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Didition of Mollusice 
Section: ' 7 


A 


MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY, 


ACCORDING 


TO THE SYSTEM LAID DOWN 


BY LAMARCK; 


WITH THE LATE IMPROVEMENTS 


BY DE BLAINVILLE. 


EXEMPLIFIED AND ARRANGED FOR THE USE OF STUDENTS. 


BY THOMAS WYATT, M.A. 


ILLUSTRATED BY THIRTY-SIX PLATES CONTAINING MORE THAN TWO HUNDRED 
TYPES, DRAWN FROM THE NATURAL SHELL. 


NEW-YORK: 


HARPER & BROTHERS, CLIFF-STREET: 


1838. } 
HEMITHSONIAR 


APR 26 1988 
LIBRARIES 


Entered, according to Aet of Congress, in the year 1838, by 
Tuomas Wyatt, 


in the Clerk’s Office of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Concnotoey or Testaceolgy is a numerous and beautiful 
branch of Natural History, treating of the testaceous cover- 
ing of animals; perhaps none but the department of Flora 
can vie with it in variety, symmetry of form, and rich col- 
ouring. It has ever excited admiration, and obtained a prom- 
inent situation in the cabinet ; and so great are the facilities 
afforded at the present day to procure specimens and obtain 
a knowledge of this science, that it has become one of the 
requisites of a finished education. Shells are found in all 
parts of the world, both on land and in water; but the most 
beautiful and valuable species are found between the tropics. 

At first they were regarded as pleasing curiosities, and 
prized only on that account; but the investigations of scien- 
tific men have proved that the study of this science is not 
only interesting, but useful. Much valuable information has 
already been obtained, and, from the investigations of mod- 
ern naturalists, much more may be anticipated. 

So intimate is the connexion between Conchology and 
Geology, that a knowledge of the one is indispensable to 
the study and acquirement of the other. The geologist will 
draw much advantage from a close study of the testaceous 
covering of molluscous animals to aid him in determining 


the identity or the superposition of the different strata of thé 


iv INTRODUCTION. 


earth and the extraordinary changes it has undergone; for, 
as Bergman elegantly says, “ fossil shells, coral, and wood 
are the only three remaining medals of Creation.” He will 
see in the innumerable quantity of these animals, succeeding 
each other from generation to generation in the depth of the 
seas, one of the evident causes of the growth and increase 
of islands and continents. 

But man may find in the knowledge of Mollusca applica- 
tions still more direct to his well being in society, both as to 
the advantages and disadvantages to be derived from them: 
thus a great number of species are proper for food, as oys- 
ters, muscles, &c., which are objects of commercial specula- 
tions. ‘The Pinna furnishes the Italians with materials for 
a rich dress, and the pearl, so much prized by the Orientals, 
by princes, and particularly by the ladies, as a modest and 
beautiful ornament, is produced by a disease of the animals 
in certain species of shells. It was this knowledge which 
made the celebrated Linneus imagine that it was possible 
to form an artificial pearlery in the rivers of Sweden. The 
mother of pearl, so much employed as an ornament in arti- 
cles of luxury, is only the interior lining of certain univalve 
or bivalve shells. Painting draws from some of these ani- 
mals many colours, valuable not so much for their beauty 
as their usefulness, as Chinese ink and sepia. 

The brightest and richest colour known by the ancients, 
and used by them for the celebrated Tyrian purple die, is 
produced by animals at this time known by the name of 
Purpura. 

The Teredo attacks the wood of our vessels, and often 


does much injury ; therefore the knowledge of its manners, 


INTRODUCTION. Vv 


habits, and customs must be of great importance in countries 
infested with them, so as to be able to provide a remedy 
against them. Snails and slugs are also enemies much to 
be dreaded in our gardens. 

Merarel in his last work, the result of the successive 
and continual labours of his whole life and those of his con- 
temporaries, has rendered a very great service to science, 
but especially to conchology, by describing, or, at least, char- 
acterizing the numerous species of shells in his own splen- 
did cabinet. It may be proper here to remark, that a part 
of Lamarck’s cabinet is now in the possession of Isaac Lea, 
Esq., of Philadelphia, to whom we are much indebted for 
valuable assistance. ‘To Dr. Comstock, and the Rev. W. 
Turner, of Hartford, Conn., we are much indebted for kind 
favours ; their aid has greatly facilitated our labours. 

In this Manual of Conchology we have endeavoured to 
give a free translation of Lamarck’s system, as simplified 
by De Blainville ; and, in order to facilitate as much as pos- 
sible the study of this beautiful and interesting science, we 
have divested it of numerous technicalities, and divided it 
into four classes: Annelides, Cirrhipedes, Conchifera, and 
Mollusca, 

To each class we have assigned its various families, to 
each family its genera, and to each genus its living species ; 
thereby making it plain and within the reach of the meanest 
capacity. A type of almost every genus is given, excepting 
only those shells which, from their similarity to other genera, 
may easily be classed. 

It was deemed advisable, as this is intended for an easy 


introduction to the science, to omit many divisions and sub- 


vl INTRODUCTION. 


divisions, which would only serve to perplex and render the 
attainment more difficult. 

As the Naiades, or shells of this country, are given in sev- 
eral valuable scientific works lately published, we have only 
slightly touched them in the place they are intended to oc- 
cupy. 

We cannot expect that the work now presented to the pub- 
lic is free from imperfections ; but we ask for their lenity and 
kind forbearance to excuse whatever defects there may be in 
our humble attempts to advance the cause of science. Con- 
chology, like other departments of natural history, is pro- 
gressing ; and that which is given to-day is almost always 
susceptible of being modified to-morrow; should this work 
be well received, it is our intention to give, as soon as prac- 
ticable, an enlarged work, containing even the minute micro- 
scopic shells and the fossils, with plates containing types of 
as many species of the genera as can possibly be obtained. 

The plates were drawn and coloured with great care and 
accuracy from the natural shells in our own cabinet, under 
the superintendence of Mr. James Ackerman, artist. 


T. W, 


ARRANGEMENT. 


CLASS I. 
ANNELIDES. 


FOUR FAMILIES. 


Fam. 
1. Dorsalie. Two genera. 
1. Arenicola. Species 1 
2. Siliquaria. s¢ 4 
2. Maldanie. Two genera. 
1. Clymene. Species 1 
2. Dentalium. “ce ae 
3. Amphitritea. Four genera. 
1. Pectinaria. Species 2 
2. Sabellaria. > 
3. Terebella. ss 3 
4. Amphitrite. cc 6 
4. Serpulacea. Five genera. 
1. Spirorbis. Species 5 
2. Serpula. fe 2G 
3. Vermilia. 5 8 
4. Galeolaria. ss 2 
5. Magilus. s 1 
CLASS II. 
CIRRHIPEDES., 
ONE FAMILY. 
1. Cirrhipedes. Ten genera, 
1. Tubicinella. Species 1 
2. Coronula. es 3 
3. Balanus. S28 
4. Acasta. sf 3 
5. Creusia. <s 3 
6. Pyrgoma. ee 
7. Anatifera. oe 5 
8. Pollicipes. ees 
9. Cineras. £6 1 
10. Otion. ea 2 
CLASS III. 
CONCHIFERA. 
TWENTY FAMILIES. 
1, Tubicola. Six genera. 


1. Aspergillum. Species 4 


Fam, 


2. Clavagella. Species 1 
3. Fistulana. Nid 
4. Septaria. i 1 
5. Teredina. ‘eee: 
6. Teredo. anne 
2. Pholadaria. Two genera. 
1. Pholas. Species 9 
2. Gastrochena. rag) tikes | 
3. Solenides. Four genera. 
1. Solen. Species 18 
2. Panopea. # 1 
3. Solecurtus. Mt 3 
4. Glycimeris. ¥ 1 
4, Myaria. Two genera. 
1. Mya. Species 4 
2. Anatina. oo kO 
5. Mactracea. Seven genera. 
1. Lutraria. Species 11 
2. Mactra. 33 
3. Crassatella. o 11 
4. Erycina. ry 1 
5. Ungulina. ay 2 
6. Solenimya. of 2 
7. Amphidesma. “* 16 
6. Corbulacea. Two genera. 
1. Corbula. Species 9 
2. Pandora. eae} 
7. Lithophagi. Three genera. 
1. Saxicava. Species 5 
2. Petricola. pene 
3. Venerirupis. catia? 
8. Nymphacea. Ten genera. 
1. Sanguinolaria. Species 4 
2. Psammobia. LS 
3. Psammotea. ge y | 
4. Tellina. ae 
5. Tellinides. be 1 
6. Corbis. ss 1 
7. Lucina. “20 
8. Donax. OT 
9. Capsa. ee 
10. Crassina. s 1 
9. Conchacea. Seven genera. 
1. Cyclas. Species 1] 
2. Cyrena. of 10 


vill 
Fam. 
3. Galathea. Species 1 
4, Cyprina. tf 2 
5. Cytherea. ne 78" 
6. Venus. 4 88 
#2) Venericardia., — 5° 1 
10. Cardiacea. Five genera. 
1. Cardium. Species 48 
2. Cardita. ee 
3. Cypricardia. se 4 
4. Hiatella. $6 2 
5. Isocardia. - 3 
11. Arcacea. Four genera. 
1. Cucullea. Species 1 
2. Arca. SS 
3. Pectunculus. > 19 
4. Nucula. A eG 
12. Trigonacea. Two genera. 
1. Trigonia. Species 1 
2. Castalia. es 1 
13. Naiades. Four genera. 
1. Unio. Species 48 
2. Hyria. s 2 
3. Anodonta. oo 15 
4. Iridina. as 1 
14. Chamacea. Three genera. 
1. Diceras. Species 1 
2. Chama. Se OL? 
3. Etheria. sor mere 
15. Tridacnites. Two genera. 
1. Tridacna. Species 6 
2. Hippopus. ry 1 
16. Mytilacea. Three genera. 
1. Mytilus. Species 35 
2. Modiola. ek. eo 
3. Pinna. i 15 
17. Malleacea. Five genera. 
1. Crenatula. Species 7 
2. Perna. | 40 
3. Malleus. "Fi 6 
4, Avicula. Sails 
5. Meleagrina. i 2 
18. Pectinides. Seven genera. 


ARRANGEMENT. 


1. Pedum. Species 1 
2. Lima. s 6 
3. Pecten. Oy BY) 
4. Plagiostoma. tae LO 
5. Plicatula. Se) 
6. Spondylus. ee 21 
7. Podopsis. cey Ae 
19. Ostracea. Six genera. 
1. Gryphea. Species 1 
2. Ostrea. ee 


Fam. 


20. 


. Pteropoda. 


. Phyllidiacea. 


3. Vulsella. 


Species 6 
4. Placuna. rs 3 


5. Anomia. eo ee 
6. Crania. ‘6 1 
Brachiopoda. Three genera. 
1. Orbicula. Species 1 
2. Terebratula. uae 
3. Linguia. ‘ 1 
CLASS LY. 


MOLLUSC A. 


TWENTY-TWO FAMILIES. 
Six genera. 


1. Hyalea. Species 2 
2. Clio. be 2 
3. Cleodora. % 2 
4. Limacina. * 1 
5. Cymbulia. s 1 
6. Pneumodermon. ‘“ 1 


Four genera. 


1. Phyllidia. Species 3 
2. Chitoneilus. § 2 
3. Chiton. &s 6 
4. Patella. & 45 


. Calyptracea. Seven genera. 


1. Parmophora. Species 3 
2. Emarginula. VN, ee 
3. Fissurella. pula Ie) 
4. Pileopsis. en | 
5. Calyptrea. 1 
6. Crepidula. 7c 6 
7. Ancylus. He eB 
4. Bullacea. Three genera. 
1. Acera. Species 1 
2. Bullea. % 1 
3. Bulla. ot 
5. Aplysiacea. Two genera. 
1. Aplysia. Species 3 
2. Dolabella. 2 
6. LTimacinea. Five genera. 
1. Onchidium. Species 2 
2. Parmacella. S 1 
8. Limax. 4 
4. Testacella. ne 1 
5. Vitrina. e I 
7. Colimacea. Eleven genera. 
Paeiielixe Species 107 
2. Carocolla. ¢ 15 
3. Anostoma. i 2 
4. Helicina. ‘f 4 
5. Pupa. ub at 


Fam. 


10. 


11. 


12. 


13. 


14. 


15. 


16. 


. Lymnecea. 


. Melanides. 


6. Clausilia. 
7. Bulimus. 
8. Achatina. 
9. Succinea. 
10. Auricula. 
11. Cyclostoma. 


1. Planorbis. 
2. Physa. 
3. Lymnea. 


ARRANGEMENT. 1X 
Fam. 5 
Species 12 2. Pleurotoma. Species 23 
= 34 3. Turbinella. us De 
6 20 4. Cancellaria. se 12 
§§ 3 5. Fasciolaria. ce 8 
cs 14 6. Fusus. se 37 
or 28 7. Pyrula. _ ees 
Three enera. 8. Struthiolaria. re 2 
Riecies 12 9. Ranella. ae 14 
‘“ 4 10. Murex. ie 66 
Ory aT 11. Triton. csi ro 1 
Three genera. |17. Alata. Three genera. 


1. Melania. Species 16 1. Rostellaria. Species 3 
2. Melanopss. ie 3 2. Pteroceras. Coates 
3. Pyrena. sh 4 3. Strombus. Smeoe 
Peristomides. Three gen. bi ’ 

1. Valvata. Species 1 Ie. pees a cae 5 
2. Paludina. syed oO EGaeeian “OF 
3. Ampullaria. 5o0 aT 3. Ricinula. “ 9 
Neritacea. Five genera. 4. Purpura. eee OU 
1. Neritina. Species 21 5. Monoceros. ae, PY: 
2. Navicella. iy 3 6. Concholepas. 1 
3. Nerita. fs Avi 7. Harpa. a 8 
4. Natica. *. 31 8. Dolium. is ai 
5. Janthina. a 2 9. Buccinum. GAD its) 
Macrostomdes. Four gen. 10. Eburna. i 5 
1. Sigaretus. Species 4 11. Terebra. SSO: 


2. Stomatella. 
3. Stomatia. 
4. Haliotis. 
Plicacea. 
1. Tornatella. 
2. Pyramidella. 


Two genera. 


es Z 19. Columellaria. Five genera. 

“ 45 1. Columbella. Species 18 

2. Mitra, OO 

. 3. Voluta. ‘6 44 
Species 6 4. Marginella. er 
ie 5. Volvaria. f 5 


Scalarides. Three genera. | 99, Convoluta. Six genera. 
1. Vermetus. Species 1 1. Ovals. Species 12 
2. Scalaria. apa! i P «s 

: te 2. Cyprea. 68 
3. Delphinula. 3 3. Terebellum. s¢ 1 
Turbinacea. Seven genera. 4. Ancillaria. ‘6 4 
1. Solarium. Species 7 5. Oliva. “ 62 
2. 'Trochus. eG 6. Conus. ey 18 
8. Monodonta. SOs ; 
4. Turbo. « 34] 21. Nautilacea. Two genera. 
5. Planaxis. ewe 1. Spirula. merce | 
6. Phasianella. co 10 2. Nautilus. ze 
7. Turritella. “ 13] 99. Heteropoda. Two genera. 
Canalifera. Eleven genera. 1. Argonauta. Species 3 


1. Cerithium. 


Species 36 


2. Carinaria. 


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COUN ©. HO" LO GV. 


CLASS. 


ANNE C1 DES, 


CONTAINS FOUR FAMILIES, 


FAMILY I. 


Dorsatia. ‘Two genera. 


1. Arenicola. Has no shell. One species. 


A. piscatorium. 


2. Siliquaria. Four species. 


Shell very thin, conical, tubular, involuted in a loose and 
irregular spiral manner; aperture circular, edges sharp, in- 
terrupted in the middle by a notch prolonged like a slit 
through nearly all its length, stopped abruptly at some dis- 
tance from the summit. 

Siliquaria anguina. Siliquaria laevigata. 
S. muricata. S. lactea. 


S. anguina. The Snake Siliquaria. Pl. 33, fig. 4. 
Shell tapering, undulating, spiral at the extremity. 


S. muricata. 'The Prickly Siliquaria. 
Species armed with short spines or prickles; aperture 
sometimes margined ; usually of a rosy or pink colour. 


12 CONCHOLOGY. 


FAMILY Il 


Matpania, ‘Two genera. 


1. Clymene. One species, 


C. amphistoma. 'The double-mouthed Clymene. 
Tube thin and slender, open at both ends ; incrusted ex- 
ternally with sand and fragments of shells, 


2. Dentalium. The Tooth Shell. Twelve species. 


This genus took its name from its resemblance to an ele- 
phant’s tooth. Itis an attenuated conical tube, slightly bent, 
and open at both ends. 

Shell tubular, regular, symmetrical, lightly curved longi- 
tudinally, conic, attenuated insensibly posteriorly, and open 
at each extremity by a round orifice. 


Dentalium elephantinum. Dentalium octoganum. 


D. aprinum. D. novemcostatum. 
D. fasciatum. D, dentale. 

D. entale. D. nigrum. 

D. Tarentinum. D. politum. 

D. corneum. D. eburneum. 


D. elephantinum, 'The Elephant’s 'Tooth Shell. 
Species in which the tube is striated or ribbed longitudi- 
nally; the ribs are generally ten in number; green colour, 


D. entale. The common Dentalium. PI. 33, fig. 1. 
Species very minutely striated ; white or yellowish colour. 


D. pellucidum. ‘The pellucid Dentalium. 
Species narrow and thin; pale topaz colour. 


D. politum. The ring-striated Tooth Shell. 

Species finely pointed, solid, striated annularly ; generally 
rosy or pink colour. 

D. rectum. The straight Tooth Shell. 

Species entirely straight, with longitudinal ribs. 


CONCHOLOGY. 13 


D. eburneum. The Ivory Tooth Shell. 
Species of a reddish or pale yellow colour, with the tip 
frequently tinged with orange or pink. 


EVAL, Y AGEL. 


AMPHITRITZA. Four genera. 


The similarity of the four genera comprising this family 
is such, that it was thought sufficient to give only one type 
(the sabellaria crassissima), as the student may easily recog- 
nise the others. 


1. Pectinaria. ‘Two species. 

A membranous or papyraceous tube, in the form of a re- 
versed cone; unfixed; exterior covered with sandy adhe- 
sions. 

Pectinaria Belgica. Pectinaria capensis. 


P. Belgica. The Belgic Pectinaria. 
Tube inversely conic, membranous, and covered with sand. 


2. Sabellaria. ‘Two species. 

The covering of the animal belonging to this genus is 
composed of fragments and particles of marine substances, 
adhering to a tubular membrane ; some are detached and 
others are fixed. 'The tubes are cellular at the base, and the 
orifice expanded. 

Sabellaria alveolata. Sabellaria crassissima. 


S. alveolata. The Honeycomb Sabellaria. 

Consists of numerous parallel tubes, nearly straight, com- 
municating by an aperture, forming when in mass the ap- 
pearance of a honeycomb ; it adheres to rocks in clusters. 


S. crassissima. 'The very thick or strong Sabellaria. 
PI. 33, fig. 2. 

Species incrusted with small stones; sometimes found 
thick and of a large size. 


14 CONCHOLOGY. 


3. Terebella. ‘Three species. 
Tube elongated, cylindrical, membranous, attenuated and 
pointed at the base, with adhesions of sand. 
Terebella conchilega. Terebella cristata. 
T.. ventricosa. 


T. conchilega. 'The shelly Terebella. 
Tube covered with numerous fragments of broken shells. 


4. Amphitrite. Six species. 
Nearly the same as the Terebella, but of a tougher mem- 
branous texture, and generally without adhesions. 


Amphitrite ventilabrum. Amphitrite vesiculosa. 
A. penicillus. A. volutacornis. 
A. magnifica. A. infundibulum. 


A. ventilabrum. The Fan Amphitrite. 
Tube subulate, smooth, of a yellowish colour. 


FAMILY IV. 


SerpuLacea. Five genera. 


1. Spirorbis. Five species. 

Tube testaceous, spirally twisted on a horizontal plane, 
with terminal aperture rounded or angular, attached by the 
lower part to marine substances. 

Spirorbis Nautiloides. Spirorbis carinata. 
S. spirillum. S. lamellosa. 
S. tricostalis. 


S. Nautiloides. The Nautilus-shaped Spirorbis. 
White, transversely wrinkled and minute. 


2. Serpula. The Worm Shell. Twenty-six species. 


The name of this genus is derived from the Latin word 
serpo, to creep, on account of the vermiform character of 


some of its species. 
They are invariably tubular, sometimes solitary, but more 


CONCHOLOGY. 15 


frequently in clusters spirally entwined, adhering to marine 
substances. In colour they are brown, purple, yellow, 
tawny, pink or white, and sometimes tinged with green. 

