Manual of British botany, containing the flowering plants and ferns arranged according to the natural orders.

MANUAL
OF

BRITISH BOTANY |

BABINGTON

MANUAL OF

BRITISH BOTANY

CONTAINING THE FLOWERING PLANTS
AND FERNS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO
THE NATURAL ORDERS

BY

CHARLES CARDALE BABINGTON
M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S.

Late Professor of Botany in the Uniwersity of Cambridge

TENTH EDITION
WITH AMENDED NOMENCLATURE AND AN APPENDIX
EDITED BY
Bf WILLMOTT B.A, fb.

Assistant in the Department of Botany, British Museum

LIBRART
NEW YORE.
BOTANICAL

iARDEE,

GURNEY AND JACKSON
33 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON, E.C.
1922

6K S06

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“Quod ad me attinet, ingenue fatear, me in rebus dubiis
de specifica differentia numquam consulere Auctores, qui in
herbariis plantis multis, sed eos modo, qui in natura plantis
multum student. At iis, qui ad preceptas opiniones ex-
perientiam suam concinnant et in singulo extern faciei lusu,
neglectis notis essentialibus, formas transitorias vident,
parum fido.”—FRtIks.

Pierro bith. FLGELT Ef
EDITION

Iy this work it has been the Author’s wish: to adopt in all
cases those names which have the claim of priority, unless
good cause should be shown for a contrary proceeding ; and
with this object he has carefully examined nearly all. the
best European Floras, comparing our plants with the descrip-
tions contained in them, and in: most cases with foreign
specimens of undoubted authenticity. In the adoption of
genera and species an endeavour has been made, by the
examination of the plants themselves, to determine which
are to be regarded as truly distinct—thus, it is hoped, taking
Nature as a guide. Still, let it not be supposed that any claim
is made to peculiar accuracy, or that the Author considers
himself qualified to dictate to any student of botany ; for he is
well aware that there are many points upon which persons
who have carefully studied the subject form different con-
clusions from those to which he has been led.

The progress of our knowledge has caused changes in
the nomenclature in successive editions of this book and
in the Author’s views of the value of forms—-as species or
varieties. The inconvenience of these alterations to all,
especially to statistical botanists, is fully admitted ; but the
Author does not know of any mode by which it can be avoided
if each edition is to be brought up as completely as is in his
power to the contemporary knowledge of our plants. No
alterations have been admitted until careful study has

iii

iv PREFACE.

convinced the Author that they are required. He may have
fallen into error, but has earnestly endeavoured to discover
the truth.

Attempts have been made greatly to reduce the number of
recognised species found in Britain; but the results obtained
seem to be so totally opposed to the teaching of the plants
themselves, and the evidence adduced in their favour is so
seldom more than a statement of opinion, that they cannot
safely be adopted; nor does the plan of the present work
admit of a discussion of the many questions raised by them.
Also it has been laid down as a rule by some botanists, that
no plant can be a species whose distinctive characters are not
as manifest in an herbarium as when it is alive. We are told
that our business as descriptive botanists is not “to determine
what is a species,” but simply to describe plants so ‘that they
may be easily recognised from the dry specimen. The Author
cannot agree to this rule. Although he, in common with
other naturalists, is unable to define what is a*species, he
believes that species exist, and that they may often be easily
distinguished amongst living plants, although sometimes
separated with difficulty when dried specimens alone are
examined. He thinks that it is our duty as botanists to study
the living plants whenever it is possible to do so, and to
describe from them ; to write for the use and instruction of
field- rather than cabinet-naturalists ; for the advancement
of a knowledge of the plants rather than for the convenience
of possessors of herbaria: also that the differences which we
are able to describe as distinguishing plants being taken from
their more minute organs, does not invalidate their claim to
distinction. It seems to be our business to decide upon the
probable distinctness of plants before we attempt to define
them —to make the species afford the character, not the
character define the species.

This volume being intended as a field-book or travelling

PREFACE. Vv

companion for botanists, it is advisable to restrict the space
allotted to each species as much as possible ; and accordingly
the characters and observations are only such as appear to
be necessary for an accurate discrimination of the plants.
Facts relating to their geographical distribution are there-
fore usually omitted. Synonyms have been almost wholly
omitted ; but the plates of the original Hnglish Botany or
some other British plates are quoted. Syme’s English Botany
may well be used by those who desire full descriptions of
the plants; and the plates in that work have often had
valuable additions made to those of the old Hnglish Botany,
from which most of them are taken. Localities are only given
for new or rare plants ; Mr Watson’s works and the numerous
local floras render it unnecessary inconveniently to swell the
present volume by their introduction. But in order to convey
some idea of the distribution of plants throughout the United
Kingdom, the letters E., 8., or I. have been appended to the
deseriptions of such species as have, it is believed, been found
in Engiand, Seotland, or Ireland. The descriptions of a con-
siderable number of plants which only occur in the Channel
Islands, and are, therefore, not properly parts of the British
Flora; or which, although included in our lists, there is
reason to suppose have never been really detected in Britain ;
or, although naturalised, have very slender claims to. be
considered aboriginal natives ; or which are now supposed to
be lost by the alterations made in the places where they were
found by our predecessors; are included within []; and
notices of a few plants concerning which more. accurate
information is requisite, are distinguished in a similar manner.
It is hoped that by this arrangement the’ truly indigenous
species will be clearly distinguished from those which have
little or no claim to be considered aboriginal or even
thoroughly naturalised. The attempt to do this is necessary
for two seemingly contradictory reasons, namely :--the great

vi PREFACE.

tendency of many collectors to consider native any plant
found growing upon a spot where it is not cultivated ; and
the peculiar scepticism of some of our botanists concerning
the claims of many local or thinly scattered species to be
admitted as indigenous, even when their distribution upon the
European continent is not unfayourable to the belief that
they may inhabit Britain. It has been recommended that the
descriptions of these excluded species should be placed in an
Appendix or even omitted; but as some of them are not
unlikely to. be observed by collectors, it is more convenient
that they should be arranged with their allies.. Those who
desire to obtain a complete knowledge of the distribution of
our plants should consult Watson’s Cybele Britannica, and
Moore & More’s Cybele Hibernica.

Full characters of the Natural Orders are to be found in
most of the best “Introductions to Botany”; and it has
therefore not been considered advisable to give them in
detail in the present volume. In his definitions, the Author
has endeavoured to point out the characteristic marks, more
especially as far as British plants are concerned.

In using this book the student will find it convenient to
pay attention to the ctalicised parts of the generic and specific
characters, and, if they are found to agree with the plant
under examination, then to compare it with the other parts
of ‘those characters, and also with those of allied genera and
species.

It is most desirable that the students of our native flora
should not confine their attention to books published in this
country. Owing to such an unavoidable restriction we fell
far behind our continental brethren during the earlier part
of the present century. A few modern works may be named
which will assist them in their studies. Koch’s Synopsis
Flore Germanice, ed. 2, and Grenier and Godron’s Flore de
France are strongly recommended—also, although in a rather

PREFACE. vii

less degree, Lloyd’s ore de l’Ouest de la France, Brébisson’s
Flore de la Normandie, and Cosson and Germain’s Flore des
environs de Paris, ed. 2. Boreau’s Flore du Centre de la
France, ed. 3, and the scattered papers of M. Alexis Jordan
of Lyons are valuable for the study of varieties ; for many of
their species can claim no higher rank. But, above all, the
works of Fries deserve careful study —especially his Vovitice
Flore Suecicee, with its three Mantisse, and Summa Vegetab-
ilium Scandinavice. It is necessary to warn students against
the very common error of supposing that they have found one
of the plants described in a foreign Flora when in reality they
have only gathered a variety of some well-known British
plant. The risk of falling into such errors renders it necessary
to consult such works as those of Messrs Boreau and Jordan
with great caution, lest we should be misled by descriptions,
most accurate, indeed, but often rather those of individuals
shan species. Amongst plants so closely allied as are many
of those called species in some continental works, it is
scarcely possible to arrive at a certain conclusion without
the inspection of authentic specimens.

The Author takes this opportunity of returning most
sincere thanks to his botanical friends and correspondents
(far too numerous to record by name) for the great assistance
they have again rendered to him by the communication of
valuable suggestions, observations, and specimens.

The book has been again carefully revised throughout,
so as, if possible, to keep pace with the rapidly advancing
knowledge of British plants.

As many as possible of the real English names are given.
All the genera and species could not be thus named, owing
to the absence of any recognised English terms which have
been applied to them. It does not seem desirable to invent
or adopt new English names, known only to botanists, for
the few genera which have them not, the Latin name being

vill PREFACE,

sufficient in those cases, and better in the original than in
an Anglicised form. . . .

It is hoped that those who use this book will favour the
Author with information of any (even the slightest) addition,
correction or alteration that may appear to be necessary, in
order that it may be employed in the preparation of a future
edition, as it is only through such assistance that the flora of
an extensive country can attain to even a moderate degree of
perfection.

CamprincE, 15th July 1881.

Peete CO Tie TN tr
EDITION

THE present edition is, with two exceptions, a reprint of the
last. At the late Mrs Babington’s request I undertook to
bring the names up to date, and to add a short appendix to
include the most important additions to our knowledge of the
British flora.

It will be noticed that generic names whose authors did not
employ the binominal system have been ignored. Such names
should have exactly the same place in binominal nomenclature
as those of Tournefort, etc., z.2., they should date for priority
from the time when some binominalist author introduced
them into the modern ‘system. This departure from the
Vienna code was made with Mrs Babington’s consent, and
will be found to lead to the retention of many recognised
names. This principle was not adopted at Vienna, because
M. Briquet stated that it would cause many name-changes as
a result of rejecting Adanson’s work. M. Briquet’s fears were
unfounded. Adanson’s names are all rejected here and the
result is only one change, viz., Chamagrostis for Mibora, and
the use of the latter was one of the first changes caused by
the use of non-binominal works. Further, the majority of
the generic name-changes made in accordance with the
Vienna code are due to the use of non-binominalist names.
It seems clear that the rule was created in misapprehension
and should be revoked, since it leads to results opposite from
its purpose

ix

x PREFACE,

It was found impossible to change the professor’s method
of giving binominals to his 8, 7, etc., without altering the
descriptions given. As this was not permitted, the method
was retained, though contrary to the code. But my main
endeavour has been to make the names correct. This is
more important than priority, The use of Myosotis
scorptoides L. instead of MM. palustris With. is wrong, since
every British J/yosotis is M. scorpioides L. On the other
hand, the use of JZ. scorpioides LL. emend. Rendle and
Britten is correct. An attempt has therefore been made
to cite throughout the author who first gave the name the
(approximate) connotation expressed in this book. .It was
difficult in some cases to determine exactly what limits the
professor intended, but it was assumed that the diagnosis
included everything known which it did not exclude. It
is hoped that the nomenclature is now fairly accurate.

Since the greater part of this reprint has been completed
much new work has appeared and further changes in name
necessitated. Those which appear to be certainly well founded
are included in the corrigenda. It is unfortunate that there
is this continual change. Part of it can never be elim-
inated because it is due to increasing knowledge of the
plants themselves. Part of it is due merely to controversy
over the rules, and it seems doubtful whether these are yet
stabilised. Many problems are at the present time being
reopened, and little agreement forthcoming. Even one’s
personal opinion is liable to fluctuation. Examples of
“orthographic corrections” of spelling given in the current
volume of the Journal of Botany have made me doubt the
wisdom of correcting Hieocharis and Hlodea to Heleocharis
and Helodea. It seems probable that we cannot at present
hope for any finality in the direction of uniformity, wherefore
I have laid stress on the need for accuracy in correct citation.
Identification consists in saying what you make out (facio)

PREFACE. xi

the specimen to be the same as (idem). As the descriptions
and figures are not always similar, and the plants vary,
identification should consist in citing the description, figure,
or specimen with which a specimen has been matched. The
use of a name is only a brief way of referring to some
description in order to avoid either giving a new one for
every specimen recorded, or preserving every specimen. The
source whence the name is taken should therefore be indicated
if the identification is to be definite. If this is done, it
becomes relatively immaterial which of two or three names
is used, since the meaning is always discoverable.

Tt was difficult to decide what to omit from the Appendix.
So many of the now accepted varieties were deliberately
omitted by Babington, although others were unknown to
him. To bring the work up to date in the matter of
varieties was impossible within the limits set. The Appendix
has therefore been limited to the more important revisions of
genera, to additional species, and to certain cases where
important information could be easily assimilated to the
body of the work. To do otherwise would have involved
considerable re-writing, whereas the aim of this edition is to
keep available for the student a work which still occupies
a position as yet unfilled by any other manual.

A. J. WILMOTT.

Wisscepon, 24th April 1922.

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A GLOSSARY

OF THE

TERMS USED IN°' THE MANUAL

Accumbent ; used to express the application of the edges of
the cotyledons to the radicle in the seeds of Crucifers.

Achene ; a hard dry one-seeded superior pericarp.

Acicular ; needle-shaped ; very slender froma slightly broader
base.

Acotyledonous ; without distinct cotyledons.

Acuminate ; drawn out into a long point, but with the sides
slightly hollowed.

Acute ; sharp ; forming an angle less than a right angle at the

ay eee

Kiet ; uniting together of two different parts, as a calyx
to an ovary.

Adnate; attached throughout their whole length. Adnate
anthers have their lobes so attached to the filament.
Pas are often adnate to the petiole by one of their
edges.

Adpressed ; pressed close to any thing.

Adpressed-serrate ; serrate with the teeth lying closely on each
other or to the edge of the leaf. :

Estival ; produced in summer.

stivation ; the arrangement of the floral organs in the bud.

Albumen ; nutritious matter contained in the seed to feed the
young plant; more correctly called perisperm.

Alternate ; placed successively on the opposite sides of an
axis, as in the case of leaves; or opposite to the spaces
between the parts of the next whorl in flowers.

Amplexicaul ; clasping the stem with their base.

Anastomosing ; vetns combining with each other at their ends.

Annua/ plants rise from the seed, flower, and die in the same
year.

Annular ; forming a ring.

Anterior ; the part of a flower next the bract or in front.

Anther ; the part of the stamen which contains the pollen.

Apex ; the end furthest from the point of attachment.

Apical ; at or relating to the apex.

XxuL

X1V GLOSSARY.

Apiculaie ; having a very small hard point at the end, usually
formed by the tip of the midvein.

Apocarpous ; fruit formed of carpels which are quite separate.

Approximate ; close together.

Arching ; curved into the form of an arch.

Arcuate ; curved so as to form a considerable part of a circle.

Aril ; an aftergrowth from the placenta or seedstalk surround-
ing the seed,

Arillode ; an aftergrowth from the lips of the foramen (or
terminal opening of seed).

Ascending ; curving upwards into a vertical position.

Asperous ; rough with short raised points.

Attenuate ; narrowing gradually to a point.

eas ; having auricles, or appendages at the base of the
eaves.

Awn ; a long-pointed bristle-like appendage, as the beard of
Barley.

Awned ; haying awns.

Axil i i upper angle formed by the union of the stem and
eaf.

Axillary ; placed in an axil.

Avis ; the line passing through the centre of any thing; the
common stalk of the flowers in a spikelet of Grasses.

Baccate ; pulpy like a berry.

Base ; the end nearest the point of attachment.

Beak ; a long pointed projection.

Bearded ; having long hair like a beard.

Berry ; a pulpy fruit containing several seeds; a true bacca
when inferior, a wa when superior,

Biennial plants spring from the seed in one year, flower in the
following year, and then die.

Pyare: arranged in two rows, one on each side of any
thing.

Bifid ; divided halfway down into two parts.

Bupartite ; divided nearly to its base into two parts.

Bipinnate; when the divisions of a pinnate leaf are them-
selves pinnate.

Lipinnatifid ; when the divisions of a pinnatifid leaf are them-
selves pinnatifid.

Biternate ; when the divisions of a ternate leaf are themselves
ternate.

Boatshaped ; resembling a small boat.

Bracteoles ; minute bracts.

Bracts ; small leaves somewhat different from the others,
seated on the inflorescence.

GLOSSARY. xv

Bulb; aleaf-bud with fleshy scales, usually placed underground.
Bulbiferous ; bearing bulbs on its stem. d

Bulblike ; resembling a bulb in appearance, but solid.
Bulbous ; having radical bulbs.

Bulbous hairs have a round swelling at their base.

Cespitose; growing in tufts from the root.

Calyx ; the outer whorl of leatlike organs forming the flower,
usually green, called sepals.

Capillary ; like very slender threads.

Capitate ; growing in heads or close clusters ; having a knob
like the head of a pin. !

Capsular ; like a capsule.

Capsule ; a dry usually many-seeded seed-vessel.

Carpel ; the divisions of the ovary or capsule: sometimes
one carpel forms an ovary, being rolled up so that its
edges meet.

Carpophore; the stalk of the ovary or capsule within the
outer whorls of the flower.

Catkin ; a deciduous unisexual spike of crowded flowers in
which the perianths are replaced by bracts:

Cauline ; growing from the stem, not radical.

Cellular tissue ; a collection of minute vesicles filled with fluid.

Chaffy ; covered with minute membranous scales.

Channelled; hollowed somewhat like a gutter.

Cilia ; hairs placed like eyelashes on the edge of any thing.

Ciliate ; with cilia,

Circinate ; rolled up from the top towards the base like a
erosier.

Clavate ; clubshaped.

Claw ; the narrow base of a petal.

Clawed ; having a claw.

Cleft; deeply cut, but not to the midrib.

Clubshaped ; a long solid body which is slender at the base
and gradually thickens upwards.

Cluster ;.a kind of dense cyme ; also the patches of capsules
in Ferns.

Ceesious ; with a fine pale-blue bloom.

Cohering ; the attachment to each other of similar parts; as
the petals forming a gamopetalous corolla.

Collapsing ; shrinking together. The submersed and much-
divided leaves of aquatic plants often collapse into a form
like a painter’s pencil, when removed from the water.

Columella ; a cylindrical central placenta.

Commissure; the inner faces of the carpels (mericarps) of
Umbelliferze, by which they join.

Xl GLOSSARY.

Compound ; formed of many similar parts which ultimately
and naturally separate from each other. A compound
umbel has small umbels on its branches.

Compressed ; when flattened laterally.

Conduplicate ; ; folded upon each other lengthwise.

Cone ; fruit of a fir-tree.

ee 3 a solid. figure narrowing to a point from a Geohiat

ase.

Connate ; when two similar parts, as leaves, are slightly con-
nected round the stem.

Connective ; the continuation of the filament between the cells
of an anther.

Connivent ; converging. S

Constricted ; ; narrowed at some point as if by. the pressure of a
string.

Contiguous petals touch or overlap by their edges.

Converging ; their points gradually approaching.

Convolute ; rolled together lengthwise.

Cordate ; ovate, acute, with two rounded lobes at the base ;
like the figure of ihe heart on cards: a cordate-based leaf
is of any shape, but has the two lobes at its base.

Corvaceous ; leathery ; firm, dry, tough.

Corm; a fleshy bulblike, but solid, not scaly underground
stem.

Corneous ; like horn.

Corolla ; the whorl of floral leaves between the calyx and
stamens, usually coloured, called petals.

Corymb; a raceme with the peduncles becoming gradually
shorter as they approach the top, so that all “the flowers
are about on a level.

Corymbose ; in the form of a corymb.

Cotyledons ; the seed-lobes, often forming the first leaves of
the plant.

Crenate ; with rounded marginal teeth. When these are again
crenate, the whole is doubly crenate ; not bicrenate, which
means having two such teeth.

Crenatures ; the blunt rounded teeth of a crenate leaf.

Crenulate ; ’ minutely crenate.

Crested ; having an appendage like a crest,

C4 “owned ; having an appendage on the upper side at the base
of the limb, as some petals.

Cruceform ; four parts, as petals, arranged so as to form a cross.

Crustaceous ; hard, thin and brittle.

Cuneate ; - like a w edge, but attached by its point.

Cuspidate ; abrupt, but with a point starting suddenly from
the middle of its end.

GLOSSARY. xvii

Cuticle ; the external skin. !

Cylindrical ; nearly in the form of a cylinder.

Cyme ; inflorescence formed of a terminal flower, beneath which
are lateral branches each having a terminal flower and
lateral branches again similarly dividing, and so on. A
globose cyme has flowers so placed as to form a globose
mass. <A scorpioid cyme produces only the external branch
of each pair, except the first.

Cymose ; arranged in a cyme.

Deciduous ; falling off.

Declining ; straight, but pointing downwards.

Decumbent; \jing on the ground, but tending to rise at
the end.

Decurrent ; wher the limb of a leaf is prolonged down the
stem below the point of attachment of the midrib.

Decussate ; opposite leaves, but the successive pairs placed at
right angles to each other.

Deflexed ; curved downwards or towards the back.

Dehiscence ; the mode in*which an organ opens.

Deitoid ; fleshy with a triangular transverse section.

Dentate; with short equilateral triangular teeth. When
these are again dentate, the whole is doubly dentate, not
bidentate, which means having two teeth.

Denticulate ; fmely dentate.

Depressed ; when flattened vertically or at the top.

Determinate inflorescence ends in a flower.

Dicotyledonous ; with two opposite cotyledons.

Didymous ; formed of two similar parts attached to each other
by a small portion of their margin.

Diffuse; widely spreading.

Digrtate ; fingered ; of several leaves all starting from the top
of the petioles.

Diecious ; with the sexes on different plants.

Disk; a fleshy space from which the stamens and _pistils
spring, or between them; the central part of a head
(capitulum).

Dissepiments ; vertical plates dividing an ovary into parts ; septa.

Distichous ; arranged above each other in two rows on

_ Opposite sides of an axis. I

Distinct ; separate from its neighbours.

Dwaricate ; spreading at an obtuse angle.

Diverging ; gradually separating.

Dorsal ; attached to, or on the back.

Drupe; a one-celled superior fruit, not bursting, fleshy exter-
nally, stony within, containing one or two seeds.

b

Xviil GLOSSARY.
Echinate ; armed with straight slender prickles like a hedge-

og.

Elliptic ; oval but acute at each end,

Elongate ; much lengthened.

Emarginate ; slightly notched at the end.

Embryo ; the young plant as first seen in the seed.

Entire ; not toothed nor lobed at the edge.

Epidermis ; the skin.

Epigynous ; apparently seated upon the ovary.

Epipetalous ; borne on the petals.

Epuphytes ; plants growing upon others, but not deriving
nourishment from their juices.

Equalling ; when the ends of organs rise to the same height
even though their relative lengths are different.

Equitant ; when a conduplicate organ covers the edges of
another similarly folded, and that covers a third, and
so on.

Frect ; standing nearly perpendicular to that from which it
grows, as a seed rising from the base of an ovary ; at right
angles to its support.

Exceeding; when an organ extends beyond an adjoining
organ, but is not necessarily itself longer than it.

Excurrent ; extending beyond the edge or point.

Exserted ; projecting beyond that which surrounds its base.

Extrorse anthers have the slit by which the pollen escapes
directed from the ovary.

Falcate ; like a sickle. :

Falling short of ; the reverse of exceeding.

Fasciculate ; when several similar parts are collected into a
bundle and spring from the same spot ; often the developed
leaves of an undeveloped axillary branch form a fascicle.

Fastigiate; when all the branches are parallel and point
upwards.

Feathery ; like a feather in structure.

Felted ; tomentose.

Fibre ; a hair-like kind of elementary structure.

Fibrous ; having many threadlike parts.

Filament ; the stalk usually found supporting an anther.

Filiform ; like a thread.

Flaccid ; weak.

Flexuose; zigzag, usually changing its direction at each
joining.

Floccose ; with little tufts like wool.

‘ollicle; an inflated 1-celled carpel, opening by only one
suture to which several seeds are attached.

GLOSSARY. xix

Forked ; like a fork of two prongs.

Frond ; the leaflike part of Ferns.

Fruit ; the seed-vessel with its ripe contents and any external
appendages. :

Fruit-bearing ; the state of the inflorescence when the fruit
is ripe or nearly so, contradistinguished from lower-
bearing.

Fruticose ; shrubby.

Fugacious ; soon falling off. :

Funnel-shaped; tubular below, but gradually enlarging
upwards.

Furcate ; forked.

Fusiform ; spindle-shaped ; thick, tapering to each end.

Gamosepalous ; gamopetalous ; when the sepals or petals are
joined by their edges so as apparently to form one.

Germen ; the ovary.

Gibbous’; swollen on one side.

Glabrous ; without hairs or other clothing.

Gland; a wartlike cellular secreting organ usually raised
above the surface.

Glandular ; having glands.

Glandular-hairy ; having hairs tipped with glands.

Glandular-serrate ; having short teeth tipped with glands.

Glaucous ; green with a whitish-blue lustre.

Globose ; round like a globe.

Glumes; the scales enclosing the spikelet of flowers in
Grasses ; the imbricate bracts enclosing the flowers of
Sedges.

Glumiferous ; having flowers covered by glumes.

Granular ; covered with minute projecting points.

Habit ; the general appearance of a plant.

Haft; a winged leaf-stalk ; the linear part of a spathulate
leaf or petal.

Hastate; enlarged at the base into two lobes directed nearly
horizontally.

Head ; a close terminal collection of flowers surrounded by an
involucre.

Helmet ; the hooded upper part of a flower.

Helmet-shaped ; arched and concave like a helmet.

Herbaceous ; the parts of plants which are not woody ; also
organs, or parts of them, of a green colour.

Hermaphrodite ; having both sexes in one flower.

Hilum ov iuile; the mark on a seed which indicates its place
of attachment.

xx GLOSSARY.

Hispid ; covered with stiff hairs.

Hoary ; with greyish-white down.

Hooded ; formed intoa hood at the end.

Hor ‘zontal ; spreading at right angles to their denne, as
leaves on a stem,

Hybrid ; a mule.

Hypogynous ; springing from below the base of “he ovary and
not attached to the calyx.

Imbricate ; arranged over each other like the tiles of a roof.

imparipinnate ; pinnate with a single terminal leaflet.

Incise ; deeply cut.

Included; not extending beyond the organs éurrounding it.

Incumbent ; when the radicle is applied to the back, not edges,
of the cotyledons,

Incurved ; curved inwards.

Indefinite ; many but uncertain in number.

Indehiscent ; not bursting.

/ndeterminate ; inflorescence having always a terminal leaf-bud.

Induplicate ; when the edges of organs arranged in a valvaté
manner are folded inwards.

Industum ; a thin membrane often covering the clusters of
capsules of Ferns.

Inferior ; an inferior calyx or corolla is wholly free from the
ovary ; the reverse of superior.

Inflexed ; curved inwards.

Inflorescence ; ; arrangement of the flowers.

Innate; attached by their base to the apex of a stalk as are
some anthers.

Inserted ; growing upon.

Internode ; the space between two nodes ; a joint.

Interruptedly pinnate; when pairs of small pinne (leaflets)
alternate with large pinne.

Introrse ; anthers having the slit by which the pollen escapes
directed towards the. ovary.

Inverse ; inverted. An embryo is so called when its radicle is
directed towards a point at the opposite end of the seed
from the hile.

Involucels ; the involucres of secondary umbels.

Involucre; the whorled bracts at the base of an umbel or
head ; or sometimes below a single flower.

Involute ; ‘rolled from the back of any thing, as towards the
upper side of a leaf,

Joinings ; the places where the parts of the stems are Siaaenod
to each other ; the nodes.

GLOSSARY. XXl

Joints ; the spaces between the knots, nodes, or joinings ; the
parts joined.

Keel; a prominent ridge. The two lower petals of a Pea-
flower, within the others and united more or less by their
anterior edge, form the keel.

Kneed ; bent like the knee.

Knots ; the joinings or nodes of the stem in Grasses.

Label ; the terminal segment of the lip in Orchids.

Laciniate; divided into narrow irregular lobes.

Lanceolate ; narrowly elliptic and tapering to each end.

Lancet-shaped ; shortly and bluntly lanceolate.

Lax ; loosely arranged.

Leaflets ; the subdivisions of compound leaves.

Legume; a one-celled and two-valved seed-vessel with the
seeds arranged along the inner angle, as the pod of a Pea.

Lenticular; like a doubly convex Jens.

Ligulate ; strap-shaped ; not very narrow nor long, and with
nearly parallel sides.

Ligule; a membrane at the base of the limb of the leaf of
Grasses.

Limb ; the flattened expanded part of a leaf or petal.

Linear ; very narrow and long, with parallel sides until near
the end.

LIringulate ; tongueshaped ; long, fleshy, convex, blunt.

Lipped ; ported to a corolla or calyx appearing to consist of
two lips.

Lobate ; lobed ; with large divisions.

Loculicidal ; opening down the back (or midrib) of the carpel.

Lower part of a floral whorl ; the furthest from the main axis ;
anterior.

Lunate ; shaped like the new moon.

Lyrate; a pinnatifid leaf with the lobes successively and
gradually enlarging from the petiole, and ending in one
still larger lobe.

Marcescent ; fading but remaining in its place.

Medullary ; relating to the pith: Medullary rays are plates
of cells which connect the pith with the growing part
next to the bark.

Membranous ; of the texture of membrane ; thin and flexible.

Mericarps ; the carpels of Umbellifere.

Midrib ; the large vein extending along the middle of a leaf
from its petiole nearly or quite to the other end.

Moniliform ; cylindrical but constricted at regular intervals.

Xxil GLOSSARY.

Monocotyledonous ; having one sheathing cotyledon.

ae ; with the sexes in separate flowers on the same
plant. ,

Monosepalous ; monopetalous ; when the sepals or petals are
joined by their edges so as apparently to form one. _

Mucronate ; abruptly tipped with a short point of the same
texture.

Multifid ; divided into many parts.

Muricate ; covered with short sharp points.

Mono-, di-, &c. androus ; with 1, 2, &e. stamens.

Mono-, di-, &c. gynous ; with 1, 2, &c. free styles or stigmas.

Naturalized ; introduced but propagating itself freely by seed.

Nectary ; an organ which secretes honey.

Netted ; covered with lines connected together like network.

Node ; a point in a stem where a leaf is produced ; a joining.

Nut; a hard dry 1-seeded superior pericarp ; also used for a
glans, a hard dry 1- or few-seeded inferior pericarp) not
bursting and seated in a cup-like involucre, e.g. acorn.

Ob ; in conjunction with terms means inverted ; as obovate is
ovate with the attachment at the narrow end.

Oblong ; long oval, equally broad at each end.

Ocrea ; a tubular membranous stipule surrounding the stem.

Opaque ; not shining.

Opposite; when two similar organs grow one on each side of
some body ; or different organs are opposed to each other
with a stem between them.

Orbicular ; nearly round and flat.

Oval ; an ellipse; a figure rounded at each end, not broader
at one end than at the other ; and about twice as long as
broad.

Ovary ; the young seed-vessel.

Ovate ; egg-shaped ; a short flat figure (thin like a leaf) rather
broader below the middle of its length.

Ovoid ; a solid egg-shaped figure,

Ovule ; the young seed.

Palate ; the prominent part of the base of the lower lip which
closes the mouth of a ringent corolla.

Pales ; the leaflike parts of the flower of Grasses, enclosing
the stamens, pistils, and hypogynous scales.

Palmate ; with lobes spreading like the fingers of a hand from
the same point.

Panicle ; a raceme with branching pedicels ; hence panculate.

Papilionaceous ; like the flower of a Pea.

GLOSSARY. xxiii

Papille ; small elongated protuberances.

Papillose; with small long protuberances.

Pappus ; the crest/of the fruit in Composites, formed of the
altered limb of the calyx.

Parabolic ; starting from a broad base and gradually narrow-
ing with curved sides to a blunt point, as the divisions of
a calyx.

Parallel veins start several together from the base of a leaf,
diverge slightly, then proceed parallel and simple, and
converge at the apex.

Parietal ; on the inner surface of an ovary.

Patent ; spreading widely. }

Pedate ; palmate of three lobes with the lateral lobes having
similar large lobes on their upper edge.

Pedicel ; the branch of a peduncle.

Pedunele ; flowerstalk.

Pellucid ; nearly transparent.

Peltate’; when its point of attachment is on the face, not at
the edge of a leaf or other organ.

Pendulous ; seeds hanging from the top of an ovary.

ie coming with five angles having convex spaces between
them.

Pentangular ; with five angles and five flat or concave faces.

Perennial plants live several years and flower more than ence,
usually many times.

Perfect flowers have both stamens and pistils in an efficient
state.

Perfoliate; when the leaf completely surrounds the stem so
that the latter seems to pass through it.

Perianth ; the floral whorls when the calyx and corolla are
not distinguishable.

Pericarp ; seed-vessel, including adhering calyx if present.

Perigynous ; when the corolla and stamens are borne on the
calyx but free from the ovary.

Perisperm ; the so-called albumen.

Persistent ; not soon falling off.

Personate ; a gamopetalous two-lipped corolla of which the
lower lip is pressed upwards so as to close the opening.

Petal-like ; resembling petals in texture and colour.

Petals ; the divisions of the corolla. ,

Petiolate ; having a petiole.

Petiole ; the stalk of a leaf: petiolule ; of a leaflet.

Pheenogamous ; visibly furnished with stamens and pistils.

Phanerogamous ; phenogamous.

Phyllaries ; the scales or bracts of the involucre of Composites.

Pilose ; with scattered rather stiff hairs,

XXIV GLOSSARY.

Pinne ; the segments of a pinnate leaf.

Pinnate ; ; when leaflets are arranged on opposite sides of a
common stalk, A leaf is 2- or 3-pinnate when its primary
or secondary divisions are pinnate.

Pinnatifid ; a leaf deeply cut into segments nearly to the mid-
rib. <A 2- or 3-pinnatifid leaf corresponds to a 2- or 3-
pinnate leaf.

Pinnules ; the segments of a bipinnate leaf.

Pistil ; the ovary, style, and stigma taken together,

Pith ; a column of cellular tissue in the centre of the stem and
branches of Dicotyledons.

Pitted ; covered with small depressed spots.

Placenta ; the part of the carpel from which the ovules spring.

Plane ; flat ; also an imaginary flat surface in which things
are placed.

Plicate ; plaited.

Plumule ; the ascending leafy part of the embryo,

Pod; a ‘L-celled and 2- -valved seed-vessel with the seeds
arranged along the inner angle.

Pollen ; the dust in the anther.

Polygonal ; with many angles.

Polypetalous ; with many separate petals,

Polysepalous ; with many separate sepals.

Pome ; a compound fleshy many-seeded fruit, an apple or fruit
resembling it.

Pores ; small, often roundish, holes.

Porrect ; extending forwards.

Posterior ; the part of the flower nearest to the axis.

Prickles ; ‘hardened epidermal appendages resembling thorns,
but not woody.

Primordial ; the first flower of inflorescence.

Pr, ocumbent, prostrate ; lying on the ground.

Prolonged ; "drawn out into a long point, like acuminate, but
with no hollowing at the sides.

Pubescence ; closely adpressed down.

Pubescent ; with pubescence.

Pulver ulent ; covered with fine powdery matter.

Punctate ; having minute spots like pin-holes, real or ap-
parent.

Pyramidal ; nearly in the shape of a pyramid,

Pyriform ; pear-shaped.

Quadrate ; squarish,

Raceme ; a spike with stalked flowers : hence
Racemose : flowering in a raceme.

GLOSSARY. XxXvV

Rachis ; the central stem of some kinds of inflorescence ; as
the stalk common to several spikelets of Grasses; the
stalk of the frond of Ferns above the lowest pinne.

Radiate flowers; those at the margin of a head or other
inflorescence which are long and spreading like rays.

Radical ; springing from just above the root.

Radicle; the end of the embryo from which the root grows ;
also small roots.

Raphides ; minute needle-shaped crystals found in the cells of
some plants.

Rays (see Radiant) ; parts diverging in a circle from a central
point.

Receptacie; the dilated top ofthe stalk bearing the flowers
in Composites; the common support of the parts of a
flower.

Reclinate and veelining ; curved downwards.

Recurved ; bent moderately backwards.

Reflexed ; bent considerably backwards.

Reniform ; transversely oval, but broadly cordate at the base.

Repand ; with a rather wavy margin.

Reticulate ; forming a network.

Retrorse ; directed from the point of an organ.

Retuse ; abruptly blunt with a notch in the middle.

Revolute ; rolled back, as towards the underside of a leaf.

Rhizomatous ; having rhizomes.

Rhizome ; a prostrate more or less subterranean stem pro-
ducing roots and leafy shoots.

Rhomboidal ; approaching a quadrangular, not square, figure

_ attached by one of its more acute angles.

Ringent ; a 2-lipped widely open corolla.

footstock ; a thick short rhizome or tuber.

Rosette ; a collection of leaves growing close together, like the
petals of a double rose.

osulate ; arranged in a rosette.

Rotate ; a monopetalous corolla with a short tube and very
spreading limb.

Rudimentary ; imperfectly developed.

Rugose ; covered with a network of lines enclosing convex
spaces. .

Rugulose ; finely rugose.

Syneners ; where the lobes of leaves are directed towards the

ase.

Runner ; a prostrate shoot rooting at its end; a stole.

Sagattate ; like the barbed head of an arrow, the auricles or
lobes pointing backwards.

XXV1 GLOSSARY.

Salvershaped ; a corolla with a long slender tube and flat limb.

Sarmentose ; having a prostrate stem, starting with a very
small arch from its root.

Scabrous ; rough like a blacksmith’s hand.

Scales; minute rudimentary leaves; very small flat semi-
detached parts of the cuticle.

Scape ; a leafless radical peduncle.

Scarious ; very thin, dry, and semitransparent.

Scorptoid ; said of the branches of a cyme curved in a circinate:-
manner, and the flowers produced only on the upper side

Secund ; all turned towards one side.

Seed ; the ovule arrived at maturity.

Seedstalk ; the stalk connecting the hilum of a seed with the
placenta.

Sepals ; the divisions of the calyx.

Septicidal ; when a fruit splits through the middle of the
septa or partitions.

Septefragal ; when a fruit splits by the separation of the backs
of the carpels from the septa.

Septum ; the division of an ovary formed by the inflexed
edges of the carpels.

Serrate ; toothed like a saw

Serratures ; teeth like those of a saw.

Serrulate ; with very small sawlike teeth,

Sessile ; without a stalk.

Seta ; a bristle; a bristle tipped with a gland; a slender
straight prickle.

Setaceous ; like a bristle. ,

Setose ; bearing bristles or sete usually ending in glands.

Sheath ; the lower part of a leaf or its petiole, which forms a
vertical sheath surrounding the stem. It is sometimes
found alone.

Stlicle ; a silique not four times as long as broad,

Stlique; a long podlike fruit of Crucifers having its edges
connected by an internal membrane.

Simple ; not compound ; not branched.

Sinuate ; having many large blunt lobes and notches.

Slashed ; with deep tapering incisions.

Smooth ; free from all kinds of roughness.

Sobole; a creeping underground stem producing roots and
leafbuds at intervals ; an underground stole.

Soboliferous ; having soboles, or long underground shoots
ending in suckers.

Solitary ; growing singly.

Ragin ; a succulent spike bearing many sessile closely placed

owers.

GLOSSARY. Xxvil

Spath ; a large bract often enclosing a spadix.

Spathalate ; oblong, with a long linear claw or haft.

Spike ; a long simple axis with many sessile flowers ; hence
sprcate flowers,

Spikelet ; the small group of flowers in Grasses enclosed within
one or more glumes.

Spine ; a stiff sharp woody persistent thorn.

Spinous ; furnished with spines.

Spinulose ; with small, often very minute spines or prickles.

Spiral vessels ; fine tubes composed of membrane with spirally
twisted fibres internally.

Sporules ; the seedlike reproductive bodies of flowerless plants.

Spur; a tubular extension of the lower part of a petal or
gamopetalous corolla; a loose prolongation of the base
of a leaf beyond its point of attachment.

Spurred ; furnished with a spur.

Squarrose ; covered with appendages spreading at right angles
or more.

Stamen; the male organ of a flower, usually formed of a
filament and anther.

Staminode ; a scale on the inside of the upper lip of some
Scrophulariacez.

Standard ; the upper or posterior petal of a Pea-flower, which
is outside the others in the bud.

Starlike ; applied to flowers of which the petals are narrow
and distant and radiant like a star.

Stellate ; radiating from a centre like a star.

Stellulate ; like minute stars.

Stigma ; the cellular part at the top of a carpel or style to
which the pollen adheres. at

Stigmatice disk; a broad surface at the top of the style, or
forming the whole of it, upon which the stigmas are
placed.

Stipe ; the stalk of Ferns up to the lowest pinna.

Stipules ; leaflike appendages at the base of the petiole.

Stipulodes ; spines beneath the whorls of branches in Chara.

Stole ; a lax trailing shoot from the crown of the root, rooting
at intervals.

Stoloniferous ; having stoles. :

Stomates ; minute organic openings in the skin of plants.

Strapshaped ; not very narrow nor long, and with nearly
parallel sides.

Streak; a straight line of peculiar colour or structure, or a
furrow.

Strie ; very slight furrows or ridges.

Striate ; with slender streaks or furrows.

XXVH1 GLOSSARY.

Striped ; having coloured streaks.
Stripes ; the vittee of Umbellifers.
Style; the space between the ovary and stigma.

Stylopode ; a fleshy disc crowning the ovary and supporting
the style of Umbellifers.
Sub ; in composition means a near approach to; as subrotund

_ _ is nearly round.

Subulate ; awlshaped, tapering from the base to a fine point, a
long narrow triangle.

Sucker ; a stem produced at the end of an underground shoot.

Supertor ; above any thing ; a calyx is superior when its tube
is wholly attached to the ovary, half-superior when
attached. only to the lower half of it ; an ovary is superior
when wholly free from the calyx; a part of a flower
placed next to the axis.

Suspended ovules hang down from near the top of the ovary.

Suture ; the line of junction of similar organs cohering.

Swordshaped ; very long, narrow, nearly parallel-sided, sharp-
edged, acute.

Sympode ; a stem formed of a series of superposed branches
so as to resemble-a continuous axis.

Syncarpous ; fruit formed of cohering carpels.

Syngenesious flowers form a head and have 5 stamens with
united anthers.

Tailed ; having a long slender point.
Tasagiehile ; resembling a silken tassel or painter’s camel’s-hair
encil. ,

Tendril ; a twisting slender organ for laying hold of objects,

Terete ; having a nearly round transverse section.

Ternate ; growing in threes about the same point of a stem.

Testa ; the outer coat of a seed.

Testaceous ; brownish yellow.

Tetragonous ; with four angles and four convex faces.

Thorn ; an abortive branch with a sharp point ; distinguished
from a prickle by being woody.

Three-veined ; having three veins, usually of nearly equal size,
proceeding from the base. Sometimes leaves are falsely
three-veined when the ends of a series of lateral veins com-
bine to form a submarginal vein near each edge of the leaf.

Throat; the orifice of the tube of a gamopetalous corolla or
gamosepalous calyx.

Thyrsoid ; having a close-branched raceme of which the
middle is broader than the ends.

Tomentose ; covered with cottony entangled hairs, forming a
matted shagginess called tomentum ; felted.

GLOSSARY. XxXix

Torulose ; uneven, alternately elevated and depressed like a
knotted cord. é

Torus ; the part within the calyx to which the floral organs
are attached.

Transversely ; applied to forms like oval when attached by
one of their longer sides.

Triangular ; with three angles and three flat faces,

Trichotomous ; in forks of three prongs.

Trifarious ; arranged in three rows.

Trofid; dividing about halfway down into three parts.

Trifurcate ; forked with three nearly equal prongs.

Trigonous ; with three angles and three convex faces.

Tripartite ; divided into three parts nearly to its base.

Triquetrous ; having three angles and three concave faces.

Truncate ; blunt as if cut off at the end.

Tube aca pipe formed by the cohesion of the parts of a floral
whorl.

Tuber ; a thickened underground fleshy part of the stem.

Lubercles ; little round knobs.

Pubercular ; tubercled ; covered with little knobs.

Tuberous ; like a tuber, but not part of the stem.

Tubular ; hollow and nearly cylindrical.

Tumid ; swollen.

Turbinate; topshaped, conical, and attached by its long
point.

Two-edged ; compressed so as to have two sharp edges.

Umbel ; when many stalked flowers spring from one point and
reach about the same level. Parvtzal umbels are umbels
seated upon the branches of an umbel, when the umbel
forms a compound umbel.

Umbilicate ; peltate, but having the attached organ hollowed
to receive the top of the stalk.

Unilateral ; turned to one side.

Upper part of a floral whorl ; that next the main axis of the
stem ; posterior.

Urceolate ; like a pitcher contracted at the mouth,

Utricle ; a bladder-like covering as in Chenopodiacee, i.e. an
achene with a membranous pericarp. The envelope of
the nut of Carex.

Valvate ; having valves or parts of an organ opening like little
doors ; or organs touching only along their edges.

Veins ; bundles of vessels in leaves and their moditications.

Ventricose ; swelling unequally on one side.

Vernation ; the arrangement of leaves in a bud.

xxx GLOSSARY.

Versatile; swinging freely on its support, as an anther
attached by one point of its back.

Villose ; shaggy with loose long soft hair.

Viscous ; clammy.

Vitte ; linear receptacles of oil in the fruits of Umbellifers ;
stripes.

Viviparous ; bearing young plants in the place of flowers.

Wedgeshaped ; like a wedge, but attached by its point.

Whorl ; formed of similar organs arranged in a cirele round an
axis.

Whorled ; arranged in whorls.

Winged ; having leaflike or membranous expansions.

Wings ; the lateral petals of a Pea-flower ; the flat membranous
appendages of some seeds,

When two terms are combined, as ovate-lanceolate, it means
that the form or structure 1s compounded of the two, or lies
between them.

SYNOPSIS

$ OF THE

NATURAL ORDERS OF BRITISH PLANTS

Tuis Synopsis has been prepared for the purpose of facilitating
the discovery of the OrpER to which an unknown British
Plant belongs. J¢ must be used with caution, as a very slight
error will totally mislead, and often the character used is not
quite determinable, or is inconstant in some degree: I there-
fore am very far from advising the use of this Synopsis. The
student must always commence with the pair of characters
numbered 1 in the left-hand margin ; and having determined
with which of these his plant agrees, proceed similarly with
the group of characters referred to by the number on the
right-hand side of the page, and so on.

For instance, having gathered a Hawthorn, he finds it to
agree with the second character of number 1, the first of
number 3, the second of number 4, the thzrd of number 29, and
the first of number 30. It therefore belongs to ORDER xxvi.
RosacEm# and Suborder Pomea. Then turning to the body of
the Manual (p. 104), he will examine the specimen by the
characters given for that Order and its Suborder. Finding it
to agree with them, a perusal of the generic definitions placed
under Pomr# will show that it is a Crataegus. After a little
experience in the examination of plants, the eye becomes so
familiar with the principal Orders as to render this process

unnecessary, except in doubtful cases.
Xxxi

XxXxil SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS.

1 Leaves straight- or parallel-veined (belonging generally
to plants having 3-parted floral whorls or a 6-parted

perianth) + eases So Moseee. vac erussacecatmenceess: 2
Leaves net-veined (belonging generally to plants having
5- or 4-parted floral ne at Be aes ates, 3
2 Seedsam a sced-yesselo....-.. cee seeeneeneet iconppebtacseenes 62
Seeds apparently naked on an axillary scale or ina
fleshy cup and solitary. Male fl. in catkins. L,
linear on Subulaticspatc-nes:.sepeseceeesre lxxix. Conifere.
3-Fl. with a, calyx and: corollai::agpy/.Os....2+sce- cee davseeounesess 4
Fl. with a perianth (calyx undistinguishable from
corolla) ;orsmone satis .c-a Sees assaasaceenete eee 50
4 Corolla polypetalous, inferior ........... whl duc bebadbende dh. 5
Corolla polypetalous, superior.............cc000e Spee 29
Corolla gamopetalous (petals cohering), super OTs s<teccveee 34
Corolla gamopetalous, inferior...... Pp ene seas. BS
5 Ovaries many, distinct or united, each bearing a style
or solitary with one lateral placenta git. OMe UID 216
Ovary solitary ; placentas 2 or more, parietal or on the
dissepiments, not forming a central axis..ce.sssesseeee-- 13
Ovary solitary ; placentas central ............0sce..eeceecensees 17
6° Corolla repitlar 2/008 1) TRACOM BEA, ASE. . 7
Corolla irregular STEE sosmash Gilt masnbviag are pad. Bye y ge oO
7 Sepals distinct. Stamens hypogynous............. See ae 8
Sepals more or less combined below.............+. Sees
8 Stamens few. Anth. adnate; connective extending
beyond them............. sina hideabae past lames» Lovllaaceer.

Stamens indefinite, usually many (when few, alternate
with the petals). Anth. at top of filament, opening
by two longitudinal clefts .............1. Ranunculacee.

Stamens as many as and opposite to the petals. .Anth,
at top, of filament............... woreeeeedl, Berbertdacee.

* Tho leaves of these plants (Monocotyledones) are nearly always parallel-
veined. A few exceptions are Dtoscoreaceew (Tamus), Trilliacee (Paris), and
Aracee (Arwm), which will be found by following either series of characters.
Care must be taken not to confound leaves having parallel veins which are con-
nected by sumple transverse veins with net-veined leaves. The broad leaves of
Alisma, Potamogeion, and Hydrocharis are examples of the former. , Pinnatilid
leaves with linear lobes as in Anemone Pulsatilla, may be mistaken for parallel-
veined leaves; also the submersed leaves of Ranunculi.

+ The narrow leaves of some of these plants (Dicotyledones) are apparently
parallel-veined, They are chiefly aquatics:

Leaves divided in a pinnatifid way.

xxx. Haloragacee (Myriophyllum),
Leaves repeatedly forked............seceseees lxxiii. Ceratophyllacee.
Leaves simple... ...cccesee wet dbunchede xxx. Haloraygaceew (Hippuris).

SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXiil

9 Stamens as many as, or twice the number of the
petals, inserted at the base of the calyx. No

SiEpulestyaciiasek... Miarbosstee kant xxxlv. Crassulacee.
Stamens 20 or more, inserted on the calyx. Leaves
with stipules........00.ccsd. xxvi, Rosacee (in part).

10) Ligawesewathrstip lest wie. )..20ielccset sees esbeaciess.ctneze ee
Leaves without istipules.....2.c2ecvicpsiecsiuplet. add etossbanls

11 Stamens 10, mon- or diadelphous....xxv. Leguminose.
12 Stamens many free. Fruit of 1 or more follicles,
1. Ranunculacec (in part).

Stamens 6,.in two bundles................. v. Fumariacee.

13 Corollaiesular..(Petals 4... .cidalobus hw. acanst
Corollasrepular,: PetalsiSnutivi0. csnuiahobecitionsaaat
Corolla regular. Sepals and petals many, gradually
passing into each other............... ii. Vympheacee.
Corolle arrebulanet petite auacnsnqibecDl. auc

14 Sepals 2. Stamens many.............0.. iv. Papaveracee.
Sepals 4. Stamens tetradynamous........ vi. Cructfere.

15 Sepals equal, distinct, imbricate. Stamens 5,

x. Droseracee.
Sepals distinct ; 3 inner twisted in the bud; 2 outer

smaller or wanting. Stamens indefinite, many.
vill. Castacee.
Sepals equal, more or less united below. Stamens as
many or twice as many as the petals, from a shield-
hikewdisks 25.21. otoadhed .: xxvill. Tamariscacee.

16 Leaves with stipules. Sepals 5. Stamens 5, free.
ix. Vrolacee.
No stipules. Sepals 2 or wanting. Stamens 6, in two

bundles. Ovary closed..............05. v. Fumariacee.

17 C@alysoimbricatean. the bud.-...:......22litecise weed. leek <
Calyx valvate in the bud, or with distant lobes, Calyx
amadocoroll bf ragnlarilocce i). enna ii Mlee.. ads .sasnees

18 Stamens united into a column.............. xv. Malvacee.
Stamens free: ..4 siei.adst wos. aticodie a2 6h WEL Ahn.

19 Stamens hypogynous............2...cccseceeeee xvi. Trliacee.
Stamens perigynous, opposite the petals and equalling
them im numberi.cipisdlts.cerods els xxiv. Rhamnacee.

Stamens inserted in the tube of the calyx, alternating
with, or twice as many as, but below the petals.
xxvu. Lythracee.

CPO ono anre alah acces. ta lear aces beigdvenssecbitaaascerese a
Corolla irregular ....11.cceeseeecere s1se-XX, Balsaminacee.
2% Calyx fubular............- xiv. Caryophyllacee (Silenez).
Sepals distinct or slightly connected below..........-.++.--

22 Ovary 1-celled..............09 aresedaarct as dd- cf soausvdeueetacks
C

1l

14

16

20

18

19

2

2
2

=

i

2
3

XXXIV SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS.

23

24

28

29

30

31

Ovaryiomany -celledil.. . craisech 220. . Nise used. «Mlle BALERS
Stamens opposite the petals. Sepals 2.
XXXll. Pameaiaeace.

Stamens opposite the petals. Sepals 3—S...........0..5.

Stamens 10 or fewer. Stipules none.
xiv. Caryophyllacece (Alsinee).
Stamens 5. Stipules present. Petals distinct.
xiv. Caryophyllacee (Polycarpez).
Stamens 5. Stipules present. Petals subulate.
xxxil. Paronychiacee.,

Stamensrfrees. ..u--....000-eeon anti sescelldd ARMS. deh 59. codheldseh
Stamens polyadelphous.................. xvi. Hypericacee.
Stamens monadelphous or inserted in an hypogynous

TING 23. .ogsict. clio be. shaper... tsbeeaes eerie
Stamens 4—5. Stipules none.......:...... xxi. Linacee.

Stamens 10. Stipules none or united to the base of the
petioles. Cells of ovary 5; each many-seeded.

xxl. Oxalidacee.

Stamens 10. Stipules present. Cells of ovary 5; each

Aenea. OF cc cncuncat soso cee eee X1x. Geraniacew.
Styled... bud. adt.al batened aed. £. 5. dade ead
Styles 3—5. Anthers terminal......... xiii. Hlatinacee.

Styles 3—5. Filaments extending beyond the anthers.

Ixxx. Trilliacee.

Stamens 3. Petals 3. Fruit fleshy. xxi. Hmpetracee.
Stamens and petals 4 or 5, inserted in an hypogynous
diskat!. 6. agawaia....c.2lnead...8 xxl. Celastracee.
Stamens 5 or more. Petals 5. Caps. 1-celled, 3—4-
walwed). 2003 tlol7.... Rasa ee xi, Frankeniacee.
Stamens usually 8. Petals 5. Fruit winged, separating
into -tW.O. CAPSULES, ..---0«--043bsee stibt tt xvill. Aceracece.

Stamens 8—10. Capsules 5-celled, 5-valved.
xlvul. Hricacece (Pyrolew and Monotropez).
Ovary 1-celled with one pendulous ovule. Stamens
as many as and opposite to the petals.
xl. Loranthacee.
Ovary 1-celled ; placentas 2 parietal ; ovules many.
Stamens and petals 4—5, alternating.
xxxv. Ribesiacee.
Ovary 2—many-celled ; placentas central. Orapome.
Stamens many, indefinite. Fruit a 1—5-seeded pome.
xxvi. Rosacee (Pomee).
Stamens as many as and alternating with the petals,
Or twice as many Whol. MiAscss.2 sens I
Petals imbricate in the bud ..t..../.c. 0 le
Petals valvate in the bud. ....cccssecsesseesecseceeceecesee sense

24

28

30

SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXV

Petals twisted in the bud. Sepals valvate. Style 1.
Xxix. Onagracee.

32 Petals5. Stamens 5. Styles2. Inflorescence umbellate.
Seeds solitary............s:ceseeuee xxxvu. Umbellifere.
Petals 4—5. Stamens 5—10. Styles 2. (Calyx some-
times inferior.) . Capsule 2-valved. Seeds many.

(Fruit with two horns)...........2. xxxvi. Saxifragacee.
Petals 4. Stamens 4—8. Styles 4. Fruit of 4 hard
nts). ads.02 stosiia wlonisacese xxx. Haloragacee.

33 Fruita berry. Styles more than 2. Leaves alternate.
xxxvill. Hederacee.
Fruit a drupe. Style 1. Leaves opposite.
xxxix. Cornacee.
Fruit dry. Styles 2. Leaves alternate.
xxxvul. Umbellofere (in part).
34 Stamens inserted beneath an epigynous disk.
xlvii. Hricaceee (Vacciniez).

Stamens inserted with the corolla and free from it...... 35
Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla or between
IbSWODeS,.antanawe SiO. din aoce.eava te allel 36
35 Filaments free..... sluice. Quiet xlvi. Campanulacee.

Filaments united into 3 bundles...xxxi. Cucurbitacee.
36 Anthers united. Flowers in ahead. xlv. Composite.

Anthers freeteatic ait. SAU, « BaRAgiEs Solera bos Gdts Ha Oi
37 Flowers ina head. Calyx double.....xliv. Dipsacacee.
Flowers corymbose or CYMOS6.....:.04.c00ee0 si eesebbeeseeeees 38

38 Fruit a double indehiscent pericarp, 2-celled, 2-seeded.
xlu. Rubsacee.
Fruit dry, with 1 perfect cell, 1-seeded ; and often 2
empty cells. Stamens 1—3......xlin, Valerzanacee.
Fruit fleshy, with 1 or several seeds. Stamens 4—5.
xh. Caprifolvacee.
39 Ovary and fruit 4-lobed, separating into 4 small
1-seeded nuts. Style from base of ovary.........4..4. 40
Fruit of several follicles.
xxxiv. Crassulacee (Cotyledon).
Ovary and fruit simple. Style terminal........0...0..... 41
40 Stamens 5. Corolla regular. Leaves alternate.
liv. Boraginacee.
Stamens 4, didynamous, or 2.. Corolla 2-lipped. Leaves

oppositierat.detacwan..vacded.Jdic lvin. Labiate.

41 Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded. Calyx tubular. Stamens 5.

Styles bualloont gunclvishtose’ lxu. Plumbaginacee.
Ovary 1-celled, many-seeded........ 6. cedecadeeee deco eee 42

Ovary with 2 or more cells (but fruit sometimes 1-
Celled) ZiT. enccene siatangumredioubdecud teens do ROOK: s 44

XXXVi SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS.

42

43

44

45

46

47
48

Corolla scarious, regular, 4-parted.. Stamens 4. _
lxiti. Plantaginacee.
Corolla‘colounedbacsciic.l...c.ealgia. a. sepuibelee comes

Corolla irregular. Stamens 2.......lx. Lentibulariacee. .

Corolla regular. Stamens 4—5, opposite to the seg-

ments:of-the corollay...:..csteeeld.. Ixi. Primulacee.
Corolla irregular. Stamens 4, didynamous.

li. Orobanchacee.

Stamens hypogynous, scarcely attached to the corolla,

distinct...... xlvil. Hricacee. (ricer and Arbutez).

Stamens upon the corolla, filaments connected.
xil. Polygalacee.

Stamens upon the corolla, distinct............s..ceseeceeeeees
Stamens 2. Corolla regular ............s061. xlix. Oleacece.
Stamens 2 or 4, and didynamous. Corolla irregular...
Stamens 4 or 5, not didynamousi.ivs......disseseecseeebteeee

Ovary 2-celled, not lobed ; placentas central.
lvii. Serophulariacece.
Ovary 2—4-celled, lobed..........cc.c8. lix. Verbenacec.
Cells of ovary each with 1 or 2 ovules.........sssesisecssh---
Cells of ovary each with many ovules............:s.:0c0e0es-
Fruit fleshy, not bursting. Stigmas sessile.
xlviti. Aguifoliacee.
Fruit a capsule, bursting. Styles manifest.
hii. Convolvulacece.

49 Fruit a double follicle ..........0..5..s00cseee 1. Apocynacece.

50

51

52

Fruit 2- or imperfectly 4-celled. Leaves alternate.
lv. Solanacee.
Fruit 1- or imperfectly 2-celled, 2-valved. Leaves

Opposite t..1iLF. dis. Socal See li. Gentianacece.
Fruit 3-celled, 3-valved..s:i..c0.0.042.08 lii. Polemoniaceee.
Blowers notin caiteins) 0. 5: 08s .uitvecoleneateuersa deen bece ss
Male flowers in catkins............0.. Ixxvill. Amentiferc.

Flowers inconspicuous (rarely found). Plant formed
of minute leaflike fronds, floating treely.
xeiv. Lemnacee.
Ovary one, superior. Perianth sometimes wanting. ...
Ovary inferior! boc :ccauk. cniSasegnds deb NGas7 Danisco Same RR TE
Owames\many, distinct. ....c5:<s<c0n-.s0.cere eee. senneeeenceeeee
Stamens 1 or 8. Fruit not bursting, 1- or 4-celled, 1-
or 4-seeded. Limb of perianth of female flower
merpiminutestosd:d. vel)... keh xxx. Haloragacee.
Stamens 4 or 5. Fruit not bursting, 1-celled, 1-seeded.
Limb of perianth manifest .......... lxix. Santalacee.
Stamens 4. Style filiform. Ovary 4-celled, many-
Seed. edie tas. sical ahs tisd wnaanenamencecasis xxix. Onagracee.

43

45

46
47

48
49

51

SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXVli

Stamens 5, syngenesious ..1........4.00000- xlvy. Composite.
Stamens 6, on base of perianth. Style 1, trifid.. Fl.
dicecious <1). A0buypita:. cassie lxxxi. Dioscoreacece.

Stamens 6—12, epigynous. Style short. Stigma
radiant. Ovary 3—6-celled, many-seeded.
lxx. Avistolochiacec.
Stamens 8—10. Styles 2. Ovary 1-celled, 2-beaked,
many-seeded, opening like a cup.
xxxvi. Saxifragacee.
53 Sepals petal-like, deciduous. Anthers extrorse.
i. Ranunculacece (Caltha).
Sepals petal-like, persistent.- Anthers introrse.
i. Ranunculacee epi):
54 Fruit separating into several carpels. No perianth....
Fruit not separating into carpels............0+:000see eee
55 Carpels 4, not bursting. Stamen 1.
Ixxiv. Callitrichacee.
Carpels 3 or 2, opening, separating with elasticity.
lxxii. Huphorbiacee.
56 Leaves with stipullest>. 1.01 s.0.pec sie Leetieasen cee cdenebns
Leavis withoutistipules:.:.:.2.:.cs0se2s25.c20.0.seccsteccsoseess
57 Stipules sheathing the stem........... lxvi. Polygonacee.
Stipules attached to the petiole.
xxvi. Rosacee (Sanguisorbee).
Stipules free, deciduous. Ovary 1-celled. | Perianth
4—5-partedi. lation cat bella. lxxv. Urticacee.
Stipules free, deciduous. Ovary 2-celled.
lxxvu. Ulmacee.
Stipules. free, deciduous. Ovary 1-celled.. Female
perianth scale-like, open........lxxvi. Cannabinacee.
58 Flowers moncecious OF C10eCiOus........-....seceeedscaseneeeees
Flowers perfect or polygamous..........0.ceceeeeeceeeseeeeee es
59 Fruit fleshy. Male fi. each of one 2-celled naked
stamen crowded together on a spadix.
xcill. Aracee (Aree).
Fruit fleshy. Stamens 2 or 3. . Perianth of scales
imbricated in several rows.......... lxxi. Empetracee.
Fruit dry. Stamens 3 or more. Perianth tubular.
lxvi. Hle@aynacee.
Fruit dry. Stamens 12—20. Perianth 10—12-cleft.
Ixxiil. Ceratophyllacee.
60 Perianth hardened over the fruit.
xiv. Caryophyllacee (Scleranthez).
Perianth not hardened over the fruit ...............ccsee0ee
Perianth none. Fruit compressed linear and leaflike
at the end.....................xlix. Oleacee (Fraxinus).

55
56

57
58

59
60

61

XXXViil SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS.

61 Perianth 3—5-cleft, herbaceous.....lxv. Chenopodiacec.
Perianth 3-cleft, scarious............ lxiv. Amaranthacee.
Perianth tubular.. Stamens perigynous.

Ixvili. Thymelaceee. :

Perianth 6-—8-parted, herbaceous. Stamens hypo-

pynoaslilesnber Res... .scseecoseetones lxxx. Trilliacee.

62 Leaves net-veined. Floral envelopes whorled............
Leaves net-veined. Perianth none. Fl. moncecious,
OMS PACK [ALT Hw sence eons xcill. Aracew (Aree).
Leaves parallel-veined, persistent. Floral envelopes
witorledsrore HOMeN ss, Eset ids seteedeeee ee ess once nseeiess

Leaves parallel-veined, persistent. Floral envelopes
Apbrica tem bractlileen ws i600. 3.20 cncotesess eos sesecdesaw esos.
63 Perianth inferior. Flowers perfect...lxxx. Trilliacee.
Perianth superior. Flowers dicecious.
lxxxi. Dioscoreacec.
64 Ovaries several, each bearing a style or stigma...........
Ovary 1} inifefion tiv. 2uicsaqse.,.guie UMIKK (dds Reakeee raat
Ovary 4; SUMPCTLOTEC EL coc os'ac 0d bsncdeco ee oeece cat eee eee
65 Perianth 4- parted, inconspicuous or none.
xcv. Potamogetonacec.
Perianth 6-parted, conspicuous. Carpels not opening.
lxxxvi. Alismacee.
Perianth 6-parted, conspicuous. Carpels opening at
their inner edge...........-...04- lxxxix. Melanthacee.
66 Stamens and style united i in a central column.
Ixxxili. Orchidacee.
Stangens\freefrom the style ...........-.s.sccs.ceceseeececeees.
67 Perianth wholly petal-likel......cs2.0.ccescsssecsessecueuedsobee
Three outer segments of perianth resembling an herba-
CEOUS CALYX. 00... sscweweltCuhe Ixxxit. Hydrocharidacee.
All the 4 segments of perianth resembling an herba-
GeousicadyxS..oti.te.. doer. ed xl. Loranthacee.
68 Stamens 3. Anthers bursting outwards.
Ixxxiv. Jridacee.
Stamens 6. Anthers bursting inwards,
lxxxv. Amaryllidacee.
69 Perianth like a corolla of 6 petals. Flowers perfect...
Perianth more or less glumaceous, or partly coloured
On Wantitig Gish. 10. fee f. AULA ce aed EER |
70 Perianth petal-like, conspicuous. Fruit dry, bursting
With 3 valves....... Usk bt tae Ixxxvin. Liliacee.
Perianth petal-like, conspicuous. Fruit succulent, not
Durbin ge. weve eth eld ea Fad. lxxxvii. Asparagacee.
Perianth herbaceous, scale-like. Fruit baccate, not
POUTSEM, LISA. oA Meee xclll. Avracece (Orontez).

63

64

65
69

67
68

71

SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXX1X

71 Flowers perfect. Perianth 6-parted. Stamens 6.
xc. Juncacee.

MMW ETS THON OP ClOUS <-senci-g «<cnace<siv gan ctcwdsws'-ccaanso-<ances sa
MZ RNOWEISION ch SDAGIX reste eee. t, Oh JUDE SES
DAMIR WADTINE YS. A... ee 2S Fh ob ee hep - bokaath Cokes iecke
TOWELS’ SOLNEATY: fe voce sas ste sca es. cceees xevi. Vaiadacee.

73 Flower on a thick spadix. Spath wanting. Anthers
wedgeshaped, erect ; filaments long.

xcil. Typhacee.

Flowers on a thick spadix in a spath. Perianth none.
Anthers ovate ; filaments very short.

xcill. Aracece (Aree).

74 Flowers capitate. Stamens 2—5.....xcl. Hriocaulacee.

Flowers 2 in a spath, one male, one female. (Floating).

xciv. Lemnacee.

Flowers in two rows on one side of a spath, enclosed

by a fold of the leaf......00.......0... xevi. Naiadacee.
75 Leaves with entire sheaths. Anthers entire at the
ends I2. SIROTA... O7QH,. 10.8. 20 xevu. Cyperacee,

Leaves with split sheaths. Anthers notched at both

(2 01 Si ae Get ce RE ee xevilil. Graminee.

CLASSES, DIVISIONS, AND ORDERS

OF

BRITISH PLANTS.

Class I. DICOTY LEDONES.*

Stems when perennial composed of bark, wood, and pith.
The wood furnished with medullary rays and inereasing by
the addition of concentric layers externally. Leaves usually
net-veined. Cotyledons 2 or more, opposite or whorled.—
Each floral whorl composed of 5 or 4 parts.

Division 1. THaLaMIFLor#. Pet. distinct (rarely 0) and
as well as the stam. growing separately from the
sepals, hy por ynous...-.... <<. 2202: 2<---5eepee a ee page 1

Division 2. CaLycIFLornz#. Pet. distinct and, as well as
the stam., perigynous or epigynous............ -.....-.++- 82

Division 3. CoROLLIFLoR#. Pet. united, at least at the
base. Stam. mostly epipetalous............-.-s:sseeeeeeee- 182

Division 4. MonocHLAMYDE®. Only a single perianth
OF NOWC..< cence cecec0 sec cemanciins ainda eee ee ae 349

Division 5. GyMNOSPERM2. Ovules and seeds apparently
naked. Ovary and styles wanting. Perianth wanting. 390

Division 1. THALAMIFLOR#.
* Apocarpous.

1. Ranunculacee. Stam. polyandrous (rarely pent-
androus). Pistils usually many, of achenes or follicles.—
Rarely (in Actwa) a many-seeded berrylike carpel.......... 1

2. Berberidacee. Stam. 6 or 4, opposite the petals ;
anth. opening by valves from the bottom..............-.+++++- 16

1 The characters are drawn to suit our plants.
xl

DICOTYLEDONES.

** Appearing syncarpous from the fleshy disk enveloping

the ovaries.

3. Vympheacee. Polyandrous. Pet. many, seated
with the many stamens upon a fleshy disk.—Aquatic.
Rhizome prostrate in mud, Leaves floating..............+

*k* Syncarpous with parietal placentas.

4. Papaveracee. Polyandrous. Sep. 2, deciduous.
Retreat Stlb Me heat, is ai necreccccccsseesinasisaittZOvBOl OFBi

5. Fumariacee, Stam. in two bundles of 3 each ;
lateral anth. of each bundle 1-celled. Sep. 2, minute.
Pet. 4, irregular, one or more of the upper gibbous or
spurred at the base, Fl. very irregular..........0:....0..05..

6. Crucifere. Stam. tetradynamous. Sep. 4. Pet. 4.
=P ONUCTLONM Ue ext ee SASLeLk si Ose TEseoanacnasiaise dein sions slowsisowesicia

7. Resedacee. Stam. 10—24, from. an hypogynous
l-sided disk. Sep. 4—8. Pet. 4—8, irregular. Caps.
Opening)at, the top......hicisaclpnctiv ocpsaauac-ckloctiesvieesbic>

8. Cistacee. Polyandrous. Sep. 3, equal, and 2
smaller external. Pet. 5, regular, very deciduous...........

9. Violacee. Stam. 5; anth. on inner side of dilated
filaments which slightly cohere. Pet. 5, irregular; lower
PUTCO tevine caace cv ane POR Lat ILRI aEE wouhcros's PDI Ree AB Sae doce

10. Droseracee. Stam. 5. Cal. 5-cleft. Pet. 5,
regular.—L. bearing long hairs tipped with glands.........

ll. Frankeniacee. Stam. 4or more. Cal. 4—5-cleft,
furrowed. Pet. 4—5, regular.—L. with revolute edges,
not ¢landiulansly somiivines cic Ludkcieoasiowe: Gavedee.e.

eee Syncarpous with axile placentas.
+ FI. irregular.

12. Polygalacece. Stam. 8, in 2 equal opposite bundles.
PRM ONGC 3. ren caeiaosttasestcrtceetencneene cess sesniagagicewesnac

++ Fl. regular (except in Ord. 20).

13. Elatinacee. Pet.3—5. Stam. as many or twice
as many as the petals. Caps. 3—5-celled.—L. opposite.
Plants aquatio.... RPT I08 19, 8980 t IBV OO atu eas

xli

17

20

22

41

48

xlii CLASSES, DIVISIONS, AND ORDERS.

14. Caryophyllacee. Pet. 5 or 4. Stam. 8—10, rarely
5 or 4. Caps. 1-celled with a free central placenta.—L.
OPPOBIUC -. <2) --nsapes seals css as op tbe saatuaeeene sone res emeneeenEs

15. Malvacee. Pet: 5, twisted. Stam. many, mona-
delphous. Anth. 1-celled. Ovary of several carpels
round @& commonsaxis, ob, allermatese.sssce-ccseeseeees eee

16. Tiliacee. Pet. 5. Stam. many, free or polyadel-
phous. Anth. 2-celled. Ovary 5-celled—Trees with
Alternate. loavess cies ccsrscsescvsvsevccesccecessuscesssat eioeeme ss ode

17. Hypericacee. Pet. 5, twisted. Stam. many, in
3—4-buundles..S Anth. 2-celled !..!)0uG. ass. 55... Js:

18. Aceracee. Pet. 5 (in our plants), imbricate. Stam.
distinct, generally 8, on an hypogynous disk. Fr. of 2,
winged, 1-seeded nuts.—Trees with opposite leaves ........

19. Geraniacew. Pet. 5, twisted. Stam. monadel-
phous. Fr. of 5 carpels cohering together with their
styles round a long beaked persistent axis, from which
they ultimately separate with elasticity...............+ SBai

20. Balsaminacee. Pet. 5, irregular, the lateral united
in pairs, imbricate. Stam..5. Anth. slightly cohering.
Fr. of 5 carpels with elastic valves...............0..ssseeeeess eae

21. Oxalidacee. Pet. 5, twisted. Stam. 10. Anth.
free. . Caps. 5-valved.—L. usually ternate.......... .....s0006

22. Linacee. Pet. 4—5, twisted. Stam. 4—5, with

intermediate teeth, from an hypogynous ring. Carp.

separating but leaving no central axis ...............ceeeseeeee

(Ord. 48. Agurfoliacee with sep. free, cor. 4—5-parted,
stam. 4—5, an evergreen shrub, is sometimes placed here.)

_(Ord. 71. Hmpetracec with dicecious flowers, a heath-
like evergreen shrub, is sometimes placed here.)............

Division 2. CALYCIFLOR.
* Stam, and petals mostly perigynous.

23. Celastracee. Fl. greenish, Stam, alternating with
the petals and inserted with them in a fleshy disk
surrounding the ovary.—Trees or shrubs...........eseeseeeeees

50

69

71

-I

or

75

80

81

282

366

DICOTYLEDONES.

24. Rhamnacee., Fl]. greenish. Stam. opposite the
petals and inserted with them in a disk lining the calyx.
pe SATUS vo 2k cee Oe RSS hs em ems TEMS etd a siatiea

25. Leguminose. FI. coloured, irregular, papiliona-
ceous ; odd petal superior and external. Stam. 10, di- or
rarely monadelphous. Fruit a legume.......................55

26. Rosacece. Fl. regular; odd petal inferior. Stam.
usually many, perigynous. Carp. distinct when young,
and superior, or connate, or adnate to calyx (falsely
SMACAT NOUS AN Cw MLCTION) ba... crpeectih c= = sha yf os eae cqeeqerch ds

27. Lythracee. Cal. tubular. Pet. and stam. peri-
gynous. Ovary free, syncarpous. Style l..................

28. Tamariscacee. Sep. slightly connate below. Pet.
perigynous. Stam. from the edge of hypogynous ring.
Ovary free. Styles 3. Caps. 3-valved, loculicidal.—
Shrub with narrow spurred leaves........4......sseccteceeneeeaee

29. Onagracee. Cal. adnate to ovary, with 2—4 lobes.
Pet, 2—4. Stam. 2,4, or 8. Style 1... eee eee

30. Haloragacee. Cal. adnate to ovary, with a minute
limb. Pet. minute or 0. Stam. 1 or 8. Styles 1—4.—
Aquatic. Fl. usually unisexual. (Callitriche, p. 371, is
offen placedemere.) 14... 0 ANC.) DONOR WT. atle eo eT OND, |

31. Cucurbitacee. Dicecious (in our plant). Cal.-tube
adnate to ovary. Stam. 5, resembling 3 by cohesion.
Climbin® by“tendrils 4020307. 1.20 in atlol masadt

32. Portulaceew. Cal.-tube short ; sep. 2. Pet. connate
or free. Stam. 3—5, free. Ovary 1-celled ; placenta free,
PeNbralecs.0. 80 IOAN. S165 Ds. bin. melas. SetG Gab) Baby

33. Paronychiacee. Cal. 5-parted. Pet. minute resem-
bling barren filaments, or none, Stam. 5, or rarely 10.
ADyarvpine eee. «babe Ook eSe Mach Gos coca laa cesby deg chee icines

34. Crassulacew. Sep. and pet. each 5, rarely 3 or 4,
or 10—12. Pet. free or connate at the base. Stam. as
many or twice as many as petals. Carp. free, same
number as petals. Fr. of. follicles, ........4:.......60000eeeene-

35. Ribesiacew. Sep., pet., and stam. 4—5. Ovary in-
ferior ; placentas parietal. Style 2—4-cleft. Fr. a berry.

36. Saaifragacee, Cal, 4—5-cleft. Pet. 4, 5, or 0,
DecieynatA Ovary of 2 carpels combined below. Styles
SS OLINGiaeeremcr pees pes Pop resale veo py hesee, szasbeuceeseptepratast

xiii

83

83

104

141

142

143

147

148

148

149

xliv: CLASSES, DIVISIONS, AND ORDERS.

** Stamens and petals epigynous, round an epigynous
disk. Cal.tube adnate to ovary.

37. Umbellifere. Fl. umbellate. Fr, of 2 dry carpels
adhering by their faces to a common axis. Styles 2.
Stam. 5.— 1h altermnates’..5.....:pcscnces-cmp? - saeee eee ee ee,

38. Hederacee. Fl. umbellate. Fr. a 5-celled, 5-
seeded berry. Style 1. Stam. 5.—L. alternate............

39. Cornacee, Fl. regular, subumbellate. Fr. a 2-
seeded berry. Style 1. Stam. 4.—L. opposite.............

Division 3. COROLLIFLOR#.
* Corolla epigynous. Stam. epipetalous.

40. Loranthacee. I. opposite. Stam. 4, adnate to
and opedatte to petals.—Pet. scarcely connected.—Para-
SCA, 05... 5..cseeteees cevesne<$ etRdCR > aA TR ce ena

41. Caprifoliacee. LL. opposite. Stam. 4—10, alter-
nate with cor.-lobes, single or in pal@s...:......ccsse.0-eeeeee

42. Rubiacee. LL, whorled. Stam. 4—5, alternate
with cor.-lobes. F'r. a didymous indehiscent pericarp....

43. Valerianacee.. L, opposite. Stam. 1—3, fewer
than the cor.-lobes. Fr. with 1 perfect fertile cell and
L S@OG pics cakscoe eepace ag =+ de sonpen caeabe eats eee eerie ae

44, Dipsacacee. L. opposite. Fl. in involucrate heads
and with a free outer calyx and adnate inner one..........

45. Composite. Fl. in involucrate heads; no free
outer calyx or involucel. Stam. 5. Anth. cohering as a
tube round: style. :<.c. ee... ..225556ssstseecenes soe eeeeaeens tac eee

** Corolla epigynous or hypogynous. Stam. not
adhering to the corolla.

46. Campanulacee. Cal. superior. Stam. and cor.-
lobes 5, alternate. Anth. opening longitudinally—
Anthers free or connate. Herbaceous ........-..-:seseeseee ee

47. Ericacee. Cal. inferior or superior. Stam. 8—10
(5 in Lotseleuria). Anth. opening by pores or slits.—
Rrhall shrubsssis:: .<:de2 ctv. Gee We. aha Weillewneeenmnnceenens sco

160

180

181

190

192

194

270

DICOTYLEDONES.
*** Corolla hypogynous. Stam. epipetalous.

+ Cor. nearly or quite regular.

48. Aquifoltacee. Sep. free. Cor.4—5-parted. Stam.
as many as and alternate with cor.-lobes.—An evergreen

49. Oleaceew. Cal. 4-fid,or0. Cor. 4-cleft, or 0. Stam.
2. Anth. attached by back.—Trees and shrubs.............

50. Apocynacee. Cal. 4—5-fid. Cor.4—5-lobed. Stam.
4—5. Anth.attached by base. Ovaries 2, l-celled. Fr.
2 follicles.—Prostrate. Herbaceous..........2......20.02..005

51. Gentianacee. Cal. 4—8-fid. Cor. 4—8-fid. Stam.
4—8s. Anth. versatile. Ovary 1-celled, of 2 carpels......

52. Polemoniacee. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. 5-lobed, regu-
lar. Stam.5. Ovary 3-celled. Stig. 3-fid...................

53. Convolvulacee. Sep. 5, free or connate. Cor. 5-
parted. Stam.5. Ovary 2—4-celled.: Stig. 2...............

54. Boraginacee. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. 5-parted. Stam.
5. Ovary of 2, 2-parted carpels; each lobe 1-seeded.
Style from base of lobes, simple.—L. alternate, rough.
Pro ofh4iumtlets.cslteened . leuoientoM iceman.

55. Solanacee. Cal.5-parted. Cor.5-parted. Stam. 5.
Ovary 2- or sub-4-celled, many-seeded. Fr. a berry or
CRE PISTE RE Ce eee ee Ten ee 2 AND SND ERR PEEL she nts peut OD

63. Plantaginacew. Cal. 4-parted. _ Cor. 4-parted,
scarious. Stam. 4. Ovary 2—4-celled. Caps. opening
transversely. (In Littorel/a the fil. are moncecious, fem.-
cal. 3-parted, cor. urceolate, stam. hypogynous).............

+7 Corolla more or jess irregular.

56. Orobanchacee. Cor. 2-lipped. Stam. 4, didyna-
mous. Ovary: 1-celled. Caps. 2-valved, many-seeded.—
REGO IPATASILES x. -csuhetancistienccctaneectcesvesceriamenesnessuceante:

57. Scrophulariacee. Cor. 2-lipped or personate or
nearly regular. Stam. didynamous or rarely 2 or 5.
oes 2-celled. Style terminal. Caps. 2-celled, many-
Sepdo@ IAAT TAO ate eRe ML Ron loas RUQIATAUR.

58. Labiate. Cor. 2-lipped or nearly regular. Stam.
didynamous or rarely 2 or 4. Ovary 4-lobed. Style
from between the lobes. Fr. of 1—4, small, nutlike, 1-
seeded parts.—L, opposite. Fl. cymose, in false whorls...

xlv

282

283

283
284
289

289

291

298

300

304

321

xlvi CLASSES, DIVISIONS, AND ORDERS.

59. Verbenacee. Cor. scarcely 2-lipped (in our plant).
Stam. didynamous. Ovary 2—4-celled. Style terminal.
Fr. a capsule dividing.into:4 muts+,{t2cstt 200. ..f..-...ecsnecee- 337

60. Lentibulariacee. Cor. 2-lipped. Stam. 2. Caps.
1-celled, 2-valved ; placenta free, central ; seeds many.—
Piloating Plants... <.:-.-acaecs0)-+-c2<nenerneeksneeshac eee eateries erenee 337

61. Prumulacee. Cor. regular. Stam. 5, rarely 4 or 7,
opposite the petals. Caps. opening by 5—10 valves at
the top, or by a deciduous cap ; placenta central ; seeds
MANY POLY e yD wees ar cece er pac cert dac piece staan: 339

62. Plumbaginacee. Cor. regular, 5-fid, or rarely 5
free petals. Stam. 5, opposite the petals. Fr. a 1-seeded
ritricle Styles: bs. cc oss see acters orsign tak ee ose 344

*x** Cor. and stam. hypogynous.

63. Plantaginacee (in part). The genus Littorella
with moneecious fl., fem.-cal. 3-parted, cor. urceolate...... 347

Division 4. MONOCHLAMYDE.

64. Amaranthacew. Moncecious. Perianth3—5-parted,
scarious, persistent, inferior. Stam. opposite perianth-
segments. Caps. 1-seeded, not bursting. Style 0; stig.

A pT SINOLC nian scencssceree sense Tia ces oi s's ace an'enacieees ae meaeemca tices B 349

65. Chenopodiacee. Moncecious or perfect. Perianth
3—5-parted, herbaceous, persistent, inferior. Stam. op-
posite perianth-segments. Caps. 1-seeded, not bursting.
Styles, 2 or MOTE,« rahapanaveasd soe nak -na ki RRR See ee eee = 349

66. Polygonacee. Usually with perfect flowers. Peri-
anth 3—6-parted, herbaceous, or petal-like, inferior.
Stam. 5—8, perigynous or hypogynous, opposite perianth-
segments. Caps. 1-seeded,not bursting. Styles several.
—Nut often enclosed in enlarged perianth. Stipules
QULCH oiscesseccscseterporsccss cy eerverepeapemeen nea eastas ete tae 356

67. Eleagnacee. Dicecious. Male perianth 4-parted,
female tubular with 2—5-toothed limb. Stam. alternate
with perianth-segments, or twice as many, perigynous.
Caps. crustaceous enclosed in persistent inferior perianth.
—— SATU Pimasgs «ss sopra aie ois o's delet uy coe Ra Rates BSED CRIS ces 364

68. Thymelacee. Perianth tubular, 4—5-lobed, inferior,
Stam. 8 in our plant, on the tube. Ovary 1-celled, with
1 pendulous ovule. Fr. a nut or drupe.—Small shrubs... 364

DICOTYLEDONES.

69. Santalacee. Perianth superior, 3—5-lobed. Stam.
3—5, opposite perianth-lobes. Ovary 1-celled; ovules
several, pendulous from apex of central placenta.........

70. Aristolochiacee. Perianth superior, tubular above,
3-lobed, or with a dilated irregular limb. Stam. 6—12...

71. Empetracee. Dicecious. Perianth of hypogynous
scales imbricate in several rows. Stam. 3, free. Ovary
superior, 3—9-celled. Ovules solitary.—A small prostrate
eaMM SHIT ee eee ree coe ee tee erro etree crc ectnaeines

72. Buphorbiacee. Mon- or di-cecious. Perianth 3-
parted or 0. Stam. 1 or more. Ovary superior, 2—3-
lobed and -celled ; each cell with 1—2 suspended ovules.
Caps. opening with elasticity.—In Huphorbia many fi.,
each of one naked stamen, surround a pendulous 3-lobed
naked ovary, enclosed by a calyx-like involucre ............

73. Ceratophyllacee. Moncecious. Perianth of many
divisions. Stam. many, sessile ; anth. 2-celled. Ovary
superior, 1-celled. Style 1.—Submerged plants with
inconspicuous fl. and multifid leaves..........0..... eee

74. Callitrichacee. Moncecious. Perianth 0, but often
2 white bracts. Stam. 1; filament long; anth. 1-celled.
Ovary 4-angled, 4-celled. Styles 2. Fr. of 4, 1-seeded,
indehiscent carpels.—Aquatic plants................0...0000000

75. Urticacee. Mon- or di-ecious (rarely perfect).
Perianth inferior,4—5-parted ; in fem. fl. tubular, notched.
Stam. 4—5. Style filiform or 0.0.0.0... ee

76. Cannabinacee. Dicecious. Perianth inferior, of 5
sepals in male, open and hidden in scales of catkin in
female. Stam.5. Styles 2, long.—Long twining plant...

_ 77. Ulmacee. FI. 2-sexual, not in catkins. Perianth
inferior, bellshaped, 4—8-cleft. Stam. 4—8, on tube, op-
posite lobes. Ovary 1—2-celled. Styles 2. Fr. dry,
flat, winged.—Trees. LL. alternate, distichous, Stip. de-
PO RD een 5a on acres sop osinsenrepaseerrnaaarne

78. Amentifere. Mon- or di-cecious. Males in catkins.
Fem.-perianth 0, or adherent. Fr. bony or membranous
(or drupaceous in Myrica).—Trees or shrubs........0026...2.

Division 5. GYMNOSPERME.

79. Conifere. Anth. and ovules on the scales of sepa-
rate catkins or cones.—Trees or shrubs...:....:......00s0s0e8s

xlvii

365

366

366

xlvii CLASSES, DIVISIONS, AND ORDERS.

Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONES. °

Stem not separable into bark, wood, and pith; of cellular
tissue with vascular bundles embedded irregularly in it.
Leaves mostly alternate and sheathing, with parallel simple
veins connected by smaller transverse veins, rarely net-veined.
Cotyledon one, or, if more, alternate. Floral whorls composed
of 3 or 6 parts.

Division 1. Dictyocen%, Leaves net-veined. Floral -

ENVElOpPes WHOTIED so ccc, 5+ --cc0stsanapiy-e <5 coneeaeeeeeeeneaee = 392
Division 2. FLoripm. Leaves parallel-veined. Floral
envelopes whorled or wanting.............:.:2::seeeesseere 393

Division 3. GLuMIFER#. Leaves parallel-veined, per-
sistent. Floral envelopes rudimentary or wanting.
Flowers covered by imbricate bractlike scales......... 446

Division 1. DICTYOGEN 2.

80. Trzlliacec. Perianth inferior. FI. perfect.......... 392
81. Dioscoreacee. Perianth inferior. Fl. dicecious.—
Twining plants tis. ne. c cred: pesesend she co ds oaotaekee === eee aarbek GS 393

Division 2. FLORID.

* Perianth superior, petal-like. Syncarpous.
82. Hydrocharidacee. Dicecious. Fl. regular. Sep.

herbaceous. Pet. coloured.—Floating plants ................ 394
83. Orchidacew. Fl. irregular. Stam. 1—2, sessile,
adnate to central column bearing the stigma ................- 395

84. Iridacee. Fl. regular, of 6 petal-like parts.
Stam. 3, bursting outwards, Ovary 3-celled, 3-valved.... 407

85. Amaryllidacee. FI. regular, of 6 petal-like parts.
Stam. 6, bursting inwards. Ovary 3-celled, 3-valved....... 410

** Perianth inferior, apocarpous, or carpels separable

when ripe.
86. Alismacee. Perianth of 3 sepal-like and 3 petal-
like parts. Stam. 6. Fr. of many carpels.............00-+-+ 411

*** Perianth inferior, syncarpous.

87. Asparagacee. Perianth petal-like. Stam. 6 or 4
or 8; anth. bursting inwards. Fr. a berry.—Rhizome
CLEOPING..........c0eseeecesandeveybarsnme nensae dd anectinersny='yeis anainnehe 414

MONOCOTY LEDONES.

88. Liliacee. Perianth petal-like. Stam. 6; anth.
bursting inwards. Fr. a dry capsule.—Bulbous or with
FOG Of fleshy fibres 10 S277ethes. 0 ..c...c00.- 20s cennepcenreeseesees

89. Melanthacew. Perianth subherbaceous or petal-
like. Stam. 6; anth. versatile from below their middle,
Fr. of 3 follicles slightly connected or a 3-celled capsule.—
Tuberous, or with a creeping rhizome......... -....6eeseeeee

90. Juncacee. Perianth of glumelike scarious seg-
ments. Stam. usually 6; anth. innate. Fr. capsular,
3-valved, loculicidal.— Rushes ..................555 Paaceectnenaee

91. Briocaulacee. Perianth membranous, of 4—5
parts. Stam. 4—6; anth.attached by back. Fr. capsular,
membranous, 2—3-celled, loculicidal.—Aquatic plants.
L. tufted. Fl. in heads on naked stalks.......00....0....0....

*EEE Perianth wanting in our plants, or of 4 small
scalelike parts.

92. Typhacee. Moneecious. FI. closely packed in
cylindrical spikes, or in dense globose clusters, the males
uppermost. Fr. dry or spongy.—Water-plants ..............

93. Aracee. Moncecious with the male fi. uppermost,
or perfect, or a spadix and usually in a spath. Fr. suc-
culent.—Spath usually conspicuous. L. often net-veined.

94. Lemnacee. Monecious, FI. 2 in a spath (very
rare).—Small, floating, green, leaflike, proliferous...........

95. Potamogetonacee. Fl. perfect or moncecious, in
small spikes or clusters. Nospath. Ovaries 4; stig. 1,
sessile, subcapitate.—Aquatic plants...............::0::seeeeee

96. Nazadacee. Mon- or di-ecious, FI. solitary ina
spath. Ovary 1. Style 1; stig. filiform.—Aquatic
plants with linear leaves...... ERPs chet sector nrc

Division 3. GLUMIFER-.

97. Cyperacee. Anth. entire at the end, innate.
Leaf-sheaths entire.—Sedges...............cscssseecceeceeccneecees

98. Graminee. Anth. notched at both ends, versatile.
Lieat-sheaths, split.— Grasses ..............s.-e0sseernraeeceaeenrane
d

xlix

416

436

444

446

475

] CLASSES, DIVISIONS, AND ORDERS.

Class TI. CRYPTOGAME.

* Vascwlares. Stems with a few ducts amongst the |

cellular tissue. Producing spores (not seeds), which
develop into a prothallus which bears antheridia
and archegonia.

99. Hquisetacee. Capsules on the under side of the
peltate scales of terminal cones. Stems jointed, with
whorled branches.—Horse-tails. ............0.ccbe0teeeseeeeen scene

100. /%lices. Capsules on the edge or under side of
fronds, or rarely on separate branch of frond.—Fronds
usually circinate. 2. ./:P200. Ye hehe Ae Bee elated.

101. Marsileacew. Capsules in the cells of globular
coriaceous sessile or shortly stalked axillary receptacles..

102. Lycopodiacee. ea awe in the axils of imbricate
leaves or terminal spikes, 2—3-valved ..........00sccesceeeeeees

** Stems formed of one or more parallel tubes, verti-
cillately branched. Nucules and globules on the
branches.

103. Characew. Leafless, branched. Fructification of
red globules and ovoid nucules with a spirally twisted
coat, on the same or different plants....................0.e00s002

515

534

NATURAL ORDERS OF BRITISH PLANTS.

Class I. Dicotyledones.

Division I,
Order I.

II.

Til.

XVII.
XVIII.
XIX.
XX.
XXI.
XXII.

Div. II.
XXIII.
XXIV.

XXV.
XXVI.
X XVII.

XXVIII.

li

THALAMIFLOR#.
RANUNCULACE.
BERBERIDACE®.
NYMPH HACER.

- PAPAVERACE#.
. FUMARIACE.

CRUCIFER.
RESEDACE&.

. CISTACE A.

- VIOLACE,

. DROSERACE A,

. FRANKANIACE#.
. POLYGALACE.

ELATINACEX.

. CARYOPHYLLACE.
- MALVACE®.
- TILIACEA.

HYPERICACE®.
ACERACE#.
GERANIACE#.
BALSAMINACE#.
OXALIDACE.
LINACE A.

CALYCIFLOR#.
CELASTRACE#.
RHAMNACER.
LEGUMINOS&.
ROSACEA.
LYTHRACE®.
TAMARISCACE ®.

Order XXIX.
XXX.
XXXI.
XXXII.
XXXII.
XXXIV.
XXXV.
XXXVI.
XXXVII.
XXXVIII.
XXXIX.

Div. III.
XL.
XLI.
XLII.
XLII.
XLIV.
XLV.
XLVI.
XLVII.
XLVIII.
XLIX.
L.

LI.
Lil.
LITl.
LIV.
LV.
LVI.
LVII.
LVIII.
LIX.

ONAGRACE#.
HALORAGACE.
CUCURBITACE#.
PORTULACE.
PARONYCHIACE#.
CRASSULACE.
RIBESIACE 4.
SAXIFRAGACE.
UMBELLIFERA.
HEDERACE#.
CORNACE.

COROLLIFLOR &.
LORANTHACES.
CAPRIFOLIACEE.
RUBIACEA.
VALERIANACE ®.
DIPSACACER.
COMPOSIT#.
CAMPANULACE.
ERICACEA).
AQUIFOLIACES.
OLEACES.
APOCYNACE®.
GENTIANACES.
POLEMONIACE®.
CONVOLVULACES.
BORAGINACE Hi.
SOLANACER.
OROBANCHACE.
SCROPHULARIACES.
LABIAT®.

VERBEN ACE®.

li
Order LX.
LXI.

LXII.
LXIII.

Div. lV. MONOCHLAMYDEZ.

LXIV.
LXV.
LXVI.
LXVII.
LXVIII.
TRTNG
POX
LXXt.
NOG
XK
LXXIV.
LXXV.
LXXVI.
LXXVII-
LXXVIIL.
Div. V.
TXONG

Class II.

Division I.
1D).O.0.G
TPO.

NATURAL ORDERS.

LENTIBULARIACE®.
PRIMULACE.
PLUMBAGINACE ®.
PLANTAGINACE.

AMARANTHACE#.
CHENOPODIACE#.
POLYGONACE.
ELHAGNACE.

THY MELACE®.
SANTALACE.
ARISTOLOCHIACE®.
EMPETRACE.
EUPHORBIACE.E.

CERATOPHYLLACE.

CALLITRICHACE.E.
URTICACE#.
CANNABINACE.
ULMACE.
AMENTiIFER.

GYMNOSPERM &.

CONIFER ¥.

Monocotyledones.

DICTYOGEN#.
TRILLIACES.
DIOSCOREACE.

Division II. FLORIDA.

LXXXII.
LXXXIII.
LXXXIV.
LXXXV.
LXXXVI.
LXXXVII.
LXXXVIII.
LXXXIX.
XC.

XCI.
XCIl.
XCIII.
XCIV.
XCV.
XCVI.

HYDROCHARIDACE®.
ORCHIDACES.
IRIDACER.
AMARYLLIDACES.
ALISMACE#®.
ASPARAGACE.
LILIACE.
MELANTHACES.
JUNCACES.
ERIOCAULACE®.
TYPHACEX.
ARACES.
LEMNACE%.
POTAMOGETONACES.
NAIADACE®.

Division II]. GLUMIFER.

XCVII.
XCVIII.

CYPERACE®.
GRAMINEE.

Class II. Cryptogamee.

XCIX.
C.

Cl.
CIl.
CLIT.

EQUISETACE.
FILICES.
MARSILEACES.
LYCOPODIACE®.
CHARACER.

anth..
cal.
caps. .
carp. .
cor.

jf.

Sr.

ft.

gl.
interm.,
inv. .
ESE Us:
lt., lts.
nect, .
pan. .

ABBREVIATIONS

In the descriptions.

anther. ped. . . peduncle.
calyx. per. . . perianth.
capsule. pet. . . petal.
carpel. phyll. . phyllary.
corolla. pri § . prickle.
flower. segm. . segment.
fruit. sep. . . sepal.
feet. sb. ON . stem.
glume. stam. . stamen.
inch. SUGarc . stigma.
intermediate. stip. . . Stipule.
involucre. £S1RY, . plate.
leaves. term. . terminal.
leaflets. Trait . tribe.
nectary. var, . , variety.
panicle.

Books.

Annals of Natural History.

Curtis’s Flora Londinensis.

English Botany.

Supplement to E. B.

Flora Danica.

Journal of Botany.

Engl. Botany, Syme’s Edition.
Parnell’s Grasses of Britain.

The Phytologist.

Reichenbach’s Icones Florze Germanice.
Reichenbach’s Iconographia Botanica.
Sturm’s Deutschlands Flora.

liv ABBREVIATIONS.

Duration and Native Country.

Annual.

Biennial.

Perennial.

Shrub.

Tree.

England.

Scotland.

Treland.

Possibly introduced, but now appearing like a
true native.

Probably introduced, but admitting of some
slight doubt on the subject.

a : . Certainly naturalized.

! ; . After the name of a plant shows that an
authentic specimen has been seen.

lS hs
ee ee al

tet

I. IL. III. &e. represent the months of flowering, viz. Jan.,
Feb., March, &c. ; but they differ so much in different parts of
the kingdom that only an approximation to the true time can
be given.

When the Initial letter of the generic name is prefixed to
that of a variety, it is intended to show that the author quoted
considered it to be a species.

MANUAL OF BRITISH BOTANY

P.

P.

CORRIGENDA ET EMENDA

8, line 21; for “pelédtus (Schrank) ” read “aquatilis (L. em.
odr.).” :

20, 1. 15; for “ CapNorpEs ” read “ CoryDALIs.”

P. 49, 1.1; for “serpyllacea (Weihe)” read ‘“serpyllifolia

rg

FG

Fg

=

Coe Pt Bite

(Hose). i

. 60; Mrnuartra L. em. Hiern replaces Ausine L. em.

Wahl.: the species are JM. stricta (Hiern), J. verna
(Hiern), M/. rubella (Hiern), and J. tenwzfolra (Hiern).

. 66, 1. 24; for “ Hdmonstoni” read “ Hdmondstonii.”
. 81, 1. 10 from base; for “angustifoliwm (Huds.)” read

“ bienne (Mill.).”
82,].1; for “perenne (L.)” read “anglicum (Mill.).”
89, 1. 8 from base ; for “ All.” read “ Huds. em. All.”
95,1. 5 from base ; after “ ornethopodioides” insert “ (Bab.).”

99, 1.5; for “tenwissima (Schinz and Thell.)” read “varia
(Wilmott) ” and insert synonym “‘ Hrvwm varvum (Brot.).”

144-1599 tors ib ready ab.
159, l. 7 from base ; delete “ I.”

. 202; the trivial names under Hrigeron should have masculine

gender.

. 217, 1. 30; A. vulgare (Evans) is doubtfully valid: use

A. intermedium (Lange).

225, 1.3 from base ; for “ Leyssere (Wallr.)” read “ taraxa-
coides (Lacaita).”

. 228, 1. 21; for “Juss., et. Vill.” read “ Weber.”
. 228, 1, 22; for “ Vill.” read “‘ Weber.”
. 321, 1.4; for “ Buabaumii (Ten.)” read “persica (Poir. sec.

Lacaita).”

. 330; for “BruNELLA” read “ PrUNELLA,” which is the

original Latin form used by the apothecaries.

. 374, 1. 11 from base; for “nztens (Moench)” read “glabra

(Huds. em. Mill.). a

374, 1. 4 from base ; for “glabra (Huds. em., Groves)” read
* seabra (Mill.).”

lvi

MANUAL OF
PRITISH: “BOTANY:

~ FLOWERING PLANTS.

Substance composed of cellular tissue, woody fibre,
and spiral vessels. Epidermis with stomata. Flowers
with stamens and pistils. Embryo with cotyledons.

Class I. DICOTYLEDONS.

Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith. The wood
furnished with medullary rays and increasing by the
addition of concentric layers externally. | Leaves
mostly with netted veins. Cotyledons 2 or more,
opposite or whorled.—Each floral whorl composed of
5 or 4 parts.

Division I. THALAMIFLOR.
(Orders I—XX1.)

Petals distinct (rarely 0), and as well as the stamens growing
separately from the sepals on the top of the peduncle below
the ovary (hypogynous),

Order I, RANUNCULACE®.

Sep. 3—6, often petal-like. Pet. 5 or more, rarely 0. Stain.
usually many; anth. adnate, opening lengthwise. Carp.
many, distinet, or forming a single pistil. Seeds erect or
pendulous, albuminous.—Stip. 0, or adnate to petiole.

A

it)

1. RANUNCULACE.

A. Anthers extrorse.

+ Fruits (achenes) many, 1-seeded, short.

+ Sepals valvate in the bud.

Tribe 1. CLEMATIDEA. Achenes with feathery persistent
styles. Seed pendulous. Leaves opposite.

1. Clematis. Cal. of 4 or 5 sepals, Pet. 0. Carp. not
bursting, awned. Stam. and styles many. (St. woody.)

it Sepals imbricate in the bud.

Tr. Il. AVEMONE_L. Seed pendulous. Leaves radical or
alternate.

2. THALIcTRUM. Cal. of 4 or 5 sepals. Pet. 0. Carp. not
bursting, without awns. Stam. and styles many.

3. ANEMONE. Cal. petal-like, sep. 5—9. Pet. 0. Carp.
not bursting, tipped with the persistent sometimes feathery
styles, placed upon a thickened hemispherical or conical
receptacle. Stam. and styles many. (/7. envolucrate.)

4, Aponts. Cal. of 5 sepals. Pet. 5—10, without a honey-
bearing pore. Carp. not bursting, without ans. Stam.
and styles many. j

Tr. I. RANUNCULEA. Seed erect (except in Myosurus).
Pet. with a honey-bearing pore at their base.

5. Myosurus. Cal. of 5 sepals, prolonged into a spur at
the base. Pet. 5, with a filiform tubular claw. Stam. 5.
Styles many. Carp. not bursting, closely imbricate upon
a lony filiform receptacle. Seed pendulous.

6. Ranuncutus. Cal. of 5, rarely 3, sepals. Pet. 5, rarely
many, with a honey-bearing pore naked or covered by a
scale, Carp. not bursting, collected into a globular or
oblong mass. Stam. and styles many.

++ Fruits (follicles) many-seeded, bursting, long.
Tr. IV. HELLEBOREA. Stam. many. (Pet. small, often
abnormal or wanting.)
* Flowers regular,

7. Cauvua, Cal. of 5 petal-like deciduous sepals. Pet. 0.
Tollicles 5—10.

CLEMATIS.—THALICTRUM. 3

8. Trouiius. Cal. of 5 or many petal-like deciduous sepals.
Pet. small, linear, flat, clawed. Follicles many, sessile.
(9. Erantuis. Cal. of 5—8 petal-like deciduous sepals.
Pet. small, tubwar, with a long claw, 2-/ipped ; inner lip
very short. Follicles many sta/‘ed.]

10. HenLesorus. Cal. of 5 petal-like persistent sepals. Pet.
small, tubular, 2-lipped, clawed. Follicles 3—10, sess?/e.

11. Aqumrcia. Cal. of 5 petal-like deciduous sepals. Pet.

5, funnel-shaped, with along horn-like spur. Follicles 5.
** Flowers irregular.

12. DELPHINIUM. Cal. of 5 petal-like deciduous sepals, upper
sep. with along spur at its base. Pet. 4 ; 2 upper ones with
spurs included in the spurred sepal, or all combined into one
spurred petal. Follicles 1, 3, or 5.

13. Aconitum. Cal. of 5 petal-like sepals, upper sep. helmet-
shaped. Two upper pet. tubular, onlong stalks, concealed in
the helmet-shaped sepal. Follicles 3—5.

B. Anthers introrse. (Stam. arising from a glandular disk.)

Tr. V. PHONIE or spurious Ranunculacee.

14, Acrma. Cal. of 4 petal-like deciduous sepals. Pet. 4,
very small. Carp. 1, baccate, not bursting, many-seeded.

[15. Ponta. Cal. of 5 persistent sepals. Pet. 5 or more.
Follicles 2—5, many-seeded, bursting onwards. |

Tribe [. Clematider.
1. CLem’atis Linn. Traveller’s Joy.

1. C. Vital'ba (L.); st. climbing, 1. pinnate, leatlets ovate
acuminate entire coarsely serrate or incise-lobate rounded or
cordate below, petioles twining, sep. oblong downy on both
sides, fr. with long feathery awns.—Z/. 7}. 612. -R.iv. 64.—St.
woody, angular, branched, very long. Petioles acting as_ten-
drils—Hedges and thickets on a calcareous soil. Sh. VI. FE.

Tribe Il. Anemonew,
2. THaLic’TRUM Linn. Meadow-Rue.

1. 7. alpinum (L.); st. perfectly simple and nearly leafless.
raceme terminal simple, fruitstalks reflexed, carp. shortly stalked

4 1. RANUNCULACER.

tipped with the hooked style—Z#, B. 262. RP. iil. 26.—-St. 3—6
in. high, quite smooth. L. mostly radical, wpon long stalks,
twice ternate.—Higher parts of mountains. P. VI. VIL. E. 8.1.

2. 7. minus (L.); st. striate branched Jeafless but sheathed at
the base, stip. with spreading auricles, 1. 2—3-pimnate, Its. ter-
nate 3-cleft glaucous, petioles with angular ascending branches,
il. drooping, anth. apiculate, carp. fusiform 8-ribbed subcom-
pressed ventricose below externally.—St. 1—15 ft. high, usually
solid ; sheaths at its base rather lax. Fl. greenish yellow (as
are those of Sp. 3 and 4).—a. 7. dunense (Dum.); fr.-branches
often horizontal or declining, pan. usually broad and short.—
8. T. montanum (Wallr.) ; fr.-branches erect-patent, pan. much
narrower than in var. ¢.—Sand-hills. 8, Stony pastures. P.
dg EYS. I.

3. T. mdjus (Crantz em., Bab.) ; st. leafy to the base branched,
]. 2—3-pinnate, Its. 3—5-cleft, 7. drooping. anth. apiculate, pan.
with patent or reclinate branches.—e. 7’. collinum (Wallr.) ;
petioles with divaricate branches, stip. with reflexed auricles,
carp. narrowly elliptical. St. often 3—4 feet high, solid, striate.
T. flexuosum R. not Bernh.—8. 7. Kochii (Fr.) ; petioles with
patent branches, stip. with horizontal auricles, carp. ovoid.
E. B.611. St. often 4 ft. high, hollow, striate only below the
joinings.—e. Damp bushy and steny places, . Lake District.
P. VIL. VIII. E.-8. I.

4. T. fldvum (L.) ; st. erect furrowed, 1. bipinnate, Its. broadly
obovate or wedgeshaped trifid, panicle compact corymdbose,
a. erect, anth. not apiculate, carp. ovoid.—L. rather paler
‘beneath. Rootstock creeping.—a. 7. spherocarpum (Lej.) ;
pan. rather close, carp. ovoid. 2. ii, 4639.—8. 7. reparvum
(Jord.) ; pan. usually lax with ascending branches, carp. ovoid.
—y. T. nigricans (Jacq.) ; pan. interrupted with erect-patent
branches, carp. elliptic. &. i. 4640. 7. MJorisonit (Gmel.)
ed. vili.—In wet fields. P. VIJ. VIII. Common epee sce

8.1.
3. ANEMO'NE Linn.

1. A. Pulsatil'la (L.) ; fl. solitary erect, involuere sessile in
deep linear segments, I. doubly pinnate, leaflets pinnatifid with
linear lobes, carp. with feathery tails.—E. B. 51.—Fi. bell-
shaped, violet-purple, externally silky ; stalk 5—8 in. high.
Inv. silky, close to the flower, but distant from the fruit.—
Open calcareous pastures, rare. P.IV.V. Pasque flower. E.

2. A. nemordsa (1..); fl. solitary, sep. 6 oblong spreading,
inv. of 3 ternate or quinate stalked leaves with lobed and cut
leaflets, 1. similar, carp. pubescent keeled not tailed.—F, B. 355.
R. iv. 47.—Fl. white or purplish; stalk 4—8 in. high. Beak

ANEMONE.—RANUNCULUS. 5

about as long as the carp. Rootstock horizontal. Sep.
glabrous on both sides.—Groves and thickets, common. P. II,
—V. Wind-flower. B.S. 1

[A. apennina (L.) ; fl. solitary, sep. many lanceolate, involucre
of 3 ternate stalked deeply cut leaves, 1]. similar, carp. pownted
not tailed —#. #. 1062. R. iv. 47.—Fl. bright blue. . Root-
stock tuberous and roundish,—Scarcely naturalized. P.TV.]E,

[A. ranunculoi‘des (L.) ; fl. solitary or in pairs, sep. 5 ellipiae,
involucre of 3 nearly sessile ternate deeply-cut leaves, 1. similar
often quinate, carp. pointed downy not tailed.—#. 4, 1484.
R.iv.47.—F 1. ohio yellow. Sep.externally pubescent. Root-
stock horizontal,—Not native. P. IV.] ! i.

4, Ano'nts Linn. Pheasant’s Hye.

il. A. annua (L. em, Mill.); cal. glabrous patent, pet. con-
nivent, carp. without teeth collected into an ovate head and
tipped with a straight beak—H. B. 308. &. ii. 24.—A.
autumnalis (1.) ; pet. scarlet, black at the base, scarcely exceed-
ing the sepals. L. triply and copiously pinnatifid, segments
linear, St. about 8 in. high..-Corn-fields, rare. A. VIL. | E.

®* Tribe IIL Ranwicuiler.
5, Myosu’rus Linn. Mousetail:

1. VW. minimus (L.).—E. L. 435. R. ii. 1.—Scapes many,
single-flowered, 2—5 in. high. L. linear, fleshy. Receptacle
becoming very long (1—3 in.) with many oblong carp. Seed
attached to the upper part of the carp. and pendulous, the radicle
pointing upwards.—In damp places in fields, A.V. VI. EK.

6. Ranun'cuLus Linn. Crowfoot.

A. Fr-st. arching; carp. transversely wrinkled laterally
attached, pet. white (with a yellow claw in all owr plants),
nectary naked. BAaTRACHIUMS. F.Gray.. Water Crowfoot.!

* Submersed leaves twice or thrice 3-farcate with filiform
segments spreading in the segment of a sphere, rarely
wantmg. Receptacle hispid—(The submersed leaves
become stiff when old. The younger ones should be
examined.) ‘

1 We have identified four hybrids in this section—R. Loudotii x Drouetts,
KR. Baudotii x heterophyllus, R. peltatus x Lenormandi, and R. peltatus x
trichophyllus. No doubt further investigations will add many to the list.—
H.&J.G.

6 1. RANUNCULACE.

1. R. trichophyl'lus (Chaix em. G.G.) ; submersed 1. (blackish
green) closely trifurcate not collapsing into a pencil (tassel-like)
when taken from the water, segments short rigid, ped. not taper-
ing equalling or slightly exceeding the 1., fl. small, pet. obovate
5—7-veined not contiguous evanescent, stig. oblong, receptacle
globular, carp. }-obovate laterally apiculate compressed.—E.
B.S. 2968. St. 67.11. R. divaricatus Sitirank, OMe not rising
out of the water. Upper l. sessile, all dense. Floating |. very
rare (when it is 2. Godronii Gren. ! and also 2. radians Rev.!).
Stip. 5-adnate, large, round, auricled. Fr.-ped. short, thick,
arching, most curved near their base. Buds globose. FI. star-
like. Stam.exceeding the pistils. Stig. short but lengthening.
Receptacle as thick as peduncle. Carp. a little narrowed at the
end.—Ponds and ditches. P.V. VI. Water Fennel. E.S. I.

2. RK. paucistamin'eus (Tsch.) ; submersed/. (ight green) rather
loosely trifurcate, tassel-like segments flaccid, floating 1. (rare)
tripartite with subsessile or stalked wedgeshaped bifid segm.,
ped. not tapering about equalling the 1., fl. small, pet. obovate
5—-7-veined not contiguous evanescent, stig. oblong, receptacle
oblong, carp. }-obovate sublaterally apiculate inflated at the
end.—H. B.S.2967. R. Drouetii(F.Sz.).—Bright green. St.not
rising out of the water. Upper]. nearly or quite sessile. Float-
ing |. rare, evanescent ; lateral segm. stalked ang in a different
plane from the usually sessile deflexed middle segm. Stip. much
adnate, large, auricled. Fr.-ped. short, slender, bent at the base,
nearly straight above. Buds oblong. FI. starlike. Stam. ex-
ceeding the pistils, few. Fr.-receptacle as thick as peduncle.
Carp. with the edge flattish at the end, base of style small often
subcentral.—The plant from Rescobie referred to &. confervoides
appears to be a small wholly submersed form of this Satine
J. of B. xviii. 344.—Ponds and ditches. P. V. VI. ahs eae it

3. BR. heterophyl'lus (Weber. em., Bab.) ; swhmersed 1. loosely
trifurcate, segments long tassel-like, floating 1. subpeltate
tripartite with sessile or stalked wedgeshaped 3—5-lobed segm.,
ped. not tapering but narrowed scarcely exceeding the 1., fl. large,
pet. broadly cuneate-obovate 7—9-veined not contiguous persis-
tent, stig. oblong, receptacle conical, carp. 4-obovate, laterally
pointed.—R. aquatilis Sm. H#. B. 101.—St. not rising out of
the water. Fr.-ped. slender, curved near their base, nearly
straight above. Floating]. nearly circular. Stip. much adnate.
Buds slightly depressed and rather pentagonal. Fl. becoming
starlike. Stam.many, exceeding pistils. Stylehooked. Carp.
blunt, inner edge straight.—8. submersus, floating 1. 0, sub-
mersed ]. more dense and often rather less flaccid, fl. large,
stam. many.—Ponds and streams. P. V. VI. Hy I.

RANUNCULUS, 7

4. R. confiisus (Godr.); submersed 1. loosely trifurcate not
tassel-like, segments long rather rigid, foating /. long-stalked
subpeltate subtripartite with sessile obovate 3—5-lobed segments,
ped. slender gradually tapering exceeding the 1., fl. large, pet.
cuneate-obovate 7—9-veined not contiguous persistent, stig.
tongueshaped, receptacle ovoid-conic, carp. 5-ovate compressed
and narrowed upwards.—sSt. 82. 2.—Floating 1. semicircular,
flat, nearly tripartite, outer base of lateral segments rounded.
Stip. oblong, muchadnate. Budsglobular. FI. starlike. Stam.
many, exceeding pistils. Style recurved. Is R. salsuginosus
(Hiern) when floating 1. are wanting.—Ponds and ditches,
especially near the sea ; often in brackish water. P. Voor?

5. [R. triphyl'los (Wallr.); submersed 1]. loosely trifurcate
not tassel-like, segm. long rather rigid, floating /. lony-stalked
tripartite with subsessile wedgeshaped 3—5-lobed segments, ped.
slender tapering exceeding the |., fl. moderately large, pet.
cuneate-obovate 5—7-veined contiguous persistent, stig. ... . )
receptacle spherical, carp. $-ovate inflated.—Floating |. nearly
or quite tripartite, acute, or blunt, or with deep linear lobes at
the end.—Ponds and ditches. Guernsey. P. V.-—VII.]

»

6. R. Baudétu (Godr.) ; submersed 1. closely trifurcate, seg-
ments rather rigid not tassel-like, floating 1. long-stalked tri-
partite with sessile or stalked wedgeshaped 3—4-lobed segments,
ped. thick narrowed at the top exceeding I., pet. 7-veined not
contiguous persistent, stam. not exceeding pistils, stigma tongue-
shaped, receptacle long-conic, carp. }-obovate inflated at the
end.—h. B. §. 2966.—F loating 1. nearly or quite tripartite, the
base of all the segments wedgeshaped ; or often of many linear
blunt segments. Stip. much adnate. Buds globular but a
little flattened at the top. Fl. starlike. Stam. 15—20. Style
straight, beaklike and persistent below, recurved above. Re-
ceptacle thicker than ped., very tall. Carp. very many.—
R. marinus (Fr.) is a form which wants the floating leaves.—
Slightly brackish water or near the sea. P. V.—VIII.

BK. Sv 1.

7. Rk. floribun'dus (Bab.); submersed |. closely trifurcate,
segments rather rigid divaricate not tassel-like, floating 1. long-
stalked subpeltate }-trifid or tripartite with obovate 3—5-lobed
segments, ped. not tapering scarcely exceeding the L., il. large,
pet. obovate-cuneate 9—many-veined not contiguous persistent,
stam. many. exceeding pistils, strg. tongueshaped, receptacle
spherical, carp. }-obovate very blunt.—A. V. H. ser. 2. xvi.
397, #. B. S. 2969.—Floating 1. convex, divided more than

8 1. RANUNCULACEA.

halfway down, more’ than semicircular ; outer base of lateral
segments much rounded ; rarely with stalked segments. Stip.
broad, with a free rounded end: FI. starlike. Stam. 20—30.
Style recurved. Receptacle as thick as peduncle. Inner edge
of carp. nearly straight.—Ponds. P. V.—IX. EK.

8. Rk. penicilldtus (Bab.); submersed 1. loosely trifurcate
tassel-or whip-shaped subsessile, segments very long, floating I,
long-stalked subpeltate }-trifid or tripartite with obovate seg-
ments, each having two or three notches, ped. very long exceed-
ung the leaves, fl, large, pet. broad becoming obovate-cuneate
9-veined contiguous persistent, stam, many exceeding the
pistils, stigma . . . ., receptacle spherical, carp. $-obovate very
blunt.—S. penicillatum (Dum.), R. pseudo-fluitans (ed. vi.).— St.
wholly submersed. Floating |. semicircular or broader than
long, outer base of lateral segments much rounded. Often there
are no floating leaves, when it seems to be the &. aquatzile,
8. rivulare (Schur), R. pseudo-fwitans (Hiern). Submersed |.
often 3—4 in. long with the segm. lying close together almost
as in R. fuctans, flaccid and whip-shaped.—In water, especially
streams. P. V.—VIIL. peBIaL

9. R. peltdtus (Schrank) ; submersed 1. loosely trifurcate, see-
ments rather rigid divaricate not tassel-like, floating 1]. lone
stalked subpeltate nearly half 3—5-fid. with obovate segments
having 2 or 3 notches, ped. tapering exceeding the leaves, fl. large,
pet. round becoming obovate-cuneate 9-veined contiguous per-
sistent, stam. many exceeding pistils, stigma clubshaped, recep-
tacle ovoid, carp. }-obovate very blunt.— #. Lj. 2965. St. 67. 7.
B. truncatum Dum.—Floating |. 3-circular, convex, outer base
of lateral segments much rounded. Stip. adnate nearly through-
out. 7. sweet-scented, very large. Stam. about 30. Style
curved. Receptacle small. Inner edge of carp. nearly straight.
—R. elongatus (Hiern !), B. elongatum (Schultz) has very much
longer ped. but otherwise does not seem to differ, except that
the |.-segm. are rather less rigid.—In water and wet places.
P. V.—IX. Be ol,

10. R. tripartitus (DC.); submersed 1. loosely trifurcate, segments
very slender somewhat collapsing, floating 1. small deeply trifid with
rounded 2—5-lobed segments, the central usually as long as the lateral,
stip. roundish, upper free, ped. slender, about as long as the petioles,
altimately recurved, fl. very small, pet. scarcely exceeding the cal.,
stam. 5—8, stigma tapering, receptacle small roundish, carp. few obovate
inflated with a very smali beak jJabrous.—f. iii. 2.—A small slender
plant resembling Sp. 11 but at once distinguished by the well-developed
capillary submersed 1., the rare submersed 1. of R. intermedius having the
segments fattened. — Helston and Roche, Cornw. Baltimore, Cork,
My R. A. Phillips. P. 1V—VI-. EL,

RANUNCULUS. 9

11, R. lutérius (Bouv.): divided 1. rare rather rigid not
collapsing, floating or aerial, floating 1. subpeltate deeply trifia
with cuneate-obovate 2—4-fid lobes, pet. scarcely exceeding the
cal., style subulate terininal with a slender base, carp. un-
equally obovate much inflated with a nearly terminal point.
—R. tripartitus E. B. S, 2946 [not pe.]. BR. intermedius, ed.
viii.—St. usually suberect, aerial. L. {-circular, lateral lobes
with 3, middle with 2—4 crenatures. Upper stip. free. Pet.
pinkish. Stam. 5—10. Style deciduous. Inner edge of
carpels much rounded, Sometimes the petals are longer and 5-
veined.—Damp ground and wet ditches, rare. A. V.—VIII. E.

[R. hololevicos (Lloyd) having larger wholly white f1., a pro-
minent nearly terminal beak to the obovate carp. and rare
rigid not- collapsing submersed ]., should be looked for. ]

** Submersed ]. not as in Section *.—+ Receptacle hispid.

12. R. civeindtus (Sibth.) ; 1. all submersed and sessile trifur-
cate with repeatedly and closely forked rigid segments all placed
in one roundish plane not tassel-like, ped. tapering exceeding l.,
fl. large, pet. obovate many-veined nearly contiguous persistent,
stam. exceeding pistils, stig. cylindrical, receptacle oblong,
carp. 3-ovate compressed rather acute—#. ZB. S. 2869.—St.
submersed. L. sheathing, not auricled, forming a flat rigid
disk. Buds flattened at the top. Stam. 15—20. Receptacle
narrower than ped. Inner edge of carp. nearly straight.—
Streams and ponds, but not common. P. VI.—VIIT. E.S8. 1

t+ Receptacle not hispid.

13. R. fliiitans (Lam.); 1. all submersed about twice trifur-
cate with very long linear twice or thrice forked nearly parallel
segments, ped. tapering, fl. large, pet. broadly obovate many-
veined contiguous persistent, stam. falling short of pistils, stig.
cylindrical, receptacle conical, carp. obovate inflated much
rounded at the end laterally apiculate.—Z. B. S. 2870.—St.
submersed, usually very long. Petioles and stout segments of
1. often very long, together a foot in length. Stip. broadly lan-
ceolate. Buds shortly pyramidal, pentagonal. Pet. often more
than five. Stam. very short, many. Inner edge of carpels
slightly rounded.—s. R. Bachii (Wirtg.); slender, 1. short al-
most sessile finely divided, pet. narrowly obovate. [y- ? cambricus
(2. aquatilis var. cambricus Ar. Benn.); small and slender, fl, small, 1. with
few short segm.|—Rivers. 8. rare. [y. Coron Lake, Anglesey.

VI. VIL ESI.

10 1. RANUNCULACE.

*** Usually no divided submersed leaves ; receptacle not
hispid.

14. Rk. homotophyl'lus (Ten.) ; 1. all roundish cordate with
3—5 rather deeply divided lobes which widen from their base,
pet. exceeding cal., style terminal upon the ovate-conical ovary,
carp. unequally obovate with a terminal’ point.—Z. B.S. 2930.
R.coendsus(Guss.). R. Lenormandi(F.Sz.),—St. floating or creep-
ing upon mud. IL. not spotted, often opposite before the plant
flowers ; lobes very broad at the top, mostly with 2—3 notches.
Upper stip. very broad, }-adnate. Pet. narrow, obovate, 5-
veined. Stam. 8—10. Style nearly central on the ovary and
usually so on the carpel. Inner edge of carp. much rounded
towards the top.—Shallow ponds or mud. P. VI.—VIII. f

15. R. hederadceus (L.); 1. roundish cordate with 3—5
shallow rounded /obes widening to theiy base, pet. scarcely ex-
ceeding cal., style prolonging the innex edge of the ovary, carp.
>-oval or }-obovate with a lateral point.—#. B. 2003.—St
floating or creeping upon mud. L. usually spotted ; lobes
usually entire or with a central notch, often rather triangular.
Stip narrow, much adnate. Pet. narrow, 3-veined. Stam.
6—8. Style lateral upon both ovary and carpel. Inner edge
of carpel nearly straight.—A floating form occurs (=A.
homoiophyllus, auct. angl. not Ten.).—Shallow ponds or mud,
Ev 3 E.S. 1,

B. Fr.-st. straight ; carp, transversely wrinkled on the
middle of each side, basally attached, nectary naked.

16. F. scelerdtus (1..) ; root fibrous, lower 1. stalked tripartite,
segments blunt crenate, upper I. trifid linear entire or incise-
dentate, calyx reflexed, head of fr. oblong. carp.§ minute.—
#. B. 681. &. ui. 11.—Fl. very small; pale yellow. Nect.
round, open, bordered all round, rarely not bordered above.
Lower 1. broad, glabrous, shining. Stem 1—2 feet high, thick.
—By and in ditches and ponds. A. VI.—IX. Celery-/eaved
Crowfoot. ES. I.

C. Fr.-st. straight ; carp. not transversely wrinkled, basally
attached.

[R. alpestris and R. agramineus were probably recorded
through mistakes. |

+ L. undivided, fl. yellow, nectary nearly or quite naked
bordered.—L. nearly parallel veined.

RANUNCULUS. 11

17. R. scot'icws (Marshall) ; st. solitary, nearly erect not rooting at the nodes,
early root-l. numerous small deciduous without amine, later root- and lower
stem-l. larger with or without obtuse oblong-lanceolate lamine, upper stem-l.
lanceolate rather obtuse sessile or subsessile, pet. obovate-truncate, carp.
obovate pitted.—R. petiolaris Marsh. (not H. B. K.), J. of B. 1892, p. 289, t.
828.—Glabrous, |. entire. Nearly related to Sp. 18, of which it is perhaps
a variety.—Margins of Highland lakes. P. VI.—VIII. Bak:

18. R. Flam'mua (l.) ; /. ovate- or linear-lanceolate nearly
entire stalked, stem reclining at the base and rooting, ped. fur-
rowed, carp. obovate minutely pitted pointed.—E. Bb. 387. R.
iii. 10.—Stem 6—18 in. high ; sometimes procumbent and
rooting. L.sometimes serrate, hairy or glabrous.—Small forms
(var. radicans Nolte) are often mistaken for 2. reptans. A large
floating form from Cornwall may be var, natans Pers.—In wet
places. P. VI.—VIIT. Lesser Spearwort. E.8.-1.

19. R. rep'tans (L.) ; 1. linear entire, st. procumbent filiform
creeping, carp. ovate obtusely beaked.—Sy. E. J. 30. St. 82.
14.—St. rooting at every joining. FI. very small. A doubtful
species.—Wet places. Sandy shore of Ulleswater, Westm.
West end of Loch Leven, Kinross-shire. P. VI.—VIII. ES.

20. R. ophioglossifolius (Vill.) ; lower 1. cordate-ovate stalked,
upper |. oblong sessile amplexicaul, stem erect hollow, carp. ob-
liquely ovate margined twbercled with a short terminal point.
—F. B.S. 2833. FR. iti. 21.—Glabrous. Fl. small. St. about
1 foot high, branched, many-flowered, tapering below.— Hythe,
Southampton, Wa Groves. E. Gloster. St. Peter’s Marsh,
Jersey (said to be extinct). A. VI.

21. Rk. Lin'qua (L.); 1. long-lanceolate acute somewhat
serrate sesst/e amplexicaul, stem erect, ped. not furrowed, carp.
margined minutely petted, with a broad swordshaped beak.—
£. B.100. RK. vi. 10.—F I. large. St. 2—3 feet high. St. and
1. glabrous or with adpressed hairs. Early submersed 1. 8—9 in.
long 3 in. broad ovate-oblong blunt cordate at base.—-Marshes
and ditches, rather rare. P. VI. VIL. Great Spearwort.

E.'S. I.

+t L. undivided, fl. yellow, nectary with a scale.

22. R. Piedria (L.) ; root with fascieulate knobs, /. cordate
stalked angular or crenate, st. with 1—3 1., single-flowered, sep.
usually 3, carp. smooth blunt.—Z. B. 584. FR. iii. 1.—F 1. about
1 in. across ; pet. usually 8 ; rarely apetalous. St. 3—8 in. long,
weak, often producing axillary bulbs.—e. divergens ; lobes of
lowest ]. separate at base, lowest sheaths narrow.—8. incumbens ;

12 1. RANUNCULACE.

lobes of lowest 1. overlapping at the base, lowest sheaths broad
clasping.— Damp rather shady places, common. 4.o8'te
Pilewort. Pa: 1.

tit L. divided, fl. yellow.
+ Nectary without a scale, carp. smooth.

23. R.auricomus (L.) ; root fibrous, radical l.reniform 3—T-
partite with crenate or cut lobes stalked, stem-1. sessile digitate,
with linear or lanceolate more or less toothed segments, pedun-
cles round, calyx pubescent, carp. downy ventricose, beak
slender hooked.—Z#. B. 624. A. iii. 12.—Pet. often wanting.
Sep. yellow. Receptacle covered with cylindrical tubercles
upon which the carp. are seated. St. about 1 foot high.
Radical 1. sometimes very deeply divided (var. ineiszfolius Ti.).
—Woods and thickets, common. P.IV.V. Goldilocks. E. 8. I

tt Nectary with a scale, carp. smooth.

24. R. deris (L.)1; st. not bulblike, root fibrous, radical 1].
palmately tripartite, segments trifid and deeply cut, uppermost
stem-l. tripartite with linear segments, ped. terete, calyx pubes-
cent erect-patent. carp. oval glabrous margined, beak short mar-
ginal recurved, receptacle glabrous—E. B. 652. R. iii. 17.—
Hairy. Nostoles. St.2—feethigh. Beak about} thelength
of the carpel.Sometimes dwarf and 1-flowered on mountains.
—The variations R. Borwanus (Jord.) having the base of st.
glabrous, l.-segm. very narrow, R. vul/gatus (Jord.) having
usually an oblique or horizontal rhizome, and F#. tomophyl/us
(Jord.) having a premorse rootstock, have beenfound. ./.o7 b.
Vili, 257, x. 238. A var. with glabrous shining 1]. much more
bluntly cut than usual [var. pumilvs Wahl.| grows on Cairn-
gorm.—Meadows and pastures, common ; mountains. P. VI.
Vil. Upright Crowfoot. E.S.L

25. R. répens (L.) ; 1. with three-lobed segments, lobes 3-fid
and cut, ped. furrowed, calyx pubescent erect-patent, carp. oval
glabrous margined minutely pitted, beak longish slightly curved,
receptacle hairy.—L. B.516.—Root fibrous. Stolesstrong, leafy.
Primary stem usually erect, 10—12 in. high.—Meadows and
pastures, common. P. V.—VIII. Creeping Crowfoot. E. 8. I.

26. R. bulbdsus (L.); stem bulblike at the base, radical 1.
with 3 segments each tripartite trifid and cut, ped. glabrous

1 For an account of the vars. and forms, see Townsend, J. of B. xxxviii. (1900),
p. 379.—H. & J. G.

RANUNCULUS.—CALTHA. 13

Furrvowed, calyx hairy reflexed, carp. round margined. smooth,
beak short, receptacle hairy.—/, 4.515. FR. ii. 20.—St. about
1 foot high. Upper J. cut into narrow segments.—Meadows
and pastures. P. V.. Bulbous Crowfoot. K. 8. 1.

iit Nectary with a seale, carp. rugose or tubercular.

| R. dabelldtus (Desf.); root of short ovoid knobs and tibres,
stoles very slender with minute scales and ending in a young
plant, rt.-l. with 3 segments each 3—7-parted or 3-fid, st.-l.
1—2 with lmear segments, ped.-terete, cal. hairy spreading,
carp. many roundish, beak acute, receptacle oblong glabrous.—
R cherophyllus (auct.) ed. viii. J. of B. x. t. 125.—St. 6—
12 in. high, and, as well as the leaves, hairy.—Dry places,
St. Aubin’s, Jersey. P. V.]

27. A. sarddus (Crantz) ; root fibrous, radical]. with 3 stalked
trifid and cut leaflets, peduncles furrowed, calyx reflexed, carp.
round margined wth a. series of tubercles near the margin, beak
short curved, receptacle hairy.—R. hirsutus (Curt.) ed. viii.
#. B.1504. Ri. 23. R. Philonotis (Ehrh.) Koch.—St. 4—
18 in. high ; the smaller specimens are FR. parvulus L. Upper
]. in narrow acute segments. FI. pale yellow.—Waste land and
corn-fields, rare. A. VI.—X. 1) (SE

28. R. parvifidrus (.); root fibrous, stems spreading, 1.
roundish-cordate 3—5-lobed cut, upper |. oblong undivided or
3-lobed, calyx at first erect afterwards reflexed, carp. orbicular
muricate.—H#. B. 120, R. ii. 22.—Peduncles opposite the
vane? Pet. narrow.—Corn-fields and dry banks, rare. A. V.
VI. E. I.

+29. R. arven’sis (L.) ; root fibrous, radical 1. 3-cleft dentate,
stem-l. once or twice ternate with linear-lanceolate segments,
calyx erect-patent, carp, margmed heaked and spinous.—E. BL.
135. A. i. 21.—St.,.6—18 im. high. Fl. pale yellow.—
Oorn-fields. A. VI... Corn Crowfoot. E. S. I.

Tribe IV. Helleboreew.
7. CaL'tHA Linn. . Marsh Marigold.
1. C. palus'tris (L.) ; st. ascending, |. cordate rounded crenate.
—#. B. 506. R.iv. 101.—About a foot high. Fl. large. Sep.

bright yellow.—a. vwgaris; sep. roundish-ovate contiguous,
carp. spreading their beak very short.—8. C. cornitta (Schott) ;

14 1. RANUNCULACE.

sep. oblong-ovate not contiguous, carp. spreading their beak
long.—y. C. latifélia (Schott) ; 1. coarsely dentate throughout,
st.-l. broadly reniform, beak short.—é. minor ; st. decumbent
mostly ]-flowered, fi. small, sep. not contiguous, carp. erect
their beak very short.—e, zetlandica (Beeby)!; st. rooting,
5-8 in. long, fl. small.—-Marshy places, common. 6. Mountains.
e. Shetland. P. IIT.—V. iss. I.

2. 1 C. vadicans (Forst.) ; st. creeping, |. triangular, serrate-
crenate small, sep. not contiguous narrow.—£. B, 2175.—Base
of the 1. almost at right angles with petiole—Roscobie, For-
farsh. P. VY. VI. Ss.

8. Trou’tius Linn. Globe Flower.

1. 7. europe’us (L.); sep. 10-15 concave converging into a
globe, pet. 10 about equalling the stam., |. palmately 5-parted,
segments rhomboidal 3-partite incise-serrate.—Z#. 2. 28. KR.
iv. 101.—FI. bright yellow. Pet. ligulate. St. 1—2} feet
high.—Damp mountain pastures. P. VI. VII. E. 8. T.

9. ERAN’THIS Salish. Winter Aconite.

[* BE. hyemdlis (Salisb.) ; sep. 6—8 oblong.—_Sy. EB. B. 43. 2K.
iv. 101.—Radical ]. on long stalks, 5—7-parted, deeply cut
into linear-oblong segments. St. 4—6 in. high; invol. of 3
sessile leaflets just below the solitary yellow fl. Rhizome tube-
rous.—Naturalized in thickets. P. I. IIT] E..S.?

10. HELLEB’oRUS Linn. em. Salish. Hellebore.

lL. H. viridis (.): radical /. digitate stalked, stem-l. sessile
at the ramifications, st. few-flowered, calyx spreading.—E. b.
200.—Veins of the |. prominent beneath. Stigma erect. St. 1
foot high, annual. FI. greenish-yellow.—Thickets on a cal-
eareous soil, P. III. IV. Green Hellebore. Bear’sfoot. E.

2. H. faetidus (L.); 1. pedate stalked, st. leafy many-flowered,
calyx converging.—E. B. 613.—L. successively contracting up-
wards into bracts. St. 2 feet high, perennial. Fl. globose,
drooping, greenish tipped with purple.—Thickets in chalky
districts. P. UL. 1V. Stinking Hellebore. Setterwort. ¥.

1 Mr Beeby now places this under (. rvdicans which he regards as a subsp.
of C. palustris, distinguished from polustris proper by its rooting at the
nodes.—H1. & J. G.

AQUILEGIA.—PZONIA. 15

11. Aguite’cia Linn. Columbine.

1. A. vulgéris (L.); spur of the pet. incurved, limb blunt
any g short of the stamens, |. biternate, leaflets 3-lobed crenate.
B.297. R.iv. 114.—St. 2—3 feet high, slightly leafy. Caps.
thacal hairy. Inner stam. frequently = sige —Woods
and thickets and heaths, not common. P. VY. VI. EL

12. Decpurx'tom Jinn, Larkspur.

+1. D. Ajdeis (Linn? em. Gay); st. erect with spreading
es, racemes 4—16-fl., pet. combined, ovary atten
narrowed into a subulate style, follicle downy obliquely acu
minate. seeds with transverse contiguous wavy ridges. D.
Consolida L. sec. Sm. Sy..E. B. 47.—St. loosely and sparingly
branched; about a foot high. Fl of a vivid and permanent
blae, rarely red pmk or white. L. deeply multifid. Style
equal to about 2 of carpel—Sandy or chalky corn-fields.
Nearly extirpated. A. VL. VIL. K

[D.Consol'ida (L. em., diagn. DC. 1818): st. erect with patent
branches, racemes few-Howered, pet. combined, ovary narrowed
into style, follicle glabrous truncate short, seeds with transverse
interrupted ridges.—R. iv. 116—Mauch like D. Ajacis. Style
lateral.—Found once in Jersey and in Cornwall. A. VI. VIL]

13. Aconrtum Linn. Monk’s-hood.

Napel'lus (L.); pet. horizontal, upon curved stalks,
nies eae down, fi. racemose, young carpels diverging.—E. B.
S. 2730. R. iv. 92. Rootstock black, of 2 oblong “knobs, very
poisonous. St. 1—2 ft. high. Fl purple. Filaments slightly
hairy, with cuspidate wings. Pet. inflated above: lip broad.
Helmet open, hemispherical. Pedicels erect, downy.—Banks
of rivers and brooks, rare. P. VI. VIT. E

Tribe V. Peoniece.
14. Acrz’s Linn. Bane-berry.

1. A. spicata (L. em. Mill.) : raceme simple elongate, pet. as
long as the stamens, berries oval —E. B. 918. R. iv. 121. =A
stalked. biternate ; ‘Tts. ovate, trifid, deeply ent. St. 1—2 feet
igh FI. white. —Mountainous limestone tracts in the North.

15. Pzo's1a Linn. Peony.

(* P. mas'cvia (Mill.): 1. biternate. leaflets ovate entire
glaucous beneath, caps. downy recurved from the base. P.

16 2. BERBERIDACE®.—3. NYMPH HACE,

corwlina (Retz), #. B. 1513. A. iv. 128.—Roots fleshy,
knobbed, Herb 2 feet high. FI. large, crimson with yeilow
anthers—On the Steep Holmes Island in the Severn.
PLVi VI] K.

Order Il. BERBERIDACE.

Sep. 3 or 4 or 6in a double row. Pet. the same or double
that number. Stam. opposite to the petals. Anth. opening by
valves attached at the top and turning upwards. Carpel 1, 1-
celled ; seeds attached to the bottom or on a lateral placenta,
albuminous.—Stipules usually wanting.

1. BERBERIS. Sep. 6, deciduous. Pet. 6, each with 2 glands
at the base within. Stam. 6. Berry 2—3-seeded,

(2. Epimeprum. Sep. 4, deciduous. Pet. 4. Nectaries 4,
cupshaped. Stam. 4. Caps. podlike, many-seeded.]

1. BeR’BERIS Linn. Barberry.

1. B. wulgdris (L.); spines 3-parted, |. obovate ciliate-
serrate, racemes pendulous many-tiowered, petals entire.—Z. B.
49. fk. iti. f. 4486.—Height 6—s feet. Fl. yellow. Berries
red, oblong, slightly curved. Filaments curiously elastic.—
Hedges and thickets. Sh. V. VI. SS. 2 A,

2. Epime’pium Linn. Barrenwort.
LE. alpinum (1..) ; rhizome producing leaves and stems, stem-

1. twice ternate.—&. B. 488. PR. iii. f. 4485.—Lts. ovate-heart-
shaped, serrate. Pan. shorter than the 1. and appearing to
grow from the petiole. Fl. red with yellow nectaries.—

Subalpine woods. Nota native. P. V.] E. 8.

Order II]. NYMPHAACE AE.

Sep. 4—6. Petals many, seated with the many stamens upon
a fleshy disk more or less completely surrounding the ovary.
Stigma peltate. Fruit many-celled ; seeds many. in a gelati-
nous aril. Embryo in a bag on the outside of the base of the
albumen.-—St. prostrate, submersed. L. floating, falsely peltate.

1. NympH#a. Cal. of 4 sopal Pet. many, seated together
with the stamens upon a fleshy disk enveloping the
germen and passing gradually into them. Berry many-
celled, many-seeded. Stigma sessile, of many rays.

3. NYMPH ZACE®.— 4. PAPAVERACE®. Vi

2. NupHar. Cal. of 5 sepals. Pet. many, seated together
with the stamens upon the receptacle. Berry many-celled,
many-seeded. Stigma sessile, of many rays.

1. NympeHx’a Linn. em. Sm. White Water-Lily.

AV. alba (.); 1. roundish deeply cordate entire with
Groedites lobes, stigma of 12—20 rays. /#. B. 160.
R. vi. 67.—F. large, white, foating. Stig. yellow. Ovary
covered with the stam, almost to its top. Caps. dissolving
into pulp. Notch in the leaves. with nearly parallel sides.—
There is a small-flowered form (V. alba 8. minor DC.).—Slow
rivers, lakes and clear ditches. P. VII. ESS. 1.

2. Nu’pHar Sm. Yellow Water-Lily.

1. .V. liitea (Sm.); 1. oblong-cordate, sep. 5, stigma with
9—20 rays not extending to the entire margin, anthers
tinear.—E.. B. 159. R. vii. 63. 2} in. across, yellow,
smelling like brandy. Caps. bursting irregularly. Submersed
i thin, transparent, wavy, oblong cordate.—8. intermedia ;
fi. 15 im. across, margin of stigma wavy. Sy. Hi B. 55.
Nuphar inte ‘medium Ledeb.—Lakes and ditches.—P. VIL.
Brandy-bottle. E.S8. i

2. NV. pumila (DC.); 1. oblong deeply cordate with distant
lobes sep. 5, stuyma with 8—10 vays extending to the margin
and ‘orming acute teeth, ee subquadrate.—L, ~B. 2292. BR. vii.
65._Fl. yellow, small. s. furrowed upwards. Anth. not
twice: as long as broad. iS ee than V./utea. Submersed
]. thin, transparent, wavy, reniform.—In small Highland lakes,
and at Ellesmere, Salop. P. VIT. VIII. EK. 8.

Order IV. PAPAVERACE. '

Sep. 2, deciduous. Cor. regular, of 4 petals. Stam. generally
many, free. Ovary free ; placentas parietal, usually projecting ;
seeds many. Stigmasas many as the placentas, simple or lobed ;
the lobes of adjoining stigmas combining, thus appearing
Geely) to be opposite to the placentas. Seeds albuminous.
—Stip. 0.

*Fruit globular, oblong or clavate, opening by pores ; stigmas
radiant.

1. Papaver. Pet.4. Stam. many. Style 0. Stigmas 4—20,
radiant on a flattish disk. Caps. opening by pores beneath
the stigmas. Placentas like dissepiments.

B

18 4. PAPAVERACE.

2. MECONOPSIS. Pet.4. Stam. many. Style short. Strgmas
4—6, radiant, free. Caps. obovate, opening by pores be-
neath the style. Placentas filiform.

** Frut linear, opening by valves ; stuymas 2—4.

RorMeria. Pet. 3. Stam. many. © Stegmas 2-4, sessile,
radiant. Caps. 2—4-valved, 1-celled ; placentas distinct.
Seeds not crested.

ww

Guiaucium. Pet. 4. Stam. many. Stigmas 2, sessile.
Caps. 2-valved; placentas connected by a spongy dissepiment.
Seeds not crested.—A maritime plant with yellow flowers.

-

CuHELIDoNIUM. Pet.4. Stam.many. Stigmas 2. Caps.
2-valved, 1-celled ; placentas distinct. Seeds crested.

or

1. Papa’vEerR Linn. em. Vig. Poppy.

tl. P. Argeméne (L.); filaments dilated upwards, caps.
clavate hispid with erect bristles, stem leafy many-flowered,
1. bipinnatifid.—#. 5. 643. A. iii. f. 4475,—St. usually about
1 ft. high. Fl. small. Pet. distinct, fugacious, pale red, black
at the base. Bristles sometimes spreading. —In corn-fields. A.
VI. VII. E. 8. I

12. P. hyb'vidum (L.); filaments dilated upwards caps. roundly
ovoid hispid with spr eading bristles, sean afy many-flowered,
]. bipinnatifid—#. B. 43. RP. iii. "£4446. —Sap milky. FL
small. Pet. purplish, often with a dark spot at the base.—Sandy
fields, rare. A. VI. VII. EK. I.

+3. P. Rho'as (L.) ; filaments subulate, caps. roundly obovoid
without bristles, stem bristly many-flowered, 1. pinnatifid eat.—
E. B. 645. FR. ui. f. 4479.—F. large. Pet. deep scarlet, often
nearly black at the base. Peduneles with spreading hairs, or
(8. strigosum Boenn.) with adpressed hairs.—In arable fields,
common. A. VI. VII. Corn Rose. E. 8. I.

+4. P. diibium (L. em. Lamotte); filaments subulate, caps.
clavate narrowing gradually from the top throughout without
bristles, stig.-disk with patent edge, \. pinnatifid with distant
broad entire bluntish lobes, sap milky.—Cwrt. Lond. ii. 104.
P. Lamottet (Bor.).—St. 1—2 ft. high. Sap not turning yellow.
Fl. large. Pet. transversely oval, pale red. Ped. with adpressed
hairs. Stig.-disk of nearly ripe caps. like canes, obscurely
lobed.—Sides of fields. A. VI. VIL. K..S. I.

PAPAVER.—GLAUCIUM. 19

+5. P. Lecog’vi (Lamotte) ; filaments subulate, cups. clavate-
oblong suddenly narrowed near the base without bristles, steg.-
disk folded over the edge of the caps., \. bipinnatifid with distant
narrow entire acute lobes. Sap becoming dark yellow in the
air.—Sy. EB. B. 60.—St. 1—2 ft. high. Fl. large. Pet. usually
distinct, obovate-wedgeshaped, red. Ped. with adpressed hairs.
Stig.-disk with bluntly triangular lobes.—Sides of fields chiefly
on a caleareous soil. A. VI. VII. E. 8.

16. P. somniferum (L.); filaments dilated upwards, caps.
truly globular without bristles, 1: oblong unequally toothed am-
plexicaul.—Z#. B. 2145. A. iii. f. 4481.—Fl. large. Pet. bluish
white with a violet spot at the base. Whole herb smooth
[var. glabrum Wats.] or sometimes a few rigid spreading bristles
on the ped. and one tipping many of the teeth of the leaves
[var. hispidwm Wats.].—On sandy ground near the sea, and in
the Fens, rare. A. VII. K. I

2. Mreconop’sis 7g. Welsh Poppy.
1. WW. cam’brica (Vig.) ; caps. smooth, |. stalked.— FL, 4. 66.—
Caps. elliptic-oblong, beaked. St. many-flowered, about 1 foot
high. L. pinnate, cut, glaucous beneath. FI. large, yellow, on

long stalks.—Damp rocky and shady places. P. Velox VILE :

3. Romme’ria Medzh.

il. R. hyb'rida (DC.) ; pod 3-valved erect with a few rigid
hairs at its top.—#. &. 201. FR. wolacea (Medik).—Caps.
linear, 2—3 in. long. L. 2—3-pinnatifid, with linear nearly
smooth bristle-pomted lobes. St. about 1 foot high, usually
slightly hairy. Fl. violet-blue. Pet. falling before noon.—
moe corn-fields in Cambridgeshire and Norfolk, very rare.

Via VEL. K.

4. Guau'crum Crantz em. Medik. Horned Poppy.

1. G. fldvum (Crantz) ; st. smooth, stem-l. }-clasping sinuate,
caps. minutely tubercular-asperous.—G. /utewm (Scop.) ed. viii.
£. .8.—Glaucous. St. 1—3 feet high, stout, much branched,
glabrous or slightly hairy. Root-l. stalked, lyrate, lobed and
cut, hairy. Pet. large, golden yellow. Caps. 6—-12 in. long,
curved.—-Sandy sea-shores. B, VI.—VIII. iDetse lle

[C. corniculdtum (Curt.) ; st. pilose, stem-l. pinnatifid cut,
caps. hispid.— EB. B.1433. CG. phoeniceum (Crantz).—Pet. scarlet
with a black spot at the base.—Rarely found, on cultivated

i EK.

ground, A. VI. VIT.}

20 5. FUMARIACE®.

5. CHELIDO'NIUM Linn. em. Crantz. Celandine. -

Tl. C. madjus (.) ; ped. umbellate, 1. deeply pinnatifid, seg-
ments rounded and bluntly lobed. L. 5. 1581.—F. yellow,
small. Caps linear. St. 1—2 feet high. All parts full of
orange juice.—|8. C. laciniatwm (DC.) ; segments of the leaves
deeply pinnatifid, lobes incise-serrate.|—Waste places and old
walls. 8a very doubtful native. P. V.—VIII. KS:

Order V. FUMARIACE.¥,

Sep. 2 or 0. Cor. irregular, of 4 parallel petals, one or both
of the two outer pet. gibbous or spurred at the base. Stam. 6,
im 2 bundles opposite to the outer petals ; lateral stam. in each
bundle 1-celled. Ovary free, 1-celled. Style filiform. Stigma
with 2 or more points. Seeds albuminous.—Stipules 0.

1. Capnomss. Cal. of 2 sepals or wanting. Pet. 4, the upper
one spurred at the base. Stam. diadelphous. Pod 2-va/ved
many-seeded, compressed.

2. Fumarra. Cal.of2sepals. Pet. 4, the upper one spurred
at the base. Stam. Ginte ano ne: I’yuit a nut, indehiscent,
1-seeded.

1. Coryp’atis Vent. (Neckeria Scop.)

[C. bulbésa (DC.); root tuberous solid, 1. biternate cut,
lowest petiole a leafless scale, bracts palmate. —H,. B. v471.
C. solida (Sw.).—Lobes of the 1. ‘blunt. FI. purplish. St.a span
high.—Not a native, scarcely even naturalized. P. TV. V.| E.

liitea (DC.) ; root fibrous, |. triternate, bracts minute
aon quae seeds shining g eranular- -rugose with a patent
denticulate crest.—#. B, 588.—Lits. obovate, trifid. Bracts
shorter than pedicels. Fl. yellow. St. 1 ft. high, brittle,
spreading.—Naturalized on old walls. P. V.—VIII. Yellow
lumitory. E.S.

_ CU, claviculdta (DC.) ; root fibrous, leaves pinnate, pinnze
Lath footstalks ending in tendrils, bracts oblong acuminate.—
E. B.103.—Leatlets entire, elliptic. Bracts rather longer than
the pedicels. Fl. small, yellow or nearly white. St. slender,
climbing, 1—4 feet long. —Bushy places in hilly districts. P.
VI. VII. White ¢ ‘Limbing Fumitory. E.s.I

FUMARLIA. Pat

2. Fuma‘r1a Linn. em. Vent.’ Fumitory.

* Capreolate. Lower pet. narrowing gradually and slightly from
its middle upwards. Fr. not retuse.—St. erect, climbing
or diffuse. Fr. subecompressed, smooth. Raceme lax,
short, few-flowered. Sep..as broad as cor.-tube. L. flat.

1. F. capreoldta (1.); sep. ovate toothed [peitate) at least 3}
as long as the cor., fr. blunt its neck short and narrow, fr.-st.
patent or retlexed.—Sep. soon falling. Cor. large. Fr. not
regularly rounded vertically but squarish ; apical pits small and
deep.—a. speciosa (Jord.); fr. longer than broad, its neck
narrower than the tip of ped., fr.-st. recurved. Cor. cream-
coloured, tipped with red or pink. Sy. #. L.71.—8. I’. Borat
(Jord.)?; fr. broader than long, its neck very narrow, fr.-st.
patent, sep. large oval, Cor. purplish, tipped with dark purple.
Sy. EB. B72. Curt. ii. 145.—Borders of fields. “A. VI.—IX.

E. T.

2. I’. Bastar‘di (Bor.); sep. ovate toothed [attached at or very
near the base] not 4 as long as cor., fr. rounded at the top its neck
very broad, fr.-st. patent.—H#. B. S.2976. Sy. #. B.73.—Sep.
often persistent. Cor. large, dull white or pinkish, tipped with
dark purple. Fr. regularly rounded vertically ; apical pits
broad and shallow ; neck nearly as broad as the fruit.— Borders
of fields, chiefly in the West. A. VI.—IX. E. S. I.

3. L. murdlis (Sond.); sep. ovate toothed {peltatey not 5 as
long as the cor., f7. obovate rounded at the top its neck obconic
narrow, fr.-st. erect-patent.—Sy. #. Lb. 74. Ll. Dan. 2473.—
More lax than Sp. 1 and 2, cor. smaller and nearly black at the
tip. Fr. uniformly rounded at the sides and top, nearly pyri-
form if taken with its neck ; apical pits very faint.—Borders of
fields. A. VI.—IX.: E. 8. 1.

** Oficinales. Lower petal spathulate.

4, I’. officindlis (.) ; sep. ovate-lanceolate acute toothed nur-
rower than the cor.-tube, fr. obovate retuse, bracts. much shorter
than the fruitstalks, lts. flat.—Cwrt. 1. 14.—St. erect or diffuse.
Raceme long, many-flowered. Sep. broader than the pedicel,
about } the length of the corolla. Pet. rose-coloured. Fr.
rugose, broader than long.—Common. A. V.—IX. Dee ie

1 See appendix for another account of the genus.

“= Most authors agree in separating F. Borwt asa species. It seems to us more
nearly allied to F. mwralts and F. confusa than to F. capreolate.—H.&J.G. Mr
Pugsley, however, thinks the plant described above as ‘‘ 3 F. Boret” to be his F’.
purpwrec, while the ‘‘ & speciosa Jord.” is not Jordan’s plant but possibly his var
britannica. A. J. W.

22 6. CRUCIFER#.,

+5. F. micrantha (Lag.) ; sep. large roundish dentate broader
than the cor.-tube, fr. subglobose subapiculate, bracts longer
than the fr.-stalks, lts. linear channelled.—Z#. L. S. 2876.—St.
branched, diffuse. Pet. pale purple. Fr. rather longer than
broad.—Fields. A. VI.—IX. E.S. I.

6... parviflora (Lam.) ; sep. minute ovate acute cut, fruit-
stalk shorter than the obovate pointed fr. and equalling the bract,
its. lmear channelled.—Z#. B. 590. A. ili. 1.—Foliage yellow-
ish green glaucous. Lts. ascending. FI]. whitish, afterwards
pale purple.—Fields in Kent, Essex, Camb. [d&e.]. A. aie

7. F. Vaillan'tii (Lois.) ; sep. very minute triangular, /7.-s¢.
longer than the obovate pointed fr. and twice as long as the
bract, \ts. narrow flat.—#. B. S. 2877. R. iii. 1.—Foliage
greyish green glaucous. Lts. spreading. Fl]. purplish, after-
ee whitish.— Fields in the South and East, rare. A. 3

Order VI. CRUCIFER®.

Sep. 4. Cor. cruciform, of 4 petals. Stam. 6, tetradynamous ;
2 shorter opposite the lateral sepals. Ovary free, with marginal
placentas connected by a false septum. Stigmas 2, opposite to
the placentas (or, rather, alternate with them, lobed and com-
bining). Fruit a 2-celled and 2-valved caps. (or pod), the
valves opposite the shorter stamens, deciduous from the pla-
centas.—Stipules 0.

Suborder I. SILIQUOS A.

Pod (silique) long, not dividing transversely, linear or linear-
lanceolate, opening by 2 valves throughout ; dissepiment narrow,
but in the broadest diameter of the pod.

Tribe Il. ARABIDEA. Cotyledons accumbent (radicle late-
ral), seed compressed.
* Stigma 2-lobed.
1. Marruiota. Pod round or compressed. Lobes of stig.
erect gibbous or horned at the back.

2. CHEIRANTHUS. Pod compressed or 2-edged, with an ele-
vated longitudinal rib upon each valve. Lobes of stig. patent.
Seeds in a single row in each cell.

6. CRUCIFER A. 93

** Stigma a disk or head.

3. Nasrurtium. Pod terete ; valves convex, veinless. Seeds
irregularly in 2 rows.

4. BARBAREA. Pod terete; valves convex, with a prominent
longitudinal vib. Seeds in a single row.

5. Arapis. Pod compressed ; valves nearly flat, with a pro-
minent longitudinal rib or with numerous longitudinal
veins. Seeds in a single or double row.

6. CaRDAMINE, Pod compressed ; valves flat, veinless. Seeds
in 1 row; seed-stalk simple, filiform.

7. DenTaris. Pod lanceolate, compressed ; valves flat, vein-
less. Seeds in a single row ; seed-stalk dilated, winged.

Tr. I. SISY VBRIEA. Cotyledons incumbent (radicle dor-
sal), seed compressed. Seeds in one row.

* Stigma of two closely converging erect ovate lobes.

8. Hesperis. Pod quadrangular or subcompressed ; valves
keeled, somewhat 3-veined. Seeds in a single row.

** Stigma a disk with a thickened edge.

9. StsymMprium. Pod terete or rarely 4-edged ; valves con-
vex, with 3 longitudinal veins. Seeds in a single row,
smooth ; seed-stalk filiform.—S. Vhalianum has a tetra-
gonous pod with 1 strong conspicuous rib on the valves.

10. ALLIARIA. Pod terete ; valves convex, with 3 longitu-
dinal veins, the middle one prominent and strong, the 2
lateral slender and branching. Seeds in a single row,
striate ; seed-stalk flattened, winged.

11. Erystmum. Pod 4-edged ; va/ves prominently keeled,
with 1 longitudinal vein. Seeds in a single row ; seed-stalk
filiform.

Tr. UI. BRASSICE#. Cotyledons conduplicate (longitudi-
nally folded in the middle) ; radicle dorsal, within the fold.

12. Brassica. Cal. erect. Pod terete or angular. Seeds
globose, in a single row.

13. Stnapis. Cal. spreading (in the flower). Pod terete or
angular. Seeds in a single row.

24 6. CRUCIFER 2.

14. DipLoraxts. Cal. patent. Pod compressed. Seeds oval
or oblong, 7m 2 vous.

Suborder If. LATISEPT 2.

Pouch (silicle) short, not dividing transversely, opening
with two valves ; dissepiment in its broadest diameter.’

Tr. IV. ALYSSIVEZ. Cotyledons accumbent.

15. Atyssum. Pouch roundish or oval, compressed. Seeds
2—4 in each cell. Filaments simple or toothed or the
shorter ones with a gland or subulate process on each side
at the base.

16. Drapa. Pouch oval or oblong, slightly convex. Szeds
many in each cell, in 2 rows, not margined. Filaments
simple. ,

17. CocHLEARIA. Pouch globose ; valves very convex, dorsal
vein prominent. Seeds many. Filaments simple.

18. ArMoracra. Pouch oblong or globose ; valves very con-
vex, no vein. Seeds many. Filaments simple.

(Tr. V. CAMELINE. Cotyledons incumbent.

19. Cametina. Pouch subovate ; valves ventricose, with a
linear prolongation at the end which is confluent with the
persistent style.]

Suborder ITI. ANGUSTISEPT#.

Pouch (silicle) short, laterally compressed, opening with 2
boatshaped valves keeled or winged on the back ; dissepiment
narrow, linear or lanceolate.

Tr. VI. THLASPIDEZ. Cotyledons straight.

* Cotyledons accumbent or rarely incumbent.

20. TuLasrr. Pouch roundish, notched ; valves boatshaped
winged at the back. Seeds more than 2 in each cell. Pet.
equal, filaments simple.

1 In Cochlearia the valves are sometimes so convex that the pouch is laterally
compressed.

6, CRUCIFER 2. 25

21. Hurcninsia. Pouch elliptic, entre ; valves boat-shaped,
keeled not winged at the back. Seeds 2 in each cell. Pet.
equal, Filaments simple. Cotyledons rarely incumbent.

22. TeEspALIA. Pouch roundish, notched; valves boat-

| shaped, their back keeled below narrowly winged above.
Seeds 2 in each cell. Pet. equal or two outer ones larger.
Filaments with a little scale at the base of each within.

23. Iperis. Pouch ovate or roundish, notched ; valves boat-
shaped, winged at the back. Seeds 1 im each cell. Pet.
unequal, 2 outer ones much larger. Filaments simple.

** Cotyledons usually incumbent.

24, Leprptum. Pouch roundish or oblong, entire or notched ;
valves compressed, keeled or winged at the back. Seeds 1
mm each cell, Pet. equal. Cotyledons rarely accumbent.

25. CapsELLA. Pouch triangular-obcordate ; va/ves com-
pressed, keeled but not winged. Seeds many.

Tr. VIL. SUBULARIEZ. Pouch with a rather broad dis-
sepiment. Cells many-seeded. Cotyledons incumbent,
long, linear, curved back above their base, thus appearing
like 4 in transverse section.

26. SuBuLAR A. Pouch oval-oblong, laterally subcompressed ;
valves boatshaped.

Tr. VIL CORONOPEZ.. Valves not separating. Cells
one-seeded. Cotyledons incumbent, long, linear, curved
back above their base, as in Tr. VII.

27. Coronorus. Pouch broader than long, somewhat kidney-
shaped, entire at the end, or notched above and below and
almost 2-lobed.

Suborder 1V, NUCUMENTACE®.

Pouch (silicle) scarcely dehiscent, often 1-celled owing to the
absence of the septum.

Tre TX. ISAVIDEL.

28. Isaris. Pouch laterally compressed, 1-celled, l-seeded,
vale: keeled, eventually separating. Cotyledons incum-
ent.

26 6. CRUCIFER#.

Suborder V. LOMENTACE.

Silicle or silique dividing transversely into 1-seeded cells; the
true silique often barren, all the seeds being in the beak.

Tr. X. CAKILINE. Silicle 2-jointed.
29. CakiLE. Silicle angular, of two, 1-seeded, indehiscent

joints, upper joint deciduous with an erect seed, lower per-
sistent seedless or with a pendent seed.

30. CRAMBE. Silicle 2-jointed, upper joint globose with 1
seed pendent from a long curved seed- stalk s springing from
the bottom of the cell, lower joint barren stalklike.

Tr. XI. RAPHANEZ. Silique linear or oblong, terete or
moniliform.

31. RaPHANUS. Silique linear or oblong, tapering upwards,
smooth and indehiscent, or moniliform and dividing trans-
versely into 1-seeded cells, lowermost cell barren imper-
fectly 2-valved stalklike.

Suborder I. Saliquose. ‘Tribe I. Arabidew.

1. Marrarota Rk. Lr. Stock.

+1. M. inedna (R. Br.) ; st. shrubby upright branched, /. lan-
ceolate entire hoary, pods “cylindrical without glands. Sy.
E. B.1935. R. ii, 45.—F. of a full purple.—Clifis in the Isle of
by P.V. VI. Hoary Stock. FE.
MVM. sinudta (R. Br.); st. herbaceous diffuse, 1. oblong
Pe lower |. sinuate, pods compressed muricated with glands.
—f. B. 462. R. ii. 45.—F I]. purple.—South and South-west
coasts. B. VI.—VIII. Sea Stock. coe i

2. CHEIRAN THUS Linn. em. R. Br. Wallflower.

*1. C. Cheivi (L.) ; st. shrubby, |. lanceolate acute entire with
bipartite adpressed hairs, pods tetragonal.—£. 4.1934. AR. ii.
45.— Fl. yellow or tinged with red.—Old walls. P. es V. ;

cS. I.

3. Nasturtium &. br. Water-Cress.

. NV. oficindle (KR. Br.); 1. pinnate, Its, ovate or oblong
niboone sinuate-dentate, pet. white twice as long as calyx,
pods linear. TE. B. 855. FR. “ii. '50-—Pods patent. When

) Concerning Robert Brown's antliordiiais see Journ. Bot., 1912, Suppl, 11.

NASTURTIUM.—BARBAREA. 27

growing out of water it is slender with small leaves (WV. micro-
phyllum RB.) ; when remarkably luxuriant, many feet in length,
the stem often nearly an inch thick, and the leaves very large
and resembling thoseof a Sium,itis .V. si/folium (R.).—Rounning
water. P. VI. VII. Water-Cress: BE. 8. I.

2. V. sylves'tre (R. Br.) ; creeping, |. deeply pinnatifid, Its.
oblong or lanceolate cut, uppermost |. often nearly entire, pet.
yellow twice as long as calyx, pods linear.—E. 4. 2324.—
Fr.-stalks patent; pods patent or ascending, variable in
length, usually as long as their stalks, sometimes shorter.—
River-banks and wet places. P. VI.—VIII. Hoss

3. V. palus'tre (DC.) ; root fibrous, lower 1. lyrate, upper 1.
deeply pinnatifid, Its. oblong toothed, pet. yellow not longer than
the calyx, pods oblong thick.—.. terrestre (R. Br.). £. Lb.
1747.—F). small. Fr.-stalks patent or deflexed ; pods ascend-
ing, short, about as long as their stalks.— Wet places. Nip

eye

4. BaRBARE’A R. Br. Rocket.

1. B. vulgaris (R. Br.) ; lower 1. lyrate, upper parr of lobes
equalling the breadth of the \arge roundish subcordate terminal
lobe, uppermost 1. undivided toothed, pods adpressed obliquely
erect or patent with a subulate point —Z. B. 443. R. 1. 47.—
Pet. twice as long as the calyx. Flowering raceme lax. Pods
short.—I cannot separate B. arcuata (Sy. LE. B. 121)'.—In oan
places. B.? V.—VIII. Yellow Rocket. E. 8. 1.

2. B. stric'ta (Andrz. ex. Bess.) ; lower /. lyrate, upper purr
of lobes small much shorter than the breadth of the large oblong-
ovate terminal lobe, uppermost 1. undivided toothed, pods
adpressed with a subulate point—Sy. #. B. 122. AR. ii. 47.
B. parviflora (Fries.).—Pet. half as long again as the calyx.
Flowering raceme close. F]. much smaller than in B. vulgarvs.
Pods short. Lateral lobes of the lowermost 1]. very small,
often obsolete—By Thames near Kew. Yorkshire [&c.]|
B.? V.—VITI. E.

+3. B. intermédia (Bor.) ; lower 1. lyrate, upper pair of lobes
equalling the breadth of the cordate-ovate term. lobe, wppev /.
all pinnatizid, pods erect with a short conical point.—Sy. EB. B.
123.—St. with 2 or 3 angles, 13—2 ft. high. Raceme close.
Pet. exceeding calyx. Pods thick, short, angular.——Near Man-
chester. N. of Ireland. B. V.—VIII. acl.

) Syme distinguished B. arcuaia R. by the yellower-green colour, larger f1.,
more persistent pet., laxer raceme with longer spreading pods, longer styles and
smaller darker and narrower seeds.—H. & J. G.

28 6. CRUCIFER®.

i4. B. ver'na (Aschers.) ; lower 1. lyrate gradually larger
upwards, upper pair of lobes equalling the breadth of the sub-
cordate single terminal lobe, uppermost /. pinnatijid with linear-
oblong entire lohes, pods patent with a short thick point.—E. B.
1129. B. praecox (R. Br.)—Fl. moderate. Raceme close.
Pods long, torulose. Lower |. usually interruptedly pinnate.—
South of England. (American.) B. V.—VILI. ¥. I.

5. Ar’apis Linn. em., G.G. Rock-Cress.
* Seeds in one row.

1. A. hirsvita (Seop.); 1. hispid dentate, stem-/. truncate-
auricled or cordate at the base, auricles patent, pods erect narrow
straight.—#. B. 587.—St. 1 foot high, clothed with spreading
mostly simple hairs and many erect leaves. Sometimes the
hairs on the stem are adpressed and branched, or absent
[var. glabrata Sy.|. Root-l. narrowed into a footstalk.—Walls
and banks. B. VI.—VIII. ly SEU

2. A. ciliata (R. Br.) ; 1. glabrous and ciliate or hispid some-
what toothed nearly sessile, stem-/. sessile with a rounded base,
pods erect narrow straight.—/. #. 1746.—St. erect, glabrous.
L. glabrous, ciliate. Seeds without wings. St. and |. some-
times hispid [var. hispida Sy, |.—Rocks by the sea. Connemara,
Ireland. Lidstep, Pembrokeshire. B. VII. VIII. E. I.

3. A. stricta (Huds.) : 1. hispid and ciliate deeply sinwate-
dentate, narrowed into a footstalk, stem-/. sessile, pods few dis-
tant erect patent straight.—#. &. 614.—St. erect, glabrous, his-
pid below, 6—8 in. high. FI. rather large. Seeds winged at
the apex.—Limestone cliffs near Bristol. P. IV. V. EK.

4. A. alpina (L.); 1. clothed or fringed with 3—4-forked hairs, rosette-l.
sessile or narrowed downwards into a short winged petiole, stem-l. oblong acute
amplexicaul with distinct awricles, irregularly dentate sometimes with small
secondary teeth. Pods spreading or curved upwards, broad-obtuse. Seeds
roundish-oval, surrownded by a narrow membranous wing.—E. B. hii. Suppl. t.
117 a.—Stoloniferous. St. glabrous or hairy. Pet. white about twice the length
of the sep. Outer sep. gibbous at the base.—Cuchullin Mountains, Skye. Mr
H, C. Hart,—P. VII. VILL. 5

5. A. petre’a (Lam.) ; /. glabrous or with forked hairs lyrate-
pinnatifid or oblong-ovate nearly entire with long stalks, stem-/.
narrow nearly entire stalked, pods spreading slender straight.—
EL. B. 469.—St. erect or decumbent, 3—8 in. long, glabrous. FI.
large, white tinged with purple. Seeds oblong with a straight

ARABIS.—CARDAMINE, 29

wing at the end. [Very variable as to the shape and degree of hairiness
and serration of the 1. The varietal names hispida (DC.) and hirta (Koch)
have been given to the more hairy forms, and var. grandtfolia(Druce)= A. ambigua
DC.)? to a forin with large fl. and with 1. broader and mostly entire. |—Al pine
rocks in E. and 8. Glenade Mountains, Co. Leitrim, Ireland.
P. VIL. VIII. BASik

(#4. Zurrita (L.) ; 1. clothed with short forked hairs dentate
elliptic narrowed into a stalk, stem-l. deeply cordate-amplexicaul
long, pods flat with a thickened margin recurved from an erect
stalk, seeds with a membranous margin.—k, 5.178.—St. 1 foot
high, erect hairy. Fl. yellowish. Pods 3—4 in. long, without
any central vein but with many prominent longitudinal anasto-
mosing veins.—On walls at Oxford, Cambridge, and Cleish
Castle, Kinross. Become very rareif not extinct. B.V.| E.S.

** Seeds in two rows.

6. A. gldbra (Bernh.) ; radical |. stalked toothed hairy, st.-
]. glabrous entire clasping, pods slender erect.—7vrritis glabra
(L.) #. B. 777.—Very erect and straight, 1—3 ft. high. Fl.
pale yellow.—Banks and cliffs, local. B. V.—VII. E. S.

6. CARDAMINE Jinn. Bitter Cress.

1. C. tmpdtiens (L.) ; 1. pinnate, leaflets of the lower 1. ovate
3-fid, of the upper |. oblong lanceolate toothed or entire, petioles
of the stem-l. with slender sagitatte auricles, pet. linear or want-
ing.— 2. &.80. R. ti. 26.—Pet. erect, white. Distinguished by
| having:auricles at the base of its petioles.—Hilly districts, pre-

' ferring limestone. A. VII. VIII. ELS.

2. UC, flexuosa (With.); J. pinnate, leaflets of the lower 1.
voundish angled or toothed, of the upper 1. narrower, pet. twice
as long as the calyx, pods erect upon patent pedicels, stam. 6,
stylelong.—E. 8.492. R.ii.26. C. sylvatica(Link.).—F). small.
Pet. erect, white. St. wavy, more leafy than in C. hirsuta.
Root oblique, covered with fibres. In shady places. A. or B.
IV.—1X. E. S$. I.

3. C. hirsuta (L.); 1. pinnate, leaflets of the lower 1. roundish
angled or toothed, of the upper |. narrower oblong and entire or
broadly oval and sometimes incised, pet. twice as long as the
calyx, pods and pedicels erect, stam. 4, style equal in length to
ahout + the breadth of pod—Sy. E. B. 110. R. ii. 26.—F).
small. Pet. erect, white. St. nearly straight, rather leafy.—
In damp places. A. TV.—VIII. E. S. I:

30 6. CRUCIFERE.

4. C. praten’sis (L.); |. pinnate, leaflets of the lower |. roundish
slightly angled, of the upper 1. linear-lanceolate entire, pet. 3
tumes as long as the calyx spreading, stam. half the length of the
petals, st. terete.—#. 6.776. R. i. 28.—FI. large, lilac. Anth.
yellow. Style short. Lts. sometimes stalked and occasionally
acutely angular (C’. dentata Schultz). C. Hayneana R. having
many small narrow Its. resembles Sp. 3.—Moist meadows,
common. P.IV. Lady's Smock. Bes. 1.

5. C. amara (L.) ; 1. pmnate, /eaflets of the lower |. roundish-
ovate, of the upper 1. oblong, a// angular, pet. 3 times as long as
the calyx erect, stam. nearly as long as the petals, st. angular.—
£. B. 1000.—F I. large, white. Anthers purple. Style long,
slender. Stigma small. Stoloniferous.—Fl. sometimes pur-
plish-lilae (var. /ilacina F. B. White).—Moist meadows near
streams, rare. P. V. VI. Common Bitter Cress. E.S. 1.

7. Denta’r1a Linn. Coralwort.

1. D. bulbaf era (L.) ; st. simple, |. alternate, lower 1. pinnate,
upper |. simple, axils of the 1. producing bulbs.—#. LB. 309.
Cardamine bulbifera (Crantz).—Rhizome thick, with fleshy
toothlike knobs. St. 1—1} foot high. Lts. and 1. lanceolate,
serrate or entire. FI. large, rose-coloured or purple.—Woods
and shady places rare. P. V. VI. ES.

Tribe If. Sisymbriew.
8. Hes’peris Linn. em. R. Br. Dames’ Violet.

*1. H. matrondlis (L.); st. erect branched above, |. ovate-
lanceolate acuminate toothed, pedicels about as long as the
calyx, pet. obovate blunt apiculate, pods erect from a patent
pedicel terete.—#. B. 731.—F. lilac, “fragrant,” large and
handsome.—Pastures. B. V. VI. | Disihs

[Malcolmia maritima (R. Br.) has been found in Kent, but
is not a native. ]

9. Stsym’BRIuM Linn. em. DC. Hedge-Mustard.

1. S. officindle (Scop.) ; pods subulate adpressed to the stem,
1. runcinate-pinnatifid with 2 or 3 pairs of oblong dentate lobes
and a large hastate terminal lobe.— #. #. 735... RA. i. 72.—St.
1—2 feet high, with divaricate branches, upper part leafless.
Fl. small, pale yellow. Pods on exceedingly short stalks,
downy, sometimes glabrous (var. /evocarpum DC.).—Common.
A. VI. VIL. Hedge-Mustard.

SISYMBRIUM.—ERYSIMUM. dl

[*S. polycerdtium (L.) ; pods subulate spreading sessile ax-
illary about 3 toyether, |. lanceolate repand-dentate or subhas-
tate —Sy. £. 8.97. R. ii. 73.—St. leafy throughout, branched,
“prostrate.” Fl. small—Bury St Edmunds, naturalized. A.
VII. VIII.) E.

2. S. I'rio (L.) ; pods terete 4 times as lony as their pedicels
erect-patent, when young exceeding the fl., seeds oblong, L
runcinate-pinnatifid, lobes dentate oblong the terminal lobe
angular, lobes of the upper 1. lanceolate with the terminal lobe
hastate—Z. 8. 1631. A. ii. 75.—Erect, branched, st. and |.
glabrous. Fl. yellow. Pods narrow, linear. Pedicels slender.—
Near old towns, rare. A. VII. VIII. London Rocket. E.S. 1.

3. S. Sophia (L.); pods terete 3 times as long as the pedi-
cels erect-patent, seeds oblong, /. doubly or trebly pinnatijid,
segments linear or linear-lanceolate.—Z. B. 963. &. ii. 84.—St.
erect, branched, and as well as the 1. slightly downy. FI,
yellow. Pet. short. Pods linear, narrow. Pedicels slender.—
Waste places, not common. A. VI.—VIII. Flixweed. E. S. I.

4. S. Thalidnum (Gay); pods 4-angular linear ascending
twice as long as their patent pedicels, seeds oblong not striate,
1. oblong-lanceolate undivided toothed.—Arabis Sm. #. . 901.
Conringia /. ii. 60.—St. erect, slender, much branched, with
few leaves which are nearly all radical. Fl. small,;white. Pods
angular, not convex on the back as in the other species nor with
the lateral longitudinal veins so strongly marked.—On walls
and banks. A. IV. V. and IX. X. BK. .Ssc

LS. pannon'icum (Jacq.) (=S. Sinapistrum Crantz ?) is quite
established near Crosby, Lane. ./. of L. x. 239.]

10. Atita’R1a MW. Bieb. Sauce-alone.

1. A. officendiis (Andrz. ex M. Bieb.); 1. heartshaped the
lower ones reniform sinuate-dentate all stalked, pods erect-
patent much longer than their stalks, seeds oblong subcylindri-
eal striate—f. 1. 60. Sisymbrium Alliaria (Scop.) EF. B.
796.—St. erect, 1—3 feet high, slightly branched. L. large,
thin, veined, smelling like garlic when bruised. Fl. white.—

Hedge-banks. B.V. VI. Jack-by-the-Hedge. K.S. L

11. ErystmMum Linn. em., DC. Worm-seed.

1. #. cheiranthov des (L.); |. oblong-lanceolate slightly toothed
with stellate-tripartite hairs, all narrowed into a slight foot-
stalk, pedicels longer than the calyx 2- or 3-fold shorter than
the pods, ped. patent, pods suberect, seeds small many.—Z. B.

32 6. CRUCIFER ©.

942. #. 11. 838.—Seeds very small, so many in the pod as to be
nearly 2-rowed.' FI. smal].—Cultivated ground, rare. Wild
in the Fen country. B. VI.—VIIL. E.

[E. orien'tale (R. Br.) ; 1. oval-heartshaped blunt elasping the
stem, radical] ]. obovate, all smooth glaucous undivided entire.
—E. B. 1804. Ri. 61. #. perfolidtum (Crantz).—F1. white
or cream-coloured.—Fields. Introdueed. A. V.—VII.] E.

Tribe Ill. Brassicee.
12. Bras’‘stca, Linn. em. DC.
* Valves of pod 1-ribbed.

1. DB. olerdcea (.); 1. glabrous glaucous waved and lobed,
lower 1. lyrate, upper /. oblong sessile—E. B. 637. R. ii. 97.—
Rootstock stout, branched. St. thick, persistent, usually decum-
bent. L: very large thick somewhat fleshy. FI. large cream-
coloured. Raceme elongated before the fl. expand. Cal. erect,
adpressed. The wild state of the garden cabbage.—Sea-clitts
in South and West. B. VI.—VIIIL. W7ld Cabbage. E.S.? I.

2. F. campestris (.); radical 1. glaucous hispid lyrate-den-
tate, st.-l. glabrous ovate-lanceolate auricled clasping fl. sub-
corymbose.—e ; fl. pale orange (/ape).—p. L. Rapa (L.); not
glaucous, H. bright yellow (Z’wrnip).—y. B. Napus (Li. 2); glau-
cous, H. yellow (Rape), or (2. rutabaga L.) fl. buff (Srvede).
Noot-l. of all hispid.—See Watson and Dyer in /J/. of /. vil.
vill. and ix.—Fields and riverbanks. A. or B. VII. VIII. E. 1.

** Valves of pod 3-ribbed ; beak 1—8-seecded.

3. LB. monen'sis (Huds.) ; 1. stalked all deeply pinnatitid, lobes
oblong unequally toothed those of the upper |. linear.—Z. 2.
962.—F 1. yellow. St. usually prostrate, glabrous. L. glabrous,
mostly radical.—s. B. Cheiranthos (Vill.) ; st. 1—3 ft. high erect
leaty hispid below, 1. hispid. #. 4. S. 2821.—On the western
coasts, rare. B. or P. VI.—VIII. KvS.

13. SunaPis Linn. em. DU. Mustard.

1. S. nigra (L.); pods quadrangular adpressed, beak short
sterile subulate, valves 1-veined, lower 1. lyrate, terminal lobe
large and lobed, upper 1. lanceolate entire—/. &. 969. #. ii.
88. Brassica sinapioides (Roth.).—FI. yellow. Lower 1. large,
rough.—Willowy riverbanks, not common. <A. VI.—VIII.

black Mustard. E: 8. J

SINAPIS.—ALYSSUM. 33

2. S. arvensis (L.) ; pods subcylindrical knotty longer than the
conical compressed beak, valves 3-veined, ]. ovate the lowermost
sublyrate stalked, upper |. sessile—H. B. 1748. R. ii. 86.
B. sitnapistrum (Boiss.).—Scabrous. Fl. large, yellow. Pods
glabrous or rough with deflexed bristles ; beak with one seed ;
valves with faint intermediate veins. Stem 1—13 foot high.—
Corn-fields. A. VI—VIII. Charlock. E.S§. I.

+3. S.al'ba (L.); pods cylindrical knotty shorter than the
swordshaped beak, valves 5-veined, |. lyrate pinnatifid irregularly
lobed.—£. B.1677. R.ii. 85. B. alba (Boiss.).—F1. large, yellow.
Pods hispid. St. 1—2 feet high.—Cultivated and waste cal-
careous land. A. VII. White Mustard. HEpS2L

[S. inedna (L.); pods adpressed thick prominently veined
with a short 1-seeded beak, 1. lyrate hispid, stem-]. linear-lan-
ceolate, st. much branched.—Z. B.S. 2843. B. adpressa (Boiss.).
—St. 1—3 feet high, branches divaricate with few very small
leaves. Pods very short, glabrous or hairy, often scarcely
longer than their glabrous beak.—Sandy places in Jersey and
Alderney. B. VII. VIII.)

14. DretoraxtIs DC, Wall-Mustard.

1. D. tenuifolia (DC.) ; st. woody below branched subglabrous
leafy, 1. glaucous linear-lanceolate very acute sinuate-dentate or
pinnatifid, segments linear remotely dentate, ped. very long,
pet. roundish-obovate with a short claw.—Sinapis Sm. £. B.
525.—Fl. large ; pet. blunt but slightly acuminate. St. 1—13
foot high. Plant foetid.—Old walls. P. VIL.—IX. E.S.1

2. D. murdlis (DC.) ; st. herbaceous simple hispid and leafy at
the base, 1. almost glabrous ovate-lanceolate sinuate-dentate or
pinnatifid, ped. as long as expanded flower, pet. roundish-ovate
with a short claw.—SinapisSm. £.£B.1090.—Pedicels as long
as the flowers. Pet. abrupt or emarginate. L. often blunt
never very acute.—We have two forms: (1) ]. all radical in a
rosette and st. simple ; (2) 8. Gabengtonii (Sy.), base of st. leafy
with axillary branches.—Waste ground. A. VIIT.IX. E.S8.?1.

Suborder II. Latiseptw. Tribe IV. Alyssinee.
15. Atys'sum Linn.

*l. A. alyssoides (L.); herbaceous hoary with starry pubes-
cence, ]. obovate-lanceolate attenuate below, pods orbicular

(e

34 6. CRUCIFER®.

stellate-pubescent, calyx persistent, filaments all toothless,
shorter ones from between 2 setaceous processes.--2. B.S.
2853. R.1i.18. A. calycinuwm (L.).—Cells of the pod 2-seeded.
Pet. yellow, becoming at length white.—Grassy commons, 8. ;
ploughed land, K. A. VY. VI. E

[A. maritimum (lam.); procumbent, hairs bipartite, 1.
linear-lanceolate acute, cal. deciduous, pods oval pointed
glabrous, cells 1-seeded.—#. 2. 1729. RA. ii. 18.—St. rather
woody below. Fl. white, sweet-scented.—Naturalized near
the sea. . P. VIII. 1X.] :

[A. incdnwm (M.) ; st. erect or ascending, hoary, 1. lanceolate,
cal. deciduous, pet. bifid, pods elliptic many-seeded.—A. ii.
22.— Escaping. |

16. Dra’Ba Linn. Whitlow-grass.
[* Pet. almost entire.|

1. D. wizoides (.) ; st. leafless glabrous, /. linear rigid acute
keeled glabrous ciliate, stam. equalling the slightly notched
petals, style as long as the breadth of the pouch.—#. J. 1271.
FR. ii. 15.—Fl. bright yellow. L. fringed with rigid hairs,
densely collected into cushion-like tufts.—On rocks and walls
at and near Pennard Castle near Swansea. P. III. IY. K.

2. D. rupes'tris (R. Br.) ; st. leatless or with 1 or 2 leaves
pubescent, /. lanceolate flat stellately pubescent, stam. shorter
than the slightly notched petals, style short.—D. hivta (Sm.).
E. B.1338.—Pouch long-oval, slightly hairy. St. very short,
branched, each branch bearing a dense tuft of leaves and 13
short scapes. FI. small. L. mostly entire—Tops of the
Scottish mountains, rare. P. VII. S

S.

3. D. incdna (.); stem-l. several, |. lanceolate stellately
pubescent toothed, pet. twice as long as the calyx, pouch longer
than its pedicel twisted, style very short.—£. 4.388. PR. ii. 14.—
Pouch nearly or quite glabrous, erect, lanceolate-oblong. St.
4—12in. high, simple or branched. FI. white—Extreme forms
are often taken for species, as D. contorta (Ehrh.), st. simple or
branched only at top densely leafy, pouch glabrous ; and the
more alpine state D. confusa (Ehrh.), st. branched only near its
base, 1. mostly rosulate, pods with stellate down.— Mountains
and sand-hills by the sea. P. VI. VII. K. 8. 1.

4. D. murdlis (1.) ; st. leafy branched, 1. ovate amplexicaul
toothed hairy, pet. “entire,” pedicels spreading horizontally

DRABA.—COCHLEARIA. 35

rather longer than the glabrous pouch.—E. B. 912. Rk. ii. 12:—

Pouch elliptic. St. 5—12 in. high. Fl. white. Pubescence

branched. Root-l. narrowed below.—Limestone hills. A.

TLV... B.S. 1
[** Pet. deeply 2-lobed. Hrophila DC.]

2

5. D. ver'na (1..) ;. st. leafless glabrous above, |. lanceolate
acute narrowed below hairy, pet. deeply cloven, pouch oblong
shorter than its pedicel.—F. B. 586. FR. ii. 12.—Pouch com-
pressed, {narrowed at both ends, or (D. prwcox Stev.) shorter and rounded
at the apex or (D. injlata Wats.) almost terete.]. ' Fl. white. L. en-
tire or toothed. Scape sometimes rather pilose.—Very variable
in minute points.—Very common on walls, banks, &c. A.
TL.—V. Common Whitlow-grass. E.S. I.

17. Cocuiea’R1a Linn. em., Koch. Scurvy-Grass.

1. C. officindlis (L.) ; radical 1. cordate-reniform stalked, stem-
/. sessile oblong sinuate clasping, pouch globose or obovoid, style
short.—EH: B.551.—Petioles long. Lower 1. entire or sinuate.
Seeds large. St. occasionally rooting and proliferous —Sea-
coast, mostly in muddy places. B.? VI.—VIIT. Common
Scurvy-grass. EOS. I.

2. C. alpina (Wats.); radical 1. broadly cordate, obtuse entire, or .some-
times obscurely lobed, upper stem-l. clasping triangular 3-lobed, or broadly
ovate 4-6-toothed, pouch oboyoid more or less tapering at each end, style
short.—Sy. E. B. iii. 131. A more slender plant than sp. 1 with smaller
1—p. C. micacea (Marshall, J. of B. 1894, p. 289, tab. 345-6). Pouch narrower
14-3 times as long as broad.—Mountains. B? VI.—VIII. E.S. 1.

3. C. grenland’ica (L.); radical 1. fleshy orbicular-reniform scarcely cordate
at the base entire, upper stem-l. sessile or shortly stalked varying from
elliptic-lanceolate to oyate-spathulate, pouch subglobose, style short.—J of B.
1892, tab. 326 a.—Usually a small tufted fleshy plant with many root-].—Sea-
shores. Haddington and North of Scotland. Donegal. B.? Sale

4. C, danica (L.); 1. stalked, radical 1, cordate somewhat
lobed, stem-l. 3—5-lobed rather triangular uppermost sub-
sessile, pouch ovoid, style short.—Z, &.696. F. i, 16.—Petioles
of the root-l. very long, gradually shortening as they become

more distant from the root. Seeds smal/.—Sea-coast. B. V.—
VIIL. eum

5. C.anglica (.); radical 1, stalked ovate-oblony or obovoid
entire, stem-l. oblong entire or toothed mostly sessile the upper
ones clasping, pouch ovate-oblong, style slender.—Sy. #. B. 133.
—Pouch twice as large as that of C. officinalis, much compressed

36 6. CRUCIFER.

laterally, usually deeply furrowed on each side, dissepiment very
narrow. Seeds large. Lower l. rounded below or narrowed into
a footstalk. Fl. large.—s. Hortii (Syme), radical 1. rounded
at the base, pouch smaller ellipsoid.—Muddy sea-shores. A. V.
English Scurvy-grass. BS I.

18. ArmMora’cta Gaertn. M. & S.

[A. rustica'na (G. M. & 8.) ; rootstalk long and thick, radical
1. oblong crenate-serrate on long stalks, stem-l. long lanceolate
incise-serrate or entire subsessile, pet. (white) twice as long as
cal., pouch ovoid 4-seeded, stigma peltate.—Coch. Armoracia
(L.). #. B. 2323. R. ii. 17.—St. 2—3 feet high. Rootstock
cylindrical.— Waste ground, not native. P. V. apes rege

1. A. amphib'ia (Meyer); roots fibrous, 1. oblong narrowed
at both ends serrate or pinnatifid, pet. (yellow) twice as long as
the cal., pouch ovoid, “stigma capitate.”—WVasturtiwm R. Br.
EB. B.1840. Radicula lanecfolia (Moench).—St. 2—3 feet high.
Submersed 1. deeply pinnatifid. Ped. usually deflexed.—
(DC. divided N, amphibium into a. indiviswm haying all the 1. nearly entire
or serrate, and f. variifoliwm having some of the 1. serrate, some pinnatifid,
others multifid with capillary segments.) Watery places. P. VI.—

VUI. K. 8.2? 1.

Tribe V. Camelinee.

19. CamELI'Na Crantz. Gold-of-pleasure.

[C. sativa (Crantz) ; pouches obovate inflated.—#. B. 1254.—
a; pouches flaccid truncate.—f8 ; pouches rounded at the end
brittle—In fields of flax and corn, introduced, but not
naturalized. |

Suborder III. Angustisepte. Tribe VI. Thlaspidec.
20. THias'PI Linn. em., DC. Penny Cress.

1. 7. arven'se (L.) ; fruitbearing raceme elongate, pouch orbi-
cular with a broad dorsal wing, seeds concentrically rugose and
striate 5—6 in each cell, stem-l. oblong sagittate toothed.—
E. B. 1659. R. ii. 5.—Pouch very large ($-? in.), stigma sub-
sessile, St. often afoot high.—Fields and roadsides. A, V.—
VII. Penny Cress. Kise Le

THLASPI.—IBERIS. 37

2. 7. perfolidtum (L.); fruitbearing raceme elongate, pouch
obcordate broadly winged above, style very short included within
the notch, seeds 3—4 in each cell smooth, stem-/. deeply cordate-
oblong.—#. B. 2354. AR. ii. 5.—About 6 in. high.—Limestone
in Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire. A. V. E.

3. 7. alpes'tre (L.); fruitbearing raceme elongate, pouch
oblong-obovate narrowed below, style equaliung or exceeding the
notch, seeds 4—8 in each cell, stem-l. oblong cordate.—A, ii. 5.
—F]. white, often tinged with rose, small. Pet. about twice as
long as the calyx.—a. 7’. sylvestre (Jord.), terminal lobes of
pouch rounded. L. usually entire. Sy. #. BL. 146.—8. 7’. occe-
tanwm (Jord.) ; fruitbearing raceme rather shorter, pouch tri-
angular-obecordate with almost divaricate lobes, style much
exserted. L. usually slightly toothed. Sy. #. 6. 147.—
Mountain pastures. Teesdale; Thornhaugh ; Northumb. ; Glen
te Hs B. Settle, York ; Llanrwst, N. Wales. P. VI.

wise

4. 7. virens (Jord.) ; fruitbearing raceme oval or oblong, pouch
obovate scarcely notched, style much projecting, seeds 4—5 in
each cell, stem-l. oblong cordate.—Sy. H. B. 148. Jord. Obs.
Pl. de Fr. iti. t. 1. 7. alpestre Sm.—Fl. white, small. Pet.
about thrice as long as the calyx. Pouch with a very broaa
and shallow notch often almost truncate. L. usually entire.—
Limestone rocks at Matlock. P. VI.—VIILI. E.

21. Hurcuinsia R&R. Br.

1. H. petre’a (R. Br.) ; 1. pinnate, st. branched leafy, fr.-
raceme lax long, pouch blunt at both ends.—#. B.111. #. ii. 6.
St. 65. 10.,—St. 2—4 in. high. Fl. small ; pet. scarcely exceeding
gtk Cotyledons aceumbent.—Limestone rocks, rare.

= E

22. TrEspA’LIA R. Br.

_ 1. T. nudicailis (R. Br.) ; petals unequal.—#. B. 327. R.
ii. 6.—L. many, spreading on the ground, lyrate-pinnatifid,
rarely orbicular-spathulate and entire. St. 2—4 in. high, solitary
or several from the crown of the root, sometimes bearing 1 or 2
smallleaves. Stam. with remarkable scales. Pouch emarginate.
—Sandy and gravelly places. A. V. VI. K. S, I.?

23. Ipu’Ris Linn. Candytuft.

1. L.amdra(L.) ; herbaceous, |. lanceolate somewhat toothed,
pouches racemose orbicular notched with triangular porrect
lobes.—#. B.52. FR. ii. 7.—L. usually with 1—3 blunt teeth on

38 6. CRUCIFER.

each side. St. often 1 foot high, diffuse, branched. Fl. at first
corymbose, afterwards in lengthened clusters. Outer pet.
radiant.—Chalky fields in South and East. A. VII. Better
Candytuft. E.
24. Leprp'tum Jinn. Pepperwort.
* Pouch cordate with turgid valves, style filiform.

[L. Drdba (L.); 1. oblong entire or toothed lower ones
narrowed into a footstalk, stem-l. sagittate and amplexicaul,
style as long as the dissepiment.—Z. B. S. 2683. R. 11. 9—One
foot or more in height, branched. Fl]. many, small, white, upon

long pedicels in a subumbellate corymb. —Established in many
places, but not naturalized. P. V. VI.] E.

** Pouch ovate or roundish winged notched. + Style manifest.
1. L. campestre (R. Br.) ; 1. downy toothed lower ones ob-
long narrowed into a footstalk, stem-l. lanceolate sagittate and
clasping g, pouch ovate scaly notched and rounded at the end,
style scarcely longer than the notch, or (var. longistylum More)
many with style about twice as long as notch.—#. £. 1385.
R. iu. 9.—Anth. yellow. Scales on the pouch only minute
globular blisters when fresh. St. one, upright, about a foot
high, branched in the upper part.—Dry gravelly soil. B. VI.—
vay Be L.
. L. heterophyllum (Benth. em. G.G."); 1. hairy toothed

low wer ones obcordate stalked, stem-]. lanceolate- -sagittate clasp-
ing, pouch ovate smooth notched and rounded at the end, style
twice as long as the notch.—E. B. 1803. L. Smithii (Hook.).—
Anth. violet. Seeds } as long as in L. campestre. Pouch
sometimes with a few scales, never hairy. St. several, 6—12
in. long, branched at the base ; central st. erect, others diffuse.
8. alatostylum (Towns., under L. Smithi%); pouch not notched.
—Hedge-banks. P. V 1 Vi: E. 8.1

+t Style minute.
[L. sativum (L.) ; lower 1. lobed pinnate or bipinnate, upper

1. sessile linear entire, pouch roundish oval blunt.—R, 1. 9.—
Escaped from cultivation in many places.]

*** Pouch oval or roundish notched, style minute.

3. L.vuderdle(L.) ; lower 1. bipimnatifid, upper]. linear entire,
pouch oval, diandrous, petals 0.—#. B. 1595. R. ii. 10.—End
of pouch narrowed, winged. St. branched, often a foot high.
Radicle dorsal..—Waste places near the sea, rare. A. V. ae 4

1 The hairy Ey described td var. canescens G.G. L. heterophyliwm Benth.
seneu stricto is a semi-glabrous pyrencean form (var, pyrenaicwn G.G.), A.J. W.

LEPIDIUM.—CORONOPUS. 39

**x* Pouch oval or roundish scarcely notched wingless,
style minute.

4. L. latifélium (L.) ; 1. ovate-lanceolate serrate or entire un-
divided, pouch ovoid entire downy.—/. 2. 182. FR. 1. 10.—
Fl. many, small, in compound leafy panicled clusters. St. 3 feet
high, erect, branched. L. large, the lower ones upon long
stalks, the upper nearly sessile and narrower.—In salt marshes.
P. VII. VIII. Dittander. Be iS: peels

25. CAPSELLA Wedik: Shepherd’s Purse.

1. C. Bur'sa-pastéris (Medik.) ; radical 1. lanceolate pin-
natifid or undivided toothed, upper |. clasping auricled, pouch
triangular-obcordate. —Thlasp (L.) #. B, 1485.—Varying
greatly in size and the division of its leaves. Known by its
peculiar pouches.—A common weed. A. III.—X. E.S. 1.

Tribe VIL. Swhularien.
26. SuBuLa’RIA Linn. Awlwort.

Tk 9. aquat sca;-(s.)5 Ba Bo 632. \ Beoay 122 —Plant small,
submerged. Root of many long white fibres. St. 1—3 in.
high. L. linear-subulate, radical. F1. small, white phen apart
ot a a Margins ofalpine lakes. P. VIL. atk.

Tribe VIII. Coronopew.
27. Coron’opus All. em. Sm.

1. C. Ruel'li (All.); pouch undivided reniform wrinkled and
crested with little sharp points, style promment, ]. pinnatifid.
—E. B. 1660. R. ii. 9. Senebiera Coronopus (Poir.).—St.
much branched, prostrate. Fl. small, white, in lateral clusters
opposite to the leaves. Pouches large, in dense clusters.—
Waste ground, common. A. VI.—IX. Swine’s Cress.

E. 8. 1.

2. C'. did'ymus (Smn.) ; pouch notched of two wrinkled lobes,
style very short, 1. pinnatifid. —H#. 5.248. R.iu.9. Senebiera
pranatifida (DC Dk S. didyma (Pers.)— St. spreading, pros-
trate, a foot or more in length. Fl. small, white, in long
slender lax clusters. Pet. very short or none. Often only 2
stamens.— Waste ground near the sea chiefly in the South and
South-west. A. VI.—IX. Bool.

40 6. CRUCIFER&,

Suborder IV. Nuecwmentacee. Tribe IX. Isatidew.

28. Isa’'tTis Linn. Woad.

1. L. tenetéria (L.) ; “radical leaves oblong crenate,” pouch
abrupt smooth thrice as long as broad.—#. B. 97. R. ii. 4.—
St. 1-—4 ft. high branched. FI. yellow. Pouches $ in. long,

pendent.—Wild on cliffs by Severn, Tewkesbury (Hooker).
B. VII. E.

Suborder V. Lomentacee. Tribe X. Cakilinee.

The fruit consists of a very small 2-celled, stalklike, usually
sterile pod, with a long moniliform beak bearing the seeds and
dividing transversely into as many indehiscent cells as there are
seeds,

29, CaKILE Scop. Sea-Rocket.

1. C. maritima (Scop.) ; joints of the pouch 2-edged, upper
with 2 teeth at the base, 1. fleshy pinnatifid or (integrifolia
Horn.) somewhat toothed.—Z. B. 231. A. ii, 1.—Fl. purplish.
Pouches an inch long, erect, with 4 sharp angles, swordshaped
in the upper part.—Sandy sea-shores. A. VI. VII. Purple
Sea-Rocket. E. 8.1.

30. CrAmM’BE Linn. Sea-Kale.

1. C. maritima (L.); pouch without a style, 1. roundish
sinuate wavy toothed glaucous and as well as the st. glabrous.
—E. B. 924. R. ii. 2.—Root thick, fleshy. St. 2 feet high.
Fl. white. Longer filaments forked at the end. Pouches
roundly ovoid, large.—Sandy sea-shores, P. VI.

Tribe XI. Raphanew.

31, RapH’anus Linn. Radish.

+1, R. Raphanis'trum (L.); pods moniliform shorter than
the very long beak with slender ribs, /. simply lyrate.-—E. B.
856.—Root slender. Lobes of the leaves quite distinct. Pet.
veined, yellow, white, or lilac.—Corn-fields. A. VI. VII.
Jointed Charlock. EB. 8.1.

7. RESEDACE.—8. CISTACE. 41

2. R. maritimus (Sm.); pods moniliform longer than the
short beak with thick ribs, radical 1. interruptedly pinnate.—
Sy. #. B, 82.—Root thick. Lobes of 1. usually so close as
to overlap each other. Pet. yellow.—Sea-coast in South and
West, rare. B.? VI.—VIII. Sea Radish. B.S...

Order VII. RESEDACE#.

Sep. 48, persistent. Cor. irregular, pet. 4—8 entire or
deeply cut. Stam, many, filaments variously united, inserted
on a glandular irregular 1-sided hypogynous disk. Ovary 3- or
6-lobed, 1-celled, with 3 or 6 parietal many-seeded placentas ;
or of several 1-celled carpels. Fruit opening nearly at the end
—Stip. 0?

1. Rusepa. Cal. many-parted. Pet. entire or variously cut,

unequal. Stam. many. Fruit of one cell opening at the
top. Styles 3—6.

1. Rese’pa Linn. em., Koch. Mignonette.

1. R. litea (L.); sep. 6 linear, pet. very unequal, ped. longer
than the cal., /. 3-cleft or pinnatifid.—E. B. 321. R. i. 100.—
St. 2 feet high, branched, smooth. L. very variable. Two
upper pet. with two wing-like lobes, lateral pet. with a single
wing, lower ones nearly entire. Fl. yellow. Fr. oblong, wrinkled.
—Waste chalky and limestone places, B. VI.—VIII. E.S.I.

t2, R. al’‘ba (L. em. G.G.) ; sep. 5 linear-lanceolate, pet. 5
nearly equal 3-fid longer than the calyx, ped. shorter than the
cal., J. all pinnatiyid, segments linear acute sometimes wavy.—
HL. B.S. 2628. #. ii. 101.—St. 13—2 feet high, rather shrubby
below. FI. white. Fr. oblong, wrinkled. Sometimes there
are 6 sep. and pet., as originally described._Waste sandy
places near the sea, rare. B. or P. VII. VIII. Ro S. I.

3. R. Lutéola (L.); sep. 4, pet. 4 or 5 very unequal longer
than the calyx, 7. long-lanceolate wndivided.—H. B. 320. R. ii.
99.—St. 2 feet high. Pet. usually 4, upper one 3-, 4-, or 5-cleft,
2 lateral 3-cleft, segments linear, lower one (or two) linear
entire. Fr. broad, depressed.—Waste places, particularly on
chalk or limestone. B. VII. Vill. Weld. K.S.1

Order VIII. CISTACE.

_ Sep. 5, two outer smaller sometimes wanting, 3 inner twisted
in the bud. Pet. 5, crumpled and twisted in the bud the con-

42 8. CISTACEZ.

trary way to the sepals. Stam. many. Ovary 1, 1- or many-
celled. Style simple. Stigmas 3. Capsule 3-, 5-, or 10-valved.
Embryo spiral or curved, in the albumen. —Stip. small or.0.

1, HeELIANTHEMUM, Cal. of 5 sepals, 2 outer smaller. _ Pet.
5, deciduous. Stam. many. Caps, 3-valved.

. HeLIAn’tHEMUM J/i//. Rock-rose.

1. H. quttdtum (Mill.) ; erect herbaceous, |. oblong-lanceolate
or linear, lower 1. opposite without stipules, upper |. alternate
stipulate, stigmasubsessile.—St. mostly simple or branching from
the base. Fruitstalks patent. Pubescence of long simple, and
short stellate hairs. FI. yellow, usually with a deep-red spot
at the base of each petal.—a ; racemes without bracts. WH. D.
544.—8. H. Brewert (Planch. ); racemes with or without bracts
on the same Bane Curt, ii,.102. J. of B. iti. 21. Sy. B. B.
166.—Very rare. Three-Castle Head, Co. Cork, Jersey. £.
Holyhead Wout and Amlwch, Anglesea. Inish Boffin, Co.
pee A. V.—VIIL. BL:

H. cdnum (Baumg.) ; shrubby, without stipules, 1. opposite
patie or oblong stalked flat hoary beneath, racemes terminal
with bracts, * ‘style twisted at the base reflexed but at the apex
infiexed.” Cstus canus and C. anglicus (L.). C. marvfolius
Cas not L.). A. marzfolium (Mill. Baumg.). 2, B. 396—
St. decumbent. L. hoary beneath, hairy above. FI. yellow,
het “ Anth. emarginate at both ends. Style longer than
the stigma.” The Teesdale plant, 7, vineale (Pers.), has
rather fewer hairs on the u perside of the leaves,—On lime-
stone rocks, rare. P. V.—V VIL.

ae

(HT, ledifoliwn (Willd.) ; herbaceous, with stipules, ped. soli-
tary, styles straight—#. B, 2414. —Brean Down, Somerset.
Probably an error. A. VI. VII.]

3. H.Chanecis tus(Mill.); procumbent,shrubby, with stipules.
], oval or linear-oblong opposite nearly flat green above hoary
beneath, racemes with ‘brac ts, style longer than the germen bent
at the base , sep. subglabrous inmer ones “blunt apic ulate.—H, vul-
gare (Gaert.) Cistus Helianthemum (.) #. B.1321.—Fruit-
stalks contorted and deflexed. Varying much in’ the size and
shape of its leaves and the amount of hoariness and pubescence.
FI. yellow.—C. tomentosus E. B. 2208 scarcely differs. C. swr-
rejanus E. B. 2207 is a garden form. H. vulg. pet. fl. peran-
gustis (Dill. H. Elth. 145) was again found near Croydon by
the late Mr Christy and is a monstrosity.—Common on ay
hilly places. P. VII.—IX. Common Rock-rose. KE.

9. VIOLACER. 43

4. H. polifoliwm (Mill.) ; shrubby, procumbent, hoary, with
stipules, ]. opposite ovate-oblong or oblong-linear more or less
revolute at the edges, racemes with bracts, style bent at the
base longer than the germen, sep. tomentose ¢nner ones blunt.—
E. B. 1322.—L1. white—Very rare. Brean Down, Som. ;
Torquay, Devon. P. VI. VII.

Order IX. VIOLACE.

Sep. 5, imbricate. Pet. 5, regular or irregular. Stam. 5,
filaments dilated, connective extended beyond the anthers as
a flat membrane. Ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal placentas.
Style with a hooded stigma. Caps. with 3 valves. Embryo
straight, in fleshy albumen.—Stip. persistent.—Minute but fer-
tile fl. which do not open are found on many species.

1. Vroua. Sep. 5, extended at the base. Pet. 5, unequal,
the lower one extended into a hollow spur behind. Stam.

5. Anth. connate, 2 lower ones spurred behind.

1. Vrota Linn. Violet,
A. Two interm. pet. patent laterally. Style from a slender base.
*St. creeping. Stigma flat above. Fr.-st. erect. Caps. nodding.

1. V. palus'tris (L.) ; anth.-spurs short thick rounded, cor.-
spur very short blunt, /. reniform-cordate glabrous.—F. B. 444.
f. iii.—Anth.-cells nearly parallel. FI. pale lilac with purple
streaks. Scentless—Wet and boggy places. P. IV.—VI.
Marsh- Violet. ISB Swilh

** Khizome short. Stigma hooked; beak deflexed. Fruit-
stalks prostrate. Caps. globular, downy.

a. Stoles from axils of terminal rosettes.

2. V.odordta (L.); anth.-spurs lancet-shaped decurved blunt,
cor.-spur blunt straight, lateral pet. entire lower one emarginate,
1. cordate, with stoles.—EK. B.619. R. iii.—Anth.-cells diverging
below. Spurs of the pet. inflated towards the end, slightly

1 The following hybrids have been identified :—

V. odorataxhirta (V. permizta Jord.?); V. caninaxlactea; V. silvestris
Riviniana ; V. caninax siagnina ; V. RivintanaXxcanina.—H. & J. G.

44 9. VIOLACEA.

channelled above. FI]. purple, often white, sweet-scented. Fr.-
sep. triangular, acute, twice as long as broad, not ciliate, gla-
brous. Bracts above the middle of the flowerstalk. Petioles with
deflexed harrs.—Several species (7) allied to this are nearly or
quite scentless : V. permixta (Jord.) has a large glabrous glan-
dular-denticulate stip. ciliate towards the tip, short robust
stoles usually not rooting, fl. pale blue: V. sepincola (Jord.)
has large glandular-denticulate stip., longer somewhat rooting
stoles, and much darker flowers. These plants and their allies
seem quite different when growing, but are very difficult to
define. Some authorsjoin them to )’. hirta.—Common. P. III.
IV. Sweet Violet. B.8.21.

b. Stoles wanting or very short.

