly eroded-toothed at the broadly dilated summit, the lateral
ones truncate, the middle one2-lobed. (Platanthera perameena, Ed. 2. P. fissa,
Lindl. OO. fissa, Pursh, not of Muhl.) — Moist meadows and banks, Penn. to
Illinois, and southward along the Alleghanies. Aug.— Flowers large and
showy, violet-purple; the lip paler and very ample, 8!'-10" long: its divisions
minutely and variably toothed, or sparingly cut along the terminal edge, but
not fringed.

38. GOODYERA, R.Br. RarriesnaKe-PLanTarn.

Lip sac-shaped, sessile, entire, and without callosities at the base. Otherwise
as Spiranthes. — Root of thick fibres, from a somewhat fleshy creeping rootstock,
bearing a tuft of thickish petioled leaves, usually reticulated with white veining.
Scape, spike, and the greenish-white small flowers usually glandular-downy.
(Dedicated to John Goodyer, an early English botanist. )

§ 1. Lip strongly saccate-inflated and with a short spreading or recurved tip: anther

"short, borne on a distinct filament attached to the back of the short column, blunt:

gland-bearing tip or beak of the stigma very short.

1. G. repens, R. Br. Small (5'-8! high) and slender; leaves ovate, VW
more or less white-reticulated (about 1! long) ; flowers several, in a loose 1-sided {
spike ; lip with an ovate recurved tip; sepals ovate. — Woods, under evergreens : 1, ©
common northward and through the Alleghanies. Aug. (Eu.)

2. G. pubéscens, R. Br. Larger; leaves strongly white-reticulateds; | ,
scape 6/-12! high; the numerous crowded flowers not one-sided; tip of the globular
lip very short: otherwise like the preceding, and too near it. — Rich woods, east- ath
ward and southward. July, Aug.

§ 2. Lip barely saccate below, tapering and its sides involute above: anther ovate and
long-pointed, borne on the base of the very short proper column, which is continued
above the stigma into a conspicuous long tapering awl-shaped gland-bearing beak.

504 ORCHIDACEZ. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

Aspect of Goodyera: structure of the flower nearly of Spiranthes, but the lip
without callosities.

83. G. Menziésii, Lindl. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute (2'-3' long), less
white-reticulated than the preceding, some not at all so; scape 9!-12! high;
flowers rather numerous in a looser often 1-sided spike ; flower-buds less pubes-
cent, elongated-ovate and pointed; lip with the saccate-conduplicate lower por-
tion gradually tapering into the narrow barely spreading summit. (Spiran-
thes decipiens, Hook.) — Woods, Western New York to Michigan (confounded
with G. pubescens), Lake Superior, and far westward. July.

4. SPIRANTHES, Richard. Laps’ Tresszs.

Flower somewhat ringent, oblique on the ovary; the sepals and petals all
narrow, mostly erect or connivent, the three upper pieces sticking together more
or less, the two lower covering the base of the lip. Lip oblong, short-stalked or
sessile, the lower part involute around the column, and with a callous protuber-
ance on each side of the base; the somewhat dilated summit spreading or re-
curved, crisped, wavy, or rarely toothed or lobed. Column short, oblique,
bearing the ovate stigma on the front, and the sessile or short-stalked (mostly
acute or pointed) 2-celled erect anther on the back. Pollen-masses 2 (one in
each cell), ovate, each 2-parted from the base (or even again divided) into thin
and tender plates of granular pollen united by elastic threads, their summits
together soon adhering to the narrow boat-shaped viscid gland of the stigma,
which is set in the slender or tapering thin process or beak terminating the
column, and is carried away on the proboscis of insects visiting the flower,
with the pollen, to be deposited upon the stigma of another flower. After the
removal of the gland, the beak is left as a 2-toothed or 2-forked tip. — Roots
clustered-tuberous: stem more or less naked above, leaf-bearing below or at the
base. Flowers small (ours all white or greenish-white), bent horizontally, 1 -3-
ranked in a spike, which is commonly more or less spirally twisted (whence-the
name, from o7eipa, a coil or curl, and avO0os, flower.)

* Flowers in 3 ranks, crowded in a close spike. (Leaves at the root and base of the
stem*present at the flowering season.)

1. S. latifolia, Torr. Low; naked stem or scape 4/-9! high, smooth;
leaves all next the base, oblong or lance-oblong (1'-3! long, 6! - 8” wide), 3-5-nerved,
contracted into a sheathing base ; spike narrow (1!- 2! long), flowers small ; lip
quadrate-oblong, thin, wavy-crisped at the very obtuse or truncate apex, the
small callosities at the base oblong, marginal and adnate for their whole length ;
gland and beak of the stigma short. (S. plantaginea, Torr. in N. Y. Fl., not
of Lindl. S. wstivalis, Oakes, Cat.) — Moist banks, Vermont and N. New York
to Michigan, Penn. (near Lancaster, Prof. Porter), and Delaware, W. I. Canby.
June. — Perianth 2-3" long; lip yellowish on the face, not contracted in the
middle nor the margins involute.

2. §. Romanzoviana, Chamisso. Stem leafy below, and leafy-bracted
above (5'-15! high) ; leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to grassy-linear ;
spike dense, oblong or cylindrical (1‘-4' long) ; perianth curved and the sum-
mit manifestly ringent, the sepals and petals all connivent in the upper portion or

ORCHIDACEZ. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 505

galea; the lip ovate-oblong, contracted below the rounded wavy-crenulate much re-
curved summit, otherwise entire, the callosities at base globular and smooth;
gland oblong-linear and the 2-horned beak of the stigma short. (S. gemmipara,
Lindl. (Neottia, Smith.) §S. cernua, in part, Hook. & Ed. 2.) — High and cool
bogs, New York, from Herkimer and Otsego Co., to Lake Superior, and north-
westward. July, Aug. — Perianth about 4! long, pure white, smooth or
smoothish. (Eu. Bantry Bay, Ireland, only.)

3. S. ecérnua, Richard. Stem leafy below and leafy bracted above (6! - 20!
high) ; leaves linear-lanceolate, the lowest elongated (4!-12' long, 2-4" wide) ;
spike cylindrical, rather dense (2/—5’ long) and with the flowers either pubes-
cent or nearly smooth; perianth horizontal or recurving, the lower sepals not
upturned or connivent with the upper; lip oblong and very obtuse when out-
spread, but conduplicate or the margins much incuryed, wayy-crisped above the
middle, especially at the flattish and recurved-spreading apex, the callosities at
the base prominent, nipple-shaped, somewhat hairy ; gland of the stigma linear,
in a long and very slender beak. —Common in wet places, especially eastward
and southward. Sept., Oct.— Very variable in size, foliage, &c. : the commoner
form, with pure white sweet-scented flowers, often nearly losing its root-leaves
at flowering-time : a variety in dry ground has greenish-cream colored stronger-
scented flowers, and retains its root-leaves. Perianth 4!’/—5’ long.

* * Flowers in one straight or spirally twisted rank.

+ Stem bearing towards and at the base elongated leaves, which mostly persist during

the flowering season.

4. S. graminea, Lindl., Var. Walteri. Stem 9/-2° high ; lower and
root-leaves linear or lance-linear (3/—8! long, 2-4" wide) gradually tapering
to the base, the upper reduced to sheathing bracts ; spike linear, dense (2!-5!
long), usually much twisted, the axis, ovaries, &c. downy-pubescent; bracts
ovate and gradually, or rhombic-ovate and abruptly taper-pointed, surpassing
the ovary, the margins broadly hyaline ; lip ovate-oblong when outspread, with
rather small callosities at base, crisped at the rounded apex ; anther and beak
of the stigma very acute. (Limodorum precox, Walt. Nedottia tortilis, Pursh,
Barton, Fl., &c. S. tortilis, Chapm.) — Wet, grassy places, S. New England to
Virginia, and southward. July, Aug., at the north. — Root of fleshy or some-
what tuberous thickened fibres. Perianth 3!’ long. — The original, West Indian
S. tortilis (Swartz), Richard, has a smoother much less twisted spike, smaller
bracts, and more leafless scape, the root-leaves seldom present at flowering-time :
it is very like S. brevifolia, Chapm. (S. longilabris, Zindl.?). Our plant has a
more acute tip to the anther and stigma than the Mexican.

+ + Scape very slender, merely bracted ; the leaves with a blade all in a cluster
at the ground, ovate or oblong, abruptly contracted into a petiole, commonly wither-
ing away at or before flowering : flowers small, and whole plant gabrous or nearly
so: bracts small, sharp-pointed, not longer than the pod.

5. §. gracilis, Bigelow. Roots clustered, tuberous-thickened ; scape 8'-18!
high, bearing a slender many-flowered one-sided or twisted spike ; lip oval when
outspread, narrowly oblong in natural form, thickish and green above with thin
white margins, the recurved obtuse or acutish apex wavy-crisped, the callosities

506 ORCHIDACEH. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

at the base nipple-shaped. (Also S. Beckii, Lindl., at least as to the Northern
plant.) — Hilly woods and sandy plains: common. July - Oct. — Perianth
barely 13-2” long.

6. S. simplex, n. sp. Root a solitary oblong or spindle-shaped tuber ; no
leaves at flowering time ; scape 5'-9! high, bearing a small narrow (rarely 1-
sided) spike of very small flowers (perianth 1-13" long) ; lip thin, white, obo-
vate-oblong, the apex eroded and crisped, the callosities at the base slender. —
Dry, sandy soil, E. Mass. (Nantucket, Dr. Robbins), New Jersey, and Delaware,
Wm. M. Canby. Aug., Sept.— Spike 1'-3/ long.

5. LISTERA, R. Brown. TWAYBLADE.

Sepals and petals nearly alike, spreading or reflexed. Lip mostly drooping,
longer than the sepals, 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Column wingless: stigma with a
rounded beak. Anther borne on the back of the column at the summit, erect,
ovate: pollen powdery, in 2 masses, joined to a minute gland. — Roots fibrous.
Stem bearing a pair of opposite sessile leaves in the middle, and a spike or ra-
ceme of greenish or brownish-purple small flowers. (Dedicated to Martin Lister,
an early and celebrated British naturalist.)

* Column very short. (Sepals ovate, reflexed: plants delicate, 4'- 8! high.)

1. L. cordata, R. Brown. Leaves round-ovate, somewhat heart-shaped
(3/-1' long) ; raceme smooth; flowers minute, crowded, on pedicels not longer than
the ovary ; lip linear, twice the length of the sepals, 1-toothed on each side at the
base, 2-cleft. — Damp cold woods ; from Penn. northward. June, July. (Eu.)

2. L. australis, Lindl. Leaves ovate; raceme loose and slender ; flowers
very small, on minutely glandular-pubescent pedicels twice the length of the ovary ; lip
linear, 3-4 times the length of the sepals, 2-parted, the divisions linear-setaceous.
— Damp thickets, New Jersey to E. Virginia and southward. June.

* * Column longer, arching or straightish.

8. L. convallarioides, Hook. Leaves oval or roundish, and sometimes
a little heart-shaped (1'-13/ long) ; raceme loose, pubescent ; flowers on slen-
der pedicels ; lip wedge-oblong, 2-lobed at the dilated apex, and 1-toothed on
each side at the base, nearly twice the length of the narrowly lanceolate spread-
ing sepals, purplish, 4! long. (Epipdctis convallarioides, Swartz.) — Damp
mossy woods, along the whole Alleghany Mountains, to Penn., also Maine to
Lake Superior, and northward, — Plant 4! - 9! high.

6. ARETHUSA, Gronoy. Arernusa.

Flower ringent ; the lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, united at the
base, ascending and arching over the column, Lip dilated and recurved spread-
ing towards the summit. Column adherent to the lip below, petal-like, dilated
at the apex. Anther lid-like, terminal, of 2 approximate cells: pollen-masses
powdery-granular, 2 in each cell. — Beautiful low herbs, consisting of a sheathed
scape from a globular solid bulb, terminated usually by a single large rose-pur-
ple flower. Leaf solitary, linear, nerved, hidden in the sheaths of the scape,
protruding after flowering. (Dedicated to the Nymph Arethusa.)

ORCHIDACEX. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 507

1. A. bulbosa, L. Flower single, erect, with an entire lip recurved at the
apex and bearded-crested down the face.— Bogs, Virginia to Maine, N. Wis-
consin, and northward: rather scarce or local. May.— Flower 1/-2! long, very
handsome, bright rose-purple ; very rarely a pair of flowers.

7. POGONIA, Juss. Poconta.

Flower irregular, the sepals and petals separate. Lip crested or 3-lobed.
Column free, elongated, club-shaped, wingless. Anther terminal and lid-like,
stalked: pollen-masses 2 (one in each cell), powdery-granular. (Ilwyovias,
bearded, from the lip of some of the original species.)

§ 1. Sepals and petals nearly equal and alike, pale rose-color, sometimes white.

1. P. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Root of thick fibres; stem (6’-9/ high) / )
bearing a single oval or lance-oblong leaf near the middle and a smaller one or
bract near the terminal flower, rarely one or two others with a flower in their
axil; lip spatulate below, appressed to the column, beard-crested and fringed. —
In bogs. June, July. — Flower 1/ long, sweet-scented. — An interesting mon-
ster of this, with two additional lips, and some other petaloid parts, was found in
Herkimer Co., New York, by J. A. Paine. °

2. P. péndula, Lindl. Stem (3/-8! high) from oblong tubers, bearing 3
to 7 alternate ovate-clasping very small (3/'-6/') leaves, the upper 1-4 with
drooping flowers in their axils on slender pedicels; lip spatulate, somewhat 3-
lobed, roughish or crisped above, crestless. (Triphora pendula, Nutt.) — Damp
woods: rather scarce. Aug.— Perianth 3/ long, narrow.

§ 2. Sepals linear, dingy or brownish, longer and much narrower than the erect or con-
nivent petals: lip 3-lobed at the apex, crested down the middle, beardless : flowers
solitary (or rarely a pair), terminal: root a cluster of fibres.

3. P. divaricata, R.Br. Stem (1°-2° high) bearing a lanceolate leaf in the
middle, and a leafy bract next the flower, which is recurved on the ovary ; but the
sepals ascending or diverging, spatulate-linear, longer than the lanceolate-spat-
ulate pointed and flesh-colored petals, these about 1/-13' long. — Wet pine-
barrens, Quaker Bridge, New Jersey (W. H. Leggett), Virginia, and southward.
June, July.

4. P. verticillata, Nutt. Stem (6’-12! high), naked, except some small
scales at the base, and a whorl of mostly 5 obovate or obovate-oblong sessile leaves at
the summit; flower dusky purplish, on a peduncle longer than the ovary and pod ;
sepals more than twice the length of the petals, narrowly linear, spreading from a
mostly erect base (1}/-2/ long); lip with a narrow crest down the middle. —
Low woods: rather rare, especially eastward. May, June.— Glaucous when
young. Stalk of pod about 13/ long, more than half the length of the leaves.

5. P. affinis, C. F. Austin, n. sp. Somewhat smaller than the preceding ;
leaves paler and rather narrower; flowers (not rarely in pairs) yellowish or
greenish ; peduncle much shorter than the ovary and pod ; sepals not twice the length
of the petals, tapering to the base; lip crested over the whole face and on the
middle of the lobes, — With the last, which it nearly resembles, but is much
rarer. Southern New York and Northern New Jersey, C. F. Austin ; and
Connecticut, near New Haven, Edward Dana.

lor: Contr d & Potinana

\wy CAO.

508 ORCHIDACEA. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

8. CALOPOGON, R.Br. Catropocon.

Flower with the ovary or stalk not twisting, therefore presenting its lip on the
upper or inner side. Sepals and petals nearly alike, lance-ovate, spreading, dis-
tinct. Lip spreading, distant from the column, raised on a narrowed base or
stalk, dilated at the summit, strongly bearded along the upper side. Column
free, slender, winged at the apex. Anther terminal and lid-like, sessile: pollen-
masses 4 (two in each cell), of soft powdery grains, lightly connected by delicate
threads. — Scape from a small solid bulb, sheathed below by the base of the
grass-like leaf, naked above, bearing several flowers. Bracts minute. (Name
composed of kaAds, beautiful, and myer, beard, from the bearded lip.)

1. C. pulchéllus, R. Br. Leaf linear; scape about 1° high, 2-6-flow-
ered; lip as if hinged at the insertion, beautifully bearded towards the dilated
summit with white, yellow, and purple club-shaped hairs. — Bogs: common.
June, July. — Flowers 1! broad, pink-purple.

9. CALYPSO, Salisb. CALYPso.

Sepals and petals nearly similar, ascending, spreading, lanceolate, pointed.
Lip larger than the rest of the flower, sac-shaped, inflated (9 long), 2-pointed
underneath the apex. Column broadly winged and petal-like, ovate, bearing
the lid-like anther just below the apex: pollen-masses waxy, 2, each 2-parted,
all sessile on a square gland. — A little bog-herb; the solid bulbs producing a
single ovate or slightly heart-shaped thin leaf, as in Aplectrum, and a short
(3’-5!’ high) scape, sheathed below, bearing a large and showy (variegated
purple, pink, and yellow) flower. (Name from the goddess Calypso.)

1. C. borealis, Salisb.— Cold bogs and wet woods, the bulbs resting in
moss, Northern New England to Michigan, and northward. May.—A very
local and beautiful plant. Lip somewhat resembling that of a Lady’s Slipper,
woolly-hairy inside. (Eu.)

10. TIPULARIA, Nutt. Crane-rry Orcuis.

Sepals and petals spreading, oblong; the latter rather narrower. Lip pro-
longed underneath into a thread-like ascending spur twice or thrice the length
of the flower (9/'-12!! long), 3-lobed; the middle lobe linear, a little wavy, as
long as the petals, the side lobes short and triangular. Column narrow and
wingless. Anther lid-like, terminal: pollen-masses 2, waxy, each 2-parted, con-
nected by a linear stalk with the transverse small gland. — Herb with large
solid bulbs connected horizontally, on a distinct petiole, producing in autumn
a single ovate nerved and plaited leaf on a slender petiole, tinged with purple
beneath; and in summer a long and naked slender scape (10/- 18’ high), with
1 or 2 sheaths at the base, bearing a many-flowered raceme of small greenish
flowers tinged with purple. (Name from a fancied resemblance of the flowers
to insects of the genus Tipula.)

1. T. discolor, Nutt. Lip blunt at the tip (which distinguishes it from
a recently discovered Himalayan species). — Sandy woods, Massachusetts to
Michigan and southward: very scarce. July.

ORCHIDACEZ. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 309

11. BLETIA, Ruiz&Pavon. Brerra.

Sepals spreading, equal, rather exceeding the petals. Lip hooded, hinged as
it were with the column, crested along the upper face, often 3-lobed. Col-
umn half-cylindrical; the fleshy anther forming a lid at its apex. Pollen-masses
8, in pairs, with a stalk to each pair, waxy, becoming powdery. —Scape many-
flowered from solid tubers. (Named for Louis let, a Spanish botanist.)

1. B. aphylla, Nutt. Leafless; scape (1°-2° high) beset with purplish
scales, the lower ones sheathing; flowers racemed, brownish-purple; lip not
saccate. Rich woods, Kentucky and southward.

12. MICROSTYLIS, Nutt. Avper’s-Movrn.

Sepals spreading. Petals thread-like or linear, spreading. Lip auricled or
ovate at the base, not tubercled, entire or nearly so. Column very small, terete,
with 2 teeth or auricles at the summit and the erect anther between them. Pol-
len-masses 4, in one row (2 in each cell), cohering by pairs at the apex, waxy,
without any stalks, threads, or gland. — Little herbs, from solid bulbs, produ-
cing simple stems or scapes, which bear in our species a single Jeaf, and a raceme
of minute greenish flowers. (Name composed of pxpés, little, and otvdis, a
column or style.)

1. M. monophyllos, Lindl. Slender (4’—6’ high); leaf sheathing the
base of the stem, ovate-elliptical ; raceme spiked, long und slender ; pedicels not
longer than the flowers; lip long-pointed.— Cold wet swamps, N. New England
to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward. July. (Eu.)

2. M. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Leaf near the middle of the stem, ovate,
clasping ; raceme short and obtuse; pedicels much longer than the flowers; lip 3-
toothed at the summit.— Damp woods: more common southward. July.

13. LIPARIS, Richard. TWAYBLADE.

Sepals and petals nearly equal, linear, or the latter thread-like, spreading.
Lip flat, entire, often bearing 2 tubercles above the base. Column elongated,
incurved, margined at the apex. Anther lid-like, terminal: pollen-masses 4, in
one row (2 to each cell), slightly united in pairs, without stalk, threads, or
gland. — Small, low herbs, with solid bulbs, producing 2 root-leaves and a low
scape, which bears a raceme of few purplish or greenish flowers. (Name from
Aurapés, fat or shining, in allusion to the smooth or unctuous leayes.)

1. L. liliifolia, Richard. Leaves ovate; petals thread-like, reflexed ; /ip
large (3! long) wedge-obovate, abruptly short-pointed, brown-purplish. (Malaxis lilii-
folia, Swartz.) — Moist woodlands: commonest in the Middle States. June.

2. L. Leeselii, Richard. Leaves elliptical-lanceolate or oblong, keeled ;
lip obovate or oblong (2" long), mucronate, yellowish-green, shorter than the linear
unequal petals and sepals. (Malaxis Correana, Barton.) — Bogs, New England
to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward: rare. June. (Eu.)

14. CORALLORHIZA, Haller. Conrat-roor.

Perianth somewhat ringent, oblique and gibbous or obscurely spurred at the
base ; the oblong or lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, the upper arching ;

~_ =e &

510 ORCHIDACEZ. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

the lateral sepals ascending, their bases with that of the lip forming the gibbos-
ity or short spur which is mostly adnate to the summit of the ovary : lip slightly
adherent to the base of the 2-edged straightish column, bearing a pair of pro-
jecting ridges on the face below, spreading or recurved at the apex. Anther
terminal, lid-like. | Pollen-masses 4, obliquely incumbent, soft-waxy, free.
Brownish or yellowish herbs, destitute of green foliage, with much-branched
and toothed coral-like root-stocks (probably root-parasitical), sending up a sim-
ple scape, with sheaths in place of leaves, and bearing small and dull-colored
flowers in a spiked raceme. (Name composed of kopdAdoy, coral, and piga,
root.)

§ 1. Small spur or sac adnate to the summit of the ovary: flowers small: lip whitish
or purplish, often mottled with crimson.

1. C. innata, R. Brown. Plant slender, light brownish or yellowish (3! -
9' high), 5-12-flowered ; pedicels very short; lip somewhat hastately 3-lobed above
the base, the lamellxz thick and rather short; spur a very small protuberance;
pod oval or elliptical (3/"-4" long). (C. verna, Nutt.) —Swamps and damp
woods. May, June. — Perianth only 2 or 23" long. (Eu.)

2. C. odontorhiza, Nutt. Plant light brown or purplish; stem rather
slender, bulbous-thickened at the base (6’-16' high), 6 - 20-flowered ; pedicels
rather slender ; lip entire, or merely denticulate, thin, broadly ovate or obovate,
abruptly contracted into a claw-like base, the lamelle a pair of short projections ;
the spur represented by a small cavity wholly adnate to the summit of the
ovary ; pod at first very acute at the base, at length short-oval (4 long). (C.
Wistariana, Conrad.) — Rich woods, New York to Michigan, and especially
southward: rare northward. May, July.— Perianth about 3! long.

3. C. multiflora, Nutt. Plant purplish, rather stout (9/-18! high), 10-
30-flowered ; lip deeply 3-lobed, with a short narrowed base and with prominent
lamellz ; spur manifest and protuberant; pod oblong (6'’-9!/ long), short-ped-
icelled.— Dry woods: common. July - Sept. — Perianth 23!- 4!’ long.

§ 2. Spur none: the broadly gibbous somewhat saccate base of the perianth wholly free
Jrom the ovary: flowers large for the genus, purple, unspotted, more expanding.

4. C. Macréei, Gray. Plant purplish, stout (6'-16' high), bearing 15 -
25 large flowers in a crowded spike, on very short pedicels; lip oval or obovate,
perfectly entire, concave, barely narrowed at the base, where it bears 1 -3 short
lamellz ; all the parts of the perianth marked with 3 darker nerves; pod oblong
(9 long). — Woods, from near Lake Erie (Caledonia Springs, Canada, W. F.
Macrae), Mackinaw, C. G. Loring, Jr., Prof. Whitney, and westward to the
Pacific. July. — Sepals, petals, and lip 6! or 7 long. — This is the Aplectrum
aphyllum, Nutt. in herb.; and from the range and the size of the flowers it can
hardly be other than C. striata, Zind/., but it does not at all agree with the
character as to the lip and spur.

15. APLECTRUM > Nutt. Purry-root. ApAM-AND-EVE.

Perianth neither gibbous, nor with any trace of a spur or sac at the base.
Lip free, the palate 3-ridged. Otherwise the flowers and the scape (invested
below with 3 greenish sheaths) as in Corallorhiza. But, instead of a coral-like

ORCHIDACER. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 511

root, a slender naked rootstock produces each year a thick, globular, solid bulb
or corm, often 1’ in diameter (filled with exceedingly glutinous matter), which
sends up late in summer a large, oval, many-nerved and plaited, petioled, green
leaf, lasting through the winter, and early in the succeeding summer its scape,
a foot or more high, is terminated by a loose raceme of dingy rather large flowers.
(Genus too near the last. The name composed of a privative and mAnkrpov,
a spur, from the total want of the latter.)

1. A. hyemale, Nutt.— Woods, in rich mould: rather rare or local. —
Each corm lasts 2 or 3 years before it shrivels, so that 3 or 4 are found horizon-
tally connected. Perianth greenish-brown, or the lip whitish, and somewhat
speckled with purple, 5-6" Jong.

16. CYPRIPEDIUM, Ll. Lapy’s Sireper. Moccason-FLOWER.

Sepals spreading ; all three distinct, or in most cases two of them united into
one under the lip. Petals spreading, resembling the sepals but usually nar-
rower. Lip a large inflated sac. Column declined; on each’side a fertile sta-
men, with its short filament bearing a 2-celled anther; the pollen loose and
pulpy or powdery-granular ; on the upper side a dilated-triangular, petal-like
but thickish body, which answers to the fertile stamen of other Orchids, and
covers the summit of the style; stigma terminal, broad, obscurely 3-lobed,
moist and roughish (not smooth and viscid as in the rest of the order). Pollen
in most of our species, especially in No. 6, exposed by the conversion of the face
of the anther into a viscid, varnish-like film, which adheres to whatever touches
it, carrying away some of the pollen.— Root of many tufted fibres. Leaves
large, many-nerved and plaited, sheathing at the base. Flowers solitary or
few, large and showy. (Name composed of Kumpis, Venus, and Todor, a sock
or buskin, i. e. Venus’s Slipper.)

§ 1. The three sepals separate. (Stem leafy, single-flowered.)

1. C. arietinum, R. Brown. (Ram’s-HEAp L.) Upper sepal ovate-
lanceolate, pointed ; the 2 lower and the petals linear and nearly alike (green-
ish-brown), rather longer than the red and whitish veiny lip, which is prolonged
at the apex into a short conical deflexed point; leaves 3 or 4, elliptical-lanceo-
late, nearly smooth. (Cryosdnthes, Raf. Arietinum, Beck.) — Cold swamps
and damp woods, Maine to New York, Wisconsin, and northward: rare. June.
— The smallest species: stem slender, 6-10’ high: lip only 6 long.

§ 2. Two of the sepals united into one piece under the lip.
* Stem leafy to the top, 1 -3-flowered ; lip slipper-shaped or roundish, much inflated,
horizontal, and with a rounded open orifice.
+- Sepals and linear wavy-twisted petals brownish, pointed, longer than the lip.

2. C. candidum, Muhl. (Smatu Wuitr Lapy’s Suierer.) Sepals
ovate-lanceolate ; lip white, flattish laterally, convex above; sterile stamen lanceo-
late; leaves lance-oblong, acute.— Bogs, from central and New York (rare)
to Kentucky and Wisconsin. May, June. — Little larger than the foregoing
species, slightly pubescent, 1-flowered: petals and sepals greenish, not much
exceeding the lip, which is less than 1’ long.

512 AMARYLLIDACEH. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.)

3. C. parviflorum, Salisb. (Smarter Yetitow L.) Sepals ovate or
ovate-lanceolate ; lip flattish from above, bright yellow (1! or less long) ; sterile sta-_
men triangular ; leaves oval, pointed. — Bogs and low woods; rather common.
May, June. — Stem 1°-2° high. Flower fragrant: sepals and petals more
brown-purple than in the next, into which, however, it seems to pass.

4. C. pubéscens, Willd. (Larcer Yertow L.) Sepals elongated-lanceo-
late ; lip flattened laterally, very convex and gibbous above (14! -—2! long, scent- »
less, pale yellow. — Bogs and low woods: common northward and westward,
and southward in the Alleghanies. May, June. — Stem 2° high, pubescent, as
are the broadly oval acute leaves.

+ + Sepals and petals plane, rounded, white, not longer than the lip.

5. C. spectabile, Swartz. (SHowy L.) Sepals round-ovate or orbicu-
lar, rather longer than the oblong petals ; lip much inflated, white, pink purple in
front (13! long); sterile stamen heart-ovate. — Peat-bogs, Maine and W. New
England to Illinois, and southward along the Alleghanies. July. — The most
beautiful of the genus, downy, 2° high. Leaves ovate, pointed.

* * Scape naked, 2-leaved at the base, 1-flowered ; sepals and petals greenish, shorter
than the drooping lip, which has a closed fissure down its whole length in front.

6. C. acatile, Ait. (Sremiess L.) Sepals oblong-lanceolate, pointed,
nearly as long as the linear petals; lip obovoid or oblong, rose-purple (rarely
white), nearly 2’ long, veiny ; sterile stamen rhomboid; leaves oblong. (C.
humile, Salish.) — Dry or moist woods, under evergreens : common, especially
northward. May, June. — Plant downy: the scape 8’/-12! high, with a green
bract at the top. ;

Orver 115. AMARYLLIDACE. (Amaryiuis Famity.)

Chiefly bulbous and scape-bearing herbs, not scurfy or woolly, with linear
flat root-leaves, and regular (or nearly so) and perfect 6-androus flowers,
the tube of the corolline 6-parted perianth coherent with the 3-celled ovary ; the
lobes imbricated in the bud. — Anthers introrse. Style single. Pod 3-celled,
several -many-seeded. Seeds anatropous or nearly so, with a straight
embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen, — An order represented in our gar-
dens by the Narcissus (N. porticus), Jonquil (N. JonquiLuA), and Daf-
fodil (N. Pseupo-Narcissus), the Snowdrop (GALANTHUS NIVALIS)
and the Snowflake (LEUCOJUM VERNUM), &c., but with very few indige-
nous representatives in this country. Bulbs acrid. Differs from Liliacez
chiefly in the inferior ovary.

* Pod 3-valved, loculicidal: anthers versatile: perianth funnel-shaped.
Amaryllis. Flower naked in the throat ; the tube short or none. Bulbs coated.
2. Pancratium. Flower with a slender tube and narrow recurved lobes; a cup-shaped

crown connecting the stamens. Bulbs coated.
8. Agave. Flower equally 6-cleft, persistent ; no crown. Fleshy-leayed, not bulbous.

LP

* * Pod indehiscent ; anthers sagittate.
4. Hypoxys. Perianth 6-parted nearly down to the ovary. Bulb solid.

AMARYLLIDACEEH, (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.) 513

1. AMARYLLIS, L. § ZEPHYRANTHES, Herb. Amarrtus.

Perianth funnel-form, from a tubular base; the 6 divisions petal-like and
similar, spreading above; the 6 stamens inserted in its naked throat: anthers
versatile. Pod membranaceous, 3-lobed.— Leaves and scape from a coated
bulb. Flowers 1 or 2, from a 1—2-leaved spathe. (A poetical name.)

1. A. Atamasco, L. (Aramasco Liry.) Spathe 2-cleft at the apex ;
perianth white and pink ; stamens and style declined. — Penn. (JZuAl.) Virginia,
and southward. June. — Flower 3! long, on a scape 6/ high.

2. PANCRATIUM, L._ Paycrarivm.

Perianth with a long and slender tube, and an equal 6-parted limb ; the lobes
long and narrow, recurved ; the throat bearing a tubular or cup-shaped corolline
delicate crown, which connects the bases of the 6 exserted stamens. Anthers
linear, versatile. Pod thin, 2 -3-lobed, with a few fleshy seeds, often like bulb-
lets. — Scapes and leaves from a coated bulb. Flowers large and showy in an
umbel-like head or cluster, leafy-bracted. (Name composed of zay, all, and
Kpatvs, powerful, from fancied medicinal properties.)

1. P. rotatum, Ker. Leaves ascending, strap-shaped (1° - 2° long) ;
scape few-flowered ; the handsome (white and fragrant) flower with a spreading
large 12-toothed crown, the alternate teeth bearing the filaments. (Hymeno-
callis rotata, Herbert.) —Marshy banks of streams, Kentucky, Virginia, and
southward. May.— Flowers opening at night or in cloudy weather.

8. AGAVE, L. American Ator.

Perianth tubular-funnel-form, persistent, 6-parted ; the divisions nearly equal,
narrow. Stamens 6: anthers linear, versatile. Pod coriaceous, many-seeded.
Seeds flattened. — Leaves thick and fleshy, often with cartilaginous or spiny
teeth, clustered at the base of the many-flowered scape, from a thick fibrous-
rooted crown. (Named altered from dyavés, wonderful, not inappropriate as
applied to A. AMERICANA, the CENTURY-PLANT.)

1. A. Virginica, L. (Farse Atoz.) Herbaceous ; leaves entire ; scape
simple (3°—6° high) ; the flowers scattered in a loose wand-like spike, greenish-
yellow, fragrant. — Dry or rocky banks, Penn.? Virginia to Illinois (Mr. Lum-
mis), and southward. Sept.

4. HYPOXYS, L._ Srarcrass.

Perianth persistent, 6-parted, spreading ; the 3 outer divisions a little herba-
ceous outside. Stamens 6: anthers sagittate, erect. Pod crowned with the
withered or closed perianth, not opening by valves. Seeds globular, with a
crustaceous coat, ascending, imperfectly anatropous, the rhaphe not adherent
quite down to the micropyle, the persistent seed-stalk thus forming a sort of
lateral beak. JRadicle inferior! — Stemless small herbs, with grassy and hairy
linear leaves and slender few-flowered scapes, from a solid bulb. (Name com-
posed of id, beneath, and d&vs, sharp, it is thought because the pod is acute
at the base.)

33

a.

JS

d14 HEMODORACEX. (BLOODWORT FAMILY.)

1. H. erécta, L. Leaves linear, grass-like, longer than the umbellately
1 —4-flowered scape ; divisions of the perianth hairy and greenish outside, yel-
low within. — Meadows and open woods: common. June-Aug.

Orper 116. HZZEMODORACEZ. (Bioopwort Famity.)

Herbs, with fibrous roots, usually equitant leaves, and perfect 3—6-androus
regular flowers, which are woolly or scurfy outside ; the tube of the 6-lobed
perianth coherent with the whole surface, or with merely the lower part, of the
3-celled ovary. — Anthers introrse. Style single, sometimes 3-partible ;
the 3 stigmas alternate with the cells of the ovary. Pod crowned or en-
closed by the persistent perianth, 3-celled, loculicidal, 3—many-seeded.
Embryo small, in hard or fleshy albumen. A small family ; chiefly of the
Southern hemisphere.

* Ovary wholly adherent to the calyx-tube : style filiform : seeds peltate, amphitropous.
1. Lachnanthes. Stamens 3, exserted: anthers versatile. Leaves equitant.

* x Ovary free except at the base: style 3-partible : seeds anatropous.
2. Lophiola. Stamens 6, on the base of the woolly 6-cleft perianth. Leaves equitant.
8. Aletris. Stamens 6, in the throat of the warty-roughened and tubular 6-toothed

perianth. Leaves flat.

1. LACHNANTHES, L._ Rep-noor.

Perianth woolly outside, 6-parted down to the adherent ovary. Stamens 3,
opposite the 3 larger or inner divisions : filaments long, exserted : anthers linear,
fixed by the middle. Style thread-like, exserted, declined. Pod globular.
Seeds few on each fleshy placenta, flat and rounded, fixed by the middle. —
Herb, with a red fibrous perennial root, equitant sword-shaped leaves, clustered
at the base and scattered on the stem, which is hairy at the top, and terminated
by a dense compound cyme of dingy yellow and loosely woolly flowers (whence
the name, from Adyvy, wool, and avOos, blossom).

1. L. tinctoria, Ell. — Sandy swamps, from Rhode Island and New Jersey
southward, near the coast. July —Sept.

2. LOPHIOLA, Ker. Lopntora.'

Perianth densely woolly, deeply 6-cleft ; the divisions nearly equal, spreading,
longer than the 6 stamens, which are inserted at their base. Anthers fixed by
the base. Pod ovate, free from the perianth except at the base, pointed with
the awl-shaped style, which finally splits into 3 divisions, one terminating each
valve. Seeds numerous, oblong, ribbed, anatropous. — A slender perennial
herb, with creeping rootstocks and fibrous roots, linear and nearly smooth equi-
tant leaves; the stem leafless and whitened with soft matted wool towards the
summit, as also the crowded or panicled cyme. Perianth dingy yellow in-
side; the lobes naked only towards the tip, each clothed with a woolly tuft
towards the base (whence the name from Aoqetov, a small crest.)

1. L. atirea, Ker. (Condstylis Americana, Pursh.) — Boggy pine barrens,

~W New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. June- Aug.

IRIDACEH. (IRIS FAMILY.) 515

oS. ALETRIS, 1: Couic-roor. STAR-GRASS.

Perianth cylindrical, not woolly, but wrinkled and roughened outside by
thickly-set points, which look like scurfy mealiness, the tube cohering below
with the base only of the ovary, 6-cleft at the summit. Stamens 6, inserted at
the base of the lobes: filaments and anthers short, included. Style awl-shaped,
3-cleft at the apex: stigmas minutely 2-lobed. Pod ovate, enclosed in the
roughened perianth; the dehiscence, seeds, &c. nearly as in Lophiola. — Peren-
nial and smooth stemless herbs, very bitter, with fibrous roots, and a spreading
cluster of thin and flat lanceolate leaves ; the small flowers in a wand-like spiked
raceme, terminating a naked slender scape (2°-3° high). Bracts awl-shaped,
minute. (’Aderpis, a female slave who grinds corn; the name applied to these
plants in allusion to the apparent mealiness dusted over the blossoms.)

1. A. farinosa, L. Flowers oblong-tubular, white; lobes lanceolate-ob-
long. — Grassy or sandy woods: not rare. July, Aug.

2. A. atirea, Walt. Flowers bell-shaped, yellow (fewer and shorter) ; lobes
short-ovate. — Barrens, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. July.

Orper 117. BROMELIACE. (Pixe-Aprie Famiy.)

Herbs (or scarcely woody plants, nearly all tropical), the greater part epi-
phytes, with persistent dry or fleshy and channelled crowded leaves, sheath-
ing at the base, usually covered with scurf; 6-androus ; the 6-cleft perianth
adherent to the ovary in the PrnE-AppLe, &c., or free from it in

1. TILLANDSIA, L._ Lone Moss.

Perianth plainly double, 6-parted ; the 3 outer divisions (sepals) membrana-
ceous; the 3 inner (petals) colored; all convolute below into a tube, spreading
above, lanceolate. Stamens 6, hypogynous! or the alternate ones cohering with
the base of the petals: anthers introrse. Ovary free: style thread-shaped : stig-
mas 3. Pod cartilaginous, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved ; the valves splitting
into an inner and an outer layer. Seeds several or many in each cell, anatro-
pous, club-shaped, pointed, raised on a long hairy-tufted stalk, like a coma.
Embryo small, ‘at the base of copious albumen. — Scurfy-leaved epiphytes.
(Named for Prof. Tillands of Abo.)

1. T. usneoides, L. (Common Lona Moss or Brack Moss.) Stems
thread-shaped, branching, pendulous; leaves thread-shaped ; peduncle short, 1-
flowered. — Dismal Swamp, Virginia, and southward ; growing on the branches
of trees, forming long hanging tufts. A characteristic plant of the Southern
States, and barely coming within the limits of this work.

Orpver 118. IREIDACEZE. (Iris Famiry.)

Herbs, with equitant 2-ranked leaves, and regular or irregular perfect
flowers ; the divisions of the 6-cleft petal-like perianth convolute in the bud
in 2 sets, the tube coherent with the 3-celled ovary, and 8 distinct or mona-
delphous stamens, alternate with the inner divisions of the perianth and

516 IRIDACEH. (IRIS FAMILY.)

opposite the stigmas, with extrorse anthers. — Flowers from a spathe of 2
or more leaves or bracts, usually showy. Style single: stigmas 3, opposite
the cells of the ovary. Pod 3-celled, loculicidal, many-seeded. Seeds
anatropous: embryo straight in fleshy albumen. Rootstocks, tubers, or
corms mostly acrid. — Represented in gardens by Crocus, GLADIOLUS,
Ticripia or TIGER-FLOWER, and by three genera in the wild state.

1. Iris. Outer divisions of the perianth recurved ; the inner erect: stigmas petal-like.

2. Pardanthus. Perianth equally spreading: filaments nearly distinct: stigmas dilated.

3. Sisyrinchium. Perianth regular and equally spreading: filaments monadelphous to
the top: stigmas thread-like.

1. IRIS, L. Frower-pe-Luce.

Perianth 6-cleft; the tube more or less prolonged beyond the ovary; the 3
outer divisions spreading or reflexed; the 3 inner smaller and erect. Stamens
distinct ; the oblong or linear anthers sheltered under the overarching petal-like
stigmas (or rather branches of the style, bearing the true stigma in the form of
a thin lip or plate under their apex) : most of the style connate with the tube
of the perianth. Pod 3-6-angled, coriaceous. Seeds depressed-flattened. —
Perennials, with sword-shaped or grassy leaves, and large showy flowers; ours
all with creeping and more or less tuberous rootstocks. (Ipts, the rainbow
deified, anciently applied to this genus on account of the bright and varied
colors of the blossoms.)

* Stems leafy and rather tall (1° - 3° high), from thickened rootstocks, often branching :
tube of the perianth shorter than the divisions, which are beardless and crestless,
the erect inner ones (petals) much smaller than the outer.

+ Flowers violet-blue, variegated with greenish, yellowish or white, and purple-veined.

1. I. versicolor, L. (LAarcer Buue Frac.) Stem stout, angled on
one side; leaves sword-shaped (4! wide) ; ovary obtusely triangular with the sides
flat; flowers (24/-3! long) short-peduncled, the funnel-form tube shorter than
the ovary; pod oblong, turgid, with rounded angles. — Wet places: common.
May, June.

2. I. Virginica, L. (StenpER Buus Frac.) Stem very slender, terete ;
leaves narrowly linear (2''-3" wide) ; flowers slender-peduncled (13/- 2! long),
the tube extremely short; ovary 3-angled, each side 2-grooved; pod sharply
triangular. (I. prismatica, Pursh. I. gracilis, Bigel.) —Marshes, Maine to
Virginia and southward, near the coast. June.

+ + Flowers yeilowish or dull reddish-brown.
3. I. cuprea, Pursh. Stem and leaves as No. 1; tube of the perianth
cylindrical, as long as the 6-angled ovary; petal-like branches of the style
narrow. — Swamps near Cairo, 8. Illinois (Dr. Vasey), and southward. May.

* * Stems low (3!—6! high), from tufted and creeping slender (or here and there tuber-
ous-thickened) rootstocks, 1—8-flowered: tube of the perianth long and slender ;
the violet-blue divisions nearly equal.

4, I. vérna, L. (Dwarr Iris.) Leaves linear, grass-like, rather glau-
cous ; the thread-like tube of the perianth about the length of the divisions, which

IRIDACEE, (IRIS FAMILY.) 517

are oblong-obovate and on slender claws, the outer ones slightly hairy down
the orange-yellow base, crestless ; pod obtusely triangular. — Wooded hillsides,
Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. April.

5. I. cristata, Ait. (Crestep Dwarr Iris.) Leaves lanceolate (3! -5!
long when grown); those of the spathe ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the thread-
like tube of the perianth; which is 2’ long and much longer than the light blue
obovate short-clawed divisions, the outer ones crested but beardless ; pod sharply
triangular. — Mountains of Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May. —
Creeping rootstocks pungently acrid.

6. I. lacustris, Nutt. (Lake Dwarr Iris.) Tube of the perianth rather
shorter than the divisions (yellowish, 3! - 3! long), dilated upwards, not exceeding
the spathe: otherwise as in the last, and too near it. — Gravelly shores of Lakes
Huron and Michigan. May.

2. PARDANTHUS, Ker. Brackeerry-Lity.

Perianth 6-parted almost to the ovary; the divisions widely and equally
spreading, all nearly alike, oblong with a narrowed base, naked. Stamens mona-
delphous only at the base: anthers oblong. Style club-shaped, 3-cleft, the nar-
row divisions tipped with a small dilated stigma. Pod pear-shaped; the valves
at length falling away, leaving the central column covered with the globose
black and fleshy-coated seeds, imitating a blackberry (whence the popular name).
— Perennial, with rootstocks, foliage, &c. of an Iris; the branching stems
(38°-4° high) loosely many-flowered ; the orange-yellow perianth mottled above
with crimson purple spots (whence the name from zapdos, a leopard, and avOos,
a flower).

1. PB. Cutnénsis, Ker. (Ixia Chinensis, Z.)—Sparingly escaped from
gardens into waste places. July-Sept. (Ady. from China, &c.)

8. SISYRINCHIUM, L. _ Brvr-ryep Grass.

Perianth 6-parted ; the divisions alike, spreading. Stamens monadelphous to
the top. Stigmas thread-like. Pod globular, 3-angled. Seeds globular. — Low
slender perennials, with fibrous roots, grassy or lanceolate leaves, mostly branch-
ing 2-edged or winged stems, and fugacious umbelled-clustered small flowers
from a 2-leaved spathe. (Name composed of avs, a hog, and puyxos, snout, from
a fancy that the hogs are fond of rooting it up.)

1. S. Bermudiana, L. Stem winged, naked, or 1 -2-leaved; leaves nar-
row and grass-like; divisions of the perianth obovate, more or less notched at
the end, and bristle-pointed from the notch. (Leaves of the spathe almost equal,
shorter than the flowers.) — Var. ANcEps (S. anceps, Cav.) has a broadly winged
scape, and the outer leaf of the very unequal spathe longer than the flowers. —
Var. MucRONATUM (S. mucronatum, Michz.) has a slender and narrowly winged
scape, very narrow leaves, those of the spathe sharp-pointed and unequal, one of
them usually longer than the flowers. But there are various intermediate forms.
— Moist meadows, &c., among grass; common everywhere. June- Aug. —
Flowers small, delicate blue, changing to purplish, rarely whitish; or, in var.
Arpipum (S. albidum, Raf.) pure white: Illinois, Kentucky, and westward.

518 SMILACEH. (SMILAX FAMILY).

Orver 119. DIOSCOREACEZE. (Yam Famtity.)

Plants with twining stems from large tuberous roots or knotted rootstocks,
and ribbed and netted-veined petioled leaves, small diacious 6-androus and
regular flowers, with the 6-cleft calyx-like perianth adherent in the fertile
plant to the 3-celled ovary. Styles 3, distinct. — Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell,
anatropous. Fruit usually a membranaceous 3-angled or winged pod.
Seeds with a minute embryo in hard albumen. — Represented chiefly by
the genus

1. DIOSCOREA, Plumier. Yam.

Flowers very small, in axillary panicles or racemes. Stamens 6, at the base
of the divisions of the 6-parted perianth. Pod 3-celled, 3-winged, loculicidally
3-valved by splitting through the winged angles. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, flat,
with a membranaceous wing. (Dedicated to the Greek naturalist, Dioscorides.)

1. D. villosa, L. (Witp Yam-roor.) Herbaceous; leaves mostly alter-
nate, sometimes nearly opposite or in fours, more or less downy underneath,
heart-shaped, conspicuously pointed, 9 - 11-ribbed ; flowers pale greenish-yellow,
the sterile in drooping panicles, the fertile in drooping simple racemes. — Thick-
ets, New England to Wisconsin, and common southward. July. — Stems
slender, from knotty and matted rootstocks, twining over bushes. Pods 8''-10!
long. — A bad name, for the plant is never villous, and often nearly smooth.

Orper 120. SMNLACEZE. (Smirax Famity.)

Shrubby or rarely herbaceous plants, climbing or supported by a pair of
tendrils on the petiole of the ribbed and netted-veined simple leaves ; with
dicecious small flowers ; regular perianth of 6 (rarely more) similar greenish
deciduous sepals, tree from the ovary ; as many stamens as sepals, with in-
trorse 1-celled anthers ; ovary with 3 (rarely 1 or 4—6) cells and as many
elongated spreading sessile stigmas. Ovules one or a pair in each cell,
suspended, orthotropous. Fruit a small berry. Seed-coat close, firmly
adherent to the hard horny albumen: embryo minute. — Order, as here
limited, represented almost solely by the genus

1. SMILAX, Tourn. © Greensrrer. CaTsRier.

Character as above. — Flowers in umbels on axillary peduncles, greenish or
yellowish. Sver. F/. Stamens inserted on the very base of the sepals: filaments
linear: anthers linear or oblong, fixed by the base, 2-locellate. Fert. Fl. Fila-
ments, if present, sterile. Stigmas thick and spreadingy almost sessile. (The
ancient Greek name, of obscure meaning.)

§ 1. Stems woody, often prickly : ovules solitary. (Ours all glabrous.)

* Leaves ovate or roundish, §c., most of them rounded or heart-shaped at the base,
and 5 — 9-nerved, the three middle nerves or ribs stronger and more conspicuous.

SMILACEH. (SMILAX FAMILY.) 519

+ Peduncles shorter or scarcely longer than the petioles, fluttened ; leaves thickish,
inclining to be evergreen, at least southward, green both sides.

1. §. WaAlteri, Pursh. Stem low, somewhat angled, prickly near the
base or unarmed; leaves ovate and somewhat heart-shaped (3'-4! long) ; berries
coral-red. (S. China, Walt.) — New Jersey, and southward. July.

2. §. rotundifolia, L. (Common Greenprier.) Stem armed with
scattered prickles, as well as the terete branches; branchlets more or less 4-
angular; leaves ovate or round-ovate, often broader than long, slightly heart-
shaped, abruptly short-pointed (2'-3! long) ; berries blue-black, with a bloom.
(S. cadica, Z., is only a more deciduous and thin-leaved form.) — Moist thick-
ets : common, especially southward. June, July. — Plant yellowish-green, often
high-climbing. — Passes into var. QUADRANGULARIS, with the branches, and
especially the branchlets, 4-angular, often square. (S. quadrangularis, J/uhl.) —
Penn. to Illinois, and southward.

+ + Peduncles longer than, but seldom twice the length of the petiole, flattened : leaves
tardily deciduous or partly persistent : berries black, with a bloom.

3. S. glatica, Walt. Terete branches and somewhat 4-angular branchlets
armed with scattered stout prickles, or naked ; leaves ovate, rarely subcordate,
glaucous beneath and sometimes also above, as well as the branchlets when young
(about 2! long), abruptly mucronate, the edges smooth and naked. (S. Sarsa-
parilla, Z., in part, but not as to the syn. of Bauhin, whence the name was taken.
(S. cadiiea, Willd. S. spinulosa, Smith? Torr. fl.) — Dry thickets, S. New York
to Kentucky and southward. July.

4. S. tamnoides, L. Branches and the angular (often square) branch-
lets sparsely armed with short rigid prickles; /eaves varying from round-heart-
shaped and slightly contracted above the dilated base to fiddle-shaped and hal-
berd-shaped or 3-lobed, green and shining both sides, cuspidate-pointed, the margins
often somewhat bristly-ciliate or spinulose. (S. Bona-nox, Z., 8. hastata Willd.,
S. pandurata, Pursh, &c., are all forms of this.) — Thickets, New Jersey to
Illinois, and (chiefly) southward. July.

+ + + Peduncles 2—4 times the length of the petiole: leaves ample (3'-5! long),
thin or thinnish, green both sides : berries black : stem terete and branchlets nearly so.

5. S. hispida, Muhl. Rootstock cylindrical, elongated ; stem (climbing
high) below densely beset with long and weak: blackish bristly prickles, the flowering
branchlets mostly naked ; /eaves ovate and the larger heart-shaped, pointed,
slightly rough-margined, membranaceous and deciduous. — Moist thickets, Penn.
and W. New York to Michigan. June. — Peduncles 14/-2! long. Sepals lan-
ceolate, almost 3" long.

6. S. Pseudo-China, L. Rootstock tuberous; stems and branches unarmed,
or with very few weak prickles ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, or on the branchlets
ovate-oblong, cuspidate-pointed, often rough-ciliate, becoming firm in texture;
peduncles flat (2/-3/ long). — Dry or sandy soil, New Jersey to Kentucky, and
southward. July.

* * Leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to linear, narrowed at the base into a short
petiole, 3 — 5-nerved, shining above, paler or glaucous beneath, many of them

520 LILIACEH. (LILY FAMILY.)

without tendrils: peduncles short, seldom exceeding the pedicels, terete; the umbels
sometimes panicled : branches terete, unarmed.

7. S. lanceolata, L. Leaves thinnish, rather deciduous, ovate-lanceolate
or lance-oblong ; stigmas 3; berries dull red. — Southeastern Virginia and south-
ward. June.

8. S. laurifolia, L. Leaves thick and coriaceous, evergreen, varying from
oblong-lanceolate to linear (23/ - 5! long) ; stigma solitary ; berries black when ripe,
1-seeded. — Pine barrens of New Jersey to Virginia and southward. July, Aug.

§ 2. COPROSMANTHUS, Torr. Stem herbaceous, never prickly: flowers
carrion-scented : ovules mostly in puirs in each cell: leaves long-petioled, mem-
branaceous, mucronate-tipped : berries bluish-black with a bloom.

9. S. herbacea, L. (Carrion-FLrower.) Stem erect and recurving,
or climbing ; leaves ovate-oblony or rounded, mostly heart-shaped, 7 — 9-nerved,
smooth; tendrils sometimes wanting; peduncles elongated (3/-4! long, or
sometimes even 6/-8', and much longer than the leaves), 20 -40-flowered. —
Var. PULVERULENTA (S. pulverulenta, Michr. & S. peduncularis, Muhl.) has
the leaves more or less soft-downy underneath. A shorter-peduncled state
of this appears to be S. lasioneuron, Hook. — Moist meadows and river-banks:
common. June.— Very variable, 1°-3°, or even 6°-8° high: petioles 1/-3/
long. Seeds 6.

10. S. tamnifdlia, Michx. Stem upright or climbing ; leaves heart-halberd-
shaped, 5-nerved, smooth; peduncles longer than the petioles. (S. tamnoides,
Pursh, not of ZL.) —Pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia and southward. —
Leaves abruptly narrowed above the dilated heart-shaped base, tapering to the
apex. Berry 2-3-seeded.

Orper 12]. LELIACEZE. (Liry Famity.)

Herbs, or rarely woody plants, with regular and symmetrical almost always
6-androus flowers ; the perianth not glumaceous, free from the chiefly 3-
celled ovary ; the stamens one before each of its divisions or lobes (i. e. 6, in
one instance 4), with 2-celled anthers; fruit a few—many-seeded pod or
berry ; the small embryo enclosed in copious albumen. Seeds anatropous or
amphitropous. Flowers not from a spathe, except in Allium; the outer
and inner ranks of the perianth colored alike (or nearly so) and generally
similar, except in Trillium. — A large family, as here extended, the prin-
cipal divisions commonly received as orders, but not well limited. For
the present purpose they are best regarded as tribes.

Tribe I. TRILLIDEZ. Styles or sessile stigmas 3, separate down to the ovary.
Fruit a several-many-seeded berry. Divisions or leayes of the perianth distinct, the 3
outer often foliaceous. Simple stem from a rootstock, naked below; leaves all in one or
two whorls above, broad, more or less conspicuously netted-veined !

1. Trillium. Perianth of two sorts, 3 foliaceous persistent sepals and 8 colored petals.
Anthers adnate, introrse. Leaves (3) ina single whorl. Flower single.

2. Medeola. Perianth of 6 similar colored divisions, deciduous. Anthers fixed by the
middle, extrorse. Leayes in two whorls. Flowers several.

LILIACEZ. (LILY FAMILY.) 521

Tribe II. MELANTHIEZE. Styles or sessile stigmas 3, separate down to the ovary.
Fruit a several-many-seeded pod. Seeds with a soft or loose coat. Anthers extrorse,
except in No. 11. Perianth withering-persistent. Leaves parallel-veined and alternate.
Flowers often polygamous, sometimes dicecious.

* Anthers heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, confluently 1-celled, shield-shaped after opening:
pod 8-horned, and septicidal: seeds flat, membranaceous-margined.
+ Sepals with one or two glands or spots on the upper face near the base.
8. Melanthium. Flowers polygamous. Sepals entirely free from the ovary, their long
claws bearing the stamens.
4. Zygadenus, Flowers perfect or polygamous. Sepals nearly free from the base of
the ovary : stamens free.
+ + Sepals destitute of glands, and not raised on claws.
5. Stenanthium. Perianth below coherent with the base of the ovary ; the sepals lanceo-
late, pointed, longer than the stamens. Racemes compound-panicled.
6. Veratrum. Perianth entirely free ; the obovate or oblong sepals longer than the
stamens. Flowers panicled, polygamous.
7. Amianthium. Perianth entirely free, the oval or obovate sepals shorter than the
stamens. Flowers racemed, perfect.

* * Anthers 2-celled, extrorse: pod loculicidal. Flowers racemed or spiked.

8. Xerophyllum, Flowers perfect. Cells of the globose-3-lobed pod 2-seeded. Leayes
very slender. Seeds 2 in each cell.
9. Helonias. Flowers perfect. Cells of the globose-3-lobed pod many-seeded. Leaves
lanceolate. Scape naked. Seeds numerous.
10. Chameelirium. Flowers dicecious. Pod oblong, many-seeded. Stem leafy.

* * * Anthers 2-celled, innate or introrse : pod septicidal, many-seeded.
ll. Tofieldia. Flowers perfect, spiked or racemed. Leaves equitant.

Tribe III. UVULARIEZ. Style 3-parted; i. e. styles 8 united into one only at the
base. Fruit a few-seeded pod. Seed-coat soft or loose. Anthers more or less extrorse.
Perianth 6-leaved, deciduous. Stems from a rootstock or fibrous roots, leafy. Leaves
alternate, broad, parallel-veined.

22. Uvularia. Pod 3-angular or 8-lobed. Anthers linear, adnate, on short filaments.

Tribe IV. ASPARAGINEX. Style 1, undivided (i.e. the 3 or rarely 2 styles united
to the summit into one). Fruit a few-seeded berry. Seeds with a close coat and horny
albumen. Stems from a rootstock. Leaves parallel-veined, chiefly alternate. Pedicels
often articulated with the flower or in the middle.

* Plants with true leaves. Coat of the hard seed thin and membranous.
+ Anthers extrorsely attached to the filament. Stamens hypogvynous. Sepals distinct.
13. Prosartes. Anthers linear-oblong, pointless, Flowers terminating the forked branches,
on straight jointless pedicels.
14. Streptopus. Anthers arrow-shaped, pointed. Flowers lateral along the forked branches :
pedicels bent about the middle.
15. Clintonia. Anthers oblong, pointless. Flowers terminating a naked scape.

+ + Anthers introrse. Filaments attached to the perianth. Stem simple.
16. Convallaria. Perianth bell-shaped, 6-lobed, bearing the stamens. Leaves all at the
base of the naked scape, which bears the flowers in a simple raceme.
lj. Smilacina. Perianth 4—6-parted, spreading, the stamens borne at the base. Stem
leafy. Flowers in a simple or compound terminal raceme.
18. Polygonatum. Perianth tubular, 6-cleft, bearing the stamens above the middle.
Stem leafy to the top. Flowers axillary,

* * Plants with branching stems, their true leaves reduced to scales: leaf-like branchlets
serving for foliage. Seed-coat hard and black.
19. Asparagus. Perianth 6-parted. The apparent leaves very narrow or thread-like.

522 LILIACEH. (LILY FAMILY.)

Tribe V. LILIEZ. Style 1, undivided (i.e. the three united throughout into one),
or rarely a sessile stigma. Fruit a loculicidal pod. Seeds with a fleshy albumen. An-
thers introrse or extrorse. Stem commonly from a coated or scaly bulb.

* Leafy-stemmed from a scaly bulb.
20. Lilium. Perianth 6-leaved, deciduous. Pod oblong, many-seeded : seeds horizontal, flat.

* * Scape naked or nearly so, from a coated or rarely scaly bulb. Seeds mostly globular.
+ Perianth of 6 separate or nearly separate divisions or sepals.
21. Erythronium. Flower single. Style club-shaped. Pod obovate.
22. Ornithogalum. Flowers corymbed, never blue or reddish. Style 3-sided.
23. Scilla. Flowers racemed, purple or blue. Style thread-like.
24. Allium. Flowers umbelled, from a spathe. Sepals 1-neryed.
+ + Perianth globular or ovoid, 6-toothed.
25. Museari. Flowers in a dense raceme, numerous, small, mostly blue.

* * * No bulb. Stem or scape several-flowered. Pod many-seeded.

26. Hemerocallis. Perianth large, funnel-shaped ; the sepals united in a narrow tube
below. Stamensand long style declined. Seeds globular, black.

27. Wuecea. Perianth large, of 6 separate broad divisions. Stigmas sessile. Stem woody
and persistent: leaves persistent. Seeds flat, horizontal. Flowers panicled.

28. Narthecium. Perianth 6-parted, the divisions narrow, yellowish. Filaments woolly.
Style slender. Flowers ina raceme. Leaves equitant. Seeds small, long-tailed at both
ends. (Transition to Juncacez.)

1) REE M,’ T: THREE-LEAVED NIGHTSHADE.

Sepals 3, lanceolate, spreading, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 3, larger,
withering in age. Stamens 6: anthers linear, on short filaments, adnate, in-
trorse ; the cells opening down the margins. Styles (or rather stigmas) awl-
shaped or slender, spreading or recurved above, persistent, stigmatic down the
inner side. Ovary 3-6-angled. Berry ovate, 3-celled (purple or red). Seeds
horizontal, several in each cell. — Low perennial herbs, with a stout and sim-
ple stem rising from a short and preemorse tuber-like rootstock, naked, bearing
at the summit a whorl of 3 ample, commonly broadly ovate, more or less ribbed
but netted-veined leaves, and a terminal large flower; in spring. (Name from
trilix, triple; all the parts being in threes.) — Monstrosities are not rare with
the calyx and sometimes the petals changed to leaves, or with the parts of the
flower increased in number.

§ 1. Flower sessile in the bosom of the leaves, erect: petals varying from spatulate
to lanceolate, 1'- 2! long, little exceeding the sepals, withering-persistent (stems
4!—12! high).

1. T. séssile, L. Leaves sessile, ovate or rhomboidal, acute, often blotched
or spotted ; sessile petals erect-spreading (dark and dull purple, varying to green- v
ish). — Moist woods, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, and southward.

2. T. recurvatum, Beck. Leaves contracted at the base into a petiole, ovate,
oblong, or obovate ; sepuls reflered, petuls pointed, the base narrowed into a claw,
dark purple. — Indiana to Wisconsin, and southward.

§ 2. Flower raised on a peduncle: petals withering away after blossoming.
* Peduncle slender, erect or inclined: leaves rhombic-ovate, abruptly taper-pointed,
sessile or nearly so by a wedge-shaped or acute base: petals plane.
3. T. grandiflorum, Salisb. (Large Wurire T. or Wake Rosin.)
Leaves rhomboid-obovate, longer than broad, barely sessile; petals obovate,

LILIACEH. (LILY FAMILY.) 523

spreading from an erect base, much larger than the sepals (2/- 23! long), white,
changing with age to rose-color, — Rich woods, Vermont to 8S. Penn., Kentucky,
Wisconsin, and northward. June. — Flower erect, on a peduncle 2/—3/ long,
very handsome.

4. T. eréctum, L. (Purexe T. or Brrturoor.) Leaves dilated-rhom-
boidal, nearly as broad as long; petals ovate, acutish, dark dull purple, spreading,
little longer than the sepals (1/-1}' long). (T. rhomboideum, var. atropur-
pureum, Michx.) — Rich woods : common, especially northward. May. —
Peduncle 1/-3! long, usually rather inclined than erect.

Var. album, Pursh. Petals greenish-white, or rarely yellowish ; ovary
mostly dull-purple. (T. péndulum, Att., &c.) — With the purple-flowered form,
especially from New York westward.

Var. declinatum. Peduncle (fully half the length of the leaves) horizontal,
or soon becoming so, or in fruit almost deflexed ; petals white, rarely pink.—
Ohio to L. Superior (where it is the principal Trillium, Dr. Robbins), and
northward. — Sometimes confounded with the next, if not passing into it.

* * Peduncle from the first recurved under the short-petioled or almost sessile leaves,
scarcely if at all longer than the wavy recurved-spreading petals.

5. T. cérnuum, L. (Noppine T. or Wake-Ropin.) Leaves broadly
rhomboid, abruptly pointed ; petals white, oblong-ovate, acute, rather longer than
the sepals (6//-9!’ long) ; styles distinct. — Moist woods, especially eastward.

6. T. stylosum, Nutt. Leaves oblong, tapering to both ends, more dis-
tinctly ribbed ; petals tinged with rose-color, oblong, much longer and broader than
the sepals ; styles united below the middle. — Virginia? and southward.

* * * Peduncle erect or nearly so: leaves distinctly petioled from a rounded base :
petals merely spreading, longer than the sepals.

7. T. nivale, Riddell. (Dwarr Wuite T.) Small (2/-4! high) ; leaves
oval or ovate, obtuse ; petals oblong, obtuse, white, scarcely wavy, spreading from an
erect base (as in No. 3), equalling the peduncle ; styles long and slender. — Rich
woods, Ohio to Wisconsin. April. — Leaves 1’-2/, and petals 1’ long.

8. T. erythrocarpum, Michx. (Parntep T.) Leaves ovate, taper-
pointed ; petals ovate or oval-lanceolate, pointed, wavy, widely spreading, white
painted with purple stripes at the base, shorter than the peduncle. (T. pictum,
Pursh.) — Cold damp woods and bogs, New England and Penn. to L. Superior
and northward, and southward in the higher Alleghanies. May, June.

2. MEDEOLA, Gronoy. Inpran CucumBer-Root.

Perianth recurved, the 3 sepals and 3 petals oblong and alike (pale greenish-
yellow), deciduous. Stamens 6: anthers shorter than the slender filaments,
oblong, extrorsely attached above the base, but the line of dehiscence of the
closely contiguous parallel cells lateral or slightly introrse. Stigmas, or styles
stigmatic down the upper side, recurved-diverging from the globose ovary, long
and thread-form, deciduous. Berry globose (dark purple), 3-celled, few-seeded.
—A perennial herb, with a simple slender stem (1°-3° high, clothed with
flocculent and deciduous wool), rising from a horizontal and tuberous white

524 LILIACEZ, (LILY FAMILY.)

rootstock (which has the taste of cucumber), bearing near the middle a whorl
of 5-9 obovate-lanceolate and pointed, sessile, lightly parallel-ribbed and
netted-veiny, thin leaves; also another of 3 (rarely 4 or 5) much smaller ovate
ones at the top, subtending a sessile umbel of small recurved flowers. (Named
after the sorceress Medea, from the wholly imaginary notion that it possesses
great medicinal virtues.)

1. M. Virginica, L. (Gyromia, Nutt.) — Rich damp woods. June.

3. MELANTHIUM » Gronov., L. MeEranrurum.

Flowers moneciously polygamous. Perianth of 6 separate and free widely
spreading somewhat heart-shaped or oblong and halberd-shaped sepals, raised
on slender claws, cream-colored, the base marked with 2 approximate or conflu-
ent glands, turning greenish-brown and persistent. Filaments shorter than the
sepals, adhering to their claws often to near their summit, persistent. Anthers
heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, confluently 1-celled, shield-shaped after opening,
extrorse. Styles 3, awl-shaped, diverging, tipped with simple stigmas. Pod
ovoid-conical, 3-lobed, of 3 inflated membranaceous carpels united in the axis,
separating when ripe, and splitting down the inner edge, several-seeded. Seeds
flat, broadly winged. — Stem simple (3°-5° high), from a somewhat bulbous
base, roughish-downy above, as well as the open and ample pyramidal panicle
(composed chiefly of simple racemes), the terminal part mostly fertile. Leaves
lanceolate or linear, grass-like, those from the root broader. (Name composed of
pedas, black, and dvos, flower, from the darker color which the persistent peri-
anth assumes after blossoming ; but the name is hardly warranted.)

1. M. Virginicum, L. (Buncu-rtower.) (M. Virginicum & race-
mosum, Michx. Leimanthium Virginicum, Willd. L. Virginicum & hybridum,
Roem. § Schult., Gray, Melanth.) — Wet meadows, from Southern New York to
Illinois, and common southward. July.

4. ZYGADENUS, Michx. Zycapenz.

Flowers perfect or polygamous. Perianth withering-persistent, spreading;
the petal-like oblong or ovate sepals 1-2-glandular next the more or less nar-
rowed, but not unguiculate base, which is either free, or united and coherent
with the base of the ovary. Stamens free from the sepals and about their length.
Anthers, styles, and pod nearly as in Melanthium. Seeds margined or slightly
winged. — Very smooth and somewhat glaucous perennials, with simple stems
from creeping rootstocks or coated bulbs, linear leayes, and pretty large panicled
greenish-white flowers; in summer. (Name composed of ¢vyds, a yoke, and
adnv, a gland, the glands being in pairs.)

* Glands on the perianth conspicuous.

1. Z. glabérrimus, Michx. Stems 1°-3° high from a creeping rootstock ;
leaves grass-like, channelled, conspicuously nerved, elongated, tapering to a point;
panicle pyramidal, many-flowered; perianth nearly free; the sepals (}/ long)
ovate, becoming lance-ovate, with a pair of orbicular glands above the short claw-like
base. — Grassy low grounds, Virginia (Pursh) and southward.

LILIACEZ. (LILY FAMILY.) 825

2. Z. glaticus, Nutt. Stem 1°-38° high from a coated bulb; leaves flat ;
panicle rather simple and few-flowered ; base of the perianth coherent with the base
of the ovary, the thin ovate or obovate sepals marked with a large obcordate
gland. (Anticléa glauca, Kunth.) — Along the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes
(Bergen Swamp, Gennesee Co., New York, G. 7. Fish) to N. Illinois: rare.

* * Glands of the perianth obscure. (Here also Amianthium Nuttallii, Gray.)

3. Z. leimanthoides. Stem 1°-4° high from a somewhat bulbous base,
slender ; leayes narrowly linear ; flowers small (4/’ in diameter) and numerous,
in a few crowded panicled racemes ; only a yellowish spot on the contracted base
of the divisions of the free perianth. (Amianthium leimanthoides, Gray.) —
Low grounds, pine barrens of New Jersey (Durand, Knieskern) and southward.

5. STENANTHIUM, Gray (under Veratrum).

Flowers polygamous. Perianth spreading; the sepals narrowly lanceolate,
tapering to a point from the broader base, where they are united and coherent
with the base of the ovary, not gland-bearing, persistent, much longer than the
short stamens. Anthers, pods, &c. nearly as in Nos. 4 and 6. Seeds nearly
wingless. — Smooth, with a wand-like leafy stem from a somewhat bulbous base,
long and grass-like conduplicate-keeled leaves, and numerous small flowers in
compound racemes, forming a long terminal panicle; insummer. (Name com-
posed of orevds, narrow, and avOos, flower, from the slender sepals and panicles.)

1. S. angustifolium, Gray. Leaves linear, elongated ; flowers (}/ long),
white, very short-pedicelled, in slender racemes; the prolonged terminal one,
and often some of the lateral, fertile. (Veratrum angustifolium, Pursh. He-
lonias graminea, Bot. Mag.) — Low prairies and meadows, Penn. to Illinois and
southward towards the mountains. — Stem slender, 2°-6° high.

6. VERATRUM, Tourn. Fatse Herresore.

Flowers monceciously polygamous. Perianth of 6 spreading and separate
oboyate-oblong (greenish or brownish) sepals, more or less contracted at the
base, entirely free from the ovary, not gland-bearing. Filaments free from the
sepals and shorter than they, recurving. Anthers, pistils, fruit, &c. nearly as
in Melanthium.— Somewhat pubescent perennials, with simple stems from a
thickened base producing coarse fibrous roots (very poisonous), 3-ranked leaves,
and racemed-panicled dull or dingy flowers; in summer. (Name formed of
vere, truly, and ater, black.)

1. V. viride, Ait. (Amertcan Wuite Hetiezorn. Inpran Poxe.)
Stem, stout, very leafy to the top (2°-4° high); leaves broadly oval, pointed,
sheath clasping, strongly plaited; panicle pyramidal, the dense spike-like racemes
spreading ; perianth yellowish-green, moderately spreading. — Swamps and low
grounds: common. (Much too near V. album of Europe.)

2. V. parviflorum, Michx. Stem slender (2°-5° high), sparingly leafy
below, naked above ; leaves scarcely plaited, glabrous, contracted into sheathing peti-
oles, varying from oval to lanceolate; panicle very long and loose, the terminal
raceme wand-like, the lateral slender and spreading ; pedicels as long as the flow-

526 LILIACEH. (LILY FAMILY.)

ers; sepals dingy-green, oblanceolate or spatulate (2!"-3! long), those of the
sterile flowers on claws, widely spreading. (Melanthium monoicum, Walt.
Leimanthium monoicum, Gray.) — Mountains of Virginia and southward.

3. V. Woddii, Robbins. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate ; pedicels
(13 - 3! long) shorter than the flowers, the oblanceolate spreading sepals (3!"- 43!’
long) dingy green turning brownish purple within: otherwise much as in the last,
of which it may be a variety ; but the flowers are mostly double the size, and
the panicle stouter. (Plant 3°-6° high.) — Woods and hilly barrens, Green
Co., Indiana, Wood. Augusta, Illinois, Mead.

7. AMIANTHIUM, Gray. Fty-Poison.

Flowers perfect. Perianth widely spreading; the distinct and free petal-like
(white) sepals oval or obovate, without claws or glands, persistent. Filaments
capillary, equalling or exceeding the perianth. Anthers, pods, &c., nearly as in
Melanthium. Styles thread-like. Seeds wingless, oblong or linear, with a loose
coat, 1-4 in each cell. — Glabrous, with simple stems from a bulbous base or
coated bulb, scape-like, few-leaved, terminated by a simple dense raceme of hand-
some flowers, turning greenish with age. Leaves linear, keeled, grass-like.
(From dpiaytos, unspotted, and avOos, flower ; a name formed with more regard
to euphony than to good construction, alluding to the glandless perianth.)

1. A. musczetoxicum, Gray. (Fry-Porson.) Leaves broadly linear,
elongated, obtuse (3’—1'! wide); raceme simple; pod abruptly 3-horned; seeds
oblong, with a fleshy red coat. (Helonias erythrospérma, MJichx.) — Open
woods, New Jersey and Penn. to Kentucky and southward, June, July.

8. XEROPHYLLUM, Michx. XEROPHYLLUM.

Flowers perfect. Perianth widely spreading; sepals petal-like (white), oval,
distinct, without glands or claws, at length withering, about the length of the
awl-shaped filaments. Anthers 2-celled, short, extrorse. Styles thread-like,
stigmatic down the inner side. Pod globular, 3-lobed, obtuse (small), loculici-
dal; the valves bearing the partitions. Seeds 2 in each cell, collateral, 3-an-
gled, not margined. — Herb with the aspect of an Asphodel; the stem simple,
1°-4° high, from a bulbous base, bearing a simple compact raceme of showy
white flowers, thickly besct with needle-shaped leaves, the upper ones reduced
to bristle-like bracts; those from the root very many in a dense tuft, reclined, a
foot or more long, 1! wide below, rough on the margin, remarkably dry and rigid
(whence the name from &npés, arid, and @vAXov, leaf).

1. X. asphodeloides, Nutt. (X. tenax, Nutt. X. setifolium, Miche.
Helonias asphodelioides, Z.) — Pine barrens, New Jersey and southward: also
far westward. June.

9. HELONIAS, L. Hetonzas.

Flowers perfect. Perianth of 6 spatulate-oblong purple sepals, persistent,
turning green, shorter than the thread-like filaments. Anthers 2-celled, round-
ish-oval, blue, extrorse. Styles revolute, stigmatic down the inner side. Pod

LILIACEH. (LILY FAMILY.) 527

obcordately 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved ; the valves divergently 2-lobed.
Seeds many in each cell, linear, with a tapering appendage at both ends. —A
smooth perennial, with many oblong-spatulate or oblanceolate evergreen flat
leaves, from a tuberous rootstock, producing in early spring a hollow naked
scape (1°-2° high), sheathed with broad bracts at the base, and terminated by
a simple and short dense raceme. Bracts obsolete: pedicels shorter than the
flowers. (Name probably from €Aos, a swamp, the place of growth.)

1. H. bullata, L. (H. latifolia, Wichr.) — Wet places, New Jersey and
Pennsylvania to Virginia: rare and local.

10. CHAMALIRIUM, Willd Devir’s-Brr.

Flowers dicecious. Perianth of 6 spatulate-linear (white) spreading sepals,
withering-persistent. Filaments and (yellow) anthers as in Helonias : fertile
flowers with rudimentary stamens. Styles linear-club-shaped, stigmatic along
the inner side. Pod oyoid-oblong, not lobed, of a thin texture, loculicidally
3-valved from the apex, many-seeded. Seeds linear-oblong, winged at each
end. — Smooth herb, with a wand-like stem from a (bitter) thick and abrupt
tuberous rootstock, terminated by a long wand-like spiked raceme (4/-9/ long)
of small bractless flowers; fertile plant more leafy than the staminate. Leaves
flat, lanceolate, the lowest spatulate, tapering into a petiole. (Name formed of
Xapat, on the ground, and deiproy, lily ; of no obvious application.)

1. C. luteum. (Brazinc-Srar.) (C. Carolinianum, Willd. Veratrum
luteum, Z. Helonias lutea, Ait. H. dioica, Pursh.) — Low grounds, W. New
England to Illinois and southward. June.

Sd
11. TOFIELDIA, Hudson. Fase Aspnopet.

Flowers perfect, usually with a little 3-bracted involucre underneath. Peri-
anth more or less spreading; the sepals (white or greenish) concave, oblong or
obovate, without claws. Filaments awl-shaped: anthers short, innate or some-
what introrse, 2-celled. Styles awl-shaped: stigmas terminal. Pod 3-angular,
3-partible or septicidal ; cells many-seeded. Seeds oblong. — Slender perennials,
mostly tufted, with fibrous roots, and simple stems leafy only at the base, bear-
ing small flowers.in a close raceme or spike. Leaves 2-ranked, equitant, linear,
grass-like. (Named for Mr. Tofidd, an English botanist of the last century.)

§ 1. Flowers in a simple spike-like raceme or head: anthers introrse: seeds not
appendaged : plant smooth and glabrous.

1. T. palustris, Hudson. Scape leafless or nearly so (3!- 6! high), slen-

der, bearing a globular or oblong head or short raceme of whitish flowers ;

leaves tufted, 1/ long. — Isle Royale, &c., Lake Superior, and northward. July.

§ 2. Flowers racemose, but developing from above downwards: short pedicels in threes
Srom alittle involucre of as many bracts: anthers innate: seeds tail-pointed at
both ends (as in many species of Juncus.)

2. T. glutindsa, Willd. Stem (6’-16/ high) and pedicels very glutinous
with dark glands ; leaves broadly linear, short. — Moist grounds, Maine, Michi-
gan, Wisconsin, and northward: also southward in the Alleghanies. June.

528 LILIACEH. (LILY FAMILY.)

3. T. ptibens, Ait. Stem (1°-2° high) and pedicels roughened with
minute glands; leaves longer and narrower. — Pine barrens, New Jersey to
Virginia and southward. July.

12. UVULARIA, L. _ Betiworr.

Perianth nearly bell-shaped, lily-like ; the 6 distinct sepals spatulate-lanceolate,
with a honey-bearing groove or pit at the erect contracted base, much longer
than the stamens, which barely adhere to their base, deciduous. Anthers linear,
much longer than the filaments, adnate and extrorse, but the long and narrow
cells opening nearly along the margin. Style deeply 3-cleft; the divisions stig-
matic along the inner side. Pod triangular or 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved
from the top. Seeds few in each cell, obovoid, with a tumid or fungous rhaphe.
— Stems rather low, from a rootstock, naked or scaly at the base, forking
above, bearing oblong sessile or clasping flat and membranaceous leaves, and
yellowish drooping flowers, in spring, solitary or rarely in pairs, on terminal
peduncles which become lateral by the growth of the branches. (Name “from
the flowers hanging like the uvula, or palate.’’)

* Leaves clasping-perfoliate: sepals pointed: pod truncate, 3-lobed: rootstock short.

1. U. grandiflora, Smith. Stems 1°-2° high; flower 14’ long, pale
greenish-yellow, the sepals nearly smooth within; anthers blunt-pointed. — Rich
woods, Vermont to Wisconsin and southwestward.

2. U. perfoliata, L. Smaller; sepals granular-roughened within; anthers
sharper tipped ; otherwise as No. 1.— Common eastward and southward.

3. U. flava, Smith. Flower bright yellow, 1 long’; sepals nearly smooth with-
in; anthers short-pointed. — New Jersey to Virginia: rare.

x * Leaves sessile: pod triangular : stems low (6'—12'): rootstock creeping.

4. U. sessilifolia, 2. Leaves lance-oblong, pale, glaucous beneath, sessile or
partly clasping by a narrow base; sepals blunt (9’’ long) ; anthers pointless ;
the ovoid and sharply triangular pod stipitate.— Low woods: common. May.

5. U. pubérula, Michx. Slightly puberulent ; leaves bright green both sides
and shining, oval, with rough edges; styles separate to near the base, not ex-
ceeding the short-pointed anthers ; pod ovate, not stipitate; otherwise like the last.
— Mountains, Virginia, and southward.

13. PROSARTES, Don. PROSARTES.

Perianth bell-shaped, the 6 sepals lanceolate or linear, deciduous. Filaments
thread-like, much longer than the linear-oblong blunt anthers, which are fixed
by a point above the base, and extrorse. Ovary with 2 ovules suspended from
the summit of each cell: style one: stigmas short, recurved-spreading, or some-
times united into one! Berry ovoid or oblong, pointed, 3-6-seeded, red. —
Downy low herbs, divergently branched above, with closely sessile ovate and
membranaceous leaves, and greenish-yellow drooping flowers, on slender termi-
nal peduncles, solitary or few in an umbel. (Name from mpogapraa, to hang
from, in allusion to the pendent ovules or flowers.)