Tube solid, calcareous, irregularly twisted, fixed to other 
substances. 


Serpula vermicularis. Serpula filaria. 
S. fascicularis. S. pellucida. 
S. intestinum. S. intorta. 

S. contortuplicata. S. cristata. 

S. plicaria. S. spirulea. 
S. glomerata. S. quadrangularis. 
S. decussata. S. minima. 

S. protensa. S. echinata. 
S. infundibulum. S. sulcata. 

S. annulata. S. costalis. 

S. cereolus. S. dentifera. 
S. filograna. S. sipho. 

S. vermicella. S. arenaria. 


S. vermicularis. The worm-like Serpula. 
White, cylindrical, tapering, rugged, variously curved and 
twisted. 


3. Vermilia. Eight species. 


Tube testaceous, cylindrical, more or less twisted, grad- 
ually attenuated posteriorly ; opening round, the margin with 
one, two, or three teeth; shell adhering by the side to other 
substances ; provided with a convex operculum. 


Vermilia rostrata. Vermilia subcrenata. 
V. triquetra. V. plicifera. 

V. bicarinata. V. scabra. 

V. eruca. V. teniata. 


V. triquetra. The three-sided Vermilia. 
White or reddish, rugged, twisted and triangular, cari- 
nated along the back. 


16 CONCHOLOGY. 


4. Galeolaria. Two species. 


Distinguished from the Vermilia by a very peculiar oper- 
culum. Found in groups, adhering together at the base. 

Tube open at the summit ; aperture orbicular, terminated 
on the side by a spatulous tongue; operculum orbicular, squa- 
mose, consisting of from five to nine testaceous parts or 
valves, all attached to one side of the operculum; the mid- 
dle one dentated at the truncated part of its summit, the 
others a little toothed on their internal edge. 


Galeolaria cespitosa. Galeolaria elongata. 


G. elongata. The elongated Galeolaria. 
Whitish, existing in congregated masses; operculum as 
above. 


5. Magilus. One species. 

A very singular shell, greatly resembling a petrified body, 
composed of a testaceous white substance like alabaster. 
The base is bent into a short spire, with about four contigu- 
ous whorls; the last prolonged and nearly straight. The 
animal, as it increases in size, abandons the spiral part by 
increasing the tubular part, filling up the part it quits with 
calcareous matter, which proves that it advances gradually. 

Tube partially involuted, convex in its upper exterior part, 
the lower side flattened, platted, carinated, and somewhat 
angular; the spire short, helix-formed, and prolonged through 
the rest of its extent in nearly a right line; aperture entire, 
oval, with a sort of sinus or gutter in the middle line, produ- 
cing the keel of the shell. 


M. antiquus. ‘The antiquated Magilus. 
Answers to the above description; colour pale yellowish 


brown, transversely wrinkled. 


CONCHOLOGY. 17 


CLASS IL 


Cink HP E Des: 


HAS BUT ONE FAMILY. 


CrrruIPeDes. ‘Ten genera. 


Lamarck divided the Lepas of Linneus into the various 
genera which compose this family. ‘The term lepas is de- 
rived from the Greek word Aezac, a rock, alluding to its 
custom of adhering to rocks and marine bodies. ‘The shell 
often varies in shape, covering, and colouring; it is gener- 
ally conical, but sometimes hemispherical; some of the valves 
are placed perpendicularly on a base, broad at the lower 
margin and tapering towards the summit, which is closed 
by small horizontal valves forming the operculum. The 
number of valves is indefinite, from four to twenty-four; but 
all are diversified with striz, ridges, and grooves. The strie 
are mostly transverse, and the ridges longitudinal. 

The valves which compose the operculum or lid vary in 
shape, and are in number two, three, four, or more; they are 
generally attached to a ligament. 

They are seldom, if ever, found detached, but adhere in 
groups to rocks, shells, anchors, marine animals, &c. ‘Those 
that fix themselves to ships are generally called barnacles ; 
they rapidly increase in size and number, do great damage, 
and greatly impede the progress of the vessel. Some of 
this family are affixed at the base of the shell to other sub- 
stances, and are therefore called sessile ; others are attached 
to a fleshy peduncle or stem, and are said to be pedunculated. 
The peduncle or stem, proceeding from the base of the shell 
to the substance which sustains it, is sometimes smooth, fine 


C 


18 CONCHOLOGY. 


in texture, and tinged with bright red or orange; sometimes 
it is of a dark or brownish colour, with a texture much 
coarser and granulated. 


1. Tubicinella. One species. 


Has the form of a cylindrical tube, slightly curved, and 
open at both ends; one extremity closed by four trapezoidal 
valves attached to the inner margin, the other end closed by 
a membrane. The annular ribs which separate the com- 
partments show its progressive growth. Found buried so 
deeply in the fat of marine animals, particularly whales, that 
only the operculum and the upper part of the tube are visi- 
ble. Shell rather elevated, sub-cylindrical, the partitions 
rather small and indented; the spaces or compartments al- 
most quadrilateral; the inferior much more narrow than the 
others ; the apertures equal and circular; the membrane 
which closes the superior forming a tube between the four 
almost equal valves of the operculum. 


T. balenarum. 'The Whale Tubicinella. 
Tubular, with transverse ribs, and a ring-shaped margin ; 
operculum bottle-shaped. 


2. Coronula. Three species. 


Found imbedded in the skin of whales and other marine 
animals, though not generally at so great a depth as the Tu- 
bicinella. Shell in form a little variable and without trace 
of support; the coronary part formed of six pieces, as in 
those properly called Balanus, but more regularly disposed 
in a manner to imitate a kind of crown or tube ; spaces al- 
ternately hollowed and saliant; operculum not articulated, 
composed of two pairs of small, level, delicate valves, joined 
at the aperture of the tube by a considerable membranous 
part, leaving a passage for the cirrhous appendages of the 
animal. 


Coronula testudinaria. Coronula diadema. 
C. balenarum. C. quinquevalvis. 


CONCHOLOGY. 19 


C. testudinaria. The Tortoise Coronula. 

Very depressed, circular, as if radiated by the disposition 
of marked spaces, striated transversely, forming six rays di- 
verging from the centre to the circumference ; aperture oval 
and hexagonal. 


C. balenarum. The Whale Coronula. 

A little more elevated; the spaces prominent, equal be- 
tween them, much larger than the excavated; the aperture 
subcircular ; the operculum of four valves, almost equal, oc- 
cupying but a small space of the membranous part which 
forms between them a sort of tube. 


C. diadema. The Crown Coronula. 

More elevated, sub-hexagonal; the spaces almost equal, 
the hollow parts larger than the saliant; the superior aper- 
ture very large and hexagonal; the inferior much smaller, 
of the same form, and communicating in a round excavation 
by radiated plates ; the operculum bivalve. ; 


C. quinquevalvis. The five-valved Coronula. PI. 4, 
fig. 3. 
Species irregular, having only five valves, of a purple hue. 


3. Balanus. The Acorn Shell. Twenty-eight species. 


So named from its resemblance to an acorn. Shell coni- 
cal; the coronary part formed of six very distinct valves, 
one dorsal, one ventral, and two pairs of laterals, with or 
without a calcareous support ; operculum of four articulated 
pieces, forming a sort of pyramid in the superior aperture of 
the tube. 


Balanus angulosus. Balanus palmatus. 
B. sulcatus. B. stalactiferus. 
B. tintinnabulum. B. plicatus. 

B. nigrescens. B. duploconus. 

B. cylindraceus. B. patellaris. 

B. calycularis. B. semiplicatus. 
B. roseus. B. galeatus. 


20 CONCHOLOGY. 


B. ovularis. B. subimbricatus. 
B. miser. B. rugosus. 

B. amphimorphus. B. placianus. 

B. perforatus. B. crispatus. 

B. levis. B. punctatus. 

B. spinosus. B. fistulosus. 

B. radiatus. B. latus. 


B. sulcatus. The furrowed Balanus. 
White ; valves nearly smooth; operculum strongly ridged 
transversely, with longitudinal, nearly obsolete strie. 


B. tintinnabulum. 'The little Bell Balanus. PI. 4, fig. 1. 
Shell conical; valves strongly and irregularly ribbed ; in- 
terstices delicately striated transversely ; colour purple. 


B. spinosus. The spiny Balanus. 
Either has no support ora membranous one; armed with 
spines exteriorly. 


4, Acasta. 'Three species. 

Found in sponge, from which, when detached, it cannot 
stand erect on account of the convexity of the base. 

Shell oval, subconic, shaped like a Patella, with six lat- 
eral unequal valves slightly connected ; operculum with four 
valves. 

Acasta Montagui. Acasta glans. 
A. sulcata. 


A. Montagui. Montague’s Acasta. 
Valves erect, triangular, acute, with muricated ascending 
spines. 


5. Creusia. ‘Three species. 


The shells of this genus are generally small; found in 
the seas of hot countries attached to madrepore and other 
marine substances. 

Shell sessile, thin, Patella-shaped ; aperture oval, rather 
large, closed by a large sub-pyramidal bivalve operculum ; a 


CONCHOLOGY. 21 


considerable calcareous support, funnel-shaped, penetrating 
the bodies to which the animal is attached. 


Creusia stromia. Creusia spinulosa. 
C. verruca. 


C. spinulosa. The spiny Creusia. 
Very depressed, striated, sometimes with marks of divi- 
sion into four pieces; operculum bivalve. 


C. verruca. The warted Creusia. PI. 4, fig. 2. 
Whitish, slightly depressed, with interwoven obliquely stri- 
ated valves; the margin at the base irregularly serrated. 


6. Pyrgoma. One species. 


The principal difference between this genus and the Creu- 
sia is in form. 

Shell sessile, rather globular appearance on account of 
the valves being more closely united, ventricose, convex 
above, apex perforated, aperture small and elliptical; oper- 
culum bivalve. 


P. cancellata. 'The cancellated Pyrgoma. 

Thick, conical, Patella-shaped, ribs radiating from the 
summit to the base ; aperture very small, closed by an oper- 
culum of which the two pieces are long and narrow on each 
side ; pale violet colour. 


7. Anatifera. Five species. 


The shells of this genus and the three following genera 
are affixed to marine bodies by a tough membranous pedun- 
cle, varying in length. 

Shell flat, with five valves imbricating more or less on the 
edges, united by a thin membrane. 

Anatifera levis. Anatifera dentata. 
A. villosa. A. striata. 
A. vitrea. 
A. levis. The smooth Anatifera. PI. 4, fig. 5. 
Five smooth valves ; the dorsal one rounded at the sides, 


22 CONCHOLOGY. 


and slightly carinated; peduncle long, naked, of a scarlet 
colour. 


8. Pollicipes. Three species. 
Easily distinguished by the numerous small valves situ- 
ated at the base. 


Pollicipes cornucopia. Pollicipes mitella. 
P. scalpellum. 


P. cornucopia. The Cornucopia Pollicipes. PI. 4, fig. 6. 

Peduncle covered with imbricated scales, the lower ones 
rounded and turned upward. 

P. mitella. The Mitre Pollicipes. PI. 4, fig. 4. 

Valves indefinite in number, from six to twenty-four ; al- 
most equal, and open like tulips; colour bluish, purplish, 
brownish, or reddish cast. 


9. Cineras. One species. 

Shell composed of five testaceous oblong valves, separate, 
not covering the whole of the body; two at the sides of the 
aperture, the others on the back; peduncle of a greenish 
colour, with six longitudinal stripes. 


C. vittata. The filleted Cineras. 
Answers to the above description. 


10. Otion. Two species. 

Shell composed of two testaceous valves, enclosed in a 
mantle or membranous bag, which is prolonged and termi- 
nated in two fleshy tubes formed like ears, one of the two 
having a lateral opening. 


Otion Cuvierii. Otion Blainvillii. 


O. Cuvieriit. Cuvier’s Otion. 
Answers to the above. 


O. Blainvilli. Blainville’s Otion. 
Ash coloured ; the body and ears spotted with black. 


CONCHOLOGY. 23 


CLASS IIL 


CONCHIFERA. 


CONTAINS TWENTY FAMILIES. 


PAM Ii. ¥) 1 


Tupicota. Six genera. 


1. Aspergillum. ‘The Watering-pot Shell. Four species. 

A well-known but rare shell; the larger end closed by a 
convex disk, with numerous small perforations, and encircled 
by adilated margin of elegant papyraceous tubes, resembling 
a beautifully plaited ruff; the smaller end open. Found in 
sandy places at low water. 

Shell oval, slightly elongated, striated longitudinally, sub- 
equilateral; adhering, more or less confounded with the 
coats of a@ rather thick calcareous tube, conic,.club-shaped, 
open at its attenuated extremity, and terminated at the other 
by a convex disk pierced by a great number of sub-tubular, 
rounded holes, and by a fissure in the centre. 

Aspergillum Javanum. Aspergillum Nove Zeylandiz. 
A. vaginiferum. A. agglutinans. 


A. Javanum. The Java Aspergillum. PI. 33, fig. 3. 


Species smooth, in which the circumference of the disk is 
bordered with a waved testaceous fringe. 


A. Nove Zeylandiea. The New-Zealand Aspergillum. 
Species in which the circumference of the disk is without 
a fringe. 


2. Clavagella. One species. 


An irregular tube, with branches or projecting tubes at the 
closed end; within it is one free or moveable valve, united 


D4 CONCHOLOGY. 


by a ligament to another, which is blended with the tube; 
this distinguishes it from the Aspergillum. Found in sand 
and coral. 

Shell oval, very slightly elongated, striated longitudinally, 
slightly irregular; equivalve, inequilateral ; hinge a little va- 
riable ; ligament exterior; two well-marked distant muscu- 
lar impressions ; a calcareous sub-cylindrical tube, more or 
less completely surrounding the shell, and terminated before 
by a single orifice. 


C. aperta. The open Clavagella. 

Tube erect, adhering ; aperture waved, entire, expanding, 
funnel-shaped, leaving the two valves open or uncovered in 
all their anterior part; with an ovate face valve. 


3. Fistulana. Four species. 


Lamarck asserts that the tube and shell of this genus are 
quite distinct. Itso greatly resembles the Teredo that it is 
with difficulty distinguished. It is found in sand, wood, 
stone, and sometimes shells. 

Shell annular or very short, not sharp nor angular anteri 
orly, but in other respects much like that of the Teredo. 

Tube generally shorter, thicker, more solid, more club- 
shaped than that of the Teredo, always closed at its anteri- 
or extremity in such a manner as to contain and entirely 
hide the shell; the posterior extremity open, and divided in- 
teriorly into two syphons by a partition. 

Fistulana clava. Fistulana gregata. 
F. corniformis. F. lagenula. 


F. corniformis. 'The horn-shaped Fistulana. 
Answers to the above description. 


F. gregata. The gregarious Fistulana. 
Sheath or tube doubly club-shaped, congregating; shell 
angularly arcuated, with double angulated serrated wings. 


F. Clava. The Club Fistulana. Pl. 33, fig. 5. 
Species with one end clavate, the other incurved, narrow- 


CONCHOLOGY. 25 


er, obtuse, and perforated in the middle ; shell generally flex- 
uous, of a brownish colour; exterior rough, interior smooth, 


4. Septaria. One species. 


The tube of this genus unquestionably contains a bivalve 
shell; but, as no perfect specimen has yet been found, nothing 
decisive is known respecting it. 

Tube calcareous, thick, conically elongated, more or less 
flexuous, as if composed of pieces placed on the ends of 
each other, or as if articulated, with a ring or projection 
more or less marked at the place of the joints, but without 
traces of partitions; terminated on one side by an inflation, 
oftentimes with some interior partitions, and on the other by 
two tubes, distinct and sub-articulated. 


S.arenaria. ‘The Sand Septaria. 
The type of this genus. 


5. Teredina. ‘Two fossil species. 


A genus without a living species, given here to preserve 
the family entire, having a shéll thick, oval, short, very gaping 
posteriorly, equivalve, inequilateral ; summits well marked ; 
a spoonlike cavity in each valve. 

Tube or sheath testaceous, cylindrical ; anterior end open; 
posterior end closed, but exhibiting the two valves of the 


shell. 
6. Teredo. The Ship Worm. Three species. 


This genus derived its name from the faculty it possesses 
of boring wood. The T’. navalis can penetrate the stoutest 
oaken planks of a ship’s sides by means of two valves af- 
fixed to the head of the animal. The effects produced 
would be much more destructive but from the fact of their 
generally perforating the wood in the direction of the grain. 
Sir E. Home wrote a very scientific and interesting descrip- 
tion of a species not mentioned by Lamarck, called the T. 
gigantea, found imbedded in indurated mud in the Island of 

D 


26 CONCHOLOGY. 


Sumatra. It is the largest species known, some having 
been seen four or five feet long. 

Shell thick, solid, very short or annular, open at both ex- 
tremities; equivalve, equilateral, angular and sharp ante- 
riorly, only slightly touching by the opposite edges; hinge 
obsolete ; a considerable internal spoonlike cavity; one 
slightly sensible muscular impression. 

Tube more or less distinct from the substance in which 
the animal lives, cylindrical, straight or flexuous, closed with 
age at the oral extremity so as to envelop the animal and its 
shell; always open at the other end, and divided interiorly 
into two syphons by a middle partition. 


Teredo navalis. Teredo palmulata. 
T. gigantea. 


T. navalis. 'The common Ship Worm. 
Species very thin, cylindrical, and smooth; slightly twist- 
ed, white, finely striated longitudinally. 


FAMILY II. 


Puotaparia. ‘Two genera. 


1. Pholas. The Stone Piercer. Nine species. 


This genus is without any tubular sheath; it derives its 
name from the Greek word ¢wAew, to hide, alluding to the 
custom of its inhabitant in forming cells in rocks, wood, &c. 

In form the Pholas is generally oblong, having two large 
valves opposite to each other, with a number of smaller ones 
attached to the back as a substitute for a hinge. The two 
large valves never shut close; they are open at one end, and 
sometimes at both. 

The exterior of the shell is usually of a pure or dusky 
white, but sometimes of a brownish cast. In some species 
the shell is adorned with beautiful delicate reticulations, like 
the finest lace; in others the texture is coarser, like small 
basket-work. 'They are found in the American, Indian, and 
European seas, each shell in a separate habitation formed in 


CONCHOLOGY. 7. 


limestone, sandstone, wood, coral, &c.; often discovered 
completely imbedded in the oak planks of ships traversing 
those seas ; as they advance in growth they enlarge the space 
within, and leave the aperture by which they entered of its 
primitive size. 

Shell thin, sub-transparent, finely striated, elongated oval, 
bivalve, equivalve, inequilateral; the valves only touching 
in the middle of their edges; the summits but little marked, 
and concealed by a callosity produced by the expansion of 
the dorsal lobes of the mantle; near the hinge are often de- 
veloped one or more accessory calcareous pieces; an in- 
curved tooth interior beneath the hinge. 


Pholas dactylus. Pholas silicula. 
P. orientalis. P. costata. 
P. candida. P. crispata. 
P. dactyloides. P. callosa. 
P. clavata. 


P. dactylus. The prickly Pholas. PI. 3, fig. 3. 

Answers to the general description, but is beset with 
small calcareous spiny nodules on the ribs, which run widen- 
ing and enlarging from the summit to the margin; colour 
white or very light brown. 


P. striata. 'The striated Pholas. PI. 3, fig. 5. 

Oval, the dorsal callosity leaving the summit free, and ex- 
tending towards the anterior and inferior extremity in such 
a manner that each valve seems to be formed of three parts, 
because of an oblique furrow from the summit to the mar- 
gin; a tooth running down in the inside from the summit ; 
one pair of accessory pieces at the posterior extremity of 
the shell. 


PJ candida. The white Pholas. Pl. 3; fig, 2: 

Elongated, wedge-shaped; muscular impression almost 
medial; a kind of oblique tooth parting from the summit ; 
no accessory pieces. 


28 CONCHOLOGY. 


P. costata. The ribbed Pholas. PI. 3, fig. 4. 

Elongated, wedge-shaped, covered with regular elevated 
jagged or scalloped ribs, elegantly disposed; three dorsal 
accessory pieces; muscular impression almost medial. 


P. crispata. The curled Pholas. 

Somewhat oval, truncated behind, and as if divided into 
two parts by an oblique furrow from the summit to the base ; 
anterior part reticulated, the other parts plain; muscular im- 
pression marginal. 