3. V. her'ta (L.); anth.-spurs nearly linear blunt, spur of the
cor. blunt hooked at the end, pet. entire or slightly emarginate,
1. cordate-ovate, stoles wanting.—H. B. 894. R. iiii—Anth.-
cells diverging below. Spur of the petals compressed, not
channelled. FI. pale blue sometimes white, scentless. Fr.-
sep. roundly triangular, bluntish, as long as broad, more or less
ciliate, mostly downy. Bracts below the middle of the flower-
stalk. Stip. not hispid at the margin. Petioles with spreading
hairs.—8. calcarea (Bab.); fl. smaller, ped. much longer than the
leaves, sep. oblong-ovate. [y- glabrata (Beeby); caps. glabrous. |
Common on limestone. /. Gogmagog Hills. Portland. [etc.|
[y: Harston, near Cambridge. | Peal Vi. Hairy Violet. E. 8. I.

*** Stigma hooked ; beak horizontal. Haying a stem.
Fruitstalks erect.

+ Without a true sobole.

4, V. sylvestris (Kit. sec. Reich.); anth.-spurs narrowly
lancet-shaped, pet. oblong narrow (lilac) lower with few parallel
nearly simple veins not quite extending to the edge, spur com-
pressed entire usually darker than the pet., cal.-appendages
small becoming indistinct, caps. glabrous, |. cordate-prolonged,
flowering branches axillary from a short flowerless central
rosette of 1.—Z#. B. S. 2986. V. Reichenbachiana (Bor.).—Fl.
scentless.—Hedge-banks and thickets. P. IV. V. Kes. L

5. V.Rivinidna(Reich.); anth.-spurs narrowly lancet-shaped,
pet. broadly ovate (blue) lower with many branched dark veins
usually quite extending to the edge, spur thick usually yellowish-
white, cal.-appendages broad and squarish persistent with
fruit, caps. glabrous, 1. broad cordate-acute, flowering branches

VIOLA. 45

axillary from a short flowerless central rosette of 1.—. B.
620. Curt. i. 182.—Fl. scentless. V. favicornis (Forst. not
Sm.) is a dwarf form having small |. and larger fl. 8. nemorosa
(Nenum. W. & M.); cal.-appendages large much cut, veins of
lower pet. not extending to the edge, spur thick not furrowed.—
Hedge-banks, thickets, and heaths. Common. P. IV. V.
Wood Violet. Ee S.1.

6. V. rupes'tris (Schmidt) ; anth.-spur very narrowly lancet-
shaped, cor.-spur blunt, |. roundly cordate, flowering branches
axillary from a short flowerless central rosette of leaves, ped.
young |. and acute caps. downy, pet. broadly obovate, lower
pet. with many branched veins throughout, cal.-appendages
broad squarish persistent.—V. avenaria (DC.). Sy. H#. B.
174 b. A. iii, 9.—A small compact plant with large flowers.—
nts pastures. Upper Teesdale and Westmoreland. B. Mi:

ny)

7. V. canina (L. em. Reichb.); anth.-spur lancet-shaped (3
times as long as broad), cor.-spur blunt, 1. cordate-ovate roundly
acute, primary and lateral stems flowering and lengthening.—
R. ii. 10. #. B. S. 2984.—Rather cespitose. L. always
roundedly acute, longer than those of Sp. 4. Fl. bluish purple,
scentless. Cor.-spur yellow, 1—3 times as long as cal.-append-
ages. Lower pet. spathulate.—V. flavicornis (Sm.) is a small
form with cordate leaves. When the 1. are cordate-oblong it
is perhaps V. montana (Fries).—8. V. lactea Sm.!; 1. ovate-
lanceolate rounded below, stip. lanceolate incise-serrate. JV.
lancifolia (Thore). #. B. 445. V. pumila Fries (not Vill. which
is V. pratensis Fr. and has a sobole). LL. narrowing gradually
from near their base, to a narrow but rounded point. [Var.
crasstfolia (Gronv.) with large fl. and thick fleshy 1. has been found in Cambs. }—
Sandy and peaty places. § in turf-bogs, rare. P. IV. V.
Dog- Violet. B.S. I,

tt Rhizome or rather sobole slender.

Schrad. for the type instead of V. canina L.—H. & J. G.

46 9. VIOLACEZ.—10. DROSERACE2.

the base which in the lowest is sometimes rounded not cordate.
FI. pale blue, nearly white. Cor.-spur scarcely longer than the
cal.-appendages.—Rare. Turf-bogs. P. V. VI. KY

B. Four upper pet. directedupwards and imbricate. Style clavate.
Stigma inflated.

9. V. litea (Huds.) ; anth.-cells nearly parallel, anth.-spurs
long filiform, spur of the cor. as long as or longer than the caly-
cine appendages, sep. acute, ]. crenate-serrate lower ones ovate-
cordate, upper |. ovate or lanceolate, stip. palmate-prnnatiyid,
terminal lobe linear or linear-lanceolate st. ascending diffuse and
filiform underground.—Sy. EB. B. 181.—F. wholly yellow,
yellow with the 2 upper petals purple, or wholly purple [var.
amena Wats.], varying greatly in size. Caps. globose. All
the lobes of the stip. of nearly equal size, lateral ones (usually
3 on one side and 1 on the other) all springing from near the
base of the stip., the terminal lobe narrow and very nearly
always quite entire but sometimes considerably larger than the
others.—s. V. Curtisei (Forst.); stems angular rough, lower
part of the stip. somewhat lengthened so as slightly to separate
the lateral lobes. #. B. S. 2698. 7 Aloumsatn eis pastures.
8. Sands near the west coast. P. VI. VI HeS.1.

10. V. tricolor (L.); anth.-cells diverging below, anth. -spur’s
long swhelavate-filiform, spur of the corolla about equalling the
calycine appendages, |. crenate-serrate, lower ones ovate-cordate,
upper l. ovate or ovate-lanceolate, stip. lyrate-pinnatifid, ter.
minal lobe spathulate crenate, st. ascending. —KH. B, 1287. PR.
iii. 21. V. Curtisii (Mack.) from Portmarnock. ~ Root simple.
Fl. with the upper pet. purple, lateral ones bluish, lower one
yellow. Caps ovoid. Terminal lobe of the stip. often having
only one tooth on each side.—8. V. arvensis (Murr.) ; pet. shor ter
than the calyx whitish, caps. nearly globular. E. B. 8.9712.
A small form from Seilly is very like V’. parvula Tin., and
another small form from sandhills Jersey was referred by
Mr J. Lloyd to yar. nana DC.—Common. V.—
Heartsease. Pansy. EES: r

Order X. DROSERACE.

Sep. 5, imbricate. Pet. 5, regular. Stam. 5 or 10, free.
Styles 3or 5. Ovary free. Caps. 3—5-valved ; valves bearing
the seeds along their middle. Seeds without an aril.—L. with
a cireinate vernation, —Joined to Saxzfragacee by some
authors.

11. FRANKENIACE®. 47

1. Drosera. Cal. deeply 5-cleft. Pet. 5. Stam. 5, hypo-
qynous. Styles 3—5, deeply bifid. Caps. 1-celled, with
3—5 valves, many-seeded.

1. Dro’sers Linn. Sundew.

1. D. rotundifolia (L.) ; 1. orbiewar spreading flatly, petioles
hairy, fi.-stalks erect from centre of rosette of leaves, seeds with
a loose chaffy coat.—#. &. 868. A. iii. 24—Flower-stalks
2—6 in. high. Stigmas white, clubbed, entire. Anth. white.
L. covered, as in all other species, with hairs terminating in
large glands secreting a viscid fluid which retains insects that
settle upon them. Rachis recurved parallel to itself. Autumnal
stoles with bulbous end.—Common in boggy places. P. VU.
VII. Round-leaved Sundew. E. S. I.

2. D. longifolia (L.); 1. spathulate blunt erect, petioles
glabrous, 7.-stalks arcvate or decumbent at the base from
base of rosette of leaves, seeds with a close rough not chatty
coat.—R. iii. 24. D. intermedia (Hayne)—Stig. pink, bifid.
Anth. yellow. Rachis not closely recurved. A variety with
shorter leaves and the flower-stalks shorter than the leaves is
sometimes found.—Common in boggy places,—P. VIT. Jase

3. D. anglica (Huds.); 1. obovate-lanceolate blunt erect,
petioles glabrous, 7/.-stalks erect from centre of rosette of leaves,
seeds with a loose chaffy coat.—Z#. B. 869. DP. longifolia R. iii.
24, Koch, Fries—Much larger and taller than the last.—3. D.
obovata (M.and K.)?; has broader leaves and the styles often,
though not always, emarginate. 2. B. 867.—In bogs, rather
rare, common in Ireland. P. VII. VIII. E: 8S: E

Order XI. FRANKENIACE#.

Sep. 4 or 5, in a furrowed tube below. Pet. 4 or 5, clawed,
with appendages at the base of the limb. Stam. 4 or5 or more,
free, 2-celled, opening by 2 terminal pores or longitudinally.
Caps. 1-celled, 2—4-valved; placentas 3, parietal. Style
slender, simple or trifid. Seeds many,minute. Embryo in the
albumen.—Stip. 0.

1. Franxents. Style 3-fid ; lobes oblong with the stigma
on their inner side. Caps. 1-celled, 3—4-valved.

1 Now considered a hybrid with Sp. 1.—H. & J. G.

48 12. POLYGALACE.

FRANKENIA Linn. Sea-heath.

1. #. levis (L.); 1. linear (or rather oblong with reflexed
edges) glabrous ciliate at the base.—H. B. 205.—St. slightly
downy, prostrate, wiry. Cal. slightly hispid between its
prominent angles. Fl. terminal or from the forks of the stem,
sessile, rose-coloured. L. sometimes pulverulent.—Salt marshes
on the East and South coast. P. VIII. E

[F. pulverulen'ta (L.); 1. obovate retuse glabrous above
pulverulent beneath, petiole ciliate—Z. B. 2222.—Formerly
on the Sussex coast, now lost. A. VII] E.

Order XII. POLYGALACE.

Sep. 5, imbricate, irregular, 2 interior much larger petal-like.
Pet. unequal, usually 3, 1 anterior and larger than the rest.
Stam. subdiadelphous, in 2 equal opposite bundles. Anth. 1-
celled, opening by a pore at theirapex. Caps. 1—2-celled, with
placentas in the axis. Seeds pendulous, usually with an aril at
the base.—Stip. 0.

1. Potyeana. Sep. 5, persistent ; 2 imner (wings) broader
and often petal-like. Cor. irregular. Pet. 3—5, connected
together ; the lower one keelshaped. Caps. compressed.
Seeds solitary, with a 3-pointed basal aril.—Fl. crested.

1. Poty’Gata Linn. Milkwort.

1. P. vulgaris (L.) ; 1. scattered, lower 1, smaller oblong, wpper
], linear-lanceolate, cal.-wings elliptic mucronate their veins
branched the lateral joining a branch of the central vein, caps. ob-
cordate, bract equalling the pedicel.—#. 5, 76.—St. prostrate,
ascending. IL: scattered. Racemes terminal. FI. blue, pink,
or white. Central vein of wings nearly simple ending in a
mucro ; lateral only branched externally ; branches joining in
loops and also with the upper ones of the central vein. Lobes
of aril unequal, blunt, lateral ones } as long as the seed which
is a little stalked within the aril. /. oxyptera (R.) is a state
with smaller fl., and fr. broader than the wings. 2. B. SN.
2827.—8. grandiflora (Bab.); upper 1. larger lanceolate, cal.-
wings oval apiculate, their /ateral veins rejovn the mostly simple .
central vein near vts tip and have many net-like veins externally.
F]. deep blue.—Dry pastures and peaty fens. §. Ben Bulben, [.
Pp. VI.—IX. E.S. I.

f

13. ELATINACE.Z. 49

2. P. serpylldcea (Weihe); lower l. mostly opposite and
crowded, st. long prostrate wiry much branched, racemes
ultimately lateral, cal.-wings as in Sp. 1, bract shorter than the
pedicel.— Sy. H. 8.187. P. depressa (Wend.)—Upper part of
st. and ped. sep. pet. and caps. sometimes pubescent (P. ciliata
Lebel.).—Dry pastures. P. VI.—IX. EK. 8.1.

3. P. caledrea (F. Sch.) ; 1. chiefly in an irregular terminal
rosette large obovate blunt, those of fl.-st. short smaller lanceo-
late, cal.-wings oblong their veins branched the lateral looping
with a branch from near the middle of the central vein, caps.
oblong-obcordate, bract shorter than the pedicel.—P. amara
Don, #. B. S. 2764. P. amarella Coss. et Germ. Atl. t. 7.—
St. weak, procumbent or ascending, nearly naked below. /’.-st.
several from the axils of the term. rosette, simple, short ; racemes
terminal.- Fl. blue. Lobes of aril unequal, lateral } as long as
seed.—Chalk hills, rare. P. V. i

4. P. amdra (L.); lower 1. larger obovate blunt in a basal
rosette, upper |. oblong-lanceolate, cal.-wings oblong or obovate
blunt their verns simple or slightly branched free, caps. cbcordate
broader than the wings, lateral bracts shorter than the pedicels.
—Rosette at crown of rootstock, its 1. much the largest
broad rounded at the end. F.-st. from the axils of the rosette,
simple, short ; upper |. acute ; racemes terminal. Cal.-wings
longer than caps. Lobes of aril nearly equal, blunt, } as long
as seed.—a. P. austriaca (Cr.); caps. rounded at the base, fl.
very small, pinkish? or pure white. Sy. #. B. 189—
6. P. uliginosa (R.) ; caps. rather wedgeshaped below, fl. larger,
blue.—a. Wye Downs [and near Sevenoaks], Kent. Caterham,
Surrey, Vr W. Whitwell, 8. Cronkley Fell, Yorkshire,
Mi James Backhouse. P. VI. VII. E.

Order XIII. ELATINACE.

Sep. 3—5, distinct, or slightly connate. Pet.-3—5. Stam.
as Many or twice as many asthe pet., free. Caps. 3—5-celled,
3—5-valved, loculicidal, dissepiments adhering to central axis.
Styles 3—5 ; stigmas capitate. Seeds many, albumen 0, embryo
curved with the seed.—L. opposite. Stip. minute or inconspi-
cuous.

1. Evatine. Cal. 3—4-parted. Pet. 3—4. Stam. 3—4 or
6—8. Styles3—4. Caps.3—4-celled, many-seeded. Seeds
cylindrical, straight or bent.

D

50 14. CARYOPHYLLACE.

1. Eva’tine Linn. Waterwort.

1. L.hexan'dra(DC.) ; 1. opposite longer than their petioles,
fl. slightly stalked with 6 stam. and 3 obovate pet., caps. turbi-
nate concave at the summit 3-celled, seeds nearly straight as-
cending 8—12 in each cell.—#. B. 955. R. I. £.599. #. Hy-
dropiper and LF. tripetala (Sm.).—Plant minute, creeping. FI.
alternate, axillary. Cal. 3-fid——Forming small matted tufts
under water, rare. A. VIII. E. 8S. 1.

2. BF. Hydropiper Cu. em., Koch.) ; 1. opposite shorter than
their petioles, fl. sessile with 8 stam. and 4 ovate pet., caps.
roundish depressed 4-celled, seeds bent almost double pendulous
4 in each cell.—#. B. S. 2670.—Piant minute, creeping. Cal.
4-fid.—Very rare, growing under water. A. VIII. E. I.

Order XIV. CARYOPHYLLACE.

Sep. 5 or 4, distinct or connected into a tube. Pet. 5 or 4,
clawed (rarely 0). Stam. usually twice as many, sometimes as
many as the petals, free or connected at the base. Anth. opening
longitudinally. Ovary one, oftenstalked. Stigmas 2—, sessile,
filiform. Caps. 1- orimperfectly 2—5-celled, opening by twice
as many teeth as stigmas, sometimes valvular. Placenta cen-
tral. Embryo generally curved round mealy albumen.—hL.
opposite, without or rarely with scarious stipules.

Suborder I. SILENEE.

Sep. connate, forming a tube. Stam. 10. Filaments con-
nate into a tube below and adnate to the stalk of the ovary.
Caps. usually stalked.—Pet. 5, clawed in al! our plants. No
stipules.

* Two or more imbricated opposite scales at the base of
the calyx.

1. Drantuus. Cal. 5-toothed. Styles 2. Caps. 1-celled,
many-seeded, 4-valved at top. Seeds peltate, convex
above, concave beneath and more or less keeled.

** Wo scales at the base of the calyx.

2. Saponarta. Cal. 5-toothed, terete. Styles 2. Caps.
1-celled, 4-valved at top. Seeds globular or reniform.

[3. CucuBatus. Cal. 5-toothed. Styles 3. Caps. a globose
1-celled berry. Seeds reniform. |

14. CARYOPHYLLACE*. 51

4, Strene. Cal. 5-toothed. Styles 3. Caps. more or less
completely 3-celled, 6-valved at top. Seeds reniform.—
(Rarely 5 styles and 5-valved caps. in S. maritima)

5. Lycunis. Cal. 5-toothed. Styles 5. Caps. 1- or half 5-
celied opening at the top with 5 ov 10 teeth.

Suborder II. ALSINEA.

Sep. distinct. Stam. free, inserted into a more or less evi-
dent hypogynous ring. Caps. sessile. No stipules. -

* Valves of theicaps. the same in number as the styles.

6. Sacina. Sep. entire pet. (or none), styles and valves of
caps. each 4—5. Seeds reniform, wingless. Stam. 4—10.

7. Honkenesa. Sep. 5. Pet. 5, large. Stam. 10, alter-
nating -with glands. Styles and valves 3. Seeds few,
large.

8, Atsmve. Sep. and pet. 5 or 4. Styles and valves 3
(or 4). Seeds many, with a naked hile.—L. linear.

9. CHERLERIA. Sep. 5. Pet. 0 or 5, minute. Stam. 10,
outer ones opposite to the sep. and springing from an oblong
emarginate glandular base. Styles and valves 3. Seeds
few, small.

=* Valves of the caps. bifid or twice as many as the styles.

10. ARENARIA. Sep. 5. Pet. 5, entive or slightly emargi-
nate. Stam. 10 or rarely 5. Styles 3. Caps. 6-valved.
Seeds many.—L. broad.

11, HotostEuM. Sep.5. Pet. 5, jagged at the end. Stam.
5or3or4. Styles3. Caps. subcylindrical, many-seeded,
opening at the end with 6 teeth. )

12. STELLARIA. Sep.5. Pet. 5, bifid. Stam. 10 (or fewer).
pels 3. Caps. opening with 6 valves or teeth, many-
_ seeded.

13. Myosoron. Sep. 5. Pet. 5, bifid or entire. Stam. 10
Styles 5. Caps. opening with 5 bifid valves.

14. Cerastivum., Sep. 5. Pet. 5, bifid. Stam. 10 or 5 or 4
Styles 5 or 4. Caps. tubular, opening at the end with 10
teeth.—In (. lapponicum the styles are mostly 3.

52 14. CARYOPHYLLACE.

15. Morncuia. Sep. 4, erect. Pet. 4, entire. Stam. 4.
Caps. many-seeded, opening at the end with 8 or 10 teeth.

Suborder III. POLYCARPE#.
Sep. distinct. Stam.free. Caps. sessile. Stipules scarious.

16. Porycarpon. Sep. keeled at the back, hooded at the
end. Pet. 5, emarginate. Stam. 3—5. Styles 3, short.
Fr. 1-celled, many-seeded.

17. SPERGULARIA. Sep.5. Pet. 5, entire, usually as long as
the calyx. Stam.5—10. Styles 3or5. Fr. 3—5-valved,
many-seeded ; valves fewer than or alternate with the
sepals.

18. SpercuLa. Sep. 5. Pet. 5, entire, as long as the calyx.
Stam. 5—10. Styles 5. Fr. 5-valved, many-seeded ; the
valves opposite to the sepals.

Suborder IV. SCLERANTHE#.

Sep. connate, forming a hardened tube enclosing the 1-seeded
capsule. No stipules.

19. ScteRanTHUs.’ Tube of calyx vase-shaped, contracted
at the mouth by a glandular ring; limb 5-fid. Pet. 0.
Stam. 10 or rarely 5, inserted in the throat of the calyx.
Styles 2. Fr. membranous.

Suborder I. Silenee.
1. Dian’tHus Linn. Pink.
* Fl. clustered.

1. D. prolifer (.) ; fl. in a dense cluster enveloped in mem-
branous bracts, ca/l.-scales membranous pellucid the two outer
ones shorter mucronate, inner ones blunt about equalling the
calyx, st. glabrous, 1. all linear, seeds boatshaped with a longi-
tudinal membrane in the hollow rough pointed at one end.—
E. B.956. +R. vi. 247.—St. 1—14 ft. high, erect, usually simple.
Fl. expanding one at a time, small. Pet. rose-coloured,
obcordate. Cluster quite inclosed by brown dry scales.—Sandy
and gravelly places, very rare. A. VII. E.

1 Benth. & Hook. Gen. Plant. place Scleranthus in Illecebracew, which order ©

.
|
they include in the Division Monochlamydew.—H. & J. G.

DIANTHUS. 53

2. D. Arméria (L.); fl. close together, cal.-scales and bracts
lanceolate-subulate herbaceous downy ribbed equalling the tube,
st. and linear 1. downy, seeds nearly flat on one side slightly hol-
lowed and with a longitudinal keel in its middle rough pointed
at one end.—#. B. 317. AR. vi. 249.—St. 1—2 ft. high, erect,
branched. Pet. rose-coloured, speckled with white dots, toothed.
—Waste places, rare. A. VII. VIII. Deptford Pink. E.

** F, solitary, one or more on the stem.

*3. D. plumdrius (L.); st.2—5-4tlowered, jl. solitary, cal.-scales
rowundish-ovate shortly mucronate 4-fold shorter than the tube,
l.vough at the edge linear-subulate, pet. digitate multifid as far as
the middle with the central entire part obovate downy, barren
st. procumbent rooting much branched, seeds flat orbicular with
a point on one side.—A. vi. 257. H#. B. S. 2979.—Flowering-
stems 6—12 in. high. Calyx-teeth ciliate at the margin,
slightly shorter than the capsule. Fl. pale pink, sometimes
white, fragrant.—Old walls. P. VI. Common Pink.

*4. D. Caryophyl'lus (L.) ; fl. solitary, cal.-scales broadly ob-
ovate pointed three fourths shorter than the tube, /. with smooth
edges linear, pet. crenate-dentate ovate glabrous, barren st. elon-
gate procumbent branching, seeds pyriform nearly fiat.—Z. B.
214. £#. vi. 268.—Fl.-stems 12—-18 in. high. Calyx-teeth not
ciliate, longer than the capsule. Fl. pink, fragrant.— Old walls,
Kent. P. VIL. VIII. Clove Pink. E. 8.1

[D. gal’licus (Pers.), resembling Sp. 5 in habit and stature but with base of
st. clothed with minute papillate hairs, cal. longer cylindrical, and pet. deeply
and irregularly cut mto sublinear obtuse lobes occurs in Jersey, but its status
is uncertain.]

5. D. ce’stus (Sm.); st. mostly single-flowered, cal.-scales
adpressed roundish shortly pointed three fourths shorter than
the tube, 7. with rough edges linear, pet. obovate crenately-cut
bearded, barren stems long procumbent branching, seeds
ovate pointed at one end.—#. B. 62. A. vi. 265.—Flowering-
stem 6—8 in. high. FI. pale rose-colour, fragrant.—Limestone
cliffs at Cheddar, Som. P. VI. VII. Cheddar Pink. E.

6. D. deltoides (L.) ; fl. solitary, cal.-scales usually 2 ovate
with a subulate point 4 as Jong as the tube, 1. linear-lanceolate
the lower blunt rough at the edges and keel, stem.-l. acute and
as wellas the st. pubescent-asperous, pet. obovate-dentate, barren
st. short procumbent simple (?), seeds obovate flat netted-
tugose.—H#. B. 61, AR. vi. 268.—Flowering-stems 6—12 in.

54 14. CARYOPHYLLACE.

high, branched. Calyx-teeth lanceolate, minutely ciliate. FI.
rose-coloured, with a darker circle round the mouth, scentless.
—Hilly pastures, rare. P. VI.—IX. Marden Pink.

2. Sapona’RIA Linn. Soapwort.

*1. S.oficindlis (L.) ; fl. in corymbose cymes, cal. cylindrical,
pet. retuse crowned, 1. elliptic-lanceolate ribbed glaucous, st.
erect.—#. B. 1060. &. vi. 245. St. 6, 10.—St. 1—3 ft. high,
stout, leafy. Fl. flesh-coloured or pale pink, large. Upper 1.
connate and sheathing. Upper part of st. sometimes pubescent
(puberula, Wierzb.)—Hedges near villages, but probably in-
troduced. Banks of streams on the borders of Wales, perhaps
indigenous. P. VIII. E.

[S. Vaccaria (L.); st. much branched above, cal. with 5
angles, has been found as an escape. }

3. Cucu’BaLus Linn. em. Gaertn.

[C. bac'cifer (L.) ; st. branched spreading, |. ovate acute, cal.
bellshaped, pet. distant.—H. B. 1577.—Fruit fleshy.—Isle of
Dogs near London, not native.—P. VIII.]

4, SILENE Linn. em. Gaertn. Catchfly.

4

1. S. ang'lica (.) ; racemes terminal, fl. alternate, cal. hairy
with setaceous teeth ovate when in fruit, pet. slightly cloven or
entire obovate, 1. lanceolate lower ones spathulate.—#. B. 1178.
—Hairy and viscid. St. 6—12 in. high, simple or branched,
erect. Fl. solitary, secund, axillary, white or reddish. Fr.-st.
often reflexed.—8. S. gquinquevulnera(L.) ; fl. white with a large
crimson spot on disk of each petal. #. B. 86.—Sandy and
gravelly fields. About forms of this, see J. of B. xviii. 146.
A. VI.—X. English Catchfty. E. 8, I

2. S. nittans (L.) ; pubescent, glandular-viscid above, panicle
secund with drooping trichotomous opposite 8—7-flowered
branches, cal. ventricose with acute teeth, pet. bifid crowned,
segments linear, lower 1. lanceolate-spathulate, stem-l. sessile
lanceolate, carpophore scarcely half as long as the capsule, teeth
of the caps. reflexed.—Z, B. 465.—St. 14 foot high, Fl. white,
most expanded and sweetest in the evening.—8. S. paradoxa
(Sm.): rt.-l. roundly spathulate mucronate with long hafts.—
On limestone and chalky places. 8, Dover Cliffs. P. VI. VII.
Nottingham Catchfly. E. 8.

SILENE. 55

[S. ital’tca (Pers.); pubescent, panicle nearly erect with oppo-
site trichotomous viscid branches, cal. clavate with blunt teeth,
pet. bifid not crowned, segments broad, lower 1. lanceolate spa-
thulate, stem-l. linear-lanceolate, carpophore as long as capsule.
—S. patens E. B. 8. 2748.—St. 2 ft. high.—An escape. P
VI. VIL] E.S

3. S. Otites (Wibel): panicle long with opposite tufted
whorled-racemose branches, whorls many-flowered,ped. glabrous,
eal. faintly veined smooth with blunt teeth, pet. linear wndimded
not crowned, |. lanceolate-spathulate, stem-]. small linear erect.
—#. B. 85.—F. subdicecious, small, yellowish. Caps. sessile.
St. viscid at about the middle, 1 foot high. LL. mostly radical.
—Sandy and gravelly places in Suff., Norf. and Cambridge-
shire. P. VI. E.

4. S. Cucribalus (Wibel); panicle terminal, fl. many drooping,
cal. inflated netted, pet. deeply cloven scarcely ever crowned,
segments narrow, |. elliptic-lanceolate, stem erect.—Z. JB.
164. S. inflata (Sm.)—Glabrous, smooth. St. 2—3 ft.
high. No barren procumbent stems. Inflorescence between
corymbose and panicled. Pet. white. Cal. inflated especially
below, its mouth narrower than its base. Bracts scarious.
Branches of panicle unequal. Scented at night. Sometimes
(S. puberula, Jord.) the st. and |. are rough with hairs and cal.
downy.— Fields and roadsides. P. VI.—VIII. Bladder
Campion. White-bottle. KE. S. I.

5. S. maritima (With.); panicle terminal, 7. few usually
solitary erect, cal. inflated netted, pet. crowned, segments
broad, |. lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, barren st. spreading
decumbent, fi.-shoots ascending.—#. B. 957.—Barren procum-
bent shoots forming a cushion. FI. larger than those of Sp. 4.
Cal. elliptic, its mouth broader than its base, mostly inflated
above the middle. Bracts herbaceous.—Near the sea, also by
alpine rills.. P. VI.—VIII. E. S. I.

6. S. conrea (L.) ; st. erect forked, fl. from the forks or ter-
minal, cal. with 30 furrows conical in fruit, téeth subulate
acute, pet. obeordate crowned, |. linear subulate downy, caps.
oblong-ovate. — EH. B. 922.—St..3—12 in. high, simple or
branched. Cal. of the flowers conical-tubular, rounded below ;
of the fruit very broad at the base. Carpophore very short.
Pl. reddish.—_Sandy fields, rare. A. V. VI. E.

7. S. noctijlora (L.); st. erect repeatedly forked, fl. from the
forks or terminal, ca/. veined and with 10 hairy glandular ribs
in fruit elliptic-oblong, teeth long subulate, pet. deeply bifid

56 14. CARYOPHYLLACE,

crowned, |. lanceolate lower ones obovate, caps. ovate.—-E. LB.
291. St.3. 10.—Resembling Lychnisvespertina. St. about 1 foot
high, downy and glandular. Caps. opening with 6 patent teeth.
Carpophore very short. Fl. reddish white, rather large, sweet-
scented in the evening ; pet. rolled up by day ; peduncles glan-
dular.—Sandy and gravelly fields, rare. A. VII. VIII. E.S. I.

[S. Arméria (L.); pan. forked many-fl. level-topped, pet.
notched each with a double awlshaped scale, cal. and
smooth, caps. clavate, st. viscid.—/. B. 1398.—Yalding, Kent.
Between Par and Fowey Point, Cornwall. <A. VII.] E.

8. S. acarilis (L.) ; st. densely tufted and much branched, 7.
solitary, peduncles and cal. glabrous, cal. bellshaped with 10
striz, teeth ovate blunt, pet. slightly notched crowned, 1. linear
ciliate below.—#. B. 1081. A. 5084. Forming broad dense
tufts 2—3 in. high. FI. purple or white, upon longish solitary
stalks, sometimes nearly sessile. Caps. twice as long as the
calyx. Plants somewhat dicecious.—On the higher mountains.
P. VII. VIII. Cushion Pink. E. Si1

5. Lyca'nis Linn. em. Lam. Campion.
* Cal. tubular, not inflated ; teeth short.

1. L. Visedria (L.); pet. emarginate crowned, st. glabrous
viscid below the joinings, l. lanceolate glabrous the margins
woolly at the base, fl. racemose-panicled somewhat whorled,
carpophore 4 the length of the capsule.—H. B. 788.—St. simple,
1 foot high. FI. large, rose-coloured. Caps. 5-celled when
young. Seeds reniform, minute, acutely tubercled.—Dry rocks,
very rare, P. VI. E.S.

2. L. alpina (L.); pet. cloven scarcely crowned, st. glabrous not
at all viscid, \. linear-lanceolate glabrous sometimes minutely
ciliate at the base, fl. corymbose, carpophore 3 the length of
the capsule.—E. B. 2254.—St. simple, 5—6 in. high. Fl. small,
rose-coloured, crown scarcely more than 2 small tubercles upon
each petal. Caps. 5-celled when young. Seeds reniform, minute,
bluntly tubercled.—Mountains. Glen Isla, Forfar (3200 ft.).
Hobearten Crag, Cumb. (2000 ft.), P. VI. VIT. E.S.

3. L. Flos-crvicult (L.) ; pet. deeply 4-cleft crowned, segments
linear palmately diverging, cal. with short teeth, st. with few
deflexed hairs, |. lanceolate the lower ones narrowed below, fl. ©
loosely panicled, caps, 1-celled, teeth 5, carpophore very short.
—E, B. 573.—St. viscid and brownish olive, 1—2 ft. high. —

LYCHNIS.—SAGINA. 57

Pet. rose-coloured, tlie crown bipartite ; segm. subulate erect,
usually with an acute tooth on the middle of the outer margin.
Cal. 10-ribbed.—Moist places. P. V. VI. Ragged eS ;

** Cal, inflated ; teeth falling short of the petals.

4. L. alba (Mill.) ; pet. half-b¢fid crowned, st. villose, 1.
peduncles and cal. hairy, 1. ovate-lanceolate, fl. dichotomously
panicled dicecious, calyw-teeth of the fertile fl. linear-lanceolate,
long, caps. conical, teeth 10 straight.—E. B. 1580. St.
293.9. L. dioica 8B L. L. vespertina (Sibth.)—St. 1—2 ft.
high. Fl. white, very rarely reddish. Calyx of barren il.
obovate-oblong ; of fertile fl. ovate, teeth twice as long as
those of ZL. dioica. Carpophore broad, short.—Fields. B. (2)
VI.—IX. White Campion. BY Sat.

5. L. dioica (L. em. Mill.); pet. half-bifid crowned, st. 1.
and cal. villose, 1. ovate acute, fl. dichotomously panicled
subdicecious, calya-teeth of the fertile fl. triangular, caps.
nearly globular, teeth 10 recurved.—H. B. 1579. St. 23. 8.
L. diurna (Sibth.).—orms a tuft of decumbent leafy barren
shoots. St. 1—2 ft. high. FI. red, very rarely nearly
white. Carpophore narrow, short. Sp. 4 and 5 vary in colour
from red to white and white to red—Damp hedgebanks.
P.V. VI. Red Campion. E.S. I.

#* Cal. with long leaflike narrow corvaceous lobes exceeding
the petals.

6. L. Gathdgo (Scop.) ; pet. entire or emarginate crownless,
calyx-teeth longer than the tube exceeding the petals, fl. solitary
upon long stalks.—Agrostemma L. #. B. 741. St. 5. 6.—
Fl. large, purple. St. dichotomous, 2—3 ft. high. Cal. ribbed,
with 5 linear-lanceolate constantly erect-patent very long seg-
ments. Styles downy. Caps. 5-toothed.—Cornfields. A. VI.
-—-VITI. Corn-Cockle. Ee S.L.

Suborder II. Alsinec.
6. Saci’na Linn. em. Presi. Pearlwort.

* Sep., stam., styles and valves of caps. usually 4 ; pet.
very small or wanting.

1. S. procum’bens (L.); branches long procumbent from a
central rosette, 1. linear awned, sep. blunt slightly shorter than
the capsule, apex of the ped. reflexed after flowering wtimately

58 14. CARYOPHYLLACE.

erect.—li, B, 880. &. vy. 201. St. 30. 3.—Glabrous. Central
st. never lengthening nor flowering; branches axillary, often
rooting, usually with fasiculate leaves. Pet. small blunt,
often wanting. A fifth part is occasionally added to the f1.,
in which case it is distinguished from S. saxatilis by its cal.
spreading when in fruit and styles refered during flowering.
A fleshy maritime form is S. marziyma (Gren.).—8. spinosa
(Gibs.) ; 1. longer and narrower very minutely spinose-ciliate
on the edges.—Waste ground. P. V.—IX. EK. SL.

2. SN. apet'ala (Ard.); st. and branches ascending, /. linear
awned, sep. blunt shorter than the capsule hooded ultimately
spreading in the form of a cross, ped. always erect.—#. B. 881.
R. v. 200.—Central st. lengthening flowering and together with
the branches erect, never rooting ; upper part of st., ped., and
cal. often bearing glandular hairs. Pet. very minute, inversely
wedge-shaped and truncate. Caps. corical-ovoid, subpeltate
below, stalked.—8. prostrata (Gibs.); prostrate, branching
from a rosette which lengthens into a stem and fiowers.
[y. S. Reuteri (Boiss.); st. much branched, ped. short densely glandular, sep.
usually appressed. |.—Walls and dry places. 8. Common on gravel
walks. [y. Wore. Heref. Pembr. | A. V.—IX. Sy,

3. S. ctlidta (Fr.); st. long, branches diffuse or spreading,
]. linear awned, outer sep. pointed scarcely shorter than and
adpressed to the mature caps. their tips patent.—Sy. B. B. 247.
R.v.200. S. patula (Jord.).—Glabrous. Central st. flowering
and together with the branches erect or ascending, not rooting.
Cal. and tips of ped. sometimes with gland-tipped hairs. Caps.
ovate-attenuate, rounded below, stalked.—S. ambiqua (Lloyd)
is probably a maritime form.—Dry places and sandy heaths.
AL ViVi E. 8. I.

4. S. maritima (Don); central st. long forked, branches
ascending, /. fleshy blunt or apiculate rounded at the back
glabrous, sep. blunt about equalling the capsule ultimately
spreading slightly, ped. erect.—K#. B. 2195. SS. stricta (Fries.).—
St. often purple, brittle. The central stem produces flowers
and is erect, or in luxuriant plants more or less procumbent.
Sep. concave with incurved tips. Caps. ovate, rounded below.
—A much-branched prostrate form is (8) S. debilis (Jord.) ;
its calyx usually exceeds the caps., and all its stems are
often prostrate and spring from a false rosette.—Another
very much branched state forming dense tufts, with short
joints and shorter linear plane-convex 1., is (y) S. densa
(Jord.).—On the seashore. Fries states that his plant some-

SAGINA. 59

times occurs upon mountains in Norway ; and G. Don seems
to have found it on Ben Nevis [var. alpina Sy.'] A. V.—
IX. Sea Pearlwort. Bice.

5. S. Boyd'ti (Buch.-White); cespitose, st. erect, 1. densely imbricate linear
fleshy rigid strongly recurved shortly mucronate, fl. 4-5-merous, sep. broadly
ovate blunt with narrow membranous margins, pet. 0, ovary globose, flattened at
the top, ‘‘ caps. globose shorter [than] and covered by the sep.,’’ ped. short stout
slightly curved.—JJ. of PB. 1892, t. 326 b.—Much branched below, forming dense
tufts, glabrous dark green shiny. A remarkable plant which requires further
study. We have not seen fruit.—Braemar, Mr W. B. Boyd. P. VI. Ss.

** Sep., pet., styles and valves usually 5. Stam. 10.
SPERGELLA.

6. S. saginoides (Dalla Torre) ; central st. short and barren,
1. linear mucronate glabrous, st. ped. and cal. glabrous, pet.
shorter than caps. longer than the:calyx.—Sperguwa saginoides
(L.). #. B. 2105. S. Linneei (Presl.). S. saxatilis (Wimm.).
—St. prostrate, slightly rooting, many. Ped. long, their
tips reflexed: after’ fiowering ultimately erect. Caps. rather
longer than the calyx, sometimes twice the length. Closely
resembling S. procumbens, but distinguished by the valves
of its capsule being much more narrowed upwards, sep.
adpressed and narrower, pet. longer, styles not reflered.—
Highland mountains. P. VI.—VILI. Ss.

7. S. novdlis (Fries) ; central st. and branches ascending ces-
pitose, 1. subulate mucronate glabrous, ped. short straight, sep.
very blunt adpressed to the ripe capsules, pet. rather exceeding
cal. but falling short of caps. entire.— Sy. £. 2. 250 (bad).—St.
and branches dividing repeatedly (no true rosette), not root-
ing, 1—13 in. long, forming a dense tuft. Fl. divided in fours
or fives. Ped. wholly straight. Sep. white with diaphanous
edges.—Tops of Highland mountains, very rare. P. VIII. 8.

8. S. subuldta (Presl) ; /. awned linear often ciliate, ped. and
calyz glandular-hary, pet. about as long as the caps. longer
than the calyx.—Spergula Sw. #. B. 1082.—St. procumbent.
Ped. very long, the tip slightly reflexed after flowering, ulti-
mately erect. Caps. ovate-attenuate, rounded below, sessile.
— Dry gravelly and sandy places. P. VI.—VIII. B.S. 2.

_ 9. 8S. noddsa (Fenzl); 1. subulate glabrous upper /. shorter
Jaserculate, pet. much longer than the calyx, ped. always erect.
—Spergula L. 2. B.694.—Primary stem short, not flowering ;

1 Mr Diuce’s plani trom Cairngorm (Amn. Scot. Nat. Hist. 18¥2, p. 273) which
has been referred to this, has a central rosette, short ped. and pet. equalling the
cal.—H. & J. G.

60 14. CARYOPHYLLACE®.

lateral stems procumbent at the base then ascending, 2—6 in.
long. Fl. terminal, 1, 2 or 3 together, white, conspicuous.
Whole plant often quite glabrous. Sometimes (S. glandulosa
Bess.) the upper parts of the st., the connecting membrane of
the ]., and the base of the cal. are glandular-hairy.—Wet and
sandy places. P. VIL. VIII. Knotted Surrey. Ey Sek:

7. Honkene’sa Hhrh.

1. H. peploides (Ehrh.) ; 1. sessile ovate acute fleshy glabrous
1-veined, pet. obovate, sep. ovate blunt 1-veined shorter than
the petals.—Arenaria L. Halianthus Fr. Minuartia Hiern.
E. B. 189.—St. forked, procumbent, rhizomatous. FI. from
the forks of the stem, frequently dicecious or polygamous.
spe large, globose. Seeds few, large.—Sandy mae

8. Atstne L. em. Wahl.

1. A. stric’'ta (Wahl.); 7. filiform veznless, fl.-shoots erect
naked above, pet. equalling the cal. oblong-oval attenuate below,
sep. ovate-lanceolate acute 3-veined (when dry), ped. terminal
1—3 very long.—Aren. uliginosa (Schlecht.). #. B.S. 2890.—
St. prostrate, cespitose.—Widdy-bank Fell, Teesdale. P. VI. E.

2. A. ver'na (Bartl.); 7. linear-subulate acute 3-veined, pet.
exceeding the calyx rounded-obovate attenuate below, sep.
ovate-lanceolate acute 3-veined with a membranous margin,
peduncles 1- or many-flowered.—Z. ZB. 512.—St. 3—4 in. high.
L. usually not adpressed and mostly with a minute point.
Bracts acute.—8. Aren. Gerardi (Willd.) ; 1. subulate bluntish
not apiculate, pet. elliptic shortly clawed scarcely longer than
the calyx. A. v. 208. lL. usually pressed close to the stem.—
Rocky places in mountainous districts. §. On the hills above
Kynance Cove near the Lizard Point, Cornwall. P. V.—IX.

3. A. rubella (Wahl.) ; 7. linear-subulate b/unt 3-veined, pet.
obovate attenuate below shorter than the calyx, sep. ovate-lan-
ceolate acute 3-veined with a membranous margin, peduncles
1-flowered.—2H. B. S. 2638. Aren.sulcata (Schlecht.).—Like a
Sagina. St. many, short. Bracts blunt. Flowering shoots
terminal downy, nearly always 1-fl., about 1 in. long, with
1—3 pairs of leaves. Ped. longer than calyx. Styles and valves
of caps. 3—5.—Tops of Scottish mountains, very rare. [Ser-
pentine hills, Shetland, Mr W. 1. Beeby.] P. VII. VII. 8.

ALSINE.—ARENARIA. 61

4. A. tenwifdlia (Cr.); 1. subulate-acute 3-veined, pet.
ovate attenuate below shorter than the calyx, sep. lanceolate-
subulate 3-veined with a membranous margin.—/#. Bb. 219.
St. slender, 4—6 in. high, much branched, forked, with
flowers in the forks.—Glabrous. Sometimes the upper parts
(A. lava, Jord.), or the cal. alone (A. hybrida Vill.), bear
patent gland-tipped hairs.—Sandy and chalky places, rare.

V. VI. EI*

sie

9. CHERLE'RIA Linn.

1. CO. sedoides (L.).—E. B. 1212. Minuartia Hiern.—Pet.
generally wanting. FI. solitary, on short stalks. St. very
many, forming a dense mass close to the ground. L. very
many, linear-subulate, finely ciliate-—Summits of mountains.
PV. IIT. S.

10. Arena’Ria Linn. em., Boreau. Sandwort.

1. A. triner'via (L.); 1. ovate acute ciliate stalked 3—5
veined the upper ones sessile, stam. 10, pet. shorter than the
calyx, sep. long-lanceolate acute 3-ribbed the intermediate
rib strongest and rough, seeds smooth appendaged.—L. B.
1483. R. v. 216.—St. about a foot high, weak, branched,
downy. Fl. solitary from the forks of the stem and axils
of the upper leaves. Ped. ultimately spreading and curved
just below the fruit. Lateral veins of sep. often very faint.
Distinguished by the appendage to the hile of its seeds.—
Damp shady places. A. V. VI. K. 8. I.

2. A. serpyllifolia (L. em. Guss.); /. ovate acute roughish
sessile, pet. shorter than the calyx, sep. ovate-lanceolate acute
3—5-veimed hairy on the veins, fr.-st. erect or patent straight
longer than the ampullaceous eaps. which exceed the sepals.—
EF. &. 923.—St. much branched, 3—6 in. long. FI. from the
forks of st. or axils of leaves. Pet. ovate, narrowed below.
Ripe capsule brittle. Sometimes [var. wiscidia Roth] with
viscid hairs on the upper part, A. viscrda (Lois.).—I cannot
distinguish A. Lloydi.i—Dry places and walls: A. VI.—
VIII. B.S. 1

3. A. leptoclddos (Guss.) ; 1. small ovate acute sessile, pet.
shorter than the cal., sep. lanceolate acute 3-veined hairy on
the veins, fr.-st. patent curved at the top or ultimately straight
longer than the ovoid-oblong caps. which exceed the sep.—

1 A. Dloydit Jord. (A. serpyliifolia var. macrocarpa Lloyd) is a condensed
seaside form with broader leaves and more strongly-veined eglandular sepals.—
H. & J. G.

62 14. CARYOPHYLLACE.

£. B.S. 2972.—St. much branched. Fl. as in Sp. 2. Much
more slender than in Sp. 2; caps. small and often nearly

oblong flexible when ripe; seeds smaller.—Dry places and
walls. A. VI.—VIII. E.T.

4. A. cilidta (L.) ; 1. spathulate ciliate, pet. exceeding the calyx,
sep. ovate-lanceolate with 3 prominent ribs.—#. 2. 1745.—St.
long, much branched, prostrate, rough, with very short deflexed
hairs, angular when dry. Fl. 1—5, terminal, somewhat panicled.
Pet. ovate, slightly clawed.—Limestone clifis of Ben Buiben
range, especially King Mountain, co. Sligo. P. VI. VII. Me

5. d. goth'ica (Fr.); [h. ovate to ovate-lanceolate acuminate slightly
ciliate towards the base|, pet. exceeding the cal., sep. ovate-lanceo-
late keeled falling short of the caps. Caps. ovoid constricted at
the top opening by revolute teeth.—{ri. Dan. Suppl.i. t. 15.—St.
short much branched slightly hairy. Fl. 1—3, terminal. Ped. covered with
very short hairs. Sep. glabrous obscurely ribbed. Pet. oblong. Seeds dark
brown tuberculated.—Ingleborough, Yorks. P. V.—IX. E.]

6. A. norvégica (Gunn.); /. spathulate obovate fleshy not ciliate,
pet. exceeding the calyx, sep. ovate-acute obscurely 3-12bbed gla-
brous falling short of the oblong caps. which is not constricted
at the top and opens by erect teeth.—#. F. S. 2852.—St. short,
much branched, procumbent, nearly smooth, angular when dry.
Fl. 1—3, terminal. Ped. with very short deflexed hairs. Pet.
ovate, slightly clawed. -Seed dark brown, tuberculated.—
Inchnadamph, Sutherland. Unst, Shetland. P. VII. VIII. 8.

11. Hotos' trum Linn. diagn. em., DU.

1. H. wmbelldtum (L.); fl. umbellate, peduncles pubescent
viscid, pedicels reflexed after flowering, l. elliptic or long and
acute.—H. B.27. R.v. 221.—About 6 in. high.—On old walls
and dry places in Norfolk and Suifolk. A. LV. E.

12. Srenna‘Rt1a Linn. Stitchwort.
* Seeds on a linear long columella.

1. S. nem’orun (L.) ; st. ascending downy above, |. stalked
heartshaped, upper 1. ovate sessile, cyme lax panicled, pet.
deeply bifid twice as long as the lanceolate sepals, caps. exceed-—
ing the calyx.—E#. B. 92. R. v. 252.—St. 1—14 foot high.,
L. large, rough on the upper surface, ciliate. Sep. with narrow
scarious margins.—Damp woods, chiefly in the North. P. V.
VI. Wood Stitchwort. E.S.

STELLARIA. 63

** Caps. rounded below or scarcely if at all narrowed ;
columella very short.

2. S. média (Vill.) ; sé. procumbent and ascending with a
hairy line, 1. ovate shortly pointed stalked, upper /. sessile, i.
axillary and terminal, jl.-pedicels usually not longer than the
cal., fr.-ped. curved downwards and wavy, pet. deeply bifid not
exceeding the ovate-lanceolate single-ribbed glandular-pilose
sepals, caps. cblong longer than the calyx.—#. B. 537. AR. v.
222. —Very variable in length of st. and joints, size of l., number
of stam. (3—10), and length of styles. Sep. with a narrow
searious margin, glabrous or with long hairs. Fr.-st. reflexed,
often scarcely exceeding the leaves. Seeds with round
tubercles. L. glabrous with. broad ciliate petioles.—s. /.
pallida (Piré); pet. 0, styles 0, stig. short arcuate, stam. 3, seeds
small bluntly and minutely tubercled. S. Borwana (Jord.).—
7. S. neglecta (Weihe)!; 1. larger with longer stalks, upper 1.
sessile lower subcordate, stam. 10, seeds with prominent
rounded tubercles. A. IIJ.—_IX. Common Chickweed. E.S.1.

3. S.umbro'sa (Opiz) ; st. procumbent and ascending with a
hairy line, /. narrowed gradually into long points, l-ped.
tuace the length of the calyx, fr.-ped. detiexed at the base,

otherwise straight, wtimately erect, cal. more narrowed below

than in Sp. 2, sep. lanceolate acute tubercular, valves of the
caps. narrower than in Sp. 2, seeds with prominent acute
tubercles. —S. Hlizabethe (Schultz.).— St. much branched
slender with autumnal barren shoots. Fr.-st. much exceed-
ing |.—moist and shady places. P. [V.—VILI. E.S.

4. S. Holos'tea (L.) ; st. ascending angular with rough angles,

1, lanceolate-attenuate acute with a rough margin and keel a//

sessi/e, cyme panicled, pet. half-bifid twice as long as the lanceo-
late very obscurely 3-veined sepals, caps. globose about as long
as the calyx, bracts leaflike—Z. B.411. &. v. 223.—St. 1—2
feet high, slender and procumbent at the base, thicker upwards.
L. gradually narrowing from a little above the base to the very
acute point. Fl. large, white, few, in a leafy cyme.—Woods
and hedges.- P.IV—VI. Greater Stitchwort. Ee Sw.

5. S. Dilleniéna (Moench em. Druce); st. erect weak angular
smooth, 1. linear-lanceolate acute quite smooth sessile, lower |.
broader, fi. solitary or in a few-flowered lax panicled cyme,
pet. bipartite exceeding the lanceolate 3-veined sepals, caps.
oblong-ovate about as long as the calyx, bracts with scarious

1 Many authors combme this with Sp. 3. The name for the combined species
would be S. neglecta (Weihe).—H. & J. G.

64 14. CARYOPHYLLACE#.

and glabrous margins.—E. B, 825. R. v. 223.— Usually
glaucous, S. glavea (With.). St. 6—12 in. high, leafy. FI.
rarely solitary. Pet. white, sometimes much exceeding the
bron eae linear.—Marshy places, rather rare.

E. 8.1.

6. S. gramin’ea (J..); st. diffuse angular smooth, 7. linear-
lanceolate acute quite smooth ciliate below sessile, cyme lax
panicled, pet. bipartite equalling or exceeding the 3-veined
sepals, caps. oblong longer than the calyx, bracts scarious
ciliate.— EH. B. 803.—St. 1—2 feet high, FI. smaller than those
of Sp. 3 or 4, white. Shorter or longer pet. accompany an
imperfection of the stam. or germen.—{[S. longifolia (Fr.) ; S.
Friesiana (Koch), has the upper part of its stem and the edges

and keel of its leaves rough.|—Dry heathy and bushy places.
P.V.—VIII. Lesser Stitchwort. oh Ss. 1

*** Caps. narrowed below ; hence the cal. has a funnel-
shaped base.

7. S. uligindsa (Murr.) ; st. diffuse angular glabrous, /. oblong-
lanceolate acute with a hard tip glabrous slightly ciliate below,
fi. irregularly panicled lateral and terminal, pet. bipartite shorter
than the lanceolate 3-veined sepals, caps. ovoid nearly equalling
the calyx, bracts scarious with glabrous edges.—#. B. 1074.—
Very variable in size, from about a foot long to 2 inches. Fl.
in small cymes.—In wet places. P. V. VI. E. SL:

13. Myosoton Moench. Great Chickweed.

1. MW. aquat'icwm (Moench) ; st. decumbent and ascending
angular covered with glandular hairs, 1. cordate-ovate
acuminate, fl. scattered solitary in the forks of the stem,
pet. bipartite rather exceeding the calyx, caps. exceeding the
calyx.—R. vi. 237. #. b. 538. Malachia (Fr.). Stellaria
(Hook.).—Closely resembling Stellaria nemorum. Lowest 1.
and those of the barren branches stalked, others larger and
sessile.—Usually in wet places. P. Vil. VIII. E.

14. Ceras't1um Linn. em. Vill. Mouse-ear.
* Root fibrous. Pet. not or but little exceeding the calyx.
+ Caps. curved.

C. viedsum (L.); 1. ovate sep. lanceolate very acute with
a narrow membranous margin, and as well us the herbaceous
bracts hairy throughout, caps. cylindrical ascending twice as
long as the calyx, fruitstalks about equalling the calyx.—

CERASTIUM. 65

C. vulgatum (Sm.).° EB. B. 788. R. v. 229. C. glomeratum
(Thuill.)—St. erect, glandular-hairy. Fl. in close cymes,
longer than their stalks.—s. C. apeta/um (Dum.); pet. 0,
whole plant usually much more slender.—Fields and banks.
A. IV.—IX. E821.

2. OC. wdqdtum (L.) : |. oblong-lanceolate, sep. oblong-ovate
bluntish and as we// as the bracts membranous at their margins
and glabrous tips, caps. cylindrical ascending twice as long as
the calyx, fruitstalks at least as long as the calyx.—J/. v. 229.
C. viscosum (Sm.). FE. B.790. C. trividie (Link).—St. downy,
mostly procumbent, some short and barren. FI. larger than
those of the last, in small] terminal eymes the branches of which
are often lengthened as the fr. ripens—s. C. holosteoides
(Fries) ; glabrous sides of st. alternately downy, 1. dark smooth
shining, fr. much larger. St. 63. 9.—In fields, and on mountains
(var. alpinum M. & K.) with larger flowers; on seashores
pentandrous and annual [var. pentandrum Sy.]. An extended
form from Shetland (C’. /ongirostre Wich.) has |. 14 in. or more
long and caps. nearly in. B. or P. [V.—IX. ES. I

++ Caps. nearly siraight.

3. C. semidecan'drum (L. em., Gren.) ; 1. broadly ovate, sep.
lanceolate broad/y membranous at thei margins and tips,
bracts with their upper half membranous, caps. cylindrical
slightly inflated longer than the calyx, jrizista/ks longer than
the calyx at first reflered afterwards erect.—E. B. 1630. R. v.
228.—St. erect or decumbent, downy, sometimes viscid. et.
with simple verns, not distinctly notched. Lower 1. with long
linear hafts. Known by its half-membranous bracts.—
Common in dry places. A. IV. V. ES. L

4. C. piimilum (Curt.) ; /. spathulate, upper 1. oblong, sep.
lanceolate acute with their tips and margins narrowly membra-
nous, wppermost bracts with an extremely narrow membranous
margin, caps. slightly curved upwards longer than the calyx,
fruitstalks short curved at the top declining from their base,
ultimately erect.—Curt. 11. 92. C. glutinosum(Fr.). Fl. Dan.
2537.—Viscid. St. branched at the root, afterwards nearly
simple. Pet. with branched veins, notched. Lower 1. with
long linear hafts. Fl. in terminal forked cymes.—Dry banks
in the South. A.IV. VY. E.

5. C. tetran'drum (Curt.); 1. oval or oblong, sep. lanceolate
acute, their tips and margins narrowly membranous, bracts
wholly herbaceous, caps. 2 little exceeding the cal. straight,

E

66 14. CARYOPHYLLACE #.

Sruitstalks 2—4 times as long as the caps. straight, ultimately
erect.—H#. B. 166. Curt. ii. 98. C. pumilum Gren., Bor.—
Viscid. St. cymose from the base. Bracts very broad, oval,
rather acute or apiculate, or nearly round, leaflike. Pet. with
branched veins, notched. Fl.-whorls of 4 or 5 parts.—Walls —
and sandy places near the sea. A. V.—VII. Bis SL ay

** Root truly perennial, with prostrate leafy shoots. Pet. much
longer than the calyx.

6. C'. arven’se (L.) ; st. ascending prostrate below, /. Jinear-
lanceolate, fl. many, sep. and bracts lanceolate slightly acute
with membranous margins and tips, caps. at last longer than
the calyx, seeds small acutely tubercled.—Z. 2B. 93.—St. long.
Fl. 3—14, in forked panicles. Fruitstalks erect, bent just
under the calyx. St. and 1. hairy.—8. Andrewsii (Syme) ; 1.
subglabrous rigid with a strong midrib ; often 1-flowered.—In
sandy, gravelly and chalky places, rare. 8. Kerry, Aran I.
P. 1V.—VIII. Bi. Le:

-

7. C. arcticum (Lange)!; pubescence short, st. prostrate
ceespitose, 1. elliptic or lanceolate, fl. 1—3, sep. blunt with
membranous margins, bracts herbaceous, caps. slightly narrow-
ing straight, seeds large rugose, fruitstalks oblique patent.—
E. B. 473. C. latifolium ed. viiii—Pubescence short,
rigid, yellowish. Barren shoots usually long. lL. variable
in shape.—8. Hdmonstoniz (Beeby); |. roundish-ovate dark
greenish purple, st. short, densely leafy below.—Alpine parts
of Wales and Scotland. §. Unst, Shetland. P. V. E. S.

8. C. alpinum (L.) ; hairy, st. ascending, |. ovate ovate-ob-
long or lanceolate, fl. few, sep. bluntish with membranous
margins, bracts herbaceous their margins often narrowly
membranous, caps. nearly cylindrical curved at the end, seeds
small acutely tubercled, fruitstalks obliquely patent.—&. JB.
472.—Pubescence long, simple. St. much a below, then
simple, elongated, prostrate or ascending. Fl. 1, 2 or 3 together,
in a forked panicle, shorter than their stalks.—Alpine parts of
Scotland and the North of England. P. VI.—VIIT. E. 8.

9. C. cerastioides (Britton) ; st. decumbent with an alternate
hairy line, |. elliptic-oblong, ped. pubescent 1—3-flowered
terminal, bracts herbaceous, styles mostly 3, caps. rather ex-

1 It is not clear from the MS. whether it was the Author's final
intention to combine this with C. alpinwm as var. 8. compactum or to
keep it distinct. In view of more recent information we have thought it
better to adopt the latter course, omitting the var. compactum of ed. viii.
—H. & J. G.

MOENCHIA,—SPERGULARIA. 67

ceeding the calyx.—C. trigynum (Vill.). Stellarva cerastioides
(L.). £. B. 911.—St. 4—8 in. long, slender, leafless and much
branched below. L. light green, glabrous (or hairy in C. nivale
Don), subsecund and subfalcate. Fl. large, white. Teeth of
caps. 6—10.—Highland mountains. Py, Vellbt VALET. SS.

15. Moen’cuta Hhrh.

1. VW, erecta (Gaertn., M. & 8.) ; stam. 4.—Cerastiwm Fenzl.
E. B. 609. R. v. 227.—Glaucous. St. erect, glabrous, 1—4
in. high. L. opposite, linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid. Sep.
with broad white membranous margins, acute.—Dry gravelly
and sandy places. A. V. VI. EK.

Suborder III. Polycarpew.
16. Potycar’Pon Linn. diagn. em., DC.

1. P. tetraphyl'lum (1..) ; triandrous ; pet. emarginate, stem-
1. in fours, 1. on the branches opposite.—#. B. 1031.—In young
plants the 1. are often all opposite.—Coasts of the South-west
of England, rare. A. VI. VII. KE.

17. SpercutArta J. & C. Presi, Sand-Spurrey.

1. S. rébra (J. & C. Presl); st. nearly terete, 1. flat linear
pointed, stip. triangular-ovate-prolonged mostly cut, caps.
about equalling the cal. }—% shorter than the fr.-stalk, seeds
cuneate-obovate # surrounded by a thickened border none
winged.—Sy. E. B. 254.—St. procumbent (as in the other
species). Pan. leafy. Pet. pink, about equalling the calyx.
Seeds usually gibbous on one side. Smaller in all respects
than the other species.—Sandy places. A. V.—IX. E.S.T.

2. S. rupic'ola (Lebel ex Le Jolis) ; st. terete, 1. flattish fleshy
pointed, stip. broadly ovate-prolonged mostly entire, caps.
large equalling or slightly exceeding the cal. }—? shorter than
the fr.-stalk, seeds compressed pyriform nearly surrounded by
a thickened border none winged.—H. B. S. 2977.—Root thick,
woody. JL. fascicled, short ; pan.-l. very short, inconspicuous.
Pet. bale pink exceeding cal. Stam. 10,—Near the sea. P.
VI.—IX. EE.

68 14. CARYOPHYLLACE.

3. S. salina (J. & C. Presl sec. M. K.);> st. compressed,
i. flattish fleshy bluntish or slightly pointed, stip. broadly
triangular-ovate entire, caps. exceeding the cal. about as long
as the Jr.-stalk, seeds compressed roundish nearly surrounded
bya thickened border and some often with a broad scarious
wing.—E. B.S.2978. Lepigonum salinum (Kindb.).—L. long ;
pan. ~1. sometimes long, sometimes inconspicuous. Ped. occa-
sionally twice as long as the capsule. Pet. pink with a white
base falling short of cal. Stam. less than 10—JL. medium
(Fr.) has shortly ovate stip., caps. about equalling cal., seeds
triquetrous smooth with a thickened border but rarely a
few winged.—Near the sea. A. VI—IX. EST

4. d. margindta (Kittel) ; st. compressed, 1. fleshy bluntish,
stip. broadly triangular usually entire, caps. very large often
twice as long as the cal. but scarcely 4 as long as the jr.-stalk,
seeds compressed roundish nearly surrounded by a thickened
border within a broad scarious wing—E. B. 958.—L. long,

3-terete ; pan.-]. very short, inconspicuous. Caps. larger than

in the other species. Seeds reddish. Pet. pale pink, with a

white base. Stam. 10.—Muddy salt marshes. P. VI. ee :
18. Sper’cuLa Linn. em., Presi]. Spurrey.

1. 8. vulgaris (Boenn.); |. linear convex above furrowed
beneath scarcely viscid, fi. in forked panicles, fr.-stalks deflexed,
seeds slightly compressed. obscurely margined, covered with
club-shaped papille. 8S. arvensis (L. em., ed. ix.).—L. grass-
green.—Cultivated land. A. VI.—VIII. ES 4.

2. S. arven'sis (lL. em., Reich.); 1 limear convex above
furrowed beneath ver y viscid, fi. in forked panicles, fr.-stalks
deflexed, seeds slightly compressed with a very narrow margin
covered with minute elevated points. S. sativa (Boenn.).—L.
grey-green. Seeds black.—Cultivated land. A. VL—VIII.

[S. pentan’dra (L.); seeds broadly winged. A specimen in
the Dillenian Herb. supposed to haye been collected by
pi in Ireland. See Ann. Bot. iv. 378 and J. of E.
28. 302.

Suborder IV. Secleranthee.
19. ScLERAN THUS Zinn. Knawell.

1. S. annuus (L.); subdecandrous, segm. of fr.-cal. patent
acute with a very narrow membranous margin, as long as their
tube.—E. B. 351.—Styles exceeding the stamens. St. re-

15. MALVACEA. 69

peatedly dichotomous, green. Fl. green, often solitary in the
forks of the stem, or densely corymbose.—A biennial state
(S. biennis Reut.) is often taken for Sp. 2.—Sandy fields. A.
VI.—VIII. LSS

2. S. peren'nis (L.) ; decandrous, seg. of fr.-cal. connivent
blunt rounded with a broad blunt membranous margin. —L. /.
352.—Styles usually falling short of the stamens. St. nearly
simple or irregularly branched, procumbent, glaucous, at length
reddish. ‘Fl.. variegated with green and white. LL. erect,
directed to one side.—Sandy fields in Norfolk and Suffolk.
Stanner rocks, Radnorshire. P. VI.—VIII. EK.

Order XV. MALVACE.

Sep. 5 or 3 or 4, more or less connected below, often double,
valyate in the bud. Pet. as many as the sepals, adnate to base
of stam., twisted in the bud. Stam. many, connected at. the
base into a tube; anth. 1-celled, reniform, bursting trans-
versely. Ovary formed by the union of several carpels round
a common axis. Carp. 1- or many-seeded. Embryo curved
with twisted or doubled cotyledons, albumen variable in quan-
tity.—L. alternate, with deciduous stipules. Fi, axillary.

1. Matva. Styles many. Cal. double, outer 3-leaved, inner
5-fid. Carpelsin a ring round a thick axis, each 1-seeded.

2. AnrHma. Styles many. Cal. double, outer 6—9-7d,
inner 5-fid. Carpels as in Malva.

3. LavarerRA. Styles many. Cal. double, outer 3-lobed,
inner 5-fid. Carpels as in Wa/lva.

1. Matva Linn. Mallow.

1. W. moschdta (L.); st. erect, 1. palmate with 5—7 deep
bipinnatifid lobes, lower 1. incise-crenate, stipules lanceolate
acute, fruitstalks erect, outer sep. linear-lanceolate, frwt
haivy.—H. B. 754. FR. v. 169.—F I. large, rose-coloured, on
axillary single-fiowered peduncles, crowded at the extremity
of the stem and branches. Cal. hairy. St. 1—2 feet high.
{Varies considerably in thé cutting of the l.: the common British form, var.
laciniata (Lej.), has all the 1. deeply lobed with narrow segments ; var. heterophylla
(Lej.) has the lower roundish entire, the upper deeply lobed ; var. inteqrifolia (Lej.)
has all roundish and more or less entire.|—_Gravelly places. P. VIL.
VU. Musk Mallow. E..S. E.

[Wf. Aleéa (L.); outer sep. ovate acute, fr. glabrous ; should
be found in. England. |

70 15. MALVACER.

2. M. sylves'tris (L.); st. erect, 1. palmate with 5—7 deep
erenate lobes, stipules lanceolate, fruitstalks erect, outer sep.
lanceolate, fruit reticulate-rugose, its axis an acute cone with
concave sides.—#. B. 671. FR. v. 168.—Fl. large, in axillary
clusters. Pet. much longer than the hairy calyx, purple. St.
Dine ft. high, (Carp. sometimes hairy, var. lasiocarpa Druce.}—Road-
sides and waste places.—P. VI.—IX. Common setae a

[M. nicwen’sis (All.) resembling Sp. 2, but with pet. only twice as long as
cal. and netted carp. with winged ridges, occurs as a casual.)}

3. MW. rotundifolia (L. em. Sm.) ; st. decumbent, |. roundish-
heartshaped with 5—7 shallow acutely crenate lobes, stipules
ovate acute, fruitstalks reflexed, owter sepals linear-lanceolate
shorter than the ovate-acuminate stellately hairy inner ones,
pet. 2 or 3 times as long as the calyx, fruit pubescent, carp.
rounded on the edge smooth.—#. 2.1092. M. vulgaris (Fries),
A. v. 167.—F1. small, purple. Carp. meeting each other with
a straight line. Axis of the fr. rather large.—Waste places.
P.? VI—IX. Dwarf Mallow. KE. 8.1.

[M. parviflora (L.), with short ped., broadly ovate-mucronate accrescent inner
sep., pet. scarcely exceeding cal., carp. hairy transversely rugose with distinctly
winged edges, and M. verticilldéta (L.) E. B. S. 2953, with very short ped.,
broadly ovate-acute accrescent inner sep., pet. scarcely exceeding cal. and carp.
glabrous nearly smooth with squarish edges, are occasionally found. ]

“4. MW. pusil'la(Sm.); outer as long as the glabrous but ciliate
inner sepals pet. scarcely exceeding cal., carp. margined netted
rugose [with short hairs].—J/. borealis (Wallm.). 1. rotundi-
folia (Fr.).—Carp. meeting each other with a toothed edge.
Axis of fr. as long as in Sp. 3. Much resembling Sp. 3.—
Kent. Anthony, Cornw. Near London. A. VII.? E.

2, AttHE’A Linn.

1. A. officindlis (L.) ; 1. soft on both sides crenate or crenate-
serrate cordate or ovate 3—5-lobed, ped. axillary many-fi.
falling short of the leaves. st. downy.—#. 2.147. A. v. 173.—
St. 2—3 ft. high. Covered with soft velvety pubescence.—
Marshes, particularly near the sea. P. VIL. IX. Warsh-
Mallow. E..S.7 I.

+2. A. hirsiita(L.) ; hispid cordate, lower 1. reniform bluntly
5-lobed, upper 1. palmate with 5 or 3 acute lobes, ped, axillary
1-flowered exceeding the leaves, st. hispid.—#. 2. S. 2674.
R. v. 172.—Stem and calyx very hispid—Between Cobham
and Cuxton, Kent. N. Somerset (//ook.). A. VI. VII. BE.

16. TILIACEX Zl

3. LavatEr’ra Linn. Tree-Mallow.

1. L. arbdrea (.); st. woody, 1. 7-angled plaited velvety,
ped. axillary clustered 1-flowered shorter than the petioles.—
£. 2. 1841,.—F. large, purplish rose-coloured with darker veins.
St. 3—8 ft. high.— Maritime rocks, rare. B. VII.—IX. E.S. I.

#2. L. sylvestris (Brot.) ; st. herbaceous erect or ascending
hispid, lower 1. orbicular-cordate, upper 1. 5-lobed truncate
below, l.-lobes triangular acute, ped. axillary 1-fl. shorter than
petioles, fr. smooth its axis a cone with convex sides.—./. of B.
xv. t. 191.—Fl. rose-purple. St. rarely prostrate. Much like
Malva sylvestris—Scilly Isles. Wareham, Mansel Pleydell.
[Channel J.]. “A. or B. VI. VII. E.

Order XVI. TILIACE®.

Sep. 4—5, valvate in the bud. Pet. 4—5. Stam. many,
distinct, or slightly connected into bundles at the base ; anth.
2-celled, bursting longitudinally. Glands 4—5 at the base of
the petals. Fr. 4—10-celled, several seeds in each cell ; or by
abortion 1-celled 1-seeded. Embryo erect in the axis of fleshy
albumen ; cotyledons flat, leafy.—L. alternate, with stipules.

1. Trmta. Sep. 5, deciduous. Pet. 5, with or withouta scale
at the base. Stam. many, free or polyadelphous. Ovary
globose, 5-celled, cells 2-seeded. Style 1. Fr. 1-celled,
with 1 or 2 seeds.—No scale to the pet. in our plants.

1. Trrta Linn. Lime tree.

t1. 7. ewrope'a (L. em., Sm.) ; /. obliquely cordate glabrous
except woolly tufts at the branching of the veins beneath. ped.
many-flowered, ripe fr. woody not ribbed downy.—E. B. 610.—
T. intermedia (DC.).—F 1]. in a naked cyme springing from a
lanceolate leaflike bract. L. thin membranous, light trans-
parent green, twrce the length of their petioles.—In many old
plantations. T. VII. E. 8.

2. 7’. corddta (Mill.); 7. obliquely cordate ylabrous except
woolly tufts at the branching of the veins beneath, ped. many-
flowered, fr. oblique angular thin and britile—EH. B..1705.
T. parvifolia (Ebrh.).—lL. thick, coriaceous, opaque above,
usually scarcely longer than their petioles, with stellate hairs
beneath. Lobes of the stigma ultimately spreading horizon-
tally.—In old woods. T. VIII. E.

72 17. HYPERICACE®.

3. 7. platyphiyl'los (Seop.); 7. obliquely cordate downy he-
neath with woolly tufts at the branching of the veins beneath,
ped. mostly 3-flowered, ripe jr. with 5 prominent angles woody
downy turbinate-—Z. B. S. 2720. 7. grandifola (Ehrh.).
—Young shoots hairy. L. thin, membranous, bright trans-
parent green, Jonger than their petioles, with solitary hairs
beneath. Lobes of the stigma erect.—7. rubra (Lindl.) is
stated to have smooth fruit and to be 7. corvallina (Sm.), I
have not seen it.—Old and rocky woods by the Wye, Teme,
and Severn. T. VI. VII. E.

Order XVII. HYPERICACE2,

Sep. 4—5, distinct or cohering, persistent, with glandular
dots, imbricate. Pet. 4—5, twisted in the bud. Stam. many,
connected in 3 or 4 bundles at the base. Anthers versatile.
Styles several, rarely connate. Fruit a dry or fleshy capsule of
many cells and many valves, the valves curved inwards. Seeds
small, many, on a central axis or the incurved margins of the
valves, embryo straight with no albumen.—L. mostly opposite,
with pellucid dots. Stip. 0. Fl. yellow.

1. Hypericum. Cal.5-parted or of 5 sepals. Pet. 5 Styles
3 (in nearly all our plants) or 5. Caps. more or less per-
fectly 3-celled, many-seeded.—Fl. yellow.

1. Hypericum Linn. St John’s Wort.
* Styles 5. Pet. unequal-sided.

*1. H. calycinum (L.); st. shrubby square, |. oblong, fl. soli-
tary, sep. unequal obovate blunt.—Z#. 4. 2017.—Rootstock
creeping. St. 1 ft. high. Fl. 3 or 4 in. across, yellow, as_in
all of this genus.—EHstablished in bushy places. | P. Weare

** Styles 3, stam. in. 5 sets, pet. deceduous. ANDROSEZMUM.

2. H. Androse’mum (L.) ; st. shrubby compressed, I. broadly
subcordate-ovate blunt, cymes trichotomous few-flowered, sep.
broad unequal, pet. oval blunt, sty/es much falling short of stam.,
caps. pulpy imperfectly 3-celled blunt.—Sy. B. 4. 264. Curt.
i. 164.—St. very little branched, 2 ft. high. 4. large, with a
strong aromatic smell when rubbed. Pet.short. Styles much
shorter than the black capsule, finally hooked.—Thickets and
hedges. P. VII. VUI. Vutsan. E. S. I

HYPERICUM. 73

[//. eldtum (Ait.); st. shrubby, 2-edged, ped. 2-winged, 1.
subcordate-ovate subacute, cymes few-flowered, sep. broad un-
equal 4 as long as petals persistent, styles exceeding the stam.,
caps. oval.— Wats. Dendr. Brit. 85. H, Androsemum (8m.).
EL. #B. 1225. H. anglicum (Bert.),—St. 3—4 ft. bigh, much
branched. F'l. large, in terminal cymes. Sep. nearly as large
as those of 1. Androsemum. Pet. about equalling stamens.—
The remains of cultivation. P. VII.—IX.] E,

(W. hireinum (L.), Wats. Dendr. 86, Sy. BE. B. 246, has lan-
ceolate acute deciduous sepals, but otherwise much resembles
fl, elatum ; it is established in some places. |

*** TTerbs. Styles 3, stam. shortly united in 3 sets, pet. persistent,

3. H. quadran'gulum (L. em., Leers) ; st. erect with 4 wings, |.
ovate with peilucid dots and veins, sep. erect /anccolate acumanate
entire, pet. lanceolate, styles half as long as the capsule.—/. b.
370. R, vi. 344.—H. tetrapterum (Fr.).—St. 1—2 feet high.
Fl. in terminal forked close many-flowered cymes, pale.——In
wet places. P. VI. cy ale

4. H. unduldtum (Schousb. ex Willd.) ; st. erect branched
4-edged, |. oblong wavy at the edge with many pellucid dots
netted with pellucid veins and (as well as the sep. and. edges
of the stem) with black marginal dots beneath, sep. erect ovate-
lanceolate acute usually bluntly crenate, styles not }as long
as the eapsule.—/. of B. 1. 97 t. 16. H. beticwm Boiss. Voy.
t. 34. Sy: #, 6. 270a.—St.2—3 ft. high. L. wavy at the edge,
much and uniformly dotted, declining. Fl. in very lax, much
branched cymes. Pet. yellow, tinged externally on one longi-
tudinal half with red. Anth. witha black spot. Styles divari-
cate.—Bogey places in Devon and Cornwall. P. VII. EK.

5. H. perjordtum (L.); st. erect 2-edged, 1. oblong with pel-
lucid dots, sep. erect lanceolate acute, pét. obliquely oblong,
styles as long as the capsule—E. B.295. R. vi. 343,—St. 1—2
feet high. L. elliptic-oblong, varying much in form, and in
the number and size of the pellucid dots ; chief veins pellucid,
but not forming a network. Sep. usually denticulate near the
tip.—8. angustifolium (DC.), ; I. linear-oblong, sep. lanceolate
acute finely denticulate.—Woods, hedgebanks, &e.. P. VIi.
VIIL. Hips ail.

6. Hf. maculdtum (Crantz) ; st. erect quadrangular, 1. elliptic-
ovate blunt with a few pellucid dots netted with pellucid veins,
sep. reflered with many black dots on the outside, pet. elliptic,

74 17. HYPERICACE®.

styles half as long as the capsule.— 2. 4.296. H. quadrangulum
(L. em., Fries.) H.dubiwm (Leers).—St. 1—2 ft. high. Fl. in
forked terminal cymes. Sep. ovate, blunt, nearly entire. Caps.
longitudinally striate.—8. Babingtonii (Groves) (var. macu-
latum, ed. vill.) ; sep. oblong-lanceolate minutely denticulate,
), narrower.—Moist places by ditches, &e. P. VII. E.S.T.

7. H. humifiisum (l..); st. prostrate somewhat 2-edged, 1.
oval-oblong blunt minutely pellucid-punctate the margins with
black dots beneath, fl. subcymose, sep. unequal, 3 oblong blunt
mucronate, 2 lanceolate, all entire or [/7. decumbens (Peterm.)]
glandular-serrate and having a few black dots beneath, stam.
15—20, styles very short.—L. B. 1226. R. vi. 342. St. slender,
3—6 in. long.—Gravelly and heathy places. P. VIJ. E.S. 1

8. I. linarifolium (Vahl); st. erect or ascending terete, 1.
linear blunt with revolute margins, fl. cymose, sep. rather un-
equal /anceolate-acute with glandular teeth and with many black
dots beneath, stam. about 30, styles half as long as the capsule.—
E. B.S. 2851.—St. 6—12 in. high. Fl. larger than in Sp. 7.
—Channel Isles. Cape Cornwall. Banks of the Teign, Tamar,
and Tavy, Devon. Carnarvonsh. P. VII.

9. H. hirstitum (L.) ; st. erect round hairy, /. ovate or oblong
slightly stalked pellucid-punctate pubescent, sep. lanceolate acute
Fringed with shortly stalked glands, pet. linear oblong tipped with
stalked glands, styles deciduous.—#. 4.1156. A. vi. 349.—St.
about 2 ft. high, nearly simple. FI. in axillary and terminal
forked panicles.—Woods and thickets. P. VII. VIII. E. 8.1.

10. MH. montdénum (L.) ; st. erect round glabrous, |. ovate-
oblong sessile pellucid-punctate with glandular dots near the
margin, sep. lanceolate acute fringed with shortly stalked glands,
pet. elliptic entire without dots or glands, styles half the length
of the capsule.—Z. B. 371. &. vi. 347.—Fragrant. St. 2 feet
high, simple, smooth, slender. FI. in terminal dense panicles.
—Bushy limestone hills. P. VIT. VIII.

11. MH. pul’chrum (1..) ; st. erect round glabrous, !. cordate am-
plexicaul pellucid-punctate glabrous, sep. broadly ovate blunt
Fringed with sessile glands, pet. ovate-lanceolate fringed with
glands.—Z. B. 1227.—St. 12—18 in. high, nearly simple. FI.
in loose, axillary, opposite, and terminal cymes. Buds tipped
with red. Anth, red. A nearly prostrate form in Shetland
(var. procumbens Rostr.).—Dry heaths, banks, woods. P. VI.
Wil E. 8. 1.

a

18. ACERACE#.—19. GERANIACEX. 75

##** Styles 3; stam. united throughout their lower half in 3 sets,
a scale between each set ; pet. equal-sided. ELODES.

12. H, elédes (L.) : st. ascending round shaggy rooting below,

1. roundish-ovate sessile pellucid-punctate shaggy, sep. ovate
bluntish glabrous fringed with shortly stalked (reddish)
glands, pet. ovate entire, styles nearly as long as the capsules.
—E£. B. 109. £. palustris R. vi. 342.—St. prostrate below,
then ascending and leafy, 6—8 in. long. Fl. in terminal and
axillary few-flowered cymes.—Spongy bogs. P. VII. me ;
Shee

Order XVIII, ACERACE#.

Cal. 5-, rarely 5—9-parted, imbricate. Pet. the same
number, inserted round an hypogynous disk. Stam. generally
8, serted on the hypogynous disk. Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled.
Style 1. Stigmas 2. Fruit winged, separating into two
indehiscent nuts (samaras) each with 1 cell and 1—2 seeds.
ant curved, albumen 0.—Trees with opposite leaves.

tip. 0.

1. Acer. Fl. some imperfect. Calyx 5-parted. Pet. 5,
Stam. usually 8, longer in the male fiowers.

1. A’cer Zinn. Maple.

1. A. campes‘tre (L.); 1. 5-lobed, lobes entirely or slightly
cut, corymbs erect, sep. and pet. linear hairy, wings of the fruit
horizontally diverging, ovary downy [var. hebecarpum (DC.), or
glabrous, var. leiocarpon (Wallr.)], stam. of the male flowers as long
as the corolla.—Z. 4. 304.—A small tree with corky fissured
bark.—Woods and hedges. T.V. VI. JJaple. E. 8.2 I,

i2. A. Pseudo-plat‘anus (L.); 1. 4-lobed, unequally serrate,
racemes pendulous, ovary downy with spreading wings, stam.
of the male flowers twice as long as the corolla.—Z. B. 303,
&. vy. 164.—A large handsome tree—In hedges and plantations
even in the North of Scotland. T.V.VI. Sycamore. E.S.1I.
Order XIX. GERANIACE#.

Sep. 5, persistent, imbricate. Pet. 5, clawed, twisted in the
bud. Stam. generally monadelphous, 2 or 3 times as many as
the petals, some often abortive. Fruit of 5 carpels cohering
round a long beaked axis, each terminated by an indurated
style which finally twists up, separating from the axis and
carrying with it the carpel. Seeds solitary, without albumen.
Cotyledons convolute, plaited.—L. with stipules.

76 19. GERANIACE.

1. GERaniuM. Sep. 5. Pet. 5. Stam. 10, monadelphous,
alternately larger and with glands at their base, all perfect.
Carp. rounded at the top; the long ultimately recurved
beak glabrous internally.

2. Hropium. Sep.5. Pet.5. Stam. monadelphous, 5 sterile,
5 fertile with glands at their base. Carp. with 2 lateral
depressions at the top ; the long ultimately spirally twisted
beak bearded internally.

1. Geranium Linn em. Azvt. Cranesbill.

* Root consisting of long fibres springing from a short thick
rhizome, perennial.

tl. G. phe'um (L.); peduncles 2-fiowered, pet. roundish
wedgeshaped rather longer than the mucronate sepals, carp.
hairy below transversely wrinkled above, seeds punctate-striate.
—K. 4.322. £&. v. 197.—St. erect, 2 feet high. L. 5-lobed ;
lobes acute, cut, serrate. Fl. purplish black, very rarely white.
—In woods and thickets, rare. P. V. VI. E. 8.

[@. nodésum (L.) ; peduncles 2-fiowered, pet. obcordate long,
sepals awned, carp. downy even, 1. 3—5-lobed, lobes ovate acu-
minate serrate.—Z. B. 1091.—St. 18 in. high, slender, erect,. Fl.
pale purple.—In Cumberland, Herts, and Yorksh.—G. vr-
sicolor (L.) (=G. striatum L.), which resembles this but has
a hairy stem, was found near Filby, Cumb.; Chepstow, and
near Plymouth. Colonists.] K.

2. G. sylvaticum (L.) pendules 2-flowered, pet. obovate
slightly notched long, sepals awned, carp. hairy even, hairs
spreading glandular, seeds dotted, 1. palmate 7-lobed, lobes cut
and serrate, st. erect glandular hairy above, ylaments of stam.
subulate, fruitstalks erect.—E. B.121.—St. erect, 2—8 feet high.
Fl. purplish biue, claws of the petals bearded, lower half of
filaments hairy. Sometimes the fl. are pale rose-coloured, pet.
smaller and nearly entire, and st. more decidedly haii y.—W oods
and thickets in the North, rare. P. VI. VII. E.S. 1.

3. G'. praten’se (L.) ; ped. 2-flowered, pet. obovate entire or
slightly notched long, sepals awned, carp. hairy even, havis
spreadiny glandular, seeds minutely netted, |. palmate 7-lobed,
lobes cut and serrate, st. diffuse glandular hairy above, hairs
deflexed, ji/aments of stam. filiform with a triangular-ovate base,
fr.-st. deflexed.—E. B. 404.—St..1—3 feet high. FI. large,
purple, claw of pet. ciliate. Base of filaments slightly hairy
—Moist pastures. P. VI.—VIIL. i

4. «ae

)

GERANIUM. 77

4. G. sanguin'eum (.) ; peduncles mostly single-jlowered, pet.
obeordate long, sepals awned, carp. smooth crowned with a few
bristles, seeds minutely wrinkled and dotted, 1. nearly round
7-lobed, lobes deeply 3-fid and cut, st. diffuse hairy, hazrs
spreading horizontally.—#. &. 272.—Fl. large, purple ; fila-
ments dilated at the base.—8. (. prostrdtum (Cav.) ; st. dwarf
tufted nearly simple decumbent, ti. filesh-coloured. (. lancas-
triense (With.).—4 small-flowered procumbent form with crowded 1. and 1.-

segments more tapering is var. micranthum B. White.j—In dry places, rare,
6. Sands in Walney Island, Lancashire. P. VIT. ES. 1.

** Roots fusiform, rhizome wanting, perennial ; ped. 2-flowered.

75. G. pyrendicum (Burm. f.); fruitstalks deflexed,. pet.
obcordate tuzce as long as the mucronate sep., claws densely
ciliate, catp. smooth with adpressed hairs, seeds smooth, 1.
reniform 7—9-lobed, lobes of lower |. oblong blunt trifid and
toothed at the end, t. erect villose—H. B. 405. Riv. 191.
G. perenne (Hook.).—F. light purple or nearly white. Claws
of the pet. with a dense tuft of hairs on each side. Fertile
anth. 10. Segments of the upper leaves more acute. St.
spreading; 1—3 feet high, clothed with dense short down
and long hairs intermixed.—Roadsides and pastures, rare.

P- Vi. Vil. B87 1,
*** Root fibrous, rhizome 0, annual ; ped. 2-fowered.
+ Sep. spreading.

6. G. mol'le (L.); pet. oblong deeply bifid $} as long as or
+ longer than the mucronate sepals, claws ciliate, carp. trans-

versely wrinkled glabrous, seeds smooth, |. roundish-reniform in

7—9 deep wedgeshaped segments trifid at the end, st. diffuse
pubescent.—Z. B. 778. FR. v. 191.—Fl. small, purple, or white
with lilac claws. Softly pubescent, glandular above.—Dry
places. A. TV.—VIII. B.S: I.

7. G. rotundifolium (.) : pet. spathulate entie blunt rather
longer than the shortly awned sepals, claws glabrous, carp. not
wrinkled with spreading hairs, seeds netted, |. reniform in 5—7
broadly wedgeshaped incise-crenate segments, st. diffuse pubes-
cent.—F. 8.157. R. v. 190. G. viscidum (Ehrh.).—F). small,
flesh-coloured. Peduncles shorter than the leaves—Old walls
and waste places, rare. A. VI. VII. 1 ipl i

8. G. pusil’lum (L.); pedicels deflexed after flowering, pet.
notched hardly exceeding the mucronate sepals, claws slightly
ciliate, carp. not wrinkled with adpressed hairs, seeds smooth,

78 19. GERANIACE.

1. reniform palmate with 5—7 trifid lobes, s¢. diffuse downy.—
LB. 385. R.v.190.. G. rotundifoliwm (Fries.).—St. usually
prostrate, clothed only with short down. FI. small, bluish
purple. Claws of the pet. only slightly ciliate. Fertile anth.
5. Styles pale Hesh-coloured. Ped. shorter than the leaves.—
Waste places. A. VI.—IX. KE. 8. 1.

9. G. dissec'tum (L.); pet. bifid about equalling the awned
sepals, claws slightly ciliate, carp. not wrinkled with erect hairs,
seeds netted, |. in 5—7 deep laciniate segments with linear lobes,
st. diffuse hairy.—H. B. 753. R. v. 189.—F]. small, bluish
purple. ZL. divided almost to the base, longer than the peduncles.
—-Waste places. A. VI—VIII. Dove’s-foot. BAS. TL:

10. G. columbinum (L.); pet. obovate emarginate with a
short blunt tooth in the notch about equalling the awned
sepals, claws ciliate, carp. not wrinkled with a few minute
scattered hairs, seeds netted, l. in 5—7 deep laciniate segments,
st. diffuse with adpressed hairs.—#. F#. 259. R&R. v. 198.—
Fl. small rose-coloured. L. divided almost to their base.
Peduncles longer than the leaves; pedicels very long.—On
gravelly and limestone soils. A. VI. VIT. LESH le

tt Sep. appressed with flower and fruit.

11. G. liicidum (L.) ; pet. obovate entire, claws glabrous very
long near equalling the transversely wrinkled pyramidal calyx,
carp. netted triply keeled glandular-hairy at he sumunit, seeds
smooth, |. reniform in 5 blunt incise-crenate mucronate seg-
ments, st. spreading ascending.—Z#. B. 75. R. v. 187.—F.
small, rose-coloured. St. and 1. glabrous and shining, often
strongly tinged with red.—Lindley considered his G. Raz most
allied to this species, differing by its “shaggy calyx and simply
keeled fruit.”—Walls and hedgebanks. A. V.—VIII. E.S. 1.

12. G. Robertidnum (l.); pet. obovate entire or slightly
emarginate, claws glabrous very long nearly equalling the
long-awned hairy and slightly glandular sepals, carp. trans-
versely wrinkled downy, seeds smooth, |. ternate or quinate, —
leaflets stalked trifid incise-pinnatifid, st. spreading erect.—
E. B. 1486. R. v. 187.—Fl. purple, sometimes white. Cal.
with a very few glandular hairs, not transversely wrinkled.— —
B. G. purpireum (Forst.) ; pet. narrower, sep. glandular-hairy,
carp. glabrous and more wrinkled, 1. in narrower segments. .
E. B.S. 2648. [A less extreme form is G. modestum (Jord.).|—Hedge-

banks. £8. Southern sea-coast. A. V.—IX. KE. S. I.

20. BALSAMINACE. 79

2. Ero’pium Aiton. Storksbill.

1. £. cicutdérium (Ait.); st. procumbent hairy, peduncles
many-flowered, perfect stwm. dilated not toothed below glabrous,
beak hairy, a concentric furrow below the circular glandless de-
pression on the carpel, 7. pinnate leaflets sessile pinnatifid cut,
stip. lanceolate.—H. B. 1768.—St. diffuse, leafy, with scattered
hairs. Fl. purplish or white. Leaflets very deeply divided,
their segments lanceolate or linear, acute. In Jersey specimens
the l. are ovate and short, and their segments short broad and
bluntish.—a. 2. pimpinellifolium (Cav.) ; 2 pet. with a spot, Its.
ovate incise-pinnatifid with bluntish lobes, furrow on the carp.
conspicuous. WL. commixtwm (Jord.).—s, HL. trvviale (Jord.) ;
pet. not spotted, lts. incise-pinnatifid, carp.furrow faint.—
7. E. pilosum (Bor.) ; pet. not spotted, lts. almost pinnate, carp.-
furrow obsolete. (8. & y. FE. cherophyllum Cay. ?)—Waste
ground, A, VI.—IX. E.8. 1

2. BE. moschdtum (Ait.) ; st. procumbent hairy, peduncles
many-flowered, perfect stam. toothed at the base glabrous, beak
downy, a concentric furrow below the circular glandular de-
pression on the carpel, /, pinnate, leaflets nearly sessile, ovate
unequally cut, stip. oval_—E. B. 902.—Much larger than the
preceding, and diffusing a strong musky scent when handled.
Leaflets less deeply cut.—Waste places, rather rare. A. VI.
VIL. ; EK. I.

3. £. maritimum (Ait.); st. prostrate slightly hairy,
peduncles 1—2-flowered, pet. very minute, a transverse furrow
below the semicircular depression on the carpel, /. semple ovate-
cordate stalked lobed and crenate.—/#. 4. 646.—St. often very
fleshy. Fl]. very small. Pet. pale red, very minute, often
wanting.—Sandy and gravelly places, particularly near the sea,
rare, P. V.—IX.

de

Order XX. BALSAMINACE#.

Sep. 5 (2 upper usually wanting), irregular, deciduous, lower
spurred, imbricate in the bud. Pet. 5, irregular, the lateral
‘united in pairs. Stam.5. Anth. 2-celled, opening at the apex
by a longitudinal fissure, more or less cohering. Ovary 5-celled.
Fr. capsular with 5 elastic valves. Seeds solitary or many,
pendulous ; albumen 0.—L. with glands in place of stipules.
Plants succulent. Many raphides. Minute but fertile fl.
which do not open are found.

80 21. OXALIDACEZ.

1. Impatiens. Sep. 3, the lower one hoodlike with a spur.
Pet. 3, upper one symmetrical, lateral unequally 2-lobed
or each formed of 2 combined. Anth. cohering.

1. Impa’trens Linn. Balsam.

1. L. Voli-tan'gere (L.); 1. ovate coarsely serrate, peduncles
many-flowered solitary, spur closely recurved not emarginate.—
4B. B. 937. R.v. 198. b. St. 5. 15.—FI. large, yellow spotted
with orange. St. 1—2 feet high, tumid at the joinings.— Damp
woody places in mountainous districts, rare. A. VI.—IX.
Yellow Balsam. : .».

*9. TI. bifldra (Walt.) ; 1. ovate coarsely serrate, peduncles
about 4-flowered solitary, spur closely refered emarginate.—
I. fulva (Nutt.). #. B. S. 2794.—F1. orange-yellow spottéd
with red. Each serrature of the ]. with a reflexed glandular
teoth. St. 2—3 feet high.-—An American plant quite natural-
ized by the Wey and other rivers in Surrey. A. VIII. E.

*3. I. parvifldéra (DC.) ; 1. elliptic serrate, ped. erect 3—12-
fiowered, spur short straight.—Sy. #&. B. 315.—F]. small, yel-
lowish: St. 6—18 in. high. L. very acute at both ends.—
Waste places. A Russian plant now quite naturalized. <A.
VIT—IX. “Hh.

Order XXJ. OXALIDACEZ.

Sep. 5, equal, persistent, imbricate in the bud. Pet. 5, equal,
often cohering at the base, twisted in the bud. Stam. 10, more
or less monadelphous, those opposite to the pet. longer than
the others. Anth.2-celled. Ovary 5-celled. Styles5. Caps.
5—10-valved. Seeds several. Embryo straight, in cartila-
ginous albumen.—With stipules.

1. Oxatts. Sep. 5, connected below. Pet. 5, often connected
below. Stam. 10, monadelphous, 5 outer ones shorter.
Styles 5. Seed with an elastic coat.

1. Ox’suis Linn. Wood-Sorrel.

1. O. Acetosel'la (L.); stemless, rhizome creeping toothed, 1.
ternate, leaflets obcordate hairy, peduncles vith 2 scaly bracts
at about the middle 1-flowered, caps. ovoid, seed longitudinally
ribbed.—#. B. 762. #. v. 199.—Fl. white with purple veins or |
rarely purple or blue. Cor. about 4 times as long as the
calyx.—Woods and shady places. P. V. TORO ‘ |

22, LINACEX. S1

72. O. cornicuddta CL.) ;\ stodifiuse with procumbent brancies
pubescent, |. ternate, leaflets obcordate, stipules oblong united to
the Lase of the petioles, peduncles about 2-flowered shorter than
the leaves, partial fruitstaiks retflexed, caps. narrowly oblong,
seeds transversely ribbed, root fibrous.—/#. 2. 1726. R.v. 199.
—Fl. yellow.. L. mostly in pairs._-Waste ground in Devon
and Cornwall.. A. VI.—IX. Bi.

. *3. Ov stric'ta (L.) ; st. erect, stipules 0, ped. 2—8-fl. longer
than the 1, fl. cymose, fruitstalks erect, stoloniferous.—Sy.
BL. #312. R.v.199.—Cymes close, terminal ; fi. yellow. L.
in imperfect whorls.—Naturalized in Cornwall, Devon,
Glamorgan, &c. B. VII. VIII. E

Order XXII. LINACE.

Sep. 4—5 persistent, imbricate. Pet. 4—5, twisted in the
bud, clawed, deciduous. Stam. as many as the pet., connected
into an hypogynous ring with intermediate teeth (abortive
stamens). Ovary with about as many cells and styles as the
sepals, stigmas capitate. Caps. generally tipped with the
hardened base of the styles, with 3—5 complete and 4—5 in-
complete dissepiments, and no central axis. Seeds 1 in each

spurious cell, pendulous, with albumen.—L. without stipules,
alternate.

1. Linum. Sep./5, entire. Pet. 5. Stam. 5. Styles 5.
Caps. with 10 cells and 10 valves.

2. Raprota. Sep. 4, connected. below, deeply trifid. Pet. 4.
Stam. 4. Styles 4. Caps. with 8 cells and 8 valves.

1. Linum Zinn. Flax.
* Leaves scattered.

i. L. angustifoliwm (Huds.) ; caps. downy within, sep. elliptic
pointed ciliate, |. linear-lanceolate, s¢. many.—Z. B. 381.—FI.
pale blue. St. 1—2 feet long, lax, diffuse, branching irregularly.
—Sandy and chalky places in the South: P. Vil. E. I.

[L. usttatis'simum (L.); caps. glabrous within, sep. ovate
pointed ciliate, 1. lanceolate, st. solztary.— FE. 4. 1357. St. 26.
12.—FL blue. St. 1—15 foot high. Sep. 3-veined.—. crepi-
tans (Boenn.); smaller and more branched, caps. opening with

elasticity, seeds paler.—Escaped from cultivation. A. VII.
Common Flax.)

F

82 23. CELASTRACEA,

_ 2. L. peren'ne (L.) ; sep. obovate obscurely 5-veined glabrous,
inner sep. very blunt, |. linear-lanceolate, st. many, fruitstalks
erect.—H#. 6. 40.—FI. blue. St. 1—2 ft. long, erect or decum-
bent.—Chalky {and timestone] places, rare. P. VI. VII. E.S.

** Leaves opposite. lowers white.

3. L. cathar'ticum (L.); sep. elliptic pointed, 1. obovate,
upper |. lanceolate.—Z#, &. 382.—F. small ; sep. serrate ; pet.
acute. St. one or more, slender, 2—6 in. high. Panicle forked,
spreading.—In dry pastures. A. VI.—VIII. EK. 8. 1

2. Rapiroua Roth. Flax-seed. All-seed.

1. R. linoides (Roth), R. millegrana (Sm.). FE. B. 893.—
St. 1—2 in. high, repeatedly forked, with solitary minute
white fl. in the forks as well as at the ends of the branches.
Sep. deeply and acutely 3-cleft, connected below into a tube.—
Damp sandy places. A. VII. VIII. - E. 8S. [.

Division II. CALYCIFLOR.
(Orders X XITI.—XX XIX.)

Petals distinct, and stamens perigynous or epigynous.

A. Petals and stamens perigynous (except in Orders XXVIIL.,
XXIX., XXXI., and XXXV.).

Order XXIII. CELASTRACE®.

Sep. 4—5, imbricate in the bud. Pet. 4—5, mserted in the
margin of a fleshy disk surrounding the ovary. Stam. alternate
with the petals, inserted in the disk. Ovary sunk in the disk,
more or less connected with it, 3—5-celled ; cells 1—2-seeded,
ovules erect. Embryo straight.—'Trees or shrubs. Stip.
minute, deciduous.

1. Kvonymus. Cal. flat, 4—5-lobed; disk peltate. Pet.
4—5, inserted in the margin of the disk. Stam. 4—5, in-
serted in the disk. Style 1. Caps. 3—5-celled, 3—5-
angled, loculicidal. Seeds solitary in each cell, with a
fleshy aril, not truncate at the hile.—Leaves simple.

1. Evon’ymus Zinn. Spindle-tree. Prickwood.

1. 4. ewrope'us (i. em., DC.) ; pet. oblong, fl. mostly 4-cleft
and 4-androus, branches tetragonous smooth and even, |. ovate-

24. RHAMNACEX.—25. LEGUMINOS. 83

lanceolate minutely serrate, caps. obtusely angular not winged.
—B. B. 362. R. vi. 309. St. 27. 3—Orange-coloured aril en-
closing the seed. Bark green. L. glabrous. Fl. forming
small umbels, greenish white. Fruit rose-coloured. o>

‘ and woods. Sh. V. VI.

Order XXIV. RHAMNACE#.

Cal. 4—5-cleft, valvate in the bud. Pet. distinct, inserted
in the throat of the calyx. Stam. opposite to the pet. and
equalling them in number. Ovary wholly or in part superior,
2—3—4-celled, surrounded by a glandular disk. Seeds solitary,
erect. Embryo straight. Fr. fleshy or dry.—Shrubs. Stip.
minute.

1. RHamnus. Cal. pitcher-shaped, 4—5-cleft. Pet. 4 or 5,
or sometimes 0, inserted with the stam. on the margin of
the tube of the calyx. Fruit fleshy, with 2—4 cells and
as many seeds.

1. Roam'nus Linn. em. Desf. Buckthorn.

1. R. cathar'ticus (L.) ; thorns terminal, 7. 4-cleft dicecious,
petioles much longer than the stipules, /. rowndish-oval sharply
toothed, fr. with 4 seeds.—#. B. 1629.—Branches opposite.
Serratures of the 1. incurved, glandular. Notch in the seeds
closed. Styles 4, united halfway up. Hedges and thickets.
Sh. V.— rit. Buckthorn. E.S. I.

2. Rk. Fran'gula (L.) ; spineless, fl. 5-cleft perfect, 1. elliptic-
obovate acuminate narrowed below entire, fr. with 2 seeds, style
simple.—Sy. #. B. 319.—Branches alternate. Fl. in small
clusters greenish white, small.Hedges and thickets. Sh. V.
VI. Black Alder, E.S8.7 I.

Order XXV. LEGUMINOS#.

Cal. inferior. Sep. 5, more or less combined, odd one inferior.
Cor. papilionaceous (in our plants), inserted into the base of the
calyx. Pet. 5, odd one superior and external. Stam. 10 (in
our plants), monadelphous or diadelphous. Ovary free, 1-celled.
Fruit a legume ; placenta on the upper suture ; style from the
upper suture. Embryo bent over the edge of the cotyledons, or
straight.—All our plants have papilionaceous flowers and 10
stamens in one bundle or in two bundles of 9 and1. L. mostly
stipulate ; lts. often stipulate.

84 25, LEGUMINOS 2,

Tribe I. LOTH.L. Pod continuous. Cotyledons rising above
the ground and becoming green leaves. JLecaves of 1 or 3
leaflets or pinnate with a terminal leaflet [or digitate].

* Leaflet soiitary. Stamens monadelphous.

1, Uvex. Cal. of 2 parts ; the upper with 2, the lower with 3
minute teeth, a bract on each side at the base. Pod thick,
few-seeded, scarcely longer than calyx which nearly equals
the corolla.

2. Gentsta. Cal. 2-lipped; upper bifid, lower 3-toothed.
Style subulate, ascending. Stigma terminal, oblique.
Cor. much exceeding calyx.—Many foreign species have
ternate leaves.

*“* Leaf of 3 leaflets. Stamens monadelphous,

3. Sarornamnus. Cal, 2-lipped ; the upper with 2, the lower
with 3 teeth. Style long, curved, thickened upwards,
channelled within, Stigma terminal, capitate,small. Pod

flat.

4, ONONIS. Cal. 5-cleft ; segments narrow, the lower ones
longer. Keel beaked. Style filiform,ascending. Stigma
terminal, subcapitate. Pod thick.

*** Leaf digitate. Stamens monadelphous.

{5. Lupinus. Cal. deeply 2-lipped. Keel rostrate. Style filiform curved.
Stigma capitate. Pod flattened.]

*#** Leaf of 3 leaflets. Stamens diadelphous ; one free.

6. Mepicaco. Cal. with 5 nearly equal teeth. Keel blunt.
Filaments of the stamens filiform. Ovaries curved. Ped
1-celled, hooded or spirally twisted. Seeds 1 or many.

7. Mretitorus. Cal. with 5 nearly equal teeth. Keel blunt.
Filaments filiforn, not adhering to the claws of the petals.
Ovary straight. Pod subglobose or oblong, 1-celled, 1—4-
seeded, longer than the calyx. Pet. distinct, deciduous.
FI. in long loose racemes.

8. TRrirottum. Cal. with 5 unequal teeth. Keel blunt
Filaments slightly enlarged upwards and, more ov tes:
adhering to the claws of the petals, Pod. oval, .1—4-
seeded, included in the calyx or slightly protruding. Pet
slightly combined, persistent,—F 1. m close racemes.

25. LEGUMINOS®. 85

9. Fancaruna. Cal. of 5 nearly equal teeth. Keel blunt.
Filam. filiform, adhering to the claws of the petals. Pod
compressed, truncate, curved, 6—8-seeded, protruding
from the calyx. Pet. distinct, deciduous ; wings and keel
nearly equally long.—F]. 1, 2 or 3 together. Common
peduncle shorter than the petiole.

10. Lorus. Cal. with 5 nearly equal teeth. cel ascending,
with a narrowed point (beak). Wings connivent at their
upper margin. Longer filaments dilated upwards. Style
kneed at the base, filiform-subulate. Pod linear many-
seeded, 2-valvecd, imperfectly divided by transverse par-
titions.

SIE Leaf imparipinnate. + Stamens monadelphous.

11, AnrHyLus, Cal. tubular inflated, 5-cleft, segments un-
equal. Keel not beaked. Style filiform. Stigma capitate.

++ Stamens diadelphous ; one free.

12. Oxyrropis. Cal. with 5 teeth. Keel with a narrow
straight point. Pod imperfectly 2-celled, ce/ls formed by
the infiexed margin of the upper suture.

13. AstracaLus. Cal. with 5 teeth. Keel blunt. Pods
imperfectly 2-celled, cells formed by the inflered margin of
the lower suture.

Tr. U1. VICJEA. Podcontinuous. Stam. diadelphous ; one
free. Cotyledons remaining under ground. JL. pinnate
unthout the term. odd leaflet or apparently simple.

* Tube of stam. very obliquely truncate.

- 14, Vicra, Cal. 5-fid or 5-toothed. Style filiform ; rts upper
part hairy all over, or bearded on the underside and atthe
same time hairy or glabrous. Pods 1-celled, 2-valved.

** Tube of stam. transversely truncate,

15. Lavuyrus. Cal. 5-fid or 5-toothed. Style flattened up-
wards, hairy beneath the stigma. Pods 1-celled, 2-valved

86 25. LEGUMINOS2.

Tr. Ul. HEDYSARE#. Pod dividing transversely into
1-seeded joints. ZL. imparipinnate.

16. ORNiTHOPUS. Cal. long, tubular, with 5 nearly equal
teeth, 2 upper ones slightly combined and converging.
Keel blunt. Pod long, compressed, of many 1-seeded
indehiscent joints equally narrowed on both sides at the
joinings.—Apex of the common peduncle bearing a small
pinnate leaf just below the flowers.

17. ARTHROLOBIUM. Cal. long, tubular, with 5 nearly equal
teeth, 2 upper ones combined up to their middle and
straight. Keel blunt. Pod long, terete, of many 1-seeded
indehiscent joints scarcely narrowed at the joinings.—No
leaf at the apex of the peduncles,

18. Hrppocrepis. Cal. short, bell-shaped, with 5 nearly
equal teeth, 2 upper ones combined up to their middle.
Keel narrowed into a beak. Pod long, compressed, of
many 1-seeded crescent-shaped joints, so that each pod has
many notches on one side.

19. OnopRYcHIS. Cal. with 5 nearly equal subulate teeth.
Keel obliquely truncate, longer than the wings. Pod
1-celled, compressed, indehiscent, 1-seeded, upper suture
straight, lower curved toothed winged or crested. ;

Tribe I. Lotew.
1. U'teEx Linn. Furze. Whin. Gorse.

1. U. europe’us (L. em. Roth); young 1. shaggy beneath
furrowed, primary spines strong terete-polygonal furrowed
rough, st. hairy, fl. lateral, bracts ovate lax, cal. shaggy, wings
longer than keel. B. 742.—St. shrubby, 4—6 feet high.
much branched, spreading. FI. bright yellow, from both the
primary and secondary spines. Cal.-teeth converging, finely
downy. Spines branching at their base and up to about then
middie, not exceeding the flowers—U. strictus (Mack.) |
primary spines small slender tetragonal, plant 1—2 ft. high
with upright branches.— Does not come true from_ seed
E. B. S. 2988.—Heaths. Sh. II.—VI. E. 8.1

2, U. Gal'lii (Planch.) ; young 1. glabrous ciliate furrowed
rimary spines strong deflexed subterete striate smooth, st
Be, fl. lateral and terminal, bracts minute adpressed, cal.
jinely downy, wings longer than keel.—E#. B.S. 2987.—St. 2—
5 ft. high. Fl. orange, pet. more or less divaricate ; wings no’
straight and thus often seeming shorter than keel. Cal.-teet]

ULEX.—SAROTHAMNUS. 87

diverging, pubescent. Pods bursting in spring. A dwarf form
is often taken for U7. minor’, a tall one for U. ewropeeus,—Heaths.
Sh. VIII.—XI. Bil

3. U. minor (Roth); young /. glabrous ciliate furrowed,
primary spines slender terete striate smooth, st. hairy, fi. lateral
and terminal, bracts very minute adpressed, cal. finely downy,
wings shorter than keel—Z#. B. 743, U. nanus (Forst.).—
St. shrubby procumbent. Primary spines short, spreading,
branched at their base only. FI. half the size of those of U.
europeus, from the primary spines and exceeded by them, pale ;
pet. scarcely separated when full-blown, Cal.-teeth diverging.
Pod persistent for nearly a year—Heaths. Sh. VIII. TX. E,

2, Gents'TA Linn. em. Lam.

1. @. pildsa (L.) ; st. procumbent without thorns, ]. obovate-
lanceolate blunt, stipules ovate blunt, branches peduncles calyx
standard keel and underside of the 1. silky, peduncles lateral
accompanied by a tuft of leaves, pods hairy.—E. B. 208.—F.
small, yellow, collected towards the end of the branches. St.
much branched, furrowed, woody.—Dry sandy and gravelly
heaths, rare. Sh. V. E

2. G. tinctoria (L. diagn. em. Willd.) ; st. with erect branches
without thorns, |. lanceolate or elliptic hairy at the edges,
stipules minute subulate, fl. racemose, cor. and pods glabrous.
—F. B. 44.—Branches erect, 1—2 feet high, striate, glabrous,
downy above. FI. yellow. Keel as long as the standard.—
B. G. humefusa (Dicks.); st. and branches procumbent, |.
ovate or oblong, pods hairy on the back of each valve. St.
angular, 6—10 in. long.—In pastures and thickets. £. Lizard
district, Cornwall, and St David’s Head, Pemb. Sh. VIT.—
TX. Dyer’s-weed. E. 8.

3. G. anglica (L.); st. spynous leafless below, flowering
branches glabrous without thorns, l. ovate-lanceolate, stip. 0,

ji. solitary in the axils of the |., cor. and pods glabrous.—#. B.

132—St. 1 foot high, round, leafless, sometimes quite prostrate,
with short leafy branches bearing the yellow flowers. Keel
longer than the standard.—Moist peaty heaths. Sh. V. VI.
Needle Whin.

3. SAROTHAM NuS JWomm. diagn. em. Koch. Broom.

1. S. scopdrius (Koch)—Spartium L., BE. B. 1339. Cytisus
(Hook.) ; st. 2—3 feet high, angular, glabrous ; or (6 prostratus

88 25. LEGUMINOS®,

Bailey) prostrate and spreading, at Kynance Cove, Cornwall,
and Channel f. L. ternate or simple, obovate. Fl. axillary,
solitary or in pairs, shortly stalked, large bright yellow. Pods
dark brown, hairy at the edges ; seeds many.—Dry hills and
heaths. Sh. V. VI. KS,L

4, Ono'nts Linn. Rest-harrow.

L. O. répens (ed. ix.) ; stoloniferous, st. procumbent uniformly
hairy, fl. axillary solitary stalked, leaflets broadly oblong, pods
ovate erect falling short of the calyx.—E. B. S.2659.—Shrubby.
Usually without spines. St. rooting at their base. Wings
equalling the keel ; standard a little longer. Seeds tubercular.
—a, O. procur'rens (Wallr.).. O. repens (Rchb.). O. arvensis
auct. angi., not of L., Wallr. ; glandular, fl.-l. equalling or sur-
passing cal., pod: shorter than calyx.—3. O. répens (L., Lange) ;
more or less spinose glandular-villose, fl.-]. falling short of
cal.; pod as long or longer than calyx [ =var. horrida (Lange) |.—
Barren sandy places. P. VI.—IX. E.'S. T.

2. O. spindsa (L. em., Wallr.); not stoloniferous, st. erect
or ascending bifariously hairy, fl. axillary solitary stalked,
leaflets oblong, pods ovate erect exceeding the calyx—E. B.
682.—Shrubby. Usually spinous [or almost unarmed, var.
mitis (1.)|. St. mostly erect. Wings falling short of the keel,
which. falls short of standard. Seeds tubercular.—Barren
places., P. VI.—IX. E. 8.

3. O. reclindta (1); viscid, pubescent, st. ascending, fl.
axillary, pedicels 1-flowered shorter than the 1. fl. or pod
without bracts, cor. about equal to the calyx, leafiets obovate-
cuneate serrate at the tip, stipules ovate, pods cylindrical
vreflexed, seeds 14—18 tubercular.—Z. B. S. 2888—St. 5—6 in.
high, much branched.—Sandy places. With Bupleurium
aristatum at Berry Head, Devon. Mr 2. M. Holmes! (/-
of B. vi. 58). Channel Isles. *Galloway. A. VII. MDH

5. Lupinus Linn. diagn. em., DC,

“1. L. Nootkaten’sis (Sims); st. stout leafy, 1. of 6—S cuneate oblong somewhat
mucronate lts., petioles about equalling lts., stip. linear-acuminate, raceme long
partially whorled, bracts long exceeding the buds, upper lip of cal. bifid, lower
broad 3-toothed, cor. blue or purple.—Bot. Mag. 1311.—More or less densely
villous. A large showy plant, naturalized in many parts of Scotland, whence it
has been reported as L. perennis(L.). P. ¥.—VII1. 8.

MEDICAGO., $9

6. Mepica’co Linn.
* Pods without spines.

(Sp. 1, 2, and 3 are said to be sometimes monadelphous.)

*], VW. sativa (.); st. erect, racezies many-flowered, pods
compressed loosely spiral with 2 or 3 turns downy with
adpressed hairs, pedicels shorter than the calyx or bract,
leaflets obovate-oblong dentate above emarginate mucronate.
—H. B. 1749.—St. angular when young. Pods twisted into
a loose open spiral. Fl. large, yellow or violet.—Hedgebanks
and borders of fields, scarcely naturalized. P. VI. VII.
Lucerne. E. 8.

2. M. sylvestris (Fries) ; st. rather quadrangular pithy as-
cending, racemes many-flowered, pods forming one complete
lat ring, pedicels shorter than the cal. longer than the bract,
Its. obovate-oblong dentate above emarginate mucronate.—
E. #&. 8S, 2980,—Fl. large, yellow or blackish green with
darker streaks.—Sandy and gravelly places in Norfolk and
Suffolk. ~P. VI.-VIL EK. [fI4

3. MW. faledta (L.); st. usually terete nearly solid prostrate,
racemes many-flowered pods straightly sickle-shaped twisted
not forming a ring, pedicels shorter than the cal. longer than
the bract, Its. obovate-oblong dentate emarginate mucronate.
—F#. &.1016.—F 1. large, yellow.—Sandy and gravelly places
in Norfolk and Suffolk. P. VI. VIL. Yellow Medich. K.

4. M, lupulina (.); spikes many-flowered dense ovoid, pods
compressed kidney-shaped with a spiral point with longitudinal
branched prominent veins, stip. obliquely ovate slightly toothed,
leaflets roundish-ovate denticulate emarginate mucronate.—
4. 23. 971.—St. procumbent or ascending, spreading widely.
Pods 1-seeded, glabrous or slightly hairy. FI. small, yellow.
—[Var. Willdenowiana (Koch); pods with yellowish spreading glandular hairs.]

Waste ground. A.or B. V.—VIIIL. © Black Medick. B.S. 1.

** Pods edged with spines, compactly spiral.

5. VW. avabica (All.); peduncles 1—4-flowered, pods com-
pressed of 2—6 turns veined with 4 ridges and a central furrow
on the edge, spines in 2 rows divergent subulate curved, leaflets
triangular-obcordate, stip. toothed.—H. 6.1616. I. maculata
(Sibth.)—Lts. with a purple spot in the centre. Edge of pods
broad ; spines springing from the margin and the ridge next
to it on each side, compressed and furrowed on both sides
variable in length.—On a gravelly soil. A. V.—VIII. E.S. 1.

90 25, LEGUMINOS#.

6. MW. minima (Bartal.) ; peduncles 1—6-flowered, pods of 4
turns smooth with a thin eds ge, spines in 2 rows ‘divergent
subulate hooked, leaflets obovate, stip. nearly entire.—Z. B.S.
2635.—Edge of "the pods with 3 ridges, the central one so
prominent as to be easily taken for the true margin, no central
furrow but the central ridge common to the 2 rows of spines.
Sides of the pods smooth. Spines varying considerably in
length and the whole plant in hairiness.—In sandy fields in
the South-east, rare. E.

7. M. hispida (Gaertn. sec. Urb.) ; peduncles 1—5-flowered,
pods of 2 or 3 turns deeply netted with a thin edge, spines in
2 rows divergent subulate hooked, leaflets obcordate, stip.
laciniate [seeds narrowly reniform]. —M denticuldta (Willd.).—
E. B.S. 2634.—Edge of the pods as in W/. minima, Spines
about equalling the diameter of the pod, Glabrous.—. 1.

apiculata (Willd.); spines very short without hooks, often
scarcely longer than pe own breadth so as to appear little
more than tubercles, ped. 3—10-flowered.—On sandy ground
near the sea, rare. AV VTE E.

{M. lappacea (Desr. in Lam.); ped. 1—4-flowered, pods of 3—5 turns with a
thin edge, spines hooked in 2 rows spreading horizontally, stip. laciniate, seeds
reniform.—R. vol. 22. t. 70.—Heads more than double as large as in Sp. 7, spines

stronger, pods less strongly veined, seeds much broader.—Waste and cultivated
ground, introduced. A. V.—VIII.] E.S.

7. Mexino’tus Lam, em., Koch. Melilot.

M. altis'sima (Thuill. diag. em.) ; wings keel and standard
me , pods ovoid acute compressed transversely wrinkled hairy,
leaflets serrate truncate narrowly ovate, stip. setaceous entire.
—E. B. 1340.—M. officinalis (Lam. em. Hayne). —St. erect, 2—
3 feet high. Fl. in lateral racemes, yellow.—Waste laces,
B.? VI.—VIII. Common Melilot. of Ss...

2. M. officinalis (Lam. em. Thuill.) ; wings and standard
equal longer than the keel, pods ovoid blunt mucronate rounded
and slightly keeled on the back transversely plicate glabrous,
Its. obcordate or oblong serrate uppermost Janceolate, stip.
awlshaped entire.—Z. B. 8. 2960, \W. ‘arven'sis (Wallr.).—St.
erect. Fl. yellowish, in long racemes. Pods brown.—Waste
places. Cambridge, Thetford, &c,, B. VIL—VIII. I

+3. M, al'ba (Desr. in iW wings and keel equal but
shorter than the standard, pods ovate blunt mucronate netted
glabrous, leaflets obovate the upper ones oblong serrate blunt, —
stip. awlshaped entire.—J/. /eucantha (Koch), #. B.S. 2689.—
St. erect. Fl. white-—Sandy and gravelly places near the sea,
rare. B. VII. VIII. £8. 1

MELILOTUS.—TRIFOLIUM. 91

M. indica (All.); wings and keel equal but shorter
cs the standard, pods globular-ovoid blunt mucronate netted
glabrous, Its. obovate serrate at the end, stip. awlshaped entire.

—Sy. EB. B. 344. M. parviflora (Desf.).—Slender. Smaller
in all its parts than the other species, 6—15 in. high. FI.
very small, pale yellow; cal.-teeth triangular. Pods olive
green.— Waste places. A. VIL. VII. B.

8. Triro'Lium Linn. em., Koch. Clover.

* Fl. sessile ; cal. with an elevated thickened often hairy line or
ring of hairs in its throat, not inflated.

1. 7. praten'se (L.) ; heads ovate dense sessile, cal. 10-veined
hairy not half so long as the corolla, teeth setaceous ciliate,
free part of stzp. blunt ovate abruptly bristle-pointed, ad-
pressed, leaflets oval emarginate upper ones entire apiculate.—
£. B. 1770. St. 15. 11.—Lts. of cultivated plant [var.
sativum, Schreb.] usually all quite entire. Stip. adpressed to
petiole ; veins much branched and anastomosing. Upper part
of cal. usually hairy ; teeth 5, 4 nearly equal in length to the
tube, the lower one twice as long. Heads of il. sometimes
slightly stalked. FI. purplish, sometimes white. St. erect.—
8. parviflorum'; head stalked, calyx-teeth as long as or longer
than the corolla. 2 FT. Dan. 2782.—Mountainous pastures, fields,
8 in dry places. P. V.—IX. Purple Clover. BE. S.1

T. médium (L.) ; heads subglobose lax stalked, calyx 10-
ate: glabrous not half as long : as the corolla, teeth setaceous
hairy, free part of stip. lanceolate acuminate spreading, leafiets
elliptic or lanceolate apiculate.—#. B. 190.—Stip. spreading ;
veins branching, parallel, scarcely at all joining. Cal. glabrous;
teeth ciliate, 4 of them as long or rather longer than the tube,
the fifth + longer. Heads of fl. large. Fl, “purplish. St. as-
cending, zigzag —Dry elevated pastures. P.VI.—IX. E.S.L.

3. T. ochroleiticum (Huds.); heads subglobose dense stalked
solitary terminal, ca/. 10- veined pubescent about half as long as
the corolla, teeth ‘erect subulate lower one rather longer than the
tube the others two-thirds shorter, stip. lanceolate-subulate,
leaflets elliptic-oblong the lower one emarginate or cordate.—
£. B. 1224. St, 15. 15.—Cal. with acute teeth having 1 strong
vein. St. 13 foot high, erect. Lower 1. on very long stalks,
Fl. cream-coloured, at length turning brown.—Dry gravelly
soils and clays of the East of England. ‘P. NI. VII. E.

2 Mr Burkill (J. of B. xxxix. 1901, p. 235) considers this an abnormal state.—
H.&J.G.

92 25. LEGUMINOS®.

4. T.incarndtum(L.); heads ovateatlength cylindrical stalked
solitary terminal, cal. 10-veined hairy, teeth patent in fruit lan-
ceolate-subulate nearly equal rather longer than their tube and
Salling short of the cor., stip. ovate blunt, leaflets obovate retuse
or obcordate, st. erect and together with the |. and stip. villose.
—Mouth of fr.-cal. hairy. Stip. sometimes rather acute espe-
cially the lower ones.—a ; hairs of stem patent, heads oblong,
fi. reddish purple.—s. 7’. Molinerii (Balb.) ; st. with adpressed
hairs, heads conical, fl. nearly white. #.Z.S.295v.—Var. a is
cultivated ; 8 native near Lizard Point, Cornwall. A. VI. VII.

EK.

*5. 7. stelldtum (L.) ; heads globose stalked terminal, calyx
10-veined hairy, teeth subulate from a broad base equal exceeding
the corolla patent in frit 3-veined and netted, throat closed with
hairs, stip. ovate rather acute denticulate, /eaflets obcordate, st.
spreading and together with the 1. and stip. villose—Z. 2. 1545.
St. 16. 5.—FI]. cream-coloured, small. Calyx of the fruit re-
markably large, its teeth spreading like a star. St. short.—
Shingly beach near Shoreham. A. VI. VIT. »

6. 7. arven'se (L.); heads nearly cylindrical stalked very
hay, cal, 10-veined, teeth subulaite-setaceous hairy nearly equal
exceeding the cor. at length slightly spreading, stip. ovate or
lanceolate acuminate, leatlets linear-oblong.—Z#. 4. 944, St.
16. 3.—St. erect or, in a maritime form [var. perpusil/lum DC, |
(Ray Syn. t. 14. f. 2), procumbent with globose heads ; st. and
1. finely hairy. Points of the lower stip. sometimes very slender.
Fl. small, almost concealed by the very hairy calyx. Seeds
oval, greenish yellow; radicle not prominent.—Sandy fields.
A. VIL—IX. Hare’s-foot Trefoil. ° E.'S. T.

7. 7’. stridtum (L.) ; heads ovate or oblong sessile terminal
and lateral solitary or the terminal in pairs, calyx 10-veined
hairy, teeth subulate unequal straight mucronate about equalling
the cor., tube ventricose in fruit, stip. ovate cuspidate, leaflets
obcordate or obovate, veins equal and straight at the margins.
—F, B. 1843. St. 16. 6, 7.—St. procumbent, 4—10 in. long
and as wellas thel.silky. Stip. with reddish veins. FI. small.
Seeds oval, brownish yellow ; radicle not prominent.—8. evec-
tum (Leight.) ; st. erect, heads long subconical lateral shortly
stalked, cor. longer than calyx.—Dry and sandy places. A. VI.
VIL. i S.5.

8. 7. scdbrum (L.); heads ovate sessile terminal and lateral
solitary, cal. 10-veined hairy, teeth lanceolate mucronate about
equalling the cor. with 1 strong prominent vein at length patent,
tube cylindrical in fruit, stip. ovate cuspidate, leaflets obovate,

TRIFOLIUM, 93

veins thickened and curved at the margins.—L. 5, 903.—St.
procumbent, spreading. Fl.small. Cal. of the fruit very rigid.
Seeds oblong, reddish yellow; radicle not prominent.—Dry
sandy places. A. V.—VII. Basel.

9. 1. Bocedni (Savi) ; heads oblong-ovate sessile terminal usu-
ally 2 together, cal. 10-veimed hairy, teeth lanceolate-subulate
mucronate about as long as the cor. with 1 strong prominent
vern erect, tube cylindrical in fruit, stip. oblong with a long subu-
late point, leaflets oblong obovate or roundish obovate in the
lower leaves, veins equal and straight at the margins, seeds with
the radicle slightly prominent.—#. B. S. 2868.—St. 2—6 in.
high, erect. Fl. small, pale yellow. Seeds oval, brownish
yellow. Heads dense, somewhat conical.—In dry places, near
the Lizard Point, Cornwall. A. VII. :

10. F. sguamdsum (L.) ; heads ovate-globose stalked terminal,
cal. strongly veined, teeth ciliate at jirst subulate erect falling
short of the cor. afierwards broad teaflike acute spreading 1-
veined. the lower one longest and 3-veined, tube hairy above
obconical in fruit, stip. broadly subulate.very long, leaflets
oblong-abovate.—7. maritimum (Huds.). #. 4. 220.—dSt.
spreading, usually procumbent. FI. pale red, small.—Muddy
salt marshes. A. VI. VII. E.

** Pi. sessile; throat of the calyx naked within ; heads few-
jlowered, at length producing thick stellate jibres (abortive
calyces) from their centre which ultimately fold over the fruit.

ll. 2. subteridénewm (L.); heads 2—5-fiowered erect defiexed
in fruit, calyx glabrous, teeth filiform hairy nearly equal shorter
than the corolla, tube inflated in fruit and at length spht
longitudinally, abortive calyces many slender with 5 points, stip.
ovate pointed, leaflets obcordate.—#. 4. 1048.—St. prostrate
and as well asthe |. hairy. Fl. white, considerably longer than
the calyx. The abortive calyces are remarkably characteristic
of this species.—Dry gravelly places. A. VY. V1. Bowl.

“es Pl, sessile or stalked ; throat of the calyx naked within, not
inplated ; pods 2—4-seeded.

12. 1. glomerdtum (l..) ; heads globose sessele terminal and
axillary, calyx sessile 10-veined, teeth ovate very acute veiny
nearly equal reflexed, stip. ovate taper-pointed, leaflets obcor-
date the upper ones obovate, seeds 2.—H#. B. 1063.—St. pro-
cumbent. FI. rose-coloured ; standard persistent, striate. Seeds
transversely ovate-reniform,radicleprominent. Gravelly places
East and Seuth of England,rare. Wicklow,I. A. VI. E. 1.

94 25. LEGUMINOS 2%.

13. 7. stric'tum (L.); heads globose axillary, calyx sessile
13-veined, teeth subulate unequal somewhat spreading, stip.
broad pointed serrate, leaflets obovate the upper ones oblong,
seeds 2.—H. BL. S§. 2949.—St. diffuse, short. Ped.short. Pods
slightly projecting ; seeds ovate, radicle slightly prominent.—
Jersey. Near the Lizard Point, Cornwall. A.VI.—VIII. E.

14. 7’. suffoedtum (l.); heads roundish sessile axillary, ca/.
sessile, teeth lanceolate acute recurved longer than the corolla,
stip. ovate pointed, leaflets obcordate, seeds 2.—H#. B. 1049.—
St. short, usually buried in the sand. Fl. small, erect. Cal.
scarcely striate. Seeds roundish, radicle prominent.—Sandy
sea-shores, rare. E.

15. 7’. répens (L.) ; heads roundish, ped. axillary longer than
the leaves, fl. stalked at length deflexed, calyx glabrous half as
long as the corolla, teeth lanceolate unequal erect, stip. ovate
abruptly cuspidate, leaflets obovate or obcordate, seeds 4, stems
creeping.—E. 6. 1769.—F 1. white, sometimes pink, rarely lilac-
purple (7. Townsendiz); standard striate. L. often with a
dark spot at their base. Pod covered by the faded corolla.
—Meadows and pastures. P. V.—IX. Dutch or White ee

*16. 7. hyb’ridum (L.) ; heads globular depressed, ped. axil-
lary longer than the leaves, fl. stalked at length deflexed, cal.
glabrous half as long as the (pinkish) corolla, teeth nearly equal
subulate erect, stip. ovate-lanceolate attenuate, leaflets obovate-
lanceolate, seeds 2—4, st. erect or ascending not rooting.—Sy.
E. B. 361.—F]. white or pale pink, turning brown. St. 1—2
ft. high, branched, wavy.—[B. T. elegans (Savi); st. decumbent solid
(hollow in the type), heads smaller, stip. narrower. | Introduced. P.
VIT—IX. Alsike Clover. B.S. I

*e* HT. sessile ; throat of the calyx naked within, inflated
after flowering and arched above.

17. 7. fragif'erum (L.); heads globose, peduncles axillary
exceeding the leaves,znvolucre multiid equalling the calyx, calyx
of the fruit membranous netted downy, stip. ovate with a long
slender point, leaflets obovate emarginate minutely serrate,
seeds 2.— FH, B. 1050. St. 16.8.—St. creeping. Fl. purplish red.
Heads large, remarkable when in fruit for their curious calyces
enclosing the pods.—Damp pastures. P. VII. VIII. E.S. 1.

(7. resupindtum (L.) ; heads hemispherical at length globose,
peduncles axillary short, bracts minute, calyx of the fruit mem-
branous netted woolly, stp. subulate-lanceolate from an ovate

TRIFOLIUM.—FALCATULA. 95

base, leaflets obovate minutely serrate, seeds 2.— Sy. L. B. 364.
St. 16. 9.—St. prostrate or ascending. Fl. small, reversed in
position. Pod included.—Introduced. A. VII.] E.

#exx* H]. stalked, yellow ; throat of the calyx naked within, not
inflated ; cor. persistent ; standard covering the pod.

18. 7’. campes'tre (Schreb.) ; heads oval dense with about 40
fl., ped. axillary equalling or exceeding the leaves, fl. at length
reflexed, standard dilated and deflered in front (not folded)
striate much exceeding the pod, style much shorter than the
pod, stip. + ovate acute entire, Its. obovate emarginate, centro!
petiole longest, seeds oval, radicle scarcely prominent.—L#. #4.
945. S¢.15.15. 7. agrarium (L.%, Huds. Pollich), 7’. procum-
bens (auct. vix L.).—Primary stem erect, branches procumbent
or ascending. Fl. turning tawny. Radicle causing a slight
irregularity in the otherwise regularly oval seeds.—Dry pas-
tures. A. VI.—VIII. EK. 8. I.

*19. T. agrariwm (L. ?, Schreb.); heads oval dense of about 50 /l., ped. axillary
equalling or exceeding the 1, fl. at length reflexed, stondard dilated striate much
exceeding the pod, style nearly as long as the pod, stip. oblong-laneeolate not
enlarged at the base, lts. narrowly obovate the central petiolule not longer than
the lateral.—St. 16.—St. erect. Fl. deep yellow turning brown.—Fields and road.
sides, established in some places. P. VI.—VIII. E.S.

20. 7. diibium (Sibth.) ; heads close about 12 7, ped. axillary
straight, pedicels very short, fl. at length reflexed, standard
folded furrowed truncate covering the pod, style much shorter
than the pod, stip. ovate falling short of petioles, Its. obcordate
intermediate one} stalkea.—H. B. 1256. TZ’. procumbens (1.,
Pollich). 7. minus (Sm.). TZ. jiliforme (Koch).—St. wiry,
ascending or prostrate. FI. turning dark brown.—Dry places.
A. VI.—VIII. EK. S.1.

21. 7. filifor'me (L.) ; fl. few (2—7) in lax racemes, ped. axil-
lary flexuose, pedicels as long as the calyx-tube, fl. at length
reflexed, standard folded not furrowed deeply notched scarcely
covering the pod, Its. sessile—#. B. 1257. 7. micranthum
(Koch).—St. prostrate, very slender. Standard much narrower
in proportion than in 7’. menus.—Dry places. “A. VI. VII.

E..8.2 1.
9. FatcaTuLa rot.

1. Ff. ornithopodioides ; clusters stalked axillary of 1-3
stalked jfi., calyx glabrous, teeth slender acute nearly equal
erect, stip. ovate with long taper points, leaflets obcordate,
seeds 6—8.—H. B. 1047. Trigonella ornithopodioides (DC.).
—St. prostrate. Fl]. small, pet. all distinct. Pod. compressed,

96 25, LEGUMINOS®,

blunt, transversely furrowed, slightly hairy, curved, longer
than the calyx, opening with 2 valves.—Dry gravelly places,
tare, A. VJ. \Villy Eel,

10. Lo’rus Linn. em.,; Koch. Bird’s-foot Trefoil.

1. L. corniculdétus (L. em., Rehb.); claw of the. standard
obovate transversely vaulted, calya-teeth adpressed in. the bud
subulate from a triangular base, points of the 2 upper teeth
converging, heads 5—10-flowered.—E. B. 2090.—Glabrous or
slightly hairy. St. ascending. Angle between the 2 upper
calyx-teeth rounded.—a; st. short, Its. obovate thin, stip.
rather narrowly ovate.—8. wlosus (Ser.) ; upper part of st.
1. and cal. hairy with long spreading hairs.—y. crassifolius
(Pers.) ; pilose, st. cxspitose, leaflets obovate fleshy, stip.
ovatc.—Pastures, dry banks, &e. P. VI.—VIII. E. 8. I

2. L. ten'wis (W. & K. ex Willd.) ; cal.-teeth [snort] subulate
adpressed in bud, points of upper 2 teeth converging [wings
oblong-obovate lower margin abruptly ewrved to the apex, head 2—5-flowered)
leaflets linear [acute] or linear-obovate, stip. }-ovate—E. B. 8.
2615.—Glabrous or slightly hairy, st. filiform long procumbent

or ascending. [Pet. turning green in drying.—Meadows and moist banks.)

PVIL—VIII. Ez. 8.

3. L. méijor (Scop. sec. Sm.) ; claw of the standard linear,
calyx-teeth spreading like a star in the bud subulate from a
triangular base, two upper teeth diverging, heads 8—12-flowered
leaflets obovate, stip. roundish-ovate.—#. B. 2091. ZL.
wiginosus (Schkuhr).—-Hairy. St. usually erect, 1—3 feet
high. Angle between the 2 upper calyx-teeth acute. Some-
times glabrous, the margins and veins of the J. stip. bracts
and sep. ciliate, st. erect or procumbent.—In damp _ places.

E.Vilwv Ua H.S. I.

4. L. angustis'simus (L.) ; claw of the standard linear, calyx-
teeth straight in the bud subulate, pod linear straight 6 times
as long as the calyx, heads about 2-flowered.—E. B. 925. L.
di ffusus (Ser.),—Standard broader than long, not exceeding the
wings, fading to a greenish colour. Peduncele of the fl. as long as
the |., of the fr. twice as long ; leaflets and stip. ovate-lanceo-
late acute ; st. procumbent.—g.. Seringianus (Bab.); peduncle
of the fi. and fr. as long as the leaves, leaflets obovate-oblong,
stip. ovate acute, st. ascending. LL. angustissimus (Ser.).—
South of England near the sea. A, VII. VIII. K.

5. L. his'pidus (Desf. ex DC.); claw of the standard
subulate, calyx-teeth straight in the bud subulate, pod rugose

ANTHYLLIS.—ASTRAGALUS. “OF

terete twice as long as the calyx, heads few (3—4)-flowered,
leaflets obovate-lanceolate, stip. half cordate, st. procumbent.
—F. B.S. 2823.—Standard longer than broad, exceeding the
wings, not turning green.—Near the sea in Devon, Dorset, and
Cornwall.—A. VII. VIII. E.

11, AntHyt'Lis Zinn. Lady’s Finger.

1. A. Vwnerdria (L.); herbaceous, |. pinnate, leaflets unequal,
heads of fl. in pairs, calyx of 5 ovate pointed teeth.—#. B. 104.
St. 49. 4. 5.—Pod semiorbicular, long-stalked, upper suture
arched outwards, l-seeded. St. 6—12 in. high, silky. Root-l.
simple, oval-oblong. Fl. yellow, in terminal pairs of crowded
many-flowered heads.—8. coccinea (L.), A. Dillenii (Schult.) ;
invol.-l. nearly equalling fl., plant smaller, fi. red-tipped. Dzl.
Elth. 320. (The following vars. have also been recorded :—ovata (Bab.)
having a large broadly-ovate terminal lt.; Allionti (DC.) having the st. clothed
with many spreading hairs; maritima (Koch) also very hairy, with tall erect
branched st. and many flowering heads.}—Dry pastures, P. VI.—VIII.

E. 8. I.
12. Oxy’tropis DC.

1. O. uralen'sis (DC.) ; stemless, leaflets ovate acute in about
12 pairs, peduncles exceeding the leaves erect silky, bracts equal-
ling the calyx, pods erect ovate-oblong inflated s¢/ky imperfectly
2-celled.—Astragalus uralensis (Sm.). #. B. 466.—Rootstock
woody, branched. Pods abrupt with a very oblique acute point.
Fil. bluish purple. More silky and hairy than Sp. 2.—Dry hilly
pastures in Scotland. P. VII. 8.

2. O. campes'tris (DC.) ; stemless, leaflets lanceolate in about
12 pairs, peduncles rather exceeding the 1. ascending hairy, bracts
equalling the calyx, pods erect ovate inflated hacry imperfectly
2-celled.—E. B. 2522. St. 19. 12.—Rootstock woody, prostrate.
Pods narrowed upwards with a slightly oblique point. F. yel-
vate tinged with purple-—Clova mountains. [Perthsh.]. P.

13. Astrac’aLus Linn. em. DC. Milk-vetch.

1. A. dan‘icus (Retz.); st. prostrate, stip. wnited, leaflets
blunt in 8—10 pairs, racemes ovate, peduncles exceeding the
leaves, pods ovate hairy erect stalked in the calyx.—Z. PB. 274.
A. hypoglottis ed. viii.—Stip. opposite to the leaves. St. a few
inches long, slender. Leaflets small. FI. in rather large
heads, ascending, purple. Ovary twice as long as its stalk.—
Chalky and gravelly places, rare. P. VI. VII. E.

G

98 25. LEGUMINOS.

2. A. alpinus (L.); st. prostrate, stip. ovate free, leaflets
elliptic blunt in 10—12 pairs, racemes short close, peduncles
equalling the leaves, pods oblong hairy narrowed at both ends
pendulous stalked in the calyx.—#. B.S. 2717. St. 19. 13.—
Stip. sometimes slightly connected at the base. St.afew inches.
long, slender. Fl. few, drooping, white tipped with purple.—
Lofty mountains. Aberdsh., Forf., Perthsh. P. VII. 8.

3. A. glycyphyl'los (L.) ; st. prostrate, stip. ovate-lanceolate
free, leaflets ovate in 5—6 pairs, racemes ovate, peduncles falling
much short of the leaves, pods linear incurved erect glabrous.—
#. B. 203.—St. 2—3 feet long, scarcely branched, nearly
glabrous. Fl. in short dense racemes, dull yellow. Pods an
inch long.—Hedges and thickets on a chalky or gravelly soil,
rare. P. VI. Wald Liquorice. E. 8S.

Tribe II. Vicier.
14. Vicra Linn. Vetch.
* Upper part of the style equally harry all over.

+ Peduncles long, few-flowered ; cal. not gibbous at the base
on the upperside.—Annuals. Ervum. ares.

1. V. hirsdita (S. F. Gray) ; ped. 1—6-f. about equalling the
leaves, leaflets in 6—8 pairs linear-oblong truncate mucronate,
calyx-teeth equal as long as their tube the 2 upper ones
converging, pods sessile oblong 2-seeded hairy, hile long linear.—
Ervum Sm. EF. B. 970. Cracca minor Godr.—Stip. 2-lobed,
outer lobe trifid with setaceous segments, inner lanceolate. Fl.
small, pale blue, standard entire. Calyx-teeth subulate. Pod
obliquely truncate ; its upper suture nearly straight and pro-
minent at the end. Seeds globose, compressed, red with darker
spots, smooth. Ped. rarely 1—2-flowered and pods glabrous.—
Corn-fields and hedges. A. VI.—VIII. Hairy Tare. E.S8. 1.

2. V.tetrasper’'ma (Moench) ; ped. 1—2-/. about equalling the
leaves, /eaflets linear-oblong 6lwnt mucronate in 4—6 pairs,
calyx-teeth unequal shorter than the tube the 2 upper ones
shortest “diverging,” pods shortly stalked linear-oblong about
4-seeded glabrous, hile oblong.—HLrveum Sm. #. B&B. 1223.
V. gemela (Crantz). | St, 32. 14. — Stipules half-arrow-
shaped. Fil. small, pale blue; standard with blue streaks,
emarginate. Calyx-teeth long-triangular.. Pod rounded ; its

VICIA. 99

upper suture decurved at the end. Seeds 3—5, globose, dull
brown, slightly rough. [A uarrow and acute leaved form, var. tenutssima
(Druce), has been mistaken for Sp. 3.}—Fields and hedges. A. VI.—
VIII. Smooth Tare. E, 8. I.

3. V. tenwis'sima (Schinz & Thell.); ped. 1—4-fl. becoming
twice as long as the leaves, /eaflets linear acute in 3—4 pairs,
calyx-teeth unequal shorter than their tube, the 2 upper ones
shortest, pods linear 5—8-seeded glabrous, hile roundish-oval.—
V. gracilis (Lois.) #, B. S.2904.—Stip. half-arrowshaped. //7.
twice as large as those of V. tetrasperma, pale blue ; standard
emarginate. Calyx-teeth long-triangular, “two upper slightly
converging.” Upper suture of pod slightly decurved at the end.
Seeds globose, variegated with dark brown and yellow, smooth,
half as large and lule half as long as those of Sp. 2.—Fields
and hedges inthe South. A. VI.—VIII. ive

tt Peduncles long, many-flowered ; calyx gibbous at the base
on the upperside.—Perennial.

4. V. sylvatica (L.) ; ped. exceeding the leaves, leaflets elliptic
blunt mucronate in about 8 pairs, step. lunate deeply toothed at
the base, teeth setaceous, calyx-teeth shorter than their tube, swbv-
late,—E. B,79. St. 31. 3.—St. many feet long, climbing by
branched tendrils. Fl. many, cream-coloured and streaked
with blue or purple. Hile extending about half round the seed.
—Woods and thickets.—P. VII. VIII. Wood Vetch. E.S. I.

5. V. Or'obus (DC.) ; leaflets ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceo-
late mucronate in many (7—10) pairs, st¢p. half-arrowshaped
slightly toothed at the base, calyx-teeth longer than their tube, 2
upper ones triangular, the others triangular-subulate.—Orobus
sylvaticus L. BH. B. 518.—St. ascending, 1—14, foot long. Ten-
drils reduced toa short slender point. Fl. many, cream-coloured
streaked with purple. Pods linear-oblong. Hile extending
about 4 round the seed.—Northern rocky woods. P. V. VI.
Bitter Vetch. Besar:

** Upper part of the style hairy all over, the hairs rather longer
below the stigma but scarcely bearded ; calyx gibbous at the
base.

6. V. Crac’ca (L.) ; ped. long many-flowered, Its. lanceolate
mucronate silky in about 10 pairs, st?p. half-arrowshaped ent?re,
ealyx-teeth shorter than their tube, upper pair minute, others
subulate, standard sinuate at about the middle of each side, its
limb and claw equally long, pods linear-oblong smooth. #. B.

100 25. LEGUMINOSZ.

1168. St. 31. 6.—St. 3—4 feet long. Tendrils branched. FI.
blue varied with purple. Seeds subglobose, black.’ Hile linear,
extending + round the seed. [A dwarf greyer and more pubescent, form
is var. argentea (C. & G.).}—Hedges. P. VI.—VIIL. E..S. I.

*** Style bearded below the stigma, in other respects glabrous or
uniformly hairy all over its upper part ; calyx gibbous at the
base on the upperside.

7. V. bithyn'ica (L.); ped. falling short of the leaves 1—2-
flowered, /ts. of upper l.in 2 pairs elliptic-lanceolate mucronate or
linear-lanceolate acute, stip. half-arrowshaped toothed, calyx-
teeth longer than their tube lanceolate-subulate, pods linear-
oblong hairy.—E. B. 1842. St. 32. 5.—St. 12—18 in. long.
Fl. almost always solitary, purple. “Seeds globose, speckled
with black and grey ; hile oval.” Upper part of the style hairy
all over. The inland plants have broader leaflets and more cut
stip. than those [var. angustifolia Sy.| found near the sea.—
Bushy places on a gravelly soil, rare. P. VII. VIII. E.

8. V. sépium (L.); fl. 4—6 in small axillary nearly sessile
clusters, leaflets in 4—8 pairs ovate blunt mucronate gradually
smaller upwards on the petiole, stip. half-arrowshaped undivided
or lobed, calyx-teeth unequal shorter than their tube, 2 upper
ones curved upwards, pods linear-oblong glabrous.—Z. B. 1515.
St. 31. 16.—St. about 2 feet high. Fl. purplish. Calyx hairy.
Hile linear, extending about # round the seed. Upper part of
the style nearly or quite glabrous, bearded. lL. more or less
hairy, leafiets sometimes ovate-lanceolate truncate.—Woods
and hedges. P. VI.—VIII. E. S..1

[V. hybrida (L.) and V. laevigata (Sm.) are now iost.]

9. V. litea (.) ; fl. solitary axillary, leaflets elliptic-lanceo-
late acute or rounded at the end apiculate in 5—8 pairs, calya-
teeth unequal, upper ones very short and curved upwards, lower
one longer than the tube, standard glabrous, pods elliptic-oblong
hairy.—#. B.481. St. 31. 13.—St. procumbent, 1—2 feet long.
FI. sulphur-coloured. Hairs on the pod bulbous. Seeds round
compressed, with a short hile. L. varying greatly in hairiness.
—Pebbly and sandy ground near the sea. P. VI.—VIII. E. 8.

10. V. sativa (L.) ; fl. axillary solitary or in pairs, leaflets in
5—7 pairs elliptic-oblong retuse or obcordate mucronate, upper |
ones narrower or linear truncate mucronate, calyz-teeth equal
lanceolate-subulate long equalling their tube, standard glabrous,
pods linear slightly silky, seeds globose smooth. Seeds slightly

VICIA.—LATHYRUS. 101

compressed ; hile linear, occupying about j of the circum-
ference.—«. V.sativa (L. em, Reichard.) ; leaflets all elliptic- or
ovate-oblong, the lower ones shorter and broader, fl. usually in
pairs, pods mostly parallel to the st., st. 1—1} foot high. Sy.
E. FB. 392. St. 31. 10.—s. V. angustifolia (Reichard.) ; leaflets
of the upper 1. linear-lanceolate, lower ones obovate retuse or
obcordate, #. solitary or in pairs, pods mostly patent, st.
slender. EH. B. S. 2614, St. 31. 11.—y. V. Bobar’tic (Forst.) ;
V. angustifolia (L., Sm.); leaflets of the upper 1. linear, fl.
solitary, pods patent, st. prostrate. 2. B. S.2708.—a is only
known in cultivation. 8 and y in dry places, A. V. VI.
Common Vetch. E.'S. I.

x*** Style bearded below the stigma; calyx not gibbous.

11. V. lathyroi'des (L.) ; fl. axillary solitary, leaflets in 1—3
pairs obovate or oblong retuse mucronate, calyx-teeth subulate
straight as long as their tube, pods linear glabrous, seeds nearly
cubical tubercular, hile short oblong.—Z. B. 30. St. 31. 12.—
St. procumbent, 3—5in.long. FI. small purple.—Dry gravelly
and sandy places. A. V. VI. ENS:

15. LatH’yrus Linn. em. Bernh. Vetchling.
* No true leaflets.

1, L. Aph'aca(L.) ; ped. 1-f1., petioles leafless forming tendrils,
stip. very large leafiike hastate-ovate.—k. B. 1167.—St. weak,
climbing. FI. yellow, rarely 2 together. Remarkable for its
want of 1., which are replaced by the stipules, rarely 1 or 2
elliptic leaflets occur. Pods subfaleate ; seed smooth, com-
pressed.—Sandy and gravelly fields, chiefly in the South, rare.
A, Y.—VIII. E.

2. L. Nissdlia (L.); ped. long 1—2-flowered, petioles leajluke
but leafless linear lanceolate, no tendrils, stip. minute subulate.
—£, B. 112.—St. mostly erect. Petioles grasslike. Fl. purple
on long stalks. Pods cylindrical ; seeds tubercled, round ;
hile small, oval.—Bushy grassy places, rare. P. VI. E.

** Petioles with one pair of leaflets and a tendril.

{Z. spher'ieus (Retz.) ; ped. 1-1. with a long point shorter
than the petiole, Its. linear-lanceolate, seeds globose ; has been
found in Hertfordshire. ]

3. L. hirsvitus (L.) ; ped. 2-flowered, /ts. linear-lanceolate, pods
hairy, seeds globose tubercled.—Z#. B. 1255.—St. winged, climb-

102 25. LEGUMINOSA.

ing to the height of 1 or 2 feet. Pods linear-oblong, covered
with bulbous hairs, FI]. 2 or 1, pale blue with a crimson stan-
dard. Hile oblong—Rare. Essex. Surrey. A. VI. VIL. E.

4, L. praten'sis(L.) ; st. angular, ped. many-flowered, \ts. lan-
ceolate mucronate slightly silky, calya-teeth subulate, pods ob-
liquely veined, seeds globose smooth.—Z. &. 670.—Creeping.
St. 2—3 feet high, climbing, not winged. Pods linear-oblong,
compressed, Fl. racemose, drooping, bright yellow. Hele
small, oblong.—Moist meadows. P. VII. VIII. Basid

+5. L. tuberdsus (L.); st. angular, ped. long many-flowered,
/ts. obovate-oblong mucronate, upper cal.-teeth triangular, pod
net-veined, seeds globose smooth.—Sy. #. B. 401.—Creeping
and tuberous. St. about 2 ft. high, not winged. Fl. 2—5 to-
gether, purple, Pods linear-oblong, subcylindric. Hile small.—
Hedges and fields. Abundant at Fyfield, Essex. P. VIII. E.

6. L. sylves'tris (L.); st. winged, ped. many-flowered, /ts.
linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, 2
upper ones short, pods net-veined, seeds compressed roughish
nearly half surrounded by the hile—H. B. 805.—St. climbing
to the height of 5—6 feet.. Pods linear-oblong curved. FI.
greenish yellow variegated with purple. Broader-leaved varie-
ties often pass for L. latifolius, which differs by its elliptic
pointed Its, and rougher seeds with a shorter hile, but is
not a native-—Woods and thickets. P. VII.—IX. E. 8.

*** Petioles with 2 or more pairs of leaflets and a tendril.

7. L. palus'tris(L.) ; st. winged, ped. long many-flowered, és.
in 2 or 3 pairs linear-lanceolate acute, stip. half-arrowshaped
lanceolate, pods linear-oblong compressed, seeds globose smooth
4 surrounded by the hile.—/. &. 169.—St. 2—3 feet high. FI.
bluish purple.-—Boggy meadows, rare. P. VI. VII. ££. S. I.

‘8. L. maritimus (Big.); st. angular not winged, ped. short
many-flowered, Its. in 3 or 4 pairs oval, step. large oval cordate-
hastate, pods oblong obliquely net-veined, seeds globose 4 sur-
rounded by the hile—Prsum L. #. B. 1046.—St. prostrate.
Leaflets large, blunt but apiculate ; petioles often recurved.
Fl. purple variegated.—f. acutifolius (Bab,) ; leaflets elliptic-
lanceolate acute, petioles straight, stems slender straggling.—
Pebbly sea-shores, rare. §. Burrafirth, Unst, Shetland. P.
VII, VIII. Sea Pea. E. 8...

LATHYRUS.—HIPPOCREPIS. 1038

¥ex* T pinnate, without tendrils. ORoBvs.

9. L. monta'nus (Bernh.) ; st. simple winged, peduncles 2—4-
flowered, ]. of 2—3 pairs of oblong or lanceolate’blunt apiculate
leaflets without tendr als, stip. half-arrowshaped broad, pods
cylindrical, seeds globose } surrounded by the hile. D ma-
crorrhizus ’(Wimm.) O. tuberosus (i.), E. B. 1153.—Root
tuberous. L. glaucous beneath. FI. purple, variegated with
red and blue.—8. 0. tenwfolius (Roth); lts. linear,—Woods
and thickets in hilly countries. P. V.—VII. E.S. £.

10. L. niger (Bernh.) ; st. branched not winged, ped. many-
flowered, l. of 3—6 pairs of lanceolate or oblong leaflets wzthout
tendrils, stip. linear-subulate the lower ones half-arrowshaped,
pods slightly compressed, seeds oval } surrounded by the hile.
—#. B.S. 2788.—Turns black in drying. Fl. variegated with
red, blue,and purple. Pods linear. Seed dark brown, perfectly
Snooth. Rocke woods in Scotland, rare. P. VI. VI. Ss.

Tribe Ill. Hedysaree.

16. Orni'tHopus Linn. em. Desv. Bird’s Foot.

1. O. perpusil'lus (.); ped. exceeding the leaves, calyx-teeth
triangular acute 4 the length of their tube, beak scarcely as
long as a joint of the pod.—#. . 369,—A small prostrate plant,
3—12in. long. L. with 55—125 pairs of elliptic downy leaflets.
Fl. small ; calyx hairy, cor. white with crimson.veins. Pods
curved, joints beadlike wrinkled lengthwise.—Dry sandy and
gravelly places. A. V.—VII. Ss L-

7. ARTHROLOBIUM Desv.

1. A. ponndtum es & Br.) ; ped. about equalling the 1.
2—4-llowered, stip. minute distinct, ]. pinnate with many pairs
of elliptic- oblong leaflets, the lowest pair remote from the
stem.—A. ebractedtum (DC.) FE. B. S. 2844.—St. prostrate,
filiform. FI. small, yellow, standard red externally. Pod.
curved upwards, joints cylindrical rugose.—Channel and Scilly
Islands. A. VI. VII. EK.

18. ceepcaeteis Linn. Horseshoe Vetch.

1. H. comésa (L.) ; pods umbellate, their joints rough curved
neither dilated nor gates joinings glabrous, peduncles
longer than the leaves.—Z. B. Bl, SE. procumbent, often a foot
long. Fl. yellow. Leaflets 7—13, obovate, blunt or emarginate,
apiculate.—Dry calcareous banks. P. V.—VIII. EK.

104 26. ROSACEX,

19. OnNoBRY'cHIs Scop. Sainfoin. Cock’s-head.

1. O. viciefdlia (Scop.) ; wings shorter than the calyx, keel
about as long as the standard, st. ascending, pods with netted
spinous elevations on the disk and short sharp fiat teeth on the
lower suture.—#. B. 96. St. 19. 10. O. sativa (Lam.).—St.
often 2 feet long. Fl. in long dense racemes, crimson, varie-
gated. Tube of the calyx silky, short; teeth very long.
Leafiets elliptic-oblong, mucronate, entire glabrous above, in
about 123 pairs.—On chalky and limestone hills. VI. :

E.

Order XXVI, ROSACE#.

Cal. 4—5-parted, or 8—10-parted in 2 rows, free or adhering
to and enclosing the ovary ; oddlobe superior. Pet. usually 5,
equal, perigynous. Stam. perigynous, usually indefinite. Carp.
several or solitary, distinct or connate or adnate to the calyx.
Styles distinct, often lateral. Fruit various. Seeds nearly
without albumen, embryo straight.—L. alternate, usually com-
pound, with stipules.

Suborder 1. AMYGDALEZ.

Fruit a drupe. Calyx deciduous, inferior, quite free from
the solitary ovary. Stipules free.

1. Prunus. Drupe fleshy, indehiscent ; its nut smooth or
furrowed.

Suborder IJ. ROSE.

Carpels several, distinct from each other and from the calyx.
Stipules united to the petiole.

TribeIl. SPIRH#IDA. Carpels (follicles) several, not included
in calyz-tube ; seeds 1—6, suspended from the inner edges
of the follicles. Sep. persistent, in one row.

. SPrrzA. Cal. 5-cleft. Stam. many, inserted with the
pn on a disk adhering to the calyx. Follicles 1 or more,
usually distinct. Seeds 2—6.

Tr. Il. SANGUISORBEZ. Carpels 1—3, enclosed in the
dry calyx-tube, which is narrowed at the top.

3. SaNcuIsorBA. 7. perfect. Cal. 4-cleft, with 2 or 3
~seales at its base, tube quadrangular. Pet. 0. Stam. 4,

26. ROSACEA. 105

opposite to the segments of the calyx. Nuts 1—2. Style
terminal. Stigma capitate, covered with oblong spreading
prominences. Seeds suspended,

4. Porertum. 7. moneecious or polygamous. Cal. 4-cleft,
with 3 scales at its base, tube quadrangular. Pet. 0.
Stam. 20—30. Nuts 2—3. Style terminal. Stigma
brush-like, with filiform divisions. Seed suspended.

5. Acrrmonta. Fl. perfect. Calyx 5-cleft, without scales ;
tube turbinate, armed with hooked bristles above. Pet. 5.
Stam. 12—20, inserted with the pet. into a glandular ring
in the throat of the calyx. Nuts 1—3. Style terminal.
Seed suspended.

6. AtcHEmitLA. FI. perfect. Cal. 8-parted, the alternate
parts smaller, contracted at the throat, unarmed. eé. 0.
Stam. 1—4, inserted into a ring in the throat of the calyx
and opposite to the smaller segments. Nuts 1—5. Style
basal. Seeds ascending.

Tr. Il. DRYADEZ. Fruit not included in calyx-tube, of 5
or more small dry nuts (in Rubus drupes) inserted on a
ay or succulent receptacle. Calyx persistent, open, nearly

at. .

* Attachment of the seed near to that of the style, radicle
superior.

7. SrppaLpra. Cal. concave, 10-parted, in 2 series, 5 exte-
rior parts smaller. Pet.5. Stam. 5. Style lateral. F’r.
of 5—10 small nuts placed on a dry receptacle. Seed
ascending.

8. PorentTinLa. Cal. concave, 8—10-parted, in two series,
5 exterior parts smaller. Pet.4—5. Stam. many. Style
lateral or nearly terminal. Ir. of many small nuts
placed upon a flattish dry receptacle. Seed pendulous or
ascending.

9. Comarum. Cal., cor., stam., and pistils as in Potentilla.
Receptacle ultumately large, spongy, persistent. Style lateral
near the top of the nut. Seed pendulous.

10. Fracarta. Cal., cor., stam., and pistils asin Potentilla.
Receptacle large, succulent, pulpy, deciduous. Style lateral
near the base of the nut. Seed ascending.

106 26. ROSACEA.

11. Rusus. Cal. concave or flattish, 5-parted. Pet. 5.
Stam. many. Styles nearly terminal. Carp. many, succu-
lent (drupes), placed upon a hemispherical or conical spongy
receptacle. Seed pendulous,

** Attachment of the seed distant from that of the style, radicle
inferior. Nuts with long awnlike styles.

12. Dryas. Cal. 8—10-cleft, in onerow. Pet.8—9. Stam.
many. Fr.of many small nuts, tipped with the persistent
hairy styles, which are not jointed. Receptacle flat, dry.
Seed ascending.

13. Geum. Cal. 10-cleft, in 2 rows, the outer parts smaller.
Pet. 5. Stam. many. Fr. of many small nuts, tipped with
the persistent jor’nted styles hooked at the joining. » Recep-
tacle elongated, dry. Seed ascending,

Tr. IV. ROSIDA. Fruit formed of many small dry nuts en-
closed in the fleshy calyx-tube.

14. Rosa. Cal. urceolate, contracted atthe mouth, ultimately
Jleshy, 5-fid. Pet. 5. Stam. many, inserted with the
petals on the rim of the tube of the calyx,

Suborder Il{. POME/S.

Calyx-tube thick and fleshy, in fruit adhering to the carpels
and forming a 1—5-celled pome : thus fl. appearing superior.

15. Crarmeus. Calyx-segments 5, acute. Pet. 5. Styles
1—5. Fr. oval or round, concealing the upper end of the
1—5 bony 1—2-seeded carpels.

16, CoTONEASTER. Calyx-segments 5. Pet.5. Styles 2—5.
Fr. turbinate, 7ts nuts adhering to the sides of the calyx
but not cohering at the centre—Stam. erect, as long as the
teeth of the calyx.

17. Mesprtus. Calyx-segments 5, leaflike. Pet. 5. Styles
2—5. Fr. turbinate with the upper end of the bony carpels
als disk dilated, almost as broad as the fruit.

Pyrus. Cal. 5-toothed. Pet. 5. Styles 2—5. fr. ,
foahe with 5 cartilaginous or membranous distinct 2- seeded
cells. Testa cartilaginous.

PRUNUS. 107

Suborder 1. <Amygdalew.
1. Pru’nus Linn.
* Young leaves convolute. Drupe glaucous.

1. P. spinésa (L.) ; ped. solitary or in pairs, |. elliptic or ovate-
lanceolate rather downy beneath. P. communis (Huds.) ed. viii.
—a ; branches spinous, ped. solitary glabrous, |. usually glabrous,
fr. globose. Sy. #. B. 408.—[8. macrocarpa (Wallr.) P. fruticans
(Weihe); branches spinous, ped. glabrous usually in pairs, 1. pubescent
on the veins beneath, fi. and fr. larger than in @, fr. globose, |—y. P.
ensititia (L.) ; branches slightly spinous, ped. and underside of
l. usually downy, fr. globose. 2. B. 841.—*6. . P. domestica
(L.) ; branches without spines, ped. glabrous, ]. hairy about the
midrib beneath, fr. oblong. #. 2, 1783.—a is a shrub with
crooked and much armed black branches and /. before the leaves ;
8 and y taller shrubs with fl. and 7. usually together, y with
straight and slightly armed brown branches; 6 a small tree
with straightish branches.—Thickets. 4 not indigenous. Sh.
IV. a, Sloe. Blackthorn. y. Bullace. 6. Plum. E.S. I.

** Young leaves conduplicate. Drupe not glaucous. CERASUS,

2. P. Pddus (L.); arborescent, 1. obovate-lanceolate finely
serrate glabrous, fl. in pendulous racemes, fr. roundish-oblong.—
A. B.1383.—A small tree. L. minutely doubly serrate. « F],
white, many, in a lax raceme. Fr. black, harsh, bitter ; nut
wrinkled.—Woods and hedges. T.V.° Bird-Cherry. HE. 8. I.

3. P. A’vium (L.); arborescent,/. /ong-stalked drooping oblong-
obovate suddenly cuspidate incise-serrate downy beneath, calyx-
tube constricted below the entire sepals, pet. flaccid, “fr. heart-
shaped.” —Z. B. 706,—A tree 20—30 feet high. Outer scales
of the leaf-buds deflexed. Flower-buds not leafy. Fl. in
umbels. -Pet. bifid, with a minute claw. “Fr. firm, bitter,
black or red with staining juice.’—Woods. TT. V. Wild
Cherry. Gean. 13, Sh IE

4, P. Cer'asus (li. em., Hayne) ; fruticose, /. short-stalked,
not drooping oblong-obovate or ovate-lanceolate doubly crenate-
serrate glabrous, calyx-tube not constricted,“ pet. firm,” fruit
round.—#. B, S. 2863.—An erect bushy shrub 3—8 feet high.
Umbels scattered. Outer scales of the leaf-buds erect. Inner
scales of the flower-buds leaflike. Sep. crenate-serrate. Pet.
subemarginate, with a claw. “Fr. juicy, acid, always red,
not staining.”!—Hedges. Sh. V. Dwarf Cherry. EK. I

1 This is var. caproniana (Linn.)=var. erythrocarpa (Rehb.). The var. austera
(Linn.)=var. melanocarpa (Rchb.) has a drier purple fruit.—A. J. W.

108 26. ROSACEA.

Suborder II. Rosew. Tribe I. Spireide.

2. Spirm’a Linn.

t1. S. salicifdlia (L.) ; shrubby, stip. 0, 1. elliptic-lanceolate
unequally serrate glabrous, racemes terminal compound, stam.
exceeding the petals.—H#. 5, 1468.—A shrub 4—5 feet high
with smooth round wandlike branches. FI. flesh-coloured, in
dense erect racemes.—Damp places in the North and in Wales,
rare. Sh. VII. EB. 8.

2. S. Ulmdria (L.) ; herbaceous, stip. rounded, toothed, 1. in-
terruptedly pinnate, leaflets ovate "undivided, the terminal one
larger palmately 3—5-lobed, fl. in compound cymes, caps.
glabrous twisted together. —F. B.960. St. 18. 8.—St. about
3 feet high, angular, branched. L. with a few large serrate
leaflets and very minute intermediate ones ; st. 1. usually downy
beneath. Cymes with long side branches. FI. yellowish,
sweet-scented. Pet. roundish, [. denudéta (Benn.); st.-l. green and
glabrous on under surface.|—Meadows and by water. P. VI.—VIII.
Meadow-sweet. E. 8. 1.

3. S. Filipen'dula (L.) ; herbaceous, stip. of the root-leaves
linear acute entire, those of the stem rounded and cut, |. inter-
ruptedly pinnate, leaflets all oblong deeply cut and serrate, fl. in
a panicled cyme, caps. hairy, straight but adpressed. —H. B. 284.
St. 18. 7.—Root producing knobs. St. 1—14 foot high, round,
simple, panicled at the top. L. mostly radical, spreading ;
leaflets small, many, intermediate ones small. FL. yellowish:
white tinged ‘with red. Pet. obovate. —Dry chalky and lime-
stone pastures. P. V.—VII. Dropwort. E. S. I,

Tribe II. Sangwisorbee.

3. Sancuisor’BA Linn. Great Burnet.

1. S. officindlis (L.) ; spikes ovate-oblong, stam. about equal-
ling calyx, leaflets cordate-oblong—#. B, 1312.—L. pinnate,
glabrous ; leaflets about 13, stalked, opposite, blunt, coarsely
serrate. ‘Spikes rarely long, cylindrical. Fr. oblong, winged
chiefly in its upper half, transverse section terete, 4 wings thin.
—Damp meadows. P. VI.—VIIL. ie

POTERIUM.—ALCHEMILLA. 109

4. Porr’k1um Linn. Lesser Burnet.

1. P. Sanguisor'ba (1L.) ; herbaceous, st. slightly angular, cal.
of the fruit hardened quadrangular with 4 thin entire wings and
netted veins.—E. B. 860.—L. pinnate, with many small ovate
coarsely serrate subsessile leaflets glabrous or slightly hairy
beneath. Lower part of the stems and petioles often downy.—
On a dry calcareous soil. P. VI_VIILt. E.S.

+2. P. polygamum (W. & K.);. herbaceous, st. slightly
angular, calyx of fruit hardened 4-winged pitted, pits with ele-
vated and denticulate edges.—H. B. S. 2989. P. muricatum
(Spach).—«. P. platylophum (Jord.); fr.-cal. with rather blunt
denticulate wings, pits with sharply denticulate edges.—f.
P. stenolophum (Jord.) ; fr.-cal. with sharp entire wings, pits
with rather bluntly denticulate edges.—Both of these closely
resemble ‘Sp. 1, but are usually larger in all their parts.
Leaflets usually oval—Dry places. P. VI. VII. E.

5. Acrimo’nia Linn. Agrimony.

1. A. Eupatoria (L. excl. vars.); cal.-tube of fr. obconic
furrowed to the base, exterior spines spreading, |. interruptedly
pinnate serrate shaggy beneath—#. B. 1335. St. 59. 4.—St.
erect, about 2 feet high. Spikes long with distant yellow
flowers. Leaflets deeply serrate—Fields and roadsides.
P. VI. VIL. E.8. I.

2. A. odordta (Mill.) ; cal.-tube of fr. bellshaped not furrowed,
exterior spines declining, |. interruptedly pinnate hairy and
with minute glands beneath.—/. B. S.2982.—Scented. Spikes
long. Fl. yellow ; pet. obovate-lanceolate, wedgeshaped below,
distant, spreading, flat, turning upattheend. Styles spreading.
Leaflets deeply and sharply serrate throughout. Cal.-tube of
the large fruits rarely with shallow furrows in its upper half.
Taller than Sp. 1, usually more branched ; 1. and Its., fi. and fr.
larger.—Waste places, rare. P. VI. VIL. E.'S. I.

6, ALCHEMIL'LA Linn. em. Scop. Lady’s Mantle.

1. A. vdgdris (L.); 1. rentform or nearly orbicular plaited
7—9-lobed, lobes rounded serrate throughout green beneath,
fi. im terminal corymbs, or rather racemose cymes.—Z#. B. 597.
—Slightly hairy. Fl. yellowishgreen. L. large on long stalks,
st.l. sessile with large notched connate stipules.—8. A. filicauwlis
(Buser)'; st.-l. and petioles silky, old 1. wavy with broad waves.

1 Rey. E. F. Linton in a paper on the segregates of A. vulgaris (J. of B. 1895,
p. 110) states that A. montana Willd. to which this var. was referred in Ed. vili.
is not British.

\

110 26. ROSACE.

[v- 4. alpestris (Schmidt); whole plant neatly glabrous, li slightly bairy on
the nerves beneath and with tufts of silky hairs om the teeth.}—Moist
pastures. P. VIL—VUI. Common Ladiz's Mantle. E.S. 1.

2. A. alpina (L. em. Mill) ; radical 1. digitate, divisions 5—7
separated to their base oblong blunt adpressed serrate at the
end white and silky beneath, ff. in interrupted spikes of small
lateral and terminal corymbs. achene oblong-ovoid suddenly
acuminate, st. slightly branched simple below.—Sy. E. B.
425. St. 51. 2—St., cal. and underside of the 1. beautifully
silky. Leafiets rarely slightly combined, outer ones of the
radical 1. usually nearly opposite to each other. Branches
usually undivided, ascendmg. — Mountains. “P, VI. VII.
Alpine Lady's Mantle. E.'S, L

3. A. argen'tea (G. Don ex Trevelyan); radical 7. sub-
orbicular peltate-palmate, divisions 5—7 much connected
below oblong blunt adpressed serrate at the end white and
very silky beneath, fi. in small lateral and terminal corymbs,
achene ovate-ovoid gradually acuminate, st. much branched.—
A. conjunc'ta (Bab.) ; £. B. S. 2983.—Often taken for A. alpina
but its lts. are much larger, their lobes broader and placed in
the radical leaves so that the 2 external ones almost if not quite
touch each other so as to present the appearance of apeltate leaf ;
st.-branches long alternate spreading and often again sub-
divided ; fi. in small nearly simple distant corymbs, [Faroe
Isles. A. fissa Fl Dan. 2101. Dauphine] Clova! Glen
Sannox, Arran! P. VI. VIL. Ss.

4. A. arven'sis (Scop.); 1. palmate 3-7id wedgeshaped below
hairy, lobes with 3—6 teeth at the end, fl. sessile axillary.—
AphanesLinn. £. B.1011.—St. prostrate or ascending, 4— in.
long. Fl. very small, greenish, in small hairy inconspicuous
tufts.—Dry fields on sand and gravel. A. V.—VIIL. peels |
Piert. * :

Tribe IL. Dryadee.

7. Smppar pra Linn.

1. S. procum’bens (L.) ; 1. ternate, leaflets wedgesha with
3 teeth at the end, fl. corymbose, pet. lanceolate—Z. B. 897.
St.17.5. Pot. Sibbaldii, (Hall.).—L. pilose on both sides. St.
woody, procumbent. Pet. very small, yellow. Pistils and
stam. very variable in number.—Dry summits of Scottish
mountains. Above Higheup Scar, Teesdale. P. VIL. ES.

POTENTILLA. 111

8. Porentmta Linn. em., Tratt. Cinque-foil.
* Hairs on the receptacle shorter than the glabrous carpels.
+ Leaves pinnate.

1. P. rupes'tris (L.) ; st. erect dichotomous, leafiets roundish-
ovate unequally cut and serrate 5—7 on the lower leaves, on
the uppermost 3.—£. B. 2058.—Fl.-shoots annual. Pet. white,
much longer than the calyx. Base of 1. wedgeshaped. St. 1
—2 feet high —Craig Breidden, Montgomeryshire. Radnor-
shire. P. V. VI. E.

2. P. Anserina (L.) ; st. creeping, |. interruptedly pinnate,
leaflets many oblong acutely serrate silky beneath, peduncles
solitary—Z. B. 861. St. 4. 7.—FI. yellow, large. L. green
above, white and silky beneath ; or white and densely silky on
both sides—Roadsides. P. VI. VII. Silver Weed.” E.S.I.

+7 Leaves digitate.

3. P.argen'tea (L.) ; st. ascending, 1. quinate, leaflets obovate-
cuneate incise-serrate white and downy beneath their margins
revolute.—Z. B. 89. St. 17. 7.—FI. yellow, small, in terminal
corymbs. —Dry gravelly places. P. VI. VIL. E. 8.

4. P. ver'na (UL. em., Koch); st. prostrate, lower 1. of 5—7
obovate leaflets serrate towards the end bristly on the margin
and ribs beneath, teeth 2—4 on each side, lower stipules
narrowly linear —E. B. 3%. St. 17.8.—St. woody, about 5 in.
long. FI. yellow, solitary or 2 or 3 ati The terminal
vee of the 1. usually smallest and shortest.—Dry Passes)

> FV: Ss

5. P- amas 22 (Beck) ; st. ascending, lower 1. quinate, leaflets
obovate-cuneate somewhat hairy deeply cut in the upper half,
teeth about 4 on each side, stip. all ovate—P. maculata ed.
vill. ; Pourr.? P. alpestris all ris salisburgensis (Hoppe ;
Haenke 2). St. 17.10. Sy. E. B. 429.—Larger than the
fare All the teeth of 1. equal. Outer sep. oblong,

lunt; inner twice as broad ovate, acute. [A weak form with
short stems and deeply cut Its. has been referred to var. debilis (Koch). j
—Monuntains. P. VI. VIL. E.S.

6. P.reptans (L.); st. fliform prostrate rating. E quinate
stalked, leaflets obovate bluntly serrate, peduncles solitary, pet.
obcordate, carpels asperous.—E. B.862.—L. on long stalks, often
with a bunch of small |. in their axils, sometimes solitary,
usually in pairs. Leaflets blunt, rough or hairy on their ribs
and margins. Fl. on long stalks, yellow.—Sometimes the I.
and cal. are covered with long ’ silky hairs on both ‘sides.
[4 small tufted form is var. microphylla (Tratt.).]| Roadsides and banks.
P. VI—IX. B.S. E

112 26, ROSACEA.

7. P. erecta (Hampe); st. procumbent or ascending, 1.
ternate sessile or shortly stalked, lower ]. quinate on long stalks,
Its. lanceclate or obovate-cuneate incise-serrate, pet. obcordate,
carpels longitudinally wrinkled.—P. silvestris (Neck.).
Tormentilla (Nestl.) Tormentilla erecta (.) #. B. 868. (St. 34.
12.—Rootstock large, woody. L. all nearly sessile, except the
lowest, which are often ternate ; lts. acute, rather hairy. Stip.
deeply cut. Fl. small, yellow, usually with 8 sep. and 4 pet.—
P. mixta (Nolte)!; 1. stalked, lts. obovate-oblong acutely
serrate, stip. entire. A hybrid between Sp. 6 and 7.—8.
P. procumbens (Sibth.); leaflets obovate-cuneate deeply cut,
]. 5-nate or 3-nate stalked, stip. entire or trifid. Fl. usually
larger, Sy. #. B. 431.—In dry places. 8. Woods and hedge-
banks. =P. VI.—VIII. 4 ps ie

+++ Leaves ternate.

*8. P. norvégica(L.) ; st. erect, lts. obovate coarsely toothed,
pet. falling short of cal. obovate, carp. glabrous longitudinally
wrinkled.—&. B. iii. Suppl. 485 A.—St. 6—12 in. Fl. crowded
in term cymes. Naturalized in Yorks. and elsewhere. A. or
P. VI._VIII. E.

** Hairs on the receptacle long, carpels hairy at the scar or

all over.
9. P. fruticésa (L.); shrubby, l. pinnate, leaflets mostly 5
oblong acute entire hairy with revolute margins.—/. B. 88.—
St. 3—4 feet high. Fl. large, yellow, terminal.—Teesdale.
Wastdale. Galway. Clare. Sh. VI. VIT Ky Y:
10. P. sterilis (Garcke) ; st. procumbent, J. ternate greyish
green, leaflets roundish obovate serrate silky on both sides, pet.
narrowly obcordate not contiguous, carp. glabrous except at
the scar smooth or wrinkled transyersely.—P. Vragarias trum
(Ebrh,) #. B. 1785.—Hairs on the upperside of 1. bulbous-
based. FI. small, white.—Woods, banks. P.IV.V. Barren
Strawberry. Bos. 4

9. Com’arum Linn. Marsh Cinque-foil.

1. C. palus'tre (L.).—#. B. 172. Potentilla (Scop.)—St.
ascending, 1 foot high, reddish. L. pinnate. Leaflets 5—7,
elliptic oblong, acute, sharply serrate. Fl. several, dark purple ;
cal. purple within ; pet. small. .iffering from Potentilla by its
enlarged spongy receptacle.—Marshes and peaty bogs. P. VII.

E.S.

1 This has been regarded as a hybrid between P. reptans and P. procwmbens,
taking the latter as a species. Two other hybrids have been recorded—
P. suberecta (Zimm.)=P. procumbens x P. silvestris, and P. ttalica (Lehm.)=
P. reptans x silvestris. See J. of B. 1888, p. 78, and 1893, p. 825.—H. & J. G.

FRAGARIA.—RUBUS. 113

10, Fraca’r1a Linn, Strawberry.

1. F. ves'ca (Li. em., Koch.) ; cal. of the fruit spreading or
reflexed, hairs on the peduncles spreading those of the pedicels
adpressed upwards silky.—E. B. 1524. EB. B. S. 2742.—
Stoloniferous. Stole continued by an axillary shoot at each
rosette (a sympode) ; one scale between each two rosettes. L.
bright green. Flowering stems short, erect, mostly simple,
few-flowered. Lts. sessile. Hairs on pedicel of first fl.
spreading, on the underside of 1. adpressed. Carp. smooth,
ubrous. on all parts of the receptacle, superficial. Pet. about
as long as broad, white throughout with 2 slight notches at
the end, contiguous; claw indistinct.—Woods and thickets.
P.V. VI. Wood Strawberry. EST.

+2. #. moschdta (Duchesne) ; cal. of the fruit spreading or
reflexed, hairs on the peduncles and pedicels spreading and
somewhat deflexed.—E. B. 2197. F. elatior (Ehrh.).—Fl. im-
perfectly dicecious. Pet. } broader than long, white, entire ;
claw distinct, bright yellow. ‘Base of receptacle without
carpels.” Larger and more hairy than /’. vesea —Woods, rare.
P.VI.—IX. Hautboy Strawberry. E.S.

11. Ru’sus Linn.'2 Bramble.

A. FRUTESCENTES.

Stem shrubby. Leaves subquinate. Stipules linear, affixed
to the petioles. Flowers subpanicled. Succulent carpels
forming a compound many-seeded berry. Receptacle
conical,

1 In the descriptions by stem is meant the barren stem of the year; the prickles
are called patent when they spread at right angles to the st. and subpatent when a
little declining ; the shape of the leaflets, unless otherwise stated, is taken from
those of the barren stem. The term sefa is used to express a hair or bristle
tipped with a gland; aciculi are strong bristles.—By R. G. the plates in Weihe
and Nees’s Rubi Germanict are intended.—See Babington’s Brtfish Rubt.

When the Continental plants are better known it is feared that considerable
changes of nomenclature will be necessary.

2 “From the Author’s notes it was his evident intention to entirely rewrite the
account of this genus, but this intention was not fulfilled. Since the last edition
appeared a very large amount .of work has been done and a full account of the
genus has been published by the Rev. W. Moyle Rogers in his valuable ‘ Handbook
of British Rubi.’ With his kind permission we have added as an appendix the
*Conspectus of Species’ from that work, giving here the account as in ed. viii.
with the exception of a few alterations actually made by the Author.—H. & J. G.”

H

114 26. ROSACEA.

i. Zdewi. Stems suberect, biennial. Ripe fruit separating
from its receptacle.—Leaves often pinnate.

1. R. Ide'us (L.) ; st. erect round pruinose, prickles setaceous
straight, 1. 5-pinnate or ternate white beneath, term, It. long-
stalked,mterm. lts. sessile not imbricate, prickles of fl.-shoot and
ped. deflexed, fl. axillary and terminal corymbose.—Z. B. 2442.
hh. G. 47.—Creeping. St. 4—6 ft. high ; prickles small, usually
many. I. usually pinnate, rarely ternate. Fr. red or amber-
coloured.—s. R. Leesiz (Bab.) ; 1. ternate, Its. all roundly ovate
subsessile imbricate. #. B.S. 2981.—y. rotundifolius ; 1. like
those of 8 but term. lt. long-stalked, 1. of flowering shoot
similar but TEPER ones simple.—Damp edges of woods and
heaths. Sh. VI. Be. Oe.

il. Frutecosi. Stems biennial or subperennial. Ripe fruit
not separating from its receptacle. Leaves digitate,
pedate or rarely subpinnate.—R. fruticosus Hook.

(1) Suberecti. Stems usually suberect, glabrous or slightly
pilose, not setose nor felted. Prickles equal.—Sepals
densely white-felted within, pilose externally with a
narrow border of white felt.

2. R. suberec'tus (Anders.) ; st. erect obtuse-angled at the top,
prickles few smalluniform from a large compressed base confined
to the angles of the stem, 1. 3—5—7-nate, /ts. flexible flat, term-
lt. cordate-acuminate, basal its. subsessile those of fl.-shoot nar-
rowed to the base, fl. racemose or subpanicled, sep. reflexed.— 2.
B. 2572.—St. 3—6 ft. high. Prickles conical, scarcely longer
than the longitudinal extent of their base. L. rarely ternate ;
lts. thin, unequally serrate. Stam. pale, exceeding styles. Fr.
dark red.—Boggy woods and heaths. Sh. VI. VII. E.S.1.

3. R. fis'sus (Lindl.); st. erect or subarcuate obtuse-angled,
prickles many straight or deflexed from an oblong slightly dilated
base not conjined to the angles, |. 5—T-nate, lts. coriaceous plicate,
term. lt. cordate-ovate, basal Its. sessile, lateral Its. of fl.-shoot
often gibbous at the base, pan. simple racemose-corymbose, /r.-
cal. erect-patent.—Creeping extensively. St. 1—2 ft. high.
Prickles much longer than the longitudinal extent of their base.
Lts. unequally serrate. Stam, slightly exceeding styles. Fr.
dark red.—Wet places. Sh. VI.—VIII. EK. S.1.

4. R. plicdtus (W. & N.) ; st. suberect obtuse-angled, prickles
straight or deflexed from an oblong dilated base confined to the
angles, |. quinate, /ts. more or less plicate thin pilose not felted
beneath, term. lt. cordate-acuminate, basal Its, usually subsessile,

RUBUS. 115

lateral Its. of fl.-shoot rhomboidal-ovate dilated at the base, ti.
racemose or corymbose, rachis and ped. pilose not felted, fr.-cal.
reflexed.—2#. B.S. 2714. R. G.1. R: fruticosus (Arrh.)—St.
rarely 4 ft. high. Prickles unequal, usually conical, much longer
than the longitudinal extent of their base. Upper 1]. sometimes
pinnate-septenate. Cal. bright green externally. Stam. falling
short of styles—Heaths. Sh. VI. VI. Es. 1:

5. R, afi'nis (W. & N.); st. suberect or subarcuate angular
smooth, prickles strong slightly deflexed or declining from a
dilated compressed base confined to the angles, 1. quinate, /¢s.
coriaceous wavy towards the end green and opaque on both sides
subpilose above paler and. si/ky-pubescent beneath, term. lt. cor-
date-oval cuspidate, basal Its. stalked those of the f.-shoot nar-
rowed at the base, branches of the compound leafy pan. corymbose
erect-patent often long, sep. acuminate greenish white-felted
with pale edges externally patent.—RA. G. 3.—St. often arching,
but apparently it does not root at the end. Stam. exceeding
styles.—8, R.lentiginosus(Lees); prickles declining, ]ts.narrower
and nearly glabrous; pet. very small, cal. erect-patent.—Heaths
and open woods. Sh. VII. VIII. E.S. I.

6. R. hemistémon (Miull.) ; st. arcuate angular nearly or quite
labrous with subsessile glands, prickles slender short declining
rom a short oblong base, |. quinate, Its. coriaceous irregularly

dentate green on both sides paler with many short hairs beneath,
term. lt. oblong-ovate acuminate, basal /ts. very shortly stalked
those of the flowering shoot rather dilated at the base, pan. oblong
abrupt often nearly subracemose with long 1—2-fl. branches,
term. fi. nearly sessile, rachis and peduncles hairy not felted, sep.
ovate-acuminate greenish subtomentose clasping the fruit.—-St.
often arching. Prickles rather unequal. Stam. white falling
short of “pale green” styles—Hedges and thickets. Warw.,
Card., Aberd. Sh. VIT. VIII. E.S.

(2) Rhamnifolii. Stems arching more or less, rooting at the
end, slightly pilose, not setose nor felted nor glaucous.
Prickles usually confined to the angles of the stem, nearly
equal, from a depressed and compressed base.

7. R. Lindleidnus (Lees) ; st. erect-arcuate smooth shining,
prickles strong declining compressed dilated below, 1. quinate,
Its. subcoriaceous shining above pale green pilose (often slightly
felted) beneath, term. lt. obovate or roundish acuminate, basal
lts. stalked not overlapping the interm. Its., branches of the com-

und leafy pan. patent or divaricate short corymbose, rachis

avry most prickly in the middle its top and the pedicels felted

116 26. ROSACEZ.

its prickles strong declining.—RA. nitidus Bell-Salt., Bab. (not
W. & N.).—St. angular throughout, appearing as if ‘varnished.
Term. It. often much narrowed below. Pan. often very
compound, close, usually long, blunt and convex at the end.
Pet. not contiguous, oblong, white. Stam. slightly exceeding
styles; both greenish. Fr. small.—Hedges and borders of
thickets. Sh. VII. VIII. E. S.

8. R. rhamnifdlius (W. & N.); st. arcuate angular furrowed
upwards, prickles strong patent or declining, 1. quinate, Its.
coriaceous flat opaque above greenish-white-felted beneath,
term. lt. ovate or cordate subcuspidate, basal /ts. stalked not
imbricate, pan. felted often dense and blunt at the end with
axillary racemose few-flowered distant branches and strong
declining prickles—#. B. 8. 2604. R. G. 6. R. cordifolius
#, G.5.—St. usually bright red. Prickles yellow or tipped with
red. Lts. hard but felted beneath, finely serrate. ge6. dull
green externally. Pet. roundish, ‘white. Stam. exceeding
styles ; both greenish. Primordial fr. oblong.—Hedges and
thickets. Sh. VII. VII. EvT.

9. R. incurvdtus (Bab.); st. arcuate-prostrate angular, prickles
strong patent or declining, ]. quinate concave, /ts, coriaceous acu-
minate with incurved wavy edges shining and subglabrous above
greenish-white-felted beneath, term. lt. cordate-ovate, pan. narrow
leafy below with short approximate patent corymbose branches
its top and pedicels hairy and felted its prickles slender deflexed,
pis ovate acuminate.—St. purple, strong. Lts. flat except at
the edges, doubly dentate, soft beneath. Pet. roundly obovate,
pink. Stam. exceeding styles; both pink. Primordial fr. almost
hemispherical.—Heaths and open woods. Sh. VII. E.§.

10. R. imbricdtus (Hort); st. arcuate-prostrate angular,
prickles small strong declining from a long compressed base,
. conver quinate, lts. convex coriaceous opaque and subglabrous
above paler with scattered hairs beneath cuspidate imbricate,
term. lt. roundly cordate-obovate, pan, narrow leafy below with
ascending distant long racemose branches its top and pedicels
hairy scarcely felted its prickles slender declining, sep. abruptly
cuspidate. —St. paris red. ‘Basal lts. overlap the interm.,
interm. the term. leaflet.” Pet. obovate, white. Styles greenish
yellow. Primordial fr. subglobose.—s. R. ramosus (Blox.) ;
st. erect-arcuate, |. not imbricate broadly ovate shining.—Top
- pan. felted ; pet. pink. Fil. white, styles brownish pink.

J. of B. ix. 330. —By the Wye below Monmouth. §. Devon,
Cornw.., and Warw. Sh. VI. VII. E.

RUBUS. 117

11. R. latifdlius (Bab.); st. arcuate-prostrate angular fur-
rowed, prickles small slender compressed slightly declining from
a very long compressed base, |. quinate, Its. thin pilose on both
sides coarsely and doubly dentate not felted beneath, term, /t.
cordate acuminate, basal lts. sessile imbricate, pan. short leafy
hairy with ascending few-flowered corymbose branches its top
and pedicels felted and hairy its prickles slendershort declining.
—St. strong, green. Lts. very broad. Pet. ovate, clawed.
Stam. exceeding styles and incurved. Primordial fruit appar-
ently about hemispherical—Open woods. Cramond Bridge
rh ‘jane near Edinburgh. Acharn, Perthshire. Sh. ae

(3) Villicawles. Stems arching more or less, rooting, pilose
or bald, often felted, having subsessile glands and rarely
a few setze and aciculi. Prickles confined to the angles
of the stem, nearly equal, or a few smaller scattered on
the faces. Basal leaflets stalked, not overlapping the
intermediate leaflets.

a. Discolores. St. with strong equal prickles and closely
adpressed pubescence. Leaves white-felted beneath.

12. R. discolor (W. & N.) ; st. arcuate-prostrate angular fur-
rowed stellately downy, prickles declining or deflexed from a
much dilated compressed base, |. quinate, lts. coriaceous convex
rugose above finely white-felted beneath, term. lt. obovate-cus-
pidate, pan. long narrow felted its few lower branches axillary
many-flowered its prickles strong hooked, cal. finely white-
felted —R. G. 20. R. fruticosus Sm. EH. B. 715.—St. nearly
prostrate unless supported, often nearly glabrous and glaucous.
Lts. usually hairless but with fine hard felt beneath, usually
with decurved edges. Pet. pink. Fil.and styles purple ; anth.
greenish ; stam. exceeding styles. Drupes many, small, acid.—
B. pubigerus ; st. angular stellately hairy with spreading hairs,
prickles slender from a dilated oblong depressed scarcely
compressed base patent or deflexed.—Hedges and thickets.
Common. Sh. VII. VII. : E.

13. F. thyrsoideus (Wimm. ?) ; st. erect-arcwate angular fur-
rowed subglabrous, prickles declining or deflexed from a much-
dilated compressed’ base, |. quinate, /ts. flat rather coriaceous
glabrous above hairy and greenish-white-felted beneath, term. It.
cordate-ovate-acuminate, pan. long narrow its lower branches
many axillary few-flowered its prickles strong hooked, eal. hairy
and felted.—R. fruticosus R. G. 7.—St. arching highly, self-
supporting. Lts. wavy and a little turned up at the edge, hairy

118 26. ROSACER.

and softly but often finely felted beneath. Pet. white. Fil.
white; anth. rather fuscous. Drupes few, subacid—Hedges
and thickets. Sh. VII. VIII. E. I.

b. Sylvatiec. Stem with moderate mostly equal prickles
and (often dense) hairy-woolly patent (but often deci-
duous) pubescence. Leaves usually green but sometimes
white-felted beneath.

14. R. leucdstachys (Sm.) ; st. arcuate-prostrate angular hairy
woolly and felted, pricklesmany subpatent slenderfrom a dilated
compressed base, |. quinate, /ts. flat hairy and shining and softly
yellowish or whitely felted beneath, term. lt. obovate. ovate or
roundish cuspidate, pan. long narrow felted hairy setose its
branches short few-flowered its prickles slender declining or
angularly deflexed, cal. green-felted hairy setose aciculate—a ;
st. arcuate-prostrate, prickles mostly on the angles of the stem
equal, Its. coriaceous obovate sublobate-serrate yellowish-white-
felted and shining beneath.—#. B.S. 2631.—St. nearly pros-
trate, covered with loose spreading clustered hairs. Pan. very
narrow, long. Pet. pinkish. Stam. with pink base upright,
exceeding the pink-based styles. Fr. purplish black.—8. R. ves-
titus (Weihe) ; st. arcuate, prickles unequal scattered, lts. cor-
date-roundish cuspidate irregularly dentate pale green beneath.
R..G. 33. St. often nearly round and bearing a few aciculiand
sete. Lts. rather thin.—Hedges, thickets and woods. Sh.
VII. VILL. E. I.

15. R. hirtefdlius (Miull.); st. arcuate-prostrate angular
pulose, prickles nearly equal small declining from a dilated com-
pressed base, 1. quinate, /ts. flat pale green and pilose only on the.
veins beneath, term. lt.obovate acuminate, panicle narrowly pyra-
midal its branches few-flowered its prickles few slender, sepals
greenish felted and with pale edges externally, stam. exceeding
the styles—Pan.-branches often 1-fl. Sep. ovate, leaf-pointed.
—R. pyramidalis Kaltenb. !—Bushy and thes places. Near
Plymouth. Isle of Wight. Sh. VII. VIII, EK.

16. R. Grabows' kit (Weihe) ; st. arcuate angular subglabrous,
prickles many equal declining or deflexed much dilated and
compressed below, 1. quinate, /ts. pesos opaque and glabrous
above ashy-felted beneath irregularly dentate imbrieate, term. lt.
cordate abruptly cuspidate (on the fl.-shoot much dilated below),
pan. long leafy below its branches ascending racemose-corym-
bose its prickles many deflexed, cal. ashy-felted and hairy.—2.
carpinifolius Borr.#. B.S, 26644 R.montanus Focke.—St. with

‘RUBUS. 119

a few often clustered hairs. Pan. hairy but not felted. “Stam.
white scarcely exceeding the green styles.” Fr.sparingly pro-
duced.—Hedges and thickets. Sh. VII. VITI. E. T.

17. R. Coleman’t (Blox.); st. arcuate angular subglabrous,
prickles many nearly equal declining compressed and dilated
below, 1. quinate, /ts. convex opaque above green and hairy on the
veins beneath irregularly dentate imbricate, term. lt. roundly
cordate acuminate (on the fl.-shoot roundish or broadly oval),
pan. long leafy below its branches ascending corymbose or the
axillary ones racemose its prickles many slender deflexed or
declining with many setie and aciculi, sep. ashy-felted hairy.
—R. fusco-ater 8. Colemani Bab.—St. with a few aciculi and
sete and scattered hairs. Pan. not felted. Pet. white. The
position of this plant is doubtful ; but it seems to be most allied
to R: Grabowski of our species.—Hedges near Coventry and
Packington. Sh. VII. VIII.

18. R. Sal'teri (Bab.) ; st. arcuate-prostrate angular furrowed
subglabrous prickles subpatent slender, compressed from a dilated
compressed base, |. quinate,/és. thin coarsely and doubly patently
dentate green on both sides hairy only on the veins beneath,
term. lt. broadly obovate cuspidate-acuminate subcordate, pan.
long lax hairy its ultra-axillary branches short few-flowered
corymbose patent its rachis wavy its prickles slender declining,
sep. hairy felted erect-patent.—St. green, becoming quite gla-
brous, with a few aciculi and sete occasionally. Lts. hard and
rough beneath.—a. Salteri ; lts. lobed or doubly serrate, rachis
of cylindrical panicle nearly straight, branches corymbose
patent, sep. erect-patent. A few sunken sete on the pan. and
calyx. Pet. white.—§. R. calvatus (Blox.) ; lts. coarsely dentate
the teeth distant with recurved tips interstices denticulate,
rachis of Jax pan. wavy, branches subracemose and ascending
the uppermost corymbose and patent, sep. loosely reflexed.
Many sunken sete on the panicle. Pet. pinkish or deep rose-
coloured.—These plants seem to be the extremes of one species.
—Open woods and hedges, rare. Sh. VII. VIII. Ap

19. &. carpinifolius (W. & N.) ; st. erect-arcwate angular stri-
ate with patent clustered hairs, prickles slender conical com-
ressed declining from a dilated compressed base, ]. quinate,
ts. thin irregularly but finely serrate pilose above rather paler
or whitish and densely hairy beneath, term. lt. obovate-acumi-
nate or cuspidate, pan. narrow racemose hairy setose its lower
branches axillary short few-flowered its prickles deflexed or de-
clining, sep. hairy loosely reflexed from the fruit.—A. @, 13.—
St. forminga large lofty arch. L. with very fine but irregular

120 26. ROSACEA,

acute teeth remarkably directed forwards. Pan. often nearly
simple, cylindrical. Pet. white or reddish.—Open places in
hilly districts. Sh. VII. VIII. Bite

20. &. villicarilis (W. & N.) ; st. arcuate angular patently pi-
lose, prickles strong conical-compressed subpatentfrom a dilated
compressed base, 1. quinate, Its. thin dentate-serrate pale green
and shining and often densely hairy but the hairs only on the
veins beneath, term. lt. obovate or roundly cordate-obovate sub-
acuminate, pan. open compound leafy hairy subsetose felted its
branches corymbose its prickles declining or deflexed, sep. hairy
setose aciculate loosely reflexed from the fruit.—R. G. 17.
fh. villicaulis and R. pampinosus Bab.—St. becoming nearly
naked, rarely a few sete and aciculi.—s. A. adscitus (Genev.) ;
st. aciculate and setose. A. vulgaris (Lindl.).. Heads of sete
very deciduous.—Woods and hedges. Sh. VIJ. VIII. E.S. I.

21. R. macrophyl'lus (Weihe) ; st. arcuate-prostrate angular
patently pilose, prickles short slender conical-compressed de-
clining from a large dilated compressed base, |. quinate, /ts.
doubly and patently dentate or irregularly dentate-serrate pilose
above pale green felted or velvety or hairy only on the veins
beneath, term. lt. elliptic or roundly obovate or obovate cuspi-
date or acuminate more or less cordate, pan. hairy felted setose
its branches short few-flowered corymbose the lower axillary
subracemose and ascending its prickles declining, sep. ovate-at-
tenuate hairy felted setose loosely reflexed from the fruit.—The
following forms have been considered species.—a. AR. wm-
brosus (Arrh.) ; prickles slender from a large base, |. quinate,
lts. doubly and patently dentate velvetyor slightly felted beneath,
term. It. broadly obovate cuspidate, pan. with slender prickles,
tip of sep. linear, cor. rose-coloured. Stam. white, scarcely
exceeding the dull styles. 2. carpinifolius (Blox.). Term. It.
sometimes divided into three.—f. R. macrophyllus (W. & N.);
prickles small short from a very large base, 1. 5—38-nate, Its.
irregularly dentate-serrate hairy only on the veins or rarel
felted beneath, term. It. elliptic or broadly obovate, pan. —
slender prickles, sep. leaf-pointed, cor. white. . B. S. 2625.
R.G. 12. Lts. often very large. St. often with a few aciculi
and sete. Stam. pinkish, exceeding the pink styles. A very
variable plant.—y. 2. Schlechtendalii (W. & N.) ; prickles short
small from a very large base, ]. usually quinate, /ts. doubly and
patently dentate usually hairy only on the veins not felted be-
neath, term. /t. long obovate acuminate wedgeshaped or subcor-
date at the base, pan. with strong prickles, sep. with a linear
point, cor. white. #.G.11. Hardly distinguishable from var. .
—d. R. amplificatus (Lees); prickles short from avery large base,

RUBUS. 121

1, usually quinate, /#s, somewhat doubly patently dentate hairy
only on the veins beneath not felted, term. lt. broadly obovate
acuminate, pan. very large its prickles strong compressed from
avery large base, sep. usually leaf-pointed. cor. white or pinkish.
Remarkable for the very strong prickles with exceedingly long
compressed bases on its panicle.—«. glabratus (Bab.) ; prickles
short from a very large base, 1. quinate, /ts. irregularly or rather
doubly dentate slightly hairy only on the veins beneath, term. lt.
roundly cordate or broadly obovate subcordate, pan. with slender

rickles, sep. (apparently) leaf-pointed. L. nearly glabrous
Berientl Term. lt. very round.—Woods and thickets. Sh.
i yee E.'S. IT.

c. Spectahiles. Stem with rather unequal prickles and
scattered aciculi and sete and usually dense pubescence.

22. R. mucronuldtus (Bor.) ; st. arcuate subterete patently pi-
lose, prickles few conical s/ender declining from an oblong dilated
base, ]. quinate,/ts. thick finely dentate-serrate rough and pilose
above hairy only on the (reddish) veins beneath, term. /t. broadly
obovate euspidate cordate below, pan. narrow lax leafy hairy
setose felted its branches long 1—3-flowered its prickles small
slender declining, sep. ovate-attenuate hairy setose felted with
a linear point.—Sy. #. 8.451. FR. mucronatus Blox. (not Ser.).
—St. becoming nearly naked ; a few sete and aciculi. Pet.
pale pink. Pink stam. exceeding green styles.—R. festivus
(Warr.) seems to differ only by angular st. and much thinner
doubly dentate leaves.—Banks and hedges. Sh. VII. VEL :

23. R. Sprengel'ii (Weihe) ; st. prostrate terete pilose, prickles
unequal deflered from a large compressed base, 1. 3—5-nate
pedate, lts. thin green with scattered hairs only on the veins
beneath, term. lt. elliptic-acuminate, pan. lax hairy felted setose
its axillary branches patent few-flowered the ultra-axillary di-
varicate its prickles few slender deflexed, sep. ovate-acuminate
erect-patent often leaf-pointed.—2.. R. Borreri (Bell-Salt.) ; st.
arcuate-prostrate thick with scattered aciculiand sete, prickles
unequal, 1. usually quinate, pan. rather thyrsoid or with a sub-
corymbose top, dull stam. falling short of styles.—R. rubicolor
(Blox.) seems an extreme form of this— 8. R. Sprengelii
(Weihe); st. usually quite prostrate slender, prickles small,
aciculi and sete very few, |. usually ternate, Its. flexible, pan.
lax few-flowered pyramidally subcorymbose; rose-coloured
stam. exceeding styles. . G.10—Heaths and woods. Sh.
VI. VII. E.

122 26. ROSACEA.

d. Radwe. Stem rough with small elevated rigid points
on which the deciduous setz and aciculi were seated ;
prickles nearly equal.

24. R. Bloxdmi (Lees); st. arcuate-prostrate angular slightly
furrowed, prickles small subpatent unequal, aciculi and sete short
many,hairs many, I. 5- or 3-nate,/ts. coarsely doubly dentate green
and pilose on both sides, term. lt. roundly obovate cuspidate, pan.
long leafy to the top felted cts short branches and top corymbose its
prickles slender declining, sep. ovate-acuminate loosely reflexed
from the fruit.—St. thick, rarely furrowed. lL. subpedate.
Upper floral ]. simple. Pet. white. Pale stam. falling short of
styles—Woods. Sh. VII. VIII. E.

25. R. Hys'trixz (Weihe) ; st.arcuate-prostrate angularslightly
furrowed, prickles slender declining from a dilated eempressed
base, aciculi and hairs few short equalling the many sete and
much shorter than the prickles, 1, quinate pedate, /ts. coarsely
and rather doubly and patently dentate green and pilose on both
sides, term. lt. oblong-obovate acuminate, pan. long leafy its
branches long racemose ascending but the uppermost and ultra-
axillary patent or divaricate its rachis wavy its prickles strong
declining the uppermost slender, sep. lanceolate-attenuate loosely
adpressed to the Frut.—R. G. 41.—Lts. flat, but wavy at the
edges, hairy but not felted beneath. Pet. pink. Pale stam.
exceeding pink styles.—Hedges and thickets. Sh. VII. ae

26. R.rosdceus(Weihe); st. arcuate-prostrate angular, prickles
slender nearly equal declining from a dilated compressed base a
few shorter slightly exceeding the nearly equal aciculi sete and
hairs, |, quinate-pedate or ternate, lts. doubly-dentate-serrate
pilose above paler and pilose only on the veins beneath, term.
It. obovate- or oblong-acuminate usually subcordate below, pan.
subpyramidal truncate leafy below its branches racemose ascend-
ing or the ultra-axillary patent corymbose or simple its rachis
more or less wavy its prickles slender declining, sep. lanceolate-
attenuate loosely adpressed to the fruit.— FR, @. 36.—Perhaps
not distinct from R. Hystrix. Its more elegant pyramidal and
abrupt panicle and the more unequal prickles Te markedly
separated from the aciculi are the chief differences. “ Pet. pale
pink. Pale stam. exceeding pink-based styles.”—Woods and
hedges. Sh. VII. VIII. Hiaale

27. Rk. pre'ruptorum(Boul.) ; st. arcuate-prostrate subterete, |

prickles many slender unequal declining slightly dilated at their

base, sete hairs and very slender aciculi unequal many, |. qui-
nate-pedate or ternate, /ts. coarsely unequally and doubly serrate

|

RUBUS.; 123

pilose above paler and pilose only on the veins beneath, term. It.
obovate acuminate, pan. long narrow leafy below its branches
corymbose its rachis straight its prickles slender declining its
aciculi setze and hairs many and unequal, sep. ovate-attenuate
aciculate with long sete felted loosely refiexed from the fruit.—
RG. 42. RK. hirtus 8. Menkii Bab.» R. pygmeus Bab. not
Weihe.—St. perhaps prostrate. Pan. rather long with distant
short axillary branches, uppermost very short and often divari-
cate. Pet. white or pinkish. “ Pale stam. exceeding pink-based
styles.”—Hedges. South-easterncounties. Sh. VII. VIII. E.

28. R. scdber (Weihe) ; st. arcuate-prostrate subangular sub-
sulcate, prickles strong short nearly equal declining or deflexed
from a long compressed. base, aciculi setze and hairs few very
short, 1. 3—5-nate, lts. doubly dentate opaque and pilose above
pale green and pilose beneath, term. lt. broadly obovate cuspi-
date or acuminate subcordate below, pan. subpyramidal leafy
felted truncate or blunt at the end its axillary branches erect-
patentracemose the ultra-axillary racemose-corymbose or simple
its prickles short declining or deflexed from a long base its aci-
culi strong its set and hairs nearly equal, sep, ovate-acuminate
loosely reflexed from the fruit.—A. G. 32.—Stam. inflexed ex-
ceeding styles.—The typical plant is slender and elegant, pan.
often nearly simple with long peduncles. The large form (7.
Babingtonii Bell-Salt.) is often an enormous plant with very
rough long prostrate stems, a very large panicle with very large
and long branches. Pet. white——Open woods. Sh. VII. vi

29. R. raidis (Weihe) ; st. arcuate angular subsulcate, prickles
strong conical compressed nearly equal subpatent exceeding
the nearly equal and short aciculi sete and hazrs, |. quinate,
lis. coarsely and doubly serrate (or lobate-serrate) greenish-white-
Jelted beneath,term, lt. elliptic or broadly oblong-oboyate acumi-
nate, pan. long leafy its branches ascending corymbose-racemose
the uppermost and ultra-axillary divaricate its rachis straight
its prickles strong declining or deflexed from a long base the
uppermost slender, sep. ovate-attenuate strongly reflexed.—
Rt. G. 40.—The nearly equal not scattered prickles, short aciculi
setz and hairs, jagged Its. felted beneath, and strongly reflexed
sepals are marks of this species. Pet. white. Stam. exceeding
styles.—Hedges and thickets. Sh. VIJ. VUI. EK. S.1,

30. Rk. Rddula (Weihe) ; st. arcuate angular, prickles slender
declining from:a dilated compressed base exceeding the many
short unequal aciculi sete and hairs, |. quinate-pedate, /ts. finely
but doubly and patently dentate greenish-white-felted beneath,
term. lt. obovate acuminate or subcuspidate, pan. long leafy its

124 26. ROSACEZ.

branches short corymboseascending its prickles strong declining
from a long base the uppermost slender, sep. ovate loosely re-
flexed from the fruit.—a. R. Radula (Weihe) ; prickles on the
st. unequal,term. lt. obovate‘acuminate. Connivent stam. much
exceeding styles. #. B. S. 452. R. G.39.—8. R. Leightonii
(Lees) ; prickles on the st. nearly equal, term. It. obovate cuspi-
date.—v. denticwlatus (Bab.) ; term. lt. broadly quadrangular-
obovate cuspidate subcordate below broadly butfaintly dentate,
the teeth denticulate—Hedges. Sh. VII. VIII. E. Sid:

(4) Glandulost. Stems arcuate-prostrate or prostrate, root-
ing, hairy. Prickles abundant, very unequal, scattered,
passing gradually into abundant aciculi and sete.

a. Koehleriant. Leaves quinate or rarely ternate: Prickles
and sete thickened at their base.