1. P. lanuginosa, Don. Leaves ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, rounded
or slightly heart-shaped at the base, closely sessile, downy underneath ; flowers

LILIACER. (LILY FAMILY.) 529

solitary or in pairs ; sepals linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed (3/ long), soon spread-
ing, twice the length of the stamens, greenish; style smooth ; stigmas 3. (Strep-
topus lanuginosus, MJichx.) — Rich woods, Western New York to Virginia,
Kentucky, and southward along the Alleghanies. May.

14. STREPTOPUS, Michx. TWISTED-STALK.

Perianth recurved-spreading from a bell-shaped base; the 6 distinct sepals
lanceolate, acute, the 3 inner keeled, deciduous. Anthers arrow-shaped, ex-
trorse, fixed near the base to the short flattened filaments, tapering above to a
slender entire or 2-cleft point. Ovary with many ovules in each cell: style
and sometimes the stigmas one. Berry red, roundish-ovoid, many-seeded. —
Herbs, with rather stout stems, forking and divergent branches, ovate and taper-
pointed rounded-clasping membranaceous leaves, and small (extra-) axillary
flowers, either solitary or in pairs, on slender thread-like peduncles, which are
abruptly bent or contorted near the middle (whence the name, from orpemrds,
twisted, and mrovs, foot or stalk.)

1. S. amplexifolius, DC. Leaves very smooth, glaucous underneath, strongly
clasping ; flower greenish-white on a long peduncle abruptly bent above the mid-
dle; anthers tapering to a slender entire point; stigma entire, truncate. (S. dis-
tortus, Wichr. Uvularia amplexifolia, Z.) — Cold and moist woods, from Penn.
northward. June. — Stem 2°-38° high, rough at the base, otherwise very
smooth. Sepals 3/ long.—In this, as in the next, the peduncles are opposite
the leaves, rather than truly axillary, and are bent round the clasping base under-
neath them: they are rarely 2-flowered. (Eu.)

2. S. roseus, Michx. Leaves green both sides, finely ciliate, and the branches
sparingly beset with short bristly hairs; flower rose-purple, more than half the
length of the slightly bent peduncle ; anthers 2-horned ; stigma 3-cleft. — Cold
damp woods, northward, and in the Alleghanies southward. May.

15. CLINTONIA, Raf. CLINTONIA.

Perianth of 6 separate sepals, bell-shaped, lily-like, deciduous; the 6 stamens
inserted at their base. Filaments long and thread-like: anthers linear or ob-
long, extrorsely fixed by a point above the base, the cells opening down the
margins. Ovary ovoid-oblong, 2—3-celled: style long: stigmas 2 or 3, or in
ours united into one. Berry ovoid, blue, few —many-seeded. — Stemless peren-
nials, with slender creeping rootstocks, producing a naked scape sheathed at
the base by the stalks of 2-4 large oblong or oval ciliate leaves. Flowers
rather large, umbelled, rarely single. (Dedicated to De Witt Clinton.)

1. C. borealis, Raf. Umbel few- (2-7-) flowered; ovules 20 or more.
(Draciena borealis, A7zt.) — Cold moist woods, Massachusetts to Wisconsin and
northward, and southward along the Alleghanies. June. — Scape and leaves
5’—8! long. Perianth over 3! long, greenish-yellow, somewhat downy outside.

2. C. umbellata, Torr. Umbel many-flowered ; ovules 2 in each cell. (C.
multiflora, Beck. Convallaria umbellulata, Micha.) — Rich woods, 8S. W. New
York, and southward along the Alleghanies. June, July. — Flowers half the
size of the last, white, speckled with green or purplish dots.

384

MUM te

Pa

530 LILIACEH., (LILY FAMILY.)

16. CONVALLARIA, L. (in part). Lity or THe Vattey.

Perianth bell-shaped (white), 6-lobed, deciduous; the lobes recurved. Sta-
mens 6, included, inserted on the base of the perianth: anthers introrse. Ovary
3-celled, tapering into a stout style: stigma triangular. Ovules 4-6 in each
cell. Berry few-seeded (red).— A low perennial herb, glabrous, stemless, with
slender running rootstocks, sending up from a scaly-sheathing bud 2 oblong
leayes, with their long sheathing petioles enrolled one within the other so as to
appear like a stalk, and an angled scape bearing a one-sided raceme of pretty
and sweet-scented nodding flowers. (Altered from Lilium convallium, the pop-
ular name.)

1. C. majalis, L.— High Alleghanies of Virginia, and southward. May.
— Same as the European Lity or THE VALLEY of the gardens, (Eu.) ia

17. SMILACINA > Desf. FatseE Sotomon’s SEAL.

Perianth 4-6-parted, spreading, deciduous (white), with as many stamens
inserted at the base of the divisions. Filaments slender: anthers short, introrse.
Ovary 2-3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell: style short and thick: stigma
obscurely 2—3-lobed. Berry globular, 1 -2-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with
simple stems from creeping or thickish rootstocks, alternate nerved leaves, and
white, sometimes fragrant flowers in a terminal and simple or compound raceme.
(Name a diminutive of Smilax, to which, however, these plants bear little re-
semblance.)

§ 1. SMILACINA proper. Divisions of the perianth (oblong-lanceolate) and sta-
mens 6, the latter longer: ovary 3-celled: ovules collateral: racemes crowded in
a compound raceme or close panicle: rootstock stout, fleshy.

1. S. racemosa, Desf. (Fatse Sprxenarp.) Minutely downy (2° high) ;
leaves numerous, oblong or oval-lanceolate, taper-pointed, ciliate, abruptly some-
what petioled. — Moist copses: common. June. — Berries pale red, speckled
with purple, aromatic. (S. ciliata, Desf, is a dwarf state of this.)

§ 2, ASTERANTHEMUM, Kunth. Divisions of the perianth 6, oblong-lance-
olate, longer than the stamens: ovary 2-8-celled: ovules one above the other:
raceme single, 5 -20-flowered : rootstock rather slender.

2. S. stellata, Desf. Nearly glabrous, or the 7-12 oblong-lanceolate leaves
minutely downy beneath when young, slightly clasping ; berries blackish. — Moist
banks: common northward. May, June.— Plant 1°-2° high. (Eu.)

3. S. trifolia, Desf Glabrous, dwarf (3'-6! high) ; leaves 3 (sometimes
2 or 4), oblong, tapering to a sheathing base; berries red. — Cold bogs, New Eng-
land to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. May.

§ 38. MAIANTHEMUM, Desf. Divisions of the reflexed-spreading perianth (oval)
and the stamems 4, of equal length: ovary 2-celled: ovules collateral: raceme
single, many-flowered : creeping rootstocks slender.

4. §. bifdlia, Ker. Glabrous, or somewhat pubescent, low (3/-5! high) ;
leaves mostly 2 (sometimes 3), heart-shaped, petioled, or in our plant (the var.
Cawnapénsis) one or both often sessile or nearly so and clasping. — Moist woods :
very common, especially northward. May. (Eu.)

LILIACEH. (LILY FAMILY.) 531

18. POLYGONATUM. Tourn. Sotomoy’s Seat.

Perianth cylindrical, 6-lobed at the summit; the 6 stamens inserted on or
above the middle of the tube, included: anthers introrse. Ovary 3-celled, with
2-6 ovules in each cell: style slender, deciduous by a joint: stigma obtuse or
capitate, obscurely 3-lobed. Berry globular, black or blue ; the cells 1 — 2-seeded.
— Perennial herbs, with simple erect or curving stems, rising from creeping
thick and knotted rootstocks, naked below, above bearing nearly sessile or half-
clasping nerved leaves, and axillary nodding greenish flowers: pedicels jointed
with the flower. (The ancient name, composed of roAvs, many, and yévu, knee,
alluding to the numerous joints of the rootstocks and stems.) — Ours are all al-
ternate-leaved species, and with the stem terete or scarcely angled when fresh.

1. P. biflorum, Ell. (Smarter Soromon’s Seat.) Glabrous, except
the ovate-oblong or lance-oblong nearly sessile leaves, which are commonly
minutely pubescent, at least on the veins (but sometimes smooth), as well as pale
or glaucous underneath ; stem slender (1°-3° high) ; peduncles 1-3- but mostly
2-flowered ; filaments papillose-roughened, inserted towards the summit of the
cylindrical-oblong perianth. (Convallaria biflora, Walt. C. pubescens, Willd.
Polygonatum pubescens, angustifolium, & multiflorum, Pursh.) — Wooded
banks: common. — Perianth 4! long, greenish.

2. P. giganteum, Dietrich. (Great S.) Glabrous throughout; stem
stout and mostly tall, terete; leaves ovate, partly clasping (5'-8! long), or the
upper oblong and nearly sessile, many-nerved ; peduncles several- (2 -8-) flowered ;
Jilaments smooth and naked, or nearly so, inserted on the middle of the tube of the
cylindrical-oblong perianth. (Convallaria canaliculata, Willd. Polygonatum
canaliculatum, Pursh. P. commutatum, Dietrich.) — River-banks, in alluvial
soil, 5°-8° high ; in dry or less fertile soil 29-4°. June. (The stem not being
at all channelled in the living plant, it is better to discard the earlier name of
canaliculatum.) — Pedicels 4-15! long: perianth 9" long. — Perhaps passes
into the preceding.

3. P. latifolium, Desf. Upper part of the stem (2°-38° high), the 1 -5-
flowered peduncles, pedicels, and lower surface of the ovate or oblong mostly peti-
oled leaves more or less pubescent ; filaments glabrous. (P.hirtum, Pursh. Conval-
laria hirta, Poir.) — Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg !

(P. MULTIFLORUM, with hirsute filaments, I have never seen in this country.)

19. ASPARAGUS, L. Asparacus.

Perianth 6-parted, spreading above: the 6 stamens on its base: anthers
introrse. Style short: stigma 3-lobed. Berry spherical, 3-celled; the cells
2-seeded. — Perennials, with much-branched stems from thick and matted
rootstocks, and small greenish-yellow axillary flowers on jointed pedicels.
The narrow, commonly thread-like, so-calfed leaves are really branchlets, act-
ing as leaves, clustered in the axil of a little scale which is the true leaf. (The
ancient Greek name.)

1. A. orricrnALis, L. (Garpen Asparacus.) Herbaceous, tall, bushy-
branched; leaves thread-like.—Sparingly escaped from gardens into waste
places on the coast. June. (Ady, from Eu.)

532 LILIACEE. (LILY FAMILY.)

90) LILIUM, Wor

Perianth funnel-form or bell-shaped, colored, of 6 distinct sepals, spreading or
recurved above, with a honey-bearing furrow at the base, deciduous; the 6 sta-
mens somewhat adhering to their bases. Anthers linear, extrorsely inserted
towards the middle to the tapering apex of the long filament, which is at first
included, at length versatile; the cells dehiscent by a lateral or slightly introrse
line. Style elongated, somewhat club-shaped: stigma 3-lobed. Pod oblong, .
containing numerous flat and horizontal (depressed) soft-coated seeds densely
packed in 2 rows in each cell. — Bulbs scaly, producing simple stems, with
numerous alternate-scattered or whorled short and sessile leaves, and from one
to several large and showy flowers; in summer. (The classical Latin name,
from the Greek Aetptov.)

* Flowers erect, bell-shaped, the sepals narrowed below into claws.

1. L. Philadélphicum, L. (Witp Orance-rep Lity.) Leaves lin-
ear-lanceolute ; the upper chiefly in whorls of 5 to 8; flowers 1 —3, open-bell-shaped,
reddish-orange spotted with purplish inside; the lanceolate sepals not recurved
at the summit. — Dry or sandy ground: common. — Stem 2°-3° high: the
flower 25! long.

2. L. Catesbéei, Walt. (Sournern Rep Lity.) Leaves linear-lanceo-
late, scattered ; flower solitary, open-bell-shaped, the long-clawed sepals wavy on
the margin and recurved at the summit, scarlet, spotted with dark purple and
yellow inside. —Low sandy soil, Pennsylvania? to Kentucky and southward.

* * Flowers nodding, bell-shaped, the sessile sepals revolute.

3. L. Canadénse, L. (Witp Yettow Lity.) Leaves remotely whorled,
lanceolate, strongly 3-nerved, the margins and nerves rough, flowers few, long-
peduncled, oblong-bell-shaped, the sepals recurved-spreading above the middie,
orange-spotted inside with brown. — Moist meadows and bogs, especially
northward. — Stem 2°-5° high. Flower 2'-3! long.

4. L. supérbum, L. (Twurx’s-cap Liry.) Lower leaves whorled, lan-
ceolate, pointed, 3-nerved, smooth; flowers often many (3-20 or 40) in a pyram-
idal raceme ; sepals strongly revolute, bright orange, with numerous dark purple
spots inside. — Rich low grounds. —Stem 3°-7° high: sepals 3’ long. L.
Carolinianum, Michr., apparently belongs to this species, which also probably
passes into the preceding.

21. ERYTHRONIUM, L. Doe’s-roorn Vroter.

Perianth lily-like, of 6 distinct lanceolate sepals, recurved or spreading above,
deciduous, the 3 inner usually with a callous tooth on each side of the erect base,
and a groove in the middle. Filaments 6, awl-shaped : anthers oblong-linear, con-
tinuing erect. Style elongated. Pod obovate, contracted at the base, 3-valved,
loculicidal. Seeds rather numerous, ovoid, with a loose, membranaceous tip. —
Nearly stemless herbs, with two smooth and shining flat leaves tapering into
petioles and sheathing the base of the commonly one-flowered scape, rising
from a deep solid-scaly bulb. Flowers rather large, nodding, in spring. (Name
from épvOpés, red, which is inappropriate as respects the American species.)

LILIACEH. (LILY FAMILY.) 933

1. E. Americanum, Smith. (Yertow Apper’s-roncur.) Leaves
elliptical-lanceolate, pale green, mottled and commonly dotted with purplish
and whitish; perianth light yellow, often spotted near the base ; style club-shaped ;
stigmas united into one.— Low copses: common. May. — Scape 6!/-9! high:
flower 1! or more long.—E. BracTrEeAtumM, Boott, from the Camel’s Rump
Mountain, Vermont, is probably only an accidental state, with a bract, such as
the Western E. grandiflorum often has. p

2. E. albidum, Nutt. (Wuire Doc’s-roorm Vioiet.) Leaves ellip-
tical-lanceolate, less or not at all spotted, not dotted ; perianth bluish-white ; inner
divisions toothless ; style more slender except at the apex, bearing 3 spreading
stigmas. — Low thickets, New York (near Albany), and W. Penn. to Wisconsin
and Illinois. — At Lake Superior, Dr. Robbins finds a plant like this but yellow-
flowered, a transition towards E. grandiflorum.

22. ORNITHOGALUM, Tourn. Srar-or-BerHiEnem.

Perianth of 6 colored (white) spreading 3-7-nerved sepals. Filaments 6,
flattened-awl-shaped. Style 3-sided: stigma 3-angled. Pod membranous,
roundish-angular, with few dark and roundish seeds in each cell, loculicidal. —
Scape and linear channelled leaves from a coated bulb. Flowers corymbed,
bracted. (An ancient whimsical name from épys, a bird, and yada, milk.)

1. O. umBeLtAtum, L. Flowers 5-8, on long and spreading pedicels ;
sepals green in the middle on the outside. — Escaped from gardens into moist
meadows, eastward. June. (Nat. from Eu.)

SSuMSCTE TA. i SQuILL.

Perianth of 6 colored (blue or purple) spreading sepals, mostly deciduous ;
the 6 awl-shaped filaments at their base. Style thread-like. Pod 3-angled, loc-
ulicidal, 3-valved, with several black roundish seeds in each cell. — Scape and
linear leaves from a coated bulb: the flowers in a simple raceme, mostly bracted.
(The ancient name.)

i. S. Fraseri. (Eastern Quamasn. Witp Hyacintu.) Leaves long
and linear, keeled; raceme elongated ; bracts solitary, longer than the pedicels ;
stigma minutely 3-cleft; pod triangular, several-seeded. (Phalangium esculén-
tum, Nutt. Scilla esculenta, Ker. Camassia Fraseri, Torr.) — Moist prairies
and river-banks, Ohio to Wisconsin and southwestward. May.— Bulb onion-
like, eaten by the Indians. Scape 1° high. Sepals widely spreading, pale
blue, 3-nerved, 6!’ long.

24. ALLIUM, L. Ontoy. Garuic.

Perianth of 6 entirely colored sepals, which are distinct, or united at the
very base, 1-nerved, often becoming dry and scarious and more or less persistent :
the 6 filaments awl-shaped or dilated at their base. Style persistent, thread-
like: stigma simple. Pod lobed, loculicidal, 3-valved, with 1 or few ovoid-
kidney-shaped amphitropous or campylotropous black seeds in each cell. —
Strong-scented and pungent stemless herbs; the leayes and scape from a

534 | LILIACER. (LILY FAMILY.)

coated bulb flowers in a simple umbel, some of them frequently changed to
bulblets ; spathe 1-2-valved. (The ancient Latin name of the Garlic.)

* Ovules and seeds single in each cell: leaves broad and flat, appearing in early
spring, and dying before the flowers are developed.

1. A. tricécecum, Ait. (Witp Leex.) Scape naked (9! high from
clustered pointed bulbs, 2! long), bearing an erect many-flowered umbel ; leaves
lance-oblong (5'-9/ long, 1!-2!' wide); sepals oblong (white), equalling the
simple filaments; pod strongly 3-lobed.— Rich woods, W. New England to
Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward in the Alleghanies. July.

* * Ovules mostly 2 in each cell: ovary crested with 6 teeth: leaves long and narrow.
+ Unmbel bearing only flowers and ripening pods.

2. A. cérnuum, Roth. (Witp Onion.) Scape naked, angular (1°-2°
high), often nodding at the apex, bearing a /oose or drooping many-flowered umbel ;
leaves linear, sharply keeled (1° long); sepals oblong-ovate, acute (rose-color),
shorter than the simple slender filaments. — Steep banks, Western New York
to Wisconsin and southward. July, Aug. ;

3. A. stellatum, Nutt. Scape terete, slender, bearing an erect umbel ; leaves
flat; sepals equalling the stamens: otherwise resembling the last, but usually
not so tall; the pod more crested. Aug. — Rocky slopes, Illinois (Hngelmann),
and northwestward. ;

4. A. Schcendprasum, L. (Curves.) Scape naked or leafy at the
base (6! - 12! high) bearing a globular capitate umbel of many rose-purple flowers ;
sepals lanceolate, pointed, longer than the simple downwardly dilated filaments ;
leaves awl-shaped, hollow. Var. with recurved tips to‘the sepals (A. Sibiricum,
ZL.) —Shore of Lakes Huron, Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

+ + Unmbel often densely bulb-bearing, with or without flowers.

5. A. VINEALE, L. (Firtp Garuic.) Scape slender, clothed with the
sheathing bases of the leaves below the middle (19°-3° high) ; leaves terete and
hollow, slender, channelled above ; filaments much dilated, the alternate ones 3-cleft,
the middle division anther-bearing. — Moist meadows and fields: a vile weed
eastward. June. — Flowers rose-color and green. (Nat. from Eu.)

6. A. Canadénse, Kalm. (Witp Gartic.) Scape leafy only at: the
base (1° high); leaves narrowly linear, flattish ; umbel few-flowered ; filaments
simple, dilated below. — Moist meadows. May, June. — Flowers pale rose-color,
pedicelled ; or a head of bulbs in their place.

* * * Ovules several in each cell : leaves long and linear. (Nothdéscordum, Kunth.)

7. A. striatum, Jacq. Leaves narrowly linear, often convolute, striate on
the back, about the length of the obscurely 3-angled naked scape (6! - 12! long) ;
filaments dilated below, shorter than the narrowly oblong sepals (which are
white with a reddish keel) ; ovules 4-7 in each cell. — Prairies and open woods,
Virginia to Illinois and southward. May.

25. MUSCARI, Tourn. GrapPE-HyYAcInrTu.

Perianth globular or ovoid, minutely 6-toothed (blue). Stamens 6, included :
anthers short, introrse. Style short. Pod loculicidal, with 2 black angular

LILIACEH. (LILY FAMILY.) 535

seeds in each cell. — Leaves and scape (in early spring) from a coated bulb: the
small flowers in a dense raceme, sometimes musk-scented (whence the name).
1. M. sorryoipes, Mill. Leaves linear; flowers globular (1}"-2" long),
deep blue, appearing like minute grapes; whence the popular name. — Escaped
from gardens into copses and fence-rows, E. Penn., &c. (Adv. from Eu.)

26. HEMEROCALLIS, L. Day-Lity.

Perianth funnel-form, lily-like ; the short tube enclosing the ovary, the spread-
ing limb 6-parted ; the 6 stamens inserted on its throat. Anthers as in Lily,
more or less extrorse. Filaments and style long and thread-like, declined and
ascending: stigma simple. Pod (at first rather fleshy) 3-angled, loculicidally
3-valved, with several black spherical seeds in each cell. — Showy perennials,
with fleshy-fibrous roots ; the long and linear keeled leaves 2-ranked at the base
of the tall scapes, which bear at the summit several bracted and large yellow
flowers: these collapse and decay after expanding for a single day (whence
the name, from jpepa, a day, and Kd\Xos, beauty).

1. H. rGrva, L. (Common Day-Lity.) Inner divisions (petals) of the
tawny orange perianth wavy and obtuse. — Roadsides, escaped from gardens,
where it is common (as is also the bright yellow-flowered H. rrava). July.
(Ady. from Eu.)

27. YUCCA, L. Bear-Grass. Spranisn Bayoner.

Perianth of 6 petal-like (white) oval or oblong and acute flat sepals, wither-
ing-persistent, the 3 inner broader, longer than the 6 stamens. Stigmas 3,
sessile. Pod oblong, somewhat 6-sided, 3-celled, or imperfectly 6-celled by a
partition from the back, fleshy, at length loculicidally 3-valved from the apex.
Seeds very many in each cell, depressed. — Stems woody, either very short, or
rising into thick and columnar palm-like trunks, bearing persistent rigid linear
or sword-shaped leaves, and terminated by an ample compound panicle of showy
(often polygamous) flowers. (An aboriginal name.)

1. Y. filamentosa, L. (Apam’s NeEpie.) Trunk (from a running
rootstock) rising for a foot or less above the earth, covered with the lanceolate
unarmed coriaceous leaves (1°-2° long), which bear filaments on their margins ;
scape-like flower-stem 6°- 8° high, erect. — Sandy soil, E. Virginia and south-
ward. July.

28. NARTHECIUM, Mehring. Boc-AsPHODEL.

Sepals 6, linear-lanceolate, yellowish, persistent. Filaments 6, woolly: an-
thers linear, introrse. Pod cylindrical-oblong, pointed with the undivided style
and single stigma, loculicidal, many-seeded. Seeds appendaged at each end
with a long bristle-form tail, as in many species of Juncus. — Rootstock creep-
ing, bearing linear equitant leaves (as in Tofieldia), and a simple stem or
scape, terminated by a simple dense raceme. (Name from vap@yktov, a rod, or
a box for fragrant ointments, of obscure application.)

1. N. ossifragum, Huds.— Herb with scape about a foot high, longer
than the leaves: pedicels mostly bracteolate. (Eu.)

536 JUNCACEZ. (RUSH FAMILY.)

Var. Americanum. (N. Americanum, Ker.) Flowers rather smaller
(scarcely 3!’ long) and leaves narrower than the European plant, which is lim-
ited to the Atlantic side of that continent, as is ours here: viz. in sandy bogs,
on this side, where it is very local, in the pine barrens of New Jersey only.
June, July.

Orver 122. BUNCACEZ. (Rusu Famity.)

Grass-like or sedge-like herbs, with small flowers, a regular and hypogynous
persistent perianth of 6 similar glumaceous sepals, 6 or rarely 3 stamens with
2-celled anthers, a single short style, 3 filiform hairy stigmas, and an ovary
either 3-celled or 1-celled with 3 parietal placente, forming a loculicidal
3-valved pod. Seeds anatropous, with a minute embryo enclosed at: the
base of the fleshy albumen. — Rushes, with the flowe-s liliaceous in struc-
ture, but sedge-like in aspect and texture, mainly represented by only
two genera.

1. LUZULA, DC. Woon-Rusu.

Pod 1-celled, 3-seeded, one seed to each parietal placenta. — Perennials, often
hairy, usually in dry ground, with flat and soft usually hairy leaves, and spiked-
crowded or umbelled flowers. (Name said to be altered from the Italian luciola,
a glow-worm. )

* Flowers loosely long-peduncled, umbelled or corymbed.

1. L. pilosa, Willd. Leaves lance-linear, hairy ; umbel mostly simple ;
sepals pointed, shorter than the obtuse pod ; seeds with a curved appendage. —
Woods and banks: common northward. May.— Plant 6/—9' high. (Eu.)

2. L. parviflora, Desv., var. melanocarpa. Nearly smooth (1°-3°
high) ; leaves broadly linear ; corymb decompound, loose ; pedicels drooping ; sepals
pointed, straw-color, about the length of the minutely pointed and brown pod.
(L. melanocarpa, Desv.) — Mountains, Maine to Northern New York, and north-
ward. July. (Eu.)

* * Flowers crowded in spikes or close clusters. (Plants 6'—-12' high.)

3. L. campéstris, DC. Leaves flat, linear ; spikes 4-12, somewhat umbelled,
ovoid, straw-color, some of them long-peduncled, others nearly sessile ; sepals
bristle-pointed, longer than the obtuse pods; seeds with a conical appendage at
the base. — Dry fields and woods; common. May. (Eu.)

4. L. arcuata, Meyer. Leaves channelled, linear; spikes 3-5, on unequal
often recurved peduncles, ovoid, chestnut-brown ; bracts ciliate-fringed ; sepals
taper-pointed, longer than the obtuse pod; seeds not appendaged. — Alpine
summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and high northward. (Eu.)

5. L. spicata, Desvaux. Leaves channelled, narrowly linear; flowers in
sessile clusters, forming a nodding interrupted spiked panicle, brown ; sepals bristle-
pointed, seareely as long as the abruptly short-pointed pod; seeds merely with
a roundish projection at the base. (Our plant is L. racemosa, Desv. ? according
to Gode.) With the last, and more common. (Eu.)

JUNCACEEH. (RUSH FAMILY.) 537

2. JUNCUS, L. Rusu. Boe-Rusu.

Pod many-seeded, 3-celled, or 1-celled by the placentz not reaching the axis.
Stamens when 38 opposite the 3 outer sepals. — Chiefly perennials, and in wet
soil or water, with pithy or hollow and simple (rarely branching) stems, and
panicled or clustered small (greenish or brownish) flowers, chiefly in summer.
Plant never hairy. (The classical name, from jungo, to join, alluding to the
use of the stems for bands.)

Contributed for this edition by Dr. ENcreLtmann, who has recently published
a monograph of the North American species in the Transactions of the St.
Louis Academy of Science.

§1. True Juncr; with naked and simple scapes from matted running rootstocks,
many of them barren, furnished at base with short leafless or rarely leaf-bearing
sheaths : leaves, if any, terete, knotless and similar to the scape: flowers single
or rarely clustered on the pedicels, in sessile panicles, produced apparently from
the side of the scape, the exterior sheath or involucral leaf being similar to and
continuing the scape. Flowering in early summer.

* Flowers single on the pedicels or ultimate ramifications of the panicle.
+ Sheaths at base of the stem leafless.
++ Stamens 3.

1. J. effisus, L. (Common or Sort Rusu.) Scape soft and pliant
(2°-4°hich); inner sheaths awned; panicle diffusely much branched, many-
flowered; flowers numerous, small (1;'/ long), greenish ; sepals lanceolate, very
acute, as long as the triangular-obovate retuse and pointless greenish-brown
pod ; anthers as long as filaments ; style very short ; seeds small (about 4!’ long)
with short pale points, delicately ribbed and cross-lined. — Var. CONGLOMERATUS
(J. conglomeratus, Z.) has the scape more distinctly striate, the panicle closely
crowded, and the pod short-pointed. — Marshy grounds: very common ; the var.
in sphagnous swamps. (Eu.)

++ ++ Stamens 6.

2. J. filiférmis, L. Scape very slender (1°-2° high), pliant; panicle
few-flowered, almost simple ; flowers (13/' long); sepals lanceolate, the inner a
little shorter and less acute, longer than the broadly ovate obtuse but short-
pointed greenish pod ; anthers shorter than the filaments ; style very short; seed
(less than 4" long) short-pointed at both ends, indistinctly reticulated. — N.
New England and New York to Michigan and northward. (Eu.)

3. J. Smithii, Engelm. Scape rather slender (2°-3° high) ; panicle few-
flowered, nearly simple; flowers brown (1}!’ long); outer sepals lanceolate and
acute, inner a little shorter, obtusish, shorter than the broadly ovate rather tri-
angular acute and pointed deep chestnut-brown pod; anthers as long as fila-
ments ; style short, seeds large ($'’ or more long) obtuse, with short appendages
at both ends, many-ribbed and reticulated. — Sphagnous swamps, on Broad
Mountain, Pennsylvania, C. £. Smith.

4. J. Balticus, Dethard. Scape rigid (2°-3° high); panicle loose ;
flowers larger (2/ long), chestnut-brown with green; sepals ovate-lanceolate,
the outer sharp-pointed, the inner obtusish, as long as the elliptical rather
triangular obtuse and pointed deep brown pod; anthers much longer than the

538 JUNCACEE. (RUSH FAMILY.) |

broad filaments; style about the length of the ovary ; seeds rather large (}" or
more long), nearly obtuse, delicately ribbed and cross-lined. — Sandy shores of
New England, the Great Lakes, and westward ; also in swamps, Lancaster Co.,
Penn., Prof. Porter. (Eu.)

+ + Innermost sheaths leaf-bearing : stamens 6.

5. J. setaceus, Rostkovius. Scape slender (1°-3° high) ; panicle loose,
rather few-flowered ; flowers greenish (2! long) ; sepals lanceolate, sharp-pointed,
especially the 3 shining exterior ones, spreading in fruit, as long as the nearly
globose beak-pointed greenish or light-brown pod; anthers as long as filaments ;
style conspicuous; seeds (4” long) almost globose, ribbed and cross-lined. —
Pennsylvania (Rostkovius), Virginia? and North Carolina, southward near the
coast. — Doubtful if in our district.

* * Flowers in clusters, 6-androus : innermost sheaths at base of stem leaf-bearing.

6. J. Remerianus, Scheele. Scape stout and rigid (2°-3° high), its
apex as well as the leaves pungent ; panicle compound ; 3-6 greenish or light-
brown flowers (13! long) in a cluster; outer sepals lanceolate, sharp-pointed,
longer than the obtusish inner ones, as long as the elliptical rather triangular
obtuse short-pointed brown pod ; anthers much longer than the broad filaments ;
styles shorter than the ovary ; seeds ($/’long) oval, obtuse, very delicately ribbed.
(J. maritimus of Amer. authors.) — Brackish marshes, New Jersey (Pursh),
Virginia and southward.

§ 2. GRASSY-LEAVED JUNCI; with simple or rarely branched stems, leafy at base
or throughout : leaves flat, or somewhat terete or setaceous and channelled, never
knotted : panicle terminal.

* Flowers crowded in heads (produced in late summer).
«— Leaves thread-like, hollow: stems simple: heads single or few: seeds large, the
loose seed-coat produced into conspicuous tails : stamens 6.

7. J. stygius, L. Stems slender (6’-16' high) from slender branching
rootstocks, 1-3-leaved below, naked above; heads 1 or rarely 2, of 3-4-flowers,
about the length of the sheathing scarious awl-pointed bract; flowers pale and
reddish (23/'-3" long); sepals lanceolate, the inner obtusish, } the length of
the oblong acuminate pod, as long as the slender stamens ; filaments many
times longer than the oblong anthers ; recurved stigmas shorter than the style ;
seeds oblong, with a very loose slightly striated coat prolonged at both ends
(13/' long). — Peat-bogs bordering Perch Lake, Jefferson County, New York.
N. Maine, G. L. Goodale. (New Brunswick. Mr. Fowler. North shore of Lake
Superior, Mr. Wheeler.) — Flowers larger and pod more abruptly pointed than in
the European plant. (Eu.)

8. J. trifidus, L. Stems densely tufted from matted creeping rootstocks,
erect (5'-10! high), sheathed and mostly leafless at the base, 2-3-leaved at
the summit, the upper thread-like leaves subtending the sessile head of 1-4
brown (14/-2" long) flowers ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, equalling or rather
shorter than the ovate beak-pointed deep brown pod; anthers much longer than
the filaments; seeds few, oblong, angled (1! long), faintly striate, short-tailed.
— Alpine summits of the mountains of New England, and N. New York, and
high northward, (Eu.)

JUNCACEH. (RUSH FAMILY.) 539

+ + Leaves flat and open, grass-like : stamens 3.

9. J. marginatus, Rostkovius. Stem erect, from a bulbous and stolo-
niferous base (1°- 3° high), flattened, leafy ; leaves long-linear ; heads 3 -8-
flowered, panicled ; flowers purplish with green (13 long) ; sepals oblong, the
3 outer acute and slightly awned, the inner longer and mostly obtuse and point-
less, as long as the almost globular scarcely pointed pod; stamens exceeding
the outer sepals ; purple anthers shorter than filaments ; style very short ; seeds
(3/’- 4/ long) slender, pointed at both ends and strongly ribbed. (J. aristulatus,
Michx.) — Moist sandy places, S. New England to Illinois and southward. —
Var. PAUCICAPITATUS has smaller and less flattened stems, narrower leaves, and
few large 8-15-flowered heads. Sandy coast of New Jersey and elsewhere. —
Var. BIFLORUS has numerous and small 2-3-flowered heads, in much-branched
panicles. (J. biflorus, il.) New Jersey to Illinois and southward.

10. J. repens, Michx. Stems flattened, ascending (4!-6/ high) from a
fibrous annual root, at length creeping or floating ; leaves short, linear, those of
the stem nearly opposite and fascicled ; heads few in a loose leafy panicle, 3 - 12-
flowered ; flowers green (3/’ long) ; sepals rigid, lance-subulate, slender-pointed,
the 3 outer as long as the linear triangular obtuse pod, the inner ones much
longer ; stamens as long as the outer sepals ; filaments many times longer than
the oblong anther; seeds small (4! long), obovate, slightly pointed, very deli-
cately ribbed and cross-lined. (Cephaloxys flabellata, Desv.) — Miry banks,
Maryland (W. J. Canby) and southward.

* * Flowers single on the ultimate peduncles : stamens 6.
+ Stem branched: root annual.

11. J. bufdnius, L. Stems low and slender (3/-9! high) from a fibrous
root, leafy, often branched from the base; panicle spreading, mostly with one-
sided dichotomous branches ; flowers remote, greenish (2!’-33" long) ; sepals
linear-lanceolate, awl-pointed, 3 outer ones much longer than the inner and
than the oblong obtuse pod; stamens short; filaments scarcely longer than
anthers ; seeds elliptical, obtuse (4/’— 3! long), very delicately ribbed and cross-
lined. — Low grounds by roadsides: common, but not everywhere. June-
Sept. — Var. FascIcULATUS, with flowers crowded at the end of the branchlets,
is a southern form, which has been introduced about the Philadelphia Navy
Yard. (Eu.)

+ + Stems slender, simple, tufted, leafy below: root perennial (fl. early in summer).

12. J. Gerardi, Loisel. (Biack-Grass.) Stems scarcely flattened, rigid
(1°-2° high) ; panicle contracted, usually longer than the bracteal leaf; flow-
ers chestnut-brown with green (13/' long) ; sepals oval-oblong, obtuse, incurved,
as long as the oval obtuse and mucronate pod; anthers much longer than the
short filaments; style as long as the ovary; seeds (nearly }/’ long) obovate,
short pointed at both ends, delicately ribbed and cross-lined. — Salt marshes:
common along the coast, especially northward; also in saline marshes
of W. New York: rare along the Great Lakes. (Eu.)— The closely allied
J. bulbosus, Z. (to which this was referred in a former edition) has not yet
been found in this country.

540 JUNCACEH. (RUSH FAMILY.)

13. J. ténuis, Willd. Stem wiry (9'-18/ high) ; leaves flat or channelled ;
panicle shorter than the involucral leaves, loose, or rarely crowded ; flowers yreen
(2’' or more long) ; sepals lanceolate, very acute, spreading in fruit, longer than
the ovoid Yetuse scarcely pointed green pod; anthers nearly equal to the fila-
ment; style very short; seeds small (about }/’ long), white-pointed at both ends,
delicately ribbed and cross-lined. — Low grounds, fields, and roadsides. (Eu.)
— Var. sectnpus is a smaller plant, with smaller one-sided flowers on the
forked branches of the panicle. New England to Pennsylvania.

14. J. dichdétomus, Ell. Stems rigid (13°-2° high) from a tumid
base ; leaves filiform, nearly terete, slightly grooved on the inner side; panicle
loose, often with 1-sided forked branches, mostly longer than the inyolucral leaf;
flowers greenish (2 or more long); sepals lanceolate, sharp-pointed, spreading
in fruit, as long as the globular beaked light mahogany-colored pod; anthers
nearly as long as filaments ; style short ; seeds small (4//—4"” long), white-pointed
at both ends, coarsely cross-lined. — Low sandy grounds, New Jersey (C. F.
Parker), Delaware (Prof. Leidy, Mr. Commons), and southward.

15. J. Greénii, Oakes & Tuckerm. Stems rigid (1°-2° high); leaves
nearly terete, very deeply channelled (almost involute) on the inner side; pan-
icle usually much shorter than the principal erect involucral leaf, dense; the
numerous crowded flowers often one-sided (14/’ long) ; sepals lanceolate, acute,
light greenish-brown, appressed, shorter than the ovoid-oblong obtuse greenish-
brown pod; anthers as long as filaments; style very short; seeds ovoid, tail-
pointed (4'- 2" Jong), ribbed and delicately cross-lined. — Sandy coast of New
England, and on the Great Lakes near Detroit (Holzer, J. M. Bigelow).

16. J. Vaseyi, Engelm. Stems rigid (1°- 2° high) ; leaves nearly terete,
very slightly channelled on the inner side; panicle longer than the involucral
leaf, loose; flowers few, often one-sided, greenish or light brown (2 or more
long); sepals lanceolate, acute, appressed, shorter than the oblong and retuse
green-brown pod; anthers as long as the filaments; style very short; seeds
slender, conspicuously tailed at both ends (3- 3" long), closely ribbed. —
Michigan, with the last (near Detroit, Holzer, Bigelow) to N. Mlinois ( Vasey),
and westward. June.

§ 3. Kyorry-Leavep Junci; stems leafy, simple or branching: leaves terete
or sometimes laterally compressed, knotted by internal cross-partitions : panicle
terminal, with flowers chiefly in heads.

* Seeds barely pointed, without tails.
+ Heads composed of 2 or sometimes only single 6-androus flowers.

17. J. pelocarpus, E. Meyer. Stems slender and erect frpm a slender
running rootstock (6/—18/ high), bearing few thread-like slightly knotted leaves,
branching above into a compound spreading panicle, bearing in the forks and
along one side of the branches single flowers or 2-flowered heads ; often with the
flowers or in place of them are tufts of leaves ; flowers small (1/—14/ long), green-
ish with red; sepals oblong, obtuse, the 3 inner ones longer, but shorter than the
oblong taper-beaked 1-celled pod ; anthers much longer than the filaments ; style
slender; seeds (4/ long) obovate, short-pointed, delicately ribbed-reticulated.
(J. viviparus, Conrad. J. Conradi, Tuckerm.) — Sandy, wet or swampy places,

JUNCACEEZ. (RUSH FAMILY.) 541

Canada to Wisconsin, and from New England southward near the coast.
July, Aug. — The proliferous plants are usually sterile and much larger than
the fertile ones, with larger and more diffuse panicles. — Var. sUnri.is (J. flui-
tans, Michx.), from Canada, is a small and creeping or floating form, mostly
with single 2-flowered heads at the ends of the short stems.

+ + Heads numerous, of 3-12 flowers (rarely more in No. 21), in early summer.
++ Stamens 6.

18. J. articulatus, L. Stems ascending or erect (9/-—15! high), tufted
from a short creeping rootstock, with 1 or 2 slender leaves; panicle short,
spreading ; the crowded heads 3-8-flowered; flowers brown, rarely pale (14! -
14" long); sepals lance-oblong, acute or mucronate, or the 3 inner obtuse and a
little longer, shorter than the ovate-oblong acute or abruptly mucronate-pointed
incompletely 3-celled commonly deep chestnut-brown shining pod; anthers as
long as filaments; ovary attenuated into a short style; seeds (less than 4” long)
obovate, attenuate below, abruptly pointed above, ribbed-reticulated. (J. lam-
pocarpus, Lhrh.) — Wet grounds, New England to Western New York and
Delaware. (Eu.)— Var. oprusAtrus. Panicle crowded, level-topped; heads
5-flowered, green; sepals obtuse, of equal length, the outer mucronate; pod
obtuse, mucronate. — Petty’s Island, near Philadelphia, Dr. Diffenbaugh, Mr.
Burke.

19. J. alpinus, Villars, var. insignis, Fries. Stems erect (9 - 18! high)
from a creeping rootstock, with 1 or 2 slender leaves; panicle meagre, with erect
branches bearing distant greenish or light-brown heads, each of 3-6 flowers
(14-13 long) ; sepals oblong, obtuse, the outer mucronate or cuspidate and
usually longer than the rounded inner ones, as long or shorter than the obtuse
short-pointed incompletely 3-celled light-brown pod; anthers as long as fila-
ments; style short; seeds (4’’ or more in length) spindle-shaped, ribbed-reticu-
lated. (J. pelocdrpus, Hd. 1. J. articulatus, var. pelocarpus, Hd. 2.) — Wet
sandy banks, from Lake Champlain (Robbins, Macrae,) and along the Great
Lakes northward and westward. (Eu.)

20. J. militaris, Bigel. Stem stout (2°-4° high) from a thick creeping
rootstock, bearing a solitary stout erect leaf ($°-35° long) below the middle
which overtops the crowded and rather contracted panicle; heads numerous,
5-—12- (rarely 25-) flowered ; flowers brownish (13! long) ; sepals lanceolate, the
outer ones awl-pointed, as long as the ovate-oblong triangular taper-beaked 1-
celled pod; anthers longer than filaments ; ovary attenuated into a slender style ,
seeds (4/'-4$" long) globose-obovate, obtuse, abruptly pointed, ribbed-reticulated.
— In bogs and streams, Maine to Maryland. — Dr. Robbins finds that in flow-
ing water, at Uxbridge, Mass., this bears numberless capillary submersed leaves,
2°-3° long, from the rootstock.

++ ++ Stamens 3.

21. J. acuminatus, Michx. Stems tufted, erect, bearing about 2 leaves
and a loose spreading panicle; heads few -many-flowered, greenish, at length
straw-colored or darker; sepals lance-awl-shaped, sharp-pointed, equal, as long
as or shorter than the triangular-prismatic short-pointed 1-celled pod; anthers
a little shorter than the filaments ; style almost none; seeds small (4 - 4’ long),

54 JUNCACEH. (RUSH FAMILY.)

acute at both ends, ribbed-reticulated. (J. palléscens, E. Meyer, as to the N.
American plant.) — Earlier than other species which are likely to be con-
founded with it: May, June.— A very variable plant, the following forms of
which have the appearance of distinct species, but are connected by various
intermediate states.

Var. débilis. Stems slender (9’-18' high) ; heads green, 3 - 6-flowered in a
loose panicle ; flowers smaller (14/’- 13! long); pod longer than the sepals. (J.
debilis, Gray, in former editions.) — Wet sandy soil, New Jersey to Kentucky
and southward. — Stems sometimes decumbent and rooting.

Var. robtustus. Stems stout, tall, (2°-4° high), bearing numerous 5 -8-
flowered light-brown heads in a large much-branched panicle; flowers small
(1"-12” long) ; ovoid pod scarcely longer than the sepals. — Deep swamps in
the Mississippi Valley, from Illinois southward.

Var. legitimus. Stems slender (1°-2° long), bearing fewer and larger
heads in a very loose spreading panicle; flowers 5-12 and often more in a
head (13/'-2" long); sepals as long as the straw-colored or light-brown pod.
(J. acuminatus, Miche. J. paradoxus, LE. Meyer. J. fraternus, Kunth. J. sub-
verticillatus, Muhl. J. Pondii, Wood.) — Common in wet places from 8. New
England southward and westward. — Heads often proliferous in the autumn.

+ + + Heads few, crowded, of numerous flowers.
++ Stamens 6.

22. J. noddsus, L. Stem erect (6’-15' high), slender from a creeping
thread-like and tuber-bearing rootstock, mostly with 2 or 3 slender leaves;
heads few or several, rarely single, 8- 20-flowered (33/'-4! wide), overtopped
by the involucral leaf, flowers brown (13//-2!! long) ; sepals lance-linear, awl-
pointed (the 3 outer mostly a little shorter), nearly as long as the slender trian-
gular taper-pointed 1-celled pod ; anthers oblong, shorter than the filament ; style
very short; seeds (about 4!’ long) obovate, abruptly mucronate. (J. Rostkovii,
E.. Meyer.) — Swamps and gravelly banks, from New England and Pennsylvania
north and northwestward. July, Aug.—A very tall form (2° high) occurs on
the islands above Niagara, G. W. Clinton.

Var. megacéphalus, Torr. Stem stout (1°-3° high), with thick leaves ,
heads few and large (6/’— 8! wide) 30 -80-flowered ; flowers pale green (23//—-
23 long) ; outer sepals longer than the inner ones; anthers linear, shorter than
the filaments. —From Western New York west and southwestward. Aug. —
An intermediate form, with numerous green heads in a compound panicle, occurs
in Michigan and Northern Illinois.

++ ++ Stamens 38.

23. J. brachycarpus, Engelm. Stem erect (1°-23° high), rigid from
a thick white horizontal rootstock, bearing about 2 leaves and 2-10 densely
flowered spherical heads (4-5! wide) in a slightly spreading crowded panicle
much exceeding the involucral leaf; flowers pale green (2" long) ; sepals lance-
linear, awl-pointed, the 3 outer much longer, and the ovoid pointed 1-celled pod
rather shorter, than the inner sepals; anthers much shorter than filaments ;
style very short; seeds (4! long) abruptly apiculate, ribbed-reticulated. — Moist
places in open woods and prairies, Ohio to Michigan, Illinois and southward.
May, June.

JUNCACEH. (RUSH FAMILY.) 545

24. J. scirpoides, Lam. Stem erect (1°-3° high), rigid, from a thick
white horizontal rootstock, bearing about 2 leaves with wide and open sheaths,
and a panicle of few or many densely-flowered pale-green spherical heads much
longer than the involucral leaf; sepals rigid, awl-shaped and (especially the
outer) bristly pointed, at length pungent, nearly equalling the oblong-triangular
taper-pointed 1-celled pod; seeds ovoid, abruptly pointed at each end, ribbed-
reticulated. (J. polycéphalus, Michx.) —'The following forms belong here.

Var. macrostemon. Rather slender; leaves terete; branches of the
panicle erect and often elongated; heads smaller (33//—4! wide), 15 -40-flow-
ered ; flowers 14!’- 13" long; outer sepals mostly longer than the inner, as long
as the stamens; anthers very small; seeds 4!’ long. (J. echinatus, Juhl. J.
macrostemon, Gay.) — Wet sandy soil, from Staten Island (C. £’, Austin) south-
ward near the coast.

Var. echinatus. Stouter; leaves terete; branches of the compact panicle
short; heads larger (5!'-6!' wide), 40—80-flowered ; flowers (13/’-2/ long) ;
sepals narrower and more sharply pointed, the outer a little longer than the
inner ones; stamens shorter and anthers longer than in the preceding, and
seeds rather smaller and more slender. (J. echinatus, ///.) — From Maryland
southward.

Var. polycéphalus. Much stouter; leaves laterally flattened (3/'- 6!
wide) ; panicle spreading, branched, bearing many distant heads as large as
those of the foregoing form ; flowers 2!'- 23" long ; the 3 outer sepals the longer ;
anthers about as long as the filaments; seeds larger (4! long). (J. poly-
cephalus, Eil., Chapm.) — From North Carolina southward; and may be
looked for in Southern Virginia.

* * Seeds tailed.
4— Stamens 8.

25. J. Canadénsis, J. Gay. Tufted stems erect, terete, smooth, bearing
2-3 leaves ; heads few- or many-flowered, paniculate ; sepals lanceolate, the 3
outer shorter than the inner ones, not much longer than the stamens, equal to
or shorter than the triangular prismatic almost 1-celled usually short-pointed
pod; style mostly short; seeds more or less distinctly tail-pointed, delicately
many-ribbed.— Common in most districts. Aug., Sept.— One of the latest
flowering species, and thus easily distinguished, even when quite immature,
from the similar but early J. acuminatus. This very variable species comprises
the following forms.

Var. longicaudatus. Stem stout and rigid (1}°-3° high), bearing in a
decompound somewhat spreading panicle the numerous 5 -50-flowered heads ;
flowers greenish or light brown (14! - 2! long); sepals awl-pointed mostly
shorter than the abruptly short-pointed pod; seeds slender (3/’-1/! long), con-
spicuously tail-pointed. (J. paradoxus, Ed. 1 & 2, Chapman, &c.) — From
S. New England southward along the coast, and westward to Wisconsin and
Northern Ilinois.

Var. subcaudatus. Stem slender, often decumbent (1°- 2° high), bear-
ing in simpler spreading panicles fewer 8 —20-flowered heads; flowers greenish,
as large as last ; sepals awl-shaped, but not so rigid ; pod mostly tapering ; seeds

O44 PONTEDERIACEH, (PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.)

large (4!'-3" long), with short white membranaceous appendages. — From S.
New England southward, especially in New Jersey. — Often confounded with
forms of No. 21, from which it is readily distinguished by the large, delicately
ribbed and not reticulated, appendaged seeds, and by the proportion of the inner
and outer sepals.

Var. brachycéphalus. Stem slender (15°-23° high), bearing numer-
ous small and 3-5-flowered heads in a large and spreading panicle ; flowers
greenish or light brown (14!’—1}" long) ; sepals mostly obtuse, shorter than
the brown abruptly short-pointed pod; style longer than in other forms ; seeds
smaller (4!'-4!! long), slender, with rather short appendages. — From Penn-
sylvania northwestward to Illinois and Wisconsin. — Sometimes confounded
with No. 18, and with small-flowered forms of No. 21.

Var. coarctatus. Stem slender, shorter (9/-18! high), bearing fewer deep-
brown 3 —5-flowered heads in a somewhat erect contracted panicle; flowers as
large as in the last; sepals acute, or rarely obtusish, much shorter than the
prismatic abruptly pointed deep-brown pod ; seeds as in the last, (J. acuminatus,
Ed. 2, and of most American authors, but not of Michaux). — New England
to Wisconsin and northward, southward to the mountains of Pennsylvania.

+ + Stamens 6.

26. J. asper, Engelm. Stems tufted, erect (2°-3° high), terete, stout,
rigid, and with the rigid leaves rough ; panicle with rigid slightly spreading
branches, bearing scattered few- (2-6-) flowered heads; flowers greenish with
brown (23!' long) ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, awl-pointed, rigid and strongly
nerved, the outer much shorter than inner ones, these a little shorter than the
triangular-ovoid beaked incompletely 3-celled brown pod ; ovary tapering into
a conspicuous style; seeds large, oblong, delicately many-ribbed, with white
or often reddish appendages (14" long). —Sphagnous swamps, New Jersey,
Pickering, C. E. Smith. August.

Orper 123. PONTEDERIACE®. (Pickerst-weep Fatty.)

Aquatic herbs, with perfect more or less irregular flowers froma spathe ;
the petal-like 6-merous perianth free from the 3-celled ovary ; the 3 or 6
mostly unequal or dissimilar stamens inserted in its throat.— Perianth with
the 6 divisions colored alike, imbricated in 2 rows in the bud, the whole
together sometimes revolute-coiled after flowering, then withering away,
or the base thickened-persistent and enclosing the fruit. Anthers introrse.
Ovules anatropous. Style 1: stigma 3-lobed or 6-toothed. Fruit a per-
fectly or incompletely 3-celled many-seeded pod, or a 1-celled 1-seeded
utricle. Embryo slender, in floury albumen.

1. Pontederia. Perianth 2-lipped, its fleshy persistent base enclosing the 1-seeded utricle.
Stamens 6. Spike many-flowered. 7

2. Heteranthera,. Perianth salver-shaped, withering-fugacious. Pod many-seeded.
Stamens 3, unequal, of 2 forms. Spathe 1- few-flowered.

8. Schollera. Perianth salver-shaped, regular. Stamens 8, alike. Spathe 1-flowered.

PONTEDERIACEX. (PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.) 545

1. PONTEDERIA, L. _ Picxeret-weep.

Perianth funnel-form, 2-lipped ; the 3 upper divisions united to form the 3-
lobed upper lip ; the 3 lower spreading, and their claws, which form the lower
part of the curving tube, more or less separate or separable down to the base:
after flowering the tube is revolute-coiled from the apex downwards, and its
fleshy-thickened persistent base encloses the fruit. Stamens 6; the 3 anterior
exserted on elongated filaments ; the 3 posterior (often sterile or imperfect) with
very short filaments, unequally inserted lower down: anthers oval, blue. Ovary
3-celled ; two of the cells empty, the other with a single suspended ovule. Utri-
cle 1-celled, filled with the single seed. — Stout herbs, growing in shallow water,
with thick creeping rootstocks, producing erect long-petioled mostly heart-
shaped leaves, and a 1-leaved stem or scape, terminated by a spike of violet-
blue ephemeral flowers. Root-leaves with a sheathing stipule within the petiole.
(Dedicated to Pontedera, Professor at Padua at the beginning of the last century.)

1. P. cordata, L. Leaves arrow-heart-shaped, blunt; spike dense, from
a spathe-like bract. — Var, ANGUSTIFOLIA (P. angustifolia, Pursh) has triangu-
lar-elongated and tapering leaves scarcely heart-shaped at the base. — Common.
July —- Sept. — Calyx-tube in fruit crested with 6 toothed ridges. Upper lobe
of the perianth marked with a pair of small yellow spots.

2. HETERANTHERA, Ruiz & Pav. Mup-Prantarn.

Perianth salver-form with a slender tube ; the limb somewhat equally 6-parted,
ephemeral, soon withering or decaying. Stamens 3; the 2 posterior filaments
thickened in the middle and bearing ovate (yellow) anthers ; the other longer,
bearing a larger oblong or arrow-shaped (greenish) anther. Pod incompletely
3-celled, many-seeded. — Creeping or floating low herbs, in mud or shallow
water, with chiefly rounded long-petioled leaves, and a 1 -few-flowered spathe
bursting from the sheathing side or base of a petiole. Flowers blue or white,
in summer. (Name from €répa, different, and av@npa, anther.)

1. H. reniférmis, Ruiz & Pay. Leaves round-kidney-shaped ; spathe 3 -5-
flowered ; flowers white. —S. New York to Illinois, and southward.

2. H. limosa, Vahl. Leaves oblong or lance-oblong, obtuse at both ends ;
spathe 1-flowered ; flowers blue. (Leptdnthus ovalis, Michx.) —W. Virginia to
I]linois, and southward.

3. SCHOLLERA, Schreber (1789). Water Srar-crass.

Perianth salver-form, with 6 nearly equal lance-linear divisions on a very long
thread-like tube. Stamens 3, with similar oblong-arrow-shaped anthers (or
rarely a fourth which is abortive): filaments nearly equal, awl-shaped. Pod
oblong, invested by the withered perianth, 1-celled with 3 projecting parietal
placentz, many-seeded. — A grass-like herb, like a Pondweed, growing wholly
under water, only the (small pale-yellow) flowers reaching the surface; the
slender branching stems clothed with linear translucent sessile leaves, and
bearing a terminal 1-flowered spathe: in summer. (Named after one Scholler,
a German botanist.)

vy 1. S. graminea, Willd. (Leptdnthus, Michx.) —In streams : common.
35

546 COMMELYNACEE. (SPIDERWORT FAMILY.)

Orver 124. COMMELYNACEAE. (Sprperworr Fatty.)

Herbs, with fibrous or sometimes thickened roots, jointed and often branch-
ing leafy stems, and chiefly perfect and 6-androus, often irregular flowers,
with the perianth free from the 2 —3-celled ovary, and having a distinct calyx
and corolla, viz.: Sepals 3, persistent, commonly herbaceous. Petals 3,
ephemeral, decaying or deciduous. Stamens hypogynous, some of them
often sterile: anthers with 2 separated cells. Style 1: stigma undivided.
Pod 2-3-celled, 2-3-valved, loculicidal, 3—several-seeded. Seeds ortho-
tropous. Embryo small, pulley-shaped, partly sunk in a shallow depression
at the apex of the albumen. Leaves ovate, lanceolate or linear, parallel-
veined, flat, sheathed at the base; the uppermost often dissimilar and
forming a kind of spathe.— A chiefly tropical family, not aquatic, here
represented only by two genera.

1. COMMELYNA, Dill. Day-rrower.

Flowers irregular. Sepals somewhat colored, unequal; the 2 lateral partly
united by their contiguous margins. Two lateral petals rounded or kidney-
shaped, on long claws, the odd one smaller. Stamens unequal, 3 of them fer-
tile, one of which is bent inward: 3 of them sterile and smaller, with imperfect
cross-shaped anthers: filaments naked. Pod 3-celled, two of the cells 2-seeded,
the other 1-seeded or abortive. — Stems branching, often procumbent and root-
ing at the joints. Leaves contracted at the base into sheathing petioles; the
floral one heart-shaped and clasping, folded together or hooded, forming a spathe
enclosing the flowers, which expand for a single morning and are recurved
on their pedicel before and afterwards. Petals blue. Flowering all summer.
Ours all with perennial roots, or propagating by striking root from the joints.
(Dedicated to the early Dutch botanists J. and G. Commelyn.)

1. C. erécta, L. Stem erect, rather stout (2°-4° high); leaves large
(3'-7' long, 1!/-2/ wide), oblong-lanceolate, the upper surface and margins
rough backwards, sheaths fringed with rusty bristles; spathes crowded and nearly
sessile, hooded, top-shaped in fruit ; odd petal like the others but smaller, round-
ovate raised on a claw; pod 3-celled. (C. Virginica, Ed. 1. <A hairy form is
C. hirtella, Vail.) — Alluvial and shaded river-banks, Penn. to Illinois and
southward. — Our largest species, and the only one with a top-shaped spathe.

2. C. Virginica, L. Stems slender, erect, or reclined and rooting towards
the base ; leaves oblong- or linear-lanceolate ; spathes mostly solitary or scattered,
peduncled, conduplicate, round-heart-shaped when expanded, pointed, in fruit some-
what hood-like ; odd petal usually inconspicuous and nearly sessile ; pod 2-celled.
(C. Virginica, Z., as to syn. Pluk., which gave the name: Linnzus’s detailed
description apparently pertains to No. 1, which however must bear the name
which he took from Dillenius, the authority for the species. C. angustifolia,
Michz., is a narrow-leaved form.) — Damp rich woods and banks, 8. New York
to Michigan, Illinois, and southward.

3. C. Cayennénsis, Richard. Stems creeping, glabrous; leaves ovate-
oblong or lance-oblong, obtuse, small (1'-2' long); spathes heart-ovate when ex-

XYRIDACEH, (YELLOW-EYED-GRASS FAMILY.) 547

panded, peduncled, conduplicate, the base not contracted in fruit, 3-4-flowered; the
odd petal round-ovate, nearly sessile. (C.agraria, Kunth.) — Alluvial banks,
Illinois and southward. — The smallest-leaved and smallest-flowered species.

2. TRADESCANTIA, L. — Sprrverwortr.

Flowers regular. Sepals herbaceous. Petals all alike, ovate, sessile. Sta-
mens all fertile: filaments bearded. Pod 2-3-celled, the cells 1-2-seeded. —
Perennials. Stems mucilaginous, mostly upright, nearly simple, leafy. Leaves
keeled. Flowers ephemeral, in umbelled clusters, axillary and terminal, pro-
duced through the summer: floral leaves nearly like the others. (Named for
the elder T’radescant, gardener to Charles the First.)

* Umbels sessile, clustered, usually involucrate by 2 leaves.

1. T. Virginica, L. (Common Sriperworr.) Leaves lance-lincar,
elongated, tapering from the sheathing base to the point, ciliate, more or less
open; umbels terminal, many-flowered. — Moist woods, from W. New York to
Wisconsin, and southward: also commonly cultivated. — Plant either smooth or
hairy ; the large flowers blue, in gardens often purple or white.

2. T. pilosa, Lehm. Leaves broadly lanceolate from a narrowed base,
pointed, downy-hairy both sides, minutely ciliate; umbels many-flowered, in
very dense terminal and axillary clusters; pedicels and calyx glandular-hairy.
(T. flexuosa, Raf) — Ohio, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. — Stem stout,
smooth below, 2°-3° high, often branched, zigzag above, forming a close clus- _
ter of small (8!’-9" broad) lilac-blue flowers in all the upper axils.

* * Umbels long-peduncled, naked.

3. T. rosea, Vent. Small, slender (6/-10! high), smooth; leaves linear,
grass-like, ciliate at the base; umbel simple, or a pair; flowers (6 wide) rose-
color. — Sandy woods, Pennsylvania (?) to Kentucky, and southward.

Orver 125. KWRIDACEA. (YeLitow-£YeD-cRaAss FAaMILy.)

Rush-like herbs, with equitant leaves sheathing the base of a naked scape,
which is terminated by a head of perfect 3-androus flowers, with extrorse an-
thers, glumaceous calyx, and a regular colored corolla; the 3-valved mostly
1-celled pod containing several or many orthotropous seeds with a minute
embryo at the apex of fleshy albumen: —represented by Xyris. — But the
anomalous genus Mayaca, consisting of a few moss-like aquatic plants,
intermediate in character between this family and the last, may be intro-
duced here.

1. MAYACA, Aublet. (Syina, Schreber.)

Flowers single, terminating a naked peduncle. Perianth persistent, of 3 her-
baceous lanceolate sepals, and 3 obovate petals. Stamens 3, alternate with the
petals. Ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal few-ovuled placentz: style filiform:
stigma simple. Pod 3-valved, several-seeded. — Moss-like low herbs, creeping
or floating in shallow water, densely leafy; the leaves narrowly linear, sessile,

548 XYRIDACEX. (YELLOW-EYED-GRASS FAMILY).

I-nerved, pellucid, entire, notched at the apex: the peduncle solitary, sheathed
at the base. (An aboriginal name.)

1. M. Michatxii, Schott & Endl. Peduncles not much exceeding the
leaves, nodding in fruit; petals white. (Syena fluviatilis, Pursh.) —S. E. Vir-
ginia, and southward. July.

2. XYRIS, L. Ye.iow-ryep Grass.

Flowers single in the axils of coriaceous scale-like bracts, which are densely
imbricated in a head. Sepals 3; the 2 lateral glume-like, boat-shaped or keeled
and persistent; the anterior one larger and membranaceous, enwrapping the
corolla in the bud and deciduous with it. Petals 3, with claws, which cohere
more or less. Fertile stamens 3, with linear anthers, inserted on the claws of
the petals, alternating with 3 sterile filaments, which are cleft and in our species
plumose or bearded at their apex. Style 3-cleft. Pod oblong, free, 1-celled,
with 3 parietal more or less projecting placente, 3-valved, many-seeded. — Flow-
ers yellow, produced all summer. Ours apparently all perennials. (Zupis, an
ancient name of some plant with 2-edged leaves, from €updry, a razor.)

1. X. flexuosa, Muhl., Chapm. Scape slender (10! -16' high), barely flat-
tened at the summit, often from a bulbous base, very smooth, much longer than
the narrowly linear leaves, both commonly twisted with age; head roundish-
ovoid (3'"-4" long); lateral sepals oblong-lanceolate, finely ciliate-scarious on the
narrow wingless keel, and usually with a minute bearded tuft at the very apex,
shorter than the bract. (X. Jupacai, Michr. in part, X. Indica, Pursh. X.
bulbosa, Kunth, & Ed. 2.) — Sandy or peaty bogs, from E. Massachusetts south-
ward near the coast; also Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan.

Var. pusilla. Small and very slender, seldom twisted, 2’-9/ high, the
base not bulbous. (X. brevifolia, MWuhl., in part, &e., not of Michz.) —From
New Jersey and Pennsylvania northward to the base of the White Mountains
and Lake Superior. — Head 2! -3" long.

2. Xyris torta, Smith. Scape terete and one-edged, slender, 9/- 20! high,
from a bulbous base, and with the linear-filiform rigid leaves becoming spirally
twisted; head ovoid becoming spindle-shaped and acute (5!'-9" long); sepals
exceeding the bract ; lateral sepals winged on the keel and fringed above the middle.
— Pine barrens of New Jersey (near Batsto, D. C, Eaton) and in the Southern
States: in dry sand.

3. X. Caroliniana, Walt. Scape flattish, l-angled below, 2-edged at the
summit, smooth, 1°-2° high, the base hardly bulbous ; leaves linear-sword-shaped,
flat ; head globular-ovoid (5-7! long) ; lateral sepals obscurely laccrate-fringed
above on the winged keel, rather shorter than the bract. (X. Jupacai, partly,
Michrz. X. anceps, Muhl.) — Sandy swamps, &c., Rhode Island to Virginia and
southward, near the coast.

4. X. fimbriata, Ell. Scape somewhat angled, 2-edged above, rough
(2° high), rather longer than the linear-sword-shaped or strap-shaped leaves,
the base not bulbous; head oblong (6'/-10! long) ; lateral sepals lanceolate-lin-
ear, nearly twice the length of the bract, above the middle conspicuously fringed on the
wing-margined keel, and even plumose at the summit. — Pine barrens of New Jersey
to Virginia, and southward.

ERIOCAULONACE. (PIPEWORT FAMILY.) 549

Orver 126. ERIOCAULONACEZ. (Pireworr Famty.)

Aquatic or marsh herbs, stemless or short-stemmed, with a tuft of fibrous
roots, a cluster of linear and often loosely cellular grass-like leaves, and
naked scapes sheathed at the base, bearing dense heads of monacious or
rarely diecious small 2—3-merous flowers, each in the axil of a scarious
bract; the perianth double or rarely simple, chaffy; anthers introrse; the
fruit a 2-3-celled 2—3-seeded pod: the ovules, seeds, embryo, &c. as in
the preceding order. — Chiefly tropical plants, a few in northern temper-
ate regions.

1. Eriocaulon. Perianth double, the inner (corolla) tubular-funnel-form in the staminate
flowers ; the stamens twice as many as its lobes (4 or 6). Anthers 2-celled.

2. Pzepalanthus. Perianth as in the last: the stamens only as many as the lobes of the
inner series, or corolla (3). Anthers 2-celled.

8. Lachnocaulon. Perianth simple, of 3 sepals. Stamens 3, monadelphous below. An-
thers 1-celled.

1. ERIOCAULON, L. _ Preeworr.

Flowers moneecious and androgynous, i. e. both kinds in the same head, either
intermixed, or the central ones sterile and the exterior fertile, rarely dicecious.
Ster. Fl. Calyx of 2 or 3 keeled or boat-shaped sepals, usually spatulate or

dilated upwards. Corolla tubular, 2 —3-lobed, each of the lobes bearing a black -

gland or spot. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla, one inserted
at the base of each lobe and one in each sinus: anthers 2-celled. Pistils rudi-
mentary. Fert. Fl. Calyx as in the sterile flowers, often remote from the rest
of the flower (therefore perhaps to be viewed as a pair of bractlets). Corolla
of 2 or 3 separate narrow petals. Stamens none. Ovary often stalked, 2-3-
lobed, 2—3-celled, with a single ovule in each cell: style 1: stigmas 2 or 3,
slender. Pod membranaceous, loculicidal. — Leaves mostly smooth, loosely cel-
lular and pellucid, flat or concave above. Scapes or peduncles terminated by a
single head, which is involucrate by some outer empty bracts. Flowers, also
the tips of the bracts, &c., usually white-bearded or woolly. (Name compounded
of €ptov, wool, and kavAds, a stalk, from the wool at the base of the scape and
leaves of the original species. Excepting this and the flowers, our species are
wholly glabrous.) —The North American species are all stemless, with a
depressed head, and have the parts of the flowers in twos, the stamens 4.

1. E. decangulare, L. (syn. Pluk. &c.) Leaves obtuse, varying from
linear-lanceolate to linear-awl-shaped, rather rigid; scapes 10-12-ribbed (1°-
8° high; head hemispherical, becoming globular (2! -7!' wide) ; scales of the
involucre acutish, straw-color or light brown ;* chaff (bracts among the flowers)
pointed. (E. serotinum, Walt.) —Pine-barren swamps (New Jersey ?) Virginia,
and southward. July - Sept.

2. EK. gnaphalodes, Michx. Leaves spreading (2!—5! long), grassy-awl-
shaped, rigid, or when submersed thin and pellucid, tapering gradually to a
sharp point, mostly shorter than the sheath of the 10-ribbed scape; scales of the

involucre very obtuse, turning lead-color ; chaff obtuse. (E. decangulare, Z., in
w

Wd.

nw A

590 CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

part, viz. as to pl. Clayt. E.compressum, Zam.) —Pine-barren swamps, New
Jersey to Virginia, and southward. June-Aug.

3. E. septangulare, Withering. Leaves short (1'-3! long), awl-shaped,
pellucid, soft and very cellular; scape 7-striate, slender, 2'—6! high, or when
submersed becoming 1°- 6° long, according to the depth of the water; chaff
acutish. (E. pellicidum, Michx.) —In ponds or along their borders, from New
Jersey and Penn. to Michigan, and northward. Aug. — Head 2-3" broad ;
the bracts, chaff, &c. lead-color, except the white coarse beard. (Eu. Coast of

Treland, &c. only.)
2. PHPALANTHUS, Mart. (Sp. of Errocauton of authors.)

Stamens as many as the (often involute) lobes of the funnel-form corolla of
the sterile flowers, and opposite them, commonly 3, and the flower ternary
throughout. Otherwise nearly as in Eriocaulon. (Name from mavradn, dust
or flour, and av@os, flower, from the meal-like down or scurf of the heads and
flowers of many South American species.)

1. P. flavidus, Kunth. Tufted, stemless; leaves bristle-awl-shaped
(1’ long) ; scapes very slender, simple, minutely pubescent (6’-12! high), 5-
angled; bracts of the involucre oblong, pale straw-color, those among the flow-
ers mostly obsolete; perianth glabrous ; sepals and petals of the fertile flowers
linear-lanceolate, scarious-white. (Eriocaulon flavidum, MJichr.) — Low pine
barrens, 8. Virginia and southward.

38. LACHNOCAULON, Kunth. Harry Prreworr.

Flowers moneecious, &¢., as in Eriocaulon. Calyx of 3 sepals. Corolla none!
Ster. Fl. Stamens 3: filaments below coalescent into a club-shaped tube around
the rudiments of a pistil, above separate and elongated: anthers 1-celled! Fert.
Fl. Ovary 3-celled, surrounded by 3 tufts of hairs (in place of a corolla). Stig-
mas 3, two-cleft.— Leaves linear-sword-shaped, tufted. Scape slender, simple,
bearing a single head, 2-3-angled, hairy (whence the name from Aayxvos, wool,
and kavdds, stalk).

1. L. Michauxii, Kunth. (Eriocaulon villosum, Michr.) —Low pine
barrens, Virginia (Pursh), and southward.

Orver 127. CYPERACEZE. (Srpce Famity.)

Grass-like or rush-like herbs, with fibrous roots, mostly solid stems (culms),
closed sheaths, and spiked chiefly 3-androus flowers, one in the axil of each
of the glume-like imbricated bracts (scales, glumes), destitute of any perianth,
or with hypogynous bristles or scales in its place ; the 1-celled ovary with a
single erect anatropous ovule, in fruit forming an achenium. Style 2-cleft
when the fruit is flattened or lenticular, or 3-cleft when it is 3-angular.
Embryo minute at the base of the somewhat floury albumen. Stem-leaves
when present 3-ranked.— A large, widely diffused family. (See Plates
1-6.)

,

CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 551

Tribe I. SCIRPINEZX. Flowers normally perfect and alike, rarely some of them with
stamens or pistil abortive: spikes all of one sort,

Subtribe 1. Cypereze. Scales of the spike strictly 2-ranked, conduplicate and keeled
(in all our species). Spikes usually aggregated into clusters, heads, umbels, spikes, &c.

* Flower destitute of any bristles, also of any beak to the achenium.
1. Cyperus. Spikes few-many-flowered, usually elongated or slender.
2. Kyllingia. Spikes 1-flowered (but of 3 or 4 scales), glomerate in a sessile head.

* Flower furnished with bristles: achenium beaked by the persistent base of the style.
8. Dulichium. Spikes 6 -10-flowered, slender, clustered on an axillary peduncle.

Subtribe 2. Scirpeze. Scales of the spike or head imbricated all round, convex or
open, all or nearly all of them with a perfect flower in the axil.

* Flower with one or more inner scales (either bractlets or perianth).
4. Fuirena. Scales of the spike awned below the apex. Flower surrounded by 8 stalked
petal-like scales alternating with 3 bristles.
5. Lipocarpha. Flower enclosed by 2 inner scales, one next the axis and the other next
the awnless scale of the spike. No bristles.
6. Hemicarpha. Flower with a single yery minute inner and thin scale next the axis
of the spike: no bristles.

* * Flower without inner scales, either wholly naked or with some bristles (perianth).
+ Bristles generally present.
7. Eleocharis. Achenium with a tubercle jointed on its apex, consisting of the bulbous
persistent base of the style. Spike solitary, terminating the leafless and bractless culm.
8. Scirpus. Achenium naked at the apex, or pointed with the continuous simple base of
the style. Culms often leafy at the base or apex. Spikes one or more.
9. Eriophorum. Achenium, Xc.,as in Scirpus. Bristles after flowering exceedingly
lengthened into cottony hairs.

+ + Bristles always none.
6. Hemicarpha will be looked for here when the minute inner scale is overlooked.
10. Fimbristylis. Style bulbous at the base, or constricted at the junction, deciduous
from the achenium (with or rarely without the jointed bulb). Culms leafy at the base,
and bracted at the summit, bearing usually several spikes.

Subtribe 3. Rhynchosporeze. Scales of the spike or head imbricated in few or
seyeral ranks, some of the lower commonly empty, and of the upper subtending abortive
or staminate flowers. No inner scales.

ll. Dichromena. Spikes crowded into a leafy-involucrate head, laterally flattened, the
scales more or less conduplicate and keeled. Achenium crowned with a beak or tubercle
formed of the enlarged persistent base of the style. No bristles.

12. Rhynchospora. Spikes terete or flattish, the scales convex, and either loosely
enwrapping or regularly imbricated. Achenium crowned with a persistent tubercle
or beak, and at the base commonly surrounded by bristles.

138. Cladium. Spikes terete, few-flowered, the scales, &c. as in the preceding. Achenium
destitute of tubercle. No bristles.

Tribe II. SCLERINE®. Flowers monecious; the staminate and pistillate in the
same or in different clustered spikes. Achenium naked, bony or crustaceous, supported
on a hardened disk.

14. Secleria. Spikes few-flowered: lower scales empty. No bristles, &c.

Tribe III. CARICINEZS. Flowers monecious in the same (androgynous) or in sepa-
rate spikes, or sometimes dicecious. Achenium enclosed in a sac (perigynium), which
answers to a single or a pair of inner scales or bractlets.

15. Carex. No bristle-form hooked appendage projecting from the sac which encloses the

achenium.

552 CYPERACER. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

1. CYPERUS, L. Gatineare. (Pl. 1.)

Spikes many — few-flowered, mostly flat, variously arranged, mostly in clusters
or heads, which are commonly disposed in a simple or compound terminal
umbel. Scales 2-ranked, conduplicate and keeled (their decurrent base below
often forming margins or wings to the hollow of the joint of the axis next
below), deciduous when old. Stamens 1-3. No bristles or inner scales. Style
2-3-cleft, deciduous. Achenium lenticular or triangular, naked at the
apex.— Culms mostly triangular, simple, leafy at the base, and with one or
more leaves at the summit, forming an involucre to the umbel. Peduncles
unequal, sheathed at the base. All flowering in late summer or autumn.
(Kuzrecpos, the ancient name.)

§ 1. PYCREUS, Beauy. Style 2-cleft : achenium flattened : spikes flat, many-flow-
ered: only the lowest scale empty. (Ours all annuals.)

1. C. flavéscens, L. Stamens 3; spikes becoming linear, obtuse, clus-
tered on the 2—4 very short rays (peduncles); scales obtuse, straw-yellow ;
achenium shining, orbicular.— Low grounds, mostly near the coast. — Culms
4/-10! high; spikes 5/’-8/ long. Involucre 3-leaved, very unequal. (Eu.)

2. C. diandrus, Torr. Stamens 2, or sometimes 3; spikes lance-oblong,
scattered or clustered on the 2-5 very short or unequal rays ; scales rather obtuse,
purple-brown on the margins or nearly all over; achenium dull, oblong-obovate :
otherwise much like the last.— Var. casTAngus, Torr. (C. castaneus, Bigel.)
is only a form with browner scales. — Low grounds: common.

3. C. Nuttallii, Torr. Stamens 2; spikes lance-linear, acute and very
flat (3/-1/ long), crowded on the few very short (or some of them distinct) rays ;
scales oblong, yellowish-brown, rather loose ; achenium oblong-obovate, very blunt, dull.
— Salt or brackish marshes, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. — Culms
4!-12' high. — C. minimus? Nutt. (C. Cleaveri, Torr.) is a depauperate form
of this, with a 1-leaved involucre, and only one or two spikes !

4. C. flavicomus, Michx. Stamens 3; spikes linear (4-9! long),
spiked and crowded on the whole length of the branches of the several-rayed
umbel, spreading ; scales oval, very obtuse, yellowish and brownish, broadly scarious-
(whitish-) margined ; achenium obovate, mucronate, blackish ; culm stout (1°-3°
high) ; leaves of the involucre 3-5, very long.— Low grounds, Virginia and
southward.

§2. PAPYRUS, Thouars. Style 3-cleft: achenium triangular: stamens 3:
spikes many-flowered: the scarious winged margins of the joints of the axis
early separating down to the base in the form of a pair of free scales, which
are persistent after the proper scale falls away: otherwise as in § 3. (Ours
annual.)

5. C. erythrorhizos, Muhl. Culm obtusely triangular (3/-3° high) ;
umbel compound, many-rayed ; involucre 4—5-leaved, very long; involucels
bristle-form ; spikes very numerous, crowded in oblong or cylindrical nearly
sessile heads or spikes, spreading horizontally, linear, flattish (3/’-6!' long),
bright chestnut-colored ; scales lanceolate, mucronulate. — Alluvial banks, Penn.
to Wisconsin ? Illinois, and common southward. — Root fibrous, red.

OYPERACER. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 553

§ 3. CYPERUS proper. Style 3-cleft: achenium triangular: spikes many-flow-
ered, flat or almost terete ; only the lowest scale empty ; the joints of the axis wing-
margined or naked.

* Stamen only one: spikes short and small (2"—-3!', or becoming 4!'-5!' long), col-
lected in globular heads, ovate or linear-oblong, compactly many-flowered: the
scales merely ascending on the naked marginless axis.

+ Low annuals: involucre 2-3-leaved: heads few: scales pointed.
6. C. infléxus, Muhl. Dwarf (1!-5! high); spikes oblong becoming linear,

7 -13-flowered, in 1-5 ovate heads (either sessile and clustered or short-pedun-

cled) ; scales nerved, tapering into a long recurved point ; achenium obovate, obtuse.

— Sandy wet shores: common. — Sweet-scented in drying.

7. C. acuminatus, Torr. Slender (3’-12! high); spikes ovate, becoming
oblong, 16-30-flowered, pale; scales obscurely 3-nerved, short-tipped; achenium
oblong, pointed at both ends. — Low ground, Illinois and southwestward.

+ + Tall perennial (1°-4° high): heads many, greenish: scales pointless.

8. C. virens, Michx. Culm either sharply or obtusely triangular; leaves
and involucre very long, keeled; umbel compound, many-rayed; spikes ovate
or oblong; achenium oblong or linear; scales acutish, obscurely 3-nervyed. (C.
végetus, Zorr.) — Wet places, Virginia and southward.

* * Stamens 3: spikes 3-10 in a cluster at the summit of the culm or of each ray of
an umbel, flat, oblong or linear, the crowded scales ascending, strongly keeled, |
ovate, with abruptly sharp-pointed slightly-spreading tips: achenium broadly
obovate, sharply triangular.

9. C. compréssus, L. Low annual (3'-9! high), with a single sessile or
a few umbellate clusters of linear green spikes (of 6-10" long, 15 -30-flowered),
the axis naked. — Sterile fields, Somerset Co., Maryland, W. M. Canby (also
adventive near Philadelphia Navy Yard), and southward.

10. C. dentatus, Torr. Perennial, with running rootstocks (6’ — 12’ high) ;
clusters several or many in a simple or twice or thrice compound umbel ; spikes
ovate-oblong and rather few-flowered, or when well-developed linear and 15-30-
flowered (3!'-5" long); the scales reddish-brown with green back; joints of the
axis wing-margined.— Sandy swamps, Massachusetts to Northern New York
(J. A. Paine), and southward. — Spikes often abortive and changed into leafy
tufts as in Juncus.

* * * Stamens 3: spikes narrowly linear, flat, scattered along the upper part of the
rays of an open simple or somewhat compound umbel: scales appressed, pointless :
Joints of the spike wing-margined : perennial by slender running rootstocks, which
bear small nut-like tubers, by which the plants multiply pestiferously in cultivated
grounds.

11. C. rotundus, L., var. Hydra. (Nur-Grass.) Culm slender
($°-13° high), longer than the leaves; umbel simple or slightly compound,
about equalling the involucre ; the few rays each bearing 4-9 dark chestnut-purple
12-40-flowered acute spikes (5!'-9! long) ; scales ovate, closely appressed, nerveless
except on the keel. (C. Hydra, Michx.) — Sandy fields, Virginia and southward :
and adventive near Philadelphia, C. #. Parker. (Eu.)

554 CYPERACEEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

12. C. phymatodes, Muhl. Culm (1°-23° high) equalling the leaves ;
umbel often compound, 4 - 7-rayed, much shorter than the long involucre ; spikes
numerous, light chestnut or straw-color, acutish, 12 - 30-flowered (4'- 7! long) ; scales
oblong, narrowly scarious-margined, nerved, the acutish tips rather loose; achenium
oblong. (C. repens, £/l.)—Low grounds, along rivers, &c., Vermont to
Wisconsin, and common southward.

* * * * Stamens 3: spikes narrowly linear or slender-awl-shaped, numerous and
densely crowded or spiked on the summit of the rays of the open simple or sometimes
compound umbel, spreading or sometimes reflexed: scales erect-appressed, condu-
plicate or keeled, pointless: joints of the axis of the spike with scaly-winged mar-
gins partly embracing the achenium : involucre of 3 to several long leaves: annuals
with fibrous roots, or sometimes apparently more or less perennial from a tuberous
or bulbous thickened base : no running rootstocks.
+ Spikes flat, becoming straw-color (3! -1! long) ; the scales strongly conduplicate.