P. clavata. 'The clubbed Pholas. 
Short, wedge-form, little gaping, with many accessory 
pieces. 


2. Gastrochena. Three species. 
Always without accessory pieces, and, therefore, easily 
distinguished from the Pholas. 

Shell equivalve, somewhat wedge-shaped, with a very 
large, oval, oblique, anterior opening between the valves; 
the posterior extremity nearly close; hinge linear, marginal, 
without teeth; two distant muscular impressions; some- 
times with a kind of tube or calcareous general envelope. 


Gastrochena cuneiformis. Gastrochena mytiloides. 
G. modiolina. 


G. modiolina. The Modioliform Gastrochena. 
Oval, thin, brittle, gaping at the side; light reddish brown, 
with a bluish white interior. 


G. cuneiformis. 'The wedgelike Gastrochena. PI. 3, 
fig. 1. 

Species with a smooth shell, and without distinct tube. 
(Represented as imbedded in wood.) 


CONCHOLOGY. 29 


FAMILY III. 


Sotenrpes. Four genera. 


1. Solen. Eighteen species. 


There are many species belonging to this genus differing 
considerably in form and appearance. Its name is derived 
from a Greek word signifying a pipe or tube. It is a bivalve 
whose breadth sometimes exceeds its length; some species 
have a resemblance to the sheath of a razor or a knife han- 
dle; others are curved like the scabbard of a cimeter. 

The Solen is found in the sand of the seashore, which it 
sometimes penetrates to the depth of one or two feet. 
Most of the species are covered with an epidermis, which 
renders their colours more or less obscure. In general they 
present but little beauty, though some are of a bright pink 
colour, and some are beautifully and delicately radiated with 
purple and white. 

The principal characteristic of this genus is the hinge, 
which generally has one subulate tooth, though sometimes 
two or three. 

Shell equivalve, extremely inequilateral, transversely elon- 
gated, open at both ends ; the apices very small, and entirely 
at the commencement of the dorsal line; one or two teeth 
in the hinge; ligament external; two distant muscular im- 
pressions ; the anterior one very long and narrow, the pos- 
terior one sub-angular. ; 


Solen vagina. Solen vaginoides. 
S. corneus. S. siliqua. 

S. ensis. S. cultellus. 

S. pygmeus. S. planus. 

S. ambiguus. S. minutus. 

S. Dombeii. S. constrictus. 

S. Javanicus. S. coarctatus. 

S. Caribeus. S: rostratus. 

S. antiquatus, S. violaceus. 


30 CONCHOLOGY. 


S. vagina. The Razor Sheath. PI. 31, fig. 5. 
Valves equal, truncated at both ends; straight or slightly 
curved ; summit terminal. 


S. cultellus. The kidney-shaped Solen. 
Species a little curved lengthwise ; summit not terminal. 


S. rostratus. The violet-beaked Solen. 

Species with longer and narrower valves, flatter at the ex- 
tremities ; callosity at the hinge very visible; cardinal teeth 
or hinge nearer the middle than the anterior side. 


S. ensis. 'The Sabre Solen. 

Species linear, sabre-shaped; a single compressed tooth 
in each valve ; olive brown at the base, and of a purple hue 
near the apex. 


S. siliqua. The podlike Solen. 

Species linear, straight; two teeth in one valve and one 
in the other; covered with a glossy brown epidermis ; stri- 
ated transversely. 


S. antiquatus. The Antiquated Solen. 

Species thin, white, and almost transparent; striated con- 
centrically ; ends rounded; hinge near the centre; a tooth 
in one valve locking into two in the other; the teeth erect 
and projecting beyond the margin; covered with a dark-col- 
oured epidermis. 


2. Panopea. One species. 


Distinguished from the Mya by the prominency of the 
apex and the situation of the ligament. 

Shell regular, elongated oval, gaping at the two extremi- 
ties, equivalve, inequilateral; summit but little marked, and 
anterodorsal; hinge very complete, similar, formed by a 
conical primary tooth before a short, compressed, ascending 
callosity ; ligament exterior, attached to the callosity; two 
muscular impressions. 


CONCHOLOGY. 3l 


P. Aldrovandi. 'The Panopea of Aldrovandus. PI. 5, 
fig. 2. 

The type of this genus, transversely elongated, undulated ; 
concentrically wrinkled; of dark green colour, almost black. 


3. Solecurtus. Three species. 

Shell oval, elongated, equivalve, sub-equilateral, edges al- 
most straight and parallel; the extremities equally rounded, 
and as if truncated ; summits but little marked ; hinge tooth- 
less, or formed by some rudimentary primary teeth; ligament 
projecting, affixed to the thick nymphal callosities ; two dis- 
tant, rounded muscular impressions. 

Solecurtus radiatus. Solecurtus strigilatus. 
S. legumen. 


S. radiatus. The radiated Solecurtus. 
Species flat, small, with an interior ridge running down 
obliquely from the summit to the abdominal margin. 


S. strigilatus. The strigilated Solecurtus. 
Species more cylindrical, without interior ridge. 


S. legumen. The Pease-pod Solecurtus. PI. 31, fig. 6. 
Species still more elongated and sub-cylindrical. 


4. Glycimeris. Two species. 


Distinguished from the Solen by being without teeth at 
the hinge. 

Shell covered with epidermis, slightly irregular, elongated, 
gaping at the two extremities, equivalve, inequilateral ; the 
summits but little marked; hinge toothless; a longitudinal 
callosity ; ligament exterior, affixed to very projecting cal- 
losities on the shortest side of the shell; two distinct mus- 
cular impressions. 

Glycimeris margaritacea. Glycimeris siliqua. 


G. siliqua. The podlike Glycimeris. 
Transversely oblong, covered with a black epidermis ; 


32 CONCHOLOGY. 


umbones decorticated; internal disc of the valves white, 
thick, and callous. 


BA MTL Y) TW. 
Myarta. ‘Two genera. 


1. Mya. The Trough Shell, or Gaper. Four species. 


This term is derived from the Greek word pv, to close, 
alluding to the animal’s custom of closing the valves. The 
principal characteristic of the Mya is its gaping at one end; 
it is likewise distinguished by having a large spoonlike 
tooth proceeding from beneath the beak. Its form is greatly 
varied, but generally covered with a greenish epidermis, 
which may be removed; and the shell, when polished, will 
display beautiful prismatic colours. The Mya is found on 
the seashore or on the banks of large rivers, partially con- 
cealed in the sand and mud. 

Shell transverse, inequilateral, surrounded with a thick 
epidermis ; rather solid; edges thin and sharp; summits but 
little marked; hinge dissimilar; one or two large, compress- 
ed, spoon-shaped teeth rising perpendicularly from the plane 
of the left valve, and fitting into the entrance of a primary 
cavity in the right valve; ligament interior, attaching the 
tooth and cavity; two distant muscular impressions; the 
anterior Jong and narrow, the posterior rounded ; the mantle 
impression narrow, with a large sinus or hollow. 

Mya truncata. Mya erodona. 
M. arenaria. M. solenimyalis. 


M. arenaria. 'The Sand Mya. PI. 5, fig. 1. 


Regular species. 


M. erodona. 'The Erodona Mya. 
Irregular species, in which the cavity of the right valve 
is bordered by strong projections. 


M. truncata. The truncated Mya. PI. 5, fig. 3. 
Sub-oval, truncated ; small end gaping; large end round- 


CONCHOLOGY. 33 


ed; covered with a dark yellowish epidermis ; inside white ; 
wrinkled transversely. 


_ 2. Anatina. The Duck’s Bill. Ten species. 


Shell elongated oval, very thin, fragile, semipellucid ; 
much inflated at one end like a duck’s bill, whence it de- 
rives its common name; equivalve, very inequilateral ; hinge 
toothless ; the anterior side rounded and much longer than 
the posterior; ligament interior affixed to a bony spoonlike 
process in each valve, and sustained by a lateral plate run- 
ning obliquely into the interior of the shell. 


Anatina laterna. Anatina trapezoides. 
A. truncata. A. rugosa. 

A. subrostrata. A. imperfecta. 

A. longirostris. A. myalis. 

A. globulosa. A. rupicola. 


A. subrostrata. 'The beaklike Anatina. 
Species equivalve and regular. 


A. myalis. The Mya-like Anatina. 
Species inequivalve. 


A. trapezoides. 'The trapezium-shaped Anatina. PI. 
12, fig. 5. 

‘Species with a moveable tooth or calcareous piece upon 
the right valve, lodged in the angle formed by the spoonlike 
process. 


FAMILY V. 


Mactracga. Seven genera. 


1. Lutraria. Eleven species. 


This genus was taken from the Mactra, and is perfectly 
distinct, as it wants the lateral teeth. It is called Lutricola 
by De Blainville, from its lurking in sand or mud at the 
mouths of large rivers. 

Shell imequilateral, orbicular, sub-triangular or trans- 


E 


34 CONCHOLOGY. 


versely oval, gaping at the extremities ; hinge with one car- 
dinal tooth folded in two, or two teeth, one of which is plain, 
with an opposite hollow to receive it; no lateral teeth ; liga- 
ment interior and fixed in the hollow cavity of the primary 
tooth. 


Lutraria solenoides. Lutraria elliptica. 

L. rugosa. L. papyracea. 

L. compressa. L. plicatella. 

L. piperata. L. crassiplica. 

L. tellinoides. L. complanata. 
L. candida. 


L. solenoides. ‘The Solen-like Lutraria. 

Species oblong, sub-cylindrical, very gaping, two very 
strong cardinal teeth; the spoonlike cavity of the ligament 
vertical. 


L. compressa. The compressed Lutraria. 

Species oval or orbicular, almost equilateral, very com- 
pressed, little gaping; hinge similar; internal ligament in- 
serted in the pit of a vertical spoonlike cavity; two distinct 
tubes, without longitudinal strie. 


L. rugosa. 'The rugged Lutraria. 
Species ovate, closed at both ends ; striz from the summit 


to the base. 


L. elliptica. The oval Lutraria. 

Oblong oval, nearly smooth, having a few concentric striz, 
and some diagonal strie at the ends of the valves; colour 
yellow or greenish brown; inside white. 


2. Mactra. The Kneading-trough. Thirty-three species. 


The name given to this genus was derived from the Greek 
word paktpa, from its resemblance to a trough used for 
kneading bread. 

In all species of this genus a similarity of colouring and 
form pervades the whole. In shape they are sub-triangular 
or oblong, with a smooth, striated, or transversely-ribbed ex- 
terior. In some species the valves gape at both ends, and in 


CONCHOLOGY. 35 


others at the anterior only. The most general colour is 
lilach, or white tinged with blue or yellow; some have purple 
rays on a brown ground. 

A singularity in the form of the hinge of the Mactra dis- 
tinguishes it from all other genera. It is of a triangular form, 
has a bent or angular compressed tooth on each valve, with 
a small oblique cavity on each side to which the ligament is 
attached. There are also two lateral teeth, one near the 
ligament and the other near the primary tooth. These teeth 
are thin and fragile; the primary tooth is sometimes indis- 
tinct, but the lateral teeth always exist. 

The Mactra is found buried in the sand at a little distance 
from the seashore. Shell generally thin and brittle, covered 
with epidermis, of a triangular form, transverse, equivalve, 
inequilateral ; beaks prominent ; one compressed, folded, car- 
dinal tooth, with an adjoining pit in each valve, projecting 
inward ; lateral teeth thin, lamellous, entering, placed near 
the hinge; exterior ligament small; an interior ligament 
inserted in the cardinal pits; two muscular impressions, 
united by a narrow marginal tongue. 


Mactra gigantea. Mactra Helvacea. 


M. Spengleri. M. grandis. 
M. striatella. M. stultorum. 
M. carinata. M. maculosa. 
M. straminea. M. ovalina. 
M. Australis. M. alba. 

M. violacea. M. solida. 

M. fasciata. M. castanea. 
M. turgida. M. rufa. 

M. plicataria. M. squalida. 
M. rufescens. M. Brasiliana. 
M. maculata. M. donacina. 
M. subplicata. M. depressa. 
M. triangularis. M. lilacea. 
M. lactea. M. trigonella. 
M. abbreviata. M. deltoides. 


M. crassatella. 


36 CONCHOLOGY. 


M. gigantea. The gigantic Mactra. 
Species in which the cardinal teeth are almost obsolete, 
in consequence of the enlargement of the pit of the ligament. 


M. stultorum. The fool’s Mactra. PI. 9, fig. 6. 
Species in which all the teeth are very large, lamellous, 
striated longitudinally ; colour reddish brown. 


M. solida. The solid Mactra. 
Species thick, solid, without epidermis ; lateral teeth finely 
striated. 


M. trigonella. The three-cornered Mactra. 
Species in which the lateral teeth are almost obsolete ; 
exterior surface smooth. 


M. triangularis. 'The triangular Mactra. 
Species very small, strong, opaque, white ; inside white ; 
margin strongly crenated. 


M. crassa. The thick Mactra. 

Species very thick, solid, striated longitudinally ; the car- 
dinal teeth obsolete, or almost so; the lateral very thick, 
very close, and reflected; an external ligament as well as an 
internal one. 


3. Crassatella. Eleven species. 


May be easily known from the Mactra and Lutraria, as 
the valves, when closed, fit exactly, and do not gape. It is 
remarkable that all the living species contained in this genus 
only exist in the seas of Australasia, while at least seven 
species in a fossil state are found in France. 

Shell inequilateral, sub-orbicular, close, equivalve, some- 
times attenuated at one end; two divergent primary teeth, 
with a cavity at the side; lateral teeth obsolete; ligament 
internal, inserted in the cavity of the hinge. 


Crassatella Kingicola. Crassatella subradiata. 
C. donacina. C. contraria. 
C. sulcata. C. cuneata. 


CONCHOLOGY. Sik 


C. rostrata. C. erycinea. 
C. glabrata. C. cycladea. 
C. striata. 


C. sulcata. The furrowed Crassatella. PI. 6, fig 4. 

Shell ordinarily thick, striated transversely, denticulated, 
sub-triangular, equivalve, inequilateral, summits well marked 
and evidently turned forward; hinge very large, subsimilar, 
formed by two diverging cardinal teeth, separated by a large 
pit; ligament almost entirely interior, and inserted in the pit. 


C. Kingicola. 'The King’s Island Crassatella. 

Ovate, orbicular; yellowish white, with obsolete rays ; 
very minutely striated transversely ; the umbones somewhat 
plicated. 


4. Erycina. One species. 


The only living species of this genus is found on the sand 
in New-Holland, but there are many fossils in France. It 
is so equivocal in character that it is difficult to judge of 
their hinge. 


E. cardioides. 'The cardium-shaped Erycina. PI. 6, 
fig. 5. 
Shell rather longer than high, sub-triangular, regular, equi- 
valve, inequilateral, rarely gaping ; the summits well marked 
and a little anteriorly inclined; hinge subsimilar; two un- 
equal cardinal teeth, converging at the summit, and leaving 
a pit between them; two lateral teeth, not distant, lamel- 
lous, inserted ; ligament interior, fixed in the cavity between 
the primary teeth. 


5. Ungulina. Two species. 


This genus is very remarkable for having the pit or cavity 
divided into two parts, the one at the end of the other; the 
ligament is partially seen from the outside. 


Ungulina oblonga. Ungulina transversa. 


38 CONCHOLOGY. 


U. transversa. 'The transverse Ungulina. 

Shell vertical or longitudinal, rather irregular, not gaping, 
equivalve, inequilateral, with summits little marked and de- 
corticated ; hinge dorsal, formed by one short, primary cleft 
tooth, before an oblong pit, divided by a small ligament, in 
which is inserted a sub-interior ligament; colour yellowish 
brown. 


6. Solenimya. ‘Two species. 


This genus, which at first sight is confounded with the 
Solens, differs from them particularly by the singular dis- 
position of the ligament placed at the short side of the shell. 


Solenimya Australis. | Solenimya Mediterranea. 


S. Australis. The Australian Solenimya. PI. 6, fig. 2. 
Shell covered with a thick brownish epidermis, regular, 
thick, elongated oval, edges straight and parallel, equally 
rounded at both extremities ; valves equal, very inequilateral. 


S. Mediterranea. 'The Mediterranean Solenimya. 
Transversely oblong; dark brown, ribbed longitudinally, 
with imbricated projecting foliations ; inside white. 


7. Amphidesma. Sixteen species. 


This genus was constituted by Lamarck on account of 
the peculiar characters which distinguished it from those 
genera which it most resembles ; particularly in having the 
valves connected by two ligaments. 

Shell generally small, transverse, suboval or rounded, 
occasionally a little gaping at the sides; hinge with one or 
two cardinal teeth, and a narrow cavity for the interior liga- 
ment; exterior ligament short. 


Amphidesma variegata. Amphidesma flexuosa. 
A. donacilla. A. prismatica. 

A. lactea. A. phaseolina. 

A. cornea. A. corbuloides. 


A. albella. A. glabrella. 


CONCHOLOGY. 39 


A. lucinalis. ' A. purpurascens. 
A. Boysii. A. nucleola. 
A. tenuis. A. physioides. 


A. glabrella. The smooth Amphidesma. PI. 6, fig. 9. 
Species lenticular or oval, with or without a lunated de- 
pression. 


A. lactea. ‘The milky Amphidesma. 
Sub-orbicular, sub-pellucid, compressed, reticulated; yel- 
lowish white. 


BAMUTLGY 2Vit. 


CorsutacEa. ‘Two genera. 


1. Corbula. Nine species. 


This genus approximates the Crassatella and Ungulina, 
but is distinguished from them by the inequality of the valves 
and the strong primary tooth. 

Shell rather solid, a little irregular and triangular, ine- 
quivalve, more or less inequilateral, rounded and enlarged 
before, attenuated and prolonged behind; summits well 
marked, one projecting behind the other; hinge anomalous, 
formed by a large, conical, recurved cardinal tooth, with a 
cavity at its base for the reception of the tooth of the other 
valve; ligament very small ; two muscular impressions little 
distant. 


Corbula Australis. Corbula Taitensis. 
C. sulcata. C. nucleus. 
C. erythrodon. C. impressa. 
C. ovalina. C. porcina. 
C. semen. 


C. nucleus. The kernel Corbula. 

Strong, sub-triangular, under valve larger than the upper 
one ; transversely striated; covered with a thick brownish 
epidermis. 

C. ovalina. The ovate Corbula. PI. 6, fig. 6. 

Regular species. 


40 CONCHOLOGY. 


C. Australis. 'The Australian Corbula. 
Irregular species, living in stone. 


2. Pandora. ‘Two species. 
Closely allied to the Corbula. 


Pandora rostrata. Pandora obtusa. 


P. rostrata. The beaked Pandora. PI. 6, fig. 3. 
Shell white, regular, elongated, inequivalve, inequilateral ; - 
_ right or upper valve entirely flat, with a plait or fold; much 
produced towards the beak; hinge anomalous, formed by a 
transverse cardinal tooth on the right valve, entering into a 
corresponding cavity on the left; ligament internal, oblique, 
triangular, inserted in a pit rather deep, with edges a little pro- 
jecting on each valve ; two rounded muscular impressions. 


FAMILY VII. 


Lirnopnact. ‘Three genera. 


1. Saxicava. Five species. 


This genus is taken from the Mytilus, and, like the Pholas, 
possesses the faculty of penetrating calcareous rocks, from 
which it cannot be extracted without breaking the substance 
in which it is imbedded. 

Shell bivalve, thick, covered with epidermis, rather ir- 
regular, elongated, sub-cylindrical, obtuse at the two ex- 
tremities ; summits little marked; hinge toothless, or witha 
very small rudimentary tooth; ligament external, a little in- 
flated. 

Saxicava rugosa. Saxicava pholadis. 
S. Gallicana. S. Australis. 
S. veneriformis. 


S. Australis. 'The Australian Saxicava. PI. 7, fig. 6. 
Answers to the above description. 


S. Gallicana. The Gallic Saxicava. 
Oblong, wrinkled, truncated at the posterior extremity, 
one valve larger than the other ; pale horn colour. 


CONCHOLOGY. 41 


2. Petricola. ‘Thirteen species. 


This genus possesses the same faculty of boring rocks as 
the Saxicava; it is distinguished from the latter genus by 
the hinge having one or two teeth in each valve. 

Shell sub-trigonal, transverse, inequilateral; upper side 
narrowed and a little gaping; lower side rounded. 


Petricola lamellosa. Petricola rocelaria. 
P. ochroleuca. P. exilis. 

P. semilamellata. P. ruperella. 

P. lucinalis P. chamoides. 

P. striata. P. pholadiformis. 
P. costellata. P. labagella. 


P. linguatula. 


P. lamellosa. The lamellous Petricola. PI. 7, fig. 3. 
Species oval, trigonal, radiated ; two teeth on one valve, 
and one on the other. 