31. R. Koehl’ert (Weihe) ; st. arcuate-prostrate roundish or
angular pilose, prickles very unequal slightly declining from a
compressed base, aciculi and setz very unequal, /ts. unequally
or rather doubly dentate even above pale green hairy on the veins
beneath, term. lt. cordate-ovate, basal lts. not imbricate stalked,
pan. open leafy its branches short patent corymbose or the
axillary branches racemose its prickles many long slender de-
clining its aciculi sete and hairs many unequal, sep. ovate-
attenuate patent or refleced from the fruit. Pale stam. ex-
ceeding pink styles.—e. R. Koehlerz (Weihe) ; st. with many
prickles aciculi and sete, /ts. hairy only on the veins and rough
beneath, pan.open truncate often’ broad-topped its branches long
corymbose patent or the axillary branches racemose and as-
cending, term. ped. of pan. and branches shorter than the latera/
ones. R.G.25. BE. B.S. 2605.—8. R. infestus (Weihe) ; st. with
many strong prickles aciculi and setz, /ts. hairy only on the veins
and soft beneath, pan. broad but compact rounded at the end its
branches moderate rather corymbose erect-patent, term. ped. of
pan. and branches shorter than the latercl ones, prickles of pan.
strong deflexed.—y. R. pallidus (Weihe) ; st. with fewer but
strong prickles aciculi and seta, /ts. often slightly fel ted hairy on
the veins and soft beneath, pan. narrow its branches short
corymbose-racemose patent or the axillary branches ascending,
term. ped. of branches often longer than the lateral ones. R. G.
29.—8. R. cavatifolius (Miill.) ; st. subglabrous, aciculi and setz
unequal inconspicuous, hairs very few, /ts. not felted but hairy
on the veins beneath, term. /t. cordate cuspidate-attenuate, pan.
abrupt with very short terminal peduncles.—All are usually very
prickly ; their very strong prickles pass very gradually into
aciculi, and those into sete; st. often quite covered by their
broad bases. Pet. white—Hedgesand thickets, Sh. VI _estga

RUBUS. 125

32. R.fusco-dter (Weihe) ; st. arcuate-prostrate angular hairy,
prickles unequal slightly declining from a very large compressed
base, sete and strong unequal aciculi many, /ts. irregularly or
rather doubly dentate even above green and hairy beneath, term.
lt. broadly cordate-ovate acuminate or subcuspidate, basal /ts.
stalked, pan. long subpyramidal leafy below its branches patent
corymbose or the axillary branches erect-patent racemose its
prickles many unequal longest at about the middle of the fl-shoot
its hairs setz and aciculi many unequal, sep. ovate-attenuate
setose aciculate patent or adpressed to the fruit.—R. G. 26.
—The lts. are all imbricate and rather rough beneath. Pet.
pink. Stam. incurved exceeding styles——Heaths. Sh, ates

33. R. emersisty/lus (Mill.); st. arcuate-prostrate angular
hairy, prickles slightly declining unequal from a compressed
base a few smaller, sete acicwli and hairs very short nearly equal,
lis. rather irregularly and rather doubly dentate thzck even above
green and hairy on the veins beneath, term. /t. orbicular-ovate
attenuate with a cordate base, basal Its. yery shortly stalked im-
bricate, pan. often leafy nearly to the top its axillary branches
corymbose its prickles small unequal declining its sete and hairs
many unequal, sep. ovate-attenuate with a rather leaflike point
setose aciculate patent or adpressed to the fruit.—R. Braggsi
(Blox.) J. of B. vii. t. 88.—Stam. exceeding styles.—Heaths in
the South. Sh. VI. VIII. EK.

34. R. diversifolius (Lindl.); st. arcuate prostrate angular
sparingly pilose, prickles unequal subpatent from a compressed
base, aciculi and sete many unequal, /ts. often irreguiarly or
towards their tip rather doubly dentate wavy at the edge rugose
above pale green hairy and felted beneath, term. lt. broadly cor-
date obovate-acuminate basal /ts. subsessile imbricate, pan. long
leafy nearly to the top its branches erect-patent subracemose its
prickles longest at about the middle of the fl.-shoot its hairs
setz and aciculi short equal, sep. ovate acute felted setose patent
or loosely adpressed to the Srut.—R. fusco-ater Bab. formerly.
J. of B. viii. t. 107.—A very prickly plant which differs much
in appearance from R#. fusco-ater. Lts. usually soft beneath.
Pet. white. Stam.much exceeding styles.—Hedges. Sh. Na

35. R. mutabilis (Genev.) ; stem. arcuate-prostrate angular
sparingly pilose and setose, prickles moderate unequal subpatent
from along compressed base, aciculi strong very unequal mostly
short, ]. quinate, Its. doubly or mostly lobate-dentate pilose

126 26. ROSACES.

above hairy or felted beneath, term. lt. obovate acuminate, basal
lts. stalked not imbricate, pan. long narrow pyramidal leafy
nearly to the top its branches and branchlets subcorymbose sub-
patent its rachis very prickly aciculate and setose its, prickles
many very strong from large compressed bases, sep. ovate felted
setose reflexed with rather leaflike points.—Pet. dull white.
“Filam. pink. Styles greenish.”—R. obliquus (Blox.) seems to
belong here.—Hedgebanks in the South. Sh. VII. VIII. E.

36. R. Lejeun'er (Wethe); st. arcuate-prostrate subangular
with scattered hairs and sete, prickles mostly small a few longer
declining from a long compressed base, acicwli very short, 1.
quinate-pedate, Its. opaque and pilose above paler and hairy
only on the veins beneath lobate-serrate towards the tip, basal
lts. stalked not imbricate, term. lt, obovate-acuminate, pan. broad
hairy leafy setose its top corymbose its axillary branches ascend-
ing subracemose its prickles slender declining its seta many
unequal, sep. ovate felted setose loosely adpressed to the fruit.—
Rk. G. 31.—Sep. often having a short linear point; its allies
when furnished with an appendage to the sepals have it leaf-
like.—Hedges. Sh. VII. VIIL

b. Bellardiani. Leaves ternate or quinate pedate ; basal
leaflets not imbricate, stalked. Prickles mostly confined
to the angles of the very hairy aciculate and setose stems,

37. R. pyramiddlis (Bab. not Kaltenb.); st. very nearly
prostrate roundly angular, prickles many short strong much
declining or deflexed from a very large compressed base, hairs
few, aciculi and sete many nearly equal, ]. ternate or rarely
quinate-pedate, /ts. convex irregularly dentate-serrate nearly
equal opaque and pilose above paler and pilose beneath, term. lt.
obovate-cuspidate, pan. pyramidal leafy below its top and
branches racemose felted its rachis straight rigid its prickles
slender declining its hairs and setze many unequal, sep. lanceo-
late-attenuate loosely adpressed to the fruit.—St. usually quite
prostrate. Pan. very pyramidal. Pet. very narrow, greenish
white. Stam. white exceeding pinkish styles.—Edges of woods,
rare. Abundant at Llanberis, N. Wales. Sh. VII. VUI. E.

38. R. Gun'theri (Weihe) ; st. arcuate-prostrate terete, prickles
slender unequal declining from a large subcompressed base; aci-
culi setz and hairs short nearly equal, |. ternate or rarely
quinate-pedate, /ts. jlat irregularly or doubly dentate-serrate
nearly equal opaque and pilose above pilose greenish white or
slightly felted beneath, term. lt. obovate-acuminate, pan. narrow
leafy its branches distant ascending racemose few-flowered its

RUBUS. 127

rachis wavy its prickles few slender declining its hairs and setz
many equal, sep. ovate-lanceolate loosely reflexed from the
fruit.—R. G. 21. R. saltuwum Focke.—Only slightly prickly.
Pan. very loose, its rachis forming an angle at each leaf. | Pet.
narrow, pale pink. Stam. equalling styles.—Shady places.
Sh. VII. VIII. E. I.

39. R. humifiisus (Weihe); st. arcuate-prostrate nearly
round, prickles many slender very unequal declining from a
long compressed base, hairs sete and very slender aciculi
unequal many patent, 1. quinate-pedate, /ts. finely but doubly
patently dentate pilose and opaque above pilose greenish white
and shining beneath, term. It. obovate-oblong subcuspidate,
pan. broad leafy below its branches corymbose its rachis
rather wavy its prickles few slender declining its hairs and
sete many unequal, sep. ovate slightly aciculate shortly
setose loosely reflexed from the fruit.—R. G. 35. RR. hirtus
a. Bab.—Pan. sometimes nearly simple. Pet. white, large.
Stam. exceeding styles. Sometimes the underside of the Its.
is felted.—Woods and thickets. Sh. VII. VIII. 1] Dag she le

40. R. folidsus (Weihe); st. arcuate-prostrate angular,
prickles many slender unequal declining from a long com-
pressed base, setee and very slender aciculi scattered unequal,
hairs few, 1. quinate-pedate, /ts. wnequally dentate-serrate pilose
and opaque above paler and pilose beneath, term. lt. roundly
cordate acuminate, pan. long narrow leafy to the top its branches
short erect-patent corymbose its rachis rather wavy its prickles
very slender many declining its hairs and sete many unequal,
sep. ovate-attenuate aciculate setose hairy laxly reflexed from
the fruit.—R. exsecatus Miull.— 8. R. adornatus (Mill.) has
term, lts. obovate-acuminate or even narrowed below.—Harts-
hill Wood, Warw. Plymouth. .Sh. VII. VIII. E

41. R. glandulésus (Bell.) ; st. arcuate-prostrate nearly round,
prickles small declining from a long compressed base, aciculi
setee and hairs many nearly equal, |. ternate or rarely quinate,
lts. nearly equal oblong cuspidate hairy only on the veins be-
neath, term. It. subcordate-ovate-acuminate, pan: felted acicu-
late very setose its branches erect-patent axillary its top
racemose its prickles slender declining, sep. ovate-attenuate
aciculate setose felted loosely adpressed to the fruit or patent.
—a, f. Bellardi (Weihe) ; 1. ternate, Its. nearly equal oblong
doubly dentate-serrate shortly pilose on the veins beneath,
lateral Its. divaricate, pan. with axillary distant corymbose
branches its rachis ay wavy, stam. slightly exceeding styles.
R.G. 44. R. glandulosus £, B.S. 2883. The divaricate Its. are

128 26. ROSACER.

remarkable, and the very open panicle. Sometimes the 1. are
quinate. A subvariety, R. dentatus Blox., hasa slightly angular
stem, Its. ovate-acuminate-cuspidate with a cordate base ashy
green beneath, lateral Its. patent or ascending.—s. R. hirtus
(W. & K.); 1. quinate coarsely and unequally serrate with long
and dense hairs on the veins and shining beneath, term. It.
subcordate-ovate-acuminate, pan. often, long its branches race-
mose or corymbose shortly setose its rachis nearly straight.
k.G. 43. R.fuscusLees. A subvariety, R. rotundifolius Blox.,
RR. deflexidens Boul.?, has a slightly angular stem, |. ternate or
rarely quinate, lts. doubly dentate cuspidate, term. lt. nearly
round with a subcordate base.—y. R. Reuter (Merc.) ; 1. quinate
coarsely and rather doubly dentate-serrate with few hairs on
the veins beneath, term. lt, obovate-rhomboidal acuminate,
pan. truncate its branches short subcorymbose few-flowered
upper 1—8-flowered very aciculate setose and hairy, rachis
nearly straight. Much more hairy and setose than the other
forms and with some stronger declining or deflexed prickles
on the stem.—Woods. Sh. VII. VIII. EK. I,

(5) Casi. Stems most often arcuate-prostrate, terete or
slightly angular, usually with a glaucous bloom ; aciculi
and sete few or none; prickles unequal.

42. R. Balfouridnus (Blox.); st. arcuate-prostrate nearly
round patently pilose, aciculi and sete few, prickles slender
unequal scattered patent from an oblong subcompressed base,
1, quinate, Its. dentate-serrate green on both sides rugose and
pilose above hairy (not felted) beneath, term. lt. cordate or
ovate acute, basal Its. subsessile imbricate, pan. loose leafy
hairy rather setose its branches long distant few-flowered
racemose-corymbose erect-patent, sep. ovate-acuminate erect-
patent, styles pale flesh-coloured, fr. oblong its torus oblong
stalked.—-A very variable plant, approaching R. corylifolius
in some states. Pet. pale pink, Stam. exceeding styles.—
Hedges. Sh. VII. VIII. EI.

43. R. corylifdlius (Sm.) ; st. areuate-prostrate nearly round
or obtuse-angled nearly glabrous, aciculi sete and subsessile
glands very few, prickles subulate slender nearly equal subpatent
or rarely deflexed from a long base, 1. quinate, /ts. doubly ser-
rate green on both sides rugose with scattered hairs above paler
and felted beneath, term. lt. roundly cordate or ovate cuspidate or
acuminate, basal Its. subsessile imbricate, pan. and its branches
subcorymbose, sep. ovate cuspidate reflexed from the fruit, pet.
roundly ovate,styles greenish,torus oblong stalked.—st. slightly
glaucous. Pan. usually with 2 or 3 long axillary branches,

RUBUS. 129

felted, more or less prominently setose at the top.—a. A. sub-
lustris (Lees) ; st. nearly round reddish green, prickles slender
subpatent from a long base, lts. ashy-felted beneath, term. /t.
often subtrilobed roundish cordate, rachis straightish with few
prickies. AR. corylifoliusSm. Sy. #. B.455. St. thick. Pet.
white. Stam. slightly exceeding styles.—8. conjwngens (Bab.) ;
st. rather angular, reddish green, prickles slender strong sub-
patent or deflexed from a compressed very long base often with
slightly deflexed points, Its. ashy-felted beneath, term. It.
eordate-ovate or broadly obovate with a subcordate base,
rachis straightish with few prickles. A. Wahlbergii Bell-Salt.
St. round at the base, angular, but flat-sided above. Pet. white
or pink.—y. purpureus (Bab.) ; st. angular purple often a little
floccose, prickles strong subpatent or deflexed from a long com-
pressed base, Its. pale-green- or white-felted beneath, term. It.
roundly- or subcordate-obovate, rachis rather wavy with many
prickles. R. Wahlbergii Arrh. St. round at the base, angular
and often furrowed above. Pet. white or pink.—Hedges and
thickets. Sh. VI.—VIIi. E. S. 1.

44, R.altheifolius (Host) ; st. prostrate slightly angular with
scattered hairs and seta, prickles many unequal slender patent
from an oblong compressed base, |. quinate or ternate, /ts. cre-
nately lobed pale green with hairs on the veins loosely white-
felted beneath,basal lts. of the ternatel. retrorsely bipartite of the
quinate l. sessile imbricate, term. lt. rhombordal-obovate sub-
cordate below, pan. leafy its axillary branches and top racemose-
corymbose with very few short. setz, prickles on the middle of
the rachis longest slender, sep. ovate-subacuminate setose
loosely adpressed to the (black-blue) fruit, pet. obovate, styles
flesh-coloured at their base. /. deltoideus Mull.?—St. round at
the base, above bluntly angular or even furrowed. Pan. rather
long, open ; top formed of irregular corymbs of nearly simple
peduncles. Pet. nearly white. Pale stam. about equalling
pinkish styles.—Hedges.. Sh. VI.—VIII. E.

45. A. tuberculdtus (Bab.); st. arcuate-prostrate slightly
angular with scattered short hairs and sete, prickles many
unequal slender patent from an oblong tuberculiforne base, |.
ternate or guinate, lts. rather doubly dentate hairy on the
veins beneath green on both sides, basal /ts. of the ternate 1.
bilobate of the guinate | _nearlysessile imbricate, term. lt. roundly
cordate subcuspidate, pan. leafy its axillary branches racemose
its top corymbose, prickles from the middle to the top of the
pan. and ped. slender and longest, sep. ovate acuminate acicu-
late setose loosely adpressed to the fruit. J. of B. viii. t. 106.
ft. nemorosus 6. ferox Leight. St. very bluntly angular. Pan.

I

130 26. ROSACEA.

short its branches few-flowered. Pet. pinkish. Stam. yellow.
Styles greenish.—Mr Warren combines my R. diversifolius
and R. Briggsi with this under the name of R. dumetorum.
His R. concinnus is near FR. corylifolius, but has not felted 1.
on my authentic specimen. It may be distinct.—Hedges.
Sh. VIT.—VIILI. E. I.

46. FR. ce’sius (L.); st. prostrate terete glaucous, prickles
small unequal subulate declining or deflexed from a long com-
pressed base, |. ternate or rarely pinnate, Jts. wnequally cut or
coarsely serrate, term. lt. ovate rhomboidal-ovate or 3-lobed,
lateral lts. rather bilobed subsessile, pan. nearly simple often
very small, sep. ovate acuminate with a long linear point ad-
pressed to the glaucous fruit, pet. obovate notched, styles green-
ish.—a. agrestis ; st. very slender, prickles few small, lts. flat
lobate-serrate rather pilose on both sides, term. lt. rhomboidal-
ovate acuminate rounded below. AR. ccesius a. aquaticus and 8.
agrestis R. G. 46 A. Pan. often nearly simple, or its branches
rarely more than once divided but often very long.—B. R. tenuis
(Bell-Salt.) ; st. very slender, prickles many strong but small
nearly equal deflexed, Its. flat (?) doubly serrate pilose on both
sides or villose beneath, term. lt. obovate or cordate-obovate
acuminate, fr. black ‘not glaucous.” St. sometimes having a
very few aciculi and sete. Bases of prickles much enlarged.—
y. ulmifolius ; st. slender purplish, prickles many small de-
flexed or declining, aciculi sete and hairs few short, Its.
rather rugose lobate-serrate pilose only on the veins or hairy
or slightly ashy-felted beneath, term. /t. roundly cordate acumi-
nate often 3-lobed or rarely divided into 3 sessile Its. of
which the term. is narrowed below. A. cwesius 8. pseudo-ceesius
R. G. 46. B. f.1. Often much larger than var. a. and g, St.
thicker. L. very broad.—6. intermedius ; st. thicker greenish
purple, prickles many slender very unequal subpatent, aciculi
and set few strong very short, lts. lobate-serrate pilose on the
veins beneath, term. /t. triangular-cordate acuminate 3-lobed or
3-partite or divided into 3 sessile Its. of which the term. is nar-
rowed to the base.—e. R. pseudo-Ideus (Lej.); st. thick green
slightly glaucous, prickles slender violet-coloured subpatent,
aciculi and seta few very short, |. ternate or guwinate-pinnate,
Its. doubly-serrate ashy-felted beneath, lateral Its. all sessile,
term. lt. stalked roundly-cordate. R. G. 46. B.f. 2. I have
only seen one specimen of this var., found at Hunsdon, Herts.
—f. serpens; st. slender green, 1. ternate, its lobate serrate
pilose on the veins beneath, lateral Its. with a large backward

lobe, term. It. obovate acuminate subcordate below, ped. and |

sep. very setose felted scarcely hairy.—Hedges and thickets,
common. Sh. VI. VII. Dewberry. E. 8. I.

RUBUS. 131

B. Herpacel.

Stem nearly or quite herbaceous. Leaves ternate or simple.
Stipules usually attached to the stem, Fil. umbellate or
nearly solitary. Receptacle flat.

i. Saxatiles. Stems slender, prostrate. Flowers umbel-
late or nearly solitary. Succulent carpels large, few,
distinct.

47. R. sawatrlis (L.); st. rooting annual, prickles none or
very few minute weak, /. ternate, fl.-shoot erect with a terminal
Jew-flowered corymb, pet. lanceolate about equalling the calyx.—
E. B. 2233. R. G. 9.—St. very slender. Fl.-shoots radical,
about a span high. Fl. white. Fr. of 1—4 large drupes.—
Stony mountains or high hills. P. VIL. VIII. E. S. I.

ii. Arctict. No sterile stems but a long subterranean rhi-
zome. Flowers terminal, nearly solitary. Succulent
carpels adhering together.

48. R. Chamemérus (L.) ; fl.-shoot erect unarmed 1-flowered
herbaceous, fi. dicecious, 1. simple lobed plicate-——Z#. 2. 716.
Rk. G. 49.—Rhizome woody. Fl. large, white. Fr. large, red,
afterwards orange-yellow.—Alpine turf-bogs. P. VI. Cloud-
berry. Knotberry. E. 8. I.

[R. arc'ticus (L.) ; st. erect unarmedinearly 1-flowered her-
baceous, |. ternate, pet. obovate twice as long as the calyx,
stam. connivent, succulent carpels many.—#. &. 1585. R.G.
48.—Rhizome subterranean. Fl.-shoot 6—10 in. high. Lets.
nearly equal. Fl. rose-coloured.—Isle of Mulland Beny Gloe.
Probably a mistake. P. VI.] Ss.

Index to the Rubi.

adornatus,40. ‘Bloxamii, 24. Colemanni, 17.
adscitus, 20. Borreri, 23. concinnus, 45.
affinis, 5. Briggsii. 33. conjungens, 43.

agrestis, 46. cesius, 46, cordifolius, 8.
altheifolius, 44. calvatus, 18. corylifolius, 43.
arcticus, 48*. candicans, 13. deflexidens, 41.

amplificatus, 21, carpinifolius, 19. deltoideus, 41.
Babingtonii, 28. carpinifolius, 16, 21. dentatus, 44
Balfourianus, 42. cavatifolius, 31. denticulatus, 30,

Bellardi, 41. Chamemorus, 48. discolor, 12.

132 26. ROSACEA.

Index to the Rubt (ccont.).

diversifolius, 34. latifolius, 11. Radula, 30.
dumetorum, 45. Leesii, 1. ramosus, 10.
emersistylus, 33. Leightonii, 30. Reuteri, 41.
exsecatus, 40. Lejeunii, 36. rhamunifolius, 8.
festivus, 22, lentiginosus, 4. rosaceus, 26,
fissus, 3. leucostachys, 14. rotundifolius, i, 41.
foliosus, 40. Lindleianus, 7. rubicolor, 23.
Jruticosus, 4,12, 18. macrophyllus, 21. rudis, 29.
fusco-ater, 32. Menkii, 27. Salteri, 18.
Susco-ater, 17, 34, montanus, 16. saltuum, 38.
Suscus, 41. mucronatus, 22. saxatilis, 47.
glabratus, 21. mucronulatus, 22. scaber, 28.
glandulosus, 41. mutabilis, 35. Schlechtendalii, 21.
Gvabowskii, 16. nemorosus, 45. serpens, 46.
Guntheri. 38. nitidus, 7. Sprengelii, 23.
hemistemon, 6. obliquus, 35. suberectus, 2.
hirtifolius, 15. pallidus, 31. sublustris, 43.
hirtus, 27, 39, 41. pampinosus, 20. -, bennis, 46.
hirtus 41. plicatus, 4, thyrsoideus, 13.
humifusus. 39. preruptorum, 27. tuberculatus, 45.
Hystrix, 25. pseudo-cesius, 46. ulmifolius, 46.
Ideeus, 1, . , pseucdo-Ideeus, 46. umbrosus, 21.
imbricatus, 10. pubigerus, 12. vestitus, 14.
incurvatus, 9. purpureus, 43. villicaulis, 20.
infestus, 31. pygmaeus, 27. vulgaris, 20. -
intermedius, 46. pyramidalis, 37. | Wahlbergii, 48.
Kochleri, 31. pyramidalis, 15.

12. Dry’as Linn.

1. D. octopet'ala (L.); 1. crenate-serrate blunt, sep. 3 or 4
times as long as broad more or less pointed, base of the cal.
hemispherical._-Z#. &. 451. St. 20. 3.—Fl. large, white. Pet.
8. L. simple, white with fine dense woolly pubescence be-
neath. St. prostrate, woody. Seeds obowate-oblong apiculate.

—Alpine situations, particularly on limestone. P. Bh el i

13, Gr’'um Linn. Avens.

1. G. urbdnum (L.) ; fl. erect, pet. obovate, cal. of the fruit
reflexed, carpophore 0, lower joint of the style much longer than
the glabrous upper joint, radical 1, interruptedly pinnate and
lyrate,stem-l. ternate, stip. large rounded lobed and cut.—Z#. B.
1400. St. 5. 7.—St. 2 feet high. Fl. small, bright yellow,
calyx green. Upperjoint of the style with a few minute hairs
at its base. Hedgesand thickets. P. VI.—VIII. Wieever

GEUM.—ROSA. 133

[G@. intermédium (Bhrh.) ; fl. erect or nodding, pet. roundish
with a wedgeshaped claw, cal. of the fruit patent, carpophore 0 or
short, lower joint of the style longer than the hairy upper jovnt,
radical 1. interruptedly pinnate and lyrate, stem.-l. 3-lobed,
stipules round toothed.—Sy. H. B. 458.—St. 1—2 feet high.
Fl. larger than in Sp. 1, less than in Sp. 2, yellow, calyx pur-
plish. Upper joint of style clothed with long hairs but with a
rather long glabrous pomt. Perhaps a hybrid ; or rather It
consists of extreme forms of Sp. 1 and 2.—Damp woods.
P. VI. VIE.) Ros. ©

2. G. rivdle (L.) ; fl. nodding, pet. broadly obovate emargl-
nate or obcordate with a long wedgeshaped ciaw, cal. cf the
fruit erect, carpophore long, lower joint of the style equalling the
long hairy upper joint, radical |. interruptediy pinnate and
lyrate, stem-l. ternate, stip. small ovate toothed—Z. B. 106.
St.3.—St. about 1 foot high. FI. large, purplish brown with
darker veins, calyx purplish. Carpophore nearly equalling the
calyx. Upper joint of the style with a short glabrous point.—
Damp woods. P. VI. VI... Water-Avens. E.. Sik

Tribe IV. Roside.
14. Ro’sa Zinn.! Rose.

i. Sprnosissimz. Styles free,scarcely protruding. Sep.mostly
persistent. St. short, erect, with many slender unequal
prickles lessening gradually into aciculi and sete. [Lts.
usually 9 roundish. -Fr. without or with but a small disk. |

1. R. spinosis'sima (L.); prickles crowded very unequal
mostly straight subulate, sep. simple acuminate, fr. nearli;
globular with no disk.—E. B. 187.—{A dwarf shrub.] St. erect
with short compact branches. Fl. solitary, white. Fr. dark
purple or black, ripe in Sept. [a. Lts. simply serrate glabrous and
glandless. B. R. pimpinellifolia (L.); Its. simply serrate, ped. glandular.
y. R. Ripartit (Desegl.}; lts. doubly serrate somewhat glandular. | Sandy
and chalky heaths and sea-shores. Sh. V. VI. ° Sy Sele

“1 From the Authors MS. it is evident that he intended to thoroughly
revise the account of this genus; we have therefore made some slight
alterations, preserving as far as possible the actual wording “of the last
edition, and have added, from the works of Baker, Crepin, and Déséglise,
brief notices of most of the forms in the London Catalogue, ed. ix., but
have not attempted to verify the authorities for the varietal names.—H. & J.
G.” in ed. ix.

134 26. ROSACEA.

2. R. hiber'nica (Sm.); prickles scattered, larger slightly
falcate, Its. simply [or irregularly] serrate without glands, sep.
[usually] pinnate not glandular on the back, fr. with a small
disk:—E. B. 2196.—[ Usually a compact bush. | Higa —3 rarely
more, pale pink. Fr. urceolate blood-red with subpersistent
sep., ripe in Oct. [a. Lts. slightly hairy on the midrib above and on
the yeins beneath or (var. glabra, Bak.) quite glabrous, ped. naked.
B. Grovesii (Bak.); robust, very glaucous, sep. almost always simple, fr-
ovate-urceclate. y. cordifolia (Bak.); ped. hispid glandular.—Generally con-
sidered a hybrid between Sp.1 and 10.] Chiefly in the N. of England
and N. of Ireland. . Surrey. Sh. VI. VIL. Bese i

3. R. involiita (Sm.) ; prickles crowded, lts. doubly serrate
downy and often glandular beneath, sep. simple or pinnate
glandular on the back, fr. subglobose with no disk.—#. B. S.
2594.—St. erect [or arching]. Fl. 1—3. Fr. red or pink, with
persistent sep., ripe in Sept. and Oct. [Prof. Crépin considers this
to be a series of hybrids of R&R. spimosissima with R. villosa, R. tomentosa,
and possibly R. rubiginosa. The following are the principal forms described
as British.—a. Smithit (Bak.); lts. naked above hairy principally on the
midrib beneath, serration but slightly compound, ped. and cal.-tube densely
aciculate, sep. simple. $8. Robertsont (Bak.); lts. glabrous above when mature,
hairy and inconspicuously glandular beneath, serration compound, cal.-tube
usually naked, sep. compound. yy. Webbit (Bak.); lts. glabrous above hairy
on the midrib beneath, ped. and fr. naked, sep. more compound than in the
other forms. 6. Moorei (Bak.); lts. nearly glabrous above, thinly hairy and
densely glandular beneath, serration nearly simple, ped. and cal.-tube densely
aciculate. ¢€. Wilsoni (Borr.); lts. thinly hairy on the ribs below, almost
eglandular, serration simple, sep. nearly simple, fr. ovate-urceolate, ped.
aciculate and setose. ¢. occidentalis (Bak.); near R. Wilsoni, lts. smaller
slightly hairy, petiole glandular, ped. densely aciculate, fr. naked. 7. Nicholsonii
Crép.); lts. glabrous above slightly hairy and glandular beneath, serration
compound, fr. and ped. densely setose. 6. gracilescens (Bak.); a robust Irish
form, lts. thinly hairy, serration copiously compound, ped. aciculate, cal.-tube
naked. «u R. Sabini (Woods); lts. thinly hairy above more hairy below,
serration copiously compound, ped. and cal.-tube densely aciculate, sep.
with 2—4 small pinne. x. levigata (Bak.); lts. like R. Sabini, ped. and
cal.-tube naked, sep. simple not glandular. d\. R. Doniana (Woods); a smal]
form with lts. densely hairy, ped. and cal.-tube densely aciculate, sep. almost

simple.]_ Chiefly in the North. Sh. V1. She a

ii. Vittosm. [St. free.] Sep. mostly persistent, densely glan-
dular on the back. St. tall suberect with scattered
uniform nearly straight prickles, Lts. [usually 7, terminal
one ovate, generally | very hairy and glandular beneath.

[R. pomif'era (Herrm.) ; lts. large oblong-lanceolate doubly
serrate downy, sep. copiously pinnate, fr, globose with no disk.
Nota native. Sh. VI. ?]

ROSA. 135

4. R. villdésa (L. em. Woods) ; prickles slender nearly straight,
lts. ovate doubly serrate [usually] softly downy, sep. quite _per-
sistent slightly pinnate, fr. subglobose with no disk—Z£. B.
2459.—R. mollis (Sm.).—[An erect bush with straight branches. ]
Fl. 1—3 deep rose colour [rarely white] ped. very short. Fr,
bright red with connivent sep., ripe in Aug. [B. cwrulea (Woods);
]. softer and greyer with very few glands on the petiole, ped. with very few glands
or quite naked, fr. pendent. +. R. pseudo-rubiginosa (Lej.); ts. nearly glabrous
but very glandular beneath, ped. and cal.-tube densely aciculate. | Northern

Counties.. Sh. VI. VII. Hy Sake

5. R. tomentdésa (Sm.); prickles mostly uniform slender
straight or slightly curved, /ts. elliptic or subovate [usually]
doubly serrate [and glandular and hairy or] downy especially
beneath, sep. subpersestent copiously pinnate, tr. urceolate
[or subglobose] with a slight disk (usually setose].— 2. B. 990—St.
erect with arching branches, Fl. 1—3 [10] pink or white ;
ped. rather long. Fr. bright red, ripe in Sept. [The following
are some of the principal forms described as British :—B. R. cineraseens (Dum.);
lts. hairy on both sides simply serrate, fr. subglobose, styles hairy. Y. R. sub-
globosa (Sm.); lts. densely hairy almost eglandular irregularly or doubly serrate,
fr. subglobose. 6. R. farinosa (Rau.); lts. densely grey-downy, somewhat
glandular beneath, serration compound, fr. naked, styles woolly. ¢. R. cuspida-
toides (Crép.); Its. broadly oval hairy glandular beneath, fr. subglobose, ped. and
fr. aciculate, styles hairy. {. fatida (Ser.); lts. slightly hairy very glandular
doubly serrate, styles glabrous. 7 R. scabriuscula (Sm.); lts. almost glabrous
above hairy principally on the veins beneath and sparsely glandular, fr. ovate
aciculate, sep. reflexed. §@. Woodsiana (Groves); nearly allied to scabriuscula
but lts. narrower with more compound serration, sep. decidedly erect persistent,
styles hairy: 4 sylvestris (Woods) ; lts. naked above when mature thinly hairy
and yery glandular beneath, ped. and fr. densely aciculate and glandular. k.
obovata (Bak.); prickles strongly curved slender, lts. obovate thinly hairy and
eglandular beneath with very sharp double serration, ped. very short quite naked.]

—Hedges and thickets. Sh. VI. VII. E.S. I.

ili. Rupicrnos#. [Styles free.] Sep. subpersistent. St. sub-
erect with scattered nearly uniform hooked prickles
becoming more slender upwards [and sometimes also with
smaller straight ones]. Lts. [usually 7] very glandular beneath.
Fr. with a small disk. i

6. R. Hglantéria (L.); prickles many the larger hooked the
smaller subulate unequal straight, \ts. doubly serrate [thinly hairy
and very glandular beneath], sep. persistent copiously pinnate,
primordial fr. pear-shaped, disk very small—. 5. 991.
. rubiginosa (L.).—St. erect [or somewhat arching]. J]. 1—4 rose-
coloured, ped. [usually] very setose, styles hairy. Fr. sub-
globose (except the first) ripe in Oct. Foliage scented.

136 26. ROSACEZR.

[R. comosa {Rip.) has been described as having more ovate fr:, and R. apricorum
(Rip.) more globose fr: The name R. wmbellata (Leers) has been applied to plants
with several fl. together, and R. rotundifolia (Reichb.) to a small form with nearly
straight prickles and very small lts. 8. R. echinocarpa (Rip.); more glandular
with setz on the fr. and the branches often setigerous. ‘y. jenensis (M. Schultze
under &. rubiginosa); ‘ped. recept. and back of the sep. glandular” Hanb.
& Marsh., Flor. of Kent—Bushy places. Sh. V.—VII. Sweet
Briar. ‘ ELS. 1.

7. &. micrantha (Sm.) ; prickles uniform hooked, lts. doubly
serrate [hairy principally on the veins | and glandular beneath, sep.
subpersistent with long leaflike points and minute lanceolate
simple pinne, primordial fr. rounded at the base, disk
moderate.—Z. B. 2490.—St. suberect with long lax branches.
Fl. few pale ; ped. [usually] very setose; styles glabrous. Fr.
ovate-urceolate, bright scarlet, ripe in Sept. or Oct. Foliage
scarcely scented, lts. rounded at the base. [8. R. permizta (Déségl.);
Its. glabrous but very glandular below, fr. setose. -y. Briggsii (Bak.); more
luxuriant, Its. less glandular beneath, fr. and ped. quite naked. 6. R. hystrix
(Lem.); Its. narrow, sharply serrate glabrous but densely glandular beneath, ped.
densely aciculate, fr. naked.—Hedges and] Thickets. Sh. VI. aay.

8. R. agrestis (Savi); prickles rather unequal hooked with
a Sew acicult, lts. [copiously] doubiy serrate [usually glabrous or
slightly hairy on the veins and usually very] glandular beneath, sep.
subpersistent closely pinnate, primordial fr. ovate or sub-
globular, disk moderate.—Z. B. S. 2653. R. inodora ed. viii.
R. sepium (Thuill.).—St. suberect with long lax branches. FI.
1—3, pink ; ped. naked ; styles hairy. Foliage scarcely scented.
[p. R. eryptopoda (Bak.); lts. glabrous above, hairy on the main veins
and thinly glandular beneath, ped. very short, fr. subglobose. ‘y. R. Billietit
(Pug.); lts. small hairy on both sides, petioles very hairy eglandular, sep.
erect after flowering, fr. ovoid. 6. R. inodora (Fr.); Its. broadly oval,
less attenuate at the base becoming glabrous above, petioles glabrous, sep.
reflexed after flowering, fr. ovoid. Prof. Crépin is not satisfied that either

of the last two occur in Britain.|—Local. Sh. VI. 1D¥81

iv. CaANnIn#&. [Styles free. Sep. subpersistent or deciduous. | St.
arching, with scattered uniform hooked prickles becoming
more slender upwards. [Lts. usualy 7 rarely glandular beneath.
Fr. with a disk. |

9. R. obtusifilia (Desv. em. Crép.); prickles equal very strongly hooked, lts.
ovate-oblong simply or doubly serrate usually hairy with inodorous glands
on the veins and often on the surface beneath, sep. reflexed deciduous
pinnate, fr. ovate or subglobose, disk flat, styles densely hairy. — Hook.
Fl. Lond. t. 117. BR. canina (L.) vars. tomentella, &c. ed. viiii—a. Lts.
simply sexrate hairy on both sides. $8. R. frondosa (Spreng.); lts. small
simply serrate much rounded at the base, fr. small subglobose. When

ROSA. 137

the ped. is glandular it is R. canina var. concinna (Bak.). y. R. tomen-
tella (Lem.); Its. hairy on both sides doubly serrate, ped. short. When
the ped. is glandular it is var. decipiens (Dum.). 6. R. Borrevi (Woods) ;
Its. almost glabrous above hairy beneath with very compound serration,
ped. slightly glandular, styles thinly hairy.—Heaths and hedges. Sh. VI. ea

E.S. I.

10. R. canina (L. em. Crép.); prickles equal hooked, Its.
simply or doubly serrate glabrous or hairy, sep. reflexed decidu-
ous pinnate, fr. ovate-urceolate or roundish, disk flat.—St.
erect with long archiag branches. Lts. flat or keeled. , Fl.
white or pale rose-pink ; ped. mostly naked ; styles, distinct
hairy. [* Lts. glabrous on both sides.—a. R. lutettana (Lem.); a large bush, lts.
ovate often glaucous shaxply simply serrate, fl. 1—4, sep. raked on the back, fr.
ovate-urceolate. R. Andegavensis (Bast.) has ped. glandular. 8B. R. surculosa
(Woods); a robust form, lts. openly simply serrate rounded at the base, fl. 10—30
together. . I. spherica (Gren.); lts. broader simply serrate, petioles slightly
pubescent, fr. globose. 6. R. senticosa (Ach.); a small slender form with quite
globular fr. ¢€. R. dwmalis (Bechst.); lts. doubly serrate, petioles glandular, sep.
gland-ciliated. R. inconspicua (Déségl:) has ped. glandular; when fr. also
glandular it is R. aspernata (Déségl.). §. R. vinacea (Bak.); serration of lts. very
open and compound, fr. oblong. R. latebrosa (Déségl.) has ped. and floral
branches glandular. 7. R. Blondeana (Rip.); lts. with very compound serration,
glandular on the veins beneath, ped. slightly glandular. ** Lis. glabrous above
hairy beneath.—@. R. urbica (Lem.); lis. simply serrate. 2. semiglabra (Rip.)
has lts. hairy only on the veins beneath. 4 R. arvatica (Bak.); lts. doubly
Serrate hairy and glandular on the veins beneath. *** Lts. hatry on both stdes.—
k. R. dumetorwm (Thuil.); Its. simply serrate soft grey-green, fl. often deeper
coloured. \. R. c@sia (Sm.); Its, softly hairy beneath slightly so above, teeth
slightly compound, pod. glandular. wu. incana (Bak.); lts. very glaucous with
a few glands beneath, serration very compound. |—Hedges and thickets.
Sh. VI. VII. KE. 8. I.

11. R. glauca (Vill. ex Lois., em. Crép.); prickles equal hooked, Its. simply
or doubly serrate glabrous or hairy, sep. ascending after flowering subpersistent,
fr. ovate-urceolate or roundish, disk narrow, ped. short often almost hidden by
the large bracts, styles woolly.—Usually a compact bush. FI. bright rose-pink.
Fr. ripening in Sept. a. R. Reuwteri (Godet); lts. glabrous simply serrate, fr.
ovate-urceolate or roundish. §. R. subcristata (Bak.); lts. glabrous doubly
serrate. R. Hailstoni (Bak.) is a form with aciculate stem and less persistent sep.
7. subcanina (Christ under R. Reuteri); lts. slightly hairy on the veins beneath,
Sep. spreading, ped. somewhat longer, fi. paler. 6. R. implexa (Gren.); lts.
glabrous ahove hairy principally on the veins beneath simply serrate? ¢. R.
coriifolia (Fr.); lts. hairy on both sides simply serrate, fr. subglobose. ¢
R. Lintoni (Scheutz under R. coriifolia); lts. hairy glandular beneath doubly
serrate, sep. eglandular on the back, ped. eglandular. 7. 2. Bakert (Deségl.);
lts. naked above when mature thinly hairy beneath and glandular on the midrib
and main veins, serration copiously compound, sep.jthinly glandular on the back,
fr. oblong or turbinate. 1. R. Watsoni (Bak.); lts. hairy on both sides doubly
serrate, ped. sometimes glandular. x. R. celerata (Bak.); ‘‘ habit and 1. of
tomentella with the fr. and sep. of this section.” Baker.—Hedges and thickets,
chiefly in the N. Sh. VI. VII. E.S.1.

138 26. ROSACEA.

v. SystyL#. Sep. deciduous. Styles [more or tess] wnited into
a protruding column. St. arching or trailing, with uniform
strong hooked prickles. _[Fr. with a conspicuous disk.]

12. A. styldsa (Desv. em., Baker) ; prickles equal hooked,
Its. usually simply serrate slightly hairy beneath [rarely also above],
sep. reflexed deciduous pinnate with a tapering point, fr. ovate
with a prominent disk.—E. B. 1895. R. bibracteata ed, viii.—
St. erect-arching to 8—12 ft. in height. FI. pale pink
[or white] 3—6; ped. aciculate and setose; column of styles
falling short of stam. glabrous. [a. Desvaucit (Bak.); Its. slightly
hairy above decidedly so beneath, fl. white, ped. glandular. £8. opaca(Bak.); lts.
much more hairy, fl. white, ped. naked. y. R. systyla (Bast.); 1ts. glabrous above
hairy principally on the veins beneath, fl. pink, ped. glandular. 6. R. leucochroa
(esv.); like R. systyla but fl. white, ped. glandular shorter, disk less prominent,
styles less agglutinated. e. R. pseudo-rusticana (Crep.); lts. glabrous or with
a few hairs on the midrib beneath, fl. white, ped. glandular, disk very prominent.
£. RB. virginea (Rip.); lts. glabrous simply serrate, fl. white ped. naked fr,
globose. 7. R. evanida (Christ); lts. almost glabrous doubly serrate, ped.

glandular.] Chiefly in the S. of England. Sh. VI. VII. E.

13. &. arven’'sis (Huds.) ; prickles equal hooked, Its. [usually]
simply serrate and quite glabrous, sep. reflexed deciduous with
a short point simply pinnate, fr. subglobose with a convex
disk.—Z. B. 188.—St. trailing. Lts. nearly flat. Fl. white
usually 4—6 ; ped. glandular; column of styles equalling the
stam. glabrous. [B. R. bibrdeteata (Bast.); more robust, sep. rather more
compound, fr. obovoid. yy. R. gallicoides (Déségl.); upper part of st. very
glandular, fr. ovoid. 6. R. ovata (Lej.); prickles dilated circular at the base,
lts. hairy on the midrib beneath, fi. larger, fr. ovoid. €. reptans (Crép.); Its.

doubly serrate. |—Hedges and thickets. Sh. VI. VII. Lasse B

13*, R. sempervirens (L.); 1. evergreen shining, those on the fl. branches often
of only 5 lts., column of styles hairy. Lt. Melvini (Towndrow) from Madresfield,
Worc., with glabrous styles has been referred to this species.

Index to Rosa.

agrestis, 8. Blondeana, 10. concinna, 9.
andegavensis, 10. Borreri, 9. cordifolia, 2.
apricorum, 6, Briggsii, 7. coriifolia, 11.
arvatica, 10. cerulea, 4. eryptopoda, 8.
arvensis, 13. cxesia, 10. cuspidatoides, 5.
aspernata, 10. canina, 10. decipiens, 9.
Bakeri, 11. celerata, 1). Desvauxii, 12.
bibracteata, 12, 13. cinerascens, 5. Doniana, 3.

Billietii, 8. comosa, 6. dumalis, 10.

dumetorum, 10,
echinocarpa, 6.
Eglanteria, 6.
evanida, 12.
farinosa, 5.
feetida, 5.
frondosa, 9.
gallicoides, 13.
glabra, 2.
glauca, 11.
gracilescens, 3.
Grovesil, 2.
Hailstoni, 11.
hibernica, 2.
hystrix, 7.
implexa, 11.
ineana, 10.
inconspicua, 10.
inodora, 8.
involuta, 3.
jenensis, 6. .
levigata, 3.
latebrosa, 10,
leucochroa, 12.
Lintoni, 11.

ROSA.—COTONEASTER.

_lutetiana, 10.

micrantha, 7.
mollis, 4.
Moorei, 3.
Nicholsonii, 3.
obovata, 5.
obtusifolia, 9.
occidentalis, 3.
opaca, 12.
ovata, 13.
permixta, 7.
pimpinellifolia, 1.
pomifera, 3*.-

pseudo-rubiginosa, 4.
pseudo-rusticana, 12.

reptans, 13.
Reuteri, 11.
Ripartii, 1.
Robertsoni, 3.
rotundifolia, 6.
rubiginosa, 6.
Sabini, 3.
scabriuscula, 5.
semiglabra, 10.

sempervirens, 13*.
senticosa, 10.
sepium, 8.
Smithii, 3.
spheerica, 10.
spinosissima, ],
stylosa, 12.
subeanina, 11.
subcristata, 11.
subglobosa, 5.
surculosa, 10.
sylvestris, 5.
systyla, 12.
tomentella, 9.
tomentosa, 5.
umbellata, 6.
urbica, 10.
villosa, 4.
vinacea, 10.
virginea, 12.
Watsoni, 11.
Webbii, 3.
Wilsoni, 3.
Woodsiana, 5.

139

Suborder III. Pomece.
15. Crata#’cus Linn. em., Lindl, Hawthorn.

1. C. Oxyacan'tha (L.) ; spinose, 1. obovate 3—4-lobed cut
and serrate cuneate at the base, fl. corymbose, cal. not glandular,
styles 1—3.—a. C’. oxyacanthordes (Thuill.) ; 1. lobed, ped. and
cal. usually glabrous, cal.-lobes triangular-acuminate, styles 1—
3, fruit oval, nuts 1—3. Sy. #. B. 479.—8. C. monogyna
(Jacq.) ; lL. deeply lobed usually acute, ped. and cal. villose, cal.-
lobes lanceolate acuminate, style 1 bent, fruit subglobose,
rarely style straight and cal. glabrous. H#. B. 2504.—{C. kyrtostyla,
Fing.|}—Hedges and thickets ; 8. the more common form and
flowering later. [L. sometimes more deeply cut, var. daciniata (Auct.). |
TtVi VI. E. 8. 1.

16: CoTonEas TER Medih.

1. C. integerrimus (Medik.) ; 1.roundish-ovate rounded at the
base, flowerstalks and margins of the calyx downy.—Z. B.S.
2713. C. vulgaris (Lindl.)—Pet. rose-coloured. Fr. small
pendulous, red.—Great Orme’s Head, Caernarvonshire. Sh.

140 26. ROSACE.

17. Mes’prnus Linn. em., Lindl. Medilar.

1. if. germanica (1.); 1. lanceolate undivided downy be-
neath, fi. solitary. —£. B. 1523. [Pyrus Hook. fil. }—L. entire
simply or doubly serrate. In the wild state it is spinous.—
Hedges. and thickets in Surrey, Sussex, [and Cheshire 7} =

18. Py'rus Linn. em., Lindl.

1. P. communis (L..) ; 1. ovate serrate, fl. corymbose, frutt tur-
binate, styles distinct.—E. B. 1784.—Branches rather spinous.
Germen woolly: Leaves sometimes obovate suddenly con-
tracted into along very acute point.—«, Pyraster (L.) ; 1. acumi-
nate downy beneath when young ultimately glabrous, fr.
elongate-pyriform obconical at the base.—s. Achras (Wallz.) ;
mature |. acute or cuspidate slightly downy beneath, fr. globose-
pyriform rounded below.—y. P. cordata (Desv.), P. Briggs
(Syme) ; 1. cordate-ovate nearly glabrous, fr. small globose or
pyriform.—Hedges and woods. T.IV.V. Wild Pear-tree. E.

2. P. Mdlus (L.); 1. ovate acute serrate, fl. in a sessile
umbel, jr. globose, styles combined below.—a. P. acerba (DC.) ;
young branches calyx-tube and underside of the I. glabrous.
£. B. 179.—8. mitis (Wallr.); the same parts pubescent or
woolly. Sy. E. B. 490.—Woods and hedges. T. V. age
tree. St yl

[P. domes'tica (Ehrh.) ; /..pinnate downy beneath serrate, 77.

panicled, fr. obovate—Fr. resembling a small pear.—One tree
in Wyre Forest ; now lost.—T. VY. Service-tree.] E.

3. P. Aucupdria (Ehrh.); 1. pinnate downy beneath serrate,
Jl. corymbose, fr. (small red) g/obose——Corymb. 4—6 in. across.
Lts. 12—16.— Hilly woods. Mountains—T. V. VI. Rowan
tree. Mountain-Ash. we FO'S. F-

[P. pinnatifda (Ehbrh.), P. semipinrata (Roth), E. B. iii. Suppl. 485s,
with oblong-lanceolate bluntly-lobed L pinnate below, oceurs in shrubberies.
P. Aucuparia x Aria?]

4, P. fen'nica (Bab.); 1. oblong serrate usually pinnate
below with 1—4 pairs of free decurrent lts. and 1—2 pairs
of nearly free lobes, lis. and lobes oblong or narrowly
elliptical, underside grey-webbed, fi. corymbose. — Sorbus
Jennica (Fr.).—Lobes blunt or acute as the term. tooth is
more or less prominent. Hybrid (7) between Sp. 3 and 5.—
Gien Catacol, Arran, S., in small quantity. Ss.

5. P. intermédia (Ehrh.) ; l. oblong doubly serrate near the
apex pinnatisid below, lobes oblong-lanceolate serrate, underside

27. LYTHRACE®. 141

white and downy, fi corymbose.—Z£. B. iii. Suppl. 484.4 & 6.
P. seandica (Syme) ed. viii2—Fr. scarlet. Lower part of the
1. often subpinnate, the lobes becoming more and more com-
bined as they approach the extremity of the leaf which is only
deeply and doubly serrate. [8. P. minima (Ley); 1. narrower with
shallower lobes, fr. small globose. J. of B. 1897, t. 372. |—[|West of
England, Wales. } Arran. [8. Brecon. | TV. E. S.

6. P. A’ria (Ehrh.) ; 1. of fl-shoot roundly oval or elliptic,
entire below unequally and doubly serrate or with many small
broad lobes especially towards the end, /atera/ veins 9—14 on
each side, underside of 1. uniformly snowy-white-felted, 4.
corymbose.—£. B. 1858.—Lobes deepest a little below the end
of the leaf —Chalky banks and limestone rocks. T.V. E. I.

7..P. rupicola (Syme); 1. of 7l.-shoot obovate narrow and
entire bao with many small broad lobes on the upper half,
deepest near the end, /ateral veins 5—8 on each side, underside
of 1. uniformly snowy-white-felted, fi. corymbose.—Sy. EF. B,
483.—Often the basal half of the edge of 1. is entire—Exposed
rocks. T.V. EE

8. P. latifélia (Syme) ; 1. of fl.-shoot elliptic with triangular-
oval acutely pores lobes deepest near the middle of the sides
of leaf, lateral veins 5—9 on each side, underside of 1. ashy-
Felted flocculent,fi. corymbose.—Sy. LE. B.484, P.scandica(Bab.).
[P. rotundifolia B&chst. (non Mench).| L. often very acute with
very acute lobes which are longer than broad, basal } finely
serrate. Fr. dark or reddish brown.—Hilly woods. T.V. E.

9. P. tormindlis (Ehrh.) ; /. ovate or cordate Jched glabrous,
lobes triangular acute serrate the lower ones larger and spread-
ing, fi. corymbose.—Z. B. 298.—Fr. oval brown.—Woods and
hedges in the South. T.1IV.V.. Wild Service-tree. BE.

Order XXVII. LYTHRACES. >

Cal.tubular, lobed ; valves valvate or distant in the bud, some-
times with intermediate teeth. Pet. between the lobes of the
calyx, very deciduous. Stam. inserted in the tube of the cal.,
below the pet. and equalling them or 2, 3, or 4 times as many.
Ovary free, 2—4-celled. Style 1. Caps. membranaceous,

1 The Rev. A. Ley in 2 paper on this group in ‘Science Gossip,’ 1895, p. 113,
considers the broader-leaved plant with larger fruit from the West of England
distinct from the Arran plant, using the name of “‘ P. scandica Asch.” for the
latter.—H. & J. G.

142 28. TAMARISCACE.

usually (by abortion) 1-celled, with many seeds and a central
placenta, covered by the calyx. Embryo straight.—Stip. 0.

1. LyrHrumM. Cal. tubular, cylindrical, with 8—12 teeth ;
4—6 broader, erect ; alternate teeth subulate. Pet. 4—6.
Stam. as many as or twice the number of the petals. Style
Jjiliform. Caps. 2-celled many-seeded.

2. Pepuis. Cal. bell-shaped with 12 teeth, of which 6 are
broader and erect, 6 subulate. Pet. 6, minute, fugacious.
Stam. 6. Style very short. Caps. 2-celled, many-seeded.

1. Ly’tHrumM Linn. em. Juss. Loosestrife.

1. L. Salicdria (L.) ; l. lanceolate from a cordate base opposite
or whorled, fl. in whorled leafy spikes, bracts 0, subulate calyx-
teeth twice as long as the others, stam. 12.—H. B. 1061.—
Upper 1. usually falling short of the flowers, or so large as
totally to destroy the spiked appearance of the plant. St.2—4
feet high and ]. nearly glabrous, or downy with crisped hairs.
Fl. large, purple or crimson.—Ditch-banks and damp places.
P. VII. VUI. Purple Loosestrife. H. 8. I.

2. L. Hyssopifolia(L.) ; l. alternate linear-lanceolate blunt, fl.
axillary solitary, bracts 2 minute subulate, calyx-teeth all short,
stam. 6.—#. B. 292.—St. mostly procumbent, spreading, simple
or branched, Fl. small,light purple. Glabrous.—Damp places
where water has stagnated, rare. A. VI.—X. E.

2. Prp’tis Linn. Water-Purslane.

1. P. Por'tula (L.) ; 1. opposite obovate stalked, fl. axillary
solitary sessile—Z. 5. 1211. St. 1. 7.—Pet. often wanting.
Cal.-tube short, shortly bell-shaped, shorter than the capsule.
St. 4—6 in. long, prostrate, creeping.—Damp places. < ne
VIII. Ky se

Order XXVIII]. TAMARISCACE#,

Cal. 4—5-parted, persistent, imbricate in the bud. Pet. 4—5,
withering, from the base of the calyx. Stam. equal to or twice
as many as the pet., from the margin of a shieldlike disk. Caps.
1-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded, loculicidal. Placentas often
only at the base. Seeds ascending, crowned with a tuft of
hairs.

1. Tamarix. Styles 3, patent. Seeds from base of capsule ;
crowned with a tuft of simple papilliform hairs.

29. ONAGRACES. 143

1. Tamarix Linn. em. Desv. Tamarisk.

{1. 7. ang'lica (Webb) ; 1. glabrous rather narrowed at the
base spurred, fl.-buds ovoid, hypogynous ring with 5 angles
narrowed into the filaments of the cordate shortly apiculate
anthers, caps. roundish-trigonous at the base abruptly narrowed
towards the apex.—7’. gallica Sm. (7. gallica L. is a Mediter-
ranean tree.) #. B, 1318. Webb in Hook. J. of B. i. 422
t. xv.—St. shrubby, with slender leafy branches. L. minute.
Spikes lateral, rather panicled, slender. Fl. small, pink.—
South-west coast of England. Planted. Sh. VII.]

Order XXIX. ONAGRACE.

Cal. tubular, adnate to the ovary wholly or in part, with 2—4
lobes valvate in the bud. Pet. as many as the calyx-lobes,
twisted in the bud, inserted at the top of the tube. Stam. 2, 4,
or 8, inserted with the petals. Ovary of several cells, with a
central placenta. Style 1, filiform, stigma capitate or lobed.
Fr. a berry or capsule with 4 cells. Albumen 0.—L. alternate
or opposite, not dotted. Exstipulate. Many raphides.

1. Eptnoprum. Cal. 4-cleft, deciduous. Pet. 4. Stam. 8.
Style filiform, stigma clavate or cruciform. Caps. linear, 4-
celled, 4-valved. Seeds many, bearded.—Fl. not yellow.

2. CENOTHERA. Cal.-limb tubular below. Seeds not bearded.
Tn other respects like Hpzlobrwm.—Pet. yellow.

3. Lupwie1a. Limb of the cal. 4-cleft, persistent. Pet. 4, or
Oinourplant. Stam.4. Style filiform, deciduous ; stigma
capitate. Caps. obovate, 4-valved, 4-celled, many-seeded,
with a loculicidal dehiscence.

4. Crrcma. Limb of the cal.2-cleft, deciduous, its tube closed
by acup-shapeddisk. /Pet.2,obcordate. Stam.2, alternate
with the petals. Stylesimple ; stigma emarginate. Caps.
1- or 2-celled, cells 1-seeded, seeds erect.—Fl. white.

1. Epmo’s1um Linn! Willow Herb.

A. Fl. irregular, cal. without a free tube, stam. and style, ulti-
mately declining, 1. scattered.

1. Z. angustifdlium (L. em., Curt.) ; st. erect round, |. lanceo-

1 In Rey. E. 8. Marshall’s list of Zpilobia in Lond. Cat. ed. 9, p. 20, thirty-
three hybrids are reported. See also Mr Marshall's papers in J. of B. 1890,
p. 2, & 1891, p. 7.—H: & J. G.

144 29. ONAGRACER,

late veined, pet. obovate shortly clawed, style exceeding the
stamens.—Rhizome far-creeping. St. 3—6 ft. high. FI.
erlmson.—a. macrocarpum. (Syme); 1. lanceolate, fi.-buds
obovate cuspidate, caps. long (23 in.) erect. Sy. #. B. 495.—
8. brachycarpum (Syme); 1. lanceolate-attenuate (broadest
near their base), fl.-buds narrowly obovate obliquely acute,
caps. short (1 in.) spreading. Sy. #. £. 496.—Damp shady
places. 8. The cultivatedform. P. VII. Aose-Bay. E.S. 1.

[#. Dodonet (Vill.), B. rosmarinefolium (Haenke), Sy. #. B.
494, reported from Glen Tilt, was probably a mistake, a small
alpine form of Sp. 1 being taken for it.]

B. Fl. regular, cal. with a free tube, stam. and style erect,
l. opposvte, upper Ll. lanceolate, alternate.

a. Turionate, 7.¢., producing radical suckers.

2. EB. hirstitum (lL. em., Curt.); st. woolly glandular, /.
clasping slightly decurrent oblong-lanceolate denticulate-
serrate, buds erect mucronate, sep, lanceolate, seeds tubercular
oblong, acute below.—H. B. 838.—Suckers thick, fleshy, with
distant scales ; others leafy and ending in rosettes. St. 4—5
ft. high, terete, branched.. Li. most hairy upon the ribs. FI.
large.—Wet places by ditches and streams. P. VII. VIII.
Great Willow-Herb. E.S. 1.

B. Stoloniferous. * Stoles autumnal rosulate, st. erect.
+ Stem mostly terete, stigmas 4-cleft.

3. E. parvifidérum (Schreb.) ; st. downy, /. sessz/e lanceolate
from a rounded base denticulate, lowest 1. shortly stalked, buds
erect ovoid, sep. lanceolate, seeds tubercular obovate-oblong
rounded below.—EH. B. 795.—Autumnal rosettes on short stalks
orsessile. St.1—2ft. high, nearly simple. L. uneformly hairy.
Fl. small.—Z. rivulare (Wahl.) is a subglabrous state.—Dam
places. P. VII. VIII. E. 8. 1.

4. E. montdnum (L.); st. downy, 1. shortly stalked ovate-
lanceolate from a rounded base denticulate, buds nodding ovoid,
sep. lanceolate, seeds tubercular oblong blunt at both ends or
rather narrowed below.—#. 4.1177.—Root truncate. Rosettes
fleshy, oblong, sessile. St. 6—24 in. high. Hdges and veins
ae pubescent. I. sometimes in threes.—Dry places. arabian
VII. ssyul

5. EL. lanceoldtum (Seb. and Maur.); st. slightly angular
downy, /. stalked lanceolate denticulate-serrate narrowed to an

EPILOBIUM. 145

entire base, buds nodding ovoid, sep. broadly linear acuminate,
seeds tubercular obovate-oblong subacute below.—Z. B.S.
2935.—Root not truncate. Rosettes loose, sessile. St. 1—2
ft. high, obscurely or very bluntly angled especially below.
L. flaceid, mostly pendulous.—South of England, rare.
VIL—IX.

+t Stem with raised lines, stigma entire.

6. #. rdéseum (Schreb.) ; rosettes loose, /. stalked ovate nar-
rowed and acute at both ends serrulate, buds usually nodding
ovoid acuminate, sep. lanceolate acuminate, seeds obovate-
oblong narrowed to a rounded base.—#. 4. 693.—St. 1—2 ft.
high, branching, with two sharp and two blunt angles. Petioles
long.—Damp places. P. VII. VIII. Bey od

7. #. tetragonum (L. sec. Curt.) ; rosettes dense subsessile,
Ll. strap-shaped much denticulate-serrate, limb of interm. 1.
decurrent, buds erect, seeds oblong-obovate tubercular.—Sy.
£. B. 502. Curt. i. 66.—St. 1—2 ft. high, with 2—4 raised
lines, usually much branched.—Damp places. P. VII. Yet.

8. E. Lam'yi (F. Schultz); rosettes dense, J. lanceolate denticulate-
Serrate slightly rownded at the base with somcttmes a short petiole, buds
erect.—R. 23, 13.—St. 1—3 ft. high. Nearly allied to Sp. 7 but diftering
by the glaucous lanceolate more acute less strongly dentate 1., close
pubescence and larger fl.—Woods and roadsides. P. VII. VIII. E.

** Stoles estival long-jounted with small leaves, primary
stem erect, stigma usually entire.

9. #. obscvirum (Schreb.) ; 1. tapering from a rounded base
sessile remotely denticulate, lower 1. oblong blunt, buds erect,
seeds oblong-obovate.—ZL. virgatum (G. & G.), Sy. EL. B. 503.
—Resembling #. tetragonum, but the caps. much shorter and
1. very different.—Wet places. P. VII. VIII. EB. 8.1.

*°* Stoles cestival long-jointed with very small leaves ending in
autumnal bulbs which become detached, base of stem cordlike.

10. #. palus'tre (L.) ; stoles long slender, st. rooting near the
base, /. narrowly lanceolate from a wedgeshaped base sessile not
decurrent, top of raceme nodding, sep. lanceolate, seeds subfusi-
Jorm attenuate and acute below and the testa prolonged above
smooth.—Sy. #. B. 504.—St. round, often with two rows of
down, 6—18 in. high. L. entire or denticulate.—/’. ligulatum
(Baker) is a broad-leaved form.—Bogs. P. VII. VIII. E.S.I.

kK

146 29. ONAGRACES.

**%* Stoles or barren stems ceestival rosulate.

ll. #. alpinum (li. em., Vill.); barren stems short their
upper 1. closely placed, fl.-st. erect from a short rooting base,
1. oval or oblong blunt narrowed below not acuminate, upper
l. lanceolate, buds nodding, sep. linear-lanceolate acute, seeds
janceolate-obovate pointed below apiculate.—Z. B. 506, 2001.
£. anagallidifolium (Lam.).—St. filiform, simple, with two
raised lines, 3—4 in. long. L. pale gréen. FI. pale.—Higher
mountains, P. VII. S.

***** Stoles cestival scale-bearing not rosulate.

12. HL. alsinefolium (Vill.); stoles (yellowish) with small
roundish distant scales, st. erect from a long rooting base, /.
ovate-acuminate repand-dentate shortly stalked, buds nodding,
sep. linear-oblong, seeds subfusiform.—Sy. E. B.505.—St. mostly
simple, rather thick, with 2 raised lines, 3—12 in. long. L.
shining, subpellucid. FI. large, purplish. Caps. upright, long,
long-stalked.—Higher mountains. P. VII. E.S. I.

2. CENoTHERA Linn. Evening Primrose.

*1. @. bien'nis (L.)? ; 1. obovate-lanceolate flat toothed, pet.
longer than the stamens, st.-l. elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, caps.
roundly tetragonal tapering upwards.—H. B. 1534. St. 5. 5.
—Fl. large, many, bright yellow. St. 2—3 ft. high, leafy.
—Sandy coast of Lancashire. (American.) B. VIJ.—IX. -E.

*2. (H. odordta (Jaeq.) ; 1. subsessile, radical !. linear-lanceo-
late toothed, st.-l. ovate-lanceolate attenuate, pet. longer than
the stamens, caps. clavate.—Sy. #. B. 509.—Fl. large, bright
yellow. St. 2—3 ft. high. Foliage brighter green and fi.
deeper yellow than in Sp. 1.—Channel Isles. Coasts of Som.
and at Plymouth. (Patagonian.) B. VIJ.—IX. E.

3. Lupwic'ta Linn. em. Elliott.

1. L. palus'tris (EIL.) ; st. procumbent rooting glabrous, 1.
opposite ovate acute narrowed into a petiole, fl, axillary solitary
sessile without petals.—#. B.S. 2593. St. 22.3. L. apet'ala
(Walt.).—St. 6—8 in. long, round, branching, often reddish.
Fl. with 2 small bracts at the base. Caps. ovate obtusely
quadrangular, with the persistent calyx spreading horizontally.
—Pools and marshes. Suss., Hants, and Jersey. A. VI. E.

4. Crrom’a Linn.

1. C.lutetidna (L.) ; 1. ovate or slightly cordate below repand

1 Not the small-flowered 0. bien’nis ‘1.’ sec. Séringe in DC. Prodr, The |
Lancashire plants are a mixture of 0. grandiflora (Ait.) and 0, Lamarckiana

(Sér.), the latter being the plant named by Linneus 0. biennis. See Gates, Proc.
Towa Acad. Se., p. 85-124, 1910.

30. HALORAGACES. 147

denticulate opaque, petioles subterete, bracteoles 0, pet. deeply
emarginate, lobes broadly obovate, cal. hairy, ovary 2-celled, fr.
broadly obovate.—Z#. B. 1056. St. 23. 1.—Pet. as long as the
herbaceous sepals, broad below. Fr. persistent.—Woods and
hedge-banks. P. VI.—VIII. Enchanter’s Nightshade. E.S. 1.

2. C. alpina (L.) ; 1. cordate acuminate repand-dentate shi-
ning, petioles flat with membranous wings, bracteoles setaceous,
pet. bifid, lobes oblong, cal. glabrous, ovary 1.-celled.—Z. B.
1057. St. 23. 2.—Usually glabrous. Pet. shorter than the
membranous sepals, narrow below. Fr.soon falling. Bracteoles
deciduous.—8. C’. intermedia (Ehrh.) ; fi. larger, sep. less mem-
branous equalling the petals. Whole plant much larger.—
Woods and thickets in hilly districts. P. VII. VIII. E.S. I.

Order XXX. HALORAGACE#.

Cal. adnate to the ovary, limb minute. Pet. minute, from
the throat of the calyx. Stam. 1—8, inserted with the petals.
Ovary of 1 or more cells. Styles equal in number to the cells.
Fr. dry, not bursting, usually crowned with rim of calyx. Seeds
pendulous ; albumen fleshy.—Stip. 0.

1. MyriopHyttum. Monececious. Cal. 4-parted. Pet. 4,
soon falling, exceeding the calyx in the male, small and
reflexed or 0 in the female. Stam. 8. Styles 4, villose.
Fr. tetragonal, separable into 4 hard nuts.

2. Hippuris. Calyx-limb very minute, obsoletely 2-lobed.
Pet. 0. Stam. 1. Style filiform, Stigma simple. acute.
Fruit a 1-celled nut.

1. MyriopHyt'Ltum Linn. Water-Milfoil.

1. M. verticilldtum (L.) ; fl. all axillary whorled, bracts pin-
natifid—#. B, 218.—L. whorled, pinnatifidly divided into
setaceous segments. Bracts more or less longer than the
flowers, pinnatifid or (JZ. pectinatum DC.) pectinate.—Ponds
and ditches, rare. P. VII. VIII. ; 1a

2. M. spicdtum (L.); fl. whorled forming a leafless spike,
bracts small entire, spike erect when in bud.—Z. B. 83.—L. 4
in a whorl, submersed. Lower bracts often pectinate.—Ponds
and ditches. P. VI. VII. E. 8. I.

_ 3. ML. alternifiérum (DC.) ; sterile fi. alternate about 6 form-
ing a leafless spike, spike nodding when in bud afterwards erect,
Jertile fi. about 3 together in axillary whorls at the base of the

148 31. CUCURBITACE#.—32. PORTULACE.

spike.—Z#. 2B. S. 2854.—L. 3 or 4in a whorl, submersed.—
Ponds and ditches. P. V.—VIII. E.S. 1.

2. Hippu’ris Linn. Mare’s-tail.

1. H. vulgaris (.) ; 1. lmmear 6—12 in a whorl with a hard
point.—#. 4. 763. St. 44.1.—St. simple, or sometimes branch-
ing at the base, erect. Fl. in the axil of each of the upper
leaves, often without stamens. In deep water the submersed
leaves are long flaccid pellucid and not hard at the end; in
running water often wholly submersed flaccid and barren.—
In stagnant water and slow streams. P. VI. VII. HSS?)

Order XXXII. CUCURBITACEZ.

Cal. 5-toothed, tube adnate to the ovary. Cor. 5-cleft,
often scarcely distinguishable from the calyx, netted with veins.
Stam. 5, more or less cohering. Anth. sinuous. Ovary 3—5-
celled or spuriously 1-celled; placentas parietal. Style short.
Stigmas lobed. Fr. more or less succulent. Seeds flat, im an
aril ; embryo flat ; albumen 0.—Succulent, climbing with extra-
axillary tendrils ; often moneecious or dicecious. Stip. 0.

1, Bryonta. Cal. 5-toothed: Cor. 5-cleft. . Male : Starh. 5
in 3 bundles. Fem: Style 3-fid. Fruit a globose few-

seeded berry. Seeds- oval, compressed, more or less bor-
dered.

1. Bryo’nta Zinn. Red Bryony.

1. B. dioica (Jacq.) ; 1. palmate 5-lobed dentate rough on
both sides with hard points, fl. dioecious, cal. of the fertile fl.
half as longas the corolla.—Sy. #. B.517.—St. climbing, Ten-
drils simple. Fr. red.—[{B. alba (i.) has the fertile cal. as long
as the cor. and black fruit. It is said to be moneecious.]—
Hedges and thickets. P. V.—IX.

Order XXXII. PORTULACE.

Sep. 2, rarely 3 or 5, cohering at the base ; imbricate in the
bud, Pet. usually 5, from the base of the calyx. Stam. inde-
finite, inserted with the petals, often opposite to the petals ;
filaments distinct. Ovary l-celled. Style 0. Stigmas several.
Caps. opening transversely or by 3 valves ; placenta central. |
Embryo curved round the albumen.—-Stip, scarious. |

|

33, PARONYOHIACEA. 149

1. Mont1a. Cal. of 2 sepals; persistent. Cor. 5-parted,
with 3 segments smaller than the others, tube split to the
base in from. Stam. 3, inserted in the throat and opposite
to the smaller segments of the corolla. Ovary turbinate.
Style very short. Stigmas 3. Caps. 3-valved, 3-seeded.

2. Cuaytonta. Cai. of two sepals, persistent. Cor. of 5
free petals. Stam. 5, opposite to and adhering to the
petals. Style 3-cleft. Caps. globose, 3-valved, 3-seeded.

1. Mon’r1a. Linn, Blinks.

1. M. fontdéna (L.).—E#. B. 1206. St. 11. 1.—L. opposite,
spathulate, entire. Valves of the caps. rolled longitudinally
inwards after the seeds have fallen.—a. 17. minor (Gmel.) ; st.
short ascending rigid, ped. axillary and terminal, seeds neitted-
asperous.—f. WV, revuldris (Gmel.) ; st. flaccid ascending, ped.
axillary, seeds netted.—Watery places. 8 in water. A. [V.—
VIIL. Bees

2. Crayto Nia Linn.

*1. C. perfélvata (Donn ex Willd.) ; radical 1. fleshy rhom-
boidal-spathulate, upper st.-l. 2 connate, raceme subverticillate
with 1 or 2 basal flowers, pet. nearly or quite entire.—Sy.
£. B. 260.—St. tufted, ascending, 4—12 in, high. Pet. white,
just_overtopping the calyx.—Naturalized. (N.W. American.)
A.IV I erst

*2. CO. sibir'tca (L. sec. N.E. Br.) ; radical |. ovate-acuminate,
upper 1. opposite sessile, fl. mostly solitary in raceme, pet.
bifid.—#. B. iii. Suppl. 260 4. C. alsinoides (Sims).—St.
often 1 ft. high. FI. more and larger than in Sp. 1.—
Naturalized. (N.W. American.) A. TV.—VII. K.-S.

[Portulaca oleracea (L.) is a common weed near Richmond,
Surrey. |

Order XX XIII. PARONYCHIACE#!

Cal. 5-parted, imbricate in the bud. Pet. usually minute and
resembling abortive stam., or 0. Stam. indefinite, opposite the
sep. (when the same number), somewhat hypogynous. Ovary
free. Styles 2 or 3. Fr. dry, 3-valved or indehiscent. 'Em-
bryo more or less curved. Albumen mealy.—With stipules.

1 Benth. & Hook. Gen. Plant. include this in the Order [lecebracew among
the Monochlamydee,—H. & J. G.

150 33. PARONYCHIACES,

1. CorricioLa. Sep. 5. Pet. 5, oblong, equalling the sepals.
Stam. 5. Stegmas 3, sessile. Fr. 1-seeded, indehiscent.
Seed suspended by its seedstalk, which arists ‘from the base
of the capsule.—L. alternate.

2. HERNIARIA. Sep. 5. Let. 5, filiform, inserted with the
5 stam. on a perigynous ring. Stigmas 2, nearly sessile.
Fr. 1-seeded, indehiscent, membranous, a opposite.

3. ItLEcEBRUM. Sep. 5, thickened, horned at the back. Pet.
0 or 5, subulate, inserted with the 5 stam. on a perigynous
ring. Stigmas2. Jr. 1-seeded, furrowed, bursting along
the 5 furrows.

1. CorricroLa Linn. Strapwort.

1. C. littordlis (L.) ; st. leafy amongst the flowers.—Z. B.
668.—Fl. stalked, white, small, in small clusters. Stem-l.
oblong, narrow below. St. many from the crown of the root,
prostrate, slender.—Sandy shores. Slapton Sands and near the
Start Point, Devon. Helston, Cornwall. A. VII. VIII. E.

2. HERNIA’RIA Linn. Rupturewort.

H, glabra (L.) ; st. herbaceous prostrate clothed all round
it minute decurved hairs, 1. narrowed below, clusters of
sessile fl. axillary collected on the lateral branches into a
slightly leafy spike-—#. G. 206.—Pale yellowish green. St.
procumbent or subterranean; autumnal shoots ascending,
irregularly branched with spreading not. imbricate leaves.
Lateral branches resembling leafy spikes from the dense
aggregation of the clusters. Cal. glabrous or with a very few
hairs. L. glabrous.—Rare. Suffolk. Wilsford, Linco. Six-
mile Bottom, Camb. Finchley Common. A.orB. VII. E.

2. H. cilidta (Bab.) ; st. suffrutescent prostrate clothed on its
upperside alone with minute decurved hairs, J. orbicular-ovate
ciliate, clusters of sessile fl. axillary upon the lateral branches
and distinct—E. B. S. 2857.—Dark green. Root strong,
woody. St. spreading extensively from the crown of the root
but scarcely rooting until the autumn, when they are prostrate,
and regularly alternately branched and the leaves are imbricate
in two rows. Clusters 1—8 together in small distinct bunches.
Fl. larger than in Sp, 1. . Sep. “tipped with a strong bristle.—
Very rare. Lizard Point. Guernsey. P. VII. VIII. E.

3. HT. hirsvita (.); st. herbaceous prostrate clothed with
straight spreading havrs, |. oblong narrowed at both ends, cal.

34. CRASSULACE. 151

hairy resembling a minute bur. Z#. B. 1379.—Sandy ground
at Christchurch, Hants. 7 Townsend. The Finchley-
Common plant was H. glabra! ¥

3. InLE/’ceBRUM Linn. em., Juss.

1. J. verticilldtum (L.).—E. B. 895.—St. procumbent, fili-
form, glabrous. Fl. whorled, axillary, minute, white. L.
roundish, variable in size, shorter or longer than the flowers.—
Boggy places in Devon and Cornwall. P. VII

Order XXXIV. CRASSULACE#.

Sep. 330, more or less united at the base. Pet. the same
number, free or slightly connected, inserted at the base of the
calyx. Stam. inserted with the pet. and the same or twice
their number. Hypogynous scales 1 at the base of each carpel
or inconspicuous. Carpels the same number as and opposite to
the pet., free or slightly connected, 1-celled. Fr, of several
follicles opening on their face, with slightly albuminous seeds
on the inner suture.—Exstipulate.

1. Trtma. Sep., pet., and stam. 3—4. Carp. 3—4, con-
pce’ in the middle and 2-seeded. Hypogynous
scales 0.

2. Sepum. Sep. and pet. 5, rarely 4 or 6. Stam. 10 or 12.
Hypogynous scales entire.. Carp. 5 or 6 many-seeded.—
S. Rhodiola has 4 sep., 4 pet., 8 stam., 4 carp., and is
subdicecious.

[8. SEMPERVIVUM. Sep. 6—10. Pet. the same. Stam.
twice as many as the pet. MHypogynous scales laciniate.
Carp. as many as the petals.]

4. CoryLepon. Sep. 5. Pet. cohering into a tubular 5-cleft
corolla. Stam. 10, inserted on the corolla. Hypogynous
seales 5. Carp. 5.

1. Tuuz’a Linn. em., DC.

1, 7. muscdsa (L.) ; st. branched and decumbent at the base, fl.
axillary sessile trifid.—Z. B.116. &. J. t.191.—Very minute,
about 1 in. long, reddish. L. opposite, oblong, blunt, con-
cave above, connate. Sep. ovate or lanceolate, acute, bristle-
pointed. Pet. nearly subulate, white tipped with red.i—On
barren sandy heaths in the South and East. A. VI. VII. E.

152 34. CRASSULACE,

2, Se'‘pum Linn. em., DC. Stonecrop. -

* Rootstock thick, many-headed. Leaves flat. Stems annual.
+ Flowers yellow, subdicecious, 4-parted. R#Hop1ona Linn.

1. S. réseum (Scop.); root fleshy, 1. oblong smooth.—J,
Rhodiola (DC.). Rhodiola rosea L. : BE. B. 508.—Fl. in a
compact terminal eyme, subdicecious. Stam. 8. L. alternate,
acuminate, usually dentate in their upper half. Rhizome
large, having a remarkable smell. St. 6—8 in, high, simple.
—Wet alpine rocks. P. VI. VII. Roseroot. E. 8. IL.

tt Flowers white or purple, perfect, 5-parted.

2 S. Leléphium (L.em.;G.G.); uppermost 1. long - oval
dentate rounded at the base and sessile, lower 1. obovate or
oblong narrowed. below, corymb dense, ovaries fattened and
slightly furrowed on the back.—R. I. 968. 35. purpurascens
Koch, Sy. #. B. 526.—St. 1—2 feet high. L. large, often
orbicular. Pet. recurved from the middle, faintly channelled
at the end. Stam. 10.—[\S. maaimum Sut., A. J. 969, has
lower 1. broad, uppermost cordate at the base, back of the
ovaries convex.]|—Hedgebanks and thickets. P. VII. VIII.
Orpine. Live-long. BE Sit.

3. S. Fabdria (Koch) ; 1. dentate oblong-/anceolate or lanceo-
late all narrowed to a slight petiole, corymb dense, ovaries
not furrowed.—Sy. FE. B. 527. St. 838. 9.—Resembling S. Zele-
phium. Pet. spreading. Stam. 10.—Hedges and thickets.
P. VIII. Orpine. Live-long. E. I.

** Root small, weak, without any rooting shoots. L. subterete.

4, S. villdsum (L.); st. erect, 1. linear blunt flat above not
produced at the base, pet. ovate acute, /. st. and panicle
glandular-pubescent.—E. B.394, St. 6. 12.—Pet. rose-coloured
with a purple streak. St. 3—4 in. high. Seedlings with a
rosette.—Wet mountain pastures. B. VI. VII. E.S.

*** Root small, producing rooting shoots. Leaves subterete.

+ Flowers white. Leaves blunt.

5. S. al’bum (L.); flowering st. curved at base then erect,
barren st. procumbent rooting, /. oblong subeylindrical flattened
above spreading, pet. lanceolate, panicle much branched
glabrous.—E. B,1578.—Pet. white. St. 4—5 in. high, purplish
leafy —[{8. S. micranthum (Bast.) ; 1. oblong-obovate flattened

SEDUM. 153

on both sides blunt Sy. #. B. 529.|—Rocks and walls, not
common. [8. Arundel.] P. VII. VIII. E.

6. S. dasyphyl' lum (L.) ; flowering and barren st. procumbent,
l. ovoid fleshy gibbous, pet. and sep. ovate blunt, panicle small
glandular-pubescent.—E. B. 656.—Pet. white. Sep., pet., and
carp. often in sixes. L. very short and thick, glaucous, often
tinged with red, opposite on the barren shoots. Flowering st.
3—4 in. long.—Rocks and walls, rare. P. VI. VII K. I.

7. S. anglicum (Huds.) ; st. procumbent at the base ascending,
1. ovoid fleshy gibbous spurred at the base, pet. lanceolate acute,
sep. ovate bluntish, cyme bifid smooth.—LH. B. 171.—Pet. white
spotted with red. L. mostly alternate.. Flowering st. 3—6 in.
long.—Sandy and rocky places. A. VII. ViII. ~ fH. Sed.

tt Flowers yellow. { Leaves blunt.

8. S. dere (L.) ; 1. ovoid thick tumid spurred at the base, pet.
lanceolate acute, sep. ovate blunt gibbous at the base, cyme trifid
smooth.—J#. B. 839.—L. closely imbricate on the barren shoots,
very acrid.— Walls and dry places.. P. VI. VII. Wail Retpsts

Ys.

[S. sexanguldre (L.); 1. linear terete spurred at the base,
pet. lanceolate acute, sep. lanceolate acute not gibbous, cyme
trifid smooth.—#. &. 1946.—Old walls ; a doubtful native.
jee WAU] E.

ti Leaves acute.

9. S. reflex'um (L.); Ll. subulate scattered spurred at the base
conver on both sides the lowermost recurved, fi. cymose, sep.
ovate rather acute, pet. lanceolate blunt.—/. #. 695.—Barren
st. long. L. many, patent or reflexed. Cyme nearly level-
topped, its outer branches spreading or recurved. Base of
filam. and lateral edges of carp. with glandular hairs.—s.
S. albescens (Haw.); 1. more slender glaucous not recurved.
S. glaucum (Sm.). #. B. 2477.—Walls and rocks, common.
8. Dry hills rare. P. VII. VIII. : E..S. ?1,.

10. S. rupes'tre (L.); l. Linear-lanceolate spurred at the base
flattened, {l. imperfectly cymose, sep. etliptic, pet. lanceolate.—
B. B.170. SS. elegans (Lej.).—Barren st. short with densely im-
bricate adpressed glaucous leaves. Il. corymbose rather than
cymose. Filam. and ovaries glabrous.—On limestone rocks.
Bristol. Cheddar.. Orme’s Head, &e. P. VI. VII. EK. I.

154 35, RIBESIACE.

11. S. Forsteridnum (Sm.) ; 1. lanceolate spurred at the base
flattened, cyme round-topped compact, sep. ovate, pet. lanceo-
late.—E. B. 1802.—Barren st. short, erect, densely leafy. JL.
forming small rose-like tufts, bright green. FI. truly cymose.
Filam. and ovaries glabrous. Very different from the last in
appearance; but there are 2 forms, (1) with short obconic
barren stems and green leaves, (2) with very short globular
barren stems and glaucous leaves. —Damp rocks in Wales,
Shropshire, and West Somerset. P. VI. VII. E.

3. SEMPERVI vuM Linn. diagn. em. DC. Houseleek.

[S. tectérum (L.) ; 1. glabrous ciliate obovate-oblong, pet. 12
or more entire at the margins, hypogynous scales short convex
resembling glands.—#. 6. 1320.—L. succulent, green with
purple tips, forming large roselike tufts. —Walls and roofs
(planted). P. VII.) E. I.

4, Coryie’pon Linn. Navelwort.

1. C. Umbilicus—veneris (L. em. Huds.) ; lower 1. peltate
concave, bracts entire, fl. pendulous.—Z. B. 325.—Raceme
usually simple. St. 6—12 in. high, leaves mostly collected at
its base. Fl. greenish yellow.—Chiefly on rocks and walls in
the West. P. VI.—VIII. E. 8. I.

Order XXXV. RIBESIACE#.

Cal. superior, 4—5 cleft, regular. Pet. 4—5, small, inserted
at the mouth of the tube and alternating with the stamens.
Ovary 1-celled, with 2 opposite arietal placentas. Style
2—4-cleft. Berry many-seeded ; cell filled with pulp. Albu-
men horny. Stip. 0.

1. Ries. Cal. 5-cleft. Berry many-seeded, crowned with
the persistent calyx.

1. Rises Linn.

* Peduncles 1—3-flowered. Stems spinous. Gooseberry.

+1. R. Grossularia (L.) ; ped. with 2 minute bracts, cal. bell-
shaped, sep. reflexed oblong, pet. ovate.—Z. B. 1292 ‘and 2057.
—Thorns 1—3, at the base of the young branches. Germen
and fruit smooth (R. Uva-crispa L.) or pubescent or glandular.
L. rounded, 3—5-lobed and cut, glabrous or hairy.—Hedges
and thickets, doubtfully native. Sh. IV. V. E.S.

36. SAXIFRAGACL®, 155

** Flowers racemose. Spines none, Currants.

2. R. alpinum (L.) ; dicecious, racemes upright both in flower
and fruit glandular-pilose, bracts exceeding the pedicels anceo-
late, cal. glabrous, |. shining beneath.—Z. B. 704. St. 51. 6.—
Male raceme dense, of many flowers ; fem. of 2—5 fl. Limb of
the calyx nearly flat. Berries scarlet. L. with 3 acute deeply
serrate lobes.—Woods. North of E., rare. Sh. IV. V. EK.

3. R. nigrum (L.) ; racemes pendulous downy with a separate
simple pedicel at the base of each, bracts subwate falling short
of the pedicels, cal. pubescent, 1. glandular-punctate beneath.—
E. B. 1291.—Racemes lax. Calyx-limb bell-shaped. Berries
large, black. LL. with 3—5 acute serrate lobes.—In damp and
swampy places. Sh. IV. V. Black Currant. E.

4. R. rvibrum (L.) ; racemes mostly glabrous and pendulous,
bracts shorter than the pedicels ovate, cal. nearly flat glabrous,
l. bluntly 5-lobed.—Z. B. 1289.—a. sativum (R.); 1. glabrous,
raceme glabrous.—8. Smithianum (Syme); racemes slightly
downy, in flower upright, in fruit pendulous. £. 5. 705.—
R. spicatum (Robs.); racemes erect with fl. and fr., “fl.
nearly subsessile,” was perhaps a sport from this. /#. B. 1290.
—Woods. 8. Northof K.,S. Sh.IV.V. Red Currant. E.S.

Order XXXVI. SAXIFRAGACE#.

Cal. 4—5-cleft, superior or inferior. Pet. 4—5, rarely 0.
Stam. 5—10, free, perigynous or hypogynous. Glandular disk
present or wanting. Ovary of 2 carpels cohering by the inflexed
sides ormargins. Styles 2, persistent, usually diverging. Seeds
many. Albumen fleshy.—Stip. 0.

1, SAXIFRAGA. Cal. 5-fid or 5-parted, more or less adnate
to the ovary or free. Cor: of 5 petals. Stam. 10, rarely 5.
Styles 2, persistent. Caps. 2-celled, with 2 beaks, opening
by a pore between the beaks. ;

2, CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Cal. 4-fid, half superior. Cor. 0.
Stam. 8, rarely 10. Styles 2. Caps. 1-celled, with 2
beaks, opening into the form of a cup.

3. ParnassiA.. Cal, 5-cleft, inferior. Pet. 5. Stam. 5,
perigynous, with 5 scales bearing glandular bristles inter-
posed. Stigm. 4, sessile. Caps. 1-celled, with 4 valves.

156 36. SAXIFRAGACE,

1, Saxtr’Raca Linn. Saxifrage.

Sec. 1. With decumbent. barren shoots at the base.
* Cal. vreflened inferior, fl. panicled, flowering stems leafless.
+ Filaments enlarged upwards. RoBerrson1a Haw.

1, S. umbrosa (L.) ; 1. obovate with cartilaginous crenatures
or sharp notches tapering at the base into dilated footstalks with
Jlat edges, panicles racemose.—da. ;]. crenate or dentates preading.
L. B, 663.—8.S. punctata (Haw.) ; l. nearly round acutely ser-
rate erect. A. L. t. 622, 623.—y. S. serratifolia (Mack.) ; 1.
oblong acutely serrate erect. #. B.S. 2891.—West of Ireland.
Yorkshire (var. cz), a doubtful native. P. VI. London Pride.
St Patrick's Cabbage. {E.] I.

2. S. el’egans (Mack.) ; 7. vownd smooth shining acutely ser-
rate, footstalks broad convex beneath with flat edges, panicle race-
mose.—/, 2. S. 2892.—L. not tapering into the footstalks.—
Very rare. Top of Turk Mountain, Killarney, and Connor
Hill, Kerry. P. VI. iB

3. S. hirsdita (L.); 1. oval sharply serrate, footstalks linear
semicylindrical with raised edg ges hairy, panicles racemose.— L.
B,2322.—Footstalks slightly tapering upwards. LL. longer than
broad. Perhaps not distinct from Sof 2—Very rare. Gap of
Dunloe and. Connor Hill, Kerry. ungry Hill, Co. ia
Peavil.

4, 8. Géum (L.); l. transversely oval or reniform crenate
or dentate, footstalks semicylindrical with raised. edges hairy,
panicle racemose.—Z. B. S.2893.—-L. always broader than long,
usually hairy, sometimes glabrous, often beautifully nenied
with purple beneatb.—West of Ireland. P. VI.

[S. Andrews'ti (Harv.). Sy. £.\B.549. R. Guthriana Hort.
Is a garden hybrid. P. VI.]

+t Filaments subulate. SparuLarra Haw.

5. S. stelldris(L.) ; 1. oblong wedaeshaped dentate-serrate nar-
row below scarcely stalked, panicle corymbose of few flowers.—
E. B.167. St. 35. 3.—Stems tufted. Fl.-stalks 1—5 in, high,
naked. Pet. ovate, clawed, white with 2 transverse yellow
spots on their lower half.—L.. rar ely quite entire. ie heres. os
on mountains. P. VII.

SAXIFRAGA. 157

** Cal. at length reflexed inferior, st. leafy, 1. undivided.

6. S. Hir'culus (L.) ; st. erect, barren shoots prostrate filiform,
1. alternate lanceolate flat entire, root-l. narrowed into a foot-
stalk, sep. blunt fringed at the margin, pet. blunt with 2 hard
points near the base.—Z. B. 1009. St. 35. 8.—FI. few or soli-
tary, terminal. Pet. obovate, spreading, yellow dotted with
red. St. 4—8 in. high, downy in the upper part... Wet moors,
rare. P. VIII. E. Swf.

*** Cal. erect-or spreading half inferior, st. leafy, l. simple
toothed or with rigid jointless cilia, also a transparent
gland at the tip.

7. S. aizoi'des (L.) ; st. decumbent below, 1. alternate linear-
oblong mucronate ciliate entire tlat above convex beneath, sep.
blunt.—#. £. 39. St. 35. 9.—Fl. in a leafy panicle, with glu-
tinous downy stalks. Pet. bright yellow often spotted with
scarlet. St. 3—6 in. long. L. rigidly ciliate or with several
strong teeth.— Wet places on mountains. P. VIJ.—IX. E.8.1.

*#** Cal, erect or spreading superior or half inferior, st. more
or less leafy, 1. lobed, cilia all jointed, S. hypnoides,
Hook.—See Baker in J. of B. viii. 280, 355.

8. S. cespitésa (L. em. Sm.) ; root-l. crowded 3—5-cleft blunt
veined fringed, fl. 1—5, pet. rounded 5-veined, cal. half inferior,
sep. blunt.—Barren st. very short. Fl. white. _Germen broad
and rounded below. Common base of the 1. not furrowed.
Anth. long, cordate with an open notch. Horns of caps.
spreading.—8. S. incurvifolia (D. Don) ; stem-l. more numerous
with incurved lobes. #. £.,S.2909.—Very rare. Caernarvon-
shire. Westmoreland. Aberdeenshire. Kerry. P. s yt

al:

9. S. rosdécea (Moench); /. crowded 3—4-cleft, lobes lanceolate
pointed fringed, fi. few (usually 3) loosely panicled, pet. obovate
3-veined, cal. half inferior, sep. bluntish.—sS. decip'iens (Ehrh,)2
S. hirta (Sm.)... £. B. 2291 (not Haw.). S. Sternbergii ed.
vili.—L. on the barren shoots as well as the radical 1. 3-cleft,
the jateral lobes often divided halfway down, lobes diverging.
Barren shoots 3—6 or 8in. long, weak. Fi.-st. hairy glandular,
bearing 2 or 3 deeply 3-lobed |. and a few simple linear bracts ;

1 Prof. Engler (Monogr. Saxif.) includes as vars. under this name S. Sternbergti,
Willd., S. quinguejida, Haw. (=S. sponhemica, Gmel.), and S. grenlandica, L.,
and has referred some British specimens to the last named.—H. & J. G.

158 36. SAXIFRAGACER.

lateral fr.-ped. much overtopping the intermediate one. FI.
white. Anth. large, round, with a deep parallel-sided notch.
Horns of caps. slightly spreading. —Llyn y Cwm, N. Wales.
Summit of Brandon Mountain, Kerry ; Galty More, Tip sy 2 3
Black Head, Co. Clare. West of Scotland, Ir. ¢. D

Poy E. qi oT

10. S. sponhem’ica (Gm.) ; 1. of the barren shoots 3—5-lobed
with a very broad base fringed, lobes linear acute, fl. few (2—4),
pet. oblong 3-veined, cal. half inferior ee divided into tri-
angular subwate sepals. —S. afims (Don.). £. B. S. 2903.
S. pinnatifida (Haw.).—The 5-cleft 1. few. St. 1—3 in. high,
erect, with a few linear simple leaves, glandular. Fl. white.
Anth. + as large as in Sp. 8 and 9, cordate-ovate. Horns of
caps. spreading. —The ne S. afinis has pet. with inflexed
sides: S. platypetala (#. B, 2276) has them broad and flat.—
Mountains. P. VII. E.8. 1.

11. S. hypnoi'des (L.) ; root-l. 3—5-cleft. those of the trailing
shoots undivided or 3-cleft, lobes all acute bristle-pointed and
fringed, calyx half inferior, sep. triangular-subulate or ovate
acute—EH. B. 454.—F]. white. Anth. very small, oblong-
ovate. Horns of caps. divaricate. Differs from the preceding
by having usually buds in the axils of the barren shoots.—
Mountains. P. V.—VII. E. 8.

LS. pedatifida (Sm.).—H#. B. 2278.—Probably of garden
origin. See J. of B. xxi. p. 152.]

Sec. 2. Without barren shoots at the base.

* Stem leafy.

12. S. tridactylites (L.); st. panicled erect Jeafy, 1. wedge-
shaped 3—5-fid with a flat petiole, lowermost |. often simple
and spathulate, peduncles 1-flowered much longer than the
fruit with 2 bracts at the base, cal. superior.— #. B. 501. St,
33. 15.—Whole plant viscid, 2—4 in. high. FI. scattered,
many, small, white.— Walls and dry banks. A. IV.— a a

13. S. granuldta (L.); st. erect slightly leafy, radical 1. rena-
form crenately lobed with channelled petioles, stem-l. nearly
sessile 3—5-fid, fl. in a cymose panicle, cal. half inferior, pet.
obovate- oblong 2 or 3 times as long as the sepals, roots
bearing many small round downy bulbs.—#. B. 500.—St. 6—12
in. high. FI. large, white.—Gravelly banks. P. V.. E. 8.1.

SAXIFRAGA.—CHRYSOSPLENIUM. 159

14. S. cer’nua (L.) ; st. erect simple 1-flowered leafy, radical 1.
reniform palmately lobed stalked, upper 1. nearly sessile sub-
trifid, uppermost entire, axils bearing bulbs, cal. quite inferior.—
E. B. 664.—Rarely flowering ; fl. replaced by reddish bulbs.
St. 3—6 in. high.—Rocks on the top of Ben Lawers, very rare.
P. VI.— VII. 8.

15. S. rivuldris (L.); st. ascending branched few-flowered
leafy, radical 1. subreniform stalked with 3—5 rounded lobes,
uppermost l. lanceolate entire, cal. half inferior.—Z#. B, 2275.—
St. 1—2 in. long. FI. few, stalked, white.—Wet places on the
coldest parts of mountains. P. VIII. S.

** Stem leafless.

16. S. nivdlis (L.); st. erect leafless, /. all radical roundish-
obovate dentate-serrate narrowed into a footstalk, #1. in capitate
cymes, cal. half inferior, pet. longer than the calyx.—. Bb. 440.
St. 35. 4.—St. 3—6 in. high, usually simple, sometimes with 1
branch. FI. in a dense cluster, white.—Alpine rocks. be

Sec. 3. Stems procumbent with opposite 1. and terminal
flowers.

17. S. oppositifolia (L.) ; st. procumbent, /. opposite im 4 rows
oblong blunt fringed, sep. ciliate without glands, pet. ovate.—
E. B. 9.—Very different from our other species. L. with a
pore at tip. Fl. large, purple-—Damp alpine rocks. ae be

2. CHRYSOSPLE'NIUM Linn. Golden Saxifrage.

1. C. alternifolium (L.) ; 1. alternate, lower 1. subreniform
hairy crenate upon long stalks.—Sy. H. B. 564. St. 12.—
Crenatures of the lower |. emarginate, upper |. glabrous with
the crenatures often rather acute. St. erect, 4—5 in. high,
branching only near the top. Fl. umbellate, nearly sessile, deep
yellow. Stam. usually 8.—Boggy places. P. IV. Bioeals

2. C. oppositifolium (L.) ; 1. opposite, lower |. roundish-cordate
shortly stalked wavy.—Z. B.450. St. 4.6.—St. branching from
the base, 4—6 in. long, decumbent, straggling, rooting. FI.
paler and more scattered than in the last. LL. usually glabrous,
sometimes slightly hairy. Stam. usually 8.—Damp_ shady
places. P. IV, V- E. 8. 1

160 37. UMBELLIFER 2.

3. Parnas’sia Linn.

1. P. palustris (.); petal-like scales 9—13, pet. with a
short claw, radical 1. cordate stalked, st.-l. clasping.—Z#. B. 82.—
Pet. white, veined. Glands of the scales yellow. L. mostly
eee St. 8—10 in. high.— Wet and boggy ground. Beet

B. Petals and stamens epigynous, inserted round an epigynous
disk. Cal.-tube adnate to the ovary.

Order XXXVII. UMBELLIFER&.

Cal. 5-toothed or entire, adherent to the ovary, limb often
scarcely visible. Pet. 5, usually flexed at the point. Stam.
5, inserted with the pet. round the stylopode. Ovary 2-celled,
crowned with a double fleshy disk (stylopode). Styles 2. Fr.
consisting of 2 carpels (mericarps) adhering by their face (com-
missure) to a common axis from which they ultimately separate
and become pendulous. Seed solitary, pendulous. Albumen
horny.—Inflorescence umbellate. A®stivation imbricate, except
in Hydrocotyle and Crithmum.—Each carpel has 5 primary, and
often 4 intermediate secondary ridges ; and in the substance of
the pericarp are usually linear receptacles of oil (vitte or stripes)
under the ridges or the spaces between them. ‘These parts are
sometimes either wanting or only slightly apparent. ‘The
stripes are “solitary” when there is only one in each space
between the primary ridgés, and ‘2, 3, &c. together” when 2,
3, or more occur in each space. They and the ridges are best
seen by making a horizontal section of the fruit.

Suborder I. ORTHOSPERME.
Sutural side of seed flat. Umbels various.
* Umbels imperfect or simple ; no fr.-stripes. “ No carpophore.”

Tribe I. HYDROCOTYLEZ. Fr. laterally flattened, its
back even or acute. Umbel irregular or imperfect.

1. HyprocoryLe. Cal.! inconspicuous. Pet. ovate entire.
Fr. of 2 flat nearly orbicular carpels, each with 5 filiform
ridges, of which the dorsal and 2 lateral are often incon-
spicuous ; the 2 others arched. Stripes 0. Commissure_
linear

. j

1 By calyx, throughout this Order, the free margin is intended. |

|

37. UMBELLIFER 2. 161

Tr. Il. SANJCULEA. Fr. ovoid ; transverse section nearly
round. Umbel simple or imperfect.

2. Sanicuta. Cal. of 5 leajlike teeth. Pet. erect, obovate,
with a long inflewed connivent point. Fr. subglobose,
covered with hooked spines ; ridges 0; stripes many.

3. AstrANTIA. Cal. of 5 leaflike teeth. Pet. erect, with a
long inflexed point. Fr. with 5 plaited dentate ridges ;
stripes 0.

Tr. Il. ERYNGIEZ. Fr. ovoid ; transverse section nearly
round. Fl. in a head-like umbel.

4. Eryncium. Cal. of 5 leaflike teeth. Pet. erect, oblong,
with a long inflexed point. Fr. covered with chaffy scales,
wrthout ridges or stripes.

** Umbels perfect or compound,
+ Carpels with 5 primary ridges only.

Tr. IV. AMMINEZ. Fr. of two pentagonal carpels with 5
prominent ridges ; the commissure about as broad as either
of the other four sides.

A. Leaves compound.

5. Crcuta. Cal. of 5 leaflike teeth. Pet. obcordate with an
inflexed point. Fr.subdidymous. Carp.with 5 equal broad
flattened ridges, the lateral marginal ; stripes solitary.

6. Aprum. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. roundish entire with an
oblique acute or smallinvolute point. Fr. roundish ovoid,
didymous. Carp. with 5 filiform equal prominent ridges
and solitary stripes.—Jnv. 0.

7. PETROSELINUM, Cal. minute or inconspicuous. Pet.
roundish entire with a narrow incurved point. Fr. ovoid.
Carp. with 5 filiform equal ridges and solitary stripes.
Carpophore bipartite.—Partial inv. of many ; general of
few leaves.

8. Stson. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. broadly obcordate, deeply
notched with an inflexed point. Fr. ovoid. Carp. with 5
filiform prominent equal ridges and solitary clavate stripes.

L

162 37. UMBELLIFER2.

9. Trinta. Dicecious. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. of the
barren fl. lanceolate with the point inflexed, of the fertile
ji. ovate with a short inflexed point. Fr. ovoid. Carp.
with 5 filiform prominent equal ridges with a single stripe
beneath each of them, but none between.

10. AXcopeptum. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. obovate, notched
with an inflexed point. Fr.oblong. Carp. with 5 filiform
ridges ; the interstices without stripes. Stylopode conical.

11. Carum. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. obcordate with an
inflexed point. Fr. oblong. Carp. with 5 filiform ridges,
the stripes solitary or 1—3 together. Stylopode depressed.

12. PIMPINELLA. Cal.inconspicuous. Pet.obcordate with an
inflexed point. Fr. ovoid, Carp. with 5 filiform equal
ridges ; stripes 3 or more together. Stylopode tumid. Styles
of the fr. divaricate or recurved. Jnv. 0 (rarely of 1 leaf).

13. Srum. Cal. of 5 small teeth. Pet. obcordate with an
inflexed point. Fr. ovoid or subdidymous. Carp. with
5 filiform equal b/wnt ridges ; stripes 3 or more together.
Stylopode depressed or shortly conical. Styles of the fr.
divaricate or recurved.—Inv. general and partial.

B. Leaves simple.

14. BupLeuruM. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. roundish entire
with a closely involute broad retuse point. Fr. sub-
didymous. Carp. with equal, winged, or filiform and
sharp, or inconspicuous ridges. Stylopode depressed.

Tr. V. SESELINE. Fr. of two 5-ribbed or pentagonal car-
pels. Commissure much the broadest side of the carpel.

A. Stripes solitary, between the ribs.

15, GEnanrHe. Cal. of 5 lanceolate teeth. Pet. obcordate
with an inflexed point. Fr. ovoid cylindrical or subturbi-
nate, crowned with the long suberect styles. Carpels more
or less corky, with 5 blunt convex ridges.

16. AurHUsA. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. obcordate with an
acute inflened point. Fr. shortly ovoid, crowned with the
reflexed styles. Carp. with 5 thick acutely keeled ridges.

17. Fa@nicutum. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. roundish entire
with a broad blunt inflexed lobe. Fr.oblong. Carp. with -
5 prominent bluntly keeled ridges. Stylopode conical.

37. UMBELLIFER %. 163

18. Suseyt. Cal. with acute teeth. Pet. obcordate with a
broad inflexed lobe. Fr. ovoid or oblong, slightly dorsally
compressed, Carp. with 5 thick blunt ridges. Stylopodes
conical,

t B. Stripes 2 or more together, between the ribs.

19. Hanosctas. Cal. of 5 small persistent teeth. Pet. ovate
with an inflexed lobe and short claw. Fr. elliptic, terete or
slightly dorsally compressed. Carp. with 5 sharp somewhat
winged ridges. Interstices and commissure with many
stripes. Seeds not adhering to the carpel, without stripes.

20. Smaus. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. ovate-oblong entire
or slightly emarginate with an inflexed lobe, sessile, truncate
or appendaged at the base, Fr. oblong, terete or slightly
dorsally compressed. Carp, with 5 sharp somewhat winged
ridges. Stripes many, inconspicuous.

21. Meum. Cal. inconspicuous. et. entire, elliptic, acute
at both ends, with an incurved point. Fr. as in Stlaus.

22. Criramum. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. elliptic with a
broad base, entire, involute. Fr. oblong, terete. Carp.
with 5 elevated sharp slightly winged ridges. Seed free ;
with many stripes.

) Tr. VI. ANGELICEZA. Fr. of two much and dorsally com-
| pressed carpels, with a double wing on each side.

23. ANGELICA. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. lanceolate, entire,
acuminate, incurved, Carp. with 3 dorsal elevated filiform
ridges and 2 marginal ridges dilated into broad wings ; in-
terstices with solitary stripes. Seed adhering to the carpel.

(24. ARCHANGELICA. Cal. minutely 5-toothed. Pet. elliptic,
entire, acuminate, incurved. Carp. with 3 dorsal elevated
thick ridges and 2 marginal ridges dilated into broad
wings. Stripes 0. Seeds free, with many fine lines.]

25. SELINUM. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. oblong, notched, with
an ineurved lobe. Carp. with 3 dorsal elevated thin ridges,
and 2 marginal dilated rather broad wings. Jnterstices
with solitary stripes. Seeds adhering to the carpel.

Tr. VI. PEUCEDANE. Fr. of two much and dorsally
compressed carpels, with a single wing on each side; wing
flat or thickened towards the edge, formed of those of the
two carpels combined.

164 37. UMBELLIFER 2.

26. PEUCEDANUM. Cal. of 5 teeth or inconspicuous. Pet.
obovate or obcordate with an inflexed point. Fr. with a
dilated thin flat margin. Carp. with equidistant ridges, 3
dorsal filiform, 2 /ateral close to the base of the dilated
margin inconspicuous ; stripes solitary.

27. Pastrnaca. Cal. of 5 very small or inconspicuous teeth.
Pet. roundish, entire, involute with an acute point. Fr.
with a dilated flat margin. Carp. with slender ridges, 3
dorsal equidistant, 2 /ateral distant near the outer edge of
the dilated margin ; stripes linear, solitary.—F1. yellow.

28. HeracLeuM. Cal. of 5 minute teeth. Pet. obcordate
with an inflexed point, outer ones radiant. Fr. as in Pasti-
naca, but the stripes short clubshaped.—F 1. white.

29. TorpyLIum.—Cal. of 5 awlshaped teeth. Pet. obcordate
with an inflexed lobe, outer ones radiant. 7. with a
thickened wrinkled margin. Carp. with slender ridges, 3
dorsal equidistant, 2 lateral distant close to the thickened
margin; stripes 1—3 together.

++ Carpels with primary and secondary ridges.

(Tr. VII. SILERINEZ. Fr. dorsally compressed. Carp.
with 5 primary ridges. the lateral marginal, and 4 less
prominent secondary ridges. |

[30. Stuer. Cal. of 5 teeth. Pet. obovate with an inflexed
lobe, regular. Fr. dorsally compressed. Carp. with elevated
filiform blunt ridges ; one stripe under each secondary ridge
and 2 on the commissure. ]

Tr. IX. DAUCINEZ. Fr. somewhat dorsally compressed.
Carp. with 5 primary ridges, the lateral ones on the inner
face ; and 4 secondary, forming rows of prickles.

31. Daucus. Cal. of 5 teeth. Pet. obcordate with an in-
fiexed lobe, exterior usually radiant and bifid. Fr. dorsally
compressed, Carp. with bristly primary ridges ; secondary
ridges equal winged with lirow of spines.

Suborder II. CAMPYLOSPERM.

Sutural side of seed with inflexed edges or deeply furrowed
lengthwise. Umbels compound or perfect.

Tr. X. CAUCALINEZ. Fr. contracted or rounded. Carp. |
with the lateral primary ridges on the inner face ; 4/
secondary more prominent, prickly ; stripes solitary.

37. UMBELLIFERZ. 165

32. CaucaLts. Cal. of 5 teeth. Pet. obcordate with an in-
flexed point, outer ones radiant and bifid. Fr. slightly
laterally compressed. Carp. with filiform bristly premary,
and more or less prominent secondary ridges, all bearing
1—3 rows of prick/es—Umbels sometimes simple.

33. Tormis. Cal. of 5 teeth. Pet. obcordate with an in-
flexed point, outer ones radiant and bifid. Fr. slightly
laterally compressed. Carp. with bristly primary ridges,
with many prickles on the spaces between them.

Tr. XI. SCANDICINE&. Fr. compressed or contracted on
the sides, often beaked or narrowed at the top. Carpels
with primary ridges only.

34. Scanprx. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. obovate with an in-
flexed point. Vr. with a very long beak. Carp. with 5
blunt ridges ; stripes none.

35. Co#ROPHYLLUM. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. obcordate
with an inflexed point. Pr. hardly beaked. Carp. with 5
equal blunt ridges, often only apparent at the top ; stripes
solitary or wanting.

36. Myrruts. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. obcordate with an
inflexed point. Fr. not beaked. Carp. formed of a double
membrane ; the outer with elevated keeled ridges hollow
within, the mner close to the seed ; stripes 0.

Tr. XII. SWYRNIELA. Fr. ovoid or didymous compressed
or contracted on the sides. Carpels with primary ridges
only, not beaked nor remarkably narrowed at the top.

(37. EcutnopHora. Cal. of 5 teeth. Pet. obcordate with
an inflexed point, the exterior larger and bifid. Fl. of the
ray, sterile on long stalks, fertile central and solitary. Fr.
ovoid terete, imbedded in the enlarged prickly receptacle.
Carp. with 5 depressed equal striate wavy ridges ; inter-
stices with single stripes and covered by a cobweblike
membrane. |

38. Conrum. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. obcordate with
a short inflexed point. Fr. ovoid, laterally compressed.
Carp. with 5 prominent or wavy crenate ridges, the lateral

Inarginal ; interstices striate ; stripes 0!.

1 IT have never seen any stripes, which are said to be sometimes present.

166 37. UMBELLIFERZ.

39. Danas. Cal. of 5 teeth. Pet. obcordate with an
inflexed point. Fr. laterally compressed, didymous.
Carp. renitorm-globose, with 5 filiform slender equal ridges,
the lateral within the margin ; stripes solitary.

40. SmyrniuM. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. lanceolate or
elliptic, entire, with an inflexed point. Fr. laterally com-
pressed, didymous. Carp. reniform-oblong with 3 dorsal
prominent sharp ridges, the 2lateral marginal and incon-
spicuous ; stripes many.

Suborder III. CGQALOSPERM A.
Seed with the base and apex curved inwards.

Tr. XIII. CORIANDREZ. Fr.globoseordidymous. Primary
ridges of the carpels often inconspicuous, secondary more
prominent, all without wings.

[41. CorranpruM. Cal. of 5 teeth. Pet. obcordate with an
inflexed point, outer ones radiant and bifid. Fr. globose.
Carp. scarcely separating, the primary ridges inconspicuous,
the 4 secondary conspicuous prominent keeled ; interstices
without stripes ; commissure with 2 stripes. ]

Suborder I. Orthosperme. ‘Tribe I. Hydrocotylew.
1. Hyprocor’yze Linn. em., Koch (1824), Pennywort.

1. H. vulgaris (L.) ; 1. peltate nearly circular 9-veined doubly
crenate, petioles pilose, umbels 3—6-1., fr. emarginate below.—
£. B. 751.—Fl. and fr. almost sessile. Umbels or rather heads
often proliferous in the centre and bearinga second head. St.
creeping extensively. L.upon stalks which considerably exceed
the peduncles. fr. with purplish dots.—Bogs and ey
places. P. V.—VIL. E.S. I.

Tribe II. Saniculee.
2. Sanic’uLa Linn. Sanicle.

1. S. europe’a (L.); lower 1. palmate 3—5-lobed, lobes trifid
unequally serrate, fertile fi. sessile, barren fi. slightly stalked.—
E. B. 98.—Umbels many, capitate, in an irregular slightly um-
bellate panicle. Styles persistent, reflexed. Fr. covered with
hooked prickles. St. ascending about a foot high Woods and ©
thickets. P. VI. VII. E.S. 1.

—E———

ASTRANTIA,—APIUM. 167

3. Astran’t1a Linn. em. Necker.

j1. A. major (L.); lower 1. palmately 5—7-fid, lobes oblong
acutely unequally incise-serrate, inv.-l. entire, cal.-teeth ovate-
lanceolate narrowed to an acute point.—Z. Bb. S. 2990. St. 29.
8.—Iny. equalling the umbel, usually straw-coloured. Cal.-
teeth exceeding petals.—Woods in hilly districts. Above
pekong Castle, Bhtapihire: probably introduced. P. wa
Vill. :

Tribe III. Eryngiee.
4, Eryn’ctum Zinn. Eryngo.

1. BE. maritimum (l.); radical 1. suborbicular plaited
coriaceous spinous stalked, upper 1. amplexicaul palmately lobed,
inv.-l. 3-lobed spinous exceeding the heads, scales of the
receptacle 3-lobed.—#. B. 718.—St. 1 foot or more in height,
much branched, leafy, rigid, glaweous, Fl. in heads rather than
umbels, blue.—Sandy sea-shores. P, VII. VIII. pane vs

2. E.campes'tre (L.) ; radical 1. 2 or 3 times pinnatijid spinous
stalked, st.-]. amplexicaul pinnatifid, inv.-l. lanceolate spinous
longer than the heads, scales of the receptacle undivided.—
E. B.57.—More bushy and slender than the last. Pet. purplish
or white. Petioles thick, semiterete, channelled.—On waste
ground, very rare. P. VII. VIII. E.

Tribe IV. Amminew.

5. Cicu'ta Linn. Water-Hemlock.

1. C. virdsa (L.) ; fibres of the root filiform, 1. tripartite, leaf-
lets linear-lanceolate acute serrate decurrent.—Z. B. 479.—St.
3—4 ft. high, very thick terete and hollow below. Lower 1. on
long stalks ; leaflets 1—2 in.long. Umbels large ; general inv.
0 or of 1 or 2 slender leaflets, partial of many subulate leaflets.
Fl. white. Herb poisonous.—Ponds and ditches, not common.
P. VIL. VIII. Cowbane. E. 8. 1.

6. A’prum Linn. em. Rchb. fil.

* Pet. with involute point, cordate base, minute claw, Partial
env. 0.

1. A. gravéolens (L.) ; glabrous, 1. pinnate or ternate, leaflets
of the upper |. wedgeshaped.—Z#. B. 1210,—St. 1—2 feet high,

168 37. UMBELLIFER.

branched, furrowed, leafy. Umbels terminal or lateral,
frequently almost sessile, accompanied by one or two ternate
leaves. FI. small, whitish. Marshes and ditches, especially
near the sea. P. VI.—VIII. Celery. BE. Se:

** Pet, with oblique acute point and wedgeshaped base. Partial
inv. present.—HELOSCIADIUM Koch.

2. A. nodifidrum (R. fil.) ; st. procumbent at the base and
rooting, l. pmnate, leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate unequally
bluntly serrate, umbels opposite to the |. longer than their
peduncles or nearly sessile.—#. B. 639.—St. 1—2 feet long.—
a; general inv. soon falling of 1—3 Its., anth. purple.—s. A.
repens (R. fil.) ; creeping, ‘its. unequally and actually incise-
serrate, umbels shorter than the peduncles, anthers yellow.—
y- ocreatum ; creeping, |. roundish ovate small bluntly toothed,
umbels very shortly stalked.—Z. B. 1431.—Banks of ditches
and brooks. y. Barnes, Surrey. P. VII. VIII. EB. S.1.

3. A, inunddtum (R. fil.) ; st. creeping or floating, 1. pinnate,
lts. of lower l. in capillary segments, of upper 1. wedgeshaped
and trifid, umbels generally with 2 rays.—Z. B. 227.—Usually
submersed, afew of the upper 1. and the fl. rising above the
water. Partial umbels very small.—[8.. Moorei (Sy.); Its. of lower 1.
linear or strap-shaped, of upper broader. |—Ponds. P. VI. VIL.

E. S. I.
7. PETROsELINUM Hofim.

*1. P. sativum (Hoftm.); 2. tripinnate shining, leaflets of
the lower 1. ovate-cuneate trifid and toothed of the upper |.
ternate lanceolate entire.—#. B.S. 2793. Carum Petroselinum
(Benth.).—Partial inv, filiform. _ Fl. yellow. L. greenish.—
Rocks and old walls. B. VI.—VIII. Parsley. E.

2, P. seg’etum (Koch) ; lower /. pinnate, leaflets nearly sessile
ovate lobed and serrate, upper |. entire or trifid.—Svson (L.).
EF. B. 228, Carum (Benth.).—Umbels very irregular. General
inv. of 1—2 leaves. Fl. whitish. St. erect, terete, nearly
leafless above, 1—14 foot high, wiry.—Damp caleareous fields
and near the sea. B. VIII. IX. :

8. Srson Linn. em. Lag. Stonewort.

1. S. Amémum (L.).—E. B. 954.—St. erect, panicled, 2—3
feet high. Lower 1. pinnate ; Its. oblong lobed cut and serrate.
Upper I. divided into narrow ‘segments, Partial umbels and fl.

TRINIA.—CARUM. 169

small. Much like Petr. segetum.—Dampish places on a
calcareous soil. B. VIII EK.

(Falcéria vulgéris (Bernh.). — R. 1862, having digitate 1. with linear-
lanceolate sharply serrate lts., and Ammi mdjus (L.).—R. 1864, having a
conspicuous general invol. of long slender trifid bracts, occur as cornfield
aliens.)

9. Trov'ta Hojfim. Honewort.

1. 7. glau'ca (Dumort.) ; glabrous, iny. 0 or of 1 leaf, ridges
of the fr. blunt.—7’. g glaberrama (Hoff m.). Pimpinella dioica
(Sm.). #. B. 1209, Sy. #. B. 579.—L. tripinnate, glaucous
green ; Its. linear or filiform. Root crowned with the remnants
of former leaves. St. branched, erect,6—8in. high. Dicecious.
—Dry limestone hills, rare. P. Vv: VL E.

10. Aicoro’Dium Linn. Gout-weed.

1. 4. Podagrdria (L.).—E. B. 940.—St. 1—2 feet high,
erect, furrowed. L. 2 or 3 times ternate; leaflets ovate-
acuminate, unequal at the base, acutely serrate. Creeping.—
Damp places. | 2Pyeh el B.S. 1.

11. Ca’rum Linn. em. Koch.
* Root fusiform or fascicled. Stripes 1—2 in each interstice.

[C. Car'n (L.) ; partial involucre 0, general 0 or of 1 leaf,
]. bipinnate, leaflets cut into linear segments, ~_B. B. 1503.—St.
1—2 feet high, branched. Root fusiform. Carp. aromatic.—
Meadows and ‘pastures, B. VI. Caraway.| B.S. 1.

1. C. verticilldtum (Koch); general and partial involucres of
many leaves small, 1. pinnate, leaflets divided to the base into
capillary spreading segments.—#. B. 395.—St. 1—1} foot high.
Root fasciculate. Segments of the leaflets spreading so as to
appear whorled and quite surrounding the petiole. L. mostly
long-stalked, radical.—Marshy places in hilly districts, rare.
Pavitt: K. 8. I.

** Root a tuber.—Bunium Linn.
+ Stripes 3 in each interstice.

2. C. mdjus (Rendle & Brit.); general involucre of 1—3
leaves, partial more numerous, fr. oval narrowing upwards
crowned with the long stylopode and erect styles.—H. B. 988.
C. flexuosum (Fr.).—Conopodium denudatum (Koch).—In-
volucres sometimes altogether wanting. Root a solitary
tuber. St. a foot or more bigh, very slender below, bearing

170 37. UMBELLIFER®.

a few |. with linear segments. Radical |. triternate with
long eS ape downwards.—Sandy and gravelly
pastures. Pig-nut. KE. S. I.

t+ Stripes 1—2 in each interstice.

3. C. Bulbocas'tanum (Koch); general and partial involucres
of many leaves, fr. oblong crowned with the short stylopode and
refleced styles, mterstices with single stripes.—Z#. B. S. 2862.
—Involucres always present. Root a solitary tuber. St.
about 2 ft. high. Lower 1. bipinnate, with a triangular outline,
rather many near the base of the stem, rarely 1 or 2 radical
upon long footstalks tapering downwards. —Chalky fields in
Camb., Bucks., Beds., and Herts. P. VI. VII. EK.

12. PIMPINEL'LA Zinn. Burnet-Saxifrage.

1. P. mdjor (Huds.); 1. pinnate, leaflets all ovate serrate
somewhat cut the terminal one 3- lobed, st. angularly striate.
—E, B. 408. P. magna (L.).—St. 1—2 feet high, leafy.
Lateral leaflets sometimes 3-lobed. Styles longer than the
ovary, as long as or longer than the oval fruit.—p. P. dissecta
(Retz) ; 1. all divided into long linear cut segments.—Shady
hills. P. VIL. VIII. EK. S. I.

2. P. Saxifraga (L. em. Huds.) ; 1. pinnate, leaflets of the
lower 1. roundish-ovate serrate somewhat cut, those of the
stem-l.. bipinnatifid with linear segments, st. terete, ped.
glabrous.—#. B. 407.—St. 1—2 feet high, naked above.
Styles shorter than the ovary. L. sometimes all pinnatifid.
B. dissecta (With.) ; il finely cut. —[a large hairy form with lts. of
lower 1. cordate is var. nigra, Mill.|_ Dry pastures. P. VII. ca SI

13. Sum Linn. em. Koch (1824).

* Stripes superficial. Lateral ridges marginal, Stylopode
depressed. Strum L. em, Kocu (1826).

1. S. latifdlium (L.) ; 1. pinnate, /ts. oblong-lanceolate evenly
serrate pointed, umbels terminal, inv.-l. many lanceolate.—
B. 204.—St. 3—5 feet high, angular, furrowed, erect. L.
of 9—13 very large distant lts.—Ditches and rivers, rare. P.
VII. VIII. E. 8. I

** Stripes deeply seated. Lateral ridges not marginal. Stylo-
pode shortly conical. Brruia Koch (1826).

2. S. erec'twm (Huds.) ; 1. pinnate, leaflets unequally lobed and
cut ovate, of the stem-l. fanceolate, umbels lateral, inv. of many

BUPLEURUM.—@NANTHE. 171

lanceolate entire or cut leaves.—#. B. 139. S. angustifoliwm
(L.).—St. 1—3 feet high, round, striate, erect. Lts. often
very deeply cut and lobed.—Ditches. P. VIII. E. 8. I.

14, BurLev’rum Linn. Hare’s-ear.
* Fruit granulate.

1. B. tenuis'simum (L.) ; st. branched, }. linear acute, umbels
lateral and terminal minute, partial umbels of 3—5 flowers
usually overtopped by their involucres, carp. granular between
the 5 ridges.—#. B. 478.—St. very slender, wiry, 6—12 in.
long.—Chiefly in pastures near the sea, A. VIII. IX. EK,

** Fruit not granulate.

2. B. aristdétum (Bartl.)1; st. branched, 1. linear-lanceolate
acuminate, 3-veined, 1. of the partial involucres elliptic-
lanceolate cuspidate somewhat awned with branching veins,

edicels short equal.—#. 5. 2468.—St. 1—6 in. high.—Park
Hil, Torquay, and Berry Head, Devon. Cow Gap near
Eastbourne, Suss. Channel Islands. A. VI. E.

3. B. faledtum (.); st. branched, 1. 5—7-veined, lower 1.
elliptic-oblong on long stalks, wpper 1. linear-lanceolate acute
sessile 5—7-veined, partial involucre of 5 lanceolate pointed 1.
as long as the flowers.— WH. B. S. 2763.—Pedicels as long as the
fruit. St. 1—4 feet high.—Near Ongar, Essex. P. VIII. E.

4. B. rotundyfélium (L.) ; st. branched above, /. oval perfolz-
ate, fr. with striate interstices.—Z. B. 99.—St. 12—18 in. high.
General inv. 0. Partial inv. connivent.—Corn-fields on a cal-
careous soil. A, VII. Vhorough-wax.

Tribe V. Seselineaw.

15. CENAN’THE Linn. em., Koch. Water-Dropwort.
* Root fascicled, fibres more or less thickened or tuberous.

1. @. fistuldésa (L.) ; stoloniferous, st. and petioles hollow,
root-l. 2—3-pinnate with 3-fid leaflets, stem-l. simply pinnate
shorter than their petioles, leaflets linear, fr. angular turbmate.—
£. B. 363.—St. 1—3 feet high, remarkably hollow. Stem-l.

1 2=B. opacum, Lange, Prod. Fl. Hisp. iii. 71, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xxxvii. xv.
Differs from B. aristatwm, umbel 2-4 rays (not 4-6), 1. of partial invol. imbricate,
adpressed much exceeding the fl., strongly net-veined.— Author's MS. A

172 37. UMBELLIFERZ.

distant, with very long stalks. Stoles with simply pinnate
leaves. Umbels small, globose in fruit ; general involucre 0.
Fruit tipped with the long slightly diverging rigid styles.—By
ponds and ditches. P. VII.—IX. Sac,

2. GL. pimpinelloides (L.) ; root of long fibres bearing round
or ovoid knobs beyond their middle, root-]. bipinnate with ob-
ovate-wedgeshaped 3-lobed Its., st.-]. pinnate with linear acute
Its., uppermost |. simpie, radiant pet. obcordate divided to the
middle, fr. subeylindrical with an enlarged corky base but not
narrowed at the top.—#. B. 8.2991. Jacq. Aust. t. 394.—St.
3—3 ft. high, alternately branched. General inv. 0—6-leaved ;
partial of many 1., about as long as the barren fl. Partial wm-
bels close together forming one compact flat-topped compound
umbel. Fr. nearly cylindrical; cal. erect-patent.—Southern
counties. P. VI. VII. EI.

3... Lachendlii (Gmel.); root of long subclavate fleshy
fibres tapering at both ends, rooé-/. bipinnate with oblong entire
or wedgeshaped and bluntly 2—3-lobed /ts., lower st.-l. 2—3-
pinnate with /ivear acute Its., upper |. simply pinnate, radiant
pet. divided to the middle, fr. oblong not corky below rounded
and contracted at the top.—(Q. pimpinelloides (Sm.). H. B.347.
—St. 1—3 feet high, slightly branched. _ General inv, of many
leaves, sometimes wanting ; partial of many leaves, shorter than
the barren flowers. Outer fl. on long stalks, mostly barren ;
inner fl. fertile, nearly sessile. Radiant pet. roundish obcor-
date witha short narrow claw. Partial umbels distinct sphert-
cal. Fr. crowned with the inflexed calyx. Root-leaves soon
vanishing.—Marshes. P. VII.—IX. E.S

4. GZ. peucedanifolia (Poll.); root of elliptic-oblong knobs,
radical 1. bipinnate, st.-l. pinnate, /ts. all linear acute, external
fr. nearly cylindrical with a corky base, but not narrowed at the
top.—L. B. 348. MW. silaifolia (Bieb.?) ed. viii.—St. 2—3 feet
high, branched. Outer fi. stalked, mostly barren ; cal. very
unequal : radiant pet. small, obcordate with an attenmate base,
notch } their length. Fr. usually slightly narrower downwards,
in the middle of the umbel much narrower and appearing to
want the corky base ; cal. erect or inflexed. General involucre
0; partial of many leaves shorter than the flowers. Distin-
guished from the preceding by its pet., uniform leaflets, want
of a general involucre, and fruit.—The true name of this plant
is very doubtful.—In freshwater marshes, P. VI. E.

5. G2. crocdta (L.) ; root of large fusiform tubers, radical 1.
2—3-pinnate, stem-l. pinnatifid, leaflets stalked roundish or

®THUSA.—FENICULUM. 173

oblong-wedgeshaped variously cut those of the upper |. narrower,
fr. cylindrical oblong striate longer than its pedicel. £. B.
2313.—Poisonous. St. 3—5 feet high, much branched. L.
large, Its. broad. Inv.-l. various in. number and shape.—Wet
places.—P. VII. B.S.,1.

** Root of whorls of slender fibres. PHELLANDRIUM L.

6. @. aquatica (Lam.); st. erect fusiform below, 1. tri-
pinnate, /ts. ovate pinnatifid cut spreading, of the submersed 1.
multifid with capillary diverging segments, umbels lateral oppo-
site to the leaves, fr. ovate.-—W. Phellandrium (Lam.). B.
684.—St. 2—3 feet high, very thick below, stoloniferous.
Segments of the 1. many, fine, acute, pale green ; submersed 1.
dark green. The flowering root dies each year ; but the plant
is continued by the offsets—In wet ditches and ponds. B.?
VII.—IX. Horsebane. EB. Se1.

7. G. fluviatilis (Colem.); st. floating, 1. bipinnate, /¢s. simple
or pinnatifid, of the submersed 1. cuneate cut pellucid with many
parallel veins, umbels lateral opposite to the 1., fr. broadly ob-
ieee N. H. xi, 188. #. B. S.2944.—A decumbent float-
ing plant well marked by the submersed lts. being divided into
finger-like acute broadly linear parallel segments deeply cut at
the end, Lts. of the upper |. broader than those of @. Phellan-
drium.— Streams. B. or P. VIL.—IX. EVI.

16. AirHv’sa Linn. diagn. em. Hofim. Fool’s Parsley.

1. &. Cyndpium (L.) ; partial involucre of 3 leaves longer
than their umbel, |. all doubly pinnate, leaflets lanceolate de-
current pinnatifid—Z. B. 1192.—St. 4—18 in. high. L. del-
toid, dark green, lurid, stinking. General inv. 0; partial long,
narrow, pendulous, all on one side. Herb poisonous.—Culti-
vated land. A. VII. VIII. Bosal.

17. Fenicutum Will. Fennel.

1. F. vulgare (Mill.) ; st. terete below, 1. 3—4 times pinnate,
segments all capillary long in the upper l. flaccid, umbels of
many rays concave.—#. 4. 1208. F. officinale (All.)—Invo-
lucre 0. St. 3—4 feet high, usually filled with pith, branching.
Umbels large. Fl. yellow. Whole herb aromatic. Segments of
1, channelled, usually capillary in the wild plant ; but the culti-
vated plant with awlshaped segments is probably the same
ee and walls, particularly near the sea. P, VII.

: Ee.

174 37. UMBELLIFERZ.

18. SEs‘ELI Linn. em. Koch.

1. S. Libanctis (Koch) : 1. doubly pinnate cut, segments lan-
ceolate mucronate, the lowermost leaflets crossing, general in-
volucre of many leaves, fr. hairy.—Athamanta L. £. B. 138.
—St. 1—3 feet high, covered at the base with the fibrous re-
mains of decayed petioles. Umbels terminal, convex, with
many downy rays.—Chalk hills of Cambr., Herts, and Sussex.
PAG Welle K.

19. Hatos‘ctas Frzes. Scottish Lovage.

H. scoticum (Fr.); |. twice ternate, leaflets ovate some-
what rhomboidal dentate-serrate opaque, involucre of 5—7
linear-lanceolate leaves, cal. 5-toothed.—Ligusticum L. E. B.
1207.—St. herbaceous, nearly simple, striate, tinged with red,
1—14 foot high. Lts. large, lobed and cut. Interstices with 3,
commissure with 6 stripes. Seed quite free in the carpel.—Rocks
on the Northern sea-coast. P. VII. E.S. 1

20. Smza’us Bernh. Sulphur-wort.

1. S. flaves’cens (Bernh.); st. angular, radical 1. 3—4 times
pinnate, leaflets lanceolate entire or bifid, terminal It. tripartite,
general involucre of 1—2 leaves, partial of many leaves.—Z. B.
2142. S. pratensis (Bess.)-—St. 1—2 feet high. L. mostly
radical, stem-l. decreasing upwards. FI. pale yellow.—Damp
meadows and pastures. P. VI.—IX. E.S. 1.

21. Mz'um Gaertn. Bald-money.

1. M. athaman’'ticum (Gaertn.) ; 1. bipinnate, leaflets in many
threadshaped acute segments.—J#. B. 2249.—St. 1—2 feet high,
round, clothed at the base with the fibrous remains of the de-
cayed petioles. Fl. many, whitish yellow. General involucre
of 2 or 3 leaves, partial more numerous. Highly aromatic.—
Dry mountainous pastures. P. VI. VII. E. 8S.

22. Crita’Mum Zinn. Samphire.

1. C. maritimum (L.).—#. B. 819.—St. 6—12 in. long. L.
fleshy, 2—3-pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, narrowed at both ends,
few. Involucre of many lanceolate acute leaves. Fl. whitish.
—On rocky sea-coasts. P. VIII. E.§. I.

|

ANGELICA.—PEUCEDANUM. 175

Tribe VI. Angelicec.

23. ANGELICA Linn. em. Hofim.

1. A. sylvestris (L.) ; leaflets equal ovate-lanceolate or ovate
incise-serrate not decurrent, lateral Its. rather unequal at the
base.—Z#. B. 1128,—St. 2—3 feet high, slightly downy above,
purplish. Fl. pinkish white. Inv. deciduous. Lts. often sub-
cordate at the base.—Wet places. P. VII. VIII. EK. 8. 1

24. ARCHANGEL'ICA Hoffm.

[A. officindlis (Hoffm.) ; leaflets all sessile partly decurrent,
terminal It. trifid, foliage stalks and even fl, bright green, 1. 2—
3 feet wide (Z. B. 2516), is not a native. Watery places. P.
VII.—IX.]

_ 25. SeLtinum Linn. em. Hoffm.

1. S. Carvifolia (L.); st. angular furrowed, rays of umbel
scabrous.—J. of B. xx. 129. t. 229. R. xxi, 101.—L. 2—3-pin-
nate; lts. with linear-lanceolate mucronate serrulate lobes.
No general invol., partial of many linear acuminate scales.—
Broughton wood, Lincolnshire. Between Fordham and Chip-
penham, Cambridgeshire. P. VII. VIII.

Tribe VII. Peuwcedanee.

26. PEUCED’ANUM Linn. em. Koch,

1. P. officindle (L.) ; 1.5 times ternate, leaftets linear very long
acute flaccid, general involucre 3-leaved deciduous, pedicels
much longer than the fruit.—#. B. 1767.—Fl. yellow. St.
terete, striate, 2—3 feet high. Stripes of the commissure super-
ficial— Salt marshes. Kent. Essex. P. VIJ.—IX. E.

2. P. palustre (Moench) ; 1. 3-pinnate, leaflets pinnatiyid with
linear-lanceolate acuminate segments, general involucre of many
persistent lanceolate deflexed leaves, st. furrowed.—Selinum Sm.
E, B. 229.— St. erect, 3—5 feet high, FI. white. Stripes of
the commissure deeply seated.—Marshy and fenny places, rare.
eaVell. VALLI. E. 8.?

+3. P. Ostruithvum (Koch) ; 1. biternate, leaflets broadly ovate
lobed cut and serrate, sheath very large, general involucre 0, cal.-
segments inconspicuous. Fr. broadly winged.—Z#. B. 1380.—
St. 1—2 feet high. Fl. white.—Moist meadows, rare. P. VI.
Masterwort. Ss.

176 37. UMBELLIFERA.

27. Pastina’ca Linn. em. Koch. Parsnep.

1. P. sativa (L.) ; st. angular furrowed, 1. pinnate downy be-
neath, leaflets ovate-oblong crenate-serrate often with a lateral
lobe at the base, inv. 0, fr. oval_—H. B. 556. Peucedanum
(Benth.)—St. 2—3 feet high. Fl. yellow. L. generally shining
eee downy beneath.—Hedgebanks on a calcareous shy

28. Herac’Leum Linn. Cow-parsnep.

1. H. Sphondyl'ium (1.) ; 1. pinnate, leaflets lobed or pinna-
tifid cut and serrate, fr. at length glabrous.—Z. 5. 939.—St.
4 feet high. Lower l. very large. L. sometimes narrow (var.
angustifolium Huds.). Umbels large flattish. Fl. white or
reddish, outer fl. radiant.—Hedge-banks. P. VII. a

29. TorpyLt1um Linn. em., DC. Hartwort.

+1. 7. maximum (L.); outermost pet. radiant with 2 equal
lobes, partial involucres linear shorter than the umbel, fr. hispid
the thickened margin slightly crenate.—#. B. 1173.—St. 2—4
feet high. Fl.reddish.—Waste ground, veryrare. A. VII. E.

[7’. officindle (L.), #. B. 2440, was a mistake.]

Tribe VIII. Silerinec.
30. Sr'LER Crantz em. Scop.

LS. trilébum (Crantz).—R. xxi, 153. J. of B. ix. t. 118.—St.
solid, glaucous when young. Radical 1. triternate, irregularly
and coarsely serrate, long-stalked, dark green, glabrous. St.-l.
ternate. Umbels terminal, large. Inv. of 1—3, partial of 5—8
bracts. Fr. large, crowned with persistent reflexed styles.—
Naturalized at Cherry Hinton, Camb. P. V. VI.] E.

Tribe IX. Daucinee.
31. Dav'cus Linn. Carrot.

1. D. Carcta (L.) ; radical 1. with an oblong narrow outline
bipinnate with incise-dentate Its, and acute segments, upper 1.
broader below with lanceolate segments.—Z. B. 1174.—St. 2—
3 ft. high, hairy ; branches ascending. Umbel of fr. usually
concave [sometimes convex with mature fr., f. convexa, Linton]. Prickles

—

CAUCALIS.—TORILIS. 177

of fr. slender, mostly distinct, about equalling its breadth,
spreading tipped with 1—3 recurved minute bristles.— Pastures.
B. VL_VIIL. E. 8.

2. D. gum'mifer (All.); radical lb. triangular broad 2—3-
pinnate with ovate cut or pinnatifid Its. and b/wnt mucronate
segments, upper |. narrower below.—D. maritimus (With. not
Lam.).—Z. B, 2560.—St. short, very hispid below ; branches
divaricate from the base. Prickles of fr. usually flattened and
often united below and shorter than its breadth, incurved, tip-
ped with one bristle. L. shining above, rather fleshy. Umbel
of fr. usually convex.—The forms of Daucus on the South coast
deserve further study.—Sea-coasts in the South-west, rare. B.
VII. VILLI. E. I.

SuborderII. Campylosperme. TribeX. Caucalinece.

32. Cavu’canis Linn. em. Hoffm. Hen’s-foot.

1. C. daucoides (L.); 1. bipmnate, leaflets pinnatifid with
linear-acute segments, general involucre 0, partial umbels of few
fl. with involucres of 3—5 leaves, secondary ridges of the fr.
each with one row of glabrous hooked prickles.—E. B. 197.—
St. 6—12 in. high, furrowed, hairy at the joints. General
umbels 3-cleft; partial bearing about 3 large oblong very
ecu fruits. FJ. small, reddish.—Cornfields on a chalky soil.

+2. C. latifolia (L.) ; l. pinnate leaflets lanceolate decurrent
coarsely serrate, inv.-1. oblong membranous, secondary ridges of
the fr. with 2 or 3 rows of retrorsely scabrous prickles.—Z. RP.
198. Turgenia Hoffm.—St. 1—2 feet high, rough. General
umbels about 3-cleft; partial bearing about 5 large oblong
very prickly fruits. Fl. large, pink.—Cornfields, mostly on. a

chalky soil, very rare. Formerly abundant in Cambridgeshire.
A, VII. K.

33. Torr Lis Gaertn. em., Hofim. _Hedge-Parsley.

_ 1. T. Anthris'cus (Gmel.) ; 1. bipinnate, leaflets ovate-oblong
incise-serrate, umbels long-stalked terminal, general involucre
of many leaves, fr. with subulate incurved prickles not hooked
at the tip —E. B. 987.—St. erect, 1—3 feet high. Umbels on
long stalks. Fr. densely prickly. Fl. small, white or reddish.
—Hedges and banks. A. VII. VIII. ESS. 1.

M

178 37. UMBELLIFER 2.

2. 7. arvensis (Link); 1. bipinnate, Its. ovate-lanceolate
incise-serrate, wmbels long-stalked terminal, general inv. of one
leaf or 0, fr. with spreading asperous prickles hooked at the
tip.— FE. B.1314. T.infesta (Spr.), 7. helvetica (Gm.), Caucalis
arvensis (Huds.).—St. erect, usually much and densely branched,
6—18 in, high. Umbels on long stalks. Fr. densely prickly,
primary ridges with adpressed prickles. Fl. small, white or
reddish. Styles scarcely twice as long as the stylopode.—
Fields, A. VII. VIII. : E.

3. 7’. noddésa (Gaertn.) ; lower |. bipinnate, upper |. pinnate, Its.
deeply narrowly and uniformly pinnate, wnbels nearly sessile
dense /ateral, no involucres, outer carpels with bristles hooked
at the tip, inner often warted.—H#H. B. 199.—St. diffuse, often
prostrate. Umbels very small, nearly globular.—Banks and
dry places.—A. V.—VII. E.S. 1.

Tribe XI. Scandicinee.

34. Scan’pix Linn. em., Gaertn. Shepherd’s Needle.

1. S. Pec'ten-véneris (L.); fr. rough dorsally compressed
glabrous with bristly edges, beak three times as long as fruit,
Its. of partial inv. entire or bifid longer than the pedicels.—
£. B. 1397.—St. often a foot high. L. light green, triply
pinnate ; segments short linear. Umbels 1—2 together, small.
Fl. often slightly radiant. Styles always straight. Stylopode
purple. Fr. and beak nearly 2 in. long. Partial involucres
sometimes much divided.—Fields. A. VI.—IX. E: 8. I.

35. CHzZROPHYL'LUM Linn. em., Bab. Chervil.
* Ridges only apparent on the beak of the fr.; no stripes.
AntHriscus Bernh. emend.

1. C. sylves'tre (L.); st. hairy below glabrous upwards
swollen below the joinings, wmbels terminal stalked, 1. bi-
pinnate, leaflets pinnatifid, fr. smooth and shining narrow to |
its tip.—Anthriscus Hoffm. #. B. '752.—St. 3 feet high, erect,
leafy, furrowed, hollow, branched. Partial involucre of several
ovate-lanceolate cilate leaflets. Umbels at first drooping.
Pet. oblong-obovate, scarcely emarginate, with a short inflexed —
point,—Hedges and banks. P.IV.—VI. Wild ern ing

[C. Cerefclium (Crantz) ; st. hairy above the joinings only, ©
umbels lateral sessile, 1. tripinnate, leaflets ovate mpamoees, ’
fr. linear smooth about twice as long as its beak.—C. sativum

MYRRHIS,—CONIUM. 179

(Lam,), Anth. Cerefolium (Hoffm.).—2#. 6. 1268.—St. 1—3
feet high, slender, striate, much branched. Partial involucre
of 3 unilateral linear-lanceolate leaflets. Peduncles downy.—
Waste ground. Probably an escape from cultivation. A. V.
VI. Garden-Chervil.} E.8.1

2. O. Anthris'cus (Crantz); st. glabrous, wmbels lateral
stalked, |. tripinnate, leaflets pinnatifid, fr. ovate with hooked
bristles about twice as long as its glabrous beak.—#. B. 818.
A. vulgaris (Pers. not Bernh.).—St. erect, 2 feet high, branched.
L. slightly hairy. Umbels on rather short stalks. Partial
involucre of few ciliate leaflets.—Waste places. <A. V. ink ;

** Radges 5, equal, blunt ; stripes solitary.

3. C. tem’'ulum (L.); st. thickened beneath the joinings
rough, |. bipinnate leaflets ovate-oblong pinnatifid with rather
acute mucronate segments, pet. glabrous, styles equalling the
stylopode.—E. B. 1521.—St. 3—4 feet high, round, soled, spotted,
rough below, hairy near the top. Umbels at first nodding.
Pet. deeply obcordate.—Hedge-banks. P. VI. VII. Rough
Chervil. Ev Sl.

36. Myr’ruts Scop. Sweet Cicely.

1. WM. Odordta (Scop.); 1. downy beneath, leaflets of the
partial involucres lanceolate-acuminate.—/, B. 697.—St. 2—3
feet high, round, leafy, hollow. L. very large, tripinnate.
Leaflets ovate-lanceolate pinnatifid. Umbels terminal.
many, white. Fr. large, nearly an inch long, dark brown.
Whole plant highly aromatic. Pastures in hilly districts.
Pp. V. VL; E.S. I.

Tribe XII. Smyrniec.

37. EcHINOPH’oRA Linn.

[1. #. spindsa (L.) ; 1. pinnate, leaflets pinnatifid with spinous
awlshaped entire segments.—/, B. 2413.—Formerly found on
the Lancashire and Kentish shores. P. VII.] E.

38. Conit'um Linn. Hemlock.

1. C. maculdtum (L.) ; leaflets of the partial involucres uni-
lateral ovate-lanceolate with an attenuate point shorter than
the umbels.—Z. B. 1191.—St. 3—5 feet high, erect, round,
hollow, glaucous, spotted with purple, branched. L. tripinnate ;
leaflets lanceolate, pinnatifid with acute cut segments. Readily

180 37. UMBELLIFER#.—38. HEDERACE.

distinguished by its foetid smell, spotted stem, unilateral partial
involucres, and wavy crenate ridges of the fruit. Highly poison-
ous.—Hedge-banks and waste places. B. VI. VII. E.S.I.

39. Dana All.

1. D. cornubien'sis (Burnat) ; radical 1. triternate, leaflets
wedge-shaped cut or deeply 3-lobed.with acute segments,
stem-]. ternate lanceolate entire.—H. Bb. 683. Physospermum
cornubien'se (DC.).—St. 1—3 feet high, erect, round, striate,
bearing a few small ternate leaves with linear-lanceolate
segments, the uppermost represented by a barren lanceolate
acute sheath. Umbels terminal and axillary, long-stalked.
Carp. longer than broad ; the coat loose. Seed free—Devon
and Cornwall, rare. P. VII. VIII. E

40. Smyr’Ntum Linn. em., Koch. Alexanders.

1. S. Olusdtrum (L.); st. terete, stem-l. ternate stalked
serrate.—H. B. 230.—St. 3—4 feet high, stout, branched,
leafy, furrowed. Radical 1. very large, 3—4 times ternate;
all with large membranous sheaths and large ovate shining
cut and serrate leaflets. Fl. greenish yellow in rounded often
dense umbels. Fr. nearly black, aromatic.—Waste ground
and near ruins. B. V. VI EK. S21.

Suborder III. Celosperme. Tribe XIII. Coriandree.

41. Cortan’DRuM Linn. em. Hoffm. Coriander.

[1. C. sativum (L.).—£. B. 67.—St. 12—18 in. high, leafy,
round, striate. L. bipinnate. cut, with broad roundish or wedge-
shaped segments ; upper ]. more divided with linear segments.
Fl. white-—Waste places, scarcely naturalized. A.VI.] E.S.

Order XXXVIII. HEDERACE.

Cal. 4—5 toothed, adnate to the ovary. Pet. 5—16, rarely
wanting ; valvate in the bud, Stam. as many as the pet. and
alternate with them or twice as many, inserted below the margin
of an epigynous disk. Ovary with 2 or more cells. Styles as
many as the cells. Fr. succulent or dry, of several cells each
with 1 pendulous seed. Perisperm fleshy. Embryo minute —
(not so in our Hedera).—L. alternate without stipules.

39. CORNACE. 181

1. HepERA. Cal. superior, limb of 5 teeth. Pet. 5—10,
not cohering at the apex. Stam. 5—10. Styles 5—10,
connivent or combined into one. Berry 5-celled and 5-
seeded, crowned with the calyx.

1. Hep’ErRa Zann. em., Don. Ivy.

1. H. Hélix (L.); |. coriaceous ovate or cordate and 5-lobed,
lobes angular, umbels simple downy erect.—#. B. 1267.—
Climbing by means of rootlike fibres. L. of the flowering
_ branches ovate-oblong, acute, entire. Berries black. Embryo
like that of Cornacee.—Rocks, old walls, hedges. Sh. PS at

Order XXXIX. CORNACE#.

Cal. 4-lobed, adnate to the ovary. Pet. 4, oblong, broad at
the base, inserted at the top of the calyx-tube; valvate in
the bud. Stam. 4. Ovary 2-celled. Style filiform. Fruit
a drupe, crowned with the remains of the calyx. Seed
pendulous, solitary. Embryo in the axis of fleshy perisperm
and as long as it—Leaves opposite, exstipulate.

§:1. Cornus. Calyx-limb superior, of 4 teeth. Pet.4. Stam,
4, Style 1. Drupe with a 2-celled and 2-seeded nut.

1. Cor'nus Linn.

1. C. sanguin’ea (L.) ; arborescent, branches straight, 1. ovate
cuspidate green on both sides, cymes flat without an involucre.
—F. B. 249. St. 52.3.—Shrub 5—6 feet high. Old bark red-
dish. Fl. many, white, in terminal cymes. Fr. dark purple.
L. mostly opposite, strongly veined, acutely cuspidate, rounded
below.—Hedges and thickets. Sh. VI. Dog-wood. E. I.

2. C. suécica (L.) ; herbaceous, 1. all opposite sessile ovate, fl.
umbellate shorter than the 4-leaved petal-like involucre.—E. B.
310. St. 52. 1—Flowering shoots about 6 in. high, annual,
springing from the procumbent or subterranean creeping woody
leafless stems. FI]. dark purple with yellow stamens, in a small
solitary terminal umbel with an inv. of 4 ovate white I. tipped
with purple, Fr. red——Moist alpine moors. P. VII. ES.

182 40. LORANTHACE®.—41. CAPRIFOLIACE.

Division II]. COROLLIFLORA.
(Orders XL.—LXIII.")

Pet. united. Stamens epipetalous ; except in Hricacew and
part of Plantaginacee, which have hypogynous, and Campanu-
lacece, which has epigynous stamens.

Order XL. LORANTHACE.

Cal. adnate to the ovary, with two bracts at its base ; limb
entire or lobed. Cor.of 4—8 more or less united petals. Stam.
as many as and opposite to the petals, with which the filaments
more or less combine ; anth. sometimes adnate to the petals.
Ovary 1, 1-celled with 1 pendulous ovule. Style filiform or 0.
Stigmacapitate. Fr.succulent. Perisperm fleshy.—Parasitical
plants with entire mostly opposite leaves.and no stipules. Con-
nects this Division with Div. Calyciflore and Monochlamydee.

1. Viscum. Dicecious. Male: Cal. 0. Pet. 4, ovate, fleshy,
united atthe base. Anth. adnate to the petals, many-celled.
Fem. : Cal. an obscure entire superior margin. Pet. 4, erect,
somewhat triangular, minute. Stigma sessile, blunt.
Berry 1-seeded, crowned with the calyx.

1. Vis‘cum Linn. Mistletoe.

1. V. album (L.) ; st. repeatedly forked, branches terete, 1.
ovate-lanceolate blunt, fl..in the forks of the stem sessile clus-
tered.—#. B. 1470.—Evergreen, yellow, succulent. Spreads
by runners under living bark of tree. Male fl. about 3 together,
female about 5, yellowish. Berries white, pellucid, globular,
viscid. L. of male plant broader.—Parasitical on various trees,
Pe ate ay E.

Order XLI. CAPRIFOLIACEZ.

Cal. adnate to the ovary, usually with bracts at the base ;
limb 4—5-lobed. Cor. regular or irregular, 4—5-cleft. Stam.
4 or 5, free, on the corolla, and alternate with the lobes. Ovary

1 Orders XL.—XLVI. and Tribe 3 of XLVII. are often regarded as Calyci.

floral. Their ovary is inferior. Order XL. is sometimes placed in |

Monochlamydez.

ADOXA.—SAMBUCUS. 183

3—5-celled. Stigmas 1—3. Fruit not bursting, 1- or many-
celled, usually fleshy. Perisperm fleshy.—L. opposite. Stip.
rare.

1, Adoxa. Cal. 4-inferior, 2—3-cleft. Cor. rotate, 4—5-
lobed. Stam. 8—10, in pairs alternate with the lobes of cor. ;
anth. 1-celled,' Styles 5—10. Fr. 4—5-celled ; cells 1-
seeded.—L. ternate, lobed.

2. Sampucus. Cal.-limb_5-cleft.. Cor. rotate, 5-lobed.
Stam.5. Stigmas3,sessile. Fr. 3—4-seeded.—L. pinnate.

3. VizsuRNUM. Cal.-limb 5-cleft. Cor. bell- or funnel-shaped,
5-lobed. Stam. 5. Stigmas 3, sessile. Fruit 1-seeded.—
L. simple.

4, LonicerA. Cal.-limb small, 5-cleft. Cor. tubwar or
funnelshaped, limb 5-fid or irregular. Stam. 5. Style filr-
form. Stigma capitate. Fruit 1—3-celled, few-seeded.

5. Linna&a. Cal.-limb 5-cleft, with lanceolate subulate equal
deciduous segments. Cor. turbinate, bell-shaped, 5-lobed.
Stam. 4,rarely 5,2longer. Style filiform ; stigma capitate.
Fr. dry, 3-celled ; 2 cells barren, 1 single-seeded.—T wo
large and 2 minute bracts at the base of the fruit.

1. Apox’s Linn. Moschatel.

1. A. Moschatel’lina (L.)—H. B. 453.—Rhizome white,
fleshy, toothed, soboliferous. St. solitary, erect, simple, 3—4
in. high, with 2 opposite leaves, and a head of 4 whorled and 1
terminal flowers. Root-l. ternate, 3-lobed.. Stam. often more
or less united in pairs, showing their number to be normally 4.
Odour musky. Terminal fl. usually divided in fours, the others
in fives, but the numbers vary.— Woods and shady hedge-banks.
PadVaN. E. 8.1.

2. SamBu'cus Linn, Elder.

1. S. Hb'wus(L.) ; herbaceous, st. furrowed, stip. leaflike ovate
serrate, 1. pimnate, leaflets lanceolate serrate, cyme with 3 prin-
cipal branches.—#. B. 475.—St. 2—4 feet high: Cymes ter-
minal, compact. Fl. white, reddish externally ; anth. purple.
Fr. reddish black.—Hedge-banks. P. VIII. Dwarf Elder.

E. 8. L

Danewort.

2. S. nigra (L.); aborescent, stip. inconspicuous or wanting, |.
pinnate, leaflets ovate cuspidate serrate, cymes with 5 principal
branches.—Z#. £. 476.—A small tree. Cymes large, terminal.

184 41. CAPRIFOLIACE.

Fl. cream-coloured. Fr. black, rarely green or white.—*g.
lacincata (Lam.); 1. 2—3-pinnate, Its. laciniate.—y. rotundi-
folia (DC.) ; lts. usually 3 orbicular.—Woods and hedges. y.
Isle of Wight. T. VI. Eider. E. 8.1.

3. Vinur'NumM Linn. Guelder-rose.

1. V. Lantdna (L.); l. oblong with a cordate base finely
denticulate-serrate downy beneath, stip. 0, pubescence stellate.
—#, &..331.—A shrub with round mealy branches. Young
shoots, petioles, and undersides of the 1. densely, upperside more
sparingly, covered with stellate down. Cymes terminal. FI.
white, not radiant, all perfect ; fr. black —Hedges and thickets
on a calcareous soil. T.V. Mealy Guelder-rose. W ayfaring
tree. :

2. V. Op'ulus (L.) ; 1. 3—5-lobed, lobes acuminate and den-
tate, stip. (?) linear, petioles with glands.—L.. B. 332. St. 27.
6.—Branches glabrous, tetragonal when young. _L. slightly
downy beneath, with linear adnate stipules (?). Cymes large,
with linear bracts ; fl. white, inner ones fertile, outer barren
and radiant. Fr. red.—Hedges and thickets. T. VI. VII.
Common Guelder-rose. E. 8. I.

4. Lonicr’RA Linn. em., DC. Honeysuckle.

ti. L. Caprifolium (L.) ; fl. ringent whorled terminal sess?/e,

1. deciduous glabrous on both sides blunt, upper /. connate-per-
foliate, style glabrous.—H. B. 799.—St. twining. Fl. white or
purplish. Fr. orange. Pericarp and placenta becoming fleshy.
Upper aoe of leaves connate, the rest aaa Leieracn
h. V. VI. .

2. L. Periclym'enum (L.); jl. ringent in terminal stalked
clusters, /. all distinct deciduous oval, st. twining.—/. 4. 800.
—FI. pale yellow, externally red. Fr.red. Pericarp, placenta,
bracts, and axis becoming fleshy. L. sometimes downy
beneath, often lobed when young.—Woods and hedges. Sh.
VI—IX. Honeysuckle. Woodbine. E.;8. I

3. L. Xylos'teum (L.) ; peduncles 2-flowered downy as long as
the flowers, calyx-limb deciduous, berries slightly connected
at the base, |. oval downy, st. erect.—#. &. 916.—Shrub. FI.
pale yellow. L., bracts, cal., cor. externally, filaments, and
style downy. Fr. scarlet.—Thickets. Native in Sussex
(Borrer). Sh. V. E.

42, RUBIACE. 185

Symphoricarp'os racemosus (Michx.), @ North American shrub, with roundish
entire or sinuate-lobed 1., fl. in small terminal and axillary racemes, the cor.
bellshaped pink bearded within and with large opaque greenish-white 4-celled
2-seeded berries, is often planted in hedges. Snowberry. |

5. Linnaz’a Linn.

1. L. boredlis (L.).—E. B. 433.—St. trailing and creeping.
L. opposite, broadly ovate, stalked, dark green above, paler
beneath. Peduncles long, erect, 2-flowered from short lateral
branches with 2—4 leaves. Fl. drooping, flesh-coloured, purple
within.—Woods chiefly of fir, in the North. P. VII.

Order XLII. RUBIACEZ.

Cal. superior, entire or lobed. Cor. regular, 4—6-lobed.
Stam. 4—5, alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 1,
2-celled, with solitary erect ovules. Style 1, often bifid. Stig-
mas2. Fr.adidymous indehiscent pericarp. Embryo straight
in horny albumen.—St. herbaceous, square. Many raphides.

1. SHERARDIA. Cor. funnelshaped. Fr. crowned with the
deeply 6-toothed calyx, dry.—F]. umbellate, involucrate.

2. AspERULA. Cor. funnelshaped. Fr. dry. Limb of the
calyx inconspicuous.

3. Gatium. Cor. rotate, 4-fid. Fr. dry. Limb of cal. in-
conspicuous.

4. Rusia. Cor. rotate, 5- (or rarely 4-) fid. Mr. succulent,
2-lobed. Limb of cal, inconspicuous.

1. SHERAR DIA Linn. Field-Madder.

1. S. arven'sis (L.).—#. &. 891.—St. mostly decumbent,
branched, leafy. L. 6 in a whorl, obovate-lanceolate, acute.
FI. lilac, ina small sessile terminal umbel with 7—8 inv.-leaves.
Cal.-segm. 4, 2 bifid. [a. cal.-teeth lanceolate aciculate accrescent; f.
mutica (Wirtg.) cal.-teeth triangular not aciculate not accrescent. |—Fields.

V.—VII. : IDE SHI
2. ASPER'ULA Linn.

1. A. cynan'chica (L.); 1. 4 i a whorl linear, upper pair
much smaller, fl. corymbose, bracts lanceolate mucronate, cor.
rough.—#. &. 33.—Root fusiform. Stems many, diffuse or
ascending, branched. Lowest 1. obovate; interm. obovate-
lanceolate; uppermost lanceolate-attenuate. Fl. generally lilac.

186 42. RUBIACER.

Fr. wrinkled and tubercled.— Dry banks in limestone districts.
P. VI. VIL. Quinancy-wort. IDA

2. A. odorata (L.); 1. 6—9 in a whorl lanceolate, margins
rough with forward prickles, fl. in stalked terminal cymose
corymbs, fr. hispid.—H. B. 755.—St. erect, about 6 in. high.
Fl. white. L. broad, lower usually in sixes. Whole plant
fragrant.— Woods. P. V. VL. Woodruff. E. 8. I.

[A. arven’sis (L.) ; 1. 6—10 in a whorl linear-lanceolate blunt,
fl..clustered terminal surrounded by long ciliate bracts, fr.
glabrous.—E. B. S.2792.—hike Sherardia arvensis. F1. bright
blue.—Introduced. A. VI.] E.

[A. taurina (L.); 1. 4 in a whorl] elliptic acuminate 3-veined,
fl. corymbose, cor.- -tube very long, fr. rather rough.—Sy. #. B.
662.—Cadeby, Leices. Casterton, Westm. | E.

3. Ga'tium Linn. em. Scop. Bedstraw.
A. Leaves 3-veined.

* Fl.in a terminal panicle, perfect, white ; fr.-stalks erect.

1. G. boredle (L.) ; 1. 4in a whorl lanceolate, st. erect panicled,
fruitstalks patent, fr. covered with hooked bristles. —E. B.105.—
St. about 18 in. high ; branches many, leafy. Fl. in compact
panicles.—Moist rocky places. P. VII. VIII. K.NS..1.

** Fl, axillary, yellow; lateral fl. imperfect ; fr.-stalks
deflexed.
2. G. Crucidta (Scop.) ; l. 4 in a whorl elliptic-oblong hairy,
fl. corymbose bracteate, ter minal jl. fertile, lateral fl. mostly male,
fr. smooth.—Z. B. 143.—St. simple above, 1 —2 feet high, hairy.

Fl. small, about 8 together in small corymbs, falling short of the
leaves. —Hedges and thickets. P.V. VI. Crosswort. ES.

B. Leaves 1-veined. Root annual.
* Flowers axillary ; lateral jl. imperfect.
[G. sacchardtum (All.).—#. B. 2173.—Accidental. A. VI.
—VIII.]
** Fl. in axillary cymes, all perfect, white or greenish.

3. G. tricor'ne (Stokes in With.) ; 7. 6—8 in a whorl linear- —
lanceolate with marginal backward prickles, st. rough with

GALIUM. 187

deflexed prickles, cymes 3-flowered, fr. granwar on reflexed
peduncles.—Z. B. 1641.—St. procumbent, spreading. FI.
small, all 3 appearing perfect, the middle one usually alone
fertile, cream-coloured. Fr. large, a double globe, covered

with small granulations.—Dry calcareous fields,
—IX. E.

4, @. Aparine (L.); 1. 6—8 in a whorl linear-lanceolate with
marginal Bacewticd prickles, st. rough with deflexed prickles,
cymes few- (about 3-) flowered, fruitstalks divaricate straight,
Fruit covered with short hooked bristles.—L. B. 816.—St. strag-
gling amongst bushes, 3—4 feet long. The marginal prickles
near the extremity of the 1. point forwards, the rest backwards.
Fl. small pale. Ped., or rather flowering branches, with several
]. at the primary divisions. Ir. large-—Common. =
VIII. Goose-grass. Cleavers. E, 8. 1

5. G. spuirium (L.) ; 1. 6—8 in a whorl linear-lanceolate with
marginal backward prickles, st. rough with deflexed prickles,
cymes with 3—9 flowers, fruitstalks divaricate straight.—Closely
resembling the preceding ; distinguished by its more numerous
green flowers, floral leaves solitary (“or in pairs”), fruit of
about half the size.—o.; fr.smooth. #. B. 1871.—f. G. Vail-
lantw (DC.); fr. hispid. #, B. S. 2943.—Fields.. «. Forfar ;
8. Saffron Walden and Chesterford, Essex. Oxon, Dorset,
Warwicksh. A. VII. E.§.

6. G.ang'licum (Huds.) ; 1. about 6 in a whorl linear-lanceolate
bristle-pointed with marginal forward prickles, st. rough with
deflexed prickles, cymes small forked with divaricate bifid
branches.—#, B. 384.—St. 6—8 in, high, spreading, slender,
brittle. L. usually 6 in a whorl, the lowermost sometimes in
fours.. Branches of the small panicles often spreading nearly at
right angles with their stalk. Fr. granular, nearly black.—
Old walls and dry sandy places. A. VI. VII. E.

C, Leaves 1-veined. Root perennial. FI. in terminal panicles,
white (except in G. verum).

* Fruit not granular. No downward prickles on the stem.

7. G.erec' tum (Huds.) ; 7. about 8 ina whorl lanceolate mucro-
nate the margins rough with forward prickles, midrib slender,
branches of the pyranudal panicle all ascending, fruitstalks diva-
ricate, fr. oval smooth, pet. taper-pointed.—Z#. B. 2067.—St.
glabrous or hairy, erect, not much branched. L. lanceolate,
scarcely at all obovate, those of the main st. erect, patent ;
veins not translucent ; margins with 2 rows of prickles pointing

188 42. RUBIACE.

forwards. Fl. white.—a. ; 1. lanceolate.—_[. G. cinerewm (Sm.);
].6—8 in a whorl linear. Z#. B.S. 2783. Perhaps a distinct
species. G. diffuswm (Hook.), but a doubtful native.J—G@. aris-
tatum (Sm.) has 1. in sixes, but is probably a state of this species.
£. B.S. 2784.—Banks and pastures. P. VI. and IX. Eu,

8. G. Mollrgo (L.) ; 1. about 8 in a whorl lanceolate-obovate
or obovate-oblong cuspidate the margins rough with forward
prickles, branches of the broad pan. spreading /ower ones hori-
zontal or deflexed, fruitstalks divaricate, fr. glabrous.—Z. B.
1673.—St. ascending or diffuse, square, thickened at thejoinings,
glabrous or hairy. L. slightly translucent, veined, hardly
separated at the base, those of the main st. horizontal or declin-
ing. Pan. large. FI. small, white. Styles nearly free.—e.
G. insubricum (Gaud.) ; 1. about 6 in a whorl obovate abruptly
cuspidate, pan.-branches few-flowered terminating in trichoto-
mous umbels, floral 1. large, bracts large usually solitary.—
y. Bakert (Syme); 1. 6—8 in a whorl linear-lanceolate, pan.
with few-flowered ascending branches. It may be distinct.—
Hedges and thickets. P. VII. VIII. EK. 8. 1.

9. G. vérum (L.) ; l. about 8 in a whorl linear-setaceous with
revolute margins channelled above downy beneath,panicles many
small densely flowered subterminal, fruitstalks patent, frwt
smooth, pet. blunt apiculate-—#. 6. 660.—St. erect, slightly
branched, somewhat woody, with many whorls of narrow de-
flexed leaves. 7. golden yellow, rarely green or straw-coloured,
(ochroleucum! Sy.)usually inmany small dense panicles collected
into a kind of terminal spike. St. and upper surface of the
l. sometimes downy or rough. On loose sands the st. are much
more branched and the fl. sometimes solitary [var. maritimum
Dc. ].—Dry and sandy places. P. VIL. VIII. E.S. 1

**® Fruit granular,mot hairy. St. without downward prickles.

10. G. sawat‘ile (L. sec. Sm.) ; 1. about 6 in a whorl obovate
pointed flat, midrib slender, panicles corymbose small, fl.- antl
fr.-stalks erect-patent, pet. acute. #. B. 815.—St. many
procumbent, much branched. L. suddenly narrowed toa point,
smooth with a few marginal forward prickles ; lower ]. roundly
obovate. It turns black in drying.—Heaths. P. VII. aot

11. G. pumilum (Murr.) ; 1. 6—8 ina whorl linear or linear-
lanceolate mucronate with revolute edges, midrib slender

1 Apparently a hybrid between sp. 8 & 9.—H. & J. G.

GALIUM.—RUBIA. 189

prominent, panicles few-flowered, 7.- and fr.-st. erect-patent, fr.
faintly granular, pet. acute —G. pusillum (Sm.). #. B. 74.
G. sylvestre (Poll.).—St. many, slender, square, diffuse,
ascending. .. often nearly glabrous or with marginal hairs
(not prickles) spreading or backward. Lower part of stem and
leaves sometimes densely covered with patent hairs. Panicle
very variable in size. Fr. very minutely granular.—a«. @. mon-
tanum (Vill.) ; 1. linear-lanceolate, pan. with short ascending
branches and few-flowered cymes.—8. G@. nitidulum (Thuill.) ;
1. linear, pan. with somewhat spreading branches and compact
cymes.—Limestone hills. P. VI. VII. B.S. 1

*** Stem rough with downward prickles.

12. G&. wligindsum (L.) ; 1. 6—8 in a whorl linear-lanceolate
bristle-pointed the margins rough like the angles of the stem
with backward prickles, panicles small axillary few-flowered
trichotomous, the branches patent 3-fid, fruitstalks divaricate
straight, fruit granular—#. £6. 1972.—Continuing green.
Stems slender, brittle, about a foot high, weak. L. usually 6
in a whorl, discoloured at the tip, shortly acuminate. Fr. dark
brown.—Wet places. P. VII. VIII. B.S. 1.

13. G. palus'tre (L.) ; 1.4 in a whorl broadly linear broader
upwards blunt, midrib slender, panicie diffuse, fr.-st. straight,
spreading at right angles, fr. smooth.—Turning blackish when
dry. St. 1—2 feet high, slender, usually branched. F]. small,
white. St. and branches nearly smooth. L. narrow, lowest
usually in sixes, upper in fours of which 2 are smaller.—On
dry ground the i. are broader, those of the barren shoots often
obovate : then known by its blunt |. and downward prickly
stems.—G. Witheringii (Sm.) differs only by having rough
edges to the leavyes.—A very strong form, much larger in all
respects, is the G. elongatum (Presl). Var. microphyllum
(Lange) has narrower and shorter]. &#. 2. 1857.—Wet places
by ditches and rivers. P. VI. VII. EK. S. I.

4. Rusia Linn, Madder.

1. R. peregrina (L.) ; 1.4—6 in a whorl elliptic or lanceolate
shining smooth above without veins the margin and keel rough
with reflexed bristles —2#. &. 851.—Old st. terete; shoots
spreading, square. L. rigid persistent. Fl.in panicled cymes,
Cor. rotate, 5-cleft; lobes oval, suddenly narrowed into a
slender point.—Stoney and sandy thickets chiefly in the south.
P. VI—VIII. E.I.

190 43, VALERIANACES.

Order XLIII. VALERIANACEZ.

Cal. superior ; limb various, toothed, or inconspicuous, or
involute and ultimately resembling a pappus. Cor. tubular,
3—5-lobed, unequal or irregular often spurred or gibbous at
the base. Stam. 1—8, inserted in the tube, free, fewer than
the cor.-lobes. Ovary with 1 perfect fertile cell and often
2 abortive cells; ovule solitary, pendulous. Fr. dry.—No

stipules.

1. KentrANTHUS. Cor. 5-lobed, witha spur. Stam.1. Fr.
1-celled, indehiscent, crowned ‘with the limb of the calyx
expanded into a feather y pappus.

2. VALERIANA. Cor. 5-lobed, gibbous but without a spur.
Stam. 3. Fr. 1-celled, indehiscent, crowned with the limb
of the calyx expanded into a feathery pappus,

3. VALERIANELLA. Cor. 5-lobed, without a spur. Stam. 3.
Fr. 3-celled, indehiscent, crowned with the erect. unequally
toothed limb of the calyx, 2 of the cells usually empty inflated
or filiform.

1. Kentran’tHus Weck.

1. K. riviber (DC.); 1. lanceolate stalked, upper 1. ovate-
lanceolate sessile, spur much shorter than the cor.-tube twice
as long as the germen.—Valeriana Sm. #. B. 1531.—St. 1—
2 feet high. Fl. purple or white—Chalk-pits and old walls.
P. VL—IX. Red Valerian. E, T.

*2, K. Calcitraépa (Dufr.); radical 1. ovate entire, stem-l.
pinnatifid, spur very short. Son EZ. B. 665.—Eltham, Kent
K.

[apparently now extinct].

2. VALERIA' NA Linn. em, Neck. Valerian.

1. V. officindlis (L.) ; 1. all pinnate, lts. 9—21 lanceolate den-
tate-serrate terminal one not larger than the others, st. suleate
solitary, fr. glabrous ovate-oblong.—f. xii. 727. St. 9.—
ii 2—4 ft. hich. Fl. flesh-coloured. Radical 1. on long stalks.

; Its. usually 9—11 near bcp their anterior edge nearly
aS the posterior edge strongly toothed. Wath suckers, not
stoles.—p. V. sambucifolia (Mikan) ; Its. of rt.-l. ovate-acute,
of st.-l. oblong-lanceolate, all toothed on both edges. H. B. 698.
Term. It. of rt.-l. often ’slightly the largest. Stoles long.— |
Ditches, marshes and damp places. P. VI. VII. ES. L

VALERIANELLA. 191

*2. V. pyrendica (L.) ; 1. heartshaped serrate stalked, upper
1. with 1—2 pairs of small lanceolate leaflets—#. B. 1591.—
St. 2—3 feet high, furrowed. FI. light rose-coloured.—Woods,
rare. P. VI. VII. B.S. 0.

3. V. diotea (L.) ; fl. imperfectly dicecious, root-l, ovate stalked,
stem-l. pinnatifid with a large terminal lobe, fr. glabrous.—Z. B.
628. St. 9.—St. a foot or more in height, simple. Fl. flesh-
coloured ; rather large with protruded stam. when barren ; or
small with included stamens and forming a closer corymb when
fertile. Stoloniferous.—Boggy places. P. V. VI. E. 8.

3. VALERIANEL'LA Pollich.

* Fruit with 2 barren cells, fertile cell corky on the back.

1. V. Locus'ta (Betcke) ; fr. compressed oblique, barren cells
without furrows, dissepiment incomplete, bracts ciliate.—V’.
olitdria (Poll.); #. B. 811. St. 2. 3. R. xii. 708.—About 6
in. high. L. ovate-spathulate, upper ones narrower. FI. in
terminal dense cymes with oblong linear opposite bracts. Fr.
3-celled ; 1 cell fertile with its back formed of a thick gibbous
spongy mass usually traversed by one furrow, separated by a
groove on each side from 2 barren slightly confluent cells each
having a slender rib on its side and their junction marked by
a slight furrow, [glabrous or (var. lasiocarpa) pubescent ].—Cornfields

and banks. A.V. VI. Corn-Salad.

** Fruit with 2 barren conspicuous cells, fertile cell not corky.

t2. V. carindta (Loisel.) ; fr. oblong boatshaped crowned with
1 straight tooth, cells nearly equal each with a single rib on the
back, barren cells contiguous in their whole length and with a
deep furrow between them, fl. in dense cymes.—Z. B. S. 2810.
FR. xii. 708.—About 6 in. high. Fl. pale blue. Root-l. spathu-
late, st.-l. oblong. Bracts ciliate. Fr.-section crescent-shaped.
—Hedge-banks, rare. A. IV.—VI. Lambs’ Lettuce. E.S. 1.

3. V. rimdsa (Bast.); fr. subglobose crowned with 1 erect
membranous leaf, barren cellslarger than the fertile onesinflated
contiguous having a narrow furrow between them, fl. scattered.
—F. B. S.2809. FR. xii. 709. V. Auricula(DC.).—About a foot
high. Fl. distant, in the forks of a repeatedly forked cyme.
Lower 1. obovate attenuate downwards, upper 1. oblong.
Bracts ciliate. Section of the fruit nearly round. Crown of
one oblong-blunt obliquely truncate tooth, sometimes with a
minute tooth on each side ; or of 3 acute teeth, of which one
is much the longest and often 3-pointed.—Cultivated land.
A. VII, VIII. E.S.1

192 44. DIPSACACE®,

*** Barren cells 0, or reduced to a rib.

4. V. dentdta (Poll. sec. Soy.-Will.) ; fr. oval crowned with
the small oblique unequally 4-toothed calyx flat in front with
a space enclosed between 2 elevated curved ribs convex
behind, cyme lax spreading its branches long divaricate.—
£. B.1370. Rk. xii. 710. V. Morisonii (DC.).—Teeth of the
crown. spreading or all incurved except the largest. Fr.
smooth or [var. mixta Soy.-Will.] hairy. Fl. corymbose.—
Corn-fields and banks. A. VI. VII. E.S. IL.

5. V. ertocar'pa (Desv.) ; fr. pilose crowned with the large
toothed open nearly regular rather obliquely truncate net-
veined calyx; otherwise like V. dentata.—Sy. EH. B. 673.
#. xii. 712. Coss. Atl. 24 e.—Worc. Dorset, Cornwall. The
Welsh plant is V. dentata. A. VI. E.

Order XLIV. DIPSACACE#.

Fl. capitate, involucrate. Cal. superior, surrounded by an
involucel (or free outer calyx) which closely invests the ripe
fruit. Cor. 4—5 fid with unequal lobes. Stam. 4, inserted in
the tube, free; anth. not cohering. Style 1. Stigma simple.
Ovary 1-celled, with a pendulous ovule. Fr. crowned with the
pappus-like calyx. Embryo in fleshy albumen.—No stipules.

1. Dirsacus. Involucel forming a thickened margin to the
ovary. Calyx cupshaped. Cor. 4-fid. Receptacle with
spinous exserted scales shorter than the involucre. Fr.
with 4 sides and 8 little depressions.

2. Knautta. Involucel terminating in 4 small teeth. Calyx
cupshaped with radiant teeth. Receptacle hairy hemi-
spherical; scales 0. Fr. with 4 sides and 4 little
depressions.

3. Scapiosa. Involucel membranous or minute. Calyx of
4 or 5 bristles. Receptacle cylindrical with sunken scales.
Fr. nearly cylindrical with 8 excavations,

1. Die’sacus Linn. Teasel.

1. D. sylves'tris (Huds.) ; 1. opposite simple sessile, stem-l.
connate, scales of the receptacle straight at the end exceeding the
flowers, involucres curved upwards.—E. B. 1032.—St. 5—6 feet
high, prickly, leafy, branched. Heads of pale lilac fl. large,
conical, overtopped by the slender ascending involucre.—
Hedges and roadsides. B, VIII.IX. Wild Teasel. E.S.11.

KNAUTIA.—SCABIOSA. 193

[D. Fullénum (Li. em. Huds.) ; scales of the receptacle: hooked
at the end equalling the jl. invol. refered, otherwise like D.
sylvestris.—E. B. 2080.—Scarcely naturalized. B. VIII. IX.
Teasel.| EK.

2. D. pildsus (L.) ; 1. stalked with alt, at the base on each side,
scales of the receptacle obovate-cuspidate straight, involucres
deflexed.—#. #. 877.—St. 3—4 feet high. slender, branched,
rough, leafy. //eads of white fl. small, globose, exceeding the
involucres.— Moist shady places. B. VIII. Shepherd’s Rod. E.

2. Knaurta LL, em. Cowt.

1. K. arven'sis (Coult.) ; lower 1. simple, stem-l. pinnatifid,
st. bristly, calyx with about 8 awned teeth.—Z. B. 659.—St. 2
—3 feet high, slightly branched, with a few leaves. Radical ].
many, sometimes pinnately lobed. Fl. purple, in large convex
long-stalked heads ; outer usually unequal and radiant. Inv.
bluntish.—Sometimes 1. all simple narrowly lanceolate entire or
superficially crenate-—Fields. P.VII.—IX. /%eld eee

3. ScaBio’sa Linn. em., Coult. Scabious.
b)

1. S. Suecisa (L.); root-stock abrupt, heads of fl. and fr.
nearly globose, envolucel hairy 4-fid herbaceous, cor. 4-cleft,
]. oblong entire, upper |. narrower mostly entire.—/. L. 878.
—St. 1—3 feet high, rarely branched. Radical ]. many, stem-].
usually few. Jl. all alike, purplish blue, rarely white. St. and
both sides of the J. hairy or glabrous.—Meadows and pastures.
P. VII.—X. Devil’s bit. KS. I.

2. S. Columbdaria (L.) ; heads of fr. globose, involucel membra-
nous notched furrowed throughout, no distinct base, cor. 5-cleft
radiant, radical 1. oblong stalked crenate entire or lyrate, upper-
most |. pinnatifid with lhnear segments.—Z. /. 1211.—St. 12—
18 in. high. Radical 1. blunt, or, rarely, lanceolate and acute,
on long stalks; upper |. rarely entire, linear. FJ. purplish,
anth. yellow.—On a calcareous soil. P. VII. VIII. K.S.

LS. maritima (L.); involucel and its base furrowed, cor. 5-
cleft ; has been found near St. Ouen’s Bay, Jersey ; and 8. atro-
purpiiree (L.) with large dark purple fl., which is probably a var. of it, is
naturalized at Folkestone. ]

N

194 45. COMPOSIT ®.

Order XLV. COMPOSIT &.

FI. surrounded by an involucre formed of scales (phyllaries),
collected together in a head looking like a single flower. Cal.
superior ; limb inconspicuous or forming a toothed bristly or
feathery pappus. Cor. tubular or ligulate ; both kinds in the
same head or only one of them. Stam. 5, inserted in the tube ;
filaments free ; anthers united into a tube surrounding the style,
often with tails at their base. Fr. indehiscent, dry, with an
erect seed without perisperm.—No stipules.

The following arrangement of the genera is different from that
used in the arrangement of the species. In cases of difficulty
they may both be used with advantage.

Suborder 1. CORYMBIFERA.

Flowers of the disk tubular and perfect ; marginal flowers
often ligulate and female or neuter. Style not swollen below
its branches.—Juice watery.

A. Pappus more or less hairlike.
* Anthers without bristles at their base.
+ Leaves opposite, cauline,

(1.) 1. Eupatortum. Heads few-flowered. Phyll. imbri-
cate, oblong. Receptacle naked. //. all tubular-funnel-
shaped, perfect (reddish purple). Anth.ineluded. Branches
of the style exserted, cylindrical, blunt.

+t Leaves radical.

(2.) 2. Perasires. Heads many-flowered. Fem. fl. filiform,
obliquely truncate or shortly ligulate, in many rows in the
fem. heads, none or in 1 row in the male heads. Male fl.
tubular, few and central in the fem. heads, oceupying the
whole disk in the male heads. Receptacle naked. Phyl.
in one row.—Subdicecious. Heads panicled.

(3.) 3. Tusstuaco. Heads many-flowered. Fl. of ray nar-
rowly ligulate, fem. in many rows ; of disk male, tubular,
5-cleft. Receptacle naked. Phyll. in 1 row, with mem-
branous margins.—Heads solitary.

45. COMPOSIT#. 195

+++ Leaves alternate, cauline.

(4.) 22. Senecio. ‘Fl. of ray in 1 row, ligulate, fem.,
rarely 0 ; of disk perfect, tubular. Inv. cylindrical or coni-
cal, of 1 row of equal phil. net membranous at the margin,
with or without smaller scales at its base.

- (5.) 21. Dorontoum. | Fl. of ray in 1 row, ligulate, fem. ; of
disk perfect, tubular. Jnv. hemispherical, of 2 or 3 rows of
equal phyll. Pappus wanting in the ray.

(6.) 8. Leyosygis. Heads not radiant. F1.all perfect, tubu-
lar (yellow). Receptacle naked, pitted ; pits with elevated
dentate margins in our plants. Phyll. imbricate. Fr.
compressed, silky, without a beak.

(7.) 4. Aster. FY. of ray fem., ligulate,in many rows ; of the
disk perfect, tubular. Receptacle naked, pitted. Phyll.
imbricate and a few scales on the peduncle. Pappus in
many rows. Fr. compressed, without a beak.

(8.) 5. Ertceron. 7. of ray fem., ligulate, a 1 row ;
| of the disk mostly perfect, tubular. Receptacle naked.
Phyll.imbrieate. Pappusin many rows. Fr. compressed,
without a beak.

(9.) 7. Sotmaco. Pappus in 1 row. Fr. terete. (FI. all
yellow.) Otherwise like Aster.

** Anthers with 2 bristles at their base.
+ Receptacle without scales. Fr. cylindrical or tetragonal.

(10.) 9. Iyuna. FI. of ray fem., ligulate, rarely subtubular ;
of disk perfect, tubular. Receptacle naked. Phyll. im-
bricate in manyrows. Pappus hair-like, uniform,in 1 row.

(11.) 10. Puntcarta. Phyll. laxly imbricate in a few rows.
Pappus in 2 rows, outer short cuplike membranous toothed
rarely wanting, inner hairlike. Otherwise like /nwa.

++ Receptacle without scales or scaly only at the margin, Fr.
cylindrical or compressed. Pappus hairlike.

(12.) 12. GNapHatium.. f7. all tubvdar ; outer fem. ; central
perfect. Receptacle flat, not scaly. Inv. hemispherical,
imbricate ; phyll. equalling the #l. but not intermixed with
them.—Cor. of the fem. fl. often inconspicuous.

196 45. COMPOSIT#.

(13.) 11. Frnaco. Outer fi. fem., filiform, in several rows ;
outermost ones intermixed with the inner phyllaries ;
central fi. few, perfect, tubular. Receptacle conical,
scaly at the margin. Inv. subconical, imbricate ; phyll.
lanceolate, longer than the flowers.

(14.) 18. ANrENNARIA. Heads subdicecious. Wale fi. tubu-
lar: style almost simple; pappus clavate. Fem. fi. fili-
form. Receptacle convex, not.scaly.. Inv. hemispherical,
imbricate ; phyll. coloured at the end.

B. Pappus 0, or membranous.

+ Receptacle without scales. Heads radiant. Fl. of the ray
fem., ligulate, in 1 row ; of the disk herm., tubular.

(15.) 6. Bretuts, Phyll. in 2 rows, equal, blunt. Receptacle
conical. £7. compressed, Pappus 0.

(16.) 17. CHRYSANTHEMUM. Receptacle flat or concave.
Ir. of disk terete, without wings ; of the ray slightly an-
gular or somewhat winged, Pappus 0 or of 3 minute teeth.

(17.) 16. Marricarta. Receptacle at length conical. Fr.
angular, not winged. Pappus 0, or a slight membranous
border.

++ Receptacle without scales, Heads discoidal.

(18.) 19. ArTEemista. FI. of disk perfect ; of the ray fem.,
slender, in 1 row; or‘all herm, and tubular. Jnvolucre
roundish. Phyl]. imbricate. ~- Receptacle naked or hairy.
Fr. obovate, with a smal/. epigynous disk, without pappus.

(19.) 20. TaNacETUM, FI]. asin Artemisia. Invotucre hemi-
spherical. Phyll. imbricate. Receptacle naked. Fr.
oblene, angular, with a /arge epigynous disk (as broad as
the fruit), crowned with a slight membranous border.

ttt Receptacle scaly. Pappus scale-like.

(20.) 24. Gattnsoca. Heads radiant. Fl. of ray fem.,
ligulate, in one row ; of the disk perfect, tubular. Recep-
tacle conical.. Phyll. 4—5, broad, ciliate, in one row. | Fr.
prismatic, with a pappus of oblong scales.

ttt+t+ Receptacle scaly throughout. Pappus 0.

(21.) 15. Anruemis. Heads radiant, Fl. of the ray fem.,
or neuter, ligulate, in 1 row ; of the disk perfect, tubular.

45. COMPOSITE. 197

Receptacle convex or conical. Phyll. imbricate, of few
rows. Fr. terete, or bluntly tetragonal, without pappus,
but with a more or less prominent margin.

[AnacycuLus.. Fr. compressed, winged at the edges. Other-
wise like Anthemis.]

(22.) 14, ACHILLEA. Heads radiant. Fl. of the ray fem.,
ligulate, short ; of the disk perfect, tubular ; tube plane-
compressed, 2-winged. Receptacle nearly flat, afterwards
often narrow and lengthened. Iny. ovate or oblong.
Phyil. imbricate. /’r. compressed, without pappus.

(23.) 18. Drorts. Heads discoidal. FI. all perfect, tubular ;
tube compressed, with 2 auricles at the base. Receptacle
convex, with concave downy-topped scales. Inv. bell-
shaped. Phyll. imbricate. /%. compressed, crowned with
the persistent auricled tube of the cor. ; pappus 0.

C. Pappus of 2—5 stiff bristles. Receptacle scaly throughout.

(24.) 23. Brpens. Heads discoidal, sometimes radiant. FI.
(of the ray neuter, ligulate ;) of the disk herm., tubular.
Receptacle flat. Phyll. in 2 rows, outer row spreading.
Branches of the style surmounted by short cones. Fr.
compressed, angular, rough at the edges; the angles
ending in 2—5 hispid bristles.

Suborder Il. CYNAROCEPHALEZ.

Flowers all tubular. Style usually thickish below. its
branches, which often combine into a more or less perfect
cylinder. Involucre imbricate.

a. Basal scar of fr. transverse, rounded. Anthers tailed.

25, SaussuREA. Fl. all perfect. Phill. unarmed. Recep-
’ tacle scaly. Pappus in two rows, outer of short rough
bristles, inner feathery.

26. Carina. Fl. all perfect. Outer phyll. lax, leatlike spz-
nous ; inner linear, membranous, coloured and resembling
aray. Receptacle with cleft scales. Pappus in one row
branched and feathery, united in a ring below.

27. Agctrium. Involucre globose. Phyl. ending in hooked
points. Receptacle flat, with rigid subulate scales. Fr.
compressed, oblong. Pappus short, hairlike, distinct.

198 45. COMPOSITE.

b. Fr. attached obliquely, Anthers scarcely tailed.

* Pappus in many rows of different lengths ; inner rew longest,
longer than the fruit.

28. SERRATULA. Heads dicecious by abortion. Phyl/. sharp,
unarmed. Scales of the receptacle split longitudinally into
linear bristies. Fr. compressed, not beaked ; basal scar
oblique. Pappus persistent.

** Pappus in many rows, unequal ; second row longest, equal to
or shorter than the fruit ; rarely none.

29. CENTAUREA. Anthers with papillose filaments. Recep-
tacle chaffy. Fr. attached laterally above the base to the
receptacle. Pappus hairlike, rarely 0.

c. Fr. with a transverse basal scar. Pappus in many rows,
equal, long. Anth. scarcely tailed.

30. ONoporpDUM. Receptacle honeycombed. Fr. 4-ribbed.
Pappus rough. Otherwise like Carduwus.

31. Carpuus. Phyl. simple, spinous, pomted. Receptacle
with fimbriate scales. Fr. compressed, oblong. Pappus
long, hairlike or feathery, united into a ring at the base and
deciduous.—Includes Cnzcus Linn. and Cirsium Scop.

d. Fr. with a transverse basal scar. Pappus in many rows.
Filaments monadelphous, glabrous. Anth. scarcely tailed.

32. Sttypum. Phyll. leaflike at the base, narrowed into
a long spreading spinous point. Receptacle scaly, Fr.
compressed, its terminal scar surrounded by a papillose
ring. Pappus hair- or scale-like, united into a ring at
the base, deciduous.

Suborder III. CICHORIACE or LIGULIFLOR&.
Flowers all ligulate and perfect.—Juice milky.

* Pappus 0. Receptacle without scales.

33. Lapsana. Heads 8—12-flowered. Phyll. in_1 row,
erect, with 4—5 short bracts at their base. Fr. com-
pressed, striate, deciduous, not enveloped in the phyllaries.

45. COMPOSITA. 199

Pa Us like a crown, or of Many entire br: oad seales.
Lipp b)
Receptacle without scales.

. 34. ArnoseriIs. Heads many-flowered. Phyll. in 1 row,
about 12, keeled, linear-lanceolate, a¢ Lagat converging, a
few small bracts at their base. Fr. angular, crowned with
’ a short elevated entire margin.

,

35. CicHorium. Head many-flowered. Phyll. in 2 rows,
| outer of about 5, lax, shortish ; inner of 8—10, longer, con-
verging, at length reflexed. Receptacle sometimes ‘slightly
pilose. Fr. obovate, compressed striate. Pappus of 2 rows
of minute erect chaffy scales.

*** Pappus feathery. Receptacle scaly.

36. Hyrocna@ris. Heads many-flowered. Phyll. oblong,
imbricate. Fr. glabrous, muricate, often beaked. Pappus
in 2 rows, outer short and setaceous, inner long and
feathery ; or in 1 row and feathery.

**** Pappus feathery, or on the exterior frurt scaly.
Receptacle without scales.

37. Turincta. Inv. oblong. Phyll. in 1 row, with a few
additional at the base. I'r. beaked. Pappus in 2 rows;
outer setaceous, deciduous ; inner longer, feathery, dilated
at the base. Marginal row of fruits enveloped in the
phyllaries, scarcely beaked, and with a short crown-like

pappus.

38. Lronropon. Inv. subimbricate ; exterior phyll. much
smaller, in 1—3 rows, Fr. uniform, slightly beaked.
Pappus of all the fr. in 2 rows ; outer setaceous, persistent ;
inner longer, feathery, dilated at the base ; or 2m 1 row
feathery.

39. Tracopocon. Iny. simple, of 8—10 equal phyll. con-
nected at the base. Fr. longitudinally striate, with a long
beak : basal sear lateral. Pappus va many rows, feathery,
interwoven in the ray.

40. Picris. Phyll. in 1 row, equal, with wnequal linear often
spreading ones at the base. Fr. terete, transversely striate,
constricted or slightly beaked above. Pappus in 2 rows,
feathery ; external row rather hairlike.

200 45. COMPOSIT®.

41. Hetminrara. Phyll. in 1 row, equal, with equal subu-
late adpressed ones at the base, and swrrownded by 3—5
leajlike loose bracts, 4’, compressed, transversely rugose,
rounded at theend and with a slender beak longer than the
fruit. Pappus in several rows, feathery.

FAEEE Payppus filiform, deciduous, never feathery nor dilated ut
the base. Receptacle generally without scales. Fruit com-
pressed.

42. Lactuca. Heads few-flowered. Phyll. with a mem-
branous margin, imbricate in 2—4 rows ; outer row shorter.
Fr. plane compressed, contracted and prolonged into a fili-
form beak which is neither crowned nor muricate.

43. Taraxacum. Heads many-flowered.. /nv. double; inner
phyll. in 1 row, erect ; outer few, short, lax or adpressed,
unbricate. /’r. subcompressed, muricate and suddenly con-
tracted above, prolonged into a filiform beak.

44, SoncHus. Heads many-flowered. Phyll. imbricate in
2 or 3 rows, unequal. 7. plane compressed, truncate, not
beaked.

45. Muncepium. Heads many-flowered. Inv. double ; inner
phyll. in 1 row ; outer short, lax,imbricate. /%. compressed,
constricted above, and ending in a ciliate disk. Outer rows
of the pappus rigid and brittle.

KEKE Wit terete, ribbed. Otherwise like the preceding section.

46. Crepis. Heads many-flowered. Inv. double; inner
phyll. in 1 row; outer short, lax. “7. terete, narrowed
upwards or beaked. Pappus soft.

47. Hreractum. Heads many-flowered. Phyll. inabricate,
many, oblong. Fr. truncate, not beaked, with a very short
crenulate margin. Pappus brittle.

[Anomalous Genus. Order AmBpRostace# Link. |

{48. Xanruium. Heads monccious.—Male : inv. of 1 row
of free phyll., many-flowered. Receptacle scaly. Cor.
funnelshaped, 5-cleft. Anth. free. Stigma blunt, entire.
—Fem. fl. 2, enclosed within the inv. which ends in 1—2
beaks, is covered with hooked spines, and hardens over the
fruit. Cor. 0, Stam. 0. Stigmas 2, diverging, linear.
Fr. compressed, each occupying a cell in the involucre.]

EUPATORIUM.—TUSSILAGO. 201

Suborder Il. 7UBULIF LOR. Flowers all tubular,
regular, with 4—5 teeth ; or the outer ligulate.

Tribe I. Huwpatoriew.

FI. all tubular, regular, perfect. Anth. not tailed. Style-
branches blunt, terete, subclavate.

1. Evearo’Rtum Linn. Hemp-Agrimony.

1. Z. cannab’inum (L.) ; |. in 3 or 5 deep lanceolate serrate
segments the middle one longest, —E. B, 428.—St. herbaceous,
erect, striate scabrous, 2—3 feet high. Heads in a fastigiate
vorymb, 5—6-flowered. Phyll.. about 10; 5 exterior short,
blunt. Florets reddish purple. L. downy. Herb slightly
aromatic.—Banks of streams. P. VIII. IX. E. 8S...

Tribe UL. Vussilagunee.

FI. of ray female, filiform or ligulate ; of disk male, tubular.
Anth, not tailed. Style-branches connate or short, with conical
tips.

. Perasi'tes Hill. apa

ile Yze girysaat (G. M.S. em. Fritsch) ; 1. roundish-cordate
unequally toothed downy beneath with approximate basal
lobes, stigmas of the submale fl. short ovate, female fl.
truncate oblauchy —H. B. 430, 431, -R. xvi. 901. Tussilago
Petasites (Iu.), P. officendlis (Moench). —Soboliferous, Panicle
long and lax in the female plant, ovoid and dense in the male.
Fl. appearing before the 1., on stout erect stalks which are
clothed with concave tumid petioles either leafless or with
a small limb. L. very large, radical, ultimately often. 3. feet
broad, glabrous above.—Swamps. IV. Kyi

LP. fragrans (Presl), Sy. E. B. 781, which has shortly ligu-
late female fi., is established in some places i in the South.—P.
albus (Gaert. ), Sy. EL. B. 782, with white or cream-coloured f1.,
and much smaller deeply scolloped ]., is established in Scotland. |

3. Tusstua’co Linn. em. Hill. Coltsfoot.

1, 7. Far'fara (L.).—E, B. 429. R. xvi, 904.—Soboliferous.
Fl. appearing before the L., in bright yellow solitary heads, erect
in blossom and seed, droo] ing before and after flowering : their
stalks clothed with scalelike smooth bracts. L. roundish-cor-
date, angular, toothed, downy beneath.—Moist chalky and eae
soils. P. UIT. IV. EVs. L.

202 45, COMPOSITA,

Tribe III. <Asteroidee.

Fl. of ray female or neuter, ligulate (or in Linosyi'’s 0) ; of
disk tubular. Anth. not tailed. Style-branches flattened with
a subconical tip. Leaves alternate.

4. (7.) As'TER Linn. em., Koch. Starwort.

1. A. Tripdlium (L.); st. glabrous corymbose, |. linear-lan-
ceolate fleshy smooth, involucre imbricate, phyll. blunt mem-
branous the inner ones longer.—#. B. 87. A. xvi. 907.—St. 1
—2 feet high, erect, leafy, many-flowered. Heads large ; disk
yellow ; rays bright blue, often wanting. [A dwarf form tnched
from the base, from N. of Scotl., is referred to var. arcticwm (Fr.)].—

Muddy salt marshes. P. VIII. LX. iBeOS: I.

[A. salignus (W.) is established in Wicken Fen, Cambridge-
shire, and A. Jongifolius! at and about Neseieden, Perth ; but
they are probably both escapes from gardens. A. Vowi- -Belgii
(L.) and other species are occasionally found. ]

5. (8.) Eric’ERon Linn. em. Less. Fleabane.

*], BE. canaden’se (L.); st. much branched hairy panicled
many-headed, |.linear-lanceolate ciliate.—E. B.2019.—St. erect,
1—2 feet high. Heads many, small, yellowish. Inv. cylindri-
agi scarcely shorter than the fl. of the ray, finally spreading. —
Waste eround, rare (American). A. VIII. IX. E.

2. HB. dere (L.); st. corymbose, branches alternate, usually
1-headed, |. linear-lanceolate entire spreading, lower 1. narrowed
below, ray erect scarcely longer than the disk, inner female fi.
filiform many.—Z/. B.1158. A. xvi. 917. cits erect, 6—18 in.
high, simple below, corymbosely branched above, often several
from one root. Fi. yellow, the ray pale blue. —Dry g crexelly
places and walls. B VII. VILL. Blue Fleabane.

3. FE. alpinwn (.) ; st. mostly with a single head, 1. lanceo-
late, lower 1. narrowed below, ray spreading twice as long as
the disk, inner female fl. tubular filiform many.—Z. 2B. 464,
R. xvi. 914.—St. 4—8 in. high, usually ending in a solitary
head with a yellow disk and light- ines ray. Iny. hairy.—

1 Prof. Asa Gray referred the Perthsh. plant to 4. Novi-Belgii.—H. & J. G.

BELLIS.—INULA. 203

g. EB. uniflorwm (Sm. not L.) has a shorter and more erect ray
and a rather more hairy involucre. JL. 5. 2416.—Highland
mountains. P. VII. VIII. S.

6. (15.) Bre'tis Linn. Daisy.

1. B. peren'nis (L.); 1, obovate-spathulate crenate-dentate.
—£. B, 424—St. a short procumbent. rhizome producing 1.
only at its end. Stalks simple, each bearing a single head.
Sometimes all the fl. are ligulate; rarely all are tubular—
Banks and pastures. P. III.—X. E. 8. I.

7. (9.) Sotmpa’co Linn. Golden Rod.

1. S. Virgaiirea (L.) ; st. erect slightly angular, |. lanceolate
narrowed at both ends, lower 1. elliptic stalked serrate, raceme
erect simple or compound, phyll. lanceolate acute, fr. downy.—
E. B. 301. R. xvi. 911.—St. usually 1—3 feet high, leafy,
nearly simple, ending in a long cluster of yellow heads.—p. an-
gustifolia (Gaud.); 1. all lanceolate [entire or obscurely serrate].
—y. S. cambrica (Huds.) ; st. 2—6 in. high, 1. ovate-lanceolate,
tress larger.— Woods and thickets. y on mountains. ce Ak

8. (6.) Linosy’rts Cass. em. DC. Goldilocks.

1. L. vulgaris (DC.) ; herbaceous, |. linear glabrous entire,
heads corymbose, inv. lax.—Chrysocoma Linosyris L. HL. B.2505.
Aster Linosyris (Bernh.).—St. 12—18 in. high, simple, leafy.
L. single-ribbed, smooth or rough, very many, more or less
dotted. Fl. yellow.—Limestone cliffs, rare. P. VIII. TX. E.

Tribe IV. Jnwlec.

Heads never dicecious. FI]. of ray female or neuter, ligulate,
in one row, or wanting ; of disk perfect, tubular. Anth. with
slender tails. Style-branches broadened upwards and rounded.
L. alternate.

9. (10.) 'nuLa Linn. en. Gaertn.

fl. J. Helénium (L.); outer phyll. ovate, imner obovate, |. un-
equally dentate downy beneath cordate-ovate acute clasping,
root-l. stalked. elliptic-oblong, fr. quadrangular glabrous.—Sy.
#. B.766.—St. 3—4 feet high, round, furrowed, solid, leafy,
branched above. Heads few together or solitary, terminal, very

204 45. COMPOSITE

large ; fl. bright yellow, those of the ray ligulate. Phyll. re-
flexed.—Moist pastures. P. VIT. VIII. Alecampane.

2. J. salicina (L.); outer phyll.oblong-lanceolate, inner linear,
]. lanceolate 3-clasping tuberculate-serrate scabrous-ciliate, gla-
brous above the edge revolute, st. and underside of 1. pilose-
hairy.—Sy. #. B. 768. J. of B.iv. t. 43.—L. with crisped hairs
on the veins beneath as also the st., disk of 1. beneath pilose.
Heads terminal, solitary or 3—5 in a corymb. | Rays yellow.—
Shore of Lough Derg, Co. Galway. P. VII. VIII.? I.

3. I. Cony'za (DC.); outer phyll. lanceolate, inner linear acute,
1. ovate-lanceolate downy denticulate, lower |. narrowed into a
haft, fl. of the ray tubular-ligulate, fr. terete —R. xvi. 923.
Conyza squarrosa L. #. #. 1195.—St. 1—2 feet high, leafy.
Heads corymbose. Phyll. refiexed, leaflike. Fl. yellow, those
of the ray deeply divided on the inner side.—Caleareous soils.
P. VIL—IX. Ploughinan’s Spikenard. E.

4. I. crithmoides (L.); phyll. linear taper-pointed, 1. flesh
linear blunt or with 3 points, fr. terete.—Z. B. 68.—St. about a
foot high, slightly branched near the top, each branch ending
in a solitary head with an orange-coloured disk and yellow
rays.—On rocks and in muddy salt marshes by the sea, P.
VIL VUT. Golden Samphire. Bas: 1.

10. (11.) Putica’R1a (aert.

1. P. vlgdris (Gaert.) ; 1. lanceolate wavy narrow at the base
and somewhat clasping, st. much branched downy, heads lateral
and terminal hemispherical with very short rays.—Inula Puli-
caria L. E. B.1196.—St. 6—12 in. high, leafy. Heads small ;
fi.yellow. Fr. terete. Outer pappus of small distinct scales.—
Moist sandy heaths. A. VIII. IX, EK.

2. P. dysenter'ica (Bernh.); /. oblong cordate at the base clasp-
ing downy beneath, st. panicled woolly, heads axillary and ter-
minal corymbose, rays much exceeding the disk—Iniwa L. £.
B.1115.—Creeping, floccose. St. 12—18 in. high, leafy. Heads
larger than in Sp. 1, bright yellow ; fr. angular. Outer pappus
cuplike, crenulate-—Damp places. P. VIII. IX. “pel.

Tribe V, Gnaphalier.

Heads with fem. marginal fl., or dicecious. Fl. all tubular.
Anth. with slender tails. Style-branches broadened upwards |
and rounded. Pappus hairlike, rarely 0.

|

FILAGO. 205

11. (13.) Fia‘'co Linn. em. Gaertn. Cudweed.
* Phill. not spreading with the ripe fruit, in 2 rows.

1. F. german‘ica (L.) ; cottony, st. proliferous at the summit,

1. lanceolate wavy acute, heads obscurely 5-angled half-sunk in
wool forming axillary and terminal clusters not surrounded and
overtopped by 1., phyll. longitudinally folded linear cuspidate
with glabrous points.—Z. B. 946. I’. canescens (Jord.).—Grey.
St. erect or ascending, 4—12 in. long, usually simple below,
bearing a solitary terminal cluster of heads, afterwards pro-
ducing from just below it 2 erect branches which are again
proliferous. Heads 20—40 in each cluster ; furrows obscure ;
]. nearest to the cluster much narrowed upwards and acute.
Tips of phyll. yellow, rarely reddish.—Dry fields, A. Ve aL
» We .

2. F. apiculdta (G. E. Sm.); cottony, st. proliferous at the
summit,/. all oblong blunt apiculate, heads prominently 5-angled
half-sunk in wool forming lateral axillary and terminal e/wsteis
surrounded and overtopped by 1—2 blunt /., phyll. boatshaped
cuspidate with glabrous points.—Sy. #. B. 737. 1’, lutescens
Jord.! Pl. nov. Fr. i. t..7.—Greenish. Smelling lke Tansy.
St. mostly erect, with short erect branches below. Heads
larger than in Sp. 1, 10—20 in a cluster ; furrows deep ; cluster
often seeming lateral from only 1 branch being produced just
below it ; 1. nearest to the cluster scarcely narrowed upwards,
be apiculate. Tips of pbyll.purple——Sandy places. A. VII.

{ E.

3. F. spathuldta (Presl); silky, st. proliferous, 1. oblong-
obovate, heads prominently 5-angled not deeply sunk in wool
forming axillary and terminal clusters over topped by 2—3 acute /.,
phyll. cuspidate boatshaped with glabrous points.—/’.. Jussice:
C. & G. Atl. Fl. Par. t. 26. Sy. #. B. 738.—Whitish. St.
usually branched from near its base; branches mostly hori-
zontal. Heads larger than those of Sp. 1,8—15 in each cluster ;
ae very deep. Tips of phyll. yellow.— Dry fields. A. VII.

TI. E:

** Phyll. at length spreading.

4. F. min‘ima(Pers.); st. forked, |. linear-lanceolate acute fat
adpressed, heads pyramidal in lateral.and terminal clusters
longer than the leaves, phyll. bluntish cottony with glabrous
points.—/#. B. 1157. St. slender, erect, 2—6 in. high, branched,
the branches forked ; or prostrate and spreading. FI. yellowish
in very small heads. Whole plant cottony, greyish.—Dry
sandy and gravelly places. A. VI.—IX. E, Sif

206 45. COMPOSIT&.

5. I’. gal'lica (L.) ; st. forked, /. “near acute, heads conical in
axillary and terminal clusters shorter than the leaves, outer phyll.
cottony with bluntish glabrous points gibbous at the base and
enclosing the marginal fr.—#. 2B. 2369.—St. 6—8 in. high
slender. L. narrowing upwards from the base, upright, after-
wards revolute.—Dry gravelly places, very rare. Berechurch,
Essex. Bayford, Herts. A. VI1—IX. 3

12. (12.) GnapHa’Lium Linn. em. R. Br.

tl. G. hiteo-dlbum (L.); st. simple branched at the base
slightly corymbose above, heads densely clustered /eaffess, |.
linear-oblong wavy woolly on both sides half clasping, lower
l. broader at the end and blunt, upper 1. narrowing and acute.
—H. B.1002.—Woolly. St. 3-12 in. high, decumbent below,
then erect or ascending. Heads collected at the extremity
of the stem ; inv. straw-coloured ; fl. tinged with red.—Sandy
fields. [Hastern Counties, doubtfully stata. JI ersey and Guernsey.
A. VI. VIIL.

2. G. uligindsum (L.); st. diffuse much branched, heads in
terminal dense clusters shorter than the leaves, 1. linear-lanceo-
late cottony on both sides.—#. 5. 1194. —St, 3—5 in, high,
much branched, decumbent or ascending. Heads collected at
the extremity of the st. and branches ; inv. yellowish brown.
Fr. glabrous or hairy.—p. G. pilulare (W ahl.) ; fr. papillose.—
Wet sandy places. A. VII. VIII. ESS. 1.

3. G. sylvaticum (L.); st. semple nearly erect, heads in
axillary clusters forming an interrupted leafy spike, l. acute
linear-lanceolate, st. -l. narrower.—RA. xvi. 58. G. rectum (Sm.).
E. B.124.—St. 3—24 in. high, upper half constituting the spike.
Upper |. very narrow.—Woods and heaths. P. burs fi

4. G. norvégicum (Gunn.) ; st.simple nearly erect, heads in a
close terminal leafy spvke, 1. silky or cottony on both sides lanceo-
late, st.-l. acuminate mucronate brgad.—A. xvi. 58. G. sylvati-
cum (Sm.). #. B. 913.—St. 6—12 in. high, spike distinctly
terminal. St.-]. broad. Fl. longer in proportion to the inv.
Phyll. dark brown.—Highland mountains. P. VILL. 8.