13. C. strigosus, L. Culm mostly stout (1°-3° high) ; most of the rays
of the umbel elongated (1!-5/), their sheaths 2-bristled ; spikes 10 — 25-flowered,
scales oblong-lanceolate, several-nerved; much longer than the oblong-linear
achenium.— Damp or fertile soil: very common, especially southward. (C.
stendlepis, Torr., is of this group and nearly related.)

+ + Spikes slender and rather awl-shaped, almost terete, at least when mature ; the

scales less conduplicate and more appressed to the axis.

14. C. Michauxianus, Schultes. Culm stout, mostly low (5! — 20! high) ;
rays of the umbel mostly all short and crowded ; spikes 10 - 20-flowered, yellowish-
brown at maturity (3!’/-7! long), the short joints of its axis winged with very
broad scaly margins which embrace the ovate triangular achenium ; the scales ovate,
obtusish, imbricately overlapping. — Low grounds and sandy banks : common. —
Root truly annual: stem seldom bulbous-thickened at the base.

15. C. Engelmanni, Steud. Resembles the foregoing; but the spikes
more slender and terete, somewhat remotely 5 - 15-flowered, the zigzag joints of the
axis slender and narrowly winged, and the oblong or oval broadly scarious scales
proportionally shorter, so as to expose a part of the axis of each joint, the succes-
sive scales not reaching the base of the one above on the same side; achenium oblong-
linear, very small. (C. tentior, Hngelm.) — Low grounds and sandy banks,
Virginia to Wisconsin and southward : also adyentive at the Philadelphia Navy
Yard.

* * * * & Stamens 3: spikes loosely or somewhat remotely 6 —12-flowered, flattish
and greenish, several crowded together in one sessile or in a few peduncled heads
or dense clusters ; their scales ovate, convex on the back, many-nerved, applied
to and little longer than the ovate or obovate and sharply triangular achenium :
perennials, propagating from the hard clustered corms or bulb-like tubers at the
base of the culms.

16. C. Schweinitzii, Torr. Culm rough on the angles (1°-2° high);
leaves linear ; umbel simple, 4—8-rayed ; spikes crowded along the upper part of the
mostly elongated rays, erect, loose (4/~6" long) ; scales awl-pointed ; joints of
the axis narrowly winged. — Dry sandy shores and ridges, from Lake Ontario
to Ohio, Illinois, and northwestward. — Flowers rather large.

CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 5598

17. C. Grayii, Torr. Culm thread-form, wiry (6/-12! high); leaves
almost bristle-shaped, channelled ; umbel simple, 4—6-rayed ; spikes 5-10 in a loose
head, spreading ; joints of the axis winged; scales rather obtuse, greenish-chestnut-
color. — Barren sands, Plymouth, Mass., to New Jersey, near the coast.

18. C. filiculmis, Vahl. Culm slender, wiry, often reclined (8/-15/
high); leaves linear (1"-2!' wide); spikes numerous and clustered in one sessile
dense head, or in 1-7 additional looser heads on spreading rays of an irregular
umbel ; joints of the axis naked ; scales blunt, greenish. (C. mariscoides, il.) —
Dry sterile soil: common, especially southward.

§ 4. MAR{SCUS, Vahl. Style 3-cleft: the achenium triangular: stamens 3:
spikes 1-few-flowered, narrow or awl-shaped, with 2 lower scales short and
empty, and inclined to persist on the common axis when the rest of the spike dis-
articulates and falls, crowded in dense heads; otherwise nearly as in the penul-
timate division of § 3. (Perennials with clustered small tubers at base of the culms,
as in the preceding division: spikes green, merely tawny withage.)

19. C. Laneastriénsis, T. C. Porter, n. sp. Culm (1°-2° high) trian-
gular; leaves rather broadly linear; umbel of 6-9 mostly elongated rays ; spikes
very numerous in short-oblong or globular dense heads, soon reflexed, 3-6-
flowered, linear-awl-shaped ; the joints of the axis broadly winged ; scales oblong,
obtuse, twice the length of the linear-oblong achenium. — Rich soil, banks of the
Susquehanna near Lancaster, Penn., Prof. Porter.— Most like the Southern
C. Baldwinii, Torr. ; but twice the size; the more numerous spikes 4//—5!! long,
more linear, less pointed, on a setaceous-bracted axis of 6!’ or 7" in length,
with longer scales and achenium, &c.

20. C. ovularis, Torr. Culm sharply triangular (6’-12' high); umbel
1-6-rayed ; spikes (50-100) in a globular very dense head, 2 -4-/lowered, oblong,
blunt (13/'-2!' long) ; joints of the axis winged; scales ovate, obtuse, a little
longer than the obovate-oblong achenium.— Sandy dry soil, S. New York to
Illinois and southward.

21. C. retrofractus, Torr. Culm and leaves usually minutely downy
and rough on the obtusish angles (1°-3° high); umbel many-rayed ; spikes
slender-awl-shaped, very numerous in obovate or oblong heads terminating the
elongated rays, soon reflexed, 1—2-flowered in the middle (3!’- 5! long) ; scales
usually 4 or 5, the two lowest ovate and empty, the fertile lanceolate and pointed,
the uppermost involute-awl-shaped ; achenium linear. (Scirpus retrofractus, L.)
— Sandy fields, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward.

2. KYLLINGIA, Rottbill. Kyzrrver. (Pl. 1.)

Spikes of 3 or 4 two-ranked scales, 1 - 14-flowered ; the 2 lower scales minute
and empty, as in Cyperus, § 4, but style oftener 2-cleft, and achenium lenticular :
the spikes densely aggregated in solitary or triple sessile heads. Involucre
3-leaved. (Named after Peter Kylling, a Danish botanist of the 17th century.)

1. K. ptimila, Michx. Head globular or 3-lobed, whitish-green (about
4! broad) ; spikes strictly 1-flowered; upper scales ovate, pointed, rough on the
keel; stamens and styles 2; leaves linear.— Low grounds, Ohio to Llinois
and southward. Aug. — Culms 2/-9! high: root annual.

556 ' CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

8. DULICHIUM, Richard. Dvnicurtm. (Pl. 1.)

Spikes many- (6 -10-) flowered, linear, flattened, sessile in 2 ranks on axillary
solitary peduncles emerging from the sheaths of the leaves: scales 2-ranked,
lanceolate, decurrent, forming flat wing-like margins on the joint below. Peri-
anth of 6-9 downwardly barbed bristles. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft above. —
Achenium flattened, linear-oblong, beaked with the long persistent style. — A
perennial herb, with a terete simple culm (1°-2° high), jointed and leafy to the
summit; the leaves short and flat, linear, 3-ranked. (The name of a Greek
island ; its singular application to an American plant unexplained. )

1. D. spathaceum, Pers. — Borders of ponds: common. July -Sept.

4. FUIRENA, Rottbéll. Unserera-Grass. (PI. 2.)

Spikes many-flowered, terete, clustered or solitary, axillary and terminal.
Scales imbricated in many ranks, awned below the apex, all floriferous. Peri-
anth of 3 ovate or heart-shaped petaloid scales, mostly on claws, and usually
with as many alternating small bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft. Achenium
triangular, pointed with the persistent base of the style. Culms from a peren-
nial root, obtusely triangular. (Named for G. Fuiren, a Danish botanist.)

1. F. squarrosa, Michx. Stem (1°-2° high) leafy; leaves and sheaths
hairy ; spikes ovoid-oblong (6" long), clustered in heads, bristly with the spread-
ing awns of the scales; perianth-scales ovate and awn-pointed, the interposed
bristles minute. — Var. pimiLa, Torr., is a dwarf form, 1/-6! high, with
2-6 spikes; perianth-scales ovate-lanceolate and oblanceolate. — Sandy wet
places, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward; also Michigan: northward
mostly the small variety. Aug.

5. LIPOCARPHA, R. Br. LipocarpHa. (PI. 2.)

Spikes terete, many-flowered, in a terminal close cluster, which is involucrate
by leafy bracts. Scales spatulate, regularly imbricated all round in many ranks,
awnless, deciduou’, a few of the lowest empty. Inner scales (bractlets) 2 to
each flower, thin, one between the scale of the spike and the flower, one between
the latter and the axis of the spike. Bristles or other perianth none. Stamens
lor2. Style 2-3-cleft. Achenium flattish or triangular, naked at the tip. —
Culms leafy at the base. (Name formed of Aimos, fat, and kapos, chaff, from
the thickness of the inter scales of some species.)

1. L. maculata, Torr. Annual; culm (4/-8! high) much longer than
the linear concave leaves; spikes (1/'—2' long) green and dark-spotted ; inner
scales delicate ; stamen one ; achenium oblong with a contracted base. — Petty’s
Island, Philadelphia, Prof: Leidy, §c. Probably adventive from S. States.

6. HEMICARPHA, Nees. HemicarpPHa. (Pl. 2.)

Spike, flowers, &c. just as in Scirpus, except that there is a minute trans-
lucent scale (readily overlooked) between the flower and the axis of the spike.
Stamen only one. Style 2-cleft. Bristles or other perianth none. (Name from
7p, half, and kapoos, straw or chaff, in allusion to the single inner scalelet.)

CYPERACEE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 557

1. H. subsquarrdsa, Nees. Dwarf or minute annual (1’-5! high);
inyolucre 1-leaved, as if a continuation of the bristle-like culm, and usually with
another minute leaf; spikes 2-3 (barely 2’ long) ; scales brown, tipped with a
short recurved point. (Scirpus subsquarrosus, Muhl.)— Sandy borders of
ponds and rivers; often growing with Cyperus inflexus. July-Sept.—Var.
Droummonpvi (H. Drummondii, ees.) is a form with single and paler or green-
ish heads; Illinois and southward.

7. ELEOCHARIS, R.Br. © Sprrxe-Rusn. (PI. 3.)

Spike single, terminating the naked culm, many -several-flowered. Scales
imbricated all round in many (rarely in 2 or 3) ranks. Perianth of 3-12 (com-
monly 6) bristles, usually rough or barbed downwards, rarely obsolete. Sta-
mens 3. Style 2-3-cleft, its bulbous base persistent as a tubercle, which is
jointed with the apex of the lenticular or triangular achenium.— Leafless,
chiefly perennial, with tufted culms sheathed at the base, from matted or creep-
ing rootstocks : flowering in summer. (Name from €Aos, a marsh, and yxaipao,
to delight in; being marsh plants.)

§ 1. Spike terete, hardly if at all thicker than the spongy-cellular culm; the scales
Jirmly persistent: style mostly 3-cleft: bristles of the perianth 6 (rarely 7), firm
or rigid, mostly barbed downwardly, and equalling or surpassing the triangular or
double convex achenium.

* Spike linear or lanceolate-awl-shaped, few-flowered ; the scales (only 3-9) few-
ranked, convolute-clasping the long flattened joints of the axis, lanceolate, herba-
ceous (green) and several-nerved on the back, and with thin scarious margins.

1. E. Robbinsii, Oakes. Flower-bearing culms exactly triangular, rather
stout, erect (8’-2° high), also producing tufts of capillary abortive stems or
fine leaves, which float in the water; sheath obliquely truncate; achenium ob-
long-oboyate, triangular, minutely reticulated, about half the length of the
bristles, tipped with a flattened awl-shaped tubercle. — Shallow water, from
Pondicherry Pond, New Hampshire (Robbins), to New Jersey (C. E. Smith,
§c.), and southward. — Spike varying from 4! to 10!' long, by scarcely over a
line wide ; the long scales rather remote and sheath-like.

* * Spike cylindrical and many-flowered, 1! —2! long ; the scales regularly imbricated
in several ranks, firm-coriaceous with a narrow scarious margin and no midrib,
pale, nerveless or faintly striate: culms large and stout (2°-4° high): sheaths at
the base often leaf-bearing. (LimNnocHLoa, Nees.)

2. E. equisetoides, Torr. Culm terete, knotted as if jointed by many cross
partitions ; achenium smooth, with a conical-beaked tubercle. — Shallow water,
Rhode Island (Olney), Michigan (Houghton), Delaware, and southward.

3. KE. quadrangulata, R. Br. Culm continuous and sharply 4-angled ;
achenium finely reticulated, with a conical flattened distinct tubercle. — Shallow
water, New York (outlet of Oneida Lake, A. H. Curtiss) to Michigan and
southward: rare.

§ 2. Spike terete and turgid-ovate, very much thicker than the slender culm ; the scales
thin-coriaceous or firm-membranaceous and persistent, ovate : style 3-cleft : bristles

598 CYPERACEE. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

of the perianth stout, downwardly barbed, as long as the striated and pitted-retic-
ulated triangular achenium and its tubercle; culms tufted from fibrous roots,
about 1° high.

4. KE. tuberculosa, R. Br. Culms flattish, striate; spike 3!’—6" long,
many-flowered ; tubercle flattish-cap-shaped, as large as the body of the achenium.
— Wet sandy soil, Mass. along the coast to Virginia and southward.

5. E. simplex, Torr. Culms sharply triangular, capillary, twisting when
dry; spike 2!'-3/' long, few-flowered ; conical-beaked tubercle much smaller than
the achenium. (E. tortilis, Schultes.) — Eastern shore of Maryland (W. M.
Canby), and southward.

§ 3. Spike terete, much thicker than the culm, many-flowered ; the scales imbricated
in many or more than three ranks, thin-membranaceous or scarious in texture, with
a thicker midrib, usually brownish or purplish, sometimes deciduous at maturity.
(ELed6cENuvs, Nees.)
* Achenium smooth and lenticular, and style 2-cleft, or in No. 6 more commonly
3-cleft : culms slender or thread-form, terete or compressed.

6. E. obttisa, Schultes. Culms nearly terete, tufted (8/- 14! high) from
fibrous roots ; spike globose-ovoid and with age oblong, obtuse, rarely becoming acute
(dull brown) ; the scales very obtuse and numerous (80-130), densely crowded in
many ranks; style 3- (rarely 2-) cleft; achenium obovate, shining, tumid-mar-
gined, about half the length of the 6-8 bristles, crowned with a short and very
broad flattened tubercle. — Muddy places: most common.

7. E. olivacea, Torr. Culms flattish, grooved, diffusely tufted on slender
matted rootstocks (2'—4! high) ; spike ovate, acutish, 20 —30-flowered ; scales ovate,
obtuse, rather loosely imbricated (purple with a green midrib and slightly scari-
ous margins) ; achenium obovate, dull, abruptly beaked with a narrow tubercle,
shorter than the 6-8 bristles. — Wet sandy soil, Mass. to New Jersey near the
coast, and southward: also shore of Lake Ontario, J. A. Paine.

8. E. palustris, R. Br. Culms nearly terete, striate (1°-2° high), from
running rootstocks ; spike oblong-lanceolate, pointed, many-flowered ; scales ovate-
oblong, loosely imbricated in several ranks, reddish-brown with a broad and
translucent whitish margin and a greenish keel, the upper acutish, the lowest
rounded and often enlarged; achenium obovate, somewhat shining, crowned
with a short ovate or ovate-triangular flattened tubercle, shorter than the usually
4 bristles. — Var. GLAUCESCENS (S. glaucescens, Willd. !): culms slender or fili-
form; tubercle narrower and acute, beak-like, sometimes half the length of the
achenium. — Var. cALVA (E. calva, Torr.): bristles wanting; tubercle short,
nearly as in the true E. palustris, but rather narrower (Watertown, New York,

@Dr. Crawe).— Very common, either in water, when it is pretty stout and tall ;
or in wet grassy grounds, when it is slender and lower. (Eu.)

9. EK. compréssa, Sullivant. Culms flat, striate, erect (1°-2° high);
spike ovate-oblong, or at length lanceolate, 20 -30-flowered (4!'-7"' long) ; scales
lanceolate-ovate, acute, dark purple with broad white pellucid margins and sum-
mit; achenium obovate-pear-shaped, compressed, crowned with a small conical and
pointed tubercle; bristles 1-4, very slender, fragile, shorter than or equalling the
achenium, sometimes none or a single rudiment.) — Wet places, N. New York

CYPERACEEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 559

to Ohio and Illinois. —Culms tufted on running rootstocks, strikingly flat,
often spirally twisted in drying.

* * Achenium triangular or turgid: style 3-cleft.
+ Bristles equalling or surpassing the smooth achenium, downwardly barbed, persistent.

10. E. rostellata, Torr. Culms flattened and striate-grooved, wiry, erect
(1°-2}° high), the sterile ones reclining, rooting and proliferous from the apex
(1°-2° high), the sheath transversely truncate; spike spindle-shaped, 12 -20-
flowered ; scales ovate, obtuse (light-brown); achenium obovate-triangular,
narrowed into the confluent pyramidal tubercle, which is overtopped by the
4-6 bristles. — Marshes, Rhode Island (Olney), E. Massachusetts (W. Boott),
and Vermont (Tuckerman) to New Jersey (Dr. Allen), Alexandria, Virginia (A.
H. Curtiss), Michigan and southward.

ll. E. intermédia, Schultes. Culms capillary, wiry, striate-grooved,
densely tufted from fibrous roots, diffusely spreading or reclining (6!—12! long) ;
spike oblong-ovate, acutish, loosely 10-20-flowered (2''-3" long); scales oblong,~
obtuse, green-keeled, the sides purplish-brown; achenium oboyoid with a nar-
rowed base, beaked with a slender conical-awl-shaped distinct tubercle, which
nearly equals the 6 bristles. (E. reclinata, Kunth.!)— Wet slopes: common
from New York and Penn. to Illinois and northward.

12. E. microcarpa, Torr., var. ririctLmis, Torr. Like the preceding,
but more capillary and heads smaller (13!'-2" long), sometimes proliferous, the
one or more short new culms from the axil of its lowest scale, which persists
as‘an herbaceous bract; achenium very much smaller, with sharper angles and a
short conical tubercle, which is hardly equalled by the 3-6 slender bristles. —
Wet pine barrens, New Jersey and southward.

+ + Bristles 2-4, shorter than the achenium, slender and fragile, or none.

13. E. ténuis, Schultes. Culms almost capillary, erect from running root-
stocks, 4-angular and flattish (1° high), the sides concave; spike elliptical, acut-
ish, 20 - 30-flowered (3! long) ; scules ovate, obtuse, chestnut-purple with a broad
scarious margin and green keel; achenium obovate, roughish-wrinkled, crowned with
a small depressed tubercle, persistent after the fall of the scales; bristles half the
length of the achenium, or wanting. (E. elliptica, Kunth.!) — Wet meadows
and bogs: common, early-flowering ; June.

14. E. melanocarpa, Torr. Culms flattened, grooved, wiry, erect (9/-
18! high) ; spike cylindrical-ovoid or oblong, thick, obtuse, densely many-flowered
(3'’-6'' long) ; scales closely many-ranked, roundish-ovate, very obtuse, brown-
ish with broad scarious margins; achenium smooth, obovate-top-shaped, obtusely
triangular, the broad summit entirely covered like a lid by the flat depressed tubercle,
which is raised in the centre into a short abrupt triangular point; bristles shorter
than the (soon blackish) achenium, often obsolete. — Wet sand, Plymouth,
Massachusetts, to Virginia, and southward along the coast.

15. E. tricostata, Torr. Culms flattish (1°-2° high); spike soon cylin-
drical, densely many-flowered (6!'-9!' long, thickish ; scales ovate, very obtuse,
rusty brown, with broad scarious margins; achenium obovate, with 3 prominent
thickened angles, minutely rough-wrinkled, crowned with a short-conical acute tubercle ;
bristles none. — Quaker Bridge, New Jersey (Anieskern), and southward.

560 CYPERACE®. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

§ 4. Spike more or less flattened, thicker than the slender or capillary culm, few —many-
flowered ; the thin membranaceous scales somewhat 2-3-ranked: style 3-cleft:
bristles of the perianth 3-6, fragile or fugacious. Small or delicate species, dif-
fering from the last subdivision chiefly in the flattish spikes. (CHTOCYPERUS,
Nees.)

* Achenium tumid, obscurely triangular, many-ribbed on the sides.

16. BK. acicularis, R. Br. Culms finely capillary (2/-8/ long), more or
less 4-angular; spike 3- 9-flowered ; scales ovate-oblong, rather obtuse (greenish
with purple sides) ; achenium obovate-oblong, with 3-ribbed angles and 2-3
times as many smaller intermediate ribs, also transversely striate, longer than
the 3-4 very fugacious bristles; tubercle conical-triangular. (S. trichodes,
Muhl., &c.) — Muddy shores: common. (Eu.)

* * Achenium triangular, with smooth and even sides.

17. E. pygméea, Torr. Culms bristle-like, flattened and grooved (1!-2'
high) ; spike ovate, 3 - 8-flowered ; scales ovate (greenish), the upper rather acute ;
achenium ovoid, acutely triangular, smooth and shining, tipped with a minute
tubercle ; bristles mostly longer than the fruit, sometimes wanting. (S. pusillus,
Vahl 2) — Brackish marshes and brackish river-banks.

8. SCIRPUS, L. Burrusn or Crus-Rusu. (PI. 3.)

Spikes several —-many-flowered, solitary or in a terminal cluster which (except
in No. 1) is subtended by a 1-several-leaved involucre (this when simple often
appearing like a continuation of the culm), terete, the scales being regularly
imbricated all round in many or several ranks, or rarely somewhat compressed,
the fewer scales inclining to be 2-ranked. Flowers under all the scales, or all
but one or two of the lowest, all perfect. Perianth of 3-6 (straight or rarely
tortuous) bristles, or sometimes wanting. Stamens mostly 3. Style 2-3-cleft,
simple, not bulbous at the base, wholly deciduous, or sometimes leaving a tip or
point to the lenticular or triangular achenium.— Culms sheathed at the base ;
the sheaths usually leaf-bearing. Perennials, except No. 8-9; flowering in
summer. (The Latin name of the Bulrush.)

§ 1. SCIRPUS proper (including Is6tEP1s, which simply wants the bristles).
Bristles when present rigid, not elongated and contorted or exserted after flowering,
mostly barbed downwards.

* Spike solitary, few-flowered, small, often flattish: achenium triangular, smooth.

+ No involucral leaf or bract and no leaves below: base of style indurated and persist-
ent, but continuous with the achenium. (Transition to Eleocharis and Blysmus.)

1. S. pauciflorus, Lightfoot. Culms striate-angled, very slender
(3'-9! high), scarcely tufted, on slender running rootstocks, at the base with a
short truncate sheath; scales of the ovate spike evidently 2-ranked, chestnut-
brown, pointless, all flower-bearing, the two lower larger; bristles 3-6, down-
wardly barbed, about the length of the conspicuously beak-pointed triangular
achenium. (S. Badthryon, Ehrh. Blysmus pauciflorus, Caruel.)— Very wet
places, New York (Jefferson Co., Dr. Crawe, & Herkimer Co., J. A. Paine) to
N. Illinois (Dr. Vasey), Michigan, and northwestward. (Eu.)

CYPERACEE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 561

+ + Involucre a short awl-shaped bract : culms tufted (3'-12' high), filiform.

2. S. cxespitosus, L. Culms terete, wiry, densely sheathed at the base, in
compact turfy tufts; the upper sheath bearing a very short awl-shaped leaf’; spike
ovoid, rusty-color; involucral bract a rigid-pointed scale, resembling the lowest
proper scale of the spike and scarcely surpassing it; bristles 6, smooth, longer
than the abruptly short-pointed achenium. — Alpine tops of the mountains of
Maine, New Hampshire, and N. New York. On Roan Mountain, N. Carolina.
Also, away from mountains, Bergen Swamp, Genesee Co., New York, G. W.
Clinton, J. A. Paine. N. Illinois, Dr. Vasey. (Eu.)

3. §. Clintonii, Gray. Culms acutely triangular, almost bristle-like ;
sheaths at the base bearing a very slender almost bristle-shaped leaf shorter (usu-
ally very much shorter) than the culm; inyolucral bract awl-shaped, mostly
shorter than the chestnut-colored ovate spike, which has pointless scales: other-
wise as the next. (S. planifolius, var. brevifolius, Zorr.) — Rather dry plains,
New York, Jefferson Co., Dr. Crawe; near Buffalo, G. W. Clinton. June.

4. §. planifolius, Muhl. Culms triangular, leafy at the base; the leaves
linear, flat, as long as the culm, and like it rough-edged ; involucral bract a bristle-
tipped scale usually overtopping the ovate or oblong chestnut-colored spike, the
green midrib of the scales extended into sharp points ; bristles of the perianth up-
wardly hairy, as long as the pointless achenium.— Dry or moist ground, New
England to W. New York (G. W. Clinton), Penn., and Delaware. June.

+ + + One-leaved involucre more conspicuous, and as if continuing the culm.

5. S. subterminalis, Torr. Aquatic: culms (1°-3° long, thickish-fili-
form) partly and the shorter filiform leaves wholly submersed, cellular; the
filiform green bract 6!’-12" long, much surpassing the oblong spike ; scales some-
what pointed ; bristles 6, bearded downwards, rather shorter than the abruptly-
pointed achenium.— Slow streams and ponds, New Jersey and New England
to Michigan and westward. — Var. TERRESTRIS, Paine, Cat. Less tall; stem
and leaves firmer; fully-fruiting spike more turgid : growing chiefly emersed, in
a quaking morass, Litchfield, Herkimer Co., New York, J. A. Paine.

* * Spikes clustered (rarely only one), appearing lateral from the one-leaved involucre,

which resembles the naked culm, seeming to be a continuation of it.

+ Culm sharply triangular, stout, chiefly from running rootstocks: spikes many-flow-
ered, rusty brown, closely sessile in one cluster: sheaths at base more or less leaf-
bearing. (Very rarely a second and smaller involucral leaf.)

6. S. pungens, Vahl. Running rootstocks long and stout; eulm sharply
3-angled throughout (1°-4° high) with concave sides; leaves 1-3, elongated
(4/-—10! long), keeled and channelled ; spikes 1-6, capitate, ovoid, usually long
overtopped by the pointed involucral leaf; scales ovate, sparingly ciliate, 2-cleft
at the apex and awl-pointed from between the acute lobes; anthers tipped with an
awl-shaped minutely fringed appendage ; style 2-cleft (rarely 3-cleft) ; bristles 2-6,
shorter than the obovate plano-convex and mucronate smooth achenium. (S.
triqueéter, Michxr., not of Z. §. Americanus, Pers.) — Borders of salt and fresh
ponds and streams: very common. (Eu.)

7. S. Olneyi, Gray. Culm 3-wing-angled, with deeply excavated sides, stout
(2°-7° high), the upper sheath bearing a short triangular leaf or none; spikes 6 —12,

36

562 CYPERACEX. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

closely capitate, ovoid, obtuse, overtopped by the short involucral leaf; scales
orbicular, smooth, the inconspicuous mucronate point shorter than the scarious
apex; anthers with a very short and blunt minutely bearded tip ; style 2-cleft; bristles
6, scarcely equalling the obovate plano-convex and mucronate achenium. —
Salt marshes, Martha’s Vineyard (Oakes), and Rhode Island (Olney), to Dela-
ware, and common southward. — Cross-section of the stem strongly 3-rayed,
with the sides parallel. — Much nearer than the last to the European S. _
TRIQUETER, which has similar anthers, and an abbreviated or almost abortive
leaf; but its culm is wingless, and the cluster of spikes compound, some of
them umbellate-stalked.

8. S. Torreyi, Olney. Rootstocks slender if any (so that the plant is
readily pulled up from the mud) ; culm 3-angled, with concave sides, rather slen-
der (2°-4° high), leafy at the base; lea or 3, more than half the length of the
culm, triangular-channelled, slender ; aha 4, oblong or spindle-shaped, acute,
distinct, pale chestnut-color, long overtopped by the slender erect involucral leaf;
scales ovate, smooth, entire, barely mucronate; style 3-cleft; bristles longer than
the unequally triangular obovate very smooth and long-pointed achenium. (S. mucros
natus, Pursh?, Torr. Fl. N. Y.) — Borders of ponds, both brackish and fresh,
New England to Penn. and Michigan.

+ + Culm triangular, tall and stout, from slender running rootstocks: spikes many-
Jlowered loosely umbellate or corymbed, involucellate-bracted.

9. S. Canbyi, Gray. Culm (3°-5° high) 3-angled, usually sharply so
aboye, obtusely below, the sheath at the base extended into a long and slender
triangular and channelled leaf; the involucral leaf similar, continuing the
culm; spikes oblong (4/-6/! long), single or sometimes proliferously 2 or 3
together, nodding on the apex of the 5—9 long filiform and flattened peduncles
or rays of the dichotomous umbel-like corymb, or the central one nearly sessile ;
scales of the spike loosely imbricated, oblong-ovate, acute, pale, thin and scari-
ous, with a greenish nerved back; bristles of the perianth 6, firm, furnished
above with spreading hairs rather than barbs, equalling the slender abrupt beak
of the obovate-triangular shining achenium.— In a mill-pond, near Salisbury,
Maryland, A. Commons, W. M. Canby. —A remarkable species: leaf 2°-4°
long: involucral leaf 4'~8’ long: rays or peduncles 13/-3! long, each sub-
tended by a single involucellate leaf or bract, the lowest like that of the involucre
but short, the uppermost reduced to scale-like bracts. Achenium (13", and its
beak 3/! long.

+ + + Culm terete, very tall and stout, from a deep running rootstock, naked ; the
sheaths at the base bearing a short and imperfect leaf or none: spikes numerous
and clustered in a one-sided compound umbel-like panicle, the principal rays of
which mostly surpass the involucral leaf: involucellate bracts small, scale-like and
rusty-scarious : scales of the spike rusty or chestnut-brown, scarious, with a salient
midrib extended into a mucronate point.

10. S. validus, Vahl. (Grear Butrusu.) Culm 3°-9° high, 3/-1/
thick at base; spikes ovate-oblong (3/’-4” long); scales mostly a little downy
on the back and ciliate ; style 2-cleft ; achenium pale and dull, obovate with a nar-
rowed base, plano-convex, mucronate-pointed, usually overtopped by the 4-6 slender

CYPERACEM. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 563

downwardly barbed bristles. (S. actitus, Muhl. S. laciistris, of Amer. authors and
in former editions.) —Common everywhere in still fresh water. — Achenium
(#/' long, half the size of that of the European S. lacustris, also narrower, pale,
not shining. — A slender variety with narrower heads, very smooth scales,
and shorter or fragile bristles, was sparingly collected by Rev. J. W. Chickering
at Havana, New York.

11. §. riparius, Presl., which largely takes the place of the preceding
southwestward, probably within our limits, is known by the 2—4 rather shorter
and linear plumose scales, rather than bristles of the perianth.

+ + + + Culms slender from an annual root, terete, plano-convex or obtusely trian-
guar, naked ; the sheaths at the base rarely extended into a short leaf: spikes
Jew or several, sometimes solitary, in a sessile cluster, much overtopped by the
involucral leaf: bristles of the perianth often few or wanting.

12. §. débilis, Pursh. Culms obtusely triangular, with somewhat hol-
lowed sides, 1°-2° high, yellowish-green ; spikes 3-12, capitate, ovate-oblong,
obtuse (3/’-4/ long), chestnut-brown; involucral leaf often horizontal at matu-
rity ; scales roundish ; stamens 3; style 2—3-cleft ; bristles 6, stout, downwardly
barbed, equalling or two surpassing the obovate turgidly plano-convex (or
bluntly 3-sided) abruptly mucronate-pointed smoothish achenium. (S. juncoi-
des, Roxburgh.) —Swamps, Mass. to Virginia and southward. Aug., Sept.

13. S. Smithii, n. sp. Culms terete, slender, 3/-12/ high, often leaf-bear-
ing from the upper sheath, dull green as are the 1 — 3 oblong-ovate acute spikes ;
involucral leaf always erect; scales oblong-oval; style 2-cleft; bristles 1 or 2
minute rudiments or none; achenium somewhat lenticular, smooth, deciduous
with the scales. (S. debilis, Gray, Gram. § Cyp. 135.) — Wet shores, Lake On-
tario to Illinois and Delaware Bay (in tidal mud). July. — Named for C. E.
Smith, who indicated and insisted on its distinctions.

14. S. supinus, L., var. Hallii. Culms filiform, 5/-12/ high; upper
sheath rarely distinctly leaf-bearing ; spikes 1-7 in a sessile or sometimes gem-
inately proliferous cluster, ovate-oblong becoming cylindrical, greenish ; scales
ovate, strongly keeled, mucronate-pointed; stamens 2; style 2-cleft; bristles
none ; achenium obovate-orbicular, mucronate, plano-convex, strongly wrinkled
transversely. (S. Hallii, Gray, addend. ed. 2.) — Wet shores, Illinois, L. Hail,
&c., and southwestward. —In Texas occurs the normal S. supinus, with 3-cleft
style and triangular achenium, as in Europe, where it sometimes has short
bristles, as in the variety of No. 12. (Eu.)

* * * Spikes clustered in simple or mostly compound umbellate or cymose-panicled
clusters, many-flowered, terete : involucre of mostly several obvious and flat leaves :
culm tall, from tufted or running rootstocks ; triangular, leafy, sedge-like: style
mostly 3-cleft.

+ Spikes large, 6!'=15" long: midrib of the scales extended beyond the mostly lacerate

or two-cleft apex into a distinct awn.

15. S. maritimus, L. (Sea Crus-Rusu.) Leaves flat, linear, as long
as the stout culm (1°-3° high), those of the involucre 1-4, very unequal ;
spikes few—- several in a sessile cluster, and often also with 1-4 unequal rays
bearing 1-7 ovate or oblong-cylindrical (rusty-brown) spikes; awns of the

564 CYPERACEX. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

scales soon recurved ; achenium obovate-orbicular, compressed, flat on one side, con-
vex or obtuse-angled on the other, minutely pointed, shining, longer than the 1 -6 un-
equal and deciduous (sometimes obsolete) bristles. — Var. MACROSTACHYOS,
Michx. (S. robtistus, Pursh) is a larger form, with very thick oblong-cylindri-
cal heads, becoming 1/-13/ long, and the longer leaf of the involucre often
1° long. — Salt marshes: common on the coast, and near salt springs in the
interior (W. New York, &c.). (Eu.)

16. S. fluviatilis, Gray. (River C.) Leaves flat, broadly linear (3! or
more wide), tapering gradually to a point, the upper and those of the very long
involucre very much exceeding the compound umbel ; rays 5 — 9, elongated, recurved-
spreading, each bearing 1-5 ovate or oblong-cylindrical acute heads; achenium
obovate, sharply and exactly triangular, conspicuously pointed, opaque, scarcely equal-
ling the 6 rigid bristles. (S. maritimus var.? fluviatilis, Torr., excl. syn.) —
Borders of lakes and large streams, W. Vermont to Penn., Wisconsin and
Illinois. — Culm very stout, sharply triangular, 3°-5° high, Leaves roughish
on the margin, like the last; those of the umbel 3-7, the largest 1° - 2° long.
Principal rays of the umbel 3/-4!' long, sheathed at the base. Heads paler
and duller than in the preceding; the scales less lacerate, and their awns less
recurved , the fruit larger and very different.

+ + Spikes very numerous, small, 1'-3’ long; their scales mucronate-pointed or
blunt: umbel-like cymose panicle irregular, compound or decompound: culm
2°—5° high, unusually leafy ; leaves broadly linear, green and rather soft, rough
on the edges: bristles of the perianth very slender, often more or less tortuous and
naked below : — transition to § Trichophorum.

17. S. sylvaticus, L. Spikes lead-colored, clustered 3-10 together at the
end of the mostly slender ultimate divisions of the open decompound panicle, ovoid
(13 long) ; the scales blunt or barely mucronate ; bristles 6, downwardly barbed
their whole length, straight, scarcely longer than the convex-triangular short-
pointed achenium.— Base of the White Mountains, New Hampshire (Oakes),
and northward. (Eu.) (S. microcdrpvs, Presl., S. lenticularis, Torr., appar-
ently a form of S. sylvaticus with a 2-cleft style and flat achenium, approaches
our northwestern borders.)

18. §S. atrovirens, Muhl. Leaves somewhat more rigid; spikes dull
greenish-brown, densely conglomerate (10-30 together) into close heads, these also
usually densely clustered in a less compound panicle; scales pointed ; bristles
sparsely and strongly downwardly barbed above the middle, naked below, nearly
straight, as long as the conspicuously pointed and obovate-oblong triangular
achenium. (S. sylvaticus, var. atrovirens, Hd. 2, — Wet meadows and bogs,
New England to Kentucky and northward : common.

19. S. polyphyllus, Vahl. Culm usually more leafy ; spikes yellow-brown,
ovate, becoming cylindrical, clustered 3-8 together in small heads on the short
ultimate divisions of the open decompound umbel; scales mucronate; bristles 6,
usually twice bent, soft-barbed towards the summit only, about twice the length of
the achenium. (S. exaltatus, Pursh. S. briinneus, Muhl.) — Swamps and
shady borders of ponds, W. New England to Illinois, and common southward :
rare at the North.

CYPERACE®. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 565

§ 2. TRICHOPHORUM, Richard. Bristles capillary, naked, not barbed, elon-
gating, becoming tortuous and entangled, much longer than the triangular achenium,
when old mostly projecting beyond the rusty-colored scales : culm, leaves, §*c. as in
the preceding subdivision ; umbel-like cymose panicle decompound.

20. S. lineatus, Michx. Culm triangular, leafy (1°-3° high) ; leaves
linear, flat, rather broad, rough on the margins; umbels terminal and some-
times axillary, loose, drooping, the terminal with a 1-3-leaved involucre much
shorter than the long and slender rays; spikes oblong, becoming cylindrical
(2’-4" long), on thread-like drooping pedicels ; bristles at maturity scarcely
exceeding the ovate green-keeled and pointed scales; achenium sharp-pointed.
— Low grounds, W. New England to Wisconsin, and common southward.

21. S. Eriéphorum, Michx. (Woot-Grass.) Culm nearly terete, very
leafy (2°-5° high) ; leaves narrowly linear, long, rigid, those of the involucre
3-5, longer than the decompound cymose-panicled umbel, the rays at length droop-
ing; spikes exceedingly numerous, ovate, clustered, or the lateral ones pedi-
celled, woolly at maturity (1$''-3" long); the rusty-colored bristles much longer
than the pointless scales ; achenium short-pointed. (Eriophorum cyperinum, ZL.)
— Var. cyrerinus (S. cyperinus, Aunth) is the form with nearly all the spikes
conglomerate in small heads. — Var. LAxus (S. Eriophorum, Kunth) has the
heads scattered, the lateral ones long-pedicelled. Various intermediate forms
occur; and the umbel varies greatly in size. — Wet meadows and swamps:
common northward and southward.

9. ERIOPHORUM, L. _ Corron-Grass. (Pl. 3.)

Spikes, scales, achenium, &c. as in Scirpus. Bristles of the perianth of
numerous (in one species few) flat and delicate capillary bristles, which lengthen
greatly after flowering, much exceeding the scales, and forming of the capitate
spike a (white or reddish) conspicuous cotton-like tuft in fruit. Stamens 1-3.
Style 3-cleft. Perennials. (Name composed of €ptov, wool or cotton, and dopa,
bearing.)

* Bristles of the flower only 6, crisped, white ; spike single: small, involucre none.

1. KE. alpinum, L. Culms slender, many in a row from a running root-
stock 6/-10' high), scabrous, naked; sheaths at the base awl-tipped. — Cold
bogs, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. June. (Eu.)

* * Bristles very numerous, not crisped, forming dense cottony heads in fruit.
+ Culm bearing a single spike: involucre none.

2. E. vaginatum, L. Culms in close tufts (1° high), leafy only at the
base, above with 2 inflated leafless sheaths ; root-leaves long and thread-form,
triangular-channelled ; scales of the ovate spike long-pointed, lead-color at
maturity. — Cold and high peat-bogs, New England to mountains of Penn.
(Prof. T. Green), Wisconsin, and northward; rare. May, June. (Eu.)

(E. nussEoLUM, Fries, with copper-colored wool, found in New Brunswick
by Rev. J. Fowler, may be expected in N. E. Maine.)

+ + Culm leafy, bearing several umbellate-clustered heads, involucrate.
3. E. Virginicum, L. Culm rigid (2°-4° high) ; leaves very narrowly
linear, elongated, flat ; spikes nearly sessile, crowded in a dense cluster or head ;

566 CYPERACEE. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

wool rusty or copper-color, only thrice the length of the scale; stamen 1.— Bogs
and low meadows: common. July, Aug.

Var. Album, with the wool white. — Oswego and Jefferson Counties, New
York, Dr. Crawe, A. H. Curtiss.

4. EK. polystachyon, L. Culm rigid (1°-2° high), obscurely triangu-
lar ; leaves linear, flat, or barely channelled below, triangular at the point ; involucre
2-3-leaved ; spikes several (4-12), on nodding peduncles, some of them elon-
gated in fruit; achenium obovate; wool white, very straight (1! long or more).
— Var. ancustiro.ium (E. angustifolium, Roth, and of European botanists,
not of American, and the original E. polystachyon of Z.) has smooth peduncles.
— Var. LaTiroLium (E. latifolium, Hoppe, & E. polystachyon, Torr.,) has
rough peduncles, and sometimes broader and flatter leaves. — Both are common
in bogs, northward; often with the peduncles obscurely scabrous, indicating
that the species should be left as Linneeus founded it. June, July. (Eu.)

5. EK. gracile, Koch. Culm slender (1°-2° high), rather triangular ;
leaves slender, channelled-triangular, rough on the angles ; involucre short and scale-
like, mostly 1-leaved ; peduncles rough or roughish-pubescent ; achenium ellipti-
cal-linear. (E. triquétrum, Hoppe. E. angustifolium, Torr.) — Cold bogs,
New England to Illinois, and northward. June-Aug.— Spikes 3-7, small,
when mature the copious white wool 6-9!’ long. Scales brownish, several-
nerved; or in our plant, var. PAUCINERVIUM, Engelm., mostly light chestnut-
color, and about 3-nerved. (Eu.)

10. FIMBRESTYLIS, Vahl. (P1.3.)

Spikes several - many-flowered, terete ; the scales all floriferous, regularly im-
bricated in several ranks. Perianth (bristles, &c.) none. Stamens1-—3. Style
2-3-cleft, often with a dilated or tumid base, which is deciduous (except in No.
4) from the apex of the naked lenticular or triangular achenium. Otherwise as
in Scirpus. — Culms leafy at the base. Spikes in our species umbelled, and the
involucre 2—3-leaved. (Name compounded of jfimbria, a fringe, and stylus, the
style, which is fringed with hairs in the genuine species.)

§ 1. FIMBRISTYLIS proper. Style 2-cleft, flat and ciliate, falling away, base
and all, from the lenticular achenium ; scales of the many-flowered spike closely
imbricated.,

1. F. spadicea, Vahl., var. castanea. Culms (1°-23° high) tufted
from a perennial root, rigid, as are the thread-form convolute-channelled leaves,
smooth; spikes ovate-oblong becoming cylindrical, dark chestnut-color (2!
thick) ; stamens 2 or 3; achenium very minutely striate and obscurely reticulated.
(F. castanea, cylindrica, &c., Vah/.) — Salt marshes along the coast, New York
to Virginia, and southward. July -Sept.— Spikes less dark-colored and scales
mostly thinner than in the original Jamaica plant.

2. F. laxa, Vahl. Culms slender (2!-12/ high) from an annual root, weak,
grooved and flattish ; leaves linear, flat, ciliate-denticulate, glaucous, sometimes
hairy ; spikes ovate, acute (3” long) ; stamen 1; achenium conspicuously 6 — 8-ribbed
on each side, and with finer cross lines. (¥. Baldwiniana, Torr. F. brizoides,
Nees, &c.) — Low, mostly clayey soil, Penn. to Illinois and southward. July -
Sept. — Scales broader and less pointed than in F. annua.

CYPERACEEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 567

§ 2. TRICHELOSTYLIS, Lestib. Style 3-cleft and the achenium triangular :
otherwise nearly as in § 1: the spikes small and fewer-flowered.

3. F. autumnalis, Rem. & Schult. Annual (3/-16' high), in tufts;
culms flat, slender, diffuse or erect ; leaves flat, acute ; umbel compound ; spikes
oblong, acute (1/-2” long), single or 2-3 in a cluster; the scales ovate-lanceo-
late, mucronate; stamens 1-3. (Scirpus autumnalis, Z.) — Low grounds,
Maine to Illinois, and southward. Aug. -— Oct.

§ 3. ONCOSTYLIS, Martius. Style 3-cleft, slender, its thickish base more tardily
deciduous from the apex of the triangular achenium.

4. F. capillaris, Gray. Low annual, densely tufted (3’-9! high) ; culm
and leaves nearly capillary, the latter short; umbel compound or panicled ;
spikes (2 long) ovoid-oblong; stamens 2; achenium minutely wrinkled, very
obtuse. (Scirpus capillaris, Z.) — Sandy fields: common. Aug., Sept.

(F. conctsra, Torr., a diminutive Southern species, with the 2-cleft style
not ciliate, has been detected in ballast-sand at Camden, New Jersey, opposite
Philadelphia, by C. F. Parker: probably only a waif.) °

11. DICHROMENA, Richard. Drcuromeya. (PI. 4.)

Spikes aggregated in a terminal leafy-involucrate head, more or less com-
pressed, few-flowered, all but 3 or 4 of the flowers usually imperfect or abortive.
Scales imbricated somewhat in 2 ranks, more or less conduplicate or boat-
shaped, keeled, white or whitish. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft. Perianth, bristles,
&c., none. Achenium lenticular, wrinkled transversely, crowned with the per-
sistent and broad tubercled base of the style. — Culms leafy, from creeping
perennial rootstocks; the leaves of the involucre mostly white at the base
(whence the name, from dis, double, and xp&pa, color). — Differs (too little)
from the next genus in the involucrate bracts and flattened spikes.

1. D. leucocéphala, Michx. Culm triangular (1°-2° high); leaves
narrow; those of the involucre 4-7; achenium truncate, not margined. —
Damp pine barrens of New Jersey to Virginia and southward. Aug., Sept.

2. D. latifolia, Baldwin. Culm stouter, nearly terete; leaves broadly
linear, those of the involucre 8-9, tapering from base to apex; achenium
round-obovate, faintly wrinkled, the tubercle decurrent on its edges. —S. Vir-
ginia? and southward.

12. RHYNCHOSPORA, Vahl. Beax-Rusu. (Pl. 4.)

Spikes panicled or variously clustered, ovate, globular, or spindle-shaped,
terete, or sometimes flattish; but the scales open or barely concave (not boat-
shaped nor keeled) ; the lower ones commonly loosely imbricated and empty,
the uppermost often subtending imperfect flowers. Perianth in the form of
(mostly 6) bristles, or occasionally wanting. Achenium lenticular, globular,
or flat, crowned with a conspicuous tubercle or beak consisting of the persistent
and indurated base or even of the greater part of the style. — Chiefly peren-
nials, with more or less triangular and leafy culms; the spikes in terminal and
axillary clusters: flowering in summer. (Name composed of pvyxos, a snout,
and omopa, a seed, from the beaked achenium.)

mon

568 CYPERACEE. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

§1. PSILOCARYA, Torr. Spikes ovate, terete, the numerous scales all alike
and regularly imbricated ; a perfect flower under each : stamens mostly 2: style
2-cleft ; its base or the greater part of it enlarging and hardening to form the beak
of the lenticular or tumid more or less cross-wrinkled achenium: bristles wholly
wanting (whence the name).

1. R. seirpoides. Annual, 4/-10! high; leaves flat; spikes in broad
and open cymes, 20 - 30-flowered ; scales oblong-ovate, acute, chestnut-colored ;

achenium obscurely wrinkled, beaked with the sword-shaped almost wholly per-

sistent style, and somewhat margined. (Psilocarya scirpoides, Torr. & Ed. 2.)

— Inundated places, Rhode Island and Plymouth, Massachusetts.

(R. nirens (Scirpus nitens, Vahl. Psilocarya rhynchosporoides, Torr.), like
this, but with a more wrinkled and short-beaked achenium, takes its place in
Southern States.)

§ 2. EURHYNCHOSPORA. Spikes terete or biconvex, few -many-flowered ;
some of the lower scales almost always empty: stamens mostly 3: style conspicu-
ously 2-cleft, its base only forming the tubercle or beak of the mostly lenticular
achenium : bristles of the perianth usually present, and merely rough or barbed-
denticulate (not plumose).

* Achenium transversely wrinkled: bristles mostly 6, upwardly denticulate.

2. R. cymodsa, Nutt. Culm triangular ; leaves linear (4' wide); cymes

corymbose; the spikes crowded and clustered; achenium round-obovate, twice the

length of the bristles, four times the length of the depressed-conical tubercle. —

Low grounds, Penn. and New Jersey to Virginia, and southward.

3. R. Torreyana, Gray. Culm nearly terete, slender ; leaves bristle-form ;
cymes panicled, somewhat loose, the spikes mostly pedicelled ; achenium oblong-
obovate, longer than the bristles, thrice the length of the broad compressed-
conical tubercle. — Swamps; pine barrens of New Jersey, and southward.

4. R. inexpansa, Vahl. Culm triangular, slender ; leaves narrowly linear ;
spikes spindle-shaped, mostly pedicelled, in drooping panicles ; achenium oblong, half
the length of the slender bristles, twice the length of the triangular-subulate
tubercle. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward.

* * Achenium smooth and even.
+ Bristles of the perianth 6, long and conspicuous, upwardly denticulate.

5. R. fusca, Rem. & Schultes. Leaves bristle-form, channelled; spikes
ovate-oblong, few, clustered in 1 - 3 loose heads (dark chestnut-color) ; achentum _
obovate, half the length of the bristles, equalling the triangular-sword-shaped acute
tubercle, which is rough-serrulate on the margins. — Low grounds, New Jersey
to Maine and Lake Superior: rare.— Culm 6/- 12! high. (Eu.)

6. R. gracilénta, Gray. Leaves narrowly linear; spikes ovoid, in 2-4
small clusters, the lateral long-peduncled ; achenium ovoid, rather shorter than the
bristles, about the length of the flat awl-shaped tubercle. — Low grounds, S.
New York, New Jersey, and southward. — Culm very slender, 1°- 2° high.

+ + Bristles none or 1-3 and minute: spikes pale, 1-flowered.

7, R. pallida, M. A. Curtis. Culm (1°-2° high) acutely triangular ;
leaves and spikes as in the next species, but only a terminal dense cluster,
which is less white or tarns pale reddish-tawny ; achenium obovate-lenticular,

CYPERACE®. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 569

tipped with a minute depressed and apiculate tubercle ; the delicate bristles four
or five times shorter or obsolete. — Bogs in pine barrens of New Jersey (W. M.
Canby, C. F, Parker), and in N. Carolina.

+ + + Bristles long, denticulate downwardly, or both ways in No, 12.
++ Spikes white or whitish, becoming tawny with age, perfecting only a single flower :
stamens usually 2: bristles 9-12, or even 20.

8. R. alba, Vahl. Culm slender (1°-2° high), triangular above ; leaves
narrowly linear or almost bristle-form ; spikes lanceolate, densely crowded in a
head-like terminal corymb and usually one or two lateral ones ; achenium ob-
long-oboyate with a narrowed base, scarcely longer than the flattened-awl-
shaped tubercle, shorter than the bristles. — Bogs, especially eastward. (Eu.)

++ ++ Spikes chestnut-colored or darker in No. 11 and 12, few —several-flowered :
stamens 3: bristles usually 6.

9. R. capillacea, Torr. Leaves bristle-form; spikes 3-6 in a terminal
cluster, and commonly 1 or 2 on a remote axillary peduncle, oblong-lanceolate
(pale chestnut-color, 3/' long); achenium oblong-ovoid, stipitate, very obscurely
wrinkled, about half the length of the (6, rarely 12) stout bristles, and twice the
length of the lanceolate-beaked tubercle. — Bogs and rocky river-banks, Penn.
to N. Vermont, New York, and Michigan. — Culm 6'-9! high, slender.

10. R. Knieskérnii, Carey. Leaves narrowly linear, short ; spikes numer-
ous, crowded in 4-6 distant clusters, oblong-ovate (scarcely 1” long); achenium
obovate, narrowed at the base, equalling the bristles, twice the length of the trian-
gular flattened tubercle. — Pine barrens of New Jersey, on bog iron ore exclu-
sively (Anieskern), and southward: rare. — Culms 6!— 18’ high, slender.

ll. R. glomerata, Vahl. Leaves linear, flut ; spikes numerous in distant
clusters or heads (which are often in pairs from the same sheath), ovoid-oblong ;
achenium obovate, margined, narrowed at the base, as long as the lance-awl-
shaped flattened tubercle, which equals the (always) downwardly barbed bristles.
— Low grounds: common, especially eastward. — Culm 1°-3° high. — A state
with small panicled clusters is R. paniculata, Gray.

12. R. cephalantha, Torr. Leaves narrowly linear, flat, keeled ; spikes
very numerous, crowded in 2 or 3 or more dense globular heads which are distant
(and often in pairs), oblong-lanceolate, dark brown; achenium orbicular-obovate,
margined, narrowed at the base, about as long as the awl-shaped beak, half the
length of the stout bristles, which are barbed downwards and sometimes also up-
wards. — Sandy swamps, Long Island to New Jersey, and southward. — Culm
stout, 2°-3° high: the fruit larger than in the last, of which it may be only
a marked variety.

§ 3. CERATOSCHCENUS, Nees. Spikes spindle-shaped or lanceolate, acumi-
nate, in fruit flattish, large, eymose-panicled, producing only one perfect and 1 to 4
staminate flowers ; their scales few, the lower mostly empty: stamens 3: bristles of
the perianth rigid, either short or slender, minutely scabrous upward : style simple
or barely 2-toothed at the apex, filiform and gradually thickened downwards, in
fruit almost all of it persistent as a very long, exserted, slender-awl-shaped,
upwardly roughened beak, several times longer than the smooth and flat obovate
achenium: coarse perennials: spikes in flower 4", in fruit including the pro-

al

570 CYPERACEEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

Jjecting beak or style about 1' long. (This long beak gives the name, from
képas, a horn, and cyotvos, a rush.)

13. R. corniculata, Gray. (Hornep Rusu.) Cymes decompound, dif-
Suse ; bristles awl-shaped, stout, unequal, shorter than the achenium. — Wet places,
Penn. to Illinois, and southward. — Culm 3°-6° high. Leaves about 6” wide.

14. R. macrostachya, Torr. Cymes decompound, or in the northern
form somewhat simple and smaller, and the spikes usually more clustered ; bristles
capillary, twice the length of the achenium.— Borders of ponds, Massachusetts,
Rhode Island, New Jersey, and southward: rare.— Perhaps it runs into the
preceding.

13. CLADIUM, P. Browne. Twic-Rusn. (Plate 5.)

Spikes ovoid or oblong, of several loosely imbricated scales; the lower ones
empty, one or two above bearing a staminate or imperfect flower ; the terminal
flower perfect and fertile. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Style 2-3-cleft, decid-
uous. Achenium ovoid or globular, somewhat corky at the summit, or pointed,
without any tubercle, in which it differs from Rhynchospora. (Name from
kA\dOos, a twig or branch, perhaps on account of the twice branching styles of
some species.)

1. C. mariscoides, Torr. Perennial; culm obscurely triangular
(1°-2° high); leaves narrow, channelled, scarcely rough-margined ; cymes
small; the spikes clustered in heads 3-8 together on 2 to 4 peduncles; style
once 3-cleft. — Bogs, New England to Illinois, and northward. July.

14. SCLERIA, L. NurRusu. (P1.5.)

Flowers moncecious ; the fertile spikes 1-flowered, usually intermixed with
clusters of few-flowered staminate spikes. Scales loosely imbricated, the lower
ones empty. Stamens 1-3. Style 3-cleft. Achenium globular, stony, bony,
or enamel-like in texture. lBristles, &c. none. Perennials, with triangular
leafy culms, mostly from creeping rootstocks: flowering in summer: all in low
ground or swamps. (Name oxAnpia, hardness, from the indurated fruit.)

1. S. triglomerata, Michx. Culm (2°-3° high) and broadly linear
leaves roughish ; fascicles of spikes few, terminal and axillary, in triple clusters,
the lowermost peduncled ; stamens 3; achenium smooth and polished, on an obscure
crustaceous ring or disk. — Vermont to Wisconsin, and common southward.

2. S. reticularis, Michx. Culms slender (1° high); leaves narrowly
linear; clusters loose, axillary and terminal, sessile or the lower on short slen-
der peduncles ; stamens 2; achenium globular, regularly pitted-reticulated, not hairy,
resting on a double disk, each of three greenish appressed superposed calyx-like
lobes, the inner larger.—LEastern Massachusetts to Virginia and southward :
rare northward.

3. S. laxa, Torr. Culms slender and weak (1°-2° high) ; leaves linear ;
clusters loose, the lower mostly long-peduncled and drooping ; achenium globular,
irregularly pitted-reticulated or pitted-rugose, towards the base minutely hairy on the
somewhat spiral wrinkles : otherwise as in the foregoing. — E. Massachusetts to
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and southward.

CYPERACEEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 571

4. §. pauciflora, Muhl. Somewhat downy or smoothish ; culms slender
(9/18! high) ; leaves narrowly linear ; clusters few-flowered, the lower lateral
ones when present peduncled ; bracts ciliate ; stamens 3 ; achenium globose, papil-
lose-roughened, white ; the disk a narrow ring bearing 3 pairs of minute tubercles.
— S. New England to W. New York (rare), and more common southward.

5. S. verticillata, Muhl. Smooth; culms simple, slender (4/—12! high),
terminated by an interrupted spike of 4-6 rather distant sessile and small
clusters ; bracts minute ; leaves linear; stamens 1 or 2; achenium rough-wrinkled
with short elevated ridges, globular-triangular ; the disk obsolete. —W. New
York and Penn. to Michigan and southward: rare. — Plant faintly sweet-
scented ; achenium small, 3’ long.

15. CAREX, L. Sepce. (PI. 5,6.)

Staminate and pistillate flowers separated (monecious), either borne together
in the same spike (andrdgynous), or in separate spikes on the same stem, very
rarely on distinct plants (diwcious). Scales of the spikes equally imbricated
around the axis, each subtending a single staminate or pistillate flower. Sta-
mens 3, rarely 2. Ovary enclosed in an inflated sac (composed of either one or
two inner scales (bractlets) united by their margins), forming a rounded or an-
gular bladdery sae (perigynium), which encloses the lenticular, plano-convex, or
triangular achenium, tipped with more or less of the persistent (rarely jointed)
base of the style. Stigmas 2 or 3, long, projecting from the narrow orifice of
the perigynium. — Perennial herbs, chiefly flowing in spring and maturing in
summer, frequently growing in wet places, often in dense tufts. Culms trian-
gular, bearing the spikes in the axils of green and leaf-like or scale-like bracts,
and terminal; commonly with sheaths at the base which enclose more or less of
the stalks of the spikes. Leaves grassy, usually rough on the margins and keel.
(A classical name, of obscure signification; derived by some from careo, to
want, the upper spikes being mostly sterile ; and by others from keipa, to cut, on
account of the sharp leaves.)

Contributed for the first edition of this work, and revised for the second, by
Joun Caney, Esq.; with some present additions, from recent discoveries, and
a few alterations, chiefly from the subsequent investigations of the late Dr.
Francis Boorr, published in his magnificent Illustrations of the genus Carex,
and from notes furnished by Wu. Boort, Esa.

ABRIDGED SYNOPSIS OF THE SECTIONS.

A. Spike solitary and terminal, simple, dicecious or androgynous: bracts small, colored and
scale-like. —(This division, retained for the convenience of students, is merely artificial,
and combines species having no real natural affinity.) PSYLLOPHOR, Loiseleur.

§ 1. Spike dicecious, or with a few staminate flowers at its base. No. 1-2.
2. Spike androgynous, staminate at the summit. No. 3-6.
Spike androgynous, staminate at the base. No. 86 and 138 may be sought here.

B. Spike solitary, single, androgynous, staminate at the summit: bracts and scales of the fer-
tile flowers green and leaf-like. Stigmas 3. PHYLLOSTACHYS, Torr. & Gr. No. 7-9.

C. Spikes several or numerous, androgynous (occasionally dicecious in No. 11 and 53), sessile,
forming compact or more or less interrupted, sometimes paniculate, compound or decom-
pound spikes. Stigmas 2. VIGNEA, Beauv.

572

§1.

2.
3.

CYPERACEE, (SEDGE FAMILY.)

Spikes approximate, with staminate and pistillate flowers variously situated. No. 10-12.
Spikes pistillate below, staminate at the summit. No. 13-28.
Spikes pistillate above, staminate at the base. No. 29-45.

D. Staminate and pistillate flowers borne in separate (commonly more or less stalked) simple

§1.

a

wy

14.

spikes on the same culm; the one or more staminate (sterile) spikes constantly upper-
most, having occasionally more or less fertile flowers at hase or apex; the lower spikes
all pistillate (fertile), or sometimes with staminate flowers at the base or apex. Stigmas
8 (or only 2 in No. 46, 53, 65, 150, &c.). CAREX proper.

Perizynia with merely a minute or short point, scarcely ever prolonged into a beak.
Perigynia not inflated (slightly so in No. 55, 56), smooth, nerved or nerveless, with a
minute straight point, glaucous-green, becoming whitish, or more or less spotted or
tinged with purple. Scales blackish-purple or brown. Staminate spikes 1-3, or the ter-
minal spike androgynous and staminate at the base, the rest all fertile. No. 46-64.

. Perigynia slightly inflated, smooth, nerved, obtuse and pointless, or with a straight or

oblique point. Scales brown, becoming tawny or white. Staminate spike solitary (ex-
cept sometimes in No. 71) or androgynous and pistillate above, the rest all fertile. No.
65-81.

. Perigynia slightly inflated, hairy (in No. 83 smooth at maturity), nerved, with a minute

straight point. Terminal spike androgynous, pistillate at the apex, the rest all fertile.
No. 82, 83.

. Perigynia not inflated, smooth, regularly striate, with a short, entire, obliqualy bent or

recurved point, remaining green at maturity. Staminate spike solitary. Bracts green
and leaf-like (except in No. 84). No. 84-91.

Perigynia not inflated, smooth or downy, not striate, with a minute, obliquely bent,
white and membranaceous point, reddish-brown or olive-colored at maturity. Terminal
spike all staminate or with 2-3 fertile flowers at the base; the rest all fertile, or with a
few sterile flowers at the apex. Bracts reduced to colored sheaths, or with a short green
prolongation. No. 92, 93.

* Perigynia with a distinct beak, either short and abrupt, or more or less prolonged.

. Perigynia not inflated, hairy, with a rather abrupt beak, terminating in a membrana-

ceous notched or 2-toothed orifice. Bracts short: culms mostly low and slender ; leaves
all radical, long and narrow. Staminate spike solitary. No. 94-101.

Perigynia slightly inflated, hairy or smooth, with a short beak terminating in an entire
or slightly notched orifice. Bracts long and leaf-like: culms tall and leafy. Staminate
spike solitary (in No. 102 pistillate at the summit): fertile spikes erect (except in No.
102). No. 102, 103.

. Perigynia slightly inflated, smooth and shining, green, few-nerved or nerveless, with a

straight tapering beak terminating in 2 small membranaceous teeth. Staminate spike
solitary (often androgynous in No. 107): fertile spikes all on slender and pedulous
stalks. No. 104-110.

Perigynia slightly inflated, smooth, nerved, with a tapering somewhat serrulate beak,
terminating in 2 distinct membranaceous teeth ; becoming tawny or yellow at maturity.
Staminate spike solitary. No. 111-115.

. Perigynia slightly inflated, rough or pubescent, rarely smooth, with an abrupt straight

beak. Staminate spikes usually two or more. No. 116-119.

Perigynia moderately inflated, smooth or pubescent, conspicuously many-nerved, with
astraight beak terminating in 2 rigid more or less spreading teeth. Staminate spikes
1-5. No, 120-127. :

Perigynia much inflated, smooth, conspicuously many-nerved, with a long tapering 2-
toothed beak. Staminate spike solitary. No. 128-136.

. Perigynia much inflated, obovoid or obconic, smooth, few-nerved, with an extremely ab-

rupt, very long, 2-toothed beak, tawny or straw-colored at maturity, horizontally spread-
ing or deflexed. Terminal spike staminate, or androgynous and fertile at the apex.
No. 137-138.

Perigynia much inflated, smooth, shining and straw-colored at maturity, with a taper-
ing and more or less elongated 2-toothed beak. Staminate spikes 2-5. No, 139-161.

CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 573

A. Spike solitary, simple; its scales or bracts small and scarious or colored (never
green or foliaceous). PsyiL6ruora, Loiseleur.

§ 1. Spike diacious, or the fertile merely with a few staminate flowers at the base.

1. C. gynocrates, Wormskiold. Culm and bristle-form radical leaves
smooth, or minutely rough at the top; sterile spike linear; fertile spike ovoid,
loosely flowered ; perigynia oblong, short-beaked, with a white membranaceous
obtusely 2-toothed apex, narrowed at the base, nerved throughout, smooth,
spreading horizontally at maturity, longer than the acute or acutish scale; stig-
mas 2.— Swamps, Wayne and Genesee Co., New York (Sartwell, &c.), Michi-
gan, and northward. (Eu.)

2. C. scirpoidea, Michx. Leaves flat; spike narrowly cylindrical ; peri-
gynia ovoid, with a minute point, densely hairy, dark purple at maturity, about
the length of the pointed ciliate scale ; stigmas 3. (C. Wormskioldiana, Hornem.
C. Michatxii, Schw.) — Alpine summits of the mountains of Maine and New
Hampshire, Willoughby Mountain, Vermont (Wood), Drummond’s Island,
Michigan, and northward. (Eu.)

§ 2. Spike androgynous, staminate at the summit.
* Stigmas 2: leaves bristle-form.

3. C. capitata, L. Spike small, roundish-ovoid; perigynia broadly ellip-
tical with a notched membranaceous point, compressed, smooth, spreading,
longer than the rather obtuse scale. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains,
New Hampshire, Robbins, Oakes. (Eu.)

* * Stigmas 3: leaves very narrow, shorter than the culm.

4. C. pauciflora, Lightfoot. Spike few-flowered ; sterile flowers 1 or 2;
perigynia awl-shaped, reflexed; scales deciduous. (C. leucoglochin, Ehrh.) —
Peat-bogs, from New England and W. New York northward. (Eu.)

5. C..polytrichoides, Muhl. Culm capillary; spike very small, few-
flowered; perigynia erect, alternate, oblong, compressed-triangular, obtuse,
slightly nerved, entire at the apex, green, twice the length of the ovate scale.
(C. leptalea, Wahl. C. microstachya, Michx.) — Low grounds and bogs:
yery common.

* * * Stigmas 3: leaves very (about 1') broad, longer than the naked culm.

6. C. Fraseriana, Sims. Pale or glaucous and glabrous; leaves without
a midrib, many-nerved, smooth, with minutely crisped cartilaginous margins
(9’-18' long), convolute below around the base of the scape-like culm: spike
oblong, the fertile part becoming globular; perigynia ovoid, inflated, mucro-
nately tipped with a minute entire point, longer than the scarious oblong obtuse
scale; often enclosing a short appendage at the base of the achenium. — Rich
woods, mountains of Pennsylvania? Virginia, and southward : rare, and a most
remarkable plant. f

B. Spike solitary, simple, androgynous, staminate at the summit: bracts and
scales of the pistillate flowers green, leaf-like, tapering from a broad base, the lowest
much longer than the spike, the uppermost equalling the slightly inflated peri-
gynia: style jointed at the base: stigmas 3, (Leaves long and grassy, much
exceeding the short almost radical culms.) Puy iiésracuys, Torr. & Gr.

574 CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

7. C. Willdendvii, Schk. Sterile flowers 4-8, closely imbricated ; pert-
gynia 6-9, somewhat alternate, oblong, rough on the angles and tapering beak ;
achenium oblong, triangular, finely dotted ; stigmas downy. — Copses, Mass. to
N. Virginia and westward.

8. C. Steudélii, Kunth. Sterile flowers 10-15, rather loosely imbricated
into a linear (apparently distinct) spike; perigynia 2-3, roundish-obovoid, smooth,
with a long and abrupt rough beak ; achenium roundish, obscurely triangular, very -
minutely dotted; stigmas downy. (C. Jamesii, Schw.)— Woody hillsides, N.
New York to Illinois and Kentucky.

9. C. Backii, Boott. Sterile flowers 3, inconspicuous ; perigynia 2-4, loose,
globose-ovoid, with a conical beak, smooth throughout; achenium globose-pyriform,
scarcely dotted ; stigmas smooth. — Rocky hills, W. Massachusetts (Mount Tom,
Prof. Whitney), and N. New York to Ohio, Lake Superior, and northward. —
Culms generally shorter, and the leafy scales broader and more conspicuous,
than in the last two.

C. Spikes several or numerous, androgynous (rarely dicecious), sessile, forming a
compact or more or less interrupted sometimes paniculate-compound inflores-
cence : stigmas 2: achenium lenticular. ViGNEA, Beauv.

§ 1. Spikes approximated, the staminate and pistillate flowers variously situated :
perigynia plano-convex, nerved, with a rough slightly toothed beak : bracts
light brown, resembling the scales, or with a prolonged point, shorter than
the (at maturity) brown and chaffy spikes. — SrccA tam.

10. C. bromoides, Schk. Spikes 4-6, aliernate, oblong-lanceolate, some of
the central ones wholly fertile; perigynia erect, narrow-lanceolate with a tapering
point, solid and spongy at the base, longer than the lanceolate scale ; style jointed
at the base. — Swamps: common. — Slender, occasionally dicecious.

11. C. siceata, Dew. Spikes 4-8, ellipsoid, the uppermost and commonly
1-3 of the lowest fertile below, the intermediate ones frequently all staminate ; peri-
gynia ovate-lanceolate, compressed, with a long rather abrupt beak, about the
length of the scale ; style minutely hairy. (C. pallida, C. A. Meyer.) — Sandy
plains, New England to Illinois, and northwestward.

12. C. disticha, Huds. Spikes numerous, short and ovoid, the upper or mid-
dle ones frequently almost all staminate, the lower principally or entirely fertile ; peri-
gynia oyate-lanceolate, the margins not united to the top, leaving a deep cleft
on the outer side; scale ovate, pointed, nearly the length of the perigynium.
(C. intermedia, Good. C. Sartwéllii, Dew., and former editions.) — Seneca Co.,
New York (Sartwell) to Illinois, Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.)

§ 2. Spikes pistillate below, staminate at the summit.

* Perigynia of a thick and corky texture, with a short 2-toothed roughly margined
beak, nerved towards the base, dark chestnut-brown and polished at maturity :
spikes decompound, paniculate: scales light brown, with white membrana-
ceous margins ; the bracts at the base resembling them, and with a short
bristly prolongation. — PANICULAT®.

13. C. teretiiiscula, Good. Spikes with short appressed branches,
crowded in a slender spiked panicle ; perigynia ovate, unequally biconvex, short-
stalked, with 3-5 short nerves on the outer side near the broad somewhat heart-shaped

CYPERACEX. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 575

base ; scale acute, rather shorter than the perigynium ; achenium obovoid-pyriform,
obtusely triangular. (C. paniculata, var. teretiuscula, Wahl.) — Swamps, especially
northward. (Eu.)

Var. major, Koch. Spikes more panicled; perigynia rather narrower.
(C. Ehrhartiana, ZZoppe. C. prairiea, Dew.) — Bogs and low grounds, New
England to Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.)

14. C. decomposita, Muhl. Panicle large, with very numerous densely-
crowded spikes on the rather short spreading branches ; perigynia obovate, un-
equally biconvex, sessile, with a short very abrupt beak, conspicuously nerved on each
side, about the length of the ovate pointed scale. (C. paniculata, var. decom-
posita, Dew.) — Swamps, W. New York (Sartwell) to Pennsylvania, Illinois,
and southwestward.

* * Perigynia small, compressed, 2-3-nerved, membranaceous, with a short
2-toothed rough beak, yellow or brown at maturity : spikes decompound, with
numerous small very densely-flowered heads: scales of the fertile spikes tawny,
with the green keel prolonged into a rough point: bracts short and resem-
bling them at the base, or often becoming green and bristle-shaped, and
much exceeding the culm. — MuLtTIrLoR™.

15. C. vulpinoidea, Michx. Spike oblong and dense, or more or less
interrupted (13/- 24’ long), of 8-10 crowded clusters ; perigynia ovate from a
broad base, with a more or less abrupt beak, diverging at maturity. (C. multi-
flora, Mul. C. bractedsa and C. polymorpha, Schw. C. microspérma, Wahi.)
— Varies with the perigynium narrower, and the beak tapering and more
strongly serrulate. (C. setacea, Dew.) — Low meadows: everywhere common.

* * * Perigynia on short stalks, plano-convex, without a margin, membranaceous,
with a thick and spongy base and a long tapering 2-toothed rough beak, dis-
tinctly nerved (only obscurely so in No. 19 and 20), widely spreading and
yellow at maturity: spikes dense, more or less aggregated, sometimes decom-
pound: scales of the fertile spikes tawny, with a sharp point: bracts bristle-
shaped, shorter than the thick and triangular culms. — VuLPin&.

16. C. erus-cérvi, Shuttleworth. Spike very large, decompound, the
lower branches long and distinct, the upper shorter and aggregated ; bracts often
2-toothed at the base ; perigynia attenuated from an ovate dilated and truncate base into
a very long slightly-winged beak, much exceeding the scale; style tumid at the base.
(C. siceeformis, Boott, C. Halei, Dew.) — Swamps, Ohio to Wisconsin, and
southwestward. — A conspicuous, very large species, with spikes 4/-9/ long,
often somewhat paniculate, and glaucous leaves 6!’ wide.

17. C. stipata, Muhl. Spikes 10-15, aggregated, or the lower mostly
distinct and sometimes compound ; perigynia lanceolate, with a long beak: tapering
Jiom a truncate base, many-nerved, much exceeding the scale; style slightly tumid at
the base. (C. vulpinoidea, Torr., Cyp., not of Michr.) —Low grounds: com-
mon. — Culm flaccid: spikes pale. :

18. C. conjuncta, Boott. Resembles the preceding; but the spikes
(6-12) more simple; perigynia ovate from a subcordate flat (not corky-tumid)
base, short-beaked, fewer-nerved, longer and broader than the pointed scale ;
style bulbous at the base. (C. vulpina of former editions ;— from which it

576 CYPERACER. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

differs in its flaccid culm, transversely wrinkled sheaths, orbicular achenium,
&c.) — Ohio to Illinois and Kentucky.

19. C. alopecoidea, Tuckerman. Head of 8-12 aggregated spikes,
oblong, dense ; perigynia compressed, nerveless or very obscurely nerved, ovate from
a broad truncate or somewhat heart-shaped base, a little longer than the scale;
achenium pyriform ; base of the style not tumid. (C. cephalophora, var. maxima,
Dew.) — Woods, W. New York to Penn., Michigan, &c. — Resembles the last,
but smaller, with shorter and more compact spikes; easily distinguished by the
nearly nerveless periqynia, and the different achenium and style.

20. C. muricata, L. Spikes 4-6, ovoid, approximate but distinct, the
lowermost sometimes a little remote; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, somewhat com-
pressed, nerveless, or very obscurely nerved towards the base, rather longer than the
seale ; achenium ovate; base of the style not tumid, — Fields, Massachusetts
(introduced ?), Ohio, and Kentucky: rare. — Spikes mostly looser than in the
last, the perigynia narrower, with a longer and more tapering beak. (Eu.)

* * * * Perigynia sessile, plano-convex, compressed, more or less margined, mem-
branaceous, with a rather short and rough (or wholly smooth in No. 26)
2-toothed beak, spreading and green at maturity: scales of the fertile spikes
tawny or white: bracts bristle-shaped, commonly shorter than the culm. —
MUHLENBERGIAN2.

21. C. sparganioides, Muhl. Spikes 6-12, ovoid; the upper ones aggre-
gated, the lower distinct and more or less distant ; perigynia broadly-ovate, nerveless,
rough on the narrow margin, about twice the length of the ovate-pointed scale;
achenium roundish-ovate ; style short, merely tumid at the base. — Var. MINOR,
Boott, is merely a reduced form. (C. cephalophora, var. Torr. C. muricata,
var. cephaloidea, Dew. C. cephaloidea, Dew. in part.) — Low rich grounds. —
A robust species, with rather wide pale-green leaves; sometimes with 1-2 short
branches of a few spikes each at the base of the compound spike (probably C.
divulsa, Pursh, not of Goodenough).

22. C. cephaloidea, Dew. (in part), Boott. Spikes 5 or 6, contiguous ;
the broadly ovate perigynia wing-margined, spongy at the base, shorter beaked,
equalling or shorter than the cuspidate-tipped scale ; style bulbous at the base. —
New York? Illinois (Vasey).— Much resembles and has been confounded with
the small form of the foregoing.

23. C. cephaloéphora, Muhl. Spikes 5-6, small, and densely aggregated
in a short ovoid head ; perigynia broadly ovate, with 3-4 indistinct nerves on the outer
side, scarcely longer than the ovate roughly-pointed scale ; achenium and style
as in the last. (C. cephaloidea, Dew. (in part.) — Var. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Boott,
is a narrow-leaved, smaller form. (C. Leavenworthii, Dew.) — Woods. and
fields : common.

24. C. Muhlenbérgii, Schk. Spikes 3-9, closely approximate, forming
an oblong head ; perigynia orbicular-ovate, with a very short beak, prominently many-
nerved on both sides, about the length of the oyate roughly-pointed scale; ache-
nium orbicular, with a very short bulbous style. — Fields: rather common, especially
southward. — Culms 12'-18' high, and with the leaves pale and rigid: com-
monly with a bract to each spike.

CYPERACEZ., (SEDGE FAMILY.) a77

Var. enérvis, Boott. Scales sometimes pointless ; perigynia nearly or wholly
nerveless ; spikes often bractless. — Hudson River, New York, J. L. Russell. —
Distinguished from C. cephaloidea by its rigid culm, narrower leaves, and
firmer perigynium, spongy at the base.

25. C. rosea, Schk. Spikes 4-8, the 2 uppermost approximate, the others all
distinct, and the lowest often remote ; perigynia oblong (about 8-10 in each spike),
narrow at the base, widely diverging at maturity, twice as long as the broadly
ovate obtuse scale. — Var. MINOR, Boott, has the 4-6 spikes smaller and more
separated, the scales less obtuse and with a rough mucronate point ; perigynia
more erect; leaves narrower.— Var. RADIATA, Dew, is still more slender,
almost capillary, and has only 3 or 4 remote and 3-4-flowered spikes. (C.
neglécta, T'uckerm.) — Moist woods and meadows: common.

26. C. retrofiéxa, Muhl. Spikes 3-6, all approximate, the 1 -2 lowest dis-
tinct but not remote ; perigynia (about 5-7 in each spike) ovate, or ovate-lanceo-
late, smooth on the margin and beak, not much exceeding the ovate-lanceolute pointed
scale, widely spreading or reflexed at maturity. (C. rosea, var. retroflexa, Torr.,
Cyp.) — Copses and moist meadows: less common than the last, from which it
is distinguished by the smaller approximate spikes, longer and sharper scales,
and especially, from every species in this subsection, by the smooth perigynium.

* * * * * Perigynia plano-conyex, without a beak, of a thick and leathery texture,
prominently nerved, smooth (except on the angles), with a minute and entire
or slightly notched white membranaceous point: achenium conformed to the peri-
gynium, crowned with the short thick style: bracts like the scales (brown),
the lowest with a prolonged point: rootstock creeping. — CHoRDORHIz».

27. C. chordorhiza, Ehrh. Culms branching from the long creeping root-
stock (4'-9' high), smooth and naked above, clothed at the base with short ap-
pressed leaves ; spikes in an ovoid head; perigynia ovate, a little longer than the
scale. — Cold bogs, New York to Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.)

28. C. tenélla, Schk. Spikes 2-6, very small, rather remote, or the upper
approximate, with 2 or 3, rarely 4, fertile flowers ; perigynia ovate, twice as long
as the scale. (C. loliacea, Schk. suppl., not of Z. C. dispérma, Dew. C. gra-
cilis, Ed. 1, not of Ehrh.) —Cold swamps, New England to Penn., Wisconsin,
and northward. —A slender species, 6/- 12! high, with long grassy leaves,
growing in loose tufts. (Eu.)

§ 3. Spikes pistillate above, staminate at the base.

* Spikes roundish-ovoid, rather small, more or less distant on the zigzag axis (closely
aggregated in No. 30): perigynia plano-convex, smooth, pale green, becoming
whitish or silvery: scales white and membranaceous; the bracts resembling
them, or prolonged and bristle-shaped. — CANESCENTES.

+ Perigynia mostly somewhat’ thickened and leathery, distinctly nerved, and with a
smooth or minutely serrulate short point, entire or slightly notched at the apex.

29. C. trispérma, Dew. Spikes 2-3, very small, with about 3 fertile flow-
ers, remote, the lowest with a long bract ; perigynia oblong, with numerous slender
neryes, longer than the scale. — Cold swamps and woods, especially on moun-
tains, New England to Penn., Michigan, and northward. — Resembling the last,
but larger spikes and fruit, and weak spreading culms, 1°-2° long.

37

578 CYPERACEE. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

30. C. tenuiflora, Wahl. Spikes 3, few-flowered, closely approximated ;
perigynia ovate-oblong, about the length of the broadly ovate scale. — Cold
swamps, N. New England to Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.)

31. C. canéscens, \. (in part). Pale or glaucous; spikes 5-7 (about
12 - 20-flowered), the upper approximated, the rest distinct, the lowermost remote ;
perigynia ovate, equalling the pointed scale. (C. curta, Good. C. Richardi,
Michx.) — Marshes and wet meadows. common, especially northward. (Eu.)

Var. vitilis is a more slender and weak form, not glaucous, with smaller
and roundish 6 —15-flowered spikes, the more pointed perigynia spreading (and
often tawny) at maturity: perhaps a good species. (Var. alpicola and var.
spherostachya, Hd. 1. C. tenella, Ehrh. C. Persoonii, Sieber. C. vitilis, Fries.
C. Gebhardi, Hoppe. C. sphxrostachya and C. Buckleyi, Dew.) —On moun-
tains, and high northward. (Eu.)

82. C. Norvegica, Schk. Pale; stem 1° or less high, angled; spikes
2-5, rather approximate, oblong, short-bracted, with a few staminate flowers
below the numerous fertile ones, or the terminal one all staminate; perigynia
oval or oblong, lenticular, many-nerved, with a short entire beak, equalling the
obtuse scale. — Salt marsh, Wells, Maine, Rev. J. Blake. (Eu.)

- + Perigynia thin, spongy-thickened at the base, scarcely nerved, 2-toothed.