P. pholadiformis. The Pholas-shaped Petricola. 
Species transversely elongated. 


3. Venerirupis. Seven species. 


Another lithophagous shell, taken from the genus Venus, 
from which it is distinguished by the different disposition of 
the teeth, having three primary in one of the valves at least. 

Shell more or less irregular, sub-trigonal, striated or radi- 
ated, equivalve, inequilateral, the anterior side shorter and 
rounded, the posterior sub-truncated ; summits well marked ; 
hinge sub-regular, more or less dissimilar, formed by slender, 
narrow, cardinal teeth, variable in number on each valve, 
sometimes two on the right and three on the left, and some- 
times three on both; these teeth are small, contiguous, par- 
allel, and but little, if at all, divergent exterior; very weak. 


Venerirupis perforans. Venerirupis exotica. 
V. nucleus. V. distans. 
V. irus. V. crenata. 


V. carditoides. 
F 


42 CONCHOLOGY. 


V. perforans. 'The perforating Venerirupis. 

Sub-rhombic, transversely striated, wrinkled on the an- 
terior side ; exterior brown, interior white, sometimes tinged 
with purple. 

V. irus. The foliated Venerirupis. PI. 7, fig. 2. 

Species longitudinally striated; cardinal teeth two, some- 
times three on the right and three on the left. 


EAM TY Vi Tt. 


Nympuacea. ‘Ten genera. 


This family is divided into N. Solenaria and N. Tellina- 
ria, from their resemblance to the Solen and the Tellina. 


N. Sorenarra. Three genera. 
1. Sanguinolaria. Four species. 


This genus may be distinguished from the Solen by never 
having the transverse oblong shape, or the edge of the valves 
parallel to the base. 

Sanguinolaria occidens. Sanguinolaria livida. 
S. rosea. S. rugosa. 


S. rosea. 'The rosy Sanguinolaria. 

Semi-orbicular, smooth, shining and convex ; near the um- 
bones of a beautiful rose colour, which becomes paler as it 
descends; acute transverse strie. 


S. occidens. The setting-sun Sanguinolaria. PI. 7, fig. 4. 

Oval, a little elongated, very compressed, slightly gaping, 
valves elliptical, equally rounded at the two extremities, with- 
out mark of posterior keel; summits slightly indicated; hinge 
formed by one or two contiguous cardinal teeth on. each 
valve ; ligament projecting, convex ; margins not parallel. 


2. Psammobia. Eighteen species. 
Taken from the Tellina, which it much resembles in form, 
but from which it differs by not having the irregular plait on 
the anterior part. 


CONCHOLOGY. 43 


Shell ovate, transverse, slightly gaping ; summits project- 
ing; hinge formed by two teeth on one valve, and only one’ 
inserted on the other. 


Psammobia virgata. Psammobia alba. 
P. Ferroensis. P. Cayennensis. 
P. vespertina. P. levigata. 

P. florida. P. tellinella. 

P. muculosa. P. pulchella. 

P. cerulescens. P. aurantia. 

P. elongata. P. fragilis. 

P. flavicans. P. livida. 

P. squamosa. P. Galathea. 


P. virgata. The striped Psammobia. PI. 7, fig. 1. 
Species rather gaping, striated longitudinally, the teeth of 
the hinge considerably effaced. 


P. Ferroensis. The Ferro Psammobia. 
Oblong oval; white, radiated with crimson ; finely striated 
transversely ; valves obliquely truncated. 


3. Psammotea. Seven species. 


Of the same form as the Psammobia, but differing in the 
number of teeth, as the left valve of the Psammotea has 
only one tooth; sometimes one valve is toothless, while the 
other has two teeth. 

Shell transverse oval or oblong; gaping a little at the 
sides; one primary tooth on each valve, though sometimes 
on only one of them; ligament exterior, attached to callosi- 
ties at the hinge, and without an irregular plait. 


Psammotea violacea. Psammotea serotina. 
P. zonalis. P. candida. 
P. pellucida. P. Tarentina. 

P. donacina. 


P. violacea. The violet Psammotea. PI. 7, fig. 5. 
Transversely ovate-oblong, sub-ventricose ; transversely 
striated ; purple radiations. 


44 CONCHOLOGY. 


N. Texuinarra. Seven genera. 


The first five of these genera have one or two lateral teeth, 
the remaining two have none. 


4. Tellina. The Tellen. Fifty-four species. 


This genus differs but little from the Donax ; its species 
are numerous, especially in the seas of hot countries ; they 
are found sunk deep in the sand. 

There are but few genera that can vie with the Tellina in 
beauty, variety, or number; some are smooth and polished, 
some are remarkable for their beautiful radiations, and others 
are covered with minute striz and undulations ; occasionally 
the whole surface is covered with imbrications or scales. 

They are produced abundantly in almost every sea and 
in many rivers, but the finest species are found in the pearl- 
fisheries of Ceylon. 

The usual form of the Tellina is broad at one end and 
gradually tapering towards the other. It derives its name 
from the Greek word teAevw, to bring to a termination. 

Shell of variable form, generally striated longitudinally 
and very compressed ; equivalve, more or less inequilateral ; 
anterior side longer and more rounded than the posterior ; 
offers a flexuous plait or twist at the inferior margin; sum- 
mits little marked; hinge similar; one or two cardinal 
teeth; two distant lateral teeth, with a pit at their base in 
each valve ; ligament external. 


Tellina radiata. Tellina elliptica. 
T. unimaculata. T. albinella. 

T. semizonalis. T.. margaritina. 
T. maculosa. T. strigosa. 

T. virgata. T. planata. 

T. staurella. T. punicea. 

T. crucigera. T. depressa. 

T. Spengler. T. pulchella. 

T. rostrata. T. fabula. 

T. lutirostra. T. tenuis. 


CONCHOLOGY. 45 


T. sulphurea. T. exilis. 

T. foliacea. T. donacina. 
T. operculata. T. nitida. 

T. rosea. T. scalaris. 

T. chloroleuca. T. psammotella. 
T. remies. T. striatula. 
T. sulcata. T.. scobinata. 
T’.. crassa. T. decussata. 
T. levigata. T. Brasiliana. 
T. linguafelis. T. obliqua. 

T. rugosa. T. umbonella. 
T. lacunosa. T. deltoidalis. 
T. gargadia. T. nymphalis. 
T. pristis. T. solidula. 
T. multangula. T. bimaculata. 
T. polygona. T. sexradiata. 
T. capsoides. T. ostracea. 


T. radiata. The radiated Tellen. PI. 8, fig. 5. 
Shell elongated; posterior side shorter and more narrow 
than the anterior. 


T. foliacea. 'The foliaceous Tellen. 

Species transversely oblong; upon the edge of the front 
side of either valve are rows of serrated teeth, running from 
the apex to the margin. 


T. bimaculata. 'The double-spotted Tellen. 

Species orbicular, easily known by answering to its com- 
mon name. 

T. fabula. The false Tellen. 

Shell very thin, pellucid, and oval; yellowish colour, 
darker towards the umbo, which is nearly central, pointed 
and turned a little to one side; anterior side slopes to an 
obtuse point; posterior side large and rounded; hinge with 
three teeth in one valve and two in the other. 


T. scobinata. 'The rasp Tellen. 
Species oval or sub-orbicular, sub-equilateral. 


46 CONCHOLOGY. 


T. donacina. 'The Donax-like Tellen. PI. 9, fig. 5. 

Sub-oval, flattish, semi-striated and semi-pellucid ; hinge 
with two teeth in one valve and one in the other ; ; pale yel- 
low, radiated longitudinally with pink. 


T. depressa. 'The depressed 'Tellen. 

Oval, flat, pointed at the smaller end and slightly reflected ; 
pale yellowish colour, faintly striated concentrically ; covered 
with a pale brown epidermis. 


5. Tellinides. One species. 


Though this genus bears a great affinity to many others, 
it cannot be united with any; having lateral teeth, it differs 
from the Psammobia; by not having the valves twisted, it 
differs from the Tellina; the valves closing, and having mus- 
cular impressions in the interior, render it distinct from the 
Lucina. 

Shell equilateral, rather elongated, almost without the 
flexuous plait ; two cardinal teeth diverging, and two remote 
lateral teeth, of which the anterior is but little distant from 
the summit. 

T. Timorensis. The Tellinides of Timor. PI. 8, fig. 3. 

The only type and species of this genus. 


6. Corbis. One species. 


This genus was at first classed by Lamarck with the Lu- 
cina; but Cuvier, having discovered that the organization of 
the animals differed, made this a distinct genus, which was 
adopted by Lamarck. 

Shell transverse, equivalve, no flexuosity; apices curved 
inward, opposed to each other; two primary and two lateral 
teeth, the posterior one nearest to the hinge; muscular im- 
pression simple, valves sometimes convex, strongly ribbed 
transversely, striated longitudinally, margins serrated and 
closely interlocking. 

C. fimbriata. 'The fringed Corbis. PI. 8, fig. 1. 

Species white, rather thick, oval, a little elongated, almost 


CONCHOLOGY. 47 


equilateral ; the cardinal and the lateral teeth well marked ; 
the muscular impression anterior, rounded. 


7. Lucina. ‘Twenty species. 


In the hinge and lateral teeth it much resembles the Tel- 
lina, but differs from it in never being flexuous. ‘This genus 
is more easily characterized by the orbicular, compressed, 
general form of the shell, than by the dental system, which 
is sometimes entirely effaced. 

Shell compressed, regular, orbicular, sub-equilateral ; sum- 
mits small and pointed, inclined anteriorly; hinge similar, 
but variable ; two divergent cardinal teeth, little marked, and 
sometimes entirely effaced; two remote lateral teeth, with a 
pit at the base, sometimes obsolete ; posterior ligament more 
or less sunk ; two widely-separated muscular impressions, 
of which the anterior is narrow and long. 


Lucina Jamaicensis. Lucina concentrica. 
L. Pennsylvanica. L. divaricata. 

L. edentula. L. carnaria. 

L. mutabilis. L. scabra. 

L. radula. L. reticulata. 

L. squamosa. L. sinuata. 

L. lactea. L. pecten. 

L. undata. L. lutea. 

L. circinaria. L. digitalis. 

L. columbella. L. globularis. 


L. Jamaicensis. The Jamaica Lucina. PI. 8, fig. 8. 
Species lenticular, striated concentrically ; the teeth of the 
hinge variable, and sometimes obsolete. 


L. undata. The waved Lucina. 
Orbicular, thin, convex, undulated with fine irregular striz ; 
exterior pale yellow, interior white; margin glossy and plain. 


8. Donax. The Wedge Shell. Twenty-seven species. 


The singularity of form that gave rise to its common 
name renders it easily distinguished. It very much resem- 


48 CONCHOLOGY. 


bles a wedge, being very broad and thick at one extremity, 
and gradually tapering towards the other. They vary in 
colour, but the most general is purple radiated on a white 
ground, diverging from the beak to the margin; many have 
an orange tinge, and others a pink hue; the interior gener- 
ally partakes of the colour of the exterior. There are not, 
perhaps, two species that have absolutely the same hinge. 

The Donax is found buried deep in the sand of the sea- 
shore, with the short side uppermost. 

Shell sub-trigonal, greater in length than in height, equi- 
valve, very inequilateral ; posterior side much shorter than 
the anterior; summits almost vertical ; hinge complex, simi- 
lar; two cardinal teeth in one or both valves; one or two 
remote lateral teeth on each valve ; ligament posterior, short, 
and inflated ; two rounded muscular impressions. 


Donax scortum. Donax granosa. 
D. pubescens. D. columbella. 
D. compressa. D. veneriformis. 
D. cuneata. D. Australis. 

D. deltoides. D. epidermia. 
D. radians. D. bicolor. 

D. abbreviata. D. vittata. 

D. triquetra. D. meroe. 

D. ringens. D. scripta. 

D. rugosa. D. trunculus. 
D. Cayennensis. D. flabagella. 
D. elongata. D. cinatinum. 
D. denticulata. D. Martinicensis. 


D. cardioides. 


D. scortum. 'The beaked Donax. PI. 8, fig. 4. 
Species oval, of which the posterior side is sub-truncated ; 
with decussated and muricated striz. 


D. trunculus. 'The common Donax. 
Oblong, glossy, finely striated longitudinally, transversely 
banded and radiated with purple ; white, clouded with purple 


CONCHOLOGY. 49 


within ; internal margin of the valves distinctly dentated or 
crenulated. 

D. denticulata. The denticulated Donax. 

Species of which the posterior side is truncated ; furrowed 
from the summit to the base. 


9. Capsa. Twospecies. 


This genus was separated by Lamarck from the Donax 
on account of the peculiarity of the hinge. 
Capsa levigata. Capsa Braziliensis. 


C. laevigata. The smooth Capsa. 

Triangular, sub-equilateral, obsoletely striated transverse- 
ly ; covered with a greenish yellow epidermis ; inside violet 
towards the umbones. 


C. Braziliensis. The Brazilian Capsa. PI. 8, fig. 7. 

Shell elongated, covered with epidermis ; equivalve, close ; 
the cardinal teeth reduced to one large sub-bifid tooth on the 
right valve, placing itself between two very thin ones on the 
left; ligament external, on the short side. 


10. Crassina. One species. 


Distinguished from the Crassatella by the position of the 
ligament, and from the Venus by having only two teeth on each 
valve ; one of them on the left valve. projects very slightly. 


C. Danmoniensis. The Devonshire Crassina. Pl. 6, 
fier te 

Solid, thick, sub-orbicular, sub-equilateral; two very large 
divergent teeth on one valve, and two very unequal ones on 
the other; regular parallel grooves and ribs; covered with a 
yellowish epidermis ; inside white ; margin broad and plain. 


FAMILY IX. 
Concuacea. Seven genera. 


This family is divided into Conche fluviatiles, fresh-water 
shells, and Conche marine, sea shells. 
G 


50 CONCHOLOGY. 


C. Fiuviatites. Three genera. 
1. Cyclas. Eleven species. 


The shells of this genus are very small, and are found 
buried in the mud of fresh waters ; the apices or summits 
are never eroded, and some species are so thin as to be trans- 
parent. 

Shell covered with a brown epidermis, oval or sub-orbic- 
ular, regular, equivalve, inequilateral; summits blunt, con- 
tiguous, or turned anteriorly ; hinge similar, complex, formed 
by a variable number of cardinal teeth, and by two remote 
lateral teeth with a cavity at the base; ligament exterior, 
posterior, and convex; two distant muscular impressions, 
without posterior sinus. 


Cyclas rivicola. Cyclas obtusalis. 
C. cornea. C. fontinalis. 

C. lacustris. C. Australis. 

C. obliqua. C. sulcata. 

C. calyculata. C. striatina. 


C. Sarratogea. 


C. cornea. The horny Cyclas. PI. 9, fig. 7. 

Species sub-orbicular, convex, thin, pellucid, with fine 
concentric strie ; cardinal teeth a little variable, always very 
small, and sometimes obsolete ; summits not eroded, covered 
with a horn-coloured epidermis ; interior bluish white. 


2. Cyrena. Ten species. 


This genus of shells is found in rapid rivers and streams ; 
it was formerly classed with the Cyclas, from which, how- 
ever, it greatly differs in having three cardinal teeth on each 
valve, and also lateral teeth. They are thick, solid shells, 
sometimes of a large size; the apices always eroded or 
carious. 

Shell rounded and trigonal, ventricose, inequilateral ; hinge 
with three teeth on each valve ; two lateral teeth, one of 
which is near the primary ones ; ligament exterior, placed 


CONCHOLOGY. 51 


on the largest side; in some species the lateral teeth are 
crenulated, in others they are entire. 


Cyrena trigonella. Cyrena fuscata. 
C. orientalis. C. fluminea. 

C. cor. C. violacea. 

C. depressa. C. Bengalensis. 
C. Caroliniensis. C. Ceylanico. 


C. fluminea. The river Cyrena. PI. 6, fig. 7. 

Species sub-trigonal or elongated oval ; summits decorti- 
cated, more anterior; three cardinal teeth, of which the two 
posterior are forked; exterior greenish brown, interior va- 
riegated with white and violet; sulcated transversely. 


3. Galathea. One species. 


This beautiful shell is found in fresh waters, and is dis- 
tinguished from the Cyrena By the divergent form of the 
primary tooth. 


G. radiata. 'The radiated Galathea. PI. 6, fig. 8 

Shell equivalve, sub-trigonal, covered witha greenish epi- 
dermis, beneath which the surface is of a milky white, highly 
polished, with several violet or pale chestnut rays diverging 
from the apex to the margin; primary teeth furrowed, two 
on the right valve joined at the base, three on the other valve 
placed triangularly, the intermediate one being advanced, 
separate, thick, and callous; the muscular impressions are 
lateral, and appear double on each side. 


C. Marinz. Four genera. 
4. Cyprina. Two species. 


This shell is generally large, resembling the Venus, from 
which it may be distinguished by having on the front side 
one impressed lateral tooth, which is sometimes obsolete ; 
the nymphe or callosities of the hinge large, arched, and 
terminated near the apices by a cavity, sometimes very deep. 

De Blainville says that this genus is intermediary to the 


52 CONCHOLOGY. 


Cyclas and the Venus, and contains but one living species; 
Lamarck makes two, though at first he characterized eight. 


Cyprina tennistria. Cyprina Islandica. 


C. Islandica. The Icelandic Cyprina. PI. 9, fig. 2. 

Shell thick, regular, heart-shaped, covered with dark 
brown epidermis; white interior; sub-striated longitudi- 
nally ; apices very strongly recurved anteriorly, and often 
contiguous ; hinge thick, sub-similar, formed by three cardi- 
nal teeth but little convergent, and by one remote posterior 
lateral tooth, sometimes obsolete ; ligament very thick, con- 
vex, fixed to large, arched, nymphal callosities, preceded 
by a cavity more or less deep, hollowed immediately behind 
the summits; muscular impressions sub-circular and very 
distant. 


5. Cytherea. Seventy-eight species. 


This genus was taken from the Venus, and is easily defined 
as distinct from it by having four primary teeth on one valve, 
and only three united on the other, with an isolated cavity, 
oval and parallel to the margin; the lateral teeth divergent 
to the summit. In some species the internal margin is en- 
tire, having the anterior cardinal tooth with a striated canal 
or uneven sides; in others the anterior cardinal tooth is en- 
tire, without a striated canal ; sometimes the internal margin 
is crenulated or dentated. 

Shell solid, regular, equivalve, inequilateral ; apices equal, 
recurved, and slightly projecting ; four primary teeth on one 
valve, of which three are divergent and approximating at the 
base, and one remote ; three primary divergent teeth on the 
other valve, with a distant cavity parallel to the edge. 


Cytherea lusoria. Cytherea graphica. 
C. petechialis. C. morphina. 

C. impudica. C. purpurata. 

C. castanea. C. casta. 


C. zonaria. C. corbicula. 


aanengaanaganaaaaaaagaaanaanaaaaaega 


. meretrix. 

. gigantea. 
. erycina. 

. hlacina. 

. Impar. 

. erycinella. 
. pectoralis. 
. planatella. 


florida. 


. nitidula. 


Chione. 
maculata. 
citrina. 
albina. 
lata. 


. mMactroides. 


trigonella. 
sulcatina. 
Hebreea. 
castrensis. 
ornata. 
picta. 
tigrina. 
scripta. 
numulina. 
muscaria. 
pectinata. 
gibbia. 
ranella. 


. testudinalis. 
. divaricata. 


cuneata. 


. placunella. 
. rugifera. 


C. Chione. 


CONCHOLOGY. 


eanesaacesoenenacsascacaeanaaaanaaenae 


. tripla. 


Venetiana. 


. Juvenilis. 


rufa. 
Guiniensis. 
Dione. 
Arabica. 


trimaculata. 
immaculata. 


pellucida. 
hepatica. 
lucinalis. 
lactea. 
exoleta. 
lincta. 


concentrica. 


prostrata. 
interrupta. 
tigerina. 
punctata. 
umbonella. 
undatina. 
pulicaris. 
mixta. 
abbreviata. 
plicatina. 
flexuosa. 
macrodon. 
lunularis. 
squamosa. 
lunaris. 


. cardilla. 


cygnus. 


. dentaria. 


The Chione Cytherea. 


53 


Thick, solid, heart-shaped, covered with a smooth brown 


54 CONCHOLOGY. 


epidermis, beneath which the shell is of a beautiful purple ; 
radiated longitudinally, faintly wrinkled transversely, ante- 
rior cardinal tooth entire, and without a striated canal; apex 
turned sideways, with a cordiform depression. 


C.mactroides. 'The Mactra-like Cytherea. PI. 9, fig. 4. 
Species thin, convex, triangular; summits very marked ; 
margins sharp; anterior cardinal tooth entire. 