5. Gi. supinum (L.); ceespitose, st. decumbent, flowering st.
erect, heads 1—5 distant, 1. linear downy on both sides mostly
radical.—Z. B. 1193, —Height 2—3 in. Cvspitose, very leaty
at the root. Flowering st. with few leaves, which are downy
on both sides. Heads sessile forming a sort of capitate spike,
or stalked subracemose, or solitary.—Highland mountains. y
VIL. S.

oT

ANTENNARIA.—ACHILLEA. 20

13. (14.) ANTENNA’RIA Gaert. em. R. Br.

1. A. dioica (Gaert.) ; shoots procumbent, flowering st. simple
erect, corymb dense terminal, phyll. oblong dilated upwards
blunt coloured, root-/. obovate spathulate glabrous above cottony
beneath, stem.-l. nearly equal linear-lanceolate adpressed.—
Gnaphalium Sm. £. B. 267.—St. prostrate, woody, ending in
a tuft of many l.and producing prostrate leafy stoles. Flower-
ing st. 48 in. high, quite simple, cottony. Heads 4—5, erect,
slightly stalked. Phyll. white or rose-colour.—8. A. hyperborea
(D. Don) ; 1. cottony on both sides, #. 4. S. 2640.—Mountain
heaths. P. VI. VI. Cat’s-foot. KE. S. J.

*2. A. margaritdcea (“R. Br.” ex Less.) ; st. erect corym-
bosely branched above leafy, /. /énear-lanceolate acute cottony
below, heads in level-topped corymbs.—Z. B.2018. Anaphalis
(Benth. & Hook.).—St. 2—3 feet high, cottony. L. alternate,
slightly cottony above, densely beneath. Inv. white. Fl.
yellowish.—Moist meadows, rare. Established by rivers in
Monm., Glam., and Merioneth. P. VIII.

Tribe VI. Anthemidee.

Heads usually radiant, fl. of ray fem. or neuter, ligulate or
slender and tubular ; of disk tubular. Anth.nottailed. Style-
branches truncate. Pappus often wanting or crownlike, rarely
formed of scales or slender hairs.

14, (22.) AcHILLE’a Linn. Yarrow.

1. A. Ptar'mica (L.); 1. shining linear-lanceolate attenuate
acute dlabrous smooth uniformly and jinely serrate, teeth ad-
pressed mucronate minutely scabrous at the margin, ray 8—12-
flowered equalling the involucre, corymb compound.—Z#. B. 757.
R. xvi. 1024.—St. about 2 feet high, slightly branched above,
erect, leafy, angular, smooth. Phyll. with a dark-brown mem-
branous margin. Limb of the radiant florets longer than broad,
white. Disk broad, white. L.sometimes very narrow ; lower
teeth not deeper than the others.—Moist meadows and thickets.
P. VIL. VILL. Sneezewort. E.S.I

[A. decclorans (Schrad.) ; 1. opaque bluntish downy thickly
dotted coarsely and doublyserrate with spreading teeth laciniate
and radiating at the base, ray 5- or 6-flowered about equalling
the involucre.—A. serrataSm. £. B.2531.—Not known except
in gardens. P.IX.]

208 45. COMPOSIT®.

[A. tomentosa (L.) ; 1. with a linear-lanceolate outline pinna-
tifid woolly, lobes crowded linear acute, trzfid in the lowermost
leaves, 2—3-fid in the intermediate, wppermost simple, corymb
repeatedly compound, ray equalling about half the involucre.—
#. B. 2532.—St. 10—12 in. high, decumbent at the base, woolly,
simple, Phyll. woolly, edged with brown. Dzsk and rays
golden yellow.—Scareely naturalized. P. VII. VIII.]

2. A. Millefoliam (L.) ; 1. with a lanceolate outline bipinnatifid
woolly or nearly glabrous, /obes cut with linear segments, rachis
entire oy subdentate with entire teeth, corymb dense, rays
equalling about half the involucre.—Z. B. 758. R. xvi. 1024.
—St. erect, 6—18 in. high, nearly glabrous or woolly. Phyl).
nearly glabrous witha brown margin. Headssmall. /7. white,
occasionally reddish or purple. [xtreme forms are yar. Janata
(Koch), whole plant densely villous; and var. alpestris (Wimm. & Grab.),
j. more divided, phyll. with broad dark margins.]|—Pastures and waste
ground. P. VI—VIII. Yarrow. Millefoil. — E. S$. I.

[A. tanacetifolia (All.).—Sy. BE. B. 728. R.\ xvi. 1027.—
An escape. |

15. (21.) An’tHEMIS Linn. em., Rchb. Chamoniile.

* Scales of the receptacle lanceolate or oblong abruptly ending in
an acute rigid point.

[A. tenctéria (L.); receptacle hemispherical, fr. tetragonal
crowned with a membranous undivided border, 1. bipinnatifid
downy beneath, segments parallel decurrent serrate.—Z. /.
1472.—St. 1—2 feet high, much branched, cottony. Heads on
long stalks, solitary, terminal ; disk and rays bright yellow.
Scales not protruding.—Fields.—Not anative. B.? VII. VIIT.}

1. A.arven'sis (L.) ; receptacle conical, fr. tetragonal, 1. bipin-
natifid hairy, segments linear-lanceolate.—/, B. 602.. R. xvi.
1004.—St. 1—2 feet high, striate, downy, much branched.
Segments of the ]. parallel and at length converging. Heads
on long stalks, solitary, terminal ; disk convex, bright yellow ;
ray white, always having styles. Scales just appearing above
the fl. of the disk, lanceolate. Outer fr. crowned with a tumid
plicate-rugose ring, inner with an acute margin.—Borders of
cultivated fields, rare. A. VI. VII. Corn-Chamonvile. E.S. 1.

[A. ang‘lica (Spr.) ; ‘receptacle plat,” fr. crowned witha very
narrow entire border, |. pinnatifid somewhat hairy, lobes in-
cise-serrate acute bristle-pointed rather fleshy.—A. maritima
Sm... #. B, BA Mabe AM a maritime form of d. arvensis.
—Sea-shore. Sunderland. Not recently found. A. VIL] E.”

MATRICARIA. 209

** Scales of the receptacle linear setaceous acute.
Maruta Cass.

2. A. Cot'wa (L.) ;'receptacle long conical, fr. terete tuber-
cular-striate crowned with a crenulate margin surrounding a
slightly convex disk, |. bipinatifid nearly glabrous, lobes linear
acute mostly entire.—#. 8.1772. R.xvi. 1000.—St. 1—2 feet
high, branched, angular, furrowed. Heads solitary on long
terminal stalks ; scales confined to the central part of the re-
ceptacle ; disk yellow ; ray white usually without styles. Cor.-
tube 2-winged. Phyll. blunt, with white membranous margins.
Fetid and_ acrid. [A procumbent sea-shore form with fleshy 1. is var.
noritima Bromt.]—Fields and waste places. A. VIl.—IX. <r

dau. De .

*** Scales of the receptacle thin membranous blunt.

3. d. nobilis (L.); receptacle conical, fr. subtrigonous,
smooth, 1; bipinnate, leaflets lmear-subulate slightly downy
rather fleshy acute.—W. 5. 980. St. 27. 15.—St. procumbent,
1 foot Jong, much branched. Heads solitary, terminal ; disk
yellow ; ray white ; cor.-tube cylindric. Pleasantly aromatic.
Gravelly and sandy places. P. VII. VUI. Chamomile. E. I.

[Anacy'clus radidtus (Lois.). Berehavern, Co. Cork. Acci-
dental. ]

16. (17.) Marrica’r1a Linn. Feverfew.

tl. WW. Parthéniwm (L.) ; 1. stalked pinnate ts. ovate or oblong
pinnatifid, lobes cut, st. branched, heads corymbose, phyll.
linear blunt, receptacle convex, fr. crowned, with a short jagged
membrane.—Pyrethrum Sm. #. B. 1231.—St. erect, 2 feet
high, branched, furrowed, panicled. Heads in small corymbs
terminating the stem and branches ; disk yellow ; ray white.—
Waste places, not very common. P. VII. VIII. /everfew. ELS.

2. VM. inoddra (L.) ; 1. sessile pinnatifid with many capillary
pointed segments, st. branched, heads solztary, phyll. lanceolate
blunt, receptacle ovate, f7. rugose and with 2 glandular spots on
the external face just below the elevated entire border.— Pyre-
thrum Sm. £. B. 676.—St. erect, 12—18 in. high, smooth,
angular. L.in very narrow mostly alternate segments. Heads
solitary, ending the branches ; margin of phyll. cut and fuscous ;
ray white ; disk yellow. Base of the invol. turbinate after-
wards truncate; recept. hemispherical afterwards conical,
much longer than broad. Fr. with 3 prominent smooth ribs.—

0

210 45. COMPOSIT®.

8. salina ; |.-segm. short fleshy linear bluntish convex above,
principal ribs keeled beneath, inv. and recept. as in typical
plant. £. 8.979. L. with short crowded mostly opposite
segments.—y- pheocephala (Rupr.) ; 1.-segm. long, base of inv.
subumbilicate, recept. as broad as long, fr. larger, margin of
phyll. broadly and Hees coloured.—Fields and waste places.
& Resear y. Near sea-shore in the north of Scotland.

3. WU. Chamomil'la (L.) ; 1. bipinnate smooth, segments capil-
lary simple or divided, heads solitary or subcorymbose, receptacle
hollow conical, phyll. linear blunt.—Z. B. 1232.—St. erect,
1 foot high, branched. Heads on long naked stalks or forming
an ir regular corymb ; disk yellow ; ray white.—Cultivated and
waste ground. "A. VL. VII. Wild Chamomile. E.

{M. discoidea (DC.) of low stature with densely leafy st., short-stalked
Tayless heads with broadly-membranous phyll., a native of N. America,
is established in many parts of Ireland, Cornwall and elsewhere. VI.
VIL.] ‘ E. S. I.

17. (16.) CHrysAN THEMUM Linn.

1. C. Leucan'themum (L.) ; lower 1. obovate stalked, stem-l.
oblong blunt cut sessile pinnatifid at the base, phyll. lanceolate
blunt with a narrow dark purple membranous margin, fl. of ray

white, fr. without a border.—#. B. 601. St. 2. 11.—St. erect,
1—2 feet high, simple, striate. Lower 1. narrowing into a
winged and auricled stalk.” Heads solitary, terminal, large ;
disk yellow.—Fields. P. VI.—VIII. Oz-eye. ES. 1.

+2. C. segetum (L.): 1. glabrous toothed dilated outwards
and lobed, upper 1. clasping, phyll. ovate blunt, with a broad
membranous margin, fl. of ray yellow.—E. B. 540.—St. a foot
high, alternately branched, angular. L. incise-serrate or lobed
in the upper part, simply toothed below. Heads solitary, ter-
minal.—Corn-fields. A. VI.—VIII. Corn-Marigold. E.S.1.

18. (23.) Drio’tts Desf. Cotton-weed.

1. D. maritima (Hook.).— #. B. 141. D. candidissima
(Desf.).—Densely cottony and white. St. about a foot long,
decumbent below, densely leafy, corymbose above. _L. sessile,
oblong, blunt, flat, crenate, persistent. Heads in terminal
corymbose tufts. Inv. cottony. Fl. yellow.—Sandy sea-shores,
rare. [Extinct in England ? ?] lee VI he RE De 1. T.

ARTEMISIA. 211

19. (18.) ArTemMistTa Livin. Wormwood.
* Receptacle pilose.

1. A. Absin'thium (L.); heads drooping hemispherical, #-
not all perfect, ]. silky in many deep lanceolate blunt segments,
outer phyll. linear silky, inner roundish scarious.—£. B. 1230.
—St. bushy, 1—2 feet high. Heads in erect leafy panicles.
Floral 1. simple. Fl. dull yellow, the outer row female.— Waste
ground. P. VIL. VIII. Wormwood. E. 8.1

** Receptacle naked.

A. campestris (L.) ; heads drooping ovate glabrous, fl. not
all perfect, 1. silky with many linear-lanceolate mucronate seg-
ments, stem-l. once or twice pinnate with linear segments, st.
wandlike procumbent before flowering, phil. ovate glabrous with
a scarious margin.—E. B. 338. —Barren st. cespitose. Flower-
ing st. slender, 1—2 feet long, ascending when the fl. appear,
leafy, smooth. Fi. yellow, those of disk sterile ; inv. purplish.
—Sandy heaths in Norf. and Suff., rare. P. VIL. IX. K.

3. A. vudgaris (L.) ; heads ovate, fl. not all perfect, /. woolly
and white beneath pinnatifid with lanceolate acuminate eut and
serrate segments, phyll. woolly.—E. B. 978.—St. 2—3 feet high,
erect, leafy. Clusters leafy, nearly simple, erect. Fl. few, red-
dish or brownish yellow.—a. |.-segm. oblong, racemes open.—
8. A.coarctata (Forsell); 1.-segm. linear-lanceolate, racemes sub-
spicate condensed.-Waste ground. P. VII. TX. Mi uquort.

Ss.

4. A. maritima (L.) ; heads oblong, florets fo all peryect, /.
downy pinnatifid with Linear blunt segments, phyll. oblong outer
woolly inner scarious.—Z. B. 1706.—St. procumbent or ascend -
ing, woolly, much branched. FI. reddish yellow. Racemes
drooping.—s. A. gallica (Willd.); heads erect So
E. 2 1001. —Salt marshes. P. VIII. TX E.S.1

[4. Stelleriane (Besser), with a nearly simple raceme, large erect globose-
campanulate heads, pinnatifid 1. with broad blunt lobes and with st.,1.,and phyll.
densely white-felted, is naturalized on the coast of Cornwall and Co. Dublin.
P. VIII.] le

- cerules cens (L.), E. B. 2426, is not a native. P. VIII.
IX]
(Cotula coronopifilia (L.), R. xvi. 998, with small button-like yellow heads

without ray-florets, and with succulent lanceolate or acutely lobed clasping l.,
occurs as an alien in Cheshire and elsewhere. A. VIII.] E

212 45. COMPOSITE.

20. (19.) Tanace’tum Linn. em., Less. Tansy.

1. 7. vulgdre (L.); 1. bipinnatifid, lts. serrate.—Z#. B. 1229.
—St. 2—3 feet high; leafy. Heads ina terminal corymb. FI.
golden yellow. Fr. with an entire crown. St. 2—3 feet high.
—Waysides. P. VIII. E. 8:1.

Tribe VII. Senecionee.

_ Fl. of ray fem. ligulate ; of disk tubular. Anth. tailless.
Style-branches truncate or slightly rounded. Pappus hairlike.

21. (5.) Doronicum Linn. Leopard’s-bane.

+1. D. Pardalian'ches (Li. em., Jacq.) ; /. cordate denticulate,
lowermost Ll. on long stalks, intermediate with clasping auricles
at the base of the stalk, uppermost sessile clasping.—Z. B.S,
2654.—St. 2—3 feet high, erect, solitary, hollow, hairy. L.
hairy, minutely toothed, soft, blunt, the uppermost acute.
Lowest petioles not auricled. Heads several, phyll. lanceolate-
subulate. Fl. yellow. The earlier heads overtopped by the
later ones. Fr. oblong, furrowed, of disk. hairy, of ray
Siobinersneee and hilly woods and pastures, rare. P. V.—
VI.

E. 8.

+2. D. plantagin'eum (L.); /. ovate denticulate, radical on
long stalks rounded or subcordate produced at the base, stem-/.
sessile clasping the lowermost with a winged and auricled stalk.
—Sy. E. B. 762—Crcewn of the root woolly. St. 2—3 feet
high. Stem-l. narrowed in their lower half but sessile, upper-
most with a long taper point. Heads usually solitary, or, if
more, the lateral ones not overtopping the terminalone. Phy]ll.
subulate. Fr. of ray glabrous. FI. yellow.—Damp places, rare.

VI. VII. E.S.

22. (4.) SENE'cio Linn. em. Less. Ragwort.
A. Involucre with small scales at its base.
* Fl. all tubular, or marginal ones ligulate but mostly revolute.

1. S. vulgaris (L.) ; 1. half-clasping pinnatifid, segments dis-
tant oblong blunt and together with the rachis and auricles
acutely and unequally toothed, lower 1. narrowed into a stalk,
heads in clustered racemes, outer plyll. very short adpressed
with black points, ray 0.—#. B. 747.—Smooth or woolly.
Not viscid.—St. 6—12 in. high, branching. Heads small,

SENECIO. 213

involuere oblong-conical, glabrous; fi. yellow; fr. silky.—
Rarely [var. rodictus, Koch] there is a single row of ligulate
minute revolute marginal flowers—Common. A. [.—XII.
Groundsel. BS. 'T.

2. S. sylvat'icus (L.); 1. deeply pinnatifid downy, segments
oblong unequally toothed, heads corymbose, involucre downy,
outer phyll. very short glabrous (or slightly downy), ray small
revolute, fr. silky.—E. B. 748.—Slightly viscid. St. 1—2 feet
high, erect, more cr less branched, hairy. L. narrower than in
Sp. 3. Inv. conical ; fi. yellow.—S. davidus (Sm.) is a slight
var. with the upper |. more distinctly auricled and clasping.—
Dry and gravelly places. A, VIJ.—IX. B.S. 1.

3. S. visedsus (L.); /. deeply pinaatifid vzseid glandwar-hairy,
segments oblong unequally toothed and lobed, heads in an irre-
gular corymb, involuere viscid, outer phyll. half the length of
the inner hairy, ray small, fr. glabrous.—E. B.32.— Very viscid.
St. 1—2 feet high, much branched, spreading. Heads on long
stalks ; inv. cylindrical ; fl. -yellow.—Waste ground, rare. A.

Ir.—IXx. . Eos. £

** Heads with spreading rays. Leaves pinnatiyid.

[*S. sgual'idus (L.); 1. pinnatiyid glabrous, seyments linear or
oblong distant toothed irregular, heads loosely corymbose, in-
volucre glabrous, outer phyll. few small, fr. silky.—L. B. 600.
S. chrysanthemifolius DC.— St. much branched, leafy, smooth.
L. sessile, often auricled, deeply and irregulariy lobed. Heads
few, broad. Outer phyll. very small, sometimes very few.
Many awlshaped scattered bracts below the heads. FI. yellow.
—Walls: Oxford. Bideford, Devon. Cork. [The hybrid with
Sp. 1 has been found at Oxford and Cork.] A. VI.—X.] Ee I.

4. S. erucifolius (L.); 1. pinnatijid margins somewhat revolute
cottony beneath, lower 1. stalked, segments linear the lowermost
smallest entire and clasping the stem, outer phyll. half aslong as
the inner, ribs of all the fr. silky.—S. tenurfoliusSim. EH. B.574.
—Creeping slightly. St. erect, 2 feet high, angular, furrowed,
somewhat cottony, simple. Lower 1. oblong-ovate, deeply pin-
natifid, cottony especially beneath ; segments often linear. Fr.
each haying a persistent pappus. Fl. yellow. When the }.
are divided into very narrow segments it is S. tenwifolius Jaca.
—Caleareous soils. P. VII. VIII. E..Sei.

5. S. Jacobe'a(L.) ; 1. glabrous, lower !, oblong-ovate attenuate
below lyrate-pinnatifid. stalked, stem-l. sessile bipinnatifid, seg-
ments spreading oblong deeply and irregularly toothed and cut,

214 45. COMPOSIT ®.

lowermost much divided clasping, outer phyll. scattered few,
fr. hairy those of the ray glabrous.—E. B. 1130.—Root fleshy.
St. 2—3 feet high, smooth, striate, branched, leafy. Corymb
with erect branches. Fr. of the ray with deciduous pappus.
FI. yellow. Ray sometimes wanting [var. dscoideus Koch].—
Waste ground. P. VIT.—IX. Ragwort. E.S.

6. S. aquaticus (Hill) ; /. glabrous, lower l. stalked erenate ov
dentate obovate or oblong slightly prolonged at the base undivided
or sublyrate blunt, upper |. lyrate or pinnately cut, segments ob-
long or linear, st. round, corymbosely branched, fr. all glabrous.
— Fi, By 3h—St erect, 1-4 feet high, simple or branched in
the upper half, branches ascending. Terminal lobe of the
lower |. rounded below and narrowed into itsstalk. FI. yellow.
—A larger much branched form has 1. all lyrate, term. lobe
truncate or subcordate below, seg. subspathulate, and was
supposed to be SS. erraticus (Bert.)'—In marshy places.
Pavia Valle: of 8.

#** Heads with spreading rays. Leaves undivided.

7. S. paludosus (L.) ; 1. sessile long lanceolate tapering sharply
serra ie cottony beneath, st. straight hollow, corymbs terminal,
ray of 13—16 flowers.—H#. B. 650.—St. 4—6 feet high, some-
what woolly. Fl. yellow; those of the ray narrow. ~—Fen
ditches, very rare. P. V. —VIT.

8. S. saracen'icus (Li. em., Jacq.) ; 2. sessile lanceolate acute
glabrous irregularly ser’ rate especially the: uppermost, st.
straight solid, corymbs terminal, ray of 6—7 flowers.—Z. 2.
9911. S. salicetorum Godr.—St. 3—5 feet high, smooth. L.
broad. Corymb many-headed. FI. yellow. —There may be a
second plant here with ]. broadest below their middle very
finely toothed, uppermost nearly entire. Its 1. are much pro-
longed and rather glaucous. It closely resembles S. Dorza
Jacq.— Watery places, local. P. VIII. E. 8,1

B. Involucre without scales at its base, Heads witha spreading ©
ray. Leaves nearly entire. CrNERARIA L. |

9, S.palus'tris (Hook.) ; shaggy, st. much branched and corym-—
bose above, /. broadly lanceolate half-clasping, lower |. sinuate-
dentate—E. B. 151.—St. 3 feet high, thick, hollow, leafy. !
Heads erect. Fl. bright yellow.—Fen ditches, now become
very searce. B, VI. VII.

1 The form with lyrate lower 1. is var. pennatijidus G. & G.—H. & J. G.

BIDENS 215

10. S. campes'tris(DC.) ; shaggy, st. simple, rt.-l. oblong nearly
entire narrowed below, stev.-l. /anceolate, heads corymbose, in-
volucre woolly below nearly glabrous in the upper half, fr.
hispid —#. B. 152.—St, 6—8 in. high, with small st.-leaves.
Heads erect, 1—6, in asimplecorymb. Involucre often almost
glabrous, pale. FI. yellow. In very wet seasons it is often
thrice as large throughout.—Chalk Downs. P. ? VI. E.

11. S. spathwefolius (DC.); shaggy, st. simple, rt.-l. ovate-
spathulate arachnoid above more woolly beneath, st.-]. ovate-
oblong narrowed into broadly winged petioles, upper sessile
linear or lanceolate clasping, invol. woolly, fr. hispid.—./. of B.
xx. t, 226. R. xvi: 978. Schutz, Herb. Norm. 690!—St.
1—3 ft. high, with large clasping st.-leaves often much en-
larged at the base. Fl. yellow.—Near Holyhead. South part
of Mickle Fell range, Yorkshire. Wr. J. Backhouse! P.or B.
VI. VIL... E.

[s. Cinerdria (DC.); a Mediterranean species, with |. densely white-felted
beneath and deeply pinnatifid, the segm. broadening and lobed at the extremities,
is naturalized and hybridizes with S. Jacobea at Dalkey, Co. Dublin. See
J. of B. xl. (1902) p. 401, t. 444.)

Tribe VIII. Helianthoidee.

Heads discoid with all the fl. similar and perfect ; or with
fem. radiant ligulate flowers. Anth. without tails or scarcely
tailed. Style-branches truncate. Pappus of 2—4 bristles, or
of oblong scales.

23. (24.) BrpENs Linn.

1. B. tripartita (L.) ; 1. stalked 3-partite, segments lanceolate
serrate, fr. obovate-cuneate usually with 2 bristles. —Z#. B.1113.
R. xvi. 941.—St. 1—3 feet high, with opposite branches. L.
narrowed into winged footstalks, sometimes undivided, some-
times pinnate-5-fid. Heads terminal, solitary, suberect. FI.
brownish yellow.—Marshy places. A. VIII. IX. E.'S. 1.

2. B. cer'nua (L.) ; 1. sessile connate lanceolate wndivided ser-
rate, fr. cuneate usually with 3—4 bristles—#. B. 1114. R.
xvi. 941.—St. 1—3 feet high, with opposite branches. L.
simple narrowed below but notstalked. Heads terminal, soli-
tary, drooping. Fl. brownish yellow.—Sometimes [var. radiata
Gray] radiant marginal fl. are found,—Watery places. A. VIII.

: E. 8. I.

216 45. COMPOSIT®.

24. (20.) Gatryso’ca FR. & P

*1. G. parvifldra (Cay.); subglabrous, a amars conical,
pappus of 8—16 scales.—Sy. #. B. 765. R. xvi. 983. oa
1—2 feet high ; branches opposite. LL. opposite, ovate, stalked.
Fl. of ray few, broadly ligulate, short, white ; of the disk about
as long as the phyllaries, yellow. —A South- American plant
escaped from Kew Gardens, and quite siden os in many
places. A. VIT.—IX. ‘ E.

Tribe IX. Cynarocephalew,

Fl. all tubular. Style of the perfect fl. thickened and often
with a tuft of hairs below the branches. which are united or
free and downy externally.

Section 1. CARLINE4.—Heads many-flowered, never di-
ecious. Phyllaries in many rows, distinct, often spinous.
Filaments distinct, naked. Fr.mostly villose. Pappusim1—2
rows, not surr ounded by an elevated margin.

25. Saussu REA DC,

1. S. alpina (DC.) ; 1. nearly glabrous above cottony beneath,
lower ones ovate- lanceolate, upper sessile lanceolate, all distantly
toothed, heads few in adense corymb, involucre subeylindrical,
phyil. adpressed hairy.—Serratula Ly. E. B.599.—St. 3—12-in.
high, erect, downy, simple, ending in a small corymb of heads
with pinkish fl. and purple anthers. Fl. scented like Heliotr pps.
Fr. glabrous.—In alpine situations. P. VITI. E: 8. I.

26. Cartina Linn.

1. C. vulgaris (L.) ; st- corymbose one- or many-headed, 1. ob-
long-lanceolate sinuate spinous, outer phyll, bipimnatifid spinous,
inner linear-lanceolate attenuate acute ciliate in the lower half,
bracts shorter than the heads.—¥Z#. 4.1144.—St. 6—12 in. high,
usually cottony, leafy. Spines many, short. Root-l. lanceolate
or linear-lanceolate. Underside of the 1. and phyll. often —
cottony. Heads large; inner phyll. cream-coloured (a false —
ray) ; anth. yellow. —Dry sandy heaths. B.VII.—X. E.S.I.

27. Arctium Linn. Burdock.

1. A. Lap'pa (L. em., Bab.) ; heads loosely subcorymbose lony-
stalked hemaspherical ‘and open in fr. glabrous (green), phyll.
equalling or exceeding fl. snoulate inner row shorter than the
others. subeylindrical upper part of fl. more pce: as long as |
the lower part. A. mdjus (Bernh.). Sy. #. B. 699,—St. 3—

ARCTIUM. 217

4 ft. high, centre and usually most of the branches ending
in corymbs. L. broadly cordate-ovate, blunt; petioles solid
with prominent angles, deeply furrowed. Heads very large, a
few of the lower sometimes with short stalks. Fl-heads not
umbilicate. Fr. yellowish, ultimately dark brown, irregularly
rugose.—A form with more spherical and webbed heads (A.
tomentosum Bab.') is common near Cambridge and is the
Lappa major vy. subtomentosa Lange !|—Waste places. ccieg

« De 5

2. A. nemordsum (Lejeune ”) ; heads racemose subsessile ovate
and contracted at the mouth in fr. slightly webbed, phyll.
equalling or exceeding the fl. subulate inner row lanceolate
shorter than the others, subcylindrical upper part of fl. as long
as the lower part.—Sy. #. B.701. A.intermedium (Bab. 1856).—
St.2—4 feet high. L. convolute, cordate, oblong-ovate, petioles
hollow, rather angular, nearly Hat above. Heads all nearly
sessile, less than in Sp. 1, three usually placed close together at
the end of each branch, ovate-prolonged when young, not
umbilicate. Most of the phyll. ascending.—Local ? aN

3. A. minis (Bernh.) ; heads racemose shortly stalked globular
slightly contracted at the mouth infr. slightly webbed (greenish),
phiyll. falling short of the fl. subulate inner row equalling the
others and gradually subulate, subcylindrical upper part of fl.
about as long as the lower part.—Sy. #. B.702. Fl. Dan. 2662.
R. xv. 811.—Smaller than either of the preceding. Central st.
mostly nodding and as well as the branches having scattered
small heads ; term. head solitary. LL. deeply cordate-prolongec ;
petioles hollow, slightly angular, nearly round, scarcely
turrowed. Fl.-heads not umbilicate. Fr. fuscous with black
blotches.— Waste places. B. VIII. E.'S. 1.

4. A. vulgdre (Evans); heads subracemose stalked? hemi-
spherical and open in fr. much webbed (greenish), phyll.
equalling the fl. subulate inner row about equalling the others
and gradually subulate, subcylindrical upper part of fl, as long
as the lower part.—d. intermedium (Lange). Sy. £. L. 700.
Fl. Dan. 2663. R.xv.812. A. pubens (Bab.).—St. about 3 feet
high. LL. deeply cordate-prolonged ; petioles hollow, scarcely
angular, slightly furrowed. Stalks of the heads rather long,

1 The true A. tomentosum is not.a native of England, though found as an alien.

= Sp. 2 is only a condition (f. pycnocephalum) of A. vulgare, which in dry
seasons and climates has the heads more contracted and shorter stalked (to
sessile). The amount of wool and purple colour also vary with the climate.
See 7. of B. 1913.

218 45. COMPOSIT®.

those of the lower heads longest. Heads usually with much
wool, twice as large as those of A. minus. Fr. dark brown
with a few paler “spots towards the top. [A form with densely
tomentose heads is A. interm. var. subtomentoswm Ar. Benn. ]|—Waste places.

B. VIII.

Section 2. SHRRAT'ULE_#.— Heads many-flowered ; flowers
all tubular, perfect or dicecious, the external row sometimes
female. Involucre of many rows of distinct phyllaries. Fila-
ments distinct. Pappusin many rows of diferent lengths, inner
vow longest, hairlike or feathery, surrounded by a margin.

28. SERRAT’ULA Linn. em. Cass. Saw-wort.

. S, tinctoria (L.); 1. with bristly serratures pinnatifid or
ly ge heads oblong. phyll. ovate adpressed, inner ones linear
coloured, —Sy. #. B. 704. St.3. 16. et. 2—3 feet high, straight,
erect, angular, branched above. L.rarelyentire. Fl. pur
a; heads stalked ina lax corymb.—. S. monticola (Bor.) ; Wea.
subsessile few large close together. #. 4. 38. A curious
dwarf form in Lizard district.—Groves and thickets. P. aK

ahs}

Section 3. CHNTAURE 2. Heads many-flowered, discoidal ;
outer row of fi. usually barren, enlarged, irregular. ’Phyllaries
in many rows. Filaments distinct. Pappus in many rows of
different lengths, second row longest, setaceo-pilose, placed within
the margin which surrounds the epigynous disk, rarely 0,

29. CENTAUREA Di em, Less. Knapweed.
% a ae with a scarious pectinate not decurrent appendage.

', Jdcea(L.) ; phyll.-appendages erect rounded, pappus 0,
il ie lanceolate lower 1. finder and toothed.—#. B. 1678.
—QOutermost phyll. with deeply pinnatifid appendages, few
innermost entire, the rest irregularly jagged.—Heads radiant.—
Near Hastings, E. NV. Lloompied. J.of Bot. xxi. 248. P. ae
ee .

. C.nigra(L.) ; phyll.-appendages patent or erect lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate pectinate their teeth subulate, pappus 0 or
short deciduous, |. lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate acute.—St.

t—2 ft. high. 17 green ; lower narrowed into long stalks, entire
or sinuate- -dentate ; upper sessile. Heads globose. Few inner-
most phyll. -appendages torn. Fr. oblong, downy.—a:; phyll.-
appendages erect or patent ovate-lanceolate usually quite |
covering the phyll. their teeth long. 2#. B. 278. Mart, £1.
Rust. 130. R. xv. 761. St. usually with long 1-headed —

CENTAUREA. 219

branches. PappusQorshort. Headssometimesradiant. Au-
tumnal forms have erect-patent branches, ending in solitary
heads ; vernal have almost divaricate branches.—8. C’. decipiens
(Thuill.) ; phyll.-appendages erect lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate
usually not wholly covering the phyll. their teeth short. St.
usually simple, 1-headed, L. broader than those of a. Teeth
often scarcely longer than the breadth of the brown appendage ;
3 inner rows of phyll. usually protruding. Pappus 0. Heads
usually (perhaps always) radiant. Sy. #. 6.707. C.nigrescens
(Bab.). The plant when seen is easily distinguishable from
the radiant form of C. nigra, although hardly to be separated
by characters.—Meadows and pastures. g. South of England,

tare... P. VI.—IX. ELS. I

** Phyll. lanceolate, their upper half with a somewhat scarious
deeply toothed or fringed decurrent margin.

3. C. Cy‘anus (L.); phyll. erect adpressed deeply toothed,
pappus rather shorter than the fruit, /. /inear-lanceolate, the
lowermost toothed or pinnatifid.—Z#. &. 277.—St. 1—3 feet
high, loosely cottony, leafy. L. shghtly cottony above, densely
beneath. Involucre greenish yellow ; phyll. often tinged with
purple in their upper half, margins brown decurrent with
whitish teeth. Heads with large radiant blue flowers, disk
purple.—Corn-fields.. A. VI.—VIIL. Corn Bluebottle. E.S.1.

4, C. Scabiosa (L.); phyll. erect adpressed, the triangular-
ovate black pectinate appendages not covering the inv., teeth
ascending setaceous short, pappus as long as the fruit, /. pimmw-
tifid roughish, segments lobed with hard points.- #. 5. 56.—
St. 2—3 feet high, rough, furrowed. L. hispid, lobes of the
upper ones entire. Heads on long naked stalks, solitary. In-
volucres usually rather woolly ; phyll. pale, with dark acute
membranous pectinatedecurrent appendages ; teeth paler, short,
not longer than $ the width of the phyllary. FI. purple, outer
row radiant or 0. Rarely the inv. is quite covered by the
appendages. [B. suceisefolia (Marsh.); root-l. entire, upper st.-l. entire,
lower sometimes slightly lobed at base. |. Fields and hedges. [B.
Sutherland, E. S. Marshall & W. A. Shoolbred.|) P. VII.—IX. Great
Knapweed. Matfellon. ; Ba Sia:

(C. paniculdta (L.) ; phyll. erect adpressed rigid with subulate
teethand ashort term. rigid point innermost narrow long toothed
at the end, pappus much shorter than the fruit, lower |. pinna-
tifid with linear segments,—R. xv. 780.—St. about a foot high,
panicled above, rough, rather cottony. Heads cylindric-oblong.
FI. purplish.—Quenvais and St. Ouen’s Bay, Jersey. B. VII.|

220 45. COMPOSIT.®.

*e* Phyll. horny at the end, spines palmate or pinnate.

15. C. solstitidlis(L.); phyll.woolly palmately spinous, centra/
spine of the intermediate ones very long needle-shaped, inner
phyll. with a roundish scarious appendage, heads terminal
solitary, st. winged with the decurrent bases of the linear-
lanceolate entire hoary leaves, root.-l. lyrate —H#. B. 248.—St.
1—2 feet high, branched, spreading. Involucres sometimes
glabrous. Fl. yellow.—-Cultivated land, probably introduced.
A. VIT.—IX.. Yellow Star-Thistle. E.

6. CO. Calettrdpa (L.) ; phyll. glabrous palmately spinous, cen-
tral spine strong channel/ed,innermost phyll.withascarious blunt
appendage, heads lateral sessile solitary, pappus 0, 1. deeply
prnnatizid, lobes of the root-l. lanceolate toothed, of the stem-l.
linear.—Z. £.. 125.—St. furrowed, slightly hairy; branched,
spreading, about a foot high. Fl. purplish.—Gravelly and
sandy places. A. VII. VIII. Common Star-Thistle. EK.

[C. as‘pera (L.) ; phyll. palmately spinnous, spines nearly equal
3—5, innermost phyll. with a scarious blunt lanceolate or
slightly spathulate appendage, heads terminal solitary, pappus of
all the fr. in several rows, /. 2near coarsely toothed narrowed
below sessile rough, lower |. (and those of the primary stem ?)
broader incise-dentate with clasping auricles.—C. /snardi L.
EH. B. 2256.—St. procumbent; branches long slender simple
leafy. L. slightly toothed or entire. Fl. purple.—Typical C’.
aspera has its upper leaves sessile but not clasping.—Channel I.
JAG Ald Bl]|

[C. Salaman'tica (L.) and C.leucophwa (Jord.) are said to have
been found in Jersey with C. paniculata ; but I have not seen
specimens. | ;

Section 4. CARDUIN EF 4“.—Heads many-flowered; flowers
alltubular. Involucre in many rows of distinet spinous phy]-
laries. /ilaments distinct. Pappus in many rows, not sur-
rounded by a prominent margin.

30. Onovor’pumM Linn. Cotton Thistle.

1. O. Acan'thium (L.) ; st. erect many-headed, |. elliptic-ob-
long woolly on both sides sinuate spinous decurrent, outer phyll.
lanceolate-subulate recurved and’ spreading.—#. 4. 977.—St.
4—5 feet high, woolly, with broad spinous wings, branched.
Inv. nearly globose, large, somewhat cottony ; phyll. fringed
with minute spinous teeth. Fl. purple-—Waste ground in
South-east. B. VIII. in

CARDUUS. 221

31. Car’puus Linn. em., Bab. fed. 1}. Thistle.
[Many hybrids apparently occur in this genus. ]
! * Pappus rough. Carpuus Sm., DC., Koch.
1. O. niitans (L.); 1. decurrent spinous lanceolate sinuate,
heads solitary drooping hemispherical, phyl/. lanceolate cottony
: outer ones reflexed.—E. B.1112.—St. 2 feet high, erect, angular,
_ furrowed, cottony, interruptedly winged. L. hairy on both
sides, with woolly veins beneath, pinnatifid with 3-lobed wavy
spinous-ciliate segments ending in strong spines. Heads large ;
fi. crimson’; unopened anth. purple. Inv. hemispherical,
_ internal phyll. contracted above the base and then lanceolate.—
[A hybrid with Sp. 2 (Newbouldi, H. C. Wats.) oceurs.|—Waste ground.
~—B.V.—VIL. Musk-Thistle. E.S.1

2. CO. cris'pus (Li. em., Bab.); 1. decurrent spinous-ciliate
lanceolate glabrous or cottony beneath deeply pinnatifid, lobes
trifid and dentate, heads roundish, phill. linear-subulate erect
or ascending.—Z. B. 973.—St. about 3 feet high, continuously
winged. Phyll. not contracted above their base.—a. ; 1. lanceo-
late usually cottony beneath, heads small clustered subglobular
(or ovoid C. polyanthemos Koch), phyll. ending in a weak
spine, ped. winged to the top, central tubercle of fr. not
angular. — g. C. acanthcides (G. and G. vix L.); 1. broadly
lanceolate less downy beneath, head twice as large solitary
or rarely 2 or 3 together subglobular, phy. strongly spinous
erect, ped. often naked at the top, central tubercle of fr.
5-angled.— Dry banks and waste places. . is the less common
plant. B.? VI.—VIII. ES. I.

3. O. pycnoceph’'alus (L.)1; 1. decurrent sinuate spinous
broadly lanceolate cottony beneath, segments ovatelobed, heads
many crowded sessile subcylindrical, phyll. ovate-lanceolate
attenuate.—#. #4. 412.—St. about 3 feet high, slightly branched,
with broad deeply lobed continuous spinous wings. L. deeply
sinuate or pinnatifid. Involucresnearly glabrous. FI. pink.—
Sandy places near the sea. B.? VI.—VILI. iDerswal

** Pappus feathery. Cxicus Linn. em.,Sm. Crrstum Scop.
+ Leaves spinous-hairy above, flowers purple.
4. C. lanceolatus (L.) ; 1. decurvent white and cottony beneath

1 This description refers to the common British form, C. tenuiflorus (Curt.).
The more typical C. pycnocephalus from Plymouth has but slightly winged long
branches, bearing 1—3 larger heads, with more spreading phyll. and the 1. densely
cottony beneath.—H. & J. G. :

222 45. COMPOSIT#.

pinnatitid, lobes bitid with lanceolate entire segments each ter-
minated by a strong spine, cnvolucres ovate shagey, phyll. lanceo-
late spinous spreading.—F. B. 107.—St. 3—4 feet high, erect,
furrowed, hairy, with strong spinous wings. Heads terminal,
solitary or 2 or 3 together, large.— Waste eround. B. VIL. VILL.
Spear Thistle, E. 8.1

5. C.ertoph’orus (L.); 1. half-clasping not decurrent white and
cottony beneath deeply pinnatifid, lobes bifid the segments lan-
ceolate entire alternately pointing upwards and downwards and
each terminated by a strong spine, involucres globose shaggy,
phyll. lanceolate with a long spinous-tipped reflexed point.—
E. B.386.—St. 3—4 feet high, much branched, furrowed, hairy.
Root-l. 1—2 feet long, linear with long divergent lobes which
form double rows in a very regular manner. Stem-l. similar
but smaller. Heads very large; inv. covered with a dense
white web. A remarkably conspicuous plant.—Waste ground
on a limestone soil. B. VIII. Woolly-headed Thistle. E.

++ Leaves not spinous-hairy above.
a, Limb of the cor. 5-parted to its base. BrEEA Less.

6. C’. arven’sis (Robs.) ; heads subdicecious, /. subsessile oblony-
lanceolate pinnatifid spinous wavy, inv. ov8id ‘subglabrous, phyli.
broadly lanceolate adpressed terminating in a short spreading
spine, rhizome creeping.—#. B. 975. —St. erect, 3—4 feet high,
leafy, angular, corymbose above. L. very spinous, sessile or
very slightly decurrent, varying greatly in width.—t 8. setosus ;
1. lanceolate flat entire or slightly lobed. Cir. setoswm (M. B.)—
[A less spinous form with some of the upper 1. entire, intermediate
between the type (horridus) and f. is var. mitis (Koch, under Cirsiwm)
7. argen'teus (Buch.-White); 1. densely white-tomentose beneath. ]—Fields
and roads. £. Culross and Kirkwall, S. [and many other pliers
P. VII. 8. IX. Creeping Thistle. E.S.1

b. Limb of the cor. 5-parted to rts middle.

. C. palus'tris (L.) ; 1. decwrvent lanceolate deeply pinnatifid
sanntonsl inv. ovoid crowded, phyll. ovate-lanceolate adpressed
mucronate.—H., B. 974. —Sits solitary, erect, 3—5 feet high,
wand-like, with wavy spinous wings throughout, slightly
branched. Heads in a terminal cluster, small. Fl. purple or
white. Underside of thel. usually cottony, Inv. with a slight
web.—Wet meadows. A. VII. VIII. eal

C. praten’'sis (Huds.) ; 1. mostly radical lanceolate wavy or
lobed pilose above cottony beneath fringed with minute prickles,

CARDUUS. 223

stem-l. not decurrent few clasping, ‘nv. globose solitary terminal
slightly cottony, phyll. lanceolate-attenuate adpressed mucro-
nate, rhizome creeping. 2. B.177. Cirs. anglicum DC.—St.
1—2 feet high, cottony, usually quite simple and single-headed,
leafless in the upper half with a few scaly bracts, springing
singly from the rhizome. _L. broad, soft, sinuate-dentate, rarely
with small 2—3-fid lobes, not pinnatifid, fringed with small but
unequal prickles, lower |. stalked. Occasionally there are 2 or 3
fl.onastem. C. Forsteri (Sm.) is probably a hybrid between
this and C. palustris.. It has 1. slightly decurrent lanceolate
all pinnatifid spinous cottony beneath, st. panicled, inv. ovoid
slightly cottony, root czespitose producing several stems. Sy,
E. B. 695.—Boggy meadows. P. VI.—VITI. E. [.

9. C. tuberésus (L.); 1. lanceolate deeply pinnatifid pilose
above hairy or slightly cottony beneath fringed with minute
prickles, stem-/. sessile not decurrent, lobes 2—3-fid, inv. ovoid
terminal 1—3 together slightly cottony, phyll. /anceolate mucro-
nate adpressed, root of elliptic tapering fleshy fibres.—L. b. 2562.
Cir. bulbosum DC., Koch.—Not stoloniferous. St. 2 feet high.
erect, round, hairy, leafless above the middle with a few minute
bracts. Lower I. stalked, stem-]. nearly or quite sessile. May
be a hybrid between Sp. 2 and 10.—C’.. Woodwardii (Wats.)
much resembles this, and may be a hybrid between C’. acaw/is
and C’. pratensis. Sy. E. Bb. 696.—Greatridge Wood near
Boyton, and at Avebury, Wilts. P. VIII. IX. EK.

10. C. acaiilis (L.) ; 1. glabrous radical lanceolate pinnatifid,
lobes subtrifid spinous, inv. ovoid glabrous nearly sessile mostly
solitary, outer phyll. ovate inner onesgradually longeradpressed,
root with filiform jfibres—EH. B. 161. St. 24. 16.—St. usually
almost wanting ; sometimes 3—12 in. long, leafy, woolly. L:
all stalked, glabrous except a few hairs on the ribs beneath.
Heads very large, fl. crimson.—8. C’. dubcus (Willd.) ; st. much
branched woolly a foot or more in height. Walld. Fl. Berol.
f. 11. Perhaps a hybrid between this and C’. arvensis.— Dry cal-
careous pastures. 8. Saffron Walden, Essex. Wi. G.S. Grbson.
P. VIL—IX. Ground-Thistle. E

ll. C. heterophyl'lus (L.) ; l. clasping not decurrent glabrous
above white and downy beneath lanceolate serrate fringed with
minute prickles, root-l. with long stalks clasping at the base,
heads ovoid truncate below slightly downy, phyll. ovate or
lanceolate acuminate adpressed.—H#. B. 675.—Creeping. St.
3—4 feet high, furrowed, cottony, slightly branched above.
Heads large and handsome. L. very large, undivided or laci-
niate.—C’. Carolorum (Jenn. in Edin. Bot. Tr. ix. 257) seems to

224 45. COMPOSITE.

be a hybrid of C. heterophyllus and CO. palustris.—Moist moun-
tain-pastures. P. VIL. VIII. ELS.

Section 5. SILY BEL.—Filaments monadelphous. Pappus
in many rows.

32. Sin'yBuM Gaertn. Milk-Thistle.

il. S. Maridnum (Gaertn.).—Carduus L. EE. B. 976.—St.

3—4 feet high, ribbed and furrowed.. L. very large, oblong-
lanceolate, wavy, clasping ; radical 1. pinnatifid, usually
variegated with green and milk-white. Heads large, globose.
Phyll. closely adpressed below, leaflike, with a long terminal
recurved spine. Fl. purple ; tube very long. —Waste places.
B. VL. VII. BE. Se.

Suborder I. L/GULIFLORA. FI. all perfect, ligulate.—
Style cylindrical above ; branches long, blunt, equally pubes-
cent. Stigmatic lines prominent, narrow, terminating below
the middle of the branches.—J uice She

A. Receptacle naked. Pappus 0.

33. Lap’sana Linn. Nipplewort.

1. L. commiinis (L.); 1. dentate or lobed stalked, lower 1.
lyrate, involucres glabrous angular, st. panicled.—Z. 2. 844.—
St. and |. hispid or nearly glabrous. St. 1—3 feet high, branched
above. Heads small, with yellow fl. in terminal panicles with
small subulate bracts at the subdivisions. Inv. of fr. erect.—
Waste and cultivated ground. A. VIT. VIII. KH, 8. I

B. Receptacle naked. Pappus like a croivn, of many entire
broad scales,

34. ARNos'ERIS Gaert. Swine’s Succory.

1. A. minima (Schw. & Krte).—#. B. 95.—St. 3—8 in. high
swelling and hollow upwards, leafless, with a minute bract
at the base of each branch. Each branch overtopping its
predecessor and gradually thickening up to the solitary small
terminal head of yellow flowers. Inv. connivent over the fy.
when its phyll. become remarkably keeled. Receptacle honey-
combed towards the margins,. Fr. small, obovate, attenuate
below, 5-angled. L. radical, oblong, toothed. —Cravelly and
sandy fields, rare, A. VI, VIL ELS.

CICHORIUM.—THRINCIA. 225

35. CicHo’rIuM Linn. Succory. Chicory.

1. C. In'tybus (L.); lower |. runcinate hispid on the keel,
upper 1. oblong or lanceolate clasping entire heads axillary in
pairs nearly sessile.—#. B. 539. St. 6. 15.—St. 2—3 feet high,
bristly, alternately branched. Heads many, fl. bright blue,
handsome. Floral 1. lanceolate from a broad clasping base.—
Waste places on a gravelly or chalky soil. P. VII. VIII. E.8.I.

C. Receptacle scaly. Pappus feathery.
36. Hypocr#’ris Linn. Cat’s-ear.
* Pappus with an outer row of shorter bristles.

1. H. glabra (L.); st. branched leafless glabrous, /. oblong,
inv. glabrous equalling the fowers.—E. B. 575.—St. 3—10 in.
high, scaly ; primary stem simple, leafless, but lateral branched
stems prostrate leafy. L. spreading in a circle on the ground,
glabrous, except a few scattered hairs. Outer row of fruits
destitute of a beak ; the rest with a long beak.—s. H. Balbisiz
(Lois.) ; all the fruits with long beaks.—[¥. ervstris (Coss. & Germ.).
Fr. without beaks.|—Sandy and gravelly places. §. In Kent and
Salop. A. VII. VIII. E.S.

2. H. radicdta (L.); st. branched leafless glabrous, 1]. runci-
nate bluit, inv. falling short of the flowers.—E. B. 831.—St.
about a foot high, scaly, each branch terminating in a rather
large solitary head. L. spreading upon the ground, rough.
Stalks slightly thickened beneath the heads. 7. all beaked.
—-Waste ground. P.? VII. K. 8. 2.

** Pappus in one row. ACHYROPHORUS Scop.

3. H. maculdta (L.) ; st. simple or slightly branched almost
leafless, 1. obovate-oblong undivided toothed pilose, phyll.
bristly on the back.—#. &. 225.—St. about a foot high, stout,
slightly hairy. lL. often all radical. Heads large, fl. deep
yellow.—Chalky and limestone hills, rare. P. VIi. VIII. E

D. Receptacle without scales. Pappus feathery or on the exterior
Fruits scaly.

37. THRIN’ctA Roth.

1, 7. Leys'seri (Wallz.); 1. lanceolate sinuate-dentate or entire
hispid or hairy with forked or simple hairs, stalks simple pilose
below.—#. B.555. 7. hirtoa (Roth).—. all radical, sometimes

P

226 45. COMPOSITA.

nearly or quite entire, occasionally runcinate. Stalks often
purplish, quite simple, longer than the leaves, somewhat hairy
in their lower half. Phyll. downy on the margins at the apex
or hairy.—Gravelly places and fields ; also in the Fens. P.
VI.—IX. E. 8. 1.

38. Lron’Topon Linn. em., G.G. Hawkbit.
* Pappus feathery and with an outer row of bristles.

1. L. his'pidus (L.) ; 1. radical oblong-lanceolate runcinate
hispid with forked hairs, stalks simple naked or with 1 or 2
minute scales thickened upwards hispid.—#. B. 554.—L. with
regular spreading or reflexed narrow teeth. Stalks green,
erect, longer than the leaves. Head drooping in bud, afterwards
erect. Iny. nearly always hairy. Fl. glandular attheend, Fr.
muricate.—* 8. L. hastilis (L.). [Almost glabrous throughout. }—
Meadows and pastures. £. Diptford, Devon. J. of B. xix. p.
312. P. VI.—IX. E. 8. id

** Pappus tn one vow, feathery. Oportnta Don, DC.

2. L. autumndlis (L.) ; 1. radical linear-lanceolate toothed or
pinnatifid nearly glabrous, stalk branched scaly and thickened
upwards.—¥#. 4. 830.—L. all radical tapering at the base, often
with long linear spreading segments, usually somewhat hairy
particularly on the midrib beneath. Inv. nearly always hairy.
Pappus brownish.—s. Pratensis (Koch); 1. glabrous, stalk
mostly simple, inv. shaggy with greenish black hairs. Apargia
Tararaci Sm, #. B.1109.—y. sordidus ; 1. hairy, st. branched,
inv. as in 8., plant very large.—Meadows and pastures. 8.
Mountains. y. Highland glens. P. VIII. E. 8. I

39. Tracopo’Gon Linn. em. Scop. Goat’s-beard.

1. 7. minor (Mill.) ; env. about twice as long as the flowers,
ped. slightly thickened at the very top, l. tapering from a
dilated base to a long slender acute point.—Sy. #. B. 799.
T. minor (Fr.).—St. 2 feet high, branched, erect. L. clasping
the stem. Phyll. 8,in 2 rows. 7. yellow, truncate, 5-toothed.
Anth. dark brown. Marginal fr. angular, striate; angles
squamously toothed ; interstices tubercled.—Meadows and
pastures. B.? VI. VII. BS.

2. T. praten’sis(L.) ; inv. equalling or shorter than the flowers,
ped. slightly thickened at the very top, l. tapering from a. di-
lated base to a long linear acute point keeled.—St. 15—2 feet
high, branched, erect. L. clasping the stem. Phyll. 8, in 2

PICRIS.—-LACTUCA. 227

rows. //. yellow, truncate, 5-toothed. Anth. yellow. There
are 2 forms of this plant :—(a) inv. equalling the fl., marginal
fr. obscurely striate and rough throughout (Sy. #. B. 798) ;
(6) [var. Symet Ar. Benn.] inv. rather shorter than the f1.,
marginal fr. (in my specimens) yellow slightly furrowed and
quite smooth (#. B. 434).—Meadows and pastures, less frequent
than the preceding. B.? VI. B.S. I.

*3. T. porrifélius (L.); ww. longer than the flowers, ped.
much thickened upwards, |. tapering slightly dilated just above
the base.—/. B. 638.—St. 3—4 feet high, erect, branched. L.
slightly broader just above the base, then gradually narrowing
toanacute point. Heads twice as large as in the two preceding.
Inv. usually + longer than the fl., sometimes only equalling or
even falling short of them. //. purple. Marginal fr. with
scalelike tubercles throughout but particularly on the ribs.—
Moist meadows. B. VI. Salsify. | eyed Eo

40. Prcris Linn, em. Juss.

1. P. hieracioides (L.); st. rough with forked and hooked
bristles, ]. linear or lanceolate dentate or sinuate, upper 1. some-
what clasping, heads solitary terminating the stem and branches,
outer phyll. lax oblong bristly on the keel glabrous on the mar-
gin, fr. constricted just below the pappus.—#. B. 196.—St. 1—
3 feet high, divaricately branched above, irregularly corymbose,
very rough. Florets yellow.—P. arvalis (Jord.) with branches
ascending and heads in an umbellate corymb passes gradually
into the type.—Dry banks. B. VIJ.—IX.

41, He~min’rHta Juss. Ox-tongue.

1. H. echioides (Gaert.) ; st. erect hispid with rigid 3-fid and
hooked hairs from tubercular bases, phyll. 5 ovate-cordate.—
#. B.972. Picris(L.).—St. 2—3 feet high, branched, covered, as
well as the leaves and involucre, with strong prickles springing
from white tubercles and with 3 minute hooks at the apex
(glochidate), L. clasping—Dry banks, A. VII.—IX. E.I.

E. Receptacle generally without scales. Pappus filiform,
deciduous, never feathery, nor dilated at the base. Fruit
compressed.

42, Lacru’ca Linn. Lettuce,
* Beak long, white. Leaves with a bristly keel.

1. L. salig'na (L.) ; upper 1. linear entire acuminate with a
sagittate base, lower |. pinnatifid, beak twice as long as the fruit.

228 45. COMPOSIT®.

—Z£. B. 707.—St. 2 feet high, slender, wavy, slightly branched.
Heads in small alternate tufts forming long clusters. Flowers
yellow.—Chalky places and near the sea. B. VII. VIII. E.

2. L. virdsa (L.); upper 1. horizontal oblong auricled and
clasping mucronate-dentate or sinuate, beak equalling the black
frut.—E. B.1957.—St. scabrous, 2—4 feet high, leafy, branched
above, panicled. Headsscattered, with many heartshaped acute
bracts, rarely runcinate. Plant full of acrid milky juice.—Dry
banks. B. VIT. VIII. <Acrid Lettuce, E. §S.

3. L. Serrtola (L.) ; upper |. upright arrowshaped at the base
and clasping sinuate, beak equalling the pale fruit.—L. B. 268.—
St. slightly scabrous below, 2—5 feet high, leafy, panicled.
Heads scattered, with many heartshaped acute bracts. Juice
rather less acrid than in Sp. 2.—Waste places, rare.—B. VII.
VIII. Prickly Lettuce. E.

** Beak short. Leaves with a smooth keel.

4. L. murdlis (Gaertn.) ; florets 5, 1. lyrate-runcinate angled
and toothed clasping terminal lobe largest, beak much shorter
than the fruit, heads panicled.—Prenanthes L. #. B. 457.—
St. erect, a foot high, smooth, round, hollow. Flowers bright
yellow. Fruit black.—Banks and old walls. P. VII E.I.

43. Tarax’acum J/uss., et Vill. Dandelion.

1. 7. officindle (Vill.) ; 1. runcinate toothed, fr. linear-obo-
vate blunt and muricate at the top longitudinally striate with a
long beak.—Stalks single-headed, radical, hollow. Fl. yellow.
L. all radical, very variable, glabrous or slightly hispid.—
a. 7’. officindle (Vill. em.; Rchb.) ; outer phiyll. linear deflered
inner ones sinvple at tip, fr. yellow its upper half muricate, crown
of the root glabrous or woolly, 1]. runcinate broad.—#. B. 510.—
g. T. lavigatum (DC.); outer phyll. erect-patent ovate, inner
gibbous or appendaged at tip, fr. reddish yellow muricate at
the top, beak with a thickened and coloured base, |. runcinate-
pinnatifid with unequal teeth.—y. 7. erythrospermum (DC.) ;
outer phyll. lanceolate, adpressed or patent, inner gibbous or
appendaged at tip, fr. bright red muricate at the top, beak

with a thickened and coloured base, |. runcinate-pinnatifid |

with unequal teeth and intermediate smaller ones. Lower-
most ]. sometimes obovate and dentate (or runcinate when it
becomes 7’. obovatum DC.). Sy. #. B. 803.—[6. 7. udum (Sord.);
outer phyll. at first adpressed ultimately spreading, inner almost simple at tip,
styles bright yellow, fr. yeliowish green, muricate-aculeate at the top. |—.
e. 7’. pelustre (DC.) ; outer phyll. ovate-acuminate, adpressed,

* SONCFUS.—MULGEDIUM. 229

inner simple at tip, fr. pale yellow or brown muricate at the
top, 1. oblong and entire sinuate-dentate or runcinate ; or outer
phyll. ovate-lanceolate, or (L. leptocephalum R.) lanceolate.
E. B. 553.—Very common, y in dry places, 6 in bogs or damp
places. P. ITT=x:. E. 8. 1.

44, Son’cuus Linn. em. Cass. Sowthistle.

1. S. olerdceus (L.-em. Hill.); 1. undivided or pinnatifid
toothed clasping, auricles spreading arrowshaped, fr. trans-
versely vugose and longitudinally ribbed, st. branched, heads
subumbellate, iny. usually glabrous.—Z. B. 843.—St. 2—3 feet
high. L. flattish, lower stalked.. Fl. yellow.—Common. A.
VI—VIII. Sowthistle. BK, Su.

2. S. as'per (Hill) ; 1. undivided or pinnatifid sharply toothed
clasping, auricles rounded, fr. longitudinally ribbed not trans-
versely ruyose, st. branched, heads subumbellate, inv. usually
glabrous.—Z£. B.S. 2765, 2766.—St. 2—3 feet high. L. crisped,
lower stalked. Fl. yellow.—Common. A. VI.—VII. Sow-
thistle. E. 8.1.

3. S. arven'sis (L.); 1. lanceolate runcinate sharply toothed
cordate atthe base, uppermost l. entire, st. ssmple, heads corym-
bose, inv. and ped. glandular-hairy, fr. with transversely rugose
ribs, creeping.—Z#. 8. 674.—St. 3—4 feet high, leafy. L. long,
acute. Headslarge,fi.yellow. Glandular pubescencesometimes
wanting (var. glabrescens Guenth. G. & W.). [A narrow-leaved
shore form is var. angusttfolius Meyer. |—Fields and waste ground,
also in fens. P. VIII. IX. Corn-Sowthistle. B.S. 7.

4. S. palus'tris (L.); 1. linear-lanceolate all acutely arrow-
shaped denticulate, lower |. long with 2-—4 linear-lanceolate
lobes, st. simple, heads corymbose, inv. and ped. glandular-hairy,
fr. with finely rugose ribs, no stoles.—#. B. 935.—St. 4—6 feet
hit leafy. Fl. lemon-coloured.—Marshes, very rare. P. VIL.

45. MuLGE’DIUM Cass.

1. VW. alpinum (Less.) ; 1. glabrous lyrate arrowshaped at the
base, terminal lobe large triangular-hastate acute, st. simple,
heads racemose, bracts ped. and inv. glandular-hairy, fr. oblong
not attenuate with many ribs.—Sonchus ceruleus Sm. EL. &.
2425. Lactuca Benth.—st. 3 feet high, glabrous below, leafy.
L. gradually smaller upwards, cordate-acute on the barren
shoots. Heads small, many. Fl. blue.—Clova Mountains.
PYLE. Ss.

230 45. COMPOSITA.

F. Receptacle generally without scales, Pappus filiform, never
feathery nor dilated at the base. Frwt terete, ribbed.

46. Crrpis Linn. Hawk’s-beard.

* Fruit with a long subulate beak. BarkHAUSIA Moench.

1. C. taraxacifdlia (Thuill.) ; 1. rough runcinate-pinnatifid,
buds erect, ¢zv. bristly and downy covering half the pappus,
outer phyll. lanceolate with a membranous margin, bracts her-
baceous, 77. all equally beaked.—E. B. S. 2929.—St. 1—2 feet
high, hispid, angular, furrowed, purple below, at length
branched, corymbose. ZL. mostly radical lyrate-runcinate
with backward teeth or deeply pinnatifid with the terminal
lobe large. Stem-l. few, sessile, clasping, deeply pinnatifid
and toothed. FI. yellow, purple beneath. Fr. narrowing
very gradually into a setaceous beak of about its own length,
ribs rough.—Limestone districts. B. VI. VII. K..1,

2. C. foe'tida (L.); |. hairy runcinate-pinnatifid, unopened
buds nodding, inv. hairy and downy, outer phyll. lanceolate
acute downy, marginal fr. slightly beaked shorter than the inv.,
central fr. with long beaks equalling inv., pappus protruding.—
E. &B. 406.—St. 6—12 in. high, hairy, round, branched. L.
mostly radical; stem-l. few, small, lanceolate, deeply toothed
at the base, sessile. Heads solitary, terminal, on long simple
stalks. Midrib of the phyll. at length much thickened and
harpened, Ribs of the fr. rough. Chalky places, rare. B. Es

LC. setdsa (Hall. fil.); 1. runcinate-dentate or lyrate-runcinate,
st.-l. sagittate entire or incise-dentate below, buds erect, env.
not quite covering the pappus, margin of the outer lanceolate
acute phyll. and the bracts and the back of the inner phyll.
and the ped. hispid with rigid simple bristles.—#. B.S. 2945,—
Plant 1—2 feet high. Stem-l.large, rather strapshaped, clasping.
—Fields. Introduced with seed. A. VII. VIII.] E. I.

** Krwit narrowed upwards or obscurely beaked. Pappus silky.
[C. pul'chra (L.), £. B. 2325, was probably an error. |
3. C. capilldris (Wallr. em. Rend. & Br.) ; outer phyll, ad-

pressed linear, inner ones glabrous within, |. lanceolate re-
motely dentate runcinate or pinnatifid, wppermost /. linear-
arrowshaped clasping wth flat margins, st. subcorymbose,

CREPIS. 231

fr. shorter than the pappus oblong slightly narrowed upwards
with smooth ribs.—C. virens (L. sec. Vill.) C. tectorum Sm.,
E. B. 1111 (not Linn.).—Very variable. St. 1—3 feet high,
or diffuse. Fl. yellow. [C. tectorwm (L.) has revolute-
margined upper l., phyll. downy within, fr. somewhat beaked
with scarious ribs ; Mr Brotherston found it as an escape near
Kelso.|—Common. A. VI.—IX. K. 8. I.

[C. niceen'sis (Balb.}; outer phyll. adpressed linear, inner glabrous within, 1.
lyrate-pinnatifid hispid, stem.-l. sagittate clasping, uppermost lanceolate entire,
ped. and inv. usually glandular-hairy, fr. oblong scarcely narrowing upwards,
strongly-ribbed scabrous shorter than the pappus.—R. 1440.—Habit of Sp. 1.
St. 1—3 feet high nearly leafless above, corymbosely branched. Heads rather
large, fl. yellow.—Fields, introduced with seed. B. VI. VII. E.S. Ij

4. C. bien'nis (L.); outer phyll. oblong-linear lax, inner
downy within, |, runcinate-pinnatifid hispid, uppermost 1.
lanceolate clasping dentate-pinnatifid, st. subcorymbose, fr.
oblong slightly narrowed upwards with nearly smooth ribs
and about as long as the pappus.—Z#. 4. 149.—St. 1—3 feet
high, hispid, nearly leafless above, corymbosely branched.
Heads large; fi. yellow. JZ. radical and extending halfway
up the stem.—Chalky places, rare? B. VI. VII. E..1,

5. C. mollis (Aschers.); phyll. lanceolate-attenuate, outer
ones very short adpressed, |. entire nearly glabrous oblong blunt,
lower ones narrowed into a footstalk, wpper /. sessile and some-
what clasping, st. corymbose, ped. and inv. glandular-hairy, fr.
much striate slightly narrowed upwards as long as the pappus
which is shorter than the involucre. C. succiseefolia (Tausch),
Mieracium molle(Jacq.). #.B.2210.—St. 2—3 feet high, erect,
simple below ; I. few. Heads few; fl. yellow.— Woods in the
North. P. VII. VIII. E. 8.

** Kruat not beaked, cylindrical. Pappus stiff, brittle.
Aractum Monn.

6. C. paludésa (Moench) ; phyll. lanceolate much attenuate
glandular-pilose, outer ones short, /. ovate-oblong taper-pointed
runcinate-dentate narrowed into a footstalk glabrous, upper /,
ovate-lanceolate cordate and clasping acute entire or dentate,
st. subcorymbose, fr. striate scarcely narrowed upwards.—
Hieracium L. E. &. 1094.—St. 2 feet high, leafy, simple,
angular. L. large. FI. yellow.—Damp woods and _ shady
places. P, VIT.—IX. E.S. 1

232 45. COMPOSIT.

47. Hipra’crum Linn. Hawkweed.

(The following entirely new account of the genus has been drawn up under
the direction of Mr F. J. Hanbury, from his notes and specimens, by Miss
R. F. Thompson. Where possible Professor Babington's descriptions have
been retained.)

i. PILOSELLOIDEA. Stoloniferous. St.scapelike. Fr.
minute, crenulate at top, striate. Hairs of pappus equal,
very slender.

1. H. Pilosel’la (.) ; stoles slender leafy rooting, scape 1-
headed leafless. 1. oblong or lanceolate hairy on both sides
whitish and densely floccose beneath, inv. ovate below .ulti-
mately conical, inner phyll. acute, styles yellow.—Z. B. 1093 ;
Mon. Brit. Merac.’ Pl. 1; Hexsiec.? Fasc. li. 26.—Stoles many
sometimes flowering. FI. pale yellow ; outer striped with red
or purple externally.—p. pilosissimum (Wallr.); stoles short
thick, |. st. and inv. with long silky hairs, heads large, phyll. all
lanceolate.—R. xix. 1468; Mon. Brit. Hierac. Pl. 2; Hasice.
Fasc. iv. 76.—y. nigrescens (Fr.); stoles long straight, scape
long. inv. densely setose, |. less hairy.—Hzsicc. Fasc. v. 101.—
6. conernnatum (F. J. Hanb.); very dwarf, scape and iny.
densely floccose setose, not harry, outer ligules striped dark
erimson.—Dry banks, common. 6. Ben Macdhui, P. Mia lgry'

» Were

2. H. aurantiacum (L.); stoles often wanting, st. slightly
hairy densely corymbose at top more hairy setose and floccose
above, 2. obovate-lanceolate green and hairy on both sides not
Jloccose beneath, phyll. blunt, styles brown.—#. B. 1469 ; Mon.
Brit. Hierac, Pl. 3.—St. 15—20 in. high. Phyll. dark. FI.
dark orange.—Woods, pastures and waste places, naturalized.
P. VI.—VIII. E. 8. I.

*3 H. praten’se (Fr.); stoles leafy, st. pilose floccose and
setose above, corymbose at top, 1. narrowly obovate-lanceolate
green on both sides pilose slightly floccose beneath, phyll. linear
blunt, styles bright yellow.—/. collinum Fr. J. of B. vi. t. 86 ;
Edin. Bot. Tr. x. t.i.; Mon. Brit. Hierac, Pl. 4; Basice. Fase.
li. 27.—Stoles not very long. Corymbs dense. Phyll. dark
green hairy setose, with a pale margin and tip. Fl. yellow.—
Near Selkirk and Edinburgh. P. VI. VII. 8.

1 An Illustrated Monograph of the British Hieracia, by F. J. Hanbury.
2 Set of British Hieracia, E. F, and W. R. Linton.

HIERACIUM. 233

ii. PULMONAREA. Radicalrosettes in autumn which pro-
duce the persistent root-l. of the next year. Phylls. inter-
ruptedly or irregularly imbricate. Fr. short, truncate,
not crenulate, striate. Hairs of pappus unequal, rigid.

* Alpiniformes. Inv. shaggy or silky. Outer phyll. lax ;
inner acuminate or acute. Fl. hairy externally, more or
less pilose at the tips. St.-l.1 or few, or leaflike bracts.
—RH. alpinum L.

4. H. alpinum (L.); deep green, st. 1-headed hairy floccose,
rt.-l. lanceolate or ovate spathulate narrowed into petioles, st.-l.
1 or few sessile, buds slightly nodding, inv. hemispherical shaggy
with long soft black-based hairs setose, phyll. few broad acumi-
nate lax, styles yellow.—H. alpinum Backh., Sy. HL. B. 827 ;
Mon. Brit. Hierac. Pl. 5; Hasicc. Fasc. iii, 51.—St. 4—8 in.
high. Usually 1 st.-leaf. Head large, always solitary; fl.
bright yellow, with short hairs at the top.—a.; rt.-l. ovate-
spathulate.—@. insigne ; rt.-l. lanceolate with a few large teeth,
heads very large.—Lofty mountains of Scotland. P. VII. ea

5. H. holoseric'eum (Backh.); green; st. 1-headed shaggy
silky floccose, rt.-l. lanceolate-spathwlate or linear-lanceolate
blunt hairy on both sides narrowed into winged petioles, st.-l.
few small sessile, buds nodding, nv. turbinate shaggy with long
silky white black-based hazrs, outer phyll. very lax leaflike blunt,
inner phyll. adpressed linear acute, styles yellow.—H. alpinum
Sm. #. £.1110; Mon. Brit. Hierac. Pl. 6; Hxsicc. Fase. ii.
28.—St.3—9 in. high. Usually 1—2 st.-leaves. Head solitary.
L. entire or sometimes slightly denticulate. FI. densely hairy
at the tips, bright yellow.—Lofty mountains. Cumberland.
Grampian and Breadalbane Mountains. P. VII. VIII. E.'S.

6. H. exim'ium (Backh.) ; green, st. usually 1-headed hairy
floccose, rt.-l. lanceolate acute sharply toothed hairy on both sides
narrowed into broadly winged petioles, st.-l. small slender, buds
nodding, av. truncate below shaggy with rather silky black-
based hairs, phyll. many linear-attenuate, outer phyll. small lax.
—Sy. #. B. 825 ; H. villosum Sm., F. B. 2379, not L.; Mon.
Brit. Hierac. Pl. 7; Hasicc. Fase. i. 1.—St. 6—15 in. high ; 1.
few. Rarely more than 1 large head. L. sometimes entire,
usually with large teeth. Flowers twice in cultivation, (1)
with one head, (2) with many nearly parallel branches and
many heads.—a. St. long, rt.-l. lanceolate dentate, styles livid,—
8. tenellum (Backh.); st. short slender, rt.-l. lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate, styles yellow. Considered a distinct species

234 45. COMPOSITA.

by Dr. Grenier.—Mon. Brit. Hierac. Pl. 8; Exsicc. Fase.

ill. 52.—Lofty mountains. Clova. Braemar. Breadalbane
Mountains. P. VII. VIII. :

7. H. calenduliflorum (Backh.); deep green, st. usually 1-
headed hairy floccose, rt.-l. broadly ovate-spathuwlate blunt
apiculate sharply toothed hairy on both sides narrowing into
broadly winged petioles, st.-l. very small slender, buds nodding,
iny. truncate below shaggy with rather silky black-based hairs,
phyll. many linear-attenuate, outer phyll. lax, styles /évid.—Sy.
EL. B. 824; Mon. Brit. Hierac. Pl. 9; Hasicc. Fase. ii. 29.—St.
6—14 in. high. St.-l. few. Head most usually solitary, very
large. Youngest 1. sometimes rather acute. Original ]. nearly
circular. Nearly allied to H. extmiwm.—Lofty mountains.
Lochnagar. Clova. P. VII. VIII.

8. H. granitic'olum (W. R. Linton) ; st. 4—8 in. high, 1—8-
headed, floccose setose with black-based hairs, rt.-l. rosulate
ovate-spathulate cuneate at the base toothed in the lower haif,
inner |]. lanceolate coarsely toothed rounded or blunt at the apex,
narrowed into winged petioles, somewhat hairy on both sur-
faces and on the margins, primary and outer Ll. coriaceous more
or less glabrous. St.-l. solitary linear with one or two bract-
like 1. above, env. rounded thickly shaggy with black-based
hairs, setose at the base, phyll. outer broad adpressed, inner
slightly acute, all white-tipped. Styles nearly pure yellow.
Fl. light yellow strongly pilose at the tips.—Lofty mountains.
Clova. P. VII. VILL. S.

9. H. gracilen'tum (Backh.) ; green, st. usually 1-headed hairy
floccose, rt.-/. lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate attenuate below,
inv. ventricose rounded below shaggy with black soft hairs
setose, phyll. few broad acuminate adpressed with floccose tups
outermost lax, styles livid.Sy. #. B. 828 ; Mon. Brit. Merac.
Pl. 10; Haxsecc. Fase. iv. 77. H. alpinum var. melanocephalum
Fries, not Bab., nor 17. melanocephalum Tausch.—St. 6—10 in.
high, hairy and floccose, with straight simple diverging
branches and many heads when under cultivation ; st.-l. usually
2 or more. L. broad, narrowed gradually below ; original 1.
roundish. Petiolessometimes slightly winged. Heads usually
solitary, rather large, fl. bright yellow, nearly or quite glabrous
at the back.—Lofty mountains. P. VII. VIII. S.

10. 1. petioldtum (Elfst.); green, st. 4—7 in. high hairy
and usually 1-headed, with many heads under cultivation, rt.-l.
obovate or lanceolate subacute with few coarse teeth towards
the base, narrowed into long shaggy somewhat winged petioles,

|
)

HIERACIUM, 235

scattered hairs on both surfaces, very metallic-looking, st.-l.
usually 2 linear lanceolate, entire or with few small teeth to-
wards the base, inv. rounded to campanulate rather shaggy with
white black-based hairs, phyll. dark green outer narrow some-
what lax unequal in length tips recurved slightly white in bud.
Styles very dark.—Ben-na-muic-dhui. P. VII. VIII. 8.

11. H. globésum (Backh.) ; glaucous or green, st. few-headed
floccose, rt.-l. obovate or ovate-lanceolate subacute glabrous
above entire or dentate narrowed into petioles, nv. rounded be-
low ultimately globose greenish-black with short black-based
hairs, phyll. many attenuate acute, adpressed, styles yellow.—Sy.
E. B. 829; Mon. Brit. Hierac. Pl. 11; Hasice. Fasc. ili. 54.
-—Stem 6—12 in. high, usually 1-headed, rarely branching even
from near the base, leafless or with few narrow bract-like 1.
Original 1. blunt. Innermost 1. sometimes acute. Petioles
short sometimes slightly winged. Buds globose. FI. bright
yellow.—Cairngorm Mountains. P. VII. VIII. Ss.

** Nigricantes. Inv. villose or hairy. Pliyll. adpressed or
few outermost lax. FI. nearly hairless externally,

ppnatels pilose or subglabrous at the tips.—H. nigrescens
ook,

12. H. nigres'cens (Willd.); green, st. 4—6 in. high 1—2-
headed floccose setose with few white hairs towards the base,
rt.-l. ovate inner longer lanceolate finely toothed hairy on both
surfaces, st.-l. usually 1 lanceolate finely toothed or bract-like
entire sessz/e floccose with scattered hairs, inv. dark, phyll. sub-
acute outer rather lax very setose slightly floccose not hairy.
Fl. golden yellow glabrous, Styles dark.—s. commutatum
(Lindeb.) ; st. 6—10 in. high, 1—3 large heads, hairy through-
out, l. larger broader more deeply toothed floccose and hairy
beneath, phyll. longer more attenuate acute havry with few sete.
Fl. faintly pilose—y.. gracilifolium (F. J. Hanb.); ¢. much
longer narrower very acutely toothed especially towards the base
decurrent into slightly winged petiole, inv. setose not hairy
slightly floccose. Styles not so dark.—Fasicc. Fase. iv. 78.—
a. Breadalbane Mountains. 8. Cairn Toul. y. Ben Lawers.
P. VIL. VIII. S.

13. H. atradtum (Fr.) f. ; st.6—12 in. high simple or branched
floccose with few white hairs below setose above, rt.-l. primary
subrotund almost entire, inner ovate to ovate-lanceolate dentate
somewhat hairy on both surfaces all on long hairy petioles, st.-l.
usually 1 large lanceolate acute petiolate sharply toothed at the

236 45, COMPOSIT,

base almost glabrous, inv. large always very dark, phyll. long
narrow acuminate somewhat floccose with setze microglands and
few hairs. Fl. almost glabrous. Styles dusky.—Hzsice. Fasc.
v. 102.._High mountains. Inverness, Ross, and Perthshire.
P. VII. VILL. Ss.

14. H. curvdtum (Elfstr.) ; green, rt.-/. ovate or lanceolate
coarsely and irregularly dentate in their lower half hairy with
slender petioles, st. simple or branched with few heads and few
lanceolate or oblong shortly stalked 1., 7nv. ovate below, dark
green with soft black-based hairs setose, ped. densely floccose,
phyll. acuminate, outer ones blunt, styles brownish.—Sy. E. B
832; Mon. Brit. Hierac. Pl. 12; Haxsicc. Fasc. iv. 79; H.
nigrescens Willd. pt.—Variable in height. Fl. deep brilliant
yellow, pilose at the tips. Phyll. overtopping the buds. L.
rarely nearly glabrous above. St.-l. usually 1, narrowed at both
ends. St. floceose, branching much in cultivation,—Highland
mountains. P. VII. VIII. 5;

15. H. Backhous'ei (F. J. Hanb.); dark green, st. 5—15 in.
high with scattered black-based hairs throughout floccose above
with numerous hairs and sete, r¢.-l. very erect ovate and ovate-
lanceolate with long curved forward-pointing teeth or almost
entire, decurrent to winged petioles sub-corzaceous glossy
glabrous or with few scattered hairs on both surfaces, st.-. 2—4,
semi-amplexicaul toothed, upper bract-like entire, inv. large
rounded below greenish-black with rather short black-based
hairs and few setz. Phyll. adpressed attenuate sub-acute,
outer short rather lax. Fl. bright yellow somewhat pilose.
Buds globose. Styles rather livid. Pappus distinctly tawny.—
Mon. Brit. Hierac. Pl. 13; Hasice. Fase. ii. 55.—Lofty
ie around Braemar. Breadalbane Mountains. P. a

16. H. linguldtum(Backh.) ; green, rt.-/. lanceolate or oblong
apiculate denticulate or dentate hairy with short petioles, st.
simple or branched with few heads and few lanceolate or
lanceolate-attenuate acute sessile l., nv. broad. becoming trun-
cate below very dark with soft black-based hairs slightly
floccose, phyll. attenuate acute incumbent, style livid.—Sy. #.B.
834; Mon. Brit. Hierac. pl. 14; Haxsicc. Fase. i. 2; H. saxi-
Sragum Bab.—St. 15—24 in, high. FI. bright yellow. Phyl.
greenish black, overtopping the buds. ZL. coarsely hairy above,
entire towards the end. Original |. broad and rounded. St.
with scattered black-based hairs throughout, a little floccose.
St. and inv. nearly without setz.—Mountain glens. Clova.
Braemar. Breadalbane Mountains. P. VII. VIiI. 8.

HIPRACIUM. 237

17. H. senes'cens (Backh.); green, rt.-l. elliptic-lanceolate
denticulate or remotely dentate hairy with slender petioles, st.
simple with few heads and 1 or 2 /inear-/anceolatel. with slender
stalks, inv. ovate or turbinate below with short black-based
hairs and many set slightly floccose. phyll. acute adpressed (#),
styles yellow.—Sy. E. B. 833; Mon. Brit. Hierac. pl. 15 ;
Exsicc. Fasc. i. 3.—St. 15—18 in. high. Fl. golden. Phyl.
of the buds with a tuft of white down at the tips. L. with
scattered hairs on both sides, entire at both ends. Original 1.
broader. Lowest ped. above the middle of the stem.—Grassy
slopes and edges of streams in mountain districts. Clova.
Braemar. Ben Voirlich, Dumbartonshire. Breadalbane Moun-
tains. Co. Down. P. VII. VIII. Sale

18. H. Marshall’i (Linton); st. erect 7—16 in. high few-
headed with scattered white hairs, sparsely floccose and setose
above, peduncles thick, floccose with black-based hairs and setz
interspersed, rt.-l. few rather large outer roundly-ovate to ovate
nearly entire, inner ovate-acuminate with large forward-point-
ing teeth especially towards the base, yellowish-green fleshy upper
surface dull nearly glabrous with rough white hairs beneath
on the margin and midrib, narrowed into shaggy winged petiole,
st.-l. usually solitary short-stalked or sessile toothed, or bract-
like and almost entire if above, heads 2—3 rather large ; young
buds ovoid and white-tipped. Inv. rounded, phyll. very broad
subacute, outer short and rather lax, dark olive-green densely
hairy setose tips very senescent. Fl. bright golden yellow pilose
externally and at the tips. Styles darkened.—JWon. rit.
Bes pl. 16; Hxsicc. Fasc. 1. 4.—High mountains. P. VII.

SDE 8.

19. H. chrysan'thum (Backh.); green, rt.-]. ovate acute at
both ends sharply irregularly and deeply toothed hairy with
long slender petioles, st. simple or branched with few heads
and linear-lanceolate or subulate stalked st.-l., inv. rounded
below floccose with short black-based hairs and sete, phy]ll.
many /inear-attenwate outermost small and lax, styles dull
yellow._Sy.. E£. B. 830; Mon. Brit. Hierac. pl. 17; Exsice.
Fase. i. 5.—St. 9—15 in. high. Fl. golden. Phyll. greenish-
black, overtopping the drooping buds, incumbent. L. with
scattered hairs on both sides, entire towards the end. Original
]. blunt, roundish. St. often with only 1 head, with subplumose
hairs below, floccose setose and with black-based hairs above,
sometimes branching throughout. Hairs on st. and inv. with
dull-reddish tips. Buds sometimes pilose at the tip.—8. mcro-
cephalum (Backh.) ; st. simple with 1 or few nearly erect heads.
]. dentate or nearly entire, inv. urceolate, styles rather livid.—

238 45. COMPOSIT.

Mon. Brit. Hierac. pl. 18 ; H.atratum Bab.—y. gracilentiforme
(F. J. Hanb.) ; 1. all more evenly dentate or almost entire, st.
sometimes many 3—9 rising from the base l-headed. FI.
strongly ciliate-tipped. Styles faintly livid.—a. High Scotch
mountains. £. Lochnagar. y. Cumberland and Westmoreland
about Helvellyn. P. VII. VIII. E. 8.

20. H. sin'uanms (F. J. Hanb.); st. 6—15 in. high simple or
branched fistular slightly floccose, hairy and setose, heads 1—4
large, rt.-/. narrow ovate to lanceolate outer blunt inner longer
narrower acuminate all with rounded sinuous forward-pointing
teeth decurrent into shaggy somewhat winged petioles, green
sometimes reddish paler beneath firm glabrous above with scat-
tered white hairs beneath with ciliate wavy margins, st.-l. 1 or
none bract-like or lanceolate acute with short petiole or sessile,
toothed wavy hairy slightly floccose. Buds short round, inv.
urceolate-campanulate, phyll. outer short rather lax inner longer
acute with setz and black-based hairs. Fl. deep golden yellow
pilose. Styles very dark.—Mon. Brit. Hierac. Pl. 19 ; Hxsice.
Fasc. i. 30. High mountain glens. P. VIT. VIII. 8.

21. H. centripetale (F. J. Hanb.); st. erect solid striate
14—16 in. high usually branched peduncles arcuate densely
setose floccose and pilose, rt.-l. ovate to ovate-lanceolate nar-
rowed at the base all dentate usually bi-dentate with long acute
teeth or rather evenly scalloped and bearing glandular teeth,
upper surface with scattered deciduous white hairs, margin
and under surface with long silky white hairs, st.-l. usually
1 often bract-like entire or large near the base and toothed like
the rt.-l., heads numerous, buds very dark floccose-tipped, inv.
dark velvety campanulate, phyll. long narrow acute, outer
short rather lax sub-acute, with long black sete black-based
hairs and pilose tips. Fl. bright yellow shortly pilose-tipped,
styles livid.— Mon. Brit. Hierac. Pl. 20; Hasicc. Fase. i. 6.—
Rocky mountain glens. P. VIT.—IX. 8.

22. H. submurérum (Lindeb.) ; st. 10—18 in. high usually
simple setose hairy and sparsely floccose above, rt.-l. few, outer
broadly ovate truncate coarsely toothed towards the base
almost entire towards the blunt rounded apex, inner narrower
lanceolate acuminate unequal at the base decurrent with few
large irregular teeth, light green, glabrous above hairy beneath ;
st.-l. 1—2, upper bract-like slightly toothed floccose hairy,
lower large petiolate ovate-lanceolate acuminate cuneiform
decurrent irregularly toothed nearly entire towards apex almost
glabrous above or hairy both surfaces and margin, Heads
usually 2—3, buds very long cylindric, inv. campanulate, phyll.

HIERACIUM. 239

unequal outer dark rather lax inner narrow acute much paler,
somewhat pilose-tipped densely setose with few hairs. FI.
golden yellow, ciliate-tipped, styles dark.— Mon. Brit. Mierac.
Pl. 21.—High mountains. Argyleshire, Perthshire. P. Me
Vill. 4

23. H. hyparct’icum (Almq.) f ; st. 12—20 in. high, branched
striate floccose throughout somewhat hairy setose above, ped.
long arcuate densely floccose setose with few hairs ; rt.-l. 3—‘7,
outer elliptic-oval apiculate nearly entire, inner narrow ovate
or elliptic, finely toothed in lower part almost entire towards
the apex decurrent into hairy stiff recurved petioles; pale
yellowish green firm glabrous above very floccose with few
hairs beneath. St.-l. 1 or none small narrow sessile floccose
beneath, heads 2—5, buds cylindric, inv. long gradually nar-
rowed into the peduncle dark, outer phyll. short rather blunt,
loner paler narrow gradually attenuate subacute, hairy setose
the margins and tips very floccose. FI. pilose-tipped, styles
almost pure yellow.—WVon. Brit. Hierac. Pl. 22.—Ben More
of Assynt, Sutherland. P. VII. S.

Amplexicaulia. Plant yellowish green, rarely glaucous,
viscid-glandulose. Rt.-]. rosulate persistent until after
flowering ; st. with few large 1., all clothed with yellow-
headed sete. Phyli. acuminate setose. FI. ciliate.

[H. amplericaile (L.); yellowish green, st. 6—18 in. high,
paniculately and corymbosely branched floccose setose with
few white hairs towards the base, st.-/. 1—6 large, lower ob-
lanceolate or oblong, upper and bracts at base of corymbs
broadly ovate acuminate amplexicaul with large rounded
auricles, rt.-l. rather rigid oblanceolate gradually decurrent
into short petioles subobtuse coarsely dentate ; inv. ovate at
the base, phyll. numerous acuminate lax densely setose with
senescent tips. FI. pale yellow, very ciliate-tipped, styles
yellow. The whole plant densely clothed with short yellow-
headed sete.—fHrsicc. Fase. i. 7.—Naturalized on old walls
and rocks at Oxford, Hawes, Cleish Castle, Kinross, and other
places. P. VII. VIII. E. §.]

Cerinthordea. Plant glaucous not glandular with simple or
denticulate hairs. Rt.-l. rosulate persistent until after
flowering ; st. with few leaves. Phyll. with simple or
gland-tipped hairs. Heads large. FI. ciliate.

24. H. callistophyl'lum (F. J. Hanb.) ; st. erect 1—2 ft. high
often much branched hairy somewhat floccose, ped. spreading
hairy setose densely floccose, rt.-/. outer almost balloon-shaped

240 45. COMPOSIT®.

slightly apiculate almost entire at the apex decurrent into long
shaggy petiole, with coarse outward-pointing teeth ; inner more
acute sharply toothed, all light green glaucous often purplish
nearly glabrous above ciliate margins hairy beneath, st.-l.
usually 1 sessile acute sharply toothed hairy floccose beneath.
Heads 2—6 large, buds short cylindric, inv. oblong cam-
panulate, phyll. dark, outer short rather blunt, inner long
narrow, all ciliate-tipped with few sete and many black-based
hairs with very long fine white tips, sparingly floccose. FI.
bright yellow faintly pilose or glabrous, styles almost pure
yellow.—Mon. Brit. Hierac. Pl. 23; Hasicc, Fase. iii. 56.—
B. cremnanthes (F. J. Hanb.); rt.-l. narrower more acute with
very long acute triangular frequently hooked teeth entire or
nearly so towards the apex, heads few, phyll. hairy setose very
floccose with less ciliate tips. Hyxsicc. Fasc. v. 103.—y. glan-
dulosum (F. J. Hanb.); ped. very setose, inv. foccose with
many long yellow-headed sete and few black-based hairs, heads
few with frequently an adnate tendency.— a. Rocky margins of
high mountain streams in Central Scotland. p. Aberdeenshire,
Argyleshire, Inverness-shire, Yorkshire. -y. Argyleshire, Perth-
shire, P. VII. VIII. S.

25. H.ang'licum (Fr.); glaucous green, rt.-l, ovate-lanceolate
apiculate or acuminate denticulate with /ong shaggy winged
petioles, st. with few 1. and few heads, st.-/. clasping ovate
acuminate, inv. ventricose hairy setose, phyll. acuminate, styles
lind.—Sy. E. B. 836; Mon. Brit. Hierac. Pl. 24; Hzxsvce.
Fasc. ili. 57; H. cerinthoides (Backh.).—St. 12—18 in. high,
branching in cultivation. Original rt.-l. roundish. Rhizome
short. FI. pale yellow. St. with /ong arcuate ascending
lateral ped., st.-l. usually solitary sessile scarcely clasping,
phyll. ail adpressed.—. acutifoliwm (Backh.) very glaucous,
st.. much branched, |. very acute or acuminate sharply and
coarsely toothed nearly glabrous broadly winged, inner phyll.
acute attenuate. Hxrsicc. Fase. ill. 58.—y. jaculifolium (F. J.
Hanb.) ; 1. often javelin-shaped, long petioled, phyll. shorter
floccose margined with senescent tips, 7. undeveloped, styles
prominent. Mzxsicc. Fase. v. 104.—é. longibracteatum (F. J.
Hanb.) ; 1. blue-green extremely glaucous firm glabrous above
slightly hairy and floccose beneath, phyll. extraordinarily
attenuate very floccose. Ezxsicc. Fase, i. 31.—e. cerinthiforme
(Backh.) ; st. usually 15—24 in. high, st.-l. usually 2, lower
oblong-lanceolate acuminate constricted below the middle and
enlarged again into a round amplexicau base denticulate, upper
usually small entire not so clasping, rt.-l. broadly ovate to
ovate-lanceolate acute, phyll. slender acute. xsicc. Fasc. iv.
80.—t. Hartii (F. J. Hanb.); rt.-l. obovate not persistent,

HIERACIUM. 241

st.-l. 3—3 large ovate or obovate acute entire or minutely and
acutely toothed sessile strongly amplexicaul, phyll. broad
rather obtuse lax.—y. x hypochceroides (Gibs.) ; st. red erect
branched each branch bearing 2 heads floccose, ped. very floccose,
rt.-l. ovate subacute petiolate firm fleshy beautifully spotted

_ purpled and floccose beneath, st.-l. usually 1 rather large broadly

4

clasping. Heads very truncate, phyll. short broad sub-obtuse,
fl. golden yellow subglabrous or slightly pilose before expansion,

styles pure yellow.—Mountains. a. Teesdale. Craven. Lake

District. Scotland. Ireland, g. Cairn Toul, Aberdeen Links,
and other localities in Scotland. Co. Donegal and Antrim
in Treland. y. Lake District. 6. Abundant in Sutherland-
shire; Skye. Co. Antrim. «. Widely distributed over the
British Isles. ¢ Slieve League, Co. Donegal. 7. Limestone
scars near Settle, Yorkshire. P. VIT. VIII. E..8. I

26. I. tricum (Fr.); glaucous green, rt.-l. ovate or oblong-

—lanceolate-acute with short shaggy winged petzoles, st. leafy

corymbose at top, st.-l. clasping broadly ovate taper-pointed
denticulate or dentate, lower ones narrowed below, ped. and
inv. hairy setose floccose, inv. truncate below, phyll. blunt,
styles livid.—E.. B. S. 2915; Hexsicc, Fase. i. 59; H. Lapey-
rousti Bab.—St. 1—3 ft. high, very leafy rigid not branching
1-headed on barren soil. Pet. rigid diverging. Original rt.-l.
blunt. L.' often purplish at the end. St.-l. decreasing suc-
cessively upwards, upper |. broad and rounded below. Phyll.
broad, narrowed upwards.—Chiefly in mountain districts.
PVE VILE: sBiyhomed we

27. H. flocculdsum (Backh.) ; ashy-green, rt.-l. ovate or oval
blunt or acutish with small teeth below fluccose on both sides
narrowed into long petioles, st.-l. few large 4-clasping, st. sub-
corymbose jloccose throughout, ped. long straight-based, inv.
ovate below floccose setose hairy, phyll. acuminate incumbent,
styles rather livid.—Sy. #. B. 848; Haxsicc. Fasc. iv. 81;
H. stellagerum (Backh.) (not Froel.).—St. 15—2 ft. high. Fl.
bright yellow. L. rosulate, persistent ; original spathulate ;
innermost acutish. Petioles rather slender and woolly. St.-].
stalked ; uppermost sessile.—Margins of high Alpine streams.
PAVE Vile: Bers. Ee

28. H. breadal’banense (F. J. Hanb.); st. 12—18 in. high,
simple or branched many-headed, singularly devoid of setz,
ped. thick densely floccose, rt.-l, yellow-green paler beneath,
rather thick roughly hairy on both sides or almost glabrous,
outer oval apiculate almost entire, inner ovate subacute denti-
culate, all abruptly narrowed to short shaggy petiole, st.-l.

Q

242 45. COMPOSITA.

usually 1, large shortly-stalked acute and sharply toothed,
sometimes another bract-like. Heads 3—9, inv. rounded at
the base constricted above dark green hoary with white hairs
and floccose down, with very few sete, phyll. rather broad
moderately acute. Fl. slightly pilose behind the tips, styles
pure yellow.—fxsicc. Fasc. v. 105.—Frequent in the Breadal-
bane Mountains. P. VII. VIII. S.

29. H. langwellense (F. J. Hanb.); st. 1—2 ft. high,
branched, many-headed hairy floccose, peds. arcuate slender
hairy floccose setose, rt.-]. spreading, outer ovate or obovate
rounded at apex almost entire, inner broadly lanceolate acute
with large sharp teeth in the lower half ; decurrent into long
shaggy winged petioles, nearly glabrous above with white
hairs beneath firm rather pale green. St.-l. usually 1 large
sometimes another high up bract-like ; lanceolate acuminate
somewhat coarsely toothed towards the base glabrous above
sparsely floccose and hairy beneath. Inv. dark conical in fruit
floccose setose hairy, outer phyll. short lax rather blunt, inner
longer more attenuate sub-acute, floccose-margined ciliate-
tipped, fl. few, bright yellow ciliate below scarcely ciliate at
the tips, styles fuliginous.—#zsice. Fasc. ii. 60.—Mountain
gorges and cliffs. P. VII. VIII. S.

30. H.l’ma(F.J.Hanb.); glaucous, st. 8—14 in. high, many-
headed branched or simple floccose hairy, ped. arcuate hairy
setose foccose, rt.-l. glaucous green purplish below ovate nearly
entire or coarsely and irregularly toothed near the base abruptly
narrowed into long shaggy petioles, inner more lanceolate acute
toothed, felted on both sides with stiff curved hairs, st.-l. some-
times absent or bract-like or 1 large lanceolate acute sharply
toothed with few hairs on both sides. Inv. grey densely hairy
setose sparsely floccose, truncate, phyll. long slender acute
porrect in bud, outer shorter more obtuse, fl. orange-yellow,
glabrous, styles pure yellow.—/asicc. Fase. 1v. 82.—8. Brigan-
tum (F. J. Hanb.); plant more robust, heads fewer in number
singularly globose and truncate at the base shaggy with grey-
tipped hairs, l. dark green acute gradually decurrent into short
hairy petioles, the bulbous-based hairs on the 1. less rigid.
FI. pilose.—Limestone Cliffs. a. Cheddar. Great Orme’s Head.
B. Settle. P. V.—VIII. )

31. H. cloven’se (Linton) ; st.8—16 in. high, subglabrous above
floccose below, ped. straight or arcuate floccose setose not hairy,
rt.-]. ovate to ovate-acuminate dentate often with large spread-
ing teeth near the base the lowest sometimes reflexed, hairy on
both surfaces purple-blotched, st.-l. absent or lanceolate short-

vr

HIERACIUM. 243

stalked, entire or dentate. Heads in a lax irregular corymb,
inv. dark green velvety, phyll. broad-based, attenuate acute
floccose at the base, porrect in bud. Fl. orange-yellow,
glabrous-tipped, styles usually pure yellow.—Frsice. Fasc. i. 8.
Highland mountains. P. VII. VIII. S.

(H. villésum (L.), specimens marked from Clova district are
found in several Herbaria, notably in the Royal Herb. Kew,
the Nat. Hist. Mus., Barras Bridge Newcastle-on-Tyne, and
that of Sir J. E. Smith. Some of the plants are correctly
named, but others are H. alpinum, H. eximium, or H. senescens.
It is extremely probable that cultivated specimens of H. villo-
sum were circulated by mistake, instead of some of these very
hairy alpine forms that abound in the Clova district. Nothing
approaching /7. villoswm lL. has been found during the past
fifty years. |

Oreadea. Plant glaucous, st. with long simple rarely denticu-
late hairs, rt.-l. not persistent green bluish green or
paler beneath margins very ciliate, inv. large broad hairy
floccose with many minute yellow-headed sete, and few
dark larger sete sometimes. Styles yellow. FI. ciliate
or glabrous.

32. H. Grifith'ii (F. J. Hanb.); st. 6—12 in. high, simple
or branched furrowed hairy floccose, ped. spreading floccose
minutely setose with few hairs, rt.-l. rosulate ovate-lanceolate
to lanceolate acute with very sharp teeth in the lower half
gradually narrowing into shaggy petioles, hairy on both sides
slightly spotted floccose beneath with very ciliate margins,
st.-l. 1—3 long lanceolate or linear-lanceolate very acute with
long narrow sharp teeth sessile hairy. Heads 1—8, inv. rather
dark, hairy minutely setose somewhat floccose, phyll. long
narrow acute inner pale-margined. Fl. golden yellow sub-
glabrous at the tips, styles slightly livid.—Fxszec. Fasc. vi.
127.—Nant Francon, Carnarvonshire. P. VII. VIII. E.

33, H. Leyi (F.J. Hanb.); st. reddish 6—15 in. high almost
glabrous or scabrid striate, ped. green sparsely floccose setose
with few hairs arcuate thickened upwards 1—5-headed, rt.-l.
dark bluish-green often with black spots or clouded with
purple; outer ovate or ovate-lanceolate sub-entire, inner lanceo-
late acute petiolate with small acute teeth in the upper part
large teeth towards the base thin but firm coriaceous glabrous
above with soft white hairs beneath, st.-l. 1 or absent shortly
stalked lanceolate acute glabrous above scattered hairs beneath,
iny. green warted setose sparsely floccose minutely setose with

244 45. COMPOSIT#.

short black-based hairs, phyll. very long attenuate subacute
outer short rather lax.. Fl. bright yellow almost glabrous-
tipped, styles darkened:—Fxsvcc. Fase. vi. 128, 129.—Mountain
cliffs... P. VI.—VIII. E. 8.

34. H. Careno’rum (F. J. Hanb.) ; st. 10—12 in. high 1—3-
headed floccose with few scattered white hairs, ped. floccose
minutely setose with scattered hairs, rt.-l. ovate-lanceolate
decurrent into longish shaggy petioles acutely dentate sparsely
hairy, st.-l. 1 or absent ianceolate acute slightly toothed sessile
almost glabrous above floccose beneath margin and midrib
ciliate, inv. narrow, phyll. pale sub-glaucous green with lighter
margins (tips purplish in cultivation) outer adpressed small
floccose margined all with black-based hairs and minute sete.
Buds longnarrow. FI. yellow glabrous-tipped. Styles yellow.
—Frxsicc. Fasc. iv. 88.—Ben Hope. P. VIL. VIII. 8.

35. H. Schmidt (Tausch) ; ceesius green, st. 5—12 in. high
simple or branched 1—4-headed fistulose; ped. minutely setose
floccose with long white hairs with short black bases, rt.-].
bluish green, outer ovate apiculate almost entire inner ovate-
lanceolate or lanceolate-acute toothed decurrent into long
shaggy petioles hairy above sometimes glabrous very hairy
beneath and on margins, st.-l. 1 or absent almost. sessile linear
bract-like or lanceolate acute entire hairy slightly foccose.
Inv. ovate at the base hairy slightly floccose with minute sete,
phyll. long narrow sub-acute somewhat pilose-tipped and
floccose-margined outer lax. FJ. bright yellow glabrous or
sub-ciliate, styles pure yellow.—asicc. Fasc. 1. 9; v. 106.—
B. crinigerum (Fr.); glaucous green, 1. hairy both sides, st.-l.
1—2 sub-petiolate, head showy, inv. with simple hairs eglan-
dular. Fl. glabrous.—y. ewstomon (Linton); st. more solid,
]. ovate-acuminate or ovate-lanceolate rather fleshy very glau-
cous glabrous above. Fl. large lemon-yellow, slightly pilose-
tipped.—Hxsicc. Fasc. vi. 130.—é. devoniense (F. J. Hanb.) ;
12—14 in. high scarcely floccose with few sete, st.-l. large
toothed narrowing into semi-amplexicaul petiole, rt.-l. broadly
ovate glabrous above less hairy below than type. FI. ciliate
externally glabrous-tipped.—Awsicc. Fase. iv. 84.—Mountain
glens. yy. Penard Castle, Glamorgan. 4. Countisbury, North
Devon. P. VII. VIL. E. 8. I:

36. H. lasiophyl'lwm (Koch) ; glaucous, st. 6—16 in. high,
simple or branched 1—6-headed hairy, ped. densely floccose
setose slender long rather arcuate, rt.-l. broadly oval or ovate-
lanceolate entire or remotely denticulate apiculate innermost

>

HIERACIUM,. 245

acute original subrotund, coarsely hairy on both sides and on
the margins or destitute of hairs above, floccose with shaggy
petioles dilated at the base; st.-l. lanceolate very acute nar-
rowed into short petiole almost entire hairy floccose. Inv. sub-
globose slightly hairy floccose minutely setose, phyll. attenuate
rather acuminate pilose-tipped outer subobtuse. FI. glabrous-
tipped, styles yellow.—/xsicc. Fasc. iii. 61.— 8. planifoliwn
(F. J. Hanb.); ped. short erect, heads small, rt.-/. very broad

flat ovate very truncate-based softly hairy with long shaggy

petioles.—Maxsicc. Fasc. v. 107.—y. ewryodon (F. J. Hanb.) ;
rt.-l. long narrow subentire towards the apex, cut towards the
base into extraordinarily broad triangular vrregular teeti,
almost glabrous above slightly hairy and floccose beneath,
phyll. floccose-margined not pilose-tipped, st.-l, large coarsely
toothed glabrous above.—Mountain rocks. y. Herefordshire ;
Gloucestershire. B. V.—VIII. E.S. I.

37. H. far'rense (F. J. Hanb.); dark green, st. 1—2 ft. high,
slender few-headed few-l. with scattered hairs throughout, ped.
long subarcuate minutely setose, densely floccose with few hairs,
rt.-l. grass-green paler beneath /anceolate acute decurrent into
long winged shaggy petiole long almost entire or only denticu-
late hairy on both surfaces frequently purpled, st.-]. 2—3 upper
small sessile lower large lanceolate acute or subacute petiolate
floccose hairy on both sides. Inv. ventricose rounded minutely
setose densely floccose with very few hairs, outer and middle
phyll. dark floccose-margined, inner paler less floccose, subacute
pilose-tipped. Fl. orange glabrous-tipped, styles olive-yellow.
—Fzxsicc. Fase. i. 10.—Rocks. P. VII. VIII. By 5,

38. H. eustdles (Linton) ; st. 12—18 in. high somewhat hairy
floceose above branching little, st.-l. usually 1 sometimes
another bract-like linear-lanceolate high up, rt.-l. light green
narrow ovate oblong acute long-petioled decurrent thinly hairy
below glabrescent or hairy above, margin slightly crenate den-
ticulate or subentire, st.-l. similar to rt.-]. petiolate denticulate.
Heads few, ped. straight long very Hoccose with few simple
hairs setose. Inv. very floccose, with short black-based hairs
large and small sete, phyll. narrowly acuminate markedly
pilose-tipped floccose-margined. Fl. pilose-tipped, styles livid.
-—Breadalbane and Glen Shee. P. VII. VIII. Ss.

39. H. prox’imum(F. J. Hanb.) ; st. 1—2 ft. high simple or
branched hairy floccose, rt.-l. yellowish green often purpled
with pink round the margins thick leathery rough on both
sides with bulbous-based hairs petiolate sinuate ovate or ovate-
lanceolate almost entire, st.-l. 2-—4 rapidly decreasing in size

246 45. COMPOSIT®.

upwards, shortly petioled or sessile lanceolate acute or sub-
acute irregularly toothed. Inv. floccose hairy, phyll. broad
obtuse adpressed margins densely floccose hairy with few setz.
Fl. orange-yellow glabrous-tipped, styles dusky.—Zzsicc.
Fasc. i. 11.—Sandy links and cliffs. P. VII. VIII. SUL

40. H. caledon'icum (F. J. Hanb.); st. 6—14 in. high, erect
simple or branched hairy somewhat floccose, ped. long slender
subarcuate floccose minutely setose with few hairs, rt.-l. large
grass-green ovate to ovate-lanceolate acute or apiculate outer
rounded at apex, decurrent into broadly winged hairy petioles
coriaceous glabrous above softly hairy beneath and on margin
with long glandular teeth, st.-l. 1—2 large lanceolate acute
upper sessile or semi-amplexicaul, lower decurrent into hairy
winged petiole toothed towards the base hairy beneath glabrous
above. Heads 2—4 or more, inv. dark green truncate hairy
minutely setose, outer phyll. dark blunt pilose-tipped floccose-
margined inner pale almost naked. FI. large rather orange
glabrous-tipped, styles olive-brown.—/zsicc. Fasc. iv. 85;
vi. 131.—8. platyphyllum (Ley) ; st. 9—24 in, high, branched,
ped. long erect hairy setose very fluccose, rt.-l. broadly ovate
to broadly ovate-lanceolate broad-based with irregular coarse
somewhat sagittate teeth thick firm floccose beneath, phyll.
strongly floccose-margined incurved in bud. FI. mostly stylose,
styles dark olive-green.—H. pollinarium, var. platyphyllum
(Ley).—Easicc. Fasc. iv. 90.—a. Sandy clitis, Scotland.
8. Mountain rocks, South Wales. P. VI—VILI. E.S.

41. H. rubicun'dum (F. J. Hanb.) ; st. 10—20 in. high robust
erect simple or branched slightly floccose hairy, ped. long
straight thickened upwards flattened floccose hairy setose, rt.-l.
bluish-green much purple-blotched on both sides broad lanceo-
late apiculate gradually narrowing into hairy petiole entire or
denticulate sometimes coarsely dentate coriaceous glabrous
above softly hairy beneath, st.-l. large 1—2 broadly lanceolate
dentate apiculate slightly stalked or sessile glabrous above
hairy beneath upper bract-like. Heads 1—6 large showy, inv.
rounded in fi. truncate in fr. hairy minutely setose foccose,
phyll. broad_adpressed rather blunt outer.dark inner much
paler, fl. yellow glabrous or sparingly ciliate, styles slightly
livid.— Lvsicc. Fase. i. 32.—8. Boswellc (Linton) ; st. 6—16 in.
high, s¢nwous, rt.-l. thin ovate-oblong or narrow ovate acuminate
the margins ciliate waved, st.-l. 1 or absent ovate acuminate or
lanceolate shortly petioled, inv. rather globose, phyll. broad
subulate very obtuse floccose hairy with fewsetz. FI. glabrous,

styles livid yellow.—Hsice. Fasc, vi. 132.—Rocks and moun- -

tains. P. VI.—VIII. EK. 8. I

HIERACIUM. 247

42. H. Oréades (Fr.) var. subglabratum (F.J. Hanb.); entensely
glaucous, st. 12—18 in. high, simple or branched nearly glabrous,
ed. floccose setose with few hairs, rt.-l. oblong or ovate-lanceo-
ate apiculate denticulate or almost entire narrowly decurrent
into long petioles glabrous above ciliate beneath and on the
margins, st.-l. 1—3 large lanceolate acute denticulate or almost
entire decreasing in size upwards narrowing into winged semi-
amplexicaul petiole or sessile glabrous or slightly floccose with
very few hairs. Heads 2—5, inv. truncate shghtly floccose
minutely setose witb few hairs, phyll. linear attenuate, outer
and middle adpressed obtuse, inner acuminate incumbent white-
tipped. Fl. yellow ciliate-tipped, styles yellow.—Lusice.
Fase. ii. 33.—Rocks by the sea, North of Scotland. P. VII. S.

43. H. argen'teum (Fr.); very glaucous, rt.-l. lanceolate acute
denticulate towards the middle or entire glabrous above with
short petioles, st. simple or branched with few sessile or stalked
]., branches long straight, inv. broadly ventricose becoming
subtruncate below slightly setose hairy and floccose, phyll. blunt
adpressed, styles yellow.—Sy. H. B. 848; Hasiec. Fasc. i. 13 ;
H. pallidum p. persicifolium Bab.—St. 1—2 ft. high. Buds
cylindrical. Inner phyll. subacute pale-edged. FI. bright
yellow. L. with scattered hairs beneath and at the edges.
Petioles usually short. Original]. bluntish. Upper st.-]. small
narrow.—8. septentrionale (F. J. Hanb.); inv. truncate more
hairy and setose, rt.-l. more erect often broadly lanceolate
strongly toothed.—Hwsice. Fase. vi. 183.—Mountain districts
of England, Scotland, and Wales. 8. Rocks by the coast and
stream-sides, Sutherlandshire. P. VII, VIII. E. 8.

44, H. nitidum (Backh.) ; dark green, rt.-l. lanceolate acute
coarsely and sharply toothed glabrous above with short petioles,
st.-l.1 or 0, st. few-headed, ped. scaly, inv. ventricose setose and
hairy slightly floccose, phyll. acuminate or bluntish, styles
yellow.—Sy. HB. B. 844; Hxsicc. Fasc. iv. 86:—St. 15—24 in.
high,nearlyhairless. Heads large; fl.bright yellow. L. slightly
hairy beneath; teeth very large not directed downwards.
Petioles usually short. Original |. roundish.—g. slwriense
(¥. J. Hanb.); ped. slender very jloccose hairy hardly setose,
inv. less setose but more hairy than type, outer phyll. sub-obtuse,
mner long attenuate acute. Fl. glabrous.—By mountain
streams. $8. Cwm Tarrell, Breconshire. P. VII. VIII. E.S.

45. H. Sommerfeltiz (Lindeb.); st. 8—12 in. high, erect
slender simple or branched almost glabrous, ped. slightly
floccose setose and hairy, rt.-l. green purple-blotched, outer

248 45. COMPOSIT.

ovate, inner oblong-lanceolate apiculate almost entire or with
sharp glandular teeth glabrous above hairy and floccose beneath
with ciliate margins, decurrent into long petioles, st:-l. 1 or 0,
sessile or shortly petiolate linear-lanceolate acute entire or
slightly denticulate. Inv. truncate dark slightly floccose hairy
setose, phyll. outer short broad subobtuse ciliate-margined,
inner attenuate subacute reflexed almost naked ciliate-tipped.
Fl. yellow glabrous-tipped, styles slightly livid. — Fxsice.
Fasc. ii. 34.—8. tactum (F. J. Hanb.) ; 1: deeply blotched, with
very long acute hooked forward-pointing teeth; st.-l. large
toothed, phyll. few very broad obtuse minutely setose with
ciliate margins. FI. slightly pilose.—/ysicc. Fasc. v. 108.—
y. splendens (F. J. Hanb.) ; much stronger and more hairy than
type; st. hairy floccose, ped. long spreading very setose hairy
floceose, rt.-l. bluish green much blotched coriaceous deeply
toothed glaucous almost glabrous above hairy somewhat floecose
beneath, st.-l. large deeply toothed with very ciliate-margins.
Fl. pilose-tipped, styles rather. livid.—H#zszcc. Fase. vi. 134.—
Mountains. g. Scotland. y. Wales. P. VII. VIII. E.S. I.

46. H. scot'icum (F. J. Hanb.) ; st. 1—2 ft. high, erect simple
or branched hairy floccose, ped. somewhat arcuate hairy with
few setze, rt.-l. large coriaceous tinged with purple ovate to
ovate-lanceolate apiculate hairy beneath and at the margins
glabrous above almost entire or irregularly toothed, st.-l. 1—6
large decreasing upwards broadly lanceolate acuminate hairy
beneath subglabrous above denticulate or coarsely dentate, lower
petioled, upper sessile or clasping linear entire. Heads 1—10,
iny, truncate finely setose hairy, phyll. broad obtuse outer short
floccose-margined. inner pale more attenuate ciliate-tipped.
Fl. orange-yellow glabrons-tipped.—Hrsice. Fase. 1. 14.—
8. occidentale (F. J. Hanb.); st. 1—3-headed, st.-l. usually 2
shortly stalked, rt.-l. few broadly ovate subacute very wide
towards the truncate base abruptly narrowed to long petiole
almost entire. L. bright green glabrous above rather glaucous
with few long hairs beneath, styles pure yellow.—Mountain
and sea cliffs. 8. Banks of Carrick River, Co. Donegal. — P. es
VIII. Fie ip

47. H. onosmoides (Fr.), var. buglossoides (Arv. Touv.); green,
st. 134 ft. high, furrowed branched hairy at the base, ped.
slender striate tloccose with hairs and sete much thickened
upwards bearing scaly bracts, rt.-l. yellow-green lighter beneath
glaucous firm hairy both surfaces lanceolate decurrent into long
winged petioles toothed veins prominent below, st.-l. 3—6
decreasing upwards firm glaucous almost or quite glabrous

HIERACIUM, 249

above, sessile or shortly stalked lanceolate apiculate coarsely
and sharply toothed. Inv. very truncate and angular, outer
phyll. commencing near thickened part of ped., phyll. adpressed
subacute or bluntish very slightly floccose with few hairs and
sete. Fl. large pale yellow glabrous-tipped, styles almost pure
yellow.—Zasice. Fasc. 1v.. 87.—Sandhills and railway banks

2

in East Ross and East Sutherland. P. VII.

48. H. saxifrdgum (Fr.) 8. pseudonosmoides (Dahlst.) ;
glaucous, st. 8—14 in. high 1—4-headed hairy below floccose,
ped. floccose with few hairs and sete, rt.-l. ovate-lanceolate or
lanceolate apiculate irregularly dentate or almost entire with
long winged petioles roughly hairy on both sides, st.-l. 1—3
decreasing upwards lanceolate almost entire towards the apex
somewhat coarsely dentate towards the base slightly hairy on
both surfaces sessile or with winged petiole. Inv. sub-cylindric
hairy setose slightly floccose, phyll. outer short subacute inner
long narrow acute. J, olive-yellow almost always stylose
glabrous-tipped, styles yellow.—Zrsice. Fasc. i. 12.—y. orimelcs
(F. J. Hanb.); green slightly glaucous, st, erect wiry purple
below scabrid 12—16 in. high, hairy slightly floccose, ped.
spreading thickened upwards densely floccose setose with some
hairs bracteate, rt.-l. firm rigid glaucous somewhat hairy both
surfaces ovate to ovate-lanceolate denticulate or almost entire
with long petiole, st.-l. ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate often
dentate entire towards apex sessile or. short-stalked semi-
amplexicaul almost glabrous above hairy sparsely floccose
beneath. Inv. truncate hairy floccose some sete, phyll. deep
green broad subobtuse porrect in bud. FI. yellow ciliate, styles
yellow or slightly livid—Hzsiec. Fase. vi. 135.—8. Exposed
banks and cliffs, Scotland. +. Mountain crags, Wales, Scotland.
P. VIL VIL. KS:

49. H. hiber'nieum (F. J. Hanb.) ; st. 12—22 in. high, reddish
purple green above, simple 1—3-headed recurving hairy floccose,
ped. thickened upwards bracteate very floccose, rt.-l. ovate-
lanceolate obtuse not persistent entire glabrous above sparingly
hairy below, st.-]. 5—9 decreasing upwards ovate-lanceolate to
linear-lanceolate acute sometimes sharply toothed in the lower
half, grey-green almost glabrous aboye slightly hairy and
floccose beneath. Iny. truncate angular humpy, phyll. all rather
broad obtuse floccose minutely setose with few short hairs,
outer verysmalllax extendinginto the ped. Fl. yellow glabrous,
styles slightly livid. —Cliffs of the Mourne Mountains, Co.
Down ; Moynalt, Co. Donegal. P. VII. ibs

250 45. COMPOSITA.

Vulgata. Plant green or glaucous with soft simple eglandular
hairs. St. few or many-leaved. Phyll. irregularly im-
bricated ; with short hairs and floccose down, with or
without sete. Styles yellow-livid or dusky. Fl. glabrous
or sub-ciliate.

* Scapigera. St. scapiform, bare, or 1—2-leaved.

50. H. stenolépis (Lindeb.); st. 6—14 in. high simple or
branched furrowed almost glabrous hairy towards the base, ped.
long ascending bracteate setose densely floccose hardly hairy,
rt.-l. caesius-green purpled beneath, ovate or oblong-lanceolate
obtuse, or lanceolate acute or acuminate unequally broadly
based sometimes truncate or cuneate or cordate almost entire
towards the apex, irregularly and deeply dentate the teeth
descending into the long floccose very hairy petioles, glabrous
above somewhat floccose beneath, st.-l. O—1 linear or lanceolate
acute long-stalked entire or sharply dentate. Heads small
1—5, inv. sub-truncate floccose setose hairy, phyll. long narrow
acutedark green, inner paler. FI. brightyellow pilose externally,
sub-ciliate at the tips, styles yellow or very slightly livid.—
Pusice. Fase. vi. 136.—8. anguinum (W. R. Linton) ; rt.-l.
rosulate nearly erect ovate-oblong denticulate or almost entire
with few large teeth, subglabrous, inv. darker less hairy setose
and floccose than type, long snake-like in bud, styles livid.—
Exsicc. Fasc. i. 15.—Mountains and cliffs. §. High hills above
Moffat, Scotland. P. VI. VII. Ee Sak

51. H. hypocheroides (Gibs.); glaucous green, rt.-l, ovate
blunt apiculate rather truncate or cordate below denticulate,
petioles slender, st. /eafless. rigid simple or forked with straight-
based ped., inv. truncate below floccose hairy setose, phyll. broad
and blunt incumbent, styles yellow.—Sy. #. B. 842; Huasice.
Fase. 11.35; 77. Gibsont Backh.—St. 6—18 in. high. FI. bright
yellow. Phyll. not cuspidate. L. rosulate, persistent, very
broad, blotched with purple above.—8. saxorwm (F. J. Hanb.) ;
rt.-l. narrower more acute paler green purpled when young
losing this when older, ped. longer less straight and rigid,
phyll. porrect in bud, more acute darker less white-margined.—
y. Cyathis (Ley.); rt.-lL green or slightly blotched, original
obovate retuse at the tip decurrent into broadly winged hairy
petioles hairy beneath and on the margins, inner long oval or
narrow elliptic acute often toothed, bud very short forming from
the first an open cup, phyll. recurved in bud, outer lax.—Hasice.
Fase. v. 109.—Mountains. a. England; Wales; Ireland. . Red
sandstone rocks, Breconshire, Montgomeryshire. yy. Lime-
stone rocks near Merthyr Tydfil, Breconshire. P. VII. oe

HIERACIUM. 251

52. H. aggregdtum (Backh.) ; deep green, rt.-l. ovate blunt
coarsely dentate below floccose beneath when young, st.-l. 1
lanceolate narrowed at both ends, st. corymbose and floccose at
the top, ped. aggregate, inv. subtruncate below loosely floccose
setose nearly hairless, phyll. blunt.—Sy. EB. B. 845; Eaxsice.
Fase. iii. 62 ; H. bifidum Koch ?—St. 12—20 in. high, usually
simple. Ped. forming a close corymb as in H. wmbellatum.
Heads many. Buds cylindrical. FI. bright yellow or orange.
Styles yellow. L.rosulate, persistent ; original]. nearly round ;
innermost acutish, Petioles rather winged, slightly hairy.
St.-l. subsessile. Phyll. adpressed.—s. prolongatum (F. J.
Hanb,); 7. Jonger ovate-lanceolate acute not floccose beneath,
ped. much elongated, inv. longer and more hairy.—Hwxsicc. Fase.
v. 110.—By rocky streams in the Highlands. . Glen Lochay,
Perthshire. P. VII. VIII. Ss.

53. H. Pictérum (Linton) ; st. 14—2 feet high, subglabrous
1—4-headed, ped. somewhat floccose setose with few hairs,
rt.-l. pale green glabrous above subglabrous paler and turning
purple beneath, nerves veryconspicuous, ovate or ovate-acuminate
denticulate often sharply dentate at the base, suddenly narrowed
into slightly winged hairy petioles, st.-]. 1. or absent petiolate
lanceolate acuminate dentate, floccose beneath glabrous above.
Inv. ovoid ventricose hairy setose somewhat floccose, phyll.
adpressed, outer dark green subulate, inner paler with purpled
and senescent tips, acuminate. Fl. gamboge-yellow glabrous
upwards, styles olive-yellow.—Hxsicc. Fasc. iv. 88—8. dasy-
thria (Linton) ; 1, dull green hairy beneath with densely ciliate
margins, nerves inconspicuous, slightly and regularly dentate
towards the base, inv. shaggy with white hairs.—Hxsicc. Fase.
y. 111.—Central Highlands of Scotland. P. VII. VHI. S.

54. H. britan'mcum (F. J. Hanb.); st. 12—18 in. high,
branched striate with scattered hairs, ped. long somewhat
arcuate very floccose with few hairs setose, rt.-l. firm glaucous
glabrous above hairy beneath and on the margins much furrowed
by deep parallel veining, outer broadly ovate apiculate sub-
entire near the apex, very coarsely and irregularly toothed
towards the remarkably truncate base, inner narrower more
acute less truncate more deeply toothed, the teeth or appendages
in lL. often extending a long way down the petiole, st.+l. large
near the base, or bract-like at the point of branching. Heads
3—6, inv. truncate at the base ultimately conical, grey floccose
with long hairs and few sete, phyll. long narrow acute porrect
in bud, inner almost naked, outer broad lax. FI. bright yellow
glabrous-tipped, styles yellow or slightly dusky.—Hasvce. Fasc.
i. 36.—Limestone dales and scars. Yorkshire, Derbyshire,
Stafford. P. VII. VIII. :

252 45. COMPOSIT A.

55. H. rivdle (F. J. Hanb.); st. 12—20 m. high branched
floccose with few hairs, ped. long slender densely floccose setose
scarcely hairy, rt.-l. bright green much paler beneath often
purpled, outer oval apiculate, inner lanceolate acute all some-
what toothed especially towards the base, very unequally based,
truncate or cuneate or almost cordate, abruptly narrowed into
very long slender shaggy petioles, roughly hairy on both sides
or glabrous above, st.-l. 1—2 bract-like linear lanceolate den-
ticulate or entire, or if low on the st. long lanceolate acute long-
stalked toothed, floccose beneath.—Heads 4—10, inv. conical
grey with floccose down setose with few hairs, phyll. long acute
floccose-margined. F |. large yellow pilose-tipped, styles yellow
or dingy yellow.—#ysicc. Fasc. 1. 16.—8. subhirtum (F. J.
Hanb.) ; rt.-l. more or less dentate or bidentate, st. floccose
with long spreading hairs, inv. dark hairy but little floecose
and with few sete, phiyll. ciliate-tipped not floccose-margined, the
whole plant much greyer than type.—Hszcc. Fase. vi. 137.—
Rocky streams. P. VI.—VIiI. E.S.

56. 7. pollindrium (F. J. Hanb.); st. 12—18 in. high,
furrowed simple or branched, heads 2—10 corymbose closely
aggregated, ped. short thick straight-based mealy with floccose
down setose not hairy, rt.-l. grass green coriaceous nearly
glabrous above softly hairy beneath fleshy brittle, boat-shaped
elliptic, outer retuse or blunt, inner longer more acute, with
few minute apiculate patent teeth, narrowing into a long
slender winged petiole, st.-l. frequently small placed high
linear bract-like floccose, or if low on the stem large lanceolate
acuminate almost glabrous petiolate slightly clasping. Inv.
truncate below very grey floccose setose not hairy, phyll. few
short broad blunt floccose-margined ciliate-tipped. Fl. yellow
glabrous or sub-pilose, styles light olive-brown.—sice. Fasc.
iv. 89.—North coast of Scotland. P. VII. S.

57. H. murorum (L. pt.); green, rt.-l. ovate often cordate
and with large patent or descending teeth below, petioles
shaggy, st.-l. 0 or 1 stalked and placed high, heads subcorym-
bose, ped. arcuate ascending, inv, thinly clothed floccose setose
with few hairs, phyll. acuminate erect overtopping the glabrous-
tipped buds, styles livid.—Sy. #. L. 846.—St. 12—18 in. high.
Young heads cylindrical, L. usually thin. St.-l. ovate-
acuminate, often rounded or cordate below. Styles rarely
yellowish. 8. pulcherrimum (F. J. Hanb.); st. simple or
branched corymbose or panicled, ped. straight slender hairy
setose densely floccose, rt.-l. primary oval blunt, inner ovate-
lanceolate obtuse nearly entire at apex dentate abruptly de-
current towards the base, shortly pilose on both sides, st.-l.

HIERACIUM. 253

1—2 short-petioled. Jnv. small dark wrceolate phyll. long
narrow subacute sparingly floccose dense/y setose. Heads 9—15.
Fl. deep golden yellow markedly pilose-tipped, styles livid.—
Easice, Fasc. vi. 138.—Limestone cliffs, Wales, Yorkshire.—
y. micracladiwm (Dahlst.) ; ped. long spreading not corymbose
sparsely floccose, rt.-l]. small, inner lanceolate acute usually

“dentate or with few irregular teeth at base, st.-l. /arge almost

entire, phyll. few long narrow acute setose with few hairs,
outer slightly floccose-margined. Fl. sub-ciliate, styles very
livid.—Hxsice. Fase. 1. 17.—Rocky sides of mountain-streams
in the British Isles.—é. camptopetaium (F. J. Hanb.); ped.
spreading almost straight, rt.-l. oval sharply and finely dentate
glabrous above, hairy beneath, st.-l.arregularly coarsely toothed.
Fl. dirty yellow, stylose glabrous-tipped, styles dirty yellow.—
Above the falls of Allt-na-Caillich, Ben Hope, Sutherland-
shire.—e. celiatum (Almq.); ped. arcuate densely floccose
setose, rt.-l. large, outer elliptic denticulate or almost entire,
inner lanceolate acute dentate with large irregular spreading
teeth subglabrous above hairy below and on margins, st.-l.
large broadly lanceolate acuminate coarsely toothed hairy
Jloccose beneath, phyll. subacute all ciliate-tipped and floccose-
margined. Fl. pilose, styles yellow.—Stream sides.—¢ pachy-
phyllum (Purchas) ; rt.-l. outer very blunt almost retuse, inner
more acute broadly ovate all mucronate, cordate or hastate at
base with descending patent teeth, glaucous and glabrous above,
under surface and margins hairy, deeply stained with purple and
purple marginal line, st.-l. usually 0 or bract-like. Heads
3—10 broad blunt, phyll. outer Jax short broad blunt, inner
narrower subacute, woolly at the tips floccose-margined with
black-based hairs and minute sete. Fl]. deep yellow pilose,
styles rather dusky.—Hasicc. Fase. iii. 64.—Limestone rocks
in the Wye Valley.—y. sagittatum (Lindeb.); 1. sagittate at
the base, hairy on both sides and margin, inv. broad with rounded
base minutely setose with short hairs, phyll. acute floccose-
margined and tipped. FI. ciliate, styles very dark.—Scotland.—
6. subulatidens (Dahlst.) ; 1. ovate or ovate-lanceolate acute wth
truncate base toothed with large prominent teeth, yellowish
green veins conspicuous on under surface. St.-l. O—1 deeply
coarsely toothed, peds. and phyll. setose floccose with few
hairs, styles yellow.—Hxsicc. Fasc. vi. 141. Forfar. Wales.—
. sanguineum (Ley); rt.-l. oval or elliptic nearly glabrous,
older turning blood-red beneath unequally based finely denticu-
late, st. branched furrowed 0—1-leaved, ped. and phyll. floccose
setose, the latter with many grey hairs. Heads large semi-
globose.—Ewxsicc. Fasc. vi. 140.—Yorkshire. Breconshire.—
Many other varieties have been distinguished that cannot be
mentioned here.—Woods and rocks. P. VI.—VIII. £.8.L.

254 45. COMPOSIT.

** Caulescentia. Stem usually long, more or less leafy.

58. H. eiprepes (F. J. Hanb.) ; st. 10—18 in. high, simple or
with long straight branches hairy or bristly, ped. very short
straight floccose sparingly hairy and setose, rt.-l. ovate-lanceo-
late obtuse or acute denticulate or almost entire (Scottish
plants coarsely toothed) gradually narrowed into long petioles,
grass-green lighter and purpled beneath, softly hairy on both
sides, st.-l. usually 1 large lanceolate acute or acuminate den-
ticulate petiolate hairy. Heads often numerous, crowded very
adnate, inv. very truncate and conical dark green, phyll. few
dark with lighter margins and purplish tips, adpressed rather
blunt floccose-tipped when young hairy sparingly floccose and
setose. FI. pale yellow glabrous-tipped, styles faintly livid
beneath.—F#rsicc. Fasc. iii. 66.—8. glabratum (Linton) ; 1.
narrower often strongly dentate glabrous above, ped. and iny.
less hairy setose and floccose.— #rsicc. Fasc. i. 19.—Mountain
cliffs. P. VI.—VIII. E.S.

59. HH. orcaden'se (W. R. Linton) ; st. 1—2 ft. high, hairy
floccose, ped. thickened upwards almost straight panicled
floccose hairy setose, rt.-l. rosulate outer broad ovate narrowing
to petiole rounded or apiculate at theapex dentate or denticulate
or almost entire, inner lanceolate acute dentate with medium-
sized patent teeth hairy or subglabrous margins ciliate, st.-].
1—4 with short winged petiole acutely dentate in the lower
part, ovate-lanceolate nearly glabrous above. Heads 2—9
small, inv. small dark green velvety rounded at the base
constricted above, hairy setose slightly floccose, phyll. few
broad blunt, inner subacute with paler margins all adpressed
with white tips and margins. FI. deep golden yellow glabrous
or faintly pilose before expansion, styles greenish yellow.—
Evsice. Fase. vi. 142.— Cliffs at Hoy, Orkney. P. fe
VIII. Ss.

60. H. rubigindsum (F. J. Hanb.) ; st. 1—2 ft. high, simple
or branched robust purplish-red, hairy below, ped. somewhat
floccose setose hairy, rt.-l. numerous large broadly ovate sub-
acuminate sharply irregularly toothed thickly hairy on both
sides blotched with rusty purple, st.-]. 1—4, subsessile or slightly
clasping ovate-lanceolate acute coarsely irregularly toothed
hairy on both surfaces and margins. Heads 2 or many large,
inv. large broad-based, phyll. broad subacuminate slightly
floccose, hairy with few sete. Fl. deep golden yellow glabrous-
tipped, styles nearly pure yellow.—wsicc. Fase. iv. 91.—
H. vulgatum (Fr.) var. rubescens Backh.—Limestone scars.
Derbyshire, West Yorkshire, Westmoreland. P. VII.—IX. :E.

|
|

HIERACIUM. 255

61. H. Adler'ai (Almq.); st. 1—23 ft. high, simple or
branched corymbose purpled at the base hairy floccose, ped.
long spreading floccose setose, rt.-l. ovate lanceolate apiculate
denticulate narrowing into petiole, st.-l. 2—5 large, broadly
ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate acuminate with large irregular
spreading teeth entire towards the apex, hairy or glabrous
above hairy and floccose beneath, lower petiolate upper sessile,
purpled round the margins. Heads 2—12, inv. dark, outer
phyll. short broad subacute, inner long narrow acute setose
scarcely floccose with few hairs. FI. golden yellow, glabrous-
tipped, styles livid.—#rsicc. Fasc. ii. 67.—River-banks in
Wales.’ P. VII. E.

62. H. cee'scwum (Fr.); ceesius or dull green, rt.-l. ovate or
lanceolate rounded or narrowed below irregularly dentate-
serrate with patent or ascending teeth, petioles slender, st.-l. 0
or 1 placed low, st. few-headed with straight-based ped., inv.
rounded below floccose hairy slightly setose, phyll. bluntish,
inner ones acute incumbent, styles slightly livid.—ZHysice.
Fase. v. 113; 7. murorum Sm. E. B. 2082; Ll. Dan. 2598.—
St. 12—18 m. high. Young heads roundish. FI. bright
yellow. Phyll. not cuspidate ; inner very slender, pointed.
Rootstock long. L.. nearly glabrous above, coriaceous, not
fringed with coarse hairs ; innermost acute. St.-l. not stalked,
narrowed below.—g, Smitha (Baker) ; /. and st. purpled, outer
rt.-l. oblong ovate denticulate with sheathing shaggy petioles,
inner longer narrower acute or acuminate dentate sometimes
coarsely towards the unequal bases, st.-]. wanting or bract-like,
heads 3—4, phyll. linear acute hairy scarcely floccose with few
sete, ped. long arcuate.—y. coracinum (Ley) ; |. yellow-green
paler beneath, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate acute or acuminate
decurrent deeply toothed at the base. Heads 4—8 in compact
corymb, ped. short spreading ascending densely floccose with
few setze, phyll. subobtuse densely hairy scarcely setose, outer
few short. FI]. rather broad sub-glabrous, styles rather dark.—
Mountains. g. Yorkshire; Derbyshire. y. Brecon Beacons.
P. VIL. VIII. E. 8. I.

63. H. insuldre (F. J. Hanb.) ; st. 6—12 in. high, stiff erect,
ped. setose densely floccose, rt.-l. few, outer oval or ovate blunt
apiculate almost entire, inner ovate-lanceolate very acute
laterally curved from the apex to the base of long shaggy petiole,
dentate especially towards the base, green coriaceous, veins
prominent, roughly hairy on both surfaces or subglabrous above,
st.-l. 1 lanceolate acute dentate petiolate curved like rt.-/.
Heads 1—2, inv. eylindric-campanulate hairy setose, phyll.
adpressed with floccose tips and margins, inner sub-acute, buds

256 45. COMPOSIT®.

long cylindrical. ¥\.deep goldenyellow, glabrous-tipped, styles
rather livid.—g. petrocharzs (Linton) ; 1. elliptic oblong, dente-
culate. Styles unformly livid, st.-1. often wanting sub-entire or
denticulate oblong narrowed to both ends.—Zzsicc. Fase. i.
20.—Alpine rocks. P. VII. VIII. 8:

64. H. cam'bricum ((Baker) F. J. Hanb.); glaucous, st. 6—
16 in. high, scarcely hairy, ped. long floeccose with few hairs,
rt.-l, rosulate 4—5 thin glaucous lanceolate acute narrowed to
the base with long petioles sharply dentate nearly glabrous,
st.-l. 0 or 1 small near the base. Heads 3—4, iny. small, outer
phyll. dark short broad floccose-margined, inner paler narrower,
all acute floccose-tipped hairy somewhat setose. Fl. bright
yellow, styles yellow.—Eyxsicc: Fase. iv. 92.—Limestone rocks.
Grt. Orme’s Head, Wales. P. VII. VIII.

65. IT. vagen'se (Ley) ; st. 12—18 in. high, slender drooping
branched or simple, sparsely hairy floccose above, ped. long
ascending floccose setose, rt.-l. light glaucous green, long
narrowly ovate or elliptic narrowed at the base into long petioles
or truncate, acuminate with many long acuminate very unequal
teeth which are often continued down the petiole nearly to tts
base, glabrous above hairy beneath, st.-l. similar, or. narrower
linear ; all the l. with pellucid veins and midrib. Heads few
large, inv. ovate after flowering, phyll. at first loosely incurved,
erect in bud hairy setose, styles yellow.—Fyrsicc. Fase. iil. 63 ;
HH. britannicum (F. J. Hanb.) var. vagense (F.J. Hanb.).—River-
side rocks in the Wye Valley, Wales. P. VI. KE.

66. H. holophyl’lum (W. R. Linton) ; st. 10—12 in. high,
corymbose-paniculate hairy below floccose above, ped. arcuate
ascending floccose, rt.-l. persistent deep green somewhat
coriaceous oblong-ovate entz7e or somewhat denticulate rounded
and blunt at each end, inner pointed, subglabrous above slightly
hairy below, st.-l. 1—3 ovate-lanceolate acuminate narrowing
into petiole. Inv. pale green, constricted in fl., truncate below
in fr., phyll. bluntish, the margins and tips pale green floccose
with few hairs and set, the outer with lax tips. Fl. yellow
glabrous-tipped, styles long pure yellow, dusky when old.—
Ersicc. Fasc. ii. 39.—Limestone cliffs. Derbyshire. P. VII.
VII. E.

67. H. cesiomurorum (Lindeb.); st. 1—2} ft. high wir
fistular simple or branched, ped. spreading floccose setose, rt.—l.
dull deep green rather glaucous with prominent veins beneath,
outer blunt apiculate, inner long lanceolate acuminate almost
entire towards the apex with large spreading teeth in the lower
half, petioles long slender, st.-l. petiolate lanceolate acute

ad

HIERACIUM. 257

coarsely and sharply toothed. Heads 2—7, inv. broadly cam-
panulate in fl. subglobose in fr. green hairy somewhat setose
floccose, phyll. adpressed, outer few broad gibbous somewhat
floccose-margined. FI. golden yellow pilose-tipped when young,
styles slightly darkened.—/xsicc. Fase. i. 21.—Subalpine glens
in Wales and Scotland. P. VI.—VIII. E.S.

68. H. Ordrium (Lindeb.) f.; st. 1—3 ft. high, simple or
branched, panicled or few-headed, ped. hairy setose floccose,
rt.-l. few not persistent, ovate-lanceolate denticulate or dentate
in the lower half almost entire towards the apex hairy on both
surfaces somewhat floccose beneath, st.-1. 2—5 petiolate lanceolate
acute decurrent dentate. Inv. broad at the base rounded, buds
rather narrow cylindric, phyll. obtuse, inner acute, hairy setose
floccose-margined. FI]. especially the inner very pilose-tipped,
styles light yellow.—s. fulvum (F. J. Hanb.); st. few-leaved
scabrid, rt.-l. acutely dentate with long petioles. FI. small
reddish yellow or orange, phyll. adpressed bristly densely setose,
styles very dark long and scarcely cleft.—Hxsicc. Fasc. iv. 93.—
Banks of streams in Scotland. 8. Caithness and Sutherland.
POV EEE: :

69. H. diuriceps (F. J. Hanb.); st. 15—20 in. high wiry,
reddish-purple hairy below almost glabrous above, ped. straight
slender rigid floccose, with dark and minute yellow-headed sete,
rt.-l. small lanceolate subacute, primary oval apiculate, dull
green often blotched with purple, almost glabrous above with
scattered white hairs beneath, st.-l. narrow lanceolate acute
petiolate if low down, sessile if springing from the point of
branching. Inv. small hard compact, deep green conical when
mature, buds short and stout, phyll. narrow acute densely
setose sparingly floccose and pilose-tipped. Fl]. small rather
numerous often stylose, ciliate-tipped especially when young,
styles livid.—Fxsice. Fase. vi. 144.—8. cravoniense (F. J. Hanb.);
rt. and st.-]. more numerous pilose on both surfaces, deeply
irregularly dentate, ped. less setose, more hairy and floccose,
iny. hairy, sparsely setose and floccose. Fl. always stylose.
The whole plant more robust than type. Rocks and cliffs by
streams in Scotland. §. Stream-sides, Craven: Yorkshire :
Lancashire. P. VI.—VIII. ‘ E.S.

70. H. dissim‘ile (Lindeb.) f.; st. 10—18 in. high, hairy
below, ped. floccose with few hairs and sete. Rt.-l. rosulate
narrowly decurrent at the base with long slender very hairy
red petioles, sharply dentate or denticulate, outer ovate, inner
lanceolate acute, yellowish green thin but firm not glaucous,
sub-glabrous above hairy beneath, st.-l. 1—3 lanceolate acute

R

258 45, COMPOSIT®.

petiolate very deeply irregularly toothed hairy slightly floccose
beneath. Heads 1—3, inv. broad-based, phyll. outer lax, inner
long attenuate, somewhat flocecose-margined. Fl.golden yellow
pilose-tipped, styles very livid.—Hxscc. Fase. iv. 94.— 8. polt-
enum (Dahlst.) ; 1. broader less sharply toothed, ped. only floccose,
heads numerous, inv. very loccose with fine hairs and few
minute yellow-headed sete, tips of phyll. purple-brown.—y.
porrigens (Almq.); st.-l. more numerous broadly lanceolate
petiolate wpper sessile, all with rather coarse teeth in the lower
half, ped. densely floccose and setose, phyll. floccose-margined,
not hairy but with many long minute yellow-headed setze.—
Mountain glens. «a. Frequent in the Breadalbanes. 8. Caith-
ness, Inverness. y. Nr. Watersmeet, Countisbury, N. Devon.
POV VEL: E. S.

71. H. vulgdtum (Fr.); green or glaucous, |. oblong or
lanceolate often with patent or forward teeth on lower half,
rt.-l. narrowed into petiole, st.-l. often many all or uppermost
sessile, head panicled or subcorymbose, inv. and straight
ascending peds. floccose setose with few hairs, phyll. equally
attenuate acutish incumbent, styles livid.—Zxsice. Fase. i. 40 ;
H, sylvaticun, Sm. EH. B. 2031.—Very variable, 1—3 ft. high.
The more common plant has panicled heads cylindrical when
young, glaucescent 1. purplish beneath, persistent rt.-l. few
st.-l., greenish inv. ; but sometimes the st. is very leafy, heads
panicled, rt.-l.evanescent.—8. maculatum (Sm.); has few broad
purple-based st.-l., and imperfectiy corymbose heads. The
spots on the |. are not constant; in shade they are absent.—
EBysice. Fase. iii. 68 ; Sy. H. B.849.—y. dedalolepium (Dahlst.) ;
st.-l. 2—3 lower slightly petiolate, heads numerous small
narrow, phyll. narrow equally broad with few fine small hairs
small seta and scarcely floccose.—Hwxsicc. Fase. v, 115.—
5. cacumimum (Ley); upper st.-l. long large lingulate, nearly
glabrous entire or wth shallow irregular teeth, ped. bracteate,
phyll. broad obtuse, styles pure yellow.—Eusicc. Fase. v. 116.—
e. sejunctum (W. R. Linton); st.-l. 2—4 rarely 9, yellowish-
green, hairy above floccose beneath, jirm sharply dentate with
several large cusped teeth, heads 4—12 sub-umbellate, floccose
hairy thinly setose, fl. glabrous-tipped, styles lived —Zwsice.
Fase. vi. 26. Many other forms are named but they defy
definition.—Woods, banks, walls. 6. Teesdale, North Wales.
e. Scotland. P. VI.—IX. E.S. L

72. H. surreidnum (F. J. Hanb.); st. 1—2 ft. high, usually
simple, hairy below, ped. usually straight ascending floccose
with fine hairs not setose, rt.-l, not persistent elliptic almost
entire, st.-l. 3—5 lower ovate decurrent into shaggy petiole

»*

HIERACIUM, 259

blunt at apex, upper longer apiculate uppermost sessile, hairy on
bothsurfacesand margins floccose beneath denticulateordentate.
Heads 2—5, inv. cylindric, outer phyll. short blunt, inner
longer paler subacutealmostnaked, very sparingly hairy lloccose
and few small sete. Fl. orange-yellow, slightly ciliate-tipped,
styles almost pure yellow.—/Hzsvcc. Fasc. vi. 147.—$. megalodon
(Linton) ; st.-l: broader, more coarsely toothed, rt.-l. rounder
with longer petioles, inv. greener when dry, not so dark.—
Hexsicc. Fasc. vi. 148.—Banks near Witley, Surrey. P. VI. E.

73. H. stenophy'es (W. R. Linton) ; st. 15—2 ft. high, hairy
below, ped. arcuate floccose, rt.-l. rosulate spreading, outer
ovate-oblong with few blunt teeth, inner lanceolate-oblong
acute, with cuneate base gradually decurrent into long petiole
coarsely toothed, hairy both surfaces, st.-l. usually 1 petiolate
lanceolate acuminate with few large acute patent teeth. Heads
3—8, inv. dark cylindric, phyll. broad dark greenish, inner
paler-margined, acute hairy floccose at the base with few setz.
Fl. cup-shaped, rich yellow, glabrous-tipped, styles livid.—
Hexsicc. Fase. vi. 149.—Mountains. P. VI. VIL. S.

74. H. subanfrac'twm (Marshall) ; st. 9—20 in. high, rigid
fistular simple or branching glabrous below floccose upwards
with few setze, ped. evect ascending floccose setose, rt.-l. oblong
lanceolate obtuse or linear-lanceolate to lanceolate acute or
apiculate, blade from 2—4 in. long gradually narrowing into
long slender hairy petioles,strongly dentate with large forward-
pointing teeth, gland-tipped, bright green above with prominent
pellucid veins sometimes glaucous, paler beneath, firm glabrous
above slightly hairy beneath and at the margins, st.-l. usually
1 lanceolate petiolate slightly or deeply toothed, sometimes
linear bract-like.. Heads 1—4,inv.campanulate very dark, buds
cylindric, phyll. very dark obtuse narrowing upwards hairy
glandular floccose-tipped. Fl. golden yellow, ciliate-tipped,
styles rather livid.—asicc. Fase. i. 41.—Rocky subalpine
streamlets. P. VI.—VIII. 8.

75. H. angusta'tum (Lindeb.); st. 10—16 in. high simple
sometimes branched, almost glabrous, ped.slightly floccose setose
with few hairs, rt.-l. small ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate
acuminate or acute denticulate or almost entire, st.-l. 0O—3
lanceolate acute or linear bractlike, entire or slightly dentate
towards the base, somewhat fleshy yellow-green, paler some-
what floccose beneath. Heads 1—3 small, phyll. long narrow
blunt or acuminate, slightly hairy with little floccose and
few setz, inner acute almost naked. FI. small, yellow, styles
somewhat livid.—Hwsice. Fase. vi. 150, 151.—Ravines, Lake
District, Scotland. P. VII. VIII. E.S

260 45. COMPOSITA.

76. H. subramo'sum (Loun.); st. 1—2} ft. high branched
slightly floccose with few hairs, ped. erect spreading densely
floccose slightly hairy setose bracteate, rt.-]. 2—3 large outer
ovate-oblong blunt almost entire, inner lanceolate acute, irregu-
larly deeply toothed almost glabrous above, hairy beneath and
on margins, st.-l. 1—3, deeply irregularly acutely toothed hairy
floccose below. Heads large numerous, inv. hairy floccose with
fewsete. Fl. ciliate-—Shorebetween Burntisland ana Pettycur,
Fife. P. VI. : >)

77. H. diaph'anum (Fr.) ; st. 1—14 ft. high fistular with few
hairs, ped. long spreading very floccose setose with few hairs,
rt.-l. large ovate-elliptical denticulate hairy both surfaces, st.-l.
3—5 lower lanceolate acute dentate or denticulate decurrent
into long winged almost amplexicaul whiite-haired petioles,
almost glabrous above hairy below, upper sub-sessile floccose
with few hairs. Inv. large truncate dark blackish green com-
paratively glabrous or with scattered hairs and numerous sete,
phyll. outer broad blunt, inner paler slightly floccose-tipped.
Fl. yellow glabrous-tipped, styles yellow or slightly livid.—s.
stenolepis (Lindeb.) ; st.-l. rather coriaceous, not jloccose, heads
numerous 2—6, buds extraordinarily long and narrow, setose,
phyll. very narrow more acute slightly floccose with floccose-tips,
minutely setose with few hairs. FI. golden yellow, slightly
pilose.—Rocky cliffs. P. VII. VIII. EK.

78. H. diaphanoides (Lindeb.) ; st. 13 ft. high, many-headed
hairy slightly floccose, ped. corymbose spreading erect or rarely
incurved setose floccose with some hairs, rt.-l. dull often czesius
green sometimes crimsoned, fleshy rosulate elliptic or oblong or
lanceolate decurrent into short hairy winged petioles deeply
toothed entire towards the apex, glabrous on both sides or hairy
beneath, st:-l. 1—3 far apart often sessile lanceolate acute or
acuminate coarsely dentate towardsthe base. Heads corymbose
dark, outer phyll. broad subacute, inner long narrow acute
thickly setose, not hairy nor floccose. FI. slightly pilose, styles
bright yellow or often dusky.—Zaszec. Fase. li. 42.—8. apicu-
latuwm (Linton) ; 1. fresh green with more cuneate base, blunter
more apiculate, phyll. broad acuminate obtuse, white-tipped,
heads in lax irregular subcorymbose panicle.—WHxsicc. Fasc.
ii. AB Somerset. Cheshire. Wales. Perthsh. Forfar. ia
VIII. ys

79. H. sciaph’ilum (Uechtr.) ; st. 1—2} ft. high, branched,
hairy slightly floccose, ped. long wiry spreading erect or arcuate
bracteate densely setose floccose not hairy, rt.-]. rigid light green
often crimsoned broadly lanceolate blunt or subacute dentate —
denticulate or almost entire hairy on both surfaces, st.-l]. 1—8

HIERACIUM. 261

broadly lanceolate acuminate apiculate entire towards the apex
toothed below, uppersessile lower petiolate, somewhat coriaceous
glabrous above hairy beneath. Heads many, inv. narrow
cuneate very setose, buds cylindric, outer phyllaries short rather
lax, inner long attenuate, outer and middle floccose-margined.
Fl. rich yellow sub-pilose, styles nearly pure yellow.—Lzsicc.
Fasc. i. 22.—8. pulchrius (Ley) ; st. shorter stouter less leafy,
rt.-l. obovate obtuse coarsely toothed with shallow teeth, st.-l.
elliptic or ovate somewhat acute, coarsely toothed. Heads
subumbellate with dark phyil. and longer setze.—Zxsicc. Fasc.
v. 117.—Woods, rocks, and banks. gs. Mountain cliffs in Wales.
P. VI.—IX. E. 8. 1

inl. ACCIPITRINA. Forming closed buds at the base of
the st. in autumn. No true rt.-leaves with the flowers.
St. leafy. Phyll.in many rows. Hairs of pappus rigid,
unequal.

* Rigida. St.-]. numerous, lower sub-petiolate, upper sessile,
narrow or broad lanceolate more or less toothed, outer
phyll. slightly lax with straight margins, inv. nearly
glabrous or with minute yellow set, few hairs, sometimes
slightly floccose.

80. H. goth'tewm (Backh.); st. 13—4 ft. high erect rigid simple
or branched nearly glabrous throughout, ped. erect or spreading
rigid floccose, 1. 7—20 dark green paler and rather glaucous
beneath firm, lanceolate or ovate, acute or subobtuse denticulate
or dentate in the middle, entire towards apex, aggregate towards
the base of st. sometimes stalked, upper smaller sessile almost
bractlike. Heads 1—5, inv. dark green globose-ventricose,
cylindric in bud, rounded and sometimes truncate. at the base
after flowering, nearly glabrous or with few hairs, phyll. dark
green broad obtuse rather lax with incumbent tips. FI. bright
not deep yellow glabrous-tipped, styles yellow with minute
dark hairs.—Sy. #. B. 851; Euasicc. Fase. ii. 69; iv. 96.—
8. latifolium (Backh.); plant much more robust, |. large very
broad obtuse entire or denticulate rarely dentate, ped. elongated,
styles pure yellow.—Zzsicc. Fase. iii. 70.—y. Stewartii (F. J.
Hanb.) ; 1. very broadly lanceolate acute with broadly winged
petiole, almost entire towards the apex, with sharp narrow
curved forward-pointing teeth often #in. long towards the base,
lowest ovoid blunt, upper and middle sessile, ped. very long brac-
teate bearing large deep golden yellow fl., outer phyll. lax, styles
very livid.— Fsicc. Fase, vi. 152.—é. baszfolium (Lindeb.); rt.-l.
rosulate 4—8, ovate-oblongor ovate-lanceolate narrowed at both
ends, dentate, st.-l. fewer in number decreasing immediately in

262 45. COMPOSIT®.

size, almost bract-like at the apex of st., styles somewhat
dusky.—Heathy or grassy places in subalpine districts. a.
England; Scotland: gs. Scotland. +. Ireland. .6. Scotland.
P. VIT.—IX. E. 8.1.

81. H. sparsifdlium (Lindeb.); st. }—2 ft. high, simple or
branched erect hairy below, ped. long spreading floccose, rt.-l.
small spathulate not persistent, st.-l. many deeply blotched with
brownish-purple pale green beneath, nearly entire or denticulate
in the middle, glabrous above somewhat fioccose beneath, lower
ovate entire decurrent into winged petioles, upper long narrow
acute with somewhat clasping base, uppermost linear. Heads
few, inv. large broad dark with long white hairs and minute
sete, phyll. imbricated with recurved tips and curved margins,
outer small lax obtuse, inner pale narrower more acute. F'.
bright yellow, almost glabrous, styles pure yellow. The 1. of
the Welsh specimens are always more toothed, broader and
blunter, and the inv. less clothed than in those from Scotland.—
Hyrsicc. Fasc. 1. 24.—Cliffs and sides of streams in subalpine
districts. P. VII. VIII. E. S Iu

82. H. rig'idum (Hartm.) 8. Pe (Dahlst.) ; st. 1—23
feet high, simple or branched hairy floccose, ped. spreading
bracteate, l.ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate apiculatelower almost
entire, denticulate or coarsely toothed in the middle, almost
glabrous above, hairy beneath purpled. Heads 1or many, outer
phyll. lax short, inner paler subobtuse, very sparingly clothed
with few hairs and scattered yellow sete, styles livid.—Lrsice.
Fase. v. 118.—y. acrifoliwm (Dahlst.) ; 1. long narrow mostly
coarsely toothed below the middle, inv. minutely setose with
few hairs very slightly floccose at the base, styles yellow.—
ELxsice. Fase. iii. 71.—é. Friesii (Hartm.); ped. long straight
densely floccose, |. denticulate with fine sharp teeth, almost
glabrous above hairy and floccose beneath, inv. broad unequally
based, with few hairs and slightly floccose, outer phyll. short
dark subobtuse, inner paler more attenuate glabrous.—e. t77-
dentatum (Fr.) ; 1. sessile or sub-petiolate upper only bractlike
hairy below not floccose dentate in the middle, ped. slender hairy
jloccose, inv. truncate below, constricted after flowering, phyll.
pale-margined, hairy hardly floccose, styles livid.—¢. nadense
(F. J. Hanb.) ; 1. very numerous, upper sessile rounded at the
base, lower long-petioled decurrent to the stem acutely pointed
with long acumenate teeth, buds cylindric, styles. somewhat
darkened.—£yrsicc. Fase. v. 119.—Other vars. or forms have
been described.—Mountain glens and banks of streams. P.
VIT.—IX. E.S.

HIERACIUM. 263

83. H. cantidnum (F. J. Hanb.) ; 18—20 in. high, usually
branched hairy floccose, ped. long spreading arcuate bracteate
or leafy felted with floccose down, 1. 10—17 upper short broad
curiously sharply toothed somewhat amplexicaul with broad
bases, lower petiolate decurrent with large irregular coarseteeth,
hairy on both surfaces somewhat floccose beneath. Heads many
“small, outer phyll. rather lax, sparsely clothed with yellow
setae, few hairs and slightly floccose. Fl. glabrous, styles
pure yellow.—Zzsicc. Fasc. ii. 45.—8. subrigidum (Linton);
peduncles more densely floccose, inv. more hairy, styles some-
what livid; narrower less numerous and less coarsely-toothed
1.—Fyrsicc. Fase. vi. 154.—Hangley Woods, Kent. jp. Near
Witley, Surrey. P. VI.—VII. K.

** Alpestria. Plant green or glaucous. Stem always leafy.
Heads large few, ped. usually springing from the axils of
the leaves. Fl. often ciliate.

84. H, pulchel'lum (Lindeb.) ; st. 9—16 in. high, hard wiry
simple or branched about the middle, hairy below and sparsely
floccose, ped. erect slender bracteate densely floccose with
numerous very minute sete, ]. green, paler and often purpled
beneath, r¢.-/. few not persistent, st.-]. 3—6 ovate lanceolate to
lanceolate, upper sessile, lower decurrent into winged petioles,
subglabrous above hairy and floccose beneath, with few minute
distinct teeth on the margin. Heads 1—5 rather small, inv.
truncate, cylindric in bud, turbinate later, outer phyll. dark-
green short lax, inner paler ; all somewhat recurved later rather
broad blunt slightly floccose-tipped with few hairs and sete.
Fl. medium yellow, glabrous-tipped, styles pure yellow.—Clifis.
Unst, Shetland. P. VII. VII. S.

85. H. zetlandicum (Beeby); st. 35—9 in. high simple or
branched hairy and purpled below floccose above, ped. densely
floccose, rt.-l. rosulate persistent oval-elliptic with few forward-
pointing teeth on each side, olive-green often purpled, sub-
glabrous above, paler more hairy below with ciliate margins,
petiole short hairy, st.-]. 0O—2 clasping broadly lanceolate acute
or acuminate sharply toothed. Heads rather small, inv. some-
what truncate at the base, outer phyll. dark short broad obtuse,
inner longer paler less obtuse, all somewhat recurved sparingly
ciliate-tipped setose sparsely floccose. Fl. small orange-yellow,
glabrous-tipped, styles nearly pure yellow.—A form of this
plant is issued in Hsice. Fase. vi. 155.—Pastures and sheltered
rocks. Shetland, West Sutherland: P. VII. VIII. Ss.

264 45. COMPOSIT A.

86. H. truncdtum (Lindeb.) f.; st. 10—24 in. high, hairy
floccose, simple or branched, ped. long somewhat arcuate
floccose with very few hairs, rt.-l. ovate, not persistent, st,-l.
7—11 lanceolate acuminate or acute rounded at the base sessile
denticulate in the middle entire towards the apex hairy or sub-
glabrous above, hairy and floccose beneath, deep green paler
and bluish-green beneath. Heads 1—6,inv.large dark truncate
nearly glabrous with minute sete slightly floccose, phyll. short
broad bluntinner palerless obtuse. Fl. orange-yellowglabrous-
tipped, styles yellow.—Among ferns and long herbage. North-
maven, Shetland. P. VIII. 8.

87. LH. protrac’'tum(Fr.) f. ; st.1—2 ft. high, simple or branched
leafy hairy and reddish below floccose above, ped. straight
ascending thickened upwards floccose hairy with fewsmall sete,
rt.-l. persistent elliptic blunt apiculate somewhat hairy, st.-l.
long narrow apiculate sessile amplexicaul or decurrent into
winged sheathing hairy petioles, all nearly entire or with very
minute teeth, deeply blotched dark purplish brown bluish green
beneath, glabrous above densely ciliate on margins and below.
Heads few or many frequently adnate, inv. rather narrow
rapidly tapering, buds cylindric, phyll. green lax, outer short,
blunt with recurved floccose tips hairy with minute yellow set.
Fl. bright yellow glabrous-tipped, styles pure yellow.—Cliffs.
Shetland Islands. P. VII. VIII. S.

88. H. dovren'se (Fr.) f.; st. 1—2 ft. high, simple or
branched hairy throughout, ped. curved ascending bracteate
much thickened floccose with scattered hairs and setz, rt.-l.
oblong or lanceolate-oblong stalked small bluntish, st.-l. lanceo-
late sessile cordate or broad-based half-clasping green often
purpled paler beneath, roughly hairy on both surfaces some-
what floccose, leathery slightly denticulate, with short marginal
hairs. Heads 3—many, inv. vemarkably truncate even in the
cylindrical bud, outer phyll. dark green short slightly floccose-
tipped, inner paler, all very blunthairy and minutelysetose. Fl.
orange-yellow glabrous-tipped, styles livid.—s. hethlandice
(F. J. Hanb.); ped. less Hoccose, |. almost entire very acute,
inv. floccose, phyll.not floccose-tipped.—y. spectabile( Marshall) ;
more robust, st.-l. more numerous tougher longer broader more
dentate glabrousabove midrib and margins hairy. Heads 3—11,
phyll. very broad floccose-margined sparingly hairy with few
set. Fl. pilose-tipped before expansion.—uwsice. Fase. ili. 72.
—Rocks and Highland glens. a. and pg. Shetland. 7. Glen
Shee and the Clova district. P. VIL. VIIL. 8.

|
|

HIERACIUM. 265

89. H. Dew'ari (Sy.) ;/. oblong-lanceolate denticulate, lowest
oval with winged stalks, upper /. ovate-lanceolate + clasping, ped.
slightly Hoccose and setose scarcely hairy, heads in lax panicle,
iny. subcylindrical obconic slightly hairy and setose, phyll. dark
green few, the outer short adpressed inner with pale edges,
styles fuscous.—Edin. Bot. Trans. xili. 211, t. 5; Hasiec. Fase.
“ii. 47—Bright green. St. 1—3 ft. high. Root-l. rare and

persistent.—Mountain glens. P. VII.—IX. Ss.

*** Prenanthoidea. St. leafy without basal rosette. Lower
]. petiolate, upper and middle amplexicaul with rounded
auricles, glaucous and reticulate beneath. Phyll. few
irregularly imbricated. FI. ciliate.

90. H. prenanthoides (Vill.) ; st. leafy, 7. all clasping net-
veinedand glaucous beneath hairyon bothsides,lowestnarrowed
into winged auricled petioles, interm. pinched above their base,
uppermost 1. cordate-lanceolate, heads in a corymbose panicle,
ped. short lax very floccose and setose, inv. cylindrica] rather
floccose very setose, outer phyll. few much the shortest, inner all
about equal and blunt, styles with dark hairs, fr. pale-—E. B.
2235; Hxsicc. Fase. ii. 48.—St. 1—3 ft. high rather rigid,
usually hairy. Pan. leafy below. Heads small. Pappus
whitish.—River-sides in the North. P. VIJ.—IX. EK. 8.1.

[H. Bor'rert (Sy.); like the preceding but 1. fewer, the
lower abruptly contracted into long petioles, interm. 1. regularly
oval not pinched above the base, styles yellow.—Z. B. 859 ;
HZ, juranum, Fr. ; H. denticulatum Borr. MS. not Sm.—Hare-
head wood near Selkirk, P. VIL. VIII.] ~

**** Foliosa. Stem leafy without basal rosette. L. all more
or less amplexicaul, or sessile, paler sometimes rather
glaucous and reticulate beneath. Phyll. obtuse adpressed.
Fl. glabrous-tipped.

91. H. strictum (Fr.); st. leafy, /. sessele oblong-lanceolate
denticulate glaucous beneath, lowest lanceolate much narrowed
below uppermost 1. rounded below scarcely clasping, heads
irregularly corymbose, ped. straight floccose scarcely setose, inv.
truncate thinly floccose setose and hairy, phiyll. irregularly
imbricate blunt, outermost rather acute, styles with dark hairs,
fr. fuscous.—H. denticulatum Sm. HL. B. 2122; Haxsicc. Fasc.
iil. 73.—St. 1—3 ft. high slightly hairy. L. broad, not auricled,
mostly with bulbous hairs beneath. Heads thicker and paler
than those of H. prenanthoides. Phyll. pale-edged, not in two

266 45. COMPOSITE.

distinct ranks. Pappus reddish.—8. reticulatum (Lindeb.) ; st.
taller more branched many-fl., ped. widely spreading,l. reticulate
fioccose hairy, inv. small minutely setose, phyll. broad narrow-
ing upwards with pale margins. Fl. minutely ciliate, styles
yellow.—Exsice. Fase. iv. 98.—y. angustum (Lindeb.); st.
glabrous few or many-leaved, /. slender narrow small reticulate
entire or finely denticulate deep green and mostly glabrous
above, reddish or blue-green floccose and short-haired beneath,
inv. floccose with few setz not hairy, phyll. more equally broad,
not narrowing to tips. /V. glabrous, styles yellowish.—Hxsicc.
Fase. vi. 157.—é. opszanthum (Dahlst.); much more robust,
with larger broader leaves sometimes coarsely dentate sub-
glabrous above, upper |. floccose, lower floccose and hairy, inv.
hairy with few setee.—Hysicc, Fasc. vi. 158.—e. subcrocatum
(Linton) ; 1. broadly ovate-acuminate. Inv. very dark, nearly
glabrous or with few sete and sparsely floccose. FI. small
glabrous, styles dark.—LHuasicc. Fase. v. 120.—¢. amplidentatum
(F. J. Hanb.); 1. nearly glabrous with strongly ciliate margins
Jloccose especially above, upper sessile, lower with winged clasp-
ing petioles very acutesharply irregularlytoothed. Fl.glabrous,
styles yellow.—Hxsice. Fasc. v. 121.—Mountain glens and river
banks. P. VII. VIII. E. 8.1.

92. H. corymbésum (Fr.); st. 2—4 ft. high rigid nearly
glabrous very leafy, ped. floccose, heads 6—40 in a spreading
leafy branched corymbose panicle, |. ovate or lanceolate acute
dentate towards the middle narrowing from a broad somewhat
clasping base, lowest 1. natrowed into petioles, deep green
glaucous reticulate-veined sometimes floccose beneath more or
less hairy on both sides ; inv. ovate at the base not constricted
with scattered hairs and sete, phyll. greenish-black with paler
margins adpressed blunt outer rather lax. FI]. glabrous-tipped,
styles yellowish.—/xsicc. Fasc.iii.74. H.ewpatorvwm (Griseb.).
—p. preelongum (Lindeb.); 1. very long narrow acute reticulate,
deeply sharply toothed, lower subentire with winged petioles
not persistent, middle |. broad to narrow lanceolate somewhat
clasping, upper sessile with rounded base. Heads small, styles
yellow.—y. salicifoliwm (Lindeb.) ; 1. always floccose somewhat
hairy, lower almost entire, middle broadly lanceolate acute very
slightly clasping denticulate in the middle sometimes sharply
dentate, inv. truncate at the base, setose slightly floccose with
few or no hairs, phyll. rather narrow.—Hvxsiee. Fase. v. 122.—
Mountain districts. P. VII.—IX. E.8. I

93. H. aurdtun (Fy.) ; st. 2—3 ft. high erect rigid et
with long spreading leafy branches, ped. bracteate floccose, |.

HIERACIUM. 267

bluish-green, lower oblong-lanceolate obtuse apiculate petiolate
almost entire not persistent, middle 1. broadly lanceolate
narrowing at both ends semi-amplexicaul, upper lanceolate
acute sessile with rounded base, denticulate or dentate, very
reticulate-veined, almost glabrous above somewhat floccose and
~hairybeneath. Headsmany corymbose,inv.oblong conical after
flowering dark green, with yellow sete scarcely floccose, phyll.
_ obtuseorsub-obtuseouterveryshort. Fl.goldenyellowglabrous,
styles pure yellow.—Z#zsicc. Fasc. iv. 99.—p. thulense (F. J.
Hanb.) ; st.-l. fewer almost entire or with few minute teeth
ovate-lanceolate apiculate, clasping somewhat constricted to-
wards the base at times, phyll. broader more floccose, purpled
tips.—Mountain districts. 8. Shetland. P. VIJ.—IX. E.S8.I.

| 94. H. crocdtum (Fr.) ; st. 13—4 ft. high rigid smooth sub-
- corymbose, branches nearly simple, ped. thickened upwards
| floecose with few sete, 1. oblong or narrow lanceolate sessile
with a broad base falsely 3-veined semi-amplexicaul dentate or
nearly entire, lower |. often narrowed very gradually down-
wards but slightly enlarged again at the base, glabrous or with
hairy margins and below. Inv. very broad-based, phyll. never
lax adpressed broad obtuse black minutely setose or almost
glabrous sometimes pale-margined. FI. glabrous, styles olive.
—LHasice. Fase. v. 123.—Mountain districts. P. VII. re ;

95. H. maritimum (F. J. Hanb.); st. 1—3 ft. high erect
reddish-purple corymbose the branches ascending from the
axils of upper leaves, ped. long floccose with short bristly hairs,
l. long narrow acute or subacute practically entire or minutely
serrate or with short sharp prickles at the margins, fleshy upper
sessile sometimes a little clasping the lowest narrowing into
short petiole with blunter apex bluish green below with short
bristles on both surfaces and margins, some slightly floccose.
Inv. truneate angular below, phyll. extraordinarily broad obtuse
imbricated almost glabrous very dark, the inner paler. FI.
orange yellow glabrous, styles smoky yellow.—North coast of
Sutherlandshire. P. VII.

***%% Sabauda. Stem leafy robust branched. Lower st.-l.
narrowed at the base into petioles; upper broad-based
sessile. Phyll. broad obtuse unicoloured sparingly hairy
with few or no sete.

96. H. boredle (Fr.) ; st. leafy, 1. ovate or lanceolate dentate
below falsely 3-veined, upper broad sessile scarcely clasping,

268 45. COMPOSITA.

lowest |. much narrowed below but scarcely stalked, heads ina
rather leafy corymb or panicle, top of ped. floccose, ovate-based
inv. unformly blackish-green nearly glabrous or pilose, phyll.
blunt adpressed, styles avid blackish.—H. sabaudum Sm. FL. LB.
349.—Fasicc. Fase, ii. 49.—St. 2—4 ft. high, rigid usually
hairy and often very leafy below. Base of corymb or panicle .
leafy ; branches nearly erect. Interm.]. narrowed toa rounded
base ; upper with a broad rounded or subcordate base. Phyl.
turning black, scarcely at all setose or floccose, rarely with
spreading tips. Pappus whitish.—é. calvatwm (F. J. Hanb.) ;
st. 15 in.—2 ft. high, very glabrous, 1. few with a tendency to
crowding at the base. Heads few large, phyll. broader more
obtuse less clothed and very dark, styles very dark.—Banks.
g. Carnarvonshire. P. VIII. IX. ide SMe

#k4EX Umbellata. Stem rigid leafy without.a basal rosette,
sub-umbellate or corymbose at the top. St.-l. narrowed at
the base sessile, the nerves on the under surface loosely
anastomosing not reticulate-veined. Phyllaries broad
obtuse. Ligules glabrous.

97. H. umbeldtum (L.); st. leafy, l. all linear or oblong-
lanceolate narrowed below sessile net-veined, heads in an um-
bellate corymb, top of ped. floccose, turbinate-based env. wni-
formly dark green glabrous, phyll. blunt with recurved points,
styles yellow.—E. B.1771 ; Hasicc. Fase. 11. 50.—Stem 1—4 ft.
high, rigid, hairy below. LL. usually all alike, or upper rather
broad and rounded at the base. Outer phyll. often very small,
slender, acute. Inv. very rarely straw-coloured, rarely with a
few white hairs. Pappus whitish.—p. coronopifoliwn (Bernh.) ;
st. 1—3 ft. high corymbose or paniculate, ped. rigid erect or
suberect, 1. very long narrow sharply and acutely toothed, sub-
glabrous.—Euxsicc. Fasc. v. 124.—y. littorale (Lindeb.); st.
6—12 in. high hairy floccose, 1. long narrow almost entire
especially crowded together at the base of the stem, floccose on
both surfaces not hairy, veins prominent.—6. cwrtum (Linton) ;
8—16 in. high, I. very short almost entire, fl. few rather large
on short spreading ped., outer phyll. broad obtuse reflexed.—
e. Ogweni (Linton); 1. fewer, upper sessile, lower narrowing
into petioles, panicle sub-umbellate, tips of phyll. not recurved,
nearly glabrous, not hairy slightly floccose with few scattered —
setee.—Sandy and stony places. y. ChannelIslands. 6. Sand-
banks, Carnarvonshire. e. Banks of the Ogwen, Carnarvon-
shire. P. VII.—IX. B.S. 1.

A dlerzii; ieee. ccng
aggregatum .......+.
alpInUM.......<--5-.5
GPINUIM <cepanene 405
amplexicaule.......
amplidentatum ....
anglicum ............
anguinum..,........
angustatum.........
angustuM ..........«
apiculatum..........
argenteum...........
atratum......... sees
atratum..... in Seildcienid
aurantiacum..
AULYATUM .........0066

seeeee

Backhousei .........

| basifolium...........

OL
onesies e-s: 0... 5,
WHOELGE ecesetcanccese
Boswelli:..........:.
breadalbanense.....
Brigantum..........

britannicum........

cacuminum .........
GRSIDUBIGAS isa
czsio-murorum ....
caledonicum’........
calenduliflorum. ...
callistophyllum....
ealvatuin 23a 7ecc00

camptopetalum....
CADMADUM.-20.ci.0<-
Carenorum..........
centripetale.........
cerinthiforme.......

ciliatum .............

61

HIERACIUM.

Index to the Hieracia.

COLLUNWIN. .. secenaesce\,O

eommutatum....... 12
eoncinnatum....... 1
CoracinuM........... 62
coronopifolium.....96
corymbosum......-- 97
cravoniense.........69
eremnanthes........ 24
crinigerum .........35
Gx¥OCa TUM) Samet 94
CRUE 2. nc aca ae 97
curvatum......:..<. .14
Oyathss. «aes bistces 51
dedalolepium ,..... 71
dasythrix. dd
denticulatum 90", 91
devoniense.......... 35
PIEWALL: soto... sass 89
diaphanoides .......78
diaphanum.......... 77
GISSTMNUG. en an 70
dovrense............. 88
duriceps ........ 52 ---09
ewupatorium. ......... 92
emprepes se. 22... 58
euryodon ...../....:.86
ALIGEAILES «ges dese ces: 38
eustomon............ 35
Geariibhiii Mee ey eee 6
FAPPONSO caste cise sacs 37
flocenlosum ......... 27
riresin Os US Vl 82
falviini'!, 29,. 29.9 68
(CEC Eee eae 51
glabratum........... 58
glandulosum ....... 24
globosum............ 11
sothicum BETS. 80

gracilentiforme....
gracilentum shi-aush 9

gracilifolium ....... 12
graniticolum........ 8
Greithiy occas 32

Rarities ee

269

hethlandie ........88
hibernicum........ 49
holophyllum ...... 66
holosericum ....... 5
hyparcticum ...... 23
hypocheroides. ...51
x hypochzeroides.25
PNSIONIC. ne ebbw inves 4
PRSUATE. «.. 0004-0 63
ITICUI «6.5 oie onjein 26
jaculifolium.......25
juranum...,.......: 90*
langwellense ...... 29
Lapeyrousit ....... 26
lasiophyllum...... 36
latifoliur..........80
Leyi..s-.- 33
Ma aon 3c wee fans 30
lingulatum.........16
Wstorale ... <.. asaass 97
longibracteatum .25
maculatum........ 71
maritimum........ 95
Marshalli.......... 18
megalodon.........72

micracladium.....57

microcephalum...19
murorum........... 57
MUTOTUMA«.. 2.2620. 62
nidense............. 82
NigresceNs ......... 12
TUGTESCENS . 6002.00 14
nigrescens (var. ). 1
TEC RN pee Ree 44
occidentale........ 46
Ogweni-:.......<.. 97
onosmoides........ 47
opsianthum ....... 91
Oraripir...-sessee 68
orcadense.......... 59
Oreades. ............ 42
orimeles............ 48

270 46. CAMPANULACE.

Index to the Hieracia (cont.).

pachyphyllum......57 —_rivale................. 55 —_ stenophyes......... 73
pallidum. .......0.04. 93°" PiLbescens=c...- or. ee 60 Stewartii.:.........80
persieifolium....... 43 rubicundum........41 — strictum............ 91
petiolatum.......... 10 = rubiginosum........ 60 subanfractum....:74
petrocharis.......... 63 subcrocatum ...... 91
Pictorum ............53 sabaudum........... 96 subglabrum....... 42
Pilosella isso 0k 1 sagittatum.......... 57 subhirtum......... 55
pilosissimum ....... 1 salicifolium ......... 92 submurorum...... 22
planifolium.........36 | sanguineum......... 57 subramosum...... 76
platyphyllum ...... 40 saxifragum.......... 48 subrigidum........ 83
poliznum............ 70 = saxifragum ......... 16 ~— subulatidens ...... 57
pollinarium ......... 90, SAXON erence ree nan 51 surreianum........72
pollinariwm......... 40 Schmidtii............35 sylvaticum......... 71
IPOLTIZENS s.cee eee 70 ~~ sciaphilum.......... 79
prelongum.......... 92 scoticum.............46 actum.....0/....... -
prabenses. 2 sssce8- 2 sejunctum......,.... 71 tenellum........... “
prenanthoides ...... DONS SeneScens tt. «ares 17 thulense......s3.:.: i
prolongatum........ 52 septentrionale......43 tridentatum.......82
protractum.......... 87 _ siluriense............ 44 4runcatum......:... 86
PLOXIMMUM es... e- ONE INU AON oo ste eee -
pseudonosmoides..48 Smithii.............. ge Wnbellatnmerexs aa
pulchellum.......... 84 Sommerfeltii.......45 Vagense........24...65
pulcherrimum...... 57 sparsifolium........ 81 yilloswm.........0... 6
DUCTS cote es Loe SSPECLADING cceaoaaes S8:,\ secadldgnimen sees 2 31*
pullatunies ys... 82 splendens:........... 45 vulgatum .......... 71
StelligevUum ......000+ 27 VULGALUM .. 2.200000. 60
reticulatum ......... 91 _—_—stenolepis............50
WSTAUM Eee esa es 82 stenolepis (var.)....77 zetlandicum....... 85

Anomalous Genus. Order AMBROSIACE: Link.

48. Xan’tHIuM Linn.

LX. strumdrium (L.); st. without spines, lower |. heartshaped
3-lobed at the base coarsely dentate, beaks of the fr. 2 straight.
—E. B. 2544.—Involucre of the fr. oval, downy.—Rich waste
land, not naturalized. A. VIII. IX.] E.

LX. spindsum (L.) ; has also been found. |

Order XLVI. CAMPANULACE#.

Cal. superior, 5-fid or entire.. Cor. gamopetalous, inserted
on the calyx, 5-lobed, regular or irregular. Stam. inserted
with, but not adhering to the cor., alternate with its lobes ;
anth. distinct or cohering, 2-celled, opening longitudinally.
Fr. dry, capsular, opening by lateral fissures or valves at the
top, many-seeded. Embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy
perisperm.—No stipules.

LOBELIA. 271

Tribe I. LOBELIEA. Cor. irregular. Anth.cohering. Style
glabrous with a fringe of hairs below the stigma.

1. Lopetra, Cal. 5-fid. Cor. irregular; tube split to the
base at the back; limb 2-lipped, 5-parted. Anth. 5,

| cohering. Stigmabiunt, surrounded byacup-shaped fringe.

Caps. 2—3 celled, opening at the end by 2—3 valves.

Tr. Il. CAMPANULE. Cor. reguar. Anth. usually free.
Style pubescent.

2. Jastong. Cal. 5-fid. Cor. rotate, with 5 long linear
segments. Anth. cohering at their base. Style hairy,
pie Caps. 2-celled, opening broadly at the end by short
teeth.

3. PHyteumA. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. 2-lipped, with 5 long
linear-segments. Anth. free; filaments dilated at the base.
Style hairy, 2—3-fid. Caps. 2—3-celled, bursting at the
sides.

4, CampanuLa. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. mostly bellshaped,
with 5 broad and shallow segments. Anth. free ; filaments
dilated at the base. Stigma 3—5-fid. Caps. not long,
3—5-celled, opening by lateral pores below the cal.-limb.

5. Lecousra. Cor. rotate. Caps. linear-oblong, prismatic,
opening by lateral pores between the segments of the calyx.
Otherwise like Campanula.

6. WAHLENBERGIA. Caps. half superior, 3-celled, opening by
3—5 valves above the segments of the calyx. Otherwise
like Campanula.

Tribe I. Lobeliew.

1. Lopr'tia Linn.

1. L. Dortman'na (L.) ; 1. radical linear entire of 2 parallel
tubes, st. simple nearly leafless.—#. 4. 140.—Rootstock fleshy,
with filiform runners. . blunt, 1—2 in. long, submerged.
St. 12—18 in. high, with or without 2—3 small bractlike
leaves. FI. pale lilac, distant, in a raceme, slightly raised
above the water.—In lakes with a gravelly bottom. P. VII.

K.S. 1.

2. L. virens (L.); st. nearly upright leafy, lower 1. obovate
or oblong slightly toothed, upper lanceolate serrate, fl. in long

272 46. CAMPANULACE.

terminal racemes.—#. B. 953.—St. 1—2 ft. high, branched,
angular, roughish. Racemes erect, simple, lax. Fl. light blue.

—Heath near Axminster, Devon. Between Lostwithiel and
St. Veep, Cornw. P. VIII. IX E.

Tribe Il. Campanulee.

2. JAsto’'NE Linn. Sheep’s Scabious.

1. J. montdna (L.) ; root simple, 1. oblong bluntish wavy, fl.
in long stalked heads.—Z. B. 882.—St. several from the crown
of the root, 6—12 in. long, simple or branched, pilose, leafy
below, bare and usually clabrous above. Radical]. in a rosette.
FI. small, in terminal heads with involucres. Bracts glabrous
or hairy. Cal.-segm. subulate, glabrous. Cor. light blue.—
[Extreme forms are:—var. major (M. & K.); root thick, stems many tall,
heads large, and var. littoralis (Fr.); cespitose, stems prostrate, simple,
1, glabrous, heads small. A dwarf form with large 1. and very large heads

oceurs in Shetland. |—Dry places. B. VII. E: Si I.

3. Payteu'Ma Linn.

1. P. orbiculdre (L.); heads of fl. globose, of fr. oblong, 1.
crenate-serrate, lowermost cordate-ovate stalked, upper I. linear-
lanceolatesessile, outer bracts ovate- lanceolateattenuate stegmas
3.—E. B. 149.—St. 4—18 in. high, each with 1 terminal head
of blue flowers.—Chalky downs. P. VII. E.

2. P. spicdtum (L.) ; heads of fl. oblong, of fr. elongate cylin-
drical, lower 1. cordate-ovate somewhat doubly serrate stalked,
upper |. linear-lanceolate sessile, bracts linear, stigmas 2.—
EF. B.S. 2598.—St. 1--2 feet high, each with a solitary termi-
nal head of cream-coloured flowers. Spike of fruit often 2—3
in. long.—Woods and thickets about Waldron, Sussex, E
VII. :

4. Campan’uLa Linn. em., A. DC. Bell-flower.

* Caps. sessile, erect ; pores at the base.

1. C. glomerdta (1.) ; 1. minutely crenate-serrate, lowermost
stalked ovate-lanceolate generally cordate at the base, upper I.
half-clasping sessile ovate acute, 7. sessi/e in terminal and axil-
lary clusters.—Z. B. 90.—St. 6—18 in. high. Bracts ovate- —
acuminate, shorter than the large erect flowers. Cal. hoary,

CAMPANULA. 273

with lanceolate segments. Cor.funnelshaped, large, deep blue,
downy. L. often hoary beneath.—Dry calcareous pastures.
P. VIL. VILL. Clustered Bell-flower. E. 8.

** Caps, stalked, nodding ; pores at the base.

2. C. latifolia(L.) ; l.ovate-lanceolateacuminate doubly serrate
hairy, lower ones stalked, upper 1. nearly sessile, fl. racemose,
peduncles 1-flowered, cal.-segments lanceolate-acuminate gla-
brous finely serrate, st. erect slightly angular.—#. 6.302. St.
72. 3._St.'3—4 feet high, simple, leafy. Cor. very large, blue,
glabrous, hairy within.—Woods and thickets chiefly in the
North. P. VIL VILL. Giant Bell-flower. (SERS

3. C. Trachélium (L.) ; 1. coarsely doubly serrate hispid, lower
ones cordate with long stalks, upper |. nearly sessile ovate or
lanceolate-acuminate, fl. racemose, peduncles 2—3-flowered,
cal.-segments triangular-lanceolate entire erect, st. erect angu-
lar.—#. B. 12.—St. 2—3 feet high, mostly simple, leafy. Cor.
truly bellshaped, large, deep blue.—Hedges and thickets chiefly
in the South. P. VII. VIII. Nettle-leaved Bell-lower. HK. 1.

+4 C.rapunculoides (L.) ; l.wnequallycrenateserratescabrous,
lower ones cordate with long stalks, upper |. sessile lanceolate,

jl. racemose unilateral, peduncles 1-flowered, cal.-segments

linear-lanceolate entire at length rejlexed, st. erect slightly
angular, root creeping.—/H. B. 1369,—St. 2 feet high, simple,
leafy. Cor. pale blue.—Hedges, very rare. Near Kirkcaldy,
Fifeshire. Boswell (Syme). P. VII. VILL. EK. 8.

5. C. rotundifolia (L.); radical l. cordate or renform shorter
than their stalks, stem-/. linear, the lower ones lanceolate, #t. 1
or more racemose, cor. turbinate-campanulate:—/. B. 866.—
St. 6—12 in. high. Radical 1. soon vanishing. Cor. blue.
Cal.-segments linear subulate equalling }-corolla.—s. lancifolia
(M. &K.) ; lowerst.-l.rather broadly lanceolate, upperl. gradually
smaller, fl. often solitary. —y. speciosa (More) ; as 8, but fl. much
larger and more erect, cor.-lobes short. ./7. Dan. 2711.—
[d. hirta (M. & K.) lower part of st. with rigid hairs.]—Dry and hilly
places. Bonmountains. y Innis Boffin,I.; Hebrides. P. VII.
VILL. Harrbell. E.'S. I.

*** Caps. stalked, erect ; pores just below cal.seyments.

(C. persicifélia (L.); 1. smooth slightly serrate, root-l. ob-
ovate narrowed into a petiole, stem-l. linear-lanceolate sessile,

s

274 46. CAMPANULACE,

raceme few-flowered, cal.-segments lanceolate.—H. B.S. 2773.
—St. 1—2 feet high. L. long, narrow, with very narrow ser-
ratures. Fl. very large, often solitary. Cal.-segments entire.
—“ Woods near Cullen, Banffshire, and Thorpe Arch, York-
shire.” Notanative. P. VII.]

16. C. Rapun’culus (I..) ; 1. crenate, root-l. RES lanceolate
narrowed into a petiole, stem-l, linear- lanceolate, panicle erect
racemose, cal.-segments subulate.—H. B. 283.—St. 3 feet high,
angular, rough. Fl. small, pale blue. Cal.-segments entire.—
Sandy soil in the South. ’B. VIL. VII. Rampion. E.

7. C. pat'ula (L.) ; 1. crenate, root-l. oblong-elliptic narrowed
into a petiole, stem- |, linear- lanceolate, anicles very lax, fl. on
long stalks erect,cal.-segments toothed at Le base subulate.—L. B.
42.—St, 2 feet, high, terminating in a very loose spreading
panicle. Fl. purplish blue, funnelshaped, open,—Hedges and
thickets. B. VII. VIII. E.

5. Lecou’sta Durande.

1. L. hyb'rida (Delarb.) ; st. simple or branched, I. slightly
crenate wavy oblong sessile, lower |. spathulate, cal. rough, its
segments lanceolate longer than the cor. shorter than the ovary.
—Campanula Ta. E. B. 375.—St. 3—12 in. high, rough with
rigid minute hairs. Fl. few, terminal, solitary, small, lilac.—
Corn-fields: A. VI.—IX. E. 8.

6. WAHLENBERGIA Schrad.

1. W. hederdcea (Reich.) ; 1. roundish cordate angularly 5-
lobed stalked alternate, st. filiform prostrate, peduncles solitary.
—Campanula L. #. B. 73.—St. branched slender, creeping
greatly.. Peduncles longer than the leaves. Fl. pale blue,
bellshaped, narrow, at first nodding, afterwards erect. Cal.-
segments subulate. Caps. nearly elobose. —Damp peaty places
in the South and West. P. VII. VIII. Jvy-leaved Bell- mee

Order XLVII. ERICACE4,!

Cal. 4—5-parted, persistent. Cor. gamopetalous, 4—5-parted,
usually regular and marcescent ; or sometimes only slightly
cohering below. Stam. 8—10, hypogynous. Anth. 2-celled,

1 Monotropee, Vacciniez, and Pyrolacew are considered distinct orders by
Maout and Decaisne.

47. ERICACES. 975

opening by 2 pores or slits and often with spur-like appendages
at the base. Ovary surrounded by a disk or scales, free or
adhering to the corolla. Fr. capsular or baccate, with several
cells, many-seeded.—No stipules.

* Anthers opening by pores.

Tribe I. ARBUTEZ. Fr. baccate, fleshy, superior. Disk

1.

2.

and stam.hypogynous. Petals cohering.—L. usually broad.

Argutus. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. globose or ovoid with a
small contracted 5-cleft reflexed border, deciduous. Stam.
10, with flattened filaments. Anth. compressed, with 2
pores at the apex, fixed at the back beneath the apex and
there furnished with 2 reflexed appendages. Berry glo-
bose, tubercled ; cells 5, many-seeded,

ArctostapHyLos. Fr. with 5 1-seeded cells, smooth.
Otherwise like Arbutus.

Tr. U.#HRICEA. Fr.capsular,dry,superior. Anth.2-celled.

3.

or

Disk and stam. hypogynous. Testaclose. Petals cohering.

ANDROMEDA, Caps. of 5 cells and 5 valves, dry. Other-
wise like Arbutus.—L. usually broad.

. Cattuna. Cal. 4-parted, membranous, coloured, longer

than the 4-cleft bellshaped persistent but fading corolla,
surrounded by 4 green bracts. Stam. 8, with dilated fila-
ments. Caps. 4-celled ; dissepiments adhering to the axis ;
valves opening at the dissepiments and separate from them.

. Ertca. Cal. 4-parted. Cor. bellshaped or ovoid, often

ventricose, 4-toothed, persistent, fading. Stam. 8. Caps.
4-celled ; valves opening between the dissepiments and carry-
ing a part with them.

. PHytLopoce. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. ovoid, deciduous,

mouth contracted, 5-toothed. Stam. 10, included ; flaments
slender, longer than the anthers ; cells short, truncate, open-
ing by pores at the apex. Stigma peltate, with 5 tubercles.
Caps. 5-celled with 5 valves opening at the dissepiments.

7. Dasxocta. Cal, 4-cleft. Cor. ovoid, ventricose, limb 4-

toothed. Stam.8,included ; filaments flattened shorter than

276 AT. ERICACER.

the linear anthers, which are sagittate below; cells loosened
and opening by oblique poresat theapex. Stigma simple,
truncate. Caps, 4-celled, with 4 valves opening at the
dissepiments.

8. LoIsELEURIA. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. bellshaped, 5-cleft.
Stam. 5, equal, shorter than the corolla ; anth. roundish ;
cells opening by a longitudinal fissure. Stigma capitate.
Caps. 2—3 celled with 2 or 3 bifid valves whose inflexed
edges form the double partitions.

Tr. IT. VACCINIEZ, Fr. baccate, fleshy, inferior. Disk
and stam. epigynous. Petals cohering.

9. Vacctntum. Cal. entire or 4—5-toothed or lobed. Cor.
4—5-cleft or toothed. Stam.8—10; anth. oblong, bifid at
thesummit. Berry globose, crowned by the persistent limb
of the calyx, 4—5-celled, many-seeded.

Tr. IV. PYROLEZ. Fr. capsular, dry, superior. Seeds with
a loose testa. Disk 0. Stam. hypogynous. .Anth. opening
by pores. Petals scarcely cohering.

10. Pyrota. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. of 5 connivent petals.
Stam. 10; anth. inverted, with 2 cells each opening by a
round pore at the base. Style 5-lobed. Caps. 5-valved,
opening from near the base to the top; margins of the
valves connected by a web.

11. MonsssEs. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. of 5 petals connected
below. Stam. 10; anth. inverted, with 2 cells each fur-
nished with a tubular horn opening at the end. Stigma 5-
parted, radiant. Caps. 2-celled, 5-valved, opening from
the top to the base with glabrous sutures.

** Anthers opening by a transverse fissure.

Tr. V. MONOTROPEZ. Fr. capsular, dry, superior. Seeds
with a loose testa. Disk 0.. Petals scarcely cohering.

12. Monorropa. Cal. 4—5-parted. Cor. of 4—5 petals
each with a hoodedhoney-bearingbase. Stam.8—10. Anth.
kidney-shaped, 1-celled,2-valved. Stigma peltate. Caps. —
5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded.

=-~T

ARBUTUS.—CALLUNA. 27

Tribe I. Arbutec.

1. Ar'sutus Linn. em. H.B.K, Strawberry-tree.

1, A. Unédo (L.); bark rough, 1. elliptic-lanceolate serrate
coriaceous glabrous ,panicle terminal nodding, pedicels glabrous.
—F. Bo 2377—An evergreen tree. Fl. whitish, pendulous.
Fr. red.— Killarney, where it is truly wild. T. TX), 10

2, ArcrostaPH yLos H.B.K.

1. A. alpina (Spr.); procumbent, /. thin wrinkled serrate
fading but persistent, clusters terminal.—Arbutus L. £. B.
2030. St. 6. 8.—St. woody, trailing, long. LL. obovate, netted.
F]. white, hairy about the mouth. Berry smooth, black. —Dry
barren spots on the Highland mountains, Sh. V. 8.

. A. Uva-ur'si (Spr.) ; procumbent, /. coriaceous obovate en-
ids shining evergreen, clusters terminal.—Arbutus L. E. B.
714, St. 6. 8.—St. woody, trailing, long. L. blunt, quite en-
tire, rigid. _ Fl. rose-coloured, smooth. “Ben TY globose, scarlet,
superior.—Dry stony mountain heaths, Sh. VI. E.S.L

Tribe II. Hricece.

3. ANDROM EDA Linn. em., D, Don.

1. A. polifélia (L.); 1. alternate lanceolate with revolute
margins glaucous beneath, fl. clustered terminal.—Z, B. 713.—
St. slender, woody, prostrate below. Ped. variable in length.
Fl. drooping, ovate, pink, occasionally 4-fid and 8-androus. L.
evergreen, acute. Peduncles 2 or 3 times as long as the flowers.
—Peat bogs. Sh. V.—IX. E.S. 1.

4, Cantu NA Salish. Ling.

1. C. vulgéris (Hull).—£. B. 1013.—A low tufted shrub.
L. small, sessile, closely imbricate, patent, in 4 rows, keeled,
each with 2 small spurs at the base, nearly or quite smooth.
Fl. small, shortly stalked, drooping, lilac-rose-coloured or
white, with the lower ped. leafy ; sep. and pet. oblong erect ;
fl.-raceme ending in a Teady. shoot. L. sometimes hoary).—
The supposed (’. atlantica is not constant to the characters
recorded, eyen on the same bush.—Dry heaths. Sh. VI.—
VII. H.S. I.

278 47. ERICACE.

5. Erica Jann, em. Salish. Heath.

* Cor. globose or urceolate, stam. included, filaments filiform
flattened, stigma peltate. Erica D. Don.

1. #. Tet'ralizx (L.); 1. 4 in a whorl lanceolate or linear ciliate
downy above and on the midrib beneath with revolute edges, fl.
in an umbellate head, sep. linear downy ciliate, anth. spurred,
ovary downy.—E. B. 1014.—St. branched below and often
especially about the middle, simple in the upper part, densely
leafy below, the whorls more distant towards the top and usually
leaving a leafless space next to the flowers. Tips of young
shoots green. Young |. always downy above, old |. sometimes
glabrous. Sep. downy and mealy. Fl. rose-coloured. Style
usually included.—8. Watsonz ; cor. ventricose, fl. more or less
racemose. Sy. #, 8.888. It may be a hybrid.—Boggy heaths.
8. Truro, Cornwall. Sh. VII. VIII. E. 8. I.

2. EB. Mackai'iana (Bab.); 1. 4 in a whorl ovate ciliate the
midrib beneath and upper surface glabrous with revolute edges,
fl. in an umbellate head, sep. ovate lanceolate glabrous, anth.
spurred, ovary glabrous.—E. B.S. 2900. #. Mackaii (“ Hook.”]
Benth. — St. irregularly branched throughout, particularly
above, densely and equally leafy quite up to the flowers. Tips
of young shoots pink. L. and sepals quite without down ;
1, mealy beneath but the midrib bare; sep. with a small
portion of meal near the apex beneath, otherwise quite bare.
Fl. purplish. Style protruded.—I have seen forms of this
taken for #. ciliaris.—Very wet moors between Roundstone
and Clifden, and between Carna and Lough Sheedah, Co.
Galway. Sh. VIII. 1X. Mackay’s Heath. L

3. E. cinérea (L.); 1. 3 in a whorl linear-lanceolate acute
keeled beneath with a central furrow glabrous, fl.in dense whorled
yacemes, sep. linear-lanceolate smooth acute keeled, anth.
spurred, ovary glabrous.—Z#. B. 1015.—St. with many upright
branches, L. flat above, minutely serrate. Fl. reddish purple.
—Dry heaths. Sh. VII. VIII. Sine-leaved Heath. E.S. 1.

4. E. ciliaris (L.) ; 1. 4 in a whorl ovate ciliate with revolute
edges, fl. in terminal unilateral racemes,anth.notspurred, mouth
of the cor. oblique.—Z. B. S. 2618.—St. long, straggling, ending
in a long raceme of large oblong purple flowers and producing
many shortbarrenbranches. Styleprotruded. Ovary glabrous.
—Sandy heaths. Wareham, Dorset. Edgecome Downs near
Carclew, Cornwall. Mr More, the author,and others have failed
to find it near Clifden, Co. Galway. Sh. VII. VIII. E:

ERICA.—LOISELEURIA 279

** Cor. bellshaped or shortly tubular, stam. exserted, filaments
flattened, style capitate. Gypsocatuis D. Don.

5. E. mediterranea (L.); 1. 4 in a whorl linear glabrous flat
above convex with a central furrow beneath, decurrent line from
the l. reaching but not extending beyond the next whorl, fl.
- axillary drooping racemose, cor. cylindrical-urceolate twice as
long as the coloured calyx, anth. terminal not spurred opening
_ throughout nearly their whole length.—#. Bb. S. 2774. £.
| hibernica Syme.—St. 2—5 feet high, with many upright rigid
branches terminating in leafy racemes of flesh-coloured flowers
but afterwards prolonged. L. many, erect-patent. Bracts
above the middle of the pedicels. Stam. and style slightly
exserted, style afterwards elongated. Ovary glabrous.—Moun-
tain bogs. West of Mayo and Galway. Sh. IV. i

6. E. vdgans (L.); 1.4—5 in a whorl linear glabrous, fi. axil-
lary crowded, cor. short bellshaped, sep. small ovate blunt, anth.
lateral ovate of 2 distinct cells gibbous at the base.—#. B. 3.—
St. 1—2 feet high, copiously branched. FI. usually collected
in large numbers considerably below the top of the branches,
cor. red or white. Anth. dark purple, not spurred. Ovary
glabrous.—Westof Cornwall. Sh. VII.VIII. Cornish Heath. E.

6. PHyLLop’ocE Salish.

1. P. coeriilea (Bab.); 1. linear denticulate, pet. glandular-
hairy, calycine segments lanceolate acute, anth. two-thirds
shorter than the glabrous filaments.—WVenziesia Sm. E£. 2.
2469.—St. 4—5 in. high, branched, naked below, densely hairy
above. Ped. terminal, all together, simple. Fl. large, pale
bluish red.—Sow of Athol, Perthshire. Sh. VI. VII. S.

7. Dasso’cta D. Don.

1. D. cantab'rica (Rend. & Br.).— Menzesia polifolia (Juss.)
EB. B. 35.—St. bushy, 1—2 feet long, ultimately decumbent.
L. ovate or elliptic, flat, with revolute edges, white and cottony
beneath. FI. large, purple, sometimes white, drooping, on short
stalks, in terminal simple unilateral clusters. Anth. very large.
—Western Galway and Mayo. Sh. VIII. St. Dabeoe’s Heath.

8. LoIsELEU’RIA Desv.

1. L.procum'bens (Desv.).—E. B. 865. The original Azalea
of Linn.—St. woody, spreading procumbent. L, small, opposite,

280: ; 47. ERICACE.

revolute. FI. small, on simple. stalks, terminal, collected
together.—Summits of the Highland mountains. Sh. V. VI. S.

(Lédum pelus'tre (L.), Fl. Dan. t. 1031, having linear obtuse 1. with strongly
recurved margins, the lower surface as well as the young shoots covered with
reddish-brown felt, and terminal clusters of white fl. with rotate cor. and
conspicuously exserted stam., has been known for many years in Perthsh.
Introduced ?—See J. of B. 1894, p. 274.]

Tribe III. Vacciniee.

9. Vaccin’Ium Linn.

* Anth. with 2 dorsal horns. LL. deciduous. . St. erect.

lL. V. Myrtil'lus (L.) ; 1. ovate serrate glabrous, fl. solitary, st.
acutely angular.—Z. B. 456.—St. woody, about a foot high,
branching. FI. subglobular, greenish tinged with red, nodding.
Berries nearly black. — Stony woods and heaths. Sh. V.
Bilberry. Et ck:

2. V. intermédium (Ruthe); /. elliptical apiculate slightly
narrowed below denticulate pale green with minute stalked
glands and veined beneath, fl. in small terminal drooping
racemes, st. subterete. —Linn. Journ. xxiv. t. 3.—St. woody,
slightly angular, minutely downy above. FI. urceolate-
campanulate, pale pink, scented. Berries globose dark
violet, rarely found. LL. darker green than in Sp. “L. [Considered

a hybrid between Sp. 1 & 4.|—Moors, Cannoch Chase. Bonney.
Sh. VIII.

3. V. uligindsum (L.); 1.obovate entire glaucous and veined
beneath, fl. several together, st. terete.—H. B. 581. St. 12.—
St: woody. Fl. ovoid, * flesh- coloured, nodding.—Berries ear
black.— Mountain bogs. Sh. V. Bog- Whortleberry.

** Anth, without horns on the back. L, evergreen.

4. V. Vitis-ide’a (L.); l. obovate dotted beneath, margins
revolute and somewhat crenate, fl. racemose terminal, cor. bell-
shaped.—E. B. 598.—Evergreen. St, woody, 6—8 in. high,
straggling. L. like those of. Box, dark green above. FI. pink,
4-cleft. Berries red, acid. —Mountain heaths. Sh. VI. VIL.
Red Whortleberry. Cowberry. Cranberry of the North. E.8.1.

VACCINIUM.—PYROLA. 281

5. V: Oxycoe'cos (L.); 1. ovate entire with revolute margins

glaucous beneath, tl. terminal on long simple peduncles, cor.

rotate with reflexed segments.—H#. B. 319. Oxycoecus quadri-
petala (Gilib.).—St. procumbent, filiform, rooting. L. small.
Fl. bright rose-colour. Cor. deeply divided, remarkably
reflexed. Berries crimson.—Wet bogs. Sh. VI. VII. Cran-
berry. Bash l.

[V. maerocarp'um (Ait.); 1. oblong with flat margins, fl.
lateral on long simple Lda sor ela Bog, Mold, Flint-
shire. An’ American plant, probably sown there. ]

Tribe IV. Pyrolec.

10. Pyr’ota Linn. em. S. F. Gray. Winteregreen.

1. P. rotundifolia (L.) ; 1. nearly round entire or slightly cre-
nate, fl. racemose, cal.-segments lanceolate acute, style bent down
and curved upwards at the end longer than the ascending stam.,
stigma annular with 5 erect blunt points.—Z#. B. 213.—F1.
white, rather many, expanded. Style longer than the petals.
Stam. all turned upwards. L. many.—f. arenaria (Koch) ; 1.
smaller, st. with bracts throughout, cal.-segments shorter and
broader. Sy. #. B.896.—Damp bushy places and reedy marshes.
g. Sand-hills near Lytham, Lancashire. P. VITI. Pes.

2. P. média (Sw.) ; 1. nearly round or roundish-oval slightly
crenate, fl. racemose, cal.-segments ovate-acute, stam. all requ-
larly inflexed shorter than the nearly straight declining style,
stigma annular with 5 erect points—H, Bb. 1945.—Fl. milk-
white tinged with pink, rather many, less expanded than in the
preceding. Style projecting a little beyond the corolla, longer
than the ovary, always nearly straight. L. many.—Woods in
the North. P. VII, VIIl K.S. I.

3. P. minor (L.); 1. roundish-oval crenate, fl. racemose, cal.-
segments ovate-prolonged acute, stam. regularly inflexed eqguwal-
ling the straight style, stigma without a ring 5-lobed pointless. —
E. B. 2543.— St. 13. 12.—F]. pale pink, many, on very short
pediceis, nearly closed. Style shorter than the ovary, included.
L. many.—Mossy woods and thickets. P. VI. VII. ES. TI.

4. P. secun’‘da (L.); 1. ovate acute serrate, fl. in a secund
raceme, cal,-segments triangular rounded notched, stam, regu-
larly inflexed equalling the long straight style, stigma 5-lobed

282 48. AQUIFOLIACE.

without a ring or points.—#. B. 517. St. 13. 13.—Fl. white
drooping, oval-oblong, nearly closed. Style very long, exserted.
L. many.— Mossy alpine woods. Ms E..S. I.

1i. Mone’szs Salish. ex S. F. Gray.

1. VW. uniflora (A. Gray).—F#. B. 146. Pyrola uniflora
L.—L. few, roundish, serrate. Fl. solitary, terminal, large,
drooping, white, open, nearly an inch’ broad. Stam. shorter
than the pet. and closely adpressed to them. Stigmas very
ae ode in the north and west of Scotland, rare. P.

. VO. S.

Tribe V. Monotropee.

- 12. Monot’ropa Linn.

1. WM. Hypop'itys (L.); fil. in a drooping cluster, 8 stam. in
terminal, 10 in lateral fl., fr. erect, bracts and fl. glabrous ex-
ternally—Z. B. 69. Hypopitys Monotropa (Crantz).—Inner
side of the pet., filaments, germen and style glabrous (7. glabra
Bernh., DC.) or hairy (/. mawtiflora Scop., DC.).—Plant 6—8
in. high, succulent, simple, clothed with ovate scales, terminating
in a short cluster, dingy yellow, turning nearly black. FI.
with large scale-like bracts. Fr. oyoid erect. Not parasitical.
Clusters sometimes erect.—Woods. P. VII. VIII. Yellow
Bird's nest. E. S. I.

Order XLVIII. AQUIFOLIACE#.

Sep. inferior, 4—9, imbricate. Cor. regular, 4—6-parted,
imbricate. Stam. imserted upon the base of the corolla and
alternate with its lobes. Disk 0. Ovary 2—6-celled ; ovules
solitary, pendulous, with a cup-shaped seed-stalk. Fr. fleshy,
not bursting ; seeds stony, 2—6.—Stipules small, deciduous.

1. Ibex. Cal. 4—5-fid, persistent. Cor. rotate, 4—5-fid.
Stam. 4—5. Stigmas 4—5, nearly sessile. Fr. fleshy,
containing 4—5 seeds.

1. tex Linn. Holly.
1. L. Aquifdlium (L.) ; 1, ovate acute spinous wavy shining,

peduncles axillary short many-flowered, fl. somewhat umbellate,
—fH. B. 496. St. 7. 4—A small tree. L. evergreen, often

49. OLEACEX.—50. APOCYNACE. 283

quite entire on the upper branches, edged with strong spinous
teeth and terminated by a spine on the lower ones. F 1]. white.
Berries scarlet.—Woods and hedges. T. VI.—VIII. E.S. I.

Order XLIX. OLEACE.

Cal. gamosepalous, divided, persistent ; or none. Cor. with
4—8 divisions, valvate, rarely 0, Stam.2. Ovary free, 2-celled ;
ovules pendulous. Stigma entire or bifid. Fr.a berry, drupe,
or capsule; often 1-seeded.—No stipules.

1. Ligustrum. Fr, fleshy, a berry containing 2 seeds. Cal.
our eed with 4 minute teeth. Cor. funnelshaped ; limb
4-cleft, spreading. Stam. 2.

2, Fraxinus. Fr. (a samara) dry, of 1 or 2 single-seeded
cells, compressed and leaflike at the end, pendulous.
Cal. 0 or 4-cleft. Cor. 0, or of 4 petals. Cal. and cor.
wanting in our plant.—FIl. sometimes with only stam. or
with pistils only.

1. Licus’trum Zinn. Privet.

1. L. vulgdre (L.); 1. elliptic-lanceolate entire glabrous,
panicles terminal compound dense.—#. A. 764, St. 14. 1.—
A bushy shrub, 6—8 feet high, with straight smooth branches
and opposite leaves. Fl. white. Berries globose, black, rarely
yellow.—Thickets in the South. Sh. VI. VII. E, 1.

2. Frax'tnus Linn. Ash.

1. F. excel’sior (L.) ; 1. pinnate with 4—8 pairs of nearly ses-
sile ovate-lanceolate acuminate serrate leaflets, cal. wanting.—
FE. B. 1692. St. 44.7.—A handsome tree. Usually dicecious.
Fl]. appearing before the 1., in axillary clusters with no perianth.
—[p. diversefolra (Ait.) ; 1. simple and pinnate. #, B. 2476.)
—Woods and hedges. T. IV. V. E. 8. I.