33. C. Deweyana, Schw. Spikes about 4; the 2 uppermost approximate,
the others distinct, the lowest long-bracted ; perigynia oblong-lanceolate, taper-
ing into a rough serrate-margined beak, rather longer than the sharply pointed
or awned scale. — Copses, New England and New York to Wisconsin, and
northward.

* * Spikes ovoid or obovoid, more or less clustered ; perigynia concave-conver, com-
pressed, margined or winged, nerved, with a rough 2-toothed beak, often
tawny at maturity: scales tawny or white, awnless: bracts bristle-shaped,
usually falling before the maturity of the spikes.

a Spikes small: perigynia usually (but not always) becoming spongy-thickened at the
base, the margins rigid. — STELLULAT®.

++ Spikes completely or incompletely dicecious.

34. C. exilis, Dew. Spike commonly solitary and cylindrical, dicecious or
androgynous (staminate) and contracted below, often with 1 -6 small additional
fertile spikes contiguous to the terminal larger one ; perigynia orate-lanceolate,
plano-conver, with a few fine nerves only on the convex side, spreading, turning
brownish, longer than ovate acute or obtuse scale; leaves involute-filiform. —
Swamps, E. New England to New Jersey, near the coast: also borders of
mountain lakes, Essex County, New York.

35. C. stérilis, Willd. Spikes 4-6, all staminate and rarely all pistillate
on some plants, many androgynous, especially the lower spikes, all oblong or the
fertile roundish ; perigynia ovate from a broad somewhat heart-shaped sharply mar-
gined base, flat, diverging or the lower recurved, very acutely 2-toothed at the
apex, about equalling the acute or pointed scale; leaves narrow, inyolute, pale.
(C. stellulata, var. sterilis, of former ed.) —Swamps and wet meadows: com-
mon, especially northward.

CYPERACEEX, (SEDGE FAMILY.) 579

++ ++ Spikes androgynous.

36. C. stellulata, L. Spikes 3-5, the uppermost much contracted at the
base by the numerous staminate flowers; perigynia ovate or slightly heart-
shaped at the base, which has thickish or obtuse margins, the apex more mi-
nutely toothed ; scales rather blunt and considerably shorter; leaves flatter and
pale: otherwise nearly as in the last. — Lake Superior and northward. (Eu.)

Var. scirpoides. Culms slender and weak (9/- 20!) ; leaves very narrow ;
spikes contiguous, smaller; perigynia with a rounded or truncate base, plano-
convex, almost twice the length of the obtuse scale. (C. scirpoides, Sch.) —
Wet places: common.

Var. angustata, is remarkable for the narrow lanceolate perigynia more
than twice the length of the blunt scale and oblong achenium: otherwise as in
yar. scirpoides. — Fairfield, New York.

+- + Spikes rather large: perigynia thickened and spongy on the angles, with a more
or less dilated membranaceous margin or wing. — OVALES.

37. C. sychnocéphala, Carey. Spikes densely clustered, forming a short
compound spiked head, subtended by 3 very long and unequal persistent leafy bracts ;
perigynia tapering from an abruptly contracted ovate base into a long slender beak,
somewhat exceeding the lanceolate abruptly mucronate scale. (C. cyperoides,
Dew., not of L.) —Jefferson County (Vasey & Knieskern) and Little Falls, New
York, Vasey. — Different in habit from the rest of this section; recognized at
once by the ovoid compound spike, subtended by long leafy bracts, by which
the lower spikes are partly concealed.

38. C. arida, Schw. & Torr. Spikes 8-10, approximate (3! long), oblong-
cylindrical, contracted at each end; perigynia narrowly lanceolate (4-5 lines in
length), tapering into a long beak more than twice the length of the ovate-lanceolate
scale; achenium sessile, narrowly oblong. (C. Muskinguménsis, Schw.) — Wet
meadows, Ohio to Wisconsin and Kentucky.— In characters scarcely distin-
guished from the next, but strikingly different in appearance ; much larger, with
long, dry, and chaffy-looking spikes.

39. C. scoparia, Schk. Spikes 5-8, club-shaped, at length ovate, more or
less approximate, sometimes forming a dense head ; perigynia elliptical-lanceolate,
tapering into a long slender beak, longer than the lanceolate pointed scale; achenium
distinetly stalked, exactly oval. — Low meadows : everywhere common. — Spikes
brownish or straw-colored when ripe. — Var. minor, Boott. Spikes more rusty,
smaller, contiguous; perigynia narrowly lanceolate. — Base of White Moun-
tains, New Hampshire, and northward.

40. C. lagopodioides, Schk. Spikes 10-15 or more, approximate, or
the lower more separated ; perigynia lanceolate, nearly twice the length of the ovate-
oblong rather pointed scale ; achenium narrowly oval, on a short stalk ; leaves very
tapering to the apex; their sheaths loose, enlarging upwards, sharp-edged. —
Moist, rather shady places: common.

41. C. cristata, Schw. Spikes smaller, 8-12 closely aggregated, globular,
greenish ; perigynia oblong or ovate, recurved at maturity ; scu/es obtuse ; otherwise
as in the last, of which in former editions it was taken for a variety. — Wet or
moist ground: common.

580 CYPERACE&. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

Var. mirabilis, Boott, has broadly ovate perigynia with a shorter beak,
longer than the acute scale. (C. festucacea, var. mirabilis of former editions.
C. mirabilis, Dew.) — Mass. to Ohio, &c.

42. C. adusta, Boott (not of former ed.). Spikes 4-10, pale or brown,
globular, or the upper club-shaped, the lower remote and sometimes compound ;
perigynia oval, ovate, er roundish, gradually tapering to a beak, many-nerved, with
the narrow wing wider above the middle, turgid at maturity, equalling the scale
in length and breadth; achenium large, orbicular, sessile. (C. argyrdntha,
Tuckerm., is a very delicate form of this, found in rocky woods.) — Moist copses,
&c., from Rhode Island (Olney) and New Jersey (Kneiskern), northward and
westward: rare...

43. C. foenea, Willd. Spikes 3-8, pale or silvery green, finally straw-col-
ored, mostly approximate, ovoid, generally acute, the uppermost contracted or
club-shaped at the sterile base ; perigynia oval, orbicular or obovate, short-beaked,
broadly winged, appressed, transversely wrinkled, a little longer than the ovate
or lanceolate white scale; achenium on a short stalk, oval. — Sandy and mostly
salt or brackish marshes, &c., along the coast, from New England southward.

Var.? ferruginea, referred here by Dr. Boott, with rusty-colored acute
spikes, and longer-beaked perigynia, generally acutish at base and exceeding
the acute or mucronate scale (Ohio, Sullivant), connects this with C. straminea.

Var.? sabulonum, also referred here by Dr. Boott, has 2-10 drooping
rather remote spikes, more or less obovate or club-shaped, contracted. at base,
pale green turning straw-color; perigynia broadly winged at base, slightly ex-
ceeding the pointed scale: it is C. adusta of former editions, not of Boott. —
Sands of the sea-shore from Maine southward. — Leaves narrow, often involute.

44. C. straminea, Schk. Spikes 2-12, pale or tawny, varying from obo-
vate-globular to club-shaped, contiguous or rather remote ; perigynia orbicular-
ovate or oval, often heart-shaped at base, very flat, abruptly contracted into a short
or tapering into a longer beak, winged, much wider and commonly longer than
the usually acute or pointed scale; achenium nearly sessile, oval. — Open
grounds and borders of woods: common, and very variable. The following are
the varieties designated by Dr. Boott.— Var. ryP1ca, with 3-6 roundish spikes ;
perigynia spreading, broadly winged, rather longer and much broader than the
scale. — Var. TENERA, more slender and delicate, with 3-6 smaller oval or ob-
ovate spikes, more tawny; perigynia with a short and broad beak, rather longer —
and broader than the scale. (C. tenera, Dew. C. festucacea, var. tenera, of
former cd., in part.) — Var. apbrra. Spikes 4-8, tawny, tapering at base,
drooping ; perigynia long-beaked, thrice the length of the very sharp-pointed
scale, loosely spreading in the spike. — Var. restucAcEA. Spikes 5-8, club-
shaped, tawny or greenish; perigynia abruptly short-beaked and mostly nar-
rowly winged, longer than the acute or mucronate scale; plant tall and rather
rigid. (C, festucacea, Schk., and former ed.) — Var. HyALiNA, a chiefly West-
ern form, approaching the next species, with larger and thick pale spikes, usu-
ally 6, all tapering at base; perigynia greenish, with a wide spongy wing, and
a long beak, about twice the length of the brown pointless scale ; rather tall and
stout, with broad leaves. (C. straminea, var. Crawei, Boott; but probably by
some mistake said to be collected in Michigan by the late Dr. Crawe. C. hya-

CYPERACEEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 581

lina, Boott, is a small Texan form of it.) — Var. MeApri (Illinois, Dr. Mead),

resembles the last, but has rather smaller and rounder spikes, thinner wings to

the perigynia, and long-tapering or rough awn-pointed scales.

45. C. alata, Torr. Spikes 3-10, pale, turgid-ovoid, contiguous, mostly large
(6’-10" long) ; perigynia dilated orbicular or obovate, broadly winged, abruptly
short-beaked, either heart-shaped or wedge-shaped at the base, longer and thrice
broader than the lanceolate or ovate acute or rough awn-pointed scale; achenia
stipitate. — W. New York (Sartwell) to Virginia and southward. — All these,
from No. 38 to the present, run together variously.

D. Staminate and pistillate flowers borne in separate (commonly more or less stalked)
simple spikes on the same culm; the one or more staminate (sterile) spikes con-
stantly uppermost, having occasionally more or less fertile flowers intermixed ;
the lower spikes all pistillate (fertile), or sometimes with staminate flowers at
their base or apex: stigmas 3: achenium sharply triangular (only usually 2 stigmas
and the achenium lenticular in No. 46-56, 65, 149, 150). Carex proper.

§ 1. Perigynia without a beak, or scarcely any, smooth, not inflated (slightly in No.
55, 56), terminating in a minute, straight, entire or notched point, glaucous-zreen
when young, becoming whitish, often spotted or tinged with purple, or
occasionally nearly black at maturity: pistillate scales blackish-purple (barely
brown in No. 55, 56, 64), giving a dark appearance to the spikes.

* Sterile spikes 1-3, stalked, often with more or less -fertile flowers : pistillate
spikes 3-5, frequently with sterile flowers at the apex: bract of the lowest spike
leaf-like, mostly with dark-colored expansions (auricles) at the base, and
very minute sheaths or none. (Culm and leaves more or less glaucous.)

+ Stigmas 2 (in No. 46 and 47* sometimes 3): periqynia lenticular. — ActT2m.

++ Alpine, saxatile: pistillate scales pointless: leaves flat.
++ Scales awnless, mostly obtuse.

46. C. rigida, Good. Sterile spike solitary ; the fertile 2-4, cylindrical, erect,
rather loosely flowered, the lower on short peduncles; lowest bract about the
length of the culm, with rounded auricles ; stigmas 2-3 ; perigynia elliptical, with
an entire scarcely pointed apex, nerveless, about as long as the obtuse scale; culm
rigid, nearly smooth except towards the top, about the length of the firm erect
leaves. (C. saxdtilis, FU. Dan., partly of Z.) (Eu.) — Our plant is the

Var.? Bigelovii (C. Bigelovii, Torr. C. Washingtonia, Dew.), with 3-5
longer and laxer fertile spikes, the lowest long-stalked, spreading, and sometimes
remote}; the sterile or terminal one often fertile at the top; perigynia more or
less nerved: perhaps a distinct species. — Alpine summits of the mountains of
New England, New York, and high northward.

++ ++ Not alpine, paludose: pistillate scales awnless, single-nerved.
a. Leaves with involute margins when dry ; their sheaths not fibrillose.

47. C. vulgaris, Fries. Sterile spike 1-3; the fertile 2-4, approvimated,
oblong, erect, densely-flowered, occasionally staminate at the apex, the lowest on
a very short stalk; lowest bract barely the length of the culm, with small
blackish rounded auricles; perigynia ovate-elliptical, stalked, nerved especially to-
wards the base, with a very short abrupt entire or minutely notched point,
longer than the obtuse appressed black scale; culm slender, sharply triangular,

582 CYPERACER. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

nearly smooth, except at the top. (C. acitta, var. vulgaris, Z. C. ceespitosa,
of authors.) — Wet banks, &c. New England to Wisconsin and northward.—
Grows in small patches (not, in dense tufts like No. 50), and varies in height
from 3/ to 18’, with narrow leaves shorter than the culm. (Eu.) The follow-
ing may be appended.

47°. C. limula, Fries? Fertile spikes less approximate or rather remote ;
their bracts surpassing the culm (at least the lowest) and with rougher margins ;
leaves longer and more numerous at the base of the rougher culm; perigynia
nerveless ; stigmas often 3: otherwise like C. vulgaris. — E. New England, near
Boston, W. Boott, who rather doubtfully identifies it with the Lapland plant.
The specimens in Herb. Suec. Norm. differ in their flat leaves, and narrower,
longer, and even pointed scales. (Eu.)

48. C. aquatilis, Wahl. Sterile spikes commonly 2-3; the fertile 3-5,
cylindrical, inclining to club-shaped, erect, densely-flowered, sessile, or the lower on
very short stalks; bracts long, 1-2 lowest exceeding the culm; perigynia obovate-
elliptical, stalked, nerveless, with a very short entire point about the length of the
lanceolate scale ; culm smooth, not much exceeding the pale-green glaucous
leaves. — Margins of lakes and rivers, New England to Wisconsin, and north-
ward. — Robust, 2°-3° high ; the thick fertile spikes 1!-3! long. (Eu.)

b. Leaves with more or less revolute margins when dry; sheaths at length fibrillose,
i. e. when old splitting up or resolved more or less into slender parallel or loosely
reticulated fibres.

49. C. térta, Boott. Sterile spikes 1-2, commonly 1, fertile 3-4, elongated,
narrowly-cylindrical or slightly club-shaped, loosely few-flowered at the base, occasion-
ally more or less staminate at the apex, the lower on smooth slender stalks,
spreading or drooping ; bracts with oblong auricles, or very slightly sheathing, the
lowest about the length of the culm, the rest bristle-shaped, shorter than their
respective spikes ; perigynia elliptical, short-stalked, tapering to a distinct point,
with a minutely notched or jagged membranaceous orifice, very smooth, nerve-
less, the empty tips spreading or obliquely recurved at maturity, scarcely exceeding
the narrow obtuse scale; achenium broadly obovate, much shorter than the
perigynium ; culm very smooth, leaves short, slightly rough on the margin only.
(C. acuta, var. sparsiflora, Dew. ?) — Rills and wet banks, N. New England, New
York, &¢., and along the mountains from Penn. southward. — Well marked by
its smooth flaccid culm (12!-18' high), soft and short grassy leaves, and the
tortuous empty apex of the perigynium.

50. C. apérta, Boott. Sterile spikes 1-2, oblong-cylindrical, acute ; fer-
tile 2—4, oblong, erect, the uppermost approximate and sessile ; the lower distant and
short-stalked, staminate at the apex, or often entirely fertile ; lowest bract about
the length of the culm, with oblong brown auricles, or very slightly sheathing,
the upper bristle-shaped, shorter than the spikes ; perigynia roundish-ovate, stalked,
without nerves, covered with very minute transparent dots, and sometimes very
slightly rough at the apex, with an abrupt very short notched orifice, broader and
much shorter than the lanceolate pointed brown scale ; culm sharply triangular, smooth
below, exceeding the rough sharp-pointed leaves. — Wet meadows, Rhode Island
and Mass. to Illinois and far westward. — Culm 1°-2° high, with commonly

CYPERACE&. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 583

2 fertile spikes 9-18! in length, appearing somewhat bristly from the long and
spreading scale. Differs from the next chiefly in the rounder perigynium and
nearly smooth culm, and should perhaps be referred to it.

51. C. stricta, Lam. (not of Good.) Sterile spikes 1+3; the fertile 2-4,
cylindrical, slender, usually barren at the summit, sessile, or the lower on a short
stalk; lower bract with rounded or oblong brown auricles, seldom exceeding
the culm ; perigynia ovate-acuminate or elliptical, nerveless, or very obscurely few-
nerved, often minutely rough on the short, entire, or slightly notched point, usually
shorter and broader than the narrow reddish-brown scale ; culm slender, sharply
triangular, rough, longer than the narrow and rigid rough and glaucous leaves;
their older sheaths with conspicuous reticulated fibres. (C. acttta, Muhl., &c.,
not of LZ. C. Virginiana, Smith in Rees, Cycl. C. acuta, var. erecta, Dew.
C. angustata, Boott.) — Var. srrictror has shorter and more densely flowered
fertile spikes, and perigynia equalling or somewhat exceeding the scale. (C.
strictior, Dew.) — Wet meadows and swamps: very common. — Grows in large
and very compact tufts: culms 2°-25° high. Scales of the fertile spikes very
variable ; the lower commonly acute, the upper narrower and obtuse. (C. xero-
carpa, S. IZ. Wright, in Dew. Cat., seems to be a mere state of C. stricta.)

52. C. lenticularis, Michx. Sterile spike single and mostly fertile at the
top ; the fertile 2—5, erect, cylindrical (6//—12’’ long), sessile, or the lower short-
peduncled, densely-flowered ; bracts exceeding the culm; perigynia ovate-oval,
sessile, more or less nerved, abruptly short-pointed, the point entire, slightly ex-
ceeding the oblong and very obtuse scale; culm (6’-20’ high) and leaves smooth
or nearly so, pale. — Wet gravelly banks and shores, N. Maine (J. Blake, C.
E. Smith), N. New York (Torrey, Knieskern, J. A. Paine), Upper Michigan
(Prof. Porter, §c.), and northward.

++ ++ ++ Paludose or maritime: pistillate scales awned or pointed from the broad and
strong more or less triple-nerved centre or midrib.

53. C. salina, Wahl. Sterile spikes 2-3; the fertile 2-4, cylindrical, erect,
often sterile at the apex, on more or less included stalks; bracts long, with
rounded auricles, the two lowest commonly exceeding the culm ; perigynia ovate-
elliptical, with a minute entire point, nerveless, rather shorter than the roughly-awned
dark-brown scale; culm (1°-2° high) rough at the top, rather exceeding the
leaves. — Salt marshes, Massachusetts (Greene, W. Boott), Maine (G. L. Good-
ale), and far northward. (Eu.)

54. C. maritima, Vahl. Sterile and fertile spikes each 2-4 (the latter
rarely 5 or 6) (1'-2! long), spreading or drooping on slender peduneles ; perigynia
nearly orbicular, with a short entire point, much shorter than the long-awned green-
ish scale; culm (1°-2° high) and the broad flat leaves smooth. (C. paleacea,
Wahl.) — Salt marshes, Cambridge and Medford, Mass. (Greene, W. Boott),
Wells, Maine, (J. Blake) and northward: rare. (Eu.)

55. C. erinita, Lam. Sterile spikes 1-2, often with fertile flowers vari-
ously intermixed ; the fertile 3-5, long-cylindrical (2'-3! long), densely flowered,
often staminate at the apex, on exserted nodding stalks ; bracts very long, exceed-
ing the culm; perigynia roundish-obovate, slightly inflated, obscurely nerved, with
a short entire point, shorter than the oblong mostly notched roughly-serrate awned

084 CYPERACEE. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

light-brown scale ; cum (2°-4° high) rough and sharply angled above, leafy below ;
the pale leaves (3/-4” wide), rough on the edges, their surface and the sheaths
smooth. — Varies in size (but usually tall) ; and with the lower fertile scales often
very long-awned, the fruit imperfect and deformed (var. MOrBIDA, Carey in
Sill. Jour. C. paleacea of authors). — Wet grounds by streams: common.

56. C. gynandra, Schw., Boott. Sheaths rough with minute hairiness ;
fertile spikes rather thicker and looser, and oftener staminate at the apex ; peri-
gynia more ovate or oblong and elliptical; the scales longer and less spreading
but mostly shorter-awned: otherwise as in the preceding, — to which it is very
nearly related. — In similar situations, but less common, from New England to
Michigan.

+ + Stigmas 3: perigynium obtusely triangular, indistinctly few-nerved, more
or less compressed : pistillate spikes on filiform drooping stalks. — Limosm.

57. C. Barrattii, Schw. & Torr. Sterile spike mostly single, sometimes 2 or
even 3, dark purple; fertile mostly 2 or 3, cylindrical, commonly staminate at the top ;
lower bract usually shorter than the culm; sheaths obsolete or minute; peri-
gynia oval or oval-lanceolate, obliquely divergent, scarcely notched at the point,
about the length of the ovate and blunt black-purple scale; culm (1°-2° high)
sharply triangular, nearly smooth, longer than the glaucous flat leaves; the old
sheaths at base splitting into threads. (C. fldicca, of former ed., and probably a
mere geographical variety of that European species.) — Marshes, New Jersey
near the coast, Collins, Knieskern; and Townsend, Delaware, W. Mf. Canby.

58. C. limosa, L. Staminate spike solitary; fertile 1-2, oblong, 10 -20-
flowered, occasionally with staminate flowers at the apex ; bracts very narrow, the
lowest shorter than the culm; perigynia ovate, with a minute entire point, about
equal to the ovate mucronate dull or purplish-brown ‘scale. — Peat-bogs, New Eng-
land to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward. — Culm 6/-12! high, erect,
sharply triangular, longer than the acute and rigid keeled leaves. (Eu.)

59. C. rariflora, Smith. Resembles the last (of which it was thought to
be a variety), but smaller, 4/- 9! high; culm obtuse-angled ; leaves flatter and
rather broader ; pistillate spikes with only 5-10 less crowded flowers; peri-
gynia very short-pointed or bluntish, rather shorter than and involved in the
broadly-ovate black-purple scale. — Mt. Katahdin, Maine (G, L. Goodale), and
northward. (Eu.)

60. C. irrigua, Smith. Staminate spike solitary ; the fertile 2-4, ovoid or
oblong, occasionally staminate at the apex, or with a few sterile flowers at the
base ; lowrst bract as wide as the leaves, longer than the culm; perigynia roundish-
ovate or obovate, with an entire orifice, much shorter than the tapering and slender-
pointed dark purple scale. (C, Magellénica, Lam., according to Boott. C. limosa,
var. irrigua, Wahl. C. paupércula, Michr.) — Peat-bogs, New England to Penn.,
Wisconsin, and northward. — Taller than No. 58, growing in loose clumps, with
weaker and nodding stems, often exceeded by the leaves. (Eu.)

* * Uppermost spike club-shaped, pistillate above and staminate at the base; the rest
all fertile or with a few sterile flowers below: lowest bract leaf-like, scarcely
equalling the culm, with minute light-brown auricles and no sheaths : culm
and leaves of a pale glaucous-green. — ATRATA.

CYPERACER. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 585

+ Scales of the spike deep-colored, purple or dark brown.

61. C. Buxbatmii, Wahl. Spikes 3-4, obovoid or oblong, the uppermost
short-stalked (rarely altogether staminate), the others nearly sessile, the lowest
somewhat remote; perigynia elliptical, obtusely triangular, compressed, ob-
scurely nerved, with a distinctly notched orifice, scarcely equalling the ovate
sharp-pointed or short-awned (brown-purple) scale. (C. canéscens, L., in part.)
— Peat-bogs: not rare. (Ku.)

62. C. atrata, L. Spikes 3-4, oblong-ovoid, approximate, all on short filiform
stalks, at length drooping ; perigynia ovoid, with a short notched point, about the
length of the ovate acute or dark brown-purple scale. — Alpine summits of the
White Mountains, New Hampshire. — About 12/- 15! high, with rather rigid
leaves, nearly equalling the culm. Fruit at first pale straw-color, often becom-
ing dark purple or nearly black. Stigmas sometimes 2. (Eu.)

63. C. alpina, Swartz. Spikes 3-4, small, oval or globular, crowded into a
head at the summit of the slender naked culm, nearly sessile, mostly overtopped
by a foliaceous bract ; pertgynia orbicular or obovate, pointed with a small short
beak, minutely notched at the orifice, roughish, longer than the ovate bluntish
black-purple scale. (C. Vahlii, Schk.)> Isle Royale, &c., Lake Superior, Prof.
Whitney, C. G. Loring, Jr., and northward. — Culms in ours 1°-2° high, the
leaves all at the base: spikes 2!/'-4!/ long. (Eu.)

+ + Scales and spikes greenish turning straw-color.

64. C. Shortiana, Dew. Spikes 3-5, cylindrical, erect, more or less dis-
tant ($/-13/ long), and the lowest rather remote, all androgynous and densely
flowered ; the terminal one about half staminate, the rest with only a few barren
flowers at the base, the lower on short stalks ; pertgynia broadly obovate, abruptly
contracted at the base into a short stalk, with an extremely minute entire point, little
longer than the short-pointed somewhat obovate scale. — Marshes, S. Pennsyl-
yania to Illinois and southward. — Plant 1°-3° high: leaves flat, 3/’ wide.

§ 2. Perigynia without a beak (except in No. 67, &c.), smooth, slightly inflated,
bluntly triangular, nerved, with an obtuse and pointless orifice, or a short (and
straight or oblique) entire or notched point: bracts leaf-like, sheathing : stami-
nate spike solitary (except sometimes in No. 71), or androgynous and _pistillate
above ; the rest all fertile.

* Staminate spike on an elevated stalk (rarely short-stalked or sessile, or with 1 - 2
small ones at its base) : pistillate spikes 1-6, erect, the upper on very short,
the lower on more or less elongated exserted stalks (short and included in
No. 73): bracts shorter than the culm (except in No. 65 and 72): perigynia
with an entire and straight or obliquely bent point, glaucous-green when young,
becoming cream-colored or yellow at maturity, sometimes spotted with purple ;
pistillate scales dark-brown with white margins, fading to tawny. (Leaves
mostly radical, more or less glaucous.) — PANfcEm.

+ Stigmas mostly 2: perigynium wholly pointless, turgid-obovate.

65. C. atirea, Nutt. Fertile spikes 3-4, oblong, loosely flowered, the
lowest often very remote ; perigynia pear-shaped, obtuse, longer than the ovate
acute scale ; achenium lenticular. (C. pyriformis, Schw.) — Wet grassy banks,
especially on limestone, W. New England to Wisconsin, and northward.— A

586 CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

slender delicate species, 4'- 8’ high, with long grassy leaves, and bracts exceed-
ing the culm. Sterile spike often with some fertile flowers at the apex.

+ + Stigmas 3: perigynium somewhat pointed and 3-sided.
++ Staminate spike (or the cluster in No. 71) long-stalked.

66. C. livida, Willd. Fertile spikes 1-2, rarely with a third near the base
of the culm, 10-15-flowered ; perigynia ovoid-oblong, with fuint peliucid nerves,
tipped with a straight obtuse point, rather longer than the ovate scale. (C.
limosa, var. livida, Wahl. C. Grayana, Dew.) — Peat-bogs and wet pine bar-
rens, New Jersey, Oneida Co., New York, and high northward. — Rarely with
a single (sterile) spike, or with an additional fertile one on an erect stalk 4'-9/
long, from the base of the culm. Plant very glaucous, the leaves rigid and
finely tapering. (Eu.)

67. C. vaginata, Tausch. Sterile spike with its stalk commonly bent to a
right angle with the culm at flowering time, afterwards erect; fertile 2 or 3,
remote, erect, slender-peduncled, loosely flowered ; bracts foliaceous, short, with
dilated sheaths; perigynia short-ovate when mature and with a distinct terete
beak or beak-like oblique point, emarginate at the orifice, exceeding the ovate acute
scale; culm slender (1°-2° long), weak and reclining, naked, stoloniferous ; the
long-creeping sterile shoots bearing tufts of flat green leaves (2!’—3! wide)
almost equalling the fertile culms. (C. sparsiflora, Fries. C. pheostachya,
Smith.) — Moist banks, Bergen swamp, Genesee Co., New York (J. A. Paine),
Lake Superior (Robbins and Porter), and northward. (Eu.)

68. C. panicea, L. Sterile spike always erect ; fertile 1 - 3, mostly 2, erect,
remote, oblong or short-cylindrical, rather loosely flowered, only the lower slen-
der-peduncled; sheaths of the short foliaceous bracts shorter and narrower ;
perigynia turgid-ovate at maturity, obscurely nerved, tipped with a short bent
entire point (mostly straw-colored), longer than the ovate blunt scale. — Moist
grounds, Massachusetts to Delaware (W. M. Canby): rare. (Eu.)

69. C. Meadii, Dew. Differs from the last only in the denser fertile spikes,
the sterile one sometimes longer; and the perigynia more triangular, less turgid,
paler, less indistinctly nerved, the scales pointed; culms more rigid and rough-
ish: the more slender forms closely approach the next. (C. panicea, chiefly of
former ed.) — Wet prairies, &c., Ohio to Illinois and Wisconsin.

70. C. tetanica, Schk. Fertile spikes 1=8, commonly 2, oblong-cylindrical,
loosely flowered, especially at the tapering base, remote; perigynia when young
pointed at each end, at maturity obovoid, scarcely inflated, with a slightly bent point,
longer than the ovate obtuse and often abruptly mucronate or awn-pointed scale.
(C. conoidea, Gray, Gram. & Cyp., not of Schk. C. Woodii, Dew.) — Margins
of lakes and rivers, W. Mass. to Penn., Michigan, and southward.

71. C. Crawei, Dew. Sterile spikes often 1 or 2 small ones at the base
of the terminal, which is occasionally fertile at the apex ; fertile spikes 3-6, re-
mote, and the lowest near the root, oblong or cylindrical, densely flowered, and some-
times slightly compound at the base; their short peduncles included, or the
lowest exserted ; perigynia ovoid-oblong, obscurely nerved, with a very small straight
or slightly recurved point, longer than the ovate obtuse or acute or short-pointed
scale. (C. heterostachya, Yorr.)— Wet places, S. Herkimer and Jefferson

CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 587

Counties, New York, to Illinois, Michigan, and northwestward. — Variable,
4’-12'high; the taller forms resembling the next; but the perigynium is less
round and with fewer and more indistinct nerves, the bracts do not exceed the
culm, and the staminate spike is long-peduncled.

++ ++ Staminate spike nearly sessile: perigynium turgid, many-nerved, greenish.

72. C. granularis, Muhl. Sterile spike mostly shorter than the approx-
imate uppermost of the 3 or 4 fertile ; these cylindrical, dense, the lowest remote and
slender peduncled, sometimes from near the root; perigynia globular-ovoid, con-
tracted into a short often slightly bent point, longer than the pointed scale ;
plant pale, glabrous ; bracts long, exceeding the culn.— Wet meadows : common.

73. C. Torreyi, Tuckerman. Sterile spike overtopping the 2 or 3 ovoid
contiguous nearly sessile fertile spikes ; perigynia obovate, strongly nerved, the very
obtuse or retuse summit abruptly tipped with a very short cylindraceous beak-
like point, longer than the ovate mostly acute or pointed scale; culm, leaves,
and short sheathless bracts downy. (C. abbreviata, Schw., Boott.) — Bethlehem,
Pennsylvania, Schweinitz, New York? and high northward.— Probably over-
looked from its close external resemblance to the next; but it is very distinct.

% * Staminate spike sessile, or short-stalked (except in No. 75): pistillate spikes
2-5, erect, all on more or less exserted stalks; bracts longer than the culm
(except in No. 75): perigynia very obtuse, with an abrupt and minute or
almost obsolete point, green and somewhat pellucid at maturity: pistillate
scales tawny, fading to white. — PALLESCENTES.

74. C. palléscens, L. Fertile spikes 2-3, ovoid, densely flowered, approxi-
mate ; perigynia obovoid-oblong, obscurely nerved, about the length of the scale. —
Var. UNDULATA is a mere state with the lower bract at the base transversely
wayy-lined. (C. undulata, Aunze.)— Meadows, New England to Penn. and
northward. — Plant 8’-18/ high: culm and leaves slightly pubescent. (Eu.)

75. C. conoidea, Schk. Staminate spike on a long stalk ; fertile 2 - 3, oblong,
closely flowered, the lower distant; perigynia oblong-conical, with impressed nerves,
slightly oblique at the summit, rather longer (or sometimes shorter) than the
sharply pointed or awned scale; bracts not exceeding the culm. (C. tetanica,
Schw. & Torr., not of Schk.) — Moist meadows: rather common.

76. C. grisea, Wahl. Fertile spikes 3-6, oblong, rather loosely flowered, re-
mote, or the 2 upper contiguous and the lowest distant; perigynia oblong, rather
longer than the broadly ovate abruptly strongly awned scale (the awn rough-
hispid ; style bulbous-thickened ; leaves light green, flat, rather broad. (C. laxi-
flora, Sehk., not of Lam.) — Moist grounds: rather common.

77. C, flaecospérma, Dew. Differs from the preceding in having the
flaccid leaves paler or glaucous ; spikes longer, cylindrical (about 1! long), with
more numerous flowers, usually more distant, their bracts shorter; perigynia
larger (2''-3” long), laxer, turning brownish, twice or thrice the length of the
short-pointed or short-awn-pointed scale; style not thickened. (C. grisea, var.
mittica, of former ed. Prof. Dewey now proposes to change the name to zan-
thosperma, because flaccosperma is a hybrid word and “ yellow-fruited” was
meant. But the fruit is not yellow, and the original name has been adopted
by Boott and Steudel.) — Low grounds, Penn. and New Jersey, Anieskern (a
dubious form), and common southward.

588 CYPERACEX. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

* * * Uppermost spike fertile-flowered at the apex (rarely all staminate) : pistillate
spikes 3-5, oblong or cylindrical, loosely flowered, distant, on exserted fili-
form stalks : bracts equalling or often exceeding the culm: perigynia oblong,
with a short and abrupt notched point (obsolete in No. 80), green and mem-
branaceous at maturity: pistillate scales tawny or white. — GRAcf{LLIMz.

+ Fertile spikes nodding or pendulous.

78. C. Davisii, Schw. & Torr. Fertile spikes oblong-cylindrical, rather thick ;
perigynia somewhat contracted at each end, scarcely longer than the conspicuously
awned scale, (C. aristata, Dew., not of R. Br. C. Torreyana, Dew.)— Wet -
meadows, Massachusetts to Wisconsin, and southward. — Larger than the next
(1°-2° high), and with stouter and longer spikes.

79. C. formosa, Dew. Fertile spikes oblong, short, all commonly with 2 or
3 barren flowers or empty scales at the base; perigynia somewhat contracted at
each end, nearly twice as long as the pointed or cuspidate scale. — Wet meadows,
Massachusetts to W. New York.

80. C. gracillima, Schw. Fertile spikes linear, slender; perigynia obtuse
and slightly oblique at the orifice, longer than the oblong awned or awnless scale.
(C. digitalis, Schw. & Torr., not of Willd.) — Wet meadows, New England to
Kentucky, Wisconsin, and northward. — When the uppermost spike is alto-
gether staminate this resembles C. arctata; but is distinguished by the obtuse,
and sessile perigynium.

+ + Fertile spikes nearly erect, all but the lowest short-peduncled or nearly sessile. —

81. C. estivalis, M. A. Curtis. Spikes slender, loosely flowered; peri-
gynia acutish at both ends, twice the length of the ovate obtuse or mucronate scale ;
achenium somewhat stipitate; sheaths of the lower leaves pubescent: otherwise
nearly as the last, but smaller (19-13° high). — Saddle Mountain, W. Massa-
chusetts (Dewey), mountains of Penn., Virginia, and southward.

§ 3. Perigynia without a beak, hairy (in No. 83 becoming smooth at maturity),
slightly inflated, bluntly 3-angled, obtuse, conspicuously nerved, with a mi-
nute abrupt straight point: bracts narrow, with very short or obsolete
sheaths, the lowest exceeding the culm; pistillate scales tawny or white;
spikes 2-4, erect, the uppermost androgynous, fertile-flowered at the apex and
club-shaped : the rest all fertile. — ViRESCENTES.

82. C. viréscens, Muhl. Spikes oblong or cylindrical, on short stalks ; peri-
gynia ovoid, nearly entire at the orifice, rather longer than the ovate awned scale ;
leaves and sheaths hairy. (C. costata, Schw.) — Rocky woods and hillsides, New
England to Michigan, and southward. — Culms rough, slender, 1°-2° high:
fertile spikes 6/’-12" long.

83. C. triceps, Michx. Spikes ovoid, nearly sessile, closely approximate ;
perigynia broadly obovoid, entire at the orifice, downy when young, smooth at
maturity, rather longer than the pointed scale; sheaths very hairy; leaves more
or less so. (C. hirsuta, Willd. C. viridula, Schw. & Torr., not of Michr.) —
Varies with the spikes rather longer and on stalks, and leaves nearly smooth.
(C. hirsuta, var. pedunculata, Schw. & Torr.) — Woods and meadows: the
smoother form southward. — Culm 12’-18! high. Spikes 6/’-9! long.

CYPERACES%. _ (SEDGE FAMILY.) 589

§ 4. Perigynia without a beak, smooth, not inflated, 3-angled, regularly striate, termi-
nating in a short, entire, rather obliquely bent or recurved point, remaining green at
maturity: pistillate scales membranaceous, mostly tipped with a rough point
or awn, brown or spotted, fading to white: staminate spike solitary: pistillate
spikes 2-5, more or less remote, the lowest often near the base of the culm.

* Sterile spike club-shaped: fertile spikes (erect, the uppermost commonly near
the base of the sterile) all on stalks principally included within sheathing bracts,
except sometimes the lowest, and shorter than the spikes or not much exceeding
them: perigynia ovoid-triquetrous, narrowed at each end: culms numerous,
diffuse and in fruit becoming prostrate: leaves all radical, very broad, finely
and closely nerved throughout, with 3 distinct ribs. — PLANTAG{NE®.

84. C. plantaginea, Lam. Fertile spikes commonly 4, oblong, about 5-8-
flowered ; bracts very short, dark purple, or the lowest greenish. (C. latifolia,
Schk.) — Shady woods, mostly on hillsides in rich soil, New England to Penn.,
Wisconsin, and northward ; and southward through the Alleghanies.

85. C. Careyana, Torr. Fertile spikes 2-3, ovoid or oblong, about 3-5-
flowered; bracts green, the upper equal to the spikes, the lower somewhat
exceeding them ; perigynia large (2!-2%" in length) ; leaves dark green. —In
similar situations with the last, N. New York to Penn. and Ohio: rare.

86. C. platyphylla, Carey. Fertile spikes 3, yiliform, loosely 3 - 4-flowered ;
bracts as in the last; perigynia small; culms slender ; leaves pale or whitish-green.
— In similar situations with No. 84; and commoner southward.

7

* * Sterile spike short, club-shaped, pedunculate: fertile spikes 2-4, all on fili-
Jorm exserted stalks, with long sheathing bracts resembling the leaves; the upper-
most, as well as the leaves, exceeding the slender and at length prostrate
culms: perigynia as in the last subsection. — Die1TALes.

87. C. retrocurva, Dew. Fertile spikes ovoid or oblong, compactly 3-8-

flowered, on long drooping stalks, frequently with one or two staminate flowers at

their base ; leaves glaucous, 3—4 lines wide, with 3 prominent nerves. — Copses and
hillsides, New England to W. New York, Virginia, and southward. — Closely
approaching the next; perhaps only a variety of it.

88. C. digitalis, Willd. Fertile spikes linear-oblong, loosely 6 - 9-flowered, on
long stalks, the lowest sometimes drooping ; leaves and bracts narrow, dark green ;
perigynia smaller than in the last. (C. oligocdrpa, Schw. g Torr., not of Schk.
C. Vanvléckii, Schw.) — Copses and hillsides : not rare. — Slender, 6/- 12! high,
growing in tufts, with numerous culms and long grassy leaves.

* * * Sterile spike linear, either conspicuously peduncled or smaller and nearly
sessile in the same species: fertile spikes 2-6, erect; the 1-2 uppermost
commonly near the base of the sterile, on an included stalk; the rest on
exserted stalks, with long sheathing bracts resembling the leaves ; the uppermost
exceeding the erect culm: perigynia with obtuse angles, about the length of
the scale. — OLIGOCARP.

+ Perigynia distinctly nerved, and with a hyaline orifice: style nearly even: scales

of the pistillate spikes awnless or barely awn-pointed.
89. C. laxiflora, Lam. Fertile spikes slender and loosely several —many-
flowered on a zigzag rhachis, cylindrical, or sometimes rather dense and oblong;

590 CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

perigynia oval-triangular, narrowed to each end, the point either strongly or
sometimes slightly recurved. — A most polymorphous species; very common
in open woods, copses, &c. The leading forms were collated by Dr. Boott as
follows. — The typical form taken by him (C. stridtula, Michr.) has the leaves
long and narrow (2/!- 4" wide), spikes about 1! long and loosely flowered ; peri-
gynia with a slightly recurved or almost straight point, their scale except the
lowest nearly pointless; sterile spike mostly conspicuous and long-peduncled.
— Var. sTYLOFLEXA, Boott. (C. styloflexa, Dew. C. fusiférmis, Chapman.)
Slender, the weak filiform culms 1°-25° long; fertile spikes 2-4, short, 5-10-
flowered, the lowest on a long setaceous peduncle; bracts mostly shorter than
the culm ; perigynia more tapering or triangular-fusiform, the point commonly
recurved. New Jersey (C.F. Austin), Penn. (Prof. Porter), and southward.
— Var. PLANTAG{NEA, Boott (var. patulifolia of former edition. C. planta-
ginea, Schk.), has the root-leaves 5-7" broad, otherwise as in the typical form.
— Var. INTERMEDIA, Boott (C. dnceps, Willd., Schk.), includes various slender,
narrow-leaved forms, with loosely-flowered spikes, but otherwise as the next.
—Var, BLANDA (C. blanda, Dew. C. laxiflora, var. striatula, Ed. 2), includes
narrow-leaved forms, 6’-18' high, with the sterile spike usually short or
club-shaped and nearly sessile; the fertile oblong and dense, the uppermost
approximate ; bracts much surpassing the culm; perigynia obovate with a short
abruptly bent point; scale usually awn-pointed. — Var. LATIFOLIA, Boott, has"
a broadly and very sharp-angled culm, and very broad leaves and bracts
(8 -15"” wide), inconspicuous sterile spike, the fertile ones cylindrical and
loosely flowered, but the broad perigynium much longer than the truncate or
abruptly short-pointed scale.

+ + Perigynia densely striate, or as if finely wrinkled rather than nerved, of a firm
texture, obscurely triangular, with a callous orifice : style thickened above the base :
scale with the somewhat 3-nerved keel extended into a stout rough awn or point.

90. C. oligocarpa, Schk. Fertile spikes small, 3 -8-flowered ; the
point of the perigynium straight or slightly oblique, not recurved; leaves
rough only on the edge; sheaths smooth. (C. Sartwelliana, Gay.) — Woods,

W. New England to Illinois and Kentucky. — Culm slender, 6’—12' long.

91. C. Hitchcockiana, Dew. Fertile spikes very loosely 3—5-flowered; . ,
apex of the perigynium recurved; sheaths and upper side of the leaves roughly
pubescent. — Woods, New England to Illinois and Kentueky. — Culm 1°~2°
high, stouter, and fruit larger than im the last.

§ 5. Perigynium without a beak, smooth or downy, not inflated, obovoid-triquetrous,
with a minute obliquely bent white and membranaceous point, reddish-brown
or olive-colored at maturity: bracts reduced to colored sheaths, or with a short
green prolongation : leaves all radical, narrow or bristle-shaped. — Dig1?AT2.

92. C. eburnea, Boott. Sterile spike solitary ; the fertile 3-4, erect, about
5-flowered, approximated and elevated on long stalks above the staminate spike: the
lowest sometimes a little remote; perigynia obscurely nerved, smooth and shin-
ing, rather longer than the broad and obtuse membranaceous whitish scale.

(C. alba, var. setifolia, Dew.) — Limestone rocks, N. New England to Kentucky,

and northward. — A delicate species, with very slender culms, 4/-10 high, and

OYPERACEX. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 591

bristle-shaped leaves, forming dense tufts. The fertile spikes 2//-3/ in length,
about 1/! broad.

93. C. pedunculata, Muhl. Spikes 3-5, commonly 4, the uppermost sterile
with 2-3 fertile flowers at the base, the rest fertile with a few staminate flowers at the
apex, all on long stalks, remote, 1-2 of the lowest near the base of the culm;
sheaths with green tips much shorter than the stalks; perigynia with a long
attenuated base and a minutely notched orifice, somewhat downy, especially on the
angles, about the length of the broadly obovate abruptly awned or pointed
dark-purple scale. — Dry woods and hillsides, E. New England to Penn.,
Wisconsin, and northward.— Culms 4/-10! high, prostrate at maturity, in
tufts, partly concealed by the very long and narrow grassy leaves.

§ 6. Perigynia with a straight or slightly bent more or less abrupt beak, hairy, not in-
Slated, terminating in a membranaceous notched or 2-toothed orifice: bracts
short, either green and slightly sheathing or auriculate at the base, or small
and resembling the scales : scales dark brown or purple with white margins,
fading lighter or sometimes turning nearly white : staminate spike solitary ;
the fertile 2-3, nearly sessile and erect, or the lower on a long radical
peduncle. (Culms mostly low and slender : leaves all radical, long and narrow.)
— Montane.

94. C. umbellata, Schk. Culms very short (1'-3!, rarely 6! high), in close
tufts ; staminate spike sometimes with a few pistillate flowers ; fertile spikes 4-5,
ovoid, few-flowered ; the uppermost commonly close to the sterile spike and sessile, the
rest on stalks arising from the base of the stem and of about equal height, nearly
concealed by the long grassy leaves; perigynia ovoid, 3-angled, with a rather
long abrupt beak, about the length of the ovate pointed scale. — Rocky hill-
sides, New England to Illinois, and northward.

95. C. Novee-Angliee, Schw. Sterile spike sessile, short and usually in-
conspicuous ; fertile 2-4, greenish-purple, 3 - 8-flowered, contiguous and sessile,
or the lowest rather distant (sometimes even radical) and more or less pe-
duncled ; the lower or all the leafy bracts exceeding the culm ; perigyna globular-
pear-shaped with a much attenuated base and a short conical 2-toothed beak, mi-
nutely hairy, longer and broader than the ovate mucronate-pointed purple scale
(with green midrib and hyaline margins); achenium apiculate with the very
short persistent base of the style; culms very slender (4/-10' long), weak,
soon reclined or procumbent. — Saddle Mountain, Massachusetts, Adirondack
Mountains, New York, and high northward. — Too near C. pilulifera, Z., of
Europe and the following.

96. C. Emmonsii, Cew. Paler, and the spikes greenish, not purple, usu-
ally more crowded than in the foregoing, often a long-peduncled one from the
base ; bracts short, rarely equalling the culm; perigynia oval and more 3-sided,
hairy, and with a /onger cylindrical beak; base of the style deciduous by an
articulation. (C. Nove-Angliz, var. Emmonsii, Ed.2. C, Davisii, Dew., &c.)
— Dry woody hills: not rare,

97. C. Pennsylvanica, Lam. Sterile spike commonly on a short stalk ;
fertile 1 -3, usually 2, approximate, nearly sessile, ovoid, 4—6-/lowered, the lowest

commonly with a colored scale-like long-awned bract; perigynia roundish-ovoid, with

592 CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

a short and abrupt minutely-toothed beak about the length of the ovate pointed
chestnut-colored scale. (C. marginata, Muhl.) — Dry woods and hills: common,
especially northward.

98. C. varia, Muhl. Sterile spike sessile; fertile 2-3, mostly 3, distinct, on
very short stalks, ovoid, 6-10-/flowered ; the lowest and sometimes the 2 lower
with green leaf-like bracts ; perigynia obovoid, with an abrupt distinctly toothed beak,
about the length of the ovate pointed light-brown scale. (C. Pennsylvanica, var.
Muhlenbergii, Gray, Gram. § Cyp.) —Dry wooded hills: common, especially
northward. Closely resembles the last; but has wider, shorter, and more rigid
glaucous leaves; also taller (1°-1}°) and more erect than No. 96, broader-
leaved, and the spikes scattered. All these seem to run together.

99. C. priecox, Jacq. Sterile spike club-shaped; fertile 2 - 3, eth
aggregated near the base of the sterile spike, sessile, or the lowest sometimes on a
very short stalk, with a leaf-like bract scarcely exceeding the spike ; peraqynia
ovoid-triangular, attenuated at the base, with a short beak and nearly entire orifice,
about equal to the ovate pointed dark-brown scale; achenium obovoid, with a
prominent ring at the apex surrounding the base of the style; culm 3!—6/ high ;
leaves short, rather rigid. (C. verna, Villars, Dew., not of Schk.) — Rocky hills,
Salem and Ipswich, Massachusetts. (Nat. from Eu.)

100. C. Richardsonii, R. Br. Sterile spike peduncled, cylindrical ; fertile
1 or 2, sessile or short-stalked, approximate, oblong, longer than the scale-like
brownish and mostly short-pointed bracts; perigynia obovoid-triangular, with a
tapering base, obtuse, nearly beakless, the short point with an almost entire orifice,
rather shorter than the ovate acutish brown or chestnut-colored scale; culm
(5'-9! high) and rigid leaves rough. — Dry ground, near Rochester, New York
(Dewey) ; prairies of Illinois (Mead) ; Wisconsin (Sartwell), and northward. —
A well-marked species, in aspect most like No. 97.

101. C. pubéscens, Muhl. Sterile spike usually sessile; fertile 3-4, ob-
long or cylindrical, loosely flowered, somewhat approximated, or the lowest a little
remote, on a short stalk, with a narrow leaf-like bract about the height of the
culm; fruit ovoid and sharply triangular, downy, attenuated at the base, with an
abrupt slender beak nearly entire at the orifice, a little longer than the ovate abrupt-
ly-pointed white scale ; culm and flaccid flat leaves soft-downy. — Moist woods and
meadows, New England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. Differs from the other
species of this section in its greater size and in aspect, and especially in the
sharply angled perigynium.

§ 7. Perigynia slightly inflated, with a short beal:, terminating in an entire or slightly
notched orifice; staminate spike solitary, stalked (in No. 102 usually pistil-
late at the summit) : culms tall and leafy. (Two quite unlike species, arti-
ficially combined merely for convenience.) —ANOMALA.

102. C. miliacea, Muhl. Staminate spike commonly fertile at the sum-
mit; fertile spikes 3, cylindrical, rather slender, loosely flowered at the base, on
Jiliform nodding stalks; bracts exceeding the culm, with short or nearly obsolete
sheaths; perigynia ovoid-triangular, very smooth and thin, with an entire or very
minutely notched orifice, longer than the ovate short-awned white scale. (C.
prasina, Wahl.) — Rills and wet meadows: rather common.

CYPERACEX. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 593

103. C. scabrata, Schw. Fertile spikes 4-5, cylindrical, erect, rather
distant, densely flowered, the lower on long stalks; bracts without sheaths, exceed-
ing the culm; perigynia ovoid, contracted at the base, prominently few-nerved,
rough, spreading at maturity, with an obliquely notched beak, longer than the
ovate slightly ciliate brown scale; culm leaves and bracts very rough.— Wet
meadows and swamps, E. New England to Penn., Michigan, and northward.

§ 8. Perigynia slightly inflated, 3-angled, smooth and shining (minutely pubescent
in No. 104 and one form of 108), green, with a straight tapering beak (short-
pointed in No. 107), terminating mostly in 2 small membranaceous teeth :
lower bracts green and sheathing: pistillate scales tawny or white: stami-
nate spike solitary, stalked : pistillate spikes 3-4, loosely flowered, all (except
in No. 104) on filiform nodding stalks.

* Fertile spikes mostly slender, remote; perigynia somewhat nerved: bracts equalling

or exceeding the culm. — DEBILEs.
+ Leaves and sheaths more or less soft-pubescent : fertile spikes nearly erect.

104. C. Sullivantii, Boott. Fertile spikes 3-5, commonly 4, narrowly
cylindrical, erect, rather dense, the upper approximate, the lowest often remote,
tapering towards the base and slightly compound, all on rough peduncles ;
bracts sheathing, not exceeding the culm; perigynia elliptical, hairy, slightly
stalked, very obscurely nerved, with an entire or notched orifice, rather longer
than the ovate ciliate rough-awned or merely mucronate white scale. — Woods,
Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant.

105. C. Knieskérnii, Dew. Less pubescent; fertile spikes 2 or 3, on
longer and somewhat spreading peduncles ; perigynia glabrous, more evidently
nerved: otherwise like the preceding: too little known. — Copses, Oneida Co.,
New York, Dr. Knieskern, Dr. Vasey.

+ + Glabrous or nearly so: fertile spikes mostly nodding or spreading, loose.

106. C. arctata, Boott. Fertile spikes slender-cylindrical, narrowed to-
wards the base; perigynia ovate, short-stalked from a blunt base, short-beaked,
longer than the pointed scale. (C. sylvatica, Dew., not of Hudson.) — Woods
and meadows, New England to Pennsylvania, and northward.

107. C. glabra, Boott. Fertile spikes oblong or short-cylindrical, rather
dense and the terminal one oftener partly fertile; perigynia elliptical-oblong,
not stalked, somewhat contracted at the base, and short-pointed at the apex, but
nearly beakless, minutely and sharply 2-toothed at the orifice, prominently
nerved, almost twice the length of the blunt brownish-margined scale. — Oneida
Co., New York, Dr. Knieskern. Near Philadelphia, C. E£. Smith. Probably
not rare, but confounded with the next: also resembling C. formosa.

108. C. débilis, Michx. Staminate spike occasionally fertile at the apex ;
fertile spikes slender-cylindrical, with loose alternate flowers on a somewhat
zigzag rhachis; perigynia spindle-shaped or oblong-lanceolate, tapering into a
slender beak with a hyaline 2-lobed tip, twice as long as the obtuse and pointless
scale. (C. ténuis, Rudge. C. flexuosa, Muh/.) — Moist meadows: rather com-
mon, especially southward. — Perigynium often rusty-dotted : —in var. PUBERA
minutely pubescent and passing to C. venusta, Dew. of the Southern States.
Bear Meadows, Centre Co., Penn., Prof. Porter.

38

594 CYPERACEE. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

* * Fertile spikes short: perigynia nerveless ; bracts short. — FLEXILES.

109. C. capillaris, L. Fertile spikes commonly 3, minute, with about 6 alter-
nate flowers ; perigynia oblong-ovoid, contracted at the base, tapering into a long slightly
serrulate beak, with an oblique nearly entire orifice, longer than the ovate scale.
— Point de Tour, Lake Michigan; alpine summits of the White Mountains,
New Hampshire; and high northward. — An extremely delicate species, 4'-6!
high, with spikes 3/’-6/’ long, and a line or less in width. (Eu.)

110. C. filéxilis, Rudge. Sterile spike short and club-shaped ; fertile spikes
oblong or sometimes with a few staminate flowers at the base and becoming
club-shaped ; the upper bracts short and scale-like, the lower bristle-shaped,
very slightly sheathing; perigynia ovoid, obscurely nerved, tapering into a
beak about the length of the ovate hairy-fringed scale; leaves pale green and
glaucous, and with the bracts soft-hairy. (C. blepharéphora, Gray.) — Moist
and shady places, Connecticut (near Salisbury), Central and Northern New
York, Lake Superior, and Newfoundland : rare.

§ 9. Perigynia slightly inflated, obtusely 3-angled, nerved, smooth, tapering into a beak,
with two mostly distinct teeth, becoming tawny or yellow at maturity : achenium
obovate-triquetrous, contracted at the base; staminate spike usually soli-
tary. — FLAVz.

* Perigynia erect, slender-beaked: spikes remote; the staminate one usually long-

stalked + bracts not exceeding the culm, and with long sheaths.

lll. C. levigata, Smith. Fertile spikes 3, cylindrical, on exserted nodding
stalks ; perigynia ovoid, tapering into a 2-cleft beak, rather longer than the light-
brown or purplish pointed and awned scale ; culm smooth. (C. Greeniana, Dew.)
— Massachusetts (Tewksbury ? B. D. Greene). Introduced? (Eu.)

112. C. fulva, Good. Fertile spikes 2-3, oblong or ovoid, erect, the lowest on
an exserted stalk ; perigynia ovoid, not much exceeding the dark-brown scarcely
pointed awnless scale; culm rough. (C. binérvis, Dew., not of Smith.) — Pond at
Tewksbury, Massachusetts, B. D. Greene: not since found. (Eu.)

* * Perigynia ascending, short-beaked: spikes approximate or the lower remote ; the
staminate one sessile or nearly so; bracts much surpassing the culm; the upper
nearly without sheaths.

113. C. exténsa, Good. Fertile spikes 2-4. oblong, brown-green, very
dense (5'’- 10! long), the upper nearly sessile, the lowest on a short included
stalk; perigynia ovate, the short conical beak sharply 2-toothed, longer than
the ovate pointed purple scale; leaves and bracts long and narrow, involute,
erect, rigid; culms tufted, 8'— 20/ high. — Border of salt-marshes, coast of Long
Island, New York, Dr. T. F. Allen. (Eu.)

* * Periqynia spreading or reflexed, longer than the scale: spikes mostly approxi-
mate or crowded ; the staminate mostly sessile or short-stalked, often fertile at the
apex or middle ; the fertile (2-4) erect all or all but the lowest short-stalked or
sessile : bracts much exceeding the smooth culm, their sheaths very short.

114. C. flava, L. Fertile spikes 2, roundish-ovord, dense, the upper approxi-
mated, the lowest often remote on a short exserted stalk; bracts spreading or re-
flexed ; perigynia tapering from an ovoid contracted base into a slender recurved

CYPERACEE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 595

beak, widely spreading or reflexed at maturity,— Wet meadows, especially
northward. — Whole plant of a yellowish hue, 6!—15! high, with spikes about
6" in length. (Eu.)

115. C. G&deri, Ehrh. Fertile spikes oblong-ovoid, closely aggregated, or the
lowest rather remote, on very short stalks, densely flowered, sometimes stami-
nate at the apex; leaves and bracts narrow, rigidly erect ; perigynia ovoid, with a
short and rather abrupt minutely notched beak, scarcely recurved at maturity. (C.
viridula, Michx., not of Schw. § Torr. C. irregularis, Schw.) — Wet rocks and
bluffs, coast of New England to Illinois, Lake Superior, and northward. —
Resembles the last; but the fertile spikes and perigynia are much smaller, and
the beak more abrupt, shorter, and straight. (Eu.)

§ 10. Perigynia slightly inflated, ovoid or obtusely 3-angled, with an abrupt
straight beak, nerved, densely pubescent or rough-puberulent, the pubescence
nearly concealing the nerves, except in No. 119: bracts leaf-like, with short
sheaths: scales dark-purple or brown.

* Perigyma densely pubescent of a thick or somewhat leathery texture, ovoid, with 2
short and diverging membranaceous teeth: bracts much exceeding the nearly smooth
culm: staminate spikes 2 or 3, the uppermost stalked, the lower short and
sessile : fertile spikes 1-4, usually 2, erect, remote, sessile or on very short
stalks. — LaNUGINOS&E.

116. C. filiformis, L. Fertile spikes oblong or ovoid; perigynia very
short-beaked and with 2 sharp teeth; leaves and bracts narrow and involute ; culm
very slender (1}°-3° high). — Peat-bogs, New England to Penn., Wisconsin,
and northward. (Eu.)

117. C. lanuginosa, Michx. Fertile spikes oblong or cylindrical ; peri-
gynia more hispidly pubescent; leaves and bracts flat, broader and shorter ; culm
stouter (1°-2° high); staminate spikes usually shorter. (C. pellita, Muhl.) —
Swamps and wet meadows. New England to Kentucky and northward.

* * Perigynia thin, downy like the last or roughly granulate, or even smooth, ovoid,
the beak terminating in a thin and scarious oblique orifice, either entire or slightly
notched ; bracts rigidly erect, shorter than the sharply triangular rough
culm, — ScariosZ.

118. C. vestita, Willd, Sterile spikes 1-2, the uppermost cylindrical,
short-stalked ; fertile 1-2, approximate, sessile, ovoid or oblong, sometimes
staminate at the apex ; perigynia densely pubescent, with a short thick beak, a little
longer than the ovate pointed scale; leaves flat, shorter than the stout and rigid
culm. — Sandy soils, growing in tufts, New England to Penn. and southward.
— Resembling the last in external appearance, but readily distinguished by the
membranaceous beak of the fruit, which is reddish at the base and white and
transparent at the orifice ;-and the style is twisted within the perigynium.

119. C. polymérpha, Muhl. (in part.) Sterile spikes 1-4, the upper-
most on a long stalk; the lower short, often with a few fertile flowers at the
base ; fertile spike solitary or rarely 2, remote, cylindrical, sometimes staminate at
the apex, erect, on partly exserted stalks; perigynia few- (5-10-) nerved, very
minutely roughened with granular dots, or smooth, abruptly contracted into a slender

596 CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

cylindrical usually purplish beak, with a whitish hyaline entire orifice, longer than
the ovate blunt purplish scale. (C. Halseyana, Dew. § Ed.1._ C. striata, Torr.
N. Y. Fl., not of Michx.) — Varies considerably ; in one form with, the fertile
spikes filiform, and the flowers alternate and very distant on the rhachis. —
Upland meadows, Rhode Island and Mass. to Pennsylvania,

§.11. Perigynia moderately inflated, conspicuously many-nerved, smooth or pubescent,
with a straight beak: terminating in 2 rigid more or less spreading teeth: bracts
leaf-like, with very short sheathing bases, equalling or exceeding the culm:
staminate spikes 1-5.

* Perigynia with a short and thick beak, and short teeth. — LAcUSTRES. *
+ Perigynia hairy, sometimes glabrate, turgid-ovate.

120. C. striata, Michx. (not of Ed,1). Sterile spikes 3, the uppermost
slender-stalked ; fertile spikes 1-2, oblong, erect, remote, sessile or on short
stalks (or the lower rarely on a slender stalk); perigynia minutely hairy or
smoothish, or rarely smooth, rather thin, longer than the blunt or pointed scale,
the teeth usually scariously lobed at the base ; leaves and bracts long and nar-
row, rather rigid, involute, with slender or setaceous rough extremities. (C.
polymorpha, /d. 1.) — Wet places, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward.

121. C. Houghtonii, Torr. Sterile spikes mostly 2; fertile 2-3, oblong
or cylindraceous, thicker and less distant, olive-colored; perigynia hairy, thick-
walled, longer than the pointed or short-awn-tipped scale; the teeth at the
orifice narrow and entire; leaves and bracts flat, shorter and broader, and culm
lower (9'-15') than in the foregoing. — Wisconsin (Lake La Biche), Dr.
Houghton ; shore of Lake Ontario, Prof. Whitney ; Medford above Bangor,
Maine, J. Blake; and northwestward.

+ + Perigynia very smooth, very finely many-nerved.

122. C. riparia, Curtis. Sterile spikes 2—5, the uppermost stalked ; fer-
tile spikes 2-3, oblong-cylindrical, erect, remote, nearly sessile, or the lowest
on a short stalk, large and thick (2/-3! long, 4!’—6" wide), olive-colored ; peri-
gynia lanceolate-conical, coriaceous, tipped with rather slender short teeth,
longer than the lance-ovate awned scale. (C. lactistris, Wil/d. and former ed.)
— Borders of streams, ponds, and swamps: common,— Very robust, 3°-5°
high: leaves 3!!-5’ wide, and sheaths nodose-reticulated. (Hu.)

123. C. paluddsa, Good. More slender, with spikes smaller, leaves nar-
rower, perigynia ovate, flattened, and more strongly nerved than the preceding,
the orifice merely notched, and hardly exceeding the awned scale. — Border of
a salt marsh at Dorchester, Mass., W. Boott. (Nat. from Eu. 7) ;

* * Perigynia with an elongated tapering beak and with long and setaceous or awn-

like spreading or divergent teeth. — ARISTATR.

+ Staminate spikes 2-5 (rarely with some fertile flowers): fertile spikes remote,
erect, rather loose, the uppermost almost sessile, without sheaths, the lowest often
on an exserted sometimes spreading peduncle: perigynia ascending.

124. C. aristata, R. Br. Fertile spikes 2 - 4, cylindrical ; perigynia ovate-
lanceolate, smooth, tapering into a slender beak tipped with very slender at
Jength diverging awn-like teeth, longer than the ovate-lanceolate awned and
aboye hispid-ciliate scale; culm smooth; sheaths and under surface of the leaves

a/

CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 597

hairy. (C.atherddes, Spreng. C. mirata, Dew.) — Lake shores and river-banks,
N. New York to Michigan, and northwestward. — Culm 2°-38° high: leaves
2!’ 3! wide. Fertile spikes 2/-3/ long, often loosely flowered towards the base.
(Eu. C. orthdstachys.)

125. C. trichoearpa, Muhl. More slender; leaves and bracts rough,
but not hairy; fertile spikes 2 or 8, fewer-flowered ; perigynia more ovate and
with shorter and stouter teeth, downy-pubescent, the scale short-awned or awn-
less. (C. striata, Yd. 1, not of Michx.)—In water or wet ground: common,
especially northward.

Var. imberbis. Perigynia glabrous; sheaths rather rough. Penn-Yan,
New York, Sartwell. Illinois, Mead, FE. Hall, and northwestward.

+ + Staminate spikes solitary, with a filiform bract ; fertile 3-5, cylindrical, densely-
Jlowered, on long exserted and at length drooping stalks, mostly approximate :
perigynia widely spreading, reflexed at maturity.

126. C. comodsa, Boott. Fertile spikes thick (1/-3/ long, and 6-7!
wide), the lowest sometimes very remote ; perigynia tapering from a stalked ovoid-
triangular base into a long deeply 2-forked beak, the sharp elongated teeth widely spread-
ing or somewhat recurved; scales lanceolate, with a long bristle-shaped awn
shorter than the mature fruit; culm rough and triquetrous. (C. furcata, El,
not of Lapeyr. C. Pseudo-Cyperus, Schw. § Torr., Dew., §c., in part, not of L:)
— Wet places: common. — A robust species 2°- 3° high, formerly confounded
with the next, which it greatly resembles ; but it differs especially in the larger
fertile spikes, longer beak of the fruit, and the longer, smooth and widely
spreading teeth, giving to the spikes a comose or bristly appearance.

127. C. Pseudo-Cyperus, L. Fertile spikes narrower and sometimes
slightly compound at the base; perigynia as in the last, but with a shorter beak
and shorter less spreading teeth; scale about the length of the mature fruit. — Bor-
der of lakes and in bogs, New England to Pennsylvania, and northward. (Eu.)

§ 12. Perigynia much inflated, conspicuously many-nerved, smooth, with a long taper-
ing 2-toothed beak: bracts leaf-like, much exceeding the culm: scales tawny
or white: staminate spike stalked, always solitary. — LUPULIN».

* Bracts with very short or obsolete sheaths.

128. C. hystricina, Willd. Sterile spike often bearing a few fertile flow-
ers at the base or apex; fertile spikes 2-4, oblong-cylindrical, densely flowered,
the uppermost on a very short stalk, the others on long stalks and at length nod-
ding, the lowest often very remote ; perigynia spreading, tapering from an ovoid
base into a long slender beak with sharp smooth teeth, longer than the awned scale.
— A variety with shorter ovoid spikes, the lowest very remote on a filiform stalk,
4'- 6! long, with rather smaller perigynia not much longer than the awn, is
C. Cooleyi, Dew. — Wet meadows : common. — Plant pale or yellowish green,
with fertile spikes 9” to 1}/ long. Distinguished from the preceding by the
more inflated less diverging fruit, its beak longer and teeth shorter; and from
the following by the smaller nodding spikes and many-nerved periginium,
with longer and smooth teeth.

129. C. tentaculata, Muhl. Fertile spikes 2-3, ovoid, oblong, or cylindri-
cal, densely flowered, approximate and diverging horizontally, the uppermost ses-

598 CYPERACEE. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

sile, the lower on short exserted stalks ; perigynia spreading, tapering from an ovoid
few- (about 10-) nerved base into a long slender beak wxth oblique orifice or short
minutely serrulate teeth, much longer than the lanceolate awned scale; achenium
papillose-roughened. (C. rostrata, Muhl., not of Michx.) — Wet meadows: very
common. — Var. GRAcILIS, Boott, is a slender form with 2 much smaller fertile
spikes (4/’- 12/! long, 3!/-4" broad).— Var. Axri1oR, Boott, is tall (2° high),
with more scattered large fertile spikes, and the more tapering beak of perigy-
nium with longer teeth, perhaps a hybrid with C. lupulina. Penn-Yan, New
York, Sartwell, and Amherst, Mass., Tuckerman.

130. C. intuméscens, Rudge. Fertile spikes 1-3, ovoid, loosely few- (5—-8-)
flowered, closely approximated, sessile, or the lower on a very short exserted
peduncle ; perigynia erect-spreading, tapering from an ovoid 15-20-nerved base
into a long sometimes rough beak. (C. folliculata, Schk., Michz., not of L.) —Wet
meadows and swamps: very common.— Culm slender, about 18! high: fertile
spikes usually contiguous: perigynia 6!/—7/' long, very ventricose.

131. C. Grayii, Carey. Fertile spikes 2 (sometimes single), globose, densely
(15-30-) flowered, separate, on short exserted peduncles 3 perigynia (8" long) spread-
ing and deflexed, tapering from an ovoid 25-30-nerved base into a long smooth
and shining beak. — River bottoms, Oneida Co., New York, to Ohio and Illinois :
rather rare. — Culm robust, 3° high; leaves broader; and flowers in July, a
month later than the last.

* * Bracts all or all but the uppermost conspicuously sheathing.

+ Fertile spikes approximate, or only the lowest one distant, erect, very large and
turgid, many-flowered : perigynia ascending, long-beaked from an ovate-ventricose
base: sterile spikes rarely 2.

132. C. lupulina, Muhl. Fertile spikes 2-4, cylindraceous or oblong
(1'-2!' long, 1’ thick), the lower on exserted stalks; perigynia (63!-7!' long)
often raised on a short stalk-like base, smooth or with the beak rough above,
much longer than the lanceolate rough awn-pointed scale; stem (2°- 3°) and
long broadly linear leaves and bracts smooth, the latter with rough margins
(38’-4" wide). (C. lurida, Wahl.) — Wet grounds, common. — C. Canadénsis,
and C. Bellavilla, Dew., appear to be depauperate and attenuated states of this,
with more distant lax, and fewer-flowered spikes.

133. C. lupuliformis, Sartwell. Fertile spikes 4-5, cylindrical (2! -3/
long), less approximate; perigynia sessile (7//— 8! long); achenium broader,
with mamillated angles; scale more awned; otherwise as in the foregoing, of
which it is probably a mere variety. (C. lupulina, var. polystachya, Schw. §
Torr.) — Swamps, New York to Delaware, &c.

+ + Fertile spikes distant, few —several-flowered: perigynia lanceolate, ovate-lanceo-
late or spindle-shaped, loose or widely spreading at maturity : staminate spike small,
short-stalked : obtusely angular culms and grassy soft leaves smooth.

134. C. folliculata, L. Fertile spikes 3-4, remote, 12 - 20-flowered, all or
the lowest on exserted peduncles, turning yellowish at maturity ; periqynia taper-
ing ovate-lanceolate from a broadish base, short-beaked, at length widely spread-
ing, rather exceeding the ovate white rough-awned scale. (C. xanthophysa,
Wahl.) — Peat-bogs, New England to Penn., and northward, and in one form

CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 599

southward. — Plant 2°-4° high, of yellowish appearance, with long foliaceous
bracts, and leaves 4" wide.

135. C. rostrata, Michx. More slender and smaller than the last (10/-
15’ high), strictly erect, rather rigid; leaves narrow; fertile spikes 1-3, com-
monly 2; perigynia scarcely spreading at maturity, lanceolate, obtusely triangular,
slender-beaked, about twice the length of the brownish blunt scale. — Cold bogs,
mountains of N. New York, New England, and northward.

136. C. subulata, Michx. Fertile spikes 3-5, very remote, on included
peduncles /oosely few- (4—8-flowered, commonly with a few staminate flowers at
the apex ; perigynia awl-shaped, reflexed at maturity ; the long slender beak deeply
cleft or grooved down one side, tipped with 2 awn-like and at length rigidly de-
Jlexed teeth. (C. Collinsii, Nutt. C. Michatxii, Dew.) — Cedar swamps, Canada
(Michaux) to Rhode Island (Olney), and New Jersey near the coast: rare.

§ 13. Perigynia much inflated, obovoid or obconic, rather few-nerved, smooth, with along
and slender 2-toothed beak abrupily produced from the obtuse or at maturity even
retuse summit, tawny-brown or straw-colored at maturity, spreading horizon-
tally, or the lower deflexed, very densely aggregated in thick spikes: these,
1-7 in number, are either all androgynous, staminate at base, or the terminal
wholly staminate, the others sometimes wholly pistillate: leaves and bracts flat,
the latter much longer than the culm. — SquaRROs&.

137. C. squarrodsa, L. Spikes often only one, commonly 2 - 5, globular, ovoid,
or cylindraccous (6 —7'' thick), the terminal one with a slender-contracted base
from the numerous staminate flowers, the others almost wholly fertile, on short
slender peduncles, their bracts scarcely sheathing ; perigynia sparingly nerved,
longer than and concealing the blunt or short-pointed scales. (C.typhina, Michz.)
— Low grounds, E. New England to Illinois and southward. — Remarkable for
its dense, short and thick spikes, about 1’ long, to which the spreading beaks of
the perigynia give a bristly appearance.

138. C. stendlepis, Torr. Spikes 5-7, the terminal one wholly staminate,
or sometimes fertile at the top or throughout; the others with a few staminate
lowers at the base or sometimes none, cylindrical (1! or more long), the upper
approximated, nearly sessile on the zigzag stem, the lower remote on exserted
stalks, their bracts sheathing; perigynia shorter than the long awn-like rough
scales. (C.¥Frankii, Kunth. C. Shortii, Steud., not of Torr.) — Marshes, Penn-
sylvania (Prof: Porter) and Virginia to Illinois, and southwestward. — Somewhat
resembling the last; but the spikes are narrower and more numerous, and of a
still more bristly appearance from the projecting points of the scales.

§ 14. Perigynia much inflated, smooth and shining, becoming straw-colored at maturity,
with a tapering more or less elongated 2-toothed beak: bracts leaf-like, with very
short or obsolete sheaths (conspicuously sheathing only in No. 139); scales
brown or tawny: staminate spikes 2-5, rarely 1, stalked. — VESICARI&.

* Perigynia conspicuously nerved: bracts usually much exceeding the culm.
+ Fertile spikes oblong or cylindrical, many-flowered.
139. C. retrorsa, Schw. Sterile spikes 1-3, the uppermost occasionally
with a few fertile flowers, the rest more or less pistillate at the base; fertile spikes
4-5, oblong-cylindrical, erect, the upper approximate and clustered on short or in-

600 CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

cluded stalks, the lowest remote on a long exserted stalk, and (with one or more
of the others) often bearing 1-2 short branches at the base ; perigynia crowded,
spreading and at length reflexed, strongly few-nerved, tapering from an ovoid con-
tracted base into a conspicuously toothed beak, much longer than the lanceolate scale.
(C. revérsa, Spreng.) — Marshy borders of streams, New England to Penn., Wis-
consin, and northwestward. — Culm nearly smooth (13° -23° high) : leaves and
bracts 3!’- 4!” wide, much exceeding the thick spikes, which are 1!-1}! long. —
Var. HArrit (C. Hartii, Dew.) is a slender state, with fertile spikes distant, the
lower long-peduncled. — Yates Co., New York, Dr. Hart Wright.

140. C. gigantea, Rudge. Sterile spikes 1-5; sometimes with a few
fertile flowers; fertile spikes 3-5, cylindrical, somewhat erect, or spreading on
exserted peduncles, distant or the upper contiguous, all or most of them staminate
at the apex ; perigynia ascending, at length horizontal, many-nerved, abruptly tapering
from a broadly or globular-ovate ventricose base into a long and slender sharply
2-toothed beak, much longer than the ovate-lanceolate mostly awn-pointed scale ;
achenium broader than high, strongly triquetrous, with concave faces. — Swamps,
Delaware (W. M. Canby), Kentucky (Short), and southward.— Allied to the
preceding and to No. 133. Culm 2°-3° high: perigynia about 6” long.

141. C. Schweinitzii, Dew. Sterile spikes commonly 2, the lower often
pistillate at the base; fertile spikes 3-4, cylindrical, somewhat drooping, densely
flowered, often staminate at the apex, and occasionally the lower rather compound
at the base, on smooth nearly included stalks ; perigynia ascending, oblong-ovoid,
rather lightly few-nerved, tapering into a smooth short-toothed beak, a little longer
than the lanceolate roughly long-awned scale. — Wet swamps, New England, New
Jersey, W. New York, and northward: not common. — Culm 10/- 15! high,
smooth : bracts and leaves 2/!—3!’ wide, smooth except the margins, much ex-
ceeding the culm: fertile spikes (2/-3' long, rather narrow) and the whole plant
turning straw-color. Perigynia 23//-3” long, thin.

142. C. utriculata, Boott. Sterile spikes 3-4 ; fertile spikes 2-5, com-
monly 3, rather distant, sessile, or the lowest (sometimes loose and attenuated at
the base), peduncled, cylindrical (13! - 4! long) thick, and densely very many-
flowered ; perigynia ovate, either ventricose and abruptly or inclining to elliptical
and more gradually contracted into a cylindrical smooth beak, longer than the
lanceolate very acute or awn-pointed scale; culm stout and thick, obtusely angular,
spongy at base (2°-3° high); leaves flat (3'-4” broad), pale, nodose-reticu-
lated. (C. ampullacea, var. utriculata of former ed.) Swamps, New England
to Penn., Michigan, and common northward.— Fruit sometimes almost that
of C. vesicaria, sometimes that of C. ampullacea, into which it merges north-
ward: the rough mostly awn-like points of the scale usually distinguish it from
both European species.

143. C. Vaseyi, Dew. Differs from the last in the slender culm with acute
rough angles ; fertile spikes (2 or 3) looser and fewer-flowered ; perigynia more
tapering into the beak, and scales less pointed ; from C. vesicaria, L. of Europe
(of which it is the nearest representative) in the more pointed scales and fewer-
nerved perigynia tapering gradually into a longer beak; from the next (into
which it probably passes) by the larger elongated-ovate perigynia tapering into a
slender beak (the roughness of which, indicated by Dr. Boott, is rarely obvious,

CYPERACEE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 601

the teeth, however, rough-serrulate). (C. monile, Dew. in 1845, not of Tuckerm.
C. vesicaria, var. cylindracea, Dew.) —Swamps, Yates Co., New York, Sartwell,
to Illinois ?

144. C. monile, Tuckerman. Sterile spikes 3, rarely 2 or 4; fertile spikes
mostly 2, rarely 3 or solitary, cylindraceous or cylindrical (1!-23' long), mostly
slender, slightly or the lower when remote longer-peduncled ; perigynia globular-
ovate, very ventricose, shining, abruptly contracted into a short smooth beak, longer
than the ovate-lanceolate acute or scarcely pointed scale; culm slender (1°-3°
high), sharply triangular, rough on the angles ; leaves narrow (barely 2! wide).
— Wet places: common, especially northward.— Perigynia 2!'-2}" long.
(C. vesicaria, var. alpigena, Fries, of N. Eu. appears to be a form of this.)

145. C. Olmeyi, Boott. Resembles the two preceding and C. vesicaria ;
the fertile spikes denser and thicker, short-cylindrical (1’-1}/ long) ; perigynia
(23/"-3" long) turgid-ovate, with the short beak rough-serrate at the apex and on
the awl-shaped teeth ; the scales acute or bluntish ; leaves (1!’- 2" broad) rough.
— Wet ground, Providence, Rhode Island, Olney.

146. C. Tuckermani, Boott. Sterile spikes about 2; fertile spikes 2-3,
commonly 3, oblong or cylindrical, stout, somewhat approximate, on rough stalks,
the lowest often nodding ; perigynia shining, thin and delicate, much inflated, ovate,
ascending, tapering into a rather abrupt slender and cylindrical smooth beak,
much longer than the ovate or lanceolate acute or short-pointed scale ; the very
long narrow bracts and leaves rough, much surpassing the rough-angled culm.
(C. bullata of authors, not of Schk. C. cylindrica of former ed.; but the cylin-
drica of Schweinitz belongs mainly to the next or to some others, and is too
much confused for preservation.) —Swamps, W. New England to Penn., Illi-
nois, and northward. — Differs from the next in the more numerous and longer
fertile spikes (8!"-2/ long), and the larger, more inflated and membranaceous
fruit (4-5! long), with a smooth beak.

147. C. bullata, Schk. Sterile spikes 2-3; fertile spikes most frequently
only one, sometimes 2, approximated, oblong or cylindrical, stout, sessile or on short
smooth stalks ; perigynia spreading, shining, turgid-ovate, tapering into a long cylin-
drical rough beak, much longer than the lanceolate pointless scale; bracts and
leaves narrow, about the length of the smooth or roughish culm. (C. cylindrica,
Schw., at least in part, Tuckerm., &.— Wet swamps, New England to Penn.
and southward, chiefly eastward.

+ + Fertile spikes globular or oblong, few-flowered.

148. C. cligospérma, Michx. Sterile spikes 1-2, slender; fertile spikes
1-2, densely 6 —18-flowered, the lower on a very short stalk; perigynia turgid-
ovate (23" long), tapering into a short minutely toothed beak, not much longer
than the ovate awnless scale; culm very slender; leaves and bracts involute.

(C. Oakesiana, Dew.) — Wet borders of ponds, &c., E. Mass. to N. New York,
Wisconsin, and northward, chiefly in cold or mountainous regions.

* * Perigynia nerveless or nearly so: bracts mostly shorter than the culm.
+ Perigynia pointed with a very short smooth beak, minutely 2-toothed at the apex:
stigmas either 2 or 3: fertile spikes 2 or sometimes one, dense, short, usually
brown-purple or purplish, the upper almost sessile, the lower short-peduncled : ster-

602 GRAMINEE. (GRASS FAMILY.)

ile spikes 1 or 2, often solitary. (The two following are very much alike ; and
one or the other is doubtless C. miliaris, Michx. The first is regarded by
Andersson as an extreme form of C. ampullacea, the second of C. vesicaria. )

149. C. rotundata, Wahl.? Leaves and bracts involute, smoothish ; fertile
spikes oblong or cylindraceous, or the upper ovate or globular ; perigynia short-
ovate, about the length of the broadly ovate (obtuse, or in our specimens acute
or pointed) scale.—Gravel-bars at the outlet of Moosehead Lake, N. Maine,
C. E. & A. H. Smith.— The specimens are a foot high, with one leaf on the
obtusely angular culm, and only the lowest spike leafy-bracted: sterile spike
single: the fruit not fully formed. (Ku.)

150. C. ptilla, Good. Leaves and bracts flat, with a slender triangular
apex, rough-margined ; culm rather sharply triangular ; perigynia inflated-
ovate, mostly longer than the ovate scale. (C. saxatilis, Z., but that was in
part C. rigida: the name is appropriate for that but not for this species, and is
better discarded altogether.) (Eu.)— Var.? mrxiAris. Culm more slender,
1° or more high ; fertile spikes paler (1-3), ovoid or oblong, in our specimens
staminate at the apex, each with a very rough leafy bract, the lowest often sur-
passing the culm. (C. miliaris, M/ichx.) — Outlet of Moosehead Lake, with or
near the preceding, July 29, C. LE. & A. H. Smith; and far northward.