C. pectinata. 'The pectinated Cytherea. 
Species oval, thick, solid, more or less compressed, cos- 
tated, pectinated upon the edges. 


6. Venus. Eighty-eight species. 


This genus of shells is numerous and varied. It sur- 
passes all bivalve shells in beauty, and is in form very like 
the Cytherea, but easily distinguished by the hinge, which 
almost invariably contains three approximate teeth, and a 
lateral tooth diverging to the summit. ‘The internal margin 
of the valves is crenated or dentated, with or without la- 
mellar stria. 

The shells are of the most beautiful and lively tints; the 
exterior as well as the interior colouring is of almost every 
possible shade and hue. They are found buried a little 
below the surface on the sandy shores of most parts of the 
world, particularly in warm climates. 

Shell solid, thick, regular, perfectly equivalve and close, 
more or less inequilateral; summits well marked, inclined 
anteriorly; hinge sub-similar; the middle cardinal tooth 
forked, or three cardinal teeth more or less contiguous and 
convergent towards the summit; ligament thick, often arched, 
convex, and exterior; two distant muscular impressions ; 
cordiform depressions beneath the beaks. 


Venus puerpera. Venus verrucosa. 
V. reticulata. V. rugosa. 
V. pygmea. V. casina. 


V. corbis. V. crebiscula. 


. crenulata. 
discina. 
granulata. 
marica. 

. cingulata. 
. cardivides. 
grisea. 
elliptica. 
Dombeii. 


lagopus. 
gallina. 
gallinula. 
pectinula. 
sulcata. 
lamellata. 
exalbida. 
rufa. 
dorsata. 
hiantina. 


. corrugata. 


adspersa. 
punctifera. 
turgida. 
literata. 
florida. 
petalina. 

. bicolor. 

. floridella. 
. catenifera. 
V. pulchella. 
V. sinuosa. 
V. tristis. 


sansss4554444446444444544456445<- 


mercenaria. 


crassisulca. 


Malabarica. 
. papilionacea. 


CONCHOLOGY. 


ASa xs acdd4A4554464h44e44444444444446 


plicata. 


. cancellata. 
. pectorina. 
. sulcaria. 


textilis. 
texturata. 
geographica. 
rariflamma. 


. decussata. 
. pullastra. 


glandina. 
truncata. 
retifera. 
anomala. 
galactites. 
exilis. 


. scalarina. 


Scotica. 
aurea. 


. Virginea. 


marmorata. 
ovulea. 


. laterisulca. 


callipyga. 
opima. 
nebulosa. 
phaseolina. 
carneola. 
flammiculata. 
conularis. 
strigosa. 
aphrodina. 
Perronii. 
aphrodinoides. 


. elegantina. 
. flammea. 


55 


56 CONCHOLOGY. 


V. rimularis. V. undulosa. 
V. vulvina. ; V. pumila. 
V. vermiculosa. ' —‘V. ovata, 

V. subrostrata. V. inquinata. 


V. Casina. The Casina, or broad-ribbed Venus. PI. 8, 
fig. 2. 

Sub-orbicular, with transversely acute recurved ridges ; 
lamellar strie; crenulated on the hind margin; slightly 
channelled behind the depression. 


V. decussata. ‘The intersected Venus. PI. 9, fig. 3. 

Species sub-rhomboidal, with decussated striz ; margin 
not denticulated ; umbo placed near one end ; the three teeth 
of the hinge very contiguous and very weak ; exterior brown- 
ish and marked with purple lines. 


V. aurea. The golden Venus. 
Sub-orbicular, inequilateral, transversely and concentri- 
cally striated ; yellow golden colour. 


V. corbis. The basket Venus. 
Species sub-rhomboidal, deeply latticed ; teeth very thick, 
ligament entirely concealed, margin dentated. 


V. puerpera. 'The convex or spotted Venus. 

Species thick, solid, orbicular or sub-orbicular, with con- 
centric striz, or, rather, lamine ; teeth very thick; margin 
dentated. — 


V. granulata. The granulated Venus. 
Species thick, solid, cardium-shaped, radiated from the 
summit to the base. 


7. Venericardia. One species. 
This genus resembles the Venus, but has only two ob- 
lique cardinal teeth on each valve. 
Shell equivalve, inequilateral, sub-orbicular, sides gener- 
ally with longitudinal rayed ribs ; hinge with two oblique 
cardinal teeth in each valve, turned in the same direction. 


CONCHOLOGY. 67 


V. imbricata. The imbricated Venericardia. PI. 9, fig. 1. 

Species almost round, having convex Jongitudinal ribs, cov- 
ered with imbricated rough scales; inferior margin rounded 
and dentated; more and more equilateral; the two teeth 
short and oblique. 


FAMILY X. 


Carpiacka. Five genera. 
1, Cardium. Cockle, or Heart Shell. Forty-eight species. 


This genus received its name from its resemblance to a 
heart (kapdva). It is so well defined by Linneus that no al- 
teration was made by Lamarck, except in making two di- 
visions of them; the first distinguished by having the ante- 
rior side as large or larger than the posterior, and no distinct 
angle at the apex ; the second by possessing carinated or an- 
gular umbones, and the posterior side often much larger than 
the anterior. ‘These shells are found ata small depth in the 
sand on almost every seashore. 

Shell inflated, equivalve, sub-cordiform (when seen an- 
teriorly), generally costated from the summit to the circum- 
ference ; summits very evident; slightly recurved forward ; 
hinge complex, similar, formed by two oblique cardinal teeth, 
articulating with the corresponding teeth on the other valve ; 
two distant lateral teeth on each valve ; ligament dorsal, pos- 
terior, and very short. 


Cardium costatum. Cardium Brasilianum. 
C. Indicum. C. apertum. 

C. ringens. C. papyraceum. 

C. Asiaticum. C. bullatum. 

C. tennicostatum. C. ciliare. 

C. fimbriatum. C. echinatum. 

C. pseudolima. C. levigatum. 

C. aculeatum. C. biradiatum. 

C. erinaceum. ~ C. eolicum. 

C. tuberculatum. C. pectinatum. 


58 CONCHOLOGY. 


C. isocardia. C. rusticum. 
C. muricatum. C. edule. 
_ C. angulatum. C. Groenlandicum, 
C. marmoreum. C. latum. 
C. elongatum. C. crenulatum. 
C. ventricosum. C. exiguum. 
C. rugosum. C. minutum. 
C. sulcatum. C. roseum. 
C. serratum. C. scobinatum. 
C. unedo. C. hemicardium. 
C. medium. C. cardissa. 
C. fragum. C. inversum. 
C. retusum. C. Junonie. 
C. tumoriferum. C. lineatum. 
C. edule. 'The edible Cardium, or common Cockle. PI. 
10, fig. 2. 


Species not gaping, with about twenty-six depressed ribs 
and transverse obsolete scales; of a cream colour; beaks 
protuberant. 

C. cardissa. Venus’s Heart. 

Species heart-shaped, valves angularly flattened, umbones 
alternating. 

C. levigatum. 'The smooth Cardium. 

Species smooth or nearly so, anterior side as large as the 
posterior. 

C. hemicardium. 'The half-heart Cardium. 

Species ribbed, with elevated rough striz ; the anterior 
side is very short and almost flat. 

C. costatum. The high-ribbed Cardium. 

No angle at the umbones; anterior side at least as large as 
the posterior; rows of white, hollow, elevated ribs, situated 
at regular distances, proceeding from the umbones to the mar- 
gin, with the spaces between them of a reddish brown colour. 

C. unedo. The Strawberry Heart. 

Species with ribs armed with small crescent-shaped 
scales. 


CONCHOLOGY. 59 


C. tuberculatum. The tuberculated Cardium. 
Species not gaping, with large ribs armed with nodules. 


2. Cardita. Twenty-one species. 


Lamarck took this genus from the Chama on account of 
several peculiarities in the shell as ®ell as in the animal. It 
is not affixed to other bodies by its lower valve, but, accord- 
ing to De Blainville, lies exposed on the rocks. There is 
some difficulty in distinguishing this genus from the Veneri- 
cardia, without carefully examining the position of the two 
teeth. 

Shell regular, thick, solid, equivalve, more or less inequi- 
lateral; summit dorsal, always very recurved anteriorly ; 
hinge similar, formed by two oblique teeth; one short cardi- 
nal placed beneath the umbo, the other oblique, arched, mar- 
ginal, and prolonged ; ligament elongated, sub-exterior, and 
inserted ; two very distinct muscular impressions. 


Cardita sulcata. Cardita intermedia. 
C. ajar. C. trepezia. 

C. turgida. C. bicolor. 

C. squamosa. C. depressa. 

C. phrenetica. C. concamerata. 
C. crassicosta. C. sinuata. 

C. rufescens. C. aviculina. 

C. calyculata. C. citrina. 

C. subaspera. C. sublevigata. 

C. nodulosa. C. corbularis. 


C. lithophagella. 


C. crassicosta. 'The thick-ribbed Cardita. 
Species elongated, a little gaping at the inferior margin; 
ligament concealed. 


C. sulcata. The furrowed Cardita. PI. 10, fig. 3. 

Sub-cordiform or oval, more transverse than longitudinal ; 
colour white, tesselated with brown; posterior depression 
heart-shaped ; longitudinal, convex, transversely-striated ribs. 


60 CONCHOLOGY. 


3. Cypricardia. Four species. 


Distinguished from the Cardita by having three teeth be- 
neath the apices, and a callous lengthened tooth or ridge. 

Shell obliquely elongated, equivalve, inequilateral ; valves 
striated, but never ribbed; hinge with three teeth beneath 
the umbo, and one lateral elongated tooth. 


Cypricardia Guinaica. Cypricardia rostrata. 
C. angulata. C. coralliophaga. 


C. Guinaica. The Guinea Cypricardia. Pl. 10, fig. 6. 

Species elongated, very inequilateral; summit rounded 
and recurved anteriorly ; two short divergent cardinal teeth, 
besides a lamellous tooth; ligament very long, projecting or 
not; yellowish white, covered with decussated strie. 


4. Hiatella. Two species. 


Established by Daudin; classed by Linnzus with the So- 
Jen, but Lamarck is of opinion that it more nearly approxi- 
mates the Cardita. 

Shell thin, sub-rhomboidal, equivalve, very inequilateral, 
gaping at its inferior margin and posterior extremity ; the 
summit very anterior and recurved in front; dorsal hinge 
formed by a single tooth on one valve corresponding toa 
semicircular slope on the opposite valve, or by a small tooth 
with a cardinal cavity in each valve; ligament probably ex- 
terior and dorsal; muscular impressions unknown. 


Miatella Arctica. Hiatella biaperta. 
H. Arctica. The Arctic Hiatella. 
Shell small, transversely oblong; apices truncated, with 


two divergent spring ridges; a small tooth on each valve; 
cream colour, with decussated striz ; inside pearly. 


Hi. biaperta. 'The double-clefted Hiatella. PI. 10, fig. 4. 
Species that has only a single tooth on one valve; yel- 
lowish white. 


CONCHOLOGY. 61 


5. Isocardia. ‘Three species. 


Taken from the Chama of Linnzus on account of a pe- 
culiarity in the shape of the cardinal teeth, and the singular 
curvature of the umbones. 


Isocardia cor. Isocardia semisulcata. 
I, Moltkiana. 


I. cor. The heart Isocardia. Pl. 12, fig. 4. 

Shell free, regular, heart-shaped, equivalve, very. inequi- 
lateral ; summits diverging, strongly recurved spirally, for- 
ward, and outward; hinge dorsal, long, similar, formed by 
two flat cardinal teeth, with an elongated lateral one behind 
the ligament, which is dorsal and exterior, diverging towards 
the summits ; muscular impressions very distinct and rather 
small; slightly wrinkled longitudinally ; exterior reddish 
chestnut colour, interior white. 

The Isocardia Moltkiana is a very rare shell, and the 
most elegant species of this genus. 


FAMILY XI. 


Arcacea. Four genera. 


1. Cucullza. One species. 


Distinguished from the Arca by the muscular impression 
within, to one side of which is an ear-shaped testaceous ap- 
pendage; the shell is more trapeziform, and the hinge by 
age becomes obsolete, giving the teeth a more horizontal 
appearance. 

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, trapeziform, heart-shaped ; 
beaks distant, and separated by the angular groove of the 
ligament, which is altogether external ; hinge linear, straight, 
with small transverse teeth, having at its extremity from 
two to five parallel ribs; valves marked with minute and 
strong longitudinal striz, and sometimes one valve overlaps ; 
margins crenulated. 


C. auriculifera. The eared Cucullea. Pl. 10, fig. 1. 
Species navicular or obliquely heart-shaped, with decus- 


62 CONCHOLOGY. 


sated strie; hinge completely straight, with two parallel 
ribs at each end, the terminal teeth longer and more oblique 
than the others; exterior chestnut colour, interior white, 
tinged with violet. 


2. Arca. The Ark. Thirty-seven species. 


This genus is easily known by its resemblance to the 
hull of a ship; the hinge is peculiar, being composed of 
numerous sharp teeth alternately inserted between each 
other. ‘The Arca of Linnzus was divided by Lamarck into 
the four genera that compose this family, each possessing a 
strong distinctive character. All the shells of this family 
are found in the sea at a little distance from the shore; they 
are covered with a dark greenish lamellar or velvet-like epi- 
dermis, frequently ending in a deep fringe at the margin. 

Shell a little varied in form, but most generally elongated, 
and more or less oblique at the posterior extremity ; some- 
times very inequilateral; summits more or less distant, and 
a little recurved forward ; hinge anomalous, straight, or a 
little curved ; long, and formed by a line of short vertical 
teeth decreasing from the extremities to the centre; liga- 
ment exterior, broad; sometimes the margin is crenated. 


Arca tortuosa. Arca barbata. 
A. semitorta. A. fusca. 

A. Noe. A. Magellanica. 
A. tetragona. A. Domingensis. 
A. umbonata. A. lactea. 

A. sinuata. A. trapezina. 
A. avellana. A. pistachia. 
A. cardissa. A. pisolina. 

A. ventricosa. A. cancellaria. 
A. retusa. A. callifera. 

A. sulcata. A. irudina. 

A. ovata. A. bisulcata. 

A. Helbingii. A. Indica. 

A. scapha. A. senilis. 


CONCHOLOGY. 63 


A. antiquata. A. Brasiliana. 
A. rhombea. A. corbicula. 
A. granosa. A. squamosa. 
A. auriculata. A. Cayennensis. 


A. inequivalvis. 


A. Noe. Noah’s Ark. PI. 10, fig. 5. 

Species boat-shaped, oblong, striated transversely and 
ribbed longitudinally; umbones remote and incurvated ; 
margins entire and gaping ; hinge straight ; whitish, with di- 
vergent zigzag chestnut stripes; inside bluish white. 


A. tortuosa. ‘The twisted Ark. 
A rare species; shell elongated, close, twisted; hinge 
completely straight. 


A. barbata. The bearded Ark. 
Species with the hinge straight, not hollowed or not gaping 
inferiorly, and of which the muscle is not adherent. 


3. Pectunculus. Nineteen species. 


This genus has the ligament partially inserted internally, 
and has no exterior angular groove. The valves never gape, 
often have rayed longitudinal ribs, are compressed, and the 
shell by age becomes thick and ponderous, sometimes at- 
taining a large size. The teeth in the hinge are not so nu- 
merous as in the Arca and Cucullza; the centre teeth ap- 
pear worn down. 

Shell close, orbicular, doubly convex, equivalve, sub-equi- 
lateral; summits almost vertical, and more or less distant; 
hinge formed on each valve by a rather numerous series of 
small teeth, disposed in a curved line, sometimes broken 
under the summit; ligament external and large. 


Pectunculus glycimeris. Pectunculus angulatus 
P. pilosus. P. stellatus. 

P. undulatus. P. pallens. 

P. marmoratus. P. violacescens. 


P. scriptus. P. zonalis. 


64 CONCHOLOGY. 


P. pennaceus. P. striatularis. 
P. rubens. P. nummarius. 
P. castaneus. P. pectinatus. 
P. pectiniformis. P. radians. 

P. vitreus. 


P. glycimeris. 'The delicious Pectunculus. 

Sub-orbicular, umbones produced; finely striated trans- 
versely and longitudinally ; covered with epidermis, under 
which it is marked with reddish chestnut spots or bands ; 
inside white ; margins crenulated. 


P. pilosus. 'The hairy Pectunculus. 

Species convex, more or less smooth and hairy. 

P. pectiniformis. The Pecten-shaped Pectunculus. PI. 
11, fig. 6. 

Species lenticular, more compressed, pectinated, and more 
or less rough. 


4. Nucula. Six species. 


Shell small, more or less thick, sub-triangular, equi- 
valve, inequilateral; summits contiguous and turned for- 
ward ; hinge similar, formed by a numerous series of very 
pointed teeth, pectinated and disposed in a line interrupted 
under the summit; ligament internal, short, inserted in a 
small oblique cavity in each valve; two muscular impres- 
sions ; valves more or less pearly within. 


Nucula lanceolata. Nucula Nicobarica. 
N. rostrata. N. obliqua. 
N. pella. N. margaritacea. 


N. rostrata. The beaked Nucula. 
Species of which the margin is entire. 


N. margaritacea. The pearly Nucula. PI. 11, fig. 7. 

Species of which the margin is crenated; numerous regu- 
lar pectinated teeth ; obliquely ovate, trigonal; striz minute 
and almost obsolete ; covered with a greenish epidermis ; in- 
side silvery, pearl-like. 


CONCHOLOGY. 65 


FAMILY XII. 


Triconacgea. ‘Two genera. 


1. Trigonia. One species. 


Supposed ‘to be in very deep places in the sea; it is a 
strong, beautiful, pearly shell, sub-trigonal or sub-orbicular ; 
thick, regular, equivalve, inequilateral; summits slightly 
prominent, recurved, anterodorsal; hinge complex, dorsal, 
dissimilar; two large oblong teeth laterally compressed, 
joined angularly under the summit, strongly furrowed on the 
right valve, penetrating into two excavations of the same 
form, equally furrowed on the left valve; ligament exterior 
and marginal ; two distinct muscular impressions. 


T. pectinata. The pectinated Trigonia. PI. 11, fig. 4. 

Species sub-orbicular, with radiated or divergent, promi- 
nent, and somewhat scaly ribs; inside pearly ; margin, cren- 
ulated. 


2. Castalia. One species. 


This genus is found in fresh waters, and differs from the 
Trigonia in the number and position of the lamellar teeth. 
The substance of the shell is pearly. 

_ Shell sub-trigonal, equivalve, inequilateral ; umbones ero- 
ded, covered with epidermis, and inflected anteriorly ; hinge 
with two lamellar teeth, transversely striated, one of them 
posterior, distant, and shortened, the other anterior, length- 
ened, and lateral ; ligament exterior. 


C.ambigua. 'The ambiguous Castalia. PI. 11, fig. 5. 

Short, sub-trigonal; umbones truncated; longitudinally 
ribbed, with distant transverse striz; covered with epider- 
mis, under which the shell is of a pale chestnut brown, in- 
side pearly; the lamellar and pre-apicial teeth are well 
marked, more regular, and all striated perpendicular to their 
length. 


66 CONCHOLOGY. 


FAMILY XIII. 


Narapes. Four genera. 


1. Unio. Forty-eight species. 


The species of this genus become every day more nu- 
merous ; they are found in all countries, but particularly in 
North America. ‘The Unio is a fresh-water shell, and there- 
fore, with great propriety, removed from the Mya, which con- 
sists entirely of marine shells. ‘The substance is pearly; 
the exterior covered with a brown or green epidermis ; the 
apices eroded. ‘They are found in the mud of rivers, with 
their apices downward; some are slightly gaping, and some 
species produce fine pearls. 

Shell generally very thick, pearly within, covered with 
epidermis; summits eroded, dorsal, and sub-interior; be- 
sides a long lamellous tooth under the ligament, the hinge 
is formed by a double precardinal tooth, more or less com- 
pressed, and dentated irregularly on the left valve, simple on 
the right valve; hgament external, dorsal, and post-apicial ; 
muscular impressions well marked. 


Unio sinuata. Unio carinifera. 
U. elongata. U. Georgina. 
U. crassidens. U. clava. 