Order L. APOCYNACE.

Cal. in 4 or 5 persistent divisions. Cor. regular, 4—5-lobed,
deciduous, twisted in the bud. Stam. 5, filaments distinct.
Anth. 2-celled, basifixed ; pollen granular. Ovaries 2, 1-celled ;
or lof 2 cells. Stigmas1. Fr. 2 follicles. Seed with fleshy
perisperm.—Rudimentary stipules rarely seen,

284 51. GENTIANACE.

1. Vinca. Cor. salvershaped ; tube long, with 5 angles at
the mouth, closed by spreading hairs and the connivent
stamens ; limb flat, 5-lobed. Stigma capitate with a ring
Zs itsbase. Fr. of 2erect long slender follicles or rarely one,
2 glands alternating with them.

1. Vin’ca Linn. Periwinkle.

tl. V. minor (L.) ; st. procumbent, |. lanceolate-elliptic, their
margins as well as those of the small lanceolate calyx-segments
glabrous.—Z. B. 917.—St. rooting. Flowering branches erect.
Fl. smaller than those of the next, blue, rarely white—Woods
and thickets. P.V. VI. Lesser Periwinkle. Et I.

(2. V. major (L.) ; st. somewhat ascending, 1. ovate acute or
subcordate, their margins as well as those of the long subulate
calyx-segments ciliate-—Z#. B. 514.—St. at first ascending,
afterwards prostrate and rooting. Flowering shootserect. Fl.
large, purplish blue.—Hedges and thickets, introduced. P.
IV. V. Greater Periwinkle.| E. 1.

Order LI. GENTIANACE2.?

Cal. inferior, divided, persistent. Cor.regular,4—8-fid, hypo-
gynous, marcescent ; imbricate and twisted, rarely induplicate
inthe bud. Stam. inserted on the cor. ,as many as the segments.
Anth. versatile. Ovary of 2 carpels with the edges slightly in-
flexed or meeting. Caps. many-seeded, generally two-valved.
—No stipules.

Subord. I. GENTIANEZ. Corolla twisted in the bud.
L. opposite.

* Style deciduous.

Tribe L. BLACKSTONIEZ.. Corolla rotate.

1. Buackstonta. Cal. 8-parted. Cor. nearly rotate,
8-parted. Stam. 8. Style 1. Stigma 2—4-cleft. Caps.
1-celled placentas on the inflexed margin of the valves.

Tr. I. ELRYTHRHZEZ. Corolla funnel- or salver-shaped.

2. ErytHrma. Cal. 4—5-fid. Cor. funnel-shaped, limb
short,4—5-fid. Stam.4—5. Anth. erect, at length spirally
twisted. Style simple ; stigmas 2. Caps. imperfectly 2-
celled from the inflexed margins of the valves.

BLACKSTONIA.—ERYTHR@[A. 285

3. Crcenpia. Cal. 4-partite or lobed. Cor. salver-shaped,
limb short, 4-fid. Stam. 4. Anth. erect, not twisted.
Stigma capitate, undivided. Caps. 1- or imperfectly 2-

| celled.
q ** Style persistent or stugma sessile.
‘Tr. IIL. SWERTIEZ. Style often wanting, stigma persistent.

4, Gentiana. Cal.4—5-cleft. Cor,funnel- orsalver-shaped,
limb 4—5-cleft. Stam. 4—5, straight. Stigmas 2. Caps.
| 1-celled, seeds on the inflexed margins of the valves.

- Subord. Il. MENYANTHE®, Corolla induplicate in the
| bud. L. alternate, or opposite to the fl.-stems.

5, LIMNANTHEMUM. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. rotate, thin ; limb
5-parted, smooth on the disk, hairy or scaly at the base
within. Stam. 5. Stigma with two toothed lobes. Caps.
1-celled, not bursting.—Z. simple, floating.

6. MENYANTHES. Cal. 5-parted. Cor.funnelshaped, fleshy ;
limb 5-parted hairy within. Stam. 5. Stigma capitate,
notched. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved; valves bearing the
seeds along their middle.—Z. ternate.

Suborder I. Gentianee. Tribe I. Blackstoniece.

1. Brackxston1a Huds. [Chlora ed. viii.].
Yellow wort.

1. B.perfolidta (Huds.) ; lowermost]. elliptic-oblong narrowed
below, stem.-l. broadly connate.—Z#. B. 60. R&R. xvii. 1060.—
St. 12—18 in. high, simple perfoliate. Stem.-l. triangular-
ovate, connected by their whole breadth in rather distant pairs,
glaucous. Panicle forked, many-flowered. Cal. divided to
its base into linear-subulate segments. Cor. bright yellow.
Stigmas yellow.—Damp chalky places. A. VIJ.—IX. EI.

Tribe Il. EHrythraeew.
2. ErytHre’s Vecker. Centaury.

* Stamens from top of cor.tube. Caps. included.

1. £. pulchella (Fr.); st. much branched acutely quad-
rangular, 1. ovate the uppermost oblong lanceolate, fl. ail
stalked axillary and terminal, cal. rather shorter than the tube of

286 51. GENTIANACE.

the opening corolla, cor.-lobes elliptic-oblong blunt.—Z. B. 458.
Sy. #. B. 910 b. EF. ramosissiema (Pers.).—St. quite simple,
1 in. high and 1-flowered ; or very much branched, 6—8 in.
high, with very many flowers. Radical 1. very few. Panicles
forked, a fl.in the fork ; lateral jt. distant from the floral leaves.
Fl. rose-coloured.—* 8. £. tenuiflora (Link) ; branches erect
forming a term. fastigiate lengthened corymb.” Towns..MS.—
In each species the length of the tube must be observed exactly
when the flower is opening.—Sandy ground. ~. Low ground
between Cowes and Newport, Isle of Wight. TZ'ownsend. A.
VIT.—IX. “hgpete

E. Centavirium (Pers.) ; st. branched above quadrangular,
il alliptic. oblong, the upper ones acute, fl. nearly sessile corym-
bosely panicled, cal. not half as ag as the tube of the opening
corolla, cor.-lobes oval.—Sy. EH. B. 909.—St. 6—18 in. high,
usually simple below. Panicles offilax. Lateral ji. apparently
stalked, but sesszle between the two small floral leaves. Radical 1.
many. £. capitata (Koch); pan. compact, plant dwarf. JZ.
latifolia, #. B. S.2719.—Dry pastures. A. VII. VIII. E.S. I.

3. H#. latifolia (Sm.) ; st. short simple 3-cleft at the top, /.
broadly oval blunt 5—7-veined jl.in compact round dense forked
term. tufts subsessile, cal. about equalling cor.-tube, cor. obese
lanceolate.—Sy. £. B. 907.—St.. about 3 in. high. Fl.
large asinSp.2. Lowest l.sometimes almost orbicular. re ae
by sea near Liverpool, very rare. A. VII.

4. E. lutordlis (F ries.) ; st. simple solitary or several from the
crown of the root, ]. oblong- linear blunt narrowed below, radical
1. crowded spathulate, jl. sessile between the floral 1. ‘densely
corymbose, calyx as long as the tube of the opening corolla, cor. -
lobes oval blunt.—Sy. #. B, 908. £. chloddes Gren., not £.
linarwfolia.—St. 2—6 in. high. Corymb usually trichoto-
mous, dense; branches sometimes long. FI. rose-coloured.
Radical |. narrow, many.—Sandy sea-shores. A. VII. Mate i

** Stamens from base of cor.-tube. Rupe caps. protruded,
unripe slightly so.

5. H.capitdta (W.) ; st. short simple, st.-l. ovate or subspathu-
late blunt 3-veined, fl. sessile in compact term. tufts, cal. about
equalling cylindrical cor.-tube, cor.-lobes oval blunt.—Linn.
Journ. xviil. t. 15.—St. less than 3 in. high. F.-tufts sessile ;
there are often from outer bracts a few long-stalked tufts over-

CICENDIA.—GENTIANA. 287

topping primary tuft. Root-l. in rosette, with 3 long and often
2 short veins. Cor.-tube not narrowed at top, not lengthening
after flowering. Stam. from quite base of cor.-tube, otherwise
free.—Downs at Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Sussex, Northumb.,
&c. A. or B. VII. VIL. EK.

/

3. Cicen’DIA Delarb. em., Griseb.

1. C. filifor'mis (Delarb.) ; cal. bellshaped with 4 ovate acute
lobes, st. threadshaped forked.—#xvacum Sm. #. 6.235. Mi-
crocala Hoffm. & Link.—St. 1—4 in. high. Radical 1. linear-
lanceolate, stem.-l. subulate, all sessile. Fl. yellow, solitary,
on long stalks. Stigma capitate. Damp sandy places. A.
VII. VIII. ¥.'T.

[C. pusil'la (Griseb.) ; cal. 4-parted with linear segments, st.
slender branching from its base.—#. B. 8. 2994.—St. much
branched throughout, 1—4 in. high. L. all narrowly linear-
lanceolate. Fl. pink. Stigma 2-lobed.—On spots sometimes
flooded. Paradis, Guernsey. Capt. Gosselin. A. VI. VIL.]

Tribe III. Swertice.

4. Gentia'NA Linn. em., Griseb. Gentian.
* Cor. funnel- or somewhat salver-shaped.

1. G. Amarel'la (L.) ; cor. 5-cleft hairy in the throat, ca/.-
lobes 5 nearly equal lanceolate, |. sessile ovate-lanceolate, radical
1. oval-spathulate—Z. B. 236. Sy. EL. B. 917.—Very variable
in size and in the number of the flowers, 3—12 in. high, erect.
St. square, much branched, sometimes from the base. FI.
rarely 4-cleft. Caps. stalked or sessile. Cor.-tube obconical
or subcylindrical.—a. G. Amarella (Li. em. Willd.) ; branches
of st. erect, cal.-segm. nearly equal, cor.-tube cylindrical a little
exceeding calyx, fl. lurid purple. [4 small annual form with basal 1.
ovate-lanceolate is G. vliginosa(Willd.).|—f. G. germanica (Willd.) ; st.
much branched ascending, cal.-segm. unequal, cor.-tube obconi-
cal much exceeding calyx, fl. bluish-lilac. /. of B. ii. t. 15.—
Dry calcareous fields. A. or B. VIII.IX. Felwort. E.S. 1.

2. G. campes'tris (L.) ; cor. 4-cleft hairy in the throat, ca/.-
lobes 4, 2 outer ones very large ovate, 1. ovate-lanceolate.—E. B.
237.—St. 3—10 in. high. FI. pale lilac; cor.-tube slightly

288 51, GENTIANACE.

thicker upwards. Caps. nearly sessile. Upper 1]. and sepals
pointed. [An annual form with ovate-lanceolate lower 1. and rather smaller
fl, is G. bal'tica (Murb.).|—Dry limestone hills. A. or B. — om

3. G. nivdilis (L.); cor. 5-cleft with minute intermediate bifid
lobes, throat naked, cal. cylindrical with 5 equal lobes and keeled
an gles, 1. ovate lowermost broadly elliptic —2. B. 896.—St.
erect, slightly branched, 1—6 in. high. FI. bright blue.—Top
of Highland mountains, very rare, “A. VILL. Ss.

4. G. ver'na (L.); cor. 5-cleft with small intermediate bifid
lobes, throat naked, cal. with prominent angles and sharp teeth,
1. ovate lower ones ‘crowded, st. cespitose single flowered with 1
or 2 pairs of leaves.—Z#. B. 493. St. 40. 12.—St. prostrate,
rooting, each ending in a roselike tuft of 1. and a single short
flowering shoot, FI. rather large, vivid blue.—Barren lime-
stone districts. Teesdale, Durham. aie: Co, Clare, Gort,
Galway, Tuam, &e. P. 1V.—VI. On

** Cor. bellshaped, its throat naked.

5. G. Pneumonan'the (L.) ; cor. 5-cleft, cal. entire with linear
blunt lobes, #. mostly solitary slightly stalked, /. /inear blunt.—
EB. B. 20.—St. 4—10 in. high, leafy, simple, erect or ascending.
FI. very large, deep blue within and with a broad greenish baind
corn ne middle of each so ar —Moist turfy heaths. A.

E.

Suborder II. Menyanthee.

5. Limnan’tHEMUM S. P. G'mel.

1. L. nympheoides (Hottm. & Link) ; 1. roundly heartshaped
floating wavy at the edges, ped. clustered 1-fid., cor. ciliate.—
Villarsia Vent. E. B. 217.. R. xvii. 1042. L. peltatum
(Gmel.).— Floating. St. long, round, branched. LL. re-
sembling those of Vymphaa alba, but much smaller. Fl.
yellow. Caps. sometimes 3-valved.—Still places in rivers,
rare. P. VII. VIII.

6. Menyan’tHES Linn. em., Griseb. Buckbean.

M. trifolidta (L.).—E. B. 495.—St. ascending, round, leafy.
L. icaotes Leallets equal, obovate, wavy. Raceme, long-
stalked, opposite to a leaf, many-flowered. Cor. tlesh- coloured,
densely fringed within. —Bog gey places. P.. V.—VII. »-E. S. T

: 52. POLEMONIACE®.—53. CONVOLVULACE. 289

Order LIT. POLEMONIACEZ.

Cal. inferior, 5-parted, persistent. Cor. hypogynous, regular,

_ 5-lobed. Stam. 5, unequal, on the tube of the corolla. Ovary

~3-celled. Stigmas 3-fid. Caps. 3-celled, 3-valved; valves

_ separating at the axis.—No stipules.

1. Potemontrum. Cal. 5-fid. Cor. rotate, with a short tube
and 5-lobed limb ; throat nearly closed by the dilated bases
of the filaments.

1. Potemo’Ntum Linn... Jacob’s Ladder.

1. P. cervileum (L.) ; st. angular, |. glabrous pinnate, leaflets
ovate-lanceolate pointed, panicle downy glandular.—#. B. 14.
—St. 1—2 feet high, simple, hollow. lL. alternate, leaflets
many. Fl. many, somewhat drooping, bright blue or white.—
Bushy hilly places, rare. P. VII. E. 8.

Order LILI. CONVOLVULACEZ.

Cal. inferior, of 5 persistent imbricate often unequal sepals.
Cor. hypogynous, regular, deciduous. Stam, 4—5, from near
the base of the corolla. Ovary of 2—4 cells, few-seeded, sur-
rounded by an angular hypogynous disk. Style 1, rarely 2.
Caps. with the valves separating from the edges of the dissepi-
ments or bursting transversely.—No stipules.

* Weth leaves and leaflike cotyledons. Astivation plarted.

1. ConvoLvu.us. Cor. bellshaped, with 5 prominent plaits
and 5 shallow lobes. Style simple; stigmas 2. Caps.
2—4-celled ; cells 2-seeded.

** Wothout leaves or cotyledons. Aistivation imbricate.

2. Cusouta. Cal. 4—5-cleft. Cor. roundish-urceolate or
bellshaped, 4—5-parted, with as many scales alternating
with the segments at the base within. Stam.4—5. Styles
2,rarely1. Caps. bursting transversely, 2-celled, 4-seeded.

1. Convot’yuLus Linn. Bindweed.

* Bracts minute, distant from the flower.
1. C. arven'sis (L.); 1. ovate- or strapshaped-hastate, pe-
duncles mostly 1-flowered—#. B. 312.—St. many, angular,
‘Av

290 53. CONVOLVULACE.

twining or prostrate, leafy, branched. Peduncles sometimes
2-flowered. Cor. beautifully variegated with pink and white.
Caps. 2-celled. Roots descending remarkably deep, Plant
glabrous, or st. and 1. downy.—Fields and hedges. P. VI.—
VILL. E. S21

** Bracts 2 large, close to the flower. Votvutus Medik.
Catystecia &. Br.

C. sépium (L.) ; 1. ovate- or triangular-hastate, peduncles
1- cea square. "8. B. 313,—St. twining, many feet long,
with large rather distant leaves. FI. solitary, axillary, large,
white, rarely pink. Bracts quite enclosing the calyx. Fr. im-
perfectly 2-celled through the shortness of the dissepiment.—
Hedges and thickets. P. VII. VIII. E.S8. 1.

3. C. Soldanel'la (L.); 1. reniform slightly angular fleshy,
peduncles 1-flowered with 4 membranous angles.—/#, B. 314.—
St. short, procumbent. FI. large, solitary, axillary, very hand-
some, pink with yellow bands. Bracts rather shorter than the
calyx. Rootstock long creeping.—Sandy sea-shores. P. VI.
VIII. WSea-side Bindweed. E. 8. 1.

2. Cus’cuta Linn. Dodder.

Clusters sessile in all our species.

1. C. europe’a (L. em. Murr.) ; cor.-tube cylindrical after-
wards ventricose, scales adpressed to inside of tube bifid distant
below with rounded spaces between them, cal. much shorter
than corolla.—E. B. 378.—St. threadshaped, branching, red-
dish. Fl. in rather large clusters, yellowish.—Parasitical upon
herbaceous plants. A. VIII. IX. Greater Dodder. E. 8.

(C. Epilinum (Weihe) ; cor.-tube ventricose, scales adpressed,
fringed with teeth distant below with rounded spaces, cal.
with fleshy segments deltoid below nearly as long as the
cor.-tube.—H. B. S. 2150. C. densiflora (Soy.-Will.).—St.
slender, nearly simple, pale green. FI. in rather small distant
clusters, whitish. Bele bifid, with 4—8 teeth on each lobe.
Ventricose cor.-tube with 5 longitudinal prominences ; segm.
ventricose. Styles at first erect, soon bowing outwards ;
stigmas converging.—Parasitical upon Flax and very injurious
to the crop. A. VII. Flax Dodder | B. Sal.

2. C. Epithymum (Murr.) ; st. twining eee cor.-tube
cylindrical, scales converging usually equalling the tube of the

i

54. BORAGINACE. 291

cor. fringed with teeth and rounded at the end close together
below with narrow acute spaces, cal. bellshaped shorter than the
cor.-tube,—E. B. 55.—St. slender, red. Fl. small, with a
reddish thin cal., and white cor. with spreading ovate-acute
segments. Sep. broad, ovate-apiculate, longer than their tube,
with patent tips. Anth. blunt or notched at the end. Scales
broad ; the connecting membrane adpressed throughout.—[See
C. Ulicis (Godr.); scales less than in Sp. 2 or 3, less deeply
fringed converging. Bull. Bot. Fr, xxui.|—Parasitical upon
small shrubby plants. A. VII.—IX. Lesser Dodder, E.8.1.

+3. C. Trifolii (Bab.) ; st. clasping like a ring, cor.-tube
cylindrical, scales converging usually equalling half the tube of
the cor. fringed with teeth and rounded at the end distant below
with rounded spaces, cal. narrowed below about as long as the
cor.-tube.—#. B. 8.2898. Not C. Epithymum Bg. Trefolii R.
Xvill. 1343.— St. slender, branching, reddish yellow, forming
dense broad circular patches. Fl. small, white. Cal. fleshy,
usually tipped with red ; sep. lanceolate, about as long as their
tube, adpressed. Anth.apiculate. Scales narrow ; connecting
membrane not adpressed, forming cuplike spaces between itself
and the corolla.—Parasitical upon Clover chiefly. A. VIT.—
IX. Clover-Dodder. E.

[C. approxima’ta (Bab.); like Sp. 2 but scales divided by
acute spaces and truncate, was found on Bockhara Clover.
A. N. A. xvi, t. i.; and C. sudveolens (Sér.)=C.. hassiaca
(Pfeiff.); 7. stalked, cor.-tube bellshaped closed with converg-
ing scales, stig. capitate, Heliotrope-scented, on Lucerne.
Both introduced. A. VIII. IX.]

Order LIV. BORAGINACE.

Fl. mostly in scorpioidal cymes, symmetrical. Cal. inferior,
5-parted, persistent. Cor. hypogynous, usually regular. Stam.
5, inserted on the corolla. Ovary of two 2-parted carp., with
each lobe 1-seeded ; ovules pendulous. Stylesimple, from near
the base between the lobes of the ovary. Fr. separating in 4
nutlets or 2 bilocular portions. Seeds without albumen.—L.
alternate.—Stip. 0.

Tribe I. CYNOGLOSSE &. Nutlets 4, on the persistent base
of the style-—Stam. included.

1. Asprruco. Cal. 5-cleft with alternate smaller teeth,
enlarged and compressed in fruit. Cor. funnelshaped with

292 54. BORAGINACE.

rounded scales in the throat. Filaments of stam. short.
Nutletstubercled, compressed,attached by their narrow side,
covered by the compressed calyx.

2. CynocLossum. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. funnelshaped, the
mouth closed with prominent blunt scales. Filaments
very short. Vutlets roundish-ovate, depressed, muricate,
attached by the upper part of their inner edge.

Tr. Ul. AVCHUSE4. Nutlets 4, on an hypogynous disk,
with an excavated space surrounded by a tumid ring at
their base.

3. Boraco. Cal. in 5 deep segments. Cor. rotate; tube
very short; throat with short erect emarginate scales.
Stam. exserted ; filaments bifid, the inner fork bearing the
anther ; anthers linear-lanceolate, connivent in the form of
a cone.

4. AncHusa. Cal. 5-fid. Cor. funnelshaped with a straight
tube; throat closed by prominent blunt scales. Stam. in-
cluded, subsessile. Nutlets depressed.

5. Lycopsis. Cal. in 5 deep segments. Tube of the cor.
curved ; limb oblique. Otherwise like Anchusa.

6. SymMpHytum. Cal. 5-cleft or 5-parted. Cor. eylindrical-
bellshaped, throat closed by a prominent cone of connivent
lanceolate-subulate scales. Stam. exserted from the tubebut
covered by the scales ; filaments short. Nutlets ovate.

Tr. Ill. LITHOSPERMEZ. Nutlets 4, affixed to an hy-
pogynous disk, their base not excayated but attached by
a flat or rather convex surface.

I

Ecutum. Cal. in 5 deep segments. Cor. sub-bellshaped ;
throat dilated, naked ; limbirregular. Stam. exserted; fila-
ments very long, unequal. Style bifid. Nutlets wrinkled,
attached by a flat triangular base.

8. PuLMonaRIA. Cal. tubular, 5-fid. Cor.funnelshaped, its
throat naked. Stam. included in the tube ; filaments very
short. Style simple. Nutlets smooth, attached by their
truncate base, which has a central tubercles

9. Mertensta. Cal. in 5 deep segments. Cor. bellshaped,
with a short thick cylindrical tube with 5 minute protu-
berances in its throat. Stam. protruded beyond the throat ;

ASPERUGO.—CYNOGLOSSUM. 293

Jilaments rather long. Style simple. Mutlets smooth, in-
fated, rather drupaceous, attached laterally near their base
by a flat surface ; seeds free.

10. LrrnospERMUM. Cal. in 5 deep segments. Cor. funnel-
shaped; throat naked or with 5 minute scales. Stam.
included in tube; filaments very short.. Style simple.
Nutlets smooth or tubercular, stony; attached by a truncate

jlat base.

11. Myosotts. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. convolute in the bud,
salvershaped ; throat closed with scales ; limb 5-fid, blunt.
Stam. included; filaments very short. Stylesimple. Nut-
lets smooth, convex externally, keeled within, attached
by a minute lateral spot near their base.—Distinguished
from all the other genera by the convolute corolla.

Tribe I. Cynoglossee.
1. AspErv'Go Linn. Madwort.

+1. A. procumbens (L.).—E. B. 661.—St. procumbent, angu-
lar, rough, with short deflexed bristles. L. oblong, rough,
hispid, lower ones stalked, upper sessile. Fl]. small, axillary,
solitary, blue, upon short peduncles. Col. of the fr. much en-
larged.—Rich waste ground, rare. A. VI. VII. ID ISt

2. Cynoctos'’sum Linn. Hound’s-tongue.

1. C. officindle (L.) ; 1. downy acute, lower 1, elliptic contract-
ing into a petiole, upper l. lanceolate narrowed below subcordate
half-clasping, nutlets with thickened prominent margin.—Z. B.
921.—About 2 feet high. Covered with soft adpressed hairs.
Cor. dull crimson, veiny ; veins disappearing in drying. Nut-
lets flat in front. Fetid, rarely [var. swglabrwm Merat] sub-
glabrous and nearly scentless.— Waste ground. B. VI. vale 2

2. C. montanum (L.) ; Ll. slightly hairy acute nearly glabrous
and shining above rough beneath, inferior oblong narrowed
into a long petiole, upper /. lanceolate slightly narrowed below
clasping, nutlets without thickened edge.—C. sylvaticum Sm.
#. £B. 1642.—Clothed with straight spreading hairs. Cor.
reddish, changing to blue. L. sometimes very rough.—Shady
situations. B. VI. VII. Ee 1.

294 54. BORAGINACE.

Tribe Il. Anchusee.

3. Bora’co Linn. Borage.

*1. B. oficindlis (L.); lower |, obovate blunt attenuated be-
low, segments of the cor. ovate acute flat spreading.—Z. B. 36.
—Fl. blue. Anth. very prominent. Stem.-l. much narrowed
below so as to appear stalked, eared at the base. Whole plant
hispid with bulbous hairs. St. spreading, 12—18 in. high.—
Cn rubbish and waste ground. B. VI. VII.

2 We

4, Ancuu’sa Linn. Alkanet,

#1. A. officindlis (L. em. Retz.) ; 1. lanceolate hispid, spikes
crowded unilateral, bracts ovate-lanceolate, cal.-segm. bluntish
hairy on both sides, scales of cor. hairy.—#. B. 662.—Fl. deep
purple. Cal.-segm. narrow, longer than tube. St. 1—2 feet
high, rough with deflexed hairs.—Waste ground, rare. P. VI.
VII. E. S.

72. A. sempervirens (L.) ; 1. ovate, lower 1. on long stalks, pe-
duncles axillary each bearing 2 dense spikes with an interme-
diate flower, cal.-segments hairy on the outside only, bracts
minute lanceolate, scales of the cor. downy.—Z#. B. 45.—F1.
blue,rather salver- thanfunnel-shaped. Cal.-segments narrow.
St. 15—2 feet high, rough with spreading somewhat deflexed
hairs.—Waste ground near ruins, rare.—P. V.—VIII.

5. Lycor’sts Linn. Bugloss.

1. L. arven’sis (L.); |. lanceolate repand-dentate very hispid,
cal. of fr. bellshaped erect —Z. B. 938.—F1. small, blue. Whole
plant very hispid with strong hairs each rising from a scaly
tubercle.—Fields and hedges. A. VI. VII. E. 8: 1.

6. Sym’pHytuM Linn. Comfrey.

1. S. officindle (L.); 1, ovate-lanceolate attenuate below,
stem-l. very decurrent lanceolate, st. winged in the upper part.—
E. B. 817.—Height 1—2 feet, branching. Racemes in pairs,
drooping. FI, yellowish white or purple. Cal.-segments some-
what spreading and pubescence rougher in the usually purple--
flowered variety, S. patens Sibth. Sy. £. B, 1116—Common |
in damp places. P. V. VI, E. 8.'f.

2. S. tuberdsum (L.) ; 1. ovate-oblong attenuate below, stem-l.
lanceolate, uppermost slightly decurrent, st. scarcely winged ;
nearly simple.—Z. B. 1502.—St. 12—18 in. high. Fl. yellowish |

/

ECHIUM.—MERTENSIA. 295

white, whole plant smaller and slenderer than the preceding.
Anth. twice as jong as their filaments.—Damp woods and
river-banks, rare. P. VI. VII. Y

LS. peregrinum (Ledeb.) (asperrimum Bab. not Donn) Bot.
Mag. 6466, S. tauricum Willd., and_S. orten’tale L. have been
noticed in England, but are not natives. |

Tribe IIL. Lithospermec.

7. E’curum Zinn. Viper’s Bugloss.

1. £. vulgére (L.) ; tubercular hispid, st. erect simple, |. lan-
ceolate 1-ribbed, stem-/. narrowed belowsessile, fl. in four lateral
scorpioidal cymes, stam. exceeding the corolla.—Z. 4. 181.—St.
1—2 feet high. Lower |. narrowing into a footstalk. Fl. red-
dish, then bright blue.—Dry places. B. VI. VII. BK. 8. I.

2. EB. plantagin’eum (L.); pilose-hispid, st. erect branched
diffuse, lower branches prostrate, radical ]. oblong-ovate stalked,
stem-l. oblong narrowed from a cordate halj-clasping base with
lateral ribs, spzkes panicled long simple,stam. scarcely exceeding
the corolla.—Z#. &. S. 2798.—Stam. very unequal, 1 short, 2
intermediate, and 2 longer. FI. violet-blue. Root reddish.—
Jersey. Land’s-end, Cornwall. B. VI.—IX.

8. Putmona’r1A Linn. Lungwort.

LP. officinalis (L.); 1. ovate-lanceolate with a long stalk, upper
1. oblong sessile.—Sy. #. B. 1098.—FI. pale purple. St. 1 ft.
high. L. spotted.—Woods and thickets, scarcely naturalized.
PalV. V.] E.

1. P. angustifolia (L.); 1. narrow-lanceolate narrowed
to the base, upper 1. sessile——#. &. 1628.—Fl]. pink, then
blue. St. 1 ft. high. L. less frequently spotted.—Thickets,
rare. P. IV. V. E.

_9. MerrTen’sta Roth.

1. UM. maritima (S. F. Gray); st. procumbent branched, 1.
ovate acute rough with hard dots glabrous fleshy glaucous,
nutlets smooth.—#. &. 368.—Spreading, very glaucous. FI. in
cymes, purplish blue. Protuberances in throat of cor. yellow.
L. tastmg like oysters. Nutlets free, forming a pyramid, ex-
ceeding the calyx. Pericarp membranous ; seeds smaller than
the cavity.—Northern sea-shores. P. V.—VIII. EK. So.

296 54, BORAGINACES.

10. Lirnosprer’MuM Linn. Gromwell.

1. L. officindle (L.) ; st. erect much branched, |. lanceolate
acute veined hispid with bulbous adpressed bristles above hairy
beneath, throat of the cor. with a crown of scales, nutlets smooth.
—. B,.134.—St. 12—18in. high. FI. greenish yellow, nutlets
grey, highly polished, stony, 2 or 3 ripening in each calyx.
Root whitish.—Dry and stony places, P. VI.—VIII.
Gromwell, E. 8. I.

2. L.purpureo-cerileum (L.); barren shoots prostrate creep-
ing, fl.-st. erect forked, 1. lanceolate acute hispid, hairs on the
upperside adpressed bulbous, cor. much exceeding the calyx,
nutlets smooth.—F. £.117. FI. large, bright blue. Nutlets
silvery white, highly polished.—This species and the following
have no scales in the throat of the cor., but merely 5 longitudinal
downy folds (Rhytispermum Link).—Thickets on a limestone
soil, rare. P. V.—VII. E.

3. LZ. arven’se (L.); st. erect branched, 1. lanceolate rather
acute hispid with adpressed bulbous hairs on both sides, cor.
rather exceeding the calyx, nutiets tubercled.— LH. B. 123.—St.
1 ft. high. Fl. small, white. Nutlets pale brown, polished,
pitted, 3 or 4 perfected in each calyx. Root bright red.—Corn-
fields. A. V.—VII. Corn Gromwell. E. 8.1.

11. Myoso’t1s Linn. em., Wally. Scorpion-grass.

i, Persistentes. Cal. of frut shorter than its stalk.
* Hairs on cal. all straight and adpressed.

1. MW. scorpioides (i. em. Hill) ; fr.-cal. open, its teeth short
triangular, cor.-limb flat longer than the tube, its lobes slightly
emarginate, style about equalling cal., pubescence of st. (usually)
spreading.—E. &. 1973.—M. palustris (Hill).—L. bluntish,
apiculate. Raceme quite leafless. Cor. large, bright blue
with a yellow eye. Cal. divided about 4 down.—a; rhizome
long leafy stoloniferous, st. angular with decurrent prominent
lines, pubescence spreading.—p. MW. strigulosa (R.); rhizome
short leafless, st. more slender and erect not angular its pub-
escence adpressed, 1. less blunt, style equalling cor.-tube.
M. coronaria (Dum.), Base of st. sometimes patently hairy.—
Ditches and watery places. P. VI.—VIII. pg. VI. Jorget-
me-not. E.S. 1.

2. M. répens (Don ined., Rehb.); fr.-cal. open, its teeth
narrow lanceolate acute, style falling short of cal., cor.-limb
flat longer than the tube, its lobes slightly emarginate, pu-

MYOSOTIS. 297

bescence of the st. spreading.—FL. B. S. 2703.—L. rather acute.
Stoloniferous. St. slightly angular. Raceme usually slightly
leafy (1—4 leaves) below. Cor. pale blue. Cal. divided full.
‘halfway down.—Boggy places. P. VI.—VITI. BE. 8-1.

3. WM. cespitésa (Schultz) ; fr.-cal. open, its teeth narrow lan-
ceolate bluntish, cor.-limb equalling the tube, its lobes entire, style
very short, pubescence of the st. adpressed.—E. B. S. 2661. M.
lingulata Lehm. (name only).—L. usually blunt or even emar-

ginate. St. round, with a decurrent line. Raceme usually
slightly leafy below. Cor. smaller than in the preceding, bright
blue, segments narrower and rounded at theend. Style about
equalling the cal.-tube.—Watery places. P. VI—VIII. E.S.I.

** Hairs on cal. not all straight, but some or all hooked.

4. M. alpes'tris (Schm.) ; cal. attenuate below deeply 5-cleft
open with fruit with straight and a few curved adpressed
bristles, pedicels ascending, cor.-limb longer than the tube jlat,
style equalling 4 cal., nutlet keeled not rounded at the end,
_ root-l, on long stalks pointed.—E. B. 2559. M. rupicola (Sm.).
L. oblong-lanceolate, stalks of the lower ones slender. Fl. large,
handsome, blue, sweet-scented in the evening.—Breadalbane
mountains. Micklefell, Teesdale. j 2.01 0 teil UE Bacal Daas A

5. MW. sylvatica (Hofim.) ; cal. rounded below 2-5-cleft closed
with fruit, its tube with spreading hooked bristles, pedicels di-
vergent, cor.-limb longer than tube flat, style nearly equalling
ca/., nutlet keeled on one side upwards bluntish, root-/. on short
dilated stalks bluntish.—Z&. B.S. 2630.—L. oblong-lanceolate ;
stalks of the oblong-ovate lower 1. dilated. FI. large, hand-
some, blue. Cal. divided more than halfway down.—Shady
places, rare. P. V. VI. EPS.

6. MM. arven’sis (Hill em., Hoffm.); cal. half-5-cleft closed
with fruit, tube with spreading hooked bristles, pedicels
divergent, cor.-limb equalling tube concave, cor.-lobes entire,
style very short, racemes stalked.—#. B. S. 2629. MM. inter-
media (Link.).—L. oblong, acute; lower 1. oblong-obovate,
blunt. Fl. usually small. A large-flowered plant found in
shade is often taken for WV. sylvatica.—Cultivated land and
thickets. A. VI.—VIII. E. 8.2

ii. Fugaces. Cal. of fruit not shorter than its stalk, its tube
with spreading hooked bristles.

7. MW. collina (Hoffm. sec. Rehb.) ; fr.-cal. open and ventri-
cose as long as the diverging pedicels, cor.-limb shorter than

298 55. SOLANACEX.

exserted tube concave, style about equalling 4 cal., racemes
stalked usually with 1 distant flower, fr.-pedicels spreading,
hairs on the 1. straight.—#. B. 2558. St. 42. 11. M. hispida
(Schlecht.), 12. arvensis (Hill em. Lehm.).—Usually slender,
erect; or czspitose with prostrate branches. L. oblong,
blunt; lower obovate. 7. small, unchangeably 6/ue.—sp.
Mittenit (Baker), FI. pale, lowest bracteate.—(Jf. stricta
(Link.), WZ. arvensis (Hill em. Rehb.) St. 42. 14, has its. fr.-cal.
closed, very short adpressed fr.-pedicels, sessile racemes leafy
below. Lowest fr.-ped. not 4 as long as calyx. Probably

native of Britain.}—-Dry banks.. A. 1V.V- S.1.

8. M. versicolor (Sm.); fr.-cal. closed oblong bellshaped
longer than the ascending pedicels, cor.-limb much shorter than
tube concave, style equalling cal., racemes stalked.—Z. B. 480.
—St. erect, simple at the base. L. narrow, oblong, acutish ;
upper ones frequently opposite. 7. small, at first pale yellow,
afterwards blue. Lobes of fr.-cal. often erect, therefore cal.
not truly closed.—On plants in damp places the fl. are at first
white and the cal. is “less deeply divided” ; sometimes the fi.
are all yellow, J/. Balbisiana (Jord.)—Meadows and banks.
An Vin Wd. E.S. I.

Order LV. SOLANACE#.

Cal. inferior, 5-parted, persistent. Cor. hypogynous, regular
or slightly irregular, 5-cleft, deciduous, plicate in bud; the
lobes imbricate or imbricate-plicate (in Solanum valvate).
Stam. 4—5, inserted on the cor., alternate with the lobes.
Ovary 1—2- or imperfectly 4-celled. Fr. a berry or capsule.
Seeds many. Embryo usually curved, in fleshy albumen,
often not in the axis.—No stipules.

Tribe I. SOLANE.Z#. Cor. rotate ; lobes nearly regular and
equal, valvate in the bud. Anth. opening by pores.

1. Soranum. Cor.-limb 5-cleft, reflered. Anth. erect con-
nivent. Berry roundish with 2 or more cells.

Tr. If. AJROPEX. Cor. tubular; tube plicate in bud ;
lobes slightly unequal, imbricate in the bud. Anth.
opening longitudinally at the margin.

2, Arropa. Cor.bellshaped with 5 equal lobes, Cal. 5-parted,
patent and dilated with fruit. Stam. included. Fr. a glo-
bose 2-celled berry.

SOLANUM,—ATROPA. 299

3. Hyoscyamus. Cor. funnelshaped with a short tube and
5 unequal blunt /obes. Stigmacapitate. Fr.a dry 2-celled
caps., ventricose below, furrowed, opening transversely by
a convex lid.

[Lycrum. Cal. small and adpressed to base of fruit. Cor.
Funnelshaped with a short tube and 5 equal patent lobes.
Stam. exserted. Fr. a 2-celled berry. ]

4, Datura. Cor. funnel-shaped, angular, 5-lobed. Cal. de-
ciduous. Stigma2-lobed. Caps. 4-valved, with 2 partially
bipartite cells.

Tribe I. Solanec.
1. Sota’Num Jinn. Nightshade.

1. S. nigrum (L. em. Mill.) ; st. herbaceous with tubercled
angles, 1. ovate bluntly dentate or wavy, fl. drooping.—sSt.
1. 4.— Umbel from the intermediate spaces between the
leaves. L. attenuate below. Fl. white —Fr.-stalks thickened
upwards. Berries globular. St. afoot or more high.—ac ; hairs
incurved upwards, |. sinuate, berry black. Sy. #. B. 931.—
[s. S. ochroteucwm (Bast.); 1. sinuate-dentate, berries yellowish-green. |—y.
S. miniatum (Bernh.); angles of the st. with prominent
tubercles, 1. sinuate-dentate more deeply toothed, pubescence
patent, berries scarlet. Sy. #. B. 932. It may be distinct.—
Waste ground. y. Kent, Jersey, [&ec.]. A. VIL.—X. Black
Nightshade. E. 8. I.

2. S. Dulcamdra (L. em. Mill.) ; st. shrubby, zigzag, 1, cordate-
ovate, upper /. hastate auricled, fl. drooping.—#. B. 565.
St. 18. 3.—Corymb opposite to leaves. Fl. purple with 2
green spots at the base of each segment. Berries ovate, red
[rarely greenish-yellow]. St. climbing to the height of 12—14 feet,
nearly round, almost glabrous throughout, or (S. littorale
Raab) st, and |. downy with patent hairs.—8. marznum (Bab.) ;
branches of the present year and 1. fleshy and usually clothed
with hairs incurved upwards, st. angular prostrate diffuse much
branched, |. nearly all cordate not hastate. S. lignoswm seu
Dulcamara marina Ray 265.—Woods and hedges, common.
8. Pebbly sea-beach. Sh. VI. VII. Brttersweet. Dash

Tribe II. Atropee.

2. Ar’ropa Linn. em. Gaertn. Deadly Nightshade. Dwale.
1. A. Belladonna (L.); st. herbaceous, 1. broadly ovate-

300 56. OROBANCHACE.

acuminate entire, 4. solitary axillary on short stalks.—Z. B.
592.—St. 3 ft. high. FI. lurid purple,drooping. Berry violet-
black, highly poisonous.—Waste places, rare. P. ee aa

3. Hyoscy’amus Linn. Henbane.

1. H. niger (L.); 1. oblong pinnatifid or sinuate sessile and
clasping, lower 1. stalked, fl. nearly sessile axillary unilateral.—
Sy. H.-B. 936." “St. 3. 4, —St. 1—2 feet high. FI. lurid yellow
with dark veins, drooping., Fr. erect. Whole herbage downy
glandular, viscid, fetid. Fl. sometimes without dark veins.—
Waste places, preferring a calcareous soil. B.V.—VII. E,S.1.

Lyc’tum Linn.

*1. L. bar’barum (L.) ; 1. narrowly lanceolate narrowed at the
base, cal..2-lipped, cor.- -tube as long as the limb, berry oblong.
~Sy. HE. B. 933. A straggling shrub with long pendulous
spinous branches.” FI. bluish. Filaments woolly. at the base.
Berry red.—Seems quite mesunalized on north Norfolk coast
and elsewhere. Sh. VI.—VIII. E.

4, Daru’ra Linn. Thorn-apple.

[1. D. Stramémum (L.); 1. ovate unequally sinuate-dentate
glabrous, caps. erect spinose.—#. B. 1288.-—St. 1—2 ft. high.
Fl. white (purplish in D. Tatula), large, erect. Fr. densely
spinose. Caps. with 4 dissépiments below, only 2 at the top.—
Waste ground, rare. A. VI. VII] EK.

Order LVI. OROBANCHACE.

Cal. variously divided, persistent. Cor. irregular, usually
2-lipped, persistent, imbricate inthe bud. Stam. on the cor., 4,
didynamous. Anth. 2-celled ; cells distinct, parallel. Ovary
in a fleshy disk, 1-celled, with 2 or more parietal placentas.
Stigma 2-lobed. Fr. capsular, 2-valved, with many minute
seeds.—Leafless root-parasites.

1. OroBANCHE. Cal. 4-cleft or of 2 usually bifid sepals.
Cor. ringent, 4—5-cleft, deciduous, its base persistent.
Bracts 1—3.

2. LarHrmA. Cor. 2-lipped ; the upper lip concave, decidu- —
ous, entire ; its base persistent. Otherwise like Orobanche.

OROBANCHE. 301

1. OrnoBAN'CHE Zinn. Broom-rape.

* Sepals 2, entire or bifid, separate or connected below in front.
Bract 1. Valves of caps. cohering at each end.

1. O. major (L. em., Sutt.) ; sep. 2-veined equally bifid nearly
equalling the cor.-tube, cor. bellshaped ventricose at the base
in front, its back curved, lips wavy obscurely denticulate (not
fringed), upper lip concave nearly entire its sides patent,
middle lobe of lower lip much longer than lateral lobes, stam.
inserted at the base of the cor. glabrous below but. their upper
part and the style glandular-pubescent.—f. J. f. 900 & 923.
E. B. 421.. O. Rapum-geniste (Thuill.).—Stig. of 2 distant
yellow lobes. Anth. white when dry.—Parasitical upon Broom,
tutte, and other shrubby leguminous plants. Be Ly
Vil. . 8. I.

2. O. rvibra(Sm.) ; sep. 1-veined lanceolate attenuate exceed-
ing the cor.-tube, undivided, cor. bellshaped its back curved
glandular-pubescent externally and the upper lip internally,
lips acutely denticulate and crisped, upper lip emarginate its
sides patent, lateral lobes of lower lip nearly equal, intermediate
lobe rather long, stam. inserted near to the base of the corolla
slightly pilose within below but their top and the upper part
of the style slightly glandular-pilose.—Sy. #. 8.1011. &. L.f.
885. Probably O. Epithymum DC.—Scarcely a foot high.
Purplish red. Stigma 2-lobed, pale pink. Auth. fuscous when
dry. Sep. with a second faint vein near their anterior margin ;
and in the dry plant there is an appearance of several more.
L. few. Sweet deontad. Pardsitical opon Thymus Serpyllum.
P, VI.—VIII. B.S. 1.

3. O. caryophylldcea (Sm.); sep. many-veined lanceolate
equally bifid falling short of the cor.-tube touching or connate
in front, cor. tubwar-bellshaped curved on the back, lips spread-
ing, upper one 2-lobed its lobes porrect, lobes of lower lip
nearly equal rounded wavy, stam. anserted above the base of the
cor. hairy within below but their upper part and the style
_ glandular-hairy.—Z. B. S. 2639.—O. Gala (Duby).—Scarcely
afoot high. Stigma of 2 nearly separate dark purple lobes.

Anth. fuscous, yellow when dry: “Boy with crisp glandular
_ hairs externally, each lobe with 1 strong vein and several
_ slender ones. Cor. similarly hairy on both sides.—On Galiwm
_ Mollugo in Kent. P. VI. VII.

302 56. OROBANCHACEA.

4. O.eldtior (Sutt.); sep. many-veined equally bifid equalling
the cor.-tube connate in front, cor. curved tubular slightly com-
pressed above, upper lip 2-lobed toothed its lobes infléxed, lobes
of lower lip 3 nearly equal acute toothed, stam. inserted above
the base of the cor. glandular-hairy in the lower half within.—
EH. B. 568.—Stem 2—3 ft. high. Stegma bilobed, yellow.
Upper lip of the cor. usually with an elevated point between
the lobes. Cor. glandular externally. Stam. sometimes slightly
hairy above. Anth. whitish when dry.—Parasitical upon Cen-
taurea Scabiosa, rare. P.2 VI. VII. E.

5. O. Pie'ridis (F. W. Schultz ex M. & K.); sep. 1—3-veined
entire or toothed below in front narrowed into 1 or 2 subulate
points, cor, tubular-bellshaped its back nearly straight and
compressed slightly curved at each end, lips denticulate wavy
upper not notched its sides porrect, stam. inserted below the
middle of the cor.-tube hairy in their lower half within, style
slightly glandular-hairy below in front and above throughout,
stigma bilobed.—Z. B.S. 2956.—Height 6—18 inches. Stegm.-
lobes just touching, purple. Anth. fuscous, pale purple or
yellowish.—Parasitical upon Picrzs. Cambridgeshire. Kent.
Pemb. Hunts. Isle of Wight. P.? VIL. E.

6. O. Hed'ere (Duby); sep. 1-veined ovate below narrowed
into 1 or 2 subulate points about equalling the cor.-tube, cor.
tubular arcuate, lips denticulate wavy,upper one bilobed porrect
(straight when dry), lobes of lower lip nearly equal the middle
one longest, stam. inserted below the middle of the cor.-tube
glabrous with a few scattered hairs on their lower part, style
glabrous with a few hairs on the upper part, stigma scarcely
bilobed.—O. barbata E, B.S. 2859, not Poir.—St. purplish, about
a foot high. Lobes of stigma attached together by at least + of
their circumference, yellow. Anth. fuscous, rather paler when
dry. St. purplish.-—Parasitical upon Ivy. P. VI. VII. E.I.

7. O. minor (Sm.) ; sep. many-veined ovate below suddenly
narrowed into 1 or 2 subulate points equalling or exceeding the
cor.-tube, cor. tubular arcuate, [usually tinged with purple,] lips
bluntly denticulate wavy, upper lip porrect (inflexed when dry)
notched, lobes of lower lip nearly equal, stam. inserted below
middle of the cor.-tube glabrous with a few scattered hairs
below, style glabrous with a line of distant hairs on its anterior
side, stagma bilobed.—H. B. 422.—Lobes of stig. not much con-
nected, purple. Anth. yellow when dry. [. jlavescens (Reut.); st.
and fi, yellow. |—Parasitical chiefly upon 7’r2folcwm pratense. A.?
VI. VIL. K, I.

OROBANCHE.—LATHR MA. 303

8. O. amethys'tea (Thuill.); sep. many-veined ovate below
narrowed into 1 or 2 subulate points, cor. tubular its back ewrved
immediately from the base otherwise straight, lips unequally
acutely denticulate wavy, upper lip hooded porrect notched,
lobes of lower lip unequal the middle one larger, stam. inserted
in the curvature of the cor. glabrous with many hairs at the
base within, stigma bilobed.—Sy. #. B.1017. Atl. 7. Par. t.19.
E. 0. Eryngit (Duby.).—Lobes of stig. attached by }, purple.
Anth. dusky brown when dry. Perhaps a form of O. minor.—
Parasitical upon Daucus gummifer. Whitsand Bay, Cornwall.
Rock End, Torquay. Mr. Townsend. Dorset. A.? VI. E.

** Sepals 4 or 5, connected below. Bracts3. Valves of capsule
:
separating.at the top. PHELIPmA Desf.

[O. arendria (Bork.)! ; cal. of 5 sep. tubular with triangular-
subulate teeth falling short of the cor.-tube, cor. tubular slightly
curved in front, middle of the tube compressed on the back,
throat slightly inflated externally glandular, lobes of lips blunt
with reflexed edges, the lower lip hairy within, sutwre of anth.
hairy.—Atl. Fl. Par. t. 19. L.—Height 12—18 inches. Stigma
scarcely 2-lobed ; style pale yellow (?), glandular. Filaments
glabrous with a few hairs at their base. Lateral bracts linear-
subulate, intermediate lanceolate attenuate above. St., scales
and cal. glandular- pubescent. —Parasitical upon Achillea Mille-
folium? Alderney ! (the Jersey plant is Sp. 9). P. VII. VIIT.]

9. O. purpurea (Jacq.) ; cal. of 5 sep. tubular with lanceolate
acute teeth falling short of the cor.-tube, cor. tubular curved in
front,middle of tube compressed, /obes of lips acute with reflexed
edges, lower lip hairy within, anth. glabrous.—E. B, 423. Ati.
Fl. Par. t.19. K.. 0. cerulea (Vill.).—About a foot high. FI.
bluish purple. Stig. scarcely 2-lobed, white. St., scales,
bracts, cal. and cor. glandular- pubescent. —Grassy pastures.
Herts. Norf. Isle of Wight. Chepstow. P. VI. VII. E.

[O. ramésa (L.) ; cal. of 4 sep. tubular with triangular ovate
acuminate teeth, anth. glabrous, st. usually branched.—Z. B.
184.—Sown with Hemp.|

2. Laturm’sa Linn. Toothwort.

1. L. Squamdria (L.) ; st. simple, fl. pendulous secund, lower
lip of the cor. 3-cleft—#. 4.50. G. H. Smith S. Kent. Goes

1 Mr. Ar. Bennett refers the Alderney plant to 0. Millefolit (0. cerulea var.
Millefolii, Reich.), see Marquand, Guernsey Flora, p. 137.—H. & J. G.

304 57. SCROPHULARIACE®.

Rootstock fleshy, with thick scales. St.3—8in, high. Young
raceme decurved. Bracts ovate or lanceolate. Style straight
or curved. Upper lip nearly entire, or bifid—Woods and
thickets, parasitical upon Hazels, &c. P.1V.V. ES. L

Order LVII. SCROPHULARIACE.

Cal. 4—5-cleft, persistent. Cor. irregular or 2-lipped or per-
sonate (subrotate in Verbascwm), deciduous, imbricate in the
bud. Stam. on the cor., usually 4, didynamous, or 2 or 5.
Ovary free, 2-celled. Style simple ; stigma 2-lobed. Fr. cap-
sular, 2-celled ; placentas attached to the dissepiment or ulti-
mately central. Embryo straight, in axis of fleshy albumen.
—No stipules.

* Stamens 5.

1. VerBAscuM. Cal. of 5 sepals. Cor. rotate; segments
unequal, spreading. Stam. unequal, 2 or more, hairy at
the base.

** Stamens 4, didynamous.

[Erinus, Cal. in 5 deep segments. Cor. 5-parted with
nearly equal emarginate segments and a short tube. Caps.
2-celled. |

2, Dicirauis. Cal. in 5 deep segments. Cor. bellshaped,
oblique, 4—5-fid. Caps. septicidal, 2-celled.

3. ANTIRRHINUM. Cal.-5-parted. Cor. personate, gibbous
at the base (no distinct spur) ; lower lip 3-fid ; a prominent
palate closing the mouth. Caps. opening by 2 or 3 pores
at the top, 2- ‘celled.

. Linaria. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. personate, spurred ; lower
lip 8-fid ; a: prominent palate closing the mouth. Caps.
with valves or teeth at the top, 2-celled.

i

ScCROPHULARIA. Cal. 5-lobed (in S. vernalis 5-cleft). Cor.

globose ; limb minute, of 2 short lips, upper 2-lobed often
with a scale (the rudiment of a fifth stam.) within, lower
3-lobed. Caps. 2-valved, the edges inflexed, 2- celled.

-s

6. LimoseLua. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5-fid, bellshaped, equal.
Caps. globose, 2-valved, 1-celled ; placenta central, free or
connected with a short ‘dissepiment below.—L. radical.

57. SCROPHULARIACER. 305

7. Metampyrum. Cal. tubular, 4-toothed. Cor. ringent ;
upper lip compressed laterally with reflexed edges ; lower
furrowed 3-fid. ‘Caps. oblong, obliquely acuminate, com-
pressed. Seeds 1—2 an each cell, smooth.

8. Mrmutus. Cal. prismatical, 5-toothed. Cor. ringent ;
upper lip folded back at the sides. Seeds many.

9. Pepicunaris. Cal. inflated, 5-toothed. Cor. ringent ;
upper lip compressed laterally; lower plane, 3-lobed.
Caps. compressed, acute. Seeds many, angular.

10. Rutyantuus. Cal. inflated, 4-toothed. Cor. ringent ;
upper lip compressed laterally ; lower plane, 3-lobed.
Caps. compressed, blunt. Seeds many, compressed, with
an orbicular margin.—Alecterolophus | Hall. ].

11. Bartsta. Cat. bellshaped, 4-fid. Cor. tubular, ringent ;
upper lip much arched, not compressed. Caps. pointed ;
cells many-seeded. Seeds compressed at the hile and with
winged ribs at the back (large).

12. Kurracta, Cal. tubular, 4-cleft. Cor. tubular, 2-lipped.
Caps. pointed ; cells many-seeded. Seeds slightly angular,
very minute, crenate-ribbed ; hile basal.

13, EupHrasra. Cal. tubular or bellshaped, 4-fid or 4-
toothed. Cor. tubular, 2-lipped ; lower lip with 3 notched
or emarginate lobes. Anth. unequally pointed. Caps.
blunt or emarginate; cells many-seeded. Seeds rather
angular, longitudinally ribbed ; hile subapical.

14. OpontirEs. Lower cor.-lip with 3 entire lobes. Anth.
with 2 equal points ; otherwise like Huphrasia.

15. StsrHorprA. Cal. in 5 deep spreading segments. Cor.
rotate, irregularly 5-cleft. Caps. compressed, orbicular,
2-seeded, 2-valved.

*k* Stamens 2.

16. Veronica. Cal. 4—5-parted. Cor. rotate, unequally
Poe lower lobe the smallest. Caps. compressed, 2-
celled. .

306 57. SCROPHULARIACEA.

1. VerBAs’cum Jinn.’ Mullein.

* Leaves strongly decurrent. Raceme dense, nearly simple.

1. V. Thap’sus (L.); 1. ovate-oblong crenate densely woolly
on both sides all decurrent, st. simple, spike dense, pedicels
shorter than the calyx, cor. rotate, segments oblong blunt, fila-
ments woolly 2 longer nearly glabrous, anth. all nearly equal.—
EL. B. 549. V. Schradert Koch, R. xx. 1637.—St. 4—5 feet
high. Cor. about twice as long as the calyx. Filaments with
white wool ; the 2 glabrous ones about 4 times as longas their
slightly decurrent anthers.—Waste ground. B, VII. VIII.
ITigh-taper. BD. S51.

** Leaves not decurrent. Racemes branched, panicled. Anth.
all reniform, not decurrent.

+ Flowers yellow or whitish ; hairs on the filaments white.

2. V, Lychnttis (Ll. em. Vill.); 7. crenate nearly glabrous
above woolly and powdery beneath, lower 1. elliptic-oblong
wedgeshaped below scarcely stalked, upper 1. sessile ovate-
acuminate with a rounded base, st. angular panicled above
with ascending branches, stam. equal, filaments all with white
hairs.—#. B. 58. A. xx. 1648.—Height 2—3 feet. FI. on
short stalks, small, many, [yellow (rare in Britain) or var. album, Mill. |
cream-coloured or white.—Roadsides and waste places. B.
VI—VIII. White Mullein. E

3. V.pulverulen'tum (Vill) ; 1. obscurely crenate clothed with
mealy deciduous wool on both sides, lower |. oblong-elliptic at-
tenuated into a stalk, upper |. sessile acuminate, st. terete pani-
cled above with patent branches, stam. nearly equal scarlet with
white hairs.—/#. B. 487. &. xx. 1667.—Height about 3 feet.
Fl. on very short stalks, which, as well as the calyx, are densely
covered with wool, bright yellow. Cal.-teeth often glabrous.—
Roadsides in Norfolk and Suffolk. B.VII. Hoary Wullein. E.

+t Flowers yellow ; hairs on the filaments purple.

4. V. nigrum (L.); 1. doubly crenate nearly glabrous above
subpubescent beneath, lower |. cordate or ovate-oblong with long
stalks, upper |. cordate-ovate nearly sessile, st. angular, raceme
elongated, pedicels twice as long as the calyx, stam. equal with

1 Hybrids occur in thig genus. Four are figured in Sy. ZH. B. t. 843, 844,
845, 846.

F

VERBASCUM.—ANTIRRHINUM. 307

purple hairs.—Z. B. 59. R. xx. 1649.—Fl. in clusters in a
nearly simple long spike, small, bright yellow.—[8. tomentoswm
(Bab.); 1. subpubescent above woolly beneath, fl. smaller. ]|—
Banks and waysides. [s. Alderney.] P. VII. VIII. Dark
Mullein. E. 8.

*** Leaves not, or very slightly decurrent.

5. V. Blattdéria(L.); 1. crenate glabrous, lower 1. ovate-oblong
blunt sinuate, upper |. oblong or subcordate semiamplexicaul,
pedicels solitary nearly twice as long as the bract, stam. and
anth. unequal.—#. B. 393. R. xx. 1653.—Height 5—6 feet.
Raceme glandular-pilose. /.cream-coloured. Filaments with
purple hairs, the 2 longer hairy only on the inside.—On gravelly
banks, rare. B. VIII. Moth-Mullein. Lyi

6. V. virgdtum (Stokes in With.) ; 1. doubly serrate slightly
glandular-hairy, lower 1. oblong-lanceolate sublyrate lobate-
crenate-serrate, upper |. oblong-acuminate semiamplexicaul,
pedicels 1—5 together shorter than the bracts, stam. nearly
equal.—#. B. 550. R. xx. 1655.—Usually much stouter than
Sp. 5. Height3—4 feet, Raceme glandular-pilose. Fl. yellow.
Filaments with purple hairs, 2 rather longer and hairy only
within.—On gravelly banks, rare. B. VIII. Ine

[Erinus alpinus (L.); 1. spathulate deeply serrate smoothish,
ped. terminal subcorymbose.—Subcespitose. F'l.-shoots 3—8
in. long, ascending.—In abundance on the old bed of the river
near Tanfield, Yorkshire, Hexham, Northumberland. P.VII.]

2. Digrra’tis Linn. Foxglove.

1. D. purpurea (L.); 1. ovate-lanceolate crenate downy be-
neath, lower |. narrowed into footstalks, sep. ovate-oblong acute
3-veined downy, cor. blunt glabrous externally, upper lip
scarcely cloven, segments of the lower lip ovate rounded.—
#. &.1297,—L. often crenate-dentate or -serrate. Fl. some-
times white or flesh-coloured. St. 3—4 feet high.—Hedgebanks
and woods. P. VI.—VIII. 1 See

3. ANTIRRHINUM Linn. em. Mill. Snapdragon.

*1. A. mdjus(L.) ; 1. lanceolate opposite or alternate glabrous,
fl. racemose, sep. ovate blunt much shorter than the cor., upper
cor.-lip bifid.—#. 4. 129.—Height 1—2 feet. Cor. 14 in. long,
purplish-red or white.—Old walls and calcareous cliffs. P.
VIL—IX. Great Snapdragon. Ht

308 57, SCROPHULARIACEA.

2. A. Oron'tiwm (L.); 1. linear-lanceolate opposite or alter-
nate, fi, loosely spiked distant, sep. linear longer than the
corolla.—B. B.1155. St. 27.—About a foot high, Fl. purple.
—Dry sandy and gravelly fields. A. VII. VIII. KE.

4, Lina’aia Mill. Toadflax.
* Stems trailing. Fl, axillary.

*1. L. Cymbaldria (Mill.) ; 1. roundish heartshaped 5-lobed
glabrous, st. procumbent.—Z. 8B. 502.—Stems slender, rooting.
Fl. solitary, axillary, upon long stalks, pale blue. —Old walls.
P.V.—X. Jvy-leaved Toadflax. 1 Dah sae

2. L. Elat'ine (Mill.) ; 1. ovate-hastate, lower 1. ovate, cor.-spur
straight, peduncles glabrous,—#. 4.692.—FI. solitary, axillary,
upon long slender stalks, small, yellow, with the upper lip
purple.—Corn-fields. A. VII. —1X. Fluellin. KE. I.

3. L. spuiria (Mill.) ; 1. rowndish-ovate, spur curved upwards,
peduncles hairy.—#. 4. 691.—F1. similar to the last but larger.
L. with here and there a small tooth.—In this species and the
two preceding some of the fl. are often regular with 5 spurs or
perually 4 with 2, 3, or 4,—-Gravelly and sandy corn- Helge.

** Stems erect or rarely daffuse. + FI. solitary.

L. minor (Desf.); 1. linear-lanceolate blunt glandular-
irae mostly alternate, fl. axillary, peduncles 3 times as
long as the calyx, segments of upper cor.-lip diverging, seeds
oblong sulecate.—#. B. 2014.—Fl. small; the tube, upper lip,
and spur of the cor. purplish ; lower lip yellowish. St. erect,
4—10in. high, branched, glandular-pubescent. Lower I. nearly
spathulate.—Sandy and gravelly fields. A. aaa a

tt Fl. racemose,

[Z. Pelisseridna (Mill.) ; glabrous, 1. linear, the lower ternate
or quaternate, upper alternate, sterile branches radical prostrate
with ternate lanceolate or ovate 1, fl. racemose, peduncles as
long as the bracts, sepals linear acute twice as long as the
capsule, seeds nearly flat with a fringed wing one side smooth
the other tubereular.—#. B.S. 2832. A. purple with darker
veins. St. one or more from each root, erect, about a foot high.
Caps. bilobed.—Jersey. A. V.]

LINARIA,—SCROPHULARIA. 309

*5, LZ. supina (Desf.); glabrous, rachis, ped. and sep. glan-
dular-hairy,\. linear blunt mostly whorled, sep./inear-spathulate
shorter than the caps. or spurs, seeds smooth nearly flat with a
striate wing.—Sy. #. B.858. L.maritima DC. Icon. Gall. 12.
—St. diffuse or ascending. Fl. capitate-racemose, yellow ;
throat and spur with slender purple lines. Styles’ entire.—
Plymouth and Poole; a ballast plant. Perhaps a native at
Hayle, and St. Blazey’s Bay, Cornwall. A. VIL VIII. E.

*6. L. purptirea (Mill.) ; glabrous, 1. linear-lanceolate scat-
tered, lower 1. irregularly in fours, fl. narrowly racemose, sep.
linear shorter than the caps..and long incurved spur, seeds
angular with a network of elevated lines.— Sy. #. B. 960.—F 1.
purple or yellow with the lips purple ; spur two or three times
as long as the ped. which is usually shorter than the bract.
St. erect, leafy.—Old walls. Naturalized. P. VII. VIII. E.

7. L. répens (Mill.); glabrous, |. linear scattered or partly
whorled, fi. racemose, sep. Janceolate as long as the spur but
shorter than the caps., seeds angwar with transverse elevated
lines. EH. B. 1253. L. striata DC.—F1. white with blue veins.
St. erect, branched, leafy, 1—1} foot high, slender. Seeds
much smaller than those of Z. vulgaris. L.italica and L. sepium
may be hybrids between this and LZ. vu/garis.—Calcareous soils,
particularly near the séa, rare.—P. VII.—IX. E. fT.

8. L. vulgdris (Mill.) ; glabrous, rachis and peduncles glan-
dular-hairy, 1. linear-lanceolate scattered crowded, fl, racemose
imbricate, sep. ovate acute glabrous shorter than the caps. or
spur, seeds tubercular-asperous with a smooth orbicular margin.
—F. B. 658.—Fl. large, yellow, rarely milk-white with an
orange palate, St. erect, 2 feet high, as well as the 1. glabrous.
Common and partial flower-stalks occasionally glabrous.— The
state called Peloria with 5 spurs and an equal and regular cor.
is rarely found. #: 8B. 260.—8. latifolia (Bab.) ; 1. narrowly
lanceolate, fl.-]. often lanceolate very glaucous, fl. twice as large
in a few-fl. lax raceme, ped. glabrous, spur directed perpendicu-
larly downwards. Sy. #. B, 964. L. speciosa Ten. ?—Hedges
ona gravelly soil. P. VI. VIL. Yellow Toadflax. E: 8.1.

5. ScRopHULA’RIA Linn. Figwort.

* Cal. of 5 rounded lobes. Cor. purplish ; upper lip with a seale
(stanunode) on its inner side.

1. S. noddsa (L.) ; 7. ovate acute subcordate glabrous doubly
and acutely serrate, lower teeth largest, st. acutely 4-angular,

310 57. SCROPHULARIACE.

cymes lax, sep. roundish-ovate with a narrow membranous
margin, staminode wedgeshaped slightly emarginate [rarely entire].
—E. B. 1544.—Root tuberous, thick, knotty.’ St. 2—3 feet
high. Bracts small, lanceolate, acute. Fl. greenish purple,
lurid, sometimes green or pale. Caps. ovate.—Moist hedges
and thickets. P. VI. VII. Knotted Figwort. E. S.1.

2. S. umbrdésa (Dum.)!; 7. ovate-lanceolate acute subcordate
glabrous sharply serrate, lower teeth smaller, st. and petioles
winged, cymes lax few- (4—8- ) fowered, sep. roundish with a
broad membranous margin, stam¢node bilobed with diverging
lobes.—S. Ehrharti(C. A. Stev.). #. B.S. 2875. “Not S. alata
Gilib.”’—St. tall. Bracts leajlike, lanceolate, acute. Fl. dark
purple. Caps. subglobose, blunt.—Wet ,places. P. VIII.
IEXS ES. 1

3. S. aquatica (L. em. Dum.) ; 7. cordate-oblong roundly
blunt glabrous crenate-serrate, st. ‘and petioles winged, cymes
dense corymbose many-(1—15-) flowered, sep.roundish blunt with
a broad membranous margin, staminode roundish-reniform.—
EE. B. 854. 8. Balbisia Horn., Koch.—St. 2—5 feet high.
Bracts linear, blunt. Fl, dark purple, occasionally milk-white.
Caps. ovoid, pointed.—In wet places. P. VII. VII. E.S.L.

4. §. Scoroddénia (L.); /. cordate-triangular wth large double
teeth downy on both sides, st. bluntly quadrangular downy, cymes
lax few-flowered, sep. roundish downy with a membranous
margin, staminode roundish entire.—Z. B. 2209.—St. 2—3 feet
high. L. wrinkled. Bracts leajiike, lower exactly like the leaves.
Fl. purple. Caps. ovoid, acute.—In moist places. West of
Cornwall. Tralee, Kerry ? Jersey. P. VII. K.I.?

** Cal. of 5 deep acute segments. Cor. yellow ; no staminode.

15. S. verndlis (L.); 1. downy cordate-acute doubly serrate,
st. “winged hairy, cymes axillary corymbose with leaflike bracts,
sep. oblong with a recurved apex. WL. 5. 567.—St. about 2 feet
high. J. yellow, inflated ; the mouth much contracted, Caps.
ovoid, acute. Differing greatly from the other spacibs and
allied in appearance to some of the Calceolarice.—Waste places,
rare./ (PialiVenVe . 8.2

6. LimosEt’'LA Linn. Mudwort.

1. L. aquatica (L.) ; 1. lanceolate-spathulate on long stalks,
ped. axillary crowded shorter than the petioles. —E. B. 357.

1 See Du Mortier in Bull. Belg. vii. 36.
2 Prof. Babington’s remark applies to Gilibert's synonym.

MELAMPYRUM. 311

St. 30. 15.—Very small; st. 0, except the naked stoles. FI.
small, white or rose-coloured. Caps. minute, ovoid. [{. tenui-
folia (Hook. f.); smaller, 1. linear. |—Muddy places where water has
stagnated, A. VII.—IX. E.S. I.

7. Metampy’ruM Jinn. Cow-wheat.

1. VW. cristdtum (L.) ; spikes densely imbricate 4-sided, bracts
heartshaped acuminate pectinate-dentate lower ones with a long
leaflike recurved point.—Z#. 4. 41.—Bracts rose-coloured at
the base. FI. yellow, tinged with purple. L. linear-lanceolate,
acute, entire, with netted veins beneath. St. 8—12 in. high.—
Woods and thicketsin the Eastern Counties. A.VII. Crested
Cow-wheat. E.

2. M.arven'se (L.) ; spikes lax conical, bracts ovate-lanceolate-
attenuate-pinnatifid with subulate segments and with a few
large glandular points beneath, cal. hispid equalling the cor.-
tube with long lanceolate-attenuate teeth from an ovate base,
cor. closed.—#. B. 53.—Bracts purple-rose-colour. Fl. varie-
gated with yellow, rose-colour, and purple. L. linear-lanceolate,
acute, rough-edged, slightly downy on both sides, entire. St.
8—18 in. high.—Corn-fields and dry banks in the Eastern
Counties and the Isle of Wight. A.:VII. Purple Complore.

3. WM. praten’se(L.) ; fl. axillary secund in distant pairs, upper
bracts lanceolate with 1 or 2 teeth at the base, cor. 4 times as
long as the glabrous calyx closed, lower lip projecting.—E. B.
113.—Teeth and tube of the cal. about equal in length. L.
lanceolate, or [var. /atzfoliwm Schueb. & Mart.] ovate-lanceolate,
or with a cordate base, entire, varying greatly in size. FI. large,
pale yellow, horizontally patent. St. 6—12 in. high.—g.
ericetorum (1). Oliv.); hispid, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
bracts toothed, fl. near together, cor.-tube whitish.—y. monta-
num (Johnst.) ; smaller in all its parts, bracts quite entire, ].
linear-lanceolate hispid, the 2 lower obovate-lanceolate blunt.—
5. hians (Druce) ; “cor. deep yellow, with open lips, palate not
closing tube.”—Woods and thickets. 8. West of Ireland. y.
Mountains. A. VI.—VIII. E. 8S. 1.

4. M, sylvat'icum (L.) ; fl. axillary secund in distant pairs,
bracts mostly all entire linear-lanceolate, cor. about twice as
long as the glabrous calyx, open lips equal in length.—E. B.
804.—Teeth of the cal, longer than the tube. L. linear-lanceo-
late, entire. Fl. very small, deep yellow, erect. St. 12 in. high.
—Alpine woods. A. VII. E.

312 57. SCROPHULARIACE.

8. Mim’uxtus Linn.

*1, MW. guttdtus (DC.) ; 1. roundish ovate veined, lower ones
stalked, uppermost |. clasping, st. creeping, fl. yellow.—Sy.
FE. B. 967.—M. luteus L.?, Sims.—An American plant,
naturalized in many boggy places. P. VI.—IX. BR. Sol.

9. PepicuLa’RIs Linn.

1. P. palus‘tris (L.) ; st. solitary erect branched throughout, |.
pinnatifid, segments oblong blunt lobed, cal. ovoid pubescent, 2-
lobed, lobes incise-dentate crisped.—#. B. 399.—Upper lip of
the cor. with a short truncate beak with a triangular tooth on
each side. FI. large, crimson. St. 12—18 in. high, angular,
with alternate branches. Whorl of ovate-acute scales at root-
crown.—Marshy and boggy places... A.? V.—VII. Hompingrt.

2. P. sylvatica (L.) ; st. branched at the base erect, branches
long spreading prostrate, |. pinnatifid, segments ovate lobed, cal.
oblong glabrous irregularly 5-lobed, upper lobe lanceolate, other
lobes with 3 leaflike divisions.—Z#. 4. 400.—Upper lip of the
cor. as in the last. Fl. large, rose-colour. Summit of the ped.
with a loose membranous cuticle enclosing the base ofthe calyx.
Primary st. erect, often very short ; branches prostrate. Whor]
of ovate-lanceolate crenate undivided reflexed leaves at root-
crown.—Wet heathy and rather hilly pastures. P.? Y.—VIII.
Red Rattle. E. 8.1.

10. Ruran’tHus Linn., Benth. Yellow Rattle.

1. R. Crista-gal’li. (L.-em., Poll.); 1. oblong-lanceolate
serrate, fl. in lax spikes, cal. glabrous, /obes of the upper cor.-lip
short roundish, bracts ovate incise-serrate, seeds with a mem-
branous border,—#. &. 657. -R. minor (Ehrh.).—Lateral lobes
of the upper cor.-lip very blunt, shorter than broad, bluish.
Bracts green throughout. Style downy near the top. Caps.
as long as broad. Cor.-tube straight. St. 1—2 feet high,
nearly simple. Rarely (var. Drummond-Hayt White) cal.
pubescent with short hairs, [A taller form with black-dotted st. is var.
fallax (Druce); a bushy much-branched form with narrow 1. from N. of Scotl. is
apparently the var. angustifolius G. & G.]|—Meadows and pastures, A.
VI. ES. L

2. R.mdjor (Ehrh.) ; |. linear-lanceolate serrate, fl.in crowded
spikes, cal. glabrous, lobes of the upper cor.-lip oblong, bracts with
an attenuate point incise serrate, Cal. often slightly downy on

te

BARTSIA.—EUPHRASIA. 313

its edges. Lateral lobes of the upper cor.-lip longer than broad
purple ; the central part truncate. Cor.-tube slightly curved.
Style glabrous. Caps. often longer than broad. Anth. very
villose. Bracts yellowish with green points.—a. platypterus
(Fries) ; seed not twice as broad as its wing. &. major Koch.
k. I. £. 975.—f. stenopterus (Fries) ; seed quite twice as broad
as its wing. &. major E. B.8.2737.—y. apterus (Fries) ; seed
not winged but rounded and longitudinally ribbed or furrowed
on the back. R. Reichenbachit Drej.—Cultivated land. a.
Hastings. 8. North of England and Scotland. +. Arbroath
and Monifieth, Forfarshire. A. VII. VIII. E.S.

11. Barr’sta Linn. em., Stev. Red Eye-bright.

1. B. alpina (L.) ; 1. opposite ovate slightly clasping bluntly
serrate.—#. B. 361.—Creeping. St. square, 4—8 in. high,
simple. FI]. forming a short dense leafy spike, purplish blue,
downy. Cal. purplish, viscid. Anth. hairy.—Alpine pastures,
tare. ; Po Vie VII, E. S.

12, Eurrac'ta Griseb. Marsh Eye-bright.

1. #. visedsa (Benth.) ; 1. opposite, upper 1. alternate ovate-
lanceolate sessile acutely serrate.—Barisia L. F. B. 1045.—L.
sometimes linear-lanceolate. St. round, 3—12 in. high, simple.
Root fibrous. FI. distant, axillary, upper ones crowded, yellow.
Anth. hairy. St.,1.,and cal. viscid.—Damp places in the West
of E., South-west of S., and South of 1. A. VIL.—IX. E.S.I.

13. Evpnra’sta Linn. Eye-bright.

1. #. oficindlis (L.); 1. ovate or oblong-lanceolate nearly
sessile serrate (3—5 teeth on each side), lobes of the lower cor.-
lip emarginate, of the upper lip patent sinuate-dentate, anth.
hairy, seeds with ribs.—#. B. 1416.—St. 1—8 in. high. Fi.
axillary, solitary, sessile, crowded towards the ends of the
branches.—a; glandular-pubescent above and on the calyx,
caps. oblong-obovate, seeds ovoid greyish. L. usually large and
broad, sometimes densely imbricate (Z. ericetorum Jord. ?).—p.
nemorosa (Pers.), pubescent not glandular, caps. linear-oblong,
seeds fusiform yellowish. L. usually narrow, sometimes (2.
salisburgensis Hoppe) with very long teeth.—Some authors
divide this into many species ; but even the above are scarcely
distinguishable at all times.—Pastures, woods, heaths. A. VI.
—VIII. Common Eye-bright. Bis Sale

314 57. SCROPHULARIACES.

‘*« By permission of Mr. Fredk. Townsend we have compiled the following short
account of the British segregates from his ‘Monograph of the British Species of
Euphrasia’ and we are further indebted to him for kindly revising the MS.
—H.&J.G.,” ined. ix, Only two of the names have been altered.—A. J. W.

* Parvifiore, IL. not more than twice as long as broad, usually much less.
Cor.-tube not lengthening after the fl. opens.

t Fl. from 6—10 mm. in length.

1. BE, strict’a (Host); st. usually branched below with few branches eglandular,

1. nearly or quite glabrous, cauline ovate or ovate-lanceolate about double as
long as broad with 6—10 awned teetb, floral suberect ovate very acute with
shortly-cuneate base broader than the cauline with S—14 long-awned or sometimes
only acute teeth, lower 1. deciduous, spike much lengthening in fr., cal. glabrous
or with minute hairs with lanceolate-acuminate awned teeth not accrescent, cor.
large usually pale violet rarely blue or white, lobes of upper lip denticulate
rarely bilobate, fr. cuneate-obovate truncate or subemarginate ciliate with surface
hairy or nearly glabrous falling short of the cal.-teeth.—Widely distributed.
E.S. I.

2. E. boredlis (Wettst.); st. stout simple or branched below eglandular, 1. erect-
patent subglabrous or more or less setose, cauline ovate obtuse with 6—10 obtuse
(or the lowest somewhat acute) teeth, floral broadly ovate with 6—10 acute
sometimes shortly-awned or occasionally obtuse teeth, spike usually dense, cal.
subglabrous with triangular-lanceolate acuminate teeth more or less acerescent,
cor. large white or violet or with upper lip violet and under white, lobes of upper
lip reflexed emarginate or denticulate, fr. elliptic or oblong attenuate below
emarginate ciliate with the surface almost glabrous about equalling the cal.-teeth.
—Widely distributed. BE. 8.1.

8. E. brevipila (Burn. & Grem. ex Wettst.); st. usually branched below
eglandular, 1. with short glandular hairs, cauline ovate or ovate-oblong acute
or obtuse with 6—10 obtuse acute or even awned teeth, floral ovate with shortly-
cuneate base broader and shorter than the cauline with S—14 awned or acuminate
teeth, spike becoming much elongated, cal. with short glandular hairs and
triangular lanceolate teeth not or but slightly accrescent, cor. large pale vielet
bluish or white, lobes of upper lip emarginate or entire and denticulate, fr,
oblong or cuneate-obovate truncate or emarginate strongly ciliate with surface
hairy or glabrous equalling or exceeding the cal.-teeth,—Widely distributed,
principally in grazing pastures. E, 8. 1,

tt Fl. from 4—7 mm. in length.

4, E,. nemorisa (H. vy. Mart. em., Wettst.); st. stout eglandular much branched,
branches often again branched, 1. dull green plicate beneath glabrous patent
arcuate, cauline ovate or ovate-lanceolate acute with S—14 acute scarcely awned
teeth, floral patent or recurved ovate broader and shorter than the cauline with
8—12 very acute or shortly-awned teeth, spike becoming elongated, cal. nearly
glabrous with triangular or triangular-lanceolate teeth becoming somewhat
inflated, cor. small white or bluish upper lobe minutely-denticulate, fr. cuneate-

EUPHRASIA 315

obovate emarginate long-ciliate with surface hairy or glabrous, equalling or often
exceeding the cal.-teeth.—Common. E.S. 1.

5, E. cwr'ta (Wettst.); st. usually stout branched below, 1. greyish-green rugose
beneath usually more or less densely clothed with comparatively long bristles,
cauline ovate acute with 8—14 acute not awned teeth, floral often nearly orbicular
with S—14 acute or shortly-awned teeth, cal. clothed wholly or on the nerves and
margin with short white hairs, becoming somewhat inflated, teeth short, cor.
small usually whitish or ‘pale lilac rarely wholly blue, lobes of upper lip emarginate
or denticulate, fr. cuneate-obovate truncate or emarginate strongly ciliate with
hairy or rarely glabrous surface equalling or exceeding cal.-teeth.—f. glabres’cens
(Wettst.) ; 1. nearly glabrous, fr. often much exceeding cal.-teeth. Approaching
closely to Sp. 4.—¥. pie’cola (Towns.); ‘*plant smaller in all its parts, teeth of
cauline- and floral-]. 8—12.”— Widely distributed. E.S.

6. E. occidentalis (Wettst.); st. stout ascending branched below, 1. clothed with
small stiff bristles and short glandular hairs, cauline ovate acute or subacute with
6—10 acute or subacute teeth, floral broadly ovate acute with 8—14 acute teeth,
spike usually dense, cal. with small stiff bristles and giandular hairs, teeth
lanceolate-acuminate, cor. small whitish, lobes of upper lip entire or emarginate,
fr. elliptic emarginate ciliate with surface nearly glabrgus equalling or exceeding
cal.-teeth.—Maritime. E, I,

7. E. arctica (Lge. ex Rostr.); st. straight simple or slightly branched at or
below the middle, internodes long, 1. more or less densely clothed with stout
white bristles sometimes with glandular hairs, cauline few ovate or cuneate-
obovate obtuse with 4—10 broad obtuse teeth, floral broadly-oval or nearly
orbicular subobtuse or acute with cuneate base with 6—12 broad subobtuse or
acute but not awned teeth, spike dense, cal. with stout white bristles and some-
times glandular hairs accrescent, teeth broad acute, cor. rather small usually
whitish, lobes of upper lip reflexed denticulate, fr. elliptic emarginate ciliate with
surface hairy, equalling or exceeding cal.-teeth.—N. of Scotland. 8S.

8. E. foulaén'sis (Towns. ex Wettst.); st. stout simple or slightly branched, 1.
almost glabrous, cauline few distant ovate obtuse with 4—6 obtuse teeth, floral
similar sometimes acute with acute but not acuminate nor awned teeth, spike
lengthening slightly, cal. glabrous or slightly setose accrescent, teeth triangular-
lanceolate, cor. small usually purple, lobes of upper lip entire, fr. elliptic-elongate
emarginate ciliate usually exceeding cal.-teeth.—N. of Scotland. 8.

9. E. micran'tha (Rehb.);—£. gracilis (Fr.); st. straight slender simple or
branched about the middle, 1. small conspicuously shorter than the internodes
green or reddish with few very short hairs on the upper surface and
on the nerves beneath, cauline ovate often cuneate-based with 6—S acute
teeth, floral ovate often cuneate-based, with 6—10 cuspidate-acuminate or
shortly-awned teeth, spike much lengthening, cal. glabrous becoming some-
what inflated, teeth lanceolate-acuminate, cor. small white with blue lines bluish
or violet, lobes of upper lip entire or faintly denticulate, fr. linear-elliptic truncate
or somewhat emarginate ciliate with glabrous surface equalling or more usually
exceeding cal.-teeth and floral 1.—Common, E.S. I.

316 57. SCROPHULARIACE.

10. E. scot'ica (Wettst.); st. firm simple or slightly branched at or below the
middle, 1. rigid almost glabrous with a few short hairs on the margin ovate or
ovate-oblong 6—8-toothed, cauline and lower floral with obtuse teeth, upper
floral with cuneate base and shortly awned teeth the lower/incurved, spike
interrupted below, cal.-teeth broadly-triangular acute and as well as the nerves
elothed with minute bristles, cor.. small whitish or violet. and white, lobes of
upper lip emarginate, lower lip equalling the upper and slightly exceeding the
tube, fr. oblong narrowed below, upper part ciliate and pilose, equalling or
exceeding cal.-teeth and equalling the floral 1.—On mountains and near the sea,
Devon, Somerset, York, & N. of Scotland. { E.S.

** Grandtflorae. L. not more than twice as long as broad, usually much less.
Cor.-tube lengthening after the flower opens.

ll. E. Rostkéviana (Hayne); st. tall usually branched below with long
scattered glandular hairs, 1. plicate striate more or less densely clothed with
white bristles and long more or less wavy glandular hairs, cauline oyate acute
or shortly-acuminate with 6—12 acute (not awned) teeth, floral broadly-oyate
with 6—12 acute teeth, spike lengthening, cal. clothed with bristles and glandular
hairs, teeth triangular-lanceolate, cor. very large ultimately much exceeding
cal. white or more or less‘violet, lobes of upper lip reflexed emarginate or bilobed,
fr. elliptic emarginate strongly ciliate with shortly-pilose surface equalling or
but little exceeding cal.-teeth.—Widely distributed. E.S. I.

(Z. campes'tris (Jord.); closely related to Sp. 11, but differing by its shorter
st. branching higher up, smaller fl. and narrower 1. with shorter glandular hairs,
is perhaps British.]

12. HE. Ker'neri (Wettst.); st. eglandular usually branched below, 1. eglandular
with minute bristles especially on the margins and nerves, cauline ovate-elliptic
acute with 8—14 triangular-acute teeth, floral oval acute with 6—12 acuminate or
mucronate teeth, spike much lengthening, cal. eglandular with lanceolate
acuminate scabrid teeth, cor. usually very large ultimately much exceeding cal.
usually whitish with violet stripes, the upper lip often violet, lobes of upper lip
reflexed bilobed, fr. oblong-oboyate emarginate ciliate with shortly-pilose surface
falling short of the cal.-teeth.—On limestone in the Southern and Midland
Counties. E.

*** Angustifolie. LL. narrow, usually more than twice as long as broad.

13. EF. salisburgen’sis (Hoppe); st. simple or branched below, 1. quite glabrous
or with very few minute bristles below plane beneath, cauline lanceolate 2—5
times as long as broad usually very acute with 4—6 distant elongate patent
awned teeth, floral ovate-lanceolate with 4—10 (usually 6) similar teeth, spike
ultimately much elongated, cal. glabrous or with minute bristles, teeth triangular-
lanceolate, cor. rather small usually whitish sometimes bluish purple or violet,
lobes of upper lip reflexed emarginate or denticulate, fr. cuneate-elongate
truncate-emarginate quite glabrous or very slightly hairy on the upper part,
equalling or exceeding cal.-teeth.—On limestone W. of Ireland. I

ODONTITES.—VERONICA. 317

The following hybrids are recognised as British by Mr. Townsend :—

E. strictax breviptla. E. scotica x gracilis.
E.wbrevipilax scotica. | EB. Rostkoviana x brevipila.
E. curta v. glabrescens x brevipila. E. Rostkoviana x nemorosa.

E. gracilis x brevipila.

14. Oponti'tTES Moench.

1. O. vulgaris (Moench. emend.); J. narrowed from near the
base opposite linear-lanceolate-attenuate remotely serrate,
floral 1. usually longer than the fl. with 2—4 teeth and an
entire end, cal.-segments as long as theiritube lanceolate acute,
cor. pubescent open, lobes of the lower lip oblong, style pro-
truded even before the fl. opens, caps. oblong.—Bartsia
Odontites (Huds.). #. B. 1415.—St. about a foot high, much
branched. FI. many, pink, in leafy unilateral spikes. Fila-
ments, anth., and stam. hairy.—a. 0. vulgaris (Moench.) ;
branches ascending straightish, 1. rounded below, cal.-teeth
narrowed below.—8. OQ. serotina (Rchb.); branches spreading
and curving up, I. narrowed below, cal.-teeth narrowed
below.—_{o. simplex (Krok)=Euphr. Odontites var. lttoralis (Fr.), a small form
with stout usually unbranched st., broader more obtuse 1., and exserted fr., is
recorded from Scotland. |}—Corn-fields and waste places. A. VII.
VIII. B.S...

15, SipTHORP'IA Linn.
1. S. ewropea (L.).—#. B. 649.—A slender trailing plant

_ with filiform creeping stems, and. alternate long-stalked
roundish reniform leaves with a few large crenatures, FI.

very small, axillary, solitary, on short stalks, pinkish, incon-

- spicuous.—Damp shady places in the South and South-west.
P. VI.—IX K. I.

16. Veronica Linn. Speedwell.
_* Racemes axillary. (Root perennial.)

1. V. scutelldta (L.); 1. linear-lanceolate acute sessile
minutely denticulate, racemes alternate, fruitstalks slender
reflexed, caps. of 2 flattesh orbicular lobes, st. erect-—L. B. 782.
—Stoloniferous. St, weak, 1 ft. high, glabrous or [var. vzdlosa,
Schum.] hairy. Fl. pale flesh-coloured, with darker lines.
Sep. small, lanceolate, acute, shorter than the capsule.—Boggy
places. P. VI.—VIII. E.S. 1.

2. V. Anagal'lis-aquat'ica (L.); 1. lanceolate serrate acute
sessile, racemes opposite, fruitstalks spreading, caps. oval

318 57. SCROPHULARIACE.

slightly notched, st. erect.—H#H. B. 781.—Stoloniferous. St.
glabrous, thick, succulent, hollow, 12—24 in. high. FI. pale
blue. Sep. lanceolate. Racemes sometimes glandular (JV.
anagalliformis, Bor.). Whole plant usually glabrous. [4 small
annual form is var. montioides (Boiss.), see Hiern. J. of B. 1898, p. 321. |—In

water. P. VI.—VIII. Water Speedwell. E.S. 1

3. V. Beccabun'ga (L.); 1. stalked oval crenate-serrate,
racemes opposite, fruitstalks spreading, caps. roundish tumid
slightly notched, st. procwmbent at the base rooting.—#. B.
655.—Glabrous, succulent. Fl. bright blue, rarely pink or
pies wren ae and streams. P. V.—VIII. Ban,
ime. Sade

4. V. Chame'drys (.) ; 1. nearly sessile cordate-ovate incise-
serrate, racemes usually opposite, fruitstalks ascending, caps.
flat obcordate deeply notched ciliate shorter than the cal., st.
bifariously hairy ascending.—ZL. B. 623.—St. about a foot long.
Fl. large, many, handsome, blue. Sep. lanceolate, acute. L.
on autumnal shoots slightly stalked. Hedgebanks. P.. V.
VI. Germander Speedwell. E.S. 1.

5. V. montdna (1); 1. stalked broadly ovate serrate, fruit-
stalks ascending, caps. orbicular notched their margins crenulate
and ciliate longer than the cal., st. diffuse hairy all round pro-
cumbent.—Z. B. 766.—St. often above a foot long. Racemes
lax. Fl. few, pale blue. Caps. very large, quite flat. Sep.
ovate-lanceolate, acute.—Woods and thickets. P.V. VI. E.S.I.

6. V. officindlis (L.) ; 1. shortly stalked oval serrate, racemes
sptkelike many-flowered, fruitstalks erect, caps. obcordate trun-
cate bluntly notched longer than the cal., st. prostrate creeping
hairy.—Z#. B. 765.—St. 6—12 in. long. Racemes erect, much
longer than the leaves. Caps. not always notched. St., 1.
and calyx sometimes smooth.—s. hirsuta (Syme); 1. ovate-
lanceolate, caps. abrupt undivided. #. B. S. 2673. Much
smaller than the true V. officinalis. I have not seen wild
specimens.—Dry banks and heaths. P. VI.—VIII. Common
Speedwell, K. 8. I.

** Racemes terminal ; cor.-tube longer than broad.

7. V.spicdta (L.) ; 1. ovate or lanceolate crenate-serrate entire
at the end, lower 1. blunt stalked, raceme spikelike long dense,
bractslonger than the pedicels, caps. ovate emarginate with a very
long style.—Z. B. 2.—St. erect, branching at the base, about 6
in. high, or in V. hybrida taller. Fl. blue. Lower]. oval with

VERONICA. 319

a wedgeshaped base, or ovate with a rounded or slightly cordate
base (V. hybrida L.. FE. B. 673).—Rare. On chalky heaths
near Newmarket and Bury; and on limestone cliffs. P. VII.
VILL. Spiked Speedwell. :

*** Racemes terminal ; cor.-tube very short. + Seeds flat.

8. V. fritticans (Jacq.) ; 1. oval serrate at about the middle,
lower 1. smaller, raceme pubescent with crisped hairs not glandu-
lar few-flowered, caps. ovate-attenuate, valves bifid—JZ. B.
1027. V. saxatilis (L. fil.) ; Raceme persistently subcorym-
bose. Ped. long, erect. FI. large, bright blue. St. much
branched, decumbent, woody.— V. suffruticosa Sm. is probably
a mistake. Exposed alpine rocks. P. VII. S.

9. V. alpina (1.); 1. elliptic or ovate dentate or entire, lower
]. smaller, raceme hairy with patent hairs not glandular few-
flowered, caps. oval-obovate emarginate crowned with the very
short persistent style—Sy. #. B. 980.—St. decumbent, scarcely
rooting, erect, simple except quite at the base, 4—6 in. high.
Fl.-raceme corymbose ; fr.-raceme dense.—Summits of High-
land mountains. P. VIT. VIII. 8.

10. V. serpyllifolia (L.); 1. ovate or oval slightly crenate,
lower 1. smaller and rounder, raceme long many-flowered, caps.
obcordate broader than long crowned with the long persistent
style.—#. B. 1075.—F 1. whitish with blue veins. | St. rooting
below, afterwards erect, 2—6 in. high.—8. V. humifusa (Dicks.) ;
st. quite prostrate, racemes shorter. Sy. #. B.979.—Roadsides
and damp places. f. Mountains. P. V.—VIL. E.S.1L

[* V. peregrina (L.) ; 1. all obtuse and narrowed below, lower
1. obovate-oblong, uppermost |. bractlike exceeding the minute
fl., raceme slightly spiked many-flowered lax, ped. very short,
caps. obcordate, style very short.—Sy. #. B. 977.—St. erect,
2—5 in. high. Fl. white faintly tinged with pink. Caps.
smooth, broader than long ; lobes rounded. Sep. linear-lanceo-
late.—Fields. A. V.] S.T.

[*V.répens(DC.) ; /. all roundly oval, pan. short few-flowered,
ped. exceeding |., cor. 2—3 times as long as the sép., caps. ob-
ovate shorter than its style-—V. tenella R. xx. 1718.—St. pros-
trate, rooting ; no erect fi.-shoot and raceme. Ped., cal., and
caps. glandular-hairy.—A Corsican pl. naturalized at Man-
chester, York, and Glasgow. P. IV. V.]

11. V.arven’sis (L.) ; 1. cordate-ovate crenate, lower |. stalked,
uppermost 1, lanceolate entire bractlike exceeding the flowers,

320 57. SCROPHULARIACES.

raceme slightly spiked many-flowered lax, ped. very short, caps.
obcordate broader than long compressed ciliate on the keel.—
£, B. 734.—St. ascending, 2—6 in, or rarely a foot long. FI.
pale blue. Caps. smooth, with rounded lobes which exceed
the style. Seeds 12—14, Sep. lanceolate, unequal, sometimes
very glandular. [8. eximia (Towns.); branches simple from. base of st.,
upper 1. bracts and sep. not exceeding caps. |—Gravelly and sandy places.
A. IV.—VII. AME SeL.

12. V. ver'na (L.) ; 1. pinnatifid, lower 1. stalked ovate serrate,
upper l. lanceolate entire bractlike, raceme slightly spiked many-
jlowered lax, ped. very short, caps. obcordate compressed
ciliate on the keel.— 2, B. 25.—St. erect, 1—3 in. high, simple
or branched in the lower part. Caps. smooth or downy, with
rounded lobes. Stylevery short. Seeds 12—14. Sep. linear-
lanceolate, unequal.—Sandy heaths. Bury, Thetford, and
Mildenhall, Suff. A. V. E.

++ Seeds concave.

13. V. triphylla (L.); . fingered, lower }. ovate entire or
dentate stalked, raceme slightly spked lax few-flowered, ped.
exceeding the calyx, caps. obcordate compressed smooth ciliate
on the keel.—/. &. 26.—St. erect with spreading branches,
4—5 in. high. Fl. deep blue. Ped. usually longer than the
leaves. Sep.oval. Known by its spreading st., deeply fingered
]., and dark-blue flowers.—Sandy fields. Bury, Mildenhall,
Brandon, &c., Suff. York. A. IV. E.

**** Powers axillary, solitary. Seeds concave. St. prostrate.

14. V.agres'tis (L,); 1. all stalked cordate-ovate incise-serrate,
sep. oval, stam, inserted at the very bottom of the cor., caps. of
2 turgid keeled lobes, seeds about 6.in a cell.—#. B. S. 2608.
R. I. £. 440.—Caps. hairy all over, or only ciliate on the keel ;
hairs all straight and glandular, IL. usually exceeding the pe-
duncles. Lower cor.-lip white.—[V. opaca (Fries), with fewer
seeds, hairs on caps. incurved short with a few longer and glan-
dular, stam. inserted in the throat of cor., is probably British. ]
—Fields and waste places. A. IV.—IX. Green “sage se
well. 1. Ser.

15. V. poltta (Fries); 1. all stalked cordate-ovate incise-
serrate, sep. broadly ovate acute, stam. inserted at the very
bottom of the cor., caps. of 2 turgid lobes, seeds 8—12 in a
cell— #. B. 783. R. I. f. 404, 405. Caps. with short dense
elandless hairs and other shorter glandular ones, rarely

58. LABIATA. 321

glabrous. L. usually falling short of the peduncles, Fl. wholly
blue.—Cor. sometimes as large as that of V. Buxbaumi.—
Fields and waste places. A. IV.—IX. Gray Meld eee i

*16. V. Buxbaum'ii (Ten.); 1. all stalked cordate-ovate
~incise-serrate, sep. lanceolate-acute, stam. from the bottom of
_ the cor., caps. of 2 divaricate lobes compressed upwards and

sharply keeled, seeds about 8 in a cell.—H#. B. S. 2769. V.
Tournefortei (Gmel. not Schmidt).—St. long, hairy. L. falling
short of the peduncles. Fl. twice the size of those of the
preceding, as large as those of V. Chameedrys, blue.—Fields.
A. IV.—IX. E.S. I

17. V. hedereefclia (L.) ; 1. cordate with 5—7 large toothlike
lobes all stalked, sep. cordate-attenuate ciliate, caps. of 2 turgid
lobes, seeds 2 in each cell.—#, B. 784.—Fl. pale blue.—Fields
and banks. A. IV.—VI. Luy-leaved Speedwell. E.S. I.

[Acan'thus mol'lis (L.), belonging to the Order Acanthacee,
has been introduced by unknown agency to St. Agnes Isle, Scilly,
and Traeth Manaccan, Cornw.]

Order LVIII. LABIATZ.

Cal. tubular, regular or 2-lipped, persistent. Cor. 2-lipped,
upper lip entire or bifid, lower 3-fid, or nearly regular. Stam.
4, didynamous, rarely 2. Ovary free, 4-lobed. Style 1, from
the base of and between the lobes ; stigma bifid. Fr. in 1—4
small nutlets (not true nuts although so called).—Fl. unsym-
metrical, often forming 2 cymes so placed as to resemble a
whorl (a verticillaster). L. opposite.—No stipules.

Tribe I. MENTHOIDEZ. Cor. bellshaped, nearly regular.
Stam. distant, straight, diverging upwards.

1. Menta. Cor. 4-fid, tube yery short. Cal. regular, 5-
toothed. Stam. 4; anth.-cells parallel.

2. Lycopus. Cor. 4-fid, scarcely longer than the regular
5-toothed calyx. Stam. 2; anth.-cells parallel or ulti-
mately diverging ; 2 upper stam. imperfect.

Tr. I. MONARDEA. Cor. 2-lipped. Stam. 2, perfect, par-
allel under the upper lip of the corolla.

3. Sarva. Filaments with 2 diverging branches ; only one
bearing a perfect anth.-cell. Cor. ringent. Cal. tubular,
2-lipped.

x

322 58. LABIATA.

Tr. II. SATUREINEZ. Cor. 2-lipped. Stam. 4, distant ;
cells of anth. separate, diverging ; connective dilated.

4. ORIGANUM. Stam. diverging ; connective subtriangular.
Upper lip of cor. straight, nearly flat ; lower patent, 3-fid.
Cal. with 5 equal teeth and 10—13 veins ; throat hairy.
Sptkes 4-sided, resembling catkins with imbricate bracts.

5. Toymus. Tips of stam. patent. Anth.-cellsat first nearly
parallel, afterwards diverging ; connective subtriangular.
Upper lip of cor. straight, nearly flat ; lower patent, 3-fid.
Cal. 2-lippedand 10—13-veined ; throat hairy. Fl. whorled,
axillary or spiked.

6. CALAMINTHA. Tps of stam. converging under the upper
lip of the corolla. Anth.-cells at length diverging ; con-
nective subtriangular, Upper lip of cor. straight, nearly
flat ; lower patent, 3-fid. Cal. 2-lipped.

(MELISSINE 4. Cor. 2-lipped. Stam. distant; anth.-cells
connected above. |

[Metissa. Tips of stam. converging under the upper lip
of the cor. Anth.-cells diverging. Upper lip of cor. con-
cave ; lower patent, 3-fid. Cal. 2-lipped ; upper lip flat,
with 3 teeth, the lateral teeth folded at their midrib.

Tr. IV. SCUTELLARIEZ. Stam. approaching, parallel
under the upper lip of the cor. Cal. 2-lipped, closed in
fruit.

7. SCUTELLARIA. Tipsofstam.incurved. laments simple.
Anth. of the two longer and inferzor stam. 1-celled, of the
shorter and superior 2-celled. Cor. 2-lipped, upper lip
concave. Cal. ultimately closed and Fespaicccndt ; lips
entire, upper one with a concave scale on its back.
Nutlets with’a long carpophore.

8. BRUNELLA. Two inferior stam. longest. Filaments bifid,
one branch barren. Anth.all 2-celled. Cor. ringent ; upper
lip concave, entire. Cal. ultimately closed and compressed ;
upper lip flat, truncate, 3-toothed ; lower bifid.

Tr. V. VWEPETEZ. Stam. approaching, parallel under the
upper lip of the cor., 2 inferior shortest. Cal. tubular.

9. Nepeta. Anth.-cells diverging. Cor.ringent; upper lip —
flat, straight, emarginate or bifid. Cal. 5-toothed.

58. LABIATA, 323

Tr. VI. STACHY DEA. Stam. approaching, parallel under
the upper lip of the cor., 2 enferior longest. Cal. tubular
or bellshaped, spreading in fruit.

* Stamens exceeding the tube of the corolla.

10. Metirris. Anth. approaching in pairs and forming a
cross, bursting longitudinally. Upper lip of the cor. flat,
entire,straight ; lower lip with 3 rounded nearly equal lobes.
Cal. membranous, bellshaped, ample, variously lobed.

11. Lamrum. Anth. approaching in pairs ; cells diverging,
| bursting longitudinally. Upper lip of the cor. arched ;
lateral lobes of the lower lip minute toothlike or rarely
long. Cal. bellshaped, 5-toothed ; teeth nearly equal.—
Galeobdolon (Huds.) has the lobes of the lower lip of the
cor. nearly equal and acute.

12. Leonurus. Anth. approaching; cells nearly parallel,
bursting longitudinally. Upper lip of cor. nearly flat ;
lower with 3 blunt lobes. Cal. tubular, 5-toothed ; 2 lower
teeth rather the longest. Nutlets flatly truncate.

13. Gatgopsis. Anth. approaching in pairs ; cells opposite
bursting by 2 valves transversely. Upper lip of cor. arched ;
lower lip 3-lobed with two teeth on its upper side, lobes
unequal. Cal. tubular, 5-toothed ; teeth equal or 2 upper
ones longest. Nutlets rounded at the end.

14, Stacuys. Anth. approaching in pairs ; cells diverging,
bursting longitudinally. Upper lip of cor. concave ; lower
of 3 unequal lobes. Cal. tubular-bellshaped with 5 equal
teeth. Nutlets blunt and convex at the end.

15. Batiota. Anth. approaching in pairs ; cells diverging,
bursting longitudinally. Upper lip of cor. erect, concave,
lower 3-lobed, middle lobe cordate. Cal. funnelshaped
with 5 equal teeth. Nutlets convex and rounded at the
end.

** Stamens falling short of the tube of the corolla.

16. Marrupium. Anther-cells diverging, bursting longitu-
dinally. Upper lip of cor. straight, erect, flattish, cloven ;
lower 2-lobed, middle lobe the largest. Cal. tubular, teeth
nearly equal or 2 longer. Nutlets flatly truncute.

324 58. LABIATA.

Tr. VII. AJUGOIDEZ#. Cor. with the upper lip very short,
or deeply bifid and appearing as if wanting.

17. Trucrium. Stam. parallel, protruded between the lobes
of the upper lip of the cor., inferior longest ; cells bursting
longitudinally. Cor. with the upper lip deeply bifid, lobes
long ; lower lip 3-lobed. Cal. tubular, 5-toothed; the
teeth equal or the upper one larger (2-lipped).

18. Asuca. Stam. parallel, protruded far beyond the upper
lip of the cor., inferior longest ; cells bursting longitudinally.
Cor. with the upper lip very short, 2-lobed ; lower 3-lobed,
much longer than the upper. Cal. ovate-bellshaped,
nearly equally 5-cleft.

Tribe I. Menthoidec.

1. Men'tHsa Linn. Mint.1

* Throat of the calyx naked. General inflorescence determinate.
Whorls of fi. in terminal spikes or clusters.—t Stoles aerial,
leafy.

+1. M. spicata (L. em. Huds.) ; /. glabrous sessile lanceolate
acute. serrate, spikes lax cylindrical, bracts subulate, cor.
glabrous.—#. B. 2424. Sole Menth. 5. M. viridis (L.).
Whorls of the spike rather distant. L. glandular beneath.—
g. M. crispa (L.); 1. deeply cut and crisped.—In marshy
places, rare. P. VIII. Spear-Mint. EK. 8.

2. M. rotundifolia (Huds.) ; l. sesstle roundly ovate crenate-
serrate wrinkled shaggy beneath, spikes linear cylindrical dense,
bracts lanceolate, “fr.-cal. not contracted at the mouth,” cor.
hairy.—#. B. 446. Sole 3.—Viscid. St. 1—2 ft. high. L.
usually with a cordate base. Whorls of spike nearly all close
together. Scent acrid.—Waste places, rare. P. VIII. IX.
Round-leaved Mint. KE. 8. I.

+t Stoles subterranean.

3. MW. alopecuroides (Hull) ; 7. subsessile roundly cordate-oval
serrate wrinkled hairy beneath, spikes conical-cylindrical, bracts
lanceolate, cor. hairy.—Sy. #. B.1021. JV. rotundifolra Sole 4.
M. velutina Bab. M. dulcissima Dum.—L. not felted beneath.
—West of S. and east of E. P. VIII. IX. E. 8.

1 See Mr Baker’s valuable paper in J. of B. iii. 238.

t]
.
i

MENTHA, 325

4. M. longifdlia (Auds.) ; 1. subsessile ovate or lanceolate ser-
rate silky beneath, spikes linear-cylindrical dense, bracts swb-
ulate, “fr.-cal. contracted at the mouth,” cor. hairy.—Z. B. 686.
Sole 1 & 2. M. sylvestris (L.)—h. lanceolate or oblong, more
or less hairy, not shaggy. Whorls of spike nearly all close
together. Scent sweet. [Extreme forms are M. mollissima (Borkh.)
with 1. softly white-tomentose on both sides, and M. nemorosa (Willd.) with
shorter oblong 1. green pubescent above, slightly tomentose beneath. |—-Damp

waste ground. P. VIII. IX. Horse-Mint. E. S.

*5. MW. piperita (L.); 1. stalked ovate-lanceolate or oblong
serrate, upper |. smaller, bracts lanceolate, spikes lax short blunt
interrupted below, cal. tubular glabrous below with lanceolate
subulate teeth —H#. B. 687.—St. 1—2 ft. high and ]. nearly
glabrous or hairy on the veins beneath. Cal. glandular.
[B. vulgaris (Sole); 1. broader, spikes shorter almost capitate. |— Wet
places, rare. P. VIL. VIII. Pepper-Mint. ES.

6. MZ. aquatica (L.); 1. stalked ovate-acute serrate rounded
or subcordate below hairy on both sides, fl.-]. falling short of
fl., fl.-whorls in few axillary and terminal subglobose or ovoid
clusters, cal.-teeth triangular 4 as long as tube.—MW. hirsuta
Huds. #. B. 447. (M. citrata (Ehrh.) #. B. 1025 is a glabrous
form).—St. 12—18 in. high. Cal. glandular. Moist sess

P. VIL. VIII. Capitate Mint.

7. M. pubescens (Willd.) ; 1. stalked ovate or ovate-lanceo-
late serrate hairy above woolly beneath, fl.-1. falling short of the
fl., whorls of fl. in subcylindrical thick dense spikes interrupted
below, cal.-teeth subulate 4 length of tube.—Sy. #. B. 1026,
1027._St. 12—18 in. high. Iknow little of this. Is it distinct
from MM. aquatica? E.

** Throat of cal. naked. General inflorescence indeterminate.
Fl. inaxillary distant whorls ; none amongst the uppermost
l., or shorter than them.

8. M. gent'lis (LL. emend.); MW. sativa (L. em., M. & K.) ; 1.
nearly sessile ovate or ovate-lanceolate sharply serrate, wpper
l. smaller but similar and exceeding the fl., whorls distant
dense, cal. tubular or bell-shaped, cal.-teeth triangular-
lanceolate.—St. 1—2 ft. high. Uppermost leaves often above
the flowers.—a. M/. sativa (L. sec. Sm.) ; 1. hairy on both sides,
ped. cal. and cor. hairy. #. B. 448.—s. M, rubra (Huds.) ; 1.
stalked nearly glabrous, ped. lower part of cal. and cor.
glabrous, cal.-teeth hairy, veins of l. purple. JJ. gracilis

326 58. LABIATA.

(Sole) is a slender green form with subsessile leaves. J.
cardvaca (Baker) differs by having the upper I. sessile and st.-l.
nearly glabrous.—y. J/. pratensis (Sole) ; 1. rather blunt much
veined hairy above, glabrous (except on the veins) beneath, ped.
and cal. glabrous, cal.-teeth ciliates. M. gentilis (L.); 1.
acute with few veins slightly hairy on both sides, upper 1.
similar, ped. lower part of cal. and cor. glabrous. #. B. 2118.

—These forms seem to vary into each other.—Wet places. P.
VIL? VIII. B.S. 1.

9. WW. arven'sis (L.) ; 1. stalked ovate bluntly serrate, wpper
L. semilar and equally large, whorls distant, cal. bellshaped, teeth
triangular as broad as long.—a. vulgaris ; |. narrowed below.
M. arvensis (L. em., Sm.). #. B. 2119.—8. M. agrestis (Sole) ;
1. roundish subcordate below, upper ones nearly sessile. B.
2120.—L. very variable in form, from nearly round and blunt to
ovate-acute.—Corn-fields. P. VII.—IX. Corn Mint. E.S. L

*** Throat of the calyx closed with hairs. Putectom Ifill,

10. Jf. Pulégium (L.); 1. stalked ovate slightly crenate all
similar, whorls all distant globose many-flowered, cal. tubular
hispid closed with hairs in the throat.—#. B. 1026, Sole 23.
—St. prostrate. L. often recurved, uppermost axils without
flowers. The smallest of our species and remarkably different
in habit.—Wet places. P. VIII. IX. Penny-royal. E. 8: I.

2. Lyc’opus Linn. Gipsywort.

1. L. europe'us (L.) ; 1. stalked ovate-oblong sinuate-dentate
or pinnatifid, sterile stam. wanting, nutlets about equalling the
tube of the calyx.—#. B. 1105.—Subglabrous or pubescent.
L. opposite. Fl. small, in dense whorls.—Banks of streams
and ditches. P. VII. VIII. E.S

Tribe II. Monardec.

3. Saz’vra Linn. Sage.

1. S. Verbendca (L.); 1. oblong blunt cordate below sinuate
and crenate or dentate stalked, wpper /.short broad cordate sessile
clasping, bracts cordate acuminate, tube of the cor. equalling the
calyx.—E. B. 154.—Varies with the 1. imcise-dentate. Re-
markable for its enlarged very broad sessile upper leaves. St.

SALVIA.— THYMUS. 327

1—2 ft. high. Cor. puyple, small ; upper lip concave, laterally
compressed, straight except at the tip. Upper cal.-lip broad ;
teeth small, converging.—Dry gravelly banks. P. V. VI.
English Clary. KE. S. I.

2. 1.8. clandestina (L.) ; 1. oblong cordate below sinuate-den-
tate or incise-dentate stalked, wpper 1. oblong acute sessile
scarcely cordate or clasping, bracts cordate acuminate, tube of
the cor. exceeding the calyx.—St. a foot high. Cor. purple,
small. Upper cal.-lip very broad, teeth very small.—Probably
distinct from the preceding, but very difficult to characterise.
Syme’s plant (Sy. H. B. 1057) seems different.—Dry gravelly
banks, rare. Lizard, Cornwall. Channel Isles. P. VII. E.

3. S. praten’sis (L.); 1. oblong-ovate cordate below, crenate-
dentate stalked, upper |. small, sessile lanceolate acute, bracts
cordate acuminate, cor. thrice as long as the calyx.—#. B. 153.
—St. 1—2 ft. high. Known by its large flowers.—Cobham,
Kent. Middleton Stoney, Oxfordshire. P. VII. E.

Tribe III. Satwreinec.
4. Orte’aANnuM Linn. Marjoram.

1. O. vulgare (L.) ; 1. stalked broadly ovate, bracts ovate ex-
ceeding the cal., heads of fl. ovoid or oblong panicled crowded.
—F. 4. 1143.—St. a foot high, corymbose. Bracts usually
purple. L. often slightly toothed. FI. purple-—Spikes some-
times prismatic and oblong. O. megastachyum (Link), Sy.
£. B. 1046.—Dry uncultivated places. P. VIL E.S. if

5. Tuy’mus Linn. em., Benth. Thyme.

1. 7. Serpyl'lum(L.em., Fr.); st.prostrate creeping, l.alloblong
or lanceolate narrowed into the flat fringed stalks, flowerrng
shoots ascending, fl. capitate, upper cal.-lip with 3 short triangular
teeth, lower of 2 subulate teeth, upper cor.-lip oblong.—E. B.
1514.—Forming a cushion with a fringe of prostrate barren
shoots which in the next year produce erect fl.:shoots from
their lower joinings and are prolonged attheend. L. narrowed
below, their lower half and the stalk often fringed, rather con-
spicuously veined beneath, often narrow. Nutlets globose,
mealy. Cor. purple; upper lip conspicuously notched.—
[4 northern form with broader 1. and capitate inflor. has been referred to

var. prostrata (Hornem). |}—Dry heaths. P. VI.—VIII. E. 8. 1.

328 58. LABIATR.

2. T. ovdtus (Mill.); stems alike diffuse ascending, 1. all
broadly oblong with flat fringed stalks, fl. whorled or capitate,
upper cal.-lip with 3 triangular teeth, lower of 2 subulate teeth,
upper cor.-lip semicircular.—T’. Chamedrys (Fr.). H. B. 8.
2992.—Forming a tuft of flowering and barren shoots ; the st.
of preceding year endinginafi.-shoot. L. less narrowed into the
stalks than in Sp. 1, usually only the stalk is fringed, less promi-
nently veined beneath, broad. Nutlets roundish, subcom-
préssed, with a basalapiculus. Cor. purple ; upper lip slightly
and obscurely notched. In the large forms the st. is stronger ;
it is not so in Sp. 1.—Heaths. P. VI.—VIII. ELS. 1.

6. CatamiIntTHA Lam. em, Spenn. 1834 (Clinopodium
L. em., Groves).

* El.in whorls of 2 forked cymes.

1. C. Nep'eta (Savi); 1. ovate serrate pale beneath shortly
stalked, cal. rather bell-shaped obscurely 2-lipped its teeth
shortly ciliate all nearly of the same shape the upper ones
slightly shorter and broader, cyme many-fiowered its common
stalk about as long as the primary partial stalk.—Thymus L.
E. B. 1414.—St. usually many from the crown of the root,
12—18 in. high ; branches short, erect. Fl. purple. Hairs in
the throat of the cal. protruded.—Dry banks, rare. P. VII.
VII. Lesser Calamint. EK.

2. C. officindlis (Moench em. Benth.); 1. broadly ovate
slightly serrate green on both sides on longish stalks, cal.
tubular distinctly 2-lipped its teeth with long cilia those of the
upper lip triangular and ascending, of the lower twice as long
and subulate, lower lip of the cor. with distant segments the
middle one longest, cyme scarcely forked few-tlowered, fl. at
_ an angle with the pedicel. #. B. 1676.—St. usually solitary,
or few from the root, 1—2 ft. high: branches long, ascending.
Fl. purplish. Hairs in the throat of the cal. imcluded. Larger
in all its parts than the preceding.—a. ascendens (Rchb.) ; ped.
of cyme 3 as long as the primary partial stalk.—p. Briggs
(Syme excl. synon.); ped. of lower cymes as long as or
longer than the primary partial stalk. Sy. #. B. 1051.—Dry
banks, rare. 8. Devon. P. VIL—IX. Common atamntnt. r

3. C. silvatica (Bromf.); 1. broadly ovate sharply serrate,
cal. tubular distinctly 2-lipped, teeth with long cilia those
of the upper lip patent or reflexed, lower lip of the cor. with
overlapping segments all nearly equally long, cyme many-

CALAMINTHA.—SCUTELLARIA. 329

flowered its common stalk about as long as the primary partial
stalk.—E. B. §. 2897. Cl. grandiflorum ed. ix., not O.K.—

Creeping slightly. —St. about 2 ft. high, nearly simple. L.
large. Cal.-teeth tinged with purple ; hairs in the throat in-
cluded. Cor. purplish, very large, ‘ube much protruded,
middle lobe of lower = short and broad.—Isle of Wight.
Near Torquay. (/. of B. xi. 208.) P. VIII.—X. E.

** Whorls of 6 simple separate peduncles, ActNos Moench.

4. C. A’cinos (Clairv.); 1. ovate subserrate acute with
revolute margins, cu/. tubular gibbous below distinctly 2-lipped,
upper lip with short triangular teeth lower with subulate teeth
all converging in fruit. —Thymus L. £. &.411.—St. 6—8 in.
long. Fl. blue.—Dry gravelly places and limestone rocks. A.
VIL. VII. Basil. EK. S. 1.

*** FT. in dense branched axillary clusters. Themany setaceous
bracts forming a kind of involucre.

5. C. vulgdre (Druce); 1. ovate rounded below slightly
crenate-serrate, clusters equal many-flowered.—Clinopodium
vulgare (L.). E. B. 1401.—St. 1—13 foot higk. Fl. purple
in 2 or 3 dense whorls, the uppermost terminal. —Dry bushy
places. P. VIL. VII. Wild Basil. Bs Sek.

[ Melissinee. |
[Metts’sa Zann. em. Moench. Balm.]

LU. oficindlts (L.); 1. ovate crenate-serrate acute paler
beneath, cal. rather bell-shaped slightly ventricose in front
distinctly 2-lipped, upper lip flat truncate with three short
broad teeth, lower with 2 lanceolate teeth —Sy. EF. B. 1053.—
St.2feethigh. Fl. in axillary secund whorls, white.—Escaped
in the South. P. VI. VIIT.] E.

Tribe IV. Scutellariee.

7. Scureria’r1a Zinn. Skull-cap.

1. S. galericuldta(L.) ; 1. shortly stalked ali oblong-lanceolate
cordate below crenate-serrate, fi. axillary opposite secund, calyx
without glands.—Z. B. 523. —Cor. joe ( in.) blue. St. 6—
12 in. high, stout.—A hybrid between this and Sp. 2 has been
found.—Banks of rivers and ditches. P. VII. VIL. E. 8.1:

330 58. LABIATA,

2. S. minor (Huds.) ; 1. shortly stalked, lower broadly ovate,
intermediate ovate-lanceolate with the base cordate, upper 1.
lanceolate with a rounded base, fl. axillary opposite secund, cal.
pubescent.—#. B. 524.—Cor. small, pale pink. St. 4—8 in.
high, slender.—[A form with more glandular fi. is var. glandulosa (Ar.
Benn.).|}—Moist heaths and boggy places. P. ef oe ie

8. Brunet'ta Linn. Self-heal.

1. B. wdgdris (L. em. Moench); 1. stalked oblong-ovate
blunt, upper lip of the cal. with short truncate mucronate
teeth, lower lip with ovate-lanceolate mucronate teeth.—Z. B.
961.—About 8 in. high. L. nearly entire or slightly toothed ; on
Continental specimens sometimes pinnatifid. FI. blue, rarely
white, whorled, crowded into a dense spike, with 2 broad
kidney-shaped acuminate bracts under each whorl. Cal.
reddish purple.—In damp pastures. P. VIi. VIII. E. 8.1.

Tribe V. Nepetew.

9. Nep’eta Linn. em. Benth.

1, V. Catdria (L.); 1. stalked cordate acute incise-serrate
whitish-pubescent beneath, cymes dense many-flowered spiked,
nutlets smooth and glabrous.—#, B.137.—F 1. white. St. erect,
2—3 feet high, downy or mealy. Stam. at length curved out-
wards.—Waste places. P. VII. VIII. Cat-Mint. E. 8. I.

2. NV. hederdcea (Trev.) ;-1. cordate-reniform crenate, whorls
axillary stalked secund 3—4-flowered, cal.-teeth ovate-acumi-
nate awned, nutlets oblong with impressed dots.—Glechoma
hederacea(L.). £.£,.853.—St.procumbent, creeping. FI. blue-
purple ; length of cor.-tube and its hairiness are variable. Anth.
in pairs forming a cross.—[A small subglabrous form with short cor. is
var. purvifiora.|—Hedges and thickets. P. IV.—VI. Ground-
Loy. Boy. t.

Tribe VI. Stachydec.

10. Meuir’tis Linn. Bastard Balm.

1. M. Melissophyl'lum (L.).—E. B. 577.—L. oblong-ovate or
slightly cordate. Upper lip of the cal. with 2 or 3 teeth. Fl.

-
‘

{

|

LAMIUM. 331

purple with a white margin or variegated in different ways,
large. St. 1—2 ft. high. —M. grandiflora (Sm. #. B. 636) is
only a slight variety.—Woods in the South. P. V. VI. E.

11. La’uium Linn. em., Benth. Dead-Nettle.

* Lower lip of cor. with one large obcordate lobe with 1—2 teeth
on each side of rts base.

1. L. amplexicaiile (L.) ; 1. roundish-cordate bluntly incise-
crenate, lower 1. stalked, upper sessile clasping, ca/.-teeth longer
than the tube (green) at length connivent, cor.-tube straight
naked within.—Z. B. 770.—Lower fl.-whorls usually distant.
Fl. purple-red. Nutlets small, smooth, three times as long as
broad, with a small triangular obliqueterminal space. Cor.-tube
much exceeding the calyx, slender. The cor. does not always
expand, but the anth. are fertile and the fr. is produced.—Sandy
and chalky fields. A. V.—VIII. Henbdit. EK. 8S. 1.

2. L. moluccellifdlium (Fries); 1. incise-crenate, lower 1.
stalked, upper reniform-cordate sessile, cal.-teeth longer than
the tube hispid always spreading, straight cor.-tube with a faint
hairy ring within.— ZL. intermedium (Fries). E. B. S. 2914.—
Lower fl.-whorls usually distant. Nutlets large thrice as long
as broad, with a large triangular terminal rather oblique
space. Tube of the cor. equal, cylindrical. Cal.-teeth usually
purple, rigid. Common in §. rarein K.andI. A. VI.—IX.

E. 8. I.

3. L. hybridum (Vill.) ; 1. cordate incise-dentate all stalked,
upper broadly ovate crowded, cal.-teeth as long as or longer
than the tube always spreading, tube of the cor. straight naked
within.—#. B. 1933. L. inciswm (Willd.)\—Uppermost_1.
wedgeshaped below. Fl.-whorls usually all contiguous. FI.
reddish. Cor.-tube equal, cylindrical, sometimes with a faint
ring of hairs within. Nutlets smooth.—Cultivated and waste
ground. A. IV.—VI. K. 8. 1.

4, L. purpiireum (L.) ; 1. cordate crenate-serrate all stalked,
upper cordate or cordate-ovate crowded, cal.-teeth as long as the
tube always spreading, cor.-tube a little curved below with a
ring of hairs within.—Z. B. 769.—Fl.-whorls contiguous. Cor.
pale purple, lip spotted with red ; tube narrowed below. Nut-
lets about twice as long as broad, smooth. A form with more
deeply-cut leaves, 8. decipiens (Sond. ), is often taken for Sp. 3.
—Waste and cultivated ground. A. IV.—VIII. Red Dead-
Nettle. B. 8.1.

332 58. LABIATA.

5. L. al’/bum (1) ; 1. cordate-ovate acuminate deeply serrate
stalked, cal.-teeth as long as the tube, cor.-tube exceeding the
calyx with an oblique ring of hairs within and narrowed below
the ring.—Z#. B. 768.—St. 12—18 in. high. FI. large, white.
—Waste ground, P. V. VI. White Dead-WNettle. Bom,

[Z. maculdtum (L.); |. cordate-ovate acuminate deeply ser-
rate stalked, cal.-teeth longer than the tube, cor.-tube exceeding
the calyx with a transverse ring of hairs within and narrowed
below the ring.—St. 12—18 in. high. Fl. purple. L. marked
with white, cordate-ovate (L. maculatum) ; or green, triangular-
cordate (LZ. levigatum. HE. B. 2550).—An escape. Fifeshire.
Clova. P. VI.—VITI.] E.1S.

** Lower lip of cor. in 8 entire nearly equal acute lobes.
GALEOBDOLON Huds. Archangel.

6. L. Galeob'dolon (Crantz) ; 1. ovate acuminate truncate be-
low coarsely serrate stalked, upper 1. lanceolate attenuate below,
helmet of the cor, long entire, lower lip in 3 entire nearly equal
lobes.—G'. luteum Huds. EE, B. 787. G. montanum Reich. !—
Fl. yellow. St. 12—18 in. high—lLower 1. coarsely and
even doubly serrate.—[G@. lutewm Reich. ! has the 1. all ovate-
acuminate and the lower ones simply crenate with a minute
apiculus.|—Woods and thickets. P. V. VI. Be: L.

12. Leonu’rus Linn. Motherwort.

ti. LZ. Cardiaca (L.) ; lower 1. palmately 5-fid incise-dentate,
upper ones 3-lobed entire wedgeshaped below, cor.-tube with an
oblique ring of hairs within, helmet nearly flat, lip spreading its
middle lobe entire.—Z. 5. 286.—St. 3 feet high. Cor. hairy
externally, purple. Fl. in crowded whorls. Cal.-teeth sharp.
—Hedges and waste places, rare. P. VIII. E. 5.

13, GaLEor’sis Linn. em., Benth. Hemp-Nettle.

1. G. dubia (Leers); st. not thickened at joinings with
deflexed hairs, |. ovate-lanceolate serrate soft and downy on
both sides, upper |. ovate, cal. glandular shaggy, upper cor.-lip
deeply notched.—G. villosa Huds. #, B. 2353. @. ochroleuca
Lam.—Cor. large, pale yellow. St. 10—12 in. high, with
gland-tipped hairs on its upper part.—Sandy corn-fields, rare.
NSAI GN /3 FILLES E.

2. G. Lad'‘anum (L.); st. not thickened at joinings soft with
deflexed hairs, 1. ovate-lanceolate lanceolate or lanceolate-

GALEOPSIS.—STACHYS. 333

attenuate at both ends serrate or nearly entire downy on both
sides, cal. shaggy with adpressed hairs and a few gland-tipped
hairs intermixed, upper cor.-lip slightly notched—E. B. 884.
G. angustifolia (Ehrh.).—Cor. purple variegated with crimson
and white, shaggy externally. St. about a foot high. St. and1.
varying much in hairiness, pale green or purplish.—s. G. enter-
media (Vill.) ; 1. broad not narrowed below, regularly toothed,
whorls of fi, all separate—Sy. #. B. 1075.—y. G. canescens
(Schultz) ; 1. narrow nearly entire, bracts often reflexed at the
end, cal. and upper part of st. clothed with patent hairs.—In
gravelly and sandy districts. 8. Moray. A. VIII.IX. E.S.1,

3. G. Tet'rahit (L. em. Mill.); st. thickened at joinings
hispid, |. oblong-ovate acuminate serrate, cal. tubular, cal.-
teeth and tube nearly equal, cor.-tube equalling the cal., upper
lip ovate.—Z£. B. 207.—St. 1—2 ft. high. Cor. purplish
variegated with white, large ; tube slender slightiy inflated ;
middle lobe of lower lip subquadrate, flat, crenulate, blunt or
slightly emarginate. Cal.-teeth as long as their tube, which
is shorter but quite as broad and more strongly ribbed than
in the next species, rather inflated below the mouth. Nutlets
wholly green, the oblique top longitudinally marked with
veins all springing from the wholly acute inner angle of the
nut. L. slightly pubescent above.—s. G. bifida (Boenn.) ;
middle lobe of lower cor.-lip oblong emarginate purple with
pale ultimately revolute edges, base with a yellow 2-lobed
spot and several dots. A more slender plant with paler
leaves and smaller flowers. Sy. H#. B. 1079.—Woods and
cultivated ground. A. VIJ.—IX. E. 8. I.

4, G. specio'sa (Mill.) ; st. thickened at the joinings hispid,
1, oblong-ovate acuminate serrate, cal. bellshaped, cal.-teeth
shorter than the tube, cor.-tube much exceeding the cal., upper
lip roundish-oval.—#. B. 667. G. versecolor (Curt.).—St. 2—3
feet high. Cor.-tube inflated above. Fl. very large, yellow,
usually with a broad purple spot. upon the lower lip. Cal.-
teeth shorter than their tube. Nutlets with the oblique top
dark brown, inner angle rounded off almost to the base.
Difficult to distinguish upon paper from G. V'etrahit.—Culti-
vated ground. A. VII. VIII. Ess. &

14. Sta’cHys Linn. em., Benth. Woundwort.

1. S. officindlis (Trev.) ; whorls in oblong interrupted term,
spike many-flowered, st. erect, lower |. ovate-oblong with a
cordate base crenate blunt with long stalks, upper 1. oblong-
lanceolateserrate acutesubsessile, bracts linear-lanceolate equal-
ling the nearly glabrous cal., stam. falling short of the lip.—

334 58, LABIATA.

Betonica officinalis L. #. B.1142.—St.1—2 ft. high. Whorls
sometimes considerably separated. Cor. purplish red; tube
exserted. The English plant has the round crenate not emar-
ginate lower lip of 2B. hirta (R.).—Woods and thickets, P.
VII. VIII. Betony. EK. S.,1.

2. S. german’ica (L.) ; whorls many-flowered, sé. erect woolly,
1, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate with a cordate base crenate-
serrate stalked densely silky, upper l. lanceolate acute sessile, cal.
silky, teeth acute mucronate spinous, bracts equalling the calyx.
—f. B. 829.—St. 2—3 ft. high. Fl. purple-——Chalky soil,
Oxfordshire. B. VII. Downy Woundwort. E.

3. S. alpina (L.); whorls 6—10-flowered, st. erect hairy, upper part glandular,
1, ovate-oblong cordate-based obtusely serrate, floral 1. large sessile nearly all
serrate, bracts linear-lanceolate about equalling cal., cal.-teeth broadly acuminate
or mucronate, cor. much exceeding cal. dull purple spotted with white hairy
externally.—J. of B. xxxvi. (1898) t. 384.—Whorls distant below, lower l. long-
stalked crenate.— Woods, Wotton-under-Hdge, Glos., Mr C. Bucknall. IPeVva
VII.

4, S. sylvatica (L.); whorls 6—8-flowered, st. erect, /. cor-
date-ovate serrate long-stalked, floral 1. linear entire, cal.-teeth
lanceolate very acute, bracts minute-—H#. B. 416,—Cal.-teeth
rather spinous. Petioles and |. nearly equal. Fl. reddish-
purple. Nutlets opaque, punctured and irregularly tubercled.
L. clothed with scattered adpressed hairs or densely silky
on both sides.—Woods and thickets. P. VII. VIII. Hedge-
Woundwort. Balt

5. S.palus'tris (L.) ; whorls 6—10-flowered, st. erect, /. dinear-
or ovate-lanceolate subcordate below acute crenate-serrate nearly
sessile, cal.-teeth lanceolate-very acute, bracts minute.—Z. B.
1675.—St. 14—2 ft. high. Cal.-teeth rather spinous. Lower l.
with very short stalks, uppermost sessile. Fl. dull purple.
Nutlets shining, very minutely dotted. [Var. canescens (Lange),
having 1. grey felted on both sides, has been reported. |—. S. ambigua
(Sm.); 1. stalked ovate-lanceolate cordate below serrate.
Petioles sometimes half as long as the leaves. [Considered a
hybrid between Sp. 4 and 5.|—River-sides and damp _ places,
P. VIL. VIII. Marsh-Woundwort. EK. 8. I.

6. S. arven'sis (L.); whorls 4—6-flowered, st. decumbent or
ascending, J. ovate-cordate blunt crenate stalked, floral l. ovate-
oblong sessile acute, cal.-teeth lanceolate awned, cor. scarcely
exceeding the cal., bracts minute.—Z. B. 1154.—Fl. pale purple.
Nutlets covered with minute dots and scattered tubercles.—
Corn-fields. A. VIII. IX. E, 8. I.

BALLOTA.—TEUCRIUM. 335

[S. annua (L.); whorls 4—6-flowered, st. erect, lower 1.
ovate-oblong blunt crenate-serrate stalked, floral /. lanceolate
acute, cal.-teeth lanceolate very acute, tube of the cor. exceeding
cal., bracts minute.—Z. B. S. 2669.—Fl. yellowish. Nutlets
ey rough.—Gadshill and Sevenoaks, Kent. A. Lan

15. Batno’ra Linn. em., Benth. Horehound.

1. B. nigra (L.); 1. crenate-serrate, bracts linear-subulate,
cal. funnelshaped, cal.-teeth broadly ovate short patent or reflexed.
—F. B. 46. R. I. f. 1041! B. fetida (Lam.).—St. 2—3
ft. high. Lower 1. cordate; upper ovate. Fl. purple or
white. Scent pungent. A hard coarse plant. Whole plant
inekaneae the cor. covered with hairs. Waste places. & ney

2. B. ruderdlis (Sw.); 1. crenate-serrate, bracts linear-subu-
late, cal. funnelshaped, cal.-teeth ovate gradually acuminate
erect.—R. J. f. 1039 !—St. 2—3 ft. high. Lower 1. cordate ;
upper ovate. Fl. purple or white. Scent agreeable. Very
hairy and soft—I still with Grenier consider this distinct
from Sp. 1.—Waste places, rare. Abundant at Llanwarne,
Herefordshire. P. VII. VIII. E,

16. Marrvu’Bium Linn. em., Benth. White Horehound.

1. M. vulgare (L.); st. erect hoary, |. ovate narrowed into
a petiole or roundish cordate crenate hoary rough, whorls many-
flowered, cal.-teeth 10 subulate patent hooked woolly beiow,
their upper half glabrous.—#. B. 410.—St. 1—2 ft. high,
with many whorls of small whitish flowers. L. sometimes
conte rarely roundly cordate.—Waste places, rare. P. VIII.

, B.S].

Tribe VII. Ajugoidee.

17. Trv’crium Linn. em. Schreb.

1. 7. Scorodénia (L.); st. erect, 1. oblong-ovate their base
cordate crenate-serrate green on both sides, racemes lateral and
terminal one-sided, floral 1. ovate acute rather longer than the
pedicels, wpper cal.-lip ovate, lower 4-toothed, cor.-tube exserted.

1 We do not find any correlation between the shape of the cal.-teeth and the
hairiness of the plant.—H. & J. G.

336 58. LABIATA.

—E. 4. 1543.—St. 1—2 ft. high. L. stalked, with glandular
resinous mealiness beneath, wrinkled ; sometimes oblong, trun-
cate below or subcordate, coarsely and unequally dentate, Fl.
yellowish.— Woods and dry stony places. P. VII. VIII. Wood-
Sage. E. 8. 1.

2. 7’. Scor’dium (.) ; st. procumbent below, l. sessile oblong
dentate green on both sides, floral l. similar, whorls 2—6-tlowered
axillary distant, cal.-teeth short equal.—L. B. 828.—More or
less hairy or woolly. St. 1—2 ft. long. L. attenuate or
broad or even cordate below. Fl. purple——Wet places, rare.
PA Vale Vane KE. I.

*3. 7. Chame'drys (L.) ; st. ascending, |. ovate incise-crenate
wedgeshaped and entire below green on both sides, floral /,
sumilar smaller nearly entire, whorls racemose 5-flowered, cal.-
teeth lanceolate nearly equal.— Z. 4. 680.—St. much branched,
6—8 in. long, lower part woody. FI. purplish. Lower floral 1.
exactly like the stem-l., upper |. gradually smaller ang ees
below.—Ruined walls, rare. P. VII. E. [S. 1.7]

j4. 7. Botrys (L.) ; 1. trifid or pinnatijid green on both sides,
segm. oblong entire or cut, floral |. similar, whorls axillary 4— 6-
flowered, cal. gibbous at base inflated tubular, cal.-teeth lanceo-
late equal. —E. B. S.2964.—St. erect, about 8 in. high; branches
ascending. Fl. many, pale purple. "Box. Hill and Seisdon,
Surrey. Upper Halling, Kent. A. VIII. IX. E.

18, Az'UGA Linn. em. Schreb. Bugle.

1. A. rep'tans (L.) ; fil. whorled, st. solitary with long stoles,
1. ovate or obovate entire or crenulate stalked, stem.-]. sessile. —
E. B. 489.—St. 6—8 in. high. Lower whorls distant, upper
ones spiked. Cor.-tube with a ring of hairs within. Fi. blue,
rarely white.—Wet places. P.V. VI. Common Bugle. E.S8. 1.

[A. alpina, E. B. 477, seems to be A. genevensis. It is not
stoloniferous, and its upper st.-]. fall short of the flowers. ]

2. A. pyramiddilts (L.) ; fl. whorled most or all of the whorls
spiked, st. solitary, l. ovate-oblong entire or crenulate, radical l.
attenuate below, stem-l. sessile upper 1. exceeding the va —H. B.
1270.—St. about 6 in. high. L. gradually decreasing upwards.
Cor.-tube with a ring of hairs within. Fl. bluish purple.
Plant hairy. It has subterranean offsets and short autumnal
stoles.—Highland pastures, very rare,S. South Isles of Arran,
Lee VY S. 1.

59. VERBENACEX,—60. LENTIBULARIACE®. 337

3. A. Chamee'pitys (Schreb.) ; jl. solitary axillary, st. much
branched spreading, /..deeply trifid wth linear entire segments,
floral 1, similar exceeding the flowers.—Z#. 5. 77.—Hairy.
Lowest 1. much broader, toothed rather than 3-lobed. Fl.
yellow with dark spots. St. reddish purple, branched, 3—6 in.

_high.—Sandy and chalky fields. A. V.—VII. Gryowne Hates

Order LIX. VERBENACE/,

Cal. tubular, persistent. Cor. irregular, tubular. Stam.

didynamous, or 2. Ovary 2—4-celled; style 1, terminal ;

stigma bifid. Fr. a caps. or berry, with 2—4 nutlets more or
less cohering.—No stipules.

1. VERBENA. Cal. 5-fid. Cor. irregular, 5-lobed, slightly
2-lipped. Stam. included, 4, didynamous, or 2. Capsule
dividing into 4 nutlets.

1. VERBENA Linn. Vervain.

1. V. officindlis (.); st. erect solitary 4-angular, 1. ovate
oblong trifid or laciniate-multifid rough, spikes filiform some-
what panicled, stam, 4.—#. B. 767.—St. rather hispid, 1—2 ft.
high. lL. lobed and serrate, opposite. Spikes long, slender.
Fl]. small, distant, pale purple. Waste ground. P. VII. NT

Order LX. LENTIBULARIACE#.

Cal. permanent, inferior, divided. Cor. irregular, 2-lipped
spurred. Stam.2. Ovary free, 1-celled of 2 carpels. Stigma
of 2 plates, one smaller or inconspicuous. Caps. 1-celled ;
placenta large, free, central. Seeds many. No stipules.

1, PineurcuLa. Cal. 2-lipped,lower bifid, upper of 3 seg-
ments. Cor. ringent, spurred. Stam. at base of corolla.

2. Urricunaria. Cal. 2-leaved, lower often notched, upper
entire. Cor. personate, spurred. Stam. at base of upper
cor.-lip.

1. Prncuic'uta Linn. Butterwort. ©

1. P. vulgaris (L.) ; spur subulate shorter than the cor.-seg-
ments which are very unequal oblong rounded separated entire.
—#. B.70.—L. all radical, fleshy, covered with minute crystal-
line points, pale green; when the plant is gathered they curve
backwards so as to hide the root. FI. violet. Caps. ovoid,
acute.—Bogs. P. V. VI. E.S. 1.

Y

338 60. LENTIBULARIACE.

2. P. grandifidra (Lam.); spur subulate cylindro-conical
often notched as long as for.-seyments which are very unequally
broadly obovate rounded contiguous.—E#. B. 2184. Much larger
than P. vulgaris. FI. very large, violet. Caps. ovoid, rounded
at the end. Length of spur variable——Bogs. Kerry and
Cork. “PVevil. if

3. P. alpina (L.); spur conical shorter than unequal border of
cor. and curved towards lower lip, caps. acute, scape glabrous.
—£. B. S. 2747.—F]. small, yellowish ; spur remarkably short
and conical.—Bogs. Skye. Ross. Sutherland. P. VI. S.

4. P. lusitan'ica (L.); spur cylindrical blunt decurved
shorter than the nearly equal limb of the cor., caps. globose,
scape downy.—H. B.145.—F1. small, pale yellowish, spur short
and cylindrical—{P. villosa (L.), distinguished from this by
its acute spur and obconical capsule, may be expected in the
North of Scotland.|—Bogs in the Western parts of the py:
PAV x wes

2. Urricuna’r14 Linn. Bladderwort.
* .L, spinose-ciliate.

1. U. vulgaris (L.); spur conical, roundish 3-lobed, upper
cor.-lip about equalling the bilobed palate, margins of lower
lip deflexed at right angles all round, ped. scarcely thrice as
long as ovate bracts thick reflexed with fruit, 1. pinnate-
multifid, bladders upon the leaves.—#. 5. 253.—Fl. bright
yellow, rather large. Scape 4—6 in. high ; fl. lemon-coloured.
St. floating in the water. Bladders 4 in. long. P. VI.—VIII.
Greater Bladderwort. E. 8. I.

2. U. mdjor (Schmidel) ; spur directed upwards conical pro-
jecting, ovate-oblong blunt or emarginate, wpper cor.-lip 2 or 3
times as long as the small palate, lower lip with a broad flat
spreading margin, ped. 4—5 times as long as lanceolate bract
erect with fr., 1. pinnate-multifid, small bladders on leaves.—
J. of B. xiv. 142. U. neglecta (Lehm.).—Closely resembling
Sp. 1. Ped. slender. Bladders ;5 in. long. . Fl. yellow.—
Pools. P. VI.—VIII. KE. [S. 2] L.

3. U. intermédia (Hayne) ; spur conical adpressed, upper lip
twice as long as the inflated palate, lower lip with a broad flat
spreading margin, ped. 4—5 times as long as ovate bract erect
with fruit, l. 3-parted, segments linear forked, b/adders separate
from the leaves.—E. B. 2489,—F1. paler with a much longer

61. PRIMULACE. 339

upper lip than in Sp. 1. Bladders on leafless shoots. Increas-
_ ing by buds at the end of the shoots and seldom flowering.—
_ Ditches and pits, rare. P. VII. E. 8. I.

g ** L, not ciliate.
4, U. minor (L.); spur very short blunt, upper lip equalling
| the palate, lower lip ovate with a nearly flat spreading margin,

1. repeatedly forked, bladders upon the leaves.—H#. B. 254.—
Scarcely any spur. FI. small. Sep. roundish, acuminate.
_ Plant much smaller than either of the others.—Ditches and
pits. P.VI.—VIII. Smaller Bladderwort. Bis. 1.

_ [5. U. Bremii (Heer in Kollik.) probably grows in Moss of
Inshoch, Nairn, Loch of Spynie, Elgin and Gordon Moss,
Berwicksh. It has larger fl. than Sp. 4, a short conic spur,
and orbicular flat lower lip. See J. of B. xiv. 142.]

Cal. 4—7-cleft, permanent inferior (except in Samolus).
Cor. regular, 4—7-fid (or none in Glaux). Stam. upon the
cor. opposite to its segments. Ovary free, 1-celled, with a
free central placenta. Style 1. Stigma capitate. Fr. a

capsule. Seeds peltate.—No stipules.

Tr. Il. HOTTONIEZ. Ovary superior. Caps.- valves 5.
Hyle basal.

. Horronta. Cal, 5-parted, divided almost to its base.
Valves connected at the top. Cor. salvershaped, stam.
inserted and included in cor.-tube.

Tr. Il. PRIMULEZ. Ovary superior. Caps. -valves 5.
Hyle ventral.

}
| Order LXI. PRIMULACE.
|

—

2. Priwuna. Cal. tubular, 5-fid. Cor. salvershaped, tube
cylindrical up to the insertion of the stamens. Stam. 5,
inserted and included in the cor.-tube. Caps. many-
seeded, 5-valved with 10 teeth.

3. CycLaMEN. Cal. bellshaped, half 5-cleft. Cor. with a
short bellshaped tube and 5-parted refleced limb. Stam. 5,
inserted at the bottom of the cor.-tube, included. Caps.
many-seeded.

340 61. PRIMULACE.

4. Lystmacuta. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. rotate, scarcely any
tube, limb 5-parted. Stam.5,atthe baseofthecor. Cups.
with 5 valves (im L. nemorum sometimes 2-valved or inde-
hiscent, in L. thyrsiflora few-seeded).

. TRIENTALIS. Cal. 7-parted. Cor. rotate, 7-parted, tube
none. Stam. 7, inserted at thebase of thecor. Caps. many-
seeded, opening with 5 revolute fugacious valves. Seeds
with a netlike coat.

6. Guaux. Cal. bellshaped, 5-parted, coloured. Cor. none.
Stam. 5, inserted at the base of the calyx. Caps. few-seeded
(about 10).

cr

Tr. WI. AVAGALLIDEZ, Ovary superior. Caps. opening
transversely all round. MHyle ventral.

. ANAGALLIS. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. rotate or funnelshaped,
tube none, limb 5-parted. Stam. 5, at the base of the cor.
Caps. many-seeded.

8. CenTUNCULUS. Cal. 4—5-parted. Cor. with a subglobose
injlated tube and spreading 4—5-parted limb. Stam. 4or 5,
inserted in the throat of the cor. Caps. many-seeded.—
Fl, usually 4-parted.

~I

Tr. IV. SAMOLEA. Ovary inferior. Caps. opening by
valves. Hyle basal.

9. Samotus. Cal. 5-parted, its tube adhering to the lower
half of the germen, persistent. Cor. salvershaped, tube
short, limb 5-parted with interposed converging scales.
Stam. 5, inserted near to the base of the cor.-tube. Caps.
3-inferior, many-seeded, opening with reflexed teeth.

Tribe I. Hottoniee.

1. Horro’nta Linn. Water-Violet.

1. H. palus'tris (L.) ; fl. whorled stalked upon a long solitary
cylindrical stalk, cor. exceeding the calyx, sep. subacute equal-
ling cal.-tube, 1. pectinate.—Z. 4. 364,—L. submerged, crowded.
Fl. rising above the water, pale pink. Style exceeding the cal.,
stam. inserted in tube, anth.and filaments about equal in length ;
or style falling short of cal., stam. inserted at top of tube, fila-
ments 3 or 4 times as long as the anthers.—Ponds and ditches. |
PAV AVE: EK. I.

PRIMULA. 341

Tribe Il. Primalec.
2. PrimMuta Linn. Primrose.

* Cal.-tube angular. L. not mealy.

1. P. vulgaris (Huds.) ; 1. oblong-ovate tapering downwards
wrinkled crenate, ped. villose radical 1- flowered, cal. tubwar,
teeth lanceolate-subulate very acute, cor.-limb flat with a circle of
scalelike folds at the slightly contracted mouth , caps. ovate 3 the
length of cal., long straightish teeth of fr.-cal. meeting at top.—
E. B.4. P. acaulis (Hill).—Young 1. reticulate-rugose. Scape
rudimentary. Fl. erect. Cal. villose—p. P. variabilis
(Goup.) ; 1. slightly contracted below, ped. raised on a scape,
| fl. erect. Sy. #.:B.1132, 1133. Often taken for P. elatior and

called Oalip. A hybrid between Sp.1& 2 according to Darwin.—
| Woods and'thickets. P. III.—V. Primrose. BS. I.

2, P. véris (L. em. Huds.) ; /. ovate abruptly contracted below
then attenuate wrinkled crenate, scape tomentose umbellate
many-flowered, cal. bellshaped, teeth short ovate, cor.-limb
concave with a circle of scalelike folds at the slightly con-
| tracted mouth, caps. oval 3 the length mes inflated cal., short
teeth of fr.-cal. converging. —E. B.5. P. officinalis (Jacq.).—
Cal. tomentose. Cal.-teeth 4 of the length of the tube, blunt
or slightly acute. Cor.-segm. cordate.—Probably hybrids
between this and Sp. 1 are mistaken for P. elatior.—
Meadows and pastures. P.IV.V. Cowslip. Pazgle. E.S8.1.

3. P. eldtior (Schreb.) ; 1. ovate abruptly contracted below then
_ attenuate wrinkled denticulate, scape umbellate many-flowered,
cal. tubular, teeth lanceolate acute, cor.-limb concave, segments
' obcordate-oblong, its tube not crowned nor contracted at the
mouth, caps. linear-oblong exceeding cal., teeth of fr.-cal. patent.
> BB. 613, —Young I. transversely plicate. Cor.-segm, almost
square; limb rarely flat. Outer fl. nodding. Fr. erect.
| Hybridizes rarely with Sp. 1 & 2.—Clayey woods and meadows
in the Eastern Counties. P.IV.V. Ouxlip (tr ue). E.

** Cal,-tube not angular. L. mealy beneath.

4, P. farindsa (L.); 1. obovate-lanceolate, cal. oblong-ovate,
teeth linear, cor.-limb flat, segments obcordate rounded below dis-

_ tantas long as the tube, caps. twice as long as calyx.— 7. B. 6.—
| Umbellate. ¥). pale lilac with a yellow centre ; but the colour
and breadth of segments very variable. Germen obovate.

342 61. PRIMULACE.

Stigma capitate. Rarely the scape is wanting and the fi. are
amongst the leaves.—North of England and South of Scotland.
P. VI. VII. Bird’s- -eye Primrose. E. S.

5. P. scot'ica (Hook.) ; 1. obovate-lanceolate, cal. swollen, teeth
short ovate blunt, cor.-limb flat its segments broadly obcordate
approximate half the length of the tube, caps. scarcely exceed-
ing calyx.—#. B. S. 2608.—Half as large as the preceding.
Umbelate. Fl. bluish purple with a yellow centre. Germen
globose. Stigma with5 points. Rarely scape wanting.—Sandy
heaths of the extreme North of Scotland. P.V.—VIII._ S.

3. Cyc'LamMEN Linn. Sow-bread.

i1. C. heder crf lium (Ait.) ; 1. cordate-ovate angular den-
ticulate, cor.-throat 5-angled, sep. ovate acuminate denticulate.

—Sy. E. B. 1136, 1137.—St. a large depressed tuber. L. after
the fi., with wavy white blotches above. Fl. pink with a red
base (rarely white in 8. ficartifoluum Sy. EB. B. 548). Fr.-ped.
rolled up spirally.— Woods near the borders of East Sussex and
Kent! Mr W. W. Saunders. P. VILL. E.

4, Lysmora’cu1a Linn. Loose-strife,

1. L. thyrsifiéra (L.) ; racemes axillary stalked dense, \. oppo-
site lanceolate —Z. B. 176.—St. 1—2 ft. high. FI. small, very
many. Cor. divided almost to its base into narrow segments
separated by minute teeth, yellow and as well as the cal. spotted
with orange. Stam. combined below into ashort ring.—Marshes
in the North. P. VI. VIL ine

2. L. vulgdris(L.) ; st. erect, panicles compound terminal and
axillary,!.ovate or ovate- lanceolate nearly sessile opposite or 3 or
4 in a whorl, cor. “segments entire with glabrous edges, stam. 5
combined through } of their length.—Z. B. 761.—St. 2—3 feet
high. L. variable in size, shape and pubescence. Panicle much
branched or nearly simple. Fl. yellow. Starved forms pass for
L. punctata.—Sides of rivers and pools. P. VII. E. 8. 1.

[L. punctdta Ch); st. erect, , ped. axillary opposite or whorled
1-f1., 1. ovate- lanceolate slightly stalked opposite or whorled,
upper 1. narrower, co7.-segm. pei glandular-ciliate, stam. 5
combined below.—Sy. E. B. 1142. L. verticillata Bieb. St.
1—14 ft. high. St. and 1. downy. Sep. narrowly lanceolate.
Cor. yellow. Ped. rarely brane ed, dowwaiys: falling short of
leaves.— Dulverton, Devon ! Hingham, Norf.! P. VI.VIL.] E.

LYSIMACHIA.—ANAGALLIS. 343

[Z. ciliata (L.) ; st. erect, ped. axillary opposite or whorled,
l. opposite ovate-lanceolate subcordate with ciliate stalks, cor.-
segments roundish crenate, filaments 10 free 5 sterile.—H. B.S.
2922.—Fl. yellow. St.3 feet high ?—American. Serbergham,
Cumb.? and was there in 1815. P. VI. VII] E.

3. L. Nummuldria (L.); st. prostrate creeping, jl. solitary
axillary, sep. cordate-ovate prolonged, filaments 5 glandular
connected at the base, |. opposite roundish or ovate shortly
stalked.—Z. 2. 528.—F. occasionally in pairs, yellow.—Dam
places. P. VI. VIL. Moneywort. E. 8. id

4. L. nem’orum (L.); st. prostrate, fl. axillary solitary, sep.
linear-lanceolate, filaments 5 smooth distinct, 1. opposite ovate
acute shortly stalked.—Z#, &. 527.—Ped. longer than the 1.
Caps. 5-valved but usually dividing longitudinally into two
parts, sometimes indehiscent. Fl. yellow. Stam. distinct.—
Woods and damp shady places. P. VI.—VIII. E.S8. I.

5. Trrenta'tis Linn.

1. 7. europe'a (L.); 1. oblong-obovate blunt.—#. B. 15.—
St. 4—6 in. high, with the 1. mostly collected at the top. Fl.
on slender peduncles, white with a yellow ring. Parts of the
fl. and fr, varying from 7 to 9 ineach whorl. Valves of the caps.
soon falling off—North of E.; Highlands of 8. P. VI. ELS.

6. Guaux Linn. Black Saltwort.

1, G. maritima (L.).—E#. B. 13.—St. mostly procumbent.
L. opposite, ovate, glabrous. FI. axillary, sessile, pink, with
blunt segments. Remarkable in this Order by its want of
petals.—Sea-shores and salt marshes. P. VI.—VIII. E.S. I.

Tribe III. Anagallidee.
7. ANAGAL TIS Linn. Pimpernel.

1. A. arven’sis (L. em., G. & G.) ; st. procambent or erect, fi.
axillary solitary, cor. rotate, 1. opposite sessile ovate or ovate-

| oblong.—Pet. slightly exceeding the cal., crenate. Filaments

distinct.—a. A. arvensis (L.); st. mostly procumbent, pet.
fringed with minute glandular hairs usually scarlet, 1. ovate.
Fl. sometimes flesh-coloured (A. carnea Schrank), wholly white
or white with a pink eye. Z#. B.529.— 8. A. foem'ina (Mill.),
A. cerulea (Schreb.) ; st. mostly erect, pet. without glandular

344 62. PLUMBAGINACE,

hairs (usually blue), 1. ovate-oblong. 2. B. 1823. Probably
distinct. Mr Borrer suspected that each varies with red or
blue flowers.—Corn-fields and sand-hills by the sea. A.?
VI. VII. Scarlet Pimpernel. KB. 8.1.

2. A. tenella (Murr.) ; st. procumbent rooting, fl. axillary
solitary, 1. opposite stalked roundish, cor, funnelshaped, pet.
much exceeding the calyx entire , filaments connected below.—
E. B. 530.—Ped. long. FI. rather large, rose-coloured. L.
nearly sessile. Spongy bogs. P. VII. VIII. Bog-Pimpernel.

IDyiseale

8. Centun’cuLtus Zinn, Bastard Pimpernel.

1. C. minimus (L.); 1. alternate ovate acute, fl. nearly
sessile, cor. without glands at the base.—Z#. B. 531.—Usually
very minute. St. usually prostrate. Cor. very small, pale
rose-colour.—Damp sandy and gravelly places.—A. VI. Vi “

Tribe IV. Samolee.
9. Sam’oLtus Linn. Brook-weed.

1. S.Valeran'di (L.); 1. obovate or roundish blunt, upper 1.
blunt with a point,racemes many-flowered ultimately elongated,
caps. subglobose.—#. B, 703.—Remarkable in this Order by
its cal. adhering to the germen and by having a crown to the
small white corolla. —Damp watery places. P. VII. VIII.

Order LXII. PLUMBAGINACE.

Cal. 5-cleft, persistent, inferior, plicate. Cor. regular, 5-fid
or nearly 5- petalous. Stam. 5, hypogynous, or adnate to the
base of and opposite to the pet. Ovary free, of 5 carpels,
1-celled, 1-seeded ; ovule 1, pendulous by a stalk arising from
the bottom of the cell. Styles 5. Fr. a utricle. Seed in-
verted. Embryo in the axis of farinaceous albumen, Radicle
superior.—Stip. 0.

1. Limonrum.—Fl. spiked. Cal. scarious above. Cor. 5-
parted. Styles glabrous. Caps. not bursting.

2. Sratice. Fl. in a head with an inverted cylindrical
sheath. Styles hairy below. Caps. not bursting.

STATICE. 345

Starice L.em. Willd. Sea-Lavender.
* L. pinnately veined. Cal.-segm. with intermediate teeth.

1. S. Liménium (L. emend.) ; |. elliptic-oblong stalked mu-

~ cronate 1-ribbed strongly veined, st. subterete branched above

1
|

corymbose, spikelets 1—3-flowered ascending forming dense
2-ranked patent or recurved spikes, cal.-segments entire acute,
outer bract pointed rounded on the back.—EH. B. 102.—St.
6—18 in. high, usually not branched in its lower half, often
not until near the corymbose top. Spikes short; spikelets
densely imbricate. Fl. purplish—g. forma pyramidalis
(Salmon); pan. lax much spreading. Sy, #. B.1157. [a hybrid
between Sp. 1 & 2 is reported.|—Muddy salt marshes. ~. Southern
coast. P. VII.—IX. 5.8.

2. S. humilis (Salmon); 1. oblong-lanceolate stalked mu-
cronate l-ribbed faintly veined, st. slightly angular usually
branched from below the middle panicled, spikelets 1—3-
flowered unilateral rather distant forming lax erect or incurved
spikes, cal.-segments acute denticulate, outer bract pointed
keeled on the back.—S. Bahusiensis (Fr.). S. rariflora (Drej.).
FE. B. S. 2917.—St. 6—18 in. high, not corymbose, much
branched below. Spikes long; spikelets often 1-flowered, not
imbricate. FI. purplish—Muddy salt marshes. P. VII.

VU. KE. 8. I.

** T. not pinnately veined. Cal.-seym. without interm. teeth.

3. S. recur'va (Salmon); 1. obovate-spathulate narrowed
into a broadly winged stalk 3-veined below, st. rigid with
thick but not sterile branches, spikelets 2—4-flowered densely
imbricate 2-ranked forming /inear, thick suberect spzkes, cal.-
segments blunt entire—Sy. #. 6.1160. S. Dodartii ed. v.
—vili.— St. usually not branched in its lower half; branches
often simple, short. Inner bracts obovate, very blunt, with
white margins or slightly pink. Fl. purple. Anth. linear.—
Rocky shores. Portland. Henslow! P. VII. VIII. ES

(S. lychnidifolia (Girard); 1. obovate-spathulate usually apiculate with broadly-
winged 5—9-veined stalks, st. stout tapering upwards very rarely with sterile
branches, scales at base of branches large ovoid-triangular, spikelets usually
2-flowered densely imbricate 2-ranked forming thick patent or nearly horizontal
spikes, cal.-segm. short very obtuse ribs hairy.—J. of B. xxxix. (1901) p. 193,
t. 422.—Roodstock stout woody. St. branching } to # of its length. L. thick

346 62. PLUMBAGINACE®.

leathery. Inner bracts roundish about twice as long as the outer, with bright
red band and membranous margin. Anth. oblong.—Rocks, Alderney, Mr C. R.
P. Andrews. P. VII. VIII.]

4. S. binervdsa (G. E. Sm.); 1. lanceolate-spathulate rather
acute narrowed into a long winged stalk obscurely 3-veined
below, scapes slender wavy forked branched from near the
base, few lowest branches sterile, spikelets 2—4-flowered
imbricate 2-ranked forming linear slender suberect spikes,
cal.-segments blunt entire without intermediate teeth.—
E. B.S. 2663.—St. usually branching quite from the base ;
branches repeatedly forked, long, often rough. Inner bracts
oval with broad membranous edge, deeply tinged with pink.
Anth. oval.—f. intermedia (Syme); all the branches flower-
ing, spikelets stouter—Rocky shores. P. VII. VIII. E.S.I.

5. S. bellidifélia (DC.) ; 1. obovate or lanceolate-spathulate
narrowed into a petiole, st. branched from near the base
granular-rough, branches many slender repeatedly and acutely
Jorked uppermost alone bearing dense terminal spikes of 2—
3-flowered 2-ranked spikelets, cal.-segments ovate cuspidate
denticulate.—Z. B. 328. S. caspia (Willd,).—Remarkabie by
its much divided sterile branches which fork at an acute
angle. L. small.Muddy sea-shores of Norf., and at Frieston,
inc: BV Warn: E.

2. ARME'RIA Walld. Thrift.

1. A. maritima (Willd.) ; 1. linear. 1-veined, inv.-bracts very
blunt 1—3 outer ones mucronate, cal.-segments acute, cal.-
tube hairy or pilose-striate-——L. all radical, many, narrow.
Fl. rose-coloured or white.—a. L. flattish above very slender
l-veined. A. maritima (Boiss.), A. pubescens Link.—8. plani-
folia (Syme) ; 1. nearly flat above broadly linear blunt, early
l, 3-veined. Sy. #. B. 1153.—y. A. duriuscula (Bab.); 1.
subtriquetrous channelled above very slender l-veined. 4.
pubigera and A. duriuscwla Bab. A small form with linear
flat 1-veined 1. but a pubescent scape from Shetland may be
A. sibirica (Turez.).—Muddy and rocky sea-shores, also on
mountains. 8. Scottish Highlands, Ben Lawers! vy. Southern
sea-shore. P. [V.—IX. EK. S! I.

[A. plantagin'ea (Willd.) ; 2. 3—5-veined linear-lanceolate
with a narrow membranous margin, scapes rough, outer inv.-
bracts triangular or lanceolate cuspidate, others ovate or
obovate with a broad membranous margin blunt, cal.-segm.
with long points.—J#. SL. S. 2928.— Distinguished by its leaves.
—Jersey. P. VI. VII]

63. PLANTAGINACE. 347

Order LXIII. PLANTAGINACE®.

Cal. 4-parted, persistent, imbricate, inferior. Cor. 4-parted,
regular, scarious. Stam. 4, hypogynous, or at the base of the
tube, alternate with the segments of the cor. ; filaments at first
doubled inwards. Ovary free, of 1 carpel, 1-celled ; or 2—4-
celled. Seeds peltate or erect. Style 1. Caps. opening trans-
versely (or indehiscent in Zzttorel/a). Radicle inferior.

1. Puantaco. FI. perfect. Cal. 4-cleft. Cor. with an ovate
tube and 4-parted reflexed limb. Stam. on the corolla.
Caps. bursting transversely, 2—4-celled, 2—4-seeded.

2, LirrorELLA. Moncecious. Male fl. stalked ; sep. 4; tube
of the cor. cylindrical, limb 4-parted ; stam. hypogynous ;
filaments very long. Fem. fl. sessile ; sep. 3; cor. oblong,
narrowed at both ends; style long; caps, 1-seeded.

1. Puanta’ao Zinn. Plantain.

* Placenta 3—4-winged, thus forming 3—4 cells, Seeds 1 in
each cell.

1. P. Coron‘opus (L.) ; 1. limear pinnatifid or dentate, scape
terete, spike slender, bracts subulate from an ovate base erect,
midrrb of lateral sep. with a ciliate membranous wing.—E. BP.
892.—Tube of the cor. glabrous. Extremely variable in size
and amount of pubescence, woolly or nearly glabrous. L. vary-
ing in width, nearly entire, or even doubly pinnatifid. Spikes
slender, 14 in. long, many-flowered ; or spherical with 2—6
flowers.—| Extreme forms :—Var. ceratophylla (Rap.), luxuriant with broad
3—5-yeined 1.; var. maritima (G. & G.) with nearly erect fleshy 1.; and var.
pygmea (Lange), dwarf with short few-flowered spikes and almost entire 1.J—
Gravelly barren spots near the sea and inland. A.? VI. VII.
Buck’s horn Plantain. BO Sale

** Placenta 2-winged. Seeds 1 in each cell. Cor.-tube
pubescent.

2. P. maritima (L.); 1. linear channelled fleshy convex on
the back, scape terete, spike cylindrical, bracts ovate mucronate,
sep. not winged.—E. B, 175.—L. usually woolly at their base,
nearly flat and broad or linear, toothed or quite entire, glabrous
or hairy ; 3-veined, veins equidistant. Scape glabrous or hairy.
Caps. oblong-conical. Very variable in size. In a Cornish
variety the ]. are only 1—2 lines in length and semicylindrical,

348 63. PLANTAGINACE®.

scapes very short, spikes sometimes only 3- or 4-flowered.—The
mountain plant may be (1) P. serpentina (Vill.) or (2) P. alpina
(L.) ; they are both said to have lateral veins of 1. nearer the
margin than midrib, (1) to have coriaceous, (2) herbaceous
leaves. The var. lanato (Edi.), hersuta (Syme), is a small very
hairy form from Shetland. Sy. #. B. 1167. [¢. pumita (Kjelim.)
is a small form with subglobose few-fld. spikes and scapes exceeding the 1. |-

Sea-coast and on mountains. P. VI.—IX. E. S..1.

*** Placenta 2-winged. Seeds 1m each cell. Cor.-tube
glabrous.

3. P. lanceoldta (L.) ; l. lanceolate attenuate at both ends 5- .

veined, scape furrowed, spike ovate or oblong-cylindrical, bracts
ovate acute or cuspidate, 2 lateral sep. keeled. #. B. 507.—L.
nearly glabrous, length 3—12 times the breadth. Anth. and
filaments yellow. Bracts and sep. black at the tip. A very
variable plant. Spikes globose, scape and 1. silky, neck woolly,
in sandy places; spikes very long, l. very long and broad, in
rich damp soil. In rare cases stoloniferous, and often woolly
near the sea (eriophylla H. & L.).—Meadows, pastures and
sandy places. P. V.—VII. Azbwort. H. S. I.

[P. Timbali (Jord.); rootstock many-headed, bracts with
scarious margins ; is sometimes found in cultivated fields.]

4. P. média (L.) ; l. elliptic-ovate sessile or with short broad
stalks pubescent, scape terete, spike cylindrical, bracts ovate-
acuminate, sep. not keeled. —B. B. 1559.—L. usually lying flat
on the ground, sometimes shortly lanceolate and ascending.
Anth. yellow, filaments purple.—Meadows and pastures. P.
VI.—IX. Lamb’s-tongue. ~ E. I.

**k* Placenta 2-winged. Seeds 2—4 in each cell. Cor.-tube
glabrous.

5. P. mdjor (L.); 1. broadly ovate on longish channelled
stalks, scape terete, spike long, bracts ovate keeled about as
long as the cal., sep. with a prominent dorsal rib,—#. B. 1558.
R, xvii. 1127.—L. ascending. Anth. purple. Seeds about 8.
—P. intermedia (Gilib.); 1. downy coarsely dentate, scapes
downy arcuate- ascending, i is probably distinct. It is not very
rare in England. A. xvii. 86.—Fields and waste places. P.
VI.—VIIL. Way-bread. 1 etSpPik

[P. arendria (W. & K.), a branching leafy plant, was found
abundantly on Burnham Sand-hills, Som.] BK.

a

64, AMARANTHACEX.—65, CHENOPODIACE. 349

2. LirrorEL'LA Berg. Shore-weed.

1. L. unifiéra (Asch.), L. lacustris (L.).—E. B. 468.—With
runners.—F]. white. Fertile fl. sessile. Stalks of the male
fl. 1—2 in. long. L. all radical, linear, fieshy, somewhat
channelled, sometimes hairy above.—Margins of lakes, or under
water when it is larger and does not flower. P. VI. bie Ra

Division IV. MONOCHLAMYDEZ.
(Ord, LXIV.—LXXVIIL.)

With only a single perianth ; that is, the cal. and cor. not
distinguishable, or wanting.

[Order LXIV. AMARANTHACE4. |

[Perianth 3—5-parted, scarious, persistent. Stam. hypo-
gynous. Ovary free, 1-celled ; ovule 1 or several, suspended
from a free central seed-stalk. Stylelor0. Stigma simple or
compound. Embryo curved round central farinacecus albumen.
—L. without stipules or sheaths.

[1. AMarantHus. Fl. moncecious. Perianth 3—5-parted.
- Stam. 3—5. Stigmas 3. Caps. 1-celled, 1-seeded.|

1. AMaRAN THUS Linn-

[A. Blitum (L.); fi. 3-fid, 3-androus, clusters small lateral,
the upper ones in a small naked spike, st. diffuse glabrous.—
E. B. 2212. A. ascendens (Lois.)—Waste places near towns
A. VIIL.] E

[A. retroflexus (L.); fl. 5-fid, 5-androus, spikes large dense compound terminai,
bracts lanceolate aristate much exceeding fr., st. stout erect pubescent.—R. I. 5.
475.—Waste ground. A, VIII.] E.

Order LXV. CHENOPODIACE#.

Perianth 3—5-parted, herbaceous, persistent. Stam. peri-
gynous or hypogynous. Ovary free or adhering to the tube of
the perianth ; ovule 1, attached to the base of the cell. Styles
divided, or rarely 1. Fr. not bursting, dry, membranous,
included in the perianth which often becomes enlarged or

350 65. CHENOPODIACE.

fleshy. Embryo curved round farinaceous albumen, or spiral,
or doubled together without albumen ; radicle next the hile.—
L. without stipules or sheaths.

Tribe 1. SALSOLH 4. FI. uniform, perfect. Seeds usually
without albumen. Embryo spiral. St. continuous, leafy.
L. semicylindrical or terete.

1. SuaEDa. Perianth 5-parted, without appendages. Stam.
5, from the receptacle. Stigmas 2—3, sessile. Pericarp
membranous. Seed horizontal or vertical; testa crusta-
ceous.— With bracts.

2. SatsoLa. Perianth 5-parted, segments ultimately with a
transverse dorsal appendage. Stam, 5,from an hypogynous
ring. Styles2. Pericarpmembranous. Seed horizontal ;
testa membranous.—With bracts.

Tr. U. BETH. Fl. uniform, perfect. Seeds with albumen.
Embryo curved round the circumference of the seed. St.
continuous, leafy. L. flat.

3. CHENoPODIUM. Perianth 3—5-parted, persistent, un-
altered. Stam. 5, from the receptacle. Stigmas 2—3.
Pericarp thin, free. Testa crustaceous, Seed vertical or
horizontal. Without bracts. ;

4. Beta, Perianth 5-parted, persistent. Stam. 5, from a
fleshy ring. Styles 2—3. Pericarp imbedded in and
adhering to the fleshy tube of the percanth. Seed horizontal,
attached laterally. Testa membranous.

Tr. Ill. SALJCORNIEZA. FI. uniform, perfect. Seeds and
opus as in Tr. IT. St. jointed, leafless. Stam. less
than 5.

5. SaLicornrA. Perianth fleshy, tumid, undivided, imbedded
in an excavation of the rachis. Stam. 1—2. Style very
short, stigma bifid. Pericarp membranous. Seed vertical,
covered by the persistent perianth.

Tr. IV. ATRIPLICEA. Fl. monecious, of two forms, rarely
perfect. Seeds, embryo, and stem as in Tr. IT.

6. ArripLex. Perianth 3—5-parted. Stam. 5. Style 0.—
Perianth compressed, of 2 parts not connected above their
middle.—Stam.0. Stigmas2. Pericarp membranous free.

SUAEDA.—CHENOPODIUM, 351

Testa crustaceous. Seed vertical, attached by a lateral hile
either near the base or by means of along seed-stalk in the
middle of the side ; radicle basal.

7. Oprone. Perianth 3—5-parted. Stam. 5., Style 0.-—
Perianth of 2 parts free only at the top, 3-toothed, wedge-
shaped below. Stam.0. Stigmas 2. Pericarp very thin,
ultimately adhering to the tube of theperianth. Testa mem-
branous. Seed vertical, pendulous from a long seed-stalk ;
radicle terminal.

Tribe I. Salsolece.

1. Suaz’DA Gmel. em., Mog. 1835. Sea-Blite.

1. S. fruticédsa (Dum.); st. erect shrubby, 7. blunt semi-
cylindrical, styles 3, seeds vertical smooth and shining.—
SalsolaSm. E. B. 635. Schoberia Mey.—St. 2—3 feet high,
with many erect leafy branches and axillary flowers.—Sandy
and shingly shores of south and east of England, rare. P.
VII. VIII. E.

2. S. maritima (Dum.); st. herbaceous, /. acute semi-
cylindrical, styles 2, seeds horizontal netted shining.—JZ. Bb.
633.—St. erect or procumbent, with many spreading branches.
—Muddy sea-shores. A. VII.—IX. E. 8. I.

2. Sav'sota Linn. em., Mog. Saltwort.

1, S. Kdli(L.) ; minutely hairy, st. diffuse, 1. subulate spinous
rough, fl. axillary solitary, segments of the enlarged perianth
hard and tough as long as their patent rather coloured roundish
wings.—Z. 6, 634.—St. angular, rigid, much branched.—_Sandy
sea-shores. A. VIII. E.S. L

Tribe II. Bete.
3. CHENopo’DIuM Linn. CGoose-foot..
* Flowers all pentamerous, + Leaves undivided.

1. C. Vulvdria (L.) ; 1. ovate-rhomboidal mealy, fl. in leafless

_ dense spikes, perianth covering the fr., seed shining slightly

rough (very small), st. diffuse—H#. B. 1034. C.olidum Curt.—
L. stalked. Covered with a greasy pulverulent fetid substance.
—Dry waste places near houses. A. VIII. IX. KE. 8.1:

352 65. CHENOPODIACE.

2. C. polysper’mum(L.) ; l. ovate-elliptic, fl. in axillary leafless
cymose racemes, perianth not covering the fr., seeds shining
minutely dotted biunt at the edge.—Z. &. 1480, 1481.—Racemes
more or less cymose or spicate. St. erect or procumbent.

L. acute or blunt. C. acutifoliwn and C. roe are -
E

undistinguishable-—Damp waste places. A. VIII. IX.

tt Leaves toothed, angled, or lobed.

3. C. ur'bicum (L.); l. triangular sinuate-dentate cr nearly
entire their base contracted into the petiole, spikes erect nearly
leafless compound, perianth not covering the fr., seeds very
minutely rough blunt at the edge.—#. B. 717.—L. with short
triangular teeth. Spike approaching the stem. Seed almost
as large as Rape-seed.—8. antermediwm (Koch) ; 1. with large
acute teeth.—Waste places. A. VIII. E. 8. 1.2

4. C. al’bum (lL. em., Koch); 1. rhomboidal-ovate sinuate-
dentate entire below, upper ones lanceolate nearly entire, fl. in
compound branched nearly leafless racemes, perianth covering
the fr., seeds smooth and shining blunt but keeled at the edge.—
a. C’. album (L.) ; fl. im dense spikes shorter than the sinuate-
dentate leaves. #. B.1723.—8. C. viride (L.em. Rehb.) ; fl. in
lax cymose racemes exceeding the nearly entire leaves. Sy.
£. B.1189.—7. C. paganum(Rehb.) ; fl. in lax compound spikes
exceeding the sinuate-dentate leaves. Sy. #. B. 1190.—Culti-
vated and waste places. A. VII. VIII. Yat Hen. E.S.1.

(C. opulifoliwm (Schrad. ex Koch et Ziz), closely allied to Sp. 4, with broadly-
rhomboidal-ovate (often broader than long) more or less 3-lobate very obtuse
coarsely and unevenly crenate-serrate 1, with usually slightly mucronate teeth,
rather long slender petioles and very glaucous inflorescence, is occasionally
found in waste places. A. VIII. IX.]

5. OC. ficifolium (Sm.); l. unequally 3-lobed from a wedge-
shaped base, lobes ascending, middle lobe long oblong-lanceolate
dentate blunt, upper |. linear-lanceolate entire, fl. in erect nearly
leafless cymose racemes, perianth nearly covering the fr., seeds
minutely pitted shining blunt and not keeled at the edge.—Sy.
E. B. 1191.—Mealy. L. blunt ; middle lobe nearly equally
broad throughout. Seeds smaller than in C. album.—Culti-
vated and waste ground, rare. A. VIII. IX. E. I.?

6. CO. murdle (L.) ; 1. rhomboidal-ovate unequally and sharply
toothed entire below, fl. in divaricately-branched leafless cymes,
perianth nearly covering the fr., seeds minutely granular
opaque acute and keeled at the edge.—E. B. 1722.—Waste ground
near towns and villages. A. VIII. Sowbane. KB: I.

a

CHENOPODIUM.—BETA. 3538

7. CO. hyb'ridum (L.) ; 1. subcordate angulate-dentate acumin-
ate, teeth Large distant, fi. in panicled leafless cymes, perianth not
covering the fr., seeds minutely pitted opaque blunt and not keeled
at the edge—Z. 3B. 1919.—Seeds very large. L. with 2—4
large teeth on each side.—Waste places, rare. A. VIII. E. f.

** Lateral fl. 3—4-merous with vertical seeds, term. fl. 5-merous
with horizontal seeds.

+ Stigmas short.

8. C.rdibrum(L.); l.rhomboidal irreguiarly toothed and sinu-
ate entire below, fl. in erect compound dense leafy spikes, seeds
very minute smooth shining b/wntor slightly keeled at the edge.—
B. B.1721.—St. erect and often 1—2 ft. high, leafy to the top.
Pericarp very loose. FI]. generally incomplete. Cal. 4- rarely
5-cleft. Stam. 1 or 2.—A variety with much more triangular
1., shorter spikes and larger seeds, was found near London.—
The var. pseudo-botryodes (Wats.) has a prostrate spreading st.
4—5 in. long, and a small panicle. Sy. #. Bb. 1197.—Waste
places, particularly salt marshes. A. VIII. IX. E. 8S. 1.

9. O. botryddes (Sm.); 1. nearly triangular slightly toothed,
thick and fleshy, fl. in compound dense spikes nearly leafless at
the top, seeds very minute smooth shining keeled at the edge.—
#. B.2247.—Succulently brittle when fresh, limp and flaccid
when dry. St. erect. Pericarp loose.—Moist sandy places
near the sea, on the south-east coast. A. IX. ide

10. C. glavicum (L.) ; 1. oblong sinuate-dentate mealy beneath,
fi. in erect nearly simple leafless spikes, seeds very minute
netted granular acutely keeled at the edge.—2. B. 1454.—St.
ann, often prostrate. Seeds reddish.—Rich waste around.

z

tt Stigmas long,

tll. C. Bonus-Henricus (L.) ; 1. triangular-hastate entire, fi.
in compound leafless spikes, seeds smooth and shining.—Z£. £.
1033.—St. a foot high. L. large, dark green, used instead of
Spinach. Stig. long. Fr. exceeding perianth.—Waste places
near villages, P. V.—VIII. Allgood. Mercury. E. 8. T.

4, Be'va Linn. Beet.

1. B. maritima (L.) ; st.many from the crown of the root pro-
strate, |. triangular-ovate narrowed into a petiole, spikes long

7.

354 65. CHENOPODIACE®.

simple leafy, bracts lanceolate exceeding the 2—3-flowered
clusters, segments of the perianth with entire keels, stag. /anceo-
late.—E. 6, 285.—Root thick, fleshy. St. 6—12 in. long
prostrate below, spreading in‘a circle, the ends ascending.—
Sea-shores. P, VII.—IX. Sea- Beet. HOST.

[B. vulgaris (L.), st. solitary erect, stig. ovate, is the culti-
vated plant. |

Tribe ILI. Salicorniece.

5. SALicor’NIA Linn.’ Glasswort.

1. S. herbdcea (L.) ; herbaceous, joints of st. compressed
rather thickened upwards emarginate, branches all’ flowering,
spikes cylindrical tapering stalked, fl. 3 on each side middle fl.
much exceeding’ the others.—#. 7. 415.—St. usually erect,
branched, 3—12 in. high. Stam. 1 or 2.—8. S. prostrata (Pall.),
S. procumbens ed. viil.; st. procumbent, branches divaricate.
AB. QA Dt [An extreme state is S. appressa (Dum.)] Muddy sea-
shores. A. VILI-—IX: E. 8. I.

2. S, peren'nis (Mill.) ; st. woody. creeping, st.-joints subterete
deeply notched scarcely thickened with ascending herbaceous
branches some barren, spikes oblong blunt nearly sessile, middle
fl. scarcely exceeding the others.—S, radicans(Sm.). Sy. H. LB.
1183.—St. procumbent, rooting. [(8. S.lignosa (Woods); st. firmer not
or but little rooting. }~Muddy gea-shores. P. VIII. LX.

Tribe IV. Atviplicee.
6, A’TRIPLEX Linn.! Orache.

A. Fertile fl. of 2 kinds ; sep. of fem. fl. distinct, seed vertical ;
perfect fl. 3~5-parted, seed horizontal.

[A. sagittdta (Borkh.), A. nitens (Schkuhr), |. shining above
silvery-glaucous beneath ; also A. oblongifolia (W. & K.) and
A, hortensis (L.), 1. opaque on both sides ; are occasionally
found. }

B. Monecious ; sep. of fem. fl. united below.

* Stem with resinous reddish stripes.—} Leaves not lobed.
1. A. littordlis (L.); st. erect, 7. linear or oblong-lanceolate

1 See Appendix.

1.5.) ae

ATRIPLEX. 305

entire or toothed, fr.-perianth rhomboidal or triangular toothed
tubercled on the back.—a. genwina (Syme) ; |. nearly or quite
entire, fr.-perianth with patent points.—Sy. 2. B. 1200.—s.
serrata (Gray) ; 1. broader usually toothed, fr.-perianth shorter
with adpressed points. #. B. 708.—Salt marshes. A. VIT.—
EX: E.S. I.

++ Lower leaves with lateral spreading ov ascending lobes.

2. A, pat'ula (L. em., Bab.)'; st. erect or prostrate, 1. lanceo-
late entire from an acutely wedgeshaped base, lower |. with 2
ascending lobes, fr.-pertanth rhomboidal acute entire with pro-
longed lateral angles longer than the fr. and collected into nearly
simple interrupted spikes the larger leaflike and not tubercled,
seeds black and polished.—St. 79.5. A.angustifolia EK. B.1774.
—Spikes wandlike with distant clusters of fl., valves of the
fr.-perianth netted.—Common.—A. VII.—X. E. 8. I.

3. A.erec'ta (Bab. not Huds.)!; primary st. mostly erect, lower
l. ovate-oblong with 2 ascending lobes from a bluntly wedge-
shaped base irregularly sinuate-dentate, upper 1. lanceolate,

Jtr.-perianth rhomboidal denticulate acute more or less muricate

on the back scarcely exceeding the fr. and collected in branched
dense many-flowered spikes, seeds black and polished.—Z#. B.
2223! Koch in St. 79. 6—Lower branches procumbent or
ascending. Upper |. mostly entire—Common upon cultivated
land: o Av VIL==X: ES. 1

4. A. deltoidea (Bab.); st. mostly erect, /. mostly opposite
nearly all hastate-triangular with spreading lobes, fr.-perianth
ovate-triangular muricate on the back scarcely exceeding the fr.
united only at the base, /7. panicled in dense spikes, seeds thick
black and polished or a few dark brown and larger and with
large perianths.—a ; l.allhastate-triangular toothed, fr.-perianth
tocthed muricate on back, spikes dense. #. B.S. 2860,—s.
salina ; st. and branches prostrate, i. often alternate, uppermost
1, lanceolate entire, fr.-perianth slightly toothed or entire.—
Cult. and waste ground. £.Sea-coast. A. VI.—X. E

5. A. hastdta (L.. em. Bab.) ; st. mostly erect, lower /. hastate-

_ triangular with spreading lobes, uppermost 1. lanceolate entire,
_ir.-perianth trianguar-rhomboidal slightly muricate on the

back exceeding the fr., fr. in nearly suemple interrupted spikes,
larger seeds dark brown rough compressed, smaller seeds black
and shining. —d, patula(Sm.). HL. B.936. A.latifolia St. 79.
7.—Cultivated and waste ground. A. VI.—X. Ke Shik

1 Sp. 2 & 3 are now usually included under 4. patula(L.J—H. & si G.

356 66. POLYGONACE.

6. A. glabrius'cula (Edmondst. em. Moss & Wilmott) ; st.
spreading procumbent or ascending with spreading branches,
1. mealy ovate-triangular somewhat 3-lobed unequally sinuate-
dentate, upper 1. lanceolate dentate and often 3-lobed at the
base, fr.-pertanth rhomboidal acute toothed tubercled on the back,
clusters axillary and terminal few-flowered, seeds minutely
tubercular.—A. rosea Bab., #. B. S. 2880, not L.—A very
variable plant. Sometimes bright red, at others [var. virescens |
quite green and much more fleshy. Fr.-perianth large, typically
forming a diagonal square a little rounded at the lateral angles.
—Sea-shore, common. A, VIJ.—IX. K..S. 1

** Stem buff-coloured, nearly without stripes. Perianth of fr.
hard and thick.

7. A. arendria (Woods); st. spreading procumbent with
spreading branches, /. triangular-rhomboidal sinuate mealy
beneath, spike of male fl. dense naked, fertile fl. axillary, jr.-
pertanths rhomboidal 3-lobed with the lateral lobes truncate the
back 3-ribbed the two lateral ribs often terminating in tubercles,
seeds rough opaque.—4A, farznosa (Dum. not Forsk.). £. B.
165.—Plant hoary throughout. Fr.-perianths large, very
broad.—Sandy shores. A. VIJ.—IX. K.S. 1.

7. Oslone Gaert. Sea-Purslane.

1. O. pedunculdta (Moq.) ; st. herbaceous wavy branched, |.
obovate entire attenuate below, upper 1. narrower, f7.-perianth
long-stalked wedgeshaped 2-lobed with a small intermediate
tooth.—#. B. 232. Atriplex Sm.—Muddy salt marshes near
the East and South coasts ; very rare. A. VIII. IX. E.

2. O. portulacoides (Moq.); st. woody, 1. obovate-lanceolate
entire attenuate below, fr.-perzanth inversely triangular rounded
below subsessile with 3 equal lobes above and muricate on the
back.—#. B. 261. Atriplex Sm.—Common on the sea-shore.
P. VIIL.—xX. ES. I.

Order LXVI. POLYGONACE#.

Perianth 3—6-parted, imbricate. Stam. definite, from the
base of the perianth. Ovary 1, free, with 1 erect ovule. Styles
and stigmas several. Fr. not bursting, a nut, naked or covered
by the enlarged perianth. Embryo mverted, usually on one
side of farinaceous albumen ; radicle remote from the hile.—
Stipules usually cohering in the shape of ocreze.

RUMEX. 357

1. Rumex. Perianth 6-parted ; 3 inner segments (pet.) large
with fr., connivent. Stam. 6, disposed in pairs. Styles 3.
Stigmas multifid. Nuttriquetrous, covered by theenlarged
inner segments of perianth ; embryo lateral.

bo

Oxyria. Perianth 4-parted; 2 inner segments (pet.)
larger. Stam. 6. Stigmas 2, multifid. Nut compressed,
with a membranous wing, larger than the persistent seg-
ments of perianth ; embryo central.

3. Potyconum. Perianth 5-parted. Stam. 5—8. Styles
2—3. Stig. capitate. Nut trigonous or compressed ;
embryo lateral, incurved ; cotyledons not contorted.

[4. Facopyrum. Perianth 5-parted. Stam. 8. Styles 3.
Stig. capitate. Nut trigonous; embryo central ; cotyledons
large,-leaflike, plicate-twisted. |

1. Ru’Mex Linn! Dock.

* Fl. perfect. Herbage not acid. L. not hastate.

1. R. maritimus (L.) ; enlarged pet. rhomboidal narrow, each
with a lanceolate entire point a prominent narrow oblong tuber-
cle and on each side 2 setaceous teeth as long as the pet., whorls
_ crowded many-flowered leafy, |. all linear-lanceolate narrowed
| at both ends.—#. B. 725.—Nut very small: faces elliptic.—
Mase principally near the sea. P. or B. VIL. VIII. cae
ock, bist

2. R.limésus(Thuill.) ; enlarged pet. ovate-oblong, with a lan-
_ ceolate entire point a prominent narrow oblong tubercle and on
each side 2 or 3 setaceous teeth shorter than the pet., whorls
_ distant many-flowered leafy, root-]. narrowly lanceolate rounded
or slightly decurrent below.—Cwrt. 1. 63. Sy. H. B. 1213. R.
_ palustris (Smn.).—Nut 3 times as large as that of R. maritimus ;
faces ovate. Upper 1. linear-lanceolate, narrowed below.—
Marshy places, rare.—P. VIT.—IX. op Basin?

3. &. conglomerdtus (Murr.) ; enlarged pet. linear-oblong sub-
acute, each bearing a large tubercle and entire or obscurely
toothed at the base, whorls distant leafy, |. oblong pointed, lower
1. cordate or rounded at the base.—R. acutus Sm. #. B. 724.

1 Hybrids are frequent in this genus.—H. & J. G.

358 66. POLYGONACE®.

—Nut ovate, acute. Enlarged pet. broadest near the base ; the
sides nearly parallel. Unopened anth.white. Branches mostly
spreading. Uppermost whorls often leafless—Wet places. P.

« De

4. R. rupes'tris (Le Gall) ; enlarged pet. narrow ovate-oblong
blunt all tubercled entive, whorls not very distant leafless (ex-
cept 2 or 3 lowest), 1. strapshaped rounded and narrowed at
both ends.—/. of B. xiv. 2. t.173.—Nut ovate, acute, Enlarged
pet. with nearly parallel sides and very large tubercles.—Shore
near Plymouth. P. VI.—VILII.

5. R. sanguin’eus (L.) ; enlarged pet.narrowly oblong blunt en-
tire only one bearing a tubercle, whorls distant leaftess, |. ovate-
lanceolate, lower |. cordate or rounded at the base.—#. #. 1533.
—Ped. jointed at their base. Nut ovate-elliptic, acute. En-
larged pet. broadest above their middle. Lowermost whorls
often each accompanied by a leaf. Veins of the 1. bright red.
Branches ascending.—. viridis (Sibth.) ; veins of the 1]. green.
Unopened anth. pale yellow. &.nemorosus (Schrad.)—Woody
places. rare. £8. Woods and roadsides, frequent. P. a qe

6. R. pul'cher (L.) ; enlarged pet. treangular-ovate netted with
ribs toothed below one principally tubercled, branches spreading,
whorls mostly leafy ,/ower /. fiddleshaped or cordate-oblong blunt,
upper |. lanceolate-acute, st. procumbent.—Z. 4. 1576.—St.
straggling. Whorls distant. Nuts ovate, acute.—Dry waste
places, local. B.? VII.—IX. /iddle-Dock. E. I.

7. R. obtusifolius (L.) ; enlarged pet. ovate- or oblong-trian-
gular blunt entire or toothed veined one or more tubercled, /ower
1. cordate-ovate-oblong blunt, upper |. oblong or lanceolate,
branches ascending.—oa. agrestis (Fr.); enlarged ‘pet. sinuate-
dentate below with subulate spreading teeth and an oblong
entire point one principally tubercled. £. 4, 1999.—p.
sylvestris (Fr.); enlarged pet. nearly entire all tubercled.
J. of B. xi. 131.—Whorls usually distant and nearly leafless.
Height 2—3 ft. Nut nearly twice as longas broad. A hybrid
with Sp. 10, R. conspersus (Hartm.), has enlarged pet. broadly
cordate toothed membranous netted one tubercled, |. oblong
blunt cordate or oblique at the base.—Sy. #. B. 1217.—
Pastures and waste ground. §. By Thames near Putney. P.

VIL.—IX. A HS i

8. LR. praten’'sis (M. & K.); enlarged pet. unequal cordate di-
lated and toothed at the base with a small entire triangular point

RUMEX, 359

one. principally tubercled, 1. oblong-lanceolate acute, lower |.
slightly cordate below. E.B.S.2757. R.acutus(L.?, G.G:).—
St.and whorls often tinged with dullred. Whorls near together
butnotcrowded, mostlyleafless. Unopened anth.white. Nuts
elhiptic, abundant. One enlarged pet. larger than the others,
sometimesall 3equallytubercled. [Said to bethe hybrid 2. obtusifotius »
crispus.|—Marshy places, rare. P. VI.—IX. Ey Ss

9. R. cris‘pus (L.); enlarged pet. cordate entire or erenulate
one principally tubercled, 1. lanceolate acute wavy crisped.—
£. £. 1998.—Height 2—3 feet. St. and whorls sometimes
tinged with bright red. L. narrowed or truncate below. Nut
elliptic. Enlarged pet. equal, sometimes, var. trigranulatus
(Sy.), all equally tubercled. [ Var, subcordatus (Warr.) has enlarged pet,
broader, more or less deltoid. The hybrid FR. crispus x aquaticus (R. propinguus
Aresch.) occurs in Scotland |.—Roadsides, fields, &e. P. VI.—VIII.
Curled Dock, EV SeT-

[ 2. elongatus (Guss.); enlarged pet.ovate entire one tubercled,
1. linear-lanceolate narrowed at both ends not wavy nor crisped.
—J. of B, xi. 237.—St. 1—25 ft. high. Rt.-l. 8—i2 in. long,
1 in. broad. Of lax habit with distant whorls. A probable
form of &, crispus.—Surrey side of Thames between Putney
and Hammersmith, and Wye at Tintern.]

10. 2. longefdlius (DC.) ; enlarged pet. broadly cordate mem-
branous entire or wavy without tubercles, |. lanceolate, lower 1.
somewhat cordate, petioles semicylindrical flat and finely
margined above.—#. B&. S, 2698. FR. domesticus (Hartm.).
ft. aquaticus Hook not L.—Height 3—4 feet. L. very large.
Whorls crowded, mostly leafless, forming a large dense Jobed
panicle. Nut elliptic_—In the North of E.andin S., preferring
spots liable to be flooded. P. VII. VIII. E. 58.

ll. R. Hydrolap'athum (Huds.) ; enlarged pet. ovate-trian-
guar nearly entire all tubercled,l.lanceolateacute tapering below,
petioles flat but not with raised edges.—/. B. 2104.—St. 3—5
feet high. lL. often more than a foot long, sometimes cordate
at the base. Whorls crowded, mostly leafless. Nut elliptic.—
Ditches and river-sides, P. VII. VIII. Great Water-Dock.

ES Seal.

12. &. heteroph'yllus (Schultz) ; enlarged pet. triangular-cor-
date denticulate below all. tubercled, radical 1. oblong-acute
obliquely cordate below, petioles flat or broadly channelled above
with raised edges.—. maximus (Schreb. not Gmel.). S#. 73.
16.- J. of L. xii. t. 140.—St. 3—5 feet high. L. very long,

360 66. POLYGONACE®.

whorls crowded, mostly leafless. Near Lewes, Winchester,
Kelvedon. in Essex, and in Scilly Isles. —Perhaps not distinct
from Sp. 11. P. VIL. VILL. E.

*13. R. alpinus (L.); enlarged pet. cordate-ovate mem-
branous entire or denticulate without tubercles, J. roundish
cordate-blunt with channelled petioles, upper 1. ovate-—H. B.S.
2694.— Whorls crowded, mostly leafless. Nut elliptic.—
Formerly cultivated. P. VII. Monk’s Rhubarb. E. 8.

** FI. diucecious or polygamous. Herbage acid. Sorrel.

14. R. Acetdsa (L.); enlarged pet. roundish-cordate entire
membranous with a very minute tubercle at the base, sep. reflexed,
1. oblong sagittate, stipules laciniate-dentate-——H. B. 127.—
Height 1—2 feet. Whorls leafless. Nut elliptic with acute
angles——Woods. P. Y. VI. B.S...

15. R. Acetosel'la (L.) ; ducecious, petals scarcely enlarged ovate
not tubercled closely adpressed to nut, sep. ascending, |. lanceolate-
hastate or linear with entire lobes, stipules torn.—£Z. B. 1674.—
Height6—10in. Whorlsleafiess. LL. very variable in breadth.
[a. angtocarpus (Celak.) Pet. adhering to nut. 8. gymnocarpus (Celak.) Pet.
not adhering to nut.]|—Dry gravelly places. P. V.—VII. Sheep’s
Sorrel. ae? SOF

[R. seutdtus (L.); polygamous, 1. hastate-ovate, slightly
_ -shaped, is naturalized near Edinburgh, &e. Sy. #. B.
1222

2. Oxyr'1a Mill. Mountain-Sorrel.

1. O. digyna (Hill).—£. B. 910, O. reniformis (Hook.) ed.
vili,_-St. 8—10 in. high, usually leafless. L. radical, reniform,
slightly notched at the vend ; veins radiating from thei insertion of
the long footstalk. Pedicels thickening upwards, in a spikelike
raceme. Permanent pet. not enlarged.—Lofty mountains. P.
VIL, VEL. E. S. I.

3. Potyc’onum Linn. em. Gaertn.

* Rhizomatous. Stem simple. Ocree truncate. Nut trv-
quetrous. Stam 8. Styles 3. Bistorta.

1. P. Bistor'ta(L.) ; raceme cylindric dense,!. ovate subcordate,
root-l. with winged footstalks, faces of nut ovate smooth.—
#. B. 509.—St. Lea foot hich. Rhizome large. Fl. flesh-
coloured.—Moist meadows, rare. P. VI. and X. wore

POLYGONUM. 361

2. P. vivip'arum (L.) ; raceme slender lax bulbiferous bearing
fl. on its upper part, /. énear-lanceolate with revolute margins,
lower l. elliptic with wingless footstalks, face of nut ovate-lan-
_ ceolate smooth and shining.—Z. B. 669.—Height 4—8 in. FI.
on the lower part of the raceme replaced by small red bulbs.
Fl. white, sometimes very few in number.—s. alpinum (Wakil.)
lower 1. ‘oval, root much thicker.—Mountain pastures. £.
Shetland and O. Hebrides. P. VI. VII. BK. SL.

_ * Ocree truncate. Root fibrous. Nut compressed or subtre-
quetrois. Stam.4—8. Styles2—3. Racemes spikelike.—
Fl. purple or white. LL. without or with a central dark spot.
Persicaria.

+ Creeping. Perennial. Anthers protruded.

3. P. amphib’ium (L.); raceme dense ovate-cylindrical, 1.
stalked ovate-oblong (floating) or oblong-lanceolate or narrow-
lanceolate rough at the margins, ocree membranous close, nut
compressed smooth shining, stam. 5.—/. B. 436.—St. long when
floating. Racemes generally solitary and terminal. FI. rose-
coloured, Stam. protruded or not. Very variable in the form
of its leaves according to its habitation.—Floating or growing
upon mud or on boggy ground. P. VII.—IX. E.S.L1.

+f Root fibrous. Annual. Anthers included.

4. P.lapathefolium (L. em., Rehb.); raceme oblong cylindrical
dense, 1, oblong-lanceolate or ovate attenuate at both ends
glandular beneath, ocree close not fringed the upper one shortly
Fringed, peduncles and perianth rough with glands, nut com-
_ pressed its faces roundish acuminate concave smooth shining
searcely covered by the prominently veined perianth, styles
distinct at length divergent and reflexed.—Z#. B. 1382.—Height
-1—2 feet. St. sometimes spotted, glandular or glabrous ;
| joinings more or Jess thickened. Racemes axillary or terminal,
1—2 together. Fl. pale. Bracts auricled—Waste and damp
places. A. VIL.—IX. dnovmd amare well
i

5. P. nodésum (Pers. sec. Rehb.) ; raceme long slender, 1.
lanceolatemuch attenuateat both ends wavy glandular beneath,
ocrece loose shortly fringed the floral ones horned, ped. and peri-
anths rough rin 2 glands, nut compressed its faces roundish
acuminate concave shining covered by the strongly veined
perianth, styles connected belowat lengthdivergentand reflexed.
—P. laxum EK. B. 8. 2822. P. maculdtum (Bab.) R. I. 496.

362 66. POLYGONACE.

Persicaria maculata, Gray (1821). J. of B. ix. 34.—Smaller
than the preceding. St. often prostrate ; joiings very’ thick.
Racemes slender and interrupted (the typical form) : or thicker
and continuous (as in 2, B. S.), and]. white and woolly beneath.
—Damp gravelly places... A. VIJ.—IX. Kus.

6. P. Persicdria(L.) ; raceme compact ovate-oblong-cylindri-
ceal., 1. lanceolate flat minutely tubercled, ocrea, loose strongly
fringed, ped. and perianths smooth, nut compressed and gibbous
on one side or trigonous its faces roundish acuminate smooth
scarcely covered by the obscurely veined perianth, styles con-
nected halfway up at length patent.—Sy. #. B. 1237.—St. 1—2
feet high. LL. more or less hairy on both sides ; sometimes
woolly beneath, when it is P. imcanwm of authors. Ped. some-
times slightly hairy.—g. eldtum (G. & G.); racemes slender,
much resembling ?. macwatum.—Waste and damp ground.

A. VI.—X, E. 8. I

7. P. laxiflorum(Weihe); raceme erect filiform interrupted, |.
lanceolate slightly wavy, ocree loose funnelshaped pilose,
strongly fringed without glands, perianths without glands nut
(large) compressed its faces roughish ovate acute rather shining
convex, stam. 5, styles connected halfway up.—Z#. 2. S. 2867.—
St. 1—3 feet high, often much branched. Ocrev all fringed.

Xacemes thickening upwards.— Wet places. A. VI.—IX. E.T.

8. P. Hydrop'iper (L.) ; raceme drooping filiform interrupted,
1. lanceolate wavy, ocrece veptricose glabrous fringed glandular,
perranths glandular, nut (large) compressed its faces ovate acute
rugose-punctate opaque convex, style 2 nearly distinct.—/. ZB.
989.—St. 1—3 feet high. Upper ocrez funnelshaped, scarcely
fringed. Nut'rounder thanin P. /axzjlorum. Racemes sometimes
erect.—Wet places. A. VIII. 1X. Water-Pepper. E.S.1.

9. P.minus(Huds.); raceme erect filiform slender lax,|.linear-
lanceolate flat, ocrec close pilose all fringed without glands, perv-
anthswithout glands, nut(small)compressed its facesovate acute
smooth shining convex, styles connected for at least half their
length.—Z#. &.1043.—St. usually procumbent, diffuse. Racemes
ascending. Much smaller than P. ydropiper, fl. and fr. only
half the size,-—Wet gravelly places, rare. A, VIII, 1X. E.8.1.

*** Ocrew 2-lobed. Root fibrous. Nut triquetrous. Stam. 8.
Styles 3. Fl. axillary, 1—8 together. Avicularia.

10. P. aviculdre (I..) ; 1. lanceolate or elliptic stalked, ocrec —
lanceolate acute with few. distant simple vers at length torn,

POLYGONUM. 363

nut striate withraised points opaqueabout equalling the perianth.
—E#. B. 1252. Sy. Hy B, 1229—1231.—L. usually blunt, some-
times acute, broad ornarrow. FI. either very distant and scat-
tered, or so much collected as almost to form a leafy spike. . St.
erect or procumbent. Ocreze sometimes long and much torn.
Nut usually falling short of the perianth, but sometimes slightly
exceeding it. Very variable. Some botanists think that it
includes several species ; but I am quite unable to divide what
1 have seen similarly.—s. /ittorale (Koch) ; st. long, diffuse,
prostrate, ]. thick broad, nut minutely punctured finely striate.
—Waste places. 8. Sands by the sea. A. V.—IX. fine eoree

e De .

11. P. Rdat (Bab.) ; /. elliptic-lanceolate flat, ocrece lanceolate
acute with few distant simple veins at length torn, nut smooth
shining exceeding the perianth.—E, B.S, 2805.—St. long, strag-
gling, prostrate. L. bending towards the stem. Filaments
broader at the base. Resembling P. aviculare in habit, but P.
marittmum in fruit. It varies with smaller 1. and fl—Sandy

sea-shores. A. or P, VITT. IX. EYS. 1.

12. P.maritimum (L.); /. elliptic-lanceolate coriaceous with
revolute edges, ocree lanceolate with many branched veins at
length torn, nut smooth shining exceeding the perianth.—
£. B.S. 2804.—St. procumbent, quite woody below, often much
buried. L. convex above, diverging from the stem. Filaments
broader at the base.—Sands of the southern sea-shores. Christ-
church, Hants. Braunton Burrows, Dev. Falmouth. Channel
Islands. P. VIII. IX. E.

[P. sagtttdtum (L.), with reflexed prickles and ovate sagittate l., a native of
N. America, has been found in Kerry. |

**** Ocreee semicylindrical. Root fibrous. Nut triquetrous,
Stam. 8. Styles 3. Fl. racemose.

13. P. Convol'vudus(L,) ; st. twining angular, |. cordate-sagit-
tate, segments of perianth bluntly keeled, nut opaque striate with
minute points.—2, LG. 941.—St. climbing or prostrate, much
shorter than in the next species.—s. subalatwm (v. Hall);
perianth-segm. winged ; often taken for Sp. 14.—Cultivated
and waste land. A. VII.—IX. Black Bindweed. E.S. I.

14. P. dumetérum (L.) ; st. twining striate, 1. cordate sagit-
tate, segments of perianth winged, wut very smooth and shining.
—E. B. S. 2811.—St. wiry, climbing to the height of 4 or 5
feet.—Thickets in the South, rare. A. VIJ,—IX. )

ie

364 67. ELEZAGNACEX.—68. THYMELACE.

4. Facopy’rum Gaertn. Buck-wheat.

[/. sagittdétum (Gilib.); st. erect without prickles, fi. in
cymose panicles, stam. 8, |. cordate-sagittate acute, nut trique-
trous acute with entire angles.—Polygonum Fagopyrum 'L.
I’. esculentum (Moench).—H#. B. 1044.—An escape. Sown as
food for game. A. VII. VIIT.]

Order LXVII. ELE AGNACE#.

Mostly dicecious. Perianth tubular; limb 2—4-toothed, in
male fl. 4-parted. Stam. 3 or more, inserted in the throat.
Anth. 2-celled, nearly sessile, bursting on the inner side longi-
tudinally.. Ovary free, 1-celled, with 1 erect: ovule, Fr. crus-
taceous, enclosed within the fleshy persistent perianth. Albumen
thin and fleshy. Radicle inferior.—No stipules.

1. HippopHaé. Dicecious. Male fl. in a sort of catkin ;
scales ovate, 1-flowered. Perianth of 2 leaves adhering by
their points. Stam. 4, with very short filaments.—Female
fl.solitary. Perianth tubular, cloven at the summit. Style
short. Stigma, long. Nut 1-seeded, in the large coloured
berrylike perianth.

1. Hrepo’pHat Linn. Sea Buckthorn.

1. H. Rhamnoides (.).<s#H. B. 425.—A thorny shrub with
linear-lanceolate silvery leaves. Fl. appearing with the young
leaves. Fr.orange. Height 4—6feet.—Sandy spots and cliffs
of the South-east and East coasts chiefly. Sh. V. iDhegls

Order LXVII. THYMELACE,

Perianth tubular, inferior, often coloured, 4—5-cleft. Stam.
definite in number, in the tube. Anth. 2-celled, bursting lon-
gitudinally. Ovary free, 1-celled ; ovule 1, pendulous. Fr. a
nut or drupe. Albumen 0 or thin and fleshy. Radicle
superior.—No stipules.

1. Dapune. Perianth4-fid,deciduous. Berry fleshy, 1-seeded.
Stam. 8, falling short of the perianth, inserted in the tube
in 2 rows.

1. DapH’nE Linn,

1. D. Mezéreum (L.) ; fl. about 3 together lateral sessile, tube

69. SANTALACE. 365

hairy, segments ovate acute.—Z. B. 1381.—Fl. purple or pale
red, appearing before the lanceolate 1., which are narrowed
below. Berries red. A small deciduous shrub.—Woods, rare.
| Sh. III. Mezereon. E.

—. 2. D. Lauréola (L.); racemes axillary of about 5 glabrous
~ drooping bracteate fl., 1. lanceolate attenuate below glabrous
evergreen.—Z£. B.119.—A small evergreen shrub, 1—3 feet high,
slightly branched, naked below. FI. yellowish green, funnel-
sages Berries bluish black.—Woods and thickets. Sh. aa
V. :

Order LXIX. SANTALACE#.

Perianth adnate to the ovary ; limb 3—5-fid ; zestivation val-
_ vate. Stam. 3—5, opposite to and inserted at the base of the
segments. ~ Ovary 1-celled ; ovules 1—4, pendulous from near
the apex of a central placenta. Style 1. Fr. drupaceous,

l-seeded. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen.—No stipules.

1, Tuesium. Perianth 4—5-cleft, top- or funnelshaped.
Stam. 5, with a fascicle of hairs at their base. Style 1.
Stigma simple. Nut drupaceous, crowned with the per-
sistent perianth.

1. Tue’stum Linn.

1. LT. humifiisum (DC.); st. procumbent or ascending race-
- mose, racemes branched or simple, fl.-stalksas long as or longer
than the fi., fr.-stalks patent, angles of fr.-stalks and edges of
bracts and upper 1. denticulate-asperous, fr. oval-oblong, 1. 1-
- veined linear.—A. xi. 542. 7. linophyllum Sm. £. B. 247.—
Parasitic on various pasture plants. Root woody. St. nearly
always prostrate, spreading im a circle. L.very slender ; veins
usually obscure. Bracts 3, lower middle ones exceeding flowers.
Perianth-tube very short, open, funnelshaped ; segm. triangular,
spreading, a tooth oneach side. Fr. ovoid, longer than the per-
sistent perianth which is usually inflexed only at the end,
strongly ribbed, slightly netted.—Chalky and limestone (oolite)
hills., P. VI. VII. E:

[7. hvimile (Vahl); racemes spiked, fl. nearly sessile, fr.
strongly ribbed and netted sessile crowned with the very short
inflexed perianth, /. fleshy lonear 1-veined.—R. xi. 542.—I
gathered two specimens of this plant near Dawlish, Devon-
shire, in 1829. P. VII. VIII.)

366 70. ARISTOLOCHIACE®.—71. EMPETRACE.