+ + Perigynia abruptly contracted into a very long and 2-toothed beak.

151. C. longirdéstris, Torr. Sterile spikes usually 3, at the summit of
a long slender stalk; the lower often bearing some fertile flowers ; fertile spikes
2-4, cylindrical, more or less distant, on long filiform at length drooping stalks,
loosely flowered ; perigynia globose-ovoid, smooth and shining, abruptly con-
tracted into a slender cylindrical beak, which is longer than the body, rough on
the margin, and 2-cleft at the membranaceous orifice, a little longer than the
lanceolate light-colored or white scale. (C. Sprengelii, Dew.) — Shady rocks,
N. New England to Wisconsin, and northward.

Orper 128. GRAMIENEZE. (Grass Famiry.)

Grasses, with usually hollow stems (culms) closed at the joints, alternate 2-
ranked leaves, their sheaths split or open on the side opposite the blade ; the
hypogynous flowers imbricated with 2-ranked glumes or bracts: the outer
pair (glumes proper) subtending the spikelet of one or several flowers ;
the inner pair (palee or palets) enclosing each particular flower, which is
usually furnished with 2 or 3 minute hypogynous scales (squamule, Juss.,
lodicule, Beauv.). Stamens 1-6, commonly 3: anthers versatile, 2-celled,
the cells distinct. Styles mostly 2 or 2-parted: stigmas hairy or feathery.
Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, forming a seed-like grain (caryopsis) in fruit.
Embryo small, on the outside and at the base of the floury albumen. —
Roots fibrous. Sheath of the leaves usually more or less extended above
the base of the blade into a scarious appendage (ligule). Spikelets pani-
cled or spiked. Inner (upper) palet usually 2-nerved or 2-keeled, enclosed
or partly covered by the outer (lower) palet. Grain sometimes free from,

GRAMINEE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 603

sometimes permanently adherent to, the palets. — A vast and most impor-
tant family, as it furnishes the cereal grains, and the principal food of cat-
tle, &c. (See Plates 7-14.)

Tribe I. POACEZ. R.Br. Spikelets 1 -many-flowered, when more than one-flowered
centripetal in development ; the lowest flowers first developing, wppermost, if any. imper-
fect or abortive, the rest all alikein the spikelet (perfect, or occasionally moncecious or divce-
cious) ; only in a few exceptional cases with the lowest of the several flowers less perfect
than the upper (viz. staminate only in Arrhenatherum and Phragmites, neutral in Uniola,
Ctenium, Xc.).

Subtribe 1. Oryzeze. Spikelets 1-flowered, in panicles, the flowers often monecious.
Glumes abortive or wanting! Inner palez 3-nerved! Stamens 1-6.

1. Leersia. Flowers perfect, strongly flattened contrary to the awnless conduplicate palets.

2. Zizania. Flowers monecious. Palets convex ; the lower one awned in the fertile flowers.

Subtribe 2. Agrostideze. Spikelets 1-flowered, perfect, and occasionally with the
rudiment or abortive pedicel of a second flower above, panicled, or clustered, sometimes so
contracted as to form a sort of spike, but the spikelets are not directly borne on the
common axis. Stamens 1-3.

* PHLEOIDE%. Glumes equal, strongly keeled, laterally flattened, boat-shaped, somewhat
herbaceous, as well as the palesze. Inflorescence densely spiked!

8. Alopecurus. Glumes united at the base. Lower palet bearing an awn on the back :
the upper palet wanting.

4. Phieum. Glumes distinct, sharp-pointed, much larger than the two thin and truncate
awnless palets.

5. Crypsis. Glumes distinct, not longer than the palets ; both awnless and pointless.

* * AGROSTIDEX proper. Glumes and palets both membranaceous, or the latter sometimes
yery thin and delicate. Inflorescence panicled or glomerate, sometimes rather spike-like,
but not contracted into a uniform cylindrical spike. Palets not surrounded by a tuft of
hairs, or only with some very minute ones at the base.

+ Flower perfectly sessile in the glumes: lower palet 1-nerved: awns none.

6. Vilfa. Fruit a caryopsis (seed adherent to the pericarp, as in most grasses). Panicle
spiked or contracted.
7. Sporobolus. Fruit an utricle (seed loose in the thin pericarp). Panicle open or close.

+ + Flower slightly raised in the glumes on a short sometimes stalk-like base (callus): lower
palet 3—5-nerved ; and this or the glumes awned or pointed, except in some species of No. 8.

8. Agrostis. Glumes equal, or the lower one rather longer, pointless, exceeding the very
thin blunt palets. Lower palet pointless, often awned on the back ; the upper sometimes
wanting. Panicle open.

9. Polypogon. Glumes nearly equal, Jong-awned, much longer than the palets, the lower
of which is often short-awned below the apex. Stamens 8. Panicle contracted.

10. Cinma. Glumes acute, the lower about equalling and the upper slightly exceeding the
similar palets. Stamen 1. Flowers raised on a distinct naked stalk, beardless: lower
palet short-awned or bristle-pointed just below the tip ; the upper 1-nerved.

1l. Muhlenbergia. Lower glume mostly smaller. Palets chiefly hairy-bearded at the
base, the tip of the lower one mucronate-pointed or awned. Stamens 3.

12. Brachyelytrum. Lower glume almost obsolete, and the upper minute. Lower palet
long-awned from the tip ; the upper grooved on the back and bearing a long and slender
naked pedicel of an abortive second flower. Stamens 2.

* * * CALAMAGROSTIDEX. Flower with a copious tuft of hairs at the base of the palets :
otherwise as in the foregoing subdivision.
13. Calamagrostis. Lower palet mostly awned on the back, shorter than the glumes.

604 GRAMINEX. (GRASS FAMILY.)

* * * * STIPEZX. Pales coriaceous, or indurated in fruit, commonly shorter than the mem-
branaceous glumes, usually on a rigid base or callus; the lower involute, terete, closely
enclosing the upper and the grain, mostly 1-3-awned at the apex. Inftorescence racemose
or panicled : spikelets usually large, the flower deciduous from the persistent glumes.

14. Oryzopsis. Awn simple, straight, deciduous from the palet or sometimes wanting.

15. Stipa. Awn simple, twisted below. Callus conspicuous, pointed at the base.

16. Aristida. Awn triple. Upper palet small. Callus conspicuous, pointed at the base.

* * * * * Palets coriaceous or cartilaginous, awnless. Here the following would be sought by
the student who overlooked the pair of rudimentary flowers in No. 56, and was not ac-
quainted with the recondite theoretical structure of No. 57 and 8.

56. Phalaris. Spikelets laterally flattened. A rudiment at the base of each palet.

57. Milium. Spikelets dorsally flattish, not jointed with the pedicels: flowers all alike.

58. Amphicarpum. Spikelets of two sorts, the fertile subterranean, those of the panicle

separating by a joint without ripening grain.

Subtribe 3. Chlorideze. Spikelets rarely 1-flowered, usually 2-several-flowered, with
one or more of the upper flowers imperfect, disposed in one-sided spikes! Glumes persist-
ent, the upper one looking outward. Rhachis (axis) jointless. Spikes usually several and
racemed or digitate. Stamens 2 or 3.

* Spikelets strictly 1-flowered,

59. Paspalum might be looked for here, having to all appearance merely 1-flowered spikelets.

17. Spartina. Spikelets much flattened contrary to the glumes, imbricated in 2 ranks on

the triangular rhachis of the straight spike.

* * Spikelets with one perfect and two or more imperfect or neutral flowers:
+ The perfect flower intermediate.
18. Ctenium. S§pikelets closely imbricated on one side of the axis of a single curved spike.

++ The perfect flower below the one or more neutral or rudimentary ones.

19. Bouteloua. Lower palet 3-cleft and pointed or 3-awned at the apex. Spikes dense.
20. Gymnopogon. Lower palet and the rudiment l-awned. Spikes filiform, racemed.
21. Cynodon. Flower and the rudiment awnless. Spikes slender, digitate.

* * * Spikelets several-flowered ; more than one of the lower flowers perfect and fertile.

+ Spikes digitate at the summit of the culm, dense.
22. Dactyloctenium. Glumes compressed-keeled ; outer one awned : lower palet pointed.
23. Eleusine. Glumes and palets both awnless and blunt.

+ + Spikes racemed, slender.
24. Leptochloa. Spikelets loosely spiked. Lower palet pointless or awned at the tip.

Subtribe 4. Festucineze. Spikelets several- (few—many-) flowered, panicled ; the
uppermost flower often imperfect or abortive. Palets pointless, or the lower sometimes
tipped with a straight (not twisted nor deeply dorsal) awn or bristle. Stamens 1-38. Culms
sometimes reed-like, but not woody.

* Lowest flowers of the spikelet perfect and fertile.
+ Grain free from the palets.
4+ Joints of the rhachis of the spikelet at the insertion of each flower, or the whole rhachis,
bearded. Glumes and convex palets membranaceous.
25. Tricuspis. Spikelets 3-many-flowered. Lower palez hairy-fringed on the 3 nerves,
one or all of which project into awns or mucronate tips, mostly from notches or clefts.
26, Graphephorum. Spikelets 2-few-flowered. Glumes and palets awnless or pointless.

++ ++ Rhachis of the spikelet and base of the flower not bearded.

a. Lower palet 1-pointed, awned or acute, the nerves when present running into the point.

27. Diarrhena. Glumes (short) and the rigid-pointed lower 8-nerved palet coriaceous,
conyex-boat-shaped. Stamens 2. Pericarp cartilaginous, large. Panicle loosely
few-flowered.

GRAMINE&. (GRASS FAMILY.) 605

28. Dactylis. Glumes (rather long) and lower palet awn-pointed, herbaceous, compressed-
keeled. Panicle contracted in one-sided clusters.

29. Koeleria. Glumes (nearly as long as the spikelet) and lower palet membranaceous,
keeled, acute or mucronate, or rather blunt. Panicle contracted, spike-like.

87. Festuca, with grain sometimes free, may be looked for here.

6. Lower palet awnless and pointless, blunt (except one Glyceria), the nerves parallel.
1. Glumes extremely dissimilar, 14 -3-flowered.
80. Eatonia. Lowerglume linear ; the upper broadly obovate and folded round the flowers.

2. Glumes similar in shape, but often unequal in size.

31. Melica. Lower palet flattish-convex, many-nerved, membranaceous at the top, harden-
ing on the loose grain. Fertile flowers 1-3, the upper enwrapping deformed sterile ones.

82. Glyceria, Lower palet convex or rounded on the back, 5-7-nerved, scarious at the
tip. Spikelets many-flowered ; the flowers deciduous at maturity by the breaking up of
the rhachis into joints.

33. Brizopyrum. Lower palet laterally much compressed and often keeled, acute, rigid,
rather coriaceous, smooth, faintly many-nerved. Spikelets flat, spiked-clustered.

37. Festuca. Lower palet slightly ifat all laterally compressed, not keeled, only 1-5-nerved,
not cobwebby, and nearly without scarious margins, acutish: otherwise as in Poa.

34. Poa. Lower palet laterally compressed and mostly keeled, 5-nerved, membranaceous,
scarious-margined, the margins or nerves below often cobwebby or pubescent: the upper
palet not remaining after the lower falls. Spikelets flattened.

35. Eragrostis. Lower palet 3-nerved, keeled, deciduous, leaving the upper persistent on
the rhachis. Spikelets flat.

+ + Grain adherent to the upper palet.
36. Briza. Lower palea rounded, very obtuse, pointless, many-nerved, flattened parallel to
the glumes, soon yentricose, scarious-margined. Spikelets somewhat heart-shaped.
37. Festuca. Lower palet convex on the back, acute, pointed, or awned at the tip, few-nerved.
Spikelets terete or flattish. Styles terminal.
38. Bromus. Lower palet convex or keeled on the back, mostly awned or bristle-bearing
below the 2-cleft tip, 5-9-nerved. Styles scarcely terminal.

* Lowest flower of the spikelet neutral or staminate.
39. Uniola. Spikelets very flat; the one or more lowest flowers neutral, of a single empty
palet. Flowers strongly compressed-keeled, crowded, coriaceous.
40. Phragmites. Spikelets strongly silky-bearded on the rhachis, loosely-flowered, the
lowest flower staminate or neutral. Palets membranaceous.

Subtribe 5. Bambuseze. Culms woody and commonly arborescent. Spikelets and
flowers nearly as in the preceding Subtribe, awnless.
41. Arundinaria, Spikelets flattened, loosely 5-14-flowered, in depauperate panicles.

Subtribe 6. Hordeineze. Spikelets 1 -several-flowered, sessile on opposite sides of a
zigzag jointed rhachis (which is excavated or channelled on one side of each joint), forming
aspike. Glumes sometimes abortive or wanting. Otherwise as in Subtribe 4.

* Spikelets single at each joint of the rhachis.
42. Lepturus. Spikelets almost immersed in the excavations of the very slender rhachis,
1-flowered. The filiform spikes usually several.
43. Lolium. Spikelets many-flowered, placed edgewise on the rhachis of the solitary spike :
glume only one, external.
44. Triticum. Spikelets 3-several-flowered, placed flatwise on the rhachis of the solitary
spike: both glumes present, transverse (right and left).

* * Spikelets 2 or more at each joint of the rhachis: spike solitary.

+ Glumes anterior, forming a sort of involucre for the cluster of spikelets.
45. Hordeum. §pikelets 1-flowered, 3 at each joint, but the two lateral usually sterile.
46. Elymus. Spikelets 1-seyeral-flowered, all perfect and similar.

606 GRAMINEE, (GRASS FAMILY.)

+ + Glumes none or 1-2 awn-like rudiments in their place.
47. Gymnostichum. Spikelets few-flowered, somewhat pedicelled, 1-3 at each joint.

Subtribe 7 Awemeze. Spikelets 2-several-flowered, panicled ; the rhachis or base of
the flowers often villous-bearded. Glumes mostly equalling or exceeding the flowers.
Lower palet bearing a twisted, bent, or straight awn on its back or below its apex; the
upper palet 2-nerved. Stamens 3.

* Flowers all perfect, or the uppermost rudimentary.

48. Danthonia. Spikelets several-flowered. Lower palet firm and rigid, rounded on the
back, several-nerved, the 3 middle nerves running into the flattish twisted awn which
proceeds from the cleft at the apex.

49. Avena. Spikelets 2-several-flowered. Lower palet roundish on the back, and of firmer
texture than the glumes, several-nerved, sharply 2-toothed or 2-cleft at the tip, the bent
or twisted awn rising only from the midnerve at or below the cleft.

50. Trisetum. Spikelets 2-several-flowered. Lower palet laterally compressed and keeled,
sharply 2-toothed or 2-pointed at the apex, the slender awn rising at or near the cleft,
from the midnerve only.

51. Aira. Spikelets small, 2-flowered, with or without the rudiment of a third flower. Palets
thin or scarious, the lower awned from towards the base.

* * One of the flowers staminate only.
52. Arrhenatherum. Lower flower staminate ; the perfect one commonly awnless; the
uppermost a rudiment: otherwise as in Avena.
58. Holeus. Lower flower perfect, awnless; the upper staminate and awned: rudiment
none: otherwise resembling Aira.

Tribe II. PHALARIDE®, Trin. (not of Kunth). Spikelets 3-flowered ; the wpper-
most or middle (terminal) flower perfect: the two lower (one on each side) imperfect,
either staminate, neutral, or reduced to an inconspicuous rudiment.

Subtribe 1. Anthoxantheze. Lateral flowers mostly awned, staminate or neutral,
of 1 or 2 palets ; the upper one awnless and diandrous. Upper palet 1-nerved.

54. Hierochloa. Lateral flowers staminate and triandrous, of 2 palets.

55. Anthoxanthum. Lateral flowers neutral, each of a single awned and hairy palet.

Subtribe 2. Phalarideze proper. Lateral flowers reduced to asmall neutral rudiment
or abortive pedicel on each side of the fertile one; which is awnless and triandrous.
56. Phalaris. Glumes boat-shaped, keeled, enclosing the coriaceous fertile flower.

Tribe III. PANICEZ. Spikelets 2-flowered ; the lower flower always imperfect, either
staminate or neutral; in the latter case usually reduced to a single empty palet (placed
next the lower glume, if that be present); the upper (terminal) flower (placed next the
upper or inner glume) only fertile. Embryo and groove (when present) on the outer side
of the grain! (next the lower palet of the fertile flower). (Flowers polygamous, or hemi-
gamous (when the lower flower is neutral), or sometimes seemingly simple and perfect,
from the suppression both of the lower glume and of the upper palet of the neutral flower,
sometimes moncecious, or rarely dioecious. Rarely both glumes are wanting.)

Subtribe 1. Paspalese, Griseb. Glumes and sterile palets herbaceous or membrana-
ceous: palets of the fertile flower of firmer texture, coriaceous or chartaceous, awnless, not
keeled, more or less flattened parallel with the glumes.

* Spikelets appearing as if simply 1-flowered, from the suppression of the lower glume, the
single neutral palet of the sterile flower apparently occupying its place. (Awnless.)

57. Milium. Spikelets not jointed with their pedicels, all alike in a terminal open panicle.

568. Amphicarpum. Spikelets jointed with their pedicels, of 2 sorts; one ina terminal
panicle ; the other subterranean, on radical peduncles.

59. Paspalum. Spikelets jointed with their short pedicels, all alike, plano-convex, in one-
sided spikes or spiked racemes,

GRAMINEH. (GRASS FAMILY.) 607

* * Spikelets manifestly 1}-2-flowered (polygamous, the lower flower staminate or often
neutral, of one or both palets), the lower glume being present.

60. Panicum. Spikelets not involucrate, nor the peduncles bristle-bearing. Lower glume
usually small or minute. Sterile flower either staminate or neutral.

61. Setaria. Spikelets spiked or dense-panicled, the peduncles continued into naked solitary
bristles or awns: otherwise as in Panicum.

62. Cenchrus. Spikelets enclosed 1-5 together in a hard and spiny or bristly and globular
bur-Jike involucre.

Subtribe 2. Sacchareze. Fertile palets membranaceous or scarious, always of thinner
and more delicate texture than the (often indurated) glumes, frequently awned from the
tip. Spikelets usually in pairs or threes, panicled or spiked, some of them entirely sterile
or rudimentary.

* Spikelets moncecious, imbedded in the separable joints of the spike.
63. Tripsacum. Staminate spikelets above, in pairs at each joint: pistillate spikelets sin-
gle in each joint: glumes indurated.

* * Fertile spikelets with one perfect and one sterile (staminate or mostly neutral) flower:
lower palet of the perfect flower awned.

64. Erianthus. Both spikelets at each joint of the rhachis alike fertile, and inyolucrate
with a silky tuft: otherwise as in the next.

65. Andropogon. Spikelets a pair at each joint of the plumose-hairy spikes, one of them
sessile and fertile ; the other pedicelled and sterile or rudimentary.

66. Sorghum. Spikelets in open panicles, 2-3 together, the lateral ones sterile or some-
times reduced to mere pedicels.

1. LEERSIA, Solander. Wutre Grass. (PI. 7.)

Flowers crowded in one-sided panicled spikes or racemes, perfect, but those in
the open panicles usually sterile by the abortion of the ovary, those enclosed in*
the sheaths of the leaves close-fertilized in the bud and prolific. Spikelets
1-flowered, flat, more or less imbricated over each other, jointed with the short
pedicels. Glumes wanting. Palets chartaceous, strongly flattened laterally
or conduplicate, awnless, bristly-ciliate on the keels, closed, nearly equal in
length, but the lower much broader, enclosing the flat grain. Stamens 1-6.
Stigmas feathery, the hairs branching. — Perennial marsh grasses: the flat
leaves, sheaths, &c., rough upwards, being clothed with very minute hooked
prickles. (Named after John Daniel Leers, a German botanist.)

* Spikelets narrowly oblong, rather loosely crowded.

1, L. Virginica, Willd. (Waite Grass.) Panicle simple; the spikelets
closely appressed on the slender branches, around which they are partly curved
(13" long) ; stamens 2 (a third imperfect or wanting) ; palets sparingly ciliate
(greenish-white).— Wet woods. Aug., Sept.

2. L. oryzoides, Swartz. (Rice Cur-crass.) Panicle diffusely branched ;
spikelets flat, rather spreading (23''-3" long) ; stamens 3; palets strongly bristly-
ciliate (whitish). — Very wet places: common. Aug. (Eu.)

* * Spikelets broadly oval, imbricately covering each other (24!'-3!' long).

3..L. lenticularis, Michx. (Friy-catcu Grass.) Smoothish; panicle
simple; palets very flat, strongly bristly ciliate (said to close and catch flies) ;
stamens 2: otherwise like the preceding. — Low grounds, Virginia, Illinois,
and southward.

608 . GRAMINEE. (GRASS FAMILY.)

2. ZIZANIA, Gronov. Warer or Inpran Rice. (Pl. 7.)

Flowers moneecious ; the staminate and pistillate both in 1-flowered spikelets
in the same panicle. Glumes wanting, or rudimentary and forming a little
cup. Palets herbaceo-membranaceous, convex, awnless in the sterile, the lower
one tipped with a straight awn in the fertile spikelets. Stamens 6. Stigmas
pencil-form. — Large, often reed-like water-grasses. Spikelets jointed with the
club-shaped pedicels, very deciduous. (Adopted from Zi¢amov, the ancient
name of some wild grain.)

1. Z. aquatica, L. (Inp1an Rice. Warer Oars.) Annual; lower
branches of the ample pyramidal panicle staminate, spreading ; the upper erect, pis-
tillate ; pedicels strongly club-shaped ; lower palet long-awned, rough; styles dis-
tinct; grain linear, slender. (Z. clavulosa, Michx.) Swampy borders of
streams and in shallow water: common, especially northwestward. Aug.—- ~
Culms 3°-9° high. Leaves flat, 2°-3° long, linear-lanceolate. Grain 6/' long ;
largely gathered for food by the Northwestern Indians.

2. Z. miliacea, Michx. Perennial; panicle diffuse, ample, the staminate
and pistillate flowers intermixed ; awns short; styles united; grain ovate. Penn. ?
Ohio, and southward. Aug.— Leaves involute.

3. ALOPECURUS, L._ Foxram Grass. (PI. 72)

Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes boat-shaped, strongly compressed and keeled,
nearly equal, united at the base, equalling or exceeding the lower palet, which
is awned on the back below the middle: upper palet wanting! Stamens 3.
Styles mostly united. Stigmas long and feathered. — Clusters contracted into
a cylindrical and soft dense spike. Root perennial. (Name from aA@mné, for,
and ovpd, tail, the popular appellation, from the shape of the spike.)

1. A. praténsis, L. (Merapow Foxraix.) Culm upright, smooth (2°
high) ; palet equalling the acute glumes; awn exserted more than half its length,
twisted; the upper leaf much shorter than its inflated sheath. — Meadows and
pastures, eastward, May. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. A. GenicuLAtus, L. (FiLoatine F.) Culm ascending, bent at the
lower joints; palet rather shorter than the obtuse glumes, the awn from near its base
and projecting half its length beyond it; anthers linear ; the upper leaf as long as
its sheath. — Moist meadows, eastward. June-—Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. A. aristulatus, Michx. (Witp F.) Glaucous; culm decumbens
below, at length bent and ascending; palet rather longer than the obtuse glumes,
scarcely exceeded by the awn which rises from just below its middle; anthers
oblong. (A. subaristatus, Pers.) —In water and wet places: common. June-
Aug. Spike more slender and paler than in the last. (Eu.)

4. PHLEUM, L. Car’s-ram Grass. (PI. 7.)

Palets both present, shorter than the mucronate or awned glumes; the lower
one truncate, usually awnless. Styles distinct. Otherwise much as in Alope-
curus. —Perennials. Spike very dense, harsh. (An ancient Greek name.)

1. P. pravénsp, L. (Timoruy. Herp’s-Grass in New England and
New York.) Tall; spike cylindrical, elongated; glumes ciliate on the back,

GRAMINE&. (GRASS FAMILY.) 609

tipped with a short bristle. — Meadows, commonly cultivated for hay. (Nat.
from Eu.)

2. P. alpinum, L. Low; spike ovate-oblong; glumes strongly ciliate on
the back, tipped with a rough awn about their own length. — Alpine tops of the
White Mountains, New Hampshire, and high northward. (Ku.)

5. CRYPSIS, Ait. Crvesis, (PI. 7.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, in clusters which are crowded in a dense head or short
spike bracted by the uppermost leaves. Glumes, palets, &c. as in the next
genus, or rather thinner. — Low and spreading tufted annuals, natives of the
East ; with short Jeaves, the sheaths of the upper spathaceous. (Name, xpuyes,
concealment, the spikes at first partly hidden by the subtending sheaths.)

1. C. scua@noipes, Lam. Leaves rather rigid, tapering to a sharp point;
heads or spikes oblong, 7-20" long, thick. (C. Virginica, Nutt., excl. syn.)
— Waste places, streets of Philadelphia and vicinity, also of Wilmington, Dela-
ware: becoming very common. (Nat. from Eu.)

6. VILFA, Adans., Beauv. Rusu-Grass. (Pl. 7.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, in a contracted or spiked panicle. Glumes 1-nerved or
nerveless, not awned or pointed, the lower smaller. Flower nearly sessile in
the glumes. Palets 2, much alike, of the same texture as the glumes (mem-
branaceo-chartaceous) and usually longer than they, naked, awnless and mostly
pointless ; the lower l-nerved (rarely somewhat 3-nerved). Stamens chiefly 3.
Stigmas simply feathery. Grain (caryopsis) oblong or cylindrical, deciduous.
— Culms wiry or rigid. Leaves involute, usually bearded at the throat; their
sheaths often enclosing the panicles. (Name unexplained. )

1. V. aspera, Beauv. Root perennial; culms tufted (2°-4° high) ; lowest
Icaves very long, rigid, rough on the edges, tapering to a long involute and
thread-like point ; the upper short, involute ; sheaths partly or at first wholly
enclosing the contracted panicle ; palets much longer than the unequal glumes ;
grain oval or oblong. (Agrostis aspera, Michx. A. clandestina & A. involita,
Muhl. A. longifolia, Torr.) — Sandy fields and dry hills, especially southward.
Sept. — Spikelets 2"-3" long. Palets rough above, smooth or hairy below, of
greatly varying proportions ; the upper one tapering upwards, acute, and one
half to twice longer than the lower, or else obtuse and equalled or even con-
siderably exceeded by the lower !

2. V. vagineeflora, Torr. Root annual; culms slender (6’-12! high),
ascending ; leaves involute-awl-shaped (1/- 4! long) ; panicles simple and
spiked, the lateral and often the terminal concealed in the sheaths ; palets some-
what equal, acute, about the length of the nearly equal glumes ; only one third longer
than the linear grain. (Agrostis Virginica, Muh/., not of Z.) — Barren and
sandy dry fields : common, especially southward. Sept.

3. V. cuspidata, Torr. Root perennial; culms and leaves more slender
, than in the preceding; panicle exserted, very simple and narrow; spikelets
smaller, the glumes very acute, and the lower palet cuspidate. — Borders of Maine
(on the St. John’s River, G. Z. Goodale), and northwestward.

39

610 GRAMINEZ. (GRASS FAMILY.)

4. V. Virginica, Beauy. Root perennial ; culms tufted, slender (5'—12/
long), often procumbent, branched ; leaves conyolute, rigid ; palets rather shorter
than the nearly equal acute glumes. (Agrostis Virginica, 2.) — Sandy sea-
shore, Virginia (Clayton) and southward. — Spikelets much smaller and more
numerous than in the others.

7. SPOROBOLUS, R.Br. Drop-srep Grass. (PI. 7.)

Spikelets 1- (rarely 2-) flowered, in a contracted or open panicle. Flowers
nearly as in Vilfa; the palets longer than the unequal glumes. Stamens 2-3.
Grain a globular utricle (hyaline or rarely coriaceous), containing a loose seed,
deciduous (whence the name, from ozopa, seed, and BdadXa, te cast forth).

* Glumes very unequal : panicle pyramidal, open: ours perennials, except No. 3.

1. S. junceus, Kunth. Leaves involute, narrow, rigid, the lowest elon-
gated ; culm (1°-2° high) naked above, bearing a narrow loose panicle ; glumes
ovate, rather obtuse, the lower one half as long as, the upper equalling, the nearly
equal palets. (Agrostis juncea, Michx. Vilfa juncea, Trin.) — Dry soil, Penn-
sylvania to Wisconsin, and (chiefly) southward. Aug. — Spikelets 1-2" long,
shining.

2. §. heterdlepis, Gray. Leaves involute-thread-form, rigid, the lowest as
long as the culm (1° - 2°) which is naked above ; panicle very loose ; glumes very
unequal; the lower awl-shaped (or bristle-pointed from a broad base) and some-
what shorter, the upper ovate-oblong and taper-pointed and longer, than the equal
palets. (Vilfa heterolepis, Gray.) —Dry soil, Connecticut, and New York to
Illinois and Wisconsin. Aug.— Plant exhaling an unpleasant scent (Swdlivant),
stouter than the last, the spikelets thrice larger. Utricle spherical (1’ in diam-
eter), shining, thick and coriaceous !.

3. C. eryptandrus, Gray. Leaves flat, pale (2" wide); the pyramidal
panicle bursting from the upper sheath which usually encloses its base, its spreading
branches hairy in the axils; upper glume lanceolate, rather acute, twice the length of
the lower one, as long as the nearly equal palets ; sheaths strongly bearded at the
throat; root annual? (Agr. & Vilfa eryptandra, Torr.) — Sandy shores, coast
of New England, and of the Great Lakes. Aug., Sept. — Culm 2°- 3° high.
Panicle lead-color: spikelets 1" long.

% %* Glumes almost equal, shorter than the broad palets : panicle racemose-elongated,
open, the pedicels capillary : sheaths naked at the throat : spikelets not unfrequently
two-flowered : root perennial. (CoLPopium ?)

4. S. compréssus, Kunth. Very smooth, leafy to the top: culms tufted,
stout, very flat: sheaths flattened, much longer than the internodes ; leaves erect,
narrow, conduplicate-channelled ; glumes acutish, about one third shorter than
the obtuse palets. (Agrostis compressa, Torr. Vilfa, Trin.) — Bogs in the
pine-barrens of New Jersey. Sept. — Forming strong tussocks, 1°-2° high.
Panicle 8!-12! long: spikelets 1/! long, purplish.

5. S. serétinus, Gray. Smooth; culms very slender, flattish (8'-15' high), -
few-leaved ; leaves very slender, channelled ; panicle soon much erserted, the diffuse —

capillary branches scattered ; glumes ovate, obtuse, about half the length of the

V/
'

GRAMINEH. (GRASS FAMILY.) 611

palets. (Agr. & Vilfa serotina, Torr. V. ténera, Trin. Poa? uniflora, Muhl.
P. modésta, Tuckerm.) — Sandy wet places, Maine to New Jersey and Michigan.
Sept. — A very delicate grass ; the spikelets half a line long.

8. AGROSTIS, L. Bent-Grass. (PI. 7.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, in an open panicle. Glumes somewhat equal, or the
lower rather longer, usually longer than the palets, pointless. Palets very thin,
pointless, naked; the lower 3 -5-nerved, frequently awned on the back;. the
upper often minute or none. Stamens chiefly 3. Grain (caryopsis) free. —
Culms usually tufted, slender; root commonly perennial. (Name from dypés,
a field, the place of growth.)

§ 1. TRICHODIUM, Michx. — Upper palet abortive, minute, or none.

1. A. elata, Trin. Culms firm or stout (2°-3° high); leaves flat (1//-2!'
wide) ; upper ligules elongated (2/'/-3!! long) ; spikelets crowded on the branches
of the spreading panicle above the middle (1}" long) ; lower palet awnless, slightly
shorter than the rather unequal glumes; the upper wanting. (A. Schweinitzii,
Trin.? A. altissima, Tuckerm., excl. var. laxa. Trich. elatum, Pursh.) —
Swamps, New Jersey and southward. October.

2. A. perénnans, Tuckerm. (Turin-Grass.) Culms slender, erect from
a decumbent base (1°- 2° high) ; leaves flat (the upper 4’—6/ long, 1//- 2!’ wide) ;
panicle at length diffusely spreading, pale green ; the branches short, divided and
Jlower-bearing from or below the middle ; lower palet awnless (rarely short-awned),
shorter than the unequal glumes ; the upper minute or obsolete. (Cornucopiz
perennans, Walt. Trich. perennans, Lil. T. deciimbens, Michr. T. scabrum,
Muhl. Agr. andmala, Willd.) —Damp shaded places. July, Aug. — Spikelets,
&e. as in No. 3, into which it seems to vary.

3. A. seabra, Willd. (Harr-Grass.) Culms very slender, erect (1° - 2°
high) ; leaves short and narrow, the lower soon involute (the upper 1! —3/ long,
less than 1! wide); panicle very loose and divergent, purplish, the long capillary
branches flower-bearing at and near the apex; lower palet awnless or occasionally
short-awned on the back, shorter than the rather unequal very acute glumes; the
upper minute or obsolete ; root biennial? (A. laxiflora, Richard. A. Michauxii,
Trin. partly. Trich. laxiflorum, Michz. T. montanum, Yorr.) — Exsiccated
places: common. June-Aug.— Remarkable for the long and divergent capil-
lary branches of the extremely loose panicle; these are whorled, rough with
very minute bristles (under a lens), as also the keel of the glumes. Spikelets
1’ long. — A variety? from about the White Mountains, &c. (var. montana,
Tuckerm.), has a more or less exserted awn, thus differing from the T. monta-
num, Torr. (A. oredphila, T’rin.), which is a dwarfed form, growing in tufts in
hollows of rocks, &e.

4. A. canina, L. (Brown Bent-Grass.) Culms 8/-2° high; root-
leaves involute-bristle-form, those of the culm flat and broader; panicle loose ;
glumes slightly unequal, ovate-lanceolate, very acute; palet ersertly amped on
the back at or below the middle; spikelets brownish or purplish, rarely pale or
greenish (1/’-13'’ long). — Meadows, sparingly naturalized eastward. <A
mountain form with shorter and more spreading panicle (A. Pickeringii

612 GRAMINE®. (GRASS FAMILY.)

& A. concinna, Tuckerm., A. canina, var. alpina, Oakes, & Ed. 2., and essen-
tially A. rubra, Z. ex Wahl., and A. borealis, Hartm.), is indigenous on
mountain-tops, Maine to New York; also, an ampler form in the Alleghanies
of Pennsylvania (J. R. Lowrie), and southward (A. rupéstris, Chapman, &c.).
July-Anug. (Eu.)

§ 2. AGROSTIS proper. Upper palet manifest, but shorter than the lower.

5. A. vulgaris, With. (Rep-ror. Herp’s-Grass of Penn., &c.) Root-
stocks creeping ; culm mostly upright (1°- 2° high) ; panicle oblong, with spread-
ing slightly rough short branches (purple) ; leaves linear, flat ; digule very short,
truncate ; lower palet nearly equalling the glumes, chiefly awnless, 3-nerved ;
the upper about one half its length. (A. polymorpha, Huds., partly. — Varies
with a rougher panicle (A. hispida, Wil/d.), and rarely with the flower short-
awned.— Low meadows; naturalized from Eu., and apparently also native
northward. (Eu.)

6. A. alba, L. (Frorrn or Waite Bent-Grass.) Rootstocks more
stoloniferous, and culms often decumbent at the base, ascending; ligule elon-
gated, oblong or linear; panicle contracted after flowering, either greenish, pur-
plish or brownish ; otherwise as in the preceding, and equally variable; rarely
with the lower palet short-awned, or even slender-awned below the tip. (A.
stolonifera, Z., partly.) — Meadows and fields, a valuable grass: nat. from Eu. :
also indigenous on river-banks, N. New York and northward. (Eu.)

9. POLYPOGON, Desf. Bearv-Grass. (PI. 8.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, in a contracted, mostly spike-like panicle. Glumes nearly
equal, long-awned, much longer than the membranaceous palets, the lower of
which is commonly short-awned below the apex. Stamens 3. Grain free.
(Name composed of roAv, much, and meyer, beard ; from the awns.)

1. P. Monspexiénsis, Desf. Panicle interrupted ; glumes oblong, the awn
from a notch at the summit; lower palet awned ; root annual. Hampton Beach,
New Hampshire (fobbins), Virginia? and southward. (Nat. from Eu.)

16> CIN N AE: Woop Reep-Grass. (PI. 8.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, much flattened, crowded in an open flaccid panicle.
Glumes lanceolate, acute, strongly keeled, rough-serrulate on the keel; the
lower rather smaller, the upper a little exceeding the palets. Flower manifestly
stalked in the glumes, smooth and naked; the palets much like the glumes;
the lower longer than the upper, short-awned or mucronate on the back below
the pointless apex. Stamen one, opposite the 1-nerved upper palet! Grain
linear-oblong, free. — A perennial, rather sweet-scented grass, with simple and
upright somewhat reed-like culms (2°-7° high), bearing an ample compound
terminal panicle, its branches in fours or fives; the broadly linear-lanceolate
flat leaves (4'-6" wide) with conspicuous ligules. Spikelets green, often pur-
plish-tinged. (Name unexplained.)

1. C. arundinacea, L.— Moist woods and shaded swamps: rather com-
mon. July, Aug. — Panicle 6'- 15! long, rather dense ; the branches and pedi-

GRAMINEX. (GRASS FAMILY.) 613

cels spreading in flower, afterwards erect. Spikelets 2}/’-8" long. Awn of
the palet either obsolete or manifest.

Var. péndula, Gray. Panicle loose and more slender, the branches nearly
capillary and drooping in flower ; pedicels very rough ; glumes and palets thin-
ner, the former less unequal ; spikelets 1}/’- 2" long ; upper palet obtuse. (C.
pendula, Trin. C. latifolia, Griseb. C. expansa, Link. Blyttia suaveolens,
Fries.) — Deep damp woods, N. New England to Lake Superior and northward,
and on mountains southward. — A slender variety of the last, as is shown by
intermediate specimens, always monandrous. (Eu.)

1l. MUHLENBERGIA, Schreber. Dro: seep G. (Pl. 8.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, in contracted or rarely in open panicles. Glumes mostly
acute or bristle-pointed, persistent ; the lower rather smaller or minute. Flower
very short-stalked or sessile in the glumes ; the palets usually minutely bearded
at the base, herbaceous, deciduous with the enclosed grain, often equal; the
lower 3-nerved, mucronate or awned at the apex. Stamens 3. (Dedicated to
the Rev. Dr. Henry Muhlenberg, a distinguished American botanist of the early
part of this century.)

§ 1. MUHLENBERGIA proper. Panicles contracted or glomerate, terminal
and acillary : perennials (in our species) with branching rigid culms, from scaly
creeping rootstocks ; leaves short and narrow.

_ * Lower palet barely mucronate or sharp-pointed. (Sp. of Cinna, Kunth, Trin.)

1. M. sobolifera, Trin. Culms ascending (1°-2° high), rarely branching;
the simple contracted panicle very slender or filiform ; glumes barely pointed, almost
equal, one third shorter than the equal palets ; lower palet abruptly short-mucronate.
(Agrostis sobolifera, Muhl.) — Open rocky woods, Mass. to Michigan, Illinois,
and southward. Aug. — Spikelets less than 1’ long.

2. M. glomerata, Trin. Culms upright (1°-3° high), sparingly branched
or simple ; panicle oblong-linear, contracted into an interrupted glomerate spike, long-
peduncled, the branches sessile; g/umes awned, nearly equal, and (with the
bristle-like awn) about twice the length of the unequal very acute palets. (Agr.
racemosa, Michr. A. setosa, Muhl. Polypogon racemosus, Nutt.) — Bogs:
common, especially northward. Aug.— Panicle 2/-3! long.

3. M. Mexicana, Trin. Culms ascending, much branched (2° - 3° high) ;
panicles lateral and terminal, often included at the base, contracted, the branches
densely spiked-clustered, linear (green and purplish) ; glumes awnless, sharp-pointed,
unequal, the upper about the length of the very acute lower palet. (Agr.
Mexicana, Z. A. lateriflora, Michr.) — Varies with more slender panicles (A.
filiformis, Muhl.) —Low grounds: common. Aug.

* * Lower pale bristle-awned from the tip: flowers short-pedicelled.

4. M. sylvatica, Torr. & Gr. Culms ascending, much branched and
diffusely spreading (2°-4° long); contracted panicles densely many-flowered ;
glumes almost equal, bristle-pointed, nearly as long as the lower palet, which bears an
awn twice or thrice the length of the spikelet. (Agr. diffusa, J/uh/.) —Low or
rocky woods: common. Aug., Sept. —In aspect between No. 3 and No. 5.

614 GRAMINEH. (GRASS FAMILY.)

5. M. Willdenovii, Trin. Culms upright (3° high), slender, simple or
sparingly branched ; contracted panicle slender, loosely flowered ; glumes slightly
unequal, short-pointed, half the length of the lower palet, which bears an awn 3-4 _
times the length of the spikelet. (Agrostis tenuiflora, Willd.) — Rocky woods :
rather common. Aug.

6. M. difftisa, Schreber. (Drop-seep. Nimpie Wii.) Culms dif-
fusely much branched (8’~-18' high) ; contracted panicles slender, rather loosely
many-flowered, terminal and lateral; glumes extremely minute, the lower obsolete,
the upper truncate; awn once or twice longer than the palet. (Dilepyrum
minutiflorum, Michxr.) — Dry hills and woods, from S$. New England to Michi-
gan, Illinois, and southward. Aug., Sept. — Spikelets only 1’ long.

§2. TRICHOCHLOA, DC. Panicle very loose and open, the long branches and
pedicels capillary: leaves narrow, often convolute-bristle-form.

7. M. capillaris, Kunth. (Harr-Grass.) Culm simple, upright (2° high)
from a fibrous root ; panicle capillary, expanding (6/— 20! long, purple) ; glumes
unequal, one third or half the length of the long-awned palets, the lower mostly
pointless, the upper more or less bristle-pointed. — Sandy soil, W. New Eng-
land to New Jersey, Kentucky, and southward. Sept. — Pedicels 1'!-2! long,
scarcely thicker than the awns, which are about 1’ long.

12. BRACHYELYTRUM, Beauv. (PI. 8.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, with a conspicuous filiform pedicel of an abortive second
flower about half its length, nearly terete, few, in a simple appressed racemed
panicle. Glumes unequal, persistent, usually minute, or the Jower one almost
obsolete. Palets chartaceo-herbaceous, involute, enclosing the linear-oblong
grain, somewhat equal, rough with scattered short bristles; the lower 5-nerved,
extended into a long straight awn; the upper 2-pointed; the awn-like sterile
pedicel partly lodged in the groove on its back. Stamens 2: anthers and stig-
mas very long. — Perennial, with simple culms (1°-3° high) from creeping
rootstocks, downy sheaths, broad and flat lanceolate pointed leaves, and spike-
lets 3/ long without the awn. (Name composed of Bpaxus, short, and ¢urpov,
husk, from the minute glumes.)

1. B. aristatum, Beauv. (Muhlenbergia erécta, Schreb. Dilepyrum
aristosum, Michx.) — Rocky woods: common. June.— Var. ENGELMANNI,
is a Western form, with the upper glume awn-pointed, nearly half the length of
the palet.

13. CALAMAGROSTIS, Adans. Reep Beyt-G. (PI. 8.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, and often with a pedicel or rudiment of a second abor-
tive flower (rarely 2-flowered), in an open or spiked panicle. Glumes keeled or
boat-shaped, often acute, commonly nearly equal, and exceeding the flower,
which bears at the base copious white bristly hairs. Palets thin; the lower
bearing a slender awn on the back or below the tip, or sometimes awnless; the
upper mostly shorter. Stamens 3. Grain free.— Perennials, with running
rootstocks, and mostly tall and simple rigid culms. (Name compounded of
ka\apos, a reed, and aypdarts, a grass.)

GRAMINEZ. (GRASS FAMILY.) 615

§1. DEYEUXIA, Kunth. Rudiment of a second flower present in the form of a
plumose or hairy small pedicel behind the upper palet (very rarely more developed
and having palets or even stamens) : glumes and palets membranaceous, or the lat-
ter thin and delicate as in Agrostis ; the lower 3—5-nerved and awn-bearing.

* Panicle loose and open, even after flowering : the mostly purple-tinged or lead-colored
strigose-scabrous glumes not closing in fruit: copious hairs surrounding the flower
about equalling the hyaline lower palet, not surpassed by those of the rudiment :
awn delicate, straight. ‘

1. C. Canadénsis, Beauv. (Biue Joint-Grass.) Culm tall (3°-5°
high) ; leaves flat when fresh, glaucous; panicle oblong; glumes ovate-lanceolate,
acute, 14/’/-13" long; awn from near the middle of the palet, not exceeding and
scarcely stouter than the hairs around the flower. (Arundo Canadensis, Michz.
C. Mexicana, Nutt.) — Wet grounds: common northward. July.

2. C. Langsdorffii, Trin. Spikelets larger, 23-3" long ; glumes lanceo-
late or oblong-lanceolate and gradually taper-pointed ; awn stouter: otherwise like
the preceding. — White Mountains, New Hampshire, and northward. (Ku.)

* * Panicle strict, its short branches appressed or erect after flowering, and the glumes
mostly closed: lower palet less delicate, roughish, sometimes of as firm texture as
the glumes : awn stouter.

+ Leaves narrow, inclined to be involute: awn straight.

3. C. stricta, Trin. Panicle glomerate and lobed, strict ; glumes 13! - 2!
long, ovate-oblong, not acuminate; hairs scarcely or little shorter than the
flower, and as long as those of the rudiment; awn from the middle of the thin
palea or lower, and barely exceeding it. — Ledges at Willoughby Lake, Vermont
(W. Boott), Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

+ + Leaves broader, flat: awn stouter, bent, divergent, or twisted when dry.

4. C. confinis, Nutt. Panicle elongated, its rather slender branches spread-
ing at flowering-time, afterwards appressed ; glumes lance-oblong, very acute,
2" long, pale; hairs of the flower copious, equal, slightly or one third shorter than
the thin lower palet and than those of the rudiment; awn borne much below the
middle of the palet, somewhat surpassing it; grain glabrous. (Arundo confinis,
Willd! C. inexpansa, Gray.) —Swamps, N. and W. New York (especially
Penn Yan, Sartwell) and Pennsylvania. July. — Culm tall.

5. C. Nuttalliana, Steud. Culm stout (3°-5° high) ; panicle contracted
and spike-like; glumes lanceolate and tapering into slender awl-shaped tips,
3” long; hairs on the lower side scanty and barely half the length of the firm and
keeled lower palet, on the other side longer and equalling the copious tuft on the
summit of the rudiment ; awn borne half-way between the middle and the taper-
ing tip of the palet, stout, not twisted; grain bearded at the top. (C. Canadén-
sis, Nutt. C. coarctata, Torr., and of former ed.) — Moist grounds, E. New
England to Pennsylvania, Virginia, and southward. Aug.

6. C. Porteri, Gray. Culm slender (2°-4° high) ; a woolly-bearded ring
at the junction of the broadly linear leaves with the sheath; panicle long and
narrow, with the branches appressed; glumes lanceolate, acute, pale, 2/ to 24!
long ; hairs of the flower and of the short rudiment scanty, and both reaching about
to the middle of the flower behind the upper palet, but very short or none at the

616 GRAMINEE. (GRASS. FAMILY.)

base of the firm-membranaceous lower palet, which bears near its base a twisted awn
of its own length.— Dry woods, Pulpit Rocks and vicinity, Huntingdon Co.,
Pennsylvania, Prof. T. C. Porter.

7. C. Pickeringii, Gray. Culm 1°-13}° high; leaves short ; panicle py-
ramidal, purplish; glumes ovate-oblong, bluntish or bluntly pointed (1}" — 2”
long) ; hairs both of the flower and of the rudiment very short and scanty, one fourth
or fifth the length of the flower, none behind the obtuse lower palet, which
bears between its middle and base a short and stout (straight or bent, not twisted)
awn. — White Mountains, New Hampshire, in the alpine region of Mt. Wash-
ington (Dr. Pickering, &c.); and a more luxuriant form with smaller spikelets
at Echo Lake, Franconia, W. Boott. Sept.

§ 2. CALAMOVILFA. Glumes and equal palets rather chartaceous, compressed-
keeled ; the lower glume shorter than the upper and shorter than the palets, of which
the lower is 1\-nerved and entirely awnless: the upper strongly 2-keeled : rudiment
of second flower wanting : panicle open and loose.

8. C. brevipilis, Gray. Branches of the diffuse pyramidal panicle capil-
lary (purplish) ; glumes ovate, mucronate; the upper slightly, the lower nearly
one half shorter than the palets, which are above twice the length of the hairs and
bristly-bearded along the keels. (Arundo brevipilis, Torr.) — Sandy swamps, pine-
barrens of New Jersey: rare. Sept. — Culm 3°-4° high: leaves nearly flat.

9. C. longifolia, Hook. Culm (1°-4° high) stout, from thick running
rootstocks ; leaves rigid, elongated, involute above and tapering into a long thread-
like point; branches of the pyramidal panicle smooth ; glumes lanceolate, the up-
per as long as the similar palets, the lower one fourth shorter; the copious hairs
more than half the length of the naked palets. — Sands, along the upper Great Lakes,
from Illinois and Michigan northwestward. Aug.— Spikelets 23! long.
Sheaths clothed with deciduous wool.

§ 3. AMMOPHILA, Host. Rudiment of second flower present and plumose above :
glumes nearly equal and rather longer than the equal similar palets, scarious-char-
aceous, lanceolate, compressed-keeled : lower palet 5-nerved, slightly mucronate or
obscurely awned near the tip ; the upper 2-keeled : squamulee lanceolate, much longer
than the ovary: panicle spiked-contracted: spikelets large (3! long).

10. C. arenaria, Roth. (Sea Sanp-Reep.) Culm stout and rigid
(2°-8° high) from firm running rootstocks ; leaves long, soon involute ; panicle
contracted into a dense cylindrical spike (5'-9/ long); hairs only one third of
the length of the palet. (Arundo, Z. Psamma, Beauv.) —Sandy beaches,
New Jersey to Maine, and northward, and on the Great Lakes. Aug. (Eu.)

14. ORYZOPSIS, Michx. Movnrain Rice. (PI. 8.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, nearly terete. Glumes herbaceous or thin-membrana-
ceous, several-nerved, nearly equal, commonly rather longer than the oblong
flower, which is deciduous at maturity, and with a very short obtuse callus or
scar-like base. Lower palet coriaceous, at length involute so as closely to enclose
the upper (of the same length) and the oblong grain; a simple untwisted and
deciduous awn jointed on its apex. Stamens 3. Squamule 2 or 3, conspicuous.
Stigmas plumose. — Perennials, with rigid leaves and a marrow raceme or

V

GRAMINEX. (GRASS FAMILY.) 617

panicle. Spikelets greenish, rather large. (Name composed of dpuga, rice, and
6yis, likeness, from a fancied resemblance to that grain.)
* Styles distinct, short: culm leafy to the summit: leaves broad and flat.

1. O. melanocarpa, Muhl. Leaves lanceolate, taper-pointed; sheaths
bearded in the throat; panicle simple or sparingly branched; awn thrice the
length of the blackish palets (nearly 1! long). (Milium racemosum, Smith. Pip-
tatherum nigrum, Torr.) — Rocky woods. Aug. — Culm 2°-3° high.

* * Styles united below, slender : culms tufted, naked: leaves concave or involute.

2. O. asperifolia, Michx. Culms (9/-18' high) with sheaths bearing a
mere rudimentary blade, overtopped by the long and rigid linear leaf from the base ;
very simple panicle or raceme few-flowered ; awn 2-8 times the lenyth of the rather
hairy whitish pales. (Urdchne, Trin.) — Hillsides, &c., in rich woods: common
northward. May.— Leaves without keels, rough-edged, pale beneath, lasting
through the winter. Squamul lanceolate, almost as long as the inner palet!

3. O. Canadénsis, Torr. Culms slender (6-15! high), the lowest
sheaths leaf-bearing ; leaves involute-thread-shaped; panicle contracted (1/- 2!
long), the branches usually in pairs; palets pubescent, whitish ; awn short and
very deciduous, or wanting. (O. parviflora, Nutt. Stipa juncea, Michx, §. Can-
adensis, Poir. Milium pungens, Torr. Urachne brevicaudata, Trin.) — Rocky
hills and dry plains, W. New England to mountains of Penn., Wisconsin, and
northward: rare. May.— Glumes 1” -2!' long, sometimes purplish.

15. STIPA, L. Fearuer-Grass. (PI. 8.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, terete; the flower falling away at maturity (with the
conspicuous obconical bearded and often sharp-pointed callus) from the mem-
branaceous glumes. Lower palet coriaceous, cylindrical-involute and closely
embracing the smaller upper one and the cylindrical grain, having a long
and twisted or tortuous simple awn jointed with its apex. Stamens mostly 3.
Stigmas plumose.— Perennials, with narrow involute leaves and a loose
panicle. (Name from orvzn, tow, in allusion to the flaxen appearance of the
feathery awns of the original species. In our species the awn is naked.)

* Callus or base of the flower short and blunt: glumes pointless,

1. S. Richardsonii, Link. Culm (1$°-2° high) and leaves slender;
panicle loose (4/—5/ long), with slender few-flowered branches; glumes nearly
equal, oblong, acutish (23 long), about equalling the pubescent linear-oblong
lower palet, which bears a tortuous awn 6/’-8” long. — Pleasant Mountain,
near Sebago Lake, Maine, C. J. Sprague, and northwestward. (Flowers rather
smaller than in Richardson’s plant, as described.)

* * Callus or base of the flower pungently pointed, at maturity villous-bearded : lower
palet slender and minutely bearded at the tip : glumes taper-pointed.

2. S. avenacea, L. (Brack Oat-Grass.) Culm slender (1°-2° high) ;
leaves almost bristle-form ; panicle open ; palets blackish, nearly as long as the glumes
(about 4! long); the awn bent above, twisted below (2/—3/ long). — Dry or sandy
woods, S. New England to Wisconsin, and southward. July.

3. S. spartea, Trin., not of Hook. (Porcupine Grass.) Culm rather

618 _ GRAMINEH. (GRASS FAMILY.)

stout (13°-3° high) ; panicle contracted ; palets linear, §/-1' long (including the
long callus), pubescent below, shorter than the lanceolate slender subulate-pointed
greenish glumes; the twisted strong awn (33'-7! long, pubescent below, rough
above. (S. juncea, Pursh?)— Plains and prairies, from Illinois and N. Michi-
gan northwestward. May-July.

ie, ABASTIDA,. L. TRIPLE-AWNED Grass. (PI. 8.)

Glumes unequal, often bristle-pointed. Lower palet tipped with three awns;
the upper much smaller. Otherwise much as in Stipa. — Culms branching:
leaves narrow, often involute. Spikelets in simple or panicled racemes or spikes.
Grain linear. (Name from arista, a beard or awn.) All grow in sterile, dry
soil, and all ours have the awns naked and persistent, and flower late.

* Awns separate to the base, not jointed with the palet.

+ Awns very unequal; the much shorter or minute laterul ones erect; the elongated
middle one horizontal or turned downwards: glumes equal or the upper one longer :
low (5'-18! high) and branching, mostly tufted annuals.

++ Spikelets few in loose simple spikes or racemes: glumes 3 — 5-nerved.

1. A. ramosissima, Engelm. mss. Culms diffusely much branched ;
glumes (9/’-10" long) rather shorter than the flower; middle awn 1! long,
soon abruptly hooked-recurved, the lateral ones hardly 2! long ; ligule truncate,
bearded. — Dry prairies of Ilinois (Hngelmann, Vasey) and Kentucky (Michaux).
— Var. UNIARISTATA, With lateral awns wanting. Ringwood, Illinois, Vasey.

++ ++ Spikelets more numerous: glumes (3''-4" long) carinately 1-nerved.

2. A. dichdédtoma, Michx. (Poverry Grass.) Culms low, much
branched throughout, ascending; spikelets in short narrow clusters; glumes
nearly equal, longer than the flower, fully equalling its minute lateral awns, the
soon reflered middle awn about the length of the palet.— Dry, sandy or gravelly
fields: common, especially southward.

3. A. gracilis, Ell. Culms slender, erect (6-18! high), naked above and
terminating in a slender raceme- or spike-like virgate panicle; glumes about
the length of the flower, the exserted lateral awns varying from one third to fully
half the length of the horizontally bent middle one; or in var. DEPAUPERATA, from
one fifth to one third its length.— Sandy soil, coast of Mass. and from IIli-
nois southward. — Middle awn 6!’—9/' long, in the ordinary forms. In the var.
which abounds on micaceous hills near Philadelphia (C. 2. Smith), the flowers
are much smaller, and awns shorter; but it passes into the larger form.

+ + Awns all diverging and alike, or the lateral ones moderately shorter.
++ Glumes equal or the upper one longer.

4. A. stricta, Michx. Culms (2°-3° high) densely tufted from a perennial
root, bearing a (1°) long spiked panicle ; leaves involute-thread-form, long, rigid,
sometimes downy: awns about the length of the flower (6/’) or the lateral one
third shorter. — Virginia and southward.

5. A. oligantha, Michx. Culms (6”-20" high) tufted from an annual ?
root, bearing a loosely few-flowered raceme ; leaves short, somewhat involute when
dry; lower glume 3—5-nerved (nearly 1! long) ; awns capillary, 13/-3! long,
much exceeding the slender flower. — Virginia to Illinois, and common south-
westward.

GRAMINE&. (GRASS FAMILY.) 619

++ ++ Upper glume shorter than the lower: perennials, simple-stemmed, 2° - 4° high.

6. A. purpurascens, Poir. Gilabrous; leaves rather involute; flowers
in a (10’-18') long spiked panicle ; awns much longer than the flower, the middle
one about l/long. (A. racemosa, Muhl. A. Geyeridna, Steud.) — Massachu-
setts to Michigan, Illinois, and southward: common.

7. A. lanata, Poir. Tall and stout; leaves tardily involute, rough on the
upper side, rigid; sheaths woolly; panicle (1°-2° long) spike-like or more com-
pound and open; middle awn (1! long) longer than the flower. — Salisbury,
Maryland, W. Jf. Canby, and southward.

* * Awns united below into one, jointed with the apex of the palet: root annual.

8. A. tuberculodsa, Nutt. Culm branched below (6’-18' high), tumid
at the joints; panicles rigid, loose; the branches in pairs, one of them short and
about 2-flowered, the other elongated and several-flowered ; glumes (1/ long, in-
cluding their slender-awned tips longer than the palet; which is tipped with
the common stalk (about its own length) of the 3 equal divergently-bent awns
(13/-2! long) twisting together at the base. — Sandy soil, E. Massachusetts to
New Jersey ; also Wisconsin, Illinois, and southward.

17. SPARTINA, Schreber. Corp or Marsu Grass. (Pl. 9.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, without a rudiment, very much flattened laterally, spiked
in 2 ranks on the outer side of a triangular rhachis. Glumes strongly compressed-
keeled, acute, or bristle-pointed, mostly rough-bristly on the keel; the upper one
much larger and exceeding the pointless and awnless palets, of which the upper
is longest. Squamulz none. Stamens 3. Styles long, more or less united. —
Perennials, with simple and rigid reed-like culms, from extensively creeping
scaly rootstocks, racemed spikes, very smooth sheaths, and long and tough
leaves (whence the name, from ozaprivn, a cord, such as was made from the
bark of the Spartium or Broom.)

% Spikelets compactly imbricated, very rough-hispid on the keels: spikes (2'-4! long)
more or less peduncled: culm and elongated leaves rigid.

1. S. cynosuroides, Willd. (Fresu-waTer Corp-Grass.) Culm rather
slender (2°-6° high) ; leaves narrow (2°-4° long, 3! or less wide below), taper-
ing to a very slender point, keeled, flat, but quickly involute in drying, smooth
except the margins; spikes 5-20, scattered, spreading; rhachis rough on the
margins ; glumes awn-pointed, especially the upper, the lower equalling the lower
palet, whose strong rough-hispid midrib abruptly terminates below the membra-
nous apex. (Trachynotia cynosuroides, Michr. Limnéetis, Pers.) —Banks of
rivers and lakes, especially northward. Aug.— Glumes strongly serrulate-hispid
on the keel; the awn of the upper one about #/ long. Palets somewhat unequal.
— Certainly distinct from the next, to which, in strictness, the Linnean name
belongs.

2. S. polystachya, Willd., Muhl. (Sarr Reep-Grass.) Culm tall and
stout (4°-9° high, often 1/ in diameter near the base) ; leaves broad (3! to 1’),
roughish underneath, as well as the margins; spikes 20-50, forming a dense oblong
raceme (purplish) ; glumes barely mucronate, the lower half the length of the equal
palets, of which the rough-hispid midrib of the lower one reaches to the apex.

620 GRAMINEEZ. (GRASS FAMILY).

(Trachynotia polystachya, Michx. Dactylis eynosuroides, Z./ in part, excl.
var.) — Salt or brackish marshes, within tide-water, especially southward. -

3. S. juncea, Willd. (Rusm Sart-Grass.) Culms low (1° - 2° high) and
slender ; leaves narrow and rush-like, strongly involute, very smooth ; spikes 1-5, on
very short peduncles ; the rhachis smooth; glumes acute, the lower scarcely half
the length of the upper, not half the length of the lower palet. (Dactylis pa-
tens, A7t.) — Salt marshes and sea-beaches. Aug. (Eu.)

* * Spikelets loosely imbricated, or somewhat remote and alternate, the keels only slightly
hairy or roughish under a lens: spikes sessile and erect, soft: leaves, rhachis, Sc.
very smooth: culm rather succulent.

4. §. stricta, Roth. (Sarr Marsu-Grass.) Culm 1°-4° high, leafy
to the top ; leaves soon convolute, narrow ; spikes few (2-4), the rhachis slightly
projecting at the summit beyond the crowded or imbricated spikelets: glumes
acute, very unequal, the larger 1-nerved, a little longer than the palets.— Salt
marshes, Pennsylvania, &c. (Auhl.) — Odor strong and rancid. (Eu.)

Var. glabra. (S. glabra, Muhl., partly.) Culm and leaves longer; spikes
5-12 (2/-3! long) ; spikelets imbricate-crowded. — Common on the coast.

Var. alterniflora. (S. alterniflora, Zozsel. Dactylis cynosuroides, var.,
L.) Spikes more slender (3!- 5! long), and the spikelets remotish, barely over-
lapping, the rhachis continued into a more conspicuous bract-like appendage:
larger glume indistinctly 5-nerved (not so evidently as in the European and
Tropical American plant): otherwise as in the preceding form, into which it
passes. — Common with the last: also Onondaga Lake, J. A. Paine.

18. CTENIUM, Panzer. Toornacue-Grass. (PI. 9.)

Spikelets densely imbricated in two rows on one side of the flat curved rhachis
of the solitary terminal spike. Glumes persistent: the lower one (interior) much
smaller; the other concave below, bearing a stout recurved awn, like a horn, on
the middle of the back. Flowers 4-6, all but one neutral; the one or two lower
consisting of empty awned palets: the one or two uppermost of empty awnless
palets: the perfect flower intermediate in position ; its palets membranaceous,
the lower awned or mucronate below the apex and densely ciliate towards the
base, 3-nerved. Squamulx 2. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. (Name Kreviov,
a small comb, from the pectinate appearance of the spike.) ,

1. C. Americanum, Spreng. Culm (3°-4° high froma perennial root)
simple, pubescent or roughish; larger glume warty-glandular outside and con-
spicuously awned. (Monocera aromatica, Kil.) — Wet pine barrens, 8. Virginia
and southward. — Taste very pungent.

19. BOUTELOUA, Lagasca (1305). _Musxfr-Grass. (PI. 9.)

Spikelets crowded and closely sessile in 2 rows on one side of a flattened
rhachis, comprising one perfect flower below and one or more sterile (mostly
neutral) or rudimentary flowers. Glumes convex-keeled, the lower one shorter.
Perfect flower with the 3-nerved lower palet 3-toothed or cleft at the apex, the
2-nerved upper palet 2-toothed ; the teeth, at least of the former, pointed or sub-

GRAMINE&, (GRASS FAMILY.) 621

ulate-awned. Stamens3: anthers orange-colored or red. Rudimentary flowers
mostly 1-3-awned. Spikes solitary, racemed or spiked; the rhachis somewhat
extended beyond the spikelets. (Named for Claudius Boutelou, a Spanish writer
upon floriculture and agriculture.)

§ 1. CHONDROSIUM, Desy. Spikes pectinate, of very many spikelets, oblong
or linear, very dense, solitary and terminal or few in a raceme: sterile flowers
1-3 ona short pedicel, neutral, consisting of 1-3 scales and awns.

1. B. oligostachya, Torr. Glabrous, perennial (6/-12! high); leaves
very narrow; spikes 1-5, the rhachis glabrous ; glumes and lower fertile palet
sparingly soft-hairy ; the lobes awl-pointed; sterile flower copiously villous-tufted
at the summit of the naked pedicel, its 3 awns equalling the larger glume.
(Atheropogon, Nutt.) —N. W. Wisconsin and westward. — Glumes obscurely
if at all papillose along the keel. Middle lobe of the lower palet 2-cleft at the
tip. Sterile flowers often 2, the second mostly a large awnless scale, becoming
hood-like and coriaceous. (Near B. gracilis: perhaps B. juncifolia, Laq.)

2. B. hirsuta, Lagasca. Tufted, annual? (8/- 20! high); leaves flat,
lance-linear, papillose-hairy or glabrous ; spikes 1-4; upper glume hispid with
strong bristles from dark warty glands ; lower palet pubescent, 3-cleft into awl-
pointed lobes ; sterile flower and its pedicel glabrous, the 3 awns longer than the
glumes and fertile flower. (Atheropogon papilldsus, Engelm. Chondrosium
hirtum, 7. 6. K.) —Sandy plains, Wisconsin, Illinois, and southwestward.

§2. ATHEROPOGON, Muhl. Spikes short, numerous in a long and virgate
one-sided spike or raceme, spreading or reflexed, each of few (4-12) spikelets:
sterile flowers neutral, rudimentary.

3. B. curtipéndula, Gray. Culms tufted from perennial rootstocks
(1°-38° high) ; sheaths often hairy ; leaves narrow; spikes 3’ or less in length,
nearly sessile, 30 to 60 in number in a loose general spike (8/- 15! long) ; flowers
scabrous ; the lower palet of the fertile with 3 short awl-pointed teeth; sterile
flower reduced to a single small awn, or mostly to 3 awns shorter than the fer-
tile flower, and 1 or 2 small or minute scales. (B. racemosa, Lagasca. Chloris
eurtipendula, Michx. Atheropogon apludioides, Muh/. Eutriana curtipendula,
Trin.) — Dry hills and plains, S. New York to Wisconsin, and southward.
July —Sept. — Passes by transitions into, Var. aristosa, with spikes shorter ;
sterile flower of a large saccate lower palet, awned at the 2-cleft tip and from the
lateral nerves, the middle awn exserted, and with a rudiment of an inner palet.
(Eutriana affinis, J. D. Hook.) — Illinois (Geyer), and southward.

20. GYMNOPOGON, Beauv. NAKED-BEARD Grass. (PI. 9.)

Spikelets of one perfect flower, and the rudiment of a second (consisting of
an awn-like pedicel mostly bearing a naked bristle), sessile and remotely alter-
nate on long and filiform rays or spikes, which form a crowded naked raceme.
Glumes lance-awl-shaped, keeled, almost equal, rather Jonger than the some-
what equal membranaceous palets ; of which the lower is cylindrical-involute,
with the midrib produced from just below the 2-cleft apex into a straight and
slender bristle-like awn; the upper with the abortive rudiment at its base.

622 GRAMINEE. (GRASS FAMILY.)

Stamens 8. Stigmas pencil-form, purple. — Root perennial. Leaves short and
flat, thickish, 1!- 3! long. (Name composed of yupvds, naked, and mayer, a
beard, alluding to the reduction of the abortive flower to a bare awn.)

1. G. racemosus, Beauy. Culms clustered from a short rootstock
(1° high), wiry, leafy; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; spikes flower-bearing to’ the base
(5’-8' long), soon divergent ; awn of the abortive flower shorter than its stalk, —
equalling the pointed glumes, not more than half the length of the awn of the
fertile flower. (Anthopogon lepturoides, Nutt.) — Sandy pine-barrens, New
Jersey to Virginia, and southward. Aug., Sept.

2, G. brevifolius, Trin. Filiform spikes long-peduncled, i. e. flower-bear-
ing only above the middle; lower palet ciliate near the base, short-awned ; awn
of the abortive flower obsolete or minute ; glumes acute. (Anthopogon brevifolius &
filiformis, Nutt.) — Sussex County, Delaware, and southward.

21. CYNODON, Richard. Bermupa or Scurcn-Grass. (PI. 9.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, with a mere naked short-pedicelled rudiment of a second
‘flower, imbricate-spiked on one side of a flattish rhachis; the spikes usually
digitate at the naked summit of the flowering culms. Glumes keeled, pointless,
rather unequal. Palets pointless and awnless ; the lower larger, boat-shaped,
Stamens 3. — Low diffusely-branched and extensively creeping perennials, with
short flattish leaves. (Name composed of kvwv, a dog, and d6ovs, a tooth.)

1. C. DAcryton, Pers. Spikes 3-5; palets smooth, longer than the blunt .
rudiment. — Penn. and southward ; troublesome in light soil. (Nat. from Eu.)

22. DACTYLOCTENIUM, Willd. Ecyrtian Grass. (PI. 9.)

Spikelets several-flowered, with the uppermost flower imperfect, crowded on
one side of a flattened rhachis, forming dense pectinate spikes, 2—5 in number,
digitate at the summit of the culm. Glumes compressed laterally and keeled,
membranaceous, the upper (exterior) one awn-pointed. Lower palet strongly
keeled and boat-shaped, pointed. Stamens 3. Pericarp a thin utricle, con-
taining a loose globular and rough-wrinkled seed. — Root annual. Culms dif-
fuse, often creeping at the base. (Natmne compounded of daxrvdAos, finger, and
kreviov, a little comb, alluding to the digitate and pectinate spikes.)

1. D. eyrriacum, Willd. Spikes 4-5; leaves ciliate at the base.
(Chloris mucronata, Michx.) — Cultivated fields and yards, Virginia, Illinois,
and southward. (Adv. from Afr. ?)

23. ELEUSINE, Gertn. Cran-Grass. Yarp-Grass. (Pl. 9.)

Spikelets 2-6-flowered, with a terminal naked rudiment, closely imbricate-
spiked on one side of a flattish rhachis ; the spikes digitate. Glumes membra-
naceous, pointless, shorter than the flowers. Palets awnless and pointless ; the
lower ovate, keeled, larger than the upper. Stamens 8. Pericarp (utricle)
containing a loose oval and wrinkled seed. — Low annuals, with flat leaves,
and flowers much as in Poa. (Name from ’EAevowy, the town where Ceres, the
goddess of harvests, was worshipped.) md

GRAMINEX. (GRASS FAMILY.) 623

1. E. fypica, Gertn. (Doe’s-rait or Wrre Grass.) Culms ascending,
flattened; spikes 2-5 (about 2’ long, greenish). — Yards, &c., chiefly south-
ward. (Nat. from Ind. ?)

24. LEPTOCHLOA, Beauv. (Oxypén14, Nutt.) (PI. 9.)

Spikelets 3-many-flowered (the uppermost flower imperfect), loosely spiked
on one side of a long filiform rhachis: the spikes racemed. Glumes :nembra-
naceous, keeled, often awl-pointed, the upper one somewhat larger. Lower
palet 3-nerved, with the lateral nerves next the ciliate or hairy margins awn-
less, or bristle-awned at the entire or 2-toothed tip, larger than the upper.
Stamens 2 or 3. Seed sometimes loose in the pericarp. — Ours annuals.
Leaves flat. (Name composed of Aemrds, slender, and xAda, grass, from the
long attenuated spikes.)

§1. LEPTOCHLOA proper. Lower palet awnless or simply awned. .

1. L. mucronata, Kunth. Sheaths hairy; spikes numerous (20-40,
2'—4/ in length), in a long panicle-like raceme ; spikelets small; glumes more
or less mucronate, nearly equalling or exceeding the 3-4 awnless flowers. —
Fields, Virginia to Illinois, and southward. August.

§ 2. DIPLACHNE, Beauv. Lower palet bristle-awned from the 2-toothed apex ;
the marginal nerves often excurrent into lateral teeth or points.

2. L. fascicularis, Gray. Smooth; leaves longer than the geniculate-
decumbent and branching culms, the upper sheathing the base of the crowded
panicle-like raceme, which is composed of many strict spikes (3/- 5’ long) ; spike-
lets slightly pedicelled, 7 - 11-flowered, much longer than the laiceolate glumes ;
palets hairy-margined towards the base; the lower one with 2 small lateral
teeth and a short awn in the cleft of the apex. (Festuca fascicularis, Lam.
F. polystachya, Michr. Diplachne fascicularis, Beauv., Torr.) — Brackish
meadows, from Rhode Island southward along the coast, and from Illinois
southward on the Mississippi. Aug.-Sept.— Makes a direct transition to the
next genus.

25. TRICUSPIS, Beauv. (PI. 10.)

Spikelets 3-12-flowered, somewhat terete ; the terminal flower abortive.
Glumes unequal. Rhachis of the spikelet bearded below each flower. Palets
membranaceous or somewhat chartaceous ; the lower much larger than the 2-
toothed upper one, convex, 2-3-toothed or cleft at the apex, conspicuously
hairy-bearded or villous on the 3 strong nerves, of which the lateral are mar-
ginal or nearly so and usually excurrent, as is the mid-nerve especially, into a
short cusp or awn. Stamens 3. Stigmas dark purple, plumose. Grain. ob-
long, nearly gibbous. — Leaves taper-pointed: sheaths bearded at the throat.
Panicle simple or compound; the spikelets often racemose, purplish. (Name
from the Latin tricuspis, three-pointed, alluding to the lower palet.)

§ 1. TRICUSPIS proper. (Windsoria, Nuit.) Glumes shorter than the crowded

flowers : lower palet 3-cuspidate by the projection of the nerves, and usually with

intermediate membranaceous teeth ; the upper palet naked.
4

624 GRAMINEZ. (GRASS FAMILY.)

1. T. seslerioides, Torr. (Tatu Rep-ror.) Perennial; culm upright
(3°-5° high), very smooth, as are the flat leaves ; panicle large and compound,
the rigid capillary branches spreading, naked below ; spikelets very numerous,
5 —7-flowered, shining, purple (4! long) ; the flowers hairy toward the base.
(Poa flaya, Z.! . P. seslerioides, Michr. P. quinquéfida, Pursh. Windsoria,
poxformis, Nutt. Uralepis ciuprea, Kunth.) — Dry or sandy fields, S. New York |
to Illinois and southward. Aug. — A showy grass, with the spreading panicle
sometimes 1° wide. Points of the lower palet almost equal, scarcely exceeding
the intermediate teeth, thus appearing 5-toothed.

§ 2. TRIPLASIS, Beauv. (Diplocea, Raf Urdlepis, Nutt.) Glumes much
shorter than the somewhat remote flowers: both palets strongly fringe-bearded ; the
lower 2-cleft at the summit, its mid-nerve produced into an awn between the trun-
cate or awn-pointed divisions.

2. T. purpurea, Gray. (Sanp-Grass.) Culms many in a tuft from the
same annual root, ascending (6/-12! high), with numerous bearded joints ;
leaves involute-awl-shaped, mostly short; panicles very simple, bearing few 2- ~
5-flowered spikelets, the terminal one usually exserted, the axillary ones included
* in the commonly hairy sheaths; awn much shorter than the palet, seldom erceed-
ing its eroded-truncate or obtuse lateral lobes. (Aira purpurea, Walt. Diplocea
barbata, Raf. Urélepis purpurea and U. aristulata, Nutt.) —In sand, Massa-
chusetts to Virginia along the coast, and southward: also Lake Erie, near
Buffalo, G. W. Clinton. Aug., Sept.— Plant acid to the taste.

(T. corntta (Uralepis cornuta, Zil., and Triplasis Americana, Beauv. !)
may perhaps extend north to the borders of Virginia.)

oe

26. GRAPHEPHORUM, Desy. {Dvpontra, R. Br.) (Pl. 10.)

Spikelets 2 -5-flowered, rather terete. Glumes membranaceous, mostly nearly
equalling the remote flowers. A cluster of villous hairs at the base of each
flower. Palets thin and membranaceous or scarious; the lower one convex,
scarcely keeled, faintly nerved, entire, pointless and awnless. Stamens 3. Stig-
mas plumose. Ovary glabrous. — Perennial and northern or arctic grasses,
with linear flat leaves, their sheaths closed at the base, the spikelets in a loose
panicle. (Genus allied to the Avene, but awnless ; named from ypagis, a pen-
cil, and pepo, to bear, from the tufts of hair at the base of the flowers.)

1. G. melicoides, Beauv. Culm 1°-2° high; leaves roughish; panicle
open; glumes unequal, lanceolate, their midrib and the pedicels rough; joints
of the rhachis unilaterally bearded between the 2-4 flowers. Grand Detour,
Upper Michigan, Prof. Porter, Riviere du Loup, E. Canada, Dr. Pickering,
and northward: rare. — Var. MAsor, Gray (Dupontia Cooleyi, of former ed.),
is a luxuriant form, 2°-3° high, with ampler panicle; found on the borders
of a swamp, Washington, Macomb County, Michigan, by Dr. Cooley. Aug.

27. DIARRHENA, Raf. Diarruena. (PI. 10.)

Spikelets several-flowered, smooth and shining, one or two of the uppermost
flowers sterile. Glumes ovate, much shorter than the flowers, coriaceous ; the

lower one much smaller. Lower palet ovate, convex on the back, rigidly cori-
»

GRAMINEE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 625

aceous, its 3 nerves terminating in a strong and abrupt cuspidate or awl-shaped
tip. Squamule ovate, ciliate. Stamens 2. Grain very large, obliquely ovoid,
obtusely pointed, rather longer than the palets, the cartilaginous shining peri-
carp not adherent to the seed. — A nearly smooth perennial, with running root-
stocks, producing simple culms (2°-38° high) with long linear-lanceolate flat
leaves towards the base, naked above, bearing a few short-pedicelled spikelets
(2'"-3" long) in a very simple panicle. (Name composed of dis, two, and
appnv, man, from the two stamens.)

1. D. Americana, Beauv. (Festuca didindra, Michz.) —Shaded river-
banks and woods, Ohio to Illinois and southward. Aug.

a6. D ACTYLIS,. L: Orcuarp Grass. (Pl. 10.)

Spikelets several-flowered, crowded in one-sided clusters, forming a branching
dense panicle. Glumes and lower palet herbaceous, keeled, awn-pointed, rough-
ciliate on the keel; the 5 nerves of the latter converging into the awn-like point ;
the upper glume commonly smaller and thinner. Stamens 3. Grain lance-
oblong, acute, free. — Perennials: leaves keeled. (Name SakrvAis, a finger’s
breadth, apparently in allusion to the size of the clusters.)

1. D. GromerAta, L. Rough, rather glaucous (3° high) ; leaves broadly
linear ; branches of the panicle naked at the base; spikelets 3-4-flowered. —
Fields and yards, especially in shade. A variety with downy spikelets, Med-
ford, Mass., W. Boott. June.— Good for hay. (Nat. from Eu.)

29. KG®LERIA, Pers. Keverta. (PI. 10.)

Spikelets 3—7-flowered, crowded in a dense and narrow spike-like panicle.
Glumes and lower palet membranaceous, compressed-keeled, obscurely 3-nerved,,
barely acute, or the latter often mucronate or bristle-pointed ; the former mod-
erately unequal, nearly as long as the spikelet. Stamens 3. Grain free.—
Tufted Grasses (allied to Dactylis and Poa), with simple upright culms; the
sheaths often downy. (Named for Prof. G. L. Kohler, or Kaler, an early writer
on Grasses. )

1. K. cristata, Pers. Panicle narrowly spiked, interrupted or lobed at
the base ; spikelets 2-4-flowered ; lower palet acute or mucronate; leaves flat,
the lower sparingly hairy or ciliate. — Var. ¢rAcIxis, with a long and narrow
spike, the flowers usually barely acute. (K. nitida, Nutt.) — Dry hills, Penn.
to Illinois, thence northward and westward. (Eu.)

30. EATONIA, Raf. (Renotxea, Kunth.) (PI. 10.)

Spikelets usually 2-flowered, and with an abortive rudiment or pedicel,
numerous, in a contracted or slender panicle, very smooth. Glumes somewhat
equal in length, but very dissimilar, a little shorter than the flowers; the lower
narrowly linear, keeled, l-nerved ; the upper broadly obovate, folded round the
flowers, 3-nerved on the back, not keeled, scarious-margined. Lower palet obs
long, obtuse, compressed-boat-shaped, naked, chartaceous ; the upper very thin
and hyaline. Stamens 3. Grain linear-oblong, not grooved. — Perennial, slen-

iy 40

626 GRAMINE®. (GRASS FAMILY.)

der grasses, with simple and tufted culms, and often sparsely downy sheaths,
flat lower leaves, and small greenish (or rarely purplish-tinged) spikelets.
(Named for Prof. Amos Eaton, author of a popular Manual of the Botany of the
United States, which was for a long time the only general work available for
students in this country, and of other popular treatises. )

1. E. obtusata, Gray. Panicle dense and contracted, somewhat interrupted,
rarely slender; the spikelets crowded on the short erect branches; upper glume
rounded-obovate, truneate-obtuse, rough on the back ; flowers lance-oblong. (Aira
obtusata, Michr, A-truncata, Muhl. Keeleria truncata, Torr. K. paniculata,
Nutt. Reboulea gracilis, Kunth, in part. R. obtusata, Ed. 1. Eatonia purpu-
rascens, Ruf.?)— Dry soil, N. Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, and southward.
June, July. ,

2. EB. Pennsylvanica, Gray. Panicle long and slender, loose, the racemose
branches somewhat elongated ; upper glume obtuse or bluntly somewhat pointed ;
the 2 (rarely 3) flowers lanceolate. (Keceleria Pennsylvanica, DC. Aira mollis,
Muhl. Reboulea Pennsylvanica, Ed. 1.) — Varies, with a fuller panicle, 6! - 8/
long, with the aspect of Cinna (var. magor, Torr.) ; and, rarely, with the lower
palet minutely mucronate-pointed ! — Moist woods and meadows: common.