U. Peruviana. U. recta. 

U. rariplicata. U. naviformis. 
U. pupurata. U. glabrata. 
U. ligamentina. U. nasuta. 

U. obliqua. U. ovata. 

U. retusa. U. rotundata. 
U. rarisulcata. U. littoralis. 
U. coarctata. U. semirugata. 
U. purpurascens. U. nana. 

U. radiata. U. alata. 

U. brevialis. U. deladonta. 
U. rhombula. U. sulcidens. 


CONCHOLOGY. 67 


U. rostrata. U. luteola. 

U. pictorum. U. marginalis. 

U. Batava. U. angusta. 

U. corrugata. U. manca. 

U. nodulosa. U. cariosa. 

U. varicosa. U. spuria. 

U. granosa. U. Australis. 

U. depressa. U. anodontina. 

U. Virginianum. U. sub-orbiculata. 


U. pictorum. 'The Painter’s Unio. PI. 8, fig. 6. 

Species oval, not auriculated, strong, anterior side rhom- 
boid and attenuated ; the opposite side obtusely acute ; the 
umbones somewhat warted ; concentrically wrinkled ; cov- 
ered with a dusky green epidermis. 


U. sinuata. 'The crooked Unio. 
Species oval, sub-auriculated ; cardinal tooth short, not 
lamellar or sub-striated. 


U. sub-orbiculata. 'The sub-orbicular Unio. 
Species round or almost round; cardinal tooth compress- 
ed, elongated, and often lamellar. 


2. Hyria. Two species. 


Kasily distinguished from the Unio by a compound car- 
dinal tooth, which slopes in an inclined position towards the 
posterior side. ‘They are more found in lakes than in rivers. 

Shell solid, pearly, equivalve, obliquely triangular, auricu- 
lated ; base truncated and straight; hinge with two project- 
ing teeth; the cardinal divided into numerous divergent 
parts ; anterior ones smaller, the others long and lamellar. 

Hyria avicularis. Hyria corrugata. 


Hi. avicularis. The little bird Hyria. PI. 5, fig. 4. 

Umbones smooth and polished; ears large, with pointed 
terminations ; finely striated; interior pearly, exterior of a 
rich reddish golden-yellow colour; covered with a greenish 
brown epidermis. 


68 CONCHOLOGY. 


3. Anodonta. Fifteen species. 


A fresh-water shell, found in ponds and lakes, difficult to 
be distinguished from the Unio but by the hinge, which wants 
the cardinal and lateral tooth, and merely presents a smooth 
internal rim round the edge terminated by a sinus or notch, 
in which the anterior extremity of the ligament is sunk; the 
substance is pearly, covered with a false epidermis. 

Shell ordinarily rather thin, regular, close, equivalve, ine- 
quilateral ; summit anterodorsal; hinge linear, without teeth ; 
ligament external, dorsal, and post-apicial; two well-marked 
muscular impressions. 


Anodonta cygnza. Anodenta rubens. 
A. anatina. A. crispata. 

A. sulcata. A. uniopsis. 

A. fragilis. A. Pennsylvanica. 
A. cataracta. A. intermedia. 

A. trapezialis. A. glauca. 

A. exotica. A. sinuosa. 


A. Patagonica. 


A. cygnea. The Swan Anodonta. PI. 11, fig. 2. 

Species oval, thin, elongated, hinge straight, and only au- 
riculated anteriorly ; beaks small and ventricose ; concentri- 
cally wrinkled ; covered with a greenish epidermis, which is 
frequently of a brown tinge towards the umbo. 


A. rubens. The ruddy Anodonta. 

Species oval, hinge arched, without trace of auricule or 
ear. 

A. trapezialis. The trapezium Anodonta. PI. 11, fig. 3. 

Species oval or rounded, auriculated on both sides the 
summit. 


4. Iridina. One species. 
A very rare shell, separated from the Anodonta on account 
of the hinge being attenuated in the middle, and having small 
tubercles distributed along its length. ‘The substance is 


CONCHOLOGY. 69 


thicker and more solid than the Anodonta, and of a brilliant 
rose-coloured pearly hue; it is found in the rivers of warm 
countries. 

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, transverse, with small apices; 
recurved, but nearly erect; not auriculated ; hinge very long, 
linear, crenulated through all its length; ligament external 
and marginal; two well-marked muscular impressions. 


I. exotica. The exotic Iridina. 
The only species of this genus answering to the above 
description. 


FAMILY XIV. 


Cuamacea. ‘Three genera. 


1. Diceras. One fossil species. 


Only found in a fossil state ; distinguished from the Chama 
by the hinge, which is dissimilar, formed by a large thick 
tooth, concave in the greater valve; summits very project- 
ing ; almost regular spiral contortions. 


D. arietina. ‘The ram’s-horn Diceras. 
Shell irregular, inequivalve, inequilateral, somewhat heart- 
shaped, with divergent beaks. 


2. Chama. The Clam or Gaper. Seventeen species. 


In this genus are now comprehended only such as have a 
thick oblique transverse tooth, resembling a lengthened cal- 
losity, generally crenulated or grooved, fitting into a corre- 
sponding cavity in the lower valve. ‘The animals inhabiting 
these shells have the faculty of affixing themselves to other 
bodies by the lower valve. 

The Chama received its name from its gaping; it is found 
in most seas, particularly in the Southern; sometimes its 
colours are elegantly blended. 

Shell irregular, adherent, inequivalve, inequilateral ; sum- 
mits more or less twisted spirally, especially in the lower 
valve; some from left to right, others from right to left; 


70 CONCHOLOGY. 


hinge dissimilar, large, formed by one lamellous, arched, 
sub-crenulated, post-cardinal tooth, articulating into a furrow 
of the same form; exterior, post-apicial, slightly inserted ; 


two large and rather distant muscular impressions. . 
Chama Lazarus. Chama florida. 
C. damecornis. C. limbula. 
C. gryphoides. C. eruginosa. 
C. crenulata. C. asperella. 
C. unicornis, C, decussata. 
C. arcinella. C. albida. 
C. radians. C. ruderalis. 
C. cristella. C. croceata. 
C. Japonica. 


C. Lazarus. Lazarus’s Chama. PI. 12, fig. 2. 

Species of which the summits twist from left to right; 
imbricated, dilated, waved foliations; striated obsoletely ; 
exterior white, orange, red, or yellow; interior white. 


C. arcinella. The hedgehog Chama. 
Species of which the summits twist from right to left; 
the pink-coloured ones of this species are the most prized. 


3. Etheria. Four species. 


Distinguished from the Chama by the want of teeth in the 
hinge, and being of a pearly substance. It is a rare shell, 
only found in deep water, where it is attached to the rocks 
by the lower valve. Its irregular form is perhaps occasioned 
by the lower valve adapting itself to the form of the body 
to which it is affixed. ‘Two species are fluviatile and two 
marine. ; 

Shell adhering, irregular, thick, pearly, inequivalve, ine- 
quilateral; summits thick, little evident; hinge toothless, 
callous, thick, irregular; longitudinal, sub-dorsal ligament, 
partly exterior and partly penetrating into the shell; two ob- 
long muscular impressions, one inferior and anterior, the 


CONCHOLOGY. 71 


other superior and sub-posterior; with or without an oblong 
incrusted callosity on the base of the valve. 


Etheria elliptica. Etheria trigonula. 
E. semilunata. i. transversa. 


E. elliptica. The oval Etheria. PI. 11, fig. 1. 

Species with an oblong callosity on the anterior part of 
the shell; oval, depressed, dilated towards the umbones ; 
summits distant. 


E. semilunata. The semilunar Etheria. 
Species without callosity at the base. 


PPA MET Tes Vi. 


Tripacnites. ‘Two genera. 


1. Tridacna. The Clamp Shell. Six species. 


The most ponderous shell known, sometimes measuring 
several feet in length, and sometimes weighing five hundred 
pounds. 

By Linnezus this genus was classed with the Chama, but 
the characteristic distinctions are so great that they are easily 
known. The Chama is irregular, has but one tooth, and is 
fastened to other substances by the lower valve; the Tri- 
dacna is equivalve, has but two teeth, and is affixed to other 
bodies by a byssus consisting of filiform tendons. 

The animal inhabiting this shell is said to produce very 
fine pearls, but there is no pearly appearance on the valves. 

Shell thick, solid, varying in size; some are very small 
and some very large; regular, triangular, more or less ine- 
quilateral; the summits inclined backward; hinge dissimi- 
lar, entirely anterior to the summits; one lamellous precar- 
dinal tooth, and two distant lateral teeth on the left valve, 
corresponding to two lamellous precardinal teeth and one 
remote lateral tooth in the right valve; ligament anterior, 
elongated ; one forked sub-median muscular impression, al- 
most marginal and oftentimes nearly obsolete; valves with 
broad, rounded longitudinal ribs, armed with vaulted scales, 


te CONCHOLOGY. 


more or less elevated; posterior slope heart-shaped, and 


widely gaping. 
Tridacna gigas. Tridacna crocea. 
T. elongata. T. mutica. 
T. squamosa. T. serrifera. 


T. gigas. The giant Tridacna. Pl. 12, fig. 3. 

Species of which the shell is sometimes very large, white, 
transversely ovate or elongated; the anterior side longer 
than the posterior; broad ribs covered with vaulted scales ; 
when of a pink or orange colour, greatly valued. 


2. Hippopus. One species. 

Similar to the Tridacna, but distinguished from it by having 
its posterior slope closed with a dentated margin; its ribs 
are never arched or vaulted, and its anterior side is shorter 
than the posterior side. 


HT. maculatus. The spotted Hippopus. PI. 12, fig. 1. 
Shell transversely ovate, ventricose, with scaly ribs; lu- 
nule, heart-shaped, and oblique; margins deeply crenulated ; 


reddish purple spots. 


POA VE iw sok Va 


Myrtitacza. ‘Three genera. 


1. Mytilus. The Muscle. Thirty-five species. 


As arranged by Lamarck, now comprises only such shells 
as are regular, equivalve, and longitudinal; solid in sub- 
stance, and attached to other bodies by a short thick byssus. 

In colour and appearance they greatly vary, some being 
smooth and beautifully variegated with delicate colours, or 
radiated with purple and white ; some are coarsely ribbed or 
granulated, and have only one colour, as black, blue, yellow, 
brown, or green; all are covered with an epidermis, to which 
oftentimes the colour is confined. 

Shell of a close texture, elongated, more or less oval, 


sometimes sub-triangular, equivalye, summits anterior, more 


CONCHOLOGY. 73 


or less curved, a little sloping inferiorly; hinge generally 
without teeth, or with two very small rudimentary teeth ; 
ligament dorsal, linear, sub-interior, inserted in a long and 
narrow furrow ; two muscular impressions, of which the an- 
terior is very small, with or without longitudinal grooves or 


furrows. 


Mytilus Magellanicus. Mytilus exustus. 
M. erosus. M. bilocularis. 
M. crenatus. M. ovalis. 

M. decussatus. M. ustulatus. 

M. hirsutus. M. Domingensis. 
M. elongatus. M. Senegalensis. 
M. latus. M. Afer. 

M. zonarius. M. achatinus. 
M. ungulatus. M. ungularis. 

M. violaceus. M. planulatus. 
M. opalus. M. borealis. 

M. smaragdinus. M. Galloprovincialis. 
M. corneus. M. angustanus. 
M. edulis. M. lineatus. 

M. retusus. M. lacunatus. 
M. Hesperianus. M. canalis. 

M. perna. M. incurvatus. 


M. abbreviatus. 


M. incurvatus. The incurvated Mytilus. 
Nearly smooth, elongated oval, valves inflated and curved | 


near the ligament ; apex acute. 


M. Afer. ‘The African Mytilus. 

More or less compressed and sub-triangular, without 
grooves; byssus very large and much developed; summit 
entirely terminal and anterior; smooth and radiated with 
blue or purple, covered with a dark brown epidermis; inside 
margin blue, shade decreasing to the centre. 


M. crenatus. ‘The crenated Mytilus. 
Species longitudinally gooved, radiated, or striated. 
K 


74 CONCHOLOGY. 


M. hirsutus. 'The bearded Mytilus. 
Species with grooves ; covered with a shaggy or bearded 
epidermis. 


2. Modiola. ‘Twenty-three species. 


Taken by Lamarck from the Mytilus, as it differs by 
being more transverse than longitudinal, and the beaks, in- 
stead of being terminal, are placed beneath the apex. 

Shell smooth, sub-transverse, equivalve, regular, sub-tri- 
angular, the posterior side short; summits almost lateral ; 
hinge lateral and linear, without teeth; ligament partly in- 
terior, placed in a marginal furrow ; one sub-lateral elongated 
muscular impression in each valve. 


Modiola Papuana. Modiola Guyanensis. 
M. tulipa. M. Adriatica. 
M. albicosta. M. pulex. 

M. vagina. M. discrepans. 
M. picta. M. discors. 

M. sulcata. M. trapezina. 
M. plicatula. M. cinnamomea. 
M. semifusca. M. silicula. 

M. securis. M. plicata. 

M. purpurata. M. semen. 

M. barbata. M. lithophaga. 


M. caudigera. 


M. discors. ‘The discordant Modiola. 

Shell elongated oval, very convex, narrowest at the ante- 
rior end; striated at the two extremities; summit oblique; 
exterior greenish ; interior white, with sometimes a pink- 
tinge, and somewhat pearly; crenulated margin. * 


M. Papuana. The Papuan Modiola. Pl. 12, fig. 6. 
Species smooth, more or less triangular; summit near the 
anterior extremity ; byssus obsolete in adults. 


M. sulcata. The furrowed Modiola. 
Species striated longitudinally. 


CONCHOLOGY. a> 


3. Pinna. The Wing Shell. Fifteen species. 


This genus is the same as constituted by Linnezus; the 
shell is marine, generally very brittle and fragile, in form re- 
sembling an acute angled triangle ; usually covered with lon- 
gitudinal ribs and elevated transverse striz ; generally horn 
coloured. 

This genus is remarkable for the production of an abun- 
dant byssus of a fine brown silky texture, which the Ital- 
ians frequently fabricate into articles of dress, equal in ap- 
pearance to the finest silk. 

The Pinne often grow to a large size; they are some- 
times found standing erect in the smooth-water bays, with 
the base of the shell uppermost, but generally affixed by the 
byssus to rocks and other sub-marine bodies. The fila- 
ments that compose the byssus are so tough and strong that 
the shells are not easily detached. 

Shell fibrous, fragile, regular, equivalve, longitudinal, tri- 
angular, base gaping and as if truncated; summit pointed 
and straight ; hinge dorsal, longitudinal, linear, and without 
teeth; marginal ligament occupying almost the whole of 
the dorsal edge of the shell; one very broad muscular im- 
pression behind a trace of the anterior in the summit. 


Pinna rudis. Pinna muricata. 
P. flabellum. P. pectinata. 
P. seminuda. P. saccata. 
P. angustina. P. varicosa. 
P. nobilis. P. dolabrata. 
P. squamosa. P. ingens. 
P. marginata. P. vexillum. 

P. nigrina. 


P. squamosa. The scaly Pinna. 
Species very close and rounded at the posterior extremity ; 
valves convex, covered with vaulted imbricated scales. 


P. fiabellum. The fan Pinna. PI. 13, fig. 2. 
Species gaping at the posterior extremity, which is as if 


76 CONCHOLOGY. 


truncated ; valves rather rounded at the upper end, and in 
the shape of an expanded fan; light fawn colour. 


P. pectinata. ‘The pectinated Pinna. PI. 13, fig. 1. 
Thin, pellucid ; longitudinally ribbed and spinous for half 
its width, obliquely striated transversely on the other half. 


RAM LY, V0 T 


Mautzacea. [Five genera. 


1. Crenatula. Seven species. 


There is one peculiar distinction between this genus and 
the Perna; the hinge of the Crenatula is composed of 
slightly concave callous crenulations, which receive the liga- 
ment; while in the Perna it consists of parallel truncated 
linear teeth (or, rather, riblike joints), corresponding and op- 
posed to the opposite ones, the ligament being inserted only 
in their interstices. 

Shell thin, very delicate, irregular, valves flattened, folia- 
ceous, sub-rhomboidal, sub-equivalve; hinge longitudinal, 
dorsal, without teeth; ligament sub-multiple, and inserted in 
a series of rounded cavities corresponding with the dorsal 
margin; one sub-central muscular impression. 


Crenatula avicularis. Crenatula bicostalis. 
C. modiolaris. C. viridis. 
C. nigrina. C. mytiloides. 


C. phasianoptera. 
C. avicularis. The avicular Crenatula. PI. 14, fig. 2. 
Answers to the above description. 


C. mytiloides. 'The muscle-shaped Crenatula. 
Oblong, ovate, oblique; base acute; violet coloured, with 


obscure radiations. 


2. Perna. Penspecies: 
In speaking of the Crenatula, we gave the characteristic 
distinction, which regarded it natural and expedient to make 
the Perna form a different genus. 


CONCHOLOGY. Ve 


Shell irregular, very compressed, foliaceous, sub-equivalve, 
rather variable form, gaping at the anterior part of the lower 
extremity ; summit very small, hinge straight, vertical, with- 
out teeth; ligament multiple, and inserted ina series of lon- 
gitudinal parallel furrows. 


Perna ephippium. Perna canina. 
P. obliqua. P. marsupiom. 
P. isognomon. P. sulcata. 
P. avicularis. P. vulsella. 
P. femoralis. P: nucleus. 


P. femoralis. The femoral Perna. PI. 14, fig. 1. 
Species elongated, and with appendages like ears. 


P. vulsella. ‘The tweezer Perna. 
Species elongated, without earlike appendages, or having 
very small ones. 


P. ephippium. The saddle Perna. 

Species round, compressed, very pearly in the interior ; 
very slightly, if at all, auricled; margin acute ; exterior pur- 
plish brown. 


3. Malleus. The Hammer. Six species. 


A shell of a singular form, resembling a pickaxe, found 
only in the Indian and Australian Seas; there are two spe- 
cies, the white and the black, both of which, when in fine 
preservation, are highly esteemed, but the white is more rare 
and valuable. 

Shell sub-nacreous, irregular, rugged, sub-equivalve, ine- 
quilateral, generally auricled before and prolonged behind, 
so as to be in form like a hammer; summit entirely ante- 
rior; between them and the inferior auricle, an oblique cut 
or slope for the passage of the byssus; hinge linear, elon- 
gated, without teeth; ligament simple, triangular, inserted 
in a conical oblique cavity, partly exterior; one rather large 
sub-central muscular impression. 


78 CONCHOLOGY. 


Malleus albus. Malleus vulsellatus. 
M. vulgaris. M. anatinus. 
M. normalis. M. decurtatus. 


M. vulgaris. The common Malleus. PI. 14, fig, 4. 
Species with two earlike appendages; trilobate, colour 
blackish brown. 


M. albus. The white Malleus. 

Species trilobate ; base of the lateral lobe prolonged, with- 
outa sinus; the base and the pit of the ligament not distinct ; 
colour white, with transverse undulations. 


M. vulsellatus. The tweezer Malleus. 
Species slightly auricled. 


M. normalis. The square Malleus. 
Species without earlike appendages. 


4. Avicula. Thirteen species. 


Remarkable for the form of its shell, which resembles, 
when partially expanded, a bird flying. 

Shell foliaceous or not, thin and very fragile, always pearly, 
sub-equivalve ; form sub-regular, but rather variable ; sum- 
mit anterior; valves oblique, the left one with a little notch, 
through which the byssus passes; sometimes unequally and 
obliquely auricled ; hinge linear, toothless, or with two small 
rudimentary teeth; ligament more or less exterior, placed in 
a narrow groove, sometimes enlarged towards the summit; 
one very large posterior muscular impression ; and one very 
small anterior. 


Avicula macroptera. Avicula Tarentina. 
A.. lotorium. A. Atlantica. 

A. semi-sagitta. A. squamulosa. 

A. heteroptera. A. papilionacea. 
A. falcata. A. costellata. 

A. crocea. A. physoides. 


A. virens. 


CONCHOLOGY. 79 


A. macroptera. The rounded Avicula. PI. 14, fig. 3. 
Species oval, oblique, the earlike appendages very de- 
veloped, especially the superior; one tooth at the hinge. 


A. Atlantica. The Atlantic Avicula. 
Obliquely curved, yellowish fawn colour, with dark red- 
dish-brown stains ; interior pearly. 


5. Meleagrina. ‘Two species. 


The form of the shell is orbicular and equivalve, without 
the elongated transverse base on the cardinal tooth, and the 
sloping sides of the opening for the passage of the byssus 
are perceptible on both valves; these peculiarities distin- 
guish it from the Avicula. 

Shell sub-equivalve, rotundate, nearly square, externally 
squamose ; the inferior cardinal margin straight, not caudate 
anteriorly ; a sinus at the posterior base of the valves for 
the passage of the byssus; the left valve being at this place 
narrow and channelled; hinge linear, without teeth. 


Meleagrina margaritifera. Meleagrina albina. 