Order LXX. ARISTOLOCHIACE#.

Perianth adnate to the ovary below, tubular above, with a
lobed dilated usually irregular limb. Stam. 6— 12, epigynous.
Ovary 3—6-celled. Style simple ; stigma radiant. Fr. many-
seeded. Seed with a minute embryo at the base of fleshy albu-
men.—No stipules.

{1. ArtstoLocHta. Perianth tubular, swelling at the base ;
mouth dilated on one side. Anth. 6, adnate to the short
columnar style under the 6-lobed stigma. Caps. 6-celled.|

2. Asarum. Perianth bellshaped, 3-fid. Stam. 12, inserted
at the base of the style. Anth. attached to the middle of
the filaments. Stigma 6-lobed. Caps. 6-celled.

1. AristoLo’cHia Linn, Birthwort.

[A. Clematitis (L.); creeping, st. erect simple, 1. cordate
stalked glabrous, fl. clustered.—Z. B. 398. St. 6. 16.—F. pale
yellow.—Established near old ruins. P. VII. VIIT.] E.

2. As'arumM Linn. Asarabacca.

1. A. ewrope’um (L.); 1. reniform blunt.—#. B. 1083.—St.
short, with 2 evergreen leaves, between which there is a solitary
drooping dull-green flower. Perianth- -segm. ovate and in-
curved. Filaments extending beyond the anthers.—Woods
and banks, very rare. P. ¥. EK.

Order LXXI. EMPETRACE.

Dicecious. Perianth of hypogynous scales imbricate in
several rows. Stam. equal in number to the inner row of
scales and alternate with them, free. Ovary free, on a fleshy
disk, 2—9-celled. Ovules solitary, ascending. Style 1.
Stigma radiant. Fr. fleshy with bony cells. Embryo im the
axis of fleshy albumen. Jadicle inferior.—No stipules.

1. Emperrum. Cal. 3-parted. Pet. 3. Stam. 3 in the male
flowers. Style short; stigma dilated, peltate, with 6—9
rays in the fem. flowers. Berry globose, 1-celled. Seeds
6—9.

72. FUPHORBIACE. 367

1. Empr’rrum Linn. Crowberry.

1. #. nigrum (L.); procumbent, |. linear-oblong their mar-
gins meeting in a white line beneath.—Z. 2. 526.—A small
leafy heathlike shrub. FI. axillary, small, purple. Stigma
with 9rays. Berries black.—Mountain heaths. Sh. VY. E.S. 1.

Order LXXII. EUPHORBIACE.

Fl. moneecious or dicecious. Perianth lobed or 0. Male
flowers of 1 or more stamens. Anth. 2-celled. Fem. fl. of 1
superior 2—3-lobed and 2—3-celled ovary. Styles 2—3.
Stigma compound or simple. Caps. opening with elasticity ;
cells 2—3, with 1 or 2 suspended seeds in each. Embryo in
fleshy albumen. Radicle superior.—Stip. often present, but
very deciduous.

1. Buxus. Fl. moncecious.—Male. Cal. 3-parted. Pet. 2.
- Stam. 4.—Fem. Cal. 4-parted. Pet. 3. Caps. with 3
horns, 3-celled, 6-seeded.

i)

EKupnorsia. Fl. incomplete, collected into moncecious
clusters consisting of 1 female and many male flowers. Invo-
lucre bellshaped with 4 or 5 divisions and 4 or 5 alternate
glands.— Males consisting of a single stamen upon a pedicel,
intermixed with scales and surrounding the female. Fem.
of asingle pistil. Styles3. Stigmas bifid. Caps. 3-celled,
bursting at the back. Seeds solitary, pendulous.

w

Mercurtauts. Fl. dicecious or moncecious. Perianth
3-parted.—Male. Stam, 9—-16.—Fem. Two barren fila-
ments. Style short, forked. Caps. 2-celled. Cells 1-
seeded, bursting at the back.

1. Bux'us Linn. Box.

1. B. sempervirens (.); 1. ovate-oblong coriaceous shining
above, petioles ciliate, anth. ovate-sagittate.—H. B. 1341.—A
small bushy tree 10—12 feet in height.—Dry chalky hills
especially in Surrey. and Kent, rare. T. [V.—VI. E.

2. EupHor’sia Linn. Spurge.
A. Leaves with stipules, opposite. Clusters axillary.

1. #. Pep'lis(h.) ; st. procumbent forked, heads solitary, caps.

368 72. EUPHORBIACE®.

keeled, seeds smooth, 1]. opposite stalked half-oblong-heart-
shaped nearly entire glabrous.—Z. B. 2002.—St. usually much
tinged with purple, glaucous. Inv.-glands rounded.—Loose
sand. Southern sea-coast, rare. A. VIJ.—IX. Ez 1.

B. Stipules wanting. L. scattered (except in #. Lathyris).
* Involucral lobes roundish or transversely oval.

2. HB. Helioscdpia (L.); umbel of 5 trifid and forked rays,
bracts and ]. membranous ovate-wedgeshaped serrate upwards,
caps. smooth glabrous, seeds netted rugose.— #. B. 883.—St.
6—18 in. high.—Waste and cultivated ground. A. VI.—IX.
Sun Spurge. E..8. 1.

3. EF. stricta (L.); umbel of 3—5 each 3—5-fid and forked
rays, general and first partial bracts and ]. oblong clasping,
other bracts broadly cordate blunt with a minute apiculus,
iny.-lobes oval, stam. rarely more than 2 in each inv., caps. with
prominent cylindr ical tubercles, seeds smooth oval brown and
shining, seed-stalk cordate. —F B. §. 2974.—St. erect, 2—3 ft.
high, much branched. Umbel moderate. Inv., caps., and
seeds small.—Limestone woods. Gloucestershire and Mon-
mouthshire. A. VII. VIII.

4, Ht platyphyl'los (L.); umbel of 3—5 repeatedly forked
rays, |. and general bracts long-obovate with a cordate base,
partial bracts all cordate,-stam. 7—8 in each inv., iny.-lobes
oval, caps. with shortly conical tubercles, seed obovate brown
and shining, seed-stalk nearly reniform.—E. stricta Sm., #. LB.
333 (starved).—Plant more diffuse than, and quite distinct
from, the preceding, erect, slightly branched. Inv. , caps., and
seeds twice as large. —Fields, A. VI—VILL. E.

LB. dulcis (.) ; wmbel of 5 bifid rays, 7. and general bracts
long-obovate blunt narrowed to the base, partial bracts tri-
angular -ovate with a truncate base, inv. lobes rounded, caps.
with few prominent tubercles. —R. v. 135.—Erect. A foot
high. Umbel-rays long.—West Bergholt, Essex. Glascoed
Dingle, Llansilin. Jedburgh. P. VI.]

5. EB. hiber'na (L.); umbel of about 5 twice-forked rays,
bracts and ]. ovate or oblong entire blunt, inv.-lobes reniform,
caps. warted glabrous, seeds obovate smooth somewhat shining
brownish.—/. &. 1337.—Height 1—2 feet. L. broad, usually |
ee beneath.—S. and W. of Ireland. Cornw., N. a

V

EUPHORBIA. 369

6. #. pildsa (L.); umbel irregular of about 5 trifid and
forked rays, bracts all elliptic glabrous, |. broadly lanceolate mi-
nutely serrate slightly hairy, inv.-lobes transversely oval, caps.
warted, seeds obovate minutely punctate smooth.—Z. B. S.
2787. E. palustris Forst. (not Linn.).—St. 2—4 feet high,
eafy throughout, annual. Caps. usually hairy.—Shady places
near Bath. P. V. VI. EK.

(#7. £. coralloides (L.); umbel of 5 trifid and forked rays,
bracts ovate-oblong the tertiary ones ovate all hairy, 1. lanceolate
minutely serrate woolly, inv.-lobes transversely oval,caps. nearly
smooth woolly, seeds obovate minutely punctate and with faint
netted bands.—Z. B. S.2837,— Height 2—3feet. Usually naked
below.—Slinfold, Sussex. Introduced. B.? V. VI.] E.

** Involucral lobes triangular-lunate or with 2 horns.
+ Seeds smooth. Bracts connate.

8. E. amygdaloides (L.); umbel of 5 or more forked bifid
rays, bracts rounded connate, |. ovate-lanceolate hairy beneath
entire, inv.-lobes lunate (yellow) with 2 horns, caps. with very
minute tubercles glabrous, seeds roundish-ovate.—Z. 5. 256.
—St. 2—3 feet high, leafy, purple below, biennial.—Woods and
thickets. P.IL.1IV. Wood-Spurge. E. I.

+t Seeds smooth. Bracts separate.

LE. Cyparis'sias (L.); umbel of many forked rays, partial
bracts reniform or cordate blunt entire, |. linear entire or on the
barren shoots setaceous many close together, inv.-lobes with
2 horns, caps. tubercular.—. v. 147.—lt may be a native at
Whitbarrow in Westmoreland. Rev. W.H. Hawker. The other
stations belong to #. Hswla.] E.

+9. #. E’sula (L.) ; umbel of many forked rays, partial bracts
cordate mucronate, /. lanceolate or sublinear narrowed below
glabrous denticulate scattered, inv.-lobes with 2 horns, “ caps.
asperous, seeds obovate.”—Z#. B. 1399. A. v. 146.—St. 12—18
in. high, leafy, with a few axillary leafy branches without
flowers. Creeping.—Woods rare. P. VI. VII. EK. S.

10. #. Pardlias (L.) ; umbel usually of 5 forked rays, bracts
rather reniform, /. corzaceous oblong, mv.-lobes 5 with 3 or 4
short points, caps. wrinkled.—#. &. 195.—Root woody, tough.
Flowering st. about a foot high ; barren stems shorter, many.
_L. closely imbricate.—Sandy sea-coasts. P. VIII. IX. Sea-
Spurge.
' Zee

370 72. EUPHORBIACE.

ttt Seeds rough, tubercled or pitted. 4. alternate, scattered.

ll. #£. portland’ica (L.); umbels of 5 forked rays, bracts
broadly rhomboidal acuminate, /. obovate or obovate-lanceolate
blunt subapiculate, mv.-lobes 4 lunate with long horns, caps.
rough at the angles, seeds pitted and netted almost white.—
EB. B. at. —Glaucous, smooth. Scarcely a foot high. L. spread-
ing. Seed-stalk conical, hooded.—Sea- coasts. P. IV-IX.

Ex6. I

12. #. Pep'lus (.); umbel of 3 forked rays, bracts ovate
biunt mucronate, /. broadly ovate stalked, lower |. suborbicular,
inv.-lobes 4 lunate with long horns, caps. smooth with thick-
ened rough keels, seeds ovoid pitted.—/. B. 959.—Light green,
smooth, erect, 6—10 in. high.— A common weed. A. VIT. VIII.
Petty Spurge. IDSoak

13. 2. exig'ua (L.) ; umbel of 3 forked rays, bracts lanceolate
acute unequal below, |. lmear blunt with a mucro [var. retus« (L.)]
or acute, inv.-lobes rounded with 2 horns, caps. smooth with
slightly thickened and tubercled angles, seeds angular wrinkled.
—H. B, 1336.—Height 3—6 in., usually branched at the base.
Seeds small white.—Cornfields. A. VI.—VITI. KE. 8. I.

+tt+ Seeds rough. Leaves opposite.

14. #. Lath'yrus (L.); umbel of 3 or 4 forked rays, bracts
oblong-ovate attenuate acute, |. linear-oblong sessile, upper I.
cordate at the base, inv.-lobes lunate with blunt horns, caps.
smooth with a dorsal line. 2. B. 2255.—St. solitary, 2~-3 feet
high, purplish. L. many, in 4 rows.—Truly wild in a few
stony and rocky woods, where it appears for 2 or 3 years after
the bushes have been cut. Also naturalized on cultivated
ground. B. VI. VIL. Caper-Spurge. EK.

3. Merouria’Lis Linn. Mereury.

A. peren'nis (L.) ; st. simple, |. stalked oblong- pee
ise female fl. on ‘long common stalks, creeping.—/.
1872.—St. a foot high, usually naked below. Fl. in lax ate
—p. MW. ovata (Sternb. et Hoppe); |. nearly sessile ovate.—
Woods and thickets. . Hurstpierpoint, Suss. J/r JJitten.
BSLVe NV? E.S

M. annua (i...) ; st. branched, |. stalked ovate or ovate-ob-
long smooth, female fl. nearly sessile, root fibrous.— #7. 3B. 559.—
Height 6—12 in. Bright green. Much branched.—~. 7.um-
biqua (L.); 1. lanceolate, fl. whorled maleand female intermixed.
E. B.S. 2816.—Waste and cultivated land. A. VITI. IX. EH. I.

73. CERATOPHYLLACE®R.—74. CALLITRICHACE. 371

Order LXXIIT CERATOPHYLLACE#.
|

Fl. moneecious. Perianth free, in many divisions. Anth. 12
- —20, sessile, 2-celled, 2-pointed ; cells again partially divided.—
Perianth usually wanting. Ovary 1-celled. Seed 1, pendulous.
mbryo straight ; cotyledons 4, alternately smaller.—No sti-
pules.—Only one genus.

1. CERATOPHYL'LUM Linn. Hornwort.

1. C. demer’sum (1..) ; segments of 1. linear-jiliform, fr. wing-
less having a spine on each side near the base and tipped with
the curved subulate style—H#. 2. 947.—L. 2—4 times forked,
dark green, segments of uppermost |. broader and more rigid.
Sometimes the spines are wanting, the style is short; and the
surface rough with minute tubercles.— Ponds and ditches, rare.
Pova VET B.S. i

2. CO. submer'sum (L.) ; segments of 1. setaceous, fr. destitute
of spines covered when ripe with cylindrical tubercles and tipped
with the short curved style.—Z. B. 679.—L. pale green. Young
fr. smooth.—Ponds and ditches. P. VI. VII. E.

Order LXXIV. CALLITRICHACE.

Fl. mostly moneecious, solitary, minute, usually with 2 white
bracts, no perianth. Stam.1. Filamentlong. Anth.reniform,
1-celled, opening transversely at the top.—Perianth none. Ovary
1, 4-angled, 4-celled. Styles 2, subulate. Fr. dry, 4-celled, 4-
lobed ; separating into 4 1-seeded indehiscent carpels. Embryo
maxis of fleshy albumen, Radicle superior, long. Cotyledons
short, terete.-—No stipules.—Only one genus of aquatic plants.

1. Cauuir’RICHE Linn. Water-Starwort.

| Aeaka. narrowed at the base ; lower linear, submerged; upper
floating, broad, often spathulate and forming a rosette. Fr.
of 4 lobes cohering in pairs.—C. verna L.

1. C. palustris (L. em. Rend. & Br.) ; fr, nearly sessile longer
than. broad, lobes parallel bluntly keeled on the back convex on the
sides, styles erect deciduous, bracts straightish deciduous.—C.
ver'ne (i. em. Kiitz.).. C. vernalis (Koch). 2. .B.722. R.v.129.
—Tloating |. oyate-spathulate, in a rosette, rarely wanting.
Fr. small ; keels of each pair of lobes converging.— Ponds and
slow streams. A. or P. [V.—IX. Bess 0

372 74. CALLITRICHACES.

2. C’. obtusan'gula (Le Gall); fr. nearly sessile, /obes parallel
with rounded edges, styles erect or spreading persistent, bracts
persistent.—L. all obovate, in a rosette. Fr. large, quite blunt
and rounded at the edges.—Ditches. A.or P. V.—IX. E.I

3. C.polymérpha (Lounr.) ; fr. nearly sessile, its lobes keeled
not winged ; styles erect in fl. persistent and reflexed in fr. very
long, bracts falcate persistent. Upper 1. rosulate, roundly
spathulate, lower |. linear emarginate. Fr. about as long as in
Sp. 1. Style 2—3 times as long as fr. Much resembles Sp. 4
but fr.smaller and scarcely winged.—Recorded from Surrey and
Shetland. A. or P. VI.—IX. E. S.

4, C. stagnalis (Scop. sec. Kutz.) ; fr. nearly sessile, lobes
winged on the back, styles erect in flower persistent and reflexed
closely with fruit, bracts falcate persistent.—Z. B.S. 2864, All
1. round-obovate- spathulate, floating-l. in a close rosette, often
wanting. Fr. twice as large as in Sp. 1, pale when dry; lobes
slightly spreading.—Common, especially on mud. A. or P.
V.—Ix. E.S8. 1.

5. C. hamuldta (Kitz. ex Koch) ; fr. broader than long nearly
sessile or stalked, /obes parallel with a blunt dorsal ridge flat on
the sides, styles divaricate and reflexed over the sides of the
fruit, bracts faleate very deciduous.—A. v. 130. Sy. #. B.
1273. lL. linear; upper ones broader in the middle; upper-
most oblong spathulate. Bracts hooked, overlapping, soon
falling. Fr. small, the size of that of 0. palustris.—B. C.
pedunculata (DC.) ; 1. linear, upper 1. rather broader, fr. stalked.
Plant usually very small. —Bakes and streams. 8. Marshes.
A. or P. IV.—IX. E.S. I.

B. LZ. uniform, enlarged at the base, linear, Fr. of 4
nearly free lobes.

6. C. truncata (Guss.) ; fr. shortly stalked, lobes with a blunt
dorsal ridge, styles reflexed-patent, bracts 0.—C. autwmnalis
Hook. (not L.). #. B. S. 2606.—L. all submersed, uniform,
very abrupt at the end. translucent green.—Suss., Kent, Wex-
ford, Guernsey. A. or P. [V.—IX. K.. Ds

7. C. autumndilis ((“L."] Wahl.) ; fr. nearly sessile, lobes,
broadly and acutely winged at the back, styles spreading, bracts
0.—E. B. S, 2732.—Fr. 4 times as large as in C. palustris, dark |
brown, 1 or 2 of the lobes often abortive. lL. dark green, all.
submersed, very abrupt at the end.—Rare. Anglesea. N. of
England. "Scotland. N. & W. of Ireland. A. or P. na ran

75. URTICACES. 373

Order: LXXV. URTICACE®.

Fl.monececious, dicecious, or rarely perfect. _Perianth inferior,
4—3—6-parted, imbricate ; or in the female flowers tubular
notched or scalelike and open. Stam. definite, free, inserted

t the base of the perianth and opposite to its lobes. Ovary
free,1-celled; ovules solitary. Stigmas1—2. Fr.not bursting.

1. ParteTaria. Fl. polygamous, surrounded by an in-
volucre. Perianth bellshaped, 4-parted. Stam. 4. Style
filiform.—L, alternate. Hairs simple.

2. Urtica. Fl. moncecious or dicecious. Males in loose
racemes ; perianth 4-parted ; stam. 4. Females in capitate
racemes ; perianth 2-parted ; stigma sessile-—L. opposite.
Hairs stinging.

“1. Parterarta Linn. Wall-Pellitory.

1. P. oficindls (L.); 1. elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate 3-
veined above the base, bracts combined into an involucre of
two 3-lobed segm.., perianth bellshaped equalling the stam. or
in the Laie fl. (red) lengthening to twice as long as the
‘stamens. E. B.879. Curt. ii. 208. P. diffusa (M. & K.).—St.
prostrate or ascending, simple or branched below. Cymes
axillary, dense ; primary fem. fl. between the inv.-segm. and
with 1 or 2 free bracts ; each segm. bears on its face 1 or 3
fl., of which the lateral have bracts.—Old walls. P. Yigg

2. Urti'ca Lunn. Nettle.

il. U. puulif'era (L.) ; 1. opposite ovate ovate-lanceolate or
cordate-acuminate coarsely toothed, clusters of fr. globose
stalked.—#. B. 148.—About 2 ft. high. Very venomous.—
B. U. Dodartw (L.); 1. ovate or ovate- lanceolate nearly entire.
Sy. E. B. 1281.—About towns and villages in the East of
England, rare. A. VI.—-VIII. Roman Nettle. EK.

2. U. uirens (L.) ; 1. opposite elliptic-ovate serrate, spzkes axil-
lary nearly simple ‘two to gether falling short of the petiole, seeds
oblong.—#. B. 1236.—Scarcely a foot high, glabrous, with
sringiné bristles—Common weed. A. VI.—IX. E. S. 1.

U. dioica (L.) ; 1. opposite cordate serrate, spikes axillary
panee exceeding the petiole, seeds ovate.—H. B. 1750.—Creep-
ing. St. 2—3 ft. high. Hairy. Stinging. Dark-green.—
8. angustifolia (Wimm. & Grab.) ; 1. ovate-lanceolate rounded
but hardly cordate at the base. —Gommon. P. VI.—IX.

Be. L.

374 76. CANNABINACE#.—77. ULMACEX.

Order LXXVI. CANNABINACEX.

Fl. diecious ; fem. in catkins. Perianth inferior, of 5 sepals
in male, open and seale-like in female flower. Stam. 5, on base
of perianth. Ovary free. Ovule solitary. Styles 2, long.—
With stipules. :

1. Humutus. Fem. fl. open nearly fat, 2 together.

1. Hu'muivs Linn, Hop.
1. H, Litpulus (.)—E. B. 427.—Known by its long twin-

ing stems, opposite rough 3—5-lobed serrate leaves ; ovoid or —
globular ripe fem. catkins with ovate scales. Male fl. m loose —

panicles.—A true native in the south of England. P. VII

Order. LXXVIT.. ULMACE.

Fl. bisexual, not in catkins. Perianth inferior, bellshaped,
3—8-cleft, imbricate. Stam. definite in number, inserted in
tube of perianth and opposite to its lobes. Ovary free, 1—2-
celled ; ovules solitary. Styles 2. Fr. not bursting. With
deciduous stipules.

1. _Uxmus. _ Perianth bellshaped, 4—5-cleft, persistent.
Stam, 5. Styles 2. Caps. compressed, wings ‘all round.—
Fl. before the leaves, clustered ; ped. short.

1. Ur'mus Linn. Elm.

1. U. campes'tris (a. em., Bab.) ; 1. shortly acuminate more —
or less doubly serrate, ped. short, fl. 4—5-fid, lobes ciliate, fr. —

obovate or oblong notched, seed-cavity chiefly above the mune
of fr. and near the notch.—a. U. campestris (Li. em. Mill.) ;

asperous above pubescent beneath, #. B. 1886,' 2161.—s. c
nitens (Mnch.). U. glabra (Mill.) ; 1. Rae coriaceous shining
nearly or quite smooth above glabrous except in the axils
of the veins beneath, young 1. ‘stip. and fr. with subsessile
glands. 2. B. 2248, U. stricta (Lindl.) which has rigid erect
close branches is a form of. this variety.—a. Throughout
England. Bg. South of England and Ireland. T. It.
Common Elm: KH. I.

2. U. glabra (Huds. em., Groves) ; 1. much acuminate doubly
serrate asperous above rather downy beneath, ped. short, fl. 5—7-
fid, lobes ciliate, fr. oblong or roundish notched, seed-cawity chiefly
below the middle of fr. and dustant trom the notch.—E, Be 1887.

1 This figure is U. sativa (Mill.).

78. AMENTIFER 2. 375

_ U. montana (Stokes in With.).—[UV. hollandica (Mill.)! is a large and

rough-leaved form with corky growths on the branches, and U. montana var.
| nitida (Sy.) has 1. shining and glabrous]. Branches large spreading.
_L. broad. Fr. Hoplike.—Woods and hedges. T. JIT. IV.
| Wych Elm. E.S8. 1.

Order LXXVIIT. AMENTIFER#.

Fl. moneecious or dicecious, rarely perfect. Barren #l. of all
our plants in catkins; sometimes with a membranous pe-
rianth. Fertile fl, clustered, solitary or in catkins. Ovary with
one or several cells. Stigmas 1 or more. Fruit as many as
the ovaries, bony or membranous (or drupaceous in Jyrica).
Albumen usaally wanting. Embryo straight or curved, plain.
Radicle mostly superior.— Young leaves with stipules.

Subord. I. SALICINEZ. Dicecious. Fl. all in catkins.
Fr. naked, 2-valved, 1-celled, many-seeded. Seeds erect,
hairy.

1. Satrx. Catkins consisting of imbricate entire scales.
Stam. 1—5. Fr. a 1-celled pod with 1—2 glands at its
base. Perianth 0.

2. Poputus. Catkins with slashed scales. Stam. 4—30
from a little oblique cupshaped perianth. Ir. almost
2-celled, with a cupshaped perianth.

Subord. I. MYRICHZ. Dicecious. Fl. in catkins. Fr.
drupaceous surrounded by scales become fleshy and adhe-
rent to the ovary.

3. Myrica. Catkins with concave scales. Stam. 4—38.
Stigmas subulate. Drupe 1-celled, 1-seeded. Perianth 0.

Subord, Il. BETULINE#. Moneecious. Fl.allin catkins.
Ovary 2-celled, each with 1 ovule. Fr. naked, indehiscent,
1-celled, 1-seeded. Seeds pendulous, not hairy.

4. Beruna. Scales of the barren catkins ternate, the middle
one bearing the stamens. Perianth0. Scales of the fertile
catkin 3-lobed,3-flowered, membranous,deciduous. Styles
2, fihform. Fr. with a membranous margin.

5. ALNus. Scales of the barren catkins 3-lobed, 3-Howered.
Perianth 4-parted. Scales of the fertile catkin ovate, 2-
flowered, coriaceous, persistent. Styles 2. Ovary com-
pressed, 4 minute scales at its base. Fr. not winged.

i
|
|
|
|
|

1 U. hollandica (Mill.), U. major (Sm.) is probably a form of U. glabra nitens,
| to which hybrid Dr Moss refers with certainty U. montanu var. nitida Fries excl.
| syn. Lindl., Syme.—A, J. W.

376 78. AMENTIFER 2.

Subord. IV. CUPULIFERZ. Male fl. in a catkin. Fem.
solitary or clustered or spiked. Perianth adnate to the
ovary (glans), with a very minute sometimes evanescent
limb, surrounded by a coriaceous involucre.

6. Facus. Barren catkin globose. Perianth 5- or 6-fid.
Stam. 8—15. Fertile fl. 2 together within a 4-lobed
prickly involucre. Stigmas 3. Ovaries 3-cornered and
3-celled. Nut by abortion 1—2-seeded.

. CasTANEA. Barren catkin long, cylindrical. Perianth
6-parted. Stam. 8—20. Fertile fi. 3 within a 4-lobed
muricate involucre. Stigmas6. Ovary 5—8-celled. Nut
1-celled with 1—3 seeds.

8. QuERcUs. Barren catkin long, pendulous, lax. Stam.
5—10. Perianth 5—7-cleft. Fertile fl. solitary, with a
cupshaped scaly involucre. Stigmas 2. Ovary 3-celled.
Nut 1-celled, 1-seeded, surrounded at the base by the en-
larged cupshaped involucre.

9. CoryLus. Barren catkin long, pendulous, cylindrical.
Scales 3-lobed, middle lobe covering the 2 lateral lobes.
Stam. 8. Anth. 1-celled. Perianth 0. Fertile fi. several,
surrounded by ascalyinvolucre. Styles2. Nut 1-seeded,
enclosed in the enlarged coriaceous cut involucre.

10. Carprnus. Barren catkin long, cylindrical. Scales
roundish. Stam. 5—14. Anth.1-celled. Fertile fi. in a
lax catkin. Scales large, leafiike, 3-lobed, 2-flowered.
Styles 2. Nut ovate, 1-seeded.

Tribe I. Salicinee.
1. Sa’trx Jinn? Willow.

Sec. 1. Virtsatix (Dumort.). Catkin and its leafy stalk
usually (but not always) deciduous together, lateral, appearing

1 See Dr Buchanan White, Scott. Nat. x. 359, and Journ. Linn. Soc. xxvii.
333.

2 Since the eighth ed. appeared a great advance has been made in the knowledge
of this genus. In Dr White’s masterly ‘Revision of the British Willows,
Journ. Linn. Soc. cited above, most of the former varieties are treated as
merely trivial forms, a number of previously-accepted species are referred to
hybrids and many fresh hybrids are described. Messrs E. F. & W. R. Linton
have issued an excellent ‘Set of British Willows’ in which many of the hybrids
are represented.—H. & J. G.

SALIX. 377

with the leaves, Scales of uniform colour. Nectary of 2
pieces or urceolate ; germen or stamens from the middle.
Vernation convolute.

Subsec. 1. Zyeus (Dumort.). Stam.4—8. “ Nectary urceo-
late, undivided.” L. glossy, glabrous.—Trees or large shrubs,
Stipules soon falling. Pentandre (Borr.).

1. S. pentan'dra (L.); 1. ovate- elliptic or. ovate-lanceolate
acuminate glandular- serrate, ‘ * stip. ovate-oblong straight equal,”
stam. 5 or more, caps. ovate-attenuate glabrous, stalk twice as
long as the gland, style short, stig. bifid.—Z#. B. 1805.—Height
6—20 feet. Top of petioles glandular. L. fragrant.—River-
sides in the North. Sh.orT. V. VI. Bay-leaved pipettes :

« De

+2. 8S. Meyeriana (Willd.)'; 1. oblong lanceolate acuminate
glandular serrate, stip. half- cordate oblique, “stam. 3 or 4,”
caps. ovatée-attenuate glabrous, stalk 3 or 4 times as long as the
gland, style short, stig. emarginate.—Z. B, S. 2961. S. cuspr-
data (Schultz). — Height 20—30 feet. Top of the petioles
glandular—Near Shrewsbury, Sh. or T. VI. K.

Subsec. 2. Amerina (Dumort.). Stam. 2 or 3. Nectary of
2. pieces, one between the cal.-scale and germen, the other
opposite toit. Naturally trees.

i. Diandre. Stam. 2. Catkin-scales soon falling.—Fvragiles
and Albee Borr.

Sh Sead ag’ ‘is (L.) ; 1. gradually attenuate very glaucous be-
neath, stip. 3- -cordate, germ. subulate stalked much exceeding
scale, ‘style short equalling bifid stigma.—S. Russelliana Sm.,
E. B.1808,_ S. viridis Sy., FE. B. 1308 (excl. desc.) not Fr. See
White in J. of B. xxvi. 196. Baker, J. of B. xxvi. 249. S.
decipiens (Sm.)° #. B. 1937 seems only a slight variety.—
Branches polished round smooth. Bedford Willow.—Damp
meadows and osier-ground. T. IV. V. EK. 8S. (£2)

4. S.vir'idis (Fr.)+ ; 1. lanceolate dark shining, stip. }-cordate,
germ, ovate-oblong subsessile equalling scale, style very short,
= fragilis Sm., #. B.1807.2 S. viridis Sy., ‘yo descript.—
Branches very smooth round brown brittle. - Damp meadows.
Tallin. EK. S. (1%)

1 Considered a hybrid (S. pentandrax fragilis) by Dr White.—H. & J. G.

2 These synonyms are according to Dr White. Dr Moss interchanges them,
we think correctly.—A. J. W.

* Dr White refers this doubtfully to S. triandra x frugilis.—H. & J. G.

4S. fragilis (sec. White) x alba, Dr White.—H. & J. G.

378 78. AMENTIFER®.

5. S. al’ba (L.): 1. elliptic lanceolate glandular-serrate acute
silky on both sides when young, stip. minute, caps. nearly sessile
ovate acuminate glabrous, style short, stigmas thick recurved
bifid.—Z. 4. 2430.—Height 50—80 feet. Scales shorter than
stam., as long as caps. in a and 8, exceeding them both in +.
Branches silky.—8. S. cerwea (Sm.); 1. less silky beneath.
EL. B., 2431.—y. S. vitellina (.); branches bright yellow, 1.
shorter and broader. #. 2.1389.—Wet places. T. V. White
Wellow. Haw.

ii. Triandre. Stam.3. Catkin-scalespersistent. L.lanceo-
late approaching to ovate, glabrous. 'Catkins lax.—Osiers,
naturally trees.

*6. S.lanceoldta(Sm.)' ; 1. lanceolate much acuminate serrate
glabrous except when young, stip. }-cordate acute, caps. stalked
ovate acuminate, pedicel twice as long as the gland, style lony,
stigma bifid, scales very shaggy.—S. undulata Syme, #. B. 1436.
—Height 12—15 feet. L. sometimes wavy, often quite silky
when young. Germ. glabrous in S. lanceolata (or downy in
the foreign S. wndu/ata (Ehrh.)).—Lewes, Suss. [and elsewhere |,
Shor TALV.V: Bhs

7. S. trian'dra (L.); 1. oblong-lanceolate acute serrate gla-
brous, stip. $-cordate blunt, caps. stalked oblong-ovate glabrous,
stigma nearly sessile, scales glabrous.—E. B. 1435.—Height 20
—30 feet. Germen not furrowed. I. narrowing down to the
stalk, somewhat paler beneath, or (S. triandra Curt.) lanceolate
wayy paler and glaucous beneath.—3. S. Hoffmanniana (Sm.) ;
]. somewhat rounded below-ovate-lanceolate, stip. larger, scales
shaggy towards their base.—#. B.S. 2620.—y. S. amygdalina
(L.); 1. oblong-ovate acute rounded below, caps. ovate tumid
furrowed, young shoots furrowed. /#. 72. 1936.—Wet woods
and osier-grounds. Sh. or T. IV. V. E.S. T.

Sec. 2. Caprisattx (Dumort.). Catkins lateral, sessile,
without leaves or with two or three small leaves or leaflike
bracts at the base ; stalk sometimes elongated in fruit so as to
resemble a leafy shoot, but deciduous with the catkin. Catkin-
scales often discoloured at the end. Nectary simple (of one
piece), on the opposite side of the stam. or germen from the
catkin-scale.

1S. triendraxvininalis, Dr White. S. triondraxalba, E. F. Linton.—
H.&J.G.

SATIXY “. 379

Subsec. 1. Helice (Dumort.). Filament 1 with a 4-celled
anther, or forked with 2 anthers each of 2 cells. Anth. purple,
ultimately black. Nectary cuneate. Catkins bracteate at the
base. Vernation equitant.—Purpuree Borr.

8. S. purpirea (L. emend.) ; 1. lanceolate broader upwards
acuminate attenuate below finely serrate glabrous, caps. ovate
very downy sessile, style very short, stegm. ovate, anth. 1, stip.
0.—a. S. purpurea (L., Sm:); decumbent, twigs purple, fertile
catkins very compact. 4. B.1388.—8. S. Woolgarvana (Borr.) ;
erect, twigs yellowish grey, l. cuneate-lanceolate glaucous be-
neath, stigmas blunt. £. %. S. 2651.—y. S. ramulosa (Borr.) ;
erect, twigs pale yellowish, 1. oblong-lanceolate paler beneath,
stigmas sessile bifidi—é. S. Lambertiana (Sm.); erect, twigs
purplish glaucous, 1. oblong-linear-lanceolate slightly narrowed
and somewhat rounded below, stigmas ovate emarginate. /#./.
1359.—e. 3S. Helix (L.)!; caps. oblong-ovate, stegmas almost
linear emarginate, twigs pale yellowish or tinged with purple
polished. #. B. 1343. Rose Wollow.—Marshes and_river-
banks. T. IIT. IV. lDrgispelly

9. S. ribra (Huds.)” ; linear-lanceolate acuminate glabrous
green on both sides, caps. oblong-ovate very pubescent, style
long, stigmas ovate undivided, anth. 2 (first reddish then yellow),
filaments combined below, stip. inear.—E. B. 1145.—Height 10
—20feet. Twigsusually tawny. L. like those of S. wiminalis
but without the white pubescence.—p. 8. Forbiana (Sm.) ; 1.
lanceolate-oblong, style nearly as long as the linear “ divided
stigmas,anth.1.” #, B.1344. . Twigs greyish yellow. L.rather
paler and somewhat glaucous beneath. tip. broader, variable.
Sat entire in all that J have seen.—Low meadows. T. IV.

r E. 8. I.

Subsec. 2. Vimen (Dumort.). Stam. 2, mon-or diadelphous.
Anth. becoming yellow. . Nect. linear. Catkin-scalesdiscoloured
attheend: Catkins bracteate atthe base. Stigmas not sessile.
Pubescence of the 1. silky.

* Stipules narrow,

10. S. vimindlts (L.) ; 1. linear or linear-lanceolate obscurely
crenate white sz//y and shining beneath, stip. small sublanceo-
late, capsule very shortly stalked lanceolate-subulate, style
long, stigmas undivided.—Z. 7. 1898.—Height 10—20 feet.

1 Dr White refers this doubtfully to S. purpurea x viminalis.—H, & J. G.
2S. purpurea x viminalis, Dr White.—H. & J. G.

380 78. AMENTIFERZ.

Branches wandlike, long, slender. Gland longer than the
stalk of the caps.—8. entricata (Leefe) ; 1. broader, caps. shorter
and broader, style very short, stigmas "from the first cloven re-
flexed and entangled.—y. stipularis (Leefe) ; 1. lanceolate, stip.
linear-lanceolate denticulate or 3-cordate acuminate, stigmas
long.—Wet places. Sh. IV. V. Common Osier. E.S. [

** Stipules broad. °

11. S. stepuldris (Sm.)'; 1. lanceolate very obscurely crenate
white and downy beneath, stip. 3-cordate acute, caps. ovate
nearly sessile, style very ’short (Sm.) or elongate (Hook.),
stigmas linear undivided—Z. B. 1214. —Height 10—20 feet
with upright brittle reddish-brown twigs.—Wet places. ot

12, S.Smethidna(Willd.)! ; ¢.long- lanceolate obscurely crenate
white satiny beneath, stip. reniform }-cordate, caps. stalked
lanceolate-subulate, pedicel about as long as the gland, style
long, stigmas long ‘linear mostly entire.—Twigs erect, some-
what downy brittle.—a. S. Smithzana (E. B. 1509) ; 1. rounded
at base white with satiny down beneath, stip. small narrow $-
lunate.—g. S. rugosa (Leefe); 1. greenish white and rather
silky beneath, step. 4-cordate acute, style moderate, stigmas
linear broad undivided. S.holosericea Hud A. —y. S. ferruginet
(And.); 1. greenish white and rather silky beneath, st?p. 4-ovate
or renifor m, style elongate, stigmas linear- oblong undivided.
EL. B.S. 2665. Bushy.—Wet places. Sh. IV. VY. E..S. I.

Subsec. 3. Vetrvx (Dumort.). Stam. 2, free. Anth. becom-
ing fuscous-yellow. Nectary cuneate. Catkin-scales dis-
coloured. Vernation equitant.

i. Capree. Style short. Stipules reniform, without basal
glands. L.rugose, not turning black ; pubescence crisped,
not silky.—Cineree Borr.

13. S. acumindta (Sm.)'; /. lanceolate-oblong pointed finely
toothed glaucous ashy and downy scarcely, silky. beneath, stip. 3
cordate, caps. ovate tapering, style conspicuous, stigmas ovate
undivided, buds downy.— FE. B. 1434. Loud. 1464. Height 25
—30 feet. "Damp woods and hedges. Sh. or T. IV. E. I;

1 Dr White refers sp. 11, 12 & 13 to hybrids between S. viminalis and the
various members of the Capree section.—H. & J. G.

i ee a ee a a

SALIX. 381

14. S. cinérea (L.) ; 1. elliptic- or lanceolate-obovate pointed
subserrate downy and ashy beneath, stip. }-cordate, caps. lan-

’ ceolate-subulate, stigmas simple or bifid, buds downy.—Heigkt

20—30 feet.—a. S. cinerea (Li. em. Sm.) ; 1. obovate-lanceolate
rather thick reddish beneath, stip. }-cordate acute, style very
short thick. #.B.1897.—8. S. aquatica (Sm.) ; 1. ovate-elliptic
thinner downy and rather glaucous beneath, stip. reniform, style
inconspicuous. #. B. 1437.—y. S. oleifolia (Sm.) ; 1. obovate-
lanceolate rather rigid downy and rather glaucous beneath,
stip. small rounded. #. B. 1402.—Varies greatly. These
varieties are scarcely distinguishable—Wet places. T. or Sh.
II. IV. Sallow. Otsh Ie

15. S. aurtta (L.) ; 1. obovate repand-dentate recurved-apicu-
latemuch wrinkled moreor less downy above pubescent beneath,
stip. roundish or reniform large stalked, caps. lanceolate-subu-
late, stig. generally entire, buds glabrous or slightly downy.—
E. B. 1487.—Height 3—4 feet. Edges of 1. deflexed, point
hooked. Stigmas and scales often reddish—Damp woods.
Sh. IV. V. EK, 8. I.

16. S. Capréa (L.); /. ovate or elliptic fat acute crenate-ser-
rate wavy at the margins deep green with a downy midrib
whitish above and cottony beneath, stip. subreniform, caps. lan-
ceolate-subulate, style very short, buds glabrous.—H. B. 1488.
—A small tree, 15—30 feet high. Catkins very thick, blunt.
L. mostly large and broad, rarely sublanceolate ; spring 1. nearly
entire.—. S. sphacelata (Sm.); stip. often 0,1. nearly entire.
£., B. 2333. A bush.—Woods and hedges in dryish and also
subalpine places. ~. Highland valleys. T. IV. V. Great
Sallow. E. 8. I.

li. Phylictfolie. Style long. Capsule stalked.

'* Nigricantes. IL. punctate beneath, turning black in drying.

Stip. with basal glands.

17. S. neg’ricams (Sm. emend.)!; young shoots and 1. downy,
l. ovate-elliptic or lanceolate rather glaucous more or less
glaucous beneath thin, point of stip. straight.—Shoots dull-
coloured.—a. germen and stalk silky, st. erect.—a..S. cotinifolia
(Sm.); 1, roundish elliptic or subcordate. #. B. 1403.—b. S.
nigricans (Sim.); 1. elliptic-lanceolate. #.B.1213.—c. S. Forster-
zana (Sm.) ; l.elliptic-obovate acute, stip. vaulted, catkins long.
EB. B, 2344.—8. S. rupestris (Donn) ; awlshaped germ. and
stalk silky or glabrous below, st. trailing, 1. elliptic-obovate.
E. B, 2342.-y. germen glabrous its stalk downy or glabrous,

1 Combined as a subsp. with sp. 18 by Dr White.—H. & J. G.

352 78. AMENTIFER®.

st. erect.—d. S. Andersomana (Sm.) ; |. elliptic-oblong acute,
caps. awlshaped not wrinkled. #. /+. 2343.—e. S. damascena
(Forbes) ; 1. broadly elliptic or subrhomboidal acute, caps. not
wrinkled. #. &. S. 2709.—f..S. petrea (And.); 1 oblong or
sublanceolate, caps. wrinkled near the top. #. 4. S.2725.—
1S. hirta (Sm.) ; l. elliptic-cordate pointed, “caps. very pubes-
cent” (Leefe) or “glabrous” (Arnott) not wrinkled. #. /.
1404.—S. flor ibunda ( Forbes); Llong elliptical glaucous beneath
thinly hairy on both sides. Fem. catkins unknown. /. 2.
2816.—The varieties are scarcely distinguishable.!—Sides of
streams, osier-grounds, and mountains. Sh. 1V.—VI. E.8.L.

** Verentes. L. smooth, scarcely any crisped pubescence be-
neath, not turning black unless gathered when very young.

18. S. phylicefolia (L. excl. var. 8.) ; shoots and leaves soon
quite glabrous dark green above and more or less shining
glaucous beneath. Shoots bright chestnut-colour, Stip. nene
or very small.—a. germen and stalk silky.—a. S. radicans (Sm.) ;
1. oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, more or less decumbent. /. 4.
1958.—b. S. Davalliana (Sm.) ; 1. oblong-lanceolate pointed,
style as long as stigma. H. Bb. S. 2701—e. S. Weigeliana
(Willd.) ; 1. roundish or elliptic, style longer than cloven stigma.
E. B.S, 2656.—d. 8S. nitens (And.) ; 1. elliptic-lanceolate, style
longer than undivided stigma. #. B.S. 2655.—e. S. tenwior
(Borr.); 1. obovate-lanceolate acuminate, style as long as stigma.
EL. B.S. 2660.—f. S. tetrapla (Sm.); lower part of germ.
glabrous, style hairy, stigmas divided, |. lanceolate acuminate.
EL. B. S.2702.—8. germ. and stalk densely woolly or silky.—g. S.
laurina (Sm.)*; 1. elliptic-oblong suberect, stigm. undivided.
EL. B.1806.—y. ; lower part of germen and stalk glabrous.—h. 8.
laxiflora (Borr.) ; 1. broadly obovate-acuminate, style about as
long as cloven stigma. /. B.S, 2749.1. S. propingua (Borr.) ;
le elliptic, style longer than the clovenstigma. #, B.S. 2729.—
6: germen glabrous, stalk hairy.—k. S. Borreriana (Sm.) ;
lanceolate attenuate at both ends. #. B. S. 2619.—e; 3 germen
‘ —l. S. phillyreifolia (Borr.) ; 1. elliptic acute
at both ends. #. B. S. 2660.—m. 8S. tenuifolia (Borr.); |.
elliptic with a recurved point. /#. B. S. 2795.—These plants
are scarcely distinguishable ' by description alone.—By streams
especially in mountain valleys. Sh. LV. V. ; E. 8.1.

1 The varieties d. and f. of sp. 17 and h-m. of sp. 18 are acnaldered: by Dr Mies
to be hybrids between spp. 17and 1S; the remainder are not distinguished by
him.—A. J. W.

2 S. phylictfolia x Caprea, Dr White and Dr Moss. S. phylicifolia x cinerea, BE. F.
Linton.—A. J. W.

‘

SALIX. 383

iii. Zncubacee. Style short. Stipules linear.—/usce Bab.
Rosmarinifolice and Repentes Borr.

19. S. rosmarinifolia (L.)* ; 1. linear-lanceolate silky beneath
quite entire or remotely glandular-toothed, stzp. minute lanceo-
late, germens silky lanceolate-acuminate scales short hairy, “style
about as long as the linear divided or entire stigmas.’—Z, b.
1365. S. Arbuscula Sm., #. 2. 1366, exclusive of large leaf.,
not of Koch nor /’r.—A slender upright shrub, {—3 ft. high.
Catkins very short, at first droopmg. Whole plant becomes
nearly black in drying. Style short.—“Several parts of the
North.” Sm. Sh. V. S.?

20. S. Donidna(Sm.)? ; l:lanceolate orobovate-lanceolateacute
slightly serrate livid with scattered silky hairs beneath, stip.
linear, germens very silky ovate-oblong longer than the bearded
oblong-ovate scales,style very short, stigmas short emarginate.—
E. B.S. 2599.—Shrub about 6 feet high. “Stam. monadel-
phous, anth. ultimately luteo-fuscous not black.” (Koch.)

—Forfarshire. Sh. V. Ss.

21. S. répens (L. em., ed. iv.) ; 1. elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate
acute entire or minutely glandular-serrate glaucous and silky
beneath, germ. subconical silky, style rather short,stigmas ovate
bifid.—a. S. repens (L.,Sm.); 1. elliptic-lanceolate with a straight
point, st. depressed with short upright branches. #. B.183.—
3. S. fusca (L. sec. Sm.) ; 1. oblong-oval straight, st. decumbent
below then erect much branched. FZ. 3. 1960.—y. S. prostrata
(Sm.); 1. elliptic-oblong with a twisted point, st. prostrate with-
long straight branches. #. B, 1959.—é. S. ascendens (Sm.) ; 1.
elliptic with a recurved point, st. decumbent with long some-
whatascending branches. #. B.1962. S. parvifolia Sm., #. 2B.
1961.—e. S. ineubacea (L.); 1. elliptic-oblong with a twisted
point, stip. stalked ovate acute. H. B.S. 2600.—<¢. S. argentea
(Sm.); l. broadly elliptic with a twisted point, stip. stalked
ova]. H. B. 1364.—Fries thinks that S. fusca (L.) is different.—
Heaths at various elevations. Sh, ITI. IV. ES, 1.

22. S. ambig'ua(Ebrh.)* ; |.oval obovate or lanceolate slightly
toothed with a recurved point somewhat rugose above soft and
_ silky beneath, step. stalked half-ovate acute, germens lanceolate-
subulate silky, style very short, stigmas short at length cloven.
—H#, B.S. 2733.—a ; 1. oval or obovate moderately hairy.—

1 Considered a form of sp. 21 by Dr White.—H. & J. G.
2S. purpurea repens, Dr White.—H. & J. G.
3S. repens aurita, Dr White.—H. & J. G.

384 78. AMENTIFER 2.

8. major ; |. obovate very silky on both sides.—y. spathulata ;
1. obovate or ovate-lanceolate moderately hairy or silky, style
somewhat jong —6s. undulata ; |. ovate-lanceolate.—Gravelly
heaths. Sh. V E. 8. 1

iv. Daphnoidee. Style long. Capsule subsessile. Catkins
subsessile, bracteate at the base.—Arbuscule Bab.

23. S. Arbus'cula (L., Fries) ; 7. lanceolate-ovate or ovate gla-
brous smooth glaucous ‘and opaque beneath finely serrate, ger-
mens oblong-ovate silky, stigmas bifid.—a. S. carinata (Sm.) ;
1. ovate finely tocthed minutely veined folded into a keel, cat-
kins cylindrical with rounded hairy scales. 2. B. 1363.—8. S.
prunfolia (Sm.); 1. broadly ovate toothed smooth on both sides,
st. erect much branched. #. B. 1361. —y. S. venulosa (Sm.) ; 1.
ovate toothed naked netted with prominent veins above, st.
erect much branched. Z. &. 1362.—é. S. vaccinifolza (Sm.) ; 1.
lanceolate-ovate serrate smooth and even above silky beneath,
st. decumbent. #. 4. 2341.—Highlands. Sh. 1V.—VI. 8.

24, S. Lappénum (L.); |. lanceolate or elliptic subacuminate
entire cottony or silky beneath with crisped hairs wrinkled above
and when young downy, germens ovate-lanceolate silky, stigmas
linear.—a. S. arenaria (L.); 1. ovate-lanceolate netted and
somewhat downy above veined and woolly beneath, style as
long as the sessile woolly germen, stigmas linear. E. B: 1809.
ae with a long slender reddish style.—p. S. Stuartiana
(Sm.); 1. ovate-lanceolate shaggy above densely silky almost
cottony beneath, style as lomg as the almost sessile woolly ger-
men, stigmas capillary deeply divided. 2. B. 2586.—[y. S.
glauca (Sm.); 1. ovate-lanceolate even and nearly smooth above
woolly and snow-white beneath, germens sessile woolly, style
at first very short with thick “ovate stigmas. #. 5. 1810.
Germen blunter. Style elongating and the stigmas becoming
linear and deeply cloven as the fruit ripens. This is probably not
a native. Smith had it from Mr Crowe’s garden. It is hardly
the same as a. and 6.—S. glauca L., Wahl., Koch, has sub-
terminal catkins with very long leafy stalks and belongs to the
next section. |—Helvellyn. Breadalbane, Clova, and other Scct-
tish Mountains. Sh. VI. VII. E. S.

LS. acutifolia (Willd.); 1. linear-lanceolate acuminate cre-
nate- “serrate glabrous’ glaucous beneath, stip. lanceolate acute
sub-3-cordate below, “ caps. ovate-conic glabrous sessile, stig.
linear- oblong.’”—Sy. 2. B. 1366.—Shoots purple with a glaucous
bloom. Male catkins short, thick, very hairy. Fertile plant
not yet found in England. _S. daphnoides g. Anders. —North
Yorkshire, not native. 'T. IV.]

SALIX. 385

. Chrysanthe. Stylelong. Stigmaentire. Capsule sessile.
Anth. yellow, scarcely ‘changing colour. Catkins appearing
before the leaves, sessile, terminal and lateral, with very
shaggy and silky scales. Leaves broad, roundish.

25. S. landta (L.); /. broadly oval pointed entire shayyy
beneath, stip. oval, catkins with yellow silky hairs, germ. conical
clabrous. —f. B. S. 2624.—A low (2 ft.) and ees beautiful
shrub.—Clova and Glen Lochay Mountains. Sh. V. VI. S.

Sec. 3. CHAMELYX (Fries). Catkins on long leafy persistent
shoots from the terminal or subterminal buds. Stam.2. Nee-
tary “of 2 pieces, one between the catkin-scale and germen, the
other opposite to it.”

1. Wyrsiniies. Catkins at the extremity of the terminal shoot,
or of those from the last but one or two of the buds, but
in such a manner as to appear to be an elongation of the
branch. Small bushy plants.

26. S. Myrsinites (L.) ; 1. elliptic or lanceolate serrate shining
often hairy with prominent veins, germens subsessile ovate- subu-
late downy, style iong.—St. much branching.—a. S. arbuti-
folia (Willd. sec. Sm.); 1. ovate or lanceolate rather acute.
S. Myrsinites 8. Sm.—Bs. S. Myrsinites (L. em. Sm.) ; 1. elliptic
serrate nearly smooth, catkins short, styles short, stigmas
cloven. #. &.1360.—Highlands. Sh. VI.

27. S. procum’bens (Forbes)! ; 1. oval minutely serrate bright
greenand shining on both sides, catkins long cylindrical,germens
subsessile ovate lanceolate downy, style short deeply cloven,
stigmas bifid.—Z#. B. S.2753. Scales of the catkin nearly black,
longer and more hairy than in S. Wyrsinites. A low procumbent
much-branched shrub.—Highlands. Sh. VI. S.

[Fries states that S. retusa (L.) was found by Mr Winch in
Scotland ; but there is no such plant in his Herb.]

28. S. Grdhami (Baker)° ; 1. oval obscurely crenate shining
glabrous silky beneath netted with veins, germ. stalked ovate
prolonged glabrous, style long, stigma bifid, young branches
silky.—/. of B. v. t. 66. Sy. £. B. 1377.—St. long, trailing.

1 Considered a form of S. Mursvnitel | by Dr White. aE. & a G.

2 Dr White refers the Scottish plant to S. herbacea x phylicifolia and the Irish
plant to S. herbacea x phylictfolia, subsp. nigricans. Mr E. F. Linton refers the
former to S. herbacea x Myrsinites.—H. & J. G. Dr Moss, following Dr Enander.
refers both to S. herbaceaxlapponum, the Irish plant being kept apart as xS.
Mooret (White).—A. J. W.

2B

386 78. AMENTIFER ©.

Allied to S. Wyrsinites and S. retusa (can it be the plant re-
ferred to by Fries ?).—Frouvyn, Sutherl. Graham. Muckish,
Doneg. D. Moore, J. of B. ix. 300. Sh, VI.? 8. I.

ii. Reticulate. Catkins opposite to the terminal leaves, with a
bud between them.

29. S. veticuldta (L.); /. nearly roundly oval very blunt
entire netted with veins and glaucous beneath, germens sessile
oblong-ovate downy, style short, stigmas bifid.—#. B. 1908.—A
procumbent much branched shrub. St. usually buried. Cat-
kins on long stalks.—Lofty mountains. Sh. VI. Ss.

30. S. Sad’leri (Syme)! ; 1. roundly ovate or subcordate entire
smooth and cottony netted and glabrous beneath, germens g/a-
brous with long woolly stalks, style long, stigmas linear bifid.—
Edin. Bot. Trans, xii. 208. t.1. J. of B, xiii. t. 158.—A small
almost subterranean prostrateshrub.—I have not seen this plant,
and it may be misplaced here.—East of Loch Ceann-Mor, very
rare. Sh. VIII. ? S.

ii. Herbacee. Catkins exactly terminal.

31. S. herbdcea (L.); /. round blunt or retuse servate shining
glabrous netted with veins, germens subsessile ovate-conical
glabrous, style short, stigmas bifid.—#. #&. 1907.—A very
minute herblike shrub ; the st. extend far amongst loose stones
on the tops of mountains. Edges and veins of |. hairy.—Alpine
situations. Sh. VI. E. & Ti;

Index to the Salices.

acuminata, 13. argentea, 21. Davalliana, 18.
acutifolia, 24”. ascendens, 21. decipiens, 3.
alba, 5. aurita, 15. Doniana, 20.
ambigua, 22. Borreriana, 18. ferruginea, 12.
amygdalina, 7. coerulea, 5. Forbiana, 9.
Andersoniana, 17. cvaprea, 16. Fosteriana, 17.
aquatica, 14. carinata, 23. fragilis, 4.
Arbuscula, 19. cinerea, 14. fusca, 21.
Arbuseula, 23. cotinifolia, 17. glauca, 24.
arbutifolia, 26. cuspidata, 2. Grahami, 28.

arenaria. 24. damascena, 17. Helix, 8.

1 Dr White considers this a var. of 8. lanata. Mr Linton and Dr Moss refer it
to S. herbacea xlanata,—A. J. W.

herbacea, 31.
hirta, 17.

Hoffmanniana, 7.

holosericea, 12.
incubacea, 21.
intricata, 10.
Lambertiana, 8.
lanata, 25.
lanceolata, 6.
Lapponum, 24.
laurina, 18.
laxiflora, 18.
Meyeriana, 2.
Myrsinites, 26.
nigricans, 17.
nitens, 18.
oleifolia, 14.
parvifolia, 21.
pentandra. 1.

POPULUS.

trea, 17.

_ phillyreifolia, 18.
phylicifolia, 18.

procumbens, 27.
propinqua, 18.
prostrata, 21.
prunifolia, 23.

purpurea, &.
radicans, 18.
ramulosa, 8.

repens, 21.

reticulata, 29.

retusa, 27*, 28.

rosmarinifolia; 19.

rubra. 9.
rugosa, 12.
rupestris, 17.

tusselliana. 3.

Sadleri, 30.
Smithiana, 12.
sphacelata, 16.
stipularis, 10.
stipularis, 11.
Stuartiana, 24.
tenuifolia, 18.
tenuior, 18.
tetrapla, 18.
triandra, 7.
undulata, 6.
yacciniifolia, 23.
venulosa, 23.
viminalis, 10.
viridis, 3, 4.
vitellina, 5.
Weigeliana, 18.
Woolgariana, 8.

2. Por’utus Linn. Poplar.

1. P. al'ba (L.) ; 1.-buds downy, l. roundish-cordate angularly
toothed cottony and snowy white beneath, 1. of the young shoots
cordate palmately 5-lobed, stig. 2 linear bijid crosslike (yellow).
—£. B.1618.—With suckers. L. generally lobed. Male cat-
kin-scales hairy— Damp woods. T. III. IV. White fepiar-
Abele. E. 8.

2. P. canes'cens(Sm.) ; 1.-buds downy not viscous, |. roundish
obscurely lobed sparingly cottony and grey beneath, |. of young
shoots cordate-ovate undivided, stig. 2 wedgeshaped 3—4-lobed
(purple).—#. B. 1619.—With suckers. L. not lobed, except
occasionally the youngest. Male catkin-scales hairy.—Damp
woods. T.UU.1V. Gray Polar. E.

3. P.trem’ula(L.) ; |.-buds glabrous slightly viscous, |. nearly
roundacuteserrate glabrous on both sides,young|.slightly downy,
stig. 2 bifid erect—#. B. 1909.—A small tree, with suckers.
Petioles laterally compressed. Male catkin-scales hairy, pal-
mately cut.—Woods. T.IV. Aspen. 3 E. 8. I.

4. P.nigra(L.) ; |.-buds glabrous viscous, |. triangular-rhom-
boidal acuminate serrate glabrous onboth sides, catkins lax cylin-
drical, stig. 2 roundish 2-lobed. #. &.1910.—A large tree,
without suckers. Petioles laterally compressed. Young shoots
glabrous. Male catkin-scales glabrous.—Damp placesand river-
banks. T.III. Black Poplar. EK.

388 78. AMENTIFER 2.

Tribe Il. Myricea.

8. Myri’ca Linn. Sweet Gale.

1. WM. Gdle (L.); 1. lanceolate broader upwards serrate, st.
shrubby.—#. B. 562.—Height 3—4 feet. Bushy. Catkins
sessile erect. Fr. with resinous glands. L. fragrant when
bruised.—Bogs. Sh. V. Bog Myrtle. . ES. 1.

Tribe III. Betulinee.

4. Ber'uLa Linn. em. Mill. Birch.

1. B. al’ba (L. em., Koch); 1. rhomboid-triangular doubly
serrate abruptly acuminate, scales of the fem. catkins 3-lobed,
lateral lobes falcate-reflexed, fr. obovate.—FV. Dan, 2549. Sy.
&. B. 1295. B. verrucosa (Ehrh.). . odorata R. xii. 626.—L.
usually glabrousoften covered with resinous spots above, always
having a manifest tendency to a rhomboidal form, flat beneath
with raised veins above. Young shoots mostly with resinous
tubercles, often very long and pendulous. Stip.ovate-lanceolate,
acute, thrice as long as broad, circinate ; sides not deflexed.
Buds conical. The catkin-scales and the shape of the 1. dis-
tinguish this from the next.—Rather common. T. [V. V.
White Birch. E.S. I.

2. B. pubes'cens (Ehrh. em., Koch); 1.-rhomboid-ovate or
cordate unequally serrate acute, scales of the fem. catkins 3-
lobed, /ateral lobes ascending, fr. broadly obovate.—Sy. #. 2.
1296. F&. xii. 623. ZB. glutinosa (Fr.).—L. usually glabrous
{var. glabrdta (Wahl.)] always more or less ovate, flat above
with raised veins beneath. -Stip. ovate, blunt, twice as long as
broad ; sides deflexed. Buds ovoid. Not so elegant a tree as
the preceding and often little more than a bush. Twigs some-
times pendulous.—f. vestita (G. & G.) ; 1. peduncles and young
twigs downy.—| Var. parvifolia (Regel) is a northern form with smaller
often cuneate-based 1. and erect catkins. |—Common. T.IV.V. Common
Birch. Bes.

3. B. intermedia (Thom.)'; 1. broadly-rhomboidal acute
dentate, catkins erect with 3-lobed scales, the lateral lobes
rounded porrect broader than interm. lobe, fr. with margin
equalling its breadth.—A. xii. 624.—A small tree, 6—15 ft. high.
L. small. Catkins stalked.—Glen Callater. Ss

4. B. nana (L.); 1. roundish crenate glabrous blunt, scales of
the fem. catkin digitate-trifid, lobes equal, fr. orbicular with a

1 Usually considered a form of B. alba x pubeseens.—A. J. W.

ALNUS.— QUERCUS. 389

very narrow membranous margin.—Z#. B. 2326.—A small pro-
cumbentshrub. L.minute. Catkins subsessile,small._—Turfy
places in the Highlands. Sh. V. Dwarf Birch. Ss.

5. Av'nus Mill. Alder.

1. A. glutindsa (Gaert.); 1. roundish blunt wavy serrate
glutinous rather abrupt with a wedgeshaped base, axils of the
veins beneath downy.—Z. 6. 1508. AR. xii. 641. St. 29. 15.
—A moderately large tree. Trunk and branches crooked.
Male catkinslongand pendent ; fem. ones short,ovoidor oblong,
very persistent.—8. incisa; leaves deeply cut.—Wet places and
river-banks. gs. Wigtonshire. Dr Balfour. T.U1. E.S.1.

Tribe IV. Cupulifere.
6. Fa’cus Linn. em. Mill. Beech.

1. F. sylvatica (L.); Lovateglabrous obscurely dentate ciliate
on the edges.—Z#. &. 1846. &. xii. 639.—A large tree with
triquetrous fruit.—Woods, particularly on calcareous soils.
T; LEE:

7. Casta NEA Will. Chestnut.

[C. sativa (Mill.) ; 1. oblong-lanceolate acuminate mucronate-
serrate glabrous on each side.—Fagus Sm. #. &. 886. AR. xii.
640. C. vulgaris (Lam.).—Height 50—80 feet. A magnificent
tree.—A very doubtful native. T.V. Sweet Chestnut.| EE.

8. Quercus Linn. Oak.

1. Y. Rébur (L. 1755) ; 1. deciduous stalked obovate-oblong
sinuate, lobes blunt, inv. much shorter than the ripe acorn its
scales adpressed.—e. Q. Rédbur (L. 1753); young branches
glabrous, petioles short, fr.-catkins long-stalked, fr. scattered.
LE. b. 1342.—8. Q. intermédia (D. Don ex Leight.) ; young
branches glabrous, petioles long, |. stellate-downy beneath,
fr.catkins shortly stalked, fr. near together. Mart. Rust. 11.
7. Y. sessilylora (Salisb, em. Leight.) ; young branches downy,
petioles long, 1. glabrous beneath, fr.-catkins subsessile, fr. near
together. #. B. 1845.—It is generally supposed by foresters
that there are two if not three species of Oak in Britain.
I have failed in learning how to distinguish them.—Woods.
T.TV. V. EK. 8. I.

390 79. CONIFERS.

9. Cor’yLus Linn. Hazel.

1. C. Avelléna (L.); stip. oblong blunt, |. roundish-cordate
acuminate, involucre of the ovoid fr. bellshaped spreading torn
at the margin.—#. 4. 723.—A shrubby tree. Young twigs
hairy and glandular. L. downy beneath. Male catkins long,
pendulous. Fem. fi.inovoid buds. Stigmas bright crimson.—
Hedges and copses. Sh. III. 1V. Hazel Nut. E.8. 1.

10. Carrrnus Linn, em. Scop. Hornbeam.

1. C. Betulus (L.); scales of the fruit 3-parted, segments
lanceolate, the middle one longest.—#. B. 2032.—A small tree.
L. ovate, acute, plaited when young, deeply and sharply doubly
serrate. Damp clayey woods and hedges. T. V. E.

Division V. GYMNOSPERMZ.

Ovules and seeds apparently naked. Carpel spread out t flat,
No calyx, no corolla.

Order LXXIX. CONIFER.

Fl. monecious or dicecious.—Barren fi. of one or more mona-
delphous stamens, in a deciduous catkin, about a common axis.
Anth. of 2 or more lobes bursting outwards, often ending in a
scalelike crest.—Fertile fl. usually in cones, sometimes solitary.
Ovary spread open in the shape of a scale and placed in the axil
of a membranous bract ; in the solitary fl. apparently wanting.
Ovules naked in pairs on the face of the ovary and inverted ; or
(in the solitary fl.)erect. [Or,as some think : ovaries in pairs
(or several), inverted, ona scale (which becomes the cone-scale)
situated in the axil of a bract ; each of 2 connate carpels having
together the form of a horseshoe or ring and ultimately pro-
ducing a wing ; ovule between the carpels, its tips exposed ; or
erect, the 2 carpels uniting in the form of a cup, without a car-
pellary scale.] Fr. a cone, or solitary seed. esta hard, crus-
taceous. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen, Radicle next
the apex.—Woody tissue marked with circular disks ; without
medullary rays or proper vascular tissue.

Tribe I, VAXINEZ. Male fi. in catkins. Fem. fi. solitary,
naked or bracteate, erect ; no carpellary scale.

1. Taxus. Catkins of male fl. oval, scaly below, flowering
atthetop. Stam.many. Anth.peltate,3—8-celled. Fem.

TAXUS.—JUNIPERUS. 391

fl. scaly below. Style 0. Ovule surrounded at the base by
. a ring which becomes a fleshy eupshaped disk surrounding
the seed.

Tr. Il. CUPRESSINE@. Male fl. in catkins. Anth. 4—7,
inserted on the edge of the subpeltate scales. Fem. fl. few,
in a small catkin, erect ; no carpellary scale.

Junrprrus. Anth. 4—7, 1-celled, inserted on the lower
edge of the scales. Scales of the fem. catkin imbricate,
lower-ones barren. Ovules 3, surrounded by a 3-fid fleshy
ee formed of the 3 uppermost connate scales of the
catkin.

Tr. WI. ABJETINEZ. FI. in catkins. Anth. 2, 1-celled,
adnate to the underside of the scales. Fem. fi. a sealelike
open ovary in the axil of a membranous scale, bearing two
naked ovules pointing towards the axis [or, perhaps, fem.
fl. in pairs on an axillary scale.] Fr. winged.

3. Pryus. Male catkins crowded, racemose. Scales of the
cone thickened and angular at the end. Fr. with a crus-
taceous coat.

i)

Tribe I. Taxinec.

1. Tax’us Linn. Yew.

1. 7. bacedta (L.) ; 1. 2-ranked crowded linear acute, fl. axil-
lary sessile-—F. 4. '746.—A low tree, trunk often attaining a
very considerable bulk. Fr. roundish.—7”. fastigiata (Lindl)
is not even a permanent variety.—Mountainous woods and
limestone cliffs, T. III. IV. lI Se LE

Tribe 11. Cupressinec.
2. JuNip’ERUs Linn. Juniper.

1. J. commenis (.) ; J. 3 in each whorl spreading linear sub-
ulate mucronate keeled exceeding the ripe fruit.—#. B. 1110.—
Fruticose, erect. L. with a broad flat shallow channel above,
che keel beneath with a slender furrow. Berries black, tinged
with blue, about half the length of the leaves. 1_Dry as,
especialiy ' on a calcareous soil. Sh. V. E

1 A form intermediate between Sp. 1 and 2 is recorded by Mr Bennett from
Scarp, Outer Hebrides, under the name var. /. iniermedia, Schur.—H. & J. G.

392 80. TRILLIACES.

2. J. sibir'tca (Burgsdf.) ; 1. 3 in each whorl incurved linear
lanceolate mucronate keeled equalling the ripe fruit.—/. nana
(Willd.). #.B. S. 2743.—A prostrate shrub with longer berries
and shorter leaves than the last.—Moantains. Sh. VY. E.S.I.

Tribe III]. Abietinee.

3. Prxnus Linn. em. Link. Scotch Fir.

1. P. sylves'tris (L.) ; 1.in pairs, young cones stalked recurved
ovoid-conical, wing thrice as long as the seed.—#. B. 2460.—
A lofty tree. Cones of this species have been found at con-
siderabledepths in the Irish bogs and Englishfens.—Highlands.
Vee vel E. 8. I.

[p. Pinaster (Ait.) Sy. E. B. 1381, with stouter branches, longer 1., much
longer clustered cones, is naturalized about Bournemouth and Poole. |

Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONES.

Stems destitute of medullary rays, consisting of
cellular tissue amongst which the vascular tissue
is mixed in bundles, increasing by the addition of
new matter within. Leaves mostly alternate and
sheathing, with parallel simple veins connected by
smaller transverse ones, rarely net-veined. Cotyledon
one, or if more they are alternate.

Division I. DICTYOGEN.
Leaves ret-veined. Floral envelopes whorled.
Order LXXX. TRILLIACE#.
Perianth inferior, 6- or 8-parted ; in 2 whorls ; outer whorl or
calyx herbaceous ; inner or corolla coloured, or in our plant her-

baceous. Stam.6—10. Anth.linear; filamentssubulate. Ovary
superior, 3—5-celled. Ovules indefinite in number, in two rows

|
:

S81. DIOSCORE \CE®. 393

in each cell. Styles as manyas the cells, distinct : stigmas in-
conspicuous. Fr.succulent,notbursting. Seedswithaleathery
skin. Embryo minute, in fleshy albumen.—Raphidiferous
Often combined with Jiliacee.

1. Paris, Perianth subherbaceous, 8-parted ; 4 inner divi-
sions narrower than the others.—Stam. S—10. Anth. on
the middle of the subulate filament.

1. Parts Zinn. Herb Paris.

P. quadrifélia (L.) ; 1. usually 4 in a whorl.—Z. B. 7.—St.
1 ft. high, from the end of a long rhizome, usually with 4, rarely
from 3—6, ovate l_atits summit. Fl. solitary,terminal. Sep.
lanceolate. Pet. subulate. Styles 4. Berry 4-celled: cells
with 4—Sseeds. Noroot-leayes—Damp woods. P. VY. E.S.

Order LXXXI. DIOSCOREACE ¥.

Perianth superior, petal-like,6-parted. Stam. 6,inserted on
the base of the segments of the perianth. Anth. bursting in-
wards. Ovary inferior, 3-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, erect.
Style 1. Stigmas 3, reilexed. Fr. baccate, or dry and flat.
Embryo minute, quite enclosed in the albumen.

1. Tamus. Perianth bellshaped; limb 5-parted. Male with
6 stamens. Fem. with the perianth adhering to the ovary
and persistent, and very short abortive stamens.

1. Tas Zinn. Black Bryony.

1. T. communis (L.) ; 1. undivided cordate acute shining.—
£. B.91.—Dieecious. Root large, thick, fleshy. St. very long,
twining. Racemes axillary, on jong stalks. Fl. yellowish-
ee regular, small. Berry red.—Hedges and thickets. P.
i. ME E.

Division I], FLORID.

(Orders LXXXIT.—XCVL.)

Leaves parallel-veined, persistent. Floral envelopes whorled,
or none.—There is no proper perianth distinguishable in Ord.
XCIL—XCVL. in our plants.

394 82. HYDROCHARIDACE.

Order LXXXIT. HY DROCHARIDACE#®.

Sep. 3, herbaceous. Pet. 3, regular, coloured. Stam. epigy-
nous. Ovary solitary, inferior ; placentes parietal sometimes
projecting inco the centre of the ovary. Stig.3—6. Fr. dry, or
succulent, not bursting, 1- or spuriously many-celled. Seeds
many. Albumen0. Embryostraight,cylindrical.—Noraphides.

1. HyprocHaris. Dicecious. Cal.3-parted. Pet.3. Male

with 9—12 stamens in 3 rows surrounding 8 abortive styles.
—Fem. with 3 abortive filaments and 3 fleshy scales sur-
rounding the 6 deeply bifid styles. Caps. 6-celled, many-
seeded.—L. floating, orbicular.

Stratiotes. Dicecious. Cal. 3-parted. Pet. 3. Male
with 12 or more stamens surrounded by many abortive ones.
Fem. with 6 deeply bifid styles. Berry 6-celled, many-
seeded.—L. swordshaped.

3. HeLtopgea. Diecious. FI. from tubular bifid spath.
Cal. 3-parted. Pet. 3. “Male. Sep. ovate-oblong. Pet.
linearornone. Stam.9 ; filaments combined into a column
below.”—Fem. with a long filiform tube, 3 abortive fila-
ments and ligulate stigmas. Caps. 1-celled, few-seeded.—
L. oval-oblong, in whorls.

bo

1. Hyprocu’aris Linn. Frog-bit.

1. H. Morsus-rdne (L.).—E. B. 808. RF. vil. 62.—F loating.
With runners bearing tufts’of stalked roundish-reniform entire
leaves. Fl. white, delicate, springing from a pellucid membra-
nous sheath. Seeds covered with beautiful prominent spirally
twisted cells—Ponds and ditches. P. VII. VIII. a

2. Srravio' tes Jinn. Water-Soldier.

1. S. Aloides (L.) ; 1. swordshaped-triangular ciliate-spinovs.
—. B. 379, &. vii. 61.—Creeping in the mud. L. many,
rigid. Stalk compressed, 5 or 6 in. high, with two 1. near its
summit. Fl. white,delicate The plant rises to the surface of
the water to flower, and sinks again afterwards.—Fen-ditches
in the East of England ; naturalized in Scotland and Ireland.

12, Wile KE. [S. 1.]
3. Hetopba Rich. ex Micha. em., Casp. Water-Thyme.

*1. H. canaden'sis (Rich. ex Michx. em., Casp.); 1. 3 in a
whorl oval-oblong blunt serrulate, fem. fl. from a tubular bitid
spath many times exceeding the sessile germen, sep. and pet.

83. ORCHIDACE. 395

broad nearly equal, stigmas reflexed. — Anacharis Alsinas-
trum(Bab.). A. WV. H. ser. 2.1.t.8. #. B. S. 2993.—St. long,
branching ; whorls of leaves many, close together. Fl. very
small but with a very long slender tube often 2 or 3 in. long.
The spath in the axil of a leaflike bract placed within the
vhorl of leaves. Sep. tinged with green and pink externally,
incuryed, hooded. Pet. flat, transparent, recurved, oblong.
Filaments at first curved outwards, their points placed under
the hood of the sepals, afterwards erect, linear, blunt. Anth. 0.
Stigmas recurved, linear, or deeply bifid. Sep. pet. and stig-
mas of about equal length. Style adnate on 3 sides of the
iube.—In water. Probably introduced from America. Canals
and rivers. P. VIT.—IX. E. S. 1.

Order LXXXIII. ORCHIDACE*®.

Sep. 3, usually coloured. Pet. 3, 2 above, 1 below (lip) fre-
quentlylobed andspurredand unliketheothers. Stam.3,united
in a central column, 2 lateral abortive, or (in Cypripedz/um) the
middle one abortive. Pollen powdery or cohering in masses.
Ovary 1-celled, inferior, with 3 parietal placentas. Style form-
ing part of the column with the stamens ; stigma a viscid space
in front of the column. Caps. 3-valved. Seeds very many,
minute. Testa loose, netted.—Raphidiferous.

Tribe l. OPHRYDINE#. Anuther wholly adnate to the co-
lumu. Pollen-masses in divisiblelobes which are indefinite
in number and waxy, stalked.—Root with 2 fleshy entire or
palmate knobs below the jibres.

* Anther-cells with a prolongation of the stigma between
their bases.

i

1. Orncuis. Perianth rmgent,hooded. Lip 3-lobed,spurred.
Glands of the stalks of the pollen-massesina common peuch.

2. GYMNADENIA. Glands of the pollen-masses without a
pouch. Otherwise like Orchis.

3. AcERAS. Lip without aspur. Otherwise like Orchis.

** A plate in front of the glands of the pollen-masses.

4. NeorinEa. Perianth ringent, hooded. Lip 3-lobed,
spurred. Glands of the pollen-masses in separate hollows
behind the broad recurved rostellum, which is bounded
laterally by 2 semicylindrical ascending processes diver-
ging from its base.

396 83. ORCHIDACEA.

*** Vo prolongation of the stigma between the anther-cells, nor
plate in front of them.

5. HaBeNnarta. Perianth ringent, hooded. Lip 3-lobed or
entire, spurred. Glands of pollen-masses naked.

6. OpHrys. Perianth patent. Lip variously lobed, without
a spur. Glands of pollen-masses each in a distinct pouch.

7. Hermintum. Perianth bellshaped, segments all erect.
Lip 3-lobed, tumid beneath at the base, without a spur.
Glands of the stalks of the pollen-masses exserted, naked.

Tr. Il. NEOTTIDEZ. Antherattached byitsbase, persistent.
Pollen-masses granular; granules only in a slight state
of cohesion ; no stalks.—Root of many fleshy fibres, rarely
of 2—4 much-thickened ones.

* Strgma with a prolongation (rostellum) at cts top.

8. GoopyERA. Perianth ringent. Lip gibbous at the base,
entire, included. Stigma subcordate. Rostellum erect,
bipartite, with a large squarish appendage between its
slender segments.

9. SPIRANTHES. Perianthringent. Lip channelled, clawed,
fringed. Stigma roundish. Rostellum straight, at length
bifid, with a long linear appendage between its points,

10. LisrerA. Perianth “ringent. Lip deflexed, 2-lobed.
Stigma transverse. Rostellum foliaceous, acute, arching
over stigma. Column very short.

11. Neortta. Perianth hooded. Lip deflexed, 2-lobed,
eibbous at the base. Stigma transverse. Rostellum flat,
broad, prominent, entire, without anappendage. Column
long.

12. Epreacris. Perianthpatent. Lipinterrupted ; thebasal
division concave ; terminal one (label) larger with 2 pro-
jecting plates at its base above. Stigma nearly square.
Rostellum short, terminated by a globose appendage.
Anth. terminal, erect, sessile, 2-celled. Column short.
termen straight on a twisted stalk.

** Stigma without a rostellum.

13. CEPHALANTHERA. Perianth converging (in C. rubra
spreading). Lip interrupted, the basal division gibbous,

83. ORCHIDACE®. 397

jointed to the recurved label. Stigma transverse. Anth.
terminal, erect, movable, shortly and thickly stalked, 2-
celled. Column long. Germen sessile, twisted.

Tr. Ill. ARETHUSEZ&. Anther ultimately free, like a lid,
deciduous. Pollen in many granules, pulpy or powdery,
cohering in 2 stalked masses.—Roots (in our plant) of fleshy
much-branched fibres.

14. Epreocium. Perianth patent. Lip posterior, erect, large,
entire, with a small patent lobe on each side of its base and
an erect inflated spur. Anth. tumid, seated in the lobed
top of thecolumn. Stigma transverse. Germen and stalk
not twisted. '

Tr. IV. WALAXIDE#. Anther terminal, free, usually like
a lid. Pollen cohering in a definite number of granules
and at length waxyand confluent: nostalks.-—Root fibrous,
with or without a superior bulb.

15. CoraLLorruiza. Perianth converging. Lip with 2
prominent longitudinal ridges at the base, 3-lobed ; lateral
lobes small ; middle lobe large, slightly emarginate. Spur
short or wanting. Stigma triangular. Rostellum want-
ing; but a large globose appendage. Anth. terminal, 2-
celled, opening transversely. Column long. Germen
slightly stalked, straight.

16. Mataxis. Perianth patent. Lip postericr, erect, entire,
similar to the pet., smaller than the sepals. Spur0. Stigma
rhomboidal. Rostellum short,entire,acute. Anth.terminal,
continuous with the short column, out of the apex of which
it appears as if it were excavated, with 2 imperfect cells.
Pollen-masses connected at their apex. Germen upon a
twisted stalk.

17. Liearis. Perianth patent. Lip anterior, erect or oblique,
entire, dilated, much larger than the sepals. Spur 0.
Stigma roundish. Rostellum wanting; but an appen-
dage consisting of 2 tubercles. Anth. terminal, deciduous,
movable like a lid, with 2 distinct cells. Column long.
Germen on a twisted stalk.

Tr. V. CYPRIPEDILEZ&. Intermediate anther barren
petal-like, 2 lateral anthers perfect.

18. CypripEDILUM. Perianth patent. Lip inflated. Column
trifid above ; the lateral lobes bearing stamens; middle
lobe sterile, dilated. Two lower (lateral) sepals combined.
Germen straight.

398 83. ORCHIDACE.

Tribe I. Ophrydinee.

1. Or’cuts Linn. em. R. Br. Orchis.
* Glands of the pollen-masses separate, lip erect in the bud.
+ Bracts mostly 1-veined, root-knobs undivided.
t Lnp 3-lobed, lobes broad and short.

1. O. morio (i...) ; lip crenulate, middle lobe truncate-emargi-
nate, spur ascending subclavate rather shorter than the germen,
sep. and pet. blunt converging to form a hood, anth. obovate
rather acute.—Z, B. 2059. A. xili. 363.—St. 6—12 in. high.
L. lanceolate, lower spreading, upper adpressed. Fl. few, in a
lax spike, purple ; sep. (rarely patent) and pet. marked with
green veins, converging so as to form a sort of hood; lip pale
in the middle, spotted with purple. Fl. sometimes white.—
Meadows and pastures. P.Y. VI. Green-winged Orchis. E.1.

2. O.mas'cula (L.) ; lip crenate, middle lobe emarginate, spur
ascending rather longer than the germen, sep. acute 2 outer re-
jiexed upwards, pet. converging, anth. obcordate apiculate.—
E. B.631. EH. B.S. 2995. R. xiii. 390, 391.—St. a foot high.
L. mostly radical, elliptic-lanceolate, usually spotted with purple.
Lowest bract often 3-veined. Fl. ina lax spike, purple ; centre
of the lip whitish at the base, spotted and downy. Sep. and
pet. without green veins. Rarely a form may be found without
any spur.—Woods and pastures. P. V. arly purple mae

it Lip pinnately 4-lobed ( that is, middle lobe bifid and often with
an intermediate tooth).

3. O. purpirea (Huds.) ; basal lobes of cor.-lip linear-obiong,
interm. lobe widening gradually upwards and 2-lobed with an
interm. tooth, its lobes denticulate at the tip and broad, spur
about 4 as long as the germen, sep. converging into an ovate
hood including the pet., bracts minute.—R. xiii. 378. _O. fusca
Jacq. O.militaris Sn., H. B.16.—St. 1—2 ft. high. LL. ovate-
oblong, blunt. Fl. in a rather dense spike ; helmet dark purple,
variegated ; lip paler with raised rough red points, its term. lobe
very broad.—Chalky bushy hills in Kent. P. V. E.

4. O. militdris (L. em., Rehb.) ; basal lobes of cor.-lip linear,

interm. lobe broader linear sudden/y widened and 2-lo ed with
an interm. tooth at its lobes mostly entire at the tip and broad,

ORCHIS. 399

spur about }as long xs the germen, sep. converging into an ovate-
lanceolate hood including the pet., bracts minute.—Z£. 4, S. 2675.
| R&. xiii. 376.—Smaller than the preceding. Helmet ash-coloured
or pale purple. Lip purple, white in the middle with raised
rough red spots, with a linear space between the pairs of lobes,
and its term. lobes broad.—Chalky hills. Berks., Oxf., rege
ferts. P. V. f

5. O. Sima (Lam.) ; lobes of lip all long narrow 1-veined
linear with an interm. setaceous tooth, spur 3 as long as the ger-
men, sep. converging into an ovate-lanceolate hood including
the pet., bracts minute.—O. tephrosanthos EK. B.1873. RA. xiui.
373.—More slender than the preceding. Helmet pale purplish.
Lip with remarkably slender segments, dark purple, with or
without smali rough raised points ; a linear space between the
pairs of lobes which are about equal in size.—Chalky hills in
Berks., Oxf., and Kent. P. V. E.

6. O, ustuldta (L.); lobes of lip linear-oblong, spi } the
length of the germen, sep. converging into a roundish hood in-
eluding the pet., bracts long.— #. B.18, RF. xiii. 368.—St. 4—6
in. high. L. lanceolate, acute. Spike oblong, dense, dark at
top, nearly white below. Fl.small, many. Helmet dark purple.
Pet. linear-lanceolate, blunt. Lip white with purple spots.—
Caleareous hills. P. VI. E.

++ Bracts with 3 or more veins, root-knobs undivided.

[O. laxifléra Lam.) ; lip 3-lobed, lateral lobes rounded and
crenulate in front longer than the truncate slightly emarginate
interm. lobe, spur shorter than the germen cylindrical, 2 lateral
\sep.reflexed upwards, pet. converging, anth. obcordate apiculate.
\—EH. B. S. 2828. FR, xiii. 393.—St. 1—2 feet high, round, an-
gular and rough upwards. L. lanceoiate or linear-lanceolate.
Bracts 3—5-vemed. Spike long, lax. FI. bright purple. Some
specimens approach OQ, palustris.—Wet meadows and bogs in
Jersey and Guernsey. P. V. VI.]

+++ Bracts with 3 or more veins, root-knobs palmate.

7. O. maculdia (L.); lip 3-lobed flat crenate, spur subulate
shorter thanthegermen, three sep, patent, pet. converging, st. sold,
i. lanceolate-obovate.—Z. 8.632. R. xiii. 407.—St. about a foot
high. L. usually spotted with purple ; lower blunt or rarely
‘acute, broadest towards their top ; upper linear-lanceolate, re-
sembling the bracts. Spike ovate, afterwards elongate ; lower
bracts exceeding the germen, upper equalling it. Fl. pale purple,

400 83. ORCHIDACE,

more or less streaked with purple. Lateral veins of bracts in-
conspicuous. Lip usually fiat, deeply 3-lobed, lateral lobes
rounded, middle lobe longer and narrower.—{. 0. cricetorwn
(Linton); slender, 1. all acuminate narrower carinate, spike shorter, bracts
purplish, midéle of lower lip short. See J of B. xxxviii. (1900) p. 362. A hybrid
between Sp. 7 and 8 is recorded. Towns. Fl. Hants. p. 341.]|—Damp woods
and pastures. P.V. VI. Spotted Hand-Orchis. \ E.S8. 1.

8. O. latefolia (L. em. Rehb.) ; lip obscurely 3-lobed its sides
ultimately reflexed, crenate, spur subulate shorter than the
germen, two lateral sep. patent, middle sep. and pet. converging, -
st. hollow, 1. lanceolate acute.—H#. B. S. 2973. R. xiii. 402.—
About a foot high. L. often only faintly spotted, spreading,
lowest oblong and blunt, from a narrow base but broadest about
their middle. Spotson], ring-shaped. Lower bracts exceeding
the flowers. Lip usually only slightly lobed.—Marshes and
damp meadows. P. V.—VII. Marsh-Orchis. E. S. I.

9. O.incarniéta (L. em. Rchb.) ; lip obscurely 3-lobed its sides
reflexed crenate, spur subulate shorter than the germen, two
lateral sep. patent, middle sep. and pet. converging, st. hollow, /.
narrowed from a broad base hooded at the end.—A. xiii. 397. O.
latifolia #. B. 2308. Curt. ii. 184.—L. erect and approaching
the stem, not spotted. Bracts all usually exceeding the
flowers.—8. O. angustifolva (R.) ; 1. erect-patent linear-lanceo-
late, upper 1. erect, lower bracts equalling the flowers upper
ones shorter. , xiii. 394. O. 7'raunsteineri Koch.—Marshes,
PVvalenvalle KE. 8. 1.

** Glands of the pollen-masses united, root-knobs undivided.

+ Spur filiform. ANAcAmprTis Rich.

10. O. pyramiddlis (L.) ; lip with 3 equal lobes and 2 tuber-
cles at the base above, lobes oblong truncate, middle lobe some-
times emarginate, spur filiform longer than the germen, lateral
sep. ovate-lanceolate acute spreading, bracts 3-veined.—Z. J.
110.—St. 12—18 in. high. L. linear-lanceolate, acute. Spike
pyramidal, afterwards cylindrical. F]. rose-purple, sometimes
white.—Calcareous pastures, rarely on sandhills. P. VII.
Pyramidal Orchis. E. 8. I.

++ Spur conical. HimManrocLossuM Spr.

ll. O. hircina (Crantz) ; lip 3-parted spiral in the bud, lobes
linear, middle one very long twisted, Jateral much shorter wavy,

GYMNADENIA.—NEOTINEA. 401

spur very short.—Z. 6.34. &. xiii. 359, 360.—St. 2—3 feet
high. “Cal. green, spotted with dull purple internally.” Lip
purplish white and spotted at the base, an inch or more long.—
Bushy chalk hills, very rare. Kent. Surrey. Gt. Glenham,
Suff.! P.V. Lizard Orechis. KE.

2. Gymn abe Nia R. Br. em., Nees.

1. G. conopéa (R. Br.) ; lip 3-lobed, /obes equal entire, blunt,
lateral sep. spreading, spur filiform twice as long as the germen,
root-knobs palmate.—£. 2. 10.—St. a foot high. L. linear-
lanceolate. Spikecylindrical,elongated. Bracts3-vyeined. FI.
rose-purple, fragrant. Pollen-cells open in front and below,
stopped below by oblong glutinous valves quite distinctfrom the
stigma, and to the broader ends of which the glands of the pol-
len-masses aré attached. [A hybrid with Sp. 2 is reeorded. J. of B.
1898, p. 352.} Hilly pastures. P. VI. VII. ES: I.

2. G. al’bida (Rich.); lip 3-lobed. /obes unequal entire, middle
lobe longest and broadest, sep. and lateral pet. converging, spur
much shorterthanthe zermen, root-knobsclustered.— Habenaria
R. Bri £. B.505. Pertstylus Lindl.—St. 6—12 in. high. L.
oblong, blunt ; upper lanceolate, acute. Spike elongated. cylin-
drical, dense. Bracts 3-veined. Fl. small, yellowish white,
fragrant.—Mountain-pastures. P. VI. VII. E.S.L

3.. A’ceras R. Br.

1. 4. anthropoph'ora (R. Br.) ; lip 3-parted, segments lmear-
filiform, middle one bifid and often with an intermediate tooth.
—E. 8.29. R. xiii.357.—Root-knobs ovate. Height S—12in.
Spike long, lax. Fl. greenish yellow. Sep. ovate, acute, con-
verging, margined with purple, including the linear-lanceolate
blunt petals. —Dry chalky places. P. VI. Green-man Orchis. E.

4, Neotry Ea Rehb. jl.

1, VY. tnéae'ta (Rebb. ol.) ; lip 3-lobed, lobes unequal, lateral
lobes lmear acute falling much short of the broad oblong interm.
lobe.—Sy. £. 5. 1465. J. of B.ui.t.25. Habenaria Benth.—
Height 2—12 inches. Spike dense, cylindrical. Fl. very
delicate,pmk. Semilancet-shaped acute sepals converging over
the column and narrow petals and exceeding them. Spur very
short.. The two ascending fleshy lobes of stig. and the fiat
broad plate between them are characteristic oi the plant.—
Open limestone pastures. Clare,Galway, Mayo. P.IV.Y. I.

Ze

402 83. ORCHIDACES.

5. Hapena’Ria Walld. em., Bab. Frog Orchis.

* Spur very short, usually inflated. CamLocLossum Hartm.

1. H. viridis (R. Br.) ; spur 2-lobed, lip. linear flat 3-pointed
middle point the shortest.—Orchis Sm., £. £2.94. R. xiii. 434.
Peristylus Lind|.—Lip with 3 tubercles at its base, | central, 2
lateral. Stigma oblong, slightly emarginate above. Glands of
the pollen-masses connected byanelevatedtransverseline. Sep.
and pet.connivent. Root-knobspalmate. Fl.green,lipbrowner.
St.6—8 in. high.—Pastures. P.VI. VII. Prog Orchts. E.S.1.

** Spur slender. PLATANTHERA Rich. Butterfly Orchis.

2. H.iifelia (R. Br. em., Bab.) ; spur twice as longas the zer-
men, lip linear entire, pet. connivent blunt, anth. oblong trun-
cate,7ts cells parallel.—E. B.S.2806. R. xiii.429.—About a foot
high. Root-l. usually 2, elliptic. Stem.-l. small, lanceolate,
resembling the bracts. Spikeslender. Fl. white. Central line
between the anth.-cells a furrow in front and a keel behind,
stalks of pollen-masses short, gland oval. Stigma truncate,
emarginate with pointed lobes.—Heathy places. P. er ee

3. H. chlorolevica (Ridl.) ; spur twice as long as the germen,
lip linear entire, pet. connivent blunt, anth. truncate zts ce//s
twice as distant at the base as at the top.—Orchis bifolia, BE. B.
pl. 22. H.chlorantha (Bab. not Spreng.). H.montana R. xiii.
430.— Usually taller and stouter than the preceding. Spike
usually lax, but sometimes dense. Il. larger. Central line
between anth,-cells a prominent ridge in front ana a groove
behind. Space between the bases of the anth.-cells usually,
not always. spread open. Stalks of pollen-masses long, gland
circular. Stigma very broad, slightly pointed in the middle.—
Moist woods and thickets. P. V. VI. ELS. f,

6. O’pHRYS Linn. em., R. Br.

1. O. apif'era (Huds.) ; lip tumid 5-lobed, 2 lower lobes pro-
minent and with a hairy base, 2 intermediate reflexed truncate,
terminal acute long usually reflewed, anth. with a hooked point,
pet. oblong bluntish downy.—Z#. ZB. 383.—About a foot high.
Fl. few, large, rather distant. Sep. whitish tinged with purple.
Lip velvety, brown variegated with yellow. “All the lobes of
the lip sometimes reflexed, interm. overlapping term. one.”—
8. O. Trollii (Heg.); term. lobe of lip acute triangular not

reflexed.—On caleareous soils. 8. Reigate. P.VI. VII. Bee
Orchis. E. I.

OPHRYS.—GOODYERA. 403

2. O. fucifléra (Rehb.) ; lip somewhat tumid entire or with

4 shallow marginal lobes and a terminal injflexed flat rather
heartshaped appendage, anth. with a straight or hooked point,
pet. deltoid downy.—O. arachnites (Reichard). #. B.S, 2596.
R. xiii. 461.—Sep. pinkish. Lip velvety, dark purple, varie-
gated with yellow ; appendage green, never reflexed.—Chalk
downs. Folkestone and Sittingbourne, Kent. P. IV.—VI.
Late Spider Orchis. E.
3. O. spheqédes (Mill.) ; lip tumid obscurely 3-lobed, mzddie
lobe large emarginate without an appendage, anth. acute, pet.
linear glabrous.—O. aranifera (Huds.). #. B. 65. R. xiii.
449.—Smaller than the two preceding and with fewer flowers.
Sep. green. Pet. green, quite glabrous. Lip deep brown,
hairy with paler or yellowish glabrous lines often resembling
the Greek letter Il, entire at the end or notched with or with-
out a central point.—s. O. fucifera (Sm.); lip usually un-
divided often with a gland in the notch, pet. rough. #. B.S.
2649.—Chalky placesrare. 8. Kent, Sussex, and Isle of Wight.
P.IV. V. Spider Orchis. E.
4. O. insectif'era (L. em. Mill.) ; Lip oblong trifid with a broad
pale spot in the centre, mzddle lobe long bifid, anth. short blunt,
pet. jiliform.—oO. muscifera (Huds.). #. B. 64. RK. xiii. 447.
St. 40. 15.—Slender, about a foot high. Sep. green. Lip
rownish purple ; central spot subquadrate, bluish. Pet. very
narrow, purple.—Damp calcareous thickets and pastures. P.
V.VI. Fly Orchis. EK...

7. Hermin'tum R. Br. Musk Orchis.

1. H. Monor'chis (R. Br.) ; lip 3-lobed, central lobe longest,
pet. with a lobe on each side.—#. B. 71.—Root-knobs very un-
equal and distant. L. usually 2, lanceolate. St. about 6 in.
high. Sep.ovate, greenish. Spike dense, slender.—Calcareous
soil in the South, rare. P. VI. VIL. E.

Tribe IL. Neottidee.
8. Goop'yprA PR. Br. in Att.

1. G. répens (R. Br. in Ait.); 1. ovate stalked netted, sep.
pet. and lip ovate-lanceolate.—Z#. 3.289. St. 6—8 in. high,
bearing linear adpressed bracts. Creeping. Whole upper
part of the plant covered with minute stalked glands. L.
netted with brown. Fl. white, small.Fir forests of the
North. P. VIII. E.S

8.

404 83. ORCHIDACE.

9. Sprran' THES Rich. Lady’s Tresses.

1. S. spiralis (C. Koch em., Asch.) ; root-fibres few ovate-
oblong thick, root-l. ovate- oblong i in a lateral cluster, stem-I.
like bracts, spike dense.—S. autumnalis (Rich.).—#. B.541.—
St.4—6 in. high. Spikespiral. Fl. greenish white. Column
and lid acute ; a blunt ovate membranous process between them
3 each side.—Dry calcareous and gravelly places. P. Bare

x. ra:

2. S. estivdlis (Rich.) ; root-fibres few long cylindrical, root-
1. oblong-lanceolate round the base of the st., stem-]. narrowly
lanceolate, spike lax.—H#, B. S. 2817.—St. 3—12 in. high.
Spike spiral. Fl with a larger lip. Column and lid acute ;
the interm. processes lanceolate acute.—Bogs. Between
Lyndhurst and Christchurch, Hants. Wire Forest, Worcest.
St Ouen’s Pond, Jersey. P. VII. VII. ¥,

3. S. Romanzofidna (Cham.) ; root-fibres few long cylindrical,
root-l. linear-lanceolate, stem-l. triangular-lanceolate surround-
ing the base of the st., bracts shorter than the fi., spike dense
3- ranked, sep. and pet. equal blunt adhering together, lip blunt
spathulate. —Sy. BE. B. 1474. S. cernua Bot. Mag. BV if POPES
gemmipara (Lindl.) ed. viiii—Spike about 13 in. long. FI.
fragrant. Lateral sep. united at the base. See Rep. Boi.
Congr. Lond. 176.—Cork, Armagh, Antrim, Londonderry.
P. VIII. IX. a

10. Lis‘terA R. Br. Tway-blade.

1. L. ovdta (R. Br.) ; 1. 2 opposite ovate, lip bifid, column
with a crest which includes the anther.—Z. B.1548. St. 29. 14.
—St.1ft.high. Spike long, var he Fl. small, greenish. L.
large. —Woods and pastures. P.V. VI. Tway-blade. E.SiT.

2. L. cordata (R. Br.); 1. 2 Beery cordate, lip 4-lobed,
column without a crest.—#. Z. 358.—Height 3—5 in. St.
slender. FI. very small, in a lax spike, g greenish. Lip with 2
basal and 2 terminal linear lobes.—Turfy mountain moors. P.
VI.—VIU. E. S. I.

11. Nzor’t1a Rich em., Koch. Bird’s-nest.

. WV. Nidus-dvis (Rich.).—H#. B. 48. Listera Sm.—Whole
plant pale reddish brown. Root formed of many short thick
fleshy fibres from the extremities of which the young plants are
produced. (See Lezght. Fi. Shrop. 434.) St. a foot high, with
sheathing brown scales. LL. none. Spikes dense, cylindrical,
many-flowered. Lip linear-oblong with 2 spreading lobes.—
Shady woods. P.? VI. E.S.L

EPIPACTIS. 405

12. Epreac'tis Crantz em. Rich. Helleborine.

1. E. Helleborine (Cr. em. Rend. & Br.) ; st. solitary, 1. broadly
ovate exceeding the joints, upper 1. ovate-oblong, lower bracts
exceeding the f1., /abel rowndish-cordate with a small veeurved
point falling short of the broadly ovate sep. and pet., basal
hunches smooth.—Z. /atifdlia (All. em.). #. B.269.—L. ovate,
very broad, the very uppermost sometimeslanceolate-attenuate ;
lowermost leafless sheaths close. Lower bracts leaflike, lanceo-
late, attenuate. Fl]. green with the lip purple, sometimes all
purple. Peduncle shorter than the downy germen. Label of
the lip broader than long, crenate. In a slender form of this
plant the upper 1. are lanceolate, label cordate blunt with a
minute apiculus, and sep. ovate-lanceolate.—Monntain woods.
P. VIL VIII. EK. 8. 1

2. E.média (Fries em. Bab.) ; st. solitary, 1. ovate-oblong the
upper ones lanceolate Acute, lower bracts exceeding the fl. and
fr., label entire triangular-cordate acute equalling the lanceolate
sep. and pet., basal hunches plicate rugose.—/’r. Herb. Norm.
viii. 65 !—Narrower aud longer in all its parts than 2. /atifolia.
Only the very lowest |. ovate, intermediate lanceolate, upper 1.
lanceolate-attenuate and merging gradually into the linear-
lanceolate bracts ; sheaths funnelshaped. FI. green tinged with
purple. Pet. shorter than the downy germen. Label longer
than broad, crenate. Fr. abruptly obovate——Woods. P. VIII.

EeS. 1.

3. E. purpurdta (Sm.) ; st.many clustered, |. ovate-lanceolate
the upper ones narrower passing gradually into slender bracts,
label trianguar-ovate acuminate falling short of the ovate-lan-
ceolate sep. and pet., hunches plicate-crenate.— FH. wolacea
(Bor.). #. B.S.2773. R. xiii. 486.—Fl. “ yellow-green tinged
with pink.” St.and 1. much tinged with purple. Ped. shorter
than the downy germen. Labei longer than broad, entire, with
an attenuate point—Woods. P. VIII. E.

4. E. atropurpirea (Ratin.); st. solitary, |. ovate-oblong acute
the upper ones lanceolate 1 or 2 lowest bracts exceeding the fl.
but falling short of the fr., /abel transversely oval mucronate
eqnalling the ovate acute sep. and pet., basal hunches plicate-
rugose.—Z. ovalis(Bab.). HE. B.S.2884. Helleborine &c. No. 2.
Ray 383.—L. small; sheaths funnelshaped, rather close. Bracts
all much smaller than even the most uppermost leaf. FI. vary-
ing from a dark yellow to blackish red, peduncle shorter than
the downy germen. Label transversely oval, crenate, with a
small acute point, and elevated folded and tubercularly crenate

406 83. ORCHIDACE.

hunches above. St.6—18 in. high.—Settle, Yorkshire. Little
Doward Hill, Herefordshire. Ormes Head. Durness, Sutherl.
Burren, Clare. P. VII. EB. 8. 1.

5. #. palus'tris (Crantz) ; 1. lanceolate, bracts falling short
of the somewhat drooping fl., label roundish blunt crenate
equalling the perianth.—Z. B. 270.—St. 12—18 in. high. Cal.
purplish green, pet. and lip white tinged with purple.—Moist
places, not rare. P. VII. VIII. , BitSw eh:

13. CEPHALAN THERA Mich,

1. C. latifolia (Janchen) ; 1. ovate or ovate-lanceolate, bracts
exceeding the glabrous germen, lip blunt included.—C. grandi-
flora (Bab.). #. B. 271.—St. 12—18 in. high. FI. white; lip
marked with several elevated longitudinal lines. Sep. erect,
blunt,— Woods, usually on a caleareous,soil. P. VI. E.S.

2. C. longifolia (Fritsch) ; 1. lanceolate, bracts much falling
short of the glabrous germen, lip blunt included.—C. ensifolia
(Rich.) #. B. 494.—Height 12—18 in. FI. white; lip with
several elevated white lines and a yellow spotin front. Outer
sep. acute.—Woods, rare. P. V. VI. EB. Sel.

3. C. rvibra (Rich.) ; 1. lanceolate acute, bracts exceeding the
downy germen, lip acute equalling the pet.—Sy. #. B. 1483.—
Fl. purple ; lip white with a.purple margin, marked with many
wavy longitudinal lines.—Woods, very rare. In two or three
places in Gloucestershire. P. VI. VII. E:

Tribe II]. Avethusea.

14. Epreo’cium R. Dr. ex Spreng.

1. #. Gmel'ini (Rich.); st. 3—7 im. high, sheathed. L.
none. Sep. and pet. narrowly lanceolate, acute, pale yellowish.
Middle lobe of lip ovate, furrowed, white, with 4 rows of
purple tubercles. Spur very thick. Column short, dilated
above the stiyma to receive the base of the anther. Appen-
dage triangular.—Z. aphyllum (Sw.). Sy. #. B. 1486. Bot.
Mag. 4821, R. xiii. 468. St. 18. 16.—Damp wood near Ted-
stone Delamere, Herefordshire. Only once found. Ringwood
Chase near Ludlow. Misses Peele and Lloyd. P. VIII. Fi.

84. TRIDACER. 407

Tribe IV. Malaxidec.

15. CoRALLORRAIZA Chate/.

1. C. trizida (Chatel. emend.) ; spur very short or wanting.—
C. inndta (R. Br.) #. B. 1547.—Root of thick fleshy much-
branched fibres. Height 6—12in. Spike of few yellow flowers.
Sep. and pet. lanceolate acute. Lip oblong, white, with a few
purple spots, sometimes with 3 equal lobes.—Boggy woods,
rare. P. VII. 8.

. Manax'ts Sw. em. Rich.

1. M. paluddsa ia: ); st. with 3—5 oval concave leaves, lip
concave acute.—H. 5, 72.—St. 1—4 in. high, 5-edged. Sep.
ovate, spreading, 2 turning upwards. Lip superior, erect, 3-
veined, its base surrounding the column. L. fringed at the end
with little bulbs. Forming asmall bulb at its base.—This plant
and the next rather grow upon the moss as epiphytes than
amongst it.—Spongy bogs. P. VIII. IX. Beis. 1.

17. Lre’arts Rich. (Sturmta Rehb.).

1. L. Loesel’zz (Rich.) ; 1. oblong-lanceolate, st. triangular, lip
obovate exceeding the petals.— ValaxisSm., L. B.47.—_St. 6—10
in. high. Fl. 6—12,ina lax spike, yellowish. Sep. lanceolate.
Pet. linear. Forming a large ovate bulb at its base, enclosed
in the whitish sheaths of the decayed leaves. An epiphyte ? 1—
Spongy bogs in Norf., Suff.,and Camb.,now very rare. P. VI.

te

Tribe V. Cypripedilee.

18. CypripE’DILuM Linn, em: Sw. Lady’s Slipper.

1. C. Calcéolus (.); st. leafy, middle lobe of the column
nearly ovate blunt deflexed, lip slightly depressed falling short
of the calyx.—#. B. 1.—St. 12—18 in. high, downy, bearing 3
or 4 large ovate pointed leaves. Fl. usually solitary or 2, large ;
sep. 1—13in. long, dark brown ; pet.dark brown, rather narrower
than sep. ; lip 1 in. long, inflated, yellow, netted with darker
veins.—Dense Northern woods, very rare. P. V. VI. K.

Order LXXXIV. IRIDACE#.

Perianth tubular, 6-parted, petai-like, in 2 often unequal rows, |
Stam. 3, epigynous, "opposite the outer segments of the perianth.

408 84. IRIDACE ®.

Anth. bursting outwards. Ovary inferior, 3-celled. Style
1. Stigmas 3, dilated, often like petals. Caps. 3-celled, 3-
valved; valves bearing the dissepiments in the middle.
Seeds many. Embryo cylindrical, enclosed in horny or fleshy
albumen. Radicle pointing towards the hile. :

1. SisyrincHium. Perianth 6-cleft ; segments nedrly equal,
patent. Style short. Stigraas 3, rolled inwards, filiform.
Filaments connate below.

. Ins. Perianth 6-cleft; alternate segments reflexed.
Stigmas 3, like petals, covering the stamens.

bo

3. GLapiotus. Perianth irregular, 6-cleft, 2-lipped ; seg-
ments unequal. Style filiform. Stigmas 3, widening up-
wards. Seeds more or less winged.

4. Romunea. Perianth regular, 6-cleft ; segments spreading.
Style filiform. Stigmas 3, bifid ; lobes slender.

5. Crocus. Perianth regular, funnelshaped witha long tube ;
limb bellshaped. Style filiform. Stigma 3-fid or 3-parted ;
lobes widening upwards.

1. Sisyrin’cutum Linn.

1. S. angustefolium (Mill.); scape 2-edged nearly simple
nearly leafless, spath 1—6-flowered falling short of the fl., seg-
ments of perianth emarginate mucronate [Caps. globular-trigonons |
—Sy. E. B.1491. 8S. Bermucianum (. excl. var. 8.). Redouté
Lil. vy. 282. St. about 1 foot high. L. grasslike. Spath with
about equal lanceolate valves, falling short of the fl. in my Irish
specimens. Perianth blue ; segments narrowed below. Kerry,
Cork, Clare, and Galway. P. VIT

72. S. californ/icwm (Aiton); scape simple compressed broadly winged leafless,
spath erect outer valve about equalling the fl. sheathing connate at the base
8—5-flowered, per.-segm. oval narrowing below, eaps. ellipsoidal-trigonous. J. of
B. xxxiv. (1896) p. 494, t. 364.Scapes usually 2. Per. yellow (becoming orange)
with dark veins.—Marsh, Rosslare, Wexford. Rev. HE. S. Marshall. Status
uncertain. P. VI. i

2. Tris Linn. Flag.

1. L. Pseud-adorus(L.); 1.swordshaped,st. roundish, perianth
beardless its inner segments narrower and falling short of the
stigmas.—/. B. 578.—St. terete, 2—5 feet high. Fl. yellow,
or in J. Bastardi (Bor.) fi. pale lemon-coloured. Caps. oblong,
trigonous, apiculate.—-a ; outer perianth-segm. uniform clear
yellow with broadly obovate blade and rather short claw, stigm.

GLADIOLUS.—ROMULEA. 409

narrow and long.—s. J. acoriformis (Bor.); outer perianth-
segm. with deeper blotch at the base, the blade suborbicular
and claw long narrowish yellow with prominent purplish veins.
Yellow of fi. paler than in a.—Wet places. P. VI. VU.
Yellow Flag. E.'S, T.

2. 1. foetidis'sima (L.) ; 1. swordshaped, st. compressed, peri-
anth beardless its inner segments about equalling the stigmas.
—H. B.596. R.ix.347.—Herb green, not glaucous, yielding an
unpleasant smell when bruised. St. l-angled, 2 ft. high. Fi.
lead-coloured or bluish, rarely [var. cztrina Bromf.] yellow,
seeds red.—Woodsand thickets, P.V.—VII. Gladdon. E.I.

[*Z. tuberosa (L.); 1. tetragonal, segments of the perianth
acute, root tuberous.—Penzance. Cork.—Z. B. 8.2818.) E.1.

[1 spuwria (L.); with linear 1., limb of outer per.-segm. roundish, inner segm.
and stig. violet, and conspicuously apiculate carp., is apparently established in
marshes at Huttoft, Line. ]

3. Gia DioLus Lim.

1. G. allyricus (Koch); corm clothed with nearly parallel
fibres netted above with long narrow openings, fl. secund, fila-
ments longer than the anthers, cor.-tube nearly thrice as long
as germen, caps. oval emarginate with 3 rounded angles.—Sy.
E. B. 1493. J. of B.i.t. 4. St. 83. 3—Height about 20 in.
Corms ovate-acuminate. lL. slender. swordshaped. Sheaths
2-edged. Fl. reddish changing to bluish ; basal pet. rather
acute, exceeding the blunt lower lateral pet.; “edges of upper
pet. not covered by the 2 adjoining ones” when the i. are in
their prime. Stigm. narrow below widening from the middle
upwardsand there fringed.—Amongst Pteris in the New Forest.
Isle of Wight. Wr A. G. More. P. VII. E.

4. Rom’uea Seb. & Maur.

_1. R. parviflora (Britten) ; seape 1-flowered usually solitary
slightly nodding, |. filiform compressed furrowed recurved.
spath exceeding the tube of the cor., style falling short of the
stam., stigmas bifid—R. Colwm'ne (Seb. & Maur.). £. B.
2549. FR. ix. 354.—A small plant not more than 4 ir. high,
with acorm. Fl. greenish without, pale with purple stripes
and yellow at the base within.—Sandy places. Dawlish
Warren, Devon. Jersey and Guernsey. P. III. IV. E.

410 85, AMARYLLIDACE®.

5. Cro’cus Linn.

* Scapes enveloped in a tubular sheath.

1. OC. ver'nus (Mill. em. Wulf); |. and ff. at the same time,
spath simple, throat of the cor. fringed with hairs, stigma
shortly 3-fid, lobes erect wedgeshaped jagged at tha end, corm
clothed with slender netted fibres.—#. B.344.—Fi. 1—2, violet-
purple.—Near Nottingham ; and Mendham, Sufi. P.III. E.

2. C. nudifiorus (Sm.); 1. succeeding the fl., spath simple,
stigma in 3 deeply laciniate divisions erect, corm with a mem-
branous coat.—Z. 6.491. C. spectosus Hook. #. B.S. 2752.
—L. linear, appearingin March. Fl.solitary, purple. Stigmas
only a little higher than the anthers, or rising considerably
above them.—Meadows. P. IX. E.

** Scapes naked.

[C. bifidrus (Mill.) ; l.and fl. at the same time, spath double,
stigma longer than the stam. erect deeply trifid, devescons trun-
cate and slightly notched at the end, corm with a membranous
coat.—H#. B.S. 2645. ©. argenteus (Sab.).—F]. pale lilac with
yellow and purple stripes.—And C. avrireus (Sibth.); 1. and fi.
together, spath simple, stigma shorter than the stam. shortly
3-fid, segments truncate or slightly notched at the end, corm
coated with compact fibres.—Z. B. S. 2646.—F1. yellow.—On
site of old garden, Barton, Suff. P. TIT.)

Order LXXXV. AMARYLLIDACE#.

Stam. 6. Anth. bursting inwards. Raphidiferous. Other-
wise like JRIDACE 2.

1. Narcissus. Perianth tubular below; limb 6-parted,
spreading, with equal segments, and bellshaped crown
within. Stam. alternately shorter, within the crown.

2. Lrucosum. Perianth bellshaped, 6-parted, segments all
equal and thickened at their points. Stam. equal.

3. GALANTHUS. Perianth 6-parted, 3 outer segments spread-
ing, 3innershortererectemarginate. Stam.equal,subulate.
1. Narcts'sus Linn.

1. +. biflorus (Curt.) ; 1. linear acutely keeled with reflexed
edges, scape compressed 2-edged striate 1—2-flowered, crown

|

H
4

i

86. ALISMACE2. 411

very short concave crenate at the pale (ultimately white)
margin.—F. 8.276. #. ix. 365.—Pet. of a pale sulphur-colour,
sides slightly inflexed.—Sandy fields. A rather Set

vV Ml

native. PIV. V.

(2. V. poet'icus (L.); 1. linear bluntly keeled, scape com-
pressed 2-edged mostly 1-flowered, crown very short concave
crenate at the red margin. Z. B. 275, R. ix. 364.—Pet.
white, broadly ovate, crown yellow.—Heathy open fields on a
sandy soil. Norf., Kent. P. V.] E.

3. WV. Pseudo-narcis'sus (L.) ; 1. linear bluntly keeled, scape
2-edged 1-flowered, perianth-segm. scarcely exceeding tube,
crown bellshaped crisped at the margin and crenate equalling
the perianth, pedicel within the spath short.—#. 5.17. A. ix.
369.—L. 2 or 3, scarcely a foot long.—FI. large, yellow.—Open
woods and pastures. P.IIT.IV. Daffodil. E. S.

[WV. obvalldris (Salisb.); “perianth all yellow, its segm.
exactly twice as long as tube, crown 6-lobed.” Tenby.—
NV. incomparabilis (Mill.) Sy. #. B. 1502; crown erect $ as
long as perianth, otherwise like Sp.3. In several places in the
South.—These are not native plants. ]

2. Levco’sum Linn. Snowflake.

+1. LZ. estivwm (L.); spath many-flowered, style thickened
upwards.—#. B. 621. &. ix. 362.-Bulbous. Height 2—2}
feet. Fl. estival, white, drooping ; tips greenish. h. broadly
linear, keeled, hibernal. Scape 2-edged.-Wet meadows in
the South and East. P. V.

+2. L. ver'num (L.); spath 1-flowered, style thickened up-
wards.—Sy. #. GB. 1506. J. of B. iv. t. 49.—Bulbous. Height
8—10 inches. lL. and white drooping flowers vernal.—Near
Bridport and Bicester. P. II.—IV.

3. GaLan'tHUS Linn. Snowdrop.

1. G. nivdlis (L.).—H. B19. R.ix.363.—Bulbous, FI. soli-
tary, white, drooping ; inner segments greenish. _L. 2, keeled,
broadly linear, glaucous.—Thicketsin the West. P.II.III. E.

Order. LXXXVI. ALISMACEZ.

Perianth free, of 6 leaves ; 3 inner orall coloured. Stam. 6.
Ovaries 3—6 or many, always distinct or ultimately separable ;
carp. opening at the suture or not at all; seeds 1 or many.
Embryo straight or curved ; albumen 0.—No raphides.

412 86. ALISMACE#.

Suborder I. ALISMOIDE.

Three inner perianth-segm. petal-like. Seeds 1—2 in each
cell, erect or ascending, on the suture. Embryo cylindrical,
doubled upon itself: radicle next the hile.

1. Attisma. Fl. perfect. Stam.6. Carp. many, forming a
ring or head, small, 1-seeded. not Pees , ovate or
narrow.

- Damasontum. Fi. perfect. Stam.6. Carp.6—8, rather
eet 2-seeded, combined at the base and spreading i in a
radiant manner. LL. cordate-oblong.

3. Sacirraria. FI. monecious. Male fi. with many sta-
mens. Female fl. with many 1-seeded compressed carpe/s
forming a head, upon a globose receptacle.—L., sagittate.

Suborder Il. BUTOME®.

Three inner perianth-segm. petal-like; threeouter herbaceous
or slightly coloured. Seeds many, minute. Placenta ramified
over the inner snrface of each carpe]. Embryo straight or
curved : radicle next the hile.

4. Buromus. Perianth-segm. 6, all coloured, resembling a
corolla. Stam. 9. Carpels 6, connected below.

Suborder HI; JUNCAGINES.

Perianth uniform, herbaceous, inconspicuous, or 0. Seeds
1—2, erect, close together and at the base of the carpel.
Embryo straight; radicle next the hile: plumule coming
through a lateral cleft in the embryo.

5. ScneucHzeria. Perianth of 6 reflexed leaves. Stam. 6,
with slender filaments. Ovaries3. Stigma sessile, downy.
Carpels compressed, inflated, diverging, 1—2-seeded, free.

6. TricLocHin. Perianthof 6 erectdeciduousleaves::. Stam.
6; anth. almost sessile. Ovaries 3—6. Stigmas sessile.
feathery. Carp. attached to an angular axis, from which
they at length separate at the base.

ALISMA.—SAGITTARIA. 413

Suborder I. Alismoidew

1. Anis'ma Linn. em. Juss. Water-Plantain.

1. A. Plantdgo-aquatica (L.); fi.-stalk panicled with whorled
compound branches, carp. ranged in a circle compressed blunt
obovate, style below the top of inner edge of carp., |. cordate-ovate
or lanceolate.—Z. 8.837. #. vii. t.57.—L. all radical, on long
stalks. Submersed 1. linear. Fl.-stalks 2—3 ft. high. Fl. pale
rose-colour. Sep. ovate-oblong, styles twice as long as ovary.—
8. A. lanceolata (With.) ; 1. lanceolate narrowed below. Sy. £.
B. 1438. Sep. ovate, styles equalling the ovary. Perhaps
distinct.—By water. P. VII. VIII. Be Sat:

2. A. ranunculoides (L.) ; fi.-stalks umbellate, carp. angular
acute forming a globose squamose head, style terminal, |. linear-
lanceolate acute.—Z. R. 326. A. vii. t. 55.—L. all radical, on
long stalks, Fl.-stalks from 3 to 24 in. long, ending in 1 or 2
umbellate whorls of simple peduncles. FI. pale purple.—s. 4.
repens (Dav.) ; stoloniferous, producing |. roots and fl. at the
nodes, fl. larger. ZH. B. S.2722.—Turfy bogs. 8. By lakes in
Wales and Ireland. P. VI. VII. E.'S. I.

3. A. nétans (i.); st. floating and rooting leafy, peduncles
simple from the joinings of the stem, carp. striate beaked, floating
]. stalked oblong blunt, radical leafless petioles broadly subu-
late —#, B. 775. R. vii. t.54. Hlisma Buchen.—St. slender,
often very long. Root-petioles in small tufts. Fl. rather
large, white with a yellow spot.—Lakes, rare. P. VIII. E.

2. Damaso'NIuM J0//. em. Juss. (Actinocarpus R. Br.)

1. D. Alis‘ma (Mill.); stalks with 1—3 whorls of f1., carp.
subulate compressed opening longitudinally, 1. cordate-oblong.
—F. B.1615. D. stellatwm (Thuill.).—L. all radical, floating,
on long stalks, 5-veined. Pet. white. Carp. large; with 2
stalked seeds, one from the lower angle erect, one from the
upper horizontal.—Pond and ditches, rare. P. VI. VII. E.

3. Sacirra’RIa Linn. Arrowhead. .

1. S. sayzttifolia (L.) ; aerial |. arrowshaped with lanceolate
straight lobes, fi.-stalk simple, ll. whorled.—#. B. 84. R. vil.
t. 53.—Stoloniferous ; each runner ending in a tuber. The].
that rise above the water are remarkably arrowshaped, with the
3 parts nearly equal. The submersed leatless petioles are linear.
Fi. white.—Ditches and rivers. P. VIII.

414 87. ASPARAGACESX.

Suborder Il. Butomee.

4. Bu’tomus Linn. Flowering Rush.

1, B. umbelldtus (L.).—E, B. 651. #. vii. t. 58.—Flowerstalk
radical, 2—3 feet high, overtopping the leaves, bearing an irre-
gular many-flowered simple umbel with scarious bracts and a

membranous 3-leaved involucre. FI. rose-coloured. I. radical
slender, triangular.—Rivers and ponds.’ P. VI, VIJ. E.S. I.

Suborder UT. Juncaqinee.

5. SCHEUCHZE'RIA Linn.

1. S. palustris (L.).—#. B.1801. St. 78.4. £&. x. 419.—St.
6—8 in. high, erect. L. distichous, few, alternate, semicylin-
drical, blunt, with a minute pore on the upper side of the apex.
Raceme terminal, of about 5 greenish flowers. Caps. about 3,
much inflated.—_Sphagnous bogs, rare. P. VII. ELS.

6. Tricio’cHin Linn. Arrow-grass.

1. T. maritimum (.); fr. ovoid of 6 combined carpels.—
E. B.255. RR. vii. t. 52.—L. radical, linear. F].in a lax simple
spike or raceme, greenish.—Muddy salt marshes. P. Mads Nt i

2. 7. palustre (L.) ; fr. frien angular of 3 combined carpels.
—E. B. 366. Rovints51. —Slenderer than the preceding but
closely resembling it, 8—10-in. high. Stoloniferous.—Marshy
places. P. VI. VIT. K.S. 1.

Order LXXXVII. ASPARAGACE®.

Perianth inferior, petal-like, 6-parted or 4—8-parted. Stam.
6 or 4—8, inserted into the receptacle or on the perianth. Anth.
bursting inwards. Ovary superior, 3- (rarely 1-) celled. Oyules
lormanyineachcell. Styles1—3. /’r. succulent, not bursting,
Root not bulbous.—Raphidiferous.

1. Asparacus. Perianth 6-parted, bellshaped, tubular below.
Stam. 6. Ovary 4-celled ; cells 2-ovuled. Style 1. Stig-
mas 3, reflered.—¥]. by abortion dicecious.

ASPARAGUS.—POLYGONATUM. 415

2. ConvaLLarra. Perianth bellshaped, 6-parted, deciduous.
Ovary 3-celled ; cells 2-ovuled. Stegma blunt, trigonous.
Berry with 1-seeded cells. Fl. jointed to pedicel.

3. Potyconatum. Perianth tubular, 6-toothed, tardily de-
ciduous. Ovary 3-celled ; cells 2-ovuled. Stigma blunt,
trigonous. Berry with 1—2-seeded cells. FI. not jointed
to pedicel.

4. MarantHemum. Perianth 4-parted ; segments horizon-
tally patent or reflexed, deciduous. Stam. 4. Style 1,
bifid. ‘Stigma blunt. Berry 2-celled ; cells 1-seeded.

5. Ruscus. Dicecious. Perianth 6-parted to the base, per-
sistent. Filaments forming an ovoid tube, on the top of
which the 3 anth. are placed.—Fem. the same, but the
anthers barren. Style 1. Stigmas capitate. Berry 1-celied,
rarely 2-seeded.—FI. on disk of persistent leaflike shoots.

1. Aspar’acus Linn.

1. A. officindlis (.); st. herbaceous mostly erect without
spines branched, |. clustered terete flexible setaceous.—/. B.
339.—Creeping. Stems many.—c. marzt’imus (L.); st. prostrate
at the base, branches short about 1 ft. long. dA. maritemus
(Mili.) ; A. prostratus (Dum.); Bull. S. Bot. Belg. 1. t. 2.—*p.
aléilis L.; st. erect about 3 feet high, branches long.—Sea-
coast, rare. Kynance Cove, Cornwal]. South coast of Angle-
sea. Glamorgan. Giltar Point, Pemb. Tramore, Waterf. 8.
| Escape from cultivation. P. VITI. ; Ie dl

2. ConvALLa RIA Linn. em. Desf. Lily of the Vailey.

1. C..majdlis (L.)—#. B. 1085. St. 14. 10.—About a foot
high. 4.2, ovate-lanceolate, radical. Scape semicylindrical.

1. racemose, nodding, pure white, giobose-bellshaped, fragrant.
—Woods and thickets. P. V. E.S.

3. Potycona’wum Moench. Solomon’s Seal.

1. P. vertecilldtum (Moench) ; 1. lénear-lanceolate whorled, st.

erect angular.—#. B. 128. R.x.435.--St.2 feet high. L. 3—5
inawhorl. Berries red.—Woods. Perthshire. Smalesmouth,
/ Northumberland. P. VI. E. 8.

| 2, P.an'ceps(Moench) ; |. ovate-oblong half-clasping glabrous
alternate, st. angular, peduncles 1—2-flowered, cor. not narrowed

416 88. LILIACE.

in the middle, filaments glabrous.—Convallaria Polygonatum
(L.), #. 6.280, R.x.484.—Height 1—1} foot. Berry bluish.—
Woods, rare. P. V. E.

3. P. multifidrum (Moench) ; |. ovate-oblong half-clasping
glabrous alternate, s¢. rownd, peduncles 1- or many-flowered, cor.
narrowed in the middle, filaments downy.—H. B. 279. R. x.
433.—Height 2 feet. Berry bluish.—Woods. P. Vv. E. 8.

u

4, Martan'rHEMUM Weber.

1. VU. byfoliwm (Schmidt); st. with 2 alternate stalked,
triangular-cordate leaves.—Ger. Herb. p. 409. Smilacina, Sy.
#. B.1510. R. x. 486. MW. Convalldsia (Web.).—St. 6—8 in.
high. Root filiform. L. very deeply cordate. Raceme ter-
minal, resembling a spike. FI. small; segments reflexed.—
Woods. Near Scarborough, in plenty. Howick, Northumb.
(now eradicated); Caen Wood, Middlesex. Dingley Wood,
Preston; Harwood, Blackburn. Gerard. Hunsianworth,
Durham. P. V. E.

5. Rus’cus Linn. Butcher’s Broom.

1. R. aculedtus (1.) ; leaflike flattened shoots ovate-attenu-
ate very acute rigid bearing the fl. upon the middle of their
upper surface, fi. 1 rarely 2 with a flat subulate scarious 1-veined
bract. 2. 8.560. R.x.437.—Hvergreen. Fl. small. L. very
minute.—Thickets. Sh. HI. LV. EK. 8.4

Order LXXXVIII. LILIACE®.

Perianth inferior, petal-like, 6-leaved, 6-parted or with 6 teeth.
Stam. 6, inserted on the receptacle or on the perianth. Anth.
bursting inwards. Ovary superior, 3-celled. Ovules many in
each cell. Stylel. Stigmas3orl. /’r. dry,capsular, bursting
with 3 valves bearing the dissepiment on their middle.

Tribe I. VULIPE A. Perianth-]. nearly or quite distinct.
Cells of caps. many-seeded. Seeds flat (in Lloydia angu-
lar), placed closely one above another ; testa paleor fuscous,
uot crustaceous.—St. usually more or less leafy. Bulbous.

1. Tutrpa. Perianth without nectaries, deciduous. Anth.
erect. Style 0. Stigma 3-lobed. Seeds flat.

2. Frivizuartia, Perianth deciduous; a nectariferous de-
pression at the base of each leaf. Anth. attached above
their base. Style 3-fid at the apex. Seeds flat.

88. LILIACEA. 417

[8. Linrum. Perianth deciduous, spreading or reflexed ; a
longitudinal nectariferous furrow at the base of each leaf.
Anth. attached above their base. Stigmacapitate. Seeds flat. |

4. Luoypra. Perianth persistent, patent. Stam. inserted at
the base of perianth. Anth.erect. Style filiform. Stigma
trigonous. Seeds angular above, flat beneath.

Tr. Il. ASPHODZLEA. Fi. not jointed to their stalks.
Leaves of perianthdistinct. Cellsofcaps.few-seeded. Seeds
various in form, usually with a black crustaceous testa.—
St. usually leafless. Bulbous.

5. ORNITHOGALUM. Perianth-l. 6, spreading, persistent.
Stam. on the receptacle and adhering only slightly to the
perianth. Anth. attached by their backs.—F¥F). white or
yellow, never blue.

6. Gacra. Perianth-l. 6, spreading, persistent. Stam. ad-
hering to the base of the perianth. Anth. erect.—FI.
corymbose or umbellate, yellow.

7. Scruna. Perianth-l. 6, spreading, deciduous. Stam. on
the base of the perianth. Anth. attached by their backs.—
Fl. racemose, never white or yellow.

8. Attrum. Perianth-]. 6, rather spreading. Stam. at the
base of the perianth. Anth. attached by their backs.—F1.
umbellate. Spath of 1 or 2 leaves.

Tr. UL. ANTHERICE 2. Fi.jointed totheirstalks. Leaves
of perianth slightly connected below. Cells of caps. few-
seeded. Seeds various in form.—Not bulbous.

9. Smreruis. Perianth-l. 6, spreading, deciduous. Stam.
on the base of the perianth. Filaments bearded. Anth.
attached by their backs. Caps. 3-celled, 6-seeded.

Tr. lV. HEMEROCALLIDE 2M. Leaves of the perianth com-
bined below. Cells of the caps.few-seeded. Seeds various
in form ; testa (in our plants) black.—Bulbous.

10. Enpymton. Perianth tubular-bellshaped, of 6 connivent
leaves with reflexed points combinedbelow. Stam. inserted
below the middle of the perianth ; filaments decurrent.

11. Muscart. Perianth globose or subcylindrical, narrowed
at the mouth, 6-toothed. Stam. inserted at about the
middle of the tube ; filaments not decurrent.

2) 0)

418 88. LILIACES.

Tribe L. Tulipee.

1. Tunr'pa Linn. Tulip.

1. T. sylvestris (L.) ; st.1-tlowered glabrous, fl. at first droop-
ing, tip of segments of perianth and base of stamens hairy.
= 4.63. St.29.11. &.x.446.—F. yellow, rarely produced
in a wild state. Chalk-pits in the Eastern Counties. “ Mea-
dows near Nottingham and in Yorkshire.” P. IV. V. E.

2. Frivinta’eta Linn. Fritillary.

1. F, Meledgris (L.); st. 1-lowered leafy, |. all alternate
linear-lanceolate.—#. G. 622. St. 18. 4. R. x. 442.—About a
foot high. Fl. dull red with many dark spots, rarely white.—
Meadows and pastures in the East and South. P. V. E.

3. Livtum Linn. Lily.

(1. L. Martagon(L.); 1. whorled elliptic-lanceolate, st. downy
roughish, fl. nodding, perianth reflexed.—#. B.S. 2799. AR. x.
451.—Height 1—14 foot. Fl. violet-flesh-coloured with dark-
purple spots.—Copses. P. VI. VII. TYurk’s-cap Lily.| EK.

[L. pyrendicum (Gouan); 1. foatiened linear-lanceolate,
fl. nodding, perianth reflexed.—Sy. #. B. 1517.—About 1 ft.
high. Fl. yellow with black dots below.—Between South
Molton and Mollond, Devon<] E.

4, Luoyp'1a Salish.

1. L. serotina (Rehb.); root-l, semicylindrical, st.-l. dilated
below and sheathing, fl. mostly solitary, nectary a transverse
plait.—Z. B. 793. St. 28, 2. R.x. 440, L. alpina (Salisb.)
Anthericum (L.)—Height 5 or 6 in. St. and 1. springing
separately from the root. St.-l. several, short. FI. white
with reddish lines internally.—Welsh mountains, very rare.
Snowdon. Glyder Fawr. P. VI. E.

Tribe Il. Asphodelec.

. OrnitHoG’ ALUM Linn. em. Schultes. Star of Bethlehem.

1. O. umbelldtum (L.); fl. corymbose, ped. exceeding the
linear-lanceolate bracts, filaments lanceolate simple, 1. linear

—EE

GAGEA.—SCILLA. 419

glabrous.—#. B. 1380. R. x, 467.—L. exceeding the stem or
filiform and shorter. Height 8—12in. Fl. white with a broad
green longitudinal band externally. Meadows and paueares.
IPPVe SSE

2. O. pyrenaicum (L.); fl. in an elongated narrow raceme,
ped. at first spreading afterwards erect, bracts lanceolate-acu-
minate, filaments dilated below with a long point, |. soon fading
linear grooved.—Z. B. 499.—St. leafless, 2—3 feet high. Ra-
ceme becoming very long. Fl. greenish white ; segments of the
perianth variable in breadth. L. withering before the stalk
appears, rarely contemporaneous.—Woods. Extremely com-
mon near Bath. Sussex. Bedfordshire. P. VI. E.

[3. O. nritans (L.); fl. few in a lax nodding raceme, ped.
falling short of the bracts, filaments flat membranous trifid, the
lateral points acute, middle one very short bearing the anther,
]. linear-lanceolate—H#. B. 1997. Albucea R. x. 473.—Height
9—12 in. FI. large, white, greenish externally.—Fields and
orchards, rare. P. IV. V.] E.

6. Ga/'GEA Salish.

1. G@. liitea (Ker) ; radical 1. usually solitary linear-lanceolate
flat, bracts 2 opposite, peduncles umbellate simple glabrous,
segments of the perianth oblong blunt, bulb ovate solitary.—
A.B, Rx. 477. G. fascecularis (Salisb.) Ornithogalum
(L.).—St. about 6 in. high, shorter than the leaves. Bracts
lanceolate, one often exceeding the yellow flowers. Bulb
often enclosing many small round offsets.— Woods and thickets,
rare. P, UIT. IV. E.S.

7, Sema Linn. Squill.

1. S. autwmndlis (L.); 1. lmear many, raceme lax, peduncles

ascending,- bracts 0.—H#. B. 78. A. x. 463.—Height 4—6 in.

Fl. purplish blue with a green line down the back, in perfection
before the 1. appear.—Dry pastures in the South and West.
P. VIII. Autumnal Squill. ; E.

2. S. ver'na (Huds.) ; 1. linear channelled hooded at the end
many, raceme few-flowered corymbose, bracts lanceolate, as long
as or longer than the peduncles.—#, 6.23. &.x. 463.—Height
4—5 in. Fl. blue. L.as long as or longer than the stalk.—
Western and Northern coasts. P.IV.V. Vernal Squill. E.S. 1.

420 68. LILIACES.

8. At'Lium Linn. Garlic.

* Alternate stamens broader and 3-pointed, the middle point
alone bearing an anther, Porrum Tourn.

+ Stem-leaves flat or keeled, not hollow.

*A. Ampelop'rasum (L.); st. leafy below, 1. linkar, spath
long, wmbel globose compact, stam. exserted, anther-bearing
point of 3-pointed filaments as long as the undivided part, bulb
corapound of 2—4 divisions.—#. #. 1657.—Bulb with large off-
sets within its coats. St. 2—6 feet high. L. long, linear.
Spath parting at the base, and falling off in one piece before
the fi. open ; horn 1—2 in. long. Fl. pale purple, the keel of
the outer subemarginate segments greenish and roughish.
Germen rather globose; transverse projections at about the
middle ; lower spaces slightly excavated. Head-bulbs very
rare, when present small, the size of peas.—Steep Holmes
Islands in the Severn (remains of former cultivation). Cliffs
in Guernsey. P. VIII. E.

tl. A. Babingtonw (Borr.) ; st. leafy below, 1. acutely keeled,
spath long-pointed, wmbel loose irregular with hemispherical
bulbs,stam. exserted, anther-bearing point of 3-pointed filaments
rather shorter than the undivided part and with an incurved tip
when young, bulb compound of few (2) divisions —H,. B. WN.
2906.—St. 4—6 feet high. L. long, linear, broad. Heads
large, with many bulbs about as large as hazelnuts (a character
quite constant in cultivation). Spath usually deciduous in two
pieces or persistent; horn 1—2 in. long. FI. pale reddish
purple, rather few, more conical than in the preceding, only
slightly opening; outer segments with a green keel, ovate-
oblong, with callous points, edges and back rough with minute
pellucid points ; inner segments slightly emarginate and with-
out points. Lengthened stalks 1—2 in. long, bearing secondary
heads, are usually present. Germen rather conical ; transverse
projection below the middle; lower spaces rather deeply ex-
cavated.—Roundstone sparingly, and South Isles of Aran plen-
tifully, Co. Galway. Cornwall. P. VII. ET,

2. A. Scorodop'rasum (L.!); st. leafy below, 1. flat, sheaths
2-edged, spath short and broad with a very short point, umbel
globose with many spherical small bulbs, stam. included or
equalling the perianth, anther-bearing point of 3-pointed fila-
ments shorter than the undivided part or the lateral points,
bulb with many purple offsets.—#. L. S. 2905. A. arenarium
Sm.—St. 2—3 feet high. Heads small. Fl. few, purple ; seg-
ments all with a minute apiculus, outer with the edges and keel

ALLIUM. 421

rough. Head-bulbs deep purple.—Sandy woods and fields in
the North. P. VI. VII. Ide Sh IE

+7 Stem-leaves hollow.

3. A, vinedle(L.) ; st. leafy below, /. terete slightly channelled
above, spath 1-valved short with a slender long point, umbel
globose with many bulbs, stam. exserted, anther-bearing point
of 3-pointed filaments equalling the undivided part and half as
long as the lateral pownts.—E. B. 1974. R. J. +. 404. A. are-
narium /7ries.—St. 2 feet high. IL. faded at the time of flower-
ing. Heads of few pale rose-ccloured fi. with green keels and
long stalks. Head-bulbs small, oval,acute, greenish.—f. A. com-
pactum (Thuill.) ; umbel without fl., head-bulbs with a leaflike
point.—Waste ground and dry fields. f£ is the more common
state. P. VIT. Crow-Garlic. K.S. I.

4, A. spheeroceph'alum (L.) ; st. leafy below, 1. subcylindrical
channelled above, spath 2-valved short, wmbel globose without
bulbs, stam. twice as long as the perianth, anther-bearing point
of 3-pointed filaments as long as the undivided part longer than
the lateral points, bulb accompanied by stalked ofisets.—Z. B.S.
2813.—St. 1—2 feet high. lL. usually faded before the time of
flowering. Heads of many rose-coloured or purple fl. ; keels
darker and rough.—St Vincent’s Rocks, Bristol. Sands in
Jersey. P. VII. :

** Stam. all simple, not 3-pointed, connected at the base. Spath
2-valved, one valve with a long point. St.-l. narrow.

5. A. olerdceum (L.); st. leafy below, |. channelled above
ribbed beneath, spath with one of the points very long, umbel
with bulbs, stam. equalling or shorter than the perianth.—Z. B.
488.—Height 1—2 feet. LL. (of the Bristol plant) thick, fleshy,
solid, nearly fat but slightly and broadly channelled above, with
4ribs beneath. Segmentsof perianth blunt.—g. A.complanatum
(Bor.) ; stam. shorter than the perianth, |. of equal thickness
throughout curved upwards at the sides so as to appear chan-
nelled with many ribs on each side. A. carinatum Sm., EL. B.
1658.—Borders of fields, rare. 8. Mountains in the North.
PAVE VEGE E. 8.

6. A. carindtum (L.) ; st. leafy below, 1. nearly flat, umbel
nearly without bulbs, stam. much exceeding perianth.—Height
1—2 feet. _L. erect, slightly channelled below, flat in the upper
part, slightly furrowed (not keeled) beneath. Perianth-segm.
blunt, rose-coloured.—Newark. Seguden, Carse of Gowrie.
By Esk above Musselburgh, abundant. P. VIII. E-S.

492, 88, LILIACE.

*** Stam. all simple and distinct. Spath 2-valved, short.
Leaves hollow.

-

7. A. Schaenop'rasum (L.) ; st. leafless or with one leaf, 1. terete
or slightly flattened above subulate, spath ovate pointed about
equalling the flowers, umbel many-flowered globose without
bulbs, stam. about half the length of the lanceolate Segments of
the perianth.—Z#. B. 2441.—St. about 6 in. high. L. straight,
mostly with smooth ribs. Pet. lanceolate. Barren bulbs
with leaves. Fl. pink. Forming dense tufts.—f. A. s¢biricum
(L.); 1. curved and bent downwards with crenulate ribs, pet.
lanceolate-attenuate, barren bulbs single-leaved, style longer
than the young germen. F#. B.S. 2934. Height 6 in. to 2 feet.
Heads large. Possibly a distinct species.—Meadows and pas-
tures In mountainous situations. ~. Rocks and cliffs near the
sea. Tintagel and Rill Head, also between Kynance Cove and
Mullion, Cornwall, P. VI. VII. Chives.

**x* Stam. all simple. Leaves flat, all radical.

+8. A.triquetrum(L.); st. triquetrous, /. near acutely folded
and keeled, spath 2-valved about equalling the erect bulbless
lax umbel, stain. haif as long as the oblong segments of the peri-
anth.—Z. B.S. 2963. R. x. 503.—Bulb ovate. L. angularly
folded, acute. Segments of perianth white with a slender green
midrib.—Hedges in Guernsey. Helston, Cornw. P. V. VI. H.

9. A. ursinum (L.) ; st. naked triangular, J. stalked ovate-lan-
ceolate, spath 2-valved ovate, umbel level-topped lax bulbless.—
#. B.122.—Bulb slender, oblong. L. few, broad, smooth, bright
green. Stalk one, as tall as or taller than the leaves. FF]. white.
Smelling strongly of garlic when bruised.—Damp woods and
hedges. P. V. VI. FRamsons. E.'S. T.

[A. ambig'uum (Sm.); #. &. S. 2808.—Rochester. Eye

Castle Hill, Suff. Not a native; nor is A. yaradoxwm (Don)
at Binnig Craig, Linlithgow. ]

Tribe III. Anthericee.

9. StmerHis Aunth.

1. S. planifolia (G.G.)—E. B.S. 2952.—Root of fieshy fibres.
L. linear, flat, or a little keeled upwards. St. and 1. enclosed in
sheathing scales and surrounded by brown fibres. Fl. panicled.
Pet. purple without, white within. Seed-stalks thick, white.
Seeds black. —S. bicolor (Kunth).— Sandy heaths. Near
Bournemouth, Dorset. Near Derrynane, Kerry. P. V. E. I.

89. MELANTHACE. 423

Tribe, LV. Hemerocallidece.

10. Enpym'1on Dumort. Blue-bell.

1. #. non-scrip'tum (Garcke) ; 1. linear, raceme nodding, fl.
bellshaped cylindrical, tip of the sep. revolute, bracts 2.—Z, DB.
377. Scilla festalis (Salisb.). Agraphis (Link.)—Scape about
afoothigh. Fl.blue, rarely white. Stam.'united to the perianth
halfway up. L. shorter than the scape.—Woods and thickets.
P.V. English Blue-bell. E. 8. 1.

11. Mus’cart Mill. Grape-Hyacinth.

1. M. racemdsum (DC.); fl. ovoid nodding crowded upper
ones nearly sessile abortive, 1. linear channelled flaccid
recurved at the end.—Z. B. 1931.—Scape 1 ft. high. Fl. dark
blue, scented. Caps. emarginate. Not J. neglectum (Guss.),
as supposed in ed. 6. The cultivated plant, J. botryoides, has
globose flowers.—Sandy fields. Plentiful near Cavenham and
ie aa Suffolk. About Gogmagog Hills, semi

Order LXXXIX. MELANTHACEZ.

Perianth inferior, 6—7-parted. Stam. 6, on the receptacle or
perianth. Anth. attached below their middle. Ovaries supe-
rior, 1 of 3 cells, or 3 of 1 cell more or less connected. Ovules
many. Styles 1—3. Fr. bursting inwards, of 3 separate 1-
celled follicles, or more or less combined into a 3-celled
capsule.

1. Cotcuicum. Perianth funnelshaped, tube long; limb
6-parted, petal-like. Styles long. Caps. 3, connected
throughout, opening at the inner edge, many-seeded.—
Tuberous.

2. Torrenpia. Perianth 6-leaved. Styles short. Caps. 3,
connected to above the middle, 1-celled, opening at the
inner edge, many-seeded.—A creeping rhizome,

3. NarrHectum. Perianth6-parted. Styleundivided. Caps.
3-celled, loculicidal, many-seeded ; seed with a long fili-
form appendage at each end ; placenta basal.

1. Con’cuicum Linn. Meadow-Saffron.

1. C. autumndle (L.); |. flat lanceolate erect.—Z. B. 133.—
Root-stock large, tuberous. L. a foot long and often an inch

424 90. JUNCACEZ.

broad, dark green, smooth, vernal. FI. bright purple, radical,
with very long tubes, autumnal ; germen remaining under
ground in winter, rises in spring with the leaves. eely
sreenish spring fl. are found.— Meadows. P.IX.X. E.S.1.

2. Torrei'p1a Huds. Scottish Asphodel. .

1. 7. boredlis (Wahl.); pedicels with a 3-lobed bract at the
base but none at the top.— Z. B. 536. St. 78. 8.—St. 4—8 in.
high. L. swordshaped, about 2 in. long, in 2-ranked radical
tufts. Fl. in a short dense spike, at first sessile, afterwards
slightly stalked. Mountain bogs. P. VII. E.S.

3. NartHe'cium Huds. Bog-Asphodel.

1. V. osstfragum (Huds.) ; 1. swordshaped, pedicels with 1
bract at their base and another above their middle, perianth-
segm. linear-oblong exceeding stam. and much falling short of
caps.—H. B. 535. St. 78..3.. R, x. 421.—St. 6—8 in, high,
slightly leafy, decumbent and rooting below. L. mostly in
radical 2-ranked tufts, half the height ‘of the stem. Fl. bright
yellow.—Turfy bogs. P. VI. VII. E.S.L

Order XC. JUNCACE#.

Perianth of 6 glume-like scarious segments. Stam. usually
6, on the base of the segments ; ae 3, opposite to the outer
series. Anth. 2-celled, attached by b ase. Ovary 1—3-celled,
superior. Ovules 1, 3, or many in each cell. Style 1, stigmas
3. Fr. capsular, 3- valved, loculicidal. Embryo subeylindrical,
very minute, within firm albumen, near the hile.—No raphides.

1. Juncus. Perianth glume-like, 6-leaved. Filaments gla-
brous. Style undivided. Stigmas 3, filiform. Caps. 3-
celled, 3-valved. Seeds attached to the inner edge of the
dissepiments.—L. mostly not flat.

2. Lvzuna. Caps. 1-celled, 3-valved, with dissepiments.
Seeds 3, at the base of the capsule. Otherwise like Juncus.
—L. flat, grass-like.

1. Juncus Linn. em. DC. Rush.

* Barren and fertile stems subulate, with sheathing radical long
leaves like the stem, or mucronate sheaths. Seeds with a
loose testa forming a sack at each end (appendaged).

1. J. marit'imus (Lam.); sheaths short pale, l. terete sharp-
pointed, panicle compound erect, per.-seym. equal lanceolate

———

JUNCUS. 445

acute equalling the elliptic mucronate capsule, seeds fusiform.—
E. B. 1725. A. ix. 402.—St. erect, 1—2 feet high. Panicle
long, lax.—Salt marshes near the sea. P. VII. VIII. E.S. I.

2. J. aciitus (L. em. Lam.); sheaths long shining, |. terete
sharp-pointed, panicle very compound mostly compact, per.-
seam. equal half the length of the roundish ovoid caps., 3 inner
ones blunt with a membranous border, seeds broad-ovate.—
EF. B. 1614. St. 71. 6. RP. ix. 401.—St. erect, rigid, with a
very sharp rigid point, 3—6 feet high. Panicle dense, corym-
bose. Fr. twice as large as that of Sp. 1.—Sands on the sea-
coast, rare. P. VI. Brel.

*= Barren and fertile stems subulate with sheaths at their bases
which are either leafless or bear rudimentary leaves. Seeds
with a close testa (not appendaged).

3. J. effisus (L. em., Koch); st. faintly striate soft, pith
continuous, panicle close or diffuse, sheaths dull brown not
infiated, caps. obovate retuse not mucronate, stam. 3.—E. B.
836. #. ix. 413—Height 1—2 feet. L. none or minute and
slenderatthetopof sheathingscales. Panicle diffuse, branched ;
or more or less dense, globose. Anth. oval, short.—Marshy
ground. P. VII. ES. I.

4. J. conglomerdtus (li. em., Koch) ; st. faintly striate soft,
pith continuous, panicle close or diffuse, from inflated sheaths,
caps. obovate retuse mucronate, stam. 3.—H. B. 835. St. 71.3.
fF. ix. 408.—Height 1—2 feet. L. none or minute and slender
at the top of the sheathing scales. Panicle globose, dense ; or
more or less diffuse. Anth.linear. The mucro in the hollowed
top of the caps. resembles a little hill bearing the style.—
Marshy ground. P. VII. E. S. I.

5. J. glavicus (Ehrh.) ; st. deeply striate rigid, pith interrupted,
panicle loose much branched erect, per.-segm. lanceolate, subu-
late rather exceeding the el/iptic-obfongmucronate capsule, stam.
6.—#. B. 665. St. 71. 5. AR. ix, 415. J. inflexus (L.?, Leers).
—Panicle ascending, diffuse. Fr. black. St. rigid, slender,
glaucous, 12—18 in. high. Sheaths dark. lL. none or minute
and slender at the top of the scales—Wet places. P. VII.

So Sais ee

6. J. diffiisus (Hoppe)!; st. finely striate rigid, pith con-
tinuous, panicle loose much branched erect, per.-segm. lanceo-
late-subulate exceeding the obovate-blunt mucronate capsule,
stam. 6.—Sy. #. B. 1562. St. 77.10. R. ix. 414.—Very like
the preceeding, but the caps. much smaller. St. green.—In wet
places, rare. P. VIT. VIII. B.S. 1,

1 Now regarded as a hybrid between Sp. 3 and 5.—H. & J. G.

426 90. JUNCACE.

7. J. bal’ticus (Willd.) ; st. very faintly striate rigid, pith
continuous, panicle erect slightly branched, per.-segm. ovate-
lanceolate acute, caps. elliptic scarcely trigonous blunt mucro-
nate.—Z. B, 8.2621. St.71.2. FR, ix. 411.—Creeping widely.
L. none or very minute points at the top of the sheathing
scales.—Distinguished from J. areticus by its rounded not tri-
gonous capsules ; from ./, injlexus by its far-creeping rhizome,
scarcely striate st. and continuous pith_—Sandy and wet sea-
coasts of Scotland. P. VII. Ss.

8. J. filifor'mis (L.) ; st. filiform faintly striate, panicle simple
of few (about 7) 7. placed near the middle of the st., per.-segm.
lanceolate acute, caps. roundish obovate blunt mucronate.—
£. B. 1175. St. 36. 10. A. ix. 412.—L. none or as in the
preceding plants. St. remarkably slender, about 1 ft. high ;
small panicles placed very low. Rhizome creeping.—Stony
margins of lakes in the North. P. VII. E.S.

*** Stems mostly leafy, none barren.
+ Fl. capitate or solitary and terminal. Seeds appendaged.

9. J. castdneus (Sm.); st. with 2—3 channelled l., cymes
terminal solitary or 2 or 3, per.-segm. elliptic-lanceolate acute
half as long as the ovate-oblong pointed trigonous capsules,
creeping.—E. B. 900. St. 71. 14, &. ix. 393.—St. 8—12 in.
high. Root with lax runners. Leaflike bract exceeding the
flowers. Caps, chocolate-coloured, about } inch long. Fila-
ments about twice as long as the anthers.— Micaceous mountain
bogs at a great elevation, rare. P. VII. VIII. :

10. J. trighimis (L.); st. leafless round, t. radical subulate
channelled bitubular, 2 or 3 fl. terminal erect usually equalling
the membranous bract, per.-segm. elliptic-oblong blunt falling
rather short of the ovate-oblong blunt mucronate caps. cespitose.
—E. B. 399. St. 28. 2. R. ix. 392.—St. several from one
root, 3—6 in. high, perfectly round. Leaflike bract equalling
or falling short of the flowers. Caps. chestnut-coloured.—
Boggy places on mountains. P. VII. VIII. E

ll. J. bighiimis (L.) ; st. leafless channelled on one side, l. radi-
cal subulate compressed (not channelled, nor bitubular), 1.2 uni-
lateral upper which is stalked usually falls short of the leaflike
bract, per.-segm. oblong blunt falling rather short of the twrdz-
nate retuse trigonous caps., root fibrous.—£. B. 898.—St. 2—4
in. high, seldom more than one from each root. Caps. light

ea with purple margins.—Boggy spots on mountains, rare.
PPVvble

{
}

JUNCUS. 427

:

12. J. trif'idus (L.) ; st. with one leaf on its upper part, basal
sheaths awned, upper sheath with a short 1., fl. 1—3 with two
setaceous leajlike bracts, per.-segm. acute, falling short of the
rounded elliptic beaked caps., creeping.—#. B. 1482. S#. 71.
12. RR. ix. 394.—St. crowded, erect, slender, 2—6 in. high.
Occasionally the stem-]. is wanting, and sometimes it has a
second head initsaxil. Perianth and caps.dark brown.—Damp
rocky places on mountains. P. VII. VIII. Ss.

++ Flowers in 1 terminal cluster or 2 one above the other, or
in panicled clusters. Seeds not appendaged.

13. J. capitdtus (Weigel) ; st. naked erect simple, 1. radical
filiform, head terminal mostly solitary falling short of the seta-
/ ceous bract, per.-segm. unequal, outer ovate-lanceolate, acwmi-
nate-aristate twice aslong as the truncate apiculate caps., stam. 3.
—K. B. S. 2644.—Plant 1—4 in. high. L. half as long as the
‘stems. Heads large, of 3—10 sessile flowers.—Land’s End and

Lizard district, Corn.; Guernsey and Jersey. A. VI. VII. E.

14, J. obtusijlérus (Hoffm.) ; 1-leaved st. and internally jointed
/. terete, panicle repeatedly compound spreading divaricate, per.-
'segm. equal blunt equalling the ovate acute trigonous (pale
brown) capsule.—#. B. 2144. FR. ix. 404.—Erect, 2—3 feet
high. St.and1l.not compressed. Segm. of perianth pale, often
purplish, quite blunt or with a small inflexed point.— Marshes,
Jrare. P. VIT.—IX. Boy shwl.

15. J. acutifidrus (Hoffm.) ; 3—4-leaved st. and internally
jointed /. swbcompressed, panicle compound pyramidal, per.-segin.
acute inner ones longest all falling rather short of the narrow
_ ovate-acuminate rostrate triquetrous (pale brown) capsule,—
| £. B. 238. R.ix. 406.—St. erect, 1—2 feet high. L. slightly
compressed. Clusters 5—6-flowered. [8. multiflorus (Weihe);

clusters fewer larger, per.-segm. equalling fr.|—Boggy places. IP WA =
| VIII. E. SI.

| 16. J. articuldtus (L. em., Wahl.) ; 3—6-leaved st. and in-
' ternally jointed /. compressed, panicle repeatedly compound
erect forked, per.-segm. equal acute the inner ones blunt all
falling short of the ovate-attenuate mucronate triquetrous
» (dark brown) capsule.—Z. B.2148. F.ix.405. J. lampocarpus
» (Davies).—St. erect, 12—18 in. high. L. compressed ; many

internal transverse divisions. Clusters 4—8-flowered.—Boggy
| places. P. VII. VIII. sSbull.

428 90. JUNCACE.

17. J. alpinus (Vill.); st. 2—S-leaved erect almost terete, 1.-sheaths with acute
dorsal angle, pan. compound with nearly erect branches, per.-segm. equal obtuse
the outer 3 mucronate, fr. oblong-ovoid mucronate.—R. ix. 403.—Resembling
Sp. 16 but smaller and more slender, internal transverse divisions of 1. less
apparent, pan.-branches more erect and slender, fl. fewer (2—5), per.-segm.
broader with narrow searious margin, caps. shorter and blunter.—Monnitain
bogs. P. VII. VILL. yi: 8.

18. J. negritel'lus (D. Don)! ; 3—4-leaved st. axd internally
jointed /. nearly cylindrical, panicle slightly compound erect,
sheaths dorsally acute, per.-segm. nearly equal (3 inner rather
longer and broader) ald acute falling short of the /inear-oblong
trigonous beaked (black) capsule.—Z. B. S. 2643 (1830), not of
Koch.—St. erect, 6—12 in. high. L. scarcely compressed.
Clusters of more fi. than in Sp. 16. Caps. brown, at length
black and glossy, more abruptly pointed than in J. artie-
ee ee places in the north, and Wells, Norf. P.

28:

19, J. bulbdsus (L.); st. filiform, 1. setaceous slightly
channelled faintly jointed internally, panicle nearly simple
irregular long with few distant clusters, per.-segm. equal acute
(3 inner rather blunt) nearly equalling the oblong very blunt
mucronate (pale brown) capsule, anth. as long as their filaments.
—F. B.801, R.ix. 397. J. supinus (Moench). J. wiginosus
and J. subverticillatus Sm.—Extremely variable in size and
the direction of its stems, sometimes erect, at others prostrate
and rooting at every joint, or [./. fwztans (Lam.) ] floating.
Fl. often viviparous. Stam-3 or 6.—8. Kochi ; caps. shorter,
stam. 6, filaments nearly twice as long as the elliptic anthers.
J. nigritellus Koch (1837). St. 78. 2.—Boggy and wet places.
8. Ivy Bridge, Devon (in .a bog), Connemara, Galway. P.
VI.—VIII. E. 8. I

+++ Flowers solitary, remote, or corymbose and forming a
terminal panicle. Seeds not appendaged.

20. J. squarrodsus (L.) ; st. leafless simple, 1. linear channelled
radical, panicle terminal compound with cymose branches, per-.-
segm. ovate-lanceolate acute or bluntish equalling the obovate
blunt mucronate capswe, anth. 4 times as long as their filaments.
—E. B. 933. St.36.11. R. ix. 400.—St. erect, 6—12 in. high.
L. many, somewhat spreading, rigid, half as long as the stem.
Caps. pale brown, shining.— Wet heathsand moors. P. ae als

‘

1 Buchenau considers this an alpine form of Sp. 16.—H. & J. G.

LUZULA. 429

21. J.compres sus (Jacq.) : st. with 1 leaf in the middle, ]. linear
channelled, panicle terminal compound subcymose usually fall-
ing short of the bract, per.-segm. oval-oblong blunt falling short
of the roundly obovoid shortly mucronate capsule.—E. B.934. St.
36.13. R. ix. 399.—St. slender, erect, round and leafy below,
naked and compressed above. Floral bracts usually pale.
Style half the length of the ovary. Anth. oblong. [4 form with
condensed panicle is var. coarciatus (E. Mey.) Damp places. “ AF

22. J. Gerardi (Lois.) : st. with one or more leaves, |. linear
channelled, panicle terminal compound subcymose usuaily ex-
ceeding the bract, per.-segm. oval-oblong blunt about equalling
the oval-oblong strongly mucronate capsule.—.J. caenosus Bich.
Sm. £. B. S. 2680. St. 71. 8 R&R. ix. 398.—St. trigonous in
its upper part. Floral bracts usually shining, brown. Styleas
long as the ovary. Anth.long.—Salt marshes. P. VI.—VI11.
Mud-Rush. EL. SoL

23. J. ten'uis (Willd.); st. with few 1. at the base, 1. strongly ribbed with broad
sheaths and long slender laminz, pan. terminal compound much exceeded by ihe
iong Slender bracts, per.-sezm. lanceolate very acuiz longer than the almosi spherical
shining caps., seeds very small ellipsoid pointed at each end minutely reticulated—
EB. 274. J. of B. xxiii. (1885) p. 1, t. 253.—Ceespitose. Fl.and fr. pale. Style
very short.—Sandy ¢ground and roadsides, very local, possibly introduced. P.
Vil.—IX. ESI

24. J. bufénius (L.) ; st. leafy forked, |. setaceous, il. solitary
unilateral scattered mosily sessile, per.-segm. unequal lanceo-
late-acuminate exceeding the oblong blunt capsule, seeds roundly
oval.— FE. B.802. St. 36. 12. R. ix. 395.—St. 4—8 in. high.
Usually with only 1 leaf on the slender stems.—38. J. fascicu-
Zatus (Bert.); st. shorter (2—3 in. high) and thicker, fi. 2 or 3
together.—Marshy and wet places. A. VII. VILL. 7% oie nkcer :

.s.L

25. J. pygme'us (Rich. in Thuill.) ; st. nearly or quite leafless,
1. subsetaceous, fi..in few small ciusters sessile, per.-segm.
nearly equal narrowly lanceolate exceeding the oblong-acute
caps., seeds fusiform-pear-shaped.—./. of B. xi. 128.—St. very
short. Upper cluster of fi. stalked, naked ; lower -with a long
braet. Seeds much longer than in Sp. 24, apiculate.—Damp
spots above Kynance Cove, Cornwall. A. V.? E.

2. Luzots DC. Wood-Rush.

1. £. sylvatiica (Gaud.); 1. linear-lanceolate hairy, panicle
subcymose doubly compound, clusters about 3-flowered on long

430 90. JUNCACEZX.

stalks, per.-segm. bristle-pointed equalling the ovoid-mucronate
capsule, filaments very short, seeds minutely tubercled at the
end.—£#. B.737. St. 36.14. R.ix.390. L, maxima (DC.).—
Rhizome woody. St. 12—18 in. high. bL. broad, shining,
striate, with hairy edges. Panicle much exceeding the leatlike
bracts.—f. gracilzs (Rost.) ; rt.-l. 1—3 in. long, pan. simple with
a single large term. head, overtopped by droopin® 1-headed
pedundles mandy, places. 8. Shetland. M7 Beeby. eee

2. L. Fors'tert (DC.) ; 1. linear hairy, panicle subcymose only
slightly branched, ped. 1-jlowered erect with both fi. and fr.,
style equalling stam., filaments about as long as the anth.,
caps. acute scarcely falling short of perianth, seeds with a straight
blunt crest. EF. B. 1293. St. 77. 2.—St. slender about a foot
high. Caps. with 3 acute angles, not suddenly contracted
above.—Thickets, rather rare. P. V. E.

3. L. pildsa (Willd.) ; 1. lanceolate hairy, panicle subeymose
only slightly branched, pedwncles 1—3-/1:, upper ones reflexed
after flowering, fl. solitary, style (excluding stigmas) exceed-
ing stam., filaments about half as long as the anth., caps.
blunt exceeding the perianth, seeds with a falcate crest.—F. B.
736. S¢.77.3. L. vernalis (DC.).—St. slender, 6—12 in. high.
Caps. ovoid, trigonous, suddenly contracted above.—L. Borrert
(Bromf.) is a sterile form with shorter and acuter capsules.—
[A hybrid with Sp. 2?]—Thickets. P. V. Bie. 1.

4. L. campes'tris (DC. em: Lej.) ; 1. linear hairy, paniele ef 3
or 4 ovate dense sessile or stalked clusters, per.-segm. lanceolate-
acuminate exceeding the blunt apiculate caps., laments much
shorter than the anthers, seeds nearly globular with a basal ap-
pendage.—E. B. 672. St. 77. 5.—St. 4—6 in. high; Anth.
linear, about 6 times as long as the filaments. Large forms often
mistaken for Sp. 5.—Pastures and dry places. P. lV. V. E.S. I.

5. L. multifiéra (Lej.); 1. linear hairy, panicle of many
ovate dense sessile or stalked clusters, per.-segm. narrowly
lanceolate strongly acuminate exceeding the blunt apiculate
caps., flaments more than 4 as long as the anthers, seeds nearly
twice as long as broad with a basal appendage.—B#. B. S. 2718.
St. 77.7. L. congesta (Sm.).—St. 8—20in. high. Anth. small,
rather short. Clusters on elongate drooping stalks, or (LZ. con-
gesta Lej.) subsessile in a rounded lobed head, or a few stalked.
[A nearly glabrous mountain form with few heads on short stiff stalks, and with
very dark fr., is referred to L. sudetica (DC.).|—Wet and turfy places.
vee le EK. §,; I

91. ERIOCAULACE®. 431

6. L. spiedta (DC.); 1. narrow slightly channelled hairy,
panicle oblong lobed nodding spikelike, clusters falling short
of their bracts, per.-segm. narrow acuminate bristle-pointed,
filaments half as long as the anthers, caps. blunt apiculate,
seeds oblong with a very slight basal appendage.—Z. B. 1176.—
St. 3—12 in. high. L. short slender. Spike $—1 in. long,
nodding. Partial bracts tapering, bristle-pointed.— Mountains.

. . sD.

7. L. areudta (Wahl.); 1. channelled slightly hairy, panicle
subumbellate of few 3—5-flowered clusters on long droop-
ing peduncles, per.-segm. broadly-lanceolate bristle-pointed,
filaments as long as the anthers, caps. roundish-ovate, seeds
oblong blunt or apiculate scarcely appendaged below.—#. B.S.
2688.—St. slender, 2—5 in. long. L. short, curved, narrowly
linear. Panicle of 3—5 small clusters, one nearly sessile, the
others on long deflexed stalks.—Highest summits of the Cairn-
gorm and Sutherland Mountains, P. VII.?2 S.

L. nemordsa (E. Mey.), L. albida (DC.) with doubly compound pan., clusters of
2—4 whitish or pinkish fl., bracts about equalling pan., anth. subsessile; and
L. niv'ea (DC.) with less compound pan., clusters of numerous much larger pure
white. fl., bracts exceeding pan. and filaments about equalling anth., have been
found in several places. |

Order XCJ. ERIOCAULACEZ.

Fl. capitate, unisexual. Perianth very delicate, 2—6-parted.
Stam. 2—6, if in 2 rows the innerrow more developed. Anth.
2-celled. Ovary superior, 2—3-celled. Ovules solitary, pen-
dulous. Dehiscence of caps. loculicidal. Seeds coated with
wings or rows of hairs. Embryo lenticular, on the outside of
farinaceous albumen, at the end remote from the hile.

1. Ertocauton. FI], ina compact scaly head. Barren fl, in
the centre. Perianth 4—6-fid, the inner segments united
nearly to their top. Stam. 4—6.—Fertile fi. in the cir-
cumference. Perianth deeply 4-parted. Stigmas 2—3.
Caps. 2—3-lobed, 2—3-celled ; cells 1-seeded.

1. Ertocau'ton Linn. Pipewort.

1. £. septanguldre (With.); scapes 6—8-striate exceeding
the cellular compressed subulate glabrous 1., 4-cleft hairy at
the end as well as the scales, stam. 4, caps. 2-celled.—Z. B. 733.
—Roots of many white jointed fibres. St. varying in height
according to the depth of the water. Fertile fl. 4-parted nearly

432 92. TYPHACE®.

to the base ; 2 lateral divisions keeled, compressed, blunt, fringed,
black. Each fi. with a broad blunt black scale in front which is
shorter and broader than it.—Hebrides, especially Skye. West
coast of Ireland, especially Connemara. P. VIII. 8. I.

Order XCII. TYPHACE#. 4

Fl. monccious, many, closely placed in cylindrical spikes or
in dense globose clusters ; barren and fertile on different parts
oi spike, the males uppermost. Perianth of 3 or more scales or
hairs. Stam. 1—6, distinct or monadelphous. Anth. erect.—
Fertile fl. Ovary free, solitary, 1-celled ; ovule 1, pendulous.
Stylesimple. Stigma unilateral. Fr. dry or spongy. Embryo
with a cleft on one side.—Raphides abundant.

1. TypHs. Spikes long dense cylindrical, upper part male,
lower female. Stam. surrounded with hairs. Anth. 3
together on one filament. Ovary surrounded by hairs
ultimately stalked.

2. Sparcanium. Fl. with a single 3-4 leaved perianth,
in distant dense globose heads, the lower bracteate. Stam.
free. Fruit dry, sessile.

1. Ty’pHa Linn. Reed-mace.

1. 7’. latifolia (L.); 1. linear nearly flat, sterzle and fertile
parts of spikes not separated, style exceeding the bristles, stig.
oblique ovate-lanceolate. —E. B. 1455, RB. ix. 323.—St. 6—7
feet high. L. overtopping the inflorescence, very broad. Spikes
very long, sometimes [var. media (Sy.)] there is a FE short
space between them ; fertile blackish brown.—[{In 7. Shuttle-
worthi (Koch), R. ix. "322, the style equals the bristles. |—Ponds
and lakes. P. VI. VII. E, 8. I.

2. T. angustifolia (L.) ; 1. linear channelled below, sterile and
Jertile parts of spikes a little separated, style exceeding the
bristles, stig. long filiform.—Z. B. 1456. #. ix. 321.—St. 5—6
feet high, much slenderer than in the preceding. L.verynarrow
overtopping the inflorescence. Spike very long, slender, sepa-
rated by a Howerless interval of about an inch ; fertile reddish
brown.—[T. gracilis (Schur), R. ix. 320, has a rounded spath-
ulate stigma, |—Lakes and ponds. P. VI. VIL. E. 8.1

2. SpaArca’NiuM Linn. Bur-reed.

1. S. erect'um (L. em., Beck) ; 1. triquetrous at the base, st.
branched above, fl. sessile [per.-segm. of female heads broad seyeral-nerved

938. ARACE. 433

with but slightly enlarged tip], stigma linear, ripe fr. obpyramidal-
cuspidate [with short stout beak], seeds few-ribbed.—F. B. 744:
R. ix. 326. S. ramosum (Huds. em. Beeby).—St. erect, about
2 ft. high ; lower branches with several heads, 1—3 fer tile, the
rest barren. Heads spherical. L. long linear, erect.—[8. micro-
carpum (Neum. under S. ramoswm); smaller, st. less’ branched, fr. smaller
less angular and less abruptly narrowed into a longer beak ]. Ditches.
PL. Ville Bi. Se I.

2. S. neglec'twm (Beeby); root-l. triquetrous at the base, st. branched above,
per.-segm. of female fl. narrow usually 1-nerved with much enlarged tip, stigma
linear-lanceolate, ripe fr. oblong-obovoid obscurely angled narrowed gradually
into a rather long tapering beak.—J. of B. xxiii. (1885) p. 193, t. 258. —Resembling
Sp. 1 in habit, inflorescence less branched and less spreading.—Wet places.
P. Vi.—VIII. , E.S. I.

3. S. sim'plex (Huds.) ; |. trigonous at the base, st. szzzple,
stigma linear-subulate, fr. slightly stalked subfusiform, seeds
smooth.—#. 8. 745. R&. ix. 325.—St. 1—2 ft. high, long, erect
or ascending. L. long, often [var. Jongissimum Fries] floating
(and then often mistaken for §. affine); sheath slightly fur-
rowed, not inflated. Heads many; barren several, sessile ;
fertile shortly stalked, especially the lowest. Fr. narrowed
intoa long beak, elliptic-fusiform.— Ditches. P. VII. E.S. I.

4. S. affine (Schnitzl.) ; st. simple flaccid, floating 1. very long
linear flat at the base from a dilated sheathing base, heads many
distant, lower fertile heads stalked, male heads several sessile,
stig. linear-lanceolate, fr. stalked oblong not longer than its subu-
late beak.—S. natans (L. em. Fr.). Sy. #. B. 1889. R. ix.
417.—St. much thicker than in the next plant. L. grass-green,
very long. Male heads fewer in our plant theni in the Swedish.
—Lakes, rare. P. VIII. Ka Sak

5. S. min'imum (Fr.); st. simple flaccid, |. linear floating
blunt not dilated at the base, heads few racemose or spiked
distant, wswally only 1 male head, stig. short oblong-lanceolate,
Fr. sessile ovoid shortly beaked.—S. natans (i. em. Schnitzl.).!
E. B. 273.. RR: rx, 324.—St. slender. L. pale, pellucid, long.
Lowest fertile heads sometimes very shortly stalked. [Often
2 male headsin Ireland (A.G. More). S. fuitans Fr. 1|—Lakes
and ditches. P. VII. VIII. : 1 Dei el bs

Order XCIII. ARACEZ.

Fl. moneecious or perfect, placed on a spadix and often in
a spath. Barren and fertile fi. usually 0 on n different ‘Parts of the

1 This name should perhaps stand, but there is some confusion as to Linnaeus’
intention, see Fl. swec., ed. 2, 1755.—A. J. W.

2E

434 93. ARACEZ.

spadix. Perianth none, or of 4—8 scales. Stam. many or
definite. Anth. turned outwards, Ovary free, with 1 or more
cells. Stigma sessile. Fr.succulent. Embryoslit on oneside.
Arum has abundant raphides, Acorus none.

Tribe I. ORONTE_L£. Spath like a continuation of stem.
Fl. perfect. )

1. Acorus. FI. on a sessile spadix, appearing lateral. Peri-
anth 6-leaved, inferior, persistent. Stam. 6, filiform.

Tr.U. ARE#. Spath convolute atthe base. Fl. monccious.
Perianth 0.

2. Arum. Perianth 0. Male fl. of 1 sessile 2-celled anther.
Fem. fl. placed lower, of 1 pistil. Top of spadix naked.

1. Ac’orus Zinn. Sweet Flag.

1. A. Cal’amus (L.); st. with a long leaflike prolongation
(or spath) beyond the spadix.—Z. 6.356. R. x. 429.—St. 5—
6 feet high, resembling the 1.; swordshaped, flattened. Spadix
completely covered by the flowers, 2—3 in. long, lateral. St.
and |. sweet-scented when crushed.—In water, rare ; except in
Hore and Suff.. *Between Lisburn and Moira, Co. Down.

VI. VIL

2. A’rum Linn. Cuckoo-pint.

1. A. maculdtum (L.); 1. vernal all radical hastate-sagittate
with deflexed lobes, petiole as long as leaf-limb, spadix club-
shaped straight falling short of the spath.—Z. B. 1298. A&R. vii.
&—Root tuberous. IL. with branching veins, green or spotted
with purple. Spath ventricose below and above, constricted
in the middle, with inflexed edges when open. Spadix usually
purple blunt ; with ovaries at the base ; above them whorls of
stamens ; then a few filaments, probably abortive pistils ; club
naked. Berries scarlet, remaining after the rest of the plant
has disappeared ; seeds mostly 4 or 3, or rarely 2,—Hedge-
banks and thickets. P. IV. V. KE. 8S...

2. A.ital'icum (Mill.) ; 1. appearing before the winter all radical
triangular-hastate with divaricate lobes, petiole longer than leaf-
limb, spadix clubshaped straight falling short of the widely
spread spath.—R. vii, 11.—L. dark blue-green, sometimes with
yellowish veins, rarely spotted, blunt. Spath ventricose below,
opening nearly flat and very broad above, folding down in front
when fl. are in perfection so as to close the opening like a flap,

94. LEMNACE. 435

ultimately bent or folded double over the yellow spadiz.
Abortive pistils very long, both above and below the stamens.
—W.Cormw. §. Devon. I. of Wight. Channel I. E

Order XCIV. LEMNACEZ.

Fl. (rarely found) moneecious, 2, in a spath, but without a
spadix. Perianth 0. Stam. 1—2, distinct. Ovary 1-celled.
Style short. Stigma simple. Fr. bladdery, not bursting.
Seeds with a coriaceous ribbed testa.—Floating, leaflike, small,
proliferous ; no distinction of st. or leaf. Fl. very minute.

1. Lemna. Spathmembranous,urnshaped. FI. from lateral
cleft of fronds. Stam. 1—2. Anth. 2-celled, didymous
(cells bilocular?), Fronds with capillary roots beneath.—
Increasing chiefly by offsets.

2. Wotrrra. Spath 0. Fl. from upper surface of frond.
Stam. 1; anth. 1-celled, sessile. Frond very minute,
rootless.—Increasing by offsets.

1. Lemna Linn. Duckweed.

1. LZ. trisul’ca (L.); fronds thin pellucid eliptic-lanceolate
tailed at one end serrate at the other, roots solitary.—Z. B.
926. £#. vil. 15.—Fronds half an inch long, proliferous at right

angles. Plants submerged, truly annual, producing autumnal
bulblets which survive the winter as in the other species.—In
stagnant water. A. VI. BS. 1,

2. L. minor (L.); fronds obovate compressed opaque, roots
sokieae blunt.—£. B. 1095. R. viii. 14.—Fronds 1—2 lines
long, nearly flat beneath, of a compact texture.—On stagnant
water. A. VI. VIL. Bek

3. L. gib'ba (L.) ; fronds obovate nearly flat above hemisphert-
cal and spongy beneath, roots solitary blunt.—#. B, 1233. R.
vii. 14. Zelmatophace Schleid. , Endl.—Fronds 1—2 lines long,
at first flattish, afterwards remarkably gibbous and cellular
beneath.—On stagnant water. A. VI.—VIII. E.'S. I.

4. L. polyrrhiza (L.) ; fronds _roundish-obovate, compressed,
roots many clustered acute.—F. B.2458, BR. vii. 15. Spur odela
Schleid., Endl.—Fronds half an in. long, green above, purple
beneath. Fl. not seen in Britain.—On water. A. Sea

435 95. POTAMOGETON ACE.

2. Woxtrrtsa Horkel., er Schleid.

1. W. arrhiza (Wimm.); fronds very small subglobwar
flattish above cellular beneath, solitary, young frond separating
immediately from the old one. Sy. #. B. 1398. R. vii. 14.
W. Micheliz (Schleid.).—F rond like a grain of sand, sabglobular
at all ages, green. Offset from within the base of the old
frond.—Fl. not seen in Europe. Ponds.near London. A. E.

Order XCV. POTAMOGETONACE.

Fl. perfect or imperfect. Perianth inferior, 4-parted, or 0.
Stam. free, 1, 2, or 4. Ovaries 4, distinct, each with 1 ovule
and 1 sessile stigma. Fr.a drupe enclosing a hard nut, ora
dry nut, not bursting,,i-seeded. Albumen0. Embryo with a
thin skin having a lateral cleft.

1. PoramMocrton. Fl. perfect. Perianth 4-parted. Anth.
4, sessile, opposite to the divisions of the perianth. Ovaries
4. Styles 0. Drupes 4, sessile——Fl. sessile, spiked.

2. Ruppia. FI. perfect. Perianth 0. Stam. 2, the cells
considerably separated ; filaments very short, scalelike.
Ovaries 4. Styles 0. Nuts 4, with long stalks.—FI.
about 2 together.

ivy)

. ZANNICHELLIA. FI}. moncecious, axillary. Barren with
1 stam., and no perianth. Fertile with a bellshaped
perianth, persistent style, and peltate stigma. Nuts 2—5
or more, more or less stalked.

1. PoramMocE’ton! Linn. Pondweed.

* ZL, alternate, floral l. floating and sometimes opposite ;
stipules free.

1. P. nétans (L.) ; upper |. stalked coriaceous floating ovate
or elliptic folded at the base, petiole jointed a little below the limb,
lower linear-janceolate or setaceous, fr. (large) rounded on the
back when fresh keeled when dry, peduncle equal.—L. B. 1822.
#. vil. 50.—St. creeping below, simple. Petioles plane-concave.

1 See Mr Fryer's magnificent Potamogetons of the British Isles, now in course
of publication, and his and Mr Arthur Bennett’s papers in the Journal of Botany.
We are much indebted to Mr Fryer for assistance with this genus and we have
followed his views in adding several species. H.& J.G.

POTAMOGELON,. 437

L. subcordate below, when pressed flat a ridge is formed on
each side of the base, jointed to ther stalks a little below the
limb. Sep. stalked, roundly rhomboidal. Anth,-cells not
parallel. /’r. greenish, slightly compressed, 1;—2 lin. long.—
[ Var. prolixus (Koch) is an early state having longer and narrower thin and semi-
pellucid 1.—P. fluitans (Roth), J. of B. xxvi. (1888) p. 273, is probably P. natans x
lucens, and P. crassifolius (Fryer), J. of B. xxviii. (1890) p. 321, t. 299, is P.
natans x angustifolius. |—Ponds, ditches, and slow streams. P. VI.
VIL E.S.L

2. P. polygonifélius (Pourr.) ; i. all stalked, upper subcori-
aceous floating oblong-elliptic or lanceolate subcuspidate, no
leafless petioles, lower |. linear-lanceolate, fr. minute blunt and
rounded on the back, peduncle equal.—-P. oblongus Viv., #. B.S.
2849.—St. creeping below. Petzoles longer than leaves,
convex on both sides, not jointed below thelimb. Lower 1. often
very narrow. Spikes rather short and irregular. Sep. trans-
versely elliptic, stalked. /’7. reddish, scarcely compressed, 1. lan.
long; a faint keel and lateral ridges when dry. 6. pseudo-
fimtans (Syme); submerged 1. membranous linear-lanceolate
narrowed at both ends. [y. cancellata (Fryer); floating 1. few thinner,
submersed 1. strongly net-veined. |—Ditches, small streams, and ponds.
8. Buttermere. Gap of Dunloe, Kerry. P. VII. E.S8. 1.

3. P. Grifith’tt (Ar. Benn.); submersed 1. strap-shaped usually sessile or half-
clasping wavy somewhat hooded pellucid 9—16-veined, floating 1. obovate-
lanceolate blunt long-stalked more opaque, stip. long usually exceeding the inter-
nodes, ped. slender nearly equal.—J. of B. xxi. (1883) t. 235.—St. branched.
Floating 1. green, submersed 1. slightly brownish. Sep. ‘‘ roundish-oyal broader
than long.” Spikesshort. Mr Fryer considers this a hybrid, P. polygonifolius x
?—Llyn-an-afon, Carn. Mr J. EL. Griffith. P. VI.—VIII. E.

4. P. Driicei (Fryer); submersed 1. elliptic-lanceolate pellucid strongly reticulaie-
veined throughout very long stalked, floating 1. obovate elliptic or oval narrowed
at both ends, stip. very long, fr. broadly obovoid acutely keeled, keel tubercled with
conspicuous angles at the base, ped. thicker than the st. narrowed at both ends.
A very distinct plant, producing but little fruit and possibly a hybrid.—R.
Loddon, Berks. Mr G. C. Druce. P. VII. VIII. BE.

5. P.colordtus (Hornem.) ; /. all shortly stalked membranous
and pellucid blantnot cuspidate nor plicate, upper elliptic, lower
1. oblong, fr. minute rounded on the back when fresh heeléed when
| dry, peduncle equal.—#. B.S. 2848. R. vii. 45. P. planta-
_ guneus(Ducrozex R. & 8.).—St. creeping below, branched, some-
times throwing out long runners from its upper axils. L. all
beautifully transparent and netted with veins, the upper often
almost sessile and nearly orbicular, sometimes slightly cuspidate.

438 95. POTAMOGETONACEX.

Petioles plane-concave above, Spikeslong, cylindrical. Anth.-
cells nearly parallel. Sep. ovate. Fr. greenish, ? lin. long.
[P. Billupsii (Fryer) J. of B. xxxi. (1893) p. 353, t. 337-8 is P. coloratus x angusti-
folius.|—Stagnant peaty water. P. VI. VII. E.S. I.

6. P. alpinus (Balb. em. Aschers.); submersed 1) lanceolate
narrowed at both ends subsessi/e membranous pellucid entire not
apiculate with chainlike network near.the midrib, floating 1].
subcoriaceous, obovate blunt narrowed into a short petiole, stip.
without wings, fr. acutely keeled, peduncle equal.—Z. B. 1286.
R. vii.32. P.rufescens(Schrad.). P. faitansSm.—St. simple.
Upper 1. alone slightly coriaceous, often tinged with purple,
longer than their stalks ; submersed 1. all nearly, if not quite,
sessile. Sep. “transversely oval.”—Ditches and slow streams.
P. VII. E. 8.1.

7. P.lanceoldtus (Sm.) ; submersed |. linear-lanceolate sessile
entire acutenot apiculate with chainlike network near the midrib,
floating 1. subcoriaceous elliptic-lanceolate shortly stalked, stip.
almost subulate uppermost broader with 2 dorsal elevated ribs,
peduncles equal from uppermost floating opposite leaves.—#. L.
1985. J. of B. xix. t. 217 (not #.).—St. very slender, slightly
branched. Floating 1. not always present with the flowers. No
fruit even on Sept. 28. [Mr Fryerconsiders this P. heterophyllus x pusillus. |
—By the bridge at Penrhos Lligwy, Anglesea. Burwell Fen,
Cambr. Clare, Galway. P. VII.—IX. E. I.

8. P. sparganifolius (Laest.! sec. Bab.) ; submersed 1. linear
narrowed at both ends very long sessile entire not apiculate with
many parallel veins next the midrib, floating 1. subcoriaceous
lanceolate long stalked, stip. very long blunt not winged, fr.
“acutely keeled” (Fr.), ped. rather slender not clavate.—Sy.
E. B. 1403. P. Kirkia (Syme).—St. very slender, slightly
branched, Floating 1. often wanting. Submersed 1. sometimes
2 ft. long, very narrow, few-veimed with additional parallel
veins closely placed next the midrib. L. very much longer
than those of P. lanceolatus and without the chainlike network,
beautifully green when well dried. Exactly the plant of Pies,
HA. N. xii..75. [Mr Fryer does not consider this the plant of Laest. but
probably P. natansxpolygonifolius.|—In the river at Ma’am, Co.
Galway. Af:

9. P. graminifolius (Fryer); submersed 1. narrowly strap-
shaped sessile narrowed at both ends entire not apiculate, float-
ing 1. subcoriaceous elliptic long-stalked, stip. long bluntish not
winged, fr. obliquely obovate 3-keeled.— Sy. #. &.1404. P. sali-

POTAMOGETON. 439

cifolius, ed. viii. (not Wolfg.).'—St. slightly branched. Sub-
mersed ]. with a few additional parallel veins next midvein,
subsessile. Floating 1. often wanting. Ped. long, slightly
thickened upwards. In river Boyne near Navan. [R. Lawne,
Killorglin. Pidley Fen, Hunts.] P. E. I.

10. P. heterophyl'lus (Schreb.) ; submersed 1. lanceolate nar-
rowed at both ends sessile minutely denticulate and ajiculate,
floating |. subcoriaceous elliptic stalked, stip. broadly lanceolate
blunt with 2 stout prominent ribs, lower ones linear-lanceolate,
Fr. blunt on the back, peduncle thicker than the stem swelling
upwards,—E. B. 1285. R. vii. 41—43. St. much branched
below. Submersed 1. wavy. Lower stip. without the two
strong ribs and equally veined, upper ones widely spreading.
Dry fr. slightly marked with 3 ridges on the back.—Ponds
and ditches. P. VI. VII. B.S. L-

11. P. nitens (Web., sec. Nolte); submersed 1. lanceolate
rounded below and half clasping wavy at the edge, floating 1.
“coriaceous elliptic stalked,” stipules equally veined, (dry) fr.
keeled, ped. swelling upwards.— Af, vil. 34. Sy. E. B. 1407.
J. of B. ii. t. 23.—St, rather wavy, branched ee Subm. L
pellucid, often recurved ; upper |. often not coriaceous. Une
stip. large, persistent, nearly } as long as the peduncle. Dry
ir. with 3 ridges on the back. [Mr Fryer considers this a series of
hybrids P. graminifolius x perfoliatus, P. heterophyllus x perfoliatus and P. angusti-
jolius x perfetiatus, and writes “‘ rarely fruiting, with 1 or 2 drupelets on a spike,
probably resulting from a chance fertilization by allied species.” |}—Lakes
near Brandon Mountain, Kerry (P. curvifolius Hartm.).
Loch Ascog, Bute. River Tay, Perth. Coltfield, Elgin, &c.
FP. Vil Via BLS.

12. P. faledius (Fryer); submersed 1. sessile elliptical strap-shaped often not
quite symmetrical with somewhat rounded base, the upper amplexicaul, the margin
entire slightly undulated, floating 1. stalked elliptic mucronate coriaceous, stip.
herbaceous persistent upper broad, fr. small rhomboidal-ovoid acutely keeled with
distinet lateral ridges, ped. thicker than the st. scarcely swollen upwards usually
shorter than the 1.—J. of B. xxvii. (1889) p. 65, t. 286.—St. branched from near
the base.—Fen ditches, Hunts. P. VI. VII. E.

13. P. var’ians (Morong ex Fryer); submersed |. sessile or shortly stalked
narrowly lanceolate usually flat, floating 1. stalked oval or more or less spathulate
apiculate coriaceous, stip. herbaceous persistent narrow bluntish, fr.. small
nearly cirenlar flattened very acutely keeled with prominent lateral ridges, beak
short, ped. slightly thicker than the st. not thickened upwards from the base of the

i Mr Ley’s plant from Sellack which according to the Authors MS. is probably
P. salicifolius, is considered by Mr Fryer to be a hybrid of unknown origin.
—H. &J.G.

440 95. POTAMOGETONACEX.

uppermost submersed 1.—J. of B. xxvii. (1889) p. 33, t. 287. P. spathuleformis

(Morong.).—St. usually but little branched, Fenditeches. Cambs. P.VIII. .E.

** usually all submersed, membranous, lanceolate or broader ;
stipules free.

14. P. angustifdlius (Berch. & Presl em. Bennett) ; 'L pellucid
narrow - lanceolate - oblong cuspidate narrowed downwards
minutely denticulate near the end wavy, stip. long broad
broadly and doubly keeled not winged, fr. with 3 keels, ped.
swelling upwards, very long.—P. Zizi (Roth).—J. of B.
Xvil. p. 291, t. 204.—St. long, much branched, lower 1. usually
recurved. Sometimes with aerial |. short stalked rather cori-
aceous oblong acute at both ends. Ped. straight, 4—6 in. long,
thicker than the stem exceeding the 1. terminal. Spike about
1 in. long. [p. involutus (Fryer) is P. angustifolius x perfoliatus. }—Lakes,

rivers, &c. P. VII. VIII. Be Deel

15. P. lucens (.); 1. pellucid oval or lanceolate stalked mi-
nutely denticulate and cuspidate, stip. winged, fr. rounded on the
back and slightly keeled when fresh, peduncle swelling upwards,
spikes cylindrical densely flowered.—Z. B. 376. _f. vii. 36.—
All the stipules have two prominent wings on their back. Spikes
long, about equalling the peduncles.—A form (?) has been found
with ovate-lanceolate subacute subcoriaceous floating leaves
(var. coriaceus Nolte? R. 39) which looks different. [Var. cor#-
aceus (Nolte) is thought by Mr Fryer to be probably P. heterophylius x angustifolius.
He writes ‘‘upper 1. coriaceous like heterophyllus but petiole shorter than
lamina.”] Sometimes (P. aewminatus Schum.) the midrib forms
a long prominent point. Common in deepish water. P. aie :

16. 2P. decip'iens (Nolte) ; 7. pellucid oblong rounded below not
hooded but blunt mucronate and wavy at the end entire sessile
or uppermost 1. sometimes subsessile, stip. not winged,’ fr.
“like that of P. Jucens,” ped. equal.—J/. of B. v. t. 61. A. vil.
35.—St. long, much branched. Ped. 1—2 in, long, thicker than
thestem. Spikes 1—2in.long, dense. [P. lucens xperfoliatus Fryers]
—Canal near Bath. Forfar. Navan Canal, [&e.]. P. VII.

iD a ie
17. P. longifolius (Bab. not Gay) ; /. pellueid long-lanceolate
narrowed below entire cuspidate, stip. winged, fr... .. . » ped.

long swelling upwards, spikes with few rather whorled distant
dower et B. S. 9847.—St. long, slender. L. distant, nof

1 { cannot find the wings described by Syme; nor did Mr Baker. J. of B-
Vii de

POTAMOGETON. 441

denticulate, nearly sessile, with very short stalks. Stip. green,
lanceolate, with 2 narrow wings on the back. Ped. 6—S8 in.
long, much thicker thanthe stem. Spike 1 in. long; fl. rather
more whorled than as represented in #. B.S. Fr. unknown.—
Deep water. Found floating loose in Lough Corrib, Galway.
[Mr Fryer refers this to P. lucens and Mr Bennett to P. lucensx prelonqus.}

P. VIII

18. 2. prelon'gus (Wulf.) ; Z. pellucid oblong-lanceolate half-
clasping blunt and hooded at the end entire, stup. not winged, fr.
keeled on the back when fresh keeled or winged when dry, pe-
duncle very long equal, spikes many-flowered.—Z. B. S. 2858.
R. vii. 33.—St. long, growing in deep water. lL. with parallel!
veins adjoining the midrib. Patuneles 6—12 in.long. Spikes
1—2 in. long.—Rivers and ditches, rare. P.V. VI. E.S.1

4.

19. P. perfolidtus (L.) ; st. round, l. pellucid cordate-ovate or
ovate-lanceolate clasping not hooded, fr. rounded on the back
when fresh keeled when dry, peduncle equal.—Z#. B. 168. AR.
vii. 29.—St. long, slightly branched, rather dichotomous at the
top. Peduncles rather thick and short. Spikes short.—/a state
with L elongate almost lanceolate has been referred to var. lanecolatus (Blytt). |—
Lakes and streams. P. VII. i: 1

20. P. eris'pus (L.) ; st. compressed, 1. pellucid linear-oblong
blunt sessile serrate wavy, fr. with along beak keeled on the
back when dry [base of keel with a long projecting tooth, 4. Fryer],
peduncle equal. B. 1012. R. vii. 29—30.—St. much
branched. Ped.long. Spikes few-flowered. Beak as long as
the nut. L. usually crisped at the edges, occasionally flat (P.
serratus L.). (iz Coepert (Fryer) is P. crispus xperjoliatus and P. Bennettii
(Fryer) is P. crispus x obtusifolius.|—Ditches and streams. P. ar

K..S..

=** [, all submersed, alternate, linear-ligulate ; stipules free.

21. P. compres'sus (L. sec. Fr.) ; st. flattened, /. linear-acumi-
nate wth 3 principal andmany close parallel intermediate veins
occupying the whole surface, spzkes cylindrical upon long ped.,
sep. transversely oval, fr. obovate keeled, style terminal.—
FE. B.S. 2685. R. vii, 27. P. zosterifolius (Schum.). P.
cuspidatus (Sm.).—Ped. 2—4 in.iong. Spikes 10—15-flowered.
Inner edge of fr. rounded ; faces a little convex. L. suddenly
acuminate or apiculate-—Rivers and lakes. P. VI. EVs:

22. P. acutifolius (Link. in R. & S.); st. flattened, /. linear-
acuminate with 3 principal and many close parallel intermediate
veins occupying the whole surface, spikes ovate aboutas long as the
short ped., sep. rnomboidal, fr, broadly 5-obovate compressed

4492 95. POTAMOGETONACES.

inner edge straight with a tooth near its base keeled, style facial.
—FH. B.S. 2609. RF, vii. t.26.—Ped. very short. Spikes 4—6-
flowered. lL. gradually acuminate. Styles hooked, continuing
the inner edge of the fruit.—Marsh ditches, rare. P. VI. E.

23. P. obtusifolius (M. & K.); st. shghtly compressed with
rounded edges, /. linear 3-veined, spikes ovate dense\continuous
about as long as the short ped., sep. rhomboidal, fr. obovate
keeled.— A. vii. t. 25. P. gramineus (Sm.). H. B. 2253.—St.
slender, much branched. Peduncles very short. L. rounded
off to a slight point at the end, with oblong network near the
midrib, wanting the fine parallel veins of the two preceding
species.—Ponds and ditches, rare. P. VI. VII. KE. 8. I.

24. P. Fries'ti (Rupr.) ; st. slightly compressed, /. linear
5-vecned suddenly apiculate, spzkes short lax 4 or % shorter than
the compressed clavate ped., sep. transversely oval, fr. obliquely
ovate bluntly keeled.—P. compressus (Sm.). #H. B. 418. 2.
vili. 24, not “ries, nor Koch. P.mucronatus ed, viii., ?Schrad.
—Lateral veins nearer together and nearer to the margin of
the 1. than to the midrib (rarely some 1]. are 3-veined), no
intermediate veins.—Like Sp. 21 rather than Sp. 23.—Ditches.
fe ViEeWVAL: E. S. I.

25. P. pusil'lus (L.) ; st. subterete, /. linear [usually] 3-verned,
spikes short rather lax } or } shorter than the slender ped., sep.
roundish-reniform, fr. obliquely ovate bluntly keeled.—Z#..B.
215. R. vii. 22.—St.slender. L. narrow, rather acute, without
intermediate parallel veins, the lateral veins equidistant between
the midrib and margin. Ped. scarcely compressed, not thick-
ened. [B. tenwissimus (M. & K.); 1. very narrow l-veined, fr. more com-
pressed. R. vii. 22, f. 39.—Y. P. Berchtoldt (Fieber); 1. shorter and broader, fr.
thicker more distinctly warty. RR. vii. 22, f. 37. 6. P. Stwrrockii (Ar. Benn.);
st. very slender somewhat compressed, 1. extremely thin obtuse mucronate 3—5-
veined; ped. very slender, beak of fr. short. | Ponds and ditches.
PAVE ®, SI.

26. P. riitilus (Wolfg. in R. & 8.); st. slender compressed, 1]. linear the lowest
(soon decaying) quite obtuse the upper with long acuminate points, with 1 pair
of well-marked lateral veins, extending almost to the apex, stip. long often
with a long tapering point, ped. 2—3 times as long as the rather dense spike,
fr. oblong elliptic wtth obscwre keel, inner edge nearly straight.—R. vii. 23.
J. of B, xxxviii. (1900) t. 407.—L. firmer and much more acute and the fr. less
oblique than in Sp. 25. Recorded from Sussex, Warw. or Staff., Anglesea.
Pevin E.

27. P. trichoides (Cham. & Schlecht.) ; st. subterete, 7. swb-
setaceous 1-veined finely pointed, spikes short lax long-stalked,
fr. transversely reniform obscurely keeled, straight inner edge
with a tooth near its base.—Sy. EB. B, 1420. FR. vii. 21.—St. very

.
|
|

POTAMOGETON, 443

slender, a little thickened below thejoinings ; branches fascicu-
late. L.not transversely veined. Floral stip.large. Ped. not
thickened. Sep. roundish, stalked. Fr. often warted on the
back and with a tubercle on each side at its base when fresh.
—Norf. Suff. Camb. Devon. Surrey. P. VII. VIL. E.

wee Tall submersed, alternate, linear, sheathing.
28. P. flabelldtus (Bab.) ; lower l. broadly linear abruptly

| apiculate or acuminate 3—5-veened with transverse veins, upper
) 1. narrow acute 3-vezned, fr. (2 lin. long) broadly 4-obovate
| inner edge nearly straight but gibbous near the top rounded on

the back, nut with a prominent keel.—_Sy. #. 8.1421. Phytol.iv.
1158.—Rhizome spreading, from a tuber that has outlived the
winter. Floating st. branched, wavy, spreading like a fan.
Broad ]. usually decayed at the time of flowering. Lateral veins

' of upper l. at the margin, of lower 1. distant from it. Spikes

slightly interrupted. Back of fr. without ridges, rounded when

| fresh ; enclosed nut with faint lateral ridges. [A slender maritime
) form with setaceous 1. is var. scoparius (Fryer). | Ponds and ditches
IT K. 1

_ chiefly near the sea. B. VI. VII.

29. P. pectindtus (L. em. Bab.) ; l. formed of 2 interrupted
tubes, lower narrowly linear flattened slightly grooved above,
upper setaceous, fr. (2 lin, long) broadly $-obovate inner edge
rather convex rounded on the back, nut wrth 2 lateral ridges
but (usually) no keel.—E. B. 323.—St. branched, forming linear
masses. L. very gradually acute, all 1-veined, no marginal
veins and scarcely thickened there; upper ]. with an oval
section. Spikes slightly interrupted. Back of fr. without
ridges and rounded when fresh ; nut with strong lateral ridges.
Varying greatly in length and size of st. and ieee pce

and streams. P. VI. VII

30. P. marinus (L. sec. Fr.) ; U. linear-setaceows 1-veined with

| transverse veins, spikes greatly interrupted, fr. (14 lin.) obovate

rugose rounded on the back without keel or ridges when dry, nut
round-backed. P. jiliformis (Pers.).—Sy. #. B. 1424.—L. like

_ those of the preceding but longer. Fr. smaller. Whorls very
| distant on the spikes. Peduncles very long.—Lakes, rare.

Pali VE E. 8. I

#**** T, all opposite, submersed ; stipules none.
31. P. den'sus (L. em. Cham. & Schlecht.) ; 7. all opposite

_ pellucid clasping elliptic-lanceolate or lanceolate, spikes shortly

stalked ultimately reflexed.—Z#. B. 397. R. vii. t. 28.—L.
crowded, rather recurved. Spike 4-flowered. Sep. triangular.
=Ditehes. P.VigcvVIt. eS. be

444 96. NAIADACEZ.

2. Rup’pta Linn. Tassel-Pondweed.

1. R. maritima (L. em., Koch); ped. long spirally twisted,
anth.-cells oblong 14 times as long as broad, nut ovoid rather
obliquely erect.—Z#. B. 136. FR. vil. 17. 2. spiralis Hartm.—
Whole plant stronger than the next. L. very narrowly linear,
formed as in Potamogeton pectinatus. Sheaths large, apposed

. »k

—Salt marshes. P. VII. VIII Sak

2. R. rostelldta (Koch); ped. short not spiral, anth,-cells
squarish as long as broad, nut gibbous at base obliquely ascend-
ing when young.—Sy. #. B. 1428. &. vii. 17.—Whole plant
very slender. L. rather filiform than linear. Sheaths small,
close.—A very small form (nana Bosw.), with very short de-
curved ped., is foundin Orkney. Salt marshes. P. athe

8. ZANNICHEL LIA Linn. Horned Pondweed.

1. Z. palus'tris (L.); style at least half as long as the diver-
gent nuts,—/. B. 1844.—Floating. L. slender, opposite, fili-
form. FI. axillary, sessile—a. “Z. brachystemon (Gay)” ; Jr.
2—4 subsessile with crenate back, style 4 length of fr., stigma
large crenulate, anth. 2-celled.—s. “Z. macrostemon (Gay) ” ;
fr. 2—4 sessile rarely crenate, style length of fr., stigma small
crenulate, anth. 4-celled.—y. pedicellata (Wahl. et Rosen.) :
fr. 2—5 stalked muricate, style as long as fr., stigma large
crenulate, anth. 2-celled. Sy. H. B. 1426. Z. pedunculata
(Reich.). Z. pedicellata (Fr.).—I doubt the constancy of these
characters.—Stagnant water. y. Brackish water. A. or P.
V.—VIII. Deishalk

2. Z. polycar'pa (Nolte) ; style scarcely } of length of con-
verging sessile nuts, fv. 5—6 ‘subsessile crenulate on back, con-
verging, style scarcely } length of fr., stigma large repand, anth.
2-celled—Much like Sp. 1.—In water. Orkney.' Beifast.
A. V.—VIII. - Ss. I

Order XCVI. NATADACEZ.

Fl. moncecious or dicecious, in a spath. Perianth 0. Stam.
free, 1—3. Ovary 1, superior, with ] ovule. Style1; stigmas
2—4, filiform. Fr. a nut enclosed in the persistent spath,
1-celled, 1-seeded, not bursting. Albumen0. Embryo with a
thin skin having a lateral cleft.

1 Dr Boswell referred the Orkney plant, with longer styles and less connivent
fr., to yar. tenwissime (Fr.).—H. & J. G.

ZOSTERA.—NAIAS, 445

1. Zostera. Fi. imperfect. Stam. and pistils inserted in
two rows upon one side of a spadix. Spath linear, leaflike.
Fl. naked. Anth.1. Ovary 1; style 1; stigmas 2.

2. Natss. FI. imperfect, solitary, sheathed ; no perianth.
Barren fil. of lstamen. Fertile: styleshort ; stigmas 2—4
filiform.

1. Zoste’ra Linn. Grass-wrack.

1. Z. néna (Roth); |. linear 1-veined, ped. filiform, spadix
short with 2—5 clasping bands, nuts smooth.—Z. B. S. 2931.
R. vi. 2.—Plant small, scarcely 3 in. long. L. slender. Ped.
pale-coloured throughout, $ as broad and quite as long as the
inflated oblong-lanceolate spaths. Ripe seed shining black.—
Muddy estuaries. P.? VII. VIII. E. 8. I.

2. Z. marina (L.); \. linear 1—7-veined, spadix without
bands, nuts striate.—Z. B. 467. A. vii. 4.—Plant long. L.
broad. Ped. rather strong. Ripe seed milky white.—Z. angus-
tifolia, R. vii. 3, Sy. H. B. 1430, is a slender form growing
upon mud, with fewer veins in its 1. and rather longer peduncles
which are much compressed and green upwards and narrow
gradually into the spadix.—In the sea. P.? VII. VIII. E: 8.1.

2. Naas Linn.

1. N. marina (L.); diwcious, st. dichotomousiy branched from near the base,
1. linear with many large spinous teeth, sheaths rounded nearly or quite eutire,
fi. solitary male enclosed in a spath, anth. 4-locular, fr. succulent ellipsoid or
ovoid narrowing into the stout persistent style.—J. of B. xxi. (1883) p. 353, t.
241.—Upper internodes and backs of 1. often spinous. Stigmas usualiy 3.—
Hickling Broad and adjacent channels, Nori. <A. VII. VIII. E.

%. N. flex'ilis (Rostk. & Schmidt) ; [monesious] 1. very narrow
and very minutely denticulate, sheaths ciliate-denticulate.—
Sy..£. B. 1432.—L. ternate or opposite, 1-veined, pellucid,
remotely denticulate. [Anth.1-locular.]| Ovary solitary, axillary,
sessile, oblong. Style short.— Deep lakes. A. VIII. Ss. L.

[N. minor (All.), monccious, with narrow linear spinous-toothed recurved
jaleatel., truncate sheaths, and 1-locular anth., occurs as a Pleistocene fossil in
Sussex and should be looked for. See J. of B. xxxviii. (1900) p. 105, t. 408.]

3. N. gramin’ea (Delile); moncecious, st. branched throughout with many
simple lateral br., 1. tufted narrow linear with numerous minute spinous teeth,
sheaths toothed. distinctly awricled, male ji. naked, anth. 4-locular, stigmas 2, fr.
solitary or 2—4 together, narrowly ellipsoid.—J/. of B. xxii. (884) p. 305, t. 250.—
Canal, Reddish, Lanc., probably introduced with Egyptian cotton. A. VII.—
IX. E.

446 97. CYPERACE.

Division III. GLUMIFERA.
(Orders XCVII. and» XCVIII.)

Leaves parallel-veined, persistent. Floral envelopes imbri-
cate, bractlike.

Order XCVII. CYPERACE#. _ ,

F]. perfect or unisexual, each from the axil of a scale (or
glume) imbricate ona common axis. Perianth 0, or rarely mem-
branous. Stam. hypogynous (3 or rarely 2 in our plants), with
sometimes a row of bristles or abortive filaments. Anth. erect,
entire at the apex. Ovary 1-celled, 1 ovule at its base, often
surrounded by bristles or enclosed in a bottle-shaped perianth.
Style simple, trifid or bifid. Embryo enclosed within the base
of the albumen.—L. with entire sheaths.

Tribe Il. CVPHEREZ. FI. perfect. Gl. 2-ranked. Perianth 0.

1. Cyperus. Spikelets 2-ranked, many-flowered. Gl. of
1 valve, many, keeled, nearly all with flowers.

2. Scpa@nus. Spikelets 2-ranked, 2—4-flowered. Gl. 6—9;
several lower ones smaller, empty. Bristles few or 0.

Tr. II. SCIRPEZ. Fl.perfect. Gl. imbricate on all sides.
Perianth 0, t

* Lowest glumes empty or smaller than the others.

3. Cirapium. Spikelets 1—3-flowered. Gl. 5 or 6. Bristles 0.
Nut with a thick fleshy coat, tipped with the conical base of
the style.

4, RHYNCHOSPORA. Spikelets few-flowered. Gl. 6 or 7.
Bristles about 6. Nut compressed, convex on both sides,
crowned with the dilated base of the style.

** Lowest glume empty or larger than the others, sometimes all
fertile.
+ Bristles scarcely equalling the glume or wanting.

5. Hurgocuarts. One or 2 lowest gl. broader, empty. Bris-
tles 3—6. Nut compressed, crowned with the persistent
dilated base of the style.

CYPERUS. 447

6. Scirpus. Glumes nearly equal ; or 1 or 2 lowest broader,
empty. Bristles about 6 or 0. wt plane-convex or tri-
gonous ; base of the style filiform, not dilated.

. Brysmus. Two lowest gl. broader, and empty. Srvstles
3—6. Nut plane-convex, tipped with the not dilated base
of thestyle. Spikelets with bracts, alternate, forming a close
distichous compound terminal sprke.

~J

tt Bristles ultimately much exceeding the glumes.

8. ErtopHoruM. Glumes nearly equal, lowest sometimes
empty. Bristles ultimately silky. Nut trigonous.

Tr. UL. ALYNEA#. FI. unisexual. Perianth 0 or formed of
1 or 2 scales.

9. Kopresta. Spikes close together. Lower fl. fem., peri-
anth of 1 scale enclosing the germen and covered by the
glume. Upper fl. male, without any perianth.

Tr. lV. CARICE#. Fl. unisexual. Nut completely enclosed
in the-bottle-shaped perianth.

10. Carex. Fl. in imbricate spikes, each covered by a
glume. Female fl. with a single bottle-shaped persistent
perianth, 1 style and 2—3 stigmas. Male fl. of 3 stam.,
without a perianth.

Tribe I. Cyperee.

1. Cypr’Rus Linn. Galingale.

1. C. lon‘gus (L.); spikelets linear-lanceolate in twice-com-
pound umbels, peduncles of partial umbels erect unequal, stig-
mas 3, creeping.—#, B. 1309. St. 52. 10.—St. triangular, 2—3
feet high. Umbel very large, lax, unequal, its base with 2 or
3 long leaves. Glumes brownish red, with green keels and pale
margins.—South of England, rare. P. VIII. IX. EK.