31. MELICA, L. Metic-Grass. (Pl. 10.)

Spikelets 2-5-flowered ; the 1-3 upper flowers imperfect and dissimilar, con-
volute around each other, and enwrapped by the upper fertile flower. Glumes
usually large, scarious-margined, convex, obtuse ; the upper 7—9-neryed. Palets
papery-membranaceous, dry and sometimes indurating with age; the lower
rounded or flattish on the back, 7-many-nerved, scarious at the entire blunt
summit. Stamens 3. Stigmas branched-plumose. — Perennials with soft and
flat leaves. Panicle simple or sparingly branched ; the rather large spikelets
racemose-one-sided. (An old name, from peAt, honey.)

1. M. mttica, Walt. Panicle simple or branched ; glumes unequal, the
larger almost equalling the spikelet ; fertile flowers 2; lower palet naked,
glabrous minutely scabrous on the nerves. (M. glabra, Michx. M. speciosa,
Muhi.) — Var. Guasra (M. glabra, Pursh) has the panicle often few-flowered
and rather simple, the lower palet very blunt.— Var. pirrtsa (M. diffusa,
Pursh) is taller, 24°-4° high, with a more compound and many-flowered pani-
cle ; the lower palet commonly more scabrous and its tip narrower. — Rich soil,
S. E. Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, and southward. June.

32. GLYCERIA, R.Br. Trin. Manna-Grass. (Pl. 10.)

Spikelets terete or flattish, several - many-flowered ; the flowers mostly early
deciduous by the breaking up of the rhachis into joints, leaving the short and
unequal 1 —3-nerved membranaceous glumes behind. Palets naked, of a rather
firm texture, nearly equal; the lower rounded on the back, scarious (and some-
times obscurely toothed) at the blunt or rarely acute summit, glabrous, 5 -7-
nerved, the nerves parallel and separate. Stamens 3, or in the first section
commonly 2. Stigmas plumose, mostly compound. Ovary smooth. Grain
oblong, free. — Perennial, smooth marsh-grasses, mostly with creeping bases or

GRAMINEE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 627

rootstocks ; the spikelets panicled. (Name from yAvkepds, swect, in allusion to
the taste of the grain.) ,

§ 1. GLYCERIA proper. Lower palet conspicuously nerved: styles present :
plumes ‘of the stigma branched or toothed: grain grooved on the inner side :
leaves flat, the sheaths nearly entire.

* Spikelets ovate, oblong, or linear-oblong, 1" - 3! in length,
+ At length nodding in an open panicle, flattish laterally but turgid.

1. G@. Canadénsis, Trin. (Rarriesnakn-Grass.) Panicle *oblong-
pyramidal, at length drooping ; spikelets ovate, at length very broad and tu-
mid, Briza-like, 2” long, pale, with purplish glumes ; lower palet acute or blunt-
pointed, firm, with not very prominent nerves, longer than the rounded upper
one; culm stout, 2°-3° high; leaves long, roughish. (Briza Canadensis,
Michx. — Bogs and wet places : common from Penn. northward. July.

+ + Erect in a narrow contracted panicle, somewhat flattened and turgid.

2. G. obtusa, Trin. Panicle narrowly oblong, dense ; (3'- 5! long) ; spike-
lets 6-—7-flowered ; 2!'—3/ long; lower palet obtuse ; culm stout, 1°-2° high,
very leafy; leaves long, smooth. (Poa obtusa, Mui.) — Bogs, E. New Eng-
land to Penn., near the coast.

3. G. elongata, Trin. Panicle narrowly racemose, elongated (1° long),
recurving ; the branches and 3-4-flowered spikelets appressed ; lower palet ob-
tuse; leaves very long (1° or more), rough. (Poa elongata, Torr.) — Wet
woods, New England to Michigan, and northward. July-Aug.

+ + + Diffuse: lower palet truncate-obtuse, prominently 7-nerved ; upper 2-toothed.

4. G. nervata, Trin. (Fowr-Meapow Grass, in part.) Branches of
the loose panicle capillary, at length drooping, the very numerous small spikelets
ovate-oblong, 3—7-flowered ; leaves rather long. (Poa nervata, Willd. P. stri-
ata, Miche. P. parviflora, Pursh.) — Moist meadows: very common. June.
— Culm erect, 1°-3° high. Spikelets 1//- 2! long, commonly purplish.

5. G. pallida, Trin. Branches of the rather simple panicle slender, erect-
spreading, rough ; the spikelets usually few, somewhat appressed, oblong-linear, 5 — 9-
flowered (pale, 2-3" long) ; lower palet minutely 5-toothed ; the upper lanceolate,
conspicuously 2-toothed ; leaves short, sharp-pointed, pale. (Windsoria pallida
& Poa dentata, Torr.) — Shallow water : common, especially northward. July.
— Culms slender, 1°-3° long, ascending from a creeping base.

6. G. aquatica, Smith. (REED Mrapow-Grass.) Panicle much branched,
ample (8'—15! long) ; the numerous branches ascending, spreading with age ; spikelets
oblong or linear-oblong, 5 -9-flowered (usually purplish, 2!'-3!' long) ; lower palet
entire ; leaves large (1°-2° long, 4/ to 3/ wide. — Wet grounds : common north-
ward. July. —Culm stout, upright, 3°-5° high. (Eu.)

* * Spikelets linear (}'-1' long), pale, appressed on the branches of the long and
narrow racemose panicle, terete except during anthesis: palets minutely roughish,
the upper 2-toothed : squamule unilateral or united : ligule long: culm flattened
(1°-5° high), ascending from a rooting base. (Glyceria, R. Br.)

7. G. fllitans, R. Br. Spikelets 7-13-flowered ; lower palet oblong, obtuse,
or the scarious tip acutish, entire or obscurely 3-lobed, usually rather longer

628 GRAMINEE. (GRASS FAMILY.)

than the blunt upper one. (G, plicata, Fries.) — Shallow water. common.
June - Aug. — Leaves short and rather broad, very smooth. Panicle 1° long:
the simple branches appressed, finally spreading below. (Eu.)

8. G. acutiflora, Torr. Spikelets 5 — 12-flowered, few and scattered ;
lower palet oblong-lanceolate, acute, shorter than the long tapering point of the upper
one. — Wet places, Penn. to Maine: rather rare, June, — Resembles the last ;
but the erect leaves smaller, the separate flowers twice the length (4! long), and
less neryed.

§ 2. HELEOCHLOA, Fries, (Sclerdchloa, Ed. 1.) Lower palet inconspicu-
ously or obsoletely 5-nerved : stigmas nearly sessile and simply plumose: grain
hardly grooved ; saline species : panicle contracted with age.

9. G. maritima, Wahl. (Sea Spear-Grass.) Sterile shoots procumbent,
runner-like ; flowering culms erect (1°-13° high) ; branches of the panicle solitary
or in pairs ; spikelets oblong or linear, 4 - 8-flowered ; lower palet rounded at the
summit, slightly pubescent towards the base; leaves somewhat involute ; ligule
elongated. (Poa maritima, Huds.) — Sea coast: not rare. (Eu.)

10. G. distans, Wahl. Culms geniculate at the base, ascending, destitute
of running shoots; branches of the panicle 3-5 in a half whorl, spreading ; spike-
lets 3 - 6-flowered ; lower palet truncate-obtuse ; leaves mostly flat ; ligule short.
(P. fasciculata, Torr. — Salt marshes along the coast. — Too like the last, (Eu.)

32. BRIZOPYRUM, Link. Sprez-Grass. (PI. 10.)

Spikelets and numerous flowers compressed, crowded. in a densely spiked or
capitate panicle. Glumes herbaceous or membranaceous ; the lower faintly
many-nerved. Lower palet rather coriaceous, laterally much flattened, indis-
tinctly many-nerved, acute. Ovary stalked. — Flowers dicecious, pretty large.
Leaves crowded on the culms, involute, commonly rigid. (Name compounded
of Briza, the Quaking-Grass, and mrupés, wheat.)

1. B. spicatum, Hook. Culms tufted from creeping rootstocks (9/-18/
high) ; spike oblong, flattened (1/ long); spikelets ovate or oblong, 5 - 10-flow-
ered; flowers smooth and naked; grain pointed. (Uniola spicata, Z. Poa
Michauxii, Aunth.) — Salt marshes and shores. Aug. — Pistillate flowers more
rigid and almost keeled, with very long plumose stigmas; the sterile smaller
and somewhat rounded on the back,

34. POA, L. Merapow-Grass, Spear-Grass. (Pl. 10.),

Spikelets ovate or lance-ovate, laterally compressed, several- (2—10-) flowered,
in an open panicle. Glumes mostly shorter than the flowers ; the lower smaller.
Lower palet membranaceo-herbaceous, with a delicate scarious margin, com-
pressed-keeled, pointless, 5-nerved (the intermediate nerves more obscure or
obsolete), the principal nerves commonly clothed at and towards the base with
soft hairs: upper palet membranaceous, 2-toothed: base of the flower often
cobwebby. Stamens 2 or 3. Stigmas simply plumose. Grain oblong, free. —
Culms tufted, from perennial roots, except No. 1. Leaves smooth, usually flat
and soft. (Ilda, an ancient Greek name for grass or fodder.)

GRAMINEX. (GRASS FAMILY.) 629

* Low and spreading (3'-6! high) from an annual or biennial root, flaccid : branches
of the short panicle single or in pairs.

1. P. 4annua, L. (Low Spear-Grass.) Culms flattened; panicle often

l-sided; spikelets crowded, very short-pedicelled, 3-7-flowered. — Cultivated

and waste grounds, everywhere: but doubtful if indigenous. April-Oct. (Eu.)

* * Low; the culms (6'- 20! long) geniculate-ascending from a running rootstock,
rigid, very much flattened : panicle simple and contracted.

2. P. compréssa, L. (Wrre-Grass.) Pale, as if glaucous; leaves
short; panicle dense and narrow, somewhat one-sided (1/-3/ long), the short
branches mostly in pairs; spikelets almost sessile, 3-10-flowered, flat. — Dry,
mostly sterile soil, in waste places; rarely in woods: probably introduced with
other and more valuable grasses: apparently indigenous northward. (Eu.)

* * * Low alpine or alpestrine species, erect, in perennial tufts.
+ Soft and flaccid, smooth or nearly so, even to the branches of the panicle: leaves
short and flat, short-pointed ; ligule elongated.

3. P. alpina, L. Culms rather stout (8-14! high) ; leaves broadly linear,
especially those of the culm (13/-2! long, 13!'-3!' wide); panicle short and
broad ; spikelets broadly ovate, 3-9-flowered (about 3!’ long); lower palet vil-
lous on the midrib and margins. —Isle Royale, Lake Superior, C. G. Loring,
Jr., Prof. Porter, N. Maine? and northward. (Eu.)

4. P. laxa, Henke. Culms slender (4'-9! high) ; leaves narrow; panicle
somewhat raceme-like, narrow, often one-sided and nodding; spikelets 2—- 4-flow-
ered, one half smaller.— Alpine mountain-tops of Maine, New Hampshire, and
N. New York, and high northward. (Eu.)

+ + More strict and rigid, roughish, especially the panicle: ligule short.

5. P. exesia, Smith. Culms 6/-20° high; leaves narrow, short, soon in-
volute ; branches of the panicle 2—5 together, very scabrous; spikelets purplish
(or sometimes pale), 2-5-flowered; glumes ovate-lanceolate and taper-pointed ;
flowers lanceolate, somewhat webby at the base; the lower palet villous on the
keel and margins below the middle, its nerves obscure. (P. dspera, Gaudin.)
—N. Wisconsin, 7. A. Lapham; a form with loose open panicle (P. nemoralis,
Ed. 2).— Var. stRfctior, is 6'—12' high, with a contracted grayish-purple »
panicle, of smaller flowers. N. shore of Lake Superior, C. G. Loring, Jr., es-
pecially Isle Royale, Prof. Whitney, &c., and northward. (Eu.)

* * * * Taller (1°-3°), meadow or woodland grasses: panicle open.

+ Spikelets mostly very numerous and crowded on the rather short rough branches
(usually in fives) of the oblong or pyramidal panicle, green, or sometimes violet-
tinged: flowers acute, crowded, more or less webbed at base.

6. P. serdétina, Ehrhart. (Fatse Rep-rorp. Fowr Meapow-Grass.)
Culms tufted without running rootstocks; leaves narrowly linear, soft and
smooth ; ligules elongated ; spikelets 2-4- (rarely 5-) flowered (1/’-2" long), all
short-pedicelled in an elongated panicle, often tinged with dull purple; flowers
and glumes narrow; /ower palet very obscurely nerved. (P. nemoralis, Pursh.
P. crocata, Michx.) — Wet meadows and low banks of streams: common, espe-
cially northward. July, Aug.—A good grass for moist meadows. (Eu.)

630 GRAMINEZ. (GRASS FAMILY.)

7. P. praténsis, L. (Green or Common Meapow-Grass. Kentucky
Buivue-Grass.) Culms sending off copious running rootstocks from the base, and
the sheaths smooth ; ligule short and blunt ; panicle short-pyramidal ; spikelets 3 —5-
flowered, crowded, and most of them almost sessile on the branches, ovate-lanceo-
late or ovate ; lower palet 5-nerved, hairy along the margins as well as the keel. —
Common in dry soil: imported for pastures and meadows. Indigenous in
mountain regions from N. Penn. northward. May-July. (Eu.)

8. P. rriviAuis, L. (Rouguish Meapow-Grass.) Culms erect from a
somewhat decumbent base, but no distinct running rootstocks ; sheaths and leaves
more or less rough; ligule oblong, acute ; panicle longer or with the branches more
distant ; spikelets mostly 3-flowered, broader upwards; lower palet prominently
5-nerved, naked at the margins: otherwise nearly as in the preceding. — Moist
meadows, &c., July. (Nat. from Eu.)

+ + Spikelets fewer and more scattered, on slender pedicels: plants soft and smooth,
flowering early. (No running rootstocks, except in No. 13.)
++ Spikelets small (1!'-2" long), pale green, rather loosely 2—4-flowered : flowers
oblong, obtuse : lower palet scarcely scarious-tipped : culm-leaves lance-linear, acute,
1/-3! long.

9. P. sylvéstris, Gray. Culm flattish, erect ; branches of the oblong-pyram-
idal panicle short, numerous, in fives or more ; lower palet villous on the keel for
its whole length, and on the margins below the middle, sparingly webbed at the base.
— Rocky woods and meadows, W. New York, Penn. and Virginia to Wisconsin,
Kentucky, and southward. June.

10. P. débilis, Torr. Culms terete, weak; branches of the small panicle
few and slender (the lower 13/—2/ long to the few spikelets), in pairs and threes ;
lowers very obtuse, smovth and glabrous, except a sparing web at their base. —
Rocky woodlands, Rhode Island and N. New York to Wisconsin. May.

++ ++ Spikelets 2! long, light green: oblong-lanceolate flowers and both glumes acute.

11. P. alsodes, Gray. Leaves rather narrowly linear, acute, the upper-
most (23/-4' long) often sheathing the base of the narrow and loose panicle, the
capillary branches of which are appressed when young, and mostly in threes or
fours ; lower palet very obscurely nerved, villous on the keel below, and with a
narrow cobwebby tuft at its base, otherwise glabrous. (P. nemoralis, Torr. §-
Ed.1: but wholly different from the European species of that name.) — Woods,
on hillsides, New England to Penn. and Wisconsin. May, June.

++ ++ ++ Spikelets larger (3''-4" long), pale green, rarely purple-tinged, few and
scattered at the extremity of the long and capillary branches (mostly in pairs or
threes) of the very diffuse panicle: flowers 3-6, loose, oblong and obtuse, us is
the larger glume: lower palet conspicuously scarious at the apex, villous below the
middle on the keel and margins: culms flattish, smooth.

12. P. flexuosa, Muhl. (not of Wahl.) Culms 1°-3° high, tufted; its
leaves all linear (2'—5' long) and gradually taper-pointed ; panicle very effuse (its
branches 2/-4! long to the 4—6-flowered spikelets or first ramification) ; lower
palet prominenily nerved, no web at the base. (P. autumnalis, Muhl. in Ell. P.
cdmpyle, Schult.) —Dry woods, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. Feb. -
May.— Wrongly confounded with the last, but near it. P. autumnalis is an

GRAMINEZ. (GRASS FAMILY.) 631

inappropriate name, and there is now no obstacle to restoring to this species
the earlier and unobjectionable (but not descriptive) name of P. flexuosa.

13. P. brevifolia, Muhl. Culms 1°-1}° high from running rootstocks,
2-3-leaved, the upper leaves very short (4! — 2! long), lanceolate, all abruptly cuspidate-
tipped ; branches of the short panicle mostly in pairs; spikelets 3-4-flowered ;
lower palet rather obscurely nerved, cobwebby at the base. (P. piingens, Nutt., excl.
syn. Eil. P. cuspidata, Barton. The older and more appropriate name is here
restored.) — Rocky or hilly woodlands, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and sparingly
westward. April, May.— Culm scarcely surpassing the long root-leaves.

35. ERAGROSTIS, Beauv. Enracrosris. (Pl. 10.

Spikelets 2—70-flowered, nearly as in Poa, except that the lower palet is but
3- (rarely 1-) nerved, not webby-haired at the base, and deciduous ; and the up-
per one persistent on the rhachis after the rest of the flower has fallen. — Culms
often branching. Leaves linear, frequently involute, and, the ligule or throat
of the sheath bearded with long villous hairs. Panicle various. (An early
name, probably from €pa, earth, and Agrostis, in allusion to the procumbent
habit of the original species.)

* Prostrate and creeping, much-branched: root annual: spikelets flat, imperfectly
dicecious, clustered, almost sessile, in the more fertile plant almost capitate.

1. KE. réptans, Nees. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, 10-30-flowered ; flow-
ers lance-ovate, acute; leaves short, almost awl-shaped. (Poa reptans, Michz.)
— Gravelly river-borders: common. Aug.— Flower-branches 2!-5/ high.

* * Diffusely spreading, or the flowering culms ascending, low (6'-15/ high) : spike-
lets large, densely-flowered, flat, forming a narrow crowded panicle.

2. EH. pomoipes, Beauv. Lower sheaths often hairy; leaves flat, smooth;
spikelets short-pedicelled, lance-linear or oblong-linear, 8 — 20-flowered, lead-col-
ored (2!’—5!' long); flowers ovate, obtuse, the lateral nerves evident. (Poa
Eragrostis, L.) — Sandy waste places, eastward: scarce. (Nat. from Eu.)

Var. MEGASTACHYA. Sheaths mostly glabrous; spikelets larger (3!/-10!
long), becoming linear, whitish when old, 10—50-flowered. (E. megastachya,
Link. Briza Eragrostis, 2.) — Similar situations, and more common. Aug.
— Emits a sharp, unpleasant odor. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * * Erect, or in No. 3-5 diffusely spreading and ascending: panicle open, its
branches capillary ; the spikelets proportionally small, sometimes minute. (Num-
ber of flowers in the spikelet very variable, according to age, c.)

+ Culms slender, branching and decumbent or spreading at the base, from an annual
root: leaves narrow, flat, soft: branches of the narrow panicle rather short and
thickly-flowered, not bearded in the axils, except sometimes the lowest sparingly.

3. HE. pridsa, Beauv. Panicle elongated-oblong, with rather erect branches
(except at flowering-time) ; spikelets 5- 12-flowered (2!'- 4! long, purplish-lead-
color), becoming linear, about equalling their pedicels ; glumes (small) and lower
palet obtuse, the latter broadly ovate, 1-nerved (lateral nerves obsolete). (P. pilo-
sa, Z. P. Linkii, Aunth.) — Sandy or gravelly waste places, S. New England
to Illinois, and southward. Aug.— Plant 6/- 12! high. (Nat. from Eu.)

632 GRAMINEZ, (GRASS FAMILY.)

4. E. Frankii, Meyer. Much branched, diffuse (3’-8’ high) ; panicle
ovate-oblong, rather dense, spreading; spikelets 2—5-flowered (1''-14" long),
on slender pedicels ; glumes very acute; lower palet ovate, acute, rather obscurely
3-nerved. (E. erythrogona, Nees, from the joints of the culm being mostly
reddish.) —Low or sandy ground, S. Pennsylvania to Mlinois, and south-
westward. Aug.

5. E. Purshii, (Bernh.?) Schrader. Sparingly branched at the decumbent
base, then erect ($°- 2° high); panicle elongated, the branches widely spread-
ing, very loose; spikelets 5-18-flowered, oblong-lanceolate, at length linear
(2-43! long), mostly much shorter than their capillary pedicels ; glumes and lower
palet ovate and acute, or the latter acutish, 3-nerved. (Poa tenella? Pursh. P.
Caroliniana, Spreng. P. pectinacea of authors, not of Michx.) — Sandy or
sterile open grounds, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward.

+ + Culms simple or branching only at the very base, firm, erect from an annual or
perennial root, mostly forming thick tufts: leaves very long: panicle very large,
compound, often longer than the culm, with elongated and loosely-flowered branches,
their axils often bearded. (Doubtful perennials, or No. 7 annual.)

6. E. ténuis, Gray. Panicle virgately elongated (1°-24° long), very loose,
the spreading branches bearded in some of the lower axils, their remote divisions
and long diverging pedicels capillary ; spikelets 2—6- (sometimes 7 — 12-) flowered,
pale or greenish ; glumes lanceolate or awl-shaped, very acute (13/'-2" long), mem-
branaceous, as are the oblong-lanceolate acute flowers ; lower palet distinctly 3-nerved ;
the upper ciliate-scabrous. (Poa tenuis, Ell. P. capillaris, Michr. P. trichodes,
Nutt. E. Géyeri, Steud.) — Sandy soil, Illinois, Virginia? and southward.
Aug. - Oct. — Leaves rather rigid, 13°-2° long, glabrous or sparingly hairy :
the sheaths hairy or glabrous; the throat strongly bearded. Flowers much
larger than in the next, fully 13” long.

7. E. capillaris, Nees. Panicle widely expanding, usually much longer
than the culm, its spreading branches (mostly naked in the axils) and long di-
verging pedicels capillary ; spikelets rather terete, very small, 2-4-flowered, green-
ish or purplish; glumes and flowers ovate, acute (less than 1” long) ; lower palet
obscurely 3-nerved, scarcely keeled; the upper rough-ciliate. (Poa capillaris, Z.
P. hirsiita, Michr.) — Sandy dry soil and fields : common, especially southward.
Aug., Sept. — Leaves and sheaths very hairy, or nearly glabrous; the former
about 1° long, not rigid. Panicle 1°-2° long, soon diffuse.

8. E. pectinacea, Gray. Panicle widely diffuse, its rigid divergent main
branches bearded in the axils; the capillary pedicels more or less appressed on the
secondary branches; spikelets flat, 5-15-flowered, becoming linear, purple or
purplish ; glumes and flowers ovate or oblong-oyate, acutish ; lower palet strongly
3-nerved ; the upper hirsute-ciliate. (Poa pectinacea, Michx.,ex char. P. hirsuta,
of Amer. authors. E. Unionis & cognata Steud. 2) — Leaves long, rigid, mostly
hairy, the sheaths especially so.—Var. spectAniiis. Leaves and sheaths mostly
glabrous; branches of the panicle (the lower reflexed with age) and pedicels
shorter ; spikelets rather larger. (E. spectabilis, Hd. 1. Poa spectabilis, Pursh.)
— Sandy dry ground, from E. Mass. near the coast, and from Ohio and Illinois
southward. Aug.- Oct. —Plant1°-3° high. Spikelets 2!'-3" long, 1! wide,
closely flowered.

GRAMINEX. (GRASS FAMILY.) 633

86. BRIZA, L. Quaxine Grass. (Pl. 10.)

Spikelets many-flowered, ovate or heart-shaped, flattish-tumid; the flowers
closely imbricated. Glumes roundish, unequal (purple). Lower palet round-
ish and entire, flattened parallel with the glumes, ventricose on the back, heart-
shaped at the base, papery-membranaceous and becoming dry, scarious-mar-
gined, obscurely many-nerved ; the upper palet much smaller, ovate, flat. Sta-
mens 3. Stigmas branched-plumose. Grain flattened parallel with the palets,
adhering to the upper one. — Leaves flat. Panicle loose, diffuse, with the large
and showy spikelets often drooping on delicate pedicels (whence the name, an
ancient Greek appellation for some kind of grain, from Spite, to slumber (Linn.),
or Bpida, to bend downwards.)

1. B. m&pra, L. Panicle erect, the branches spreading; spikelets 5-9-
flowered (3” long) ; glumes shorter than the lower flowers ; root a ec _
Pastures: sparingly eastward. June. (Ady. from Eu.)

37. FESTUCA, IL. Fescusr-Grass. (Pl. 10.)

Spikelets 3-many-flowered, panicled or racemose; the flowers not webby at
the base. Glumes unequal, mostly keeled. Palets chartaceous or almost coria-
ceous, roundish (not keeled) on the back, more or less 3—5-nerved, acute,
pointed, or often bristle-awned from the tip, rarely blunt; the upper mostly ad-
hering at maturity to the enclosed grain. Stamens 1 -3.— Flowers, and often
the leaves, rather dry and harsh. (An ancient Latin name.)

* Flowers awl-shaped, bristle-pointed or awned from the tip: panicle contracted.

+ Annuals or brennials, slender, 5'-18' high: leaves convolute-bristle-form.

1. F. Mytrvus, L. Panicle spike-like, one-sided ; spikelets about 5-flowered ;
glumes yery unequal ; awn much longer than the palet, fully 6" in length; stamen 1.
— Dry fields, New Jersey, S. Penn., and southward. July. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. F. tenélla, Willd. Panicle spike-like, one-sided, or more compound
and open ; spikelets 7-13-flowered ; awn 1/'-3" long, shorter than or equalling the
palet ; stamens 2.— Dry, sterile soil, especially southward. June, July.

+ + Perennial, tufted, 6'-24!' high: stamens 3.

3. F. ovina, L. (Sserepr’s Fescue.) Panicle somewhat one-sided, short,
usually more or less compound, open in flowering ; spikelets 3-8-flowered ; awn
not more than half the length of the flower, often much shorter or almost want-
ing. — Indigenous in Northern New England, Lake Superior, and northward :
naturalized farther south as a pasture grass. June,— Varies greatly. — Var.
vivipara (which with us has running rootstocks), a state with the spikelets
partially converted into leafy shoots, is found on the alpine summits of the
White Mountains of New Hampshire, and high northward. — Var. purIUscULa,
(F. duriuscula, Z.) is a tall form, with spikelets rather larger, usually in a more
compound panicle ; culm-leaves often flat or less convolute, and the lower with
their sheaths either smooth or hairy. New England to Virginia; nat., and in-
digenous northward. — Var. rUBRA (F. rubra, Z.) has running rootstocks and
forms looser tufts; the leaves often reddish and pubescent above. Naturalized
eastward: wild, Lake Superior, Dr. Robbins, and northward. (Eu.)

634 GRAMINEE. (GRASS FAMILY.)

* * Flowers oblong or lanceolate, awnless or nearly so (13''— 4! long): grain often
Jree! (Root perennial: culms mostly tall: leaves flat.)

4. F. nrarior, L. (Tarrer or Meapow Fescur.) Panicle narrow,
contracted before and after flowering, erect, with short branches ; spikelets crowded,
5 -—10-flowered ; the flowers rather remote, oblong-lanceolate ; lower palet 5-nerved,
scarious-margined, blunt, acute, or rarely with a distinct but very short awn. —
The type is large, 3°-4° high; spikelets about 6/’ long, in an ample and com-
pound panicle. Rich grass-land.— Var. pratrénsis (F. pratensis, Huds.) is
lower (1°-8° high), with a simpler or close panicle, of smaller or narrower
spikelets ; and abounds in grass-lands. June-Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)

5. F. niitans, Willd. Panicle of several long and slender spreading branches,
mostly in pairs, drooping when old, rough, naked below, bearing near their ex-
tremity a few ovate 3-5-flowered spikelets (3/’ long) on pretty long pedicels ;
Jlowers ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, close together, coriaceous, smooth, very obscurely
5-neryed. — Rocky woods and copses. July. — Culm 2°-4° high, naked above:
leaves broadly linear, taper-pointed, dark green, often rather hairy.

38. BROMUS, L. _ Brome-Grass. (PI. 10.)

Spikelets 5-many-flowered, panicled. Glumes unequal, membranaceous ; the
lower 1—5-, the upper 3-—9-nerved. Lower palet either convex on the back or
compressed-keeled, 5 —9-neryed, awned or bristle-pointed from below the mostly
2-cleft tip: upper palet at length adhering to the groove of the oblong or linear
grain. Stamens 3. Styles attached below the apex of the ovary. — Coarse
Grasses, with large spikelets, at length drooping, on pedicels thickened at the
apex. (An ancient name for the Oat, from Bpdpos, food.)

§ 1. Lower palet conver on the back ; the flowers imbricated over one another before
expansion : lower glume 3 —5-nerved, the upper 5 — 9-nerved.
* Annuals or biennials, weeds of cultivation, introduced into grain-fields, or rarely in
waste grounds, probably all derived from the European B. arvensis, L.

1. B. sechtinus, L. (Curat or Cuess.) Panicle spreading, even in fruit,
the drooping peduncles little branched ; spikelets oblong-ovate, turgid, smooth, of
8-10 rather distant flowers; lower palet rather longer than the upper, short-
awned or awnless; sheaths nearly glabrous. —Too common in wheat-fields.
June, July. (Ady. from Eu.)

2. B. racemosus, L. (Uprricur Cuess.) Panicle erect, simple, rather
narrow, contracted in fruit ; flowers closer, more imbricated ; lower palet decidedly
exceeding the upper, bearing an awn of its own length ; culm more slender ; sheaths
sometimes hairy : otherwise nearly as in the last, for which it is often mistaken
in this country. (Ady. from Eu.)

3. B. moxiis, L. (Sorr Cuuss.) Panicle erect, closely contracted in fruit ;
spikelets conical-ovate, somewhat flattened ; the flowers closely imbricated, downy
(as also the leaves, &c.) ; lower palet acute, long-awned. — Wheat-fields, New York
to Virginia: scarce. June. (Ady. from Eu.)

* * Perennial: indigenous. (Lower glume strongly 3-nerved, the upper 5-nerved.

4. B. Kalmii, Gray. (Witp Cuess.) Panicle simple, small (3! - 4/ long) ;
spikelets drooping on capillary peduncles, closely 7 -12-flowered, densely silky

GRAMINE&. (GRASS FAMILY.) 635

all over; awn only one third the length of the lance-oblong flower; lower palet
7-9-merved, much longer and larger than the upper; culm slender (1}°-3°
high); leaves and sheaths conspicuously or sparingly hairy. (B. ciliatus, Muh.
B. piirgans, Torr. Fl. N. Y.) —Dry ground: common northward. June, July.
— This is in the herbarium of Linnzeus under the name of B. ciliatus, but is
not the plant he described ; thence has arisen much confusion.

§ 2. SCHEDONORUS, Beauy., Fries. ower palet somewhat convex, but keeled
on the back and laterally more or less compressed, at least above: flowers soon
separating from each other: lower glume 1-nerved, the upper 3-nerved, or with an
obscure additional pair.

* Perennial, tall (3°-5° high): flowers oblong or lanceolate.

5. B. ciliatus, L. Panicle compound, very loose, the elongated branches
at length divergent, drooping ; spikelets 7 - 12-flowered ; lower palet tipped with
an awn half to three fourths its length, silky with appressed hairs near the
margins, at least below (or rarely naked), smooth or smoothish on the back
(B. Canadénsis, Michr. B. pubéscens, Muhl.) ;— or, in var. pUrecans (B.
purgans, Z.!), clothed all over with short and fine appressed hairs. — River-
banks and moist woodlands: common. July, Aug. —Culm and large leaves
(3''-6" wide) smooth or somewhat hairy ; the sheaths in the larger forms often
hairy or densely downy near the top. Variable, comprising several forms, in-
cluding both the Linnzan species ; for which the present name is preferable to
the inapplicable purgans, taken from Feuillée’s South American species.

6. B. Aseer, L. Culm slender and panicle smaller ; spikelets 5 - 9-flowered ;
lower palet linear-lanceolate, scarcely keeled, hairy near the margins, rather
longer than the awn; sheaths and lower leaves hairy or downy. — Bethel,
Maine, in fields along the river-bank, W. Boott. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Annual or biennial (10! —30! high) : flowers slender.
'7. B. srériuis, L. Panicle open; spikelets of 5-9 rather distant and 7-
nerved roughish linear-awl-shaped long-awned flowers (awn 1’ long); leaves
rather downy. — Waste places and river-banks, E. Massachusetts, New York,
and Pennsylvania: rare. June. (Nat. from Eu.)

39. UNIOLA, L._ Srme-Grass. (PI. 11.)

Spikelets closely many-flowered, very flat and 2-edged; one or more of the
lowest flowers sterile (neutral) and consisting of a single palet. Glumes lance-
olate, compressed-keeled. Lower palet coriaceo-membranaceous, strongly lat-
erally compressed and keeled, striate-nerved, usually acute or pointed, entire,
enclosing the much smaller compressed 2-keeled upper one and the free laterally
flattened smooth grain. Stamen 1 (or in U. paniculata 3).— Upright smooth
perennials, growing in tufts from strong creeping rootstocks, with broad leaves
and large spikelets in an open or spiked panicle. (Ancient name of some plant,
a diminutive of unio, unity.)

* Spikelets large (4!-2! long), ovate or oblong, 9 -30-flowered : panicle open.

1. U. paniculata, L. Leaves narrow, when dry convolute ; spikelets ovate,
short-pedicelled ; flowers glabrous, bluntish, several of the lower sterile; the fer-

636 GRAMINEE. (GRASS FAMILY.)

tile with 3 stamens; culm and panicle elongated (4°-8° high). — Sand-hills
on the sea-shore, §. Virginia and southward.

2. U. latifolia, Michx. Leaves broad and flat (nearly 1/ wide) ; spikelets
at length oblong, hanging on long pedicels; flowers acute, ciliate on the keel, all
but the lowest perfect and monandrous. — Shaded rich hillsides, S. Pennsylvania
to Illinois and southward. Aug.— Culm 2°-4° high: panicle loose.

* * Spikelets small: panicle contracted and wand-like: perfect flowers. long-pointed.

8. U. gracilis, Michx. Spikelets short-pedicelled (2!'-3! long), broadly
wedge-shaped, acute’ at the base, 4-8-flowered; the flowers ovate and diyer-
gently beaked, long, the lowest one neutral. — Sandy soil, from Long Island to
Virginia, near the coast, and southward. Aug. — Culm 3° high, slender.

40. PHRAGMITES, Trin. Reep. (PI. 11.)

Spikelets 3-7-flowered; the flowers rather distant, silky-villous at their base,
and with a conspicuous silky-bearded rhachis, all perfect and 3-androus, except
the lowest, which is either neutral or with 1-3 stamens, and naked. Glumes
membranaceous, shorter than the flowers, lanceolate, keeled, sharp-pointed, very
unequal. Palets membranaceous, slender; the lower narrowly awl-shaped,
thrice the length of the upper. Squamule 2, large. Styles long. Grain free.
— Tall and stout perennials, with numerous broad leaves, and a large terminal
panicle. (ppaypires, growing in hedges, which this aquatic Grass does not.)

1. P. communis, Trin. Panicle loose, nodding; spikelets 3~-5-flow-
ered; flowers equalling the wool. (Arundo, £.)— Edges of ponds. Sept. —
Looks like Broom-Corn at a distance, 5°- 12° high: leaves 2’ wide. (Ku.)

41. ARUNDINARIA, Michx. Cane. (PI. 11.)

Spikelets flattened, 5-14-flowered; the flowers somewhat separated on the
jointed rhachis. Glumes very small, membranaceous, the upper one larger.
Palets herbaceous or somewhat membranaceous; the lower convex on the back,
many-nerved, tapering into a mucronate point or bristle. Squamule 3, longer
than the ovary. Stamens 3. Grain oblong, free.— Arborescent or shrubby
Grasses, simple or with fascicled branches, and with large spikelets in panicles
or racemes; the flowers polygamous. (Name from arundo, a reed.)

1. A. macrospérma, Michx. (Larce Cane.) Culms arborescent,
10° - 20° high, rigid, simple the first year, branching the second, afterwards at
indefinite periods fruiting, and soon after decaying; leaves lanceolate (1/-2/
wide), smoothish; panicle lateral, composed of few simple racemes ; spikelets
purple, erect ; lower palet lance-ovate, pubescent, fringed (8" long). Chapman,
under A. gigantea. — River-banks, 8. Virginia? Kentucky? and southward,
forming canebrakes.

2. A.técta, Muhl. (Smartt Cane.) Culms slender, 2°-10° high, branch-
ing ; leaves linear-lanceolate (9/- 1/ wide), roughish, the sheaths bearded at the
throat; spikelets solitary or in a simple raceme at the summit of the branches,
or frequently on leafless radical culms; lower palet (6/’ long) ovate-lanccolate,
smooth, fringed on the margins. Chapman. (Arundo tecta, Walt.) — Swamps
and moist soil, Virginia, Illinois, and southward. April.

GRAMINEE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 637

42. LEPTURUS, R.Br. Leprurvs. (PI. 11.)

Spikelets solitary on each joint of the filiform rhachis, and partly immersed
in the excavation, 1 —2-flowered. Glumes 1-2, including the 2 thin pointless
palets. Stamens 3. Grain free, oblong-linear, cylindrical. — Low and branch-
ing, often procumbent Grasses, chiefly annuals, with narrow leaves and slender
spikes (whence the name, from Aemrds, slender, and ovpa, tail.)

1. L. paniculatus, Nutt. Stem slender (6/-20’ long), naked and
curved above, bearing 3-9 racemosely disposed thread-like and triangular
spikes; glumes 2, transverse. — Open grounds and salt licks, Illinois (Mead),
and westward. Aug.

43. LOLIUM, L. Danner. (Pl. 11.)

Spikelets many-flowered, solitary on each joint of the continuous rhachis,
placed edgewise ; the glume, except in the terminal spikelet, only one (the up-
per) and external : — otherwise nearly as in Triticum. (Ancient Latin name.)

1. L. pertnne, L. (Common Darnet, Ray-or Rye-Grass.) Root peren-
nial, glume shorter than the spikelet; flowers 8-15, awnless or sometimes short-
awned. — Fields and lots: eastward. June.—A pretty good pasture-grass.
(Nat. from Eu.)

2. L. remuventum, L. (BEARDED Darnew.) Root annual; culm taller,
glume fully equalling the 5 -7-flowered spikelet ; awn longer than the flower (3! long).
— Grain-fields : rare. — Grain noxious; almost the only instance of the kind
among Grasses. (Ady. from Eu.)

44. TRITICUM, L. Waear. (P1.11.)

Spikelets 3-several-flowered, single at each joint, and placed with the side
against the rhachis. Glumes transverse (i. e. right and left), nearly equal and
opposite, herbaceous, nerved. Lower palet very like the glumes, convex on the
back, pointed or awned from the tip: the upper flattened, bristly-ciliate on the
nerves, free, or adherent to the groove of the grain. Stamens 3. (The classical
name, probably from ¢ritus, beaten, because the grain is threshed out of the
spikes.) — The true species are annuals, with the glumes oyate-oblong, turgid
and boat-shaped, as in common Wheat (T. vuLGARE). Others are perennial,
with nearly lanceolate glumes, and 2-ranked spikes, never furnishing bread-corn
(§ Acropyron, Geertn.) ; to which the following belong. Flowering in summer,

* Multiplying by long running rootstocks: awn shorter than the flower or none.

1. T. répens, L. (Coucn-, Quircu, or Quick-Grass.) Spikelets 4-8-
SJlowered, glabrous or nearly so; glumes 5-7-nerved ; rhachis glabrous, but rough
on the edges; awns when present straight; leaves flat and often roughish or
pubescent above. — Nat. in cultivated grounds, fields, &c., and very troublesome ;
indigenous northwestward. — Varies greatly. A tall form, rather bright green
(Var. NEMORALE, Andersson) bears awns nearly as long as the palet. A lower
form is glaucous and mostly awnless or nearly so. A maritime form (nearly
Var. INTERMEDIUM, Fries, and approaching T.laxum, Fries, and T. acutum,
DC.), collected by Prof: Tuckerman on the coast of Maine, is glaucous, rigid, with

638 GRAMINEZ. (GRASS FAMILY.)

at length somewhat involute leaves, crowded spikelets, blunt and rigid glumes,
and pointless or mucronate-tipped palets; the rhachis not disarticulating as in
T. junceum, Z. (Eu.)

2. T. dasystachyum, Gray. Perhaps a remarkable variety of the last,
but the glaucous leaves are narrow and often involute, and the 5-9-flowered
spikelets densely downy-hairy all over. (T. repens, var. dasystachyum, Hook.) —
Sandy shores of Lakes Huron and Superior, and northward. Aug.

% % No obvious running rootstocks, glabrous, or the flat and roughish leaves sometimes
hairy above: glumes as weli as flowers mostly awned or awn-pointed.

3. T. violaceum, Hornemann. Spike dense, strict and rigid, usually tinged
with violet or purple; spikelets 3-—5-flowered ; glumes conspicuously 5-nerved ;
awns straight, varying from half to nearly twice the length of the palet. (T.
Richardsonii, Schrader. T. pauciflorum, Schweinitz.)— Mountains of Penn.
(Porter); in the alpine region of the White Mountains (Tuckerman), Wiscon-
sin (Lapham), and northward. — Intermediate in character between the last and
the next. (Eu.)

4. T. caninum, L. (Awnep Wueart-Grass.) Spike usually more or less
nodding, at least in fruit, rather dense (3/—6! long); spikelets 3 -5-flowered ;
glumes 3 —5-nerved ; awns mostly somewhat bent or spreading, fully twice the length of
the palet. — Sparingly naturalized in cult. ground and meadows. Indigenous
along our northern borders, in a slender form, which approaches the northwest-
ern T. divergens, Nees, or T. egilopoides, Turczaninow, which has narrow and
convolute leaves, 5—-7-nerved glumes, and widely diverging awns. (Eu.)

45. HORDEUM, L. Barter. (Pl. 11.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, with an awl-shaped rudiment on the inner side, three at
each joint of the rhachis ; but the lateral ones usually imperfect or abortive, and
short-stalked. Glumes side by side in front of the spikelets, 6 in number, form-
ing a kind of involucre, slender and awn-pointed or bristle-form. Palets herba-
ceous, the lower (anterior) convex, long-awned from the apex. Stamens 3.
Grain oblong, commonly adhering to the palets. Spike often separating into
joints. Ours are annuals or biennials, or scarcely perennial. (The ancient
Latin name.)

1. H. jubatum, L. (Squirrer-rait Grass.) Low; lateral flowers
abortive, on a short pedicel, short-awned ; the perfect flower bearing a capillary
awn (2! long) about the length of the similar capillary glumes, all spreading. —
Sandy sea-shore, upper Great Lakes, and westward. June.

2. H. pratense, Huds. Low (6/-18! high) ; lateral flowers imperfect or
neutral, awnless or merely pointed; perfect flower with awn as long as those of
the glumes (3!/’-6'') ; spike linear, 1/-2! long. (H. pusillum, Nutt. and former
ed.) — Plains, especially in saline soil, Ohio to Illinois and westward : also spar-
ingly introduced, Virginia and southward along the coast. May, June.

46. ELYMUS, L. _ Lyme-Grass. Wizp Rye. (Pl. 11.)

Spikelets 2-4 at each joint of the rhachis, all fertile and alike, sessile, each
1-7-flowered. Glumes conspicuous, nearly side by side in front of the spikelets,

GRAMINEH, (GRASS FAMILY.) 639

2 for each spikelet, forming an inyolucre to the cluster. Palets coriaceous; the
lower rounded on the back, acute or awned at the apex. Grain adherent to the
involving palets (whence the name, an ancient one for some grain, from €Ava,
to roll up).

* Glumes and flowers firm or rigid, both or only the latter awned: spikelets 1 -5-
flowered : perennials, with slender culms and rather harsh and broad flat leaves,
+ Spike large and stout.

1. E. Virginicus, L. Spike rigidly upright, dense (2!-3' long, 6" thick),
on a short peduncle usually included in the sheath; spikelets 2-3 together, 2-3-
flowered, smooth, rather short-awned, about the length of the thickened strongly-
nerved and bristle-pointed lanceolate glumes, — River-banks: common. Aug.—.-
Culm stout, 2°- 3° high.

2. E, Canadénsis, L. Spike soon nodding (5'-9! long), on an exserted
peduncle; spikelets mostly in pairs, of 3-5 long-awned rough or rough-hairy
flowers ; the awl-shaped glumes tipped with shorter awns, (E. Philadelphicus, L. !)
— Var. Giavuciro.its (E. glaucifolius, Muhl.) is pale or glaucous throughout,
the flowers with more spreading awns (14! long). — River-banks :; common.

+ Spike more slender, as also the culm.

3. KE. Sibiricus, L. Glabrous ; spike wand-like (2/- 6! long, about 3!' thick),
often somewhat nodding ; spikelets in pairs, 3-6-flowered ; glumes linear-lanceo-
late, 3-—5-nerved, short-awned, shorter than the flowers, which are rather short-awned.
— South shore of Lake Superior (Porter), and northwestward. (Eu.)

4, KE. striatus, Willd. More or less pubescent; spike dense and _ thickish
(2’- 4! long), upright or slightly nodding; spikelets mostly in pairs, 1 -2- (or
rarely 3-) flowered, minutely bristly-hairy ; glumes awl-shaped, bristle-awned, 1 - 3-
nerved, about thrice the length of the flowers exclusive of the capillary awn (which
is 1’ long). — Var. viiLosus (E. villosus, Mfuhl.!) has very hairy flowers and
glumes, and villous sheaths. — Rocky woods and banks. July, Aug. — Palets
only 3" long.

* * Glumes and palets awnless and soft in texture: reed-like perennials.

5. EK. mollis, Trin. (not of R. Br.) Culm (3° high) velvety at top; spike
thick, erect (8’ long); spikelets 2 or 3 at each joint, 5—8-flowered ; the lanceo-
late pointed 5—7-nerved glumes (1/ long) and the pointed palets soft-villous;
rhachis of the spikelets separating into joints. — Shore of the Great Lakes,
Maine, and northward, (Near E. arenarius.)

47. GYMNOSTICHUM, Schreb. Borrre-srusn Grass. (B1-EE.)

Spikelets 2-3 or sometimes solitary on each joint of the rhachis, raised on a
very short callous pedicel, loosely 2-4-flowered (when solitary flatwise on the
rhachis). Glumes none! or small awn-like deciduous rudiments (whence the
name, from yupvos, naked, and orixos, rank). Otherwise nearly as in Elymus.

1. G. Hystrix, Schreb. Spike loose (3/-6/ long); the spreading spike-
lets 2-3 together, early deciduous; flowers smoothish or often rough-hairy,
tipped with an awn thrice their length (1! long) ; leaves and sheaths smoothish ;
culm 8°-4° high; root perennial. (Elymus Hystrix, ZL.) — Moist woodlands.
July, Aug.

640 GRAMINEEH. (GRASS FAMILY.)

48. DANTHONIA, DC. Wp Oar-Grass. (PI. 12.)

Lower palet (oblong or ovate, rounded-cylindraceous, 7-9-nerved) bearing
between the sharp-pointed or awn-like teeth of the tip an awn composed of the
3 middle nerves, which is flattish and spirally twisting at the base: otherwise
nearly as in Avena. Glumes longer than the imbricated flowers. Ours peren-
nials, 1°-2° high, with narrow and soon involute leaves, hairy sheaths bearded
at the throat, and a small simple panicle or raceme of about 7-flowered spikelets.
(Named for Danthoine, a French botanist.)

1. D. spicata, Beauv. Culms tufted, low; leaves short, very narrow;
spikelets few, 3'’-5!' long ; lower palet loosely hairy, its teeth short and pointless. —
Dry and sterile or rocky soil. June-Aug.

2. D. sericea, Nutt. Taller and not tufted (1°-3° high); leaves larger;
spikelets more numerous and panicled, 6!/’—9!' long ; lower palet very silky-villous,
tipped with slender awn-pointed teeth. — Dry or moist sandy soil, Southern Massa-
chusetts (Dr. Robbins), New Jersey (C. E. Smith, C. F’. Parker), and southward :
rare. June.

49. AVENA, L. Oam (Ph.12.)

Spikelets 2-many-flowered, panicled; the flowers herbaceo-chartaceous, or
becoming harder, of firmer texture than the large and mostly unequal glumes ;
the uppermost imperfect. Lower palet rounded on the back, mostly 5-11-
nerved, bearing a long usually bent or twisted awn on the back or below the
acutely 2-cleft tip proceeding from the midnerve only. Stamens 3. Grain ob-
long-linear, grooved on one side, usually hairy at least at the top, free, but in-
vested by the upper palet. (The classical Latin name.) —The Common Oat
(A. sativa, L.) represents the large-flowered annual species of the Old World.
The following are smaller-flowered, indigenous perennials.

1. A. striata, Michx. Glabrous and smooth throughout, slender (1°-2°
high); leaves narrow; ligule short, truncate; panicle simple, loose; spikelets
(6’’ long) on capillary pedicels, 3—6-flowered, much exceeding the scarious-
margined purple acute glumes; the lower glume 1-, upper 3-nerved; rhachis
smooth ; flowers short-bearded at the base ; lower palet 7-nerved, much longer than:
the ciliate-fringed upper one (4! long), mostly shorter than its soon bent or
divergent awn, which rises just below the tapering very sharply cuspidate
2-cleft tip. (Trisetum purpurascens, Torr.) — Rocky, shaded hills, N. New
England, New York, and northwestward. June.

2. A. Smithii, T. C. Porter, n. sp. Taller (23°-44° high), rather stout ;
leaves broadly linear (3'’—6'’ wide) and taper-pointed, flat, and with the sheaths
and culm retrorsely scabrous; ligule elongated, acute; panicle larger (6/-12/
long), the few branches at length spreading; glumes slightly purplish, scabrous
on the nerves, of which there are 3 in the lower and 5 in the upper; rhachis mi-
nutely hispid; flowers (3-5) not hairy-tufled at the base; awn one third or half
the length of the 7-nerved palet, straight. -—- Isle Royale, Keweenaw Point, Lake
Superior, Robbins, Woods near Sault Ste Marie, C. &. Smith, for whom the

“species is named. April, May. — To be compared with the Siberian A. callosa,
Turczaninow, which was referred to A. striata by Trinius.

GRAMINEX. (GRASS FAMILY.) 641

50. TRISETUM, Persoon. TrisEtuM, (Pl. 12.)

Spikelets 2—several-flowered, often in a contracted panicle; the lower palet
compressed-keeled, of about the same membranaceous texture as the glumes,
bearing a bent or flexuous (rarely twisted) awn below the sharply 2-toothed or
2-pointed apex (whence the name, from tris, three, and seta, a bristle): other-
wise nearly as in Avena. Ours are perennials.

1. T. subspicatum, Beauv., var. mdlle. Minutely soft-downy ; panicle
dense, much contracted, oblong or linear (2/-3! long); glumes about the length
of the 2-3 smooth flowers; awn diverging, much exserted. (Avena mollis,
Michx.) — Mountains and rocky river-banks, N. New England to Wisconsin,
and northward. July. — About 1° high: leaves flat, short. (Eu.)

2. T. palustre, Torr. Smooth; panicle rather long and narrow (5! long),
loose, the branches capillary; spikelets flat (3! long); glumes shorter than the
two smooth lanceolate flowers, of which the upper is on a slightly naked joint of
the rhachis, and bears a slender spreading or bent awn next the short 2-pointed
tip, while the lower one is commonly awnless or only mucronate-pointed. (Avena
palustris, Michr. Aira pallens, Muhl.) — Low grounds, Southern New York to
Illinois, and southward. June.— Culm slender, 2°-3° high: leaves flat, short.
Spikelets yellowish-white, tinged with green.

51. AIRA, L. Harr-Grass. (Pl. 12.)

Spikelets small, in an open diffuse panicle, of 2 perfect flowers and often with
the pedicel or rudiment of a third, all usually shorter than the membranaceous
keeled glumes, and hairy at the base; the upper remotish. Lower palet thin
and scarious, 2-cleft or else truncate and mostly denticulate or eroded at the
summit, bearing a slender bent or straight awn on its back, commonly near
its base. Stamens 3. Styles plumose to the base. Ovary glabrous. Grain
oblong. (An ancient Greek name for Darnel.)

§ 1. DESCHAMPSIA, Beauv. Lower palet delicately 3-5-nerved, eroded or
toothed at the truncate summit; the awn attached mostly a little above the base:
grain not grooved, free: glumes about equalling the flowers: root perennial.

1. A. flexuosa, L. (Common Harr-Grass.) Culms slender, nearly
naked (1°-2° high) above the small tufts of involute bristle-form root-leaves (1! —
6’ long); branches of the small spreading panicle capillary ; awn longer than the
palet, at length bent and twisted. — Dry places: common. June. (Eu.)

2. A. ceespitosa, L. Culm tufted (2°-4° high); leaves flat, linear;
panicle pyramidal or oblong (6! long) ; awn straight, barely equalling the palet.
— Shores of lakes and streams: common northward. June, July. (Eu.)

§ 2, AIROPSIS, Desy. Spikelets very small, of 2 closely approximate flowers, and
with no rudiment of a third: lower palet of firmer texture, obscurely nerved, acutely
2-cleft at the apex: grain grooved, adnate: low annuals, with short and setaceous
leaves.

3. A. precox, L. Culms tufted, 3’-4! high; branches of the small and
dense panicle appressed; awn from below the middle of the flower. (Avena
precox, Beauv.) — Sandy fields, New Jersey to Virginia: rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

41

642 GRAMINE&. (GRASS FAMILY).

4. A. cARYOPHYLLEA, L. Culms 5/-10! high, bearing a very diffuse panicle
of purplish and at length silvery scarious spikelets. — Dry fields, Nantucket: also
Newcastle, Delaware, W. M. Canby. (Nat. from Eu.)

§3. VAHLODEA, Fries. Glumes boat-shaped, longer than the flowers: lower
palet almost coriaceous, nerveless, its truncate-obtuse tip mostly entire; the awn
borne at or above the middle: grain grooved, flattish, free: alpine perennial.

5. A. atropurpurea, Wahl. Culms 8!-15! high, weak; leaves flat,
rather wide; panicle of few spreading branches; awn stout, twice the length of
the palet.— Alpine tops of the White Mountains, and those of Northern New
York. Aug. (Eu.)

52. ARRHENATHERUM, Beauv. Oar-Grass. (PI. 12.)

Spikelets open-panicled, 2-flowered, with the rudiment of a third flower; the
middle flower perfect, its lower palet barely bristle-pointed from near the tip ;
the lowest flower staminate only, bearing a long bent awn below the middle of
the back (whence the name, from appnv, masculine, and dnp, awn) : —other-
wise as in Avena, of which it is only a peculiar modification.

1. A. AvENAcEUM, Beauv. Root perennial; culm 2°-4° high: leaves
broad, flat ; panicle elongated ; glumes scarious, very unequal. (Avena elatior,
I.) — Meadows and lots: absurdly called Grass of the Andes. May-July.
(Nat. from Eu.)

53. HOLC US, L. (partly). Meapow Sort-Grass. (PI. 13.)

Spikelets crowded in an open panicle, 2-flowered, jointed with the pedicels ;
the boat-shaped membranaceous glumes enclosing and much exceeding the re-
motish flowers. Lower flower perfect, its papery or thin-coriaceous lower palet
awnless and pointless; the upper flower staminate, otherwise similar, but bear-
ing a stout bent awn below the apex. Stamens 3. Styles plumose to the base.
Grain free. (An ancient name, from 6Akés, attractive, of obscure application.)

1. H. vanArus, L. (Vexver-Grass.) Perennial, soft-downy and pale;
panicle oblong; upper glume mucronate-awned under the apex; awn of the
staminate flower curved. — Moist meadows. June. (Nat. from Eu.)

54. HIEROCHLOA, Gmelin. Hoxy Grass. (PI. 13.)

Spikelets 3-flowered, open-panicled; the flowers all with 2 palets; the two
lower (lateral) flowers staminate only, 3-androus, sessile, often awned on the
middle of the back or near the tip; the uppermost (middle) one perfect, short-
pedicelled, scarcely as long as the others, 2-androus, awnless. Glumes equalling
or exceeding the spikelet, scarious: palets chartaceous. — Perennials: leayes
flat. (Name composed of iepds, sacred, and xAda, grass; these sweet-scented
Grasses being strewn before the church-doors on saints’ days, in the North of
Europe.)

1. H. borealis, Roem. & Schultes. (Vanirxia or Seneca Grass.) Pan-
icle somewhat one-sided, pyramidal (2/—5/ Jong) ; peduncles smooth; staminate
flowers with the lower palet mucronate or bristle-pointed at or near the tip;

GRAMINEEZ. (GRASS FAMILY.) 643

rootstock creeping. (Holcus odoratus, LZ.) — Moist meadows, chiefly northward
near the coast and along the Great Lakes. May.—Culm 1°-2° high, with
short, lanceolate leaves. Spikelets chestnut-color ; the staminate flowers strongly
hairy-fringed on the margins, and the fertile one at the tip. (Eu.)

2. H. alpina, Roem. & Schultes. Panicle contracted (1’-2/ long) ; one
of the staminate flowers barely pointed or short-awned near the tip, the other
Jong-awned from below the middle; lowest leaves very narrow. — Alpine moun-
tain-tops, New England, New York, and northward. July. (Eu.)

55. ANTHOXANTHUM, L. = Sweer Vernar-Grass. (PI. 13.)

Spikelets spiked-panicled, really 3-flowered ; but the lateral flowers neutral,
consisting merely of one palet which is hairy on the outside and awned on the
back: the central (terminal) flower perfect, small, of 2 awnless chartaceous
palets, 2-androus. Glumes very thin, acute, keeled; the upper about as long
as the flowers, twice the length of the lower. Squamulz none. Grain ovate,
adherent. (Name compounded of dvos, flower, and avOwv, of flowers. L.)

1. A. oporAtum, L. Spikelets (brownish or tinged with green) spreading
at flowering-time ; one of the neutral flowérs bearing a bent awn from near its
base, the other short-awned below the tip. — Meadows, pastures, &c. Perennial:
very sweet-scented in drying. May-July. (Nat. from Eu.)

56. PHALARIS, L. Canary-Grass. (PI. 13.)

Spikelets crowded in a clustered or spiked panicle, with 2 neutral mere rudi-
ments (a scale or a pedicel) in place of lateral flowers, one on each side, at the
base of the perfect one, which is flattish, awnless, of 2 shining palets, shorter
than the equal boat-shaped and keeled glumes, finally coriaceous or cartilagi-
nous, and closely enclosing the flattened free and smooth grain. — Stamens 3. —
Leaves broad, mostly flat. (The ancient name, from adds, shining, alluding
either to the palets or the grain.)

§ 1. PHALARIS proper. Panicle very dense, spike-like: glumes wing-keeled.

1. P. Canarrénsis, L. (Canary-Grass.) Annual, 1°-2° high; spike
oval; rudimentary flower a small lanceolate scale.— Waste places and road-
sides, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania: rare. July-Sept. (Ady. from Eu.)

§ 2. D{GRAPHIS, Trin. Panicle branched, the clusters open in anthesis : glumes
nD not winged on the back.

1. P. arundinacea, L. (Reep C.) Perennial, 2°-4° high; leaves flat
(3!"-5” wide; glumes open at flowering, 3-nerved, thrice the length of the fertile
flower; rudimentary flowers reduced to a minute hairy scale or pedicel. — Wet
grounds: common, especially northward. June, July.— Var. pfcra, the leaves
striped with white, is the familiar Rrsnon-Grass of the gardens. (Iu.)

57 MiLIUM, MnuverGarass. (PI. 13.)

Spikelets diffusely panicled, not jointed with their pedicels, apparently con-
sisting of 2 equal membranaceous convex and awnless glumes, including a single
coriaceous awnless flower: but theoretically the lower glume is wanting, while

644 GRAMINEA. (GRASS FAMILY.)

an empty single palet of the lower (neutral) flower, resembling the upper glume,
fulfils its office, and stands opposite the narrow upper palet of the terete fertile
flower. Stamens 3. Stigmas branched-plumose. Grain not grooved, enclosed
in the palets, all deciduous together. (The ancient Latin name of the Millet
(which however belongs to a different genus), probably from mille, a thousand,
because of its fertility.)

1. M. effiusum, L. Smooth perennial, 3°-6° high; leaves broad and
flat, thin; panicle spreading (6’-9! long); flower ovoid-oblong. —Cold and
damp woods, New England to Illinois and northward. June. (Eu.)

58. AMPHICARPUM, Kunth. (PI. 13.)

Spikelets jointed with the apex of the pedicels, apparently 1-flowered, of two
kinds; one kind in a terminal panicle, like those of Milium, except that the
rudiment of the lowest glume is ordinarily discernible, and deciduous from the
joint without ripening fruit, although the flower is perfect: the other kind soli-
tary at the extremity of slender runner-like radical peduncles (which are more
or less sheathed towards the base), much larger than the others, perfect and
fertile, subterranean, fertilized in the bud; the enwrapping glume and similar
empty palet many-nerved. Flower oblong or ovoid, pointed. Stamens 3 (small
in the radical flowers). Stigmas plumose, deep purple. Grain not grooved, in
the radical flowers very large, the embryo next the lower palet. Neutral palet
somewhat exceeding the glume and the fertile flower. (Name from audikapmos,
doubly fruit-bearing.)

1. A. Purshii, Kunth. Annual or biennial? erect, 1°-4° high; leaves
lanceolate, copious on the lower part of the culm, hispid, especially on the
sheaths ; panicle strict, naked; grain ovoid or oblong (2-3 long), terete.
(Milium amphicdrpon, Pursh.) — Moist sandy pine-barrens, New Jersey, and
in the Southern States. Sept.

59. PASPALUM, L._ Paspatum. (PI. 13.)

Spikelets spiked or somewhat racemed in 2—4 rows on one side of a flattened
or filiform continuous rhachis, jointed with their very short pedicels, plano-
convex, awnless, apparently only one-flowered, as in Milium; but, on the other
hand, differing from Panicum merely in the want of the lower glume; which,
however, is occasionally present in some species, as a small scale. Glume and
empty palet few-nerved. Flower coriaceous, mostly orbicular or ovate, flat on
the inner side, convex on the outer. Stamens 3. (Said to have been a Greek
name for Millet.)

* Spikes with a (1'') broad and thin membranaceous or foliaceous and keeled rhachis,
the incurved margins partly enclosing the small two-rowed spikelets. (Smooth,
aquatic, or nearly so, decumbent or floating.)

1. P. flditans, Kunth. Annual; Jeaves lanceolate, flat (3''-8'') broad ;
spikes numerous in a raceme ; the rhachis somewhat projecting beyond the minute
and slightly pubescent spikelets into a tapering point, scabrous on the back. »
(Ceresia fluitans, Ell.) —River-swamps, Virginia, S. Ohio, Illinois, and south-
ward. Sept., Oct,

GRAMINE®. (GRASS FAMILY.) 645

2. P. Walterianum, Schultes. Perennial; leaves linear, short; spikes
3-7, the lowest partly included in the sheath of the uppermost leaf, the rhachis
blunt; spikelets glabrous. (P. vaginatum, il.) —Low or wet grounds, New
Jersey (Cape May, Nuttall), Delaware (Tatnall, Canby), and southward.

* * Spikes with a narrow wingless rhachis: perennials, or mostly so.
+ Spikelets very obtuse, orbicular : spikes one terminal and often 1 —5 lateral.

3. P. setaceum, Michx. Culm ascending or decumbent (1°-2° long),
slender ; leaves (2! wide, flat) and sheaths clothed with soft spreading hairs ;
spikes very slender (2'-4' long), smooth, mostly solitary on a long peduncle, and
usually one from the sheaths of each of the upper leaves on short peduncles or included ;
spikelets (4'' wide) narrowly 2-rowed. (Also P. débile and P. ciliatifolium, Michz.)
— Sandy fields: common from E. Mass. to Illinois, southward. Aug.

4. P. lzeve, Michx. Culm upright, rather stout (1°-3° high) ; the pretty
large and long leaves with their flattened sheaths smooth or somewhat hairy ;
spikes 2-6, the lateral ones somewhat approximated near the summit of an elon-
gated naked peduncle, spreading (2'-4! long), smooth, except a bearded tuft at
their base ; spikelets broadly 2-rowed (over 1’! wide). — Moist soil, S. New Eng-
land to Kentucky, and southward. Aug.— Either glabrous or sometimes the
lower sheaths, &c. very hairy. As here received this perhaps comprises two or
more species.

+ + Spikelets acute: spikes always a pair at the summit of the naked peduncle.

5. P. distichum, L. (Jornr-Grass.) Nearly glabrous, rather glaucous ;
culms ascending (about 1° high) from a long creeping base; leaves linear-lan-
ceolate (2/—3! long); spikes short and closely-flowered (9/!—2! long), one short-
peduncled, the other sessile ; rhachis flat on the back ; spikelets ovate, slightly pointed
(barely 14” long). — Wet fields, Virginia and southward. July—Sept.

6. P. Digitaria, Poir. Culms ascending (1°-23° high) from a creeping
base ; leaves lanceolate (3!— 6! long, 4/”—6" wide) ; spikes slender, rather sparsely
flowered (1/-4! long), both sessile at the apex of the slender peduncle ; spikelets
ovate-lanceolate (2 long). Milium paspalodes, 4//.) — Virginia and southward.

60. PANICUM, L._ Panic-Grass. (PI. 13.)

Spikelets panicled, racemed, or sometimes spiked, not involucrate, 14 - 2-flow-
ered. Glumes 2, but the lower one usually short or minute (rarely even want-
ing), membranaceo-herbaceous ; the upper as long as the fertile flower. Lower
flower either neutral or staminate, of one palet which closely resembles the upper
glume, and sometimes with a second thin one. Upper flower perfect, closed,
coriaceous or cartilaginous, usually flattish parallel with the glumes, awnless
(except in §3), enclosing the free and grooveless grain. Stamens 3. Stigmas
plumose, usually purple. (An ancient Latin name of the Italian Millet, P.
Italicum (now Setaria Italica), thought to come from panis, bread ; some species
furnishing a kind of bread-corn.)

§1. DIGITARIA, Scop. Spikelets crowded 2-3 together in simple and mostly
1-sided clustered spikes or spike-like racemes, wholly awnless and pointless: lower
flower neutral, of a single palet: lower glume minute, sometimes obsolete or want-
ing: root annual: plant often purplish.

646 GRAMINEE. (GRASS FAMILY.)

* \Spikes erect ; its rhachis filiform and nearly terete.

1. P. filiférme, L. Culms very slender (1°-2° high), upright; lower
sheaths hairy; spikes 2-8, alternate, approximated, filiform; spikelets oblong,
acute (3! long); lower glume almost wanting. — Dry sandy soil, Massachusetts
to New Jersey along the coast, Illinois, and southward. Aug.

* * Spikes spreading ; its rhachis flat and thin. =

2. P. cLAsrum, Gaudin. Culms spreading, prostrate, or sometimes erect
(5!-12/ long), glabrous; spikes 2-6, widely diverging, nearly digitate; spikelets
ovoid (about 1! long) ; upper glume equalling the flower, the lower one almost want-
ing. — Cultivated grounds and waste places : common, especially southward: in
some places appearing as if indigenous. Aug., Sept: (Nat. from Eu.)

3. PB. sanGuinAve, L. (Common Cras- or FinGer-Grass.) Culms erect
or spreading (1° - 2° high) ; leaves and sheaths glabrous or hairy ; spikes 4-15,
spreading, digitate ; spikelets oblong (1$" long) ; upper glume half the length of the
flower, the lower one small. — Cultivated and waste grounds. Aug.-Oct. (Nat.
from Eu.)

§ 2. PANICUM proper. Spikelets scattered, in panicles, awnless.

* Panicle elongated and racemose, wand-like or pyramidal ; the numerous and usually
pointed spikelets short-pedicelled, excepting No. 7 and 8.

+ Sterile flower neutral and of 2 palets, fully twice the length of the lower glume:
spikelets small (1"' or 13" long) : root perennial.

4, P. anceps, Michx. Culms flat, upright (2°-4° high); leaves rather
broadly linear (1° —2 long, 4//—5!/ wide), smooth ; panicle contracted-pyramidal ;
spikelets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, a little curved ; upper glume 5 -7-nerved; neutral
flower one third longer than the perfect one. — Wet sandy soil, New Jersey and
Penn. to Virginia, and southward. Aug.— Too near the next: spikelets and ~
branches of the panicle longer.

5. P. agrostoides, Spreng. Culms flattened, upright (2° high); leaves
long, and with the sheaths smooth; panicles terminal and often lateral, pyram-
idal (4-8! long) ; the spikelets racemose, crowded and one-sided on the spread-
ing branches, ovate-oblong, acute (purplish) ; upper glume 5-nerved, longer than the
neutral flower which exceeds the perfect one; perfect flower bearded at the apex.
(P. agrostidiforme, Lam.? P. multiflorum, Poir.) — Wet meadows and shores,
E. Massachusetts and New York (Oneida Lake, A. Hf. Curtiss) to Illinois, and
common southward. Aug.

+ + Sterile flower neutral and of a single palet, much longer than the lower glume ;
spikelets 3" —13"' long ; annuals except No. 8: leaves flat; sheaths flattened.

++ Glabrous and smooth throughout ; spikelets crowded, appressed, short-pedicelled.

6. P. proliferum, Lam. Culms usually thickish and rather succulent,
branched, geniculate and ascending from a procumbent base ; sheaths flattened ;
ligule ciliate ; panicles terminal and lateral, compound, pyramidal, the slender
primary branches at length spreading ; spikelets pale green, rarely purplish;
lower glume broad, $ to 4 the length of the upper; neutral flower little longer
than the perfect one. — Marshy river-banks and shores, especially when brack-
ish, but also in the interior, from Mass. and Illinois southward, Aug.

GRAMINEZ. (GRASS FAMILY.) 647 —

++ ++ [Hispid or hairy on the sheaths, at least the lower: spikelets mostly scattered on
slender or capillary pedicels in an ample, loose, at length very effuse panicle:
culms mostly branched from the base, erect or ascending (10! - 20! high).

7. P. capillare, L. (Oxp-wircu Grass.) All the sheaths and usually
the leaves copiously hairy or hispid ; panicle mostly very compound, the branches
divaricate when old; spikelets varying from ovoid to narrowly oblong, pointed ;
lower glume half the length of the neutral palet which is longer than the elliptical
obtuse perfect flower. — Sandy soil and cultivated fields everywhere. Aug. - Oct.
— Varies extremely in size and appearance: in depauperate forms the spikelets
only 3", in the larger forms 13/' in length.

8. P. autumnale, Bosc! Root perennial? lower sheaths and margins
of the small narrow leaves more or less hairy, otherwise glabrous, except some
bristly hairs in the main axils of the very effuse capillary panicle, its much elongated
divisions sparingly branched, or even simple and terminated with solitary spindle-
shaped spikelets ; lower glume minute ; perfect flower lanceolate-oblong and pointed,
nearly equalling the lance-oblong obtusish upper glume and the neutral palet.
(P. nudum, Walt.? P. dichotomiflorum, Michr. PP. divergens, MuAl., not of
H.B.K. P. frigile, Kunth.) —Sand-hills, Mason County, Illinois (Mead, EF.
Hall), and southward.

+ + + Sterile flower staminate, of 2 palets: lower glume more than half the length
of the upper: spikelets large (2! - 24" long), ovate, pointed, as are the glumes, &c. :
perennials, glabrous, with tall or stout and rigid upright culms.

9. P. virgatum, L. Tall (3°-5° high); leaves very long, flat; ligule
silky-bearded ; branches of the compound loose and large panicle (9'-2° long) at
length spreading or drooping ; spikelets scattered, usually purplish. — Moist sandy
soil: common, especially southward. Aug.

10. P. amarum, Ell. Culms (1}° high) sheathed to the top; leaves in-
volute, glaucous, coriaceous, the uppermost exceeding the contracted panicle, the simple
racemose branches of which are appressed ; spikelets pale. — Sandy shores, Con-
necticut (Barratt, Robbins), Virginia, and southward. Aug., Sept.

* * Panicle loosely spreading or diffuse, short or small: perennials,

+ Lower (sterile) flower neutral, or in No. 11, and sometimes in No. 14, staminate,
Jormed of 2 palets, the upper one scarious and sometimes small and inconspicuous.
++ Culm-leaves broadly lanceolate or wider, with 9-15 principal nerves.

11. P. latifolium, L. Culm (1°-2° high) smooth; the joints and the
orifice of the throat or margins of the otherwise smooth sheaths often bearded with
soft woolly hairs ; leaves broadly oblong-lanceolate from a heart-clasping base (often 1!
wide), taper-pointed, 11 -15-nerved, smooth, or sparingly downy-hairy ; panicle
more or less exserted (2/—3/ long), usually long-peduncled, the branches spread-
ing; spikelets obovate, 14" long, downy; lower glume ovate, not half the length
of the many-nerved upper one; sterile flower often (not always) with 3 stamens.
(P. Wiilteri, Poir.) — Moist thickets: common, June- Aug.

12. P. clandestinum, L. Culm rigid (1°-38° high), very leafy to the
top, at length producing appressed branches, the joints naked ; sheaths rough
with papille bearing very stiff and spreading bristly hairs ; leaves oblong-lanceolate
from a heart-clasping base, very taper-pointed ; lateral and usually also the ter-

* 648 GRAMINEE. (GRASS FAMILY.)

minal panicle more or less enclosed in the sheaths, or with the terminal one at length
long-peduncled (P. pedunculatum, Torr.) :— otherwise resembling No. 11; but
the spikelets more ovoid, often smooth ; the lower flower (always ¢) neutral. — Low
thickets and river-banks: common. June - Sept.

13. P. microcarpon, Muhl. Culm and sheaths as in No. 11; the broadly
lanceolate leaves nearly similar, but longer in proportion and less pointed, not
dilated at the rounded bristly-ciliate base, very rough-margined, the upper sur-
face roughish ; panicle soon exserted on a slender peduncle, very many-flowered,
narrowly oblong (3'-7/ long); spikelets only about 3!’ long, ovoid, smooth or
smoothish; lower glume orbicular and very small. (P. multiflorum, Hl. ? not
of Poir.) —Dry or moist thickets, Pennsylvania and Michigan to Lllinois, and
southward. July —Sept.

14. P. xanthophysum, Gray. Culm simple, or at length branched near
the base (9/-15! high) ; sheaths hairy ; leaves lanceolate, very acute (4! -6! long by
4! wide), not dilated at the ciliate-bearded clasping base, smooth except the margins,
strongly 9-11-nerved ; panicle long-peduncled, very simple, the appressed branches
bearing a few roundish-obovate spikelets (about 13! long); lower glume ovate,
acutish, one third or half the length of the 9-nerved upper one.— Dry sandy
soil, Maine to Wisconsin, and northward: rare. June. — Plant yellowish-green :
spikelets minutely downy : sterile flower sometimes staminate.

15. P. viscidum, Ell. Culms upright or ascending, at length much
branched, leafy to the top, densely velvety-downy all over, as also the sheaths, with
reflexed soft and often clammy hairs, except a ring below each joint; leaves
likewise velvety, lanceolate (3/ wide), 11 - 13-nerved; panicle spreading, the lat-
eral ones included; spikelets obovate 1! or 1}"' long, downy; the roundish lower
glume scarcely one fourth the length of the 7-nerved upper one.— Damp soil,
New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. Aug.

16. P. paucifidrum, Ell.? Culms upright, at length much branched and
reclining (1°-2° long), roughish ; leaves lanceolate (3'-5' long by }4'- 4! wide),
rather faintly 9-nerved, hairy or smooth, fringed on the whole margin or next the
base with long and stiff spreading hairs, the sheaths bristly throughout with similar
hairs ; panicle open, nearly simple, bearing few tumid-obovate hairy or smoothish
spikelets about 14! long; lower glume roundish, about half or a quarter of the
length of the upper one. — Wet meadows and copses, E. Massachusetts to Wis-
consin, and southward. June, July. — Distinguished by its much larger spike-
lets, more nerved leaves, and coarser aspect, from any form of the next. It has
probably been described under séveral names, some of them earlier than Elliott’s.

++ ++ Leaves linear or lanceolate, with few or indistinct primary nerves.

17. P. dichétomum, L.! Culms (8/-20/ high) at first mostly simple,
bearing a more or less exserted spreading compound panicle (1'~3! long), and
lanceolate flat leaves (those tufted at the root usually ovate-lanceolate and very
short, thickish) ; but commonly branching later in the season, the branches often
clustered, and bearing nearly simple and included small panicles ; spikelets }'' to
about 1" long; oblong-obovate, downy or stnooth ; lower glume roundish, one third
or a quarter the length of the 5-7-nerved upper one.— Founded on an autumnal
state of the species, much forked and with densely clustered lateral branchlets

GRAMINEZ., (GRASS FAMILY.) 649

and panicles. (P. nodiflorum, Lam.) — Exhibits an interminable diversity of
forms; of which a shaggy-hairy and larger-flowered variety is P. pubescens,
Lam. ; and one with smaller spikelets is P. laxiflorum, Zam.; while the varied
smooth or smoothish states with shining leaves are P. nitidum, Lam., and (the
more slender forms) P. barbulatum and P. ramulosum, Michz., §e. Some of
these may be good species. — Dry or low grounds: common. June- Aug.

18. P. depauperatum, Muhl. Culms simple or branched from the
base, forming close tufts (6!-12/ high), terminated by a simple and few-flowered
contracted panicle, often much overtopped by the narrowly linear and elongated (4! -7')
upper leaves ; spikelets }!'!-1$"' long, oval-obovate, commonly pointed when young ;
the ovate lower glume one third the length of the 7 -9-nerved upper one. (P. strictum,
Pursh. P. rectum, Rem. § Schult.) — Varies, with the leaves involute, at least
when dry (P. involiitum, Torr.), and with the sheaths either beset with long
hairs or nearly smooth: the panicle either partly included, or on a long and
slender peduncle. — Dry woods and hills: rather common, June,

+ + Lower sterile flower of a single palet, and neutral.

19. P. verrucosum, Muhl. Smooth; culms branching and spreading,
very slender (1°-2° long), naked above ; leaves linear-lanceolate (2'’—3/’ wide),
shining; branches of the diffuse panicle capillary, few-flowered ; spikelets warty-
roughened (dark green), oval, acute, §’ long; the lower glume one fourth the
length of the obscurely nerved upper one. —Sandy swamps, New England to
Virginia, near the coast, and southward. Aug.

§ 3. ECHINOCHLOA, Beauv. Spikelets imbricated-spiked on the branches of
the simple or compound raceme or panicle, usually rough with appressed stiff hairs :
lower palet of the sterile flower awl-pointed or awned.

20. P. Crus-cdiu1, L. (Barnyarp-Grass.) Root annual; culms stout,
branching from the base (1°-4° high) ; leaves lanceolate (}’ or more wide),
rough-margined, otherwise with the sheaths smooth; spikes alternate (1/-—3/
long), crowded in a dense panicle; glumes ovate, abruptly pointed ; lower palet
of the neutral flower bearing a rough awn of variable length. — Varies greatly ;
sometimes awnless or nearly so; sometimes /ong-awned, especially so in the var.
ufsprpuM (P. hispidum, MuAl., P. longisetum, Torr.), a very large and coarse
form of the species with the sheaths of the leaves very bristly. — Moist, chiefly
manured soil: the variety in ditches, especially of brackish water; possibly in-
digenous. Aug.—Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

61. SETARIA, Beauv. Brisrry Fox-rarm Grass. (PI. 13.)

Spikelets altogether as in Panicum proper, and awnless, but with the short
peduncles produced beyond them into solitary or clustered bristles resembling
awns (but not forming an involucre), Inflorescence a dense spiked panicle, or
apparently a cylindrical spike.— Annuals, in cultivated or manured grounds,
with linear or lanceolate flat leaves: properly to be regarded as merely a sub-
genus of Panicum. (Name from seta, a bristle.)

* Bristles single or in pairs, roughened or barbed downwards.
1. S. verticrtiAta, Beauy. Spike cylindrical (2’-3/ long, pale green),
composed of apparently whorled short clusters; bristles short, adhesive. (Pan-
icum verticillatum, L.) — Near dwellings. (Ady. from Eu.)

650 GRAMINEZ. (GRASS FAMILY.)

* * Bristles in clusters, roughened or barbed upwards.

2. S. eratveoa, Beauy. (Foxrait.) Spike cylindrical, dense, tawny yellow
(2'—4' long) ; bristles 6-11 in a cluster, much longer than the spikelets; perfect
Jlower transversely wrinkled. — Very common, in stubble, &c. (Ady. from Eu.)

3. §. viripis, Beauv. (GreEN Foxtary. Bortie-Grass.) Spike nearly
cylindrical, more or less compound, green; bristles few, longer than the spikelets ;
perfect flower striate lengthwise and dotted. — Cultivated grounds. (Ady. from Eu.)

4. §. IrAtica, Kunth. Spike compound, interrupted at the base, thick, nod-
ding (6'—9! long, yellowish or purplish) ; bristles 2 or 3 in a cluster, either much
longer or else shorter than the spikelets. (S. Germanica, Beauv.) — Sometimes
cultivated under the name of MitLet, or BENGAL Grass: rarely spontaneous.
(Ady. from Eu.)

62. CENCHRUS, L. HepceEnoe- or Bur-Grass. (PI. 14.)

Spikelets as in Panicum, awnless, but enclosed 1 to 5 together in a globular
and bristly or spiny involucre, which becomes coriaceous and forms a deciduous
hard and rigid bur: the involucres sessile in a terminal spike. Styles united
below. (An ancient Greek name of Setaria Italica.)

1. C. tribuloides, L. Culms branched and ascending (1° - 2° high) from
an annual root; leaves flat; spike oblong, of 8-20 spherical heads; involucre
prickly all over with spreading and barbed short spines, more or less downy,
enclosing 2 or 3 spikelets. — Sandy soil, on the coast, the Great Lakes, and the
larger rivers. Aug.— A vile weed.

63. TRIPSACUM, L. Gawa-Grass. Srsame-Grass. (Pl. 14.)

Spikelets moncecious, in jointed spikes, which are staminate above and fertile
below. Staminate spikelets 2, sessile at each triangular joint of the narrow
rhachis, forming a 1-sided and 2-ranked spike longer than the joints, both alike,
2-flowered: glumes coriaceous, the lower (outer) one nerved, the inner one boat-
shaped: palets very thin and membranaceous, awnless: anthers (turning orange
or reddish-brown) opening by 2 pores at the apex. Fistillate spikelets single
and deeply imbedded in each oblong joint of the cartilaginous thickened rhachis,
occupying a boat-shaped recess which is closed by the polished and cartilaginous
ovate outer glume, the inner glume much thinner and pointed, 2-flowered; the
lower flower neutral, palets very thin and scarious, pointless. Styles united:
stigmas very long (purple), hispid. Grain ovoid, free. Culms stout and tall,
solid, from very thick creeping rootstocks. Leaves broad and flat. Spikes ax-
illary and terminal, separating spontaneously into joints at maturity. (Name
from tpiBa, to rub, perhaps in allusion to the polished fertile spike.)