M. margaritifera. The pearl-bearing Meleagrina, some- 
times called the mother-of-pearl oyster. 

Species slightly oblique, somewhat square, pearly, very 
thick, compressed ; undulated and transversely striated, with 
a series of lamellated longitudinal scales ; exterior greenish, 
interior pearly. This shell is celebrated for its irridescent 
colours, and is valued for the beautiful and costly pearls it 
produces. These pearls are formed from a deposition of the 
substance destined to line the shell upon sand or other bod- 
ies, casually or purposely introduced within the mantle of 
the animal; the shell itself is the mother-of-pearl used for in- 
laying, or making various elegant trinkets. 


80 CONCHOLOGY. 


FAMILY XW irr 


PecTinipes. Seven genera. 


1. Pedum. ‘The Shepherd’s Crook. One species. 


The common name was given to this genus from the re- 

- semblance to a French shepherd’s crook. ‘The shell is of 

a regular form ; its lower valve, in which is a sinus for the 

byssus, is turned up at the edges, and the upper valve falls 
within it. 

Shell inequivalve, a little eared; apices unequal, distant, 
rounded, little evident; hinge without teeth; ligament in- 
serted in an oblique groove, prolonged to the summit, and 
carried within in a kind of spoonlike cavity. 


P. spondyloideum. 'The spondylus-shaped Pedum. PI. 
15, fig. 5. 

Ovate, wedge shaped, flat; superior valve with longitu- 
dinal striz ; white, granulated, and rough; slightly tinged 
with purple near the beak. 


2. Lima. The File Shell. Six species. 


No sinus or notch; the valves, thick and gaping, form a 
lateral opening ; the ears are small, but distinct. 

Shell oval, more or less oblique, almost equivalve, with 
small ears, regularly gaping at the anterior part of the lower 
edge; summits anterior and distant; hinge longitudinal, 
without teeth; ligament rounded, almost exterior, inserted 
in a cavity of each valve ; central muscular impression di- 
vided into three very distinct parts. 


Lima inflata. Lima annulata. 
L. squamosa. L. fragilis. 
L. glacialis. L. linguatula. 


LL. syuamosa. The scaly Lima. PI. 15, fig. 3. 
Answers to the above description, with valves ventricose, 
armed with vaulted scales. 


CONCHOLOGY. 81 


L. fragilis. 'The fragile Lima. 

Oblong ovate, very pellucid, delicately white, with longi- 
tudinal distinct strie ; lower margin denticulated, closely in- 
terlocking when the valves are closed. 


3. Pecten. The Scallop. Fifty-nine species. . 


The shells constituting this genus are found in all seas ; 
they are well known, and many of them are very beautiful. 

The form is usually regular; their surface is adorned 
with elevated divergent ribs, varying in number from five to 
thirty, proceeding from the beaks and terminating at the mar- 
gins in a scalloped outline. 

Some are equivalve, others have one valve flat and the 
other convex; the colours of the upper valve are brighter 
than those of the lower. 

There is considerable variation in the size and form of the 
ears, which in some species are equal or nearly so, but in 
others are unequal; some are so small as to be nearly in- 
distinct. ‘The ribs are variously diversified with beautiful 
colours and delicate checker-work ; the margins are mostly 
crenated, and oftentimes beautifully coloured. 

These shells were formerly worn by Pilgrims on their hat 
or coat, as a mark of having been to the holy shrine in Pal- 
estine. 

Shell free, regular, thin, solid, auricled, equivalve, equilat- 
eral; summits contiguous; hinge without teeth; a liga- 
mental membrane through all the length of the hinge, be- 
sides a short, thick ligament, almost entirely internal, which 
fills a triangular cavity under the summits; one sub-central 
muscular impression. 


Pecten maximus. Pecten rastellum. 
P. medius. P. turgidus. 

P. Jacobeus. P. flagellatus. 

P. bifrons. P. aspersus. 

P. ziczac. P. flavidulus. 

P. Latirentii. P. plica. 


82 CONCHOLOGY. 


P. pleuronectes. P. glaber. 

P. obliteratus. P. sulcatus. 
P. Japonicus. P. virgo. 

P. Magellanicus. P. unicolor. 
P. purpuratus. P. griseus. 

P. lineolaris. P. distans. 

P. radula. P. Isabella. 
P. nodosus. P. lineatus. 
P. pallium. P. flabellatus. 
P. pes-felis. P. irradians. 
P. tigris. P. flexuosa. 
P. imbricatus. P. dispar. 

P. histrionicus. P. quadriradiatus. 
P. sauciatus. P. Islandicus. 
P. opercularis. P. inflexus. 
P. asperrimus. P. pellucidus. 
P. senatorius. P. Tranquebaricus. 
P. aurantius. P. gibbus. 

P. florens. P. miniaceus. 
P. varius. P. pusio. 

P. sanguineus. P. hybridus. 
P. sinuosus. P. sulphureus. 
P. ornatus. P. lividus. 


P. glaber. The glabrous Scallop. Pl. 15, fig. 4. 

Species of which the two valves are ribbed and almost 
equally convex, the right a little less, and having its inferior 
ear less broad than the left, so as to produce a kind of groove 
for the passage of the byssus. 


P. Jacobeus. The scallop of St. James. 
Species very inequivalve ; the left valve being very flat, 
the right convex; ears equal. 


P. pleuronectes. 'The sole Scallop. 

Species equivalve, not closing ; surface smooth and ribbed 
within ; one valve perfectly white, the other of a brownish 
or reddish colour. 


CONCHOLOGY. 83 


4. Plagiostoma. ‘Ten fossil species. 

Only known as fossils ; probably introduced here by La- 
marck to serve as a connecting link for the genera Lima, 
Pecten, Spondylus, and Podopsis. 

Shell rather thick, regular, free, sub-equivalve, sub-auricu- 
lated; the two valves almost equally convex, both provided 
with a distinct summit, recurved in the middle of a level sur- 
face, with a great triangular slope in the middle ; the cardi- 
nal base transverse, straight; hinge without teeth ; a conical 
cardinal pit situated below the beak, partly internal, opening 
outward, and receiving the ligament. 


P. spinosa. 'The thorny Plagiostoma. 
Subarcuated, the umbo of one shell higher than that of 
the other, with longitudinal ribs and remote concentric rings. 


5. Plicatula. Five species. 


Separated from the Spondylus of Linneus on account of 
its distinct structure. The ligament is altogether internal ; 
it is without ears, and the prolonged beak so conspicuous 
in that genus. The Plicatula has the faculty of affixing it- 
self to another body, so that many are found grouped togeth- 
er in clusters. ‘The valves are strongly plaited within and 
without, closely interlocking with each other. 

Shell solid, adhering, sub-irregular, without ears, inequi- 
valve, pointed at the summit, rounded and plaited behind; 
hinge with two strong teeth in each valve, with a cavity be- 
tween them, in which the ligament is internally inserted. 

Plicatula ramosa. Plicatula cristata. 


P. depressa. P. reniformis. 
P. Australis. 


P.ramosa. The branched Plicatula. PI. 15, fig. 2. 

Oblong, trigonal, very thick; strong longitudinal plaits ; 
exterior brown, with a yellow tinge, with reddish arrow- 
shaped markings ; interior white. 


84 CONCHOLOGY. 


6. Spondylus. ‘The thorny Oyster. Twenty-one species. 


The valves of this genus greatly resemble those of the 
common oyster, but have ears, and are covered with long 
recurved or straight-pointed spines. 

The lower valve is much larger than the upper, and has 
foliaceous lamine, by which it is attached to the other sub- 
stances. ‘They are found in all seas of hot countries, but 
particularly in the Indian; they adhere to rocks, coral, &c., 
oftentimes in large groups. 

The usual colours are red, purple, white, brown, or orange, 
several of which are sometimes blended in the same shell. 

Shell solid, adhering, sub-regular, more or less spined, 
sub-auriculated, inequivalve ; the right or inferior valve fixed, 
much more excavated than the other, and having behind, at 
the summit, a triangular face, which enlarges and elongates 
with age; hinge longitudinal, provided in each valve with 
two strong teeth entering into corresponding cavities; liga- 
ment short, almost medial, partly exterior; one sub-dorsal, 
muscular impression. 


Spondylus gedaropus. Spondylus costatus. 
S. Americanus. S. variegatus. 

S. arachnoides. S. longispineus. 

S. candidus. S. regius. 

S. multilamellatus. S. avicularis. 

S. coccineus. S. microlepos. 

S. crassisquama. S. croceus. 

S. spathuliferus. S. aurantius. 

S. ducalis. S. radians. 

S. longitudinalis. S. zonalis. 


S. violacescens. 


S. gedaropus. The thorny red Spondylus. PI. 15, fig. 1. 

Upper valve red, under one white, with longitudinal strie 
or ribs; rough granulations, and somewhat tongue-shaped ; 
rather short truncated spines. 


CONCHOLOGY. 85 


S. longispineus. 'The long-spined Spondylus. 

Thickly spined, longitudinally sulcated and ribbed ; alter- 
nate spines arcuated and tongue-shaped ; valves of a reddish 
colour; umbones orange. 


7. Podopsis. ‘T'wo fossil species. 


Only introduced here to fill up the family and keep up the 
chain of connexion. It approximates the genus Gryphea. 

Shell rather thick, sub-regular, symmetrical, equilateral, 
inequivalve, adhering by the extremity of the shorter valve ; 
the other terminated by a summit pointed, a little recurved 
and medial; articulation very angular, by means of two very 
distant condyles. 


FAMILY XIX. 


Ostracgea. Six genera. 


1. Gryphea. One species. 

This genus resembles the Ostrea, with which it was for- 
merly classed, but from which it is distinguished by the pe- 
culiar character of the lower valve. It is very deep and 
carinated, with a summit terminating in a long spirally re- 
curved beak, slightly turned to one side; the edge sharp and 
angular. 

It is seldom, if ever, attached to other bodies. Shell more 
finely lamellated than that of the oyster, free or slightly ad- 
herent, sub-equilateral, very inequivalve; the lower valve 
very concave, with a summit more or less recurved like a 
hook; the upper valve much smaller, and formed like a lid; 
hinge without teeth; ligament inserted in an oblong arched 
cavity ; one single muscular impression on each valve. 


G. angulata. 'The angulated Gryphea. PI. 16, fig. 2. 

Oblong ovate, with three long longitudinal carinated ribs 
below ; summit of the inferior valve is subvolute. This isa 
rare shell. 


86 CONCHOLOGY. 


2. Ostrea. The Oyster. Forty-eight species. 


As given by Lamarck, is a natural and well-defined family. 
It is too well known to require description. It fixes itself to 
other bodies by the laminz of the whole surface of one valve, 
and generally remains immoveable, exhibiting no other signs 
of life than that of opening its valves to receive nutriment. 

Shell irregular, mequivalve, inequilateral, exterior roughly 
foliaceous, interior somewhat pearly; the left or inferior 
valve larger, deeper, and adhesive, its summit prolonging with 
age in a sort of heel; the right or superior valve smaller, 
more or less in the form of a lid; hinge without teeth; liga- 
ment short, sub-interior, inserted in an oblong cardinal cavity, 
increasing with the summit; muscular impression single and 
sub-central. 


Ostrea edulis. Ostrea ruscuriana. 
O. hippopus. O. Virginica. 
O. borealis. O Canadensis. 
O. Adriatica. O. excavata. 
O. cochlear. O. mytiloides. 
O. cristata. O. sinuata. 

O. gallina. O. trapezina. 
O. numisma. O. tuberculata. 
O. lingua. O. rufa. 

O. tulipa. O. margaritacea. 
O. Brasiliana. O. gibbosa. 

O. scabra. O. Australis. 
O. rostralis. O. elliptica. 

O. parasitica. O. haliotidea. 
O. denticulata. O. deformis. 
O. spathulata. O. fucorum. 
QO. cornucopie. O. plicatula. 
O. cucullata. O. glaucina. 
O. doridella. O. fusca. 

O. rubella. O. turbinata. 
O. limacella. O. cristagalli. 


CONCHOLOGY. 87 


O. erucella. O. imbricata. 
O. folium. O. hyotis. 
O. labrella. O. radiata. 


O. edulis. The eatable Oyster. Pl. 16, fig. 5. 

Species orbicular, and not plaited; rugged, with undu- 
lated, imbricated scales; one valve flat and the other con- 
vex; variable in size; outside greenish brown, inside pearly 
white, sometimes with a bluish tinge. 


O. Virginica. The Virginian Oyster. 
Species longitudinal and not plaited. 


O. imbricata. The imbricated Oyster. 
Species orbicular and plaited. 


O. crista-galli. The Cock’s-comb Oyster. 
Species strongly plaited longitudinally. 


3. Vulsella. The Tweezers. Six species. 


This genus has several characteristics which distinguish 
it from the Ostrea; they are free ; the valves and the apices 
are nearly equal, with a projecting callosity on each valve, 
depressed underneath, and obliquely arched for the reception 
of the ligament. 

Shell sub-nacreous, sub-regular, sub-equivalve, inequilat- 
eral ; upper valve finely granulated, or striated longitudinally 
from the apex to the margin; summits anterior, distant, re- 
curved below; hinge without teeth; ligament undivided, 
thick, inserted in a rounded cavity, made in a slightly pro- 
jecting callosity on each valve ; muscular impression sub- 
central, rather large, and two very small ones entirely an- 
terior. 


V. lingulata. The tongue-like Vulsella. Pl. 15, fig. 6. 
Elongated, depressed, transversely striated; pale yellow- 
ish brown, with longitudinal darker stripes. 


88 CONCHOLOGY. 


4. Placuna. The Chinese Window Shell. Three species. 


This genus received its common name from the thin, 
transparent nature of the valves of the shell, particularly of 
the species placenta, which by the ingenious Chinese are 
often polished and used as a substitute for window-glass. 

The hinge of the shells of this genus is so peculiar as to 
make it perfectly distinct; entirely interior, fastened by a 
ligament shaped like a V on one of the valves. 

Shell free, sub-irregular, very thin, almost entirely trans- 
parent, flat, sub-equivalve, sub-equilateral, slightly auricled ; 
hinge entirely internal, formed on the superior less valve 
by two elongated, unequal, oblique ribs converging at the 
summit, to the interior side of which a ligament like the let- 
ter V is inserted in two equally converging, rather deep 
cavities of the lower valve, which is more convex; one 
rather small, sub-central muscular impression. 


P. placenta. ‘The glassy Placuna. PI. 16, fig. 3. 
Sub-orbicular, flat, white, and transparent; finely striated 
longitudinally, slightly decussated. 


5. Anomia. The Antique Lamp. Six species. 


When Linneus formed this genus and named it Anomia, 
he probably did so from its having no determinate charac- 
ter. Its common name was given it by the fancied resem- 
blance of some of its species to an antique lamp. Like the 
oyster, they seldom leave their place ; they are always affixed 
to marine bodies by an osseous operculum, formed by the 
thick extremity of the animal’s muscle. The lower valve is 
perforated and smaller, conforming to the shape of the sub- 
stance to which it is affixed. 

Shell adhering, irregular, inequivalve, inequilateral, ostra- 
ceous; inferior valve rather more flat than the superior, di- 
vided at the summit into two sloping branches, whose ap- 
proaching together forms a large oval hole, through which 
protrudes a muscle, the extremity of which becomes ossified 


CONCHOLOGY. 89 


and adheres to extraneous bodies; one sub-central muscular 
impression divided into three. 


Anomia ephippium. Anomia pyriformis. 
A. patellaris. A. fornicata. 
A. cepa. A. membranacea. 
A. electrica. A. squamula. 

A. lens. 


A. ephippium. 'The Saddle Anomia. PI. 16, fig. 1. 

Shell sub-orbicular, irregularly wrinkled and waved ; up- 
per valve convex, under flat and perforated at the hinge, 
through which passes the ligament by which it is affixed to 
other bodies ; inside pearly, and of various changing colours, 
such as green, purple, violet, and yellow. 


6. Crania. The Scull. One species. 


So called from the appearance caused by three holes or 
cavities on the surface of the lower valve. 

Shell irregular, orbicular, inequivalve ; the inferior valve 
almost flat, and marked on the interior with four muscular 
impressions, sometimes very deep, and of which the two 
sub-central are sufficiently connected to form but one; the 
superior valve like a Patella, more or less convex, with four 
very distinct muscular impressions, rather distant. 


C. personata. 'The masked Crania. PI. 16, fig. 4. 
Orbicular; upper valve gibbous and conical, lower valve 
flat, with three perforations. 


FAMILY X X. 


Bracuiopopa. Three genera. 


1. Orbicula. One species. 


Greatly resembling a Patella, for which it is often mista- 
ken on account of the lower valve being very thin, flat, and 
adhering. 

Shell sub-orbicular, very compressed, inequilateral, very 
inequivalve ; the inferior valve very thin, adherent, and im- 


M 


90 CONCHOLOGY. 


perforated; the superior valve like a Patella, with a summit 
more or less inclined towards the posterior side. 


O. Norwegica. 'The Norwegian Orbicula. PI. 17, fig. 4. 
Upper valve in the form of a depressed cone, with a sum- 
mit produced and pointed. 


2. Terebratula. ‘Twelve species. 


Taken from the Anomia, and with great propriety, as its 
characteristic differences are very great; the perforation of 
the Anomia is always in the smaller valve, which is attached 
to the larger by a cardinal ligament, while in the Terebrat- 
ula the perforation is always in the larger valve, which is 
connected to the smaller by teeth at the hinge. In some 
the valves are smooth, and in others grooved longitudinally. 

Shell thin, equilateral, sub-triangular, inequivalve ; one of 
the valves larger and more convex than the other, prolonged 
behind by a sort of heel, sometimes recurved, and pierced 
by a round hole at its extremity; frequently sloped more or 
less by a cleft of variable form; the opposite valve smaller, 
more flat, sometimes formed like a lid, having in the inte- 
rior a system of support variable in form and complication 
in every true species; hinge limited, prominent, and formed 
by two articulating surfaces of one valve placed between 
corresponding projections of the other; a kind of tendinous 
ligament issuing from the sloping cleft of the shell, by which 
itis attached to marine bodies. 


Terebratula vitrea. Terebratula pisum. 
T. dilatata. T. globosa. 

T. rotunda. T. sanguinea. 

T. flavescens. T. caput-serpentis. 
T. dentata. T. truncata. 

T. dorsata. T. psittacea. 


T. dorsalis. 'The dorsal Terebratula. Pl. 17, fig. 1. 

The summit of the large valve pierced with a round hole, 
very circumscribed; grooved longitudinally; valves as if 
cut sloping in the middle line. 


CONCHOLOGY. 91 


T. globosa. The globose 'Terebratula. 
Species smooth, with the valves rounded at their anterior 
edge. 


T. caput serpentis. 'The Serpent’s-head Terebratula. 

Species grooved, with the summit or heel of the large 
valve deeply hollowed even to the edge of the articulation ; 
the slope rounded; the valves sub-bilobate by the apparent 
slope of the anterior edge. 


3. Lingula. One species. 


The valves of this genus are united by means of a tubular, 
fleshy, or membranous peduncle surrounding the narrow part 
of them, and of which the base is affixed to marine sub- 
stances. 

Shell covered with epidermis, sub-equivalve, equilateral, 
depressed, elongated, truncated anteriorly, summit middle 
and posterior, without trace of ligament, but supported at 
the extremity of a long fibro-gelatinous peduncle, which at- 
taches it vertically to sub-marine bodies ; multiple muscular 
impression. 


L: anatina. The Duck’s-bill Lingula. Pl. 17, fig. 2. 
Covered with a green, shining epidermis, shaped like a 
duck’s bill, and having a cylindrical peduncle. 


92 CONCHOLOGY, 


CLASS. IV: 


MOLLUSCA. 


TWENTY-TWO FAMILIES. 


FAM TEA a: 
Preropopa. Six genera 
Some genera of this family are without a testaceous cov- 
ering, and are mentioned only for the sake of preserving the 
family entire. 
1. Hyalea. Venus’s Chariot. ‘Two species. 


This genus derives its common name from a fancied re- 
semblance to a miniature triumphal car. 

Shell very thin, transparent, symmetrical, convex below, 
flat above, valves unequal, form tricuspidated, cleft at the 
sides, open like a cleft anteriorly, and tridentated posteri- 
orly ; summit truncated. 


Hyalea tridentata. Hyalza cuspidata. 
Hi. tridentata. The three-toothed Hyalea. 
Transparent, horn-coloured, globular; tridentated poste- 


riorly ; summit and two posterior sides open; finely striated 
transversely. 


2. Clio. Has no Shell. ‘Two species. 
Clio Borealis. Clio Australis. 


_ 8. Cleodora. Two species. 


Shell gelatinous, cartilaginous, transparent, in shape of a 
reversed pyramid or lanceolate truncated, only open at the 
summit. 