2. C. fus'cus (L.); spikelets linear-lanceolate in small round-
ish heads at the extremities of the branches, gl. spreading, stig-
mas 8, root fibrous.—#. B. S. 2626. St.52.5.—A small nearly
prostrate plant. Stems many, 2—5 in. long. Heads with 3
unequal 1, at the base. Glumes fuscous with green keels.—
Formerly at Little Chelsea, Middlesex ; Shalford Common,
sas Somerset. Dorset. S. Hants. Jersey. A. via

448 97. CYPERACES.

2. Scx@’Nus Linn., em. Pohl. Bog-rush.

1. S. nigricans (L.) ; st. terete naked, spikelets 5—10 col-
lected into a terminal roundish head overtopped by the lower
bract, gl. rough at the keel.—#. B&B. 1121. St. 40. 9.—Root
of strong black fibres. St. 4—12 in. high, clothed at the base
with blackish-brown smooth shining scales some of which ter-
minate in setaceous erect leaves which are shorter than the
stem. Bristles variable in number, short, rough, with upward
spines. Stigmas 3. Anth.endingina point. Gl. dark brown
or black,—Turfy bogs. P. VL HES: I.

2. S. ferrugin'cus (L.); st. grooved naked, spikelets lateral 1—3 slender about
equalling tie erect sheathing bract, gl. 5—6 to each spikelet reddish-brown smooth
on the keel.—J. of B. xxiii. (1885) p. 289, t. 261.—Smaller and more slender than
Sp. 1. L.-sheaths shorter reddish-brown, lamina usually very short. Bristles
about 4. Stigmas 8. Anth. with a short point—L. Tummel, Pertlish.. Mr J.
Erebner. P. VI. VIT. S.

Tribe IT. Scirpece.

3. Cia'pium Schrad. Sedge.

1. O. Maris'cus (Pohl); panicles lateral and terminal
repeatedly compound, spikelets capitate, st. subterete leaty
smooth, 1. finely serrate on the margins and keel.—#. £.950.—
Creeping. St. 3—4 feet high. L. very long, rigid, narrowed
and triquetrous towards the end. Fi. in each spikelet 1--3 ;
but usually only one nut is produced.—Bogs and fens, rare.
P. VIL. Common Sedge. Bisel.

4, Ruyncwos’pora Vahl.

1. R. alba (Vahl. em. Ait.) ; spikelets im a compact corymb
about as tony as the outer braets, stam. 2, bristles with declin-
ing teeth, base of the style without teeth.—2#. L. 985. St. 40.
7.—Slightly creepmg. St.6—12 in. high. L. narrowly linear.
Spikelets whitish. Bristles 9—12. Filaments slender.—p.
sordida ; spikelets brownish, in small oval clusters, often over-
topped by the outer bract.—Turfy bogs. P. VIL. E. 8. I.

2. R. fusca (Ait.); spikelets in an oval head considerably
shorier than the outer bracts, stam. 3, bristles with ascending
teeth, base of the style with erect teeth.—#. B. 1575. St. 40.
6.—Creeping extensively. St. 6—8 in. high, L, nearly fili-
form. Spikeletsbrown. Bristles6. Filamentsdilated—Bogs,
rare. South-west of England. Ireland. P. VII. VIII. E.S.L

HELEOCHARIS.—SCIRPUS. 449

5. HetEeoc'HaRis Rf. Br.
Spikes terminal and solitary in all our species.

1. H. palus'tris (R..& S.); gl. rather acute, lowest gl. 3-sur-
rounding the spike, nut roundish plane-convex with rounded
edges smooth crowned with the ovate base of the style and
falling short of the 4 bristles, base of st. clothed with mem-
branous almost transversely truncate sheaths.—E. B.131. St. 9.
R. viii. 297.—Often only slightly creeping, 6—20 in. high.
Sheaths with a very blunt point on one side.—Wet and marshy
places. P. VI. EB. Sse

2. H. anighimis (Schultes); gl. rather acute, lowest gl. almost
surrounding the spike, nut pearshaped blunt rather compressed
with rounded edges very finely punctate-striate crowned with
the conical base of the style and falling short of the bristles,
base of st. clothed with transversely truncate sheaths.—Sy. HE. B.
1587. 2. viii. 296.—Far-creeping, 6—8 in. high.—Wet sandy
places especially near the sea. P. VI. VII. E..S. I.

[H. Wat'sont (Bab.) ; nut oblong very blunt a little narrowed
below exceeding the bristles.—A. V. H. ser. 2.x. 19.—It is pro-
bably a form of Sp. 2—Taynloan, Argyleshire. Dr. Balfour.
Murrough of Wicklow. Dr. D. Moore.| Sie

3. H. multicailis (Sm.) ; glumes blunt, nut topshaped trique-
trous smooth crowned with the broad triguetrous base of the
style equalling the six bristles, base of st. clothed with obliquely
truncate rather acute sheaths,—E. B.1187. St.78.11. R. viii.
296.—Slightly creeping, about 6 in. high—Marshy places.
12d Db EB. S.T.

4. H, aciculdris (R. & S.); glumes blunt, nut obovate-oblong
compressed longitudinally ribbed and transversely striate
crowned with the topshaped base of the style, bristles short
deciduous.—Z. B. 749. St. 10. R. viii. 294.—Root fibrous
with slender runners. St. many, slender, erect, 3—4 in. high,
when growing in water sometimes a foot long. Spikes very
small._In damp places upon heaths. P.? A. (Koch) VII.
VIL. Bsople

6. Scir’pus Linn. em., Sm. Club-rush.
* Bristles 6. Spikes many. Scirpus Linn. em. R. Br.

1. S. marit'vmus (L.); spikes stalked or sessile in a dense ter-
minal cluster, bracts several leaflike, gl. bifid with acute lobes

258

450 97. CYPERACE.

and a point between them, nut obovate trigonous smooth.—
FE. B. 542. St. 13.3. £&. viii. 310, 311.—-Creeping, sometimes
tuberous. St. 1—3 feet high, leafy. Spikes large, sometimes
solitary. Stigmas 3, or rarely 2. [8. conglobatus (S. F. Gray);
spikes all sessile]. A form from Oxlode, Cambs., with spikes
13 in. long is probably var. macrostachys (Reichenb.),—Salt
marshes. P. VII. FE S-E Ls

2. S. sylvat'icus (L.) ; spikes clustered in a large cymose very
compound terminal panicle, clusters stalked and sessile, general
bracts several leaflike, gl. blunt apiculate, nut obovate bluntly
trigonous.—Z. B. 919. St. 36.8. A. vii. 313.—St. 2—3 feet.
high. Spikes very many, small, greenish, ovate. L. broad,
flat. Stigmas 3.—8. dzssitiforus (Sond.); spikes mostly
solitary and usually stalked._{\S. radicans (Schk.), spikes all
stalked, glumes not apiculate, stoles long and rooting, may
possibly be found.]|—Damp woods and banks. P. VII. E.S. 1.

3. S. triquétrus (L.); st.acutely triquetrous throughout, spike-
lets in a small cymose panicle, g/. notched raucronate glabrous
fringed with rounded blunt lobes, nut “roundish-obovate plane-
convex smooth.”—£#. 5, 1694. St. 36. 3... R. vili. 305.—St.
3—4 feet high, with concave faces ; 1 or 2 long sheaths at the
base, the uppermost ending in a short broad triquetrous leaf.
Lower bract long and rigid, resembling a prolongation of the
stem. Spikelets small, stalked and sessile. Anth. with a short
beardless point. Stigmas 2.—Muddy banks of the Thames near
London; the Arun, Sussex; and the Tamar near Calstock,
Cornwall. Shannon estuary below Limerick. P.VIII.. E.1.

[ S. americdnus (Pers.) ; st. acutely triquetrous throughout,
spikelets few sessile, gl. notched mucronate smooth with acute
lobes, nut roundish-obovate plane-convex smooth.—#. B. S.
2819. A. viii. 304. S. Rothiw Hoppe? St. 36.4. S. pungens
(Vahl)—St. 6—18 in. high, slender; with several sheaths
at the base ending in long narrow keeled leaves. Lower bract
very long and rigid, resembling a prolongation of the stem.
Spikelets large, ovate, blunt, all sessile. Anth. with a subulate
fenged. peel Stigmas 2.—St. Ouen’s Pond, Jersey. P.

I. VII.

4. S. carindtus (Sm.) ; st. terete below bluntly trigonous up-
wards, spikes in a small cymose panicle, g/. notched mucronate
slightly asperous and pilose fringed, nut “convex on the back
smooth.”—Z. B. 1983. 8. Duvalliz Hoppe, St. 36. 2. R. viii.
308.—St. 2—4 feet high ; with 1 or 2 long sheaths at the base,
the uppermost ending in a leaf 3 or 4in. long. Lower bract

SCIRPUS. 451

much overtopping the panicle. Stigmas 2.—By rivers, near
London and in Sussex, Kent and Cornw. P. VI. VII. E.

5. S. lacus‘tris (.); st. terete, spikes in a terminal twice-
compound panicle, g/. notched mucronate glabrous fringed, nut
bluntly trigonous obovate, stigmas 3.—E, b.666. St. 36,1.

viii. 306.—Far-creeping. St. 4—6 feet high, naked ; with 1 or
2 long sheaths at the base. Anth. bearded at the end. Panicle
terminal. The bract sometimes resembles a continuation of the
stem. Sometimes it has long nearly flat floating leaves.—Rivers

and ponds. P. VI. VII. Bwlrush. B,, i; 0

6.2 S. Tabernaemontdni (Gm.); st. terete, spikes in.a terminal
compound panicle, g/. notched mucronate asperous fringed, nut
compressed rowndish-oblong smooth, stigmas 2.—R. viii. 307.
S. glaucus(Sm.). #. B. 2321.—Creeping. St. 2 feet high, with
1 or 2 long sheaths at the base. ‘ Anth. not bearded. Panicle
smaller than in the preceding. Lower bract short. Fr. convex
on one side.—Rivers and ponds. P. VI. VII. B.S. I

** Bristles4—6. Spike solitary, terminal. Bmoruryon Dietr.

7. S. caespitésus (L.) ; st. terete striate with many imbricate
leafless acute scales and sheaths with short subulate 1. below,
spike ovate’ few-flowered, gl. ovate membranous pointed, 2
outer gl. as long as the spike enclosing ut and ending in long rigid
leaflike points, nut obovate oblong mucronate smooth, bristles
longer than the nut with a few erect teeth near the tip.—
E. B. 1029. F, viii. 300.—St. 3—6 in. long, many, erect, many
of them barren. Bristles 6.—Barren turfy heaths. P. VI.—
Vill. E.S. I.

8. S. pauciflérus (Lightf.) ; st. terete striate with afew thin
narrow leafless scales and one tight abrupt leafless sheath below,
spike ovate few-flowered, g/. ovate keeled membranous at their
edges, 2 outer gl. blunt shorter than the sprke and enclosing it, nwt
obovatemucronate finely netted, bristles shorter than the nut with
declining teeth.—H. B.1122. St.10. RF. viii. 299.—St. 3—10 in.
long, erect, many of them barren, soboliferous. Bristles 6.—
Boggy moors and heaths. P. VI.—VIII. E.S. 1

9. S. par'vulus (R. & §8.); st. round many each with one
close-pressed leafless sheath, no true leaves, spike oval few-
flowered, gl. ovate blunt keeled membranous, 2 outer ones
rather longer, nut ovate-oblong mucronate smooth, bristles
twice as long as the nut with declining teeth throughout.—
J. Ophea S0. <Xepeo2n iat. Bb. lo9l, fe. vill, 299)
S. nanus Spreng. not of Poir.—Root fibrous with capillary

452. 97. CYPERACER.

stoles ending in ovate-subulate tubers. St. about an inch high,
several, with 2 or 3 longitudinal fibres and more or less perfect
transverse lines. Bristles 4—6.—Lymington, Hants (extinct).
Poole, Dorset. Aveton Gifford, Dev. Wicklow. Kerry.
Bes VALLE nombre lary IPs

*** Bristles 0.—t Spike solitary. Exnzocrron Link.

10. S. flriitans (L.) ; st. floating branched leafy, 1. clustered,
fi.-stalks alternate with a sheathing 1. at the base, spike terminal
ovate few-flowered, gl. blunt keeled membranous at tHeir edges,
2 outer gl. larger shorter than the spike and enclosing it, nut ob-
ovate, stigmas 2.—H. B. 216. R. viii. 298.—St. rooting from
the lower joinings and spreading to a great extent in a zigzag
manner. On mud itis cespitose with truly sheathing leaves.—
Ditches and ponds. P. V1. VII. EiS. IB.

tt St. round, leafy at the base. Spikes 1—3.
TsotEepis R. Br. em. Link.

11. S. setdceus (L.) ; spikes terminal, lower bract long so as
to resemble a short continuation of the st., gl. blunt mucronate,
nut trigonous obovate longitudinally ribbed and transversely
striate, stigmas 3.—#. B. 1693. A. vill. 301.—St. tufted,
slender,3—6 in. high. Spikes small, sessile, considerably shorter
than the lower bract. Gl. brown with whitish margins and a
green keel.—Wet sandy and gravelly places. P.? VII. E.8.I.

12. S. pyg'meus (A. Gray) ; lower bract shorter or slightly
longer than the terminal spike, gl. blunt submucronate, nut
subglobose rough with minute points, stigmas 3.—H. B. S:
2782. R. viii. 301. S. cer’nuus (Vahl); S. Savic (8S. & M.).—
Closely resembling S. setaceus. Spikes varying considerably in
length, sometimes 1 in. long. Gl. scarcely mucronate, greenish,
usually with a brown spot on the upper part of each side.—In
many places near the coast. A. or P. VII. E. 8.1.

+++ Spikes many, clustered. Honoscumnus Link.

13. S. Holosche'nus (L.) ; st. round, spikes in dense globular
sessile or stalked clusters, lower bract erect long, gl. obovate
emarginate mucronate.—#. 4, 1612.—St. 3—4 feet high, round
quite up tothe cluster. Upper bract patent or ascending ; lower
very long, with a flat open white channel. Gl. variegated with
fuscous and white, pilose. Anth. with a long entire or toothed
point.—Braunton Burrows, Devon. Somerset. P. IX. E.

7. Brys’mus Link.
1. B. compres'sus (Panz. ex Lk.) ; spikelets 6—8-flowered,

ERIOPHORUM. 453

outer gl. ribbed shorter than the spikelet, bristles 3—6 strong
persistent with declining teeth, 1. flat rough on the edges and
keel.—Z#. B. 791. R. viii. 293. Scirpus caricis (Retz.).—St.
6—8 in. high. Outer gl. of lowest spikelet with a subulate
leaflike point which often overtops the spike. Glumes reddish
brown. Nut lenticular, crowned with the long persistent
style. shining.—Boggy pastures. P. VI. VII. E.S.

2. B. riifus(Link) ; spikelets 2—4-flowered, outer gl. smooth
as long as the spikelet, bristles 1—6 slender deciduous with
patent or ascending teeth, |, channelled not keeled smooth.—
#. B.i010. St. 85. 7. R. viii. 293. Scirpus (Schrad.).—St.
slender. Gl. dark brown, polished. Nut ovate, with a long
beak, opaque. [Length of bract very variable even on the same plant. |
Marshes near the sea on the Northern and Western coasts.
PaeVill. BE. S.1

8. ErtopH’orum Linn. Cotton-grass.
* Bristles 4—6, at length erisped. Spike solitary.

[1. #. alpinum (L.) ; st. triquetrous rough, |. very short, spike
oblong.—#. &. 311 (excl. the leafy shoot). R.viii.288. St. 10.
—A slender elegant plant.—Moss of Restenet, Forfar ! (but long
lost through drainage). P. VI.] Ss.

** Bristles very many, not crisped.t Spike solitary.

2. EB. vagindtum (L.); cespitose, st. trigonous above round
below, spike oblong, nut obovoid, |. long setaceous triquetrous
channelled, upper sheath inflated leafless.—Z. B.873. R. viii.
289.—Bogsand moors. P.V. Hare’s-tail Cotton-grass. E.S8.1.

++ Spikes more than one.

3. EB. angustifdlium (Roth.); st. nearly terete, peduncles
smooth, |. linear channelled their upper half triangular, nut
elliptic-acuminate or obovoid triquetrous.—About a foot high
and ratherslender. L. triangular through more than half their
length. Bristles 3 or 4 times as long as the spikes. H. B.564.
R. viil. 291.—8. minus ; st.andl.veryslender. £. gracile Sm.,
£. B. 2402 (not Koch). An alpine form has but one nearly
sessile spike. 2. capitatum Don. E. B. 2387.—y. elatius
(Koch) ; st. strong tall, 1. 2—3 lines broad the triangular part
commencing above the middle.—Bogs. 8. on mountains.
P.V. VI. Common Cotton-grass. E.S. L.

4. £.polystachion (L. em. Roth.) ; st. triquetrous in its upper
half, peduncles asperous, |. linear, nearly flat contracted above

454 97. CYPERACEZX.

the middle into a triangular point, nut pyriform triquetrous.—
E. B. 563. #. nubescens Sm., HL. B.S. 2633. EF. latifolium
(Hoppe) #. viii. 292.—A slender plant, 12—18 in. high. L.
about 2 lines broad ; triquetrous point short. Several of the
elegant spikes upon longish stalks which are asperous.
Bristles 2 or 3 times as long as the spikes.—Bogs, rather
rare! >PSV. V1. E.S.1

5. #. gracile (Roth) ; st. subtriquetrous, peduncles downy, !.
narrowly linear triquetrous, nut oblong-linear triquetrous.—
E. B.S. 2886. R. vii. 290. £. triquetrum Hoppe. St. 10. 2.—
A tall slender plant. Spikes about 4, most of them on downy
not asperous stalks. Gl. with manyribs. Bristles about twice
as longasthe spike.—Bogs. Dorset. Hants. Surrey. Yorks.
P. VI. VII. E.

Tribe III. Elynee.

9. Kopre’sta Wald.

1. K. caricina (Willd.).—#. B. 1410. Schk. Rrr.161. viii.
193.—St. erect, 6—12 in. high. L. slender, falling short of the
stem. Spikes 4—5, collected at the top of the stem, 6—8-
flowered. There is an abortive stam. (7) at the base of the
nut ; but some authors, considering each fl. a separate spike,
think that this represents a second flower.—Moors. Yorkshire.
Durham. Perthshire. P. VII. E.S.

Tribe LV. Caricee.
10. Ca’REx Linn.’
i, Monostachye. Spike simple, solitary, terminal. (Sp. 1—5.)
* Dicecious or moncecious with male jl. at the top. Stigmas 2.

1. C. dioica (L.) ; usually dicecious, fertile spike ovate dense,
fr. ascending ovate many-veined angles rough near the top, nut

1 In the following descriptions, fruit means the persistent bottle-shaped
perianth, including the ripe nut or true capsule. The glume is always taken
from the fertile spike unless it is otherwise stated.—Schk. refers to the plates
of Schkuhr’s Riedgriser; H. to Hoppe’s Caricol. Germ. in Sturm | Deutschi.
Flora; R. to Reichenbach Ic. Fl. Germ. Cent. vii.; B. to Boott's Illust. of Carex.
See also Andersson’s Pl. Scand., and Lang in Linnea, xxiv. 481; and for form, &c.,
of the nuts Des Moulins Cat. Dordogne, Suppl. Fimal. (See Mr A. Bennett's
papers in J. of B.)

CAREX. 455

' roundish oval, terete st. and subsetaceous |. roundish, sobo-
liferous.—Z. B. 543.. Schk. A.1. Ala.d. R.194, —About 6 in.
high.—Spongy bogs. P. V. VI. EK. S. I.

(2. C. Davallidna (Sm.); dicecious, fr. deflered ovate-lan-
' ceolate angles rough near the top, nut ’® Vinear- oblong,” st. and
| margins of the subsetaceous |. rough, cespitose.—H. B. 2123.
R. 194.—About 6 in. high.—The true plant did grow on Lans-
| down near Bath, but is now lost by drainage. P. VI.J E.

| 3. C. pulicdris (L.) ; half of spike male, fr. remote at length
| deflered oblong-lanceolate compressed, nut linear-oblong plane-
convex, 1. involute.—#. 8.1051. Schk. A.3. H.a.3. R.195.
| —St. slender, 6—12 in. or more in height, erect, smooth. L.

slender, erect. Glumes deciduous. Fr. dark brown.—Bogs.
[RExga ke idaiswal

** Spike male at top. Strgmas 3.

| 4. C. rupes'tris (All.); half of spike male, fr. obovate tri-

gonous with a very short beak adpressed scarcely longer than
| the persistent gl., nut obovoid acutely triquetrous, |. flat.—
) £. B.S, 2814. H.b. 4. &. 198.—Soboliferous. St. 3—6 in.
' high, triquetrous, rough upwards. L. ending in a wavy rough
» slender triangular point. Gil.fuscous. Fr.paler.—Loftymoun-
tains; “Pr Wi:

5 paucifléra (Lightf.) ; 1—3 terminal fl. male, fr. 2—4
| lanceolate-subulate terete patent or reflexed longer than the deci-
| duous gl., nut linear-oblong trigonous, |. involute.—Z. B. 2041.
| Schk.A.4. H.b.1. &.196.—Soboliferous. St. usually about
5 inches high, slender. L. 2 or 3, much shorter than the stem.
_ Fr. pale yellow.—Bogs in the North. P. Vi. VII. E..S. 1.

| u. Homostachye. Spikelets in a compound continuous or inter-
rupted spike, male at one or both ends or nearly unisexual.
Nut plane-convex or compressed. Stigmas 2. (Sp. 6—25.)

+ Spikelets nearly unisexual. Sobole far-creeping.

i 66. C. dis'ticha (Huds.) ; sptkelets in an oblong interrupted
| spike upper and lower ones fertile intermediate mostly male, fr.
ovate-lanceolate veined narrowly margined bifid with serrate
edges above, nut oval, gl. shorter than the fr. acute its midrib
not reaching the top, st. with rough angles.—C’. intermedia
| Good., #. B. 2042. Schk. B. 7. H. a. 14. R. 210.—Height
1—2 feet. Fr. about as long as gl. ; usually abortive and twice

456 97. CYPERACE.

as long. Lower bract with a slender leaflike point [sometimes
exceeding the spike ]. —Marshy places. wv, VE: E.S.L

. C. arendria (L.) ; spikelets in an oblong interrupted spike
ac ones male lower fertile intermediate male at the end yr.
ovate veined winged and serrulate from the middle to the bitid
top of the beak, nut bluntly ovoid, glumes longer than the fr.
acuminate, st. rough above.—E. B. 921. Schk. B. & Dd. 6.
H. a. 13. R. 209.—Height 1 foot. Sobole superficial, very
long. Lowermost bracts with slender leaflike points.\—Sandy
places. Pil: ES.

++ Spikelets male at the top—i Sobole Jar-creeping.

8. C. incur'va (Lightf.); spikelets in a roundish head, fr.
inflated broadly ovoid acuminate-rostrate, beak split externally,
nut obovoid, st. smooth about equalling the leaves.—E. B. 997
Schk. Hh. 95. H.a. 5. R. 199.—St. 2—3 in. high, meeiig
recurved so as to bring the large head down to the ground.
Beak of fr. usually rather rough, [A tall form with almost erect
heeds os var. erecta (O. F. Lang).]—Sandy shores of the } Nort.

9. C. chordorrhiza (Ehrh.); spikelets crowded in a small shortly-ovate head,
fr. inflated ovoid brown shining with darker brown veins narrowing somewhat
suddenly into an inconspicuously bifid beak, nut roundish, gl. blunt with a
membranous margin, st. smooth exceeding the l.—J. of B. xxxvi. (1898) p. 73,
t. 383.—Stems upright branched 6-12 in. high, the base with very short sheathing

1. Bracts acuminate scarious the lowermost about equalling its spike—Very ,

wet bogs, Altnaharra, Sutherl. Messrs E. S. Marshall € W. A. Shoolbred.
P. VIL.—VIIL. 8.

10. C.divisa (Huds.) ; spikelets in a somewhat ovate head, fr.
plane-conver ovoid many-veined, beak acutely bifid with finely
serrate edges, nut broadly oblong, gl. with an excurrent rib, st.
roughish at the top—E. B. 1096. —St. slender, a foot high.
Lowermost bract (brown) s¢arious, often prolonged into a slen-
der green point sometimes overtopping the spike. Fr. veined
on both sides. Spike often interrupted below.—Near the sea
on the Southern and Eastern coasts. P. V. VI. EK. I.

ti Cespitose. Spike simply compound. Fr. squarrose, not
gubbous.

11. C. vulpina (L.); spikelets compound ina cylindrical oblong
crowded spike, jr. ovocd-acuminate plane-convex veined, beak

1 Specimens with some female fl. in the upper spikes have been named var.
ligerica (J. Gay) but we have seen none like the French plant.—H. & J. G.

CAREX. 457

bifid finely serrate, nwt ovoid or oval with a beak constricted at.
the base, gl. mucronate shorter than the fruit, st. triquetrous
with rough angles, bracts setaceous.—E. B. 307. Schk. C. 10.
A. 217.—Height 2 feet. St.firm. L. broad. Fr. palish green.
Spikelets greenish, bracts long, in shady places. &. 216.

[¢. nemorosa (Lumn.) is a form with longer interrupted spikes, long bracts and
paler more cuspidate glumes. |—Wet places. P. VI. Bisse

12. C. spicdta (Huds.); spikelets contiguous, spike oblong
dense, fr. ovoid-acuminate plane-convex obscurely veined bitid
Jinely serrateupper spreading, nut ovoid its beak extremely short,
gl, mucronate shorter than the fruit, st. triquetrous with rough
angles. C.contiqgua (Hoppe); C. muricata (Good. not L.).—
#. 8.1097. &.215.—Height i—2feet. St. slender but strong.
L. narrow. Lowermost spikelets not more than their own
length distant from each other. Fr. much larger than that of
Sp. 13, with a broad flat beak with very sharp edges. 8. vzrens
(Koch),—Spikes interrupted below [gl. shorter and broader, paler
and greener}, (C'. mwricata (Hoppe).—Gravelly pastures. wee ao

13. C. divul'sa (Stokes in With.) ; spzkelets distant the upper
ones nearer together, fr. ovoid acute plane-convex obscurely
veined bifid smooth ascending, beak roughish at the edges, nut
ovord-oblong compressed its beak extremely short, g]. mucronate
shorter than the fruit, st. triquetrous with rough angles above,
bracts setaceous.—Z. B. 629. Schk. Dd. & Ww. 89. H. a. 16.
R. 220.—Height 1—2 feet. St. lax slender, flaccid. Spikelets
greyish, usually distant, 1 or 2 lowest often lengthened into a
short branch. Fr. with a thick green margin slightly rough
near the top.—Moist shady places. P. VI. Beale

tit Cespitose. Spike compound, often panicled. Fr. ascending,
gubbous on tts back.

14. C.teretvus cula(Good.); spikeletsformingadense compound
oblong spike fr. ovate with 2—5 central ribs on the convex side
(back), beak bidentate serrulate sp/it to its base and overlapping
on the back, nut turbinate with a very short beak convex, style
not thickened at the base, st. trigonous and rough above.—
E. B. 1065. Schk. D.19.T. 69. H.a.9. R.222. C0. diandra
Asch., Roth?, not Schrank.—Root forming scattered simple
tufts. St. 1—2feet high, slender.—s. C. Ehrhartiana (Hoppe) ;
root more cespitose, spike long rather loose, st, triquetrous
above. Sy. #. B. 1620.—Boggy meadows, rare. 8. near
Manchester [ete.]. P. VI. JD [Shel

[¢ : vulpinoidea (Mich.) [spikes numerous very dense small-flowered.
AN. American species ]. Kew. An escape. |

458 97. CYPERACEZ.

15. C. paradoz'a (Willd.); spikes narrowly panicled lower
branches rather distinct, fr. ovoid with many short elevated ribs
near its base, beak obliquely bidentate serrulate not spht nor
winged on its back, nut rhomboidal constricted below doubly
convex with a short beak, style slightly enlarged at the base, st.
trigonous and rough above.—#. B. 8.2896. Schk. E. 21. H.
a.12. F.222.—Root densely tufted, crowned with the fibrous
remains of decayed leaves. St. 1—2 feet high, slender.—-Bogs.
Near Mullingar, Ireland. Near York. Hoveton, Norfolk: P.
VI. Vil. E. 1.

16. C. paniculdta (L. em., Schk.) ; spikes panicled with long
diverging branches, fr. ovoid faintly many-veined with a bifid
fringed beak split toits baseand overlapping on the back,nut ovoid
blunt narrowed below plane-convex beak slightly thickened up-
wards st. triangwar.—E. B. 1064. Schk. D. 20, Ttt. 163. H.
a. 19. £&.223.—Root forming dense elevated tufts. St. stout,
2—3 feet high. Panicle usually large and spreading or reduced
to a slender compound (or even simple) spike. Bracts all much
shorter than the spike.—{ Var. rigida (Bly tt) has spikes more rigid darker-
coloured and spikelets more crowded. |—Bogs. PV

+++ Spikelets male at their base (or at both ends).

i Sobole far-creeping.
[C. brizoides (L.) was probably an escape.] E.

it Cespitose. Bracts leaflike. Lower spikelets distant, simple
or compound.

17. C. Boenninghausenidna (Weihe) ; spikelets several upper
ones simple crowded lower distant alternately branched, fr. lan-
ceolate plane-convex tapering serrulate from below the middle,
beak deeply split on one side, nut ovoid elliptic, gl. equalling the
fruit, root tufted, lower bract at least equalling the spike.—
E. B.S.2910. H.a.34. Kunze Riedg.22. R. 219.—St. 1—2
feet high, triangular with slightly convex faces and rough edges.
Inflorescence often a foot long. Rachis straight, with 3 rough
edges. GJ. ovate, membranous, si/very brown, smooth. Lower
spikelets wholly male, male at both ends or at either end.
Bracts, except the lowest, short. L. channelled.—Marshes and
pond-sides, rare, [Probably a hybrid between Sp. 16 & 19.] eae

18. C. axilléris (Good.) ; spikelets several upper ones simple
crowded Jower distant densely compound, fr. ovoid-lanceolate

CAREX. 459

plane-convex tapering deeply bifid serrwate above the middle,
nut obovoid with a beak, g/. shorter than the fruit, root tufted,
lower bract as long as or ‘longer than the spike. —B. B. 993. H.
a. 33.—St. 1-2 feet high, acutely triangular. Rachis straight,
with 3 rough angles. Gl. ovate membranous, brownish ; midrib
often rough, extending to the point. Divisions of the lower
spikelets crowded into the axils of the bracts. Bracts, except
the lowest, short. L. flat. Spikelets male at the base or at
both ends. [A hybrid between Sp. 11 or 12 & 19?|—Marshes, rare.
ipRavile E.S.1

19. C. reméta (L.); spikelets several all simple upper ones
crowded lower distant, fr. ovoid-acuminate plane-convexnotched
at the end serrulate above, nut ovoid with a beak, gl. shorter
than the fr., root tufted, bracts long.—#. 4.832. Schk. E. 23.
H.a. 33. R. 212.—St. 1—2 feet high, trigonous. Rachis with
2 rough angles in its upper part. Gl. oblong, membranous,
greenish white ; mzdrib smooth, usually not reaching the point.
Several of the bracts long. L. channelled. Sometimes with a
thick rooting densely proliferous rhizome. C. tenel/a (Sm. not
Schkr.) is a ‘starved form. —Damp places. P. VI. Bos Le

iit Cespitose. Bracts not leaflike. Spikes contiguous or
slightly distant.

+ Spikes and leaves glaucous or dusky.

20. C. echindta (Murr.) ; spikelets about 4 globose rather dis-
tant, fr. divergent broadly ovoid acuminate plane-convex stri-
ate, beak bifid with serrate edges, nut ovoid abruptly narrowed
below, gl. shorter than the fruit.—H. B. 806. Schk. C. 14. H.
a. 28. #. 214. C. stellulata (Good.).—St. 6—12 in. high,
triquetrous, nearly smooth. Lowermost spikelet often with a
short bract. Gl. ovate, membranous, reddish with a green
keel and white edges. "Ripe fr. greenish, stellate. [C. grypos
(SchKE.) is an alpine form with darker brown gl. and conspicuous narrow green

keel. |—Boggy places. P. V. VI. E, 8. I.

21. C. elongdta (L.); spikelets many oblong contiguous, fr.
patent oblong-acuminate plane-convex with many ribs on both
sides, beak almost entire with rough edges, nut linear-ob!ong
tapering below beak very short style persistent, g)..shorter than
the fruit, bracts none or one very short.—#. 6.1920. Schk. E.
25. H.a.32. A. 218.—St. 1—2 feet high, triquetrous. Gl.
ovate, dark brown with a green keel and whitish edges, blunt,
sometimes apiculate. Upper spikelets crowded, lower lax but
not distant.—Marshes, rare. P. Vi. E.S. 1.

460 97. CYPERACEZ.

22. C’. cur'ta (Good.) ; spikelets 4—6 elliptic contiguous, fr.
erect acute plane-convex faintly striate, beak short notched not
split rough at the edges, nut el/iptic beak very short, style per-
sistent, glumes ovate shorter than the fruit.—Z. B. 1386. Schk.
C.13.. R. 206. 1C. canescens (L.).—St. a foot high, triquetrous,
smooth except at the top. Lowermost spikelet often with a
setaceous bract. Glumes membranous, whitish with a green
keel, blunt, apiculate. Fr. whitish. [€¢. helvola (Blytt)(C. canescens x
lagopina?) is recorded from Loch-na-Gar. }—Bogs. P. VI. E.S.I

23. C.vitilis(Fr.)'; spikelets 4—8 ovateoroblong contiguous,
Ji. erect ovate plane-convex faintly striate, beak short split to its
base externally rough at the edges, “ nut elliptic,” glumes ovate
shorter than the fruit.—C. curta 8. alpicola Wahl. C.Persoonir
Sieb., A#. 206—Creeping. St. 6—12 in. high, triquetrous,
smooth except at the top. Lowermost spikelet often with a
setaceous bract. G7. membranous, brown with a white margin.
—Mountains. P. VII. VIII. E. S.

44 Spikes fuscous.

24. C.leporina (L.em.Good.) ; spikelets 3—4 roundish-elliptic
contiguous terminal one longer, fr. erect elliptic acuminate
plane-convex narrowed below nearly entire at the point with
smooth edges, nut elliptic tipped with the persistent style, gl.
ovate nearly as long as the fruit.—H. a.24. R. 205. C.lago-
pina (Wahl.), C./eporina Linn FV. Lap. not Fl. Suec.—E. B.S.
2815.—St. 4—8 in. high, smooth, triangular. Glumes reddish
with the edges paier. Fr. yellow.—Cairngorms, Aberdeenshire,
Inverness-shire. P. VIII. S.

25. C. ovdlis (Good.) ; spikelets about 6 oval contiguous, 77’.
erect ovate-attenuate plane-convex narrowed below bzjid at the
point with membranous edges serrulate above, nut elliptic with a
short cylindrical beak ending in a persistent style, gl. lanceo-
late as long as the fruit.—#. B. 306. Schk. B. 8. R. 211.
—C leporina (L. em. Wahl.)—St. 1—2 feet high, triangular,
smooth, or roughish above. Gl. acute, brown with a paler mem-
branous margin. Fr. yellowish. [Sometimes with crowded spikes
(var. capitata) or, in woods, paler with smaller spikes (var. argyroglochin) or with
bracts elongated much exceeding the spike (var. bracteata). }|—Meadows,

Po ViE

1 Herr Kiikenthal apparently refers the Scotch plant to €. canescens var.
robustior (Blytt). See J. of B. xxxvi. (1898) p. 75.

CAREX. 461

iii. Heterostachye. One or more terminal spikes wholly orrarely
only partially male, others axillary fertile. (Sp. 26—74.)

* Beak of fr. short, entire or emarginate or shortly 2-toothed.

+ Nut plane-convex, Stigmas 2—3. Male spikes 1 or more.

t Stigmas 2. Sheaths of leaves webbed. Fertile spikes erect.
L. ultimately revolute-edged ; lowest sheaths usually leafless.

26. C. eldta (All.); fertile, spikes erect or rarely drooping
long cylindrical, bracts auricled lowermost leaflike short, fr.
oblong-elliptic acute compressed veined closely imbricate, nut
roundly obovoid shortly beaked, sheaths of 1. with filamentous
network.—Z. £.914. R. 230. C. stricta (Good.) CU. cespitosa
(Gay.).—Densely ceespitose. St. 2—3 ft. high, triquetrous,
rigid. L. short, narrow. Fertile spikes often male at the
top. Gl. blunt or acute, equalling or shorter than the fr.,
narrow, dark purple; keel green. Fr. in 6—9 regular rows.—
[c. turfosa(Fr.). A. stoloniferous plant with filamentous network, intermediate
between Sp. 26 and 31, is recorded from Surrey and Cambs. |— Marshes.

2 ae

tt Stigmas 2. Sheaths not webbed, usually all bearing leaves.
Stoloniferous.

27. C. aciita (L. em. Good.) ; male spikes 1—3, fertile 2—4
slender cylindrical-acuminate erect with fruit, lowermost
bract leaflike often overtopping the stem with long auricles,
fr. oblong lenticular veined, nut roundish-obovoid with a
short slender beak, gl. acute.—C. gracilis (Curt.) #. B. 580.
Schk. He. & Ff. 92. H. a. 44. R. 231, 232.—St. 2—3 feet
high, triquetrous, rough at top. lL. broad. Gl. narrow-
lanceolate, acute, on the male spikes spathulate-lanceolate,
purple with a green keel. Fr. pale, blunt or acute, round or
oval, spherical or flattened. Fertile spikes usually with a
few male fl. at the end, nodding with flowers.—{C. protixa (Fr.),
cespitose. with fr. compressed, more strongly nerved, shorter than the long
tapering gl., is recorded from Cambs. and Norf.; and C. tricostata (Fr.), stoloni-
ferous, with young fr. ventricose becoming compressed 3-veined, longer than the
small obtuse gl., is recorded from N. of Ireland. |—Wet places. P. VI.

E. 8. I.

28. C. rigida (Good.) ; spikes erect, male 1, fertile oval or
shortly cylindrical dense subsessile, lower bract leaflike, fr.
elliptic lenticular wzthout veins, nutroundish blunt witha slender
beak, st. triquetrous rough towards the top, /. curving outwards
with deflexed edges.—H. B. 2047. H.a. 40. R. 225. C. saxa-
tulis Schkuhr,—St. 6 in, to a foot or more high. L. broad, flat,

462 97. CYPERACEZ.

keeled, rigid. Bracts without sheaths. Spikes near together,

short, rarely narrowed and laxly flowered below. Gi. about
exceeding thefr., purple with a green keel. Nut rather longer
than broad.—j8. inferalpina (Lest.); taller, 1. broader and more erect, br.
longer and broader, lower female sp. stalked, elongated tapering below. |—In
wet and stony places on mountains. P. VI. VII. 1A SF
tii Stigmas2. Sheaths not webbed. Fertile spikes erect,
Glumes narrower than the fruit.

29. C. aquatilis (Wahl.); spikes erect, male 1 or more, fer-
tile 3 or 4 long narrowed below lower ones stalked, bracts leaf-
like erect overtopping the stem, fr. elliptic lenticular without
veins broader than the gl., nut oblong narrowed below with a
short slender beak, st. trigonous smooth.—E. B. §. 2758.—St.
1—4 feet high, with convex faces. Spikes rather distant. Gl.
usually short, narrower than the yellowish-green fr., reddish
purple with a pale midrib. Alpime bogs and riverside. P.
Vil. ES. L

30. C. salina (Wahl.); spikes erect or lower ones somewhat drooping, male
2—3, fertile 3—4 on short ped. sometimes male at the top, bracts leaflike
equalling the spikes, stigmas 2—3, fr. ovoid compressed with many yeins
and a short beak, nut obovate narrowed above and below, st. trigonous.—
J. of B. xxiii. p. 290, t. 262.—St. 1—2 feet high. L. narrow with keel and margin
seabrid. Gl. brownish ovate obtuse or mucronate, lower with an excurrent
scabrid midrib.—A curious plant from Harris is referred by Mr Benneti to
C. spiculosa (Fr.) as var. hebridensis (Ar. Benn,), but it seems to lack the asperous
prolongation of the midrib of the gl. characteristic of that ep.—Extreme N.
of Scotland. VII. VIII. 5.

31. C. fusca (All. see. Schinz & Thell.); spikes erect, male
1 or 2, fertile 3—4 subsessile cylindrical, bracts with short

auricles leafiike, jr. elliptic plane-convex with many veins

below and a short entire beak, nut roundish yery blunt, st.
triquetrous rough towards the top.—C. cespitosa Sm., E. B.,
1507. C. Goodenowii (Gay), C. vulgaris (Fries).—St. about

1 Mr Ar. Bennett (J. of B. xxxvy. 1897, p. 249) characterizes the followmg
forms :—
1. cuspidata (Lest.)......glumes elongated and cuspidate.
2. virescens (And.)}...... just the opposite to the last; the gl. } the length of
the fr. which is very symmetrically arranged.
3. minor (Boott). The montane plant with the spikes attenuated at the
pase
4. elatior (Bab.)=var. Waisoni (Sy.). The lowland plant usually with spikes
stout, equal and continuous leafy bracts, and tall (3—5 fc.) st.
Mr Bennett records the hybrics C. aquatilisx salina (xC. Grantit, Ar. Benn.)
and C. aquatilis x elata (x C. hibernica, Ar. Benn.). H. &J.G.

|

CAREX. 463

a foot high, J, slender, not keeled. Bracts without sheaths.
Spikes near together, short. Gl. blunt, shorter than fr.,
purple; keel slender, pale green. Fr. greenish or with a
yurple tinge. Nut rather broader than long.—[4 slender cxspitose
form with narrow conyvolute 1. is var. jwneella (Fr. as C. vulgaris var.). |—
Marshes. P. Y. VI. BK. SSI.

[C. Gibsénz (Bab.) ; fr. lanceolate, acute, nut broadly obovoid.
—A. NV. H. xi. t. 5.—St. 6—8 in. high. Perianth nearly twice
as long as the nut, gradually narrowed from below the middle
to the top. Perhaps a monstrosity of C. vulgaris—Hebden
Bridge, Yorkshire! Not recently found. P. VI.] E.

32. C. triner’vis (Degl. ex Lois.); spikes erect, male 2—4 (rarely 1), fertile 2—5
short stout often male at the top sessile, bracts sheathing with brown auricles,
exceeding the spikes, fr. ellipsoid-oblong compressed usually strongly 3—5-veined
with very short beak, nut narrowing to the beak, st. trigonous strongly ribbed
smooth.—Kunze Riedgr. t. 1.—Stoloniferous. Rootstock stout. 8t. 5—15 in.
cespitose. L. faintly keeled often exceeding the spikes. Bracts broadening into
strongly-ribbed auricled sheaths. Spikes near together very stout. Gl. bluntish
narrower than in sp. 31 shorter than or equalling the fr., keel broad greenish-
white. Fr. brownish-green, nut longer than broad.—A plant from Ormesby,
Norf., 1869, Mr H. G. Glasspoole, has been referred to this sp. P. VI. E.

+t Nut with 3 angles. Stigmas 3, rarely 2.
t Fruit glabrous. Terminal spike male at tts base.

33. C. alpina (“Sw. in” Liljeb.) ; spikes 1—4 roundish or
oblong contiguous nearly sessile, fr. obovord veinless rough
above with a short notched beak, gl. acutish falling short of
fr., nut obovoid triquetrous blunt with a short cylindrical
beak, bract scarcely overtopping the spikes, st. triangular
rough towards the top.—JB. t. 356. C. Vahl E#. B. S. 2666.
Schk. Gg. 94 & Ppp. 154. R. 235. %?C. Halleri Gunn.—St.
6—12 in. high, erect. Gi. brown or black.—Glen Callater and
Glen Fiagh, Clova. Glen Lyon. P. VII. :

34. C. polygama (Schk.); spikes 3—4 oblong sessile con-
tiguous, the lowest shortly stalked rather distant, fr. oval
blunt compressed (ultimately trigonous) bidentate roughish
above veined, gl. cuspidate lower exceeding fr., nut obovoid
trigonous blunt End lower bract leaflike—Z. B.S. 2885.
H.b.11. Schk. X. & Gg. 76. R.235. B. 438. C. Buxbaumit
(Wahl.), C. fusca (Bailey not All.).—St. 1—2- feet high,
triquetrous, rough. Sheaths of the !. connected by netlike
Jilaments. Gl. nearly black, with a green keel prolonged into
a cuspidate point. Fr. glaucous green.—Arisaig, W. Inverness.
Mr W. F. Miller. Harbour Island near Toom Bridge, Lough
Neagh. P. VL nepal I:

464 97. CYPERACE#.

35. C. atrdta (L.) ; spikes 3—4 ovate-oblong shortly stalked
contiguous ultimately drooping, the lowest rather distant and
with a longer stalk, fr. elliptic veinless with a short terete
slightly notched beak, glumes acute, nut elliptic triquetrous
blunt apiculate, lower bract leaflike—F. B. 2044. Schk. X.
77. H.b. 8. F.237.—St. 1—14 foot high, triangular, smooth.
L. flat, broad. Gl. dark purple ; midrib slender, pale. Fr.
yellow ish. Mr H. C. Watson mentions a form with the term.
spike wholly male and the fem. spikes cylindrical and 2—3 in.

below it.—Alpine rocks. P. VI. VIL. ; E.S.

ti Fruit glabrous. Terminal spike wholly male, solitary.

36. C. palles'cens (L.) ; fertile spikes subpendulous ovate or
oblong with exserted stalks contiguous, bracts leaflike, gl. mu-
cronate, fr. ovoid-oblong convex on both sides veined blunt,
beak 0, nut linear-elliptic trigonous.—H. B. 2185. Sy. E. B.
1657. Schk. Kk. 99, H.b. 44 —St. slender, triquetrous, rough
above 1—13 foot high. Spikes blunt, pale green; the barren
one sessile, “darker. —Marshy places. P. VI. E. 8.1

37. C. panicea (L.) ; fertile spikes ereet remote subcylindrical
on exserted stalks, bracts leaflike sheathing, gl. rather acute,
Tr. ovoid subglobose inflated veinless with a short terete truncate
beak, nut obovoid-oblong trigonous with a cylindrical beak.—
EB. B. 1505. Schk. 11.100. #H. b. 33.—St. 1—2 ft. high, erect,
smooth, obtuse-angled. Fertile spikes about 2. Gl. obiong,
more or less acute, dark brown with a green keel and mem.
branous pale margins. Lowermost bract about as long as its
spike, the rest shorter, sheaths close. [A form with the fruits swollen
and purplish towards the top is var. tumidula (Lest.). }—Marshy places.
P. VI. £ E. 8...

38. C. vagindta (Tausch !) ; fertile spikes erect remote on ex-
serted stalks, bracts sheathing scarcely leatlike, gl. bluntish, f7.
ovoid triquetrous glabrous veinless with a short terete smooth
very obliquely truncate and emarginate beak, nut elli mn tri-
angular “with a beak slightly thickened u wards,” — b. 17,
Kunze Riedgr. 15. B. 478. C. pheostachya Sm., E. B S-
2731. C. Meilichoferi Sm., EB. B. 2293.—St. 5—6 in. high,
smooth. Fertile spikes 1—2. Glumesbluntish. Bracts with
Funnelshaped sheaths Highland mountains. P. VII. 8S.

39. C.limdésa (L.) ; fertile spikes 1 or 2 upon very long stalks
drooping ovate densely-flowered “with occasionally a few male
fl,at thetr top,” bracts auricled slender strongly keeled, gl. ovate
mucronate, fr. roundish-obovoid compressed strongly ribbed with

CAREX. 465

a very short entire beak, nut obovoid bluntly trigonous with a
beak, /. narrow linear channelled r ough at the edges throughout.
—F. B. 2043. R. 238. £, 216.—Creeping. St. 1 ft. high.
L. and bracts very slender. Gl. purple, usually with a green
keel, about as long as the pale fr. which is broadest above the
middle. Nut pale.—Spongy bogs. Ee Sol.

40. C. magellan‘ica (Lam.); fertile spikes 2 or 3 drooping upon
long stalks oblong densely- flowered with occasionally a few
male fl. at ther base, bracts auricled leaflike rather broad nearly
flat, gl. ovoid- lanceolate attenuate acute Jr. roundish-ovoid com-
“pressed faintly ribbed with a very short entire beak, nut elliptic
triangular with a beak, /. linear flat smooth at the edges except
near the tip.—L. B. 8. 2895. R. 238. B. 219. C. irrigua
(Sm. ex Hoppe).—Creeping. St. a foot or more in height.
L. and bracts 2 or 3 times as broad as in the preceding. (1.
wholly purple usually longer than the pale fr. which is broadest
below the middle. Nut pale-—Spongy bogs in the North, rare.
pera K. S. I.

41. C. rarifléra (Sm.); fertile spikes 2 or 3 drooping upon
long stalks oblong few-fAlowered lax, bracts with very shortsheaths,
gl. very broad blunt as long as the fr., fr. oblong with 3 blunt
angles, beak extremely short entire, nut roundish-oblong, |. flat
rough-edged towards the tip.—#. 6.2516. 4. 217.—Creeping.
St.6—8 in. high, smooth. GV. folded round the fr., dark brown ;
midrib pale, terminating in a minute apiculus. Fr. ‘pale, faintly
veined ; nut darker.—Elevated bogsinthe Highlands. P.VI.8.

42. CO. capillaris (L.); fertile spikes drooping upon long
half-ineluded stalks, few- flowered lax, one bract sheathing
several stalks, gl. blunt, fr. oblong trigonous turgid narrowed
below veinless with a slender membranous beak, nut obovoid
triquetrous blunt with a short beak.—#.B 2069. Schk. O.56.
H, b. 53. &, 241.—St. very slender, 2—6 in. bigh, smooth.
Peduncles rough, several usually enclosed in one sheath. Gl.
short, broad, blunt, midrib not reaching the tip, falling short
of the small smooth brown fruit. Nut pale. Roof tufted.—
Teesdale. Scottish Highlands and near sea-level in Suther-
land. P. VI. E.S:

43. C. strigésa (Huds.) ; fertile spikes drooping about 4 distant
rather long slender lax lower with exserted stalks, bracts leaflike
sheathing, fr. oblong-lanceolate narrowed at both ends trigonous
ve_ned with an obliquely truncate mouth, nut elliptic triangular
punctured, 1]. broad.—#. B. 994. Schk. 'N.53.—St. 2 feet high,
Sheaths nearly covering the peduncles. Gl. elliptic-lanceolate,

2G

466 97. CYPERACE.

diaphanous, greenish down the back.—Groves and _ thickets,
rare. . VI. B S.1.

44, O. pen'dula(Auds.) ; fertile spikes drooping about 5 distant
cylindrical very long densely flowered, bracts leaflike lower ones
with sheaths nearly equalling the flowerstalks upper scarcely
sheathing, fr. elliptic subtrigonous tamid with short trigonous
emarginate beak, nut elliptic triangular.—Z. 6.2315. Schk. Q.
60. R. 243,—St. 3—6 feet high, round at the angles above.
Fertile spikes often 3 or4 in. long, arched ; upper ones frequently
with male fl. at the tip. Gl. ovate mucronate, brown with 3
eran keel. Fr. green, ciliate at the mouth. —Damp HOES 4

tit Fruit downy, hairy or scabrous. Bracts Saath Lin
sterile tufts. Male spike solitary.

45. C. humilis (Leyss.) ; fertile spikes 2 or 3 remote about 3-
flowered enclosed in the membranous leafless bracts, fr. obovoid
subtrigonous narrowed below with an entire oblique mouth not
obovoid, trigonous, with a short beak.—H.b. 15. C.clandestina
Good., #. B. 2124. Schk. K.43. R.239.—St. about 2 in. high,
erect, concealed amongst the leaves. Bracts large, wholly mem-
branous, nearly hiding the fertile spikes. lL. all radical, linear,
channelled, rough.—Limestone hills in Hants, Wilts, Somerset,
and Dorset. P. IV.

46. C.ornithop'oda(W.); fertile spikes 3 near together suberect
exceeding male spike, bracts membranous leafless, fr. pyriform
trigonous with a subemarginate mouth exceeding the glumes,
nut elliptic subtrigonous shortly stalked with a minute beak.---
J. of B. xiii. t. 164. A. 240.—St.3—5 in. high, scarcely exceed-
ing the flat bluntish radical leaves. Bracts much falling short
of fertile spikes. —Millers Dale, Derbyshire. P. V.—VII. E.

47. CO. digitdta (L.); fertile spikes 2 or 3 distant linear erect
lax, bracts membranous obliquely truncate, lowermost with a
setaceous leaflike point, fr. obovoid trigonous narrowed below
equalling gl., beak short nearly entire, “nut elliptic-oblong
triangular shortly- stalked and shortly-beaked."—K. B. 615,
Schk. H. 38. H. b. 14.—St. 6—8 in. high, erect, sheathed at
the base, leafless, taller than the flat radical leaves.—Woods on
limestone, rare. P. IV. V. E.

Httt Pr. hairy or downy or scabrous. Bracts not sheathing
(except slightly 7n No. 52).—t Male spike 1.

48, C. caryophyl'lea (Latour.) ; fertile spikes 1—3 oblong-ovoid
near together sessile, bracts clasping the lowest leaflike and

CAREX. 467

slightly sheathing, gl. broadly ovate acuminate with excurrent
midrib, fr. ovoid-rhomboidal trigonous with an entire mouth,
nut obovoid narrowed below trigonous with prominent angles,
base of the style surrounded by a cuplike disk, soboliferous.—
E. B.1099. Schk. F.27. H.b. 24. R.261. C.preecox. Jacq.
not Schreb.—St. 3—12 in. high. Lowermost spike often
slightly stalked.—Dry places. P. IV. V. B.S: 1.

49. C. ericetérum (Poll.); fertile spikes 1—3 ovoid near to-
gether sessile, bracts clasping all membranous, g/. obovate very
blunt jinely ciliate midrib not reaching the top, fr. obovoid tri-
gonous with a truncate beak, nut subglobose trigonous with no
terminal disk or prominent angles, soboliferous.— #. B.S. 2971.
Schk. J. 42. H.b. 26.. R. 262. C. ciliata Willd.—Gl. brown
with a broad pale edge, all very blunt. St. 3—6 in. high.—
On chalk. Norf., Suff., Cambridge. P. IV. V. H.

50. O.montdna(L.) ; fertile spikes 1—3 ovoid crowded sessile,
bracts small membranous the lowest with an awlshaped point,
gl. of fertile spikes blunt notched and mucronate, fr. narrowed
below oblong-obovoid trigonous with a short notched beak, nut
oblong narrowed below with a pyramidal beak, root fibrous from
a shaggy thick branched rhizome.—Z. B. S.2924. Schk. F. 29.
H.b. 21. &. 261. C. collina Willd.—St. about a span long,
slender. L. narrow; sheaths of lower |, red. Gl. very dark ;
midribnarrowly yellowish. /r.hazry,its beak purple.—Heaths
and banks. P. IV. V. E.

51. C. pilulefera (L.); fertile spikes about 3 roundish near
together sessile, bracts small lowest scarcely leajlike awlshaped
not sheathing, gl. broadly ovate mucronate, 77. stalked swbglobose
with a short bifid beak, nut subglobose subtrigonous narrowed
below, persistent base of style recurved, root fibrous.—E. B.
885. Schk. J. 39. R. 260.—St. 6—12 in. long, slender, at
length decumbent.—f. longibracteata (Lange); lowest bract
very long leaflike, upper bract long ana slender, midrib of gl.
' excurrent, nut fusiform. Var. Leese (Ridl.) ed. viii. J. of B.
| xix. t. 218.—Wet heaths. gs. Plumpton, Yorkshire. Glen
_ Callater, Braemar. On rocks in shade. P. V. Se:

52. C. tomentdsa (L.); fertile spikes 1 or 2 nearly sessile cy-
| lindrical blunt, lowermost bracts leajlike with a very short sheath,
gl. broadly ovate acute, 77. obovoid subtrigonous scarcely beaked
slightly emarginate, nut blunt trigonous narrowed below with a

short beak constricted at its base, sobolzferous.—H. B.2046. Schk.
¥F.28. H.b.28, &.263.—St. a foot high, with 3 sharp angles,

468 97. CYPERACEA,

rough upwards, erect. Beak of nut slightly swelling upwards.
Fr. with copious white down, mouth very broad.—Water-mea-
os at Merston Measey, Wilts. Pasture, Fairford, E. Glos.
Piva: E.

+t Male spikes usually more than 1.

58. C. flac'ca (Schreb.) ; fertile spikes 2 or 3 erect or drooping
cylindrical densely flowered long-stalked, bracts leaflike scarcely
sheathing, gl. ovate acute, fr. blunt elliptic veinless slightly
rough entire at the small point, nut roundish-ovate triangular,
—H.b. 67. Schk. O. P.57. Rk. 269. #..B.1506. C. recurva
(Huds.), C. glauca (Scop.).—Soboliferous. St. a foot or more
in height. Male spikes variable in number. Fertile spikes
often have a male fl. at the top.—s. C. Wicheliana (Sm.); gl.
blunt, fr.smaller. #. B.2236.—y. C.stictocarpa (Sm.) ; fertile
ge ovate, fr. obovate dotted. #. B.S. 2772.—Damp ae

** Beak of fr. long, 2-toothed or bifid. Nut with 3 angles.
Stigmas 3, rarely 2. (Sp. 54—74.)

+ Beak of fruit terete. Terminal spike male.

54. C.atrofus'ca(Schk.) ; fertile spikes 2 or 4 upon short stalks
ovoid densely flowered, bracts scarcely leajlike or sheathing, gl.
ovate acute, fr. elliptic compressed rough-edged with a cloven
beak, nut elliptic triangular on a long stalk, root fibrous.—Z. B.
2404. Schk. Y.82. H.b.47. C.ustuldta (Wahl.).—St. 3—10
in. high. L.very short, broad. Gl. dark purple with a slender
pale midrib. Fr. dark purple, paler below. Nut fuscous.—
Breadalbane Hills, Perthshire. P. VII. Ss.

+t Beak of fruit plane-convex. Male spike 1, or rarely 2.
Fruit glabrous. Bracts sheathing, leaflike.

55. C. Sad'lert (Linton) ; fertile spikes fusiform upper sessile
lower ultimately pendulous long-stalked, bracts sheathing leaf-
like, g]. acute, fr. lanceolate triquetrous gradually narrowed into
a ciliate-serrate bifid beak, nut ovate triquetrous, st. triangular
smooth.—C. frigida Syme not All. Hdin. Bot. Tr. xii. t. 2.
J. of B. xiii, t. 159.—St. 3—12 in. high. L. broad, parallel-
sided when young.—Above Loch Ceann-mor, Aberdeenshire,
and in Glen Dole. P. VIII. S.

56. C. fldva (L.) ; fertile spikes roundish-oval subsessile, low-
est spike with a nearly included stalk, bracts leaflike with short
sheaths, gl. blunt, f7. ovate inflated ribbed smooth narrowed

CAREX. 469

into a deflexed rough-edged bifid beak, nut obovoid trigonous
punctate, st. trigonous smooth.—H. 8.1294. Schk. H. 36. H.
p. 22. &. 273.—St. 6—12 in. high. L. broad. Male spzke cy-
lindrical, blunt; gl.blunt. Fertile spikes usually near together
and near the barren spike, sometimes distant; gl. with a green
midrib slightly rough and often excurrent at the end. Beak of
the fr. curved downwards parallel-sided when young. Lowest
fr.declining.\—8. C.lepidocarpa(Tausch !); barrenspikesusually
long-stalked, beak of fr. often nearly straight.—Sy. #. B. 1673.
Kunze Riedgr. 13. R. 272.—Wet places. P.V. VI. E.S.1.

57. C. @'deri (Retz.); fertile spikes roundish-ovate subsessile
near together, lowest spike with an included stalk, bracts leaflike
with short sheaths, gl. mucronate, fr. subglobose inflated ribbed
smooth suddenly contracted into an erect narrow rough-edged
bifid beak, nut obovoid-trigonous punctate, st. trigonous smooth.
—Sy. EF. B. 1674. H. b. 23. R. 272.—Much like, but
distinct from, C. flava. Fertile spikes smailer. Fr. much
smaller than those of C’. fava, more in number, with a shorter
and narrower-based beak which is conical when young. Very
variable in height.—[ Var. edocarpa (And.) has st. recurved, male sp.
stalked, fertile spikes distant, fr. more beaked, |—Bogs. 1B Wale VII.

Tig tseile

58. C. exten'sa (Good.) ; fertile spikes oblong near together
subsessile lower one rather distant with a short included stalk,
bracts very long leaflike with short sheaths, g/. mucronate, fr.
ovoid triquetrous ribbed narrowed into a straight smooth-edged
bifid beak, nut oblong-elliptic triangular smooth.—Z. B. 833.
Schk. V. Xx. 72. H.b.32. R. 274.—St. usually curved, 8—12
in. high, trigonous, smooth, usually exceeding the leaves. Barren
spike nearly sessile, blunt; gl blunt. ZL. and bracts very narrow,

1 Mr Townsend (J. of B. xix. 1881, p. 161) discriminates the following forms—

“ad. genuina.—L. shorter than the st., male spike nearly or quite sessile,
“‘female spikes contiguous, lowest bract much exceeding male spike; fr.
““eonsiderably narrowed towards the base, and gradually narrowing above
**into a much deflexed beak, which is as long as the rest of the fr.

‘*B. C. lepidocarpa, Tausch.—St. scabrous; 1. narrow, shorter than the
‘*st.; male spike long-stalked, female spikes distant, ovate; fr. crowded,
**suborbicular, beak long, strongly deflexed.

“, minor.—St. shorter than in var. @; 1. commonly as long as or even
‘longer than the st., male spike usually stalked, female spikes usually
‘distant; fr. smaller, suborbicular, more suddenly contracted into a less
‘* defiexed or straight beak, which is shorter than the rest of the fr.

«6. argtllacea.—L. broad, as long as or longer than the st.; male spike
‘““short sessile, female spikes contiguous; fr. suborbicular, beak snort,
*« straight.” H. & J. G.

470 97. CYPERACEZ.

convolute, long. [[8. minor (Syme); smaller, stems shorter than the leaves,
cole attenuated into a beak, Marshes, chiefly near the sea, P.
MAL. E.S8. I.

59. C. Hostidna (DC.) ; fertile spikes ovate-oblong distant
with stalks exceeding the long sheaths, glumes ovate not
mucronate, fr.ovoid triquetrous rough-edged also scarious in the
notch, nutoboyoid trigonous nearly smooth.—C.. Hornschuchiana
(Hoppe); H. b. 40. RF. 252. C. speirostachya Sm., E. B.S.
2770.—Rootstock often creeping. St. trigonous, rongh-edged,
about a foot high. Lowest bract often reaching up to or
beyond the barren spike.—Boggy places. P. VI. E. 8. I.

[C. zanthocar'pa (Degl.)! “has tufted stems, ovate-acute
glumes, spreading fr. not scarious in the notch.” It is said to
be notuncommon. Idonotknowit.—C.fulva Good.,Sm., was
an error.—See J. of B. xiv. 366.]

60. C. punctdta (Gaud.) ; fertile spikes erect cylindrical with
slightly exsertedstalks particularly the lowest, bracts sheathing,
gl. ovate shortly awned, fr. spreading ovoid tumid obscurely
veined pellucidly punctate with a linear bidentate smooth beak,
nut ovoid-rhomboidal narrowed at both ends triangular rough.—
H.b.37. Kunze Riedgr.6. .251.—St.smooth, 1—2 feet high,
slender. Spikes distant or the upper ones near ; stalks slightly
(the lowest often greatly) exserted, rough ; lowest spike often
very distant. Gl. pale red with a broad green longitudinal
dorsal band. Fr.pale. Nutbrown. Gl. of barren spike blunt.
—Marshy places near the sea. P. VI. E. S. 1.

61. C. dis'tans (L.); fertile spikes remote erect oblong, upper
with included stalks, bracts: with sheaths, gl. mucronate, fr.
ascending ovoid trigonous equally and faintly ribbed pellucidly
punctate smooth, edges of the bifid narrow beak rough, nut
triquetrous roughish obovard narrowed below.—E#. L. 1234.
Schk. T. 68. H.b.42. .253.—St. smooth, seldom exceeding
a foot high, slender. Spikes distant, short ; lower ped. half-
exserted. Gl. brownish. Fr. yellowish brown, rather inflated ;
nut yellowish. Male spike cylindrical-clavate, with blunt
glumes.— Marshy places, especially near thesea. P.V. E.S.I.

62. C. biner’vis (Sm.); fertile spikes remote, upper ones nearer
together cylindrical theirstalks mostly included, lower long with
exserted stalks, bracts sheathing, gl. mucronate, fr. ovoid sub-
triquetrous with 2 prominent green submarginal ribs on the back

1 Generally considered the hybrid C. flava x Hornschuchiana. H.& J.G.

CAREX, 471

other ribs faint, beak broad bifid rough at the edges, nut obovoid
roughish.— /#. B. 1235. Schk. Rrr.160. H.b.39. A. 255.—St.
triangular, smooth, a foot high. Spikes often very distant ;
upper stalks often quite included, never much exserted, lower
often greatly exserted. Gl. dark purple; midrib greenish
yellow. Fr. brown or deeply tinged with purple, 2 prominent
ribs always green ; nut brown. Male spike with blunt glumes.
—Heaths and moors. P. VI. VII. EK. 8: I

63. C. helddes (Lk.) ; fertile spikes remote cylindrical, stalks
more or less exserted, bracts sheathing, gl. acute, fr. ovoid atte-
nuate striate, beak long deeply bifid with rough edges, nut sub-
pyriform narrowed below triangular smooth.—C. laevigata
(Sm.).—#. B. 1387. Schk. Bbb. 116 & Sss. 162. H.b.38. AR.
254,~-St. smooth, 2—3 feet high. Spikes distant, erect or droop-
ing. Gl. often acute on the male spike, always so on the others,
purple with a paler dorsal longitudinal band. Rarely 2 male
spikes. Fr. green; nut yellowish. lL. broad.—8. gracilis (Ar.
Benn.); 1. much narrower, fertile spikes short, fr. patent
smaller but more swollen.—Marshes and wet thickets, rather
rare. P. VI. Be Sill

64. C.depauperdta(Curt.ex With.); fertile spikeserect remote
3- or 4-7., stalks exserted, bracts sheathing leaflike, gl. acute, fr.
large nearly globose, beak long bifid with rough edges, nut
elliptic trigonous with bluntish angles.—#. 5.1098. Schk. M. |
50.—St. 1—2 feet high, trigonous, smooth. Gl. of the male
spike blunt. Fr. very large and few with many ribs. Spikes
very distant.—Dry woods, very rare. P. VI. E.

+tt Beak of fr. glabrous, terete or compressed. Male spike
1 (rarely more). Stigmas 3.

65. C.sylvat'ica (Huds.); fertile spikes about4 distant slightly
drooping linear with long half-exserted stalks, bracts leaflike
sheathing, fr. elliptic trigonous obscurely veined narrowed into a
long cloven sraooth beak, nut obovoid-elliptic-triangular, l. nar-
rower than in the preceding.—Z#. 4.995. Schk. L1.101. H.b.
55. . 242,—St. about 2 feet high, smooth, its top and the fr.-
beak rarely a littlerough. Sheaths scarcely half equalling the
peduncles. Gl. cvate. acute, diaphanous with a green keel.—
Damp woods. ; nD .¢b

66. C. Pseudo-cypérus (L.) ; fertile spikes about 5 drooping
cylindrical densely flowered stalked near together, bracts leaflike
scarcely sheathing, gl. setaceous rough dilated at the base, jr.
ovoid-lanceolate ribbed narrowed into a deeply bifid beak, nut

472 97. CYPERACEA.

elliptic, st. triquetrous with rough angles.—Z#. 5. 242. Schk.
Mm. 102. H.b. 56. &. 275.—St.2—3 feet high. Male spike
often with some fertile flowers. Fertile spike 1}—2 in. long.
--Damp places, rare. P. VI. EK. I.

ttt+ Beak of hairy fr. terete or compressed with patent cusps.
Male spikes 2 or more.

67. C.lasiocar'pa (Ebrh.) ; male spikes 2, fertile 3 or 4 remote
erect sessile oblong, bracts leaflike lowermost slightly sheathing,
gl. oblong-ovate cuspidate and ciliate at the point,(/7. downy
oblong-ovoid narrowed into an obliquely truncate beak with 2
lateral points, nut narrowly elliptic subtrigonous, |. slender
channelled.—C.. filiformis L.?, Good, #. B. 904. Schk. K. 45.
B. 132. R. 265.—St.2 feet high. L. with filamentous sheaths
below. Lowest spike rarely stalked.—Peat-bogs, nae fs Me

68. C. her'ta (L.); male spikes 2 or 3, fertile 2 or 3 remote
erect oblong-cylindrical stalked, bracts leaflike the lower with
long sheaths nearly equalling the peduncles, gl. elliptic-lanceo-
late with long slender ciliate points, fr. hairy oblong-ovate nar-
rowed into a deeply divided beak, nut obovate narrowed below
triangular, 7. fot hairy.—E, B.685. Schk.Uu. 108, H. b. 58.
R. 257.—St. 14—2 feet high, leafy. L. and sheaths shaggy,
rarely glabrous. Fr. tawny. Occasionally the spikes are com-

ound at the base and very long-stalked, and the gl. long.—
hee ebracteata (Syme) has crowded spikes, 1. and gl. glabrous and bracts without
foliaceous lamine. A monstrosity ?|—Wet places. P. IV. Hammer-
sedge. K. S. I.

tittt Beak of fr. glabrous, terete, striate, with patent cusps,
or 2-toothed. Male spikes many, rarely 1. Bracts not
sheathing.

£ Male spike 1. Stigmas2. Beak of fr. 2-toothed.

69. C. saratilis (L.); male spike 1 (rarely 2), fertile 1—3
roundish-ovoid lower one stalked bracteate sheathless erect, 77”.
ovoid obscurely veined inflated, beak short, nut roundish mucro-
nate, gl. bluntish.—C.. pwlla (Good.). #. B. 2045. Schk. Ce. 88.
C. vesicaria v. alyigena Fr.—St. 6—8 in. high. Gl. dark purple
tipped with white, medrib dark purple. Fr. dark purple paler
at the base, longer than the gl., stalked.—C.. sawatalis (Linn.
Herb.) ; but Andersson says that the true plant is C. rigida.—
Wet parts of the higher Scottish mountains. P. VII. Ss.

70. C. Grahdmi (Boott) ; male spikes 1 or 2 slender acute,
fertile 2 or 3 ovate blunt lower one stalked bracteate sheathless,

CAREX. 473

fr. oblong-ovate strongly ribbed inflated narrowed into a short
bifid beak, nut oblong compressed triquetrous below not 3 as
long as the perianth, gl. acute.—Z#. B. S, 2923.—St. 1—2 ft.
high. Gl. fuscous, with the tip and midrib pale. Fr. pale or
darkish brown, nearly twice as long as the gl., with several
strong ribs on each side.—Glen Fiadh, Clova. Ben Cruichben,
[ Meall Ghaordie &e.], Killin. P. VIL. S.

tt Male spikes many. Stigmas 3. Bracts not sheathing.

71. C. rostrata (Stokes in With.) ; fertile spikes 2—4 remote
cylindrical erect stalked, bracts leatlike, fr. swbglobose inflated
suddenly narrowed into a long slender beak, nut oboyoid
triangular, st. smooth with blunt angles.—E. B. 780. Schk. Tt.
107. H.b.65. R.277. C.ampullacea (Good.).—St. 1—2 feet
high, trigonous. LL. glaucous, channelled.—[A small neat form
with very compact spikes and short-beaked fr. is C. ampull. var. brunnescens
(And.), and a very luxuriant Irish form with broad 1. and large fruit is var.

latifolia (Aschers.),]|—Very wet bogs. P. VI. BiSs ii.

72. CO. vesicdria (L. em. Stokes in With.) ; fertile spikes 2—4
remote cylindrical, bracts leaflike, fr. ovoid conical inflated
gradually narrowed into a subulate bifid beak, nut elliptic
triangular, st. with acute angles—H. B. 779. Schk. Ss. 106.
H. b. 64. R. 276. C: infidta (Huds).—St. 2 feet high,
triangular, roughish near the top. L. rather broad, green.
—g. unvoluta (Bab.) ; 1. narrow folded into a $-cylinder, midrib
of gl. apiculate, fr. narrower.—Sy. #. B. 1681. [Possibly a hybrid
with sp. 71.]—Wet bogs. 8. Hale Moss, Manchester. Jf J.
Sidebotham. Congleton,Chesh. Mr.#. Wilson. P.V. E.S.I.

73. C. acutifor'nws (Ehrh.); gl. of the barren spikes blunt,
anth. apiculate, fertz/e spikes cylindrical blunt, gl. acute or
mucronate entire, bracts leaflike, 7. oblong-obovate compressed
with a short bifid beak, nut roundish-obovate iauhentee. st.
with acute angles.—Z. B. 807. Schk. Oo. 103. C. paludosa
(Good.).—St. 2—3 feet high, angles rough. L. broad. Fr.
sometimes recurved at the tip, stig. sometimes 2.—p. (.
spadicea (Elw., Roth, not Host.) ; gl. of fertile spikes with a
long rough beak. C. Kochiana (DC.).—Wet places. Ae

Swe

74. C. ripdria (Curt.); gl. of the barren spikes acute, anth.
with a long point, fertile spikes acute cylindrical, bracts leaflike,
. oblong-ovoid convex on both sides narrowed into a short
road cloven beak, nut pyriform triangular, st. with acute
ngles.—#. B.579. Schk. Qq. & Rr. 105. H. b. 66.—St. 3—4

~
:

474

97. CYPERACEA,

feet high, angles rough. L. broader than in the preceding. Aa,
E. 8. I.

Wet places. P. V.

acuta, 27.
acutiformis, 73.
alpicola, 23.
alpigena, 69.
alpina, 33.
ampullacea, 71.
aquatilis, 29.
arenaria, 7.
argillacea, 56.
argyroglochin, 25.
atrata, 36.
atrofusca, 54.
axillaris, 18.
binervis, 62.

Boenninghauseniana,17.

bracteata, 25.
brizoides, 16*.
brunnescens, 71.
Buxbaumii, 34.
cespitosa, 26, 31.
canescens, 22.
capillaris, 42.
capitata, 25.
caryophyllea, 48.
chordorrhiza, 9.
ciliata, 49.
clandestina, 45.
collina, 50.
contigua, 12
curta, 22.
euspidata, 39.
Davalliana, 2.
depauperata, 64.
diandra, 14.
digitata, 47.
dioica, 1.
distans, 61.
disticha, 6.
divisa, 10.
divulsa, 13.
ebracteata, 68.
echinata, 20.
Ehrhartiana, 14.
elata, 26.
elatior, 29.
elongata, 21.

Index to the Carices.

erecta, 8.
ericetorum, 49.
extensa, 58.
jiliformis, 67.
flacea, 53.
flava, 56.
frigida, 55.
fulva, 59*,
fusca, 31.
Susca, 34.
Gibsoni, 31*.
glauca, 538.
Goodenowii, 31.
gracilis, 27, 63.
Grahami, 70.
grypos, 20,
Halleri, 33.
helodes, 63.
helvola, 22.
hirta, 68.

Hornschuchi iana, 59.

Hostiana, 59.
humilis, 45.
incurya, 8.
inferalpina, 28.
inflata, 72.
intermedia, 6.
involuta, 72.
irrigua, 40.
Kochiana, 73.
levigata, 63.
lagopina, 24.
lasioearpa, 67.
Leesii, 51.
lepidocarpa, 56.
leporina, 24,
leporina, 25.
limosa, 389.
longibracteata, 51.
magellanica, 40.
Meilichoferi, 38.
Micheliana, 53.
minor, 29, 56, 58.
montana, 50.
muricata, 12.
nemorosa, 11.

Cideri, 57.
cedocarpa, 57.
ornithopoda, 46.
ovalis, 25. :
pallescens, 36.
paludosd, 73.
panicea, 37.
paniculata, 16.
paradoxa, 15.
pauciflora, 5
pendula, 44.
Persoonii, 28.
pheostachya, 38.
pilulifera, 51.
polygama, 34,
precox, 48.
prolixa, 27.
Pseudo-cyperus, 66.
pulicaris, 3.
pulla, 69.
punctata, 60.
rariflora, 41.
recurva, 53.
remota, 19.
rigida, 16, 28.
riparia, 74.
robustior, 23.
rostrata, 71.
rupestris, 4,
Sadleri, 55.
salina, 30.
saxatilis, 69.
saxatilis, 28.
spadicea, 73.
speirostachya, 59.
spicata, 12.
spiculosa, 30.
stellulata, 20.
stictocarpa, 53.
stricta, 26.
strigosa, 43,
sylvatica, 65.
tenella, 19.
teretiuscula, 14.
tomentosa, 52.
tricostata, 27.

98. GRAMINE 475

trinervis, 32. Vahlii, 38. vitilis, 23.
tumidula, 37. verna, 48. vulgaris, 31.
turfosa, 26. vesicaria, 72. vulpina, 11.
ustulata, 54. virens, 12. vulpinoidea, 14*.
vaginata, 38, virescens, 29. xanthocarpa, 59*.

Order XCVIII. GRAMINE#.

Fl. perfect or unisexual, 1, 2 or more seated bifariously on a
common axis which is contained within an involucre of 2 (or 1)
valves (glumes) or rarely none, the whole forming a locusta or
spikelet. Each fl. of 1 or 2 scales (pales) of which the outer
or lower is simple and usually keeled, the inner with 2 veins
or keels. Hypogynous scales 2,3 or none. Stam. hypogynous,
1—6, usually 3. Anth. versatile, notched at both ends. Ovary
1-celled. Styles usually 2, rarely 1 or 3. Embryo on the out-
_ side of the albumen and at its base.—L. with split sheaths.!

Suborder I. CLISANTHEA.”

Flowers closed. Styles or stigmas long, protruded at or near
to the top of the flower.

A. Rachis of inflorescence without lateral excavations.

Tribel. PANICE. Spikelets dorsally compressed, 1-flowered,
or with 1 fl. and an enfercor glumelike rudiment or a neuter
flower. Lower gl. much the smaller, often rudimentary.

1. Dicrrarta. Spikes fingered. Spikelets in pairs on one
side of the flattened rachis, awnless, 1-flowered, with an
inferior rudiment. Gl. 2, lower smaller or 0, upper 3-
zens. Sterile fi. of one 5—7-veined pale equalling the

ower.

[2. Ecurnocutoa. Spikes compound, secund in the whole
and in each part. Spikelets on one side of the flattened

1 Nearly all the genera of this Order are beautifully figuredin the Gen. Fl. Germ.
Monocotyl. vol. i. See. also Andersson’s Pl. Scand. fasc. ii. and Du Mortier in
Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. vii. 65.

[Since the last edition appeared a large number of so-called varieties of
| Grasses have been published as British; many of these we have ignored, being
| apparently merely trivial and transitory variations characterized by slight differ-
ences in stature, habit, or colour, more condensed or extended inflorescence,
broader or narrower leaves, greater or less hairiness, and the like.—H. & J. G.]

2 The suborders of Fries although conyenient for us will not apply generally ,
see Bentham, Linn. Soc. Journ, xix. 26. Bentham says practically useless except
| for grasses in a living state. They are retained here as we use them in that
_ state of the plants.

476 98. GRAMINE.

partial rachis, 2-flowered, inferior fi. rudimentary. GJ. 2,
lower 3-veined, upper equalling fi. 5-vezned mucronate or
awned. Lower pale of sterile fi. like and equalling upper
glume. |

“

Seraria. Spike cylindrical, compound. Spikelets sur-
rounded by an involucre of bristles, 2-fiowered ; inferior fi.
rudimentary. Gl. 2, lower 3-veined, upper equalling fl.
many-veined. Sterile fl. of 1 pale, like and equalling
upper glume. !

Tr. U1. CHLORIDE. Spikelets laterally compressed 1-
flowered in our plants and sometimes with a superior
rudiment, placed in 2 rows on one side of a flattened rachis,
or alternate and unilateral.

4. Cynopon. Spikes fingered, spreading. Spikelets 1-
flowered, awnless, with a superior rudiment. Gl. nearly
equal,patent. Pales equal ; lower boatshaped, compressed,
embracing the inner. Styles long, distinct. Stigmas
feathery.

5. SPARTINA. Spikes upright, in a raceme. Spikelets 1-
flowered, awnless. Gl. unequal; upper lanceolate. Pales
unequal; lower boatshaped, compressed. Styles long,
united halfway up. Stigmas feathery.

6. CHamaGrostis. Inflorescence a somewhat 1-sided raceme.
Gl. not keeled blunt. Fl. 1. Pale 1, scarious, very hairy,
blunt, not awned.

Tr. Wl. PHALARIDEZ#. Panicled. Spikelets laterally
compressed, 1-flowered, with 1 or 2 glumelike inferior
rudiments, or 1 or 2 inferior male flowers. Gl. equal
covering the flowers. Styles long. Stigmas filiform.

7. PHauaris. Gl. 2, boatshaped, keeled, membranous,
nearly equal, exceeding the flower. Pales coriaceous,
unequal, closely investing the fruit. Rudimentary fi.
1—2, scalelike.

8. ANTHOXANTHUM. GI]. 2, unequal, membranous; lower
small, 1-veined ; upper exceeding the fl., 3-veined. Pales
scarious. Stam. 2. Rudimentary fi. 2, scalelike, bifid,
awned on the back.

9. HrerocHLor. Gl. 2, nearly equal, membranous, about
equalling the spikelet. Fl. 3; 2 lower male, 3-androus,
upper pale with 2 keels ; upper fl. perfect, 2-androus, upper
pale with 1 keel.

98. GRAMINEZ. 477

Tr. IV. PHLEINEZ#. Inflorescence dense, spikelike. Spike-
lets laterally compressed, 1-flowered or with a superior
rudiment. Gl. nearly equal, covering the flowers. Styles
long. Stigmas filiform.

10. Poteum. Gl. compressed, keeled, parallel at the midrib,
truncate, with a terminal seta, or acute. Fl. 1. Pales 2,
membranous; lower 3-veined, blunt, without awns, or
with a minute central point.

11, ALopecurus. Gl. compressed, connate below, membra-
nous, awnless. Fi. 1. Pale 1, scarious, 5-veined, awned
on the back.

Tr. V. SESLERIE#. Panicle spikelike. Spikelets laterally
compressed, with 2 or more flowers. Styles 0 or very
short. Stigmas very long, filiform.

12. SEstER1a. Spikelets sessile, imbricate all round. Gl.
2—6-flowered, nearly or quite equalling the spikelet.

Lower pale keeled, membranous, with a scarious margin,
ending in 3 or 5 points ; dorsal rib excurrent.

B. Spikelets sessile in hollows of the rachis.

Tr. VI. VARDE#. Spikelets 1-flowered. Gl. 0. Style
short. Stigmas filiform.

13. Narpus. Spikelets in 2 rows on one side of the rachis.
Lower pale keeled, tapering into a subulate point. Stig-
mas long.

Suborder II. EURYANTHE#.

Flowers open. Style short. Stigmas protruded near to the
bottom of the flower.

A. Inflorescence panicled or racemose ; rachis without lateral
excavations.

Tr. VILORYZEA. Spikelets laterally compressed, 1-flowered.
Glumes 0. Stigmas feathery. Pales enclosing but free
from the nut.—Pales opening only slightly.

14. LeErsta. Pales 2, like parchment, compressed keeled,
awnless ; lower much broader.

478 98. GRAMINE2.

Tr. VILL. STJPACEZ. Spikelets cylindric, 1-flowered, with-
out any rudiment. Gl. unequal membranous, enclosing
the flowers. Pales hardening, enclosing but free from the
nut.

[15. Stmpa. Spikelets stalked. Pales coriaceous ; outer
lindrical, convolute, evidently jointed to the kneed
twisted feathery awn.]

16. Mim1um. Spikelets stalked. ales like ;parchment,
awnless ; lower ventricose, convex.

Tr. IX. AGROSTIDE#. Spikelets laterally eh. 1-
flowered, or with a superior rudiment, or many-flowered.
Gl. and pales membranous.

+ G1. falling short of the outer pale. Stylelong. Stigmas often
protruded near the middle of the flower.

17. ArunDo. Pan. diffuse. Gl. unequal; iower much
smaller. Fl. 1—6,awnless, with silky hairs at their base ;
lower imperfect. Lower pale acuminate, much exceeding
the inner, awnless.

+7 GI. exceeding the flowers. Style short or none.

18. Psamma. Pan. spikelike. Gl. nearly equal; lower
rather the shorter. Fl. 1, with silky hairs at its base or
without a superior rudiment. Lower pale with a very
short awn.

19. CaLamMacrostis. Pan. diffuse. Gl. nearly equal ; lower
rather the longer. Fl. 1, with silky hairs at its base, with
or without a superior rudiment. Lower pale awned.

20. ApERA. Pan. loose. - Gl. membranous, acute, unarmed ;
lower the smaller. Fi. 1, with hairs at its base, and a
pedicel-like rudiment. Pales unequal, scarious ; lower
with a long subterminal awn.

21. Acrostis. Pan. loose. Gl. membranous, acute, un-
armed ; upper smaller. FI. 1, with hairs at its base ; no
rudiment. Pales unequal, scarious ; dorsal awn falling short
of the glumes, or 0.—A. canina wants the inner pale.

[22. Lacurus. Pan. spikelike. GJ. scarious, ending in a
long fringed bristle. Fl. 1, with a pedicel-like rudiment.
Lower pale ending in 2 long bristles and with a dorsal
kneed twisted awn.]

98. GRAMINE, 479

23. Potypocon. Pan. close, spikelike. GJ. scarious, each
with a long bristle from just below the notched tip. Fl. 1.
Lower pale usually awned from just below the tip.

24, GAstripiuM. Pan. close, spikelike. G/. membranous,
acute, awnless, ventricose at the base, much exceeding the
flower. Fl. 1. Lower pale truncate or toothed at the
end, with or without a dorsal awn.

Tr. X. AVENE. Spikelets with 2 or more flowers ; upper
often barren. Gl. equalling or overtopping the flowers.
Lower pale awned. Style short or 0.

25. Hotcus. Fl. 2; lower perfect, awnless (or very rarely
awned); upper usually male, with a dorsal awn. Pa/es
hardening on the fruit ; tip of lower entire.

26. CoryNEPHORUS. FI. 2, perfect, awned. Awn straight,
jointed in the middle ; the upper portion clavate ; a tuft of
hairs at the jointing. Tip of lower pale entire.

27. Arra. Pan. lax. Fl. 2, with or without the rudiment
of a third (sometimes perfected). Lower pale denticulate
or bifid at the tip, terete on the back. Awn dorsal, kneed,
(in A. ceespitosa straight). Ovary glabrous. Fr. not crested.

28. TrisetuM. Spikelets crowded. Fl. 2—6. Lower pale
with faint lateral veins, ending in 2 acute teeth, awned.
Awn dorsal, kneed and twisted. Ovary glabrous. /r.
neither crested nor furrowed.

29, AvENA. FI. 2 or more. Lower pale with lateral veins,
awned, ending in 2 points. Awn dorsal, kneed and twisted.
Ovary hairy at the top. /7r. crested and furrowed.

30. ARRHENATHERUM. FI. 2, with a rudiment ; /ower 7.
male with a long kneed and twisted awn from below its
middle ; upper with a short straight awn from near the
tip. Pales herbaceous, ending in 2 points. Ovary hairy
at the top. Fr. oblong, terete, downy, not furrowed.

Tr, XI. FESTUCEZ#. Spikelets with 2 or more flowers,

upper often barren. GU. falling short of the lowest flower.
Style short or 0.

t Lower pale with nearly parallel veins which do not join to
formanawn. Awn0. Styles terminal.
4 Lower pale 2—3-fid.

31. Srecuincra. Fl. 2—4. Lower pale rather coriaceous,
rounded on the back, bifid with an intermediate broad
point. Nut free.

480 98. GRAMINE.

+4 Lower pale nearly or quite entire.

32. KoELERIA. Gl. unequal; upper 2—3-ribbed. Spikelet
compressed, 2—5-flowered. Lower pale keeled, acuminate,
or with a straight subterminal bristle. Nut free.

33. Metica. Gl. nearly equal, with lateral ribs, nearly as
long as the ovate spikelet consisting of 1 or 2 flowers
rounded on the back and a clublike rudiment. Pales hard-
ening on the free nut.

34. Motinta. Gil. unequal, without lateral ribs, falling short
of the lanceolate spikelet of 2 or 3 semicylindrical flowers
and a subulate rudiment. Pales hardening on the free nut.

35. Poa. Gl. rather unequal. Lower pale 3—5-veined,
scarious at the tip, compressed, keeled. Nut elliptic trigo-
nous, slightly furrowed within, free.

36. Giyceria. Gl. unequal, submembranous. Lower pale
with 5—7 strong prominent ribs and a scarious margin,
subcylindrical. Nut oblong, convex on back, furrowed
within, free,

37. SCLEROCHLOA. Gl. unequal, membranous. Lower pale
with 5 faint veins, cylindrical below, often keeled at the
tip or with a very minute mucro. Nut oblong, convex
on back, not furrowed within, free.

38. Briza. Gl. nearly equal, broad, 3-ribbed. Fl. 3—8,
densely imbricate in a short distichous spikelet. Lower
pale boatshaped, heartshaped, blunt, rounded on the
back. Gl. and pales membranous with a scarious margin.
Nut free—Lower pale with 7—9 faint veins.

444 Lower pale truncate and denticulate at the tip.

39. CaraBrosa. GL. unequal, very short, 1-veined. Flowers
usually 2, rounded on the back, distant. Lower pale
membranous, with 3 veins ending in teeth which do not
quite extend to the edge of the scarious margin. Upper
gl. often with 2 short and faint lateral veins.

+t Lower pale with converginy veins, all or 1—8 of which com-
bine in the awn.

40. Cynosurus. Gl. nearly equal, searious, strongly keeled,
l-or more flowered. Lower pale rounded on the back with

98. GRAMINES. 481

a terminal bristle. Hach spikelet with a comb-like bract
at its base. Panicle spikelike, 1-sided. Nut closely coated
with the pales.

41. Dacryiis. Gl. unequal, herbaceous, many-flowered ;
lower keeled. Lower pale compressed, keeled, 5-veined ;
dorsal vein fringed and excurrent just below the tip as a
short awn. Spzrkelets crowded, subsecund. Nut free.

42. Festuca. Gl. unequal, herbaceous, many-flowered.
Lower pale rounded on the back, very acute, or with the
dorsal vein excurrent at or just below the tip as an awn;
lateral veins slightly converging and vanishing below the tip.
Upper pales minutely ciliate on the ribs. Styles terminal.
Nut furrowed, adhering to the pales.—Rachis with acute
angles. Sheaths of the leaves divided to the base.

43. Bromus. Gl. unequal, herbaceous, many-flowered ; lower
l-veined, upper 3—5-veined. FI. lanceolate, compressed.
Lower pale with a long awn, (usually) founded on 3 veins,
from below the tip. Styles below the top of the ovary. Nut
furrowed, adhering to the pales.—Sheaths of the 1. divided
halfway down.

44, SerRaFatcus. Gl. unequal, herbaceous, many-flowered,
lower 3—5-veined, upper 7—9-veined. FI. oblong, turgid.
Lower pale with a short awn, (usually) founded on 3 veins,
from below the tip. Styles below the top of the ovary. Nut
furrowed, adhering to the pales.—Sheaths of the ]. scarcely
divided halfway down.. Spikelets narrower upwards.

B. Inflorescence spikelike ; bearing the spikelets in hollows of
the rachis.

Tr. X11. HORDEIE#. Spikelets solitary or 2 or 3 together,
subsessile on opposite sides of a channelled and toothed
jointed rachis. Uppermost fl. often barren. Style very
short. (Lateral spikelets often stalked in Hordeum.)

+ Spikelets very shortly stalked or subsessile.

45. BracHypopium. Gl. opposite, unequal, many-flowered,
their edges towards the rachis. Upper pale coarsely
fringed on theribs.—The unequal gl. distinguish this
from Triticum.

482 98. GRAMINES.
tt Spikelets quite sessile.

4 Glumes 2.

46. Triticum. Spikelets solitary. Gl. opposite, nearly
equal, many-flowered, their edges towards the rachis.
Inner pale minutely ciliate on the ribs.

47. Etymus. Spikelets 2 or 3 together. Gl. 2, both on the
same side of the spikelet, w2thout awns or bristles, with. 2
or more perfect flowers.

}
48. HorpEuM. Spikelets in threes, often partially barren.
Gl. 2, ending in long bristles ; 1 perfect flower and a stalk-
like rudiment.

49. Leptrurus. Spikelets solitary, imbedded alternately on
opposite sides of the rachis. Gl. 1—2, both on the same
side of the spikelet, cartilaginous, covering the one fl. and
superior rudiment. Pales scarious. Stigmas feathery.

44 Glume solitary, bractlike, or a very small second glume.

50. Lotrom. Spikelets solitary, placed edgewise on the
rachis. Gl. solitary, or that next the rachis very small,
with 3 or more flowers.

Suborder I. Clisanthee. Tribe I. Panicee.

1. Drerra’R1a Scop. em. Beauv.

LD. sanguindlis (Scop.) ; 1. and sheaths hairy, fl. oblong-lan-
ceolate glabrous with downy margins (?).—#. 6.849. P.70.—
St. ascending, a foot long.—Not a native. A. VIII.] 13}.

1. D. humifiisa (Pers.); 1. and sheaths glabrous, fl. ovate
downy with glabrous veins.—#, B.S. 2618. P.71.—St. mostly
procumbent, 4—8 in. long. Spikes usually 3 or 4, springing
from nearly the same point. Spikelets in pairs, one on a longer
staik than the other.—Sandy fields, rare. A. VII. VIII. E.

2. EcutnocH’Loa Beauy.

[Z. Crus-gal'li (Beauv.) ; spikes alternate or opposite, spike-
lets near together, upper gl. and sterile floret awned or mucro-
nate hispid, rachis hispid.—#, B, 876. P. 67. Panicum L.—
Near London. A. VII.] E.

SETARIA,—SPARTINA. 483

3. Seta’Ria Beaw.

1. |S. viridis (Beauv.); pan. spikelike, involucral bristles
with forward teeth, lower pale smooth.—Panicum L., LH. B.
875. P.68.—London and Norwich. A. VII. VIII. E.

[S. verticilldta (Beauv.); pan. spikelike, involucral bristles
with declining teeth, lower pale smooth.—Z. B. 874. P. 69.
—London and Norwich. A. VII. VIII.) E.

[S. glavica (Beauv.); pan. spikelike, invol. bristles with
ascending teeth, pales transversely rugose.— Weybridge, Soe
A. XI.] :

Tribe II. Chloridee.

4. Cy’'nopon Rich. ex. Pers.

1. C. Dac'tylon (Pers.) ; spikes 3—5 digitate, pales smooth
their edges and keel slightly ciliate, 1. downy beneath, barren
shoots prostrate.—Z#. B. 850. P. 72.—Creeping. Flowering
st. 4—6 in. high, ending in a cluster of spreading many-fi.
slender spikes. Spikelets purplish. lL. on the long branched
barren shoots flat, spreading ; on the others usually folded.—
Sandy shores. Dorset. Devon. Cornwall, P. VIII. EK.

5. SPARTINA Schreb,

1. S. séric’ta (Roth) ; 1. jointed to their sheaths falling short
of the spikes, spikes 2—3, rachis scarcely extending beyond the
last sptkelet, outer gl. hairy.—£. B, 380.—St. 1—2 feet high.
L. narrowing to the base where they easily separate from their
sheaths. Spikes pressed close together. A remarkably rigid
plant.—Muddy salt marshes. P. VIII. 19}

2. S. Townsend: (Groves) ; 1. jointed to their sheaths falling
short of spike, spikelets 4—9, rachis produced beyond the
spikelets and flexuose, outer glumes slightly downy.—/. of B.
xx. 1, t. 225.—St. 13 to 4 feet high. L. broadest at the base.
Spikelets rather spreading.—Mud-flats. I. of Wight, Hants,
Sussex, Kent. P. VIII. E.

3. S. alternifidra (Loisel.) ; 1, continuous with their sheaths
equalling or exceeding the 6—8 spikes, spikelets many, rachis
produced beyond the spikelets and flexuose, outer gl. glabrous.—
F. B.S. 2812. P. 75.—St. 2—8 feet high. L.:broadest at
the base. Spikes loosely pressed together.—Mud-flats by
Southampton Water. P. VIII. E.

484 98. GRAMINEZ.

6. Coamacros'TIs Borkh.

1. C. minima (Borkh.).— Knappia Sm. #. B. 1127. P. 73.
Sturmia Hoppe in St. 7. 1. Mibora minima (Desv.).—An
elegant but very small grass. Root small, fibrous. St. many.
L. short, rough. Spikes slender; spikelets 5—10, sessile.
Pale shorter than the glumes, hairy, truncate, ragged.—Sandy
south-west coast of Anglesea. A. IV. E.

Tribe III. Phalaridec. "

7. PHataris Linn. em. Beauv.’ Reed-grass.

[P. canarien'sis (L.) ; pan. ovoid spikelike, gl. winged on the
keel, wing entire, rudimentary ji. 2 half as long as the fertile fi.,
pales pilose.—#. B. 1310. P. 9.—St. 1—2 feet high, ending in
a compact compound panicle. Gl. large, pale yellow variegated
with green lines and remarkably winged at the back.—Scarcely
naturalized. A. VII. Canary-grass.|

[P. minor (Retz.); pan. cylindric-oblong spikelike, gl. winged on the upper
part of the keel, wing toothed near the apex, rudimentary fl. 1 narrow pilose
3 as long as the fertile fi,, lower pale pilose quite enclosing the upper, upper much
narrower and shorter ciliate on the keel.—J. of B. xxxviii. (1900) p. 33, t. 406.—
St. with a single spike. More slender than the last, with longer narrower pan.,
much smaller and more numerous fl., and narrower, toothed, keel to the gl.—
Channel I., perhaps native. A. VII.]

[P. paradox'a (L.); pan. spikelike, gl. of fertile fl. with a
blunt toothed wing on the keel many-veined, rudimentary fl.
several._St. decumbent below, then ascending, 1—3 ft. high;
branched. Lower part of pan. usually barren ; branches with
about 6 spikes.—Swanage, Dorset. A. VII.] E

1. P. arundindcea (L.); pan. upright with spreading
branches, fl. clustered, gl. not winged, rudimentary fl. 1 or 2
small hairy.—Z. B. 402. P.9.—St. 4—5 feet high. Creeping.
Pan, 3—4 in.long. Gl. keeled. L. sometimes variegated with
white lines.—By water. P. VI. VII. E. '§:'1

8. ANTHOXAN THUM Linn, em., Beauv. Vernal-grass.

1. A. adordtum (L.); pan. spikelike dense oblong, gl. about
equalling awns, st. nearly simple below.—/#. B. 647. P. 8.—-
About a foot high. Panicle lanceolate, dense, or rather inter-
rupted below.—There are two forms or species: (1) with
purple anth. in meadows, (2) with dull yellow anth. in woods.
—Very common in pastures. P. V. VI. opr:

ANTHOXANTHUM.—PHLEUM. 485

2. A. aristdtum (Bss.); pan. spikelike lax, gl. much falling
short of awns, st. many branching from the base.—A. Pueli
(Lec. & Lam.), J. of B. xiii. t. 157.—Pan. narrowed to the
top. St. 6—12 in. high—Sandy pastures. A, VII.—IX. E.

9. Hrero’cHtor R. Br. Holy-grass.

1. H. odordta (Wahl.); pan. divaricate, pedicels glabrous,
fl. awnless, |. flat—H. borealis (R.& S.). H. B. S. 2641. P.
31.—About a foot high. Spikelets ovate, brown.—Forfarshire
(but now lost). Thurso, Caithness. Mr R. Dick. Kirkeud-
bright, JR: WV. Wi. S.

Tribe IV. Phleinee.
10. Pate'um Linn. em. Beauv. Cat’s-tail-grass.

LP. as‘perum (Jacq.) ; 1.-sheaths slightly inflated, pan. cylin-
drical, a wedgeshaped truncate swelling upwards, keels rough,
rudimentary fl. subulate.—#. &. 1077. Probably an escape,
now lost. A. VII.] E.

1. P. pkleoides (Simonk.) ; 1.-sheaths slightly inflated, pan.
cylindrical, g/. linear-lanceolate obliquely truncate mucronate,
keel ciliate above, rudimentary fl. subulate-—P. Boehmerz
(Wibel). #. 8.459. P. 80.—St. leafy below, naked upwards,
with sterile leafy shoots. Lower pale entire, not awned.
Anth. linear-oblong. Dry chalky fields, rare. P. VII. E.

[P. Michélii (All.) was probably a mistake. |

2. P. arendrium (L.); 1.-sheaths inflated, pan. oblong, some-
what narrowed below, gl. lanceolate acuminate, keel ciliate
above, rudimentary fl. subulate minute.—#, &.222. St. 29. 1.
P. 7.—St. varying greatly in height. Lower pale notched at
the summit, } the length of the glumes. Anth. very small.—
Sandy places chiefly near the sea. A. V.—VII. KE. 8. I.

3. P. praten’se (L. em., Koch) ; 1.-sheaths not inflated, pan.
cylindrical, gl. oblong truncate with an awn of less than half
their length, keel ciliate above, no rudimentary flower.—Z. B.
1076. P. 77 & 78.—Slightly creeping (or slightly tuberous,
P. nodosum L.). Pan, 1—5 in, long. Awns sometimes longer.
_ Lower palejagged at thesummit.—a. P. pratense (L.) ; st. from

a prostrate base, 1]. broad, pan. usually fone anth. purplish.—
8. stoloniferum (Bab,); many barren leafy prostrate or erect
shoots, |. broad, pan. rather short, anth. purplish... P. precox
_ (Jord.); st. from an ascending base, |. slender, pan. rather
short, anth. pale yellow.—Meadows and pastures. P. VI.
_ Timothy-grass. Bese i

486 98. GRAMINE#.

4. P. alpinum (L.) ; |.-sheaths inflated, pan. oblong, gl. trun-
cate glabrous ciliate on the back with a scabrous awn nearly
equalling their length, keel ciliate, upper sheath inflated.—
£. B. 519. P.6. P.commutatum (Gaud.).—Somewhat creep-
ing. St. 6—12 in. high.—Wet alpine moors. P. VII. S.

11. Atopecu’Rus Linn. em., Beauv. Fox-tail-grass.

1. A. praten’sis (L.) ; st. erect smooth, pan. cylindrical blunt,
gl. acute connected below ciliate downy, pale equalling the
glumes, awn projecting more than half its own length beyond the
pale.—E. B. 759. St.8.1. P.4.—Scarcely creeping.—St. 1—3
feet high. In salt marshes the base of the st. becomes fleshy.
Upper sheath slightly inflated. Liguleshort,blunt. Pan. 1—3
in. long, branches 4—6-flowered. Anth. yellow. Styles com-
bined, [A hybrid between this and Sp. 3. (A. hybridus, Wimm.) has been
found in Warwicksh. See J. of B. xxxix. (1901) p. 232.|—Rich pastures.
P. IV.—VI. E.S. I.

2. A. alpinus (Sm.) ; st. erect smooth, pan. oblong, gl. acute
connected below hairy, pale equalling the glumes, awn pro-
jecting + of its length beyond the pale.-—E. B. 1126. P. 4.—
Somewhat creeping. St. decumbent at the base, then erect,
9—12 in. high. Ligule short, blunt. Uppermost 1. usually
(not always) short and broad, + of the length of its inflated
sheath. Gl. connate through about } of length. Awn from
about the middle of pale,sometimes wanting. Styles combined.
Pan. not exceeding an inch, sometimes rather lax ; silky branches
4—6-flowered.—_High on mountains. Loch-na-Gar, Cairn-
gorm mountains. Ben Lawers Clova, P. VII. S.

3. A.geniculdtus (L. em., Sm.) ; st. ascending bent at the knots
smooth, pan. cylindrical, g/. blunt connected below ciliate rather
exceeding the pale, awn from near the base of the pale and pro-
jecting half its length beyond it, anth. linear.—L. B. 1250. P.
5.—Root fibrous. St. about a foot long, branching below.
Knots generally (in dry places) ovaland fleshy. Upper sheath
inflated, Ligule oblong. Gl. membranous at the top except
the midrib, often villose or hairy below. Pale when laid open
oblong, blunt, slightly notched. Anth. ultimately violet-yellow.
Styles mostly combined. Pan. 1—2 in. long.—A. pronus
eee is a prostrate-form of this.—Wet places. : a
LE Aone

1 Now known to have been a monstrosity, see J. of B. xxxvii. (1899) p. 358.—
H. & J. G.

ALOPECURUS.—SESLERLA. 487

4. A, equdlis(Sobol.) ; st.ascending bent at the knots smooth,
pan. cylindrical, gl. connected below ciliate rather falling short
of the pale, awn from just below the middle of the pale and
scarcely extending beyond it, anth. short and broad.—Z. B. 1467.
P.5. A. fulvus (Sm.).—St. 1—2 feet long, procumbent below.
Ligule oblong. Pan:2—2in.long. Anth. at first white, after-
wards orange-coloured.— Wet margins of ponds. P. Ne iogee

5. A. bulbdsus (Huds.) ; st. smooth, pan. cylindrical acumi-
nate, gl. distinct abruptly acute downy exceeding the pale, awn
from near the base of the pale and projecting haif its length be-
yond it.—#. B. 1249. P.76.—St. 1 foot long, ascending or
decumbent, in a circular tuft, kneed, the lowermost knots form-
ing ovate fleshy knobs. Upper sheath inflated. Ligule oblong.
Pale when laid open truncate, emarginate, with 2small teeth in
the middle. Styles combined. Pan. about 1 in. long, less
decidedly racemose than in our other species ; pedicels usually
1-flowered.—Salt marshes in the South, rare. P. V. VI.

6. A. myosuroides (Huds.); st. erect roughish above, pan.
tapering slender, gl. acute connected below nearly glabrous, awn
from near the base of the pale and projecting half its length be-
yond it.—#, B. 848. P. 3. A. agrestis (L.).—St. 1—2 feet
high, slender. Sheaths roughish. Liguie prominent, blunt.
Gl. glabrous, but with a row of jine short cilza on the back,
connate nearly to the middle. Styles combined.—A very
troublesome weed. A.IV.—XI. Slack grass. ;

Tribe V. Sesleriew.

12. SES’LERIA Ardueno. Moor-grass.

1. S. ceerdilea (Ard.); pan. ovoid slightly 1-sided, outer pale
ending in 4 teeth, midrib rough with a short excurrent point,
l. abrupt with a minute rough point.—#. 6.1613. P. 27.—
Roots tufted. St. 6—12 in. high. Pan. about 4 in. long,
bluish purple. Anth. purple-tipped. Stig. very long, linear.
[a yellowish flowered form is S. Juteo-alba (Opiz.). |—Mountains. [ Limestone
rocks and pastures.] Banks of the Shannon [&c.]. P. IV. V.

; K. 8.1.

488 98. GRAMINE®.

Tribe VI. Nardee.

13. Nar’pus Linn. em., Trin. Mat-grass.

1. WV. stric'ta (L.).—#. B. 290. P. 2.—Tufted. St. and 1.
erect, slender, rigid. Height 5—8 in. Spike close, slender.
Lower pale with a short rough awn, coriaceous, often purplish ;
upper membranous.—Moors and heaths. P. VIT. E. 8.

!
Suborder II. Huryanthee. Tribe VIL. Oryzee.

14. Lrrers'14 Swartz. Cut-grass.

1. L. oryzoides (Sw.); pan. patent with wavy branches,
spikelets 3-androus half-oval, keel ciliate-—#. B. S. 2908.—
Creeping. St. 1—2 ft. high. L. broad, rough-edged ; upper-
most horizontal at the flowering-season. Pan. mostly enclosed
in the sheath of the uppermost leaf. The included fl. alone
are usually fertile.—Marsh-districts in Sussex, Surrey, Hamp-
shire, and Dorset. P. VIII. IX. E.

Tribe VIII. Stipacee.

15. Stipa Linn. Feather-grass.

LS. penndta (L.); awn very long twisted feathery its base
glabrous.—Awns remarkably long.—Not a native. Common
in gardens. P. VI EK.

16. Mivtum Linn. Millet-grass.

1. UW. effisum (L.); pan. diffuse, pales acute, st. smooth, 1.
lanceolate-linear.—Z#. £&. 1106. P. 17.—Stoloniferous. St.
3—4 feet high. Branches of the panicle long, in distant alter-
nate tufts, in flower horizontal, afterwards deflexed—Damp
shady woods. P. VI. E. 8.

[™. sciébrum (Merlet); pan. close, pales obtuse, st. scabrid, 1. short linear-
lanceolate.—J. of B. xxxviii. (1900) p. 34, t. 406 B.—A small plant (in Guernsey
1—4 in. high) slightly scabrid throughout. Pan. small with few short flexuous
nearly erect br. Glumes 3-veined.—Cliffs, Petit Bot, Guernsey. Mr C. R. P.
Andrews. A. IV.]

ARUNDO.— CALAMAGROSTIS. 489

Tribe IX. Agrostidee.

17. AruNDo L. em. Beauv. Reed.

1. A. Phragmites (L.); pan. diffuse, spikelets 1—6-flowered,
fl. exceeding the glumes.—#. B.—401. P. 29. Phragmites
communis (Trin.).—St. 5—6 feet high, erect. Pan. large,
purplish. Spikelets usually 3—6-f1., or 1—2-fl. in A. negricans
(Mérat). lL. flat, broad. Soboliferous; soboles rarely aérial
and 20—40 ft. long (Phytol. t. 146).—Marshes. P. noes coll

18. PsamMa Beauv. Marram. Bent.

1. P. arendria (R. & 8.) ; pan. cylindrical rather thicker at
the middle, gl. and pales linear-lanceolate acute, hairs } the
length of the pale-—Arundo L., FE. Bb. 520. P.8.—St. erect,
stiff, 2—3 feet high. L. rigid, involute, acute, glaucous.
Panicle straw-coloured.—Sandy seashore, binding the shifting
sands. P. VII. IDWS 4 HE

2. P. bal'tica (R. & S.) ; pan. lanceolate, gl. and pales lanceo-
late-prolonged very acute, hairs $ the length of the pale.—/. of
B. x, t. 127.—Known by its more lax sublanceolate pan. and
Nery acute glumes.—Ross Links, Northumb. Norfolk. a

19. CaLamMacGrRos'TIs Roth emend. Small Reed.

* With no superior rudimentary flower.
CaLAMAGROSTIS Roth em. Beauv.

1. C.canes'cens (Gmel. em. Druce) ; pan. loose erect, awn very
short from the bottom of the notch at the end of the lower pale
and scarcely extending beyond it, hairs longer than the pales.
—P. 84. C. lanceolata (Roth), Arundo Calamagrostis L.,
FE. B. 2159.—St. slender, 3—4 feet high—Wet places, rare.
PS VL K. S.

2. C. epigejos (Roth); pan. rather close lobed, strazght awn
From about the middle of the lower pale, hairs longer than the
pales.—#. B. 403. P. 16.—St. 3—5 feet high. Damp shady

places. P. VII. E. 8. I.

** With a superior rudimentary flower. DryEUXIA Beauv.

3. C. stricta (Koeler); pan. close, gl. lanceolate rough on
the keel one (at least) 3-ribbed, lower pale nearly as long as
_ the upper gl. deeply notched at the top longer than the hairs,
t

490 98. GRAMINE®.

straight awn from below the middle of the pale and scarcely
extending beyond it, 1. of the barren shoots slender.—C.
neglecta (Gaertn. M. & S.).—#. B.—2160.—St. erect, 2—3 ft.
high. LL. broad ; on the barren shoots much narrower. Upper-
most ligule short, blunt ; longer and acute in the Irish plant, var.
Hookeri Sy.,which has shorter pan.-branches.—Bogs. -Oakmere,
Cheshire. By Loch Tay, [Mfr G. C. Druce. Referred to var. borealis
by Prof. Hackel.| Formerly found near Forfar. Lough Neagh.
Ha SA be Ee S. E.

4. C. strigisa (Hartm.); pan. close, gl. lanceolate folding at the dip into a long
acuminate potnt asperous on the back with 1—2 lateral ribs much exceeding the
pales, pales deeply jagged at the tip, lower with awn equalling it attached below
the middle sometimes near the base, hairs very unequal falling short of the
paies, l. slender.—Czspitose. St. erect, 1}—2 ft. or more high. Young spikes
variegated with purple. Upper ligule long. More slender than Sp. 3, with
conspicuously longer gl.—Site of.Loch Duran, Caithness. Mr R. Dick. P. VII.

8.

20. Apr’ra Beauv. Wind-grass.

1. A. Spica-ven'ti (Beauy.) ; pan. spreading, anth. linear-ob-
long.—Agrostis Sm., #. B. 951. Anemagrosézs (Trin.) P. 17,—
St. 1—2 feet high. Pan. very light and elegant; branches
spreading horizontally with flowers. Awn 3 or 4 times ex-
ceeding the pale. Rudimentary fl. like a pedicel. A tuft of
hair on each side of the inner pale—Sandy fields, rare. A.
VI. VIL.

2. A. interrup'ta (Beauv.) ; pan. close, anth. oval— #. B.S.
2951.—St. 1—2 feet high. Pan.-branches dividing from their
base, never spreading. Awn 3 or 4 times exceeding the pale.—
Sandy fields. Pampisford and Chippenham, Cambridgeshire.
Thetford, Suffolk. Dirleton,S. A. VI. VII. E.S.

21. Acros Tis Linn. em. Trin. Bent-grass.

1. A. setécea (Curt.); panicle close oblong, branches and
pedicels rough, gl. unequal acute, lower pale jagged at the top
4-ribbed, lateral ribs ending in short setz, kneed and twisted
awn from near the base of the pale and twice its length, /.
setaceous involute, sheaths rough, ligule oblong acute.—Z. B.
1188. P.83.—Root tufted. L.short,almost capillary. Pan.-
branches short. Midrib of lower glume rough in its upper
half, slightly excurrent. Upper pale very minute, a tuft of
hairs at its base.—Dry heaths in the South-west. P. VII. E.

2. A. canina (L. em., Sm.) ; pan. spreading when in flower
otherwise close, branches and pedicels rough, gl. unequal

AGROSTIS.—LAGURUS. 491

acute, lower pale jagged at the top 4-ribbed, kneed and twisted
awn from below the middle of and exceeding the pale, lower
]. setaceous tufted, stem.-]. narrow flat, sheaths smooth, ligule
oblong acute.—Z. B. 1856. P.15. —Trailing leafy shoots. asa
decumbent below, then erect. L. narrow; radical involute.
Pan.-branches long, slender. Fl. green or purplish. Lower
gl. not jagged at the top ; midrib rough from rather below the
middle. Upper pale 0, or very minute. Awn sometimes
very short or rarely [var. miitica (Gaud.) ] absent.—[A mountain form
with simpler pan. and larger fi. is var. scotica (Hack.).|—Peaty heaths. P.
VII. VIII. E. 8. 1.

3. A. nigra (With.); pan.-branches constantly erect-patent
sumple below rigid strongly hispid, gl. nearly equal strug ly
toothed in upper half of keel, /egule long truncate.—J. of B
xx. t. 227.—Soboliferous. St. erect. Sheaths rather rough,
Ped. toothed. Fl. awnless (?). Ripe anthers pale, } as broad
as long.—Borders of fields. P. VII. E.S.

4. A. ten'ws (Sibth.); pan.-branches constantly patent
branched below, gl. nearly equal slightly toothed near top of
keel, /igule short truncate.—E. B. 1671.—A. vuli garis (With.).
amir long, ascending or decumbent below and rooting at the
knots, sometimes with very long prostrate stoles. Sheaths
smooth. Pedicels softly hispid. Fl. rarely awned. Ripe
anth. pale, } as broad as long.—s. A. pumila (Lightf.) ;
ceespitose, st. 2—3 in. high, fl. often awned usually infested
with smut.—Rather dry places. P. VII. E. 8. I.

5. A. palus'tris (Huds.); pan. compact after flowering, glumes
nearly equal, lower toothed throughout its keel, ligule long,
acute.—H. 6.1189. P.13 & 14.—St. procumbent and rooting
below, then erect, often with long prostrate stoles. Sheaths
roughish. Pan. spreading with flowers, afterwards close.
Pedicels very much toothed. Florets rarely awned.—B. stoloni-
Jera; st. procumbent and rooting, panicle lobed. #. 8. 1532.—
[a glaucous seaside form with narrow pan. and short incurved 1. is var. maritima.
Various other forms with contracted pan. have been named var. coarctata. |

Fields &c. fg. Sea-sands. P. VII. /orin-grass. ldatsh &

22. Lacu’rus Linn. Hare’s-tail-grass..

|Z. ovdtus (L.).—#. B.1334. P.88.—St. 4—12 in. high. L.
broad, lanceolate. Spikes ovate, soft, with long protruded
awns. Sandy places in Guernsey. A. VI. VIL.)

492 98. GRAMINEX,

23. Potypo’con Desf.

1. P. monspelien’sis (Desf.) ; awns more than twice as long
as the bluntly and shortly lobed glumes.—Z. B.1704. P.11.—
Root fibrous. St. a foot or more high. Pan. dense, lobed,
pale, silky, often 2in. long. Gl. linear, hairy. A most beauti-
ful grass.—Salt marshes, rare.—A. VI. VII. E.S

2. P. lit'toralis (Sm.); awns as long as the acute glumes.—
Z. B.1251. P. 81. R. vii. 75.—Somewhat creeping. St. a
foot or more high. Pan. close, lobed, purplish. » Gl. linear-
lanceolate.—[ Considered by Duval-Jouve and others a hybrid between Sp. 1
and Agrostis alba. |—Muddy salt marshes, rare. P. VI. VII. E.

24. Gastrip'Ium Beauv. Nit-grass.

1. G.ventriccsum (Schinz & Thell.); gl. lanceolate acuminate,
lower pale awned, awn rather exceeding the glumes.—(.
lendigerum (Gaud.). #. B.1107. P. 86.—St. 3—12 in. high.
—L. roughish at theedges. Liguleoblong. Pan. close, almost
spiked, lobed. Gl. remarkably ventricose and shining at the
base. Pales very small.—Damp places especially near the sea,
rare. A. VI.—IX. E.

Tribe X. Avence.

25. Hor’cus Linn. em. Beauv. Soft-grass.

1. H. landtus (L.); upper gl. blunt apiculate, awn smooth
except near the tip wltimately curved like a fish-hook and in-
cluded within the glumes, sheaths and knots villose.—£. B. 1169.
P. 21.—Cespitose. Root fibrous. Height 1—2 feet. Knots
not hairy. Inflorescence panicled, often pinkish. Gl. rough.
Lower fl. awnless, quite smooth or slightly rough at the point.
—Meadows and pastures.- P. VII. Yorkshire fog. E.S. 1.

2. H. mollis (L.); upper gl. acute, awn rough throughout
ultimately kneed protruding beyond the glumes, |. rough,
sheaths glabrous, knots bearded.—H#. 6.1170. P.21 & 22.—
Creeping. Height1—2 feet. St.and1. subglabrous or slightly
hairy. Inflorescence not so compact as in the preceding,
whitish. Gl. smooth. Lower fl. awnless; but sometimes it
has an awn; rarely the upper is perfect. Occasionally the
spikelets are much smaller and the plant only 12—18 in.
high.—Thickets or open places on a light soil. P. Mil oe

» Re .

CORYNEPHORUS.—AIRA. 493

26. CORYNEPH oRUS Beawv.

1. C. canes'cens (Beauy.) ; pan. rather dense long, gl. exceed-
ing the fi. acuminate, awn from near the base of the pale, |.
setaceous.—Aira Sm., #. B.1190. P.110.—St. tufted, slender,
6—8 in. high. L. many. Pan. close, spreading with flowers ;
branches short. Spikelets variegated with purple and white.
Anth. dark purple. Lower portion of the awn dark yellow,
straight, cylindrical, striated lengthwise and slightly twisted ;
upper part clavate, white tinged with purple.—Sandy coasts of
Norf., Suff., and Jersey. [Planted near Arisaig, Invern. | VI.
VII. E.

27. Avra Linn. em., Rehb. Hair-grass.

* Lower pale truncate, jagged. Nut free, not furrowed on
the back. f
Descuampsia Beauv. em. Trin.

+ Awn straight.

1, A. cespitdsa (L.) ; pan. spreading, 1. flat, gl. slightly rough
at the midrib,awn from below the middle of the pale and scarcely
extending beyond its tip, ped. of second fl. downy or hairy.—
EF. B. 1453. P. 23.—Root tufted. St. 1—4. feet high. L.
rigid, roughish; their margins involuce when dry. Pan.-
branches rough. Lower pale with 4 veins in addition to that
which ends in the rough awn. Rudiment of third fl. often
scarcely, if at all, distinguishable ; or half the length of the
upper fl. and somewhat clavate.—s. brevifolia (Parn.) ; radical
]. short, sheaths and st. smooth, panicle small. P. 106. Vivi-
parous states are often called A. alpina.—y. longiaristata
(Parn.); awns exceeding the fl., sheaths rough. P. 105,—
3. A. alpina (L.); pan. close, 1. mostly involute, g/. smooth on
midrib, awn from above the middle of the pale. Height 6—12
in. L. narrower. Fl. often viviparous. £. B. 2102. P. 23.
—Meadows, thickets, &c. 8,7, and éon mountains. P. VII.

B.S. 1,
+t Awn bent, twisted at the base.

2. A. flexudsa (L.); pan. spreading triply forked with wavy
branches, |. very narrow subsetaceous awn from near the base of
the pale and exceeding it, pedicel of the second fi. less than }
of its length, /igale short truncate-—E. B.1519. P.107.—St.
erect, slender, about a foot high. L. solid, nearly terete.
Upper sheaths rough from above downwards, Tower pale
notched at the tip —A. montana (Huds. not L.) is a form with
more slender and shorter leaves.—[Var. voirlichensis (Melv.) has 3
perfect fl. to each spikelet.|—Heathy places. P. VII. HE. 8. I

494 98. GRAMINE.

3. A. setdcea (Huds.); pan spreading drooping at the end,
1. filiform, awn from near the base of the pale and exceeding
it, pedicel of second fl. quite equalling 4 its length, ligule linear-
lanceolate-—Sy. EF. B. 1733. A. uliginosa Weihe. Desch. dis-
color R. & $.—St. erect, slender. L.folded. Sheaths smooth.
—Wet turfy bogs. P. VII. VIII. B.S. 1.

** Lower pale bifid. Nut adnate to the pales, furrowed on the
back. No rudiment of a third flower. Atropsis Fries.

4, A. caryophyl'lea (L.) ; pan. spreading triply ferked, spike-
lets rounded below, awn from below the middle of the pale and
extending considerably beyond its attenuate deeply bifid tip.—
EF. B. 812. P.24. Avena Koch.—St. 6—12 in. high. L. short
and narrow. Sheathsroughishfrom below upwards. Spikelets
small, rounded below, chiefly collected at the ends of the
branches which are sometimes divaricate with seed.—{ 4. aggregata
(Jord.) has numerous st. and spikelets clustered at the ends of the pan.-br.
A. multiculmis (Dum.), an allied form with the second fl. stalked, is also reported

as British.]—Dry gravelly places. A. V. E. 8. I.

5. A. pre‘cor (L.); pan. spikelike oblong, spikelets scarcely
rounded below, awn from below the middle usually near the
base of the pale and extending considerably beyond its attenuate
deeply bifid tip.—Z. B. 1296. P.25. Avena Koch.—Height
1—6in. Pan.close,oval oroblong. L.verynarrow. Sheaths
smooth.—Dry and sandy places, A. IV. V, BSL

28. TrisE’tuM Pers. em., Kunth.

1. 7. flaves'cens (Beauv.) ; pan. much branched diffuse equal,
gl. very unequal about 3-flowered. P. 54. #. B. 952.
praten’se (Pers.). Avena L.—St. about a foot high. Radical
!. and sheaths hairy. Spikelets yellowish. Upper gl. oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate. Floral axis hairy, hairs short.—[var.
variegatum (Aschers.) is @ mountain form with dark violet gl. ]—Fields.

P-V EH: E. 8. I.

29. AvE'NA Linn. em., Kunth. Oat.

* Upper gl.5—9-veined. Spikelets ultimately drooping. Root
annual. No lateral clusters of leaves. L. alike on both sides.

1, A. fat'ua (L.) ; pan. erect, spikelets of about 3 fi., fl. falling
short of the gl. hairy at the base, lower pale bifid at the end.—
E. B. 2221, P. 37,—Height 3 feet. Fl. with long fulvous

ARRHENATHERUM. 495

hairs at their base, by which it ey be distinguished from 4.

sativa, the cultivated Oat. —[sy. E. B. iii. distinguishes a. pilosissima

(Gray); lower pales densely hairy becoming dark brown. B. A. intermedia

(Lindg.); lower pales nearly glabrous becoming pale yellowish olive. |— Corn-
E.

fields. A. VII. Wild Oat.

+2. A. strigdésa (Schreb.) ; pan. secund, spikelets of about 2
fl., fl. equalling the gl., lower pale ending in 2 long straight
bristles.—E. B. 1266. P. 26. —Height 3 feet. Very like A.
sativa but readily distinguished by the bristles at the end of
the fi—Corn-fields. A. VII. BK. S.

** Upper gl.3-veined. Spikeletserect. Root perennial. Lateral
clusters of 1. barren, L. with rarsed ribs.

Si} praten’ sts (L. em. Huds.) ; pan. erect with simple or
slightly divided branches, 7. erect 3—6 exceeding the glumes,
l. rough.—E. B. 1204. P. 52.—Root fibrous. Height nearly
2 feet. St. usually nearly round. L. usually short, narrow,
acute. Pan.-branches usually simple with ee one spikelet. =
8. longifolia (Parn.) ; 1. much longer.—y. A. alpina (Sm.) ; st.
often compressed and sheaths keeled, pan.-branches often with
several 5—6-fl. spikelets, upper pale less acute, 1. broader. I
believe that none of these characters are permanent. JZ. B.
2141. P.53.—A. planiculmis of EF. B. S. 2684 may belong to
this species ; it differs by its greatly compressed st., strongly
keeled sheaths and more branched panicle.—In a and 6 the
lowest fl. sometimes slightly falls short of the longer gl., in
exceeds it.—Dry pastures and mountainous places. P. VI.

KE. 8S.

4. A. pubescens (Huds.) ; pan. erect nearly simple, fi. erect 2
or 3 scarcely exceeding the clumes, lower l. and sheaths hairy.—
#. B. 1640. P. 53.—Creeping slightly. Height 1—2feet. L.
short, rounded behind the tip.—Chalky and limestone Se

I

‘P VI
| 30. ARRHENATH ERUM eawv. Oat-grass.

eldtius (M. & K.); 1. flat.—A. avenaceum (Reauv.).
Hoicas Sm., #. B. 813. P. 25.—Height 2—3 feet. Root
fibrous. Knots of the st. glabrous, sometimes downy. Pan.
long, ultimately close. Spikelets greenish.—g. A. balbosum
(Presl); base of the st. with swollen knobs, knots downy.
P. 26.—Hedges and pastures. P. VI. K. S. I.

496 98. GRAMINES.

Tribe XI. Festucee.

31. Srectinc1a Bernh. (Triodia, R. Br.). Heath-grass.

1. S. decumbens (Bernh.) ; pan. racemose, spikelets few oval,
fi. about 4 scarcely extending beyond the glumes without awns.
—F. &. 792. P. 30.—St. 6—12 in. high. L. flat. Sheaths
rather hairy. Ligule a tuft of hairs. Spikelets few, 1—7.
Gl. smooth, coriaceous. Lower pale with 3 poings, 5-ribbed,
hairy at the base.—Dry places and heaths. P. VII. E.S. I.

32. KoELERIA Pers. Crested Hair-grass.

1. K. cristdta (Pers.); pan. compact spikelike interrupted
below, lower pale acute, 1. narrow rough at the edges ciliate.—
Aira L., #. B. 648. P.19.—Root crowned with the undivided
sheaths of the old leaves. St.6—18 in. high, downy particularly
in the upper part. L., gl. and pales downy or glabrous. Gl.
finely toothed on the keel. Lower pale finely toothed on the
midrib. Sometimes the]. become convolute (KX. albescens DC.2).
In dry places the 1. fall short of the st., in damper they are long
and often nearly equal it.—[ Forms with shorter involute 1., slender
interrupted spikes and less hairy gl., have been referred to K. gracilis (Pers.). |—
Dry pastures. A large form on Ben Bulben, Co. Sligo. _ P.
Vii Vil, EK. S. 1.

33. Metica Linn. em. Beauv. Melic.

1. WM. unifiora (Retz.); pan. branched slightly drooping,
spikelets erect with 1 perfect glabrous fi., gl. equalling pales,
1. flat, Zégale short blunt with a slender acuminate lobe on one
side.—#, B. 1058. P.18. M. nutans (Huds. not L.).—Shady
and rocky woods. P. V. VI. B.S. 1.

2. M. niitans (L.); pan. a nearly simple lax secund raceme,
spikelets drooping with 2 perfect glabrous fl., gl. falling short
of pales, 1]. flat, agule short blunt.—#. B. 1059, P. 18. M.
montana (Huds.).--Damp shady woods in hilly districts. P.
Verve: E. 8.

34. Moxin’Ia Schrank.

1. M. coervilea (Moench) ; pan. erect long narrow, spikelets

1—3-fl., lower pale 3-veined awnless, upper part of the st.

naked.—E#. B. 750. P. 20. M. véria (Schrank),—St. 1—2
feet high, with only one knot placed near to its base.

POA. 497

_ L. long, linear, attenuate, all from near the base of the stem.
_ Panicle purplish, close.—g. J/. depauperata (Lind!.) ; spikelets
' 1-fl. few. P.19.—y. major ; pan-branches long, spikelets dis-
tant of about 3 fi., st. 3—4 feet high.—[A form with broader and
_ blunter gl. and pales is M. cwrulea var. obtusa (Hackel). |— Wet heaths.
| g. Alpine places. P. VII. VIII. EK. 8. 1.

35. Po’a Linn. em. Beawv. Meadow-grass.

* Root fibrous, annual. Base of stem sometimes prostrate and
rooting. Pan.-branches solitary or in pavrs.

1. P. an'nua (L.); pan. spreading erect with a triangular
outline, spikelets ovate-oblong of 5 or 6 free fi., lower pale with
_ 5 veins, upper sheath longer than its leaf, ligule oblong acute.
| —#. B. 1141. P. 40, 41.—St. ascending or prostrate. L.
flaccid, often wavy, broad. Spikelets subsecund with patent
or divaricate branches.—[f. P. swpina(Schrad.); pan. lax, its br. detlexed,
spikelets larger and blunter, variegated with purple. |— Very common,

[B. Mountains,] A. IJI.—IX. 1 Das &

** Root fibrous, perennial.

+ Lower pan.-branches solitary or in pairs. Dorsal and
marginal veins of the lower pale hairy.

| 2. P. bulbdsa (L.) ; pan. close erect, spikelets ovate of 3 or 4

acute webbed ! #., lower pale with 3 silky veins, upper sheath
below the middle of the st. much longer than its leaf, ligule
| prominent acute.—H. 6.1071. P.89.—Root fibrous. Base of
' the st. and offsets swollen, bulblike. LL. with a narrow white
) serrate edge. The st. soon wither, and the tubers lie loose
i une ihe autumn. Sandy seashore of the South and Haat

3. P. minor (Gaud.)”; pan. oblong subovate, spikelets of 3 or
| 4 webbed fl., lower pale with 5 veins but only 3 hairy, upper
| sheaf longer than its leaf which is folded and slightly oncurved
| but tapering at the tip, uppermost knot covered, upper ligule
| long acute, lower ones short rather blunt.—?P. flexuosa Sm.,

1 That is, connected together by fine cottony fibres growing from the base of
each flower: when these are wanting, the fl. is said to be free. :

2 There is a note in the Author's MS. ‘‘ Join laxa to alptna.”” Mr G. C. Druce
in Journ. Limm. Soc. xxxvi. p. 421, refers Sp. 3 to P. laxa (Haenke) and Sp. 4 to
P. alpina, var. acutifolia (Druce).—H. & J. G.

2

498 98. GRAMINE.

EB. B. 1123, not of others.—Root fibrous. St. 6—8 in, high.
Fl. rarely viviparous.—Lofty mountains. Loch-na-Gar. P.
VII. VIL. 8.
4, P, lax'a (Haenke !)'; pan. lax slightly drooping, spikelets
oblong-ovate of 3 free fi., lower pale with 3 havry veins, upper
sheath longer than its leaf which is flat and taper-pointed,
uppermost knot covered, ligules all long acute.—P. 38. P
stricta Sy. L. B. 1763. The synonymy of this and Sp. 3 is very
doubtful.—Root fibrous. St. 6—12 in. high. FI. often vivi-
parous.—Lofty mountains. Loch-na-Gar, P.VII,VIII.S.
5. P. alpina (L.); pan. erect spreading when in flower, spike-
lets ovate of 3 or 4 free fl., lower pale with 3 hairy veins, upper
sheath longer than its leaf which is folded and rounded behind
the tip, uppermost knot exposed, ligule long pointed.—#. B.
1003. P. 37 & 94. P. stricta Lindb.—Root fibrous, tufted.
St. 6—12 in. high, covered with decayed basal sheaths common
to it and the tuft of leaves. FI. often viviparous.—Lofty
mountains. P. VI. VII. E. 8. L
6. P. glavica (Vahl.) ; pan. erect slender, spikelets ovate of 2
or 3 acute free fl., lower pale with 5 veins but only 3 hairy,
upper sheath about as long as its leaf which is folded and
slightly incurved but tapering at the tip, uppermost knot near to
the base of the stem, ligule blunt.—#. #. 1720.—Root-stock
rather creeping. St. 6—12 in. high. Lowest jl. longer than the
large glume.—P. cesia Sm. EF. B.1719 is a very doubtful plant.
prea. Ben Lawers. Ben Nevis. Clova. Spey dpe-
meavetle :

++ Lower pan.-branches in fives or 2 or 3 together. Dorsal
and marginal veins of the lower pale hairy.

P. nemordlis (L.) ; pan. rather drooping slender, spikelets
aeath: lanceolate of 3 or 4 webbed fi., lower pale with 5 veins but
only 3 hairy, upper sheath not longer than its leaf, uppermost
knot at about the middle of the st. exposed, ligule extremely
short truncate—E. 5. 1265. P. 36. — Slightly creeping.—St.
slender, 1—2 ft. high. Sheaths smooth.—a.; st. slender weak,
pan. lax.—s. angustifolia (Parn.); st. and pan. very slender,
1. long and narrow, uppermost knot near the pan., spikelets few

1—2-flowered.—y. coarctata (Gaud.); st. rigid, pan. close,
spikelets 3—5-flowered.—é. glaucantha?; st. slender, pan. with
many long-stalked spikelets, plant glaucous. —[var. divaricote
(Sy.) has pan. erect ‘ distichously unilateral,’ spikelets usually 2-flowered, upper-
most sheath as long as or longer than its 1.]—Shady places. Y: On
walls. 6. Mountains. P. VI. VII. E.S. I.

1 See note to sp. 3.

POA. 499

8. P. Parnell'ii (Bab.); pan. suberect large rather close,
oblong, spikelets ovate of 2 or 3 acute free #l., lower pale with
5 veins but only 3 hairy, upper sheath usually longer than its
leaf, upper knot at about the middle of the st. exposed, /igwe
very short truncate.—E. B.S.2916. P.93.—St. ascending, 1 inn
or more high, compressed ; knots 5 or 6, uppermost not above
the middle of the stem. Ligule 6 times as broad as long, but
longer than that of P. nemoralis, to which this plant is perhaps
too nearly allied. Occasionally the fi. are slightly webbed.—
High Force and other parts of Upper Teesdale. P. VII. E.

9. P. Balfour'ii (Parn.)'; pan. erect rather spreading, spike-
lets ovate or 3 or 4 webbed fi., lower pale with 5 veins but only
3 hairy, upper sheath about as long as its leaf, upper two-thirds
of the stem without knots, igule prominent blunt.—P. 66.
E. B.S. 2918.—Creeping. St. 3—15 in. high; knots about 3,
uppermost within the lower third of the stem. Lower fi. as
long as the larger glume. F/. Dan. 964? Combined with
P. glauca by Syme.—s. P. montana (Parn.); spikelets few of
2 or 3 free fl. P. dissitidora (R. & S.)?—Tops of mountains.
Bo VALT 03. ‘B.S.

t10. P. patus'tris (L.); pan. large its br. rough ascending-patent lower sub-
verticillate quinate, spikelets ovate acute of 2—5-webbed fl., lower pale obsewrely
5-veined hairy on the keel and margins towards the base, sheaths glabrous, ligule
oblong-acute.—Fl. Dan. 2166. P. serotina Bhrh. P. fertilis (Host).—St. tufted
ascending glabrous, l. rather narrow pointed slightly scabrid._By R. Thames,
Kew and Mortlake. By R. Tay below Perth, and Benniebeg Pond near Crieff.
R. Boyne below Navan. Probably introduced. P. VI. VII. E.S. I.

+++ Lower pan.-branches subverticillate, quinate. Dorsal vein
of the lower pale hairy or glabrous ; marginal glabrous.

ll. P. trividlis (L.) ; pan. diffuse, spikelets ovate of 2 or 3
acute webbed f1., lower pale with 5 veins, dorsal vein hairy,
upper sheath much longer than its leaf, ligule acute long.—
E. B. 1072. P.35.—Root tufted. St. 1—2 ft. high. Sheaths
usually slightly rough [or var. glabra (Doell.) smooth |.—8. parvi-
jlora (Parn.); spikelets small 1—2-fiowered, plant slender.—
Moist and shady places. P. VI. E. S. I.

* P. Chaixti (Vill. in. Gilib.) ; pan. diffuse, spikelets oval of
3 or rarely 5 acute not webbed 7l., lower pale with 5 glabrous
veins, upper sheath very much longer than its leaf, Jigule blunt

1 Prof. Hackel writes ‘‘probably no clear line can be drawn between
P. Balfourti [as here constituted] and the alpine forms of P nemoratis.” See
J. of B. xxxy. (1897) p. 71.—H. & J.G

500 98. GRAMINEZ.

very short.—R.i. 90. P. sudetica (Haenke).—Rhizomatous, not
creeping. St. 2-edged, 2—3 feet high. Sheaths, edges, and
midribs of ]. rough. L. hooded and apiculate ——In deep shade
in several places near Kelso; Birnam, Perthsh: [Berks. Warw.
Ayrsh. ete. ] H

*** Creeping by long soboles.

12. P. praten'sis (L.) ; pan. diffuse, spikelets ovate of 3 or 4
webbed f., lower pale with 5 prominent veins but only 3 hairy,
upper sheath much longer than its leaf, ligule promiaent blunt.
—E£. B. 1073. P. 31—34.—Very variable in size. St. and
sheaths nearly always smooth. Fl. strongly webbed.—s. P. sub-
cerulea (Sm.); spikelets broader, l. broad and short, upper 1.
compressed rounded at the end behind. #. B.1004.—y. angusti-
folia (Gaud.); spikelets small, 1. slender long, lower 1. involute.
[War. strigosa (Gand.) has 2 contracted pan. and narrow involute somewhat

giancous 1.|}—Common. P. VI. VII. E. §. 1.

13. P. compres'sa (L.); pan. erect or slightly unilateral
spreading when in flower otherwise close, spikelets ovate or
oblong-ovate of 5—7 blunt slightly webbed fi., ower pale 3-
veined, veins hairy, upper sheath about as long as its leaf, upper-
most knot at about the middle of the stem, ligule short truncate.
—E£. B. 365. P. 37 & 90.—St. decumbent at the base, then
erect, very much compressed, 1—13 ft. high.—s. P. polynoda
(Parn.); fi. free, pales with 2 faint interim. veins, uppermost
knot higher, ligule rather more prominent. [P. subcompressa
(Parn.) is intermediate betw. this and the type, having webbed fl. and 5-veined

pales. }—P. 91—92.—Dry situations. P. VII. E. 8.1

36. Guyce’Ria RF. Br.

1. G. aquatica (Wahlb.) ; pan. erect much branched spread-
ing, branches rough, spikelets oblong of 5—10 fi., lower pale
blunt, 1. smooth with terete sheaths.—#. B.1315. P. 44. G.
spectabilis M. & K.—Creeping. St. 3—6 ft. high, smooth
slightly compressed. Sheaths very long. lL. long, rough
on the edges and keel, never floating. Ligule short. Pan.
large; branches angular, slender, branched.—Watery tgs
P. VIL. be OL

2. G. fliitans (R. Br.); pan. secund slightly branched very
long, branches nearly simple roughish, spikelets linear of 7—12
adpressed lanceolate-oblong acute fi., ower pale nearly thrice as
long as broad, sheaths compressed.—EZ. B. 2975. P. 95.—St.
ascending, rooting below, or floating. Sheaths nearly smooth,

GLYCERIA.—SCLEROCHLOA. 501

striate. L. pale green, acute, often floating. Ligulelong. Pan.
very long, often nearly simple; branches without callosities,
ascending, lowermost usually in pairs. Spikelets adpressed.
Lower pales rather the shorter, with a triangular central point.
Anthers about 5 times as long as broad, purple, pale yellow
when empty.—s. G. pedicellata! (Towns.); pan.-branches
simple roughish, spikelets of 9—13 blunt flowers. L. more
aeute. Lowermost pan.-branches about in threes. Anth.
about 4 times as long as broad, yellow when young. A.V. H.
ser. 2. ¥. 105. Curt Fl. Lond.i. 18. Nearer to plicata than
Jluitans by its rough furrowed sheath, lower pale 3-toothed and
never exceeding the upper.—(. declinata (Bréb., Towns.) is a
dwarf plant with smooth sheaths, upper exceeding the obtuse-
angled 3-toothed lower pale, anth. twice as long as broad and
purple. It also is near plicata—Watery places. P. VI.—IX.
Flote-grass. E2s. 1.

3. G. plicdéta (Fries); pan. compound, branches compound
nearly smooth erect with flowers divaricate with fruit, spikelets
linear of 7—20 oval-oblong rather acute fi., ower pale twice as
long as broad, sheaths compressed.— #. vil. 79. G. fuitans Sm.,
FE. B. 1520. P. 45.—St. ascending, rooting below. Sheaths
rough, furrowed. L. glaucous, bluntish, plicate when young.
Ligule shorter. Pan. much branched; branches with cal-
losities at the base, lowermost about in fives. Lower pales
with 3 teeth at the end. Anth. about 3 times as long as broad,
cream-coloured, fuscous when empty. Stagnant water and wet
places. P. VI.—VII. E.8.4 1.

37. SctERocH Loa Beauv. em., Bab.2

= Glumes with 3 veins.
+ Panicle unilateral.

1. S. maritima (Lindl.); pan. branched, lowermost branches
in pairs or single, branches ultimately erect, spikelets linear
adpressed_4—8-flowered, rachis terete, Jower pale blunt api-
culate, midrib reaching the tip, stoloniferous—E. B. 1104.
P. 42. Glyceria M. & K.—Root fibrous, with ascending
prostrate or rarely rooting leafy stoles. L. involute; the
central ridge on their upper surface strongly marked the others

1 Mr Townsend now regards this as a hybrid, G. fui‘ans xplicata.—H. & J. G.
2 See Crepin, Notes Fl. Bele. v. 155—214.

502 98. GRAMINE.

faint. Anth. about 6 times as ong as broad. Lower pale with
involute edges. Ligule bluntish—g. hispida (Parn.); st.
compressed, rachis furrowed on one side and as well as the
pan.-branches rough. P. 99.—!y. riparia (Towns.); more slender,
spikelets fewer, lower gl. equalling or exceeding middle of lowest fl. on same side,
nerves closer together, lower pale with narrower white border. |}—Sea-coast,

fit ds

in damp places. P. VI. VII.

2. S. Bor'rert (Bab.); pan. branched, branches ultimately
erect-patent lowermost generally in fours, spikelets linear 4—7-
fl., rachis terete, lower pale with a rigid aprculus foymed by the
tip of the dorsal vein, czespitose.—Glycerza, Bab., L. B.S. 2797
(1837). P.98. G. conferta Fries (1839).—St. 6—12 in. high.
Nostoles. L. short, flat, with very long sheaths, Ligule short,
truncate. Edges of the lower pale notinvolute. Spikelets and
fl. half the size of those of S. marztima and S. procumbens.
Pan.-branches short, scarcely elongated after flowering, hispid.
—Muddy salt marshes. P. VI.—VIII. By T.

3. S. rupes'tris (Rend. & Br.) ; pan. ovate-lanceolate compact
distichous rigid, spikelets linear-lanceolate of about 4 fi., rachis
angular, lower pale blunt with an apiculus formed by the tip
of the dorsal vein, root fibrous.—#. B. 532. P. 42. Poa
procumbens (Curt.) Glyceria (Dum.) Festuca (Kunth.).—St.
procumbent (rarely erect when growing in water), rigid.
L. flat, with inflated sheaths. Pan. about 2 in. long, with
very short rigid branches spreading in two rows. FI. large.—
Muddy sea-shores. A. VI. VII. ar

++ Panicle regular.

4, S. dis'tans (Bab.); pan. branched, branches long ulti-
mately spreading or deflexed lowermost in fours or fives, spike-
lets linear 3—5-flowered, rachis semiterete rather flat on one
side, lower pale blunt, midrib not reaching to the tip, root fibrous.
—E. B.986. P.41. Glyceria Wahl.—Without rooting stoles.
St. decumbent below. L. flat, short, with S—10 equally pro-
minent ridges upon their upper surface. Ligule short and trun-
cate. Edges of lower pale notinvolute. Spikelets and fl. half
the size of those of the preceding.—s. obtusa (Parn.); pan.
more compound, spikelets about 7-flowered, lower pale truncate
and broader, ligule shorter. P. 96 & 97.—[Var. pseudo-procwmbens
(W.-Dod), with subunilateral pan. with fewer shorter stiffer ascending pan.-br.,
larger greener and more strongly-ribbed pales, is apparently a hybrid with Sp. 8.
A quite prostrate form with ascending pan.-br. is var. prostrata (Beeby). |—
Sea-shores and waste sandy places. §. Leicestershire. P.
VI.—VIII. E. 8. I.

SCLEROCHLOA.—CATABROSA. 503

** Glumes 1- (rarely 3-) veined.

5. S. rig'ida (Link) ; pan. lanceolate rigid distichous, spike-
lets linear acute of 7—10 fl., lower pale blunt with a mucro,
upper gl. reaching to the base of the third f1., root fibrous.—
Festuca Kunth. Glyceria Sm., #. B.1371. P.43.—St. slender,
wiry, erect. L. nearly flat, acute. Pan. 1—2 in. long, nearly
simple. Lower pale faintly veined. FI. small.—Dry places.
A. VI. E. 8. I.

6. S. Zolidcea (Woods) ; pan. racemose narrow rigid secund,
Setcloe oblong of 8—12 fl., lower paie blunt with a mucro,
upper gl. reaching to the base of the fourth fl., root fibrous.—
Triticum Sm., #. B. 221. P. 438. Festuca rottboellordes
Kunth.—St. stout, slightly curved, ascending, 2—6 in. long.
L. flat, convolute when dry. Spikelets usually solitary,
alternate, all directed to one side ; footstalks very short and
stout. Lower pale with well- marked marginal veins.—Sandy
sea-coasts. A. VI. VII. Bap. 1.

38. Bri'za Linn, em. Beauv. Quaking-grass

1. B. minor (L.); spikelets triangular of about 7 f1., g/. ex-
ceeding the lowest fl., pan. diffuse, ligule long lanceolate acute.
—F, B.1316. P. 101.—St. very slender, about 1 foot high.
Spikelets pale green. Lower pale roundish cordate, cartila-
gious, very gibbous in the middle of the back.—Dry and
aes fields in the South-west. A. VII. E.

B. média (1.) ; spikelets broadly ovate of about 5 f1., gi.
falling short of the lowest fl., pan. diffuse, ligule truncate very
short.—E. B. 340. P.30.—St. slender erect, 1—1} foot high.
Panicle light and elegant, with slender branches. Spikelets
usually purplish. L. linear-acuminate. Lower pale roundish
oval, cartilaginous, not gibbous.—Pastures. P. VI. ES. 1.

[ B. maxima (L.) with few very large ovate many-flowered spikelets is naturalised
in Guernsey. ]

39. CaTABRo’'sa Beauv.

1. C. aquatica (Beauv.); pan. long-pyramidal with half-
whorls of patent branches, lower pale 3-ribbed, 1. broad linear
blunt.—#. B. 1557, P.20.—Creeping. St. long, procumbent
or floating below. L. flat. Pan.-branches im alternate threes
or fives. Spikelets usually 2- (or 3—5-) flowered. Gl. very
thin, often purplish. Fl. distant.—s. minor (Bab.); st. 2—3
in. high, spikelets mostly 1-flowered.—Ponds and ditches.
B. Wet sea-sands. P. VI. VII. E: 8.1.

504 98. GRAMINE®.

40. Cynosu’rus Linn. em. Trin. Dog’s-tail-grass.

1. C. crestatus (L.) ; raceme spikelike linear, fl. with a very
short awn.—Z#. B. 316. P. 28.—St. 12—18 in. high. Spike
unilateral, plane-compressed. Spikelets closely placed. Bract
comblike.—Pastures. P. VIII. E.S.1I

[C. echindtus (.); raceme contracted close ovate, awns
about as long as the pales.—Z#, B. 1333. P. 28 & 129.—St.
erect, 1—2 feet high. Bract comblike Meee fe points.—
Sandy places in Guernsey and Jersey. A. VII.]

41. Dac'tyuis Linn. em. Beauv. Cock’s-foot-grass.

1. D. glomerdta (L.) ; pan.-branches with ovate clusters of
spikelets, st. erect linear flat with rough margins, root ces-
pitose.—#. B. 335. P. 29.—A coarse grass. Pan.-branches
long, spreading or divaricate with fi., afterwards adpressed, dis-
tant ; each bearing an ovate cluster of spikelets ; or panicle
reduced to one cluster.—Meadows. P. VI. VII. eS a

42. Festuca Linn. em., Bab.' Fescue-grass.

* Root-leaves very narrow. Ligule with round auricles.
Awn terminal.

+ Awn longer than the pale. Gl. very unequal. Vubrra.
t Usually triandrous.

1. LF. membrandcea (Druce) ; uppermost sheath far distant
from the erect close 2-ranked szmple panicle, fl. compressed
keeled, g/. very unequal often only one, larger gl. very long and
very acute.—/. wunegliimis (Sol, in Ait.) ), #. B. 1430. P. Tg.
—St. 6—12 in. high, erect, leafy nearly to the top. Panicle
close, short. Lower gl. usually scarcely distinguishable.
Upper gl. setigerous nearly equalling Ist fl. on same side.—
Sandy sea- -shores. A. VI. E. I.

it Usually monandrous.

2. I’. bromoides (L.) ; uppermost sheath far distant from
the er ect-patent oblong pan.,lowermost pan.-branch about equal-
ling } pan., fl. terete rough, g/. wnequal as 2 to 1, larger gl. about
equalling lowest flower.—/”. sciuroides (Roth), eB. aal<

1 See Prof. Hackel's exhaustive Monographia Festucarum ewropearum.—
H. & J.G.

FESTUCA. 505

Slender, 6—12 in. high. L. linear, inyolute. [9. intermedia
(Hack.); pan. longer, sheath covering its base. }- Walls and sandy
places. A.? VI. VII E. 8. I.

3. F.ambig'va (Le Gall); uppermost sheath very nearly reach-
ing to the /ong narrow erect close pan., lowest pan.-branch equal-
ling more than } of pan., fi. terete rough, g/. wnequal as 3—6 to
1, larger gl. about equalling 4 of lowest flower.—/. 2. S. 2970.—
Slender, 8—12 in. high. L. involute. Probably a glabrous
form of F. ciliata (Danth.).—Sandy places. Isle of Wight.
Kent. Dorset. Suffolk. A. V. VI. E.

4, FP. Myurés (L.) ; uppermost sheath reaching to or partly
covering the /ong narrow nodding interrupted pan., lowest pan.-
branch equalling { of pan., fi. terete rough, g/. unequal as 3 to
1, larger gl. about equalling + lowest flower.—#. £. 1412. F.
pseudo-m yurus (Soy.-Will.). About afoot high, siender. Pan.
very long and narrow.—Walls and sandy places, rare. A.?
VI. Vii. E871.

++ Triandrous. Awn shorter than the pale.

5. F. ovina (L.); pan. narrow subsecund close with fr., spike-
lets 4—6-f1., fl. mostly awned, /. a// setaceous, sheaths glabrous,
ceespitose. BP. B. 585. P. 56, 57.—Very variable. IL. short,
slightly curved,densely tufted. FI. glabrous, or(hispidula Koch)
hairy. Spikelets sometimes changed into leafy shoots.—s.
F. capijlata (Lam.) ; 1. very long setaceous, fi. awnless.—y. /.
duriuscula (L.) ; pan. pyramidal, branches spreading, l. filiform
channelled, st. ‘I. broader. St.and l.stouter. Fries thought it
distinct. [Var. glauca, Hack. (F. glauca, Lam.) has the 1. sheaths and fi.
more or less glaucous, and var. supine, Hack. is 4 small form with small dense
pan., setaceous lamine and sheaths entire for about 4 of their length. |—Dry
hilly pastures. 8. Onmountains. }. Damper places. P. VI.
Sheep's Fescue-grass. ; E.'S, I.

6. F. ribra (L.); pan. broadish below subsecund, spikelets
4—10-f1, 1. involute- -setaceous, st.-l. flat, lowest sheaths hairy,
soboliferous. —F. duriuscewa Sm. (in part), Z. B.470, P. 58—60.
—Very variable. FI. shortly awned, glabrous, hairy or villose.
L. variable in length and breadth and the fi. in size. Creeping
but c#spitose. mp Le fallax (Thuill.) is densely caspitose and scarcely
creeping. |—Common in dry sandy, rarely in wet places. at ae

[F. heterophylla (Lam.); not stoloniferous, st. taller, root.-]. long setaceous
densely tufted, st.-l. flat, pan. long lax, considered by Prof. Hackel a subsp.
of 6, is recorded from several places, probably sown. |

506 98. GRAMINE.

7. Ff. ordria (Dum.)!; pan. secund, spikelets 4—10-f1., 1. all
involute-setaceous, lowest sheaths hairy, far creeping not czs-
pitose.—/. rubra Sm., #. B. 2058.—Near F. rubra, but mode
of growth very different.—Sandy sea-shores. P. VI. E.S.

** Root-leaves broad and flat. Ligule not auricled. Awn 0,
or dorsal. SCHEDONORUS Beauv.

+ Uppermost ligule prominent. Lower pale 3-veined.

8. F. sylvatica (Vill.); pan. erect diffuse mucffbranched,
branches rough, spikelets of 3—4 awnless acute jl., lower pale
rough, dorsal rib serrulate throughout, |. lanceolate-linear with
rough margins.—Poa P. 44 & 100. /. Calamaria Sm., #. B.
1005.—Scarcely creeping. St. 2—4 feet high, covered at the
base with imbricate broad acute leafless sheaths, tufted. L.
very long, broad, roughish on both sides ; uppermost |. smaller.
Lower pale very acute ; midrib extending nearly to the tip or
slightly beyond it. Ovary pilose at the top.—s. F. decedua
(Sm.); 1. narrower, fl. about 2. #. &.2266.—Woods in moun-
tainous districts. P. VII. E.'S. I.

++ Uppermost ligule very short. Lower pale 5-veined.
Bucetum Parn.

9. F. gigantéa (Vill.); pan. open drooping branched, spikelets
of about 5 awned fl., dorsal rib of lower pale nearly smooth not
extending to the tip but endingin a rough awn twice as long as
the pale, |. linear-lanceolate.—Z. 6. 1820, P. 47.—Bromus i.
St. 3—4 feet high. L. very long, broad, roughish on both sides,
except near the base on_ the underside. Ligule unequal,
auricled. Lower pale roughish, membranous, often bifid at the
tip. Top of the ovary glabrous.—s. /’. trifora (Sm.); pan.
smaller and more erect, spikelets scattered of about 3 flowers.
E. B. 1918.—Moist woods and thickets, P. VII. EK. 8. 1.

10, F’. eldtior (L.em. Huds.) ; panicle diffuse patent, branches
mostly in pairs each bearing 2 or more ovate-oblong spikelets
divaricate with fl. or afterwards, spikelets very many of 5—6
closely placed fl., dorsal rib of lower pale ending at or just below
the tip or forming a short awn, |. linear-lanceolate.—Z. B. 1593.
P.46,47. I. arundinacea (Schreb.).—St. 2—6 ft. high, forming

1 F, oraria Dum. Agr. Belg. 105 (1823), F. sabulicola Duf. (1825) F. arenaria
Godr. (1855, not Osb.). See Bull. Belg. vii. 367

FESTUCA.—BROMUS. 507

large tufts. L.broad.—a. arundinacea (Syme) ; pan.-branches
divaricate with fl. and fruit. A very large plant, 3—6 ft. high.
—B. genuina (Syme); pan.-branches shorter ‘“divaricate with
fl, afterwards ascending.”—a. Banks near the sea. ¢. Damp
pastures. P. VI. VII. ES. 1.

11. /. praten’sis (Huds.): pan. close subsecund, branches in
pairs one bearing a single spikelet the other several never divari-
cate, spikelets linear-oblong of 5—10 rather distant fl., dorsal
rib of lower pale ending at or just below the tip or forming a
very short awn, l. linear-lanceolate—Z. B. 1592. P. 46. /F.
elatior (L. em., Koch).—A smaller plant than the preceding.
Rachis triangular. Pan.-branches ascending ; one of each pair
nearly always reduced to a single spikelet. In this and the
preceding the pale is blunt or acute according as the midrib is
or is not attached up to the tip.—p. /’. loliacea (Huds.) ; spikes
solitary alternate long slender truly distichous, lower ones
stalked, rarely in pairs, upper nearly sessile, fl. distant, lower
gl. 5—8-ribbed, veins of lower pale parallel, no awn, rachis
flattish. On water meadows spikelets are often all sessile and
upper gl. vanishing. [Now usually regarded as a hybrid between F.
pratensis and Loliwm perenne. |—H. B, 1821. P. 45,118 & 114.—Wet
meadows. P. VI. VII. E. 8-1.

43. Bro’mus Linn. em. Parl.

* Sprkelets broader upwards when in flower, not afterwards.
Robs of upper pale finely fringed.

1. B. erec'tus (Huds.); pan. erect nearly simple, spikelets
linear-lanceolate, fl. remote subcylindrical, lower pale in-
distinctly 7-veined, lowest fl. } exceeding the upper gl.and longer
than its awn, root-l. very narrow ciliate.-—#. 4.471. P. 51.—
St. 2—8 ft. high, erect. Root-l. convolute ; upper 1. broadest ;
sheaths somewhat hairy with upward hairs.—g. vellosus ; lower
pale hairy.—On dry sandy and chalky soil. P. VI. Me g

SSPE

2. B. ramdsus (Huds.) ; pan. drooping with long divaricate
shghtly divided branches, spikelets lanceolate, fl. remote linear-
lanceolate, /ower pale pilose on the veins below, lowest fl. twice
exceeding the glabrous upper gl. and longer than its awn,
l. broad hairy.—#. B. 1172. P. 51. B. asper (Murr.). B.
serotinus (Benek.).—St. 4—5 feet high. L. flat.; lower ones
broadest; sheaths all with downward hairs; branches 2 together
with a semilunar strongly ciliate much decurrent scale at their

1 Synonymous with the genus Schedonorus of Fries, not of Beauy.

508 98. GRAMINE#.

base ; upper pale glabrous, lower pilose on the veins below,
anth. violet.—s. Benekenii (Syme); pan. slightly drooping with
rather short suberect branches 3—6 together with a semilunar
very blunt not ciliate subdecurrent scale at their base, upper
gl. ciliate to the top, lower pale pilose throughout ; 1. flat, upper
sheaths subglabrous, lower hispid, anth. golden. Damp woods
and thickets. P.? VII. E..S.1.

** Sprkelets always broader upwards. Ribs of upper pale
strongly fringed. Awn long. ,

3. 8. ster'ilis (L.); pan. drooping, branches long slightiy
divided, spikelets linear-lanceolate, fl. remote, lower pale
glabrous shorter than its awn with 7 distinct equidistant ribs,
]. pubescent.—#. 6.1030. P.50.—Height 1—2feet. L. broad,
flat.—Waste places. A. VI. E. 8. 1.

4. B. madriten’sis (L. em.); panicle erect, branches short
scarcely divided, spikelets lanceolate, fl. linear remote sub-
cylindrical, lower pale about aslong as its awn 7-ribbed, 2 lateral
ribs close together, interm. rib faint.—F. 6. 1006. P. 50.—
a. B. madritensis (L.); B. diandrus (Curt.); st. glabrous,
rachis and pedicels rough. St. 6—12 in. high. Remarkable
for its erect panicle. Upper pale but little shorter than the
lower.—[8. B. rigidus (Roth); pan. compact, pedicels very
short, upper part of st., pedicels, rachis and gl. pubescent. ]—
Dry sandy places, rare. [8. Channel Islands.) A. ‘ei :

LB. tectorum (L.); like B. madritensis, pan. secund drooping,
upper pale much the shorter.—Introduced.] ;

[B. maximus (Desf.); pan. erect lax at length nodding,
branches slightly divided lengthened after flowering, spikelets
downy, lower pale 7-ribbed about half as long as zts awn.—
E. B.S. 2820.—Height 1—2 feet. A most beautiful grass.—
Sandy places. Channel Islands. A. VIIT.]

44. SERRAFAL'cus Parlatore.

* Fl. at first loosely imbricate, afterwards distinct and
cylindrical.

*1. S. secalinus (Bab.); pan. loose drooping in fr. slightly
compound, simple peduncles about as long as the oblong
glabrous spikelets, fl. about as iong as the straight awn, lower

1 Corresponds to the genus Bromus of Fries; to part of Bromus of Sm., Hook,
&e.

SERRAFALCUS. 509

pale not overlapping the next fl, uniformly rounded at the sides,
l. hairy.—Z#. #4. 1171. P. 49, 121 & 122.—With seed the #1.
spread and the spikelets droop. Top of upper gl. $-way between
its base and the top of fourth fl. (second on the same side). Lower
pale not twice as long as broad, longer than the upper, 7-ribbed.
—8. velutinus (Koch); pan. nearly simple, fl. larger downy.
P. 123.—Corn-fields. A. VI. VII. Be Ser.

** Pl. closely imbricate even with fruit.

2. S. racemdsus (Parl.); pan. long erect usually simple, spike-
lets ovate rather compressed glossy, fl. imbricate about as long
as the straight awn, sedes of lower pale uniformly rounded,
l. and sheaths slightly hairy.—Z. B. 1079.—Top of the upper
glume 4-way to the top of the fourth flower. Lower pale longer
than the upper. Anth. 4 times as long as broad. Pan. close
with fruit—Common. B. VI.

3. S. praten’sis (Wilmott) ; pan. loose slightly drooping com-
pound, simple peduncles as long as or longer than the oblong-
lanceolate spikelets, fl. loose imbricate about as long as the
straight awn, lower pale bluntly angular above the middle,
]. and sheaths hairy. B. pratensis (Ehrh. ex Hoffm.), 8.
commutdtus (Bab.).--P. 124. E#. B. 920.—Lower pale only
slightly overlapping the next fl. at the base when in fruit. Top
of upper gl.+-way to top of fourth f. Lower pale twice as long
as broad, longer than the upper, glabrous or downy, 7-ribbed.
Anth. 6 times as long as broad.—8. multiflorus (Parn.) ; more
numerous fi., top of upper gl. rather higher. P.125.—Common.
BP Vae Vell IDRIS eal

4. S. mol'lis (Parl.); pan. close erect compound or rarely
simple, spikelets ovate rather compressed pubescent, ii.
closely imbricate about as long as the straight awn, sides
of lower pale bluntly angular about the middle, |. and
sheaths hairy or downy.—#. #. 1078. P. 116.—TZop of
the upper gl. t-way to the top of the sixth flower; or a
little higher (ovalis Parn. 117, with short oval spikelets) ; or
about 3-way to the top of the eighth (pratenszs Parn. 118,
with longer spikelets). Lower pale longer than the upper.
Simple ped. not longer than the spikelets. Anth. about thrice
as long as broad. Rarely the spicules are glabrous, when it is
B. racemosus Parn. 119 [=5. mollis var. glabrescens Gren. |.—A
maritime plant with nearly or quite prostrate.st., nearly
simple pan., and nearly glabrous pales, seems to be the
b. hordeaceus (Li. sec. Fries). Another with very short ped.
and densely downy spikelets [and divaricate awns (S. Lloydianus,

510 98. GRAMINES.

G. & G.)] is also found near the sea.—[f. pseudo-velutinus; pan. oblong
blunt interrupted with usually single alternate br. bearing 3-5 almost sessile
spikelets, wpper pale split to the base. Perhapsadistinct species. B. interruptus

(ruce).|—Common. A? V. VI. Lop-grass. E, 8. I.

* 5. S.arven'sis (Godr.); pan.spreading compoundits branches
ultimately horizontal, spikelets linear-lanceolate, pales equal in
length lower 7-ribbed with two prominent ribs near each margin
and its sides bluntly angular above the middle, anth. 4 times as
long as broad.—#. B. 1984. P.126.—Top of the upper gl. 3-
way to the top of the fourth flower.—Naturalized in various
places from Fife southwards. A. VII. VIII.

[ S. japon'icus (Wilmott); pan. spreading compound its
branches ultimately deflexed, spikelets lanceolate, pales
unequal, lower 7-ribbed with two lateral prominent ribs and
its sides bluntly angular above the middle, anth. twice as
long as broad.—B. japonicus (Thunbg.), B. patulus (M. & K.).
—FP. 127.—Not naturalized. A. VI.] E.

LS. sguarrdsus(Bab.); pan. drooping simple, spikelets ovate-
lanceolate subcompressed, fl. nearly glabrous imbricate com-
pressed, lower pale 9-ribbed and its sides bluntly angular above
the middle, awn twisted divaricate, 1. pubescent.—Z. B. 1885.
P. 128.—Not naturalized. A. VI. VII.) E.

Tribe XII. Hordeice.

45. BracHypo’DIum Beauv.

1. B. sylvat'icum (Beauy.); spike drooping, spikelets (at
first) terete alternate distichous, ans of the upper fl. longer
than their pales, 1. flat linear-lanceolate flaccid, oot fibrows.—
E. B. 729. P. 61.—St. usually solitary or 2 or 3 from the
same root, erect, 1—2 feet high. Sheaths hairy. Ligule
short, blunt, notched or torn. L. ciliate. Pales usually
hairy.—Woods and hedges. P. VII. E.S. I.

2. B. pinndtum (Beauv.); spike erect, spikelets (at first) terete
alternate distichous, awnsof the upper fl. shorter than their pales,
]. flat linear-lanceolate rigid, creeping.—H. B. 730. P.132.—
137.—St. several, erect, 1—2 feet high. Pales rough or hairy.
Sheaths subglabrous. Ligule short, truncate. L. not ciliate.—
Sometimes the 1. are very narrow and involute, st. very many,
spikelets small smooth.—On dry limestone soil. P. VII. E. I.

TRITICUM. 511

46. Triricum Jinn. Wheat-grass.

1. 7. caninum (L.); spike rather close, spikelets 2—5-fl.,
3—5-ribbed gl. and lower pales awned [upper pale emarginate],
axis and edges of the rachis hispid, |. flat rough on both sides,
root fibrous.—E. B. 1372. P. 62. Agropyron (Beauv.).—St.
erect. Ribs on the upperside of |. very slender. Gl. round on
the back, its ribs reaching the tip and joining to form the
short awn. Lower pale shorter than its awn ; or in an alpine
form longer than it.-—Banks, rare. P. VII. E.S. L.

2. T. Donidnum (Wilmott); spike rather close, spikelets 2—6-fl., gl. usnally
shortly awned strongly 4—6-ribbed with ribs edges tip and awn asperous,
lower pale narrowed abruptly and with scarious margins at apex, 4—6-ribbed
with awn }—4 its length, wpper pale bluntly pointed densely ciliate on the lateral
keels densely asperous and with a well-marked midrib towards the apex, the two
lateral ribs terminating in teeth which fall short of the apex, axis hairy, rachis
ciliate, 1. thin flat with many slender ribs, ‘‘soboliferous.”—Agropyron Donianwm
(Buch.-White), 7. alpinwm (Don. MSS.).—Variously referred to Sp. 1 and 3, but
differing from both in the character of the upper pale; closely allied to the
Scandinavian 7. violacewm (Hornem.),—Rocks, Ben Lawers, Mr G. Don. Ke-

discovered 1878 by Mr J. C. Melvill. P. VIII. 8.

3. 7’. répens(L.) ; spike rather close, gl. 5—7-ribbed equalling
at least } of the 4—5-fl. spikelet rough on the keel, lower pale
acuminate, axzs asperous, rachis with rough angles not brittle,
l.. mostly flat the many slender ribs each bearing a row of
deciduous hairs above, soboliferous.—H. B.909. P.62. Agro-
pyron (Beauv.).—L. at first imvolute afterwards flat, ribs on
upperside not much raised nor nearly hiding the interm, surface
of the leaf. Rachis glabrous or downy with forward prickles
on the angles. Gl. scarcely keeled, acuminate-subulate ; ribs
reaching the tip. Pales rarely awned. [The shape of the gl. and
pales varies considerably, extreme forms are:—var. barbatwm (Duv.-Jouv.) “‘ gi.
very attenuate subulate or awned, pales long-awned,’ and var. obtuswm (Sy.)
** 9]. obtuse obliquely truncate, pales obtuse with a minute apiculus.”|—

Common. P. VI. Couch-grass. E. 8. I.

4, 7’. pun'gens (Pers.) ; spike close, gl. with 7—9 thick ribs
not exceeding $ the 5—12-f1. spikelet rough on the keel, lower
pale acute, axis asperous, rachis nearly or quite smooth not
brittle, 7. wth involute edges the many thick closely-placed ribs
slightly rough and each bearing a row of acute points above,
upper part of 1. wholly involute (subulate and rigid), soboli-
ferous.—Sy, #. B. 1811. Agropyron (R. & S.)—St. erect, like
a corn-fieid. Ribs on upperside of 1. so broad and so elevated
as nearly to hide the interm. part of the leaf. Gl. keeled ; ribs

512 98. GRAMINE#.

reaching the tip. Lower pale of our plant often awned
[ 2. littorale (Host) |. Producing erect barren leafy clustered
shoots. [8. T. pycnanthum (Godr.); spike shorter and denser, spikelets
much compressed, gl. and lower pale obtuse. |—Sea-shores. = VLE

E. I.

5. T. acvitum (DC.); spike rather lax, gl. with 5—7 slender
elevated ribs blunt or apiculate not exceeding % of the 5—8-f1,
spikelet, lower pale blunt mucronate. axis downy, rachis smooth
or slightly rough at the angles not brittle. ]. flat or with involute
edges the manythick closely placed ribs rough with minute sharp
scattered points (asperous) above, soboliferous.—Sy. £. B. 1812.
T. laxum Fr. Agropyron(R. &8.).—St. prostrate or ascending.
Ribs of the 1., on each of which there is usually a deciduous row
of hairs, not so completely hiding the intervening hollows as in
Sp. 3. Gl. keeled ; keel often with forward bristles, reaching
the tip or forming a slight mucro. Lower pale rarely shortly
awned. Producing decumbent and ascending, barren, leafy,
clustered shoots.—Sandy sea-shores, P. VII. VII. E.S. I.

6. 7. jun'ceum (L.) ; spike rather loose, g/. with 9—11 slender
scarcely elevated ribs blunt equalling at least = of the 4—8-fi.
spikelet smooth on the keel, lower pale blunt rarely mucronate,
axis smooth or slightly downy, rachis brittle smooth, !. involute
with many thick ribs with much spreading hair above, soboli-
ferous.—#. B. 814. P. 68. Agropyron (Beauy.).—S8t. pros-
trate. The short hairs on the ribs of the |. spread so as to
cover the interm. spaces. Rachis easily separating above each
spikelet. Gl. rounded or truncate at the tip ; ribs not reaching
the tip. Producing decumbent barren leafy shoots.—Sandy
seashores. P. VII. VIII. E.'S. 11.

47, Ev yous Linn em. All.

1. B.arendrius (L.) ; spike upright close, rachis flat not winged,
gl. lanceolate downy not longer than the spikelets.—#. B. 1672.
P, 64.—Closely resembling Psamma arenaria, but readily
distinguished by its broad 1. and short ligule. Soboliferous.
St. 3—4 feet high.—Sandy sea-shores. P. VII. E. 8. I.

[E. geniculdtus (Curt.); spike lax, rachis winged, gl. awl-
shaped glabrous longer than the spikelet.—Z. B. 1586. P. 131.
—St. 3—4 feet high. Spike 1—2 feet long, usually remarkably
bent downwards at the second or third spikelet.—In a salt
marsh near Gravesend. Wr Dickson! P. VIL.J

|

HORDEUM.—LOLIUM. 513

48. Hor'pEuM Linn. em. Scop. Barley.

1. H. europae'wm (All.); gl. all awlshaped not ciliate rough,
lateral fl. perfect, middle ‘fl. often barren, lower pale with an
awn of twice its length.—P. 130. A. ’ sylvat' icum (Huds.),
E. B. 1317.—About 2'ft. high. Spike subcylindrical. Middle
fl., if barren, with shorter gl. having involute edges, thus

- appearing setaceous. The spikelets have a second fl. occasion-

ally.—Woods and thickets on a calcareous soil, rare. P. VII.

| VIII, E.

2. H. nodésum (L.) ; gl. all setaceous not ciliate rough, lateral
Jl. imperfect, lower pale of fertile middle fl. with an awn of
about its length. —F. B. 409. P.11. H. secalinum (Schreb.),
H. praten’se (Huds.).—Often 2 ft. high. Spike compressed,

erect. Gl. of lateral fl. shorter—Damp meadows. P. VII.

Be Sed

3. H. murinum (L.); gl. of the middie sprkelet linear-lanceo-
late ciliate of the lateral ones setaceous rough, lateral fl. imper-
fect.—#. 5. 1971. P. 10.—Spike often slightly nodding,
compressed. Height 12—18 in. Awn longer than the lower
pale. Lateral gl. sometimes slightly ciliate—s. arenarium
(Bab.) ; lower part of the st. buried, lengthened, branched and
rooting, thus appearing to creep. — Waste places. 6. Loose
sand, B. VI. VIL. ldyisvall

4, H. marinum (Huds.); gl. rough, inner gl. of the lateral fi.
half-ovate the rest setaceous, lateral fl. imperfect.—Z#. B. 1205.
P.10. H. maritimum (W ith. ).—Spike thick, erect, subterete.
—-Pastures and banks near the sea. A. VI. IDS IS

49. Leptu’rus R. Br.

1. L. filefor’mis (Trin.); spike cylindrical-subulate, gl. 2
equalling or slightly exceeding the flowers.—fottbéelica Sm..,
#. B. 760. P. 2.—St. 2—6 in. long. Spike long, slender
straight or slightly curved. [Z. incwrvatus (Trin.) is
apparently only found as a ballast plant.] Gravelly and
waste places near the sea. A. VII. E. 8.

50. Lo’tium Linn. Rye-grass.

1, L. peren'ne (L.) ; with leafy barren shoots, edges of young
l. sumply folded, spikelets 3—11-flowered, gl. equalling the
lowest fl., lower pale usually awnless.—Z#. 8. 315. P. 65.—

2k

514 98. GRAMINE.

St. 12—18 in. high, usually bent at the lower knots. Whole
plant rather dark green.—f. aristatum ; lower pale with a long
awn.—y. L. tenue (L.); spikelets few-flowered, 1. slender.—
Sometimes the spikelets become converted into branches ; or
the rachis is so much shortened as to produce a broad ovate
close distichous spike.-—Common. P.VI. Rye-grass. E.S. I.

[L. ital’ccum (A. Braun); with leafy barren shoots, edges of
young 1. involute, spikelets 9—14-flowered, lower pale with a
long awn.—A. vii. 77. P. 138—141.—St. many, straight, in
close tufts, 14—3 ft. high. Whole plant, especially she spike-
lets, paler than in the preceding. Ligule short, abrupt.—
L. multiflorum (Lam.), perhaps confounded with this, has no
barren shoots and is annual,—Cultivated fields. P. VI.
Italian Rye-grass.| ;

[Z. remotum (Schrank) ; no barren shoots, spikelets 7—11-
flowered exceeding the gl., lower pale longer than its awn or
awnless, fl. tumid with fruit.—JZ. linic'ola (Braun.), #. B.
2955.—St. erect. Spike slender. Lower pale cartilaginous
below, narrower than the upper, tumid in fruit.—Cultivated
fields. A. VI. VII.] E.

t2. L. temulen'tum (L.); no barren shoots, spikelets about 6-
flowered equalling or shorter than the gl., lower pale awned, fi.
tumid with fruit.—#. &. 1124. P. 142._St. erect. Ligule
short. Upper gl. usually present, often bifid——a; awns as
long as or longer than the pale.—s. ZL. arvense (With.); fl.
4—5 without or with short awns. WH. B. 1125.—Cultivated
fields. A. VI.—VIII. Darnel. ES. 1

uo
a
ou

99. EQUISETACE®.

FLOWERLESS PLANTS.

Class III. CRYPTOGAME.

Substance of the plant of cellular tissue or with a few
ducts. No woody fibre. No true flower with stamens
and pistils. No distinct embryo, nor cotyledons.

A. Plants with a few ducts amongst the cellular tissue. Pro-
ducing spores which develop into a prothallus which bears
antheridia and archegonia.!

Order XCIX. EQUISETACE#.

Leafless branched plants with a striate hollow stem; each
joint ending in a sheath which conceals the joining and
encloses the base of the next joimt. Sporules surrounded by
elastic clavate filaments and enclosed in capsules arising from
the peltate scales of terminal cones or spikes.—Rhizome
creeping. Branches whorled. Cuticle abounding in silex.
Only one genus.

1. Equise’tum Linn. Horse-tail.

* Fertile stems mostly unbranched and succulent ; barren stems
urth solid whorled branches, appearing later.

1. Z. arven'se (L.); sterile st. with 6—19 furrows slightly
rough, branches rough with 3 or 4 simple angles, teeth of sheaths
long acute 1-ribbed at the tip, fertile st. simple with few lax
distant sheaths.—#. B. 2020. S. 1. H. F. 60. WN. 77.—
Sterile st. many, procumbent or ascending ; with many whorls
of roughish solid usually simple branches with deep furrows

1(N.) refers to Newman's British Ferns, ed. 2 (1844); (S.) to “Sowerby’s Ferns
and Fern allies; (H. F.) to Hooker's British Ferns. Moore’s Handbook of British
Ferns, ed. 3, may be consulted with much advantage. and Milde tn Nov. Act. Soc.
Nat. Cur. vol. xxxii.

516 99, EQUISETACE.

and 3—4-toothed sheaths, their lowest joint (including its
terminal sheaths) exceeding the st.-sheath; general outline
narrowed upwards, usually naked at the end. Fertile st.
short, with few (4—5) sheaths, appearing before the sterile
ones. Sterile and fertile st. distinct.—s. alpestre (Wahl.) ;
sterile st. short (2—3 in.) prostrate with ascending. terminal
point and secund. suberect branches.—Damp meadows
[cultivated land, &c.] 8. Mickle Fell, Teesdale. P.IV. E.S. 1.

2. H. praten'se (Khrh.); sterile st. with about 20 strize very
rough with prominent points particularly abovey branches
simple with 3 or 4 simple angles, teeth of sheaths 1-ribbed but
not to the tip, fertile st. simple with many crowded deeply
toothed sheaths.—H#. wmbrosum, H. F. 59. S. 2. NV. 68. £.
Drummondu E. B.S. 2777.—Sterile st. 1—1} ft. high, nearly
naked below ; with many whorls of slender solid branches in
the upper part, having 3- or 4-toothed sheaths, their lowest
joint and sheath falling short of the st.-sheath ; general out-
line remarkably blunt. Branched fertile st. with larger
sheaths and whorls of about 6 branches; simple fertile st.
short (4—6 in.), with many loose and still larger yellowish-
white sheaths with black prominent ribs upwards and 12—20
teeth.—Wet places, rare. P. IV. E.S, I.

3. EH. Telmateia (Ehrh.) ; sterile st. nearly smooth with about
30 striz and branches, branches rough doubly angular simple,
teeth of sheaths 2-ribbed, fertile st. simple with many crowded
large deeply-toothed sheaths.—H. /#. 58. 8. 3. N. 67. F.
Auviatile Sm. not Linn., #. B. 2022.—Sterile st. 3—6 ft. high ;
occasionally bearing a small terminal spike ; furnished from
top to bottom with whorls of slender solid branches with 4
longitudinally furrowed angles and 4-toothed sheaths, their
lowest joint and sheath exceeding the st.-sheath. Fertile st.
stout, 1 foot or more high, with many very long pale-brown
sheaths with 30—40 teeth; spike large. ([#. Brawnti (Milde), a
form with deeply furrowed sterile st, was collected in Forfar by Mr W. Gardiner. }

—Wet places. P. IV. ES. I.

+** Sterile and fertile st. subsimilar, contemporaneous, branched.

4. EB. sylvaticum (L.) ; sterile and fertile st. with about 12
furrows and many whorls of slender compound spreading or
defleced solid branches, sheath lax ending in 3 or 4 blunt lobes.
—E. B.1874. H. F.61. S. 4,...N..59.—St. 12—18 in. high.
Sheaths of the branches with 3 long acute teeth each 1-ribbed to
its tip. Fertile st. occasionally simple. Spike blunt. General
outline of sterile st. usually pyramidal, of fertile abrupt.—

EQUISETUM. 517

g. capillare (Milde); sterile st. with many long slender
branches of about equal length, branchlets very fine threadlike,
emerald green, 2—3 ft. high.— Wet shady places. P. . on :

*** Stems of one kind, with or without simple hollow whorled
branches.

5. BE. limdsum (Li. em., Koch); stem nearly smooth with
many slight furrows, teeth of sheaths short rigid acute,
branches simple whorled or none.—St. 2—4 ft. high. Sheaths
rather short. Spike blunt.—a. Z. limosum (L.); st. smooth,
barren st. narrowing gradually upwards, branches short rigid
slightly tapering upright and equalling st.-joints from green
sheaths often wanting. H. F. 62.—s. H. flwviatile (L. em.,
Wahl.) ; st. subglabrous, barren st. with a lax whiplike end,
branches long slender tapering lax exceeding st.-joints from
dark brown sheaths rarely wanting.—[Z. litorate (Kiihl.), with barren
and fertile st. similar, st. more deeply grooved and rougher, and with a smaller
central hollow than sp. 5, spores abortive, elaters 0, found at Bisley, Surrey, by
Mr W. H. Beeby, is usually considered a hybrid betw. sp.1 & 5. SeeJ. of B. xxv.
(1887), p. 65, t-273.|—In stagnant water. P. VI. VII. d es ae Be

6. E#. palus'tre (L.); st. with 4—8 deep furrows branched
throughout, sheaths loose pale with acute wedgeshaped teeth
tipped with brown and membranous at the edges, branches
simple.—Z#. 6. 2021. H. F.63.. S. 6. WN. 43, 47 & 49.—St.
slightly rough. Barren st. whipshaped at the end. Spike
blunt. Sheaths coloured like the st. or paler; teeth brown
with nearly transparent edges, ribs furrowed on the back.
Branches usually barren or (8. polystachium) each ending in a
spike, Aollow, with shallo: 7 furrows, lowest joint of branch (often
reduced to its sheath) falling short of the st.-sheath. Occasion-
ally (y. nudum DC.) the angles and teeth are fewer and the st.
nearly or quite simple and dwarf.—Spongy bogs. 7. Sandy
places. P. VI. VII. K, 8.1.

7. H. hyemdle (L.) ; st. simple very rough with 14—20 slender
furrows, sheaths close whitish but the top and bottom black, teeth
with slender black-brown very deciduous tips—E. B. 915.
H, F. 64. S. 8. WN. 17.—St. 1—2 ft. high, simple, biennial,
its central hollow equalling at least 3 of diameter. Spike api-
culate. Sheaths widest at their top, at first green with black
crenate rim after the teeth have fallen, then entirely black, and
ultimately pale in the middle and black above and below.—
B. EH. Moore: (Newm.) ; st. annual very rough with about 12
furrows, sheaths Joose white with the base black, teeth black-

518 100. FILICES.

based rather persistent. Phytol. v. 19 (1858). S. 12.. St.
1—2 ft. high, its central hollow equalling about 2 of diameter.
Sheaths loose, pearly white ; teeth long, usually light brown,
whitish above, more persistent and longer.—Damp banks and
woods. §. Wicklow. Wexford. P. VII. VIII. E. 8S. I.

8. EH. trachy'odon (A. Br.); st. simple or very ‘slightly
branched very rough with 8—12 furrows, sheaths close
ultimately wholly black, teeth slender persistent.—H. F. 65.
BL. Mackaw N. 24. S.9.—St. 1—3 feet high, simple or with
solitary distant branches, biennial, its central hollow equalling
+ of diameter. Spike apiculate. Sheaths quite cylindrical,
pale green with a black band beneath the teeth but ultimately
wholly black. Teeth much more persistent than in the
PrnbecHel es usually black.—N. and W. of Ireland. P. ade

9. EL. variegdtum (Schleich.) ; st. simple or slightly branched
very rough with 4—10 furrows, sheaths slightly enlarged
upwards green below black above, teeth blunt each tipped with a
deciduous bristle.—//. /’. 66. NV. 31.—St. about a foot high,
erect, usually simple except at the base or irregularly branched,
its central hollow equalling } of diameter. Lower half of the
sheaths green like the stem. upper part black ; teeth persistent
ovate, black in the centre, with a white membranous margin.
Spike apiculate.— 2. Wilsoni (Newm. 39. S. 10) is a large form
[ with smoother st. and less prominent angles to the ridges. }—. arenarvum ;
st. procumbent, usually more slender, teeth of the sheaths
wedgeshaped. 2. variegatum Sm., #. b. 1987. S. 11.—Wet
places, or in water. 8. Sandy places near the sea. P. VII.
VII. NSrs

“ 1
Order C. FILICES.

Leafy plants with a rhizome or trunk. L. or fronds usually
circinate when young (Tribe VII. excepted), simple or divided.
Fructification springing from the veins on the underside or at
the edge of the 1., of 1-celled capsules (theca) which are stalked
and have an elastic ring or sessile and without a ring.’

| Dr Boswell in E. B. ed. 3, vol. xii, described many varieties of ferns, and these
are enumerated in Lond. Cat. ed. 9. We have not, however, thought it desirable
to include most of them, as they were no doubt known to Prof. Babington, and
rejected by him as unimportant. The vegetative organs of ferns are so liable to
trivial variations that there is no limit to the number of forms which might be
described.—H. & J. G.

100. FILICES. 519

* Capsules with an elastic marginal ring.
Suborder I. POLYPODIACE/#,

Capsules in dorsal or marginal clusters, opening transversely
or irregularly. Young fronds circinate.

+ Clusters dorsal. Ring vertical, usually incomplete. Caps.
opening transversely.

Tribe I. POLYPODIE 2. Clusters nearly circular, without
an indusium, seated upon the back of the lateral veins.

1. CrypToGrRaMMA. Clusters circular, at length confluent,
concealed by the reflexed margin of the frond.—Barren
and fertile fronds dissimilar.

2. Potypopium. Clusters circular, naked; edge of the
frond flat, not reflexed.

3. Woopsra. Clusters circular, with an inferior involucre
divided at the edges into many capillary segments.

Tr. Il. ASPIDIE_A#. Clusters nearly circular, covered by an
indusium, seated upon the back of the lateral veins.

4. Lasrrea. Indusium reniform, attached by the notch.
Veins distinct after leaving the midrib, not uniting with
those of the adjoining lobe.

5. Potysticnum. Indusium circular, attached by the
centre. Veins distinct after leaving the midrib.

6. CystoprEris. Indusium attached by its broad hooded
case under the clusters, with a long fringed free extremity
at first covering the capsules.

Tr. Ill. ASPLENIE A. Clusters oblong or linear, usually
covered by an indusium opening longitudinally on one
side, placed on the side of the lateral veins.

7. ArHyriuM. Clusters oblong-reniform. Indusium open-
ing towards the central vein or midrib, margin fringed.

8. AsPLENIUM. Clusters long, straight. Indusium opening
towards the central vein or midrib, nearly flat.

9. ScoLoPENDRIUM. Clusters long, straight, 2 together.
Indusia of each pair opening towards each other.

520 100. FILICEs.

‘10. CetgracH, Lateral veins anastomosing; clusters
attached to their middle on the side next the midrib,
except in the lowest. Indusium (2) a narrow nearly erect
membrane on the back of the vein. Whole back of the
frond covered with chaffy scales.

[11. GymnocramMa. Clusters oblong or linear on both
branches of the forked vein, becoming confluent and cover-
ing the back of the frond. Indusium wanting.]

Tr. [V. ADIANTE4. Capsules covered by a marginal or
submarginal elongated part of the frond, or by a separated
portion of the cuticle resembling an indusium.

i2. BrecHnum. Capsules in:a continuous line parallel to
the midrib upon a longitudinal anastomosing part of the
transverse veins, covered by a continuous scarious indu-
sium.—Barren and fertile fronds dissimilar in our plant.

13. Preris. Capsules in a continuous marginal line covered
by a continuous indusium formed of the reflexed margin.

14, ApiantumM. Capsules marginal, oblong or roundish,
covered by distinct reflexed portions of the margin of the
frond.

tt Capsule opening irregularly, seated on_a receptacle which
ends a vein at the edge of the frond. Ring oblique, trans-
verse, complete. ;

Tr. V. HY MENOPHYLLEZ.

15. TRIcHoMANES. Capsules on a long filiform receptacle
within a cupshaped involucre of the same texture with
the frond.

16. HyMENoPHYLLUM. Capsules on a narrow subclavate
receptacle within a two-valved inyolucre of the same
texture with the frond.

** Capsules without an elastic ring.

Suborder Il. OSMUNDACEE.

Young frond cireinate. Rachis woody. Capsules regularly
2-valved, stalked, in clusters at the extremity of the frond.

CRYPTOGRAMME,—POLYPODIUM. 521

Tr. VI. OSMUNDE.

17. OsmunDA. Capsules clustered, arranged in a branched
spike terminating the frond.

Suborder III. OPHIOGLOSSACE.

Young fronds straight. Rachis succulent. Capsules
regularly 2-valved, sessile, in clusters on a separate branch
of the frond.

Tr. VII. OPHIOGLOSSE 2.

18. Borrycutum. Capsules distinct, disposed in a com-
pound spike attached to a pinnate or bipinnate frond.

19. OpHiocLossum. Capsule connate, disposed in a simple
distichous spike attached to an undivided frond.

Suborder I. Polypodiacee. Tribe I. Polypodiee.
‘1. Cryprocram™Ma R. Br. Rock-brake.

1. C. cris'pa (R. Br. ex Hook.) ; barren fronds 2—3-pinnate,
leaflets wedgeshaped or linear-oblong often bifid at the end,
leaflets of the fertile fronds cblong.—AH. F. 39. Allosorus
Bernh., V. 103. #. 8. 1160.—Fertile frond nearly triangular.
Veins alternate, often forked and each branch ending in a
cluster having no indusium but concealed by the reflexed
edge of the Jeaflet. Height 6—12 in. St. slender, very
brittle——Amongstloosestones onmountains. P.VII. Parsley

‘ern. ES.
2. Potypo’Dium Linn. em. Roth. Polypody.

* Clusters at the end of a veinlet, other veinlets knobbed at the
end and not reaching the edge. Rhizome without fronds
at its end. Stipes jounted to rhizome.

1. P. vulgare (L.); frond deeply pinnatifid, lobes linear-
oblong somewhat serrate all parallel upper ones gradually
smaller.—#. 6. 1149. H. F. ¥. WN. 111.—Rhizome brown,
densely scaiy creeping. Fronds strapshaped. Clusters large,
on the upper part of the frond. Lateral veins of the pinne
with 4 branches. Pinnz occasionally bifid at the end, some-
times deeply serrate or even (P. cambricum L.) doubly
pinnatifid—Shady banks, walls and old trees, P. VIII.—X.
Common Polypody. E. 8S. I.

522 100. FILICES.

* Wetnteis not knobbed but reaching the edge, all usually
Fertile, clusters near the end of each. Rhizome with fronds
at its end. Stipes not jointed to rhizome—PHEGOPTERIS

ée.

2. P. Phegop'teris (L.); fronds pinnate, pinne linear-
lanceolate united at the base pinnatifid with linear-oblong
blunt lobes, lowest pair of pinne turned downwards and for-
wards the rest upwards, clusters marginal.—H#, B, 2224.
H. F.3. N.115. Pheg. polypodiordes (Fée) .—Rhizome nearly
black, wiry, slightly scaly, creeping extensively. Fronds
triangular. Pinnz very acute, pointing upwards, rather hairy,
connected by their whole width with the rachis ; lowest pair
quite distinct, with a minute stalk, standing forwards and
pointing from the others.— Damp places, loving the spray
of waterfalls. P. VIT.—IX. K. 8.1

3. P. Dryop'teris (L. em. Sin.); fronds ternate glabrous,
divisions pinnate, pinne pinnatifid blunt ee nearly entire,
clusters marginal. —fH. B. 616. HH. Lf. NV. 123.—Rhizome
black, wiry, creeping, slightly scaly. Stipe slender, brittle.
The three divisions of the frond loosely spreading, the middle
one rather the largest. Very young fronds resemble 3 little
balls on wires. Not glandular.—Shady mountainous places.
PsvDOViR KE. S21

4. P. Robertiinum (Hotim.); fronds triangular subternate
glandular-mealy, lower branches pinnate, pinne pinnatifid
blunt, uppermost nearly entire, clusters marginal, ral cil Bs
P. calcareum Sm., #. £. 1525. NW. 131.—More erect and rigid
than the preceding, always covered with very minute stalked
glands giving a mealy character to the surface. Frond scarcely
3-fid, the lower branches beitig much smaller in proportion to
the middle one; all the 3 erect, rigid.—On broken limestone
ground. P. V.—VIII.

*** Veinlets not knobbed, scarcely reaching the edge, simple or
branched, each bearing a cluster below its end or that of its
anterior branch. Rarely there is an oblique curved false
indusium. Stipes not jovnted to rootstock.

5. P. alpes'tre (Hoppe) ; fronds lanceolate bipinnate, penne
narrow-lanceolate with a broad base contiguous, pinnules widest
at their base acute pinnatifid with serrate lobes and branched
veinlets, clusters on upper half.—H. /’. 6. SS. 49. Athyrvwm
(Milde).—Fronds suberect, 1—3 ft. high. Much like Athyr.
Pilia-foeemina.— High mountain-valleys. P. VII. VIII. S.

—

WOODSIA.—LASTREA. 523

6. ? P. flex'ile (Moore) ; fronds linear-lanceolate, bipinnate,
pinne ovate-lanceolate distant, pinnules narrow at their base
obovate bluntish serrate and with unbranched veinlets,:clusters
chiefly on lower half.— WV. ed. 3. 203.—P. rheticum FI. Dan.
26072 Athyrium (Sy.).—Stipe short. Fronds much less
divided, narrow, elbowed, spreading horizontally.—Abundant
in Glen Prosen, Forfarshire. Glen Lyon, Ben Aulder. P.
VII. VITI. S.

3. Woopsia R. Br.

1. W. zlven'ses (R. Br.) ; frond lanceolate hairy and chaffy
beneath pilose above, pinne oblong or ovate pinnatifid, lobes
very blunt nearly entire.— £. B. S.2616. H.#.8. N.137.—
Rhizome tufted. Stipe jointed. Frond 1—5 inches long ;
pinne 4—6 lines long, mostly opposite.—Exposed alpine rocks.
Glyder Fawr, N. Wales. Falcon Clints, Durham. White
Coombe, Dumfries. P. VII. E.S.

2. W. alpina (Newm.); frond linear-lanceolate or oblong
pinnate glabrous or slightly hairy only beneath, pinne triangu-
Jay pinnatifid or lobed, lobes 3—7 very blunt nearly entire.—
EB. B. 2023.. H. F. 7. N. 143.—W. hyperborea (R. Br.).
Acrostichum alpinum Bolt. t. 42.—Rhizome tufted. Stipe
jointed, Frond 1—3 inches long; pinne mostly alternate, a
little longer than broad ; pinnules 2—3 lines long.—Exposed
alpme rocks. Breadalbane Mts., Perthshire. Clogwyn y
Garnedd, Snowdon. P. VII. EK. S.

Tribe II. Aspidice.

4. Las’rrEA Bory em. Presl.

* Lateral veins sinuple or forked. Clusters on the simple veins
or etther or both branches.

1. L. Thelyp'teris (Bory); rhizome slender far-creeping,
fronds pinnate, pinne linear-lanceolate pinnatifid slightly
downy but without glands, lobes oblong, clusters submarginal.
—H. F.13. N.183.—Fronds lanceolate ; earlier barren with
flat lobes; later fertile with revolute-edged lobes; 2 or 3
lowest pairs of pinne decreasing in size. Lateral veins alter-

524 100. FILICES.

nate, forked, extending to the edge. Clusters at length con-
fluent, midway between the midrib and edge. Height 6—8
An = peer and boggy places. P. VII. VIII. =

ern. . 8.1.

2. L. Oreop'teris (Bory); rhizome thick short, fronds
pinnate, pinne linear-lanceolate pinnatifid glandwlar beneath
gradually decreasing from about the middle of the frond to
near the root, lobes oblong fiat, clusters marginal.—H. F. 14.
£.B.1019. WV. 187.—Fronds remarkably narrowed downwards,
rising in a circle from a tufted rhizome, fragrant when bruised.
Lobes blunt, entire ; lateral veins simple or forked. Height
2—3feet. Indusiumoften scarcely distinguishable.— Mountain
heaths. P. VII. Sweet Mountain-Fern. E.S.L

** Lateral veins branched or forked. Cluster upon the first
upper lateral veinlet.

3. L. Filiz-mas(Presl); fronds lanceolate subbipinnate, pinnz
linear-lanceolate lowermost pair rather smaller than the second,

innules oblong blunt oracutish serrate (not spinulose) attached
eS their whole width or often connected below, clusters near
the midvein.—E. B. 1458. N. 198.—Fronds only slightly
narrowed downwards and the lowest pinna of considerable
size, rising in a circle from a tufted rhizome. Stipe and rachis
nearly glabrous, yellow, or densely clothed with purple scales.
Indusium very persistent, convex, with no marginal glands.
Height 2—4 ft.—a.; pinnules crowded linear-oblong blunt
slightly confluent broad-based adpressed-serrate.—s. (Dryopt.
Borreri Newm.) ; stipe and rachis very scaly, pinnules truncate
subentire at the sides. —y. afinis (Aspidium affine, Fisch.) :
pinnules less crowded longer acutish narrow and often slightly
auricled at their base, teeth patent lower ones notched. Var.
incisa Moore.—é. abbreviata (Polyst. abbreviatum, DC.)
clusters near the base of the confluent crowded very blnge
pinnules, about 1 ft. high. Not abbreviata, Newm.— Woods
and banks. 6. Cumberland. Yorkshire. Wyck,Glouc. Glen
Isia, Forfar. P. VI. VII. Male Fern. ELS. I.

4. L. remo'ta (Moore); fronds narrowly lanceolate, pinnz
triangular-lanceolate lowermost pair slightly smaller, pinnules
acuve with a narrow attachment deeply cut, clusters near the
midvein.—H. F'. 22.—Rhizome tufted. Scales ovate-acumi-
nate and subulate. Much resembles L. spinulosa, (Perhaps a
hybrid betw. sp. 2 and 7 or s.|—Marshy places. Windermere. P.
VIII. IX.

LASTREA. 525

5. L. rigida (Presl) ; frends triangular-lanceolate bipinnate
glandular, pinne triangular-lanceolate lowermost pair not
smaller than the second, pinnules oblong blunt lobed and
serrate with a narrow attachment, segments 2—5-toothed not
spinulose, indusium persistent fringed with stalked glands,
stipe clothed with long-pointed 1-colouwred scales.—H. F. 16.
BE. B.S. 2724. WN. 191.—Fronds erect, lanceolate with the
lower pinnz rather short and triangular, or triangular with
the lower pinne long; upper pinne narrow; all pinnate.
Pinnules truncate below. Covered with minute stalked
glands. Height 1—2 feet.—Ingleborough, Arnside Knot, and
near Settle. P. VII. VIII. E.

6. ZL. cristata (Presl) ; fronds linear-lanceolate or narrower
subbipinnate glabrous, pinne short triangular-oblong pinnatifid
or pinnate lowermost pair not smaller than the second, pinniles
oblong blunt or rarely acute serfate attached by their whole
width and connected below lowermost lobed and subtripinnatifid
and superior and inferior nearly equal, stipe with broad ovate
acute 1-coloured (pale) scales.—Fronds erect, 2 ft. high.
Indusium-without marginal glands.—a; fronds nearly linear,
pinne pinnatifid, pinnules blunt; barren fronds broader.
H. F.17. §.10. WN. 203.—s: L. uliginosa (Newm.); fronds
linear-lanceolate, pinne pinnate, pinnules acute, barren and
late fertile fronds lanceolate, pinne subpinnate, pinnules
blunt.—Bogs and boggy heaths, rare. P. VIII.

7. L. spinuldsa (Presl) ; fronds oblong-lanceolate bipinnate
glabrous, pinne triangular-oblong or -lanceolate lowermost
pair scarcely smaller than the second, pinnules ovate-oblong
acute incise-serrate with a narrow attachment imferior lower-
most often largest, stipe with ovate acute 1-coloured (pale)
scales, rhizome stout creeping.—S. 12. WV. 203. H. F. 18.—
Height 3—4 ft.; fronds nearly erect: Upper pinnules
narrowed and decurrent below. Indusium without marginal
glands.—{ Var. decipiens (Sy.) has minute glands on the rachis and underside

of the pinne and the indusium dentate. |—Marshy places and wet woods.
Veh h )S E.S. 1.

8. L. dilatdéta (Presl) ; frond triangular-lanceolate or -ovate
bipinnate, lower pinne unequally triangular lowest pair not
shorter than the second, pinnules oblong with a narrow attach-
ment pinnatifid or pinnate inferior ones largest, segments
splnous-serrate, stipe clothed with long pointed scales with a
dark centre and diaphanous margin, rhizome tufted.—H. F. 19.
L. multiflora, N. 215.—Caudex usually erect. Fronds 2—4 ft.
high, arched, often drooping, convex, more or less clothed with

526 100. FILICEs.

stalked glands when young; on young or starved plants often
triangular, never so on older and perfect ones. Indusium
with marginal glands. The largest scales of the full-grown
aay should be examined. “Spores winged and crested.”—
Var. leptdota (Moore), having the rachis and its br. with numerous ‘broad
cuspidate and narrow piliferous scales,” is said to have been found in Yorks. }
—TL. collina (Newm.) has a triangular-ovate-prolonged frond
and ovate blunt bluntly mucronate-serrate pinnules. JV. 223.
—L,. glandulosa (Newm.) has a broad lanceolate frond covered
with stalked glands beneath and the scales on the Stipe often
nearly without the dark centre. Deak. Fl. Brit. f. 1612.
[Perhaps a hybrid betw. sp. 7 & 8.|—Woods, banks, &c. P. VIII.

ai.

9. L. e& mula (Brack.); frond triangular or triangular-ovate
bipinnate, lower pinnz unequally triangular lowest pair
longest, pinnules prolonged-triangular with a narrow attach-
ment pinnatifid or pinnate inferior lower .ones largest, seg-
ments spinous-serrate, stepe clothed with long narrow laciniate
1-coloured scales—H. F. 20. Nephrodium foenisecti Lowe !
L. recurva N. 225.—Frond 1—2 feet long; the lower pinne
much the largest.—Pinnules and segments concave above.
Stipes, rachis, and fronds with many globose sessile glands.
Sweet-scented.—Rocky shady places. P. VIII.IX. E.S. I.

5. Potys'TicHuM Roth em., Schott.

1. P. Lonchites (Roth); fronds rigid linear pinnate, pinne
not lobed serrate spinous their base auricled above oblique
below.—NV. 163. H. I. 9. #. B. 797,—Stipe very short.
Fronds narrow, very rigid and leathery. Pinne overlapping
and twisted (most in the Irish, much less so in the Welsh
plant), lower ones usually auricled both above and below.—
Young simply pinnate fronds of the next species are often
much like this plant.—Alpine rocks. P. VII. ret le Lip:

8.

2. P. aculedtum (Roth); fronds rigid linear or lanceolate
bipinnate, pinnules obliquely decurrent.—N. 169. H. F. 11.
Aspidum lobatum Kunze A. aculeatum and A. lobatum Sm.—
Stipe usually short. Frond 1—2 feet high. First upper
pinnule of each pinna longer than the others, its lower side
(next the main rachis) usually nearly straight, its upper acutely
auricled and forming an acute angle with the lower and with
the partial rachis at the point of attachment. In young plants
the pinne are serrate or pinnatifid or with one or more pin-
nules distinct. A few of the lowest pinoules are often slightly

POLYSTICHUM.—CYSTOPTERIS. 527

stalked, but very differently from those of P. angulare.—A.
lobatum (Sw.) has the pinnz less divided than in the type of
the species and the fronds linear-lanceolate and more rigid.
H. F’.10.—Hedge-banks. P. VII. VIII. B.S. T:

3. P. anguldre (Presl) ; fronds lax drooping lanceolate bi-
pinnate, pinnules truncate or obtuse-angled below distinctly
stalked. N.173. H. F. 12.—Stipe usually long. First upper
pinnule scarcely longer than the others, its lower side rounded
_ below, its upper with a large bluntish auricle and forming an
obtuse angle with the lower, at the top of the short stalk
| which is nearly at right angles with the partial rachis; all
_ short, broad and bluntish ; or first upper pinnule longer and
deeply pinnatifid, all more acute; or pinnules all narrower
_ and acute.—Sheltered woods and hedge-banks, chiefly in the

West. P. VIL. VIII. Be Sil:

6. Cystopr’TerIs Lernh. Bladder-Fern.

1. C. fragilis (Bernh.); frond lanceolate bipinnate, pinnz
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pinnules oblong-ovate or cordate-
» ovate pinnatifid or cut.—a. vera ; usually bipinnate, pinnules
rather narrowed below, veins ending at tip of term. teeth or if
_ pinnule emarginate in the 2 teeth not in the notch. Sporules
prickly.—a. C'. anthriserfolia (Roth); pinnules ovate acute
» cut, segments oblong toothed. C'ystea fragilis Sm., V. 155.—
b. C. cynapifolia (Roth); pinnules obovate cut, segments
| obovate toothed or retuse atthe end. C. fragilis E. B. 1587.—
| ce. C. angustata (Sm.); pinnules lanceolate acute cut, segments
lanceolate-oblong cut, teeth acute. WV. 156.—s. Cyathea
dentata (Sm.); frond often only subbipinnate, pinnules
_ broadest below blunt bluntly toothed, veins as in a. iy
» 23. WN. 154. C. fragilis Roth. Clusters more marginal,
_ often ultimately confluent. In well-grown plants the pinnules
_ are suddenly widened to their full extent just above their
_ narrow stalklike base. Spores warted.—y. C. Dickieana
_ (Sim), pinne usually overlapping, pinnules broad blunt, veins
| reaching the emarginate end, clusters scattered, spores verru-
cose.—é. (C. alpina (Desv.); frond bipinnate, pinnz ovate,
_ pinnules ovate deeply pinnatifid with broadly and shortly
linear segments partly cloven, verns reaching the blunt end.
££. B.168. H. F. 24, Fronds much divided but compact and
_ close.—I have placed these plants under one species with
_ much doubt.—Rocks and walls. y. In a damp cave by the
' sea near Aberdeen. 6. Teesdale. Mr ./. Backhouse! P. VII.
} VIII. K.S. I.

528 100. FILICES.

2. C. mentdéna (Link); fronds triangular tripinnate, pinne
and pinnules spreading, lobes pinnatifid with linear notched
segments.—/7. /’. 25. S. 24.—Fronds in shape like those of
Polypodium Robertianum, small, short, very finely divided.
Lower pair of pinne muck the largest; their lower larger
than their upper pinnules. Stipe long, slender. Rhizome
creeping extensively, black.—Breadalbane and Grampian
Mountains. P. VII. VIII.? S.

Tribe III. Aspleniee. ‘

7. Atayr'tum Roth. Lady Fern.

1, A. Lilix-feem’ima (Roth emend.) ; frond lanceolate pinnate
or pinnatifid, pinne linear, pinnules linear-oblong deeply
serrate or pinnatifid—H. F. 35.—a. A. rheticum (Roth) ;
frond bipinnate, pinnules toothed narrowly triangular-
lanceolate convex remote not connected toothed, upper ones
minute confluent, clusters ultimately confluent. V.245. A.
converum Newm. Pinnules long, narrow, with deflexed edges,
enclosing the clusters; their attachment broad; segments
gradually decreasing from the base of pinnule.—g. A. /ilizx-
temina (Roth); frond bipinnate, pmnules pinnatifid oblong-
lanceolate bluntish flat remote not connected, segments oblong
patent with laterai and terminal sharp teeth. 1.237. Frond
much divided dark green. Pinnules much narrowed at their
base. Clusters distinct. A. latifoliwm (Bab.) is apparently
only an extreme state of. this.—y. A. molle (Roth); frond
pinnate, pinnules toothed oblong blunt or slightly pointed
flat remote all connected by wing of midrib or lower ones
distinct, segments ovate bidentate lowest with 3 teeth upper-
most with 1 tooth. WV. 245. Frond scarcely more than
pinnate, bright green. Pinnules attached by a broad decurrent
base. Clusters distinct,in 2 rows. Sometimes (A. trifidum
Roth 7) the pinnules are much less connected, moderately cut,
have a narrow attachment, and lobes with more but connivent
teeth.—There are innumerable subvarieties—Wet shady
places. P. VI. VII. E. 8. I.

8. AspLE’NIUM Linn. em., Sw. Spleenwort.
* Ultimate subdivisions with a distinct midvein.
ASpLENIUM L. em. Newm.

[1. A. fonténum (Bernh.) ; frond linear-lanceolate bipinnate,
pinne oblong-ovate, pinnules obovate-cuneate with few spinous-
mucronate teeth. #. B. 2024. H. #. 34.—Fronds about 4 in.

ASPLENIUM. 529

long.—A very doubtful native, Stations want confirmation, to
see if it was planted. Formerly on Amersham Church, Bucks !
Wybourn, Westm. Hudson. Northumberland. J. Backhouse.
Tany Bwlch and Tremadoc, Merionethshire. Ashford, Hants !
P. VI.—IX.] E.