1. T. dactyloides, L. Spikes (4/-8/ long) 2-8 together at the summit
(when their contiguous sides are more or less flattened), and also solitary from
some of the upper sheaths (when the fertile part is cylindrical) ; sometimes, var.
mMoNostAcuyuM, the terminal spike also solitary. — Moist soil, from Connecti-
cut to Pennsylvania, near the coast, and from Illinois southward. Aug. — Culm
4°-—7° high: the leaves like those of Indian Corn.— This is one of our largest
and most remarkable Grasses: sometimes used for fodder at the South, where
better is not to be had.

GRAMINE&, (GRASS FAMILY.) 651

64. ERIANTHUS, Michx. Woorry Bearv-Grass. (Pl. 14.)

Spikelets spiked in pairs upon each joint of the slender rhachis ; one of them
sessile, the other pedicelled ; otherwise both alike; with the lower flower neutral,
of one membranaceous palet; the upper perfect, of 2 hyaline palets, which are
thinner and shorter than the nearly equal membranaceous glumes, the lower
palet awned from the tip. Stamens1-—3. Grain free. — Tall and stout reed-like
perennials, with the spikes crowded in a panicle, and clothed with long silky
hairs, especially in a tuft around the base of each spikelet (whence the name,
from pov, wool, and avOos, flower).

1. E. alopecuroides, Ell. Culm (4°-6° high) woolly-bearded at the
joints; panicle contracted ; the silky hairs longer than the spikelets, shorter than the
awn; stamens 2.— Wet pine barrens, from New Jersey and Illinois southward :
rare. Sept., Oct.

2. E. brevibarbis, Michx. Culm (2°-5° high), somewhat bearded at
the upper joints; panicle rather open; silky hairs shorter than the spikelets. —
Low grounds, Virginia and southward,

65. ANDROPOGON, L. Bearp-Grass. (Pl. 14.)

Spikelets in pairs upon each joint of the slender rhachis, spiked or racemed ;
one of them pedicelled and sterile, often a mere vestige; the other sessile, with
the lower flower neutral and of a single palet ; the upper perfect and fertile, of 2
thin and hyaline palets shorter than the herbaceous or chartaceous glumes, the
lower awned from the tip. Stamens 1-3. Grain free. — Coarse, mostly rigid
perennials, mostly in sterile or sandy soil; with lateral or terminal spikes com-
monly clustered or digitate; the rhachis hairy or plumose-bearded, and often
the sterile or staminate flowers also (whence the name, composed of dvnp, avdpos,
man, and mayer, beard).

* Spikes digitate, thickish, short-bearded, the sterile spikelet staminate: stamens 3.

1. A. fureatus, Muhl. Tall, 3°-4° high, rigid, the naked summit of the
culm (and usually some lateral branches) terminated by 2-5 rigid spikes ; spike-
lets approximated, appressed ; hairs at the base of the fertile spikelet, on the
rhachis and on the stout pedicel of the awnless staminate spikelet short and
rather sparse ; awn of fertile flower long and bent; leaves flat, roughish, the
lower ones long. — Common in dry sterile soil. Aug. — Oct.

* * Spikes with slender often zigzag rhachis, silky-villous,

+ Single and scattered along the branches, with the silky hairs shorter than the flowers :

sterile spikelet conspicuous but mostly neutral ; the fertile triandrous.

2. A. scoparius, Michx. Culms slender (1°-3° high), with numerous
paniculate branches; lower sheaths and narrow leaves hairy; spikes slender,
scattered, mostly peduncled (1/-2! long), very loose, often purplish, silky with
lax dull-white hairs; sterile spikelet awn-pointed or awnless ; the fertile about
half the length of its twisted or bent awn. — Dry ground. July—-Sept.

+ + In pairs or clustered ; the copious soft-silky hairs much longer than the flowers :
sterile spikelet a small neutral rudiment (in No. 3), or altogether wanting on the
summit of the very plumose-hairy pedicel: fertile flower monandrous, its awn
capillary: leaves narrow, the lower or their sheaths often rather hairy.

652 — GRAMINEE, (GRASS FAMILY.)

3. A. argénteus, Ell. Culms rather slender (1°-3° high); spikes in
pairs (rarely in fours) on short mostly exserted and loosely paniculate peduncles,
densely flowered (1'-2' long), very silky with long bright white hairs. (A. argyreus,
Schultes. A. Elliottii, Chapm.) — Delaware (W, M. Canby), Virginia, near the
coast, and southward. Sept., Oct.

4. A. Virginicus, L. Culm flattish below, slender (2°-3° high), spar-
ingly short-branched above, sheaths smooth ; spikes 2 or 3 together in distant appressed
clusters, shorter than their sheathing bracts, weak (1! long), the spikelets loose on the
filiform rhachis, the soft hairs dull white. (A. vaginatus, Ell., a form with larger
and inflated sheaths.) — Sandy soil, E. Massachusetts to Virginia, Illinois, and
southward. Sept., Oct.

5. A. macrourus, Michx. Culm stout (2°-38° high), bushy-branched at
the summit, loaded with very numerous spikes forming thick leafy clusters ; sheaths
rough, the uppermost hairy; flowers nearly as in the preceding; the sterile
spikelet of each pair wholly wanting, its pedicel slender and very piumose. —
Low and sandy grounds, New York to Virginia, near the coast, and southward.
Sept., Oct.

66. SORGHUM, Pers. Broom Corn. (Pl. 14.)

Spikelets 2-3 together on the ramifications of an open panicle, the lateral
ones sterile or often reduced merely to their pedicels; only the middle or ter-
minal one fertile, its glumes coriaceous or indurated, sometimes awnless : other-
wise nearly as in Andropogon. Stamens 3, (The Asiatic name of S. VULGARE,
the Inp1an Mixer, to which species belongs Guiygza-Cory, Broom-Cory,
the Swrer Sorcuum, and other cultivated races.)

1. S. nutans, Gray. (Inp1An Grass. Woop-Grass.) Root perennial ;
culm simple (3°-5° high), terete; leaves linear-lanceolate, glaucous; sheaths
smooth ; panicle narrowly oblong, crowded or loose (6/—12! long) ; the perfect
spikelets at length drooping (yellowish or russet-brown and shining), clothed,
especially towards the base, with fawn-colored hairs, lanceolate, shorter than the
twisted awn; the sterile spikelets small and imperfect, deciduous, or reduced to
a mere plumose-hairy pedicel, (Andropogon nutans, L,) —Dry soil: common,
especially southward, where it runs into several marked varieties or perhaps
species (S. avenaceum, nutans, and secundum, Chapman), Aug. — Oct.

EQUISETACE. (HORSETAIL FAMILY.) 653

SERIES II.

CRYPTOGAMOUS or FLOWERLESS PLANTS.

VEGETABLES destitute of proper flowers (i. e. no stamens
and pistils), producing, in place of seeds, minute bodies of
homogeneous structure (called spores), in which there is

no embryo, or plantlet anterior to germination.

Cuass IT, ACROGENS.

Cryptogamous plants with a distinct axis (stem and
branches), growing from the apex only, containing woody
fibre and vessels (especially ducts), and usually with some
kind of foliage.

Orper 129. EQUISETACEZE. (Horserar Famity.)

Leafless plants, with rush-like hollow and jointed stems, arising from run-
ning rootstocks, terminated by the fructification in the form of a cone or spike,
which is composed of shield-shaped stalked scales bearing the spore-cases
underneath. — Comprises solely the genus

1. EQUISETUM, L. MHorserar. Scovurine Rusa. (Pl. 15.)

Spore-cases (sporangia, thece) 6 or 7, adhering to the under side of the angled
shield-shaped scales of the spike, 1-celled, opening down the inner side and dis-
charging the numerous loose spores. To the base of each spore are attached 4
thread-like and club-shaped elastic filaments, which roll up closely around the
spore when moist, and uncoil when dry.—Stems mostly from running root-
stocks, striate-grooved (in many the hard cuticle abounding in silex), hollow, and
also with an outer circle of smaller air-cavities corresponding with the grooves ;
the joints closed and solid, each bearing instead of leaves a sheath, which sur-
rounds the base of the internode above, and is split into teeth corresponding in
number and position with the principal ridges of the stem: the stomata in the
grooves. Branches, when present, in whorls from the base of the sheath, like
the stem, but without the central air-cavity, (The ancient name, from equus,
horse, and seta, bristle.)

654 EQUISETACEE. (HORSETAIL FAMILY.)

§ 1. Annual-stemmed, not surviving the winter. (Stomata scattered.)

« Fruiting in spring from soft and rather succulent pale or brownish fertile stems, the
sterile stems or branches appearing later, herbaceous and very different.
+ Fertile stems remaining simple, soon perishing ; the sterile producing copious branches.

1. KE. Telmatéia, Ehrh. (Great Horserart.) Stems stout (as thick
as the finger); the sheaths of the fertile ones (1’/-1}/ long) enlarging upwards,
deeply 20 - 30-toothed ; sterile stem white, 20 — 30-furrowed ; its branches simple,
rough, usually 4-angled and again grooved on the angles. (E. eburneum, Koth.,
Schreber, and Ed. 2. E. fluvidtile, Smith.) —Shore of the upper Great Lakes,
and northwestward: rare. April, May.— Fertile stems 10/-15', the sterile
2°-5° high. (Eu.)

2. E. arvénse, L. (Common H.) Fertile stems (4/-10' high) with
loose and usually distant about 8-12-toothed sheaths; the sterile slender (at
length 1°-2° high), 10-14-furrowed, producing long and simple or sparingly
branched 4-angular branches; their teeth 4, herbaceous, lanceolate. — Moist,
especially gravelly soil: very common, March-— May. — Rootstocks occasionally
bearing copious little tubers like small peas (Illinois, S. A. Collier). — The var.
SEROTINUM, Meyer, an accidental state, in which the sterile plant produces a
spike of fruit from its summit, is found in New Jersey by C. #’. Austin.

+ + Fertile stems when older producing herbaceous 3-sided branches, and lasting
through the summer, except the naked top which perishes after fructi fication.

3. E. praténse, Ehrh. Sterile and finally also the fertile stems producing
simple straight branches; sheaths of the stem with oyate-lanceolate short teeth,
those of the branches 3-toothed: stems more slender and the branches shorter
than in the last. (KE. umbrosum, Willd. E. Drumméndii, Hook.) — Michigan
(Cooley, §c.), Wisconsin, and northward. April, May. (Eu.)

4. E. sylvaticum, L. Sterile and fertile stems (about 12-furrowed) pro-
ducing compound racemed branches ; sheaths loose, with 8-14 rather blunt teeth,
those of the branches bearing 4 or 5, of the branchlets 3, lance-pointed divergent
teeth. — Wet shady places: common northward. May. (Eu.)

* * Fruiting in summer ; the stems all of one kind, or the fertile contemporaneous with
and like the sterile, equally herbaceous, producing mostly simple branches, or some-
times nearly naked.

5. HE. palustre, L. Stems (10’-18! high) slender, very deeply 5 — 9-grooved,
the grooves separated by narrow wing-like ridges, roughish, the lance-awl-shaped
teeth whitish-margined ; branches rather few in a whorl. — Wet places, Niagara
River (G. W. Clinton), Wisconsin (C.F. Austin), and northward. June. (Eu.)

6. E. limosum, L. Stems (2°-8° high) slightly many-furrowed, smooth,
usually producing upright branches after fructification; sheaths appressed, with
10 - 22 (commonly about 18) dark-brown and acute rigid short teeth. (E. uli-
gindsum, Muhl.) —In shallow water : rather common. — Air-cavities none under
the grooves, but small ones under the ridges. June, July. (Eu.)

(E. rirroRALe, Kiihlewein, a species of N. Europe which stands between
No. 5 and No. 6, is said by Milde to grow in Canada, on the authority of a
specimen in herb. Hook., and may be looked for northward. )

FILICES, (FERNS.) 655

§ 2. Evergreen or perennial-stemmed, surviving the winter, mostly rough (the cuticle
abounding in silex): fruiting in summer: spike tipped with a rigid little point.
(Stomata in regular rows, in our species 1-rowed on each side of the groove.

* Stems tall and stout (14° - 4° or even 6° high), simple or casually branched, evenly
many- (15-—40-) grooved: sheaths appressed. (Probably all forms of the Com-
mon Scouring Rush.)

7. E: levigatum, Braun. Stems 1}°-4° high, sometimes with numer-
ous branches; the ridges convex, obtuse, smooth or minutely roughish with minute
tubercles ; sheaths elongated, with a narrow black limb and about 22 /inear-awl-
shapedl caducous teeth, 1-keeled below. — Dryish clay soil, Illinois and southward.

8 E. robustum, Braun. Stems 3°-6° high; the ridges narrow, rough
with one line of tubercles: sheaths short, with a black girdle above the base, rarely
with a black limb, and about 40 deciduous 3-keeled teeth with ovate-awl-shaped
points. — River-banks, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. — Passes by var. AFFINE,
Engelm. (smaller, with 20-25 awl-pointed more persistent teeth) into the next.

9. E. hyemale, L. (Scourrne-Rusu. Swave-Grass.) Stems 1}°-4°
high; the ridges roughened by 2 more or less distinct lines of tubercles; sheaths
elongated, with a black girdle above the base and a black limb, of about 20 (17-
26) narrowly linear teeth, 1-keeled at the base and with awl-shaped deciduous points. —
Wet banks: common northward. Used for scouring. (Eu.)

* * Stems slender, in tufts, 5-10-grooved: sheaths looser.

10. E. variegatum, Schleicher. Stems ascending (6!-18' long), usually
simple from a branched base, 5-10-grooved; sheaths green variegated with
black above; the 5-10-teeth tipped with a deciduous bristle. — Shores or river-
banks, New Hampshire (Bellows Falls, Carey) and Niagara to Wisconsin and
northward: rare. (Eu.)

11. E. scirpoides, Michx. Stems very numerous in a tuft, filiform (3'-6!
high), fleruous and curving, mostly 6-grooved, with acute ridges; the sheaths
3-toothed, the bristle-pointed teeth more persistent; central air-cavity wanting. —
Wooded hillsides, New England to Pennsylvania, Michigan, and northward.
(Eu.)

Orper 130. FULICES. (Frrns.)

Leafy plants, with the leaves (fronds) usually raised on a stalk or petiole
(stipe), rising from a root, or mostly from a prostrate or assurgent or even
erect rootstock, separately rolled up (circinate) in the bud (except in Sub-
order IV.) and bearing on the under surface, commonly on the veins or along
the margins, the simple fructification, which consists of 1-celled spore-cases
(sporangia), opening in various ways, and discharging the numerous mi-
nute spores. (Antheridia and pistillidia formed and fertilization effected
on the seeding plantlet !)— Of the eight well-marked Suborders, into
which the Ferns are divided, four are represented in the Northern United
States.

The whole order has been elaborated for this edition by Prof. DANIEL
C. Eaton, of Yale College.

656 FILICES. (FERNS.)

SusorpEeR I. POLYPODIACEZ. Tue True FErRNs.

Sporangia collected in dots, lines or variously shaped clusters (sori or
Jruit-dots) on the back or margins of the frond or its divisions, stalked,
cellular-reticulated, the stalk running into a vertical incomplete many-
jointed ring, which by straightening at maturity ruptures the sporangium
transversely on the inner side, discharging the spores. Fruit-dots often
covered (at least when young) by a membrane called the indusium (or less
properly the involucre), growing either from the back or the margin of the
frond. (Plates 15-18.)

Tribe I. POLYPODIE. Fructification on the back of the frond, in roundish or
elongated fruit-dots (sori) placed on the veins or at the ends of the veins, without indusium
ofany kind. Stipes articulated to the rootstock, leaving a distinct scar when separated.
Veins free (not reticulated) in our species.

1. Polypodium. Sori round, in one or more rows each side of the midrib or of the seg-

ments of the frond.

Tribe II. PTERIDE. Fructification marginal or intramarginal, provided with a
general indusium formed of the (either altered or unchanged) margin of the frond. Stipes
not articulated to the rootstock. Veins free in all our species.

* Sporangia at the ends of the veins, borne on a reflexed portion of the margin of the frond.
2. Adiantum. Midrib of the pinnules near the lower margin or none. Stipe black and
polished.

* * Sporangia borne on a continuous marginal vein-like receptacle, which connects the apices
of the veins, and is covered by a delicate whitish indusium formed of the reflexed margin
of the pinnule. ”

8. Pteris. Midrib of the pinnules central. Stipe light-colored.

* * * Sporangia at or near the ends of the unconnected veins, borne on the under surface of

the frond: indusium various.

4. Cheilanthes. Sori minute, at the ends of the veins, indusium continuous or interrupted.
Fronds mostly chaffy, woolly or pulverulent.

5. Pellzea. Sori on the upper part of the veins, distinct, or mostly forming a confluent sub-
marginal band of sporangia. Indusium membranaceous, continuous, rarely altogether
wanting. Sterile and fertile fronds not very unlike: stipes dark-colored: fronds smooth,

6. Allosorus. Sori roundish or elongated and extending far down the free veins, at first
covered by the reflexed herbaceous margin of the segment, at length exposed and conflu-
ent. Sterile and fertile fronds very different : stipes light-colored: fronds smooth.

Tribe III. ASPLENIE A. Sori more or less elongated, occupying one or both sides
(but not the back) of the veins, covered by a special indusium which is attached by one
side to the fertile vein, and is free on the other. Stipes not articulated. ,

* Sori linear or oblong, borne on cross veins parallel to the midrib.
7. Woodwardia. Sori forming a chain-like row each side of the midrib or central vein.
Veins reticulated.

* * Sori linear or oblong, borne on veins oblique to the midrib.
8. Asplenium. Sori on the upper side of the fertile veinlet, rarely on both sides of a vein-
let. Veins free in all our species.
9. Scolopendrium. Sori linear, confluent in pairs, each pair appearing like a single sorus
with a double indusium opening down the middle. Veins free.

* * Sori borne partly on veins parallel to the midrib, partly on veins oblique to the midrib.

10. Camptosorus. Sori oblong or linear, the outer ones often approximating in pairs.
Veins reticulated.

FILICES. (FERNS.) 657

Tribe IV. ASPIDIEX. Sori round or roundish, on the back or rarely at the apex of
the fertile vein, provided with a special indusium, rarely naked. Stipes not articulated to
the rootstock.

* Indusium obsolete or none.

ll. Phegopteris. Sori round, rather small. Veins free in our species.

» * Indusium evident, round or roundish, covering the sporangia, at least when young. Sterile

: and fertile fronds not very unlike. Veins free in our species.

12. Aspidium. Indusium flat, orbicular or round-reniform, fixed by the centre, opening all

round the margin.

13. Cystopteris. Indusium convex, fixed by a broad base partly under the sorus, com-

monly reflexed as the sporangia ripen.

* * * Indusium obscure, irregularly semicircular. Fertile fronds much contracted and very

unlike the sterile ones.

14. Struthiopteris, Fertile frond simply pinnate. Sterile frond with free veins.

15. Onoclea. Fertile frond twice pinnate. Sterile frond with reticulated veins.

* * * * Indusium roundish or stellate, placed beneath the sporangia, sometimes enclosing them
and then bursting open from the top.
16. Woodsia. Indusium yery delicate, cleft into irregular lobes, or divided into a ciliate
fringe. Veins free.

Tribe V. DAVALLIEZE. Sori roundish or transversely elongated, borne at the ends
of the veins or on marginal cross-veinlets, with an indusium attached at the base or base
and sides and opening towards the margin of the segment.

17. Dicksonia. Sori marginal, very small, the indusium cup-shaped, somewhat 2-valved,

the under portion confluent with a lobule of the frond. Veins free.

SuBORDER II. SCHIZAZACEZ.

Sporangia ovate, sessile, having a complete transverse articulated ring
at the apex, and opening by a longitudinal slit. (Pl. 19.)
18. Schizzea. Sporangia naked, fixed in a double row to the midrib of the narrow fertile
segments. Sterile fronds rigid, simple or dichotomously branched.
19. Lygodium. Sporangia borne in a double row on narrow fertile segments, each spo-

rangium seated on a separate veinlet, and provided with a special scale-like indusium.
Fronds leafy, climbing.

SuporperR III. OSMUNDACEZ.

Sporangia naked, globose, pedicelled, reticulated, having a very in-
complete transverse ring around the apex, opening into two valves by
a longitudinal slit. (Pl. 19.)

20. Osmunda. Fertile pinne or fronds very much contracted, bearing the abundant and
’ large sporangia upon the margins of the very narrow segments. Veins free,

SuBorRDER IV. OPHIOGLOSSACE Z.

Sporangia spiked, destitute of a ring, naked, coriaceous and opaque,
not reticulated, opening by a transverse slit into two valves, discharging
very copious powdery spores. Fronds straight, never rolled up in the
baa! (PI. 19.)

21. Botrychium. §Sporangia in pinnate or compound spikes, distinct. Veins free.
22. Ophioglossum. Sporangia cohering in a simple spike. Veins reticulated.
42

658 FILICES. (FERNS.)

1. POLYPODIUM, L. Potyropy. (PI. 15.)

Fruit-dots round, naked, arranged on the back of the frond in one or more
rows each side of the midrib or central vein, or irregularly scattered, each borne
in our species on the end of a free veinlet. Rootstocks creeping, branched, often
covered with chaffy scales, bearing scattered roundish knobs, to which the stipes
are attached by a distinct articulation. (Name from mov, many, and rods, foot,
alluding to the branching rootstock.)

1. P. vulgare, L. Fronds evergreen, oblong, smooth both sides, 4'— 10! high,
simply and deeply pinnatifid; the divisions linear-oblong, obtuse or somewhat
acute, remotely and obscurely toothed; veins once or twice forked; fruit-dots
large, midway between the midrib and the margin. — Rocks: common. July. (Eu.)

2. P. incanum, Swartz. Fronds evergreen and coriaceous, oblong, 2/-
6! high, grayish and very scurfy underneath with peltate scales, simply pinnatifid ;
the divisions oblong-linear, obtuse ; fruit-dots rather small, near the margin ; veins
forking, free in the N. American plant !— Rocks and trunks of trees, Virginia
and Ohio to Illinois, and southward. Aug.

2. ADIANTUM, L. Marennarr. (Pl. 16.)

Fruit-dots marginal, short; borne on the under side of a transversely oblong,
crescent-shaped or roundish, more or less altered margin or summit of a lobe or
tooth of the frond reflexed to form an indusium: the sporangia attached to the
approximated tips of the free forking veins. — Main rib (costa) of the pinnules
none, or at the lower margin. Stipes black and polished. (The ancient name,
from a privative and dcaivw, meaning unwetted, the smooth foliage repelling
rain-drops. )

1. A. pedatum, L. Frond forked at the summit of the upright slender
stalk (9/-15! high), the recurved branches bearing on one side several slender
spreading divisions, which bear numerous triangular-oblong and oblique short-
stalked pinnules ; these are as if halved, being entire on the lower margin, from
which the veins all proceed, and cleft and fruit-bearing on the other. — Rich,
moist woods. July.—A delicate and most graceful Fern.

3. PTERIS, L. Brake or Bracken. (PI. 16.)

Sporangia in a continuous slender line of fructification, occupying the entire
margins of the fertile frond, and covered by its reflexed narrow edge, which
forms a continuous membranaceous indusium, attached to an uninterrupted
transverse vein-like receptacle which connects the tips of the forked and free
veins. — Fronds once to thrice pinnate or decompound. (The ancient Greek
name of Ferns, from mrepdv, a wing, on account of the prevalent pinnate or
feathery fronds.)

1. P. aquilina, L. (Common Brake.) Frond dull green (2°- 38° wide),
ternate at the summit of an erect stout stalk (1°-2° high), the widely spreading
branches twice pinnate; pinnules oblong-lanceolate; the upper undivided; the
lower more or less pinnatifid, with oblong obtuse lobes, margined all round with
the indusium, — Thickets and hills: common, Aug, (Eu.)

FILICES. (FERNS.) 659

4. CHEILANTHES, Swartz. Lip-Fern. (PI. 16.)

Sporangia borne on the thickened ends of free veinlets, forming small and
roundish distinct or nearly contiguous marginal fruit-dots, covered by a mostly
whitish and membranaceous, sometimes herbaceous, common indusium, formed
of the reflexed margin of separate lobes or of the whole pinnule. — Low, mostly
with 2-3-pinnate and hairy or chaffy fronds, the sterile and fertile nearly alike,
the divisions not halved, the principal vein central. Some species with con-
- tinuous indusium connect this genus very closely with the next. (Name com-
posed of xetAos, a lip, and dvOos, flower, from thé shape of the involucre.)

1. C. vestita, Swartz. Fronds (6/- 15! high), lanceolate-oblong, hirsute,
as are the brown and shining stipes, with stracghtish prominently articulated rusty
hairs, twice pinnate; pinnz rather distant, triangular-ovate; pinnules oblong,
crowded (2''—4" long), more or less incised, the ends of the roundish or oblong lobes
reflexed and forming separate herbaceous involucres, which are pushed back by the
ripened sporangia. (Nephrodium landsum, Michr.!) —Clefts of rocks, Island
of New York (W. W. Denslow), and New Jersey to Illinois, and southward.

2. C. tomentosa, Link. Fronds (12/- 20! high) lanceolate-oblong, densely
tomentose with slender and entangled whitish obscurely articulated hairs, thrice pin-
nate; primary and secondary pinnz oblong or ovate-oblong ; pinnules distinct,
minute (3/’-1! long), roundish-obovate, sessile or adnate-decurrent, the upper
surface less woolly, the reflered narrow margin forming a continuous somewhat mem-
branaceous involucre. — Mountains of Virginia? and Kentucky ; thence westward
and southward. — Stipe and rhachis rather stout, brown, covered with narrow
chaffy scales and whitish hairs.

3. C. lanuginosa, Nutt. (in herb. Hook. & Sp. Fil. 1851). Stipes slen-
der, at first hairy, black or brown, shining; fronds (3/-6’ high) ovate-lanceolate,
woolly with soft whitish distinctly articulated flattened hairs, becoming smoother
above, twice or thrice pinnate; pinne (5'-6" long) ovate, the lowest distant,
the others contiguous ; pinnules crenately pinnatifid, or mostly divided into minute
and roundish densely crowded segments (3'"-1/' long), the herbaceous margin re-
curved forming an almost continuous involucre. (C. vestita, Hook. C.lanosa, Eaton,
Moore, excl. syn. C. gracilis, Mettenius, 1859. Myridpteris gracilis, Fe.) — In
dense tufts, on dry rocks and cliffs, Wisconsin (7. J. Hale), Iowa (Vasey), Mis-
souri (Nuttall, Engelmann), thence westward and southward.

5. PELLZA, Link. Cuirr-Brake. (PI. 15.)

Sporangia in roundish or elongated clusters on the upper part of the free
veins, distinct or confluent laterally so as to imitate the marginal continuous
line of fructification of Pteris, commonly covered by a broad membranaceous and
continuous (rarely interrupted) general indusium, which consists of the reflexed
and altered margin of the fertile pinnule or division. Small Ferns, with 1-
8-pinnate fronds, the fertile ones with narrower divisions than the sterile, but
otherwise similar. Stipes generally dark-colored, smooth and shining. (Name
from meAddos, dusky, alluding to the stipe.)

1. P. gracilis, Hook. Fronds smooth (3/—6/ high), delicately membrana-
ceous and slender, of few pinne, the lower ones once or twice pinnately parted

660 FILICES. (FERNS.)

into 8-5 decurrent divisions, those of the fertile frond oblong or linear-oblong,
entire or sparingly incised ; of the sterile ovate or obovate, crenate or incised ;
veins of the fertile fronds mostly only once forked. (Pteris gracilis, Miche.
Allosorus gracilis, Presl, and former ed. — Shaded calcareous rocks, Vermont
and Northern and Central New York, to Wisconsin and northward: rare.
July. — Rootstock very slender, creeping: stipes polished, brownish, darker and
sparingly chaffy at the base.

2. P. atropurpurea, Link. Smooth, except some bristly-chaffy hairs on
the midribs and especially on the dark-purple and polished stalk and rhachis, 6'-
15/ high ; frond coriaceous, pale, once or below twice pinnate ; the divisions broadly
linear or oblong, or the sterile sometimes oval, chiefly entire, somewhat heart-
shaped or else truncate at the stalked base ; veins about twice forked. (Pteris
atropurpurea, Z. Allosorus atropurpureus, Kunze, and former ed.) — Dry cal-

-eareous rocks: not common, but of wide range. July.— Rootstock short and
stout: stipes clustered.

6. ALLOSORUS, Bernhardi, Link. Rock-Braxe.

Fruit-dots roundish or elongated and extending far down on the free forking
veins. True involucre or indusium none, the herbaceous margins of the fertile
segments at first reflexed and meeting at the midrib, at length opening out flat
and exposing the confluent sporangia. — Low, with smooth, 2 -3-pinnate fronds,
the fertile ones taller than the sterile, and with much narrower divisions. (Name
from GAXos, various, and a@pds, a heap.)

1. A. acrostichoides, Sprengel. Stipes densely tufted, straw-colored ;
fronds 2—3-pinnate (6/- 10’ high) ; fertile segments stalked, linear or linear-
oblong (3/’-5! long), the sporangia in lines extending down the veins almost
to the midrib, confluent when ripe and coyering the under surface of the now
fully opened segments; sterile fronds on much shorter stipes, with ovate or
obovate decurrent and crenately toothed or incised segments. (Cryptogramme
acrostichoides, R. Br.)—Isle Royale, Lake Superior, thence westward and
northward.

7. WOODWARDIA, Smith. Cuarn-Fern. (PI. 16.)

Fruit-dots oblong or linear, arranged in one or more chain-like rows on trans-
verse anastomosing veinlets parallel and near to the midrib. Indusium fixed by
its outer margin to the fruitful veinlet, free and opening on the side next the
midrib. Veins more or less reticulated, free towards the margin of the frond.
—Large Ferns, with pinnatifid or pinnate fronds. (Named for Thomas J.
Woodward, an English botanist.)

§1. ANCHISTEA, Presl. Sterile and fertile fronds alike: veins forming only one
row of meshes (areoles).

1. W. Virginica, Smith. Fronds (2°-3° high) pinnate, with numerous
lanceolate pinnatifid pinnz; segments oblong; veins forming a row of narrow
areoles along the midrib both of the pinne and of the lobes, the outer veinlets
free ; fruit-dots oblong, one to each areole, confluent when ripe. — Wet swamps,
Maine to Virginia, and southward. July.

FILICES. (FERNS.) 661

§ 2, LORINSERIA, Presl. — Sterile and Jertile fronds unlike: veins of the sterile
Sronds forming many rows of meshes.

2. W. angustifolia, Smith. Fronds pinnatifid; sterile ones (12/-18'
high) with lanceolate serrulate divisions united by a broad wing; fertile fronds
taller, with narrowly linear almost disconnected divisions, the areoles and fruit-
dots (4/'-5/' long) in a single row each side of the secondary midribs. (W.
onocleoides, Willd. W. areolata, Moore.) —Bogs, Massachusetts, near the
coast, to Virginia, and southward: rare. Aug., Sept.

8. ASPLENIUM, I. SPLEENWoORT. (PI. 17.)

Fruit-dots oblong or linear, oblique, separate; the straight, or rarely curved,
indusium fixed lengthwise by one edge to the upper (inner) side of the fertile
vein: —in some species a part of the fruit-dots are double; the fertile yein
bearing two indusia placed back to back. Veins free in all our species. (Named,
from a privative and omAny, the spleen, for supposed remedial properties.)

§ 1. ASPLENIUM proper. Jndusium straight or slightly curved, attached to the
upper side of the vein, rarely double.
* Indusium flat, or flattish, thin. (Fronds evergreen.)
+ Fronds pinnately lobed or parted, or simply pinnate.

1. A. pinnatifidum, Nutt. Fronds (3/-6! long) lanceolate, pinnatifid, or
pinnate below, tapering above into a slender prolongation, “the apex sometimes root-
ing’; lobes roundish-ovate, obtuse, or the lowest pair long-acuminate ; fruit-dots irreg-
ular, those next the midrib often double, even the slender prolongation fertile.
— Cliffs on the Schuylkill and Wissahickon, near Philadelphia, and southward
along the Alleghanies ; also sparingly westward: rare. July. — Resembles the
Walking-Leaf (Camptosorus), but the veins are free. Stipes brownish, becoming
green higher up, and so passing into the broad pale-green midrib.

2. A. ebenoides, R. R. Scott. Fronds (4!-9! long) broadly lanceolate,
pinnatifid, below pinnate, the apex prolonged and slender ; divisions lanceolate from a
broad base, the lower ones shorter, often proliferous, as is the apex of the frond;
fruit-dots much as in the last; stipes black and polished, as is the lower part of the
midrib, especially beneath. — Limestone cliffs on the Schuylkill, near Philadelphia,
h. R. Scott. A single plant was found, growing with Camptosorus and Aspl.
ebeneum, of which Rev. M. G. Berkeley (Journ. Royal Horticult. Soc. July,
1866) considers it a probable hybrid.

3. A. Trichomanes, L. Fronds (3'-8' long) in dense spreading tufts,
linear in outline, pinnate ; pinne numerous, roundish-oblong or oval (3!'-4! long),
unequal-sided, obliquely wedge-truncate at the base, attached by a narrow point,
the midvein forking and evanescent; the thread-like stipe and rhachis purple-
brown and shining. (A. melanocatilon, Weld.) — Shaded cliffs: common.
July. (Eu.)

4. A. ebéneum, Ait. Fronds upright (8! -— 16! high) pinnate, lance-linear in
outline ; pinne (}'—1'! long) many, lanceolate, or the lower oblong, slightly scythe-
shaped, finely serrate, sessile, the dilated base auricled on the upper or both sides ;
fruit-dots numerous on both sides of the elongated midvein; stipe and rhachis
blackish-purple and shining. — Rocky, open woods: rather common.

662 FILICES, (FERNS.)

+- + Fronds once or twice pinnate: pinne incised.

5. A. montanum, Willd. Fronds (2!-5! high), ovate-lanceolate, pinnate ;
the ovate pinne 3-7-parted (or the upper barely cleft) and cut-toothed ; fruit-dots
very short, the basal ones sometimes double. — Cliffs in the Alleghanies, Penn-
sylvania (Mr. Lea, Prof: Porter), to Virginia and southward. July,—Rhachis
green, broad and flat: stipe brown at the base.

6. A. Ruta-muraria, L. Fronds (2/-4!' long) ovate in outline, 2-3-pin-
nate below, simply pinnate above ; the few divisions rhombic-wedge-shaped, toothed or
incised at the apex; veins forking, diverging from the base; fruit-dots few, elon-
gated, soon confluent. — Limestone cliffs, Vermont to Michigan, Virginia, and
southward along the mountains: scarce. July. (Eu.)

* * Indusium slightly curved, strongly convex, thickish: fruit-dots very numerous and
crowded. (Fronds tall, simply pinnate, decaying in autumn.)

7. A. angustifolium, Michx. Fronds (2°-3° high) thin, simply pinnate ;
pinne numerous, short-stalked, linear-lunceolate, acuminate, entire or crenulate
(3'—4! long), those of the fertile frond narrower ; fruit-dots linear, 20-40 each side
the midvein. — Rich woods, W. New England to Wisconsin, and southward
along the mountains. Sept.

* * * Lower fruit-dots single, those towards the ends of pinne double: indusium
straight, slightly convex, thinnish. (Fronds tall and ample, decaying in autumn.)
8. A. thelypteroides, Michx. Fronds (2°-3° high) pinnate; pinne

deeply pinnatifid, linear-lanceolate (3'—5! long); the lobes oblong, obtuse, mi-

nutely toothed, crowded, each bearing 3-6 pairs of oblong fruit-dots. — Rich

woods: not rare. July —Sept.

§ 2. ATHYRIUM, Roth. Jndusium delicate, curved, often crossing the vein, and
attached to both sides of it, thus becoming reniform, or shaped like a horseshoe.

9. A. Filix-fcemina, Bernh. Fronds (1°-3° high) ovate-oblong or
broadly lanceolate, twice pinnate; pinnz lanceolate, numerous; pinnules con-
fluent on the secondary rhachis by a narrow margin, oblong and doubly serrate,
or elongated and pinnately incised with cut-toothed segments; fruit-dots short,
variously curved, at length confluent. (Aspidium Filix-foemina & A. aspleni-
oides, Swartz.) — A narrow form is Aspidum anguistum, Willd. — Moist
woods: common, and very variable. July. (Eu.)

9. SCOLOPENDRIUM, Smith. Harr’s-Toneve. (Pl. 17.)

Fruit-dots linear, elongated, almost at right angles to the midrib, contiguous
by twos, one on the upper side of one veinlet, and the next on the lower side of
the next superior veinlet, thus appearing to have a double indusium opening
along the middle. (The ancient Greek name, so called because the numerous
parallel lines of fruit resemble the feet of the centipede, or Scolopendra. )

1. S. vulgare, Smith. Frond oblong-lanceolate from an auricled-heart-
shaped base, entire or wavy-margined (7/-18/ long, 1/-2/ wide), bright green. |
(S. officinarum, Swartz, a later name.) — Shaded ravines and under limestone
cliffs, Chittenango Falls, and near Jamesville, &c., Onondaga Co., New York,
Pursh, W. Cooper, Lewis Foote, J. A. Paine: also in Canada West. (For a full
account of stations, see Silliman’s Journal for May and September, 1866. (Eu.)

FILICES, (FERNS.) 663

10. CAMPTOSORUS, Link. Warkrne-Lear. (PI. 17.)

Fruit-dots oblong or linear, as in Asplenium, but irregularly scattered on
either side of the reticulated veins of the simple frond, those next the midrib single,
the outer ones inclined to approximate in pairs (so that their two indusia open face
to face), or to become confluent at their ends, thus forming crooked lines (whence
the name, from Kkapmrds, bent, and owpds, for fruit-dot.)

1. C. rhizophyllus, Link. (Asplenium rhizophyllum, Z. Antigrém-
ma, J. Smith, Torr, Also C. rumicifolius, Zink.) — Shaded calcareous rocks,
W. New England to Wisconsin, and southward: rare or local. July. — Fronds
evergreen, growing in tufts, spreading or procumbent (4'-9! long), lanceolate
from an auricled-heart-shaped or often hastate base, tapering above into a slender
prolongation like a runner, which often roots at the apex and gives rise to new
fronds, and these in turn to others; hence the popular name. — A singular form
is found at Mount Joy, Penn., by Mr. Stauffer, having roundish fruit-dots and
inconspicuous veins,

ll. PHEGOPTERIS, Fée. (Sp. of Poryropium, L.) Brercu-Frrn.

Fruit-dots small, round, naked (no indusium), borne on the back of the veins
below the apex. Stipe continuous with the rootstock.— Our species have free
veins and bright-green membranaceous fronds, decaying in early autumn.
(Name composed of nyés, an oak or beech, and mrepis, fern.)

* Fronds twice pinnatifid: pinne all sessile, adnate to the winged rhachis,

1. P. polypodioides, Fée. Fronds triangular, longer than broad (4!- 9!
long), hairy on the veins, especially beneath; pinnz linear-lanceolate, the lowest
pair deflexed and standing forwards; their divisions oblong, obtuse, entire, the
basal ones decurrent and adnate to the main rhachis; fruit-dots all near the
margin. (Ph. vulgaris, M/ettenius. Polypodium Phegopteris, Z., and former
ed. P. connéctile, AMichx.)—Damp woods: common northward. July.—
Rootstock slender, creeping, bearing a few distant slender stalks, rather longer
than the fronds. (Eu.)

2, P. hexagonoptera, Fée. Fronds triangular, usually broader than long
(7!-12! broad), slightly pubescent and often finely glandular beneath; pinnz
lanceolate ; upper segments oblong, obtuse, toothed or entire, those of the very
large lowest pinne elongated and pinnately lobed, basal ones yery much decurrent
and forming a continuous many-angled wing along the main rhachis ; fruit-dots
near the margin; some also between the sinus and the midrib. (Polypodium
hexagonopterum, J/ichxr.) — Rather open woods : common, especially southward.
July. — Larger and broader than the last, which it often closely resembles.

* * Fronds ternate, the three divisions petioled: rhachis wingless.

3. P. Drydépteris, Fée. Fronds smooth, broadly triangular (4/- 6! wide) ;
the 3 triangular primary divisions widely spreading, 1 - 2-pinnate; segments ob-
long, obtuse, entire or toothed ; fruit-dots near the margin. (Polypodium Dry-
opteris, Z.) — Rocky woods: common northward. July. (Eu.) (P. CALCAREA,
which is more rigid, and minutely glandular-mealy, especially on the rhachis
and midrib, is to be sought for northward.)

664 FILICES. (FERNS.)

12. ASPIDIUM, Swartz. Surevp-Fern. Woop-Frry. (Pl. 18.)

Fruit-dots round, borne on the back or rarely at the apex of the veins. Indu-
sium covering the sporangia, flat or flattish, scarious, orbicular and peltate at
the centre, or round-kidney-shaped and fixed either centrally or by the sinus,
opening all round the margin. Stipe continuous (not articulated) with the
rootstock. — Our species have free veins, and 1—3-pinnate fronds. (Name,
domid.ov, a small shield, from the shape of the indusium.)

§ 1. DRYOPTERIS, Adanson. (Nephrodium, Rich., in part, Hook. Lastrea,
Bory.) Indusium round-kidney-shaped, or orbicular with a narrow sinus.

* Veins simple or simply forked and straight: fronds annual, decaying in autumn, the
stalks and slender creeping rootstocks nearly naked. (Thelypteris, Schott.)

1. A. Thelypteris, Swartz. Fronds pinnate, lanceolate in outline; pin-
ne horizontal or slightly recurved, linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, the lowest
pairs scarcely smaller ; lobes oblong, entire, obtuse or appearing acute when in
fruit from the strongly revolute margins ; veins mostly forked, bearing the (soon
confluent) fruit-dots near their middle; indusium minute, smooth and naked.
(Polypodium Thelypteris, Z.)— Marshes: common. Aug.— Stalk 1° long
or more, usually longer than the frond, which is of thicker texture than the
next, and slightly downy. (Eu.)

2. A. Noveboracénse, Swartz. Fronds pinnate, lanceolate in outline,
tapering both ways from the middle; pinnz lanceolate, the lowest 2 or more pairs
gradually shorter and deflexed ; lobes flat, oblong, basal ones often enlarged and
incised ; veins simple, or forked in the basal lobes ; fruit-dots distinct, near the
margin; indusium minute, the margin glanduliferous. (Polypodium Noy-
eboracense, L. A. thelypteroides, Swartz.) — Swamps and moist thickets:
common. July.— Frond pale-green, delicate and membranaceous, hairy be-
neath along the midribs and veins.

* * Veins, at least the lowest ones, more than once forked or somewhat pinnately
branching ; the fruit-bearing veinlets often obscure or vanishing above the fruit-
dot: fronds, at least the sterile ones, often remaining green through the winter :
stalks and apex of the thickened rootstock scaly or chaffy, and often the main
rhachis also.

+ Fronds small, pinnate: pinne pinnatifid: indusia very large, persistent.

3. A. fragrans, Swartz. Fronds (4'-12! high) glandular and aromatic,
narrowly lanceolate, with linear-oblong pinnately-parted pinnx; their crowded
divisions (2/' long) oblong, obtuse, toothed or nearly entire, nearly covered be-
neath with the very large thin imbricated indusia, which are orbicular with a
narrow sinus, the margin sparingly glanduliferous and often ragged. — Shaded
trap-rocks, Falls of the St. Croix, Wisconsin, Dr. Parry; Wisconsin River,
Lapham, Lake Superior, Canada, and high northward. — Rootstock stout, nearly
erect, densely chaffy, as are the crowded stipes and rhachis.

+ + Large (1°-23° high), the fronds mostly twice pinnate with variously toothed
and incised pinnules : indusia rather small, shrivelled in age, or deciduous.

4. A. spinuloésum, Swartz. Stipes with a few pale-brown deciduous scales ;
frond ovate-lanceolate, twice pinnate ; pinne oblique to the rhachis, elongated-trian-

FILICES. (FERNS.) 665

gular, the lower pairs broadly triangular; pinnules set obliquely on the midribs,

connected by a very narrow wing, oblong, acute, incisely serrate or pinnatifid

with spinulosely-toothed lobes; indusium smooth and without marginal glands.

(A. spinulosum, elevatum, Braun. Lastrea spinulosa, Presl., Moore.) — In damp

woods, Penn Yan, New York, Sartwell; Vermont, Frost; and probably north-

ward. July.— The common European type, rare in North America. (Eu.)

Var. intermedium. Scales of the stipe few, brown with a darker centre ;
frond broadly oblong-ovate, twice or often thrice pinnate; pinne spreading, ob-
long-lanceolate, the lower ones unequally triangular-ovate; pinnules crowded,
ovate-oblong, spreading, pinnately divided; the oblong lobes spinulose-toothed
at the apex; margin of the indusium denticulate and beset with minute stalked glands.
(A. intermedium, Willd. Dryopteris intermedia, Ed. 1.) — Woods, everywhere.

Var. dilatatum. Scales of the stipe large, brown with a dark centre; frond
broader, ovate or triangular-ovate in outline, oftenest thrice pinnate; pinnules lance- )
oblong, the lowest ones often much elongated ; indusium (in the North American
plant) smooth and naked. (A. dilatatum, Swartz. A. campylopterum, Kunze.)
— A dwarf state, fruiting when only 5’- 8! high, answers to var. dumetorum, —
N. New England to Wisconsin, chiefly in mountain woods, and northward. (Eu.)

Var. Boottii. Scales of the stipe pale-brown ; frond elongated-oblong or elon-
gated-lanceolate in outline ; pinnules broadly oblong, very obtuse, the lower pin-
natifid, the upper and smaller merely serrate; indusium minutely glandular.
(A. Boottii, Tuckerm. Dryopteris rigida, Ed. 1; not A. rigidum, Swartz.) —
E. Massachusetts and Connecticut to New York, and northward. — The least
dissected form, closely allied to the European A. remotum, Braun, and inter-
mediate in appearance between A. spinulosum and A. cristatum, but passing
into the former.

+ ++ Large (2°-4° high): fronds once pinnate, and the pinne deeply pinnatifid,
or nearly twice pinnate: fruit-dots not very near the margin; the indusia large,
thinnish and flat, persistent.

5. A. cristatum, Swartz. Frond linear-oblong or lanceolate in outline (1°-
2° long) ; pinne short (2'-3! long), triangular-oblong, or the lowest nearly trian-
gular-oyate, from a somewhat heart-shaped base, acute, deeply pinnatifid; the
divisions (6-10 pairs) oblong, very obtuse, finely serrate or cut-toothed, the lowest
pinnatifid-lobed ; fruit-dots as near the midvein as the margin ; indusium round-reni-
form, the sinus mostly shallow, smooth and naked. (A. Lancastriénse, Spreng.)
— Swamps, &e.: common. July.—Stipes and the stout creeping rootstock

_ bearing broad and deciduous chaffy scales. (Ku.)

Var. Clintonianum. frond in every way much larger (2}°-4° long) ;
pinne oblong-lanceolate, broadest at base (4!-6! long, 1/-2! broad), deeply pin-
natifid; the divisions (8-16 pairs) crowded or distant, linear-oblong, obtuse,
obscurely serrate or cut-toothed, the basal ones sometimes pinnately lobed ;
veins pinnately forking, the lowest anterior veinlets bearing the /ruit-dots near the
midvein ; indusium orbicular with a shallow sinus, smooth and naked. — Swampy
woods, New England to New Jersey, New York (G. W. Clinton, &c.), and west-
ward. July.— Rootstock stout, creeping, chaffy (like the stipes) with large
bright-brown scales. A showy Fern, unlike any European form of A, crista-
tum, and often mistaken for A. Goldianum.

666 FILICES. (FERNS.)

6. A. Goldianum, Hook. Frond broadly ovate, or the fertile ovate-oblong
in outline (2°-8° long); pinne (6/-9! long) oblong-lanceolate, broadest in the
middle, pinnately parted ; the divisions (about 20 pairs) oblong-linear, slightly scythe-
shaped (9''-15!' long), serrate with appressed teeth; veins pinnately forking and
bearing the fruit-dots very near the midvein; indusium very large, orbicular with
a deep narrow sinus, smooth and without marginal glands. — Rich and moist
woods, from Connecticut to Kentucky, and northward. July. —A stately Fern,
often 4° high, the fronds growing in a circle from a stout ascending chaffy root-
stock, and decaying in autumn. Indusium with the sides of the sinus often
overlapping, thus appearing to be round and entire as in Polystichum.

+ + + + Large (1°-8° high) : stipes very chaffy at the base: fronds twice pinnate,
but the upper pinnules confluent, some of the lower pinnatifid-toothed : fruit-dots
rather large: the indusium convex, without marginal glands, persistent.

7. A. Filix-mas, Swartz. Frond lanceolate in outline (1°-3° high) ;
pinne linear-lanceolate, tapering from base to apex; pinnules oblong, very ob-
tuse, serrate at the apex, and obscurely so at the sides, the basal ones incisely
lobed, distinct, the upper confluent; fruit-dots nearer the midvein than the
margin, and usually confined to the lower half of each fertile pinnule. — Rocky
woods, Keweenaw Peninsula, Lake Superior, Dr. Robbins, and westward. —
Frond thickish but not surviving the winter, (Eu.)

8. A. marginale, Swartz. Frond evergreen, smooth, thickish and almost
coriaceous, ovate-oblong in outline (1°-2° long); pinnz lanceolate, broadest
above the base; pinnules oblong or oblong-scythe-shaped, crowded, obtuse, en-
tire or crenately-toothed ; fruit-dots close to the margin. — Rocky hillsides in
rich woods: common, especially northward. Aug.

§ 2. POLYSTICHUM, Roth. (Aspidium, Hook.) Indusium orbicular and
entire, peltate, fixed by the depressed centre: fronds rigid and coriaceous, evergreen,
very chaffy on the rhachis, §-c.: pinnee or pinnules auricled at the base on the
upper side, crowded, the teeth or lobes bristle-tipped.

* Fronds simply pinnate.

9. A. acrostichoides, Swartz. Frond lanceolate (1°-23° high), stalked ;
pinne linear-lanceolate, somewhat scythe-shaped, half-halberd-shaped at the
slightly stalked base, serrulate with appressed bristly teeth; the fertile (upper)
ones contracted and smaller, bearing contiguous fruit-dots near the midrib, which
are confluent with age, covering the surface. (Nephrodium acrostichoides,
Michx.) — Var. rxcisum (A. Schweinitzii, Beck) is a state with cut-lobed pinne,
a not unfrequent case in the sterile fronds; sometimes the tips of almost all of
them fertile more or less. — Hillsides and ravines in woods: common north-
ward, and southward along the Alleghanies. July.

10. A. Lonchitis, Swartz. Frond linear-lanceolate (9’—20! high), scarcely
stalked, very rigid; pinne broadly lanceolate-scythe-shaped, or the lowest triangular,
strongly auricled on the upper side and wedge-truncate on the lower, densely
spinulose-toothed (1/ or less in length), copiously fruit-bearing ; fruit-dots con-
tiguous and near the margins. — Woods, southern shore of Lake Superior,
and northward. (Eu.) i

FILICES. (FERNS.) 667

* Fronds bipinnate.

11. A. aculeatum, Swartz, var. Braunii, Koch. Frond spreading
(1$°-2° long), oblong-lanceolate in outline, with a tapering base, the lower of
the many pairs of oblong-lanceolate pinne gradually reduced in size and obtuse ;
pinnules ovate or oblong, obtuse, truncate and almost rectangular at the base,
short-stalked, or the upper confluent, sharply toothed, beset with long and soft
as well as chaffy hairs. (A. Braunii, Spenner.)— Deep woods, mountains of
New Hampshire, Vermont, N. New York, and northward. (Eu.)

13. CYSTOPTERIS, Bernhardi. Brapper-Fern. (PI. 18.)

Fruit-dots roundish, borne on the back of a straight fork of the free veins ;
the delicate indusium hood-like or arched, attached by a broad base on the inner
side (towards the midrib) partly under the fruit-dot, early opening free at the
other side, which looks toward the apex of the lobe, and is somewhat jagged,
soon thrown back or withering away. — Tufted Ferns with slender and delicate
twice or thrice pinnate fronds ; the lobes cut-toothed. (Name composed of kvotts,
a bladder, and rrepis, fern, from the inflated indusium.)

1. C. bulbifera, Bernh. Frond lanceolate, elongated (1°-2° long),
2-pinnate; the pinnz lanceolate-oblong, pointed, horizontal (1/-2/ long); the
rhachis and pinne often bearing bulblets underneath, wingless; pinnules crowded,
oblong, obtuse, toothed or pinnatifid ; indusium short, truncate on the free side.
(Aspidium bulbiferum, Swartz. A. atomarium, Juhl. !)—Shaded ravines,
&e.: common. July.

2. C. fragilis, Bernh. Frond oblong-lanceolate (4!-8' long, besides the
stalk which is fully as long), 2—3-pinnate; the pinnz and pinnules ovate or lan-
ceolate in outline, irregularly pinnatifid or eut-toothed, mostly acute, decurrent
on the margined or winged rhachis ; indusium tapering or acute at the free end, —
Var. pentAtA, Hook., is narrower and less divided, barely twice pinnate, with
ovate obtuse and bluntly-toothed pinnules. (Aspidium ténue, Swartz.) — Shaded
cliffs: common, and very variable. July. (Eu.)

14. STRUTHIOPTERIS, Willd. Osrricu-Fern. (Pl. 15.)

Fruit-dots round, on the pinnz of a separate contracted and rigid frond, the
margins of which are rolled backward so as to form a somewhat necklace-shaped
or continuous hollow body enclosing the fruit: there are 3-5 pinnate free veinlets
from each primary vein, each bearing a fruit-dot on its middle: fruit-dots crowded
and confluent ; the sporangia borne on an elevated receptacle which is half-encir-
cled at its base by a very delicate semicircular and ragged evanescent indusium.
—Sterile fronds large, very much exceeding the fertile, pinnate, the pinnx
pinnatifid, all growing in a close circular tuft from thick and scaly matted
rootstocks. Stipes stout, angular. Pinnate veins free and simple. (Name
compounded of otpovbes, an ostrich, and TTEpits, a fern, from the plume-like
arrangement of the divisions of the fertile frond.)

1. S. Germanica, Willd. Sterile fronds smooth, broadly lanceolate, the
lowest pinnz gradually much smaller; pinnz very numerous, narrowly lance-
olate, deeply pinnatifid ; the lobes oblong, obtuse: fertile frond with somewhat

668 FILICES. (FERNS.)

necklace-shaped pinnz, the lowest ones much smaller. (S. Pennsylvanica,
Willd. Onoclea Struthiopteris, Z., Hook.) — Alluvial soil: not rare northward.
—Fronds intermediate between the sterile and fertile condition (bearing a few
fruit-dots on contracted, but still herbaceous pinnz) are sometimes found; a
condition analogous to the var. obtusiloba of Onoclea sensibilis. (Eu.)

15. ONOCLEA, L. Sensirive Fern. (Pl. 18.)

Fertile frond twice pinnate, much contracted ; the pinnules short and revolute,
usually so rolled up as to be converted into berry-shaped closed involucres, filled
with sporangia, and forming a one-sided spike or raceme. Fruit-dots one on
the middle of each strong and simple primary vein (with or without sterile cross-
veins), round, soon all confluent. Indusium very thin, hood-like, lateral, fixed
by its lower side, free on the upper (towards the apex of the pinnule). — Sterile
fronds rising separately from the naked extensively creeping rootstock, long-
stalked, broadly triangular in outline, deeply pinnatifid into lance-oblong pinne,
which are entire or wavy-toothed, or the lowest pair sinuate-pinnatifid (decaying
in autumn); veins reticulated with fine meshes. (Name apparently from 6vos,
a vessel, and kKAeia, to close, from the singularly rolled up fructification.)

1. O. sensibilis, L.— Moist or wet places, along streams: common.
July. — A rare abnormal state, in which the pinnz of some of the sterile fronds,
becoming again pinnatifid and more or less contracted, bear some fruit-dots
without being much revolute or losing their foliaceous character, is the var.
OBTUSILOBATA, Torr., N. Y. State Fl. (Connecticut, New York, &c) This
explains the long-lost O. obtusilubata, Schkuhr (from. Pennsylvania), which, as
figured, has the sterile fronds thus 2-pinnately divided. (Ragiopteris, Pres/., is
founded on a young fertile frond of this species with the sterile frond of some
Aspidium. )

16. WOODSIA, R. Brown. Woopsta. (PI. 18.)

Fruit-dots round, borne on the back of simply-forked free veins ; the very thin
and often evanescent indusium attached by its base all around the receptacle,
under the sporangia, either small and open, or else early bursting at the top into
irregular pieces or lobes. —Small and tufted pinnately-divided Ferns. (Dedi-
cated to Joseph Woods, an English botanist.)

§ 1. HYPOPELTIS, Torr. Indusium conspicuous, at first enclosing the sporangia,
but early opening at the top, and splitting into several spreading jagged lobes.

1. W. obtusa, Torr. Frond broadly lanceolate, minutely glandular-hairy
(6’-12! high), pinnate, or nearly twice-pinnate; pinne rather remote, triangu-
lar-ovate or oblong (1/- 2! long), bluntish, pinnately parted; segments oblong,
obtuse, crenately toothed, the lower ones pinnatifid with toothed lobes; veins
forked, and bearing the fruit-dots on or below the minutely toothed lobes.
W. Perriniana, Look. § Grev. Aspidium obtusum, Weber § Mohr., Willd.)
— Rocky banks and cliffs: common, especially westward. July.

§ 2. WOODSIA proper. Jndusium minute or evanescent, open and flat from an
early stage, and concealed under the fruit-dot, its margin cleft into slender hairs or
cilia. -

FILICES. (FERNS.) 669

* Stipes obscurely jointed near the base; the withered fronds falling away at the joint :
cilia of the indusium long and inflexed over the sporangia.

2. W. Ilvénsis, R. Brown. Frond oblong-lanceolate (2/-6' long by 1' wide),
smoothish and green above, thickly clothed underneath as well as the stalk with
rusty bristle-like chaff, pinnate; the pinnz crowded, oblong, obtuse, sessile, pin-
nately parted, the numerous crowded segments oblong, obtuse, obscurely crenate,
almost coriaceous; the fruit-dots near the margin, somewhat confluent when
old. (Nephrodium rufidulum, MJichx.) —Exposed rocks: common, especially
northward, and southward in the Alleghanies. June. (Eu.)

3. W. glabélla, R. Brown. Smooth and naked throughout; frond linear
(2/-5! high), pinnate; pinne roundish or ovate, the lower ones rather remote,
(2”-4" long), cut into 3-7 rounded or somewhat wedge-shaped lobes. — Rocks,
Little Falls, New York (Vasey); Willoughby Mountain, Vermont ( Wood, C.
C. Frost); and high northward.

* * Stipes not jointed: cilia of the indusium very short and hidden by the sporangia.

4. W. Oregana, Eaton. Smooth throughout; fronds (2/-8! high, 8!’-
12" wide) elliptical-lanceolate, pinnate, the fertile ones tallest; pinnz triangular-
oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid; segments oblong or ovate, obtuse, finely toothed,
and in larger fronds incised ; fruit-dots near the margin; indusium very small,
divided almost to the centre into a few necklace-like-jointed cilia. — Crevices of
rocks, south shore of Lake Superior (Robbins), and westward.

17. DICKSONIA, U’Her. Dicxsonta. (PI. 17.)

Fruit-dots small, globular, marginal, each placed on the apex of a free vein
or fork; the sporangia borne on an elevated globular receptacle, enclosed in a
membranaceous cup-shaped indusium which is open at the top, and on the outer
side partly adherent to a reflexed toothlet of the frond. (Named for James
Dickson, an English Cryptogamic botanist.)

1. D. punctilébula, Kunze. Minutely glandular and hairy (2°-3°
high) ; fronds ovate-lanceolate and pointed in outline, pale green, very thin, with
strong chafHess stalks rising from slender extensively creeping naked rootstocks,
mostly bipinnate ; primary pinnz lanceolate, pointed, the secondary pinnatifid
into oblong and obtuse cut-toothed lobes; fruit-dots minute, each on a recurved
toothlet, usually one at the upper margin of each lobe. (D. pilositiscula, Willd.
Nephrodium punctilobulum, Michr. Dennstedtia, Moore. Sitolobium, J. Smith.)
— Moist, rather shady places: very common: pleasantly odorous. July.

18. SCHIZAA, Smith. ScuizHa. (PI. 19.)

Sporangia large, ovoid, striate-rayed at the apex, opening by a longitudinal
cleft, naked, vertically sessile in a double row along the single vein of the nar-
row divisions of the pinnate (or radiate) fertile appendages to the slender and
simply linear, or (in foreign species) fan-shaped or dichotomously many-cleft
fronds (whence the name, from oxi¢a, to split).

1. §. pusilla, Pursh. Sterile fronds linear, very slender, flattened and
tortuous ; the fertile ones equally slender (}'’ wide), but taller (3/ — 4! high), and
bearing at the top the fertile appendage, consisting of about 5 pairs of crowded

670 FILICES. (FERNS.)

pinne (each 1!-13!' long). — Low grounds, pine barrens of New Jersey: very
local. Sept.

19. LYGODIUM, Swartz. Curmeine Fern. (PI. 19.)

Fronds twining or climbing, bearing stalked and variously lobed (or com-
pound) divisions in pairs, with mostly free veins; the fructification on separate
contracted divisions or spike-like lobes, one side of which is covered with a
double row of imbricated hooded scale-like indusia, fixed by a broad base to
short oblique veinlets. Sporangia much as in Schizza, but oblique, fixed to the
veinlet by the inner side next the base, one or rarely two covered by each indu-
sium. (Name from Avywdns, flexible.)

1. L. palmatum, Swartz. Very smooth; stalks slender, flexile and twin-
ing (1°-3° long), from slender running rootstocks ; the short alternate branches
or petioles 2-forked ; each fork bearing a round-heart-shaped palmately 4 — 7-lobed
frondlet; fertile frondlets above, contracted and several times forked, forming a
terminal panicle. (Hydrogléssum, Willd.) — Shaded or moist grassy places,
Massachusetts to Virginia, Kentucky, and sparingly southward: rare. Sept.

20. OSMUNDA, L._ Frowerne Fery. (PI. 19.)

Fertile fronds or fertile portions of the frond very much contracted, and bear-
ing on the margins of the narrow rhachis-like divisions short-pedicelled and
naked sporangia: these are globular, thin and reticulated, large, opening by a
longitudinal cleft into two valves, and bearing near the apex a few parallel striz,
the rudiment of a transverse ring. — Fronds tall and upright, from thickened
rootstocks, once or twice pinnate; veins forking and free. Spores green. (Os-
munder, a Saxon name of the Celtic divinity, Thor.)

* Fronds twice pinnate, fertile at the top.

1. O. regalis, L. (Frowertne Fern.) Very smooth, pale green (2°.
5° high); sterile pinnules 13-25, varying from oblong-oval to lance-oblong,
finely serrulate, especially towards the apex, otherwise entire, or crenately lobed
towards the rounded, oblique and truncate, or even cordate and semi-auriculate
base, sessile or short-stalked (1’-2' long); the fertile racemose-panicled at the
summit of the frond. (O. spectdabilis, Willd. O. glaucéscens, Link, Mettenius.)
— Swamps and wet woods: common. The cordate pinnules are commoner in
Europe, but are sometimes found here. May, June. (Eu.)

* %* Sterile fronds once pinnate: pinnee deeply pinnatifid ; the lobes entire.

2. O. Claytoniana, L. Clothed with loose wool when unfolding, soon
perfectly smooth (2°-3° high); pinne oblong-lanceolate, with oblong obtuse
divisions; some (2—5 pairs) of the middle pinne fertile, these entirely pinnate ;
sporangia greenish turning brown. (O. interriipta, Michz., sc.) — Low
grounds: common. May.— Fruiting as it unfolds.— This, being Clayton’s
plant (as ascertained in 1839, both from the Claytonian and Linnzan herbaria),
must bear the original Linnzan name, though wrongly described from young
specimens in which the fructification was thought to be terminal.

3. O. cinnamomea, L. (Cixynamon-Frrn.) Clothed with rusty wool
when young; sterile fronds smooth when full grown, the lanceolate pinn pin-

FILICES. (FERNS.) 671

natifid into broadly oblong obtuse divisions; fertile fronds separate, from the
same rootstock, contracted, twice pinnate, covered with the cinnamon-colored
sporangia. — Var. FRONDOSA is a rare occasional state, in which some of the
fronds are sterile below and more sparsely fertile at their summit. (O. Clay-
toniana, Conrad, not of Z.)— Rarely such fronds are fertile in the middle. —
Swamps and low copses, everywhere. May.— Growing in large bunches; the
fertile fronds in the centre, perfecting fruit as they unfold, 1° - 2° long, decay-
ing before the sterile fronds (at length 4°-5° high) get their growth.

21. BOTRYCHIUM, Swartz. Moonworr. (PI. 19.)

Rootstock very short, erect, with clustered fleshy roots (which are full of
starch, in very minute, irregular granules!) ; the base of the naked stalk con-
taining the bud for the next year’s frond: frond with an anterior fertile and
a posterior sterile segment; the former mostly 1-3-pinnate, the contracted
divisions bearing a double row of sessile naked sporangia; these are distinct,
rather coriaceous, not reticulated, globular, without a ring, and open transverse-
ly into two valves. Sterile segment of the frond ternately or pinnately divided
or compound; veins all free. Spores copious, sulphur-color. (Name a dimin-
utive of Bdrpus, a cluster of grapes, from the appearance of the fructification.)

* Sterile portion of the frond sessile or nearly so on the upper part of the common stalk.

1. B. Lunaria, Swartz. Steri/e segment nearly sessile, borne near the mid-
dle of the common stalk, oblong, simply pinnate with 5-15 lunate or fan-shaped
very obtuse crenate, incised or nearly entire, fleshy divisions, more or less excised
at the base on the lower or on both sides, the veins radiating from the base and-
repeatedly forking; fertile segment panicled, 2-3-pinnate.— Lake Superior
(Lesquereur), and sparingly northward.— Plant 4/-10! high, very fleshy
throughout. (Eu.)

2. B. simplex, Hitchcock. Fronds small (2'-4!, rarely 5!-6' high), the
sterile segment short-petioled from the middle or upper part of the common stalk, thick-
ish and fleshy, simple and roundish, or pinnately 3-7-lobed ; the lobes roundish-
obovate, nearly entire, decurrent on the broad and flat indeterminate rhachis ;
the veins all forking from the base ; fertile segment simple or 1 - 2-pinnate. — Maine
to New York, and northward: rare.

3. B. lanceolatum, Angstroeem. Fronds small (3'!-8' high); the sterile
segment closely sessile near the top of the long and slender common stalk, somewhat
fleshy, in the smallest ones 3-lobed, in larger ones broadly triangular, ternately
twice pinnatifid ; the divisions lanceolate, incised or toothed ; veins forking from a
midvein ; fertile part 2-3-pinnate. (B. simplex of former ed.) — New England
and New Jersey (C.F. Austin) to Ohio and northward: rare. July.

4. B. Virginicum, Swartz. Fronds tall and ample ; sterile segment sessile
above the middle of the common stalk, broadly triangular, thin and membranaceous,
ternate ; the short-stalked primary divisions once or twice pinnate, and then once or
twice pinnatifid; the oblong lobes cut-toothed towards the apex; veins forking
Jrom a midvein; fertile part 2 - 3-pinnate. — Plant 1° - 2° high, or often reduced
to a few inches, when it is B. gracile, Pursh,— Rich woods: common. June,
July.

672 LYCOPODIACE&. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.)

%* * Sterile portion of the frond long-petioled from near the base of the common stall:.

5. B. lunarioides, Swartz. Sterile portion of the frond petioled from
near the base, 2-3-ternate, or the ultimate divisions often pinnate or pinnately
parted, broadly triangular in general outline; the lobes or divisions obovate,
somewhat kidney-shaped, roundish or oblong, somewhat crenate; fertile stalk
3/-6/ high; the fertile part mostly 2-pinnate. (Botrypus lunarioides, Michr.
Botrychium fumarioides, Wil/d.) — Dry and rich woods, especially southward.
July.— A state from Hingham, Massachusetts (C. J. Sprague), has the two
lateral primary divisions of the sterile segment changed into long-stalked
fertile fronds.

Var. obliquum (B. obliquum, MuAl.) is mostly larger (6’-17! high) ; the
fructification more compound; the sterile segment with oblong or lanceolate
divisions, either obtuse or oblique at the base, nearly entire, toothed, or irregu-
larly pinnatifid. —New England to Wisconsin, and southward: rather scarce.

Var. disséctum (B. dissectum, Muhl.) has the divisions of the sterile
segment compoundly and laciniately cut into narrow small lobes and teeth:
otherwise as the last, into which it passes, and with which it grows.

22. OPHIOGLOSSUM, LL. Appzr’s-Toyevz. (Pl. 19.)

Mode of growth much as in Botrychium; but the coriaceous sporangia con-
nate and coherent in two ranks on the edges of a simple spike, which in our
species is single and placed on a stalk rising from the base of the simple and
reticulated-veined sterile segment. Spores copious, sulphur-color. (Name
compounded of dqus, a serpent, and yA@aaa, tongue.)

1. O. vulgatum, L. Sterile segment ovate or elliptical-oblong (2/—3'
long) rather fleshy, obtuse, narrowed at the base, and sessile near the middle
of the stalk of the fertile spike. — Bogs and meadows: not common. July. —
Stalk 6/-12! high, rising from a short oblique rootstock, the bud not enclosed
in the base of the stalk. (Eu.)

Orper 131. LYCOPODIACEZ. (Civus-Moss Famrry.)

Low plants, usually of Moss-like aspect; with pretty large spore-cases
(sporangia or sporocarps) sessile in the axil of simple and sessile, persistent,
mostly awl-shaped or lanceolate leaves: —of three genera, including the
aquatic and peculiar Isoétes.

* Terrestrial, with erect or creeping stems: spore-cases free in the axils of the leaves.
1. Lycopodium. §Spore-cases all of one sort, coriaceous, mostly kidney-shaped, 2-valyed,
filled with innumerable minute spores.
2. Selaginella. Spore-cases of two sorts; one very small, oblong or globular, 2-valved,
filled with innumerable minute spores; the other larger, 8 -4-valved, containing 3 or 4
large spores. ;

* * Aquatic, with a corm in place of stem, covered above with the dilated bases of the tufted
long and rush-like leaves, to which the spore-cases adhere.
8. Isoetes. Spore-cases of two sorts ; one containing numerous large, the other numerous
small spores.

V

LYCOPODIACEX. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.) 673

1. LYCOPODIUM, L.,, Spring. Crus-Moss. (Pl. 20.)

Spore-cases all of one kind (much like those of Ophioglossum, only larger),
coriaceous, flattened, usually kidney-shaped, 1-celled, 2-valved, mostly by a
transverse line round the margin, discharging the subtile spores in the form of a
copious sulphur-colored inflammable powder. — Perennials, with evergreen one-
nerved leaves, imbricated or crowded in 4-16 ranks. (Name compounded of
AvKos, a wolf, and rods, foot, from no obvious resemblance.)

§ 1. Spore-cases in the axils of the ordinary and uniform (dark-green and shining,
rigid, lanceolate, spreading, about 8-ranked) leaves.

1. L. lucidulum, Michx. Stems thick, 2 or 3 times forked, the branches
ascending (6/—12! high) ; leaves widely spreading or reflexed, acute, minutely toothed.
— Cold, damp woods: common northward. Aug. — Little bulblets form in the
axils of the leaves of young shoots (Austin, Rothrock).

2. L. Selago, L. Stems thick and rigid, erect, fork-branched, forming a
level topped cluster (3/-6/ high) : leaves pointed, entire. — Tops of high moun-
tains, Maine to New York, on the Alleghanies southward, shore of Lake Supe-
rior, and northward: rare: both the variety with more erect, and that with
widely spreading leaves. (Eu.)

§ 2. Spore-cases only in the axils of the upper (bracteal) leaves, thus forming a spike.

* Leaves of the creeping sterile and of the upright fertile stems or branches, and those
of the simple spike all alike, many-ranked (sporangia opening near the base).

8. L. inundatum, L. Dwarf; creeping sterile stems forking, flaccid;
the fertile solitary (1/-4' high), bearing a short thick spike; leaves lanceolate or
lance-awl-shaped, acute, soft, spreading, naked, or sometimes bearing a few minute
spiny teeth. — Leaves (curving upwards on the prostrate shoots) narrower in the
American than in the European plant (perhaps a distinct species), and passing
into the var. BrieeLovi1, Tuckerm., which has fertile stems 5/—7' high, its
leaves more awl-shaped and pointed, sparser and more upright, often somewhat
teeth-bearing. (L. Carolinianum, Bigel., not of Z.) — Sandy bogs, northward :
rare: the var. E. New England to New Jersey and southward. Aug. (Eu.)

4. I. alopecuroides, L. Stems stout, very densely leafy throughout ;
the sterile branches recuryed-procumbent and creeping; the fertile of the same
thickness, 6/-20' high ; leaves narrowly linear-awl-shaped, spinulose-pointed, spread-
ing, conspicuously bristle-toothed below the middle ; those of the cylindrical spike with
long setaceous tips. — Pine-barren swamps, New Jersey to Virginia, and south-
ward. Aug., Sept. —Stems, including the dense leaves, }/ thick; the comose
spike, with its longer spreading leaves, 9’ to 1/ thick.

* * Leaves (bracts) of the catkin-like spike scale-like, imbricated, yellowish, ovate or
heart-shaped, very different from those of the sterile stems and branches.

+ Spikes sessile (i. e. branches equally leafy to the top), single.

5. L. anndotinum, L. Much branched; stems prostrate and creeping (1° -
4° long) ; the ascending branches similar (5'-8' high), sparingly forked, the sterile
ones making yearly growths from the summit; leaves equal, spreading, in about
5 ranks, rigid, lanceolate, pointed, minutely serrulate (pale green) ; spike soli-

43

674 LYCOPODIACEX. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.)

tary, oblong-cylindrical, thick. — Var. pGNGENS, Spring, is a reduced sub-alpine
or mountain form, with shorter and more rigid-pointed erectish leaves. (Var. °
montanum, T’uckerm.) — Woods: common northward: the var. on the White
Mountains, with intermediate forms around the base. July. (Eu.)

6. L. dendroideum, Michx. (Grounp-Pine.) Stems upright (6'-9!
high) from a subterranean creeping rootstock, simple below, and clothed with
homogeneous lanceolate-linear acute entire leaves appressed-erect in 4—6 rows,
bushy-branched at the summit; the crowded branches spreading, fan-like, with the
lower row of leaves shorter and the lateral spreading : —in yar. OBSCURUM ap-
pearing flat, from the leaves of the upper side being also shorter and appressed.
(L. obscurum, ZL.) — Moist woods. Aug. — Remarkable for its tree-like growth.
Spike cylindrical, 4-10 on each plant.

a + Spikes peduncled: 7. e. the leaves minute on the fertile branches.
++ Leaves homogeneous and equal, many-ranked ; stems terete.

7. L. clavatum, L. (Common Cxius-Moss.) Stems creeping exten-
sively, with similar ascending short and very leafy branches; the fertile termi-
nated by a slender peduncle (4/—6/ long), bearing about 2-3 (rarely 1 or 4)
linear-cylindrical spikes; leaves linear-awl-shaped, incurved-spreading (light
green), tipped, as also the bracts, with a fine bristle. — Dry woods: common,
especially northward. July. (Eu.)

++ ++ Leaves of two forms, few-ranked : stems or branches flattened.

8. L. Carolinianum, L. Sterile stems and their few short branches
entirely creeping (leafless and rooting on the under side), thickly clothed with
broadly lanceolate acute and somewhat oblique 1-nerved /ateral leaves widely
spreading in 2 ranks, and a shorter intermediate row appressed on the upper side ;
also sending up a slender simple peduncle (2/—4/ high, clothed merely with small
bract-like and appressed awl-shaped leayes), bearing a single cylindrical spike. —
Wet pine-barrens, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. July.

9. L. complanatum, L. Stems extensively creeping (often subterra-
nean), the erect or ascending branches several times forked above; bushy branchlets
crowded, flattened, all clothed with minute imbricated-appressed awl-shaped leaves in 4
ranks, with decurrent-united bases, the lateral rows with somewhat spreading
tooth-like tips, those of the upper and under rows smaller, narrower, wholly
appressed ; peduncle slender, bearing 2-4 cylindrical spikes. — Woods and thick-

“ets: common: the typical form with spreading fan-like branches, abundant south-
ward ; — while northward, especially far northward, it passes gradually into var.
SABINZFOLIUM (L. sabinexfolium, Willd. L. Chamecyparissus, Braun), with
more erect and fascicled branches. (Eu.)

2. SELAGINELLA, Beauv., Spring. (PI. 20.)

Fructification of two kinds, namely, of spore-cases like those of Lycopodium,
but minute and oblong or globular, containing reddish or orange-colored pow-
dery spores; and of 3—4-valved tumid larger ones, filled by 3 or 4 (rarely 1 -
6) much larger globose-angular spores (oophoridia); the latter either intermixed
with the former in the same axils, or solitary (and larger) in the lower axils of
the leafy 4-ranked sessile spike. (Name a diminutive of Selago, an ancient name
of a Lycopodium, from which this genus is separated.)

LYCOPOCIACER. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.) 675

* Leaves all alike and uniformly imbricated ; those of the spike similar.

1. S. selaginoides, Gray. Sterile stems prostrate or creeping, small and
slender ; the fertile thicker, ascending, simple (1'-3!' high) ; leaves lanceolate, acute,
spreading, sparsely spinulose-ciliate. (S. spinosa, Beauv. §. spinulosa, Braun.)
— Wet places, New Hampshire (Pursh), Michigan, Lake Superior, and north-
ward: rare. — Leaves larger on the fertile stems, yellowish-green. (KEu.)

2. S. rupéstris, Spring. Much branched in close tufts (1! -3!' high) ; leaves
densely appressed-imbricated, linear-lanceolate, convex and with a grooved keel,
minutely ciliate, bristle-tipped ; those of the strongly quad-angular spike rather
broader ; the two sorts of fructification in the same axils. (Lycopodium rupes-
tre, L.) —Dry and exposed rocks: very common. — Grayish-green in aspect,
resembling a rigid Moss.

* * Leaves shorter above and below, resembling stipules: the lateral larger, 2-ranked.

3. S. apus, Spring. Stems tufted and prostrate, creeping, much branched,
flaccid ; leaves pellucid-membranaceous ; the larger spreading horizontally, ovate,
oblique, mostly obtuse ; the smaller appressed, taper-pointed ; those of the short
spikes nearly similar ; larger spore-cases copious at the lower part of the spike.
(Lycopodium apodum, L.) — Low, shady places: not rare, especially sc unevent
—A delicate little plant, resembling a Moss or Jungermannia.

3. ISOETES, L. Quirtworr. (Pl. 20.)

Stem or trunk a fleshy more or less depressed corm, rooting just above its 2-
lobed (or in many foreign species 3-lobed) base, above covered with the dilated
and imbricated bases of the awl-shaped or linear somewhat quadrangular leaves,
which include 4 air-tubes, intercepted by cross partitions. Sporangia, or sporo-
carps, pretty large, orbicular or ovoid, plano-convex, very thin, sessile in the
axils of the leaves, and united at the back with their excavated bases (the thin
edges of the excavation folding round partly cover them, forming the velum),
traversed internally by transverse threads; those of the outer leaves filled with
large spherical spores (macrospores), their whitish crustaceous integument marked
by one circular, and on the upper surface by 3 radiating elevated lines (circum-
scribing a lower hemisphere, and three upper segments which open valve-like in
germination): those of the inner leaves filled with very minute and powdery
grayish spores (microspores) ; these are always obliquely oblong and triangular.
— Mostly small aquatics, grass-like or rush-like in aspect, some always sub-
merged, others amphibious, a few living in merely moist soil, maturing their
fruit in late summer and early autumn, except No. 7, and some forms of No. 6.

Genus much investigated of late by Prof. Durieu and the late J. Gay of
France, and by Prof: Braun of Berlin, newly elaborated for this edition by Dr.
GEORGE ENGELMANN.

* Growing under water, only accidentally or in very dry seasons out of water: leaves
without stomata (except in some forms of No. 3), and without peripherical bast-
bundles.

1. I. lacustris, L. Leaves (10-25 in number, 2/-6' long) dark green,
rigid ; sporocarps ovoid or circular, the upper third or less covered by the
velum, free part pale and unspotted ; both kind of spores the largest of our spe-

676 LOCOPODIACEE. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.)

cies; macrospores (0!.32-0/'.38 wide) covered with short and twisted crested
ridges, which often anastomose; microspores (0!/.017-0/'.020 long) smooth. —
Mountain lakes, Penn., New York, and New England to Lake Superior, and
northward often with No. 3. (Eu.) —The American is distinguished from the
European plant by the larger macrospores, therefore I. macrdspora, Durieu.

2. I. Tuckermani, Braun, n. sp. Leaves (10-30, 2'!-3! long) very
slender, awl-shaped, olive-green, the outer ones recurved; sporocarps ovoid or
circular, the upper third covered by the velum, the free part sometimes brownish-
spotted; macrospores (0/’.22-0’'.28 wide) on the upper segments covered with
parallel and anastomosizing ridges, the lower half reticulated; microspores
(0/.013-0!.015 long) smooth or very delicately papillose. — Mystic and other
ponds near Boston, together with the next, Tuckerman, W. Boott.

3. I. echindéspora, Durieu. Leaves slender, awl-shaped; sporocarps
ovoid or circular; macrospores (0!/.20-—0!'.25 wide) beset all over with small
entire and obtuse or slightly forked spinules. (Eu.)—In the European form,
which has not yet been found in America, the leaves are very slenderly attenu-
ated (3/-4! long), the upper margin of the sporocarp only is covered with the
narrow velum, the free part is unspotted, and the slightly papillose microspores
are larger (0/.015-0'.016 long). The following are the American forms of
this species.

Var. Bratinii. Leaves (15-30 in number, 3’-6! long) dark and often
olive-green, straight or commonly recurved, half or two thirds of the sporocarp
covered by the velum, the free part often with light brown spots; macrospores
as in the species ; microspores smaller (0/.013 - 0.014 long), smooth (I. Braunii,
Durieu.) —Ponds and Jakes, New England to Western New York and north-
ward, often with the two preceding. — Often with a few stomata, especially in
Niagara specimens.

Var. muricata. Leaves (15-30, 6/-10! long) straight or flaccid, bright
green ; about one half of the almost circular sporocarp covered by the velum,
unspotted ; macrospores (0!'.22-—0!'.27 wide) with shorter and blunter spinules ;
microspores as in the last variety, or rarely spinulose. (I. muricata, Durieu.) —
In some ponds north of Boston, W. Boott.