2. A.lanceoldtum (Huds.) ; fronds lanceolate bipinnate, pin-
nules obovate deeply and sharply toothed or lobed, clusters short
nearly marginal.—Z#. &. 240. H. F. 32. N. 249.—Fronds
sometimes nearly linear and simply pinnate, always narrowed
at the base. Clusters oblong, ultimately rather confluent inte
roundish masses.—Rocks and walls, rather rare. P. vis

3. A. Adiantum-nigrum (L. em. Huds.); fronds ovate tre-
angular or triangular-prolonged twice or thrice pinnate, pinnz
and pinnules triangular sharply toothed, c/wsters long central.
—E. 8.1950. NV. 225.—Clusters 2 or 3 times as long as in the
preceding, placed near the midrib and ultimately confluent in
oblong masses often covering the whole under surface of the
pinnule.—e. ; fronds about as long as the stipe ovate-triangular,
pinne and pinnules triangular-prolonged, ultimate subdivisions
blunt.—s. A. Serpentina (Tausch); pinnules triangular very
broad, lobes ovate blunt.—y. A. acutwm (Bory) ; fronds much
shorter than the stipe triangular-prolonged, pinne and pinnules
lanceolate-attenuate, ultimate subdivisions very acute. J.
231.—Rocks and walls. s. ‘Serpentine rocks of Cabrach,
Aberdeenshire.” 7. Moore. \. South-west of Ireland. P.
VI.—IX. Black Spleenwort. B.S...

4. A. Trichom'anes (L. em. Huds.); frond linear pinnate,
pinne roundish-ovate crenate, veins forked below the clusters.—
E. B.576. H. F.29. N. 285.—Rachis black, keeled beneath.
Pinne scarcely oblique ; both edges rounded and crenate except
at the base, upper often bluntly auricled beiow.—s. A. anceps
(Sol. ?); pinne oblong blunt wedgeshaped below upper edge
and end crenate-dentate lower entire. Pinnez oblique, lower
edge nearly straight ; lower pinna much the smaller.—A curious
variety is occasionally found with its pinne deeply but irregu-
larly pinnatifid with linear notched segments. [4. Clermonte
(Sy.) is apparently a hybrid between this and Sp. 7.,}—Rocks and walls.
gs. Killarney. P. V.—X. Common Spleenwort. al

5. A. viride (Huds.) ; fronds linear pinnate, pinnz roundish-
ovate or rhomboidal crenate, veins simple or forked beyond the
sort.—E. B. 2257. H. F. 30.—Rachis green, not keeled. Sori
at length confluent.—Rocks and mountains. P. Nees yee

PINE

530 100. FILICES.

6. A. marinum (L.); fronds linear simply pinnate, pinne
stalked ovate or oblong serrate unequal and wedgeshaped at
the base.—#. B. 392. H. #.31. N.275.—Varying greatly in
size. Sori not confluent.—Maritime rocks. P. VI.—X.

KE. S. I.

** Ultimate subdivisions without a distinct madvein.
AmeEsium Newm.

4,

7. A. Ruta-murdria (L.); fronds bipimnate pinnules rhom-
boid-wedgeshaped notched oe eo at the end, indusiwm
jagged.—E. B. 150. H. F-. N. 261.—Fronds 3—4 in.
lone. [p. pseudo-germanicum dies fidnd’s usually little more than pinnate,
pinne longer narrowly wedgeshaped. |} Rocks and ‘old walls. P.
V.—IX. Wall-Rue. HAS

8. A. german'icum (Weiss) ; fronds simply and alternately
pinnate, pinne narrow wedgeshaped, blunt the lowermost
ternate, endusiwm entire at the edge—H. F. 27. N. 265.
A. alternifoliwm Sm., #. B. 2258.—Fronds 3—4 in. long.—
Rocks, very rare. P. VI.—IX. E. 8S.

9. A. septentriondle (Hull) ; fronds 2- or 3- cleft, pinnze very
long-lanceolate bifid, indusium entire.—Z. B. 1017. Hf. F. 26.
NV. 269.—Pinne& very narrow, narrowing gradually downwards,
with 1 or 2 short bifid lateral eae and bifid at the end. we
clefts of rocks, rare. P. VI.— E.S.

9. SCOLOPEN’DRIUM Sm. Hart’s-tongue.

1. S. vulgare (Symons) ; frond oblong strapshaped smooth
simple with a cordate’ base, stipe shaggy.—#. B. 1150.
H. F. 37. N. 289. Fronds 1—2 feet long, acute, often
crisped and multifid.—Damp shady places. P. VII. “i :

10. Cerr’racH DC, em. Willd. Rustyback.

. C. oficinarum (DC.) ; fronds pinnatifid covered beneath
slats dense scales, pinn alternate or opposite blunt [more or
less crenate] sessile.-—Notolepum N. 293. Asplenium L., H. F.
36, #. &, 1244.—Fronds 3—6 in. long, green and ‘smooth
above, wholly covered by very many scales beneath, amongst

GYMNOGRAMMA.—ADIANTUM, 531

which the capsules are almost hidden.—Old walls and _rocks.
P. IV.—X. E.S. L.

11. Gymyocram'MA Desv.

[G. leptophylla (Desy.); fronds pinnate or bipinnate
glabrous, pinnules wedgeshaped deeply lobed.—H. F. 1.
N. ed. 3. 11. S. 48,—Fronds 1—4 in. high. Stipe purple.
Pinnze and pinnules alternate-—Banks. Jersey. ae

Tribe IV. Adiantee.

12. BLecH’NuM Linn. Hard Fern.

1. B. Spicant (With.) ; barren fronds pinnatifid with broadly-
linear rather blunt pinnae, fertile frond pinnate with linear
acute pinne.—Z. &. 1159. H. F. 40. B. boreale (Sw.)
Lomaria Spizant (Desv.). NV. 89.—Each lateral vein of the
fertile pinnz extends halfway to the edge, then turns at right
angles and proceeds up the pinna until it reaches the next
vein. Capsules attached in a continuous row to the longi-
tudinal portions of the combined lateral veins.—Stony and
heathy places. P. VII. E.8. 1.

13. Pre’rkis Linn. Brakes or Bracken.

1. P. aquilina (L.); fronds tripartite, branches bipinnate,
pinnules linear-lanceolate the lower ones usually pinnatifid,
segments oblong blunt.—#. &. 1679. HA. F. 38. N. 93.—
Fronds annual, 1—5 feet high, very much divided, with
spreading branches. Capsules attached to the marginal vein,
lying upon a fine membrane and covered by the membranous
continuation of the epidermis. Inferior pinnules pinnatifid
or sinuate or entire.—Woods and heaths. P. VII. E. §. I.

14. Apran’tum Linn. Maiden-hair.

1. A. Capillus-Ven'eris (L.) ; frond irregular, branches and
roundish-wedgeshaped lobed thin pinnules alternate, lobes of
the fertile pinnules terminated by a transversely linear-oblong
reflexed lobe covering several roundish clusters, sterile lobes
serrate.—H. B. 1564. H. F. 41, N.83.—Rhizame blackish,
shaggy. Fronds 6—12 in. high. Stipe and rachis slender,
nearly black. Pinnules not jointed to the partial stalks.—
Damp rocks near the sea in the south and west. P. V.—IX.

E.T.

532 100. FILICES.

Tribe V. Hymenophyllee.

15. TrIcHoM ANES Linn. em. Sm.

1. 7’. radicans (Sw.); fronds 3 or 4 times pinnatifid glabrous,
segments uniform linear, involucres solitary in the axils of the
upper segments, receptacle at first included ultimately very
prominent.—Z. B.1417. 7’. speciosum Willd., NV. 305.—Fronds
rather triangular, very much divided, 4—8 in. long, formed of
hard wiry branched ribs each witha rather membrasious wing.
Rhizome black, downy, very long. Involucres scarcely winged.
—The form called Andrewszi has lanceolate fronds and winged
involucres. iV,315.—Very damp shady places,rare. Formerly
at Bellbank, Yorkshire! (exactly Bolton’s t. 30). N. Wales!
Arran ! (8.). Killarney ! [ana other parts of Ireland], 172.3 aD.

E. 8. 1

16. HymenopHyt'Lum Sm. Filmy-Fern.

1. H. tunbridgen’se (Sm.) ; fronds pinnate, pinne distichous,
segments linear undivided or bifid spinously-serrate, znvolucre
compressed spinously-serrate, rachis broadly winged.—Z. B. 162
H, £43. N.321.—Slender, delicate and small. Rhizome very
long, threadshaped. Pinne, rachis, and involucres in the same
plane. Iny.-valves adpressed throughout the greater part of
their length, slightly gibbous at the base.—Amongst moss in
damp and shady places. P. VII. K. S. I.

2. H. Wilsoni (Hook.); fronds pinnate, pinne recurved, seg-
ments linear undivided or bifid spinously-serrate, znvolucre in-
jlated entire, rachis slightly bordered.—#. B. S. 2686. HH. 1.
44, H. vnilaterale Bory 1—RKesembling the preceding, but the
pinne curve backwards and the involucres forwards. Inv.-
valves convex or gibbous throughout, touching only by their
edges which are quite entive-—Amongst moss in damp and
shady places. P. VII. E.S

Suborder II. Osmundacee. Tr. VI. Osmundee.

17. Osmun’DA Linn. em. Sw. Flowerimg-Fern.

1. O. regdlis (L.); fronds bipinnate, pinnules oblong nearly
entire, dilated and slightly auricled at the base, clusters panicled
terminal.—Z. B. 209. H. F. 45. NN. 331.—Fronds_ erect, or
drooping, 1—8 feet high.— Boggy places. P. VII.—IX. E.S8. 1.

BOTRYCHIUM.—OPHIOGLOSSUM. 533

Subord. III. Ophioglossaceew. Tr. VII. Ophioglossee.

18. Borrycu’1um Sw. Moon-wort.

1. 2. Lundria (Sw.)!; frond pinnate solitary, pinnze lunate
or fanshaped notched or crenate.—Z#. &. 318. H. I’. 48. NV.
137.—Height 3—6 in. Pinnz with veins radiating from the
petiole, sometimes deeply notched. Fronds usually solitary,
but sometimes two on the same stalk.—s. B. rutaceum (Sw.) ;
frond triangular-rhomboidal pinnatifid, pinne 7—9 linear
incise-serrate decreasing upwards. WV. ed. 3. 332. See Mz/de
Ful. Europ. 195.—Pastures. g8. Sands of Barry, Forfar. P.
V.—VILI. B.S.

19. OpHtoctos'sum Linn. Adder’s-tongue.

1. O. vidgdtum (L.); frond ovate blunt, epidermal cells
flexuose, spores tubercled.—#. B. 108. H. F. 46. WN. 349.
—Height 4—12 in., erect. Spike clubshaped, usually rather
longer than the frond, sometimes very long.—. polyphyllum
(Braun) ; rhizome often producing two fronds from the same
joining, frond oblong-lanceolate narrowed below 2—4 in. high,
var. ambiguum (Coss. & (Germ.).—Pastures. 8. [Merioneth.
Shetland. St Kilda.] Orkney. Scilly. P. V. VI. j pfeil

2. O. lusitan'icum (L.); frond linear-lanceolate, epidermal
cells straight, spores smooth.—H. F. 47. WV. ed. 3. 331. S.
47.—Height 1—2 inches, erect—Horn Head, Co. Donegal.
Petit Bo Bay, Guernsey. P. I.

T B. matricefolium (Braun) with ovate bipinnatifid sterile fronds having distinct
primary veins to the segments, and broadly spreading fertile fronds, is recorded
from Stevenston, Ayrsh. (Dr O. St. Brody), by Mr Whitwell in J. af B. xxxvi.
(1898) p. 291, t. 388 B, but some uncertainty attaching to the specimen, the record
needs confirmation. Mr Whitwell follows Moore and Boswell in referring the
Sands of Barry plant to B. lanceolatwm (Angst.).—H. & J. G.

534 101, MARSILEACE®.—102. LYCOPODIACE2.

Order CI. MARSILEACE#.

Creeping plants with alternate erect leaves, circinate in bud.
Fructification consisting of globular coriaceous axillary bodies
with 3 or 4 cells and containing sacs including either other
bodies that germinate or loose granules.

1. Pmuiaria. Capsules solitary, nearly sessile. globose,
coriaceous, 2—4-celled. Cells containing bodies of two
kinds—granules, and membranes containing minute grains.

1. Prnuua’rRiA Linn. Pillwort.

1. P. globulif'era (L.) ; ped. erect, caps. 4-celled.—Z. B. 521.
H. F. 57. N. 393.—Rhizome slender, creeping, producing
leaves and roots at regular intervals. L. very slender, erect.
Caps. pubescent, slightly stalked, axiliary, nearly spherical,
hairy.—Margins of ponds and lakes. P, VI. VI. K. 8. I.

Order CII. LYCOPODIACE#.

Leafy plants with simple imbricate leaves, or stemless with
erect subulate leaves. Fructification of axillary sessile
capsules with 2 or 3 valves and no ring, including minute
powdery matter or spores.

* Capsules not opening.—Leaves radical.

1. Isozrrrs. Caps. in pouches formed of the swollen bases
of the leaves. Spores of two kinds attached to filiform
receptacles ; those of the outer leaves large, of the inner
very small.

** Capsules bursting.— With leafy stems.

2. Lycorpopium. Caps. of one kind, 1-celled, containing
many minute spores.

3. SELAGINELLA. Caps. of two kinds, small containing many
minute spores, or larger and containing about 4 large spores.

ISOETES.—LYCOPODIUM. 535

1. IsoztEs. Linn. Quillwort.

* No persistent leaf-bases. Caps. not wholly covered by the
membranous edge of the pouch. Back of swollen leaf-base
smooth.—Aquatic.

1. L. lacus'tris (L.) ; 1. subulate roundish-quadrangular with
4 longitudinal Bcd tubes upright dark green, larger spores
bluntly tubercled rather mealy, tubercles overtopped by the
valve-edges.—Z#. 5.1084. H. F. 55. A. vi. 1.—Corm with
longitudinal furrows. L. slender, broad and flat at the base,
but elsewhere between eylindrical and quadrangular, 2——6 in.
long.—J. Moret (Moore) 1s a form with exceedingly long leaves.
J. of B. xvi, t. 199.—Usually czespitose on the sandy and stony
bottom of lakes and pools in hilly districts. P. VI. E.S. 1.

2. L. echinos'pora (Dur. !) ; 1. subulate roundish-quadrangular
with 4 longitudinal jomted tubes patent pale green,/arger spores
oo acutely tubercled, tubercles overtopping the valve-edges.—

Sinof Boar. 1.—Much like Sp. J. Corm not furrowed. L.
turning yellow, less rigid, flattened and dilated below. Spores
covered with long acute spine-like tubercles, not mealy.—
Usually solitary on the muddy bottom of pools and lakes in
hilly districts. Llanberis, N. Wales. Loch of Park near Aber-
deen. Ben Voirlich, Dumbartonshire. [Near Tongue, Sutherl.]
Gap of Dunloe, Kerry. [Galway. Mayo.] P. VI. Koel:

** Corm more or less covered by the persistent hardened leaf-
bases. Caps. wholly covered by the membranous edge
of the pouch. Swollen leaf-base with a central longi-
tudinal rugose band on the back.—Terrestrial.

(1. Hys'trix (Bory) ; 1. filiform plane-convex obscurely tubu-
lar, persistent l.-bases ‘short blackish each with 2 long horns and
an interm. tooth, larger spores white and bluntly tubercled.—
I. Duriei H. F. 56.—Corm small, rarely if ever quite naked.
L. very slender, ultimately very much enlarged at the base
to enclose the capsule, 1—2 in. long, annual.—Dampish sandy
and stony places. L’Ancresse, Guernsey. Vr G. Wolsey.
[ Alderney. Mr £. D. Marquand.] P. V. VI

2. Lycopo’p1um Linn. em. Spring. Club-moss.

* St. creeping, prostrate. Caps in term. spikes, with bractlike
leaves. LEPIDOTIS Beauv.

1. L. clavdtum (L.); 1. scattered imbricate incurved hair-
pointed, spikes stalked 2 or 3 together cylindrical, scales ovate-

536 102. LYCOPODIACE.

triangular membranous finely incise-serrate.—H#. 6.224. H. I’.
49. W.353.—St.long. Branches short, ascending. Spikes on
long stalks, pale yellow. Scales on the ped. irregularly disposed
in whorls.—Heaths. P. VII. VIII. Codes Club-moss. ae
E.S.

2. L.annotinum (L.) ; 1. loosely scattered lanceolate mucro-
nate serrulate, spekes sessile solitary terminal, scales roundish
shortly acuminate membranous and jagged.—Z#. B.1727. WV.
361.—St. very long. Branches rather long, erect, each year’s
growth marked by a constriction. Spikes cylindrical, greenish
yellow, not persistent.—Stony mountains. Very rare in
Caernarvonshire and Cumberland. Common in the Highlands
of Scotland. P. VIII. E. 8.

3. L. alpinum (L.); l. in four rows, imbricate acute keeled
entire, spikes sessile solitary terminal, scales ovate-lanceolate
‘ flat, branches erect clustered forked level-topped.—Z#. B. 234.
H. F. 53. N. 365.—St. long prostrate ; also a subterranean
rhizome. Fertile branches usually twice dichotomous, each
division ending ina short cylindrical yellowish-green spike
rather thicker than the branch. [Large forms with flattened br. have
been mistaken for L. complanatwm (L.), which may be distinguished by its
conspicuously stalked spikes, which are usually not solitary, and its more
linear 1.]|—Stony moors. P. VIII. Savin-leaved i ie b

4. L.inunddtum (L.); |. secund linear subulate, spikes ter-
minal sessile leafy solitary upon short erect branches.—Z. 2.
939. H. F. 51. WN. 369.—St. short, prostrate, rooting:
Branches few, simple, fertile. Bracts subulate from a dilated
base.—Boggy heaths. P. VIII. IX. He8) I:

** St. decumbent below, then erect. Caps.in axdls of upper leaves
solitary. No spikes. L. all alike. PLANANTHUS Beauy.

5, L. Seldgo (L.); l. on eight rows crowded uniform linear-
lanceolate acuminate, caps. not spiked but in the axils of the
common leaves, st. erect forked level-topped.—#. B. 233. H. I’.
54. N.375.—St. short, erect or slightly decumbent, densely
leafy. No separate spikes. At the extremity of the stem a
few curious viviparous buds may usually be found ; they are
well illustrated by Mr Newman (p. 378). Occasionally the
stems in sheltered situations become much lengthened.—
Heaths, chiefly on mountains. P. VI.—VIIL. “ir vee

Be) oer os

103. CHARACE. 537

3. SELAGINEL'LA Beauv. em. Spring.

1. S. selaginoides (Link); 1. uniform scattered lanceolate
ciliate, spikes terminal solitary sessile leafy upon short erect
branches.—S. spinwo'sa (A. Br.), #. B. 1148. WV. 371.—
St. prostrate, much branched, rooting, slender. Flowering
branches simple, short, erect. Small spores muricate in
2-valved reniform caps. ; large spores papillose in 3—4-valved
capsules.—Boggy spots chiefly in mountainous districts.
P. VIL. E.S

B. Stems of one or more parallel tubes, verticillately branched.
‘Nucules and globules on the branchlets.

Order CII]. CHARACE.

Leafless branched plants with stems formed of one or more
parallel tubes. Two kinds of fructification; round red
globules fantheridia] formed of 8 valves, enclosing cells
containing granular matter and spiral filaments ; oval nucules
[oogonia] formed of 1 cell with 5 filaments folded spirally
round it and containing minute granules which appear at last
to uniteinto a single seed.—Plants aquatic. The position of
this order is very doubtful.'

1. Nrvetta. Globules and nucules at the forking of the
branchlets. Crown of nucule of 10 cells in 2 rows lying
upon each other, the upper smaller, usually deciduous.—
No stipulodes. Stem of one tube.

2. CHars. Globule taking the place of central bract,
below the nucule [except sp. 2]. Crown of nucule of 5 equal
cells in one row, persistent.—Stipulodes in 1 or 2 whorls.
Usually with cortical cells.

1. Nrrev'La Agardh.

* Globules terminal in the forking of the branchlets. Nucules
below the globules. Segments nearly equal.—NivELua Braun.

+ Branchlets only once divided into 1-¢elled segments.

1. V. flex'ilis (Ag.); moncecious, st. slender fléxible trans-
parent, branchlets pointed not mucronate, fertile whorls usually

1 See Messrs Groves valuable paper in the J. of B. xviii. and xix., where are
figures of nearly all the species.

538 103. CHARACB2.

lax, nucules 2 or 3 together with 8 or 9 spires.—Adl. Fl. Par.
40.—Usually slender, flexible, light green, often [annularly]
incrusted.—{f. erdssa (Braun); st. and branch]. stouter, end-segments
shorter. ‘Y. ntdifica (Wallm.); fertile branchl. very short, forming compact
heads, sterile branch]. often simple. |— Ponds. Vi, Vid. E.

2. NV. opdca (Ag.); dicecious, st. slender flexible transparent,
branchlets mucronate, fertile whorls usually dense, nwcules 1—
3 together naked with 6 blunt prominent spires J. of B. xviii.
t. 210.—Rather slender, turning nearly black. Whorls with
nucules dense, with globules usually more lax. [f. attenuata (H.
& J. G.); branchlets longer and much more slender, fertile whorls lax. |—Ponds

and ditches. A. V. VI. Baise.

3. V.capitdta (Ag.); dicecious, st. slender flexible transparent,
branchlets mucronate, fertile whorls usually dense, nucules
with acute prominent spires and a mucilaginous coating.—
Slender, yellowish brown. Globules large. Often annularly
incrusted.—Cambs. J. of B. xxiv. (1886) p. 1, t. 264. A. E.

LV. syncar’pa (Chevall.) ; more slender than JV. opaca with
simple branchlets on the female plant, and nucules with a
mucilaginous coating and faintly marked spires ; is probably a
native.'|

++ Branchlets repeatedly divided ; terminal segments of 2
or more cells, last usually like a mucro.—Moneecious.

4. NV. translicens (Ag.) ; st. thick equal flexible transparent,
Jast segments of branchlets of 2 or 3 cells, sterile branchlets
only once divided (at the end) into 2—4 muwnute rays, nucules
small usually in threes with 7 or 8 spires.—#. B, 1851.—A
very large plant. Sterile branchlets appear simple ; the rays
resemble minute points at their end.—Deep water. Bh

5. VV. mucrondta (Miquel); st. equal flexible transparent,
branchlets nearly equally forked or trifid tipped with a minute
acutely conical cell, nucules and globules together at the forkings
of the branchlets.—Ad#. /l. Par, 40.—Rather thick. Dark
green. Secondary rays once or twice forked, terminal sub-
divisions rather shorter than the others. Nucules with 7 or 8
spires.—Rivers and ditches, rare. A. VII. Beets

6. V. gracilis (Ag.); st. equal flexible transparent, slender
branchlets in lax whorls twice or thrice nearly equally forked,

1 We have at present no evidence in support of this; though from its distribu-
tion the sp. is likely to occur.—H. & J, G.

NITELLA. 539

their terminal segments 2- or 3-celled strongly mucronate,
nucules and globules each solitary but together at the forkings
of the branchlets.—Z. B. 2140. Ar. Fl. Par. 41.—Very small
and slender. Nucules subglobose with 6 or 7 spires.—St.
Leonard’s Forest, Suss. Salop. Glen Cullen, Co. Dublin.
Wicklow. A. IX. E. I.

7. WV. tenuis'sima (Kiitz.); st. equal flexible transparent,
branchlets in very dense compact subglobose whorls twice or thrice
equally forked in 3—6 segments of 2 or 3 cells their terminal
cell very slender and acute, nucules and globules each solitary
but together at the forkings of the branchlets.—Ad#l. Fl. Par.
41.—Very small and slender with long internodes, 1—4 [—12]
in. high, usually dark green. Branchlets forming little globose
compact masses, often much incrusted. Nucules globose with
9 spires, minute but much exceeding the diameter of the
branchlets ; globules much larger.—Peaty ditches in Fens of
Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, and Anglesea. Westmeath. Gal-
way. A. VIII. E. I.

S$. N. batrachosperme (Braun); st. very slender equal flexible transparent,
branchlets $ in loose subglobose whorls, twice or rarely 3 times forked in 3—5
segments, ultimate segm. very acute, globules and nucules each solitary but
together at the first forking of the branchlets with 7. spires, nucules ovate with
prominent spires, surface minutely and irregularly warty.—N. confervacea
(Braun); J. of B. xxviii. (1890) p. 65, t. 296. N. Nordstedtiana (H. & J. G.).—
Very small. Branchlets less compound and not so slender as in sp. 7, and the
internodes shorter. Obbe, I. of Harris. Killarney and Caragh Lakes. VII. VIII.

S. 1.

9. N. hyalina (Ag.); st. flexible transparent, whorls loose subglobose of 8
primary and about double as many smaller secondary branchlets, primary 2—3
times forked with 7—10 rays at the first forking, secondary 1—2ce divided
or a few simple, nucules ovoid showing 9—10 spires—J. of B. xxxvi. (1898)
p. 409, t. 392.—About 6—18 in. high, dark green. At once distinguished from
all the other sp. by the presence of secondary branchlets.—The Loe, West
Cornwall. Rev. G. R. Bullock Webster. VIII. E.

** Globules lateral on the forkings of the branchlets, amongst the
nucules, . Segments unequal. Moncecious.—ToLyPELLa Leonh.

10. .V. glomerdta (Chevall.) ; st. stoutish, sterile branchlets
6—12 simple blunt 3—5-jointed, fertile branchlets many densely
crowded once unequally 3—4-forked with blunt 2—5-jointed
divisions, globules usually stalked with one or more nucules of
8 or 9 faint spires.—Adt. Fl. Par. 41.—Much incrusted and
brittle—Brackish ponds and ditches chiefly. A. IV. Ed.

540 103. CHARACE.

: \

ll. WV. prolifera (Kiutz.); st. stout sterile /ranchlets 6—20
simple acute 3—5-jointed, fertile branchlets many densely
crowded divided into 3—4 acute 2—4-jointed divisions,
globules sessile (7) with one or more nucules of 9 or 10 spires.—
A very large plant. Branchlets even 7 inches long and very
stout.—Canals and ditches, rare. roltHEVY,

12. NV. intricata (A. Br. !); st. stout sterile branchlets 6—10
once or twice divided acute, fertile branchlets many densely
crowded divided once or twice into 4—-5-celled acute divisions,
globules stalked with one or more nucules of 8—9’ spires,—
Known by its divided sterile branchlets.—Ponds and ditches.
A TVS, Vis Ids Ib

2. Cua’RA Linn.

* Stem composed of a single tube.
A. Stipulodes rudimentary, in one ring. Dicecious.

1. C. obtusa (Desv.) ; st. thick equal transparent its lower
subterranean branches bearing white starlike knobs, branchlets
4—6 of 2 or 3 long joints bearing 1 or 2 unequal 1-jointed
bracts, stipulodes exceedingly small, nucules with 9 spires
sub-globose.—J/. of B. xix. t. 216. C. stelligera (Bauer)
Lychnothamnus stelliger (Braun).—Very large, resembling
NV. translucens. Nucules with very thick spires and very small
crown.—filby and other Broads, Norf. Devon. Hants.
Surrey. VIII. By:

B. Stipulodes long, in one ring. AMoneoecious.

+ [Globules above the nucules.—Lamprothamnus.]}

2. UO. alopecuroides (Del.); st. [sometimes] opaque, 3—5-
jointed branchlets 6—-8 in a whorl their terminal joints much
the shortest and forming an acute point, stipulodes [opposite the
pranchl.] needleshaped, bracts 5 or 6 at each node equal exceed-
ing the oval nucule of 10—12 spires.—/. of B. i. t. 7—Dark
green,4—8in.high. Notincrusted.—In brine-pitsat Newtown,
Isle of Wight. Dorset. A. VIII. E.

t+ [Nucules above the globules.}

{C. Braun'ti (Gmel.); st. much branched. 4—5-jointed branchlets 6—8 in a
whorl, stipulodes alternating with the branchlets, bracts 5—7 usually shorter
than the ovate nucules.—J. of B. xxii. (1884) p. 1, t. 242.—Often annularly
incrusted, 6—12 in. high.—Canal, Reddish, Lanc., doubtless introduced.} EK.

OHARA. 541
** Stem of one central and many cortical tubes (cells).

+ St. with one row of cortical cells to each branchlet. Dicecious.

3. C. canes’cens (Loisel.) ; st. slender coarsely striate densely
beset. with setaceous patent clustered spines, branchlets 8—10
short, stipulodes long, bracts 7—10 whorled slender equal
usually exceeding the narrowly oblong nucules of 10—12
spires.—J. of B. xviii. t. 208. C. crinita (Wallr.).—St. rigid,
but little branched, rarely incrusted, pale green. Branchlets
stout, 6—8-jointed.—Pools near the sea, rare. Eyl.

tt St. with 2 rows of cortical cells to each branchlet.
a. Moneecious.

4. C. vulgdris (L.) ; st. finely striate, primary cortical cells
less prominent than secondary and bearing the few small
spines, branchlets 6—9 their upper part without cortical cells,
stipulodes small blunt, bracts on inner side of branchlet exceed-
ing the ovoid nucule of 12 or 13 spires.—Z. B. 336. C. foetida
(Braun).—Primary cortical cells collapse as they dry and
so place the spines in furrows. Very variable; (C. longi-
bracteata Kutz.) branchlets and bracts much longer; (CU.
decipiens Desy.) [var. papitlata (Wallr.)] spines many spreading
long deciduous, secondary cortical cells very prominent ; (C.
subverticillata Nordst. MS.) branchlets spreading with long
upper naked joints, not incrusted and few spines, dark green
(hardly C. atrovirens Lowe); (C. crassicaulzs Schl.) stoat,
branchlets stout connivent often + naked, bracts short ovate,
spines obsolete.—[Var. melanopyrena (H. & J. G.); nucules black instead
of brown as in other forms. |— Universal. VENVAIE B.S. I.

5. C. contrdria (A. Br.) ; st. finely striate, primary cortical
cells more prominent than the secondary and bearing the spines
or tubercles ; branchlets 6—9 coated nearly throughout, stipu-
lodes blunt [or acute], bracts 4 (?) scarcely exceeding the nucules
of 12 or 13 spires and a conical contracted [or spreading] crown.
—|J. of B. xix. (1881), t. 224, 2.]—Much like C. feetida. Spines more
acute, ultimately on ridges._|8. hispidula (Braun); spine-cells
prominent spreading.—+, C. denudata (Braun); st. weak and as well as the
branchl. almost entirely ecorticate. J. of B. xxxiii. (1895), p. 290, t. 350.—A
hybrid with sp. 6 occurs in the Norfolk Broads. |—Lakes; pools, and

ditches. [y. Westmeath.] VI.—VIII. E. S. I.

6. C. hispida (L.); st. stout thickened upwards rough
spirally striate, secondary cortical cells larger and more

542 103. CHARACES.

prominent than the primary, spines many setaceous spreading,
branchlets 7—9-jointed, stipulodes prominent, biacts on both
sides of the branchlet 8—10 exceeding the ovoid nucules of 10
or 11 spires.—#. 5. 463,— Usually very large, much incrusted,
often 3 or 4 feet long. Sterile branchlets 3—4 inches long.
Spines variable in quantity and length —_{8. macracantha (Braun);
spine- and bract-cells very long.—y, gymnoteles (Braun); spine-cells few
branchl. with several ecorticate joints.—§, C. horrida (Wahlst.); small and
compact, spine-cells short patent very numerous, branchl. straight spreading:—
Subsp. rudis (Braun); st. more slender secondary cortical cells very strongly
developed almost hiding the primary (spine-bearing) series. |— onds and
ditches. [6. Doubtfally British.] VI. E. 8. I.

7. C. polyacan’tha (Braun) ; st. stout, primary cortical cells
more prominent than secondary, spines many setaceous
fascicled spreading, branchlets 8—10 of 6—8 joints, stipulodes
long slender, bracts 6—10 exceeding the ovoid nucules of 12 or
13 spires.—J. of B. xviii. t. 208. Atl. Fl. Par. t. 38. B. f. 3.—
Very spinous, much incrusted ; smaller, more spinous, with
shorter branchlets but longer internodes than C. hispida.—
Ponds and ditches. VI. E. Su.

8. C. bal'tica (Bruzel.); st. stout finely striate flexible
primary cortical cells more prominent than secondary, spines
many slender spreading, branchlets 6—9 patent many-jointed,
stipulodes slender, bracts whorled long exceeding oblong
nucules of 10—15 spires and spreading crown.—{J. of B. xix. (1881),
zt. 224, 1.]—Pale green, not incrusted. Moderately spinous.
Upper part of branches not coated. Bractsverylong. Lowest
nodes with bulbils—Ponds. Kynance Vale, Cornwall.
[ Dorset. Orkney. Guernsey. | Vill. E.

6. Dicecious.

9. C. tomentdsa (L.); st. thickened upwards twisted, primary
cortical cells very prominent, spines few short stout scattered,
branchlets 5—7 rather incurved of 4—6 long joints the upper
joints not coated but inflated, stipulodes usually short and thick,
bracts usually 5 very thick the lateral exceeding the ovoid
nucules of 12—14 spires the others falling short of them.—
Hook. Icon. Pl. 532.—Opaque, greenish white when fresh,
usually much incrusted. Spines rather whorled, very short,
acute. Upper joints of branchlets remarkably inflated and
lengthened in our plant.—Shannon Lakes. J.

ttt St. with 3 rows of cortical cells to each branchlet.

10. C. as‘pera (W.); dicecious, st. slender flexible with
slender acute spreading spines, branchlets 6—9 rather incurved

ga

a

CHARA. 543

or straight, siipulodes prominent, bracts whorled nearly equal
exceeding the ovoid nucules of 13 spires and spreading crown.
E. B. §. 2738.—Small, in dense masses. Sometimes with
smooth bulbils on lower nodes. Length and number of spines
variable. Internodes very long.—{8. capillata (Braun); spine-cel!s
many very long, plant usually bright clear greeu.—y, subinermis (Kuetz.); spine-
cells very few and inconspicuous, much shorter than in the type.—§, lacustris
(H. & J. G.); much smaller 1—+ in- high, branchl. short stout incurved, spine-
cells papillate.—Subsp. desmacantha (H. & J. G.); st. usua!ly thicker, cortex
imperfectly 3-ranked, spine-cells fascicled instead of solitary. |—Lakes and

pools. VII. VIII. B.S. 1.

11. C. connivens (Braun) ; diecious, st. slender brittle with-
out spines, branchlets usually 8 strongly incurved, stipwlodes
scarcely visible, bracts much falling short of nucules scarcely
apparent except with them, nucules small ovoid with 12—14
spires and conical crown.— J. of B. xviii. t. 207.—Light green.
12 inches high—Rare. In south [and cast] of England.
[Wexford.] WII. VIII. K. I.

12. C. fragilis (Desv.) ; monecious, st. slender finely striate
no spines, branchlets 6—9 of 7—9 joints the upper 1—3 joints
not coated, lower stipulodes very short, bracts usualiy 4 usually
about equalling the ovoid nucules of 12—14 spires and rather
conical crown.—C'. pulchella E. B. 8. 2824.—Slender, green,
usually not incrusted. Very variable. [A. Primary cortical cells
uot more prominent than the secondary. |—8. Hed wigre (Ag.) ; stronger
and larger with very short bracts. 2. B. S.2762.—y. fulcrata
(Gant.); bracts shorter than the nucules, stip. obsolete.—
[6. capillacea (Thuill.); whole plant very slender, branchlets spreading.—
€. Sturrockti (H. & J. G.); cortication irregular, branchlets ecorticate. Possibly
a hybrid.—B. Subsp. delicatula (Braun); primary cortical cells more prominent
than the secondary. §. small, branchlets usually coonivent.—7. harbata
(Gant.); bracts and stipulodes much longer. |—@. C. verrucosa (Itz.)
small, 2—4 in. high [with conical spine-celis], often with compound
bulbils at base.—Slow and stagnant waters. [¢. Monk Myre, E.
Perth. Mr A. Sturrock. | VI—VILI. Bays i

13. C. fragifera (Dur.); diccious, st. very finely striate zo
spines, branchlets slender 6—9 of many joints upper joints not
coated, stipulodes very small, bracts 3—5 half as long as nucule
very short with globule, nucules ovoid of 11—13 spires and
short blunt crown.—J. of B. xv. t. 192.—Often. flexible and
exceedingly slender, 6—12 inches long, bright green, not
incrusted, bearing large compound bu/bils at its base.—West
of Cornwall in pools. VII. VII.

ine

“Quamquam multas observaverim a et. sedulo anes,
tamen non confido me semper veritatem invenisse.”—LInk.

APPENDIX. J

CONSPECTUS OF GROUPS AND SPECIES OF

RUBI FRUTICOSI

REPRINTED! FROM THE
HANDBOOK OF BRITISH RUBI

By the late Rev. WILLIAM MOYLE ROGERS, F.L,S.
t By his kind permission

ABBREVIATIONS (not included on page lii) AND

EXPLANATIONS.
ACLC,.» .i< -...pacicle, prklet. . . pricklet.
OOS a4. Dasab (OL Jeahehul Tach. oc. Tacnis.

in 5-nate leaf). | sp. collect.. species collec-

interm.. . intermediate (of | tiva.
leafletin5-nate | spn... . . specimen.
leaf). h&tet alae .shem ynefsafirst
i}

lat. 5 3 °<" latezal (of: |t..in year.
3-nate leaf). stkd. gl. . stalked gland.
prk.. . . prickle. Sty. s...-_...;- Style,

When the name of a subspecies or variety is followed by that
of its author zn brackets, this implies that it was published by
him as that of a species.

When the sign ? follows the name of a plant, it points to the
fact that some doubt exists as to the identification.

KEYS TO GROUPS AND SPECIES.
1. GENERAL Key To armature oF STEM AND PANICLE.

Groups I. to VII. and IX.—St.-prk. equal or subequal,
almost or quite confined to the angles, Glandular and acicular
development absent from Group I. (except occasionally in the
form of sessile and rarely subsessile gl. on st.), very rare in
Groups II. and IIL, in the succeeding groups gradually
increasing.

1 With three additions from J. of B. 1906, 63; 1807, 9; 1912, 309. See also
J. of B. 1904, 120; 1905, 198; 1906, 58, etc.
545 2M

546 APPENDIX I.

Group VIII.— Very transitional. Armature somewhat
irregularly mixed; the st.-prk. being usually rather more
scattered and unequal than in Groups I, to VII. and IX.,
while the glandular and acicular development is mostly weak
or uncertain on st. or pan., or on_both st. and pan.

Groups X, to XII.—St. “rk. distinctly unequal. All arms
more mixed and scattered.

‘roups XIII. and XITV.—Prk. scattered on the round or
bluntly angled st., often weak and less unequal than ‘in

Groups X. to XII. ‘5

2. CoNSPECTUS OF GROUPS AND SPECIEs.

A. Groups I. to V.—St. tall, glabrous or slightly hairy (some-
times more densely hairy in Group V. DiscoLorzs), not
always rooting. St.-prk. normally equal and confined to
angles.

Group I. Se Root, often soboliferous. St, sub-
erect, very rarely rooting at end (apparently never in R. fissus
and R. suber ectus) 5 glabrous or very nearly so. Bas. lts. often
subsessile. Pan. racemose or subracemose. Sep. externally
olive and subglabrescent, with conspicuous white ‘margin.
Normally without bloom stkd. gl. or acic.

Section I. Prk. subulate or conical. L. often 6—7-nate.
Fr. dark red. (R. nessensis Hall.)

R. jissus Lindl. Prk. many slender subulate scattered.
L. plicate hairy beneath. Bas. Its. sessile. Stam. and sty.
subequal.

R. suberectus Anders. Prk. few short conical with rather
long base, confined to angles, sometimes absent. LL. plane pale
green subglabrous. Bas. lts. subsessile. Stam. exceeding sty.

Section u. Prk. compressed long-based. L. very rarely
6—7-nate (except in R. Rogersiz). Fr. black.

Rk. Rogersii Linton, L. 5—7-nate, finely evenly serrate,
greyish-green. Term. It. long ovate-acuminate. Sty. and
stam, subequal. Fr.-sep. loosely reflexed.

R. sulcatus Vest. L. all 5-nate. Term. It. oval long
pointed ; bas. stalked. Pan. elongate. Stam. at first ex-
ceeding sty: Fr.-sep. reflexed. Very luxuriant.

R. plicatus Wh. & N. L. plicate. Term. It. broadly ovate-
cordate ; bas. subsessile. ‘an. subracemose, rather short.
Stam. and sty. subequal. Fr.-sep. patent.

Var. Bertramii G. Braun. Luxuriant. Term, It. roundish-

APPENDIX I, 547

ovate long-stalked ; bas. shortly stalked. Stam. exceeding
sty,’ Approaches 2, sz/catus, but smaller with broad Its.

Var. hemistemon P. J. Muell.- Lts. oval greyish-green,
hardly plicate, hairy, with long point. Stam. at first much
shorter than sty.

Group IJ. SuprHaMNifoLtu. St. suberect or arcuate, often
rooting, subglabrous, Bas. Its. shortly stalked. Pan. sub-
racemose or composite. Sep. externally hairy, olive or grey,
somewhat white-margined. Without bloom. Normaliy
eglandular,

1. St. suberect, sometimes rooting. Sep. externally olive or
greyish.

a. Sep. externally olive with conspicuous white margin
(sometimes greyish or wholly grey in A. affinis).
(i.) Fr.-sep. patent or subpatent. Pan. subracemose
above. Pet. obovate or oval.

R. nitidus Wh. & N. Prk. crowded, mostly slender ;
straight or falcate on st., usually strongly hooked on pan.
Term. lt. small oval acute. L. and cal. shining.

Subsp. opacus Focke. Prk. usually few straight long.
Term. It. large cordate-acuminate. L. opaque above, softly
hairy or felted beneath.

(.) Frt.-sep, reflexed. Pan. with cymose branches.
Pet. roundish.

R. afinis Wh.& N. St. very tall.. Prk. remarkably long,
normally straight. lL. thick, wavy at edge, often grey beneath.
Term. lt. ovate-cordate-acuminate, gradually attenuate. Sep.
reflexed throughout.

Var. Briggsianus Rogers. St. lower more arcuate. Term.
It. oval acute. Pan. strongly developed, less leafy above.
Sep. loosely reflexed.

6. Sep. externally greyish, less conspicuously white-
margined, loosely reflexed or subpatent in fr.

R. integribasis P. J. Muell.? Prk. declining long based.
L. only thinly hairy beneath. Term. It. obovate or oval
cuspidate-acuminate. Pan. lax slender, mostly racemose.
Whole plant usually slender.

R. cariensis Geney. Prk. strong patent or nearly so, L.
deeply incised ashy-felted or softly hairy beneath. Pan.
dense compound cylindrical. Strong. (Sometimes abnormally
furnished with a few very short stkd. gl. on bracts and ped.)

2. St. soon arcuate but rarely (if ever) rooting. L. very
large. Sep. externally grey (or greyish-olive), mostly patent

548 APPENDIX TI.

in fr, Very strong plants, but with pan. normally racemose
above. Bracts and stip. sometimes very finely gland-ciliate.

R. holerythros Focke. St. lustrous, arcuate almost from the
first. L. greyish, softly hairy beneath. Pedicels long: Pet.
stam. and (usually) sty. red. Sep. greyish-olive.

R. latifolius Bab. St. very slightly hairy, soon bending
quite low. L. dull green, thinly hairy. Pan. narrow, with
densely hairy rach. and conspicuous bracts. Sep. grey.

R. castrensis Wolley-Dod. St. thinly hairy, arcuate-
prostrate. L. pedate, olive-green, hairy, especially below. Lts.
broad; basal stalked; term. subrotund or broadly oboval,
cordate, long acumin. Pan. long, narrow, lax; rachis
eglandular, hairy, felted above. Sep. greenish or greyish,
widely spreading or sub-reflexed. Pet. and filam. white.

NV.L.—The anomalous R&R. orthoclados A. Ley, though in
some respects recalling the plants in Group LI., is placed
among the Vestztd on account of its hairy st. and considerable
glandular development.

Group II]. Ruamniroui. St. arcuate or arcuate-prostrate,
rooting, glabrous or very thinly hairy, often much branched.
All mature Its. distinctly stalked, strigose above (except in
R. durescens), Pan. compound, sometimes subracemose above,
often densely prickly. Sep. externally grey or whitish, reflexed
in fr. (except in R. carpintfolius). Without bloom. - In a few
instances slightly glandular in pan. and even very rarely in st.,
but normally eglandular.

1. Term. lt. about thrice the length of its stalk, ovate oval or
obovate (roundish-obovate-cordate in 2. imbricatus).

a. L. chiefly 5-nate-digitate.

R.imbricatus Hort. Prk. usually rathersmall.. Lts. convex,
wrinkled, mostly imbricate. Pan. narrow above, usually with
long strongly ascending racemose lower branches.

R. carpimfolius Wh. & N. Prk. many, strong.. Lts. plicate,
soft beneath ; term. long oval-acuminate. Pan. pyramidal or
subracemose. Fr.-sep. patent. Pet. normally white. Very
prickly and usually pale in colour.

R. incurvatus Bab. Prk. triangular based. Lts. concave,
with thick soft felt beneath; term. broadly ovate-cordate.
Pan. long, usually with short branches. Floral organs all
pink.

: R. Lindleianus Lees. St. glossy. Lts. wavy-edged, mostly
narrowing to their base. Pan. dense cylindrical-truncate with
patent branches. Pet. white. Fr, small.

APPENDIX I. 549

b. L. 5-nate pedate.

R. durescens W. R. Linton. Lts. oblong-ovate, with prin-
cipal teeth patent, glabrous above, thinly hairy beneath. Pan.
rather short, with patent branches above and broad but hardly
truncate top.

2. Term. lt. about twice the length of its stalk, roundish or
broadly oval.

R.rhamnifolius Wh. & N. Lts. finely toothed, white-felted
beneath ; term. often barely twice the length of its stalk,
euspidate cordate. Pan. rather close. Pet. roundish white.

Subsp. Bakeri F. A. Lees. Dwarf. Lts, like those of
R. rhamnifolius but smaller, green and hardly felted beneath,
with longer point. Pan. with many long branches; very
fioriferous: Pet. obovate, pink.

R. nemoralis P. J. Muell. Lts. green on both sides, slightly
paler and thinly hairy beneath. . Pan. long lax leafy, at first
pyramidal then corymbose. Pet. pink.

Var. glabratus Bab. Pan. narrow, cylindrical, with subequal
lower branches long-pedicelled small fl. and very white-felted
rach, and ped.

Var. Silwrum A. Ley. Term. lt. broader below than in type
(7.e. oyal-roundish instead of obovate-roundish) and more
gradually acuminate. Pan. in great part ultra-axillary, truly
pyramidal. Pet. faint lilac.

R. Scheutxi Lindeb. St. glabrous or subglabrous, shining.
Lts. concolorous, thinly hairy ; term. broadly rotund-cuspidate.
Pan. long, narrow, leafy. Pet. large, pale lilac. Very prickly.

R. dumnomensis Bab. St. with some short crisp hair (at
first). Prk. long, subulate, crowded. Lts. large, white-felted
beneath. Pan. pyramidal. Pet. large, roundish, white.

3. St. hairy for this group. Lts. finely toothed; term.
obovate-acuminate, long-stalked. Pan. very long.

R. pulcherrimus Neum. Prk. patent or declining. L. not
unfrequently 6—7-nate. Lts. opaque above ; term. from 24 to
more than 3 times the height of its stalk. Pan. normally with
pink pet. and some stkd. gl.

R. lacustris Rogers. St.weak,subsulcate. Prk. many, short,
mostly stout based and declining, especially strong and falcate
on pan. L. 5-nate. Lts. narrow, obovate, thin, green, with
compound teeth in upper half ; term. about twice as long as its
stalk. Pan. many, broad, compound, with large white pet.

hk. LInndebergu P. J. Muell. Prk. stout, partly faleate or
hooked, especially on pan. L. constantly 5-nate. Lts. pale
grey-green ; term. about twice as long as its stalk. Pan.
eglandular, with large white pet.

550 APPENDIX I.

Group IV. ViiuicauLes. Hardly separable from Rhamni-
Sola, but making some approach towards St/vaticz in st. mostly
lower and usually hairy (though often only thinly so and liable
to become bald ultimately). Prk. subequal, rarely extending to
the faces of st. Without bloom. Pan. usually lax or diffuse,
very rarely showing some glandular development.

1. Pan. diffuse, or irregularly branched.

a. St. bluntly angled, thinly hairy. . Fr.-sep- reflexed.

R. mercicus Bagnall. Prk. irregularly scattered, strongly
declining. Lts. thinly hairy beneath ; term. roundish, more
than twice the length of its stalk. Pan. sometimes slightly
glandular. Pet. white, fading to pink.- St. and rach. dark
purple.

_ V.B.—For subsp. bracteatus and chrysoxylon see below im
Sect.2.

R. leucandrus Focke. Prk. partly patent. Lts. softly hairy
beneath. Pan. eglandular. Fl. showy; floral organs all
white. (Between PR. afinis and 2. gratus.)

b. St. very stout, furrowed, often glabrate. Fri-sep.
patent or clasping. :

Rf. gratus Focke. \ Prk. short, broad-based, patent or slightly
declining. Lts..at first softly hairy, ultimately nearly bare
beneath. Pan. with wide spreading few-fiowered branches.
Pet. pink. Luxuriant.

2. Pan. elongate ; cylindrical or pyramidal.

a. Pan. pyramidal. Prk. moderate, declining or falcate.

R. brocteatus Bagnall. Lts. greyish, finely closely toothed,
often felted beneath ; term. obovate. Pan. remarkably elongate
and narrowed above, felted, considerably glandular. Bracts
many. -(Subsp. of 2. mercicus Bagnall.)

R. rhombijfolius Weihe. Lts. rhomboid or ovate, acuminate,
green or white-felted beneath. Lower pan.-branches long,
strongly ascending. Floral organs usually all red. Sep.
reflexed. (Subsp. of R. villzeawlis Koehl.)

4, Pan. cylindrical, leafy.
(i.) Prk. weak, somewhat scattered and unequal. Fr.-
sep. subpatent.

R. chrysoxylon Rogers. St. ochreous or fuscous. L 3—6-
nate, pale, with finely incised compound teeth. Pan. with
long-stemmed branches. Stkd. gl. scattered, usually few.
(Subsp. of 2. mercicus Bagnall.)

R. calvatus Blox. St. reddish. Lts. convex, harsh beneath,
with patent teeth ; term. oblong, with short point and cordate
EB Pan. long, lax, often glandular. (Subsp. of 2. villicaulis
Koehl.)

APPENDIX I. , oak
Gi.) Prk. strong, confined to angles. Fr.-sep. refiexed.
R. vilicawlis Koebl. St. hairy. Prk. long, straight, many.
Lts. ovate or oval acuminate, softly hairy or felted beneath,
Pan. with prk. chiefly long, slender, declining. Stam. far
exceeding sty.
Subsp. Selmeri Lindeb.. St. and 1. less_hairy. Prk. falcate.
_Lts. concave, roundish-ovate, with wavy edge. Stam. short,
often barely equalling sty.

Group VY. DtscotorEs. St. erect-arcuate or arcuate-pros-
trate, thinly or densely pubescent or hairy or glabrous, some-
times pruinose, rarely rooting. Lts. with whitish felt beneath,
which becomes greenish in autumn. Pan. hardly narrowed
aboye (except in #&. argentatus). Usually quite eglandular.

1. St. erect-areuate, rarely rooting, glabrous or very nearly
so, furrowed.

R. ramosus Briggs. .L.. 3—5-nate-pedate. © Lts. convex,
shining above, coarsely serrate ; term. oblong or obovate cus-
pidate. Pan. lax, with long branches. Fr. small, poor.

R. thyrsoideus Wimm. L. 5-nate-digitate. Lts. flat or
concave; often incised-serrate ; term. oval or ovate, acuminate.
Pan. elongate, cylindrical above. Fr. fine.

2. St. arcuate-prostrate or climbing, often rooting, hairy or
pubescent.

_ a. St. somewhat pruinose.

R. argentatus P. J. Muell. Prk. (st. and pan.) long, rather
unequal, straight or faleate. _L. 5-nate-digitate or pedate.
Pan. lax, narrowed above, with showy Jong-pedicelled bright
pink fi, and thick villous hair on rachis.

Var. robustus (P. J. Muell.). Very strong and prickly. L.
thick, irregularly and deeply cut. Pan. less narrowed above.

Var. clivicola A. Ley. Prk. weaker. Term. It. short,
roundish-obovate, with long cuspidate or cuspidate-acuminate
point. Pan. with long corymbose-cylindrical ultra-axillary
part. Pet. faimtly pink.

R. rusticanus Mere. St. furrowed, pruinose.. Lts. glabrous
above, usually cuspidate. Pan. and ped. with close-pressed felt
and very broad-based hooked prk. Sep. refiexed (fi. and fr.).

5. St. epruinose, pubescent.

R. pubescens Weihe. L. 5-nate-digitate. Lts. oval or
oboyate-acuminate, thinly hairy above, irregularly serrate.
Pan. elongate, felted, hairy, with hooked prk- Sep. with
upcurved tip.

Var. subinermis Rogers. L. 3—5-nate-pedate. Pan. quite
unarmed or with few declining prk.

552 , APPENDIX I.

B. Groups VI. and VII.—St. mostly arcuate-prostrate and
hairy, rarely furnished with a few acic. or stkd. gl. St.-
prk. subequal, occasionally somewhat scattered but mostly
confined to angles.

Group VI. Strvaticr. St. arcuate-prostrate or climbing,
permanently though thinly hairy, usually quite eglandular,
Lts. mostly hairy or greenish-felted beneath. Pan. rather
frequently furnished with a few stkd. gl. and acic.

1. Pan.-prk. normally acicular, declining ; in somé forms of
R. lentiginosus stronger, falcate. ,

a. Frt.-sep. reflexed. Stam. considerably exceeding sty.

R. stlvaticus Wh. & N. IL. 5-nate. Pan. rather dense,
ye gi with crowded acicular prk. Eglandular. Carp.

airy.
6. Frt.-sep. patent or erect. Stam. and sty. subequal.
(i.) Pan, almost unarmed ; its prk. when present very
few, subulate.

R. myrice Focke. L. mostly 3-nate, evenly simply dentate.
Pan. rather Jax and little branched. Sep. embracing fr.

(ii.) Pan.-prk. many, mostly acicular, declining; in
R. lentiginosus occasionally stronger, falcate, with some stalked
and subsessile glands.

Var. hesperius Rogers. L. broad, mostly 5-nate-pedate, with
very compound finely pointed teeth. Pan. elongate, pyramidal,
compound. Fr.-sep. patent. ;

R. lentiginosus Lees. 1. 3—5-nate, with very finely pointed
compound incised teeth. Pan. racemose-truncate above, with:
long-pedicelled fl. Fr.-sep. erect.

2. Pan.-prk. at most only moderately strong, chiefly
declining.

a. Pan. normally eglandular. Fr.-sep. reflexed.

R. macrophyllus Wh. & N. UL. 5-nate-digitate, glabrescent
above. Term. lt. ovate-cordate, with long acuminate point.
Pan. lax, with grey-felted and hairy rach. medium-sized fl. and
strongly reflexed sep.

Subsp. Schlechtendalit Weihe. LL. hairy above, 5-nate-pedate
or digitate. Term. lt. obovate-cuneate-cuspidate, with com-
paratively short point and crowded fine teeth in upper half.
Pan. usually short, with broader upper 1. larger fl. and less
strongly reflexed sep.

Pan. somewhat glandular. Fr.-sep. loosely reflexed or
subpatent (in R. Questieriz usually strongly reflexed). }

Var. macrophylloides (Genev.). Very near 2. Schlechtendaliz,

APPENDIX I. 553

but with laxer glandular pan. subpatent fr.-sep. and more
compound incised leaf-toothing.

Var. amplificatus Lees. Also very near &. Schlechtendaliz,
but more prickly, with term. lt. longer pointed and more
deeply incised, and pan. usually longer with very long lower
branches, narrow simple floral 1. above and loosely reflexed
fr.-sep.

(R. amphichloros ‘P. J. Muell. L. 3—5-nate, finely evenly
serrate. Term. lt. roundish-oval. Pan. long, lax. Sep.
loosely reflexed. Thought by Dr Focke to be distinguished
from R. amplificatus by the shape and fine serration of
the Its.)

R. Questieri Lefv. & Muell. L. 5-nate-digitate or pedate
concolorous. Lts. oval or obovate-acuminate. Pan. long, lax,
normally narrow, with patent upper branches, and whitish-
felted rach. and cal. Fr.-sep. strongly reflexed.

c. Pan, usually having a few sunken glands. Fr.-sep.
clasping.

R. Saltert Bab. L. chiefly 5-nate-pedate, with compound
incised teeth in upper half. Term. It. long stalked with long
point and entire or somewhat cordate base.

(AR. lentiginosus Lees. See above in Section 1 of this group.)

3. Pan.-prk. very strong, long-based, often hooked.

R. Colemanni Blox. St. with many strong prk. and occa-
sional acic. and stkd. gl. L. 5-nate-pedate. Lts. convex,
coneigvous: Pan. long, pyramidal. Fr.-sep. loosely re-

exed,

Group VII. Vrstirr. St. rather densely or very densely
hairy, occasionally with a few stkd. gl. and acic. or prklets on
the faces. Prk. mostly slender, less constantly equal and less
strictly confined to the angles than in Groups I.-VI. and IX.
Pan. usually somewhat glandular and aciculate.

1, Stam. not connivent. Carp. hairy.

R. Sprengel Weihe. St. roundish, hairy, often slightly
glandular. L. mostly 3-nate, concolorous. Pan. with long
patent branches, usually glandular.

2. Stam. connivent, Carp. glabrous or nearly so.
a. St. very high arching or suberect.. Sep. externally
olive, with narrow white margin, embracing fr. -
R. orthoclados A. Ley. St. with some subsessile glands.
L. 3—5-nate-pedate, concolorous. Pan. weak, glandular,
Abnormal,

554 APPENDIX I.

'b. St. arcuate-prostrate, rather densely hairy. Pan.
elongate. Sep. ashy-felted.

is Gi.) Term. lt. usually quite 3 times longer than its
stalk.

R. hypoleucus Lef. & Muell. St. slightly glandular. L.3—5-
nate-pedate. Lts. acuminate, with imcised teeth. .Fr.-sep.
strongly reflexed. Whole plant greyish.

(ii.) Term. It. from 2 to 25 or rarely 3 times the length
of its stalk.

R. hirtifolius Muell & Wirtg. St. rarely glandular or
aciculate. L.5-nate. Lts. with shining close hair or greenish
felt beneath ; term. variable, usually ovate-acuminate. Pet.
narrow, pinkish, fugacious. Fr. oblong, with clasping sep.

Var. danicus Focke. Lts. with shallow teeth and shining
close hair beneath ; term. roundish-obovate. \ Pan.-prk. long.
Fl. very showy, white. F'r.-sep. subpatent.

Var. mollissemus (Rogers). Lts. flaccid, with fine incised
teeth and very soft greyish felt beneath ; term. roundish-oval,
rarely obovate. Pan.-prk. mostly acicular. Fl. very showy,
pale lilac. Fr,-sep. loosely reflexed or subpatent.

(iii.) Term. lt. often 4 times the length of its stalk.
Prk. long-pointed.

R. iricus Rogers. Lts. thick, ashy-felted beneath when
young ; term, broadly ovate-acuminate, with compound teeth.
Pan. broad, truncate. Ll. bright pink. Sep. reflexed. Very
stout and harry.

R. pyramidalis Kalt. L.-5-nate-digitate. Lts. almost
velvety beneath, coarsely toothed. Pan. ‘pyramidal, with short.
patent branches. Fr- sep. reflexed.

Var. macranthelos Marss. Prk. smaller, passing into strong
acic. Term. lt. subrotund, cuspidate. Pan.-branches long,
Pr.-sep. patent.

c. St. densely hairy ; its prk. long, usually with some
sunken prklets acic. or stkd. gl. L. very y softly hairy.
(i.) Pan.-prk. long , strong, subulate.

R. leucostachys Schleich. Prk. very strong. Lts, and pet.
roundish. Stkd. gl. usually few. Fr.-sep. normally reflexed.

Var. gymnostachys (Geney.). Lts. and pet. oval or obovate.
Pan. elongate, narrow, with acicular prk. as well as long ones.

(R. vestitiformis Rogers, and R. adenanthus Boul. & Gill.).
See Group VIL!., Hgregz.

Gi.) Pan.-prk. mostly weak.

R. leucanthemus P. J. Muell.? St.-prk. many, slender,

sometimes acicular. Term. lt. broadly ovate-acuminate, with

APPENDIX I. 555

compound finely pointed teeth. Pan. rather lax, with rigid
branches. Pet. white. Fr.-sep. subpatent.

| (iii.) Pan.-prk. crowded, partly falcate. Fr.-sep. patent

or subpatent. 4

R. lasioclados Focke. St. and pan.-rach. very densely hairy.
L. whitish-felted beneath, with rather irregular incised teeth.
a It. oval or roundish. Pan. broad, very prickly. Pet.
white.

Var. angustifolius Rogers. Lts. remarkably long and
narrow, with very shallow teeth; term. oblong-oval, long-
stalked. Pet. Pink.

(R. Boreanus Genev.) See Group VIIL., Lyregiv.

C. Groups VIII. to XIII.—St. arcuate-prostrate or prostrate.
Armature mixed. Bas. Its. distinetly stalked (though
only briefly in some of the Hgregzz).

Group VIII. Earner. ‘A group of transition forms’ (as
Dr Focke says of his corresponding Adenophorz), with armature
very variable in quantity and distribution, but usually less con-
spicuously- mixed than in the succeeding groups. St. often
nearly prostrate and only rarely very hairy, unequally glandular.
Bas. Its. sometimes subsessile. V.4.—Many of the species
placed in this group could no doubt be attached to other groups
without great difficulty; but it seems easier to keep the
limits of those groups clearly defined if we retain this as ‘a
middle and collective group.’

1. Bas. Its. distinctly stalked even in summer. (Adenophori
petiolulati Focke.)

a. St. densely hairy, glaucous. About + of pan. ultra-
axillary.

R. criniger Linton. L. chiefly 5-nate-pedate, greyish-green.
Term. lt. ovate-acuminate, irregularly lobate-serrate. Pan.
_ narrowed above., (Subsp: of A. Gelertiz Frider.)

b. St. moderately or rather considerably hairy. From
% to nearly 4 of pan. ultra-axillary.

G.) L. with wavy edge and compound teeth. St. with
scattered prklets, tubercles and stkd. gl. on faces.

R. adenanthus Boul. & Gill. St.-prk. strong, with a good
many prklets and stkd. gl. L.3—5-nate-pedate, ashy-felted
beneath, with compound incised teeth. Pan. considerably
glandular. Sep. long, patent or ascending on fall-cf pet.

Rk. Borwanus Genev. L. 5nate-pedate and 3-nate. Pan.
cylindrical, very weakly armed. Pet. and sty. dark red. Stam.
barely equalling sty.

556 APPENDIX I.

‘R. curvidens A Ley. L. large, 5-nate-digitate. Lts. with
nearly parallel sides and patent teeth. Pan. large, lax, with
many slender acic. and unequal stkd. gl. and usually several
simple |. above. Stam. exceeding sty. (Subsp. of 2. anglo-
saxonicus.)

R. vestitiformis Rogers. St. glaucous. Lts. roundish, with
greyish felt and shining hairs beneath. About 4 pan. ultra-
axillary; rach. densely villous. Stam. far exceeding. sty.
(Subsp. of R. anglosaxonicus.) \

(ii.) L. with shallow even teeth. St. with,few or no
stout-based prklets. Acic. and stkd. gl. variable.

(R. pulcherrimus Neum.) See Group IL., Rhamnifoliz.

R. cinerosus Rogers. Armature (st. and pan.) variable,
always considerably mixed and glandular. Term. lt. roundish-
obovate. Pan. rather broadly cylindrical, with patent
branches.

R. mucronatus Blox, Prk. very slender. Lts. thin, with
simple shailow teeth ; term. obovate-truncate-mucronate. Pan.
lax, usually racemose above, with long-pedicelled fl. and
crowded bristles and stkd. gl.

ec. St. glabrous or subglabrous.
(i.) Pan. normally as in Sect. } (z.e. from } to nearly $
ultra-axillary).
(1) L. pale-green and very softly hairy beneath.

Var. nudicaulis Rogers. Stout. St.subglabrous. L. thick,
very softly hairy beneath, with compound teeth. Otherwise
hardly different from the typical plant as described by
Bloxam. eoxyy

» (2) L. normally grey-felted beneath, especially when
young. )

a. Sep. reflexed -in fl. and fr., sometimes only

loosely.

R. Gelertii Frider. Stout. Prk. long,subequal. Lts. large,
coarsely and irregularly toothed, long-pointed. Pan. very
composite, usually broad with rounded top.

gs. Sep. partly subpatent or even erect with
young fr.

R. raduloides Rogers. Prk, and acic. many, very un-
equal. Lts. with incised, compound, finely-pointed teeth ;
term. broadly ovate-acuminate. Ultra-axillary pan.-top long,
cylindrical. (Subsp. of 2. anglosaxonicus.)

R. setulosus Rogers. Usually still more prickly and glandu-
lar than the last, the armature in extreme examples being quite
Koehlerian. Term. lt. obovate-obtusangular. Pan. more leafy
above, laxer below. (Subsp. of 2. anglosaxonieus.)

APPENDIX I. 557

(ii.) About } of pan. ultra-axillary.

R. anglosaxonicus Gelert. Prk. strong. Prklets. many,
scattered. Lts. thick, greyish-felted beneath; term. oval,
parallel-sided, shortly pointed. Pan. with strongly ascending
few-flowered branches.

For subsp. curvidens, vestitiformis, raduloides and setulosus
see above.

R. melanoxylon Muell. & Wirtg. Armature partly strong,
but very variable. St. and pan.-rach. blackish-brown or dark
purplish-brown. Term. lt. roundish-acuminate, with even
toothing.

2. Bas. Its. almost sessile in summer, with stalk becoming a
» little longer in autumn. (Adenophori subcorylifolii Focke.)

a. St. usually subglabrous. Sep. patent or erect on fall of
' pet. (Often sub-Koehlerian in armature.)

R. infestus, Weihe. St. high at first. Prk. mixed; de-
clining, faleate and hooked. Lits. pale and often felted beneath ;
term. broadly ovate-acuminate. Pet. almost round.

Var. virgutorum A. Ley. St. lower. Armature mixed ;
but falcate and hooked prk. fewer. Lts. shorter, more nearly
round. Pan.. broad. ep. ultimately reflexed.. (Between
R. infestus and R. Borreri.)

R. Leyanus Rogers. St. shining, pale. Prk. short, de-
clining. Lts. long-pointed, soft and often grey-felted beneath,
sharply evenly toothed. Pan. much narrowed in the ultra-
axillary top. (Subsp. of R. Drejert. See below.)

b. St. hairy.
(i.) Sep. reflexed in fl. and fr.

R. uncinatus P. J. Muell. Armature all slender. Lts. thin,
usually rather softly hairy in exposure, greyish-felted beneath.
Pan. narrow, cylindrical, very hairy, with prk. mostly falcate
or hooked.

Gi.) Fr.-sep. at first patent or erect.

Rk. Borrert Bell Salt. St. almost prostrate, yellowish-brown.
Prk. crowded. Acie. and stkd. gl. mostly small. Term. lt.
obovate-cuspidate. Pan. with broad rounded top and many
unequal (chiefly sunken) stkd. gl.

Var. dentatifolius Briggs. St. with fewer stkd. gl., furrowed.
Lts. nearly oval, with very long gradually-acuminate point.

R. Drejert G. Jensen. St. fuscous, dull. L. 3—5-nate,
concolorous. Lts. shortly pointed, roundish-obovate, with
shallow rather irregular teeth, harsh beneath. Pan. long, lax,
narrow. Often sub-Koehlerian in armature.

(Subsp. Leyanus Rogers.) See above in Subsection a.

Subsp. hibernicus Rogers. Leaf-toothing loose, sinuate,

558 APPENDIX I,

Pan. very lax and glandular, slightly armed, much narrowed
above. Somewhat intermediate between AR. Drejeri and
R. Leyanus.

(R. podophyllus P. J. Muell.) See Group IX., Radwle.

Group IX. Raputa#. St. rough with crowded short sub-
equal acic. and stkd. gl. Large prk. subequal (usually equal
in typical R. radula) and nearly confined to angles. Inter-
mediate prk. absent. While thus strictly limited the members
of this group can hardly be confused with those of yany other.
As in the three succeeding groups, all the pan.-branchés except
the lowest are usually cymose or umbellate-racemose and not
simply racemose. Stkd. gl. and acic. on pan. unequal, mostly
short,

1, Stkd. gl. on pan.-rach. and ped. mostly sunken in the
patent hairs ; well-marked acic. usually few or none. Stkd. gl.
and acicular organs on st. crowded.

a. L. with ashy or greenish-grey felt beneath.

R. radula Weihe. Prk. rather few, very strong, all on the
angles, about equal. Faces of st. with very short subequal
mixed armature. Term. It. broadly ovate-acuminate. | Pan.
pyramidal, with strong prk. i

Subsp. anglicanus Rogers. Prk. weaker, many, more
seattered, only subequal. General armature showing rather
more range of variation. Term. It. narrow, obovate or oval,
finely toothed.” Pan. cylindrical, with weak prk.

Subsp. echinatordes Rogers, St.glabrous. Prk. rather more
variable, occasionally hooked. Lts. all obovate, with com-
pound incised teeth, often greener and only hairy beneath.
Pan. much like that of R. radula.

Subsp. sertiforus Muell & Lefv.? Prk. chiefly short, often
hooked. Lts. uniformly narrow, somewhat cuneate, with
shallow teeth, soon greenish beneath. Pan. rather narrow,
with hooked prk. and small fl.

R. echinatus Lindl. Prk. strong, nearly equal. Lts. thick,
incised-lobate, all greyish-felted beneath. Pan. very narrow,
with large fl. strongly reflexed sep, and declining prk.

Rk. rudis Wh. & N. St. glabrous. Prk. many, short.
Glands very abundant, sessile and shortly stalked. | L. large.
Pan. diffuse, with many slender-pedicelled small fi.

6. L. normally green and rather thinly hairy beneath (in
vars. Vewbouldii and Bloxamianus sometimes thinly felted).

R. oigocladus Muell & Lefv.?. St. bluntly angled, dark,
glaucous, thinly hairy. Term. lt. obovate-cuspidate, much
narrowed towards base.

APPENDIX I. 559

Var. Newbouldii (Rogers! not Bab). St. furrowed, paler,
not glaucous, densely hairy, Term, lt. shorter, roundish-
obovate with long point.

Var. Bloxamianus Colem.. St. glabrous or nearly so, densely
glandular, Term. It. roundish-obovate with rather short

cint. ‘

7 R. regillus A. Ley. St. bluntly angled, pale, glaucous, hairy,
very leafy. Term. It. oblong, with long cuspidate point.

(R. radula, var. echinatoides Rogers.) See above, in
Subsection a.

2. Stkd. gl. and numerous acic. on pan.-rach. and ped.,
though rarely long, usually far exceeding the close felt or very
short hairs. Stkd. gl. and acic. on st. more thinly and unequally
scattered, sometimes nearly absent.

R. podophyllus P. J. Muell. St. bluntly angled, dark,
usually subglabrous. Term. lt. oyal-oblong, with rather short
cuspidate point. Less distinctly Radulan than the other
species of the group.

(R. adenanthus Boul. & Gill.) See Group VIII., Zgregii.
(R. infecundus Rogers.) See Group iL, Koehleriani.
(R. fuseus Wh. & N.) See Group XI., Sub-Bellardianc.

Group X. Sus-Kornterrani. Distinguished from the
true Radule by the strong larger prk. being somewhat more
unequal and less strictly confined to the angles of the st., and
by the general armature of prklets, acic., ete., being also rather
less uniform in length and stoutness ; while they differ from
the true Koehlerianz by the less graduated series of glandtipped
organs and the comparative rarity with which such organs
exceed the hairs on pan.-rachis and ped,

1. Glandtipped organs on pan.-rach. almost wholly sunken in
the patent hairs.

a. Fr.-sep. subpatent, at least for a time. Lts. thick.
(i.) Lts. with whitish felt beneath. Stam. long.

R. Grofithianus Rogers. St. and very unequal prk. deep
red. Term. It. roundish-obovate-acuminate. Pan. rather
narrow, lax, nearly cylindrical.

r (u.) Lts. usually. softly hairy beneath. Stam. rather
short.

Rk. Babingtonit Bell Salt. St. and subequal prk. fuscous.
Term. lt. oblong-oval-cuspidate. Pan. broad, cylindrical-
truncate, with patent branches and acicular prk.

f. Bloxamii Lees, St. and rather weak prk. purplish-red.
Term. lt. broadly obovate. Pan. broadly pyramidal, round-

1 See J. of B., xliii., 364, 1905.

560 APPENDIX LI,

topped with long ascending lower branches. Sep. patent or
subpatent for a time, soon loosely refiexed.

(R. mutabilis Genev.) See below in subsection 6.

5. Fr.-sep. reflexed. Lts. rather thin. Stam. long.

i.) Lts. thinly hairy beneath.

R. melanodermis Focke. St. and rather unequal prk.
blackish-purple. Lis. very plicate, green; term. obovate-
truncate. Pan. narrow cylindrical.

R. Babingtonii Bell Salt., var. phyllothyrsus (Frider.). St.
fuscous. Term. lt. obovate-acuminate. Pan. broad, with
strong ialcate prk. and several simple 1. 44

F or typical R. Babingtonii see above in Subsection a.)
(ii.) Lts. softly hairy or with rather close felt beneath,—
at least when young.

R. cavatifolius P. J. Muell. St. and rather unegual prk.
pale or reddish-brown. Lis. yellowish-green; term. broadly
cordate-ovate-acuminate. Pan. nearly cylindrical, truncate.

R. mutabilis Genev. Lis. very long and narrow, deeply
incised, with close pale felt beneath ; term. narrowed at both
ends. Pan. very large, nearly cylindrical.

(For subsp. nemorosus Geney. see below, in Section 2.)

Glandtipped preene o! on pan.-rach. more unequal, rather
feos exceeding the short aa or felt.
a. Fr.-sep. reflexed, ea rather close felt.

Rk “Lejeunet Wh. & N._ Lts. thin, light green 5 term
obovate-rhomboidal. Pan. loosely pymemidel, with slender
unequal armature. Pet. broad, bright pink.

Subsp. ericetorum. (Lefy.). Sons Lts. with longer
point, grey-felted beneath. Pan. very long, pyramidal-
corymbose, more prickly and glandular. Pet. narrow, white or
pinkish.

6. Sep. rising on fall of pet.

R. mutabilis Genev., subsp. nemorosus Geney. Lis. thick,
with subvelvety felt beneath : term. cordate-ovate-acuminate.
Pan. pyramidal, interrupted.

(For typical R. mutabilis see above, in Section 1.)

Group XI. Sus-Betrarprani. The larger prk. not so strong
as in Groups [X.and X. and rather more scattered and unequal.
St. often less angular. Near the true Bellardiani, but usually
stouter with a less graduated series of prk. and other arms and
a greater tendency to compound branches in the lower half of
the pan. Several of the plants in Section Il. of Bellardiani
never would hardly be soni of place among the Sub-Bel-
caraiani

APPENDIX I. 561

1. Hairs on st. and pan.-rach. dense and fairly long, usually
patent. lL. mostly 5-nate.

a. Sep. normally refiexed, though often partially patent
(or even erect) in fr.

R. fuscus Wh. & N. . Prk. rather short, somewhat scattered.
Lts. coarsely toothed, softly hairy beneath ; term. rather broad
with long point. Pan. narrow, cylindrical, with sunken stkd.
gl. and acie.

Var. nutans Rogers. Prk. usually more unequal. Lts. more
deeply incised, with very attenuate point. Pan. very lax, sub-
racemose above, drooping. Fr.-sep. usually erect at first.
(This var. would hardly be out of place in Section 2.)

Var. macrostachys (P. J. Muell.). Prk.longer. Lts. whitish-
felted beneath. Pan. conspicuously pyramidal, with divaricate
brangnes and blackish-purple villous rach. Stam.comparatively
short.

6. Fr.-sep. mostly erect.

Subsp. obscurus Kalt. Chief prk. hooked or nearly so.
Prklets acic. and stkd. gl. mostly very small. Lts. even-toothed.
Pan. long, with deep red pet. and short stam.

2. Hairs on st. abundant, rather short, loose or partly ap-
pressed. L. 5-nate or 3—4-nate. Sep. erect or patent on
unripe fr., often reflexed ultimately.

a. L. mostly 5-nate.

R. pallidus Wh. & N. Prk. usually confined to angles,
mostly subequal. Lts. thin, very irregularly toothed, long and
rather narrow. Pan. straggling-pyramidal, with wavy rach.
slender ped. and mostly short blackish stkd. gl.

Var. Jeptopetalus Rogers. St. most densely clothed with very
short acic. and stkd. gl. Lts. with somewhat glaucous tint
and sharply incised teeth. Pan. normally broad, with inter-
lacing branches. Pet. small, very narrow.

b. L. 3—4-nate, rarely 5-nate.

R. scaber Wh. & N. St. roundish, glaucous, rough with
minute acic. Prk. small. Lts. with fine teeth and rather
short point. Pan. narrow, with short hair and mostly short
stkd. gl.

R. thyrsiger Bab. Hairs on st. partly appressed. Lts.
coarsely irregularly toothed, obtusangular-obovate. Pan. long,
subracemose, with long-pedicelled fi.

3. Hairs on st. rather thinly scattered or nearly absent. L.
mainly 3-nate.

a. Sep. clasping young fr., mostly reflexed ultimately.

R. Lintonit Focke. St. usually subglabrous. Prk. very
slender. Lts. shining, with close fine teeth. Pan. cylindrical,
racemose-corymbose, with very unequal stkd. gl.

2N

562 APPENDIX I.

‘R. longithyrsiger Bab, Prk. short: Lts. with shallow even
teeth, obovate-cuspidate. Pan. pyramidal, racemose or sub-
racemose above ; ped. rigid, purplish with short stkd. gl. Carp.
pubescent-glabrescent.

Var. botryeros Rogers. St. conspicuously glaucous. Prk. and
other arms more unequal, IL. rather more frequently 4—5-nate.
Lts. truncate-mucronate, more narrowed towards base. Pan.
more composite, with larger fl. less rigid ped. and hairy ois

b. Fr.-sep. normally reflexed throughout.

Rh. foliosus Wh. & N. Prk. many weak subequal. Lts.
nearly uniform, usually broadest near middle. Patt long and

narrow, with flexuous rach. and short Fepecdiohited and often
fasciculate branches.

Group XII. KorHLERIANT (Hijstices Focke). St. low
arching or nearly prostrate or climbing, usually indistinctly
angled, with scattered prk. prklets acic. bristles and stkd. gl. of
varying form and length. Some prk. very strong and (like all
the arms) occasionally glandtipped. L. mostly 5-nate. Pan.
composite, sometimes subracemose above; lowest branches
racemose ; middle and often upper cymose or subumbellate,
3 to many-flowered ; rach. and ped. almost as variously armed
as st. Usually large strong plants, with more unequal and
varied armature than is found in any other group. Dis-
tinguished from the Sub-Koehleriant by the greater range of
variation in the still more scattered armature, the special
abundance of strong bristles passing into acic. and the greater
number and greater length of the glandtipped organs.

1. Prk. somewhat scattered, but chiefly on angles. Prk. and
acic. rarely glandtipped. Intermediate arms only fairly many.

a. Prk. not very unequal, all of moderate length (except
oo in R. hostilrs). Stkd. el. on rach. rarely very
ong

BR. glareosus Rogers. St. helire Prk, rather strong, sub-
equal. L.3—4 (5) nate-pedate. Lts. narrow obov.-cuneate, with
compound serration in upper half, hairy on nerves beneath ;
term. acumin. into long point. Ultra- axillary pan. lax. Sep.
erect in fr. Pet. very narrow, pale pink.

R. rosaceus Wh. & N. St. roundish, pubescent or sub-
glabrous. Prk. rather short, L. chiefly 3-nate. Lts. broad,
hairy on nerves beneath ; lat. very gibbous. Pan. broad. Pet.
bright pink.

Var. hystrix (Wh. & N.). St. angular, more hairy, with
stronger more unequal armature. L. often 5-nate. Lts.
narrow, pubescent beneath. Pan. narrow. Sep. more erect.
Pet. pink or pinkish.

Var. infecundus Rogers. Armature nearly Radulan. L.

APPENDIX I. 563

often 5-nate. Lts. yellowish, very softly hairy beneath. Pan.
lax. pyramidal. Sep. rising early and clasping poor fr.

Subsp. Purchasianus Rogers.’ St. roundish, densely hairy.
Prk. crowded, stout-based. L. mostly 5-nate-pedate. Lts.
narrow, strigose on both sides: Pan. nearly cylindrical. Sep.
shaggy, erect in fr.

Subsp. adornatus P.J.Muell. St. bluntly angled, pubescent,
glaucous. Prk. very strongly declining. L. chiefly 4—5-nate.
Term, lt. narrowed very evenly to long point. Pan. very
narrow, wavy below. Sep. soon erect.

Subsp. Powelliz Rogers. Slender. L. small. Lts. very
narrow, with long attenuate point and compound incised teeth.
Stkd. gl. very unequal; other glandtipped organs usually
absent. Pan. very compound, lax, corymbose. Sep. strongly
reflexed in fl. and fr.

R. hostilis Muell & Wirtg. St. bluntly angled. L. chiefly
5-nate, often large. Lts. narrow, with irregular partially com-
pound teeth and very long point. Pan. mostly short and
racemose above. Fr.-sep. attenuate, clasping.

5. Prk. extremely unequal, some very long. Stkd. gl. on
rach. passing into glandtipped acic.

R. fusco-ater Weihe. Stout and very hairy. L. moderate.
Lts. typically roundish-ovate with sharp point, not deeply in-
cised. Armature very strong. Fr.-sep. erect or patent.

2. Prk. acic. bristles and intermediate organs of all kinds
very numerous, very unequal, indiscriminately scattered and
not unfrequently glandtipped.

a. Pet. white.

it. Koehleri Wh. & N. Armature remarkably unequal,
mostly slender, often glandtipped. Lt.-toothing rather coarse.
Pan. open, slightly narrowed above. Fr.-sep. reflexed.

Var. cognaius (N. E. Brown). Intermediate arms often less
numerous. Leaf-toothing almost lobate-sinuate. Pan. broad
and much branched. Fr.-sep. at first subpatent.

6. Pet. pink.

Subsp. dasyphhyllus Rogers. Intermediate arms present in
very varying quantity. Lts. thick; teeth compound, partly
recurved. _Pan. very narrow, interrupted. Fr.-sep. retlexed.

R. piniosaiys Genevy. Armature rather sub-Koehlerian.
Lts. long, narrowed at both ends, very pale beneath. Pan.
large. Fr. small. Fr.-sep. loosely reflexed or subpatent.

Rt. Marshalli Focke & Rogers. Hairy. Armature ex-
ceedingly dense and unequal, almost wholly patent. L. small.
Pan. very elongate, with very long lower branches. Sep.
subpatent in young ir.

564 APPENDIX I.

Var. semiglaber Rogers. Subglabrous. Armature less uni-
formly patent and not quite so unequal. Pan. broader. FI.
more showy. Fr.-sep. often clasping.

Group XIII. Bettarprani (Glandulosi Focke). St. mostly
prostrate roundish often pruinose. Armature as scattered asin
Koehlerianz and very varied but weaker, the prk. being usually
slender and in some instances almost reduced to acic. L. 3-
nate or 4—5-nate-pedate, green on both sides. Bas. lts. stalked.
Stip. filiform, rarely narrowly linear. Pan. mostly Jess com-
posite, occasionally reduced to a raceme. Stkd. gl. and gland-
tipped bristles on. pan. usually red or dark purple, mostly very
unequal, often considerably exceeding diameter of ped. and
hairs on rach. and ped. Usually rather small low-growing
plants, occurring chiefly in the woods and thickets of somewhat
hilly districts. Many of the sp. very ill-defined and variable.
For detailed account of the differences between this group and
the Koehleriani see Focke, Syn. R. G. 355.

1. Stkd. gl. on pan. conspicuously unequal, often twice as
long as diameter of ped. Glandtipped bristles often numerous.
a. Fy.-sep. normally erect or patent (sometimes loosely
reflexed in R. Durotrigum).
(i.) L. chiefly 5-nate.

R. viridis Kalt. Prk. and prklets fairly many, lerge-based.
Lts. softly hairy and subglabrescent beneath, with irregular
shallow teeth. Stam. far exceeding sty. Young carp.
pubescent. .

R. Durotrigum R. P. Murr. Prk. very crowded, slender,
long-based. Lts. very slightly hairy on veins beneath, with
deeply incised or lobate teeth. Stam. and sty. subequal.
Young carp. thinly hairy.

(ii.) L. chiefly or wholly 3-nate.

R. diveriramus P. J. Muell. L. mostly 3-nate. Lts. soft
with short hair beneath, with fine closely placed compound
teeth ; lat. very gibbous. Stam. exceeding sty. Young carp.
somewhat pubescent.

R. Bellardii Wh. & N. Prk: acicular, conical. L. 3-nate.
Lts. subequal, evenly toothed. Pan. short, racemose above,
with long thin ped. Stam. and sty. subequal. Young carp.
glabrous. :

(R. flaceidifolius P. J. Muell.) See below under R. hirtus.

Gii.) L. 3—5-nate. ‘

R. serpens Weihe. Prk. short. Lts. unequal, irregularly
toothed. Pan. narrow, racemose ; sometimes with long race-
mose branches below. Stam. hardly exceeding sty. Young
carp. glabrous.

APPENDIX I. 565

R. hirtus W. & K. Prk. usually straight, setaceous. L.
rarely 4—5-nate. Lts. broad coarsely toothed, very hairy on
veins beneath. Stam. rather exceeding sty. Carp. hairy.
Densely glandular and bristly.

Var. rotundifolius Bab. Prk. and prklets mostly short,
stout-based. Lits. with shallow teeth, subglabrescent beneath.
Ped. long, divaricate. Stam. far exceeding sty. Carp. glabrous.
Very luxuriant ; with yellowish-brown tint.

b. Fr.-sep. reflexed or partly subpatent; occasionally
erect.

Subsp. Kaltenbachii (Metsch.). Prk. strongly declining,
stout-based. Lts. narrow, irregularly toothed. Pan. elongate,
pyramidal, drooping. Stam. exceeding sty. Carp. glabrous.

Subsp. flaccidefolius (P. J. Muell.). L. chiefly or wholly
3-nate. Lts. subequal, thin, oval, long-poited. Pan. narrow,
lax, wavy. Sep. strongly reflexed in fl, and fr. Stam.
unequal.

Subsp. rubiginosus (P. J. Muell.). St.and prk. stouter. Lts,
thick, with somewhat patent teeth. Pan. narrow, cylindrical.
Fr.-sep. loosely reflexed. Stam. usually exceeding sty. Carp.
glabrous. ~

R. horridicaulis P. J. Muell. St. stout. Prk. many, strong.
Lts. large, roundish-obovate-mucronate, with broad coarse
teeth. Pan. strongly armed and very glandular. See under
R. saxicolus.

2. Stkd. gl. on pan. almost without exception shorter than
diameter of ped. Glandtipped bristles few or none. (Near
Group XI.)

a. Fr.-sep. chiefly patent.

R, acutifrons A. Ley. Prk. strongly declining or hooked.
L. 3—5-nate. Lts. thinly hairy beneath, with fine somewhat
lobate teeth. Pan. very lax, with aggregated ped. Stam. far
exceeding sty.’ Young carp. hairy.

R. saxicolus P. J. Muell. St. angular, subglabrous. L.
mostly 5-nate. Lts. with soft short hair beneath, somewhat
obovate with short pomt. Pan. long, with dense patent hair
and short glandtipped organs.

R. tereticaulis P. J. Muell. St. densely hairy and aciculate.
Prk. slender. Term. lt. obovate-acuminate, rather narrow.
Stam. about equalling sty. Carp. glabrous.

6. Fr.-sep. reflexed in fl. and fr. j
RR. ochrodermis A. Ley. St. stout, very prickly, subglabrous,
ochreous. Term. lt. roundish-obovate- mucronate. Stam.
exceeding sty.

566 APPENDIX I.

__e. Sep. clasping and almost hiding fr.

R. velatus Letv. St. with scattered silky hairs. Prk. stout-
based. Term. It. roundish-obovate-acuminate. Stam. exceeding
sty. Carp. pubescent.

D. (Group XIV.)—St. low arching or trailing, pruinose, Prk.
scattered mostly acicular and straight. Bas. Its. sessile or
very nearly so.

Group. XIV. Cast (Corylifolii Focke). St. roundish or
slightiy angular, with many rooting branches. Intermediate
acic. and stkd. gl. few (except in some forms of R. dumetorum),
sometimes absent. Lts. mostly broad ; bas. hardly stalked.
Stip. often rather broad. Pet. Jarge roundish. Drupelets
usually rather few and large. Fl. early and late. See Focke,
Syn. R. G. 387.

1. L. 5-nate or 3—4-nate. Stip. linear-lanceolate or filiform
(rather broadly lanceolate, in A. Balfourcanus). Drupelets
fairly many, rather large, mostly epruinose.

it. dumetorum Wh. & N. Sp. collect.. St. and pan.-rach.
with many unequal prk. acic. and glandtipped organs. Lis.
usually thick. Pan. mostly long, regular, compound, with
rach. usually very hairy. Fr.-sep. mostly erect or subpatent.

(For conspectus of &. dumetorum forms see below, at the
end of this table.)

R. corylifolius Sm. Sp. collect. Prk. subequal, irregularly
scattered. Glandtipped organs very few. lLts. moderately
thick. Pan. somewhat irregular, with few axillary branches
and whitish-felted rach. Fr.-sep. normally reflexed.

a. Var. sublustris Lees. St. round, Prk. subulate. L.
5—7-nate. Term. It. broadly ovate-acuminate incised-serrate
and (often) lobate. i

b. Var. cyclophyllus (Lindeb.). St. bluntly angled. Prk.
rather short and stout. L.5-nate. Term. lt. roundish cuspi-
date-acuminate, not lobate. -

Rk. Balfowianus Blox. Stkd. gl. mostly short, fairly many
though unequally scattered. Lts. usually thin, conspicuously
wrinkled above. Stip. rather broad. Pan, diffuse, with
straggling few-flowered branches. Fr.-sep. clasping. Fl. and
fr. large.

2. L. normally 3-nate. ‘Stip. considerably broadened in
middle. Drupelets few, very large, conspicuously glaucous.

R. cesius Linn. Prk. weak short subulate. Stkd. gl. and
acic. seldom many, sometimes absent. Lts, thin. Pan. lax,
few-flowered. Fr.-sep. clasping. Whole plant weak.

~J

APPENDIX I. 56

Conspectus oF R. dumetorum FORMS.

J. Fr.-sep. partly erect. Stkd. gl. on pan. considerably
unequal, partly exceeding hairs.

(1) L. chiefly 5-nate.

a. Var. feror Weihe... Prk. very crowded, mostly long
patent. Lts. somewhat roundish. Pan. rather compact, with
rounded top and straight rach.

GVaL: diversifolius (Lindl.). Prk. very unequal, ranging
from very strong ones to prklets and tubercles. Lts. chiefly
oval or obovate. Pan. long, leafy, with very narrow top and
very short subracemose branches. Strong.

e. War. rubriflorus Purchas. St. slender, very glaucous.
Prk. small, chiefly on angles. Pan. straggling, with one or
more divaricate many-flowered branches. Pet. rather narrow,
purplish. Usually large weak bushes.

(2) L. chiefly 3—4-nate.
(i.) Acic. and stkd. gl. abundant.

6. Var. britannicus (Rogers). Prk. often crowded, usually
short weak and partly somewhat falcate. Lts. roundish. Pan.
much interrupted, with truncate top wavy rach. and lower
branches like small secondary pa:

d. Var. pilosus Wh. & N. Bt and pan.-rach. considerably
hairy. Prk. many, rather weak. Pan. leafy nearly to top,
cylindrical, with long peduncled branches.

Gi.) Acie. and stkd. gl. comparatively few.

f. Var. tuberculatus (Bab.). St. stout. Prk. and prklets
very stout-based. Pan. open, cylindrical, with corymbose top.
Pet. rather deep pink.

g. Var. concinnus Warren. St. rather slender. Prk. broad-
based, mostly patent. L.rather smalland neat. Pan. elongate,
with narrow subracemose top and long distant racemose lower
branches. Pet. rather small, pinkish.

Il. Fr.-sep. reflexed. Stkd. gl. on pan. short, sunken.

h. Var. fasciculatus (P. J. Muell.). St. dark purple, with
thinly scattered prklets. L. mostly 5-nate. Lts. with large
incised compound teeth. Pan. narrow, with short stkd. gl.
sunken in patent hair.

APPENDIX II

In this Appendix only the more important ad¥ances are
noticed. Many of the varieties named to-day were deliberately
excluded by Prof. Babington, and it is not possible within
the present limits to deal adequately with them all.

Page 3.

THatictrum. The forms of 7’. minus L. sensu lato (including
7. majus) are not yet satisfactorily understood: modern
authors agree neither with Babington’s arrangement nor with
his naming.

Page 12.

266, Ranunculus Alee Willk. ; like sp..26 but stock swollen
not bulbous root-fibrils stout 3—4 mm. diam., shoot spreading-
branched from base, segm. of rad. 1. longer stalked, pedicels
terete shghtly furrowed towards apex, fl. larger paler, heads
of achenes larger, receptacle elongate conical (not ellipsoid)
Cambr. Brit. Fl. iii., t. 139 bis —Sand dunes, Jersey.
P. LV.-Y. K.

Page 17.

Nympheea occidentalis (Ostenf.) Moss ; smaller, ]. 11—13 cm.
long and 9—12 cm. broad, primary veins of I. lobes converging
if produced, fl. 7—9 cm. diam., receptacle subangularat insertion,
upper part of fr. without staminal scars, seeds larger 3—3} mm.
—N. alba var. minor DC.?; Syme. Differs from WV. candida
Presl in its warty-papillose pollen grains, more numerous
carpels with yellow uni-cuspidate stigmatic rays, ovary less
narrowed below the disc, fr. globose or depressed globose
(5 : 7)—Moorland and mountain lakes. P.VIL-VIU. E.S.I.

Page 21.

Fumaria. Well-grown examples must be examined : under
unfavourable conditions all tend to be small flowered and
similar. “Few” fl. is about 12; “many” about 20, The
deep colour of the corolla-tip should be observed before

568

APPENDIX II. 569

fertilisation as it often “runs” subsequently and suffuses
the whole corolla. The dry fruit is described ; the shape
given the profile view.

A. Grandifiora. LL. segm. flat broadly oval to lanceolate,
fl. normally more than 9 mm. long, upper pet. with reflexed
wings, lower not’ spathulate: (Growing in borders of
fields, etc.)

* Lower pet. with broad spreading margin, fr. large (3 mm.
long and broad) distinctly keeled, coarsely rugose (Agraric).

1. F. occidentalis Pugsley ; very robust, suberect or climbing,
racemes rather lax lengthening in fruit, about equalling pedunc.
few to many fid., bracts nearly equal pedic. (occasionally much
shorter), pedic. straight (in open) or arcuate (hedges, etc.),
sep. 4—53 x 2—3 mm., ovate incise dentate towards base, cor.
12-14 mm. handsome rose-white, wings dark purple with well-
marked broad white margins, upper pet. broad, dorsally com-
pressed, spur relatively short, fr. shortly beaked.—Cornwall,
endemic. A. V.-X. E.

** Lower pet. with narrow marg., fr. “small” (2 mm. long
and broad) to “moderate” (25 mm.)sor slightly larger in 7’.
Martini, not or obscurely keeled, smooth or rugose.

+ Pedune. longer than or equalling raceme, pedic. usually
much thickened apically, rigidly recurved in fruit (v. rarely
straight divaricate), bracts about equalling fr.-pedic., sep.
large, not less than 4 length of and as broad as corolla, fr. v.
obtuse, when fresh with fleshy neck narrower than pedic.
tip (Capreolate).

2. F. capreolata L.; suberect or climbing, racemes dense
many fid., sep. 4—6 x 2—3 mm., broadly oval acute, cor. 10—12
(14) mm. creamy white tipped with dark purple, upper pet.
dorsally narrow, wings not covering keel, fr. small to mod.,
subrotund or squarish smooth to finely rugulose, apic. pits
small well marked—a. pallidifora (Jord.) Crep.; upper pet.
acute, wings scarcely equal. keel, fr. small 2 mm. long and
slightly less broad subrotund v. obtuse not truncate smooth—
B. Babingtoni Pugsl.; upper pet. v. acute, fr. longer than
broad 23;x2 mm. truncate rectangular sometimes faintly
rugulose; the subvar. divaricata Pugsl. has the pedic. often
divaricate—y. devoniensis Pugsl.; fr. pedic. less recurved,
fl. more pink suffused, fr. 25 mm. 1. and br. not rectangular
finely rugose—a, Channel Is., doubtful elsewhere; 8, the
prevailing British form ; y, Devonshire. A. V.-X. E.S.

3. F. purpurea Pugsl.; suberect or climbing, racemes lax
many fid., cor. 10O—13 mm., pale or deep purple with dark

570 APPENDIX II.

purple tip, fr. pedic. less recurved, upper pet. acute dorsally
rather broad, wings exceed. keel, fr. moderate squarish faintly
rugulose apic. pits broader.—a. longisepala Pugsl.; bracts
lin. lane., sep. 5—64 x 2—3 mm., oblong rounded or shortly acute
(the normal form).—f. brevisepala Pugsl.; bracts lin. obl.,
broader, sep. 45—5 x 24—3 mm. broad-oval subacute (rare).—
A. V.-X. ES.I.

++ Pedune. shorter than or in sp. 4 equal. raceme, pedic.
not much thickened apically erect-spreading (sometimes
recurved in 4c and 5), bracts usually shorter than ér. pedic.,
sep. usually not broader than nor exceeding } length of
cor., fr. obt. or subacute, fleshy neck indistinct (J/urales).

4, F'. muralis Sonder ex Koch emend. Pugsl.; slender to
robust suberect to climbing, racemes equal. normal pedunc.
few (to many) fid., bracts 4 to 4 pedic., sep. 3—5 x 14—23 mm.,
cor. 9—12 mm. pale to rosy pink with dark purple tip, upper
pet. dorsally compr., lower pet. with erect narrow margins, fr.
small to mod. smooth or finely ruguiose, apic. pits small faint
or well marked.

a. subsp. muralis Pugs]. 1912;—subsp. Sonderz Pugsl. 1920;
F. muralis Sonder (vera); slender, rac. lax few fd., bracts
2 pedic., pedic. slender straight or flexuous erect spreading
sep. 3—4 x 14—24mm. ovate toothed espec. below, cor.9—11 mm.
upper pet. apiculate not broad, fr. subrotund ovate subac. or
apic., smooth.—a. vera Pugsl.; fr. v. small (to 2 mm.).—
B. decipiens Pugsl. ; fr. larger (25 mm.).

b. subsp. neglecta Pugsl. ; robust, rac. lax many fd. exceed.
ped., bracts } the slender straight suberect pedic., sep. 3x 15—-
2mm. broad oval subentire, cor. 10 mm., upper pet. obtuse not
broad, /7. rather small (2+ mm.) shortly obovate nearly truncate
smooth or finely rugulose.

c. subsp. Boraei (Jord.) Pugsl. ; robust to slender, variable
in habit racemes bracts and pedicels, rac. rather lax rather
few fid. nearly equalling the slender to stout sometimes
even recurved pedic., sep. 83—5 x 2—3 mm. ovate usually irreg.
dentate, cor, 10—12 mm., upper pet. broad, fr. usually obovate
obt.—a. typica Pugsl.; sometimes (f. elongata: glaucous few
fid.) very lax and diffuse, 1. segm. broad oblong, sometimes
(f. rubens: with deep rose fl.) vinous tinted, fl. large, sep.
4—5 x 23—3 mm., fr. 25x 2—2} mm. oboy. rounded obtuse.—
B. ambigua Pugsl.; as a but |. segm. narrow, fi. paler, fr.
broader more compressed nearly square, fleshy neck equal.
or exceed. pedic. tip, apic. pits faint.—y. gracilis Pugsl. ;
slender climbing, |. segm. ample obl.-lane. pedic. erect to. re-
curved fl. often paler, sep. large.— 45. britannica Pugsl.; slender,

APPENDIX II. 571

l. segm. often smaller glaucescent, pedic. slender, fl. and sep.
smaller, fr. small subrotund obov.—e. Jongibracteata Pugsl. ;
as 6 but racemes v. few fid., bracts exceed. short stout pedic.,
sep. acumin.—Locally abundant (a. rare and easily confused
with slender forms of c.; 6. Cornwall).—A. V.-X. E.S.1.

x F. Painterz Pugsl. (4c x 8); robust, rac. many jid., bracts
equal. pedic., sep. ovate-lanc. dent. or lacin. below, cor. 10—11
mm. pale pases dark tipped, lower pet. subspathulate, fr.
24 mm. squarish truncate apic. rugulose. Shropshire. EK.

5. F. Martini Clay. ; F.paradoxa Pugsl.; robust sometimes
climbing rac. laa many jid. much exceed. ped., bracts $—3
arcuate deflexed (fl.) to straight spreading (fr.) pedic., sep.
usually 4.x 2mm. oval subentire, cor. 11—13 mm. rose with dark
tip, upper pet. rather broad not dorsally compressed, lower
pet. with narr. spread. marg., fr. mod, to rather large 25—2?
x2—24 mm. subrotund apex acute (fresh), nearly smooth or
sometimes rugulose, apic. pits shallow rather large. Guernsey,
Cornwall, A. V.-X. EK.

6. F. Bastardi Bor.in Duchartre, emend. Pugsl. 1920; rarely
climbing lf. segm. usually narrower than in preceding spp.,
rac. rather lax many jid. exceed. ped., pedic. usually long
slender straight suberect or erect spreading, sep. 2—3 x 1—2mm.
oval serrate, cor. 9—11 mm. pink, upper pet. rather narrow
above, laterally compressed without dark purple tip, low pet.
with narrow spread margin, fr. mod. to small round rugose,
apic. pits broad shallow. «a. confusa (Jord.) Pugsl.; bracts
less than half normal (7.e. not short) pedic., wings of upper pet.
pink, fr. mod. rotundate usually subac. hardly narrowed
below.—B. Gussonii (Boiss.) Pugsl.; dwarfer, sep. often
relatively broader than a and blunter than y, wings of upper
pet. dark purp., fr. small subglobular considerably narrowed
below rather more finely rugose apic. pits less conspicuous.—
y. hrbernica Pugsl.; lax in habit, lf. segm, broader, upper
pet. apic. or v. ac. with dark purp. wings, fr. as a but more
rounded obt.: locally abundant, Jersey, Cornwall, chiefly
Treland.—A.. V.-X. E.S.1:

B. Parviflora. Lf. segm. often channelled narrow lanc. or
linear, fl. never more than 9 mm. long, lower pet. spathulate.

7. F. micrantha Lag. ; + robust suberect or diffuse, 1. segm.
channelled lin. or lin.-obl., rac. v. dense at first lax in fr.
many (—25) fld. much exceed. ped., bracts coloured, exceed.
straight erect-spreading fr. pedic.,, sep. 25—3 x 2—3 min. broader
than cor, and exceed half its length nearly orbicular or
(late fi.) broadly ovate subent.. sometimes lacin. tow. base

572 APPENDIX Il.

mucronate or ac., cor. 6—7 mm. rosy pink with tips of inner
pet. and wings of upper dark purple, upper pet. rather narrow
somewhat laterally compressed obt. or subac., low. pet: with
spread. marg. subspathulate, fr. small to mod subglobose rounded
obt. rugose.—-subvar. dubia Pugsl. ; fl. smaller (to 6 mm.), sep.
usually ovate ac. 2-23 x 1—13 mm. +lacin. tow. base.—A. V.-

IX. ES.L(.)

8. I. officinalis L.; + robust suberect or climbing, |. segm.
flat lanc. or lin. obl., rac. dense or lax v. many fid. exceed. ped.,
bracts shorter than pedic., sep. narrower than cor. rarely } its
length 2—34 mm. long ovate or oy. lane. dentic. or lacin. tow.
base, acum. or cuspidate, cor. 6—9 mm. purplish pink, tip of
inner pet. and wings of upper dark purple, upp. pet. broad
dorsally compressed obt., low. pet. spathulate margin spreading,
Jr. mod. at least as br. as long, truncate or retuse rugose or
rugulose.—«. major Koch in Sturm ; rac. dense at first lengthen-
ing 20—30 fld., bracts nearly equal. pedic., sep. 2—34 mm., cor.
7—8 (9) mm., fr. 2 x 24—3 mm. truncate or retuse to obreniform,
—subvar. scandens Pugsl. ; robust, stems thick, |. less glauc.,
segm. larger lin. obl.—f. elegans Pugsl.; tall glaucous, rac.
30—40 fid. pedic. slender twice as long as bracts, fr. smaller less
rugulose.—y. minor Koch in Sturm ; rac. rather lax 10—20 fid.,
sep. about 2 mm., fr. as a.—éd. Wirtgenc Hausskn.; |. segm.
narrower, rac. rather lax 10—20 fld., sep. 2x 1 mm., cor. smaller
paler, wings much produced at apex, fr. 2—24 mm. long and
scarcely broader rounded truncate not retuse broadest at
middle.—A, V.-IX.

LF. officinalis x parviflora; large and barren; in Surrey
among the parents.

9. F. Vaillant Lois. ; usually slender suberect or diffuse,
1, 2—3-pinnatisect glaucous or green, seym. flat lin.-obl. or
lane., rac. with short ped., bracts ? fr. pedic., sep. minute to
1x3—} mm. lane. acu. + lacin.-serrate, cor. 5—6 mm. pink, tip
of inner pet. dark purple wings of upper pet. obscurely dark
purp., upper pet. dorsally compressed emarginate apiculate,
lower pet. truncate spathulate marg. spreading, /7. small
(2 mm.) subrotund obscurely keeled, apex rounded obt., granular
rugose.—a. sparsifolia Pugsl.; 1. 2—pin.-sect. glaucous, rac.
lax 6—12 fld., pedic. shorter stouter—s. Chavini (Reut.)
Rouy & Fouc. ; 1. more (2—3) decompound, rac. denser asst

>

fid., pedic. longer more slender.—A. V.-IX.

10. Ff. parviflora Lam.; robust suberect or climbing (f.
umbrosa), 1. glaucous segm. lin. channelled (flat elongated in
f. wmbrosa), rac. subsessile many fld. becoming lax in fr., bracts
equal. fr. pedic., sep. minute broadly ovate incise dentate, cor.

APPENDIX II. 573

5—6 mm. white sometimes with pink flush, tip of inner pet. and
a contiguous blotch at base of wings of upper pet. dark purple,
upper pet. broad much dorsally compressed truncate scarcely
emargin., low. pet. ovate spathulate marg. spreading, /r. rather
small (2+mm.) subrotund little compr. but distinctly keeled,
or slightly ovate with apiculus, granular rugose.—a, leucantha
(Clav.) Pugsl.; less glaucous, fl. white occasionally flushed,
sep. 1x} mm., fr. subrotund very little compressed, apex
rounded obtuse above, apiculus short.—8, Syme Pugsl. ; habit
between a and y, sep. 14x ? mm., fr. with distinct keel produced
into emarginate obtuse beak.—y, acuminata (Clay.) Pugsl. ;
dwarfer very glaucous, l, segm. finer, fl. usually pink-flushed,
fr. subrotund ovate subacute. Chalky fields mainly in S.E.
England.—A. V.-IX. ES.

Page 27.

Barbarea vulgaris R. Br.; buds quite glabrous. For vars.
see J. of Bot. liv, 202:1916; var. s2lvestris Fr. has strict erect
appressed fr. as in B. stricta.

B. stricta Andrz. ex Bess. ; sep. in bud pilose near apex.

Page 28.

Arabis hirsuta L. ; stem-base hairs spreading mostly simple,
rib of valves usually reaching apex of fr.

[1* A. Gerardi Bess. ex M. and K.; stem-base hairs mostly
forked, subappressed, rib of valves slender disappearing half
way up fr., seeds more distinctly punctate ; erroneously recorded
(J. of B.1. 377: 1912) but might occur. |

Page 31.

* Sisymbrium Sinapistrum Crantz; S. pannonicum Jacq. ;
1S. altissimum L.; much branched almost glabrous, lower 1.
runcinate pinn.-fid., upper sess. pinnatisect, segm. lin. entire,
fl. pale yell. rather large, sep. spreading, pet. double length of
sep., rac. in fr. long lax, pedic. spreading short very thick, fr.
spreading long stiff 40—80 x 1mm. valves 3-veined, seeds small.—
Waste places, semi-naturalised, not uncommon. P. V.-VI. E.8.]

[S. Columne Jacq.; 1S. orientale L.; branched, grey
pubescent, 1. stalked runcin. pinn.-fid., term. lobe largest
elongate hastate, lat. lobes few deflexed subtriang. elliptic ;
fl. sulphur yell., sep. erect, pet. not much exceed. sep., rac. in
fr. long lax, pedic. short as thick as the few distant v. long
50—90x1 mm. fruits, valves 3-veined, seeds rather large
(1 mm.).—Waste places, alien. B. VI.-VII. E.]

574 APPENDIX II.

Page 35.

Draba verna L.; for forms of this species see Watson Bot.
Exch. Club, 1913-14 Kep. 466, and Bot. Hach. Club, 1914
Rep. 88>... Jordan states (Diagn. 207) that only the autumn
and winter leaves are of use in diagnosis.

Page 38.

Lepidium ruderale L.; upper |. linear, axis of rac. and pedic.
equally pubescent, hairs about } diam. of pedic., pet. 0, fr.
glabrous ovate 2—2} mm. broad,apex emarginate, wings acutish
porrect or slightly converging.

LI. neglectum Thellung. ; hairs of stem and |. margin straight
spreading short papilliform only 2—3 times their own breadth,
lower 1. shortly pubescent, upper |. lin. acutish usually entire,
pet. 0 or rudimentary, fr. orbicular or transversely ellipt.
rarely broadly ovate 3 mm. broad apex obtusely rounded
narr. emargin. distinctly winged. Waste places, often with
L. ruderale.—A. V.-V1. ‘

[Z. virginicum L. ; upper I. lin. lane. usually remotely serrate,
hairs of stem and |. faleately curved appressed 4—8 times their
breadth, pet. conspicuous (except upper fl.), silic. orbicular
24—3 mm. br. apex distinctly winged.—Alien. A. E.

Page 42.

Helianthemum canum «x Chamaecistum ; Gt. Orme’s Head,
see J. of B. li, 182 : 1913.

H. Chamaecistum x polifolium ; series of intermediates with’
parents on Bleadon Hill, Somerset.

Page 43.

Viola ; for numerous vars, ete., see Gregory, Monograph of
British Violets. :

lb. V. Juressi K. Wein? JV. epipsila Gregory op. cit., non
Ledeb.; as V. palustris but often stouter, rhizome thicker,
stipules browner when large, leaves often in 4’s, petioles,
lower parts of veins of lamina below, and rarely peduncles,
in some specimens with sparse longish hairs, apex of tl. acute.—
By running water in boggy places, chiefly in west ; grows and
hybridises with V. palustris and perhaps not truly distinct.—
Pp. [y.-ViL.. E,S.I.

7b. V. Ruppii All. emend. Borbas ; V. montana Fr., Becker,
etc. non Linn. ; stem erect, 1. usually thin light green ovate-
lane. with subcordate base stip. leafy half as long as petioles or

|

APPENDIX II. 575

larger, petioles winged above, pedunc. much elongated, 71. Jarge
and broad pale bright blue, spurx 2—3 times longer than cal.-
append. greenish and curved upwards, caps. acute.—Fenny
places, Woodwalton, Hunts, ? elsewhere.—P. V.-VI. E.

Page 46.
9 and 10; see also Drabble in J. of Bot. Appendix : 1909.

V. lutea Huds.; perennial with very slender underground
stems and tall or short glabrous shoots, stip. small palmatifid
lobes linear entire terminal scarcely larger subspathulate,
pedune. long, #1. Jarge, spur long slender 2—3 times cal.-append.
—Upland grassy pastures.—P. IV.-IX. E.S.1

V. Curtisiz Forst. ; perennial with slender underground stems
and short usually decumbent ceespitose rather hairy shoots,
stip. palmatifid lobes all narrow terminal larger, fl. usually
small sometimes large pale yellow to purple, spur rather
long and slender. Some large fid. Irish forms are glabrous.
Maritime sand.—P. V.-IX. E.S.I.

V. tricolor L. emend., W. Becker; perennating, stems
elongated or tall, internodes usually long, stip, + palmatitid
mid. lobe large leajlike lat. lobes small, pet. much longer than
sep. often purple, “pollen chamber! closed,” spur about 13 cal.
app., stigma lip large “pomting forwards and downwards.”—
V. eu-tricolor Syme; Saxatiles Drabble. ; short decumbent
tricolored plants of cultivated ground are probably forms
of V. arvensis.—Montane pastures. A.—P. VI.-IX. E.S.1.

[V. alpestris (DC.) W.. Becker; perennial, “stp. + pin-
natifid,” mid.-lobe usually lin. lanc. subentire lat. lobes broad
lin., pet. twice as long as sep. often brightly coloured, “ pollen
chamber open,” spur twice as long as cal.-app., stigma as
V. tricolor.—*? V. saxatilis Schmidt.—Authors do not agree in
their diagnosis of this from the last: all our forms would
appear to be JV’. tricolor in Becker’s sense. |

V. arvensis Murr. ; annual, stem simple branched or many
from base usually leafy with short internodes, stipules variable
mid. lobe leaflike, fi. small, sep. usually ciliate, pet. equal. sep.
mostly yellowish white, “ pollen chamber open,” spur subequal.
cal.-app., “stigma lip poimtmg downwards and backwards.”—
V. variata Jord.; short tufted very leafy, 1. ovate mostly

1 The ‘‘ pollen chamber” is the glabrous enclosure between the lines of hairs
on the lower petal, which in /. arvensis is connected with the rest of the limb.

576 APPENDIX II.

obtuse fi. larger purple, and other “ tricolores” (Drabble), seem
nearest related here.—Cultivated ground. A. [V.-X. E.S.1.

V. Kitaibeliana R. & 8.; typically simple unbranched, shoot
especially petioles and excluding the glabrous subrotund
radical 1. grey hairy, stip. mid. lobe Lin. oblong subentire, upper
], narrow, 7. very small, sep. glabrous usually longer than
pet., spur slightly exceed. cal.-app.—Our dwarf form often
branched from base is V. nana (DC.) 8. & M.—Channel and
Scilly Is... A. LV.-VII. E.

7
Page 51.
SILENE and Lycunis are now reclassified :—
* Teeth of capsule as many as stigmas.

AGrostEMMA L. emend., Fr. ; sep. with elongate teeth, pet.
without scales, stig. 5 opp. pet., gynophore absent, capsule
aseptate septicidal, “5 teeth opp. pet. —A. Githago L.

Lycunis L. emend. Rohrb.; pet. with coronal scales, stig.
5 opp. pet., gynophore short, capsule almost aseptate, septicidal,
5 teeth opp. pet.—L. Flos-cuculi L.

Viscakia Roehl. emend., Fr.; pet. with scales, stigm. usually
5 opp. sep., gynophore half as long as septate loculicidal
capsule, teeth opp OTH vulgaris Roehl. (L. Viscaria L.) ;
V. alpina (L.) G. D

** Teeth of ea oazeb as many as stigmas.

MeLanpryum Roehl. emend, Fr. ; cal. + inflated 10-veined,
pet. twisted in bud, gynophore very short, stigm. 3—8 usually
a Opp. pet., capsule aseptate.

+ Usually dioecious, stigm. usually 5.
ye album (Mill.) Garcke ; °M. dioicum (L. emend.) Simonk.
++ Monoclinous, stigm. usually 3
M. noctifiorum (L.) Fr.

StteneE L. emend, ; Cal. usually narrow sometimes inflated
10—60-veined, gynophore short to long, stigm. 5 or 3, capsule
septate below.

Page 54.

S. nutans L.; 1. dark green reddish tinged, fl. pure white,
carpophore 3— 3} mm., caps. 9-11 x 5—6 mm., teeth 4—5 mm.
wide, seeds grey- black tubercles acute. The var. B is “not
distinguishable even as a variety ”—(Syme).

S. dubia Herbich?; Salmon in J. ef &. 1905, 127, and 1918,
35; more slender less hairy-viscid than S. nutans, |. light
green not tinged glabrous except on margin longer stalked
narrow more ac., stem 1. narr. oblanc., upper sublinear, fl.

APPENDIX II. 577

smaller flavescent sometimes tinged with pink, cal. narrower

more cylindrical, teeth longer more acuminate, carpophore

4mm., caps. larger 12—14 x 73 —8} mm., teeth 4—5 mm. wide,

seeds larger ashy grey with blunt tubercles.—Sussex, etc.

P. VI.-VII. E.
Page 58.

2y. Sagina Reutert Boiss.; differs from sp. 2 in_ sep.
appressed to mature cal., from sp. 3 being smaller in all cts
parts, sep. all obtuse shorter than caps. Typically glandular,
but glabrous plants (Yorks) are named var. glabra Ingham
and Wheldon, J. of B. 1908, 109.

6b. S. scotica Druce ; creeping, rooting, l. mucronate, fl. usually
pentamerous, pet. nearly equal. sep., stam. 10, caps. slightly
exceed. cal.—Intermediate between sp. 6 and sp. 1 (which
often has some pentamerous fl. and pet. sometimes 3 often
-length of sep., stam. often 6—7 sometimes 8—9).— Mountains.
P. VI.-VIIT. 8.

Page 66.

5. Cerastium tetrandrum Curt.; dark green stem and
branches usually flowermg far below middle, bracts orbicular
to elliptic ovate, seeds dull brown.

5b. C. subtetrandrum (Lge.) Murb.; light green, stem and
branches flow. from or only above middle, bracts herbaceous,
broadly ovate to ov. lanc., lower usually shorter and narrower
than the leaves, sep. produced into a long membranous point,
caps. more projecting with narrower mouth, seeds smaller pale
brown.—Seashores and sandy places; Sutherland, Orkney,
Shetland ; to be searched for. A. Y.-VII. S.

Page 67.

1b. Sperguaria campestris (Kindb.) Willk. & Lge.; S.
atheniensis Aschers. & Schweinf. ; very glandular, pedic. shorter
than cal., f. numerous dense very small, |. elongated linear,
stip. triangular broad as long as their base dull, pet. shorter
than sep. “ purplish concolorous,” “‘ paler or white below,” “rose
or white,” seeds as in sp. 1 but ? “greyish brown” with
“accumbent cotyledons.” Introduced m harbours Jersey,
Cornwall, ete. Bet

3. S. salina Presl; Lepigonum neglectum Kindb. (1856) ;
LI. salinum Kindb. (1863) not of Kindb. (1856) ; annual 2, stem 1.
and stip. as p. 68, pedic. about equal. calyx, fi. medium, pet.
shorter than eal. purplish rose with white base, stam. usually

20

578 APPENDIX II,

fewer than 10, caps. } (rarely }) as long again as cal., seeds
wingless except for one or two at base of caps., nearly flat
“with elevated margin,” papillose.

4. S. marginata (DC.) Kittel ; perennial, stem 1. and stip.
as p. 68, pedic. 14—2 calyz, fl. large, pet. nearly or quite equal.
sep. pale lilac or nearly white, stam. 10, caps. large 14 as long
as “almost double the size of” cal., seeds all winged “margin
only slightly elevated” smooth.—var. glandulosa Druce ;
densely glandular, fl. deep pimk.—Intermediates between spp.
3 & 4 are are rarely found and may be hybrids.—[S. leiosperma
(Kindb.) Fernald resembles sp. 3 but has larger capsules with
smooth seeds. ]|—A plant differing from sp. 4 only in its wingless
seeds is Leyig. marinum v. apterum. H. S. Marshall.

Page 73.

5b. Hypericum Desetangsic Lamotte ; taller than sp. 5, stem
4-angled below 2-lined above, !. sparsely dotted and with clear
veins, sep. unequal outer (2) broad lane. inner narr. lanc.
mostly acute, fl. large with practically no black marks on sep.
or pet.—J. of B. li. 317:1913 & B. £. C. 1913, Rep. 311.—
? Hybrid of spp. 5 & 6 (sep. intermediate)? Sussex, etc.
Lea AU VWAU SE E.

Page 78.

12. Geranium Robertianum L.; anthers reddish orange,
fr. typically downy 1—2. wrinkled above with raised lines
below.—Var. maritimum Bab. prostrate very red subglabrous
throughout, fl. smaller, fr. glabrous fawn ; south coast shingles,
where other forms occur.

126. G. purpureum Vill. emend. ; erect, 1. more narrowly cut,
segm. narrower, pedic. long-pilose, fl. half as large as im sp. 12,
pet. scarcely exceed. sep., narr. obovate suberect, stam. yellow,
Jr. thick wrinkled in upper half, hairy or glabrous. Includes
G. modestum Jord.—s. Forster Wilmott; small prostrate,
very red.—Hedgebanks in south, rare; 8, maritime shingles,
Sussex, Hants, very rare. A. V.-IX. ET.

Page 109.

Alchemilla; see Lindberg fil., Die Nord. Alchem. vulgaris-
formen, 1909, and C. E. Salmon in J. of B. li. 281; 1914,

la. A. minor Huds.; Lindb. fil., non Buser nec. auct.
continent. ; A. filicaulis E. F. Linton, non Buser ; with spread-
ing hairs throughout, basal stipules entire soon turning wine
red, stem hairy throughout, stem |. few feebly developed,
1. blue green, lobes (7 complete) moderately broad short and

APPENDIX II. 579

blunt, teeth obtuse or obtusish, inflorescence meagre pedicels
all or most with fairly numerous hairs, fl. /arge 33—4 (5) mm.
diam. yellowish green, urceoles pear-shaped + thickly spreading
hairy.—Usually small (£. aprica) 8—12 em. high, |. reaching
33 cm. long and 4 em. broad, lobes with 5—6 teeth each side ;
sometimes (f. vegeta) larger to 25 (in shade to 40) cm. high, |.
reaching 6 cm. long and.8 cm. broad, lobes with 6—8 (9) teeth
each side,—Usually in dry sunny hill grassland, f. vegeta in
open woods. P. IV.-IX. ESA.

1b. A. filicaulis Buser ; resembling sp. 1a throughout except
in distribution of hairs, 1. usually moderately hairy, petioles
sometimes glabrescent, laminz + hairy above, sparsely below,
sometimes glabrescent except in folds above, upper part of
stem almost always glabrous, rarely with a few scattered
hairs, sometimes stem glabrous throughout, pedic. glabrous,
urceoles + sparsely hairy or upper ones glabrous, rarely all
glabrous except for solitary hairs.—Critical; Forfar, Perth,
Inverness, Shetland. P. V1.-VII. S.

le. A. pratensis (Schmidt ?, emend.) Lindberg!; stems and
petioles thickly spreading hairy, l. yellow green flat glabrous
above, lobes (9 complete) short broad moderately rounded,
teeth equal acute, like a staircase, infl. richly branched laxly
rich clustered, pedicles 1—2 (3) mm. glabrous, fl. yellow very
small, 25—83 mm. diam., wrceoles hemispherical most glabrous,
a few with solitary or sparse-spreading hairs (more in autumn
specimens).— Upland grassland. P. V.-VIII. E.S.1.

ld. A. alpestris Schmidt (emend. ?); Lindberg ; medium to
large, almost glabrous ; lowest (2) internode and petioles with
very sparse (? sometimes dense) appressed, and a few slightly
spreading, silky Aazrs, lamine ae short hairs on the upper
part of veins below, often on the teeth and very rarely a few in
the folds above, basal stip. brownish, stem (4) 20—40 (60) cm.
high, I. yellow-green or clear blue green, petioles 2—25 cm. long,
lamina reniform 33;—15 x 3—12 em., lobes (9 complete) rather
long and deep, teeth (6) 7—9 (10) each side unequal sharply
ovate obtusish (large 1.) or more ac. (small rounder 1.), apical
tooth very small with contracted base, stem 1. large with large
broad short-toothed stip., infl. long narrow branches rather
erect, pedic. quite glabr. fl. yellow green 4—4} mm. diam,
urceoles campanulate 2}—35 mm. long glabrous, sep. and
epical. glabr.—Damp mountain meadows. P. V.-VIII.. E.S.1.

le. A. acutedens Buser emend. Lindbg ; differs from sp.
1d: medium-sized or usually small 4—45 cm. procumbent or

1A. vulgaris L. em. Buser; A. pastoralis Buser: like 1c busi. ‘moderately
hairy both sides, etc., has been found in Yorkshire.

580 APPENDIX II.

zigzag ascending, almost glabrous base of stem densely hairy
hairs reaching to 2nd (or 38rd) flow. branch but’ petioles
distinctly silky hairy (or partly glabr.), lamin glabr. with
silky hairs throughout veins and usually on basal lobes below
and on teeth and sometimes in folds above, 1. pure green
2412 x 2—10 em., lobes usually rather short (longer on reni-
form | ), teeth (6) 7—9 each side very equal narrow (longer than
broad) and close terminal eqguilong or rarely shorter, stem 1.
small with deep-toothed or-fid stip., upmost stip. almost stellate,
fi. usually greenish yellow 33—4.mm, diam., urceoleyturbinate
base elongated, sep, and epical. glabrous or occasional apical
hairs on lowest fl. (The true plant not recorded as British.)
var. alpestriformis Salmon ; (often glabrous above 2nd
internode) fewer hairs on stems, leaf veins (usually only distal
half hairy) and lower lobes, petioles rarely almost. glabrous,}
sep. more acute than in 1d.—Grassy banks, montane; rare.
P. VII.-VIII. ES.
lf. A. glomerulans Buser ; differs from sp. 1d :—stems and
petioles subappressed pilose throughout (rarely subglabrous),
]. large densely to laxly appressed pilose sometimes in folds
only rarely subglabrous above laxly pilose (to glabrous) below
with all veins silky pilose, infl. rather narrow, fl. in dense
clusters, lowest urceoles sometimes subappressed pilose,—
Perth, Inverness. P, VII.-VIII. Ss.

Page 110.

3, A.conjuncta Bab.; is a plant of the western Alps cultivated
in gardens and questionably wild in Britain ; the Faroese plant
is A. faroensis Buser.

Page 133.

x Geum intermedium (Khrh.); the primary hybrid G.
urbanum x rivale with brown stem and cal., small stipules,
fl. large pendulous rather_open yellow with red, is fertile
producing numerous forms, j ‘

Rosa ; see A, H. Wolley-Dod in J. of B. xlvi., Suppl. : 1908
(Eu-Canine) ; xlviii., Suppl. ;1910 (excluding Hu-Canine) ;
lviii., 301 : 1920 (Summary).

Page 140.

4. Pyrus fennica, Bab.; is a hybrid between sp. 3 and 5 8
(arranensis).

5. P. intermedia Ehrh. ; Sorbus scandica (L.) Fr. ; 1. about

1 But specimens passed as A. alpestris sometimes have densely hairy petioles
and narrow sepals.

APPENDIX II. 581

13 times as long as broad, lobes short broad, on long shoots
deeper cut subpinnate at base, felt beneath yellowish grey, sep.
in fr, with erect dry tip.—8. arranensis (Hedlund as Sorbus) ;
l. narrower 13—2 as l.as br., more acute, /obes narrower relatively
deeper (to half-way on mid. 1. of fl. shoots), and more acute,
felt white, sep. in fr. with fleshy connivent tip.—y. minima
(Ley) ; 1. 2—24 as 1. as br., Jobes and teeth shallow less acute,
felt white, fl. (size as sp. 3) and bitter fr. smaller.—Often
planted ; ? wild in N. Scotland; 8. Arran; y. Brecon. ES.

Page 146.

*1. Oenothera Lamarckiana Ser. in DC.; O. biennis E.B.
1534; stem and ovaries always with red glands, |. usually
crinkled, buds papillate wth long and short hawrs squaresh
in section owing to projecting ribs of stout red-striped thick-
subulate-tipped sep., cor. large to 7 cm. diam., style long exceed.
anthers (even in bud).—Waste ground escaped from gardens.

O. grandiflora Ait.; often without red glands on stem,
l, usually not crinkled, buds not hispid but thenly short

ubescent slender rounded in section, sep. thin papery with
ong slender tips, cor. large, style long.—Garden escape less
common than 0. Lamarckiana.

O. biennis L.; buds small squarish greenish, sep. tips
appressed, cor. smal 3 cm. diam. pet. broad 13—15 mm. long,
style equal. anthers, capsule not tapering, often stouter near
the middle.—Waste ground, garden escape.

O. ammophila Focke ; rosette persistent till flowering time,
1. smaller narrower, fl. small, pet. slightly crenate, stigma below
anthers in bud.—Sandhills.

Page 149.

Montia fontana L. ; «.lamprosperma (Cham.) Fenzl ; annual,
seeds shining reticulate or margin finely granulate light to
blackish brown; f. boreo-rivularis (Lindb.) Druce ; biennial
or perenn. almost submerged, caps. smaller, seeds larger
paler.—8. entermedia (Beeby) Druce; seeds usually darker
with coarse reticulations and finer ones bordering the granular
keel.—y. chondrosperma Fenzl; seeds coarsely tuberculate
usually dull black.—f. major (Schrad.) Druce; the water
form with larger paler seeds.—Damp and inundated places :
a. northern ; 8. southern, local : y. southern. : E.S.I.

Page 150.

1. Herniaria glabra L.; 1. obl.-ellipt. glabr. or ciliate with
deciduous hairs, stip, small often greenish, anthers yellow,

582 APPENDIX II.

stigmas slightly divergent, fr. ellipsoid acute exceeding sepals.—
Eastern England. qi.

2. H. ciliata Bab.; stem often glabr. below, 1. glabr. or
ciliate, stip. larger whitish, anthers red-tipped, stigm. strongly
divergent, fr. obtuse equal. sep., seed twice as large as in sp. 1.—
8. angustifolia Pugsl.; stems pubescent all round, |. narrow
elliptic. 8. the only form in Jersey.

Page 151.

Tinuaka L. ; fruit 2- or many-seeded.
1. 7. muscosa L. ; fr. 2-seeded.

2. T. aquatica L.; stem decumbent 3—5 em. simple or
branched from the base, 1. linear somewhat fleshy, fl. almost
sessile, cor. white or pale red, fr. many-seeded.—Inundated
places, rare; Yorks, A. VIII.-IX. /; EK.

Page 177.

Caucalis latifolia L. is apparently extinct except as an
alien.
Page 202.

_ Erigeron no. 38 (and also probably 3) is #. borealis (Vierh.)
Simmons, said to have 1. darker green thinner basal ones more
obtuse, phyllaries more strongly hairy, often purple.

Page 207.

Antennaria margaritacea R. Br. ; for“‘moist meadows . . .
by rivers” read “broken stony well-drained ground.”

Page 228.

Taraxacum officinale Weber ;—a; fr. small, 3}—4 mm.
including the short usually narrow conical beak.—p ; 7’. /evi-
gatum (Willd.) DC., teste Handel-Mazetti=y. Similar plants
with pale brown short-beaked fr. and bright yellow fl. are
placed by him in 7. obliquum Fr.—y; fl. straw-yellow, beak
of fr. $—} length of fr.—e; 7’. paludosum (Scop.) Schlecht. ex
Crep.; 7’. palustre (Sm.) DC.; Ll. very narrow entire with
inconspicuous or longer clawlike teeth, capitula opening wide,
outer phyll. + broad-ovate broadly membranous, ligules flat.
(The broad-leaved forms often referred here may at least in
part be referable to ¢).—TZ. balticwm Dahlst.; phyllaries as
e, 7, narrow, cuneate into elongated stalk, partete almost to
midrib, lobes narrow. , Damp sandy places, rare.—$ 7’. spectabile

APPENDIX II. 583

Dahlst.; 2. broad shallow to deep-lobed to entire or richly
toothed often rough above with numerous stout hairs, dark
green with shining red midrib and stalk, phyll. (sometimes
except the inner) simple at tip, outer short ovate or oy.-lane.
usually membranous margined, tightly to loosely appressed to
and not passing the middle of the inner, ligules with broad
red stripes below, stam. without pollen, fr. stout large 4—6 mm.
including short conical beak. Includes many plants previously
named 7. udum DC.—var. Geirhilde Beeby ; 1. always entire,
pale yellowish green with dark brown-red midrib, fl. larger
darker yellow, with pollen. Shetland.—7.maculigerum Dahlst. ;
as ¢ but to 10—20 em. high, 1. usually narrow usually longer
than tall, scape (usually) marbled above with chocolate purple,
segm. rather short + toothed deltoid with ascending base and
acute often clawlike deflexed apex, terminal segm. of inner l.
long drawn out, entire ac. or obtusish, capitula 3—5 cm.
compact dark yellow invol. usually small with + cuneate base,
outer phyll. very lax spreading subdeflexed narrow to rather
broad lanceol. exceeding middle of inner not or slightly
membranous margined, pollen none or present, styles greenish,
Fruit 4mm. Northern and montane.

Page 232.

Hreractum L.; students should consult W. R. Linton’s
Account of the British Hieracva 1905, and the J. of B. for
additions and corrections which cannot be enumerated here.

Page 278.

Erica L. ; hybrids occur between spp. 1 and 2 (x Pregeri
Ostenf.) ; 1 and 4(x Watsone Benth.) ; 1 and 6. (x Williamsii
Druce) ; and 2 and 5 (x Stwarti, E. F. Linton).

Page 286.
ERYTHRAEA.

*** Stamens from top of cor.-tube. Ripe caps. almost
double as long as cali—Perennial, with sterile shoots.

6. #. portensis (Brot.) Hoffm. & Lk.; basal |. not in a
rosette, 1. of decumbent sterile shoots subrotund longer than
internodes, flow. stems ascending (c. 10 cm.) often numerous,
with few narrower obtuse |. and (1) 2—3 (7) fl., term. fl. with.
long (3 mm.) pedic., laterals subsess., cor. tube slender elongat-
ing 1—1{ cal., limb large, style long exserted.—Grassy places
near the sea, Pembrokeshire. P. VII. VIII. E.

584 APPENDIX II.

Page 295.

Pulmonaria sp. 1; the British plant is P. longifolia (Bast.)
Kerner; 1. usually spotted, autumn |. long-elliptic very large
long stalked, cor. dull purple turning blue, tube glabrous except
for a ring of hairs in the throat.

Page 312.

Rainantuus L. em. Bth.; Alecterolophus All. ; Sterneck
in Abh. Z.B.G. Wien I. ii, 1901. ‘‘Intercalary 1.” are those
between the topmost (often rudimentary) branch and the
lowest bracts. ‘ Bracts” excludes the two lowest pairs which
are transitional to foliage I.

* Bracts oy. triang. apex + long produced, lower 2—3 teeth
long reaching halfway to midrib narrow triang. subulate
usually aristate decreasing towards apex to the upper unequally
triang. y. small teeth. Cor. tube curved upwards, teeth of
upper lip conical twice as long as broad. (Inequidentati.)

1. &. major Ehrh. ; A. major Rehb. ; Sterneck ; 20—50mm.
high, internodes long, intercal. 1. 1 pair or 0, 1. ov.- or obl.-
lane., half as long as internodes slightly attenuate to apex
forwardly crenate dentate, bracts light yellowish green glabr.,
lower teeth 5 mm.1., upper remote not spreading, eal. glabr.
margin slightly scabrid teeth eglandular, cor. tube slightly
curved, teeth of upper lip violet subobtuse, lower lip erect
closing throat, wing of seed 1 mm. broad equal. seed (a. platyp-
terus Fr.; 1. broader; rare) or very narrow (8. stenopterus
Fr, ; pubescent?; only a form of the following?) or absent
(y. apterus Fr. ; 1. narrow).—Meadows and cultivated fields.

** Bracts triang., lower teeth slightly longer than remote
upper, {cal. small], cor. [c. 15 mm.]tube straight, marg. of upper
lip slightly concave, teeth v. small [rounded], lower lip with
rounded lateral lobes slightly spreading thread nearly open,
style [ultimately] curved, [seeds with wing ec. 1 mm. broad].
(Afinores).

+ Stem green or black-striped, 1. teeth crenate-dentate
subappressed (rarely spreading), bracts glabrous (dark green)
slightly produced at apex, with appressed teeth, cal. glabr.
with scabrid (ciliate) margin.

t Interealary leaves none.

2. R. minor Ehrh. (? emend.); A. minor Wimm. & Grab. ;
stem 10—15 cm. high, sparsely bifariously hirsute simple or

1 Characters within[ ) apply to British forms only.

APPENDIX II. 585

with branches obliquely ascending shorter than the stem, inter-
nodés elongate (middle one c. 6 cm.) stem /. shorter than inter-
nodes obl.-lane. or lanc. subobtuse. or upper slightly attenuate,
bracts longer than cal., lower teeth triang. not deep usually
aristate, cor. teeth whitish or (“rarely”: Sterneck ; “with us
usually”: Marshall) violet (var. vittwlatus (Gremli as Alect. ;
A. fallax! auct. mod. plur., non Wimm, & Grab.)—Lowland
meadows and upland pastures. A. V. VI.

[3. R. Perriert Chabert emend. ; A.rusticulus (Chab, emend.)
Stern. ; stem dwarf (5—10 em.) simple few fid., fr.-cal. black
violet, fl. in June.—Orkney?: since determined by Ostenfeld
as R. minor which may be dwarf and simple. ]

ti Intercalary l. 2—3 pairs.

4. R. stenophyllus (Schur) Druce ; stem 20—50 cm. sparingly
bifariously hairy, branches from the middle, arcuate ascending
virgate equalling the stem, internodes many short or, slightly
elongate, stem /. longer than or equal. imternodes /zn.-lanc.,
bracts equal. cal., lower teeth triang.-subul. not aristate, cor.
teeth whitish (“rare in Britain”: Marshall) or (“rarely ” ;
Sterneck) violet.—Meadows and pastures, rarer than sp. 2.
A. VII, VIII. E.S.1.

5. R. monticola (Sterneck) Marshall; stem 10—20 cm,
branches many (below), all abortive, lower internodes v. short
and y. many, intercalary internodes markedly elongate, stem |.
linear often recurved, “fl. dull treacly brown”; otherwise
as sp. 4.—North of Scotland. A. VII. ;

++ Stem not black-striped, |. teeth spreading’ [‘‘acute-
dentate ”], bracts scabrid [light green] long produced at apex
with + spreading téeth, cal. (2 usually) short- [unicellular-]
hairy all over (eglandular). [Bracts longer than cal.]

6. R. borealis (Sterneck) Marshall; stem 5—30 em., bi-
fariously densely villous, always simple, internodes + elongate,
lower 1. shorter than internodes ovate-obl. deeply crenate, wpper
Pe ey at apex.—Alpine pastures, summer flowering.

~VI. 8.

7. R. Drummond-Hayi (Buch.-White emend.) Marshall ;
stem 10—15 (20) em. high slender and thin, bifariously hirsute,
branches (from middle) v. short always abortive (? sometimes
absent), 7, (? always) longer than internodes lin. lanc., intercal.
1. (2 Uae pairs.—Alpine pastures, rare, autumn flowering.

: S.

[R. groenlandicus Chab. emend.; Ostenfeld Bot. Far. 51 ;

1 “A great deal of our supposed fallazvis Lv. stenophyllus” (Marshall).

586 APPENDIX II.

stem shaggy simple or with few ascending branches, typrecally
large (15—45 cm.) upper part of shoot bright yellow without
violet tinge, /. broad lane. to ov. lance. with spreading teeth,
$—2 length of internodes, cal. glabrous rarely hairy, cor.
bright yell. caps. 10—18 mm. long.—Recorded for Shetland,
but Ostenfeld unites spp..6 & 7 as a small narr. leaved var.
of this. ]
Page 314.

EvpHrRasia L.; for another account of this critical genus see Aucknall in
J. of B. lv. Suppl. I.: 1917.

1. “‘H#. stricta Host”; not ‘‘ widely distributed’’ but rare and doubtful :
apparently not Z. stricta Host but strict forms of £. nemorosa.

4. E. campestris var. neglecta Bucknall has not the large fl. with elongating
tube of true E. campestris and is close to E. nemorosa but has glandular hairs
short straight + numerous on 1. bracts and cal., white hairs few small, stem 1.
subobtuse, cor. 8mm. white and violet with yellow throat.—Limestone grassland,
Somerset, Glamorgan, Derby. E.

4b. E. confusa Pugsl.; EH. minima Hiern J. of B. xlvii. t. 497A: 1909, non L.5
stems slender flexuous ascending (2—20 cm.) much branched below, J. numerous
narrow (oblong) subglabr. or minutely sparsely ciliate (sub-) eglandular lower
with 2—4 subacute teeth, upper with 4—8 ac. teeth, floral broader ovate teeth
6—10 ac., spikes elongate, cal. subglabrous, cor. yellow (or often white), lower lip
of corolla distinctly longer than the upper, caps. broad ellipt. emarginate ciliate
with erect hairs.—Exmoor. E.

10b. E. hirtella Jord.; stem strict erect stout 3—25 cm. with abundant long
wavy white partly glandular hairs, simple or with few erect branches near base,
1. dull green nerves prominent when dry, with whitish bristles and abundant
unequal long wavy glandular hairs, lower obov. with few obtuse teeth, cauline
broad ovate obt. or subac. with 3—6 ac. teeth, floral even triang. orbic. ac. not
awned with 4—8 ac. teeth, spike very dense above, cal. with hairs as 1. teeth lanceo-
late. cor. small white with violet stripes and a yellow spot, caps. obl. oy. truncate
or retuse nearly equal. or slightly exceed. cal. N. Wales. KR.

E. fennica Kihlm., closely allied to EZ. hirtella Jord., has been recorded, but
the specimens appear to be slender forms of 2. Rostkoviana.

1lb. E. Vigursit Davey ; stem rather slender simple or wth few erect branches
near middle, much less hairy and with short glandular hairs abundant on 1. and
cal., spike about half the stem slender dense, cor. dark or pale violet $ mm.
otherwise as sp.1l. J. of B. xlv. 217 t. 486 :1907.—Devon, Cornwall; Cork. E.I.

Page 317.

2. Veronica Anagallis-aquatica L.; racemes with numerous
fl., pedic. ascending longer than bracts.

2b. V. aquatica Bernh.; often reddish, rac. shorter) less
crowded, pedic. stouter horizontal, bracts longer, fl, smaller
white with pink veins, fr. broader and shorter, deeply
emarginate.—In water, Cambs. Norf. Kent, ete. P. VI. E.

APPENDIX II, 587

Page 330.

16. Prunella Jlaciniata L. emend., Jacq.; shoot. with
numerous long simple hairs, /. + deeply pinnatisid, fl. cream,
upper lip of cal. with distinct (1 mm. long) teeth.—Hybrids
and segregate forms occur when it grows with P. vulgaris ;
see J. of P. liii, 8:1915.—Pastures, south of England, rare
introduced (7) with foreign seed. P. VI.-VIII.

Page 326.

2b. Ajuga genevensis L. ; Berkshire downs, ? indigenous.

Page 328.

Urricunaria L. ; see B.#.C..1910 Rep, 511.
* Plant large, subm. shoots uniform, |. segm. capillary,
with bladders. (Rhizoids and aerial shoots present).

1. U. vulgaris L. ; 2. U. major Schmidel.

* * Medium-sized, subm. shoots of two kinds : (a) with green
(water) 1, of 7—15 lobes and scarce (O—3) bladders ; (6) with
colourless reduced (subterranean in mud) |. with 3—8 bladders.
(Transitions occur in deep water where all 1. float: rhizoids
may occur, but not aerial shoots.)

3. U. intermedia Hayne; green shoots without bladders
(but has been seen in Norfolk with 1—4 bladders on a shoot),
l. segm. without teeth, obtuse (acute only in late 1. of summer
and autumn which are intermediate towards |. of winter
shoots) with apical bristle, terminal segm. with 2—10 rarely
paired bristles each side on the margin (in late |. some clusters
of 2—8 bristles on teeth as well as marginal bristles), pedic.
erect, fl. bright or whitish yellow with purple stripes, spur
subulate ; equal. lower lip.—Preferring warm climate, rare
in 8. E.S.1.

3b. U. ochroleuca Hartm.; /. semicircular, with occasional
bladders, segm. more (like sp. 4) or less (like sp. 3) numerous,
tapering to a narrow point with a bristle, term. segm. with
often paired bristles on 1—6 small teeth, never clustered and
never marginal, colourless |. with 2—4 bladders, pedic. spreading,
fl. (rare) smaller than in sp. 3, sulphur yell. with brown stripes,
spur conical spreading half as l, as lower lip, fr.’—Shallow
water of small boggy pools, preferring cold climate, rare in
England and ae | E.S.1.

*** Plant small, shoots’ of two kinds, green 1. with
14—20 segm. and numerous (7—8) bladders, leaf tip

588 APPENDIX II.

without marginal bristles. (No rhizoids nor aerial
shoots).

. 4. U. minor L.; fl. pale yell, upper lip as long as depressed
inconspicuous palate, lower lip 6 mm. broad with recurved
margin, spur scarcely longer than broad.

5. U. Bremiz Heer in Kollik.; fl. brighter yellow, upper li
5 mm. long and broad emarginate, lower lip 9—10 mm. broa
margin not recurved, spur ovate conical.—Not certainly dis-
tinguishable without flower: old records doubtful ; identified
by Gluck from Kerry only, (E? §2%)1.

Page 354.

Saticornia L.;—“ Blunt” and “ acute,” used to describe the
apex of the spike, are used comparatively rather than im the
usual sense ; unbranched forms of the most branched species
occur and specimens with merely cotyledons, a single sterile
segm., and one fertile, may produce good seed.

* Perennial, shrubby.

1. S. perennis Mill. emend. Moss & E. J. Salisb.; dwarf
shrubby growing in tussocks, ster. segm. dark green fading to
brown or red very concave at top, basal ones keeled, term.
spikes cylindrical short blunt, fert. segm. (83—5 x3—4 mm.)
about 8, fl. 3 nearly equal, hairs on seeds curved (not coiled)
rather stouter than in the other species.—a. radicams (Sm.)
Moss & E.J.S.; S. perennis Mill. ; shoot leaving the ground
by numerous stems and spreading centrifugally, branches with
numerous rootlets near the base.—f. lignosa (Woods) Moss ;
shoot with a single (rarely more) main stem and growth
mainly unilateral, branches not rooting.—Landward sand
margins of salt marshes. P. VIII.-IX. E.

* * Annual, herbaceous.

2. S. dolichostachya Moss ; erect or decumbent much branched
disorderly, ster. segm. green or greenish-yellow long (to
4—5x5 mm.) all spikes very long 8—16 cm. tapering blunt
with 15—30 fert. segm. often branched, fl. 3 equal lateral ones
quite or nearly separated by central one.—Lower levels of mudd
salt marshes, muddy gravel of foreshores. A. VIII.-IX. ELI.

3. S. europea L. emend. Moss; usually erect, branches
arising at wide angles, ster. segm. usually bright green, spikes
(in fl.) slightly tapering obtuse terminal ones long with 8—16
cylindrical fert. segm.(4—5 x 3 mim.), jl. 3 nearly equal lateral
ones usually contiguous. — Lower levels of muddy salt
marshes, A. VIII.-IX.

APPENDIX Il. 589

4, S. ramosissima Woods; erect branches ascending, ster.
segm. dark apple green with red upper margin, spzkes (in fl.)
tapering acute terminal ones not long (12—-16 mm.) with 4—6
elliptical fert. seym. (2Q—3 x 2—3 mm.) fl. 3 lateral ones about
half as large as central, stam. 2.—Middle and upper levels of
salt marshes. A. VIII.-IX. E.S

5. S. pusilla Woods ; usually erect branches graceful cwrved-
ascending, ster. segm. grey green (or red) 4—8 mm. |. often
subglobular, spikes short (5—12 mm.) fert. seym. 2—4 inflated
almost globular in fr., fl. 3, seeds with comparatively long
slightly coiled hairs.—Upper levels of salt marshes and muddy
gravel of foreshores, rare, endemic,and critical. A. VIII.-IX. E.

6. S. gracillima (Woods) Moss ; erect, branches parallel
mostly short (2—23 mm.) lower ones rarely twice or thrice as
long, usually ved or reddish, terminal spikes short (6—10 mm. 1.)
stout, fert. segm. 2—4 (3 mm.) with strengthening sterecds im
parenchyma, fl. 3, seeds with crouer shaped hairs.—Upper
{ae of salt marshes, local, ? endemic. A. VIIL-IX. E.

7. S. prostrata Pallas emend. Moss & E.J.S.; prostrate
procumbent or ascending from a procumbent base, lowest
branches bent backwards and usually approximately equal
in length to the main stem green dingy red or bright red,
term. spike short (to 20 mm. often shorter) acute or obtuse,
fl. 3, lateral; ones often much smaller than central one.—
a. Smithiana Moss & E.J.S.: sometimes procumbent or
ascending from proc. base, lowest branches not ‘always long,
term. spikes blunt (10—20 mm.) central fi. ? as high as the
segm. and twice as large as the laterals.—8. appressa (Dum.)
Moss & E.J.S.; prostrate, frequently crimson or dingy red,
upper branches ascending at a narrow angle, lower long and
bent back, term. spike v. acute small (-12 mm.) fert. segm.
3—4, central fl. much larger than laterals and frequently
reaching almost to top of segm. [y. Pallasii Moss & E.J.S. ;
S. te ia Pallas ; prostrate green frequently turning dingy
red, all branches spreading at wide angles, term. spike short
(6—12 mm.) blunt, central fl. half as large again as laterals.]—
Upper levels of salt marshes, on reclaimed saltings and im salt
pans behind the sea walls; [y. occurs in N. Brittany and
should be looked for along the south coast.] A. VITI-IX. E.

8. S. disarticulata Moss ; erect rigid, branches numerous
arising at acute angles, ster. segm. yellowish green fading to
brownish short (5—8 mm.) spikes very short disarticulating as
a whole before the seeds are ripe, term. ones (about 6 mm.)
with 2—4 fert. segm., lateral ones (-3 mm.), with 1—2 fert. segm:

590 APPENDIX II.

basal ster. segm. 1—2 mm. tapering at base, fl. solztary, lateral
ones quite suppressed.—Prostrate forms with solitary fl. are
probably hybrids with sp. 7.—Upmost levels of salt marshes.
A. VIIL.-IX. E.

Page 355.

4. Atriplex deltoidea Bab. is now placed as one of the many
vars. of A. hastata L.

Page 362.

/
10a. Polygonum aviculare L.emend. Moss; P. heterophyllum
Lindm. excl. subsp. ruriwagum ; young: central stem erect,
branches long (-60 cm.) decumbent J. broadly to narrowly
ellipt. those of main stem large (4—5 cm. 1.) more or less
caducous, those of branches only half as large or less, stalks
shorter than ocrez, pedicels short, sep. free usually pink with
white margin, stam. 8, 7. trigonous twice -as long as br.
(2—3 mm. |.) ovate or elliptic, channelled or almost smooth
concave.—a. vulgare Desv.; branches often 50—60 cm. 1.,
larger 1. 4—5 cm. |. and half as broad, fr. c. 3 mm. |. nearly
or quite included in_perianth.—§. angustissimum Meisn. ;
rather slender, ocree reaching 13 mm., |. lin. lane. ; y. létora/e
Koch ; Ll. more obtuse more succulent apical ones not so small,
fr. slightly exserted. Waste and newly exposed ground, sand
dunes (y)... A. VII.-X E.S.1,.
10b. P. rurivagum Jord. emend. Moss ; young central stem
erect, branches often v. divaricate often much shorter than
60 cm., ocrez longer than in other allied spp., /. of main stem
v. narrow elliptic 14—3$ cm. long and a third or less as br., of |
branches much smaller linear, all aewte, stalks distinct, pedic.
y. short, perianth smaller than in 10a pink or white usually
strongly veined in fr., fr. smaller (-25 mm. 1.) narrow shghtly
exserted, sides concave scarcely shining.—Cornfields and waste
places, local.—A. VII.-IX. Ss.
10c. P. aequale Lindm. ; young central stem erect, branches
crowded especially above subsimple 10—40 cm., l. and ocrew
often shorter than in 10a, /. broadly or narrowly elliptic obtuse
(10—20 mm.) often crowded at apex of branches where inter-
nodes are v. short, not markedly unequal in size sep. free
white or greenish white sometimes pink or red, stam 5 (—8), fr.
(2—24 mm.) not or v. slightly exserted cue striate
or punctulate rather shining.—subvar. parvilum Moss; 1.
and fr. smaller (Poole harbour).—Waste places, roadsides etc.
A. VIL.-X. ES.
10d. P. calcatwm Lindm. ; prostrate, branches short appressed
to ground, /. elliptic obtuse subequal in size smaller than in

APPENDIX II. 591

10a—c, sep. united to about half way greenish white with white
margin, stam. 5, fr. (2—24 mm.) shining compressed trigonous
one side narrower, s¢des convex smooth or rarely punctulate.—
Grassy roadsides on Arthur’s Seat, Edinb. A. VIT.-[X. Ss:

Page 369.

EupHorsia L. ; the following are critical and require further
study ; these diagnoses and names are tentative.

9a. BE. Cyparissias L.; dwarf, rays of umbel. numerous,
ster. branches below umbel numerous bearing capillary 1.,
inner partial bracts often reddish, zmv.-lobes narrow, horns v.
short and small. — Cultivated fields, scarcely naturalised.
P. V.-VII. ES.

9b. EB. -esuloides Ten. ; HL. Cyparissias var. major Boiss. ;
double as large in all its parts, stem. 15—30 em. barren shoots
below the umbels tewer or none with narrow but not setaceous
1., rays of umbel Jess numerous, partial bracts never reddish,
involucre lobes as in 9a.—May be #. Lorey Jord.—(E#. pinifolia
Lam.?; Lorey) but is not #. pseudo-cyparissias Jord.—! native
in south-east in stony hilly places. P. V.-VII. E.

9c. FE. Hswa L.; #.B. 1399; creeping, usually without
barren shoots below the umbel, /. spreading narrowly elliptic,
broadest at or above middle, attenuate at both ends subobtuse
sometimes mucronate, often denticulate near tip, inv.-lobes
suborbicular, horns short narrow.—Woods P. VI.-VII. E.S.?

9d. EB. virgata W. & K.; root simple descending many
headed, stem 30-60 cm., 1. typically rigid strict entire lin. lanc.
scarcely narrowed at base, gradually narrowed to attenuate
acute apex, partial bracts with truncate subcuneate base, inv.
lobes rather narrow, horns broad stout often broadened above
typically longer than breadth of lobe.—Waste places, river
banks. P. Y.-VII. E.

forma eswfolia Thell. ; 1. long narrowed towards base often
broadest above middle obtusish.—Critical. #. Hsula auct. in
part. In several ways intermediate between 9c and 9d.

Page 374.

Unmus L. ; the normal |. are described : summer ]. and those
of suckers, adventitious and coppiced shoots are always rough
above and often much larger although smaller and narrower
in U. campestris. Small leayed forms of most species some-
times occur. All the species except U. glabra are sometimes
suberous, x U. hollandica commonly so.

1. U. glabra Huds. em. Mill.; U. nitens Moench; tree
30—35 m. high, branches large lower wide-spreading terminal

592 APPENDIX II.

frequently drooping, /. long (10 mm.) stalked medium-sized
terminal ones 6—8 x 3—4 em., ovate or elliptic v. asymmetric at
base, doubly serrate acute to acuminate, often hairy when
young but v. smooth and shining above when mature, ft. clusters
rather small, fr. obl. obov. 15—18 x 10—12 mm., seed between
centre and apical notch which reaches almost to seed.—
a. Hunnybunnt Moss; taller, branches longer upper less
tortuous, l. longer more asymmet. more acum. fr. larger obov.—
subvar. pseudo-stricta has the young twigs all in one plane.—
B. Sowerbyt Moss; smaller, branches shorter upper ones
tortuous, |. smaller acute, fr. smaller obov. to elliptié—Woods
(r), hedgerows (rather common) and parks in E. and S.E
England, planted elsewhere. P. I.-IIT.

2. U. stricta Lindl. ; tree small 20—25 m. high pyramidal,
branches short all ascending or even subfastigiate, twigs
stouter than in sp. 3, /. shortly (65 mm.) stalked, small 6 x3 cm.
ovate elliptic slightly asymmetric at base obtuse or subobtuse
rather rigid and folded on midrib doubly rather obtusely
serrate, fl. clusters small, outer scales of fl. buds larger than in
sp. 3, more or less ciliate on upper margin (fr. not seen).—
Hedgerows in Cornwall and Devon, rarely elsewhere in south ;
? indigenous or planted. P. III. Cornish Elm. K.1.?

U. stricta var. sarniensis Moss, the Jersey Elm, has wider
angled. branches, 1. broader flat not folded, fr.as large as in
sp. 1 oboy. strongly notched, and is perhaps hybrid between
spp. 1 and 2.

3. U. sativa Mill., sec. Moss ; #.B. 1886 ; Rehb. f. 1330 and
1333 ; U. minor Mill. sec. Henry ; tree small 20—30 m., branches
rather short lower + spreading upper ascending or suberect,
terminal slender, /. shortly stalked, small 6—64 x 25—3 mm. thin
ovate usually only slightly asymmetrical subobtuse or acute
doubly rather obtusely serrate often hairy above when young,
fl. clusters small, outer scales small with a few scattered
marginal hairs, fr. oblong-ellipt. to obov. small 12—15 mm.
seed near notch rarely ripening.—Mostly in east of England.
P. III. Small-leaved Elm.

4. U. campestris LL. emend. Mill. (Moss); U. sativa Mill.
sec. Henry ; #.8. 2161; tree tall nearly 40m. lower branches
v. large wide spreading, upper ascending, /. shortly stalked
terminal 6 x 44 cm. ellipt.-ovate, lower sub-orbicular subcordate
asymmetric at base acuminate doubly serrate hairy and rough
above softly hairy beneath, jl. clusters large, bracts longer than
broad fringed with fine hairs, 7. suborbieular small 12—15 mm.
broad, seed between centre and conspicuous closed evenly
curved notch which reaches almost to the seed. — Copses,

APPENDIX II. 593

hedgerows, and parks, common in South, rarer or planted

further north. P. II.-I11. English Elm. E.S.1.?

5. U. scabra Mill.; U. glabra Huds. em., Groves ; Rehb. f.
1331 ; tree 30 m. high, branches somewhat spreading arched and
drooping at ends, /. very shortly stalked except in shade, thick,
large 11—12 x 44—5} cm. obovate y. asymmetric at base acumin-
ate or tricuspidate coarsely doubly serrate scabrid and hairy
above softly hairy beneath, fl. clusters large, fr. large, nearly
30x20 mm. usually ovate sometimes elliptic, acute, seed im
centre far from the small open acute based or closed notech.—
Damp woods and hedgerows. P. II-III. Wych Elm. — E.S.I.

U. glabra x nitens Moss ; U. carpinifolia Lindl. ; U. montana
var. nitida Fr. excl. syn., Syme ; variable and intermediate in
diverse characters between the parents. The two following
forms perhaps have this origin.

x U. vegeta Schneider ; tree 30—36 m, branches ascending
at narrow angle from short bole, /. short- or long-stalked,
with shape and size of sp. 5 doubly coarsely serrate but smooth
and shining above at maturity, fl. clusters rather large outer
scales obtuse undivided at apex, fr. obov. obtuse 20—27 mm.
1. and ? as br., seed between centre and notch from which it
is+separated. — Hedgerows, E. of England, spreading by
planting. P.IL-II. Huntingdon Elm. EK.

x U. hollandica (Mill.) Moss; U. major Sm. ; £.B. 2542 ;
tree 20—28 m,, lower branches large long wide spreading, 1.
short or long stalked rather smaller than in the preceding broadly
ovate acute doubly irregularly and obtusely serrate hazry when
young becoming glabr. above, jl. clusters rather large, outer
scales large deeply notched with shaggy hairs on margin, fr.
obl. to obovate, variable in size up to 20x15 mm., seed
variously placed, notch usually reaching to seed.—Hedgerows
and avenues in south of England. P. I1.-I1I. Dutch Elm. E.

Page 375.

Sattx L.; for two other accounts of this genus see Linton in
J. of B.\i. Suppl. 1913 ; and Moss Cambr. Brit. Fl. ii., 1914.

Page 394.

4. Hyprinta Mich. emend. Casp.; Dioecious. Male : I-
flowered, subglobose. Pet. linear obovate. Stam. 3.—Female :
Styles 3 entire.—L. lanceolate in whorls with brownish dissected
stipules on the upper surface at base.—(In Helodea the spathe
is +3 flowered pet. subcircular, stipules minute ovate entire
not coloured.)

2P

»
ry

594 APPENDIX II.

H. verticillata Presk var. pomeranica (Rehb.) Druce ; pale
green 1. 4—6 in a whorl linear acuminate 1—2 mm. diam., with
projecting teeth and with 2 minute scales fringed with 5—7
linear papillae at the base on the upper side.—/J/. of B. lii., 257,
t. 534: 1914.—Esthwaite water, Lanes. E.

Page 399.

7a. Orchis ericetorum (Linton); O. maculata I. emend.,
Druce 1915 ; stem 10—18 em. solid, 7. lanceol. narrow. strongly
kecled and folded usually acute and spotted, spre densely
broadly pyramidal lengthening after flowering, bracts usually
purplish shorter than the conspicuous fl., lép broad pale with
faintish usually dotted markings, lateral lobes large flat middle
lobe small narrow, spur slender not enlarged aU PeEta

Peaty acid soils. P. VI.-VIII.

7b. O. Puchsii Druce ; O. maculata “type” Webster, Linton
ete. ; stem 15—60 em. solid, lower 1. ovate to elliptic, keeled
but flattened obtuse or acutate upper ones narrower smaller
somewhat acute, all usually strongly black-purple-spotted,
spike usually dense cylindric, bracts usually green shorter
to somewhat longer than the fl., lip distinetly or obscurely
marked with dark purple lines and spots, m7ddle lobe longer
and somewhat larger than the straight or rounded lateral
lobes, spur stouter and enlarged upwards.—f. O’Kellyi (Druce) ;
stem 20—35 cm. slender, /. oval-lanc. wnspotted, fl. usually
smaller pure white.—Continuous series of forms transitional!
to sp. 7a occur where both are present, which are considered
to be hybrids. —Damp stiff basic soils ; 8. Antrim Clare Tyrone,
? Sutherland. P. V1.-VIIT. E:S.1.

Sa. O. latifolia L. emend.; Druce 1914; as on p. 400, but
stem 15—60cm., 7. obtuse broad and flat greyish or bluish
green with chocolate green-centred spots, spike rather dense
cylindrie or conical, lip broader than long, usually with
symmetric lines.—Apparently only occurring among 7) and 9a
and probably a hybrid.

8b. O. purpurella Stephenson ; mature tubers long tapering,
stem only 10—15 cm. more than half solid, 1. keeled lanceol.
with small spots sometimes only at apex, spike 3—5 em., fl. (a)
bright red, or (8) duller purple, /2p rhomboid not reflexed
subentire acute («) or sometimes with slight middle lobe (8).—
a—Marshes and damp meadows (?of hybrid origin); a,
Aberystwyth ; 8, N. England and Scotland. E.S.

9a. O. pretermissa Druce ; stem hollow 15—45 em., 1. lin.-
lanc. erect or ascending usually narrowed from a broad base

APPENDIX II. 595

to a hooded apex yellowish- to blackish-green wnspotted, spike
rather lax diffuse cylindrical or conical, bracts usually all
exceeding dark crimson-purple or reddish fl. with paler hood,
lip 8—10 mm. as long as broad, + distinctly 3-lobes flat without
reflexed margins (fl. therefore broad and conspicuous), spots
and lines dark well-defined, spur cylindric curved.—f. pulchella
Druce ; |. light green often keeled, fl. dark purple rarely pale,
lip smaller broader than long mid. lobe as long as the often
notched lateral lobe (the northern form).—Boggy and marshy
places. P. VL-VIIL E.S.

9b. O. incarnata L.; Druce 1914; stem hollow 15—45 cm.,
1. lin.-lane. erect or ascending narrowed from a broad base to
hooded apex yellowish green unspotted, spike dense elliptical
or cylindrical, bracts often coloured shorter to longer than the
flesh coloured pale lilac or pink rarely whitish flowers, lip
faintly 3-lobed with reflexred lateral margins (fl. therefore
appearing narrow and small) with darker spots and streaks,
spur conical blunt incurved.—f. pulchella Druce; fi. rich
purple (rare).—Boggy and marshy places. P. pio ected be

aI

Page 401.

Gymnadenia conopea (L.) R.Br. ; forms hybrids with Orchis
macualata, O. pretermissa, O. pyramidalis and Habenaria
viridis, which are probably not uncommon.

Page 405.

2. “ Bpipactis media”; most plants so-called, including
the original Shropshire one, are #. viridifora Rehb. The
description of 2 to be altered thus :—fl. small yellowish green
rarely with a trace of purple, lip margin entire or slightly
irregular, rostellum (not spherical but) abortive, anthers pro-
jecting over effecting self-pollination by dropping pollen on
to stigma.—a. dunensis (Wh. & Tray.) ; stem solitary short-
pubescent above, almost glabrous below, 1. yellowish green,
lower ellipt.-lanc., fl.few not wide open, inconspicuous yellowish
green, per. segm. narrower more acute. £, leptochila Godfrey ;
stems often clustered (20—70 cm.) pubescent especially above,
1. yellow or dark green lower broad (ovate), lower bracts twice
as long as the many large wide open fl.—+. vectensts Stephenson ;
stem solitary slender glabr. below, 1. grey-green lower lanceolate,
lower bracts never much exceeding the few small green not
wide open fl. E.

2P2

596 APPENDIX II.

Page 407.

Liparis Loeselit Rich.; var. ovata Riddelsd.; 1. broader
shorter broadly ovate elliptical. Dune Marsh, 8. Wales.

Page 430.

5. Luzula Pearce (Wahl.) Bess. ; czespitose, stems slender
30—45 cm. |. pale green steml. /. almost glabrous, panicle of
many (often 10—20) roundish-oblong long- but very unequally -
stalked small clusters (central one larger sessile), fl. small,
segm. pale yellowish- brown ovate outer long acuminate Glightly
exceed. “dark chestnut” (or pallid) fruit, inner shorter sub-
mucronate, filam. slightly longer than anthers, seeds minute
1} times as long as broad, appendage small.—/. of Bot. xlvii.
117, t. 496 :1907.—Fen pasture, Hunts. ; (lawn, Surrey). P. sh

Page 442.

25. Potamogeton pusillus L.; dark green to brownish,
repeatedly densely branched upwards, |. soft and flexible with
lighter stripes beside midrib, winter buds from above down-
wards, stipules open and convolute.

256. P. panormitanus Biv.; lighter yellowish green, elon-
gated but fittle branched upwards, 1. stiffish acute. practically
without pale stripes beside midrib, winter buds from below
upwards slender 12—15 mm. long, stip. more persistent connate
to two-thirds ochreate not plicate fr. olive smooth.

26. P. rutilus Wolfg.in R. & S.; only the Anglesea record
stands: the J. of #B. figure and other records were forms
of sp. 25.

[P. pensylvanicus Cham. & Schlect. ; stems slender mostly
simple, floating 1. opp. elliptical to obovate—obtuse, stalks
short, subm. |. alternate linear 5-veined, stip. obtuse hyaline
not keeled, fr. round-obovoid 3-keeled sides flat, style short.—-
Canal near Halifax, Yorks., introduced. P. VI. E.]

Page 444.

Zannichellia palustris L.; a and 6 are not considered more
than states by Aschers. and Graebner: Gay did not publish
the names.

Z. gibberosa Rchb. in Moessl. ; slender, 1. almost capillary,
fr. stalked cristate on both sides (when mature) and not on
one side only asin y. Southern England. EK.

APPENDIX II. 597

Page 490.

Calamagrostis strigosa Htn. is probably ('. Epigeios x stricta,
while the Caithness plants are only C. stricta.

Page 491.

Agrostis verticillata Vill.; differs from sp. 5 in glumes
puberulent scabrid all over, pales equal obtuse. Guernsey,
and elsewhere, adventitious.

Page 496.
Keeria Pers.

* Stem-base conspicuously bulbous-thickened, with
crowded reticulously decayed remains of leaf-sheaths.

1. K. splendens (Pourr.) Druce ; A. vallesiana (All.) Bertol. ;
tufts dense and hard, stem. 10—40 cm. glabr. or pubesc., long
bare aboye, |. of ster. shoots glaucous rigid usually setaceous
convolute, of stem narrow linear sometimes flat, all 1. and
sheaths glabrous, panicle dense not lobed, spikelets shortly
stalked, glumes subequal acute or sub-obt. glabrous hirsute
or ciliate-keeled like the acute or not rarely sub-obt. pales.—
J. of &. xiiii. 313, t. 474 :1905.—Limestone rocks around
Weston-s.-mare, Somerset. P. VI. EK.

** Stem-base not bulbous, decayed leaf-sheaths sometimes
fibrous but not reticulate.

2. K. albescens DC. ; rather densely to laxly exspitose, stems
often creeping slender puberulous, base with long pallid whitish
entire or rarely fibrillous decaying /.-sheaths, 1. convolute terete,
lower or all sheaths pubesc.-velutine, panicle lobed lax or
cylindric dense shining whitish, spikelets moderately long,
glumes rather unequal often subequalling floret acute to
acuminate, pales acute rarely sub-obtuse.—Coastal sands (the
var. glabra DC. with glabrous or only minutely puberulous
glumes).—P. VI. VII. ES.

3. K. gracilis Pers, emend. ; subsp. gracilis (Pers.) Domin,
var. typica Dom. ; usually densely rarely laxly ceespitose, often
glaucous, basal 1.-sheaths crowded involucrate pallid entire
or lacerate when old, stems slender glabr. or minutely
puberulous below panicle, /. usually narrow convolute + hirsute
+ glaucous, sheaths pubescent, panicle + lobed not dense,
glumes and pales acute or acuminate rarely subtusish glumes
not much shorter than floret glabrous, pales muticous £ acute
usually glabr. Subsp. britannica Dom. ; usually laxly ccespi-

598 APPENDIX II.

tose rhizomes often creeping or slender, sheaths thin elongate
involucrate, stems quite or for a long distance (sometimes
densely) pubescent, 1. always narrow + softly hirsute, sheaths
densely softly pubesc., spikelets pubesc. or puberulous.—P. VI.
VII. Maritime and heathy sands, rarely chalk cliffs. E.S.1.

Page 497.

1. Poa annua L.; 1. suddenly contracted at summit, pan.-
branches spreading or reflexed after flowering, fl. closely
imbricate, lower glumes subcylindric scarcely keele¥ on back,
unopened anthers 2—3 times as long as broad.

16. P. remotiflora (Hack.) Murb.; ascending, 1. suddenly
attenuate at summit, panicle somewhat oval or oblong branches
not reflexed after flowering, sp:helets long-linear, fl. 5—6-distant
or slightly overlapping, lower glumes compressed keeled on back,
unopened anthers very small about as long as broad. With us
only the f. ext//s (Freyn), dwarf, panicle reduced.—/. of B. liv.
193, t. 582 : 1914.—Sandy places near the sea, Channel Is, _ E.

Page 500.

12. Poa pratensis L. ; panicle branches usually 3—5, glumes
short bent reaching to middle or upper third of lowest fl.

126. P. irrigata Lindm.; stems 15—30 (50) em. few or
solitary decumbent ascending, /. short broad flat coestous, pan.
branches usually 2 (3) narrow pyramidal thin with few green-
or blue-grey or whitish spikelets, glumes long almost straight
reaching almost to top of lowest f.—Wet places, P. VI. re

Page 534.
Order CI.* SALVINIACE#.

Free-floating plants with leaves in two rows. Fructification
at base of leaves solitary paired or glomerate, of two kinds ;
male, globular containing many microsporangia, each containing
several “ massulz ” bearing anchor-shaped hairs (“ glochidia ”) ;
female, smaller macrosporangia.

1. Azotta. Plant minute. Leaves distichous on back of
stem, each cut into a dorsal and a ventral segment.
Macrospores solitary in each macrosporangium.

1. Azou’La Lam,

1. A. jiliculoides Lam. ; growing in dense tufted masses with
strong roots, stout much and closely (racemosely) branches

APPENDIX II. 599

2—5 (9) cm., not lying flat on water except when young and
small, upper lobes of |. with a broad margin and numerous
unicellular [2 rarely septate] hairs above, glochidia non-septate,
lower part of macrospore wall with large deep circwar pits.—
Martius F7. Bras. I. ii., t. 82 f. 7-11.—Naturalised in still
water in 8. England (to Cheshire) and Ireland. KI.

[A. caroliniana Willd. ; very small and weak, 1-—14 (3) cm.,
less and more laxly (pseudo- dichotomously) branched, lying
flat on water, upper lobes of |. with narrower margin, hairs
bicellular, glochidia 3—5-septate, lower part of macrospore wall
finely evenly granulate.—Martius /.c. f. 1—6.—No fruits have
been seen in this country: probably confused with young
states of A. filiculoides Lam. ? Surrey, ? Middlesex. E. ?]

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ALPHABETICAL.» INDEX

THE» ORDERS

OF

AND’ GENERA

*,~ The names in ttalics are synonymous.

Acanthus, 321.
Acer,s03.
Aceracee. 75.
Aceras, 401.
Achillea, 207.
Achyrophorus, 225.
Acinos, 329.
Aconitum, 15.
Acorus, 434.
Acrostichum, 523.
Actea, 15.
Actinocarpus, 413.
Adiantum, 531.
Adonis, 5.

Adoxa, 183.
Egopodium, 169.
/Ethusa, 173.
Agraphis, 423.
Agrimonia, 109.
Agropyron, 511.
Agrostemma, 576.
Agrostemma, 57.
Agrostis, 490, 597.
Agrostis, 490.
Aira, 493.

Aira, 493, 496.
Airopsis, 494.
Ajuga, 336, 587.
Albucea, 419.

Alchemilla, 109, 578.

Alisma, 413.
Alisma, 413.
Alismacee, 411,
Alliaria, 31.
Allium, 420.
Allosorus, 521.

601

Alnus, 389.
Alopecurus, 486.
Alsine, 60.
Althea, 70.
Alyssum, 33.
Amaranthacee, 349.
Amaranthus, 349.
Amaryllidacez, 410.
Ambrosiacee, 270.
Amentifere, 375.
Amesium, 530.
Ammi, 169.
Ammodenia, 60.
Ammophila, 489.
Anacamptis, 400.
Anacharis, 395.
Anacyclus, 209.
Anagallis, 343.
Anaphalis, 207.
Anchusa, 294.
Andromeda, 277.
Androsemum, 72.
Anemagrostis, 490.
Anemone, 4.
Angelica, 175.

Antennaria, 207, 582.

Anthemis, 208.
Anthericum, 418.
Anthoxanthum, 484.
Anthriscus, 178.
Anthyllis, 97.
Antirrhinum, 307.
Apargia, 226.
Apera, 490.
Aphanes, 110.
Apium, 167.

Apocynacee, 283.
Aquifoliacez, 282.
Aguilegia, 15.
Arabis, 28, 573.
Arabis, 31.
Aracee, 433.
Aracium, 231.
Arbutus, 277.
Arbutus, 277.
Archangelica, 175.
Arctium, 216.
Arctostaphylos, 277.
Arenaria, 61.
Arenaria, 60.
Aristolochia, 366.
Aristolochiacee, 366.
Armeria, 346.
Armoracia, 36.
Arnoseris, 224.
Arrhenatherum, 495.
Artemisia, 211.
Arthrolobium, 103.
Arum, 434.
Arundo, 489.
Asarum, 366.
Asparagacee, 414.
Asparagus, 415.
Asperugo, 293.
Asperula, 185.
Aspidium, 524, 526.
Asplenium, 528.
Asplenium, 530.
Aster, 202.

Aster, 203.
Astragalus, 97.
Astragalus, 97.

602

Astrantia, 167.
Athamanta, 174.
Athyrium, 528.
Athyrium, 523.
Atriplex, 354, 590.
Atriplex, 356.
Atropa, 299.
Avena, 494,
Avena, 494.
Azalea, 279.
Azolla, 598.
Beothryon, 451.
Ballota, 335.
Balsaminacee, 79.
Barbarea, 27, 573.
Barkhausia, 230.
Bartsia, 313,
Bartsia, 313, 317.
Batrachium, 5.
Bellis, 203.
Berberidacee, 16.
Berberis, 16.
Berula, 170.
Beta, 353.
Betonica, 334.
Betula, 388.
Bidens, 215.
Blackstonia, 285.
Blechnum, 531.
Blysmus, 452.
Boraginacee, 291.
Borago, 294.
Botrychium, 533,
Brachypodium, 510.
Brassica, 32.
Breea, 222.
Briza, 503.
Bromus, 507.
Bromus, 509.
Bryonia, 148.
Bucetum, 506.
Bunium, 169.
Bupleurum, 171.
Bursa, 39.
Butomus, 414.
Buxus, 367.
Cakile, 40.
Calamagrostis,
597.
Calamintha, 328.

489,

INDEX

Callitrichaceze, 371.
Callitriche, 371.
Calluna, 277,
Caltha, 13.
Calyciflore, 82.
Calystegia, 290.
Camelina, 36.
Campanula, 272.
Campanula, 274.
Campanulacee, 270.
Cannabinacee, 374.
Caprifoliacez, 182.
Capsella, 39.
Cardamine, 29.
Cardamine, 30.
Carduus, 221.
Carduus, 224.
Carex, 454.
Carlina, 216.
Carpinus, 390.
Carum, 169.
Carum, 168.
Caryophyllacee, 50.
Castanea, 389.
Catabrosa, 503.
Caucalis, 177, 582.
Caucalis, 178.
Celastracee, 82.
Centaurea, 218.
Centunculus, 344.
Cephalanthera, 406.
Cerastium, 64, 577.
Cerastium, 64.
Cerasus, 107.

Ceratophyllacee, 371.

Ceratophyllum, 371.
Ceterach, 530.
Cherophyllum, 178.
Chamagrostis, 484.
Chara, 540.
Characees, 537.
Cheiranthus, 26.
Chelidonium, 20.
Chenopodiaceze, 349.
Chenopodium, 351.
Cherleria, 61.
Chlora, 285.

Chrysanthemum, 210.

Chrysocoma, 203.

Chrysosplenium, 159.

Cicendia, 287.
Cichorium, 225.
Cicuta, 167.
Cimeraria, 214.
Circea, 146.
Cirsium, 221.
Cistaceze, 41:
Cistus, 42.
Cladium, 448.
Claytonia, 149.
Clematis, 3.
Olinopodium, 328.
Cnicus, 221,

‘Cochlearia, 35.

Cochlearia, 36.
Celoglossum, 402.
Colchicaceze, 4238.
Colchicum, 423. :
Comarum, 112.
Composites, 194.
Coniferz, 390.
Conium, 179,
Conopodium, 169.
Conringia, 31.
Convallaria, 415.
Convallaria, 416.
Convolvulaceee, 289.
Convolvulus, 289.
Conyza, 204.
Corallorhiza, 407.
Coriandrum, 180,
Cornacee, 181.
Cornus, 181.
Corollifloree, 182.
Coronopus, 39.
Corrigiola, 150,
Corydalis, 20,
Corylus, 390.
Corynephorus, 493.
Cotoneaster, 139.
Cotula, 211.
Cotyledon, 154.
Cracca, 98.
Crambe, 40.
Crassulaces, 151.
Crategus, 139.
Crepis, 230.
Crithmum, 174.
Crocus, 410.
Crucifere, 22,

Cryptogameze, 515.
Cryptogramme, 521.
Cucubalus, 54.
Cucurbitacee, 148.
Cuscuta, 290.
Cyathea, 527.
Cyclamen, 342.
Cynodon, 483.
Cynoglossum, 293,
Cynosurus, 504.
Cyperacee, 446.
Cyperus, 447.
Cypripedium, 407.
Cystea, 527.
Cystopteris, 527.
Cytisus, 87.
Dabeocia, 279.
Dactylis, 504.
Damasonium, 413.
Danaa, 180.
Daphne, 364.
Datura, 300.
Daucus, 176.
Delphinium, 15,
Dentaria, 50.
Deschampsia, 493.
Deyeuxia, 489.
Dianthus, 52.
Dicotyledones, 1.
Dictyogene, 392.
Digitalis, 307.
Digitaria, 452.
Dioscoreacee, 392.
Diotis, 210.
Diplotaxis, 33.
Dipsacacez, 192.
Dipsacus, 192.
Doronicum, 212.
Draba, 34, 574.
Drosera, 47.
Droseracee, 46.
Dryas, 132.
Dryopteris, 523.
Echinochloa, 482.
Echinophora, 179.
Echium, 295.
Eleagnacee, 364.
Elatinacee,, 49,
Elatine, 50...
Eleocharis, 449..

INDEX

Hleogiton, 452.
Elisma, 413.
Elodea, 395.
Elodes, 75.
Elymus, 512.
Elymus, 515:
Empetracee, 366.
Empetrum, 367.
Endymion, 423.
Epilobium, 143.
Epimedium, 16.
Epipactis, 405, 595.
Epipogum, 406.
Equisetacee, 515.
Equisetum, 515.
Eranthis, 14.
Erica, 278, 583.
Ericacee, 274.
Erigeron, 202, 582.
Erinus, 307.
Eriocaulacee, 431.
Eriocaulon, 431.
Eriophorum, 453.
Erodium, 79,
Erophila, 35.
Ervum, 98.
Eryngium, 167.
Erysimum, 31.
Erythrea, 285,583.
Eufragia, 313.
Euonymus, 82.
Eupatorium, 201.

Euphorbia, 367, 594.

Euphorbiacez, 337.
Euphrasia, 318, 586.
Exacum, 287.
Fagopyrum, 364.
Fagus, 389

Fagus, 389,
Falcaria, 169.
Faleatula, 95.
Festuca, 504.
Festuca, 503.
Filago, 205.

, Filices, 518.

Floride, 393.
Feeniculum, 173.
Fragaria, 113.
Frankenia, 48.
Frankeniacere, 47.

603

Fraxinus, 283.
Fritillaria, 418.
Fumaria, 21, 568.
Fumariacee, 20.
Gagea, 419.
Galanthus, 411.
Galeobdolon, 332.
Galeopsis, 332.
Galinsoga, 216.
Galium, 186.
Gastridium, 492.
Genista, 87.
Gentiana, 287.
Gentianacee, 284.
Geraniacez, 75.
Geranium, 76,578.
Geum, 132, 580.
Gladiolus, 40°.
Glaucium, 19.
Glaux, 343.
Glechoma, 330.
Glumifere, 446.
Glyceria, 500.
Glyceria, 501.
Gnaphalium, 206.
Gnaphalium, 205, 207.
Goodyera, 403.
Graminee, 475.
Gymnadenia, 401,595.
Gymnogramme, 531.
Gymnosperme, 390.
Gypsocallis, 279.
Fi becarin: 402.
Habenaria, 401.
Halianthus, 60.
Haloragacez, 147.
Haloscias, 174.
Hedera, 181.
Hederacee, 180.
Heleocharis, 449.
Helianthemum,
574.
Helleborus, 14.
Helminthia, 227.
Helodea, 395.
Helosciadium, 168.
Heracleum, 176.
Herminium, 403.
Herniaria, 150; 581.
Hesperis, 30.

42,

604

Hieracium, 232, 583.
Hieracium, 231.
Hierochloe, 485.
Himantoglossum, 400.
Hippocrepis, 103.
Hippophaé, 364.
Hippuris, 148.
Holcus, 492.
Holcus, 495.
Holoschenus, 452.
Holosteum, 62.
Honkeneja, 60.
Hordeum, 513.
Hottonia, 340.
Humulus, 374.
Hutchinsia, 37.
Hydrilla, 593.
Hydrocharidacee,
394.
Hydrocharis, 394.
Hydrocotyle, 166.
Hymenophyllum, 532.
Hyoscyamus, 300.
Hypericacee, 72.
Hypericum, 72, 578.
Hypocheeris, 225.
Hypopitys, 282.
Iberis, 37.
Ilex, 282.
Illecebrum, 151.
Impatiens, 80.
Inula, 208.
Inula, 204.
Iridacee, 407.
Iris, 408.
Isatis, 40.
Isnardia, 146.
Isoétes, 535.
Isolepis, 452.
Jasione, 272.
Juncacese, 424.
Juncus, 424.
Juniperus, 391.
Kentranthus, 190.
Knappia, 484.
Knautia, 193.
Kobresia, 454.
Koeleria, 496, 597.
Labiate, 321.
Lactuca, 227.

INDEX

Lactuca, 229.
Lagurus, 491.
Lamium, 331.
Lamprothamnus, 540,
Lapsana, 224.
Lastrea, 523.
Lathrea, 303.
Lathyrus, 101.
Lavatera, 71.
Ledum, 280.
Leersia, 488.
Legousia, 274.
Leguminose, 83.
Lemna, 435.
Lemnacee, 435.
Lentibulariacez, 337.
Leontodon, 226.
Leontodon, 225, 228.
Leonurus, 332.
Lepidium, 38, 574.
Lepidotis, 535.
Lepigonum, 67.
Lepturus, 513.
Leucojum, 411.
Ligusticum, 174.
Ligustrum, 283.
Liliaceae, 416.
Lilium, 418.

’Limnanthemum, 288.

Limonium, 345.
Limosella, 310.
Linacez, 81.
Linaria, 308.
Linnea, 185.
Linosyris. 203.
Linum, 81.
Liparis, 407, 596.
Listera, 404.
Lithospermum, 296.
Littorella, 349:
Lloydia, 418.
Lobelia, 271.
Loiseleuria, 279.
Lolium, 513.
Lomaria, 531.
Lonicera, 184.
Loranthacee, 182.
Lotus, 96.
Ludwigia, 146.
Lupinus, 88.

Luzula, 429, 596.
Lychnis, 56, 576.
Lychnothamnus, 540.
Lycium, 500.
Lycopodiacee, 534.
Lycopodium, 535.
Lycopsis, 294.
Lycopus, 826.
Lysimachia, 342.
Lythracee, 141.
Lythrum, 142
Maianthemum, 416.
Malachia, 64.
Malaxis, 407.
Malaxts, 407.
Malcolmia, 30.
Malva, 69. °
Malvaceae, 69.
Marrubium, 335.
Marsiliacee, 534.
Maruta, 209.
Matricaria, 209.
Matthiola, 26.
Meconopsis, 19.
Medicago, 89.
Melampyrum, 311.
Melandryum, 576.
Melica, 496.
Melilotus, 90.
Melissa, 329.
Melittis, 330.
Mentha, 324.
Menyanthes, 288.
Menziesia, 279.
Mercurialis, 370.
Mertensia, 295.
Mespilus, 140.
Meum, 174.
Mibora, 484.
Microcala, 287:
Milium, 488.
Mimulus, 312.
Moenchia, 67.
Molinia, 496.
Moneses, 282.
Monochlamydee, 349.
Monocotyledones, 392.
Monotropa, 282.
Montia, 149, 581.
Mulgedium, 229.

Muscari, 423.
Myosotis, 296.
Myosoton, 64.
Myosurus, 5.
Myrica, 388.
Myriophyllum, 147.
Myrrhis, 179.
Naiadacee, 444.
Naias, 445.
Narcissus, 410.
Nardus, 488.
Narthecium, 424.
Nasturtium, 26.
Nasturtium, 36.
Neckeria, 20.
Neotinea, 401.
Neottia, 404.
Nepeta, 330.
Nephrodium, 526.
Nitella, 557.
Notolepum, 530.
Nuphar, 17.
Nymphiea, 17, 568.
Nympheacee, 16,
Obione, 356.
Odontites, 317.
(Enanthe, 171.
CEnothera, 146, 581.
Oleacez, 283.
Onagracee, 143.
Onobrychis, 104.
Ononis, 88,
Onopordum, 220
Ophioglossacez, 533.
Ophioglossum, 533.
Ophrys, 402.
Oporinia, 226.
Orchidacee, 395.
Orchis, 398, 594.
Orchis, 402.
Origanum, 327.
Ornithogalum, 418.
Ornithogalum, 419.
Ornithopus, 103.
Orobanchacez, 300.
Orobanche, 301.
Orobus, 103.
Orobus, 99.
Osmunda, 532.
Oxalidacee, 80.

INDEX

Oxalis, 80.
Oxycoccus, 281.
Oxyria, 360.
Oxytropis, 97.
Peeonia, 15.
Panicum, 482, 483.
Papaver, 18.
Papaveracee, 17.
Parietaria, 373.
Paris, 393.,
Parnassia, 160.
Paronychiacee, 149.
Pastinaca, 176.
Pedicularis, 312.
Peplis, 142.
Peristylus, 401, 402.
Petasites, 201.
Petroselinum, 168.
Peucedanum, 175.
Peucedanum, 176.
Phalaris, 484,
Phegopteris, 522.
Phelipea, 303.
Phellandrium, 173.
Phleum, 485.
Phragmites, 489.
Phyllodoce, 279.
Physospermum, 180.
Phyteuma, 272.
Picris, 227.

Picris, 227.
Pilularia, 534.
Pimpinella, 170.
Pimpinella, 169.
Pinguicula, 337.
Pinus, 392.

Pisum, 102.
Plananthus, 536.
Plantaginacez, 347.
Plantago, 347.
Platanthera, 402.
Plumbaginacee, 344
Pneumaria, 295.
Poa, 497, 598.
Polemoniacee, 289.
Polemonium, 289.
Polycarpon, 67.
Polygala, 48.
Polygalacez, 48.
Polygonacee. 356.

605

Polygonatum, 415.
Polygonum, 360, 590.
Polygonum, 364.
Polypodium, 521.
Polypogon, 492.
Polystichum, 526.
Populus, 387.
Porrum, 420.
Portulacee, 148.
Potamogeton, 436,596
Potamogetonacee,
436.
Potentilla, 111.
Potentilla, 110, 112.
Poterium, 109.
Prenanthes, 228.
Primula, 341.
Primulacee, 339.
Prunella, 330, 587.
Prunus, 107.
Psamma, 489.
Pteris, 531.
Pulegium, 326.
Pulicaria, 204.
Pulmonaria, 295, 584.
Pyrethrum, 209.
Pyrola, 281.
Pyrola, 282
Pyrus, 140, 580.
Quercus, 389.
Radicula, 26.
Radiola, 82.
Ranunculacee, 1.
Ranunculus, 5, 568.
Raphanus, 40.
Reseda, 41.
Resedacez, 41.
Rhamnacee, 83.
Rhamnus, 83.
Rhinanthus, 312, 584.
Rhodiola, 152.
Rhynchospora, 448.
Ribes, 154.
Ribesiacez, 154.
Robertsonia, 156.
Roemeria, 19.
Romulea, 409.
Rorippa, 26.
Rosa, 133, 580.
Rosacez, 104.

606

Rottboellia, 513
Rubia, 189.
Rubiacee, 185.
Rubus, 113, 545.
Rumex, 357.
Ruppia, 444.
Ruscus, 416,
Rynchospora, 448.
Sagina, 57,577
Sagittaria, 413.
Salicornia, 354, 588.
Salix, 376, 593.
Salsola, 351.
Salvia, 326.
Sambucus, 183.
Samolus, 344.
Sanguisorba, 108.
Sanicula, 166.
Santalaceze, 365.
Saponaria, 54.
Sarothamnus, 87.
Saussurea, 216,
Saxifraga, 156,
Saxifragaceee, 155.
Scabiosa, 193.
Scandix, 178,
Schedonorus, 506.
Scheuchzeria, 414.
Schoberia, 351.
Schoenus, 448.
Scilla, 419.

Scilla, 423.
Scirpus, 449.
Scirpus, 453.
Scleranthus, 68.
Sclerochloa, 501.
Scolopendrium, 530.
Scrophularia, 309.

Scrophulariacee, 304.

Scutellaria, 329.
Sedum, 152.
Selaginella, 537.
Selinum, 175.
Selinum, 175.
Sempervivum, 154.
Senebiera, 39.
Senecio, 212.
Serrafalcus, 508.
Serratula, 218.
Serratula, 216.

INDEX

Seseli, 174.

Sesleria, 487.
Setaria, 483.
Sherardia, 185.
Sibbaldia, 110.
Sibthorpia, 317.
Sieglingia, 496.
Silaus, 174.

Silene, 54, 576.
Siler, 176.

Silybum, 224,
Simethis, 422.
Sinapis, 82.

Sinapis, 33,

Sison, 168.

Sison, 168,
Sisymbrium, 30, 573.
Sisymbrium, 31.
Sisyrinchium, 408.
Sium, 170.
Smilacina, 416.
Smyrnium, 180.
Solanacez, 298.
Solanum, 299.
Solidago, 203.
Sonchus, 229.
Sonchus, 229.
Sorbus, 140.
Sparganium, 432.
Spartina, 483.
Spartium, 87.
Spatularia, 156.
Specularia, 274.
Spergella, 59.
Spergula, 68.
Spergula, 59.
Spergularia, 67,
Spirzea, 108.
Spiranthes, 404.
Spirodela. 435.
Stachys, 333.
Statice, 345.
Stellaria, 62.
Stellaria, 64, 67.
Stipa, 488.
Stratiotes, 394.
Sturmia, 407, 484.
Suaeda, 351.
Subularia, 39.
Symphoricarpos, 185.

577.

Symphytum, 294.
Tamariscacee, 142.
Tamarix, 143.
Tamus, 393.
Tanacetum, 212.
Taraxacum, 228, 582.
Taxus, 391.
Teesdalia, 37.
Telmatophace, 435.
Teucrium, 335.
Thalamifloree, 1.
Thalictrum, 3, 568.
Thesium, 365.
Thlaspi, 36.
Thlaspi, 39.
Thrincia, 225.
Thymelacee, 364.
Thymus, 327.
Thymus, 329,
Tilia, 71.
Tiliaceze, 71.
Tillzea, 151, 582.
Tofieldia, 424.
Tolypella, 539.
Tordylium, 176.
Torilis, 177.
Tormentilla, 112.
Tragopogon, 226.
Trichomanes, 532.
Trichonema, 409.
Trientalis, 343.
Trifolium, 91
Triglochin, 414.
Trigonella, 95.
Trilliaceae, 392.
Trinia, 169.
Triodia, 496.
Trisetum, 494.
Triticum, 511,
Triticum, 508.
Trollius, 14.
Tulipa, 418.
Turgenia, 177.
Turritis, 29.
Tussilago, 201.
Tussilago, 201.
Typha, 432.
Lyohaee 432.
lex, 8
Ulmacee, 374.

Ulmus, 374, 591.
Umbelliferze, 160.
Urtica, 373.
Urticacee, 373.
Utricularia, 338, 587.
Vaccinium, 280.
Valeriana, 190.
Valeriana, 190
Valerianacez, 190.
Valerianella, 191.

INDEX

Verbascum, 306.
Verbena, 337.
Verbenaceee, 337.

Veronica, 317, 586.

Viburnum, 184.
Vicia, 98.
Villarsia, 288.
Vinca, 284.
Viola, 43, 574.
Violacee, 43.

607

Viscaria, 576.
Viscum, 182.
Volvulus, 290.
Vulpia, 504.
Wahlenbergia, 274.
Wolfha, 436.
Woodsia, 523.
Xanthium, 270.
Zannichellia, 444, 596.
Zostera, 445.

INDEX

TO THE

POPULAR ENGLISH

Abele, 387.
Aconite, 14.
Adder’s-tongue, 533.
Agrimony, 109.
Alder, 389.
Alexanders, 180.
Alkanet, 294.
Allgood, 353.
Allseed, 82.
Alsike Clover, 94.
Anemone, 4.
Archangel, 332.
Arrow-grass, 414.
Arrow-head, 413.
Asarabacca, 366.
Ash, 283.
Aspen, 387.
Asphodel, 424.
Avens, 132.
Awl-wort, 39.
Bald-money, 174.
Balm, 329.
Balm, bastard, 330.
Balsam. 80.
Bane-berry, 15.
Barberry, 16.
Barley, 513.
Barren Strawberry,
112.
Barrenwort, 16.
Basil, 329.
Bastard Pimpernel,
344,
Bear’s-foot, 14.
Bed-straw, 186.
Beech, 389.
Beet, 353.
Bell flower, 272, 274.
608

Bent, 489, 490.
Betony, 334.
Bilberry, 280.
Bindweed, 289.
Birch, 388.
Bird-Cherry, 107.
Bird’s-foot, 103.
Bird’s-foot Trefoil,
96.
Bird’s-nest, 404.
Bird’s-nest, yellow,
282.
Birthwort, 366.
Bitter-Cress, 29.
Bitter-sweet, 299.
Black Alder, 83.
Black Bindweed, 363.
Black Bryony, 393.
Black grass. 487.
Black Saltwort, 343.
Blackthorn, 107.
Bladder Campion, 55.
Bladder-fern, 527.
Bladderwort, 338.
Blinks, 149.
Biue-bell, 423.
Bluebottle, 219.
Bog-Asphodel, 424.
Bog-Myrtle, 388.
Bog-rush, 448.
Borage, 294.
Box, 367.
Bracken, 531.
Brakes, 531.
Bramble, 113.
Brandy-bottle, 17.
Brooklime, 315.
Brook-weed, 344.

NAMES

/
Broom, 87.
Broom-rape, 301.
Bryony, black, 393.
Bryony, red, 148.
Buckbean, 288.
Buckthorn, 83.
Buck-wheat, 364.
Bugle, 336.

Bugloss, 294.
Bugloss, Viper’s, 295.
Bullace, 107.
Bulrush, 451.
Burdock, 216.
Burnet, 108, 109.
Burnet-Saxifrage,170.
Bur-reed, 432.
Butcher’s Broom, 416.
Butterbur, 201.
Butterwort, 337.
Cabbage, 32.
Calamint, 528.
Campion, 56.
Canary-grass, 484.
Candytuft, 37.
Caper-Spurge, 370.
Caraway, 169.
Carrot, 176.
Catchfly, 54.
Cat-Mint, 330.
Cat’s-ear, 225.
Cat’s-foot, 207.
Cat’s-tail grass, 485.
Celandine, 20.
Celery, 168.
Centaury, 285.
Chamomile, 208, 210.
Charlock, 33.
Charlock, jointed, 40.

Cherry, 107.
Chervil, 178.
Chestnut, 389.
Chickweed, 62.
Chickweed, great, 64.
Chicory, 225.
Chives, 422.
Cicely, 179.
Cinque-foil, 111, 112.
Clary, 327.
Cleavers, 187.
Cloudberry, 131.
Clover, 91.
Club-moss, 535.
Club-rush, 449.
Cock’s-foot grass,
504.
Cock’s-head, 104.
Coltsfoot, 201.
Columbine, 15.
Conifrey, 294.
Coralwort, 30.
Coriander, 180.
Corn-Cockle, 57.
Corn-Marigold, 210.
Corn Rose, 18.
Corn-salad, 191.
Cotton-grass. 453.
Cotton Thistle, 220.
Cotton-weed, 210.
Couch-grass, 511.
Cowbane, 167.
Cowberry, 280.
Cow-parsnep, 176.
Cowslip, 341.
Cow-wheat, 311.
Crab-tree, 140.
Cranberry, 280, 281.
Crane’s bill, 76.
Crested Hair-grass,
496.
Crosswort, 186.
Crowberry, 367.
Crowfoot, 5, 10, 12,
13.
Cuckoo-pint, 434.
Cudweed, 205.
Currant, 155.
Cushion-pink, 56.
Cut-grass, 488.

INDEX

Daffodil, 411.
Daisy, 203.
Dames’ Violet, 30.
Dandelion, 228.
Danewort, 182.
Darnel, 514.
Dead-nettle, 331.
Deadly Nightshade,
299.
Devil’s-bit, 193.
Dewberry, 130.
Dittander, 39.
Dock, 357.
Dodder, 290.
Dog’s-tail grass, 504,
Dog-wood, 181.
Dove’s-foot, 78.
Dropwort, 108.
Duckweed; 435.
Dutch Clover, 94.
Dwale, 299.
Dyer’s-weed, 87.
Elder, 182.
Elecampane, 204.
Elm, 374.
Enchanter’s. Night-
shade, 147.
Eryngo, 167.
Evening Primrose,
146.
Eye-bright, 313.
Fat Hen, 352.
Feather-grass, 488.
Felwort, 287.
Fennel, 173.
Fern, Bladder, 527.
Fern, Holly, 526.
Fern, Lady, 528.
Fern, Male, 524.
Fern, Marsh, 524.

Fern, Mountain, 524.

Fescue-grass, 504.
Feverfew, 209.
Figwort, 309.
Filmy Fern, 532.
Fiorin-grass, 491.
Fir, 392.

Flag, 408.

Flax, 81.
Flax-seed, 82.

609

Flea-bane, 202.
Flixweed, 31.
Flote-grass, 501.
Flowering-fern, 532.
Flowering-rush, 414.
Fluellin, 308.

Fool’s Parsley, 173.
Forget-me-not, 296.
Foxglove, 307.
Fox-tail grass, 486.
Fritillary, 418.
Frog-bit, 394.
Fumitory, 20, 21.
Furze, 86.

Gale, 388.
Galingale, 447.
Garlic, 420.

Gean, 107.

Gentian, 287.
Gipsy-wort, 326.
Gladdon, 409.
Glasswort, 354.
Globe-flower, 14.
Goat’s-beard, 226.
Gold-of-pleasure, 36.
Golden-rod, 203.
Golden Samphire, 204.
Golden Saxifrage,159.
Goldilocks, 12, 203.
Gooseberry, 154.
Goose-foot, 354.
Goose-grass, 187.
Gorse, 86.
Gout-weed, 169.
Grape-Hyacinth, 423.
Grass-wrack, 445.
Gromwell, 296.
Ground-Ivy, 330.
Ground-Pine, 327.
Groundsel, 213.
Guelder-rose, 184.
Hairbell, 373.
Hair-grass, 492.
Hammersedge, 472.
Hard fern, 531.
Hare’s-ear, 171.
Hare’s-foot, 92.
Hare’s-tail grass, 491.
Hart’s-tongue, 530.
Hartwort, 176.

610

INDEX

Hautboy Strawberry, Knot-grass, 363.

113.
Hawkbit, 226.
Hawk’s-beard, 230,
Hawkweed, 232.
Hawthorn, 139.
Hazel, 390.
Heartséase, 46.
Heath, 278, 279.
Heath-grass, 496.
Hedge Mustard, 30.
Hedge Parsley, 176.
Hellebore, 14.
Helleborine, 405.
Hemlock, 179.
Hemp-Agrimony, 201.
Hemp-nettle, 332.
Henbane, 300.
Henbit, 331.
Hen’s-foot, 177.
Herb Paris, 393.
High-taper, 306.
Holly, 282.
Holly Fern, 526.
Holy grass, 485.
Honewort, 169.
Honeysuckle, 184.
Hop, 374.
Horehound, 335.

Horehound, white,335.

Hornbeam, 390.

Horned Pondweed,
444,

Horned Poppy, 19.

Hornwort, 371.

Horsebane, 173.

Horse-radish, 36.

Horseshoe Vetch,103.

Horsetail, 515.
Hound’s-tongue, 293.
Houseleek, 154.

Hyacinth, Grape, 423.

Ivy, 181.
Jack-by-the-Hedge,
31.
Jacob’s Ladder, 289.
Juniper, 391.
Knapweed, 218.
Knapwell, 68.
Knotberry, 131.

Lady Fern, 528:
Lady’ s Finger, 97.
Lady’ s Mantle, 109.
Lady’s Slipper, 407.
Lady’ s Smock, 30.
Lady's Tresses, 404.
Lamb’s Lettuce, 191.
Lamb’s Tongue; 348.
Larkspur, 15.
Leopard’s bane, 212.
Lettuce, 227.

Lily, 418.

Lily of the Valley,415.

Lime-tree, 71.
Ling, 277.
Liquorice, 98.
Live-long, 152.
Lizard Orchis, 401.
London Pride, 156.
London Rocket, 31.
Loosestrife, 342.
Loosestrife, purple,
142.
Lop-grass, 510.
Louse-wort, 312.
Lovage, 174.
Lucerne, 89.
Lungwort, 295.
Madder, 185, 189.
Madwort, 293.
Maiden-hair, 531.
Male Fern, 524.
Mallow, 69.
Maple, 75:
Mare’s tail, 148.
Marjoram, 327.
Marram, 489.
Marsh-Cinquefoil,
112
Marsh Fern, 524.
Marsh-Mallow, 70.
Marsh-Marigold, 13.
Masterwort, 175.
Matfellon, 219.
Mat-grass, 488.
Meadow-grass, 497.
Meadow-Rue, 3, 4.

Meadow-Saffron, 423.

Meadow-sweet, 108.

Medick, 89.
Medlar, 140:
Melic, 496.
Melilot, 90.
Mercury, 353, 370.
Mezereon, 365.
Mignonette, 41.
Milk*Thistle, 224.
Milk-vetch, 97.
Milkwort, 48.
Millefoil, 208.
Millet-grass,A8s8.
Mint, 324.
Mistletoe, 182.
Moneywort, 343.
Monk’s-hood, 15.
Monk’s-Rhubarb, 360.
Moonwort, 533.
Moor-grass, 487.
Moschatel, 182.
Motherwort, 332.
Mountain-Ash, 140
Mountain Fern, 524.
Mountain-Sorrel, 360.
Mouse-ear, 64.
Mousetail, 5.
Mudwort, 310.
Mugwort, 211.
Mullein, 306.
Musk-Mallow, 69.
Mustard, 32.
Navelwort, 154.
Needle Whin, 87.
Nettle, 373.
Nettle, Dead, 331.
Nightshade, 299.
Nightshade, Enchant-
er’s, 147.
Nipplewort, 224.
Nit-grass, 492.
Oak, 389.
Oat, 494.
Oat-grass, 495.
Orache, 354.
Orchis, 598, 401, 402,
403.
Orpine, 152.
Osier, 380.
Ox-eye, 210.
Oxlip, 341.

Ox-tongue, 227.
Peony, 15.
Paigle, 341.
Pansy, 46.
Parsley, 168.
Parsley Piert, 110.
Parsnep, 176.
Pasque-flower, 4.
Pea, Sea, 102.
Pear-tree, 140.
Pearlwort, 57.
Pellitory, 373.
Penny Cress, 36.
Penny-royal, 326.
Pennywort, 166.
Peppermint, 325.
Pepperwort, 38.
Periwinkle, 284.
Pheasant’s eye, 5.
Pig-nut, 170.
Pilewort, 12.
Pillwort, 534.
Pimpernel, 343.
Pink, 52.
Pipewort, 431.
Plantain, 347,
Ploughman’s

nard, 204.
Plum, 107.
Polypody, 521.
Pond-weed, 436, 444.
Poplar, 387.
Poppy, 18, 19.
Prickwood, 82.
Primrose, 341.
Privet, 283.
Purslane, Sea, 356.
Purslane, Waiter, 142.
Quaking grass, 503.
Quill-wort, 535.
Quinancy-wort, 186.
Radish, 40.

ged Robin, 57.

es 212.
Rampions, 274.
Ramsons, 422.
Red Bryony, 148.
Red Ratile, 312.
Reed, 489.
Reed-grass, 484.

Spike-

INDEX

Reed-mace, 432.
Rest-harrow, 88.
Ribwort, 348.
Rock-brake, 521.
Rock-cress, 28.
Rock-rose, 42.
Rocket, 27.
Rose, 133.
Rose-bay, 144.
Rose-root, 152.
Rowan-tree, 140.
Rupturewort, 150.
Rush, 424.
Rustyback, 530.
Rye-grass, 513.
Sage, 326.
Sainfoin, 104.
St John’s wort, 72.
St Patrick’s Cabbage,
156.
Sallow, 380.
Salsify, 227.
Saltwort, 351.
Samphire, 174.
Sand-spurrey, 67.
Sandwort, 61.
Sanicle, 166.
Sauce-alone, 31.
Saw-wort, 218.
Saxifrage, 156.
Scabious, 193, 272.
Scorpion-grass, 296.
Scotch Fir, 392.
Scottish Asphodel,
424,
Scottish Lovage, 174
Scurvy-grass, 25.
Sea-Blite, 351.
Sea-Buckthorn, 364.
Sea-heath, 48.
Sea-Holly, 167.
Sea-Kale, 40.
Sea-Lavender, 345.
Sea-Pea, 102.
Sea-Purslane, 356,
Sea-Raddish, 41.
Sea-Rocket, 40.
Sedge, 448.
Self-heal, 330.
Service-tree, 140, 141.

611

Setterwort, 14,
Sheep’s Fescue Grass,
505.
Shepherd’s Needle,
178.
Shepherd's Purse, 39.
Shepherd’s Rod, 193.
Shore-weed, 349.
Silver-weed, 111.
Skull-cap, 329.
Sloe, 107.
Small-reed, 489.
Snakeweed, 360.
Snapdragon, 307.
Sneezewort, 207.
Snowdrop, 411.
Snowflake, 411.
Soapwort, 54.
Soft-grass, 492,
Solomon’s Seal, 415.
Sorrel, 360,
Sorrel, Mountain, 360.
Sorrel, Wood, 80.
Sowbane, 352.
Sow-bread, 342.
Sowthistle, 229.
Spearwort, 11.
Speedwell, 318.
Spindle-tree, 82.
Spleen-wort, 528, 529.
Spurge, 367.
Spurrey, 60, 68.
Squili, 419.
Star of Bethlehem,
418.
Star-thistle, 220.
Starwort, 202.
Stitchwort, 62.
Stock, 26.
Stonecrop, 152.
Stonewort, 168.
Storksbill, 79.
Strapwort, 150.
Strawberry, 112, 113.
Strawberry-tree, 277.
Succory, 225.
Sulphurwort, i74.
Sundew, 47.
Sweet Briar, 136.
Sweet Cicely. 179.

612

Sweet Flag, 434.
Swine’s Cress, 39.
Swine’s Succory, 224.
Sycamore, 75.
Tamarisk, 143.
Tansy, 212.
Tares, 98.
Tassel-Pondweed,
444,
Teasel, 192.
Thistle, 220, 221, 224.
Thorn-apple, 300.
Thorough-wax, 171.
Thrift, 346.
Thyme, 327.
Timothy-grass, 485.
Toad-flax, 308.
Toothwort, 303.
Traveller’s Joy, 3.
Tree-mallow, 71.
Trefoil, 92, 96.
Tulip, 418.
Turk’s-cap Lily, 418.
Tutsan, 72.
Tway-blade, 404.
Valerian, 190.

INDEX

Vernal-grass, 484.
Vervain, 337.
Vetch, 98.
Vetchling, 101.
Violet, 43.

Viper’s Bugloss, 295.
Wallflower, 26.
Wall-Mustard, 33.
Wall-Pepper, 153.
Wall-Rue, 530.
Water-Avens, 133.
Water-Cress, 26.

Water-Dropwort, 171.

Water-Fennel, 6.

Water-Hemlock, 167.

Water-Lily, 17.
Water-Milfoil, 147.
Water-Pepper, 362.
Water- Plantain, 413.
Water-Soldier, 394.
Water-Starwort, 371.
Water-Thyme, 394.
Water-Violet, 340.
Waterwort, 50.
Way-bread, 348.
Wayfaring tree, 184.

Weld, 41.

Welsh Poppy, 19.
Wheat eres 511
Whin, 86, 87.
White Bottle, 55.
Whitlow-grass 34.
Whortleberry, 280.
Willow, 376.
Willow Herb, 143.
Wind-flower, 5.
Wind-grass, 490.
Winter-gréen, 281.
Woad, 40. ;
Woodbine, 184.
Woodruff, 186.
Wood-Rush, 429.
Wood-Sage, 336.
Wood-Sorrel, 80.
Worm-seed, 31.
Wormwood, 211.
Woundwort, 333.
Yarrow, 297.
Yellow Rattle, 312.
Yellow wort, 285.

. Yew, 391.

Yorkshire Fog, 492

PRINTED BY OLIVER AND BOYD, EDINBURGH

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9
n, Charles/Manual of British bot

AC
oh .
eye

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