Var. Boottii. Leaves (12-20, 4'-5! high) awl-shaped, stiffly erect, bright
green, with stomata; sporocarp as in last; macrospores as in the species, but a
little smaller and with very slender spinules. (I. Boottii, Braun, in litt.) — Pond
in Woburn, near Boston, partly out of water, W. Boott.

* % Growing partly out of water, either by the pond drying up, or by the receding of
the ebb tide; leaves with stomata, and in 6 and 7 with four or more peripherical
bast-bundles.

4. I. saccharata, Engelm., n. sp. Leaves (10-15, 2’-3/ long) slender,
olive-green, curved ; sporocarps small, ovoid, only the upper edge covered by the
velum, nearly unspotted; macrospores (0!.20-—0'.22 wide) minutely tubercu-
late ; microspores (0/012 long) papillose. —On Wicomico River, eastern shore
of Maryland, between high and low tide, W. MZ. Canby. :

5. I. riparia, Engelm. Leaves (15-30, 4/- 8! long) slender, deep green, . /

erect; sporocarps mostly oblong, upper margin to one third covered by the

HYDROPTERIDES. (MARSILIACE®.) 677

velum, the free part spotted; macrospores very variable in size (0!/.22-0!.30
wide), the upper segments covered by short crested ridges, which on the lower
hemisphere run together forming a network; microspores larger than in any
other species except No. 1 (0/’.013-0!'.016 long), mostly somewhat tubercu-
lated. — Gravelly banks of the Delaware, from above Philadelphia to Wil-
mington, between flood and ebb tide; margins of ponds, New England (Robbins,
&e.), and northward. — Distinguished from the nearly allied I. lacustris by the
stomata of the leaves, the spotted sporocarp, the smaller size of the spores and
their reticulation on the lower half.

6. I. Engelmanni, Braun. Leaves long (25-100, 9’-20! long), light
green, erect or at last prostrate, flat on the upper side; sporocarps mostly ob-
long, unspotted, the yelum very narrow; macrospores (0!'.19—0/'.24 wide) coy-
ered all over with a coarse honey-comb-like network; microspores (0/.012—-
0/’.014 long) mostly smooth. — Shallow ponds and ditches, from Massachusetts
(near Boston, W. Boott, H. Mann) to Pennsylvania and Delaware and (prob-
ably through the Middle States) to Missouri. — By far the largest of our species,
often mature in July.

Var. gracilis. Leaves few (8-12 only, 9/-12! long) and very slender;
both kinds of spores nearly as in the species. — Southern New England, ap-
parently in deep water.

Var. valida. Trunk large and stout (often 1/-2' wide) ; leaves (50-100,
even 200, 18’-25/ long) with an elevated ridge on the upper side; sporocarps
oblong or linear-oblong (4!/-9" long), one third or one half or more covered by
the velum; both kinds of spores very small, macrospores 0/.16-0!'.22 wide,
microspores 0'/.011-—0//.013 long, spinulose.— Delaware (W. Jf Canby), and
Pennsylvania (Prof. Porter). Sept.

7. I. melanépoda, J.Gay. Leaves (15-50, 6’-10! long) very slender,
keeled on the back, straight, bright green, usually with dark brown or black
shining bases; sporocarps mostly oblong, with a very narrow velum, brown or
spotted ; macrospores very small (0'.14-0/.18 wide), smoothish, or with faint
tubercles or ridges; microspores (0'.010-0'.012 long) spinulose. — Shallow
ponds, and wet prairies and fields, Central and Northern Illinois (£. Hall,
Vasey), and westward. June, and sometimes again in November. — Trunk
more spherical and more deeply 2-lobed, and both kind of spores smaller than
in any other of our species; leaves disappearing during the summer heat.
Closely approaching the completely terrestrial species of the Mediterranean
region.

Two other species, I. rrAccrpa, Shuttleworth, and I. CuapmAnt, Engelm.,
are found in Florida; and three more, I. Nutra, Braun, I. Catirornica,
Engelm., and I. prema, Engelm., in the Pacific States.

Orver 132. HYDROPTERIDES. (Marsm1ace4, R. Br.)

Aquatie eryptogamous plants, of diverse habit, with the fructification borne
on submerged branches, consisting of two sorts of organs, contained in irreg-
ularly bursting involucres (sporocarps):— here represented by only two
genera.

678 HYDROPTERIDES. (MARSILIACE#.)

lj MARSILILA, i MarsILIa.

Submersed or emersed aquatic plants, with slender creeping rootstocks, send-
ing up elongated petioles, which bear at their apex a whorl of 4 nervose-veined
leaflets, and at or near their base, or sometimes on the rootstock, one or more
globular but somewhat eccentric sporocarps. These sporocarps or fruit are 2-
celled vertically, and with many transverse partitions, and split or burst into 2
lobes at maturity. On the partitions are inserted numerous short-stalked spo-
rangia, of two sorts intermixed ; the larger ones containing a single oval or ob-
long spore, the smaller containing many very minute spores. (Named for
Aloysius Marsili, an early Italian naturalist, — therefore to be written Marsilia,
not Marsilea.)

1. M. quadrifolia, L. Leaflets broadly obovate-cuneate, glabrous ; spo-
rocarps usually 2 or 3 on a short peduncle from near the base of the petioles,
pedicelled, glabrous or somewhat hairy. — In water, the leaflets commonly float-
ing on the surface; Bantam Lake, Litchfield, Connecticut, Dr. T. F’. Allen.
The only known habitat in America. (Ku.)

2. M. uncinata, Braun., with hairy leaflets, and villous short-stalked or
sessile sporocarps, solitary at the base of each petiole, will doubtless be found
in the northwestern part of Wisconsin. It has been confounded with the very
similar M. vestita, Hook and Grev., of the Southwest.

2. AZOLLA, Lam. Azorra. (Pl. 20.)

Plant floating free, pinnately branched, clothed with minute imbricated leaves,
appearing like a small Jungermannia; fructification sessile on the under side
of the branches, of 2 sorts. Sporocarps covered at first with an indusium of a
single diaphanous membrane, ovoid: the smaller kind opening transversely all
round, containing several roundish antheridia? peltately attached to the sides of
a central erect column: the large or fertile kind bursting irregularly, filled with
numerous spherical sporangia rising from the base on slender stalks, each con-
taining a few globular spores. (Name said to come from a¢@, to dry, and 6dAa,
to kill, being destroyed by dryness.)

1. A. Caroliniana, Willd. Leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, spreading, red-
dish underneath, beset with a few bristles. — Still water, New York to Llinois
and southward. Plant forming little mats on the water, 6-12! broad.

Sarvfnra NATANS, L., said by Pursh to grow floating on the surface of small
lakes in Western New York, has not been found by any other person, and
probably does not occur in this country. It is therefore omitted.

ADDENDA.

THE FOLLOWING PLANTS HAVE BEEN DETECTED WITHIN OUR BORDERS
TOO LATE FOR INSERTION IN THEIR PROPER PLACES.

Thermopsis mollis, M. A. Curtis. Genus like Baptisia, p. 142, but
with a long, narrow, flat pod: plant 1°- 2° high, minutely soft-downy ; leaflets
wedge-obovate varying to oblong; raceme reclining; flowers golden yellow ;
pod long and linear. (Baptisia mollis, DC.) — Franklin, 8. Virginia (W. JZ.
Canby), and southward. May.

Leucanthemum vulgare, Lam.: to p. 266, line 2, add— Var. TuBu-
LIFLORUM, 8S. Tenney. A curious abnormal state, with the rays changed into
tubular and palmately or bilabiately 5-lobed (rarely 3—4-lobed) corollas. —
Fields, Poughkeepsie, New York, Prof. Tenney.

Vaccinium tenéllum, Ait. Most like V. Pennsylvanicum, No. 11,
p- 291; but taller (1°-—3° high), with firmer and obscurely serrulate leaves,
and a narrower cylindraceous corolla. — Pine-barren swamps, Franklin, 8. Vir-
ginia (W. J. Canby), and southward. April, May.

Potamogeton. The synonymes cited under No. 3 and No. 8, pp. 485,
486, are names given by Chamisso merely as provisional appellations.

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INDEX:

*,* The names of the Classes, Subclasses, and the Latin names of Orders, are in full capitals ;
of the Suborders, Tribes, &c., in small capitals ; of the Genera, &c., as well as popular names
and synonymes, in common type.

Abele-tree

Abies

ABIETINEE
Abutilon

Acacia

Acalypha
Acanthus Family
ACANTHACEX
Acer

Acerates
ACERINEE
Achillea

Acnida

Aconitum (Aconite)

Acorus
ACROGENS
Acta
Actinella
Actinomeris
Adam-and-Eve
Adam’s Needle
Adder’s-mouth
Adder’s-tongue
Adelia
Adenocaulon
Adenorhachis
Adiantum
Adice

Adlumia
Adonis
/Eschynommene
ZEsculus
7Ethusa
Agathophyton
Agave
Agrimonia
Agrimony
Agropyron
Agrostemma
AGROSTIDEZ
Agrostis
Ailanthus

Aira

Airopsis
AJUGOIDEE
Alder
Alder-Buckthorn
Alchemilla
Aletris

Alisma
ALISMACEX
ALISMEE

Alkanet

Alligator Pear
Allium

Allosorus

Allspice, Wild
Almond Family
Alnus

Aloe

Alopecurus

Alpine Azalea
Alpine Bistort
Alsine

ALSINEE
Alum-root

Althea
ALYSSINEE
Alyssum
Amaranth
Amaranth Family
Amarantus
AMARANTACE
Amarelloides
AMARYLLIDACEX
Amaryllis
Amaryllis Family
Ambrina
Ambrosia
Amelanchier
American Aloe
American Centaury
American Columbo
American Cowslip
American Frog’s-bit
American Ipecac
American Ivy
Amianthium
Ammadenia
Ammannia
Ammophila
Amorpha
Ampelopsis
Amphicarpzea
Amphicarpum
Amsonia
AMYGDALEZ
Anacharis
ANACARDIACEX
ANAGALLIDEX
Anagallis
Anantherix
Anchistea
Andromeda

ANDROMEDES
Andropogon
Androsace
Anemone
Angelica
Angelica-tree
Angelico
ANGIOSPERM
Anise Hyssop
Anisophyllum
ANONACEZE:
Antennaria
ANTHEMIDE
ANTHEMIS
ANTHOXANTHEE
ANTHOXANTHUM
Antigramma
ANTIRRHINEE
ANTIRRHINIDEE
Antirrhinum
Anychia
Apalanthe

| Aphyllon

Apetalous Exogenous Pl.
Apios

Aplectrum
APOCYNACE®
Apocynum

Apple

Apple of Peru
AQUIFOLIACEA
Aquifolium
Aquilegia
ARABIDEE

Arabis

ARACEE

Aralia
ARALIACEX
Arbor Vite
ARBUTEZ

Arbutus

Arbutus (Trailing)
Archangelica
Archemora
Arctostaphylos
Arenaria
Arethusa
ARETHUSEE
Argemone
Arisema

Aristida
Aristolochia

682

ARISTOLOCHIACEH 403
Armeria 312
Arnica 271
Aromatic Wintergreen 293
Arrhenantherum 642
Arrow Arum 476
Arrow-Grass 491
Arrow-Grass Family 490
Arrow-head 492
Arrow-wood 206
Artemisia 266
ARTOCARPEE 441
Aruncus 150
Arundinaria 636
Arundo 636
Asarum 403
Asarabacca 403
ASCLEPIADACEZ 394
ASCLEPIADEE 394
Asclepias 394
Ascyrum 83
Ash 401
Ash-leaved Maple 119
Asimina 50
ASPARAGINEE 521
Asparagus 531
Aspen 466
ASPIDIEE 657
Aspidium 664
ASPLENIEE 656
Asplenium 661
Aster 228
Asteranthemum 530
ASTERINE 218
ASTEROIDEE 218
Astilbe 167
ASTRAGALEE 124
Astragalus 152
Atamasco Lily 513
Atheropogon 621
Athyrium 662
Atragene 35
Atriplex 409
Aurantiaceze 110
Avena 640
AVENEE 606
Avens 151
Avicularia 417
Awlwort 73
Awned Wheat-Grass 618
Azalea 299
Azolla 677
BACCHARIDEE 219
Baccharis 247
Bald Cypress 473
Baldwinia 264
Ballota 359
Balm 350
Balm of Gilead 467
Balmony 327
Balsam 108
Balsam Family 106
BALSAMIFLUZ 173
BaLSAMINEE 106
BAaMBUSE 605
Baneberry 47
Baptisia 142
Barbarea 69
Barberry 52
Barberry Family 52
Barley 638
Barnyard-Grass 649
Barren Strawberry 153
Bartonia 184, 389
Basil 346, 349
Basil Thyme 849

INDEX.

Basswood
Bastard Pennyroyal
Bastard Toad-flax
Batodendron
Batrachium
Batschia
Bayberry

Beach Pea
Beak-Rush

Bean

Bearberry

Beard Grass
Bear-Grass
Beard-tongue
Beaver-Poison
Beech
Beech-drops
Beech-Fern

Beet

Bedstraw
Beggar’s Lice
Beggar-ticks
Bellflower

Bellis

Bellwort

Bengal Grass
Benjamin-bush
Bent-Grass
Benzoin
BERBERIDACEX
Berberis
Berchemia
Bergamot
Bermuda Grass
Berula

Betonica (Betony)
Betony (Wood)
Betula
BETULACEX
Bidens

| Bigelovia

Bignonia
BIGNONIACEX

| Bignonia Family

Bilberry

| Bilsted
| Bindweed

Biotia
Birch Family

| Birthroot

Birthwort
Birthwort Family
Bishop’s-Cap
Bistorta
Bitter-Cress
Bittersweet
Bitter-weed
Black Alder
Blackberry
Blackberry-Lily
Black Bindweed
Black-Gum-tree
Black-Grass
Black Haw
Black Horehound
Black-Jack
Black Moss
Black-Mustard
Black Oat-Grass
Black Snakeroot
Black Thorn
Bladder-Fern
Bladder Ketmia
Bladder-nut
Bladder-nut Family
Bladder-pod
Bladderwort

612,

116,

148,

Bladderwort Family
Blazing-Star
Blephilia

Blessed Thistle
Bletia

Blitum (Blite)
Blood-root
Bloodwort Family
Blue Beech
Blueberry
Bluebottle

Blue Cohosh

Blue Curls

Blue Flag
Blue-Hearts
Bluets

Blue-eyed Grass
Blue Grass

Blue Joint-Grass
Blue Lettuce

Blue Tangle
Blue-weed
Blysmus

Blyttia
Behmeria
Bog-Asphodel
Bog-Rush
Boltonia
Bonamia

Boneset
BoRRAGEE
Borrage Family
BORRAGINACEX
Borrichia
Bottlebrush-Grass
Bottle-Grass
Botrychium
Botryois
Bouncing Bet
Bouteloua
Bowman’s root
Boxberry
Box-Elder

Box Family
Boykinia
Brachycheta
Brachyelytrum
Bracted Bindweed
Brake, Bracken
Bramble

Brasenia
Brasiletto Family
Brassica
BRASSICEX
Bread-fruit Family
Bristly Foxtail-Grass
Briza

Brizopyrum
Brome-Grass
BROMELIACEX
Brooklime
Brook-weed
Broom-Corn
Broom-Crowberry
Broom-rape
Broom-rape Family
Bromus

Brunella
Brunnichia
Buchnera
BucHNEREE
Buckbean
Buckthorn
Buckthorn Family
Buckeye
Buckwheat
Buckwheat Family

Buffalo-berry
Buffalo-nut
Bugbane
Bagle-weed
Bugloss
Bug-seed
Bulrush
Bumelia
Bunch-berry
Bunch-flower
Bupleurum
Burdock
Bur-Grass
Burmannia
BURMANNIACEE
Bur-Marigold
Burnet
Burning-bush
Bur-reed
Bush-clover
Bush-Honeysuckle
Butter-and-eggs
Buttercup
Butterfly-Pea
Butterfiy-weed
Butternut
Butter-weed
Butterwort
Button-bush
Button Snakeroot
Button-weed
Buttonwood

Cabomba
CaBOMBES%
Cacalia
CACTACEZE
Cactus

Cactus Family
Czenotus
CSALPINIEE
Cakile
CAKILINEE
CALAMAGROSTIDEE
Calamagrostis
Calamintha
Calaminth
Calamovilfa
Calamus
Calico-bush
Calla
Calliastrum
Callicarpa
Callirrhoé

CALLITRICHACEX

Callitriche
Calluna
Calomelissa
Calopogon
Caltha

CALYCANTHACEX

Calycanthus
Calycanthus Family
Calycocarpum
Calypso

Calystegia
Camassia

Camelina
CAMELINES .
Camellia
CAMELLIACEX
Campanula
CAMPANULACEX
Campanula Family
Campion
Camptosorus
Canary-Grass

INDEX.
425 | Cancer-root 322, 323
426 | Cane 636
48 | CANNABINEE 442
845 | Cannabis 446
862 | Caper Family 75
409 | CAPPARIDACEZX 75
560 | Capraria 829
808 | CAPRIFOLIACE.E 202
200 | Caprifolium 203
524 | Capsella 73
195 | Carex 571
275 | Cardamine 66
650 | Cardinal Flower 283
496 | Carduus 274
496 | CARICINE® 551
261 | Carnation 88
150 | Carolina Allspice 162
116 | Carpet-weed 97
481 | CarPINEZ 450
137 | Carpinus 457
205 | Carrion Flower 520
326 | Carrot 191
40 | Carya 448
141 | CARYOPHYLLACEZ 87
397 | Caryophyllata 152
447 | Cashew Family 111
271 | Cassandra 294
320 | Cassena 306
211 | Cassia 144
191, 223 | Cassiope 295
210 | Castanea 454
447 | Castilleia 336
Catalpa 21
55 | Catbrier 618
54 Catchfly 89
270 | Catgut 131
184 | Cat-mint 353
185 | Catnip 353
184 | Cat-tail Family 480
236 | Cat-tail Flag 480
125 | Cat’s-tail Grass 608
75, Caulinia 483
64 | Caulophyllum 53
603 | Ceanothus 115
614 | Cedar 474
349 | Cedronella 354
349 | Celandine 59
616 | Celandine Poppy 59
478 | CELASTRACEAE 115
298 | Celastrus 116
476 | Celtis 443
229 Cenchrus 659
341 Centaurea 272
100 | Centaurella 389
427 | Centaury 385
428 Centrosema 141
297 Centunculus 317
349 Century-plant 513
508 | Cephalanthus 211
44 Cephaloxys 539
162 Cerastium 93
162 | Cerasus 149
162 Ceratophyllacee 427
52 Ceratoschcenus 569
508 . Cercis 143
375 Cherophyllum 197
533 , Chzetocyperus 560
73 Chaffseed 336
63 | Chaffweed 274
103 Chain-Fern 660
103 Chamelirium 527
285 Chamomile 265
285 Charlock 70
285 Cheat-Grass 634
89 Checkerberry 293
663 | Cheilanthes 659
643 | Chelidonium 59

Chelone
CHELONEX
CHENOPODIACEE®
Chenopodina
Chenopodium
Cherry
Chervil

Chess
Chestnut
CHICHORACEE
Chickweed

221,

Chickweed- Wintergreen

Chimaphila
CHINCHONEE
Chinquapin

| Chiogenes

Chionanthus
Chives
CHLORIDEE
Choke-berry
Chondrilla
Chondrosium
Chrysanthemum
Chrysastrum
Chrysogonum
Chrysopsis
Chrysosplenium
CICHORACEE
Cichorium
Cichory
Cicuta
Cimicifuga
CINCHONEE
Cinna
Cinnamon-Fern
Cinque-foil
Circea
Cirsium
Cissus
CISTACEX
Citrullus
Cladium
Cladrastis
Claytonia
Clearweed
Cleavers
CLEMATIDEX
Clematis
Clethra
Cliff-brake
Climbing Fern
Climbing Fumitory
Climbing Hemp-weed
Clinopodium
Clintonia
Clitoria
Clotbur
Cloud-berry
Clover
Club-Moss
Club-Moss Family
Club-Rush
Cnicus
Cnidoscolus
Cocculus
Cockle
Cocklebur
Coffee

Cohosh
Colic-root
Collinsia
Collinsonia
Colpodium
Coltsfoot
Columbine
Columbo
Comandra

659,

684

Comaropsis
Comarum
Comfrey
Commelyna
COMMELYNACEX
Compass Plant
COMPOSIT
Composite Family
Comptonia
Cone-fiower
CONIFER
Conioselinum
Conium
Conobea
Conoclinium
Conopholis
Conostylis
Convallaria
CONVOLVULACEZ
CoNVOLVULEZ
Convolvulus
Convolyulus Family
Coprosmanthus
Coptis
Coral-berry
Corallorhiza
Coral-root
Cord Grass
Corema
Coreopsis
Corispermum
CORNACEX
Corn-cockle
Cornel
Corn Salad
Cornus
Corpse-Plant
Corydalis
Corylus
Cosmanthus
Cotton-Grass
Cotton-Rose
Cotton-Thistle
Cotton-wood
Couch-Grass
Cowbane
Cowberry
Cow-Herb
Cow-Parsnip
Cowslip
Cowslips
Cow-wheat
Crab-Apple
Crab-Grass
Cranberry
Cranberry-tree
Crane-fly Orchis
Cranesbill
Crantzia
CRASSULACEZ
Crategus
Creeping Snowberry
Crocus
Crossopetalum
Crotalaria
Croton
Crotonopsis
Crowberry
Crowberry Family
Crowfoot
Crowfoot Family
Crownbeard
A es

r

CRYPTOGAMOUS PL.

Cryptogramme
Cry ptotenia

INDEX,

Ctenium
Cuckoo-flower
Cucumber
Cucumber-tree
Cucumis
Cucurbita
CUCURBITACEX
Cudweed
Culver’s Physic
Culver’s-root
Cunila

Cuphea
Cup-plant
CUPRESSINEE
Cupressus
Cupseed
CUPULIFERE
Currant
Cuscuta
CUSCUTINEE
Custard-Apple Family
Cyanococcus

| Cycloloma

CYNAREZ
Cynodon
Cynoglossum
Cynthia
CYPERACEE
CYPERER
Cyperus
Cypress
Cypress Family
Cypress-Vine
CyYprRIPEDIEED
Cypripedium
Cystopteris

Dactylis
Dactyloctenium
Daffodil
Daisy
Dalea
Dalibarda
Dandelion
Dangleberry
Danthonia
Daphne
Darnel
Dasystoma
Date Plum
Datura
Daucus
DAVALLIEEZ
Day-flower
Day-Lily
Dead-Nettle
Decodon
Deerberry
Deer Grass
Delphinium
Dennstedtia
Dentaria
Deschampsia
Desmanthus
Desmodium
Dewberry
Devil’s-bit
Devil-wood
Deyeuxia
Dianthera
Dianthus
Diapensia
DIAPENSIED
Diarrhena
Dicentra
Dichondra
DICHONDREX

153,

Dichronema
Dicksonia
DICOTYLEDONOUS
Dictamnus
Dielytra

Diervilla
Digitaria
Digraphis
Dilepyrum
Diodia

Dionza
Dioscorea
DIOSCOREACEX
Diospyros
Diphylleia
Diplachne
Diplocea
Diplopappus
DIPSACEZ
Dipsacus
Dipteracanthus
Dirca
Discopleura
Ditch-Grass
Ditch Stone-crop
Dittany

Dock
Dockmackie
Dodder
Dodecatheon
Dogbane
Dogbane Family
Dog’s-tail Grass
Dog’s-tooth Violet
Dogwood
Dogwood Family
Door-weed
Double-bristled Aster
Draba
Dracocephalum
Dragon-Arum
Dragon-head
Dragon-root
Drop-seed Grass
Drosera
DROSERACEX
DRYADEEZ

Dryas

Dryopteris
Dubrueilia
Duck’s-meat
Duckweed
Duckweed Family
Dulichium
Dupontia
Dutchman’s Breeches
Dutchman’s Pipe
Dwarf Dandelion
Dyer’s Green-weed
Dyer’s Rocket
Dyer’s Weed or Weld
Dysodia

Eatonia

EBEN ACE
Ebony Family
Echinacea
Echinochloa
Echinocystis
Echinodorus
Echinospermum
Echium

Eclipta
Eel-grass
Egg-plant
Egyptian Grass
ELEHAGNACER

567

669
PL. a

110

476
610, 613

Eleagnus 425
ELATIN ACE 86
Elatine 86
Elder 205
Elecampane 246
Eleocharis @ 557
Eleogenus 558
Elephantopus 222
Elephant’s-foot 222
Bllisia 368
Elm 442
Elm Family 441
Elodea 86, 495
Elodes 86
Eleusine 622
Elymus 639
EMPETRACEX 440
Empetrum 440
ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 475
Enchanter’s Nightshade 176
Enemion 44
Engelmannia 438
Enslenia 398
Epigea 293
Epilobium 17

Epipactis 506
Epiphegus 322
EQUISETACEX 653
Equisetum 653
Eragrostis 631
Erechthites 269
Erianthus 661
ERICACEX 286
Ericez& 287
ERICINEE 287
Erigenia 198
Erigeridium 237
Erigeron 236
ERI0GONEE 414
Eriocaulon 549
ERIOCAULONACEX 549
Eriophorum 565
Erodium 108
Erophila 72
Eryum 139
Eryngium 190
Eryngo 190
Erythrea 385
Erythronium 532
Erysinum 69
ESCALLONIEE 163
Eubotrys 294
Eulophus 198
Euonymus 116
EUPATORIACEE 217
EvpaToRiE® 218
Eupatorium 224
Euphorbia 430
EU PHORBIACEX 430
Eupbhrasia 336
EvPHRASIEEL 325
Euphrosyne 250
Eurhynchospora 568
Euthamia 2405
Butoca 369
Eutriana 621
Euvaccinium 290
Euxolus 412
Evening Primrose 178

Evening Primrose Family 176

Everlasting 268, 269
Everlasting Pea 139
Evolvulus 376
EXOGENOUS PLANTS 383
Eyebright 336
Fagopyrum 419

INDEX.

Fagus

Fall Dandelion
False Acacia
False Asphodel
False Beech-drops
False Bugbane
False Dandelion

| False Dragon-head

False Flax

False Foxglove
False Goatsbeard
False Golden-rod
False Gromwell
False Hellebore
False Honeysuckle
False Indigo
False Lettuce
False Loosestrife
False Mallow
False Mermaid
False Mistletoe
False Mitre-wort
False Nettle
False Pimpernel
False Red-top
False Solomon’s Seal
False Spikenard
False Water-Dropwort
Farkle-berry
Featherfoil
Feather Geranium
Feather Grass
Fedia

Ferns
Fescue-Grass
Festuca
FESTUCINES

Fetid Horehound
Fetid Marigold
Fever-bush
Feverfew
Fever-wort

Fig Family
Figwort

Figwort Family
Filago

Filbert

FILICES
Fimbristylis
Finger-Grass
Fiorin Grass

Fir

Fire-Pink
Fireweed
Five-finger

Flax

Flax Family
Fleabane
Floating Heart
Fleerkea
Flower-de-Luce
Flowering Fern
FLOWERING PLANTS
Flowering Wintergreen

FLOWERLESS PLANTS

Fly-catch Grass
Fly-poison
Fool’s-Parsley
Forestiera
FORESTIEREE
Forget-me-not
Forked Chickweed
Forsteronia
Fothergilla
Four-o’clock Family

130,

404

Fowl-meadow Grass 627, 629

Foxglove

335

Foxtail Grass
Fragaria
Frangula
Frasera
FRAXINEE
Fraxinella
Fraxinus

French Marigold
French Mulberry
Fringed Polygala
Fringe-tree
Freelichia
Frog’s-bit Family
Frost-weed
Fuirena

Fumaria
FUMARIACEX®
Fumitory
Fumitory Family

GALACINEX
Galactia
Galanthus
Galax

Galax Family
GALEGEX
Galeopsis
Galingale
Galinsoga
Gall-of-the-Earth
Galium
Gama-Grass

Garden Nasturtium

Garget

Garlic
Gaultheria
Gaura
Gaylussacia
Geiseleria
Gelsemium
Genista
GENISTEE
Gentian
Gentiana
GENTIANACEX
GENTIANEZ
Gentian Family
GERANIACEX:
GERANIEX
Geranium
Geranium Family
Gerardia
GERARDIEX
Germander
Geum

Giant Hyssop
Gill

Gillenia
Ginseng
Ginseng Family
Girasole

Glade Mallow
Gladiolus
Glasswort
Glaucium
Glaux
Glechoma
Gleditschia
Globe-flower
Glyceria
Glycyrrhiza
GNAPHALINEE
Gnaphalium

| Goat’s-Beard

Goat’s Rue
Golden Aster
Golden-club

198,

686

Golden-rod
Golden Saxifrage
Gold-thread
GONOLOBEX
Gonolobus
Good-King-Henry
Goodyera
Gooseberry
Goosefoot
Goosefoot Family
Goose-Grass
Gordonia

Gourd

Gourd Family
GRAMINEX
Grape
Grape-Hyacinth
Graphephorum
Grass of Parnassus
Grass of the Andes
Grass-wrack
Gratiola
GRATIOLEZ
Great Laurel
Greek Valerian
Greenbrier
Green Dragon
Green Milkweed
Green Violet
Gromwell
Grossularia
GROSSULARIEE
Ground Cherry
Ground Hemlock
Ground Ivy
Ground Laurel
Ground-nut
Ground Pine
Ground Pink
Ground Plum
Groundsel
Groundsel-Tree
Guinea-Corn
Gymnandenia
Gymnocladus
Gymnopogon

GYMNOSPERMEZ

Gymnostichum
Gynamblosis
Gyromia

Habenaria
Hackberry
Hackmatack

HEMODORACEX
611, 614,

Hair-Grass
Halenia
Halesia
HALORAGEA
HAMAMELACEX
HAMAMELEE
Hamamelis
Hamiltonia

Harbinger-of-Spring

Hardhack
Harebell
Hart’s-tongue
Hawkbit
Hawk weed
Hawthorn
Hazel-nut
Heal-all
Heart’s Ease
Heather
Heath Family
Hedeoma
Hedera

INDEX.

Hedge Bindweed 375
Hedgehog-Grass 650
| Hedge-Hyssop 329
Hedge-Mustard 70
Hedge-Nettle 358
HEDYSAREX 124
Hedysarum 134
HELENIEE 220
Helenium 263
Heleochloa 628
HELIANTHEX 219
Helianthemum 80
Helianthus 255
HELIOPHYTUM 366
Heliopsis 253
HELIOTROPEX 361
Heliotropium (Heliotrope) 366
Hellebore 45
Helleborus 45
Helonias 526
Helosciadium 196
Hemerocallis 535
Hemianthus 330
Hemicarpha 556
Hemlock 196, 197
Hemlock-Parsley 193
Hemlock Spruce 471
Hemp 446
Hemp Family 442
Hemp-Nettle 357
Henbane 383,
Hepatica 38
Heracleum 191
Herb-Robert 107
Hercules’s Club 199
Herd’s Grass 608, 512
Herpestis 329
Hesperis 68
Heteranthera 645
Heuchera 169
HIBIscEs 99
Hibiscus 102
Hickory 448
Hieracium 277
Highwater-shrub 250
Hierochloa 642
HIPpPpocasTANEE 117
Hippuris 175
Hoary Pea 1381
Hobble-bush 207
Hog Pea-nut 141
Hog-weed 251
Holcus 642
Holly 305
Holly Family 305
Holosteum 93
Holy Grass 642
Honey-Locust 145
Honeysuckle 203
Honeysuckle Family 202
Honewort 197
Honkenya 92
Hop 446
Hopea 310
Hop-Hornbeam 456
Hop-tree 110
Hordeum 638
HoRDEINEE 605
| Horehound 357
Hornbeam 457
Horned Pondweed 483
Horned Rush 570
Horn Poppy 60
Hornwort 427
Horse-Balm 350
Horsechestnut 117
Horse-Gentian 205

Horse-Mint
Horse-Nettle
Horseradish
Horse-Sugar
bine
Horseta® Family
Hottonia
HOTTONIEE
Hound’s-Tongue
Houstonia
Huckleberry
Hudsonia
Humulus
Huntsman’s Cup
Hydrangea
HyYDRANGIEE
Hydrastis

HYDROCHARIDACEX

Hydrocharis
Hydrocotyle
Hydrolea
HyDROLEZ
Hydropeltis

HYDROPHYLLACEX

HyYDROPHYLLEZ
Hydrophyllum

HYDROPTERIDES

Hymenopappus
Hyoscyamus
HYPERICACEX
Hypericum
Hypobrychia
Hypopeltis
Hypopitys
Hypoxis

Hyssop

Hyssopus

Ictodes

Ilex

ILLECEBREZ
Llysanthes
Impatiens
Inkberry

Indian Bean
Indian Chickweed

Indian Cucumber-root

Indian Currant
Indian Fig
Indian-Grass
Indian Heliotrope
Indian Hemp
Indian Mallow
Indian Millet
Indian Physic
Indian Pipe
Indian-pipe Family
Indian Plantain
Indian Poke
Indian Rice
Indian Tobacco
Indian Turnip
Inula

INULEEZ
Iodanthus
Ipomeea
Iresine
IRIDACEX
Tris

Tris Family
Tron-weed
Tron-wood
Isanthus
Isoetes

Isolepis
Isopyrum

Itea

Iva
Ivy
Ixia

Jacob’s Ladder
Jagged Chickweed
Jamestown-weed
Jasminum
Jatropha
Jeffersonia
Jerusalem Artichoke
Jerusalem Oak
Jerusalem Sage
Jessamine
Jewel-weed
Joe-Pye Weed
Jointed Charlock
Joint-Grass
Joint-weed
Jonquil
Judas-tree
Juglans
JUGLANDACEE
JUNCACEX
JUNCAGINEE
Juncus
June-berry
Juniper

Juniperus

Jussiza

Kalmia

Kentucky Blue-Grass
Kentucky Coffee-tree
Kidney Bean
Kinnikinnik
Knapweed

Knawel

Knotgrass

Knotweed

Keeleria
Kosteletzkya

Krigia

Kuhnia

Kyllingia

LABIATA
Labrador Tea
Lachnanthes
Lachnocaulon
Lactuca
Lady’s Mantle
Lady’s Slipper
Lady’s Thumb
Ladies-Tresses
Lagenaria
Lambkill
Lamb-Lettuce
Lamium
Lampsana
Lapithea
Laportea
Lappa

Larch

Larix
Larkspur
Lastrea
Lathyrus
LAURACEX
Laurel

Laurel Family
Laurestinus
Lead-Plant
Leadwort Family
Leaf-Cup
_Leather-Flower
Leather-leaf

312

INDEX.

Leatherwood
Leayvcuworthia
Lechea
Lecontia
Ledum

Leek

Leersia

LEGU MINOSEX
Leiophyllum
Lemna
LEMNACEZ:
LENTIBULACEX
Leontodon
Leonurus
Lepachys
LEPIDINE
Lepidium
Lepidanche
Lepigonum
Leptandra
Leptanthus
Leptochloa
Leptopoda
Lepturus
Lespedeza
Lettuce
Leucanthemum
Leucojum
Leucothoé
Lever-wood
Liatris
LIGULIFLORE
Ligusticum
Ligustrum
Lilac
LILIACEX
LILIEXE

Lilium (Lily)
Lily of the Valley

| LIMNANTHEE

Limnanthes Family
Limnanthemum
Limnetis
Limnobium
Limnochloa
Limosella
LINACEX
Linaria

Linden

Linden Family
Lindera
Lindernia
Linnea

Linum
Lion’s-foot
Liparis

| Lip-Fern
| Lipocarpha

Lippia
Liquidambar
Liquorice
Liriodendron
Listera
Lithospermum
Live-for-ever

| Liver-leaf

Lizard’s-tail
Lizard’s-tail Family

| LOAASACE A
| Loasa Family
| Lobadium

Lobelia
LOBELIACEX
Lobelia Family

247 Loblolly Bay
36 , Locust-tree
294 LOGANIACEX

221,

Logania Family
Loiseleuria
Lolium
LOMENTACER
Long Moss
Lonicera
LONICERE
Loosestrife
Loosetrife Family
Lophanthus
Lophiola
Lopseed
LORANTHACEE
Lorinseria
Lousewort
Lovage
Lucerne
Ludwigia
Lungwort
Lupine
Lupinus
Luzula

Lychnis
Lycium
Lycopersicum
LYCOPODIACEX
Lycopodium
Lycopsis
Lycopus
Lygodesmia
Lygodium
Lyonia
Lysimachia
LYTHRACEZ
Lythrum

Madder Family
Macrotys
Magnolia
MAGNOLIACEX
Magnolia Family
Maianthemum
Maidenhair
MALAXIDEE
Mallow

Mallow Family
Malus

Malva
MALVACEX
Malvastrum
MALVEE
Mandrake
Manna-Grass
Man-of-the-Earth
Maple

Maple Family
Mare’s Tail
Mariscus
Marrubium
Marshallia
Marsh Elder
Marsh-Fleabane
Marsh Grass
Marsh-Mallow
Marsh-Marigold
Marsh-Rosemay
Marsh St. John’s-wort
Marsilia
Marsiliaceze
Martynia
Maruta

Marvel of Peru
Masterwort
Matricaria
Matrimony-Vine
Mayaca
May-Apple

183,

688

Mayflower

May pops
May-weed
Meudow-Beauty
Meadow-Grass
Meadow-Parsnip
Meadow-Rue
Meadow Soft-Grass
Meadow-Sweet
Medeola
Medicago (Medick)
MELAMPODINEZ
Melampyrum
MELANTHIEX
Melanthium
MELASTOMACEX
Melastoma Family
Melica

Melic Grass
Melilotus (Melilot)
Melissa

Melothria
MENISPERMACEZ
Menispermum
Mentha

Mentzelia
Menyanthes
MENYANTHEE
Menziesia
Mermaid-weed
Mertensia
Mexican Poppy
Mexican Tea
Mezereum Family
Micranthemum
Microstylis
Mignonette
Mignonette Family
Mikania

Milfoil

Milium

Milk-Pea
Milkweed
Milkweed Family
Milkwort
Milkwort Family
Milk-Vetch
Millet-Grass
Mimosa Family
MiMose£
Mimulus

Mint

Mint Family
Mirabilis
Mist-flower
Mistletoe
Mistletoe Family
Mitchella

Mitella
Mithridate Mustard
Mitreola
Mitrewort
Mitre-wort (False)
Mocasson Flower
Mock Bishop-weed
Mocker-nut
Mock-Orange
Modiola
Meehringia
Meenchia
MOLLUGINEZ
Monarda
MoNARDEX
Moueses
Moneywort
Monkey-flower
Monkshood

INDEX.

Monocera

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS

PLANTS

Monopetalous Exogenous

Plants
Monotropa
MoNoTROPEE
Montelia
Moonseed
Moonseed Family
Moonwort
Moosewood
Moose-wood
More
Morning-Glory
Morocarpus
Morus
Moss Campion
Moss Pink
Motherwort
Mountain Ash
Mountain Holly
Mountain Mint
Mountain Rice
Mountain Sorrel
Mouse-ear
Mouse-ear Chickweed
Mouse-ear Cress
Mouse-tail
Mud-Plantain

| Mudwort

Mugwort
Muhlenbergia
Mulberry
Mulgedium
Mullein
Mullein-Foxglove

| Mullugo
| Muscari

Muskit Grass
Muskmelon
Musk-Plant

| Musquash-Root

Mustard
Mustard Family
Myosotis
Myosurus
Myrica
MYRICACEX

| Myriophyllum

Nabalus
NAIADACEX
Naias (Naiad)

| Naked-beard Grass

Naked Broom-rape

| Napa

Narcissus
Nardosmia
Narthecium
Nasturtium

| Naumburgia

Neckweed
Negundo

| Nelumbium

Nelumbo
Nelumbo Family
NELUMBONEZ
Nemopanthes
Nemophila

| NEOTTIER
351 | Nepeta
342 | NEPETEX
303 | Nephrodium
316 Neswa

828 | Nettle

46 | Nettle Family

620 |
475 |

Nettle-tree

New Jersey Tea
Nicandra
Nicotiana

202 | Niellia
304 | Nigella
288 Nightshade

413 |
5

Nightshade Family.

1) Nimble Will

Nine-Bark
Nipple-wort

| Nonesuch

Nondo
Nothoscordum
Nuphar

Nut-Grass
Nut-Rush
NYCTAGINACEX
Nympheza
NYMPHEZXCEX
Nyssa

Oak

Oakesia

Oak Family
Oat

Oat-Grass
Obeliscaria
Obolaria
(nothera
Oil-nut

Old Witch Grass
OldeWandia
Olea
OLEACEX
Oleander
Oleaster Family
OLEINEE

Olive

Olive Family
ONAGRACEX
Oncostylis
Onion

Onoclea
Onopordon

| Onosmodium

OPHIOGLOSSACEE
Ophioglossum

| OPHRYDEE

Oplotheca
Opuntia

Orache

Orange Family
Orange-Grass
Orange-root
Orchard Grass
ORCHIDACEX
Orchis

Orchis Family
Origanum
Oritrophium
Ornithogalum
OROBANCHACEZ

| Orobanche

Orontium
Orpine

Orpine Family
Orthomeris
ORyYZEx
Oryzopsis
Osier

| Osmorrhiza
| OSMUNDACEZ

Osmunda
Ostrich-Fern
Ostrya
Oswego Tea

Otophylla
OXALIDER
Oxalis
Ox-eye
Ox-eye Daisy
Oxybaphus
Oxycoccus
Oxydendrum
Oxydenia
Oxyria
Oxytripolium
Oxytropis

Pachysandra
Padus

Peonia
Peepalanthus
Painted Cup
Panax
Pancratium
PANICEE
Panic-Grass
Panicum
Papaver
PAPAVERACEX
Papaw
PAPILIONACEE
Pappoose-root
Papyrus
Pardanthus
Parietaria
Parnassia
Paronychia
Parsley Family
Parsley Piert
Parsnip
Parthenium
Partridge-berry
Partridge Pea
PAsPALEZ
Paspalum
Pasque-flower
Passiflora
PASSIFLORACEX
Passion-Flower
Passion-Flower Family
Pastinaca

Pavia

Pea

Pear

Pear Family
Pearlwort
Pecan-nut
Pedicularis
Pelargonium
Pellwa

Pellitory
Peltandra
Pencil-Flower
Pennycress
Pennyroyal
Pentalophus
Penthorum
Pentstemon
Peplis
Pepperbush
Peppergrass
Pepperidge
Peppermint
Pepper-root
Pepperwort
Periploca
PERIPLOCEE
Peristylus
Periwinkle
Persea
Persicaria

211,

INDEX.

Persimmon
Perularia
Peruvian Bark

| Petaloma

| Petalostemon

| Phacelia
PHHNOGAMOUS PL.

Phalacroloma
PHALARIDEX

| Phalaris

Pharbitis
PHASEOLES
Phaseolus
Phegopteris

| Phelipza

Philadelphus
PHLEOIDEE
Phleum
Phiomis
Phlox
Phoradendron
Phragmites
Phryma

| PuryMex
| Phyllanthus

Phyllodoce
Phyllostachys
Physalis
Physocarpos

| Physostegia
| Phytolacca

PHYTOLACCACEX
Picea

Pickerel-weed
Pickerel-weed Family
Picrococcus

Pieris

Pigeon-Berry

Pig-nut

| Pigweed
| Pilea

Pilinophytum
Pimpernel
Pine
Pine-Apple Family
Pine-drops
Pine Family
Pine-sap
Pine-weed
Pinguicula
Pink

Pink Family
Pink-root

| Pinus

Pinweed
Pinxter-flower
Pipe-Vine
Pipewort
Pipewort Family
Pipsissewa
Piptatherum
Pitcher-Plants
Planera
Planer-tree
Plane-tree
Plane-tree Family
PLANTAGINACEX
Plantago
Plantain

Plantain Family
PLATANACEZ
Platanthera
Platanus
Pleurisy-root

| Pluchea

| Plum
| PLUMBAGINACE

499
208

308 | Plumeless Thistle 274
Pneumonanthe 387
Poa 628
POACEX 603
POoDALYRIEX 125
Podophyllum 54
Podostemaceze 29
Podostemon 429
Pogonia 507
Poinsettia 433

| Poison Dogwood 111
Poison Hemlock 197
Poison Ivy 111
Poison Oak 111
Poison Sumach 111

| Pokeweed 405
Pokeweed Family 405
Polanisia 75

| POLEMONIACE® 370
POLEMONIFE 370
Polemonium 371
Polemonium Family 370
Polygala 120
POLYGALACE® 120
POLYGON ACE 414
Polygonatum 531
Polygonum 414
Polymnia 247
Polypetalous Exogenous Pl. 34
POLYPODIACEE 656
POLYPODIEX 638
Polypodium 658
Polypody 658
Polypogon 612
Polypremum 391
Polystichum 666
Polytenia 191
POMEZ 147
Pomme Blanche 129
Pomme de Prairie 129
Pond Spice 423
Pondweed 484
Pondweed Family 482
Pontederia 545
PONTEDERIACEX 544
Poor Man’s Weather-glass 316
Poplar 50, 466
Poppy 58
Poppy Family 58
Populus 466
Porcupine Grass 617
Portulaca 97
PORTULACACEX 97
Portuna 295
Potamogeton 484
Potato 380
Potentilla 153
POTERIEX 147
Poterium 150
Poverty-Grass 618
Prairie Clover 130
Prairie Dock 249
Prickly Pear 185
Prickly-Poppy 59
Prim 400
Primrose 313
Primrose Family 313
Primula 313
PRIMULACEX 313

| PRIMULEE 313
Prince’s Feather 412, 415
Prince’s Pine 3803
Prinoides 306
Prinos 305, 307
Privet 400
Prosartes 528
Proserpinaca 175

690

Prunus
Pseudo-Polygonella
Psilocarya
Psoralea
PSORALIEZ
Psyllophora
Ptelea

PTERIDEZ

Pteris

Pterospora
Puccoon
Pulmonaria
Pulsatilla

Pulse Family
Pumpkin

Purple Cone-flower
Purslane

Purslane Family
Putty-root
Pycnanthemum

Pycreus

Pyrola

Pyro.ez (Pyrola Family)

Pyrrhopappus
Pyrularia
Pyrus
Pyxidanthera

Quaking-Grass
Quamash
Quamoclit

Queen of the Prairie
QUERCINES
Quercitron

Quercus

Queria

Quick- or Quitch-Grass

Quillwort

Radish

Ragiopteris
Ragweed

Ragwort
Ram’s-head
Ramsted
RANUNCULACEX
RANUNCULES
Ranunculus
RAaPHANEZ
Raphanus
Raspberry
Rattle-box
Rattlesnake-Grass
Rattlesnake’s-Master
Rattlesnake-Plantain
Rattlesnake-root
Rattlesnake-weed
Ray-Grass

Rayless Golden-rod
Reboulea

Reed Bent-Grass
Reed-mace

Reed Meadow-Grass
Rein-Orchis
Rensseleria
Reseda
RESEDACEZX
RHAMNACEX
Rhamnus
Rheumatism-root
Rhexia

288
280
426
161
373

633
533

181

INDEX.

RAINANTHIDEE
Rhinanthus
Rhododendron

| Rhodora
RHODOREZ

| Rhubarb

Rhus

| Rhynchosia
Rhynchospora

| RuyNCHOSPOREZ
| Ribes

| Ribesia
Ribgrass

| Rice Cut-Grass

| Rich-weed

| Ripplegrass

| River-weed
River-weed Family
Robinia

| Rock-Cress

2 | Rock-Rose

_ Rock-Rose Family
Roman Wormwood
Rosa (Rose)

| RosEz

ROSACES

| Rose-Acacia

| Rose-Bay

| Rose Family

| Rose-Mallow
Roseroot
Rosin-Plant

| Rosin-weed

Roubieva

Rowan Tree

| RUBEE

| RUBIACEX

Rubus

Rudbeckia

| Rue

Rue-Anemone

Ruellia

Rumex

| Ruppia

| Rush
Rush Family

| Rush-Grass
Ruta
Rutabaga
RUTACEX
Rye-Grass

Sabbatia
SACCHAREX
Sacred Bean

Sage

Sagina

Sagittaria

St. Andrew’s Cross
St. John’s-wort

St. John’s-wort Family

St. Peter’s-wort
SALICACEX
Salicornia
Salix
Salsola
Saltmarsh-Grass
Saltwort
Salvia
Salvinia
SamMBcces
Sambucus
SAMOLEZ
| Samolus
Samphire
Sandalwood Family
| Sand-Grass

324 | Sand-Myrtle

337

Sand-Spurrey
Sandwort
Sanguinaria

| Sanguisorba

Sanicle

Sanicula
SANTALACEX
SAPINDACEX
Saponaria
SAPOTACEX
Sappodilla Family
Sarothra
Sarracenia
SARRACENIACEX
Sarsaparilla
Sassafras
Satureia
SATUREIEE
SAURURACEX
Saururus

Savin

Savory
Saxifraga
SAXIFRAGACEX
Saxifrage
SAXIFRAGEE
Saxifrage Family
Scabious
Schedonorus
Scheuchzeria
Schizea
ScHIz£ZACEZ
Schollera
Schrankia
Schwalbea
Schweinitzia
Scilla

ScrrPEx
ScirPINEE
Scirpus
Scleranthus
Scleria
ScLERINEE
Sclerochloa
Sclerolepis

Scoke
Scolopendrium
Scorpion-grass
Scotch Thistle
Scouring Rush
Scrophularia

116,

198,

SCROPHULARIACEX

Scutch-Grass
Scutellaria

Sea Blite

Sea Lavender
Sea Milkwort
Sea Ox-eye

Sea Purslane
Sea Rocket

Sea Sand-Reed
Sea Spear-Grass

Senebiera

Seneca Grass
Seneca Snakeroot
Senecio
SENECIONEE
SENECIONIDEZ
Senna

Sensitive Brier

Sensitive Fern 665
Sensitive Joint-Vetch 184
Sericocarpus 228
Service-berry 162
Sesame-Grass 650
Sesuvium 97
Setaria 649
Seymeria 334
Shad-bush 162
Shave-Grass 655
Sheep-berry 206
Shellflower 327
Shepherdia 424
Shepherd’s Purse 73
Shield-Fern 664
Shin-leaf 801
Shooting-Star 314
Shrubby Althaa 102
Shrubby Bitter-sweet 116
Shrubby Trefoil 110
Shrub Yellow-root 47
Sibbaldia 153
SipTHoRPIED 324
Sickle-pod 68
Sicyos 186
Sida 101
Side-saddle Flower 57
Sieversia 153
Silene 88
SILENEE 87
SILICULOSE 63
SILIQUOSE 63
Silkweed 894
Silphium 248
Silver-bell Tree 310
Silver-Berry 425
Silver-Weed 155
Simarubacez 111
Sinapis 70
SISYMBRIEH 63
Sisymbrium 70
Sisyrinchium 517
Sitolobium 669
Sium 196
Skullcap 355
Skunk Cabbage 477
Sloe 148
Smartweed 416
SMILACEA 518
Smilacina 530
Smilax 518
Smilax Family 518
Snake-head 327
Snake-root 190, 191, 223,
226, 40
Snapdragon 326
Sneeze-weed 263
Sneezewort 265
Snowberry 203
Snowdrop 310, 512
Snowflake 512
Soapberry Family 116
Soapwort 88
SOLANACEZ 380
Solanum 380
Solea 76
Solidago 239
Solomon’s Seal 531
Sonchus 282
SopHORES 125
Sorbus 161
Sorghum 652
Sorrel 419
Sorrel Family 106
Sorrel-tree 296
Sour-Gumtree 201
Sour-wood 296

INDEX.

Southern Buckthorn
Sow Thistle
Spanish-Bayonet
Spanish-Needles
Sparganium
Spartina
Spatter-Dock
Spear-Grass
Spearmint
Spearwort
Specularia
Speedwell
Spergula
Spergularia
Spermacoce
Spice-bush
Spiderwort
Spiderwort Family
Spigelia
Spike-Grass
Spikenard
Spike-Rush
Spindle-tree
Spirea

SPIREEX
Spiranthes
Spirodela
Spleenwort
Spoonwood
Sporobolus
Spotted Cowbane
Spotted Wintergreen
Spring-Beauty
Spruce

Spurge

Spurge Family
Spurge-Nettle
Spurred Butterfly- Pea
Spurred Gentian
Spurrey

Squash
Squaw-root
Squaw-weed
Squill

Squirrel Corn
Squirrel-tail Grass
STaACHYDEE
Stachys
Stagger-bush
Staff-tree
Staff-tree Family
Staphylea
STAPHYLEACEE
Statice
Star-Cucumber
Star Flower
Star-grass
Star-of-Bethlehem
Star-Thistle
Starwort
Steeple-Bush
Steironema
Stellaria
STELLATE
Stenactis
Stenanthium
Stickseed
Stillingia

Stipa

STIPE
Stitchwort
Stone-crop
Stone-root
Storax

Storax Family
Storksbill
Stramonium

628,

513,

STRATIOTIDEX
Strawberry
Strawberry Blite
Strawberry Bush
Strawberry Tomato
Streptopus

| Striped Dogwood
| Struthiopteris

Stuartia

Stylipus

Stylisma
Stylophorum
Stylosanthes
STYRACACEX
STryRACEA

Styrax

Sueda

Subularia

Succory
Sugarberry
Sullivantia
Sumach

Summer Haw
Summer Savory
Sundew

Sundew Family
Sundrops
Sunflower
Supple-Jack
Swamp Honeysuckle
Swamp Loosestrife
Sweet Bay
Sweet-Brier

Sweet Cicely
Sweet Clover
Sweet Coltsfoot
Sweet-Fern

Sweet Flag
Sweet-Gale Family
Sweet-Gum Tree
Sweet-leaf

Sweet Pepperbush
Sweet Pine-sap
Sweet-Scented Shrub
Sweet Vernal-Grass
Sweet- William
Swine-Cress
Sycamore

Syena
Symphoricarpus
Symphytum
Symplocarpus
SYMPLOCINER
Symplocos
Synandra
Syndesmon
Synthyris

Syringa

Tacamahac
Tenidia
Tagetes
TAGETINES
Talinum

Tall Red-top
Tamarack
Tanacetum
Tansy
Tansy-Mustard
Tape-grass
Taraxacum
TARCHONANTHEE
Tare

TAXINE
Taxodium
Taxus
Tea-berry

166,

692

Tea-Plant
Tear-thumb
Teasel
Teasel-Family
Tecoma
Telmatophace
Tephrosia
TEPHROSLE
TERNSTR@MIACEX
Tetragonotheca
Tetranthera
Teucrium
Thalictrum
Thaspium
Thermopsis
Thimbleberry
Thin-Grass
Thistle
Thlaspi
THLASPIDEE
Thorn
Thorn-Apple
Thorough-wax
Thoroughwort

Three-leaved Nightshade

Three-seeded Mercury
Three-thorned Acacia
Thrift

Thuja
Thunbergia
THYMELEACEAX
Thymus (Thyme)
Tiarella
Tickseed
Tickseed Sunflower
Tick-Trefoil
Tiedemannia
Tiger-flower
Tigridia

Tilia
TILIACEX
Tillea
Tillandsia
Timothy
Tiniaria
Tipularia
Tithymalopsis
Tithymalus
Toad-Flax
Tobacco
Tofieldia
Tomato
Toothache-Grass
Toothache-tree
Toothwort
Touch-me-not
Tovaria
Tower-Mustard
Toxicodendron
Trachynotia
Tradescantia
Tragia

Trailing Arbutus
Trautvetteria
Treacle Mustard
Tread-softly
Tree of Heaven
Trefoil
Trichelostylis
Trichochloa
Trichodium
Trichophorum
Trichostema
Tricuspis
Tridynia
Trientalis
TRIFOLIEZ

INDEX.

Trifolium
Triglochin
TRILLIDEZ
Trillium
Triodallus
Triosteum
Triplasis
Triple-awned Grass
Tripsacum
Tripterella
Trisetum
Triticum
Trollius
Tropzolum
Troximon
Trumpet-Creeper
Trumpet-flower
Trumpets
Trumpet-weed
Tsuga
TUBULIFLORE
Tuckermannia
Tulip-tree
Tupelo
'TUSSILAGINEE
Tussilago
Turnip
Turritis
Turtle-head
Twayblade
Twig-Rush
Twin-flower
Twin-leaf
Twisted Stalk
Typha
TYPHACEX

Udora
ULMACEE
Ulmaria

Ulmus
UMBELLIFERZ
Umbrella-Grass
Umbrella-leaf
Umbrella-tree
Unicorn-plant
Uniola
Uralepis

Urtica
URTICACEX
URTICEZ
Utricularia
Uvularia
UVULARIEE

Vaccaria
VACCINIEE
Vaccinium
Vahlodea

Valeriana (Valerian)
VALERIANACE
Valerianella
Valerian Family
Vallisneria
VALLISNERIEE
Vanilla Grass
Vanilla-plant
Velvet-leaf

Venus’s Fly-trap
Venus’s Looking-glass
Veratrum
VERBASCES
Verbascum
Verbena

VERBEN ACEZ
VERBENEX
Verbesina

506,

289,

Vernonia 222
VERNONIACEE 217
Veronica 332
VERONICE% 324
Vervain 339
Vervain Family 339
Vesicaria 73
Vetch 138
Vetchling 139
Viburnum 206
Vicia 138
VICIER 124
Vignea 574
Vilfa 609
Vincetoxicum 399
Vine Family 112
Viola 7
VIOLACEZ (Violet Fam.) 76
Violet G7
Viper’s Bugloss 361
Virgaurea 240
Virgilia 143
Virginian Cowslip 364
Virginian Creeper 113
Virginia Snakeroot 404
Virgin’s-Bower 35
Viscum 426
VITACEX 112
Vitis 112
Vitis-Idxa 290
Waahoo 116
Wake-Robin 522, 523
Waldsteinia 153
Walking-leaf 663
Walnut 447
Walnut Family 447
Water Arum 476
Water Beech 457
Water Chinquepin 55
Wart-Cress 64, 74
Water-Hemlock 196
Water-Hemp 413
Water Horehound 345
Waterleaf 367
Waterleaf Family 367
Water-Lily 56
Water-Lily Family 54, 55
Water-Locust 145
Watermelon 186
Water-Nilfoil 174
Water-Nilfoil Family 174
Water-Nymph 56
Water-Parsnip — 196
Water-Penny wort 189
Water-pepper 416
Water-Pimpernel 317
Water-Plantain 491
Water-Plantain Family 490
Water-Purslane 181
Water-Rice 608
Water-Shield Family 54
Water Star-grass 645
Water-Starworts 427
Water-Violet 317
Water-weed 495
Water- Willow 338
Water-wort 86
Water-wort Family 86
Wax-Myrtle 457
Wax-work 116
Wayfaring-tree 207
Western Wall-flower 69
Whahoo 443
Wheat 637
Whin 126
White Alder 296

White Cedar
White Daisy
White Grass
White Lettuce
White Snakeroot
White Thorn
White-topped Aster
White-weed
Whitlow Grass
Whitlow-wort
Whortleberry Family
Wicopy

Wild Allspice
Wild Balsam-apple
Wild Bean

Wild Bergamot
Wild Chamomile
Wild Comfrey
Wild Elder

Wild Ginger

Wild Hyacinth
Wild Liquorice
Wild Marjoram
Wild Oat-Grass
Wild Pink

Wild Potato-Vine
Wild Sarsaparilla
Wild Sensitive-Plant
Willow

Willow Family
Willow-herb
Wind-flower

472,

209,

473
265
607
278
226
159
228
265

71

96
287
424
423
186
140
351
266
366
199
403
532
210
348
639

89
375
198
144
461
461
1i7

36

|

INDEX.
Windsoria 623
Winged Pigweed 406
Winterberry 307
Winter-Cress 69
Wintergreen 293, 301
Wire-Grass 623, 629
Wistaria 131
Witch-Hazel 175
Witch-Hazel Family 173
Withe-rod 206
Woad-Waxen 126
Wolfberry 203
Wolfiia 480
Wolfsbane 46
Wood Betony 337, 358
Woodbine 118, 203
Wood-Fern 664
Wood-Grass 652
Wood-Nettle 445
Wood Reed-Grass 612
Wood-Rush 536
Wood-Sage 343
Woodsia 668
Wood-Sorrel 109
Woodwardia 660
Wool-Grass 565
Woolly Beard-Grass 651
Worm-grass 392
Wormseed 408
Worm-seed Mustard 69
Wormwood 266
Woundwort 358

Xanthium
Xerophyllum
Xylosteum
XYRIDACEX
Xyris

Yam

Yam Family

Yard-Grass

Yarrow

Yaupon

Yellow-eyed Grass
Yellow-eyed Grass Family

Yellow (False) Jessamine ¢

Yellow Pond-Lily
Yellow Puccoon
Yellow-Rattle
Yellow Rocket
Yellow-wood
Yew

Yew Family
Yucca

Zannichellia
Zanthorhiza
Zanthoxylum

Zapania

Zephyranthes

Zizania

Zizia

Zostera

Zygadenus (Zygadene)

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Genera of Cyperaceze or Sedges.

Tas. I.

CYPERUS.—Small plant of C. diandrus (1); a spike magnified (2); a piece of the
rhachis with one scale enclosing its flower (3); a separate flower more mag-
nified (4). CC. erythrorhizos, a spike magnified, the lower scales and flowers
have fallen, showing the little internal scales of the section Papyrus (5),
formed of the winged margins of the joints of the rhachis detached; a sepa-
rate one more enlarged (6); a flower (7); an achenium (8), cut in two.
C. dentatus, a piece of the rhachis of a spike with lower part of one scale,
showing how it is decurrent on the joint beneath (cut across) to form scale-
like wings (9).

DULICHIUM. — Upper part of a plant (1); part of a spike somewhat enlarged (2);
piece of rhachis and one scale decurrent on the joint beneath (3); magnified
flower (4).

KYLLINGIA. — Plant of K. pumila (1); one-flowered spike on a piece of the rha-
chis, enlarged (2); the same more enlarged and open (8); achenium (4), and
section of same magnified (5).

aABs Tis

HEMICARPHA. — Plant (1), natural size; a spike enlarged, with its bract (2);
magnified scale of the same (3); a flower (5), with its single stamen and
minute internal scale, magnified; achenium (6), magnified.

LIPOCARPHA.— Upper part of plants with spikes (1); diagram of a flower, viz. of
ovary between the two internal scales, and single stamen, scale of the spike on
one side, axis of the spike on the other (2); scale of spike detached (3); a
flower with its two inner scales (4); achenium magnified (5).

FUIRENA.— Upper portion of plants (1); scale of spike enclosing a flower (2);
open scale of same (3); flower (4); one of the scales and one of the bristles
of the flower (5), achenium (6), and section of same (7).

Fas. ID.

ELEOCHARIS.— Small plant of E. olivacea (1); the spike enlarged (2); detached
scale (3); flower (4); achenium and bristles (5). E. quadrangulata, spike (6);
a scale (7); flower (8); achenium and bristles (9). E. tuberculosa; the
achenium with its great tubercle, and bristles (10).

SCIRPUS.— Summit of plant of small S. debilis (1); a spike (2); a scale of the
same (3), and flower (4); achenium with its bristles (5). §%. (Trichophorum)

696 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Eriophorum; a small portion of the inflorescence (6); a flower (7); a spike in
fruit (8); achenium from the same, with the tortuous bristles much length-
ened (9); section of the achenium (10).

ERIOPHORUM. — Small plant of E. alpinum, in flower (1); spike (2); a scale (8),
and (4) a flower from the same; the spike in fruit, the bristles forming a
cottony tuft (5); achenium and its bristles (6).

FIMBRISTYLIS.— Summit of a small flowering stem of F. laxa (1); a spike of
the same (2); a detached scale (8), and (4) a flower of the same; achenium
(5). F.(Trichelostylis) autumnalis; a spike, enlarged (6); flower (7); acheni-
um (8), and (9) section of the same.

Tat) Ve

DICHROMENA.—Head and involucre of D. latifolia (1); a scale from one of the
spikes (2), and the same cut across (3); a flower (4); achenium with its
tubercle (5).

RHYNCHOSPORA. — Upper part of flowering stem of R. Torreyana (1); a spike
(2); detached flower (8); achenium (4) with short bristles at its base; one
of these bristles more magnified (5).

R. (§ PSILOCARY A):—Part of plant (1), enlarged spike (2), detached scale (3),
flower (4), and achenium with its beak (5) of R. (Psilocarya) scirpoides.

R. (§ CERATOSCHENUS):— Upper part of fruiting plant (1), detached spike (2),
flower (8), and beaked achenium with its bristles (4) of R. (Ceratoschcenus)
macrostachya.

Tans Ve

CLADIUM. — Summit of a plant of C. mariscoides (1); detached spike (2); same,
open, showing a staminate and a perfect flower (3); the nut-like achenium
(4), and the longitudinal section of the same (5).

SCLERIA. — Summit of a flowering stem of S. reticularis (6); three spikelets from
a cluster, the middle one pistillate, the lateral ones staminate (7); staminate
spikelet displaying four male flowers, the filaments of two of them have lost
their anthers (8); pistillate spikelet displaying a single pistillate flower (9);
achenium with the 3-lobed double cup underneath (10).

CAREX. — Plant of C. pauciflora (11); a staminate flower with its scale (12); scale
(13), and mature pistillate flower, in its perigynium (14); cross section of
perigynium and of the contained achenium (15); achenium on its stalk, style
and stigmas (16). ©. Steudelii, upper part of flowering plant (17); the spike
enlarged (18); a staminate flower and its scale (19); pistillate flower in its
perigynium (20); the same with half the perigynium. cut away to’show the
contained achenium and style (21).

Tas. VI.

CAREX.— C. trisperma, upper part of a stem in fruit (1); enlarged spike displayed,
with three staminate and two pistillate flowers (2); a scale (3) and a ripe peri-
gynium (4), of the latter; with a section of the perigynium near the base, and
of the contained perigynium (5), C.straminea, summit of a fruiting plant (6);
a spike enlarged (7); scale of a pistillate flower (8); the winged perigynium
and the contained achenium cut across (9); detached achenium with persist-
ent style and stigmas (10). ©. umbellata, whole plant (11); a perigynium
and its scale (12); cross-section towards the base of perigynium and its
contained achenium (13); detached achenium with its persistent style and

' stigmas (14). C. bullata; upper part of plant in fruit, with one pistillate and
two staminate spikes (15); one of its staminate flowers with the scale (16); a
pistillate scale (17) and mature perigynium (18); longitudinal section of
the latter, showing the achenium and its style (19), and cross section of
the same (20).

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 697

Genera of Graminez or Grasses.

Tas. VI.

LEERSIA.—Panicle of L. oryzoides, reduced in size (1); a branchlet of the same
with its spikelets, of the natural size (2); and an open spikelet in flower, en-
larged (3).

ZIZANIA.—A staminate (1) and a pistillate (2) flower or spikelet of Z. aquatica;
a magnified pistil with a pair of squamulze or hypogynous scales (3); a grain
(4); and a magnified longitudinal section of the lower part of the same, show-
ing the embryo at the outside of the base of the albumen.

ALOPECURUS. — Part of a plant of A. geniculatus, in flower (1); a few spikelets
from the spike-like inflorescence, moderately magnified (2); an open spikelet
in flower, more magnified (3), and the single lower palet detached (4).

PHLEUM.—A detached spikelet of P. pratense, having the flower with its palets
raised above the glumes, magnified.

CRYPSIS.— Inflorescence (1) of C. schcenoides; a separate enlarged spikelet (2);
and the same open, in flower (3).

VILF' A. — An enlarged spikelet of V. vaginzeflora (1); and the same displayed (2).

SPOROBOLUS. —A spikelet of S. cryptandrus, magnified (1); the same with the
flower open, the palets raised above the glumes (2); and the fruit (3), more

. magnified, showing the seed loose in the pericarp (utricle).

AGROSTIS. — Panicle of A. vulgaris (1); with an enlarged open spikelet of the
same: also (3) the rough pedicel and glumes of A. scabra, with the flower
separated, the latter having no upper palet.

Tas. VIII.

POLYPOGON, — Spike-like contracted panicle of P. Monspeliensis (1); an enlarged.
detached spikelet, showing the long awns to the glumes (2); the same open
in flower (3); and a separate flower without the glumes (4).

CINNA. — A magnified spikelet of C. arundinacea (1); and the same open, display-
ing the palets, the single stamen, and the pistil (2).

MUHLENBERGIA.—A magnified closed spikelet of M. sylvatica (1); the same
with the open flower raised out of the glumes (2). A magnified spikelet of
M. diffusa (3); its minute and unequal glumes more magnified (4); and an
open spikelet of the same (5).

BRACHYELYTRUM.—A spikelet of B. aristatum enlarged (1); the same dis-
played (2). :

CALAMAGROSTIS.— An open spikelet of C. Canadensis, enlarged, displaying all
the parts (1); the same with the flower raised out of the glumes, showing the
hairy rudiment behind the upper palet (2).

ORY ZOPSIS.— An open magnified spikelet of O. asperifolia (1); and the flower of
the same removed from the glumes (2). Notice the remarkably long squa-
mul or hypogynous scales, which here nearly equal the palets in length.

STIPA.— Glumes and flower (a little separated) of S. avenacea, enlarged.

ARISTIDA.—A spikelet of A. purpurascens, enlarged.

TAB, EX

SPARTINA. — Portion of the inflorescence of S. stricta, of the natural size (1); 3
spikelet enlarged (2); and the same displayed, the flower raised above the
glumes (3).

CTENIUM. — Spike of C. Americanum (1); a single spikelet magnified (2); and the
same displayed, the glumes separated (8).

BOUTELOUA. —A portion of the compound spike, of the natural size (1); anda
spikelet displayed and magnified (2), the flowers raised out of the glumes.

698 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

GYMNOPOGON. — Inflorescence of G. racemosus, reduced in size (1); and a mag-
nified spikelet with the parts displayed (2).

CYNODON. — Inflorescence, of digitate spikes (1); a spikelet magnified and dis-
played, showing a perfect flower and a rudiment (2).

DACTYLOCTENIUM. — Inflorescence of D. Agyptiacum, of digitate spikes (1);
one of the spikelets magnified (2) ; the fruit magnified (3), showing the seed
loose in the thin pericarp (utricle); and (4) the wrinkled seed more magnified.

ELEUSINE. — One of the spikes from the digitate inflorescence of E. Indica (1);
a magnified spikelet (2); the same with the flowers more displayed (3); a
flower from the last showing its parts (4); the fruit magnified, showing the
seed loose in the utricle (5); and the wrinkled seed detached (6).

LEPTOCHLOA. — Small portion of the inflorescence of L. fascicularis (1); one of
its spikelets displayed and magnified (2); an open flower of the same (8).

STAR. sc

TRICUSPIS. — Magnified spikelet of T. seslerioides (1); the same displayed and
the lowest flower open (2); back view of the lower palets spread out (38).

GRAPHEPHORUM. — A magnified spikelet of G. melicoides, displayed (1); a part
of the hairy rhachis and one flower of the same (2).

DIARRHENA.— A spikelet of D. Americana, enlarged (1); the grain and palets (2).

DACTYLIS.—A spikelet of D. glomerata magnified and displayed.

KC@LERIA. — A magnified spikelet of K. cristata, expanded, showing the glumes,
the three flowers, and a rudiment (1); lower half of a lower palet, partly
spread open (2); it is much more folded and keeled in its natural condition.

EATONIA.— A magnified spikelet of E. obtusata, expanded, showing the glumes,
the two flowers, and a rudiment.

MELICA. — A magnified spikelet of M. mutica, expanded, showing the glumes, two
perfect flowers, and an abortive one. ;

GLYCERIA.— A magnified spikelet of G. nervata (1); a separate flower with one
joint of the rhachis (2); and (8) the lower half of a lower palet, showing its
form (rounded on the back, not keeled.)

BRIZOPYRUM. — A pistillate spikelet of B. spicatum, enlarged (1); a flower from
the same (2); and a flower from a staminate spikelet (3).

POA.—Panicle of P. compressa, reduced in size (1); a magnified spikelet (2); a
separate flower more magnified (3); a lower palet cut across and somewhat
outspread (4).

ERAGROSTIS.— A spikelet of E. pilosa, enlarged (1); the same, from which
the glumes and all of six lower flowers except the upper palet have fallen
away (2); a magnified flower, open (8); the lower palet of the same out-
spread (4).

BRIZA. — A spikelet of B. media, enlarged (1); a separate flower (2).

FESTUCA.—A spikelet of F. elatior, enlarged (1); a separate flower (2); lower
part of a lower palet, outspread (3).

BROMUS.—A spikelet of B. secalinus, or Chess (1); and a separate flower,
enlarged (2).

Taw ex

UNIOLA.—A spikelet of U. latifolia, of about the natural size (1); a flower, en-
larged (2); empty lower palet of the lowest (sterile) flower (8).

PHRAGMITES.—A spikelet of P. communis, enlarged (1); one of the perfect
flowers, enlarged (2); and the lowest flower (3), which has stamens only.

ABEND INABT: —A spikelet of A. macrosperma (1); and a separate flower, mag-
nified (2).

LEPTURUS. — Portion of the spike of L. paniculatus, enlarged (1); and a flower
magnified (2).

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 699

QPF tortion of the spike of L. temulentum (1); and a separate flower, mag-

nified (2).

TRITICUM.— Portion of the spike of T. repens, or Couch-Grass, of about the
natural size (1); a flower, magnified (2).

HORDEUM.—The three one-flowered spikelets from one joint of the spike of
H. jubatum, with their awn-like glumes, the lateral flowers abortive and
neutral the middle one alone perfect (1); this perfect flower (with an awn-like
rudiment) open and enlarged (2).

ELYMUS. — The two spikelets of one joint of the spike of E. Virginicus, about the
natural size (1); the glumes and the flowers of one spikelet, enlarged and
displayed (2); and an open flower, more magnified (8).

GYMN ae a oe spikelet of G. Hystrix (1), and an expanded flower, mag-
nified (2).

TAR ue

AIRA.— Panicle of A. flexuosa (1); a spikelet, magnified, the parts displayed (2);
and one of the flowers detached and open (3).

DANTHONIA. — Panicle of D. spicata (1); a spikelet enlarged (2); and a separate
flower from the same (3).

TRISETUM.—A spikelet of T. subspicatum, var. molle, expanded and magni-
fied (1); and a separate open flower (2).

ee —A spikelet of A. striata displayed and magnified (1); and a separate

ower (2).

ARRENATHERUM.—A spikelet of A. avenaceum, displayed and magnified:
1, the glumes; 2, the flowers, the lower one staminate only, the next one
perfect, and the third a rudiment.

HOLCUS.— A spikelet of H. lanatus magnified (1); the same displayed to show
the two flowers, the lower one perfect and awnless, the upper staminate and
awned (2). ;

TAB! SXULIE

HIEROCHLOA. —A spikelet of H. borealis, enlarged (1); the same displayed, the
flowers separated from the glumes, the two lateral ones with three stamens
and no pistil; the middle or terminal one with a pistil and only two stam-
ens (2).

ANTHOXANTHUM. — The spike-like inflorescence of A. odoratum (1); a spikelet
magnified (2); another with the parts displayed, the flowers raised from the
glumes, the lateral ones neutral, each of a single and awned palet, the middle
one perfect and diandrous (3).

PHALARIS. — A spikelet of P. arundinacea enlarged (1); the glumes, and the per-
fect flower with a hairy rudiment on each side of it (2).

MILIUM. — Portion of the panicle of M. effusum (1); a closed spikelet magni-
fied (2); and the same displayed (3).

AMPHICARPUM. —A spikelet from the panicle of A. Purshii, magnified (1); the
same with the parts displayed (2); and a radical (fertile) spikelet, en-
larged (8). ‘

PASP ALUM — Inflorescence of P. leve (1); a closed spikelet, enlarged (2); the
same with the parts displayed (3).

PANICUM. — Part of a spike of P. (Digitaria) sanguinale (1); one of its spikelets
magnified (2) ; the same with the parts displayed (3): in this the lower flower
is neutral and of a single palet. A spikelet of P. capillare, magnified (4), and
the same displayed (5): the lower flower a single palet. A spikelet of P.
clandestinum, magnified (6), and the same displayed (7): the lower neutral,
of two palets. A spikelet of P. virgatum, magnified (8); the same displayed
(9): the lower flower of two palets and staminate.

SETARIA.— A magnified spikelet of S. glauca, with the accompanying cluster of
bristles (1); the spikelet displayed, showing the neutral lower flower of two
palets and the perfect flower (2).

«

700 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Tas. XIV.

CENCHRUS.—Involucre of C. tribuloides, in flower, enlarged (1); longitudinal
section of the same (2); a spikelet displayed (3): the stigmas should belong
to the right-hand flower: the left-hand or lower flower is only staminate.

TRIPSACUM.— Piece of the spike (of the natural size), pistillate below, stami-
nate above (1); a longitudinal section of one of the pistillate spikelets (2);
a pistillate spikelet with its parts displayed (3); a staminate (two-flowered)
spikelet, with its parts displayed (4).

ERIANTHUS. — Part of the hairy inflorescence with two spikelets of E. alopecu-
roides, enlarged (1); one of the spikelets displayed (2).

ANDROPOGON. — Small portion of the spike of A. furcatus, enlarged, with one
fertile and awned spikelet, and one staminate and awnless spikelet (1); the
fertile spikelet (2); and the staminate spikelet (3) displayed. -

SORGHUM. — A fertile spikelet of S. nutans, enlarged, with a sterile pedicel on
each side (1); the spikelet displayed (2).

Genera of Filices or Ferns.

TAB Ve

POLYPODIUM.—Plant: piece of the frond (1): a magnified sporangium with its
stalk, and another bursting and discharging spores, of P. vulgare, L.

STRUTHIOPTERIS. — Pinna of the sterile frond (1) of S. Germanica, Willd. ; por-
tion of a fertile frond (2); a piece of one pinna cut off to show the manner in
which it is rolled up (8); and a portion of the last, magnified, with one side
unrolled (4); towards the base of the sporangia all removed, to show how the
fruit-dots are borne each on the middle of a vein.

PELLZA.— Sterile and fertile plants of P. gracilis, and a portion of the fertile
frond (1) enlarged, with a piece of the marginal indusium turned back to
display the fruit; the sporangia are all removed from the fruit-bearing tips of
the two forks of the lower vein.

Tas. XVI.

PTERIS.—A pinnule of P. aquilina, Z.; and a piece of one of the lobes, en-
larged (2), the marginal indusiuni rolled back on one side, displaying the
fruit; the sporangia all removed from the lower part to show the receptacle
that bears them, viz. a cross line connecting the tips of the veins.

ADIANTUM. — Piece of the frond of A. pedatum, Z. (1); a pinnule somewhat
enlarged (2); and a piece of one (3) more enlarged, with the indusium of
one fruit-dot turned back to show the attachment of the fruit.

CHEILANTHES.—Small plant of C. vestita (1); and a fruit-bearing pinnule, en-
larged (2).

WOODWARDIA.— Portion of the sterile (1) and of the fertile frond (2) of W.

angustifolia; a piece of the latter enlarged (3); piece of the frond of W. Vir-
ginica (4); and part of a fruiting lobe (5), enlarged.

Tap. Sevier

CAMPTOSORUS. — Plant of C. rhizophyllus, Link. ; and a portion of a frond,
with fruit-dots, enlarged (1).

SCOLOPENDRIUM. —Tip of a fertile frond of S. vulgare; and (2) a piece en-
larged, with two fruit-dots.

ASPLENIUM. — A pinna of A. thelypteroides, Micha. (1); and part of a lobe (2) in
fruit, enlarged.

DICKSONIA. — Pinna of D. punctilobula, Hook. (1); portion of a pinnule (2), en-
larged; and a fruit-dot in its cup-shaped indusium (3),

°

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 701

Tas. XVIII.

CYSTOPTERIS.— Piece of the frond of C. bulbifera, Bernh. (1); a lobe in fruit (2),
enlarged; and a small portion more magnified (3), bearing a fruit-dot with
its pdantan thrown back.

WOODSIA.— Small frond of W. glabella, R. Br. (1); a part of a fruiting pinna of
the same (2), magnified; and a separate indusium (3), more magnified; a
piece of a fruitful pinnule of W. obtusa, Torr. (4), enlarged; and a fruit with
the opened indusium beneath (5), nore magnified.

ASPIDIUM. — Pinna of A. (Dryopteris) marginale, Swartz (1); and a magnified
fruiting portion (2); piece of A. (Polystichum) acrostichoides (3); and a
small fruiting portion (4), magnified.

ONOCLEA.— Sterile and fertile frond of O. sensibilis, Z.; front view of a fruiting
contracted pinnule, enlarged (1); and the same laid open and viewed from
the other side (2): on one lobe the sporangia are removed from the veins.

“RAB He xXe

SCHIZ#A.— Plant of S. pusilla, Pursh., of the natural size; a fertile pinna with
eleven sporangia (1), magnified; and a separate sporangium (2), more mag-
nified.

LYGODIUM. —Summit of frond of L. palmatum, Swartz (1), with fertile and
sterile divisions; a fruiting lobe enlarged (2), with two of the lower scales, or
indusia, removed, displaying a sporangium under each; and a sporangium
more magnified (3).

OSMUNDA. — Small piece of the frond of O. Claytoniana, L. (1), with a fertile and
a sterile pinna; a portion of the fruit magnified (2); and one sporangium more
magnified (3).

BOTRYCHIUM. — Plant of B. lunarioides, Swartz; and a portion of the fruit (1),
with six sporangia, magnified.

OPHIOGLOSSUM. — Frond of O. vulgatum, Z.; and a portion of the fruiting spike
enlarged (1).

Genera of Equisetacese, Lycopodiacee, &c.

Tas. XX.

EQUISETUM.— Upper part of fertile plant of E. limosum, Z. (1); one of the
shield-shaped scales or receptacles of the spike, with the six sporangia under-
neath (2), enlarged; same seen from below, discharging the spores (3); a
magnified spore with the club-shaped filaments spreading (4); and (5) the
same with the filaments coiled up.

LYCOPODIUM. — Plant of L. Carolinianum, Z.; and (1) a magnified scale of the
spike removed, with the sporangium in its axil, discharging powdery spores.

SELAGINELLA.— Plant of S. rupestris, Spring; part of a fertile spike, en-
larged (1); scale from the upper part of it (2), with its sporangium, contain-

ing innumerable powdery spores; scale from the base (3), with its sporangium
containing few large spores; and (4) three large spores.

ISOETES.— Plant of I. lacustris (1); sporocarp containing the minute spores, cut
across (2), enlarged; same divided lengthwise (5); sporocarp with the large
spores, divided lengthwise (3); and (4) three large spores more magnified.

AZOLLA. — Plant (1); a portion magnified (2), with two kinds of organs; sterile
sporocarp, or antheridium, more magnified (3); fertile sporocarp more mag-
nified (4); the same burst open, showing the stalked sporangia (5); one of
the latter more magnified (6); another bursting (7); and three spores (8),
beset with bristles.

THE END.

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