Cleodora pyramidata. Cleodora caudata. 


CONCHOLOGY. 93 


C. pyramidata. 'The pyramidal Cleodora. 
Like a pyramid, triangular, thin, transparent ; aperture 
obliquely truncated. 


4. Limacina. One species. 

Shell papyraceous, very fragile, planorbis form, sub-car- 
inated, involuted rather obliquely, in such a manner as to be 
deeply and largely umbilicated on one side, and the spine 
slightly projecting and pointed on the other; aperture large, 
enlire. . 

L. helicialis. The Helix-like Limacina. 

Thin, fragile, spiral ; the volutions united in a discoid form. 


5. Cymbulia. The Slipper. One species. 

Shell or case cartilaginous, transparent, conical posteriorly 
where the animal adheres, and prolonged above like a long 
hollow semi-cylinder, under which the animal can take 
shelter. 

C. Peroni. Peron’s Cymbulia. 

Shell shaped like a shoe, somewhat gelatinous or cartila- 
ginous, very transparent crystalline, oblong pointed at the 
vertex, truncated at the base. 


6. Pneumodermon. Has no shell. One species. 


P. Peronii. 
4 


FAMILY Ii. 


Puy uiipiacea. Four genera. 


1, Phyllidia. Three species. 


The animals of this genus are covered with a coriaceous 
skin, but without a shell. 


Phyllidia varicosa. Phyllidia pustulosa. 
P. ocellata. 


2. Chitonellus. Two species. 
Formerly classed with the Chiton; but as the testaceous 


94 CONCHOLOGY. 


plates of this genus are never joined, the two may be easily 
distinguished. 

Shell elongated, multivalve; alternate pieces generally 
longitudinal; sides naked. 


Chitonellus striatus. Chitonellus larveformis. 


C. striatus. The striated Chitonellus. 
Striz radiating from the apex of each valve; margin ser- 
rated; base of tne last valve obtuse. 


CG; larveformis. The Caterpillar Chitonellus. 

More or less cylindrical, almost naked ; the valves of the 
shell very small, and almost entirely concealed under the 
skin; tufts hairy or silky between the parts of the valves 
near the margin. 


3. Chiton. Six species. 


This genus was so called from the resemblance of its tes- 
taceous covering to a coat of mail. The form of the Chiton 
is very similar to a well-known insect called the woodlouse, 
found in decayed timber; it generally adheres to rocks, or 
lies rolled up like a ball among seaweed and stones. In 
length it seldom exceeds an inch, except in tropical climates, 
where they are sometimes three or four inches long. In gen- 
eral there are eight valves, the termination of which is sur- 
rounded by a scaly or rough ligament, which enables the an- 
imal to expand or contract its shell freely. It presents a 
great variety of colour; in general it is dark brown, overcast 
with a shade of green, but some are beautifully variegated 
with pink, yellow, blue, or red; interior green or whitish. 

Shell more or less elongated, consisting of a longitudinal 
series of eight very symmetrical calcareous pieces, more or 
less curved, and round at both extremities ; summit more or 
less marked, and when imbricated, always from front to rear. 

Chiton gigas. Chiton spinosus. 
C. squamosus. C. fascicularis. 
C. Peruvianus. C. marginatus. 


CONCHOLOGY. 95 


C. squamosus. The scaly Chiton. PI. 1, fig. 1. 

Depressed, valves large, carinated, well imbricated; the 
interstices offering well-marked lateral spaces; the border 
of the mantle regularly scaly. 


C. marginatus. The marginated Chiton. PI. 1, fig. 2. 
Valves carinated and projecting over each other; finely 
shagreened, with a dusky reddish-brown margin. 


C. fascicularis. ‘The fasciculated Chiton. PI. 1, fig. 3. 

Valves more narrow, imbricated, without distinct spaces ; 
lateral parts of the skin naked or hairy, but always provided 
with silky or hairy tufts disposed in pairs between the junc- 
tions of the valve. 


C. spinosus. 'The spiny Chiton. PI. 1, fig. 4. 
Shell beset with long, thin, curved, tubular, hairy, black- 
ish spines. 


4. Patella. The Limpet or Dishlike Shell. Forty-five 

species. 

The Patella of Linneus was divided by Lamarck into 
several distinct genera, and now comprehends only such 
shells as are of a conical form, with an imperforated summit. 
The anterior is that part to which the summit inclines, and 
is always more narrow than the posterior part. 

It derives its name from its resemblance to a little dish; 
the colour and structure are various; some are smooth, 
others granulated, and many are covered with elevated tu- 
berculated ribs. ‘The exterior is sometimes of a pale fawn 
colour, and the interior of a bright pink; some have a sil- 
very hue, but the more general colour is bluish white or 
light brown. 

This genus of shells is very numerous in all seas, but 
chiefly in hot countries, where they are found of a larger 
‘size; they generally adhere by their base to rocks, stones, 
and marine substances, from which it is difficult to detach 
them. 


96 CONCHOLOGY. 


Shell oval or circular, sub-conic; summit right or more 
or less recurved anteriorly; the cavity simple, entire, more 
or less deep; the margin complete and entirely horizontal ; 
a narrow muscular impression. 


Patella apicina. Patella Safiana. 


P. granatina. P. testudinaria. 
P. oculus. P. cochlear. 

P. barbara. P. compressa. 
P. plicata. P. granularis. 
P. laciniosa. P. decaurata. 
P. saccharina. P. Magellanica. 
P. angulosa. P. stellifera. 

P. barbata. P. vulgata. 

P. longicosta. P. mammillaris. 
P. spinifera. P. lineata. 

P. aspera. P. leucopleura. 
P. luteola. P. notata. 

P. pyramidata. P. Tarentina. 
P. umbrella. P. punctata. 

P. plumbea. P. puncturata. 
P. cerulea. P. Javanica. 

P. radians. _ P. tuberculifera. 
P. scutellaris. P. miniata. 

P. viridula. P. pellucida. 

P. pectinata. P. tricostata. 
P. Galathea. P. Australis. 


P. cymbularia. 


P. vulgata. The common Patella. PI. 2, fig. 1. 

Conic, summit obtuse and vertical; sometimes ribbed 
from the vertex to the margin with divergent striz, some- 
times striated without ribs; exterior dark brown or green- 
ish, internal blue or purple radiations. 


P. compressa. The compressed or flat-sided Patella. 


Pl: 2, fig. 2. 
Oval, elongated, compressed on the sides, having the 


CONCHOLOGY. 97 


summit sub-anterior, well marked, and curved ;' exterior fawn 
colour, interior of a silvery hue. 


P. deaurata. The golden red Patella. PI. 2, fig. 3. 
Sub-conic, summit more anterior, with a slight forward in- 
clination ; colour yellowish red, 


P. cochlear. 'The spoonlike Patella. PI. 2, fig. 4. 

Depressed, the summit hardly marked, and much more 
narrow in front than behind; exterior brownish, interior light 
blue. 


P. scutellaris. The buckler Patella. PI. 2, fig. 5. 

Depressed, summit sub-anterior, radiated from the summit 
to the margin; brown colour, with a yellowish band parallel 
to the margin. 


P. pectinata. The pectinated Patella. PI. 2, fig. 6. 

Oval, summit well marked and anteriorly inclined; ribbed 
from the summit to the margin, which is slightly convex in 
the middle. 


P. cymbularia. The cymbular Patella. Pl. 2, fig. 7. 
Oval, thin, pearly, with a festooned margin; summit nearly 
marginal ; colour white, shaded with very light brown. 


FAMILY, 1.1. 


CaLtypTracza. Seven genera. 


The genera that constitute this family were separated by 
Lamarck from the Patella of Linneus. 


1, Parmaphora. The Duck’s-bill Limpet. Three species. 


The characteristic distinctions of this shell were first 
pointed out by De Blainville. 

Shell elongated, very depressed ; the summit greatly post- 
medial, and evidently inclined behind; aperture as large as 
the shell; the lateral edges straight and parallel, the poste- 
rior rounded, the anterior sharp and notched in the middle; 

N 


98 CONCHOLOGY. 


muscular impression large, elongated oval, slightly open in 
front. 
Parmophora Australis. Parmophora brevicula. 
P. granulata. 


P. Australis. The Australian Parmophorus. 

Shell oblong, depressed; vertex slightly recurved; stri- 
ated concentrically ; one margin rounded, and the other trun- 
cated. 


2. Emarginula. The Slit Limpet. Four species. 


Most of the shells of this genus are small; some are ele- 
vated, and others of a widely-depressed conical form. 

Shell conical, recurved ; summit entire; slit, or more or 
less hollowed on the anterior side ; a muscular impression in 
form of a horseshoe, open behind and thicker at the begin- 
ning. 

Emarginula Blainvillii. Emarginula fissura. 
E. marginata. E. rubra. 

FE. Blainvillii. Blainville’s Emarginula. 

Shell with the notch or slit in the middle of the back, and 
not extending to the margin. 


E. fissura. The slit Emarginula. PI. 32, fig. 5. 

Oval, compressed, summit well marked, with reticulated 
strie and ribs; fissure extending half way from the margin 
to the summit; exterior light brown, interior white. 


E. marginata. The marginated Emarginula. 
More compressed than the preceding; summit distinct, 
anterior margin formed like a gutter. 


3. Fissurella. The Keyhole Limpet. Nineteen species. 
The perforation not being perfectly round, but generally 
ovate oblong, procured for this genus its common name, by 
which it is easily distinguished. 
Shell simple, conical, depressed, recurved ; summit perfo- 
rated a little anterior in an oblong or oval manner, like a key- 


CONCHOLOGY. 99 


hole ; the exterior surface ribbed longitudinally, slightly stri- 
ated transversely. 


Fissurella picta. Fissurella radiata. 
F. nimbosa. F. viridula. 
F. crassa. F. hiantula. 
FF, Greea’ F. pustula. 
F. nodosa. F. fascicularis. 
F. Cayennensis. F. Javanicensis. 
F. lilacina. F. depressa. 
F. rosea. F. Peruviana. 
F. Barbadensis. F. gibberula. 

F. minuta. 


F. nimbosa. 'The scaly-ribbed Fissurella. 

Species of which the middle part of the edges of the 
aperture is hollowed in such a manner that, when placed on 
a level surface, they touch only at the extremities. 


F. rosea. 'The rosy Fissurella. 
Species more depressed, edges bent up lengthwise, form- 
ing a kind of canal. 


F. Greca. The Greek Fissurella. PI. 32, fig. 1. 

Conical, ovate oblong; strize cancellated and elevated ; 
sections tuberculated ; exterior yellowish brown or clouded, 
interior white or light blue. 


4. Pileopsis. The Caplike Limpet. Four species. 


Easily distinguished by its form, which gave rise to the 
common name. 

Shell oblique, sharp pointed ; cone bent forward, with a re- 
curved, almost spiral summit, finely striated longitudinally 
and slightly wrinkled transversely ; aperture a round oval; 
the margin at the base nearly round, more or less regularly 
crenated and indented, interior with a lengthened, arched, 
transverse muscular impression. 

Pileopsis ungarica. Pileopsis intorta. 
P. mitrula. P. subrufa. 


100 CONCHOLOGY. 


P. ungarica. . The Fool’s Cap. 

Conical, vertex slightly spiral, pointed, and recurved; ex- 
terior pale fawn colour, and the outer margin bordered with 
a fringed epidermis ; interior sometimes of a very bright 
pink or rose colour. 


5. Calyptrea. ‘The Cupand Saucer Limpet. Four species. 


This genus of shells is remarkable for having in the inte- 
rior cavity a transverse funnel or tongue-shaped testaceous 
appendage, from which originated its common name. 

Shell conic, base orbicular ; summit vertical and imper- 
forated; cavity deep, having at its interior summit a tongue- 
like appendage. This appendage is sometimes vertical and 
sometimes like a horseshoe, having on it a muscular impres- 
sion of variable form. 


Calyptrea extinctorium. Caiyptraa equestris. 
C. levigata. C. tectum-sinense. 


C. extinctorium. 'The extinguisher Calyptrea. 
Species in which the internal appendage is horn-shaped ; 
colour brownish. 


C. equestris. The equestrian Calyptrea. PI. 32, fig. 4. 
Species in which the internal appendage is like a horse- 
shoe, open in front. 


C. tectum-sinense. ‘The Chinese roof Calyptrea. 

Shell formed of separate, transverse, irregular round lam- 
ine of uniform size, attached to each other by the summit 
on the exterior of each, presenting the appearance of a num- 
ber of small flat Patelle piled one on the other; colour yel- 
lowish, margin entire, very glossy within. 


6. Crepidula. The Slipper Limpet. Six species. 
Very similar to the Navicella, but distinguished from it by 
not having an operculum. 
Shell irregular, form very variable, depressed or com- 
pressed ; spire obliquely inclined to one side; margin entire; 


CONCHOLOGY. 101 


cavity large, divided by a horizontal partition, which gives it 
the form of a half-decked boat. 


Crepidula fornicata. Crepidula unguiformis. 
C. porcellana. C. dilatata. 
C. aculeata. — C. Peruviana. 


C. porcellana. The brown-spotted Crepidula. 
Shell thick, flat, summit not spiral. 


C. aculeata. 'The prickly Crepidula. 
Oval, brown, roughly striated, vertex recurved, interior 
blue or purple. 


C. sub-spirata. The sub-spiral Crepidula. PI. 32, fig. 2. 
Species almost round, summit sub-spiral; colour yellow- 
ish white, with a bluish tinge towards the summit. 


7. Ancylus. The Lake Limpet. Two species. 


This is a fresh-water shell, found in the lakes of Europe. 
Shell thin and brittle, obliquely conical; summit pointed 
and recurved; margins simple, base oval and smooth. 


Ancylus oblongus. Ancylus fluviatilis. 
A. oblongus. ‘The oblong Ancylus. 


Aperture elongated, vertex turned to one side, striated con- 
centrically ; exterior pale yellowish colour, interior light blue. 


A. fluviatilis. 'The river Ancylus. Pl. 32, fig. 3. 

Simple, oval, almost symmetrical; summit pointed, com- 
pressed, very distinct; bent back a little to the right, but not 
marginal; the edges of the aperture entire and effuse. 


BAM TLS Ty, 
Buutacea. ‘Three genera. 
1. Acera. Has no shell. One species. 


Acera Carnosa. 


2. Bullea. One species. 
Formerly classed with the Bulla, but separated from it on 


102 CONCHOLOGY. 


account of the shell being entirely covered by the animal, and 
never externally visible. 

Shell oval, thin, fragile, more or less involuted on one 
side, rendering the aperture more or less wide. 


B. aperta. 'The open Bullea. PI. 17, fig. 5. 

Shell interior and very incompletely involuted, without 
spire or columella; sub-orbicular, white, transparent, faintly 
striated, and slightly wrinkled; almost entirely open. 


3. Bulla. The Bubble. Eleven species. 


The great confusion that existed in this genus, as classed 
by Linneus, has been elucidated by the division and classi- 
fication of Lamarck. This genus derived its name from the 
resemblance which some of the smaller species have to a 
bubble of water. Its shells are found in almost all parts of 
the world. 

Shell external, oval, involuted; aperture very large, open 
the whole length of the shell, and generally wider at the 
base ; outer edge sharp and smooth; summit umbilicated. 


Bulla lignaria. Bulla fasciata. 

B. ampulla. B. aplustre. 

B. striata. B. hydatis. 

B. naucum. B. cornea. 

B. physis. B. fragilis. 
B. solida. 


B. aplustre. The streamer-like Bulla. PI. 17, fig. 7. 

Species completely involute ; the spire very distinct, vis- 
ible, but not projecting, with a kind of thickening at the an- 
terior part of the columellar edge. 


B. lignaria. The woodlike Bulla. 

Species sub-involute, no visible spire either within or with- 
out, but narrowed towards the top when it is slightly umbili- 
cated ; yellowish brown colour, with transverse pale striz. 


B. hydatis. The watery Bulla. 


Species more solid, thicker, almost entirely involute ; 


CONCHOLOGY. 103 


whorls of the spire slightly visible in an umbilicus projecting 
interiorly from the summit. 

B. naucum. The seanut Bulla. 

Species thin; the whorls of the spire visible externally, 
but without projection, and with a suture as if caniculated 
without thickening at the anterior part of the columellar edge. 


B. fragilis. The fragile Bulla. 

Species very thin, rather involute; the whorls of the spire 
distinct within as without; the suture deep, angular, and cleft 
in a greater or less part of its length. 


FAMITL Y -V. 


AptysiacEa. ‘Two genera. 


1. Aplysia. ‘Three species. 

This genus may almost be said to have no testaceous cov- 

ering, as it appears more like the element of a shell. 
Aplysia depilans. Aplysia fasciata. 
A. punctata. 

A. depilans. The bald Aplysia. 

Shell dorsal, semicircular, of a thin yellow cartilaginous 
substance. 


2. Dolabella. 'Two species. 

Closely allied to the Aplysia; it is a singularly formed shell, 
difficult to describe, as it contains few of the characteristics 
which distinguish other shells. 

Shell rudimentary, entirely flat, sub-spiral, with a summit 
thick and very callous. 

Dolabella Rumphii. Dolabella fragilis. 


D. Rumphii. Rumphius’s Dolabella. 
Base thick, callous, and sub-spiral ; dilated above, thin, and 
wedge-shaped. 


104 CONCHOLOGY. 


FAMILY VI 


Limacinea. Five genera. 


1. Onchidium. Has no shell. Two species. 


Onchidium Typhe. Onchidium Peronii. 


2. Parmacella. One species. 


Lamarck has given a description of the animal of this ge- 
nus, but only mentions that the scutcheon contains a shell or 
solid crustaceous body. 


Parmacella Olivieri. 


3. Limax. Four species. 


The animal belonging to this genus is furnished with a 
coriaceous shield, wrinkled. 


Limax rufus. Limax cinerus. 


L. albus. L. agrestis. 


4, Testacella. One species. 


Shell external, very small, ear-shaped; very depressed, 
summit inclined posteriorly, not spiral ; aperture oval, very 
large ; the left edge sharp, a little rolled inward, especially 
behind. 

T. Haliotidea. The Haliotis-shaped Testacella. PI. 17, 
fig. 6. 

Answering to the above description; very thin, transpa- 
rent, and yellowish. 


5. Vitrina. One species. 

Shell proportionally very small, extremely thin, pellucid, 
almost membranous, oval or sub-globular; spire very short, 
of which the last whorl is very large; aperture large, semi- 
lunar; the edges sharp; the left edge arched, and extending 
itself interiorly to the summit. 


V. pellucida. 'The pellucid Vitrina. PI. 17, fig. 3. 
Extremely thin, pellucid, and glossy; depressed, spire 


CONCHOLOGY. 105 


very short; aperture large and oval; colour pale yellowish 
green. 
FAMILY VIL 
Coumacea. Eleven genera. 


1. Helix. The Snail. One hundred and seven species. 


According to the systematic arrangement of Lamarck, 
this genus now consists of shells with peculiar characteristic 
distinctions. 

By Linneus, marine, land, and fresh-water shells were 
united in this genus, and so confounded that the naturalist 
would often look in vain for the distinguishing characters 
which would enable him to class and determine the genus 
of the object under examination. 

Notwithstanding the divisions of Samael its species are 
numerous ; the shells are terrestrial, and found in all parts of 
the globe; some are rare and beautiful. 

The term Helix was given to this genus from the spiral 
form of the shell. 

Shell extremely variable in form, generally globular, some- 
times ventricose, conoid, never turriculated; summit con- 
stantly obtuse and rounded ; aperture generally of a medium 
size, but sometimes very large or very small, always modi- 
fied by the turn of the spire; oval, semi-lunar, more wide 
than long, edges disunited, entering but very little into the 
formation of the interior ; the right lip or margin thickened 
or reflected. 


Helix vesicalis. Helix mutata. 

H. algira. H. gigantea. 

H. pomatia. H. polyzonalis. 

H. aspersa. H. monozonalis. 

H. vermiculata. H. pulla. 

H. alonensis. H. versicolor. 

H. lineolata. H. Naticoides. 

H. picta. H. Madagascariensis. 


106 


H. 


POD RPS 


galactites. 
hemastoma. 


. melanotragus. 
. extensa. 


lucana. 


. globulus. 
. melanostoma. 


celatura. 
microstoma. 
maculosa. 
Richardi. 
Bonplandii. 
planulata. 
labrella. 


ungulina. 


pellis-serpentis. 


Senegalensis. 


. unidentata. 


cepa. 
heteroclites. 
discolor. 
lactea. 
zonaria. 
serpentina. 
Niciensis. 
variabilis. 
fruticum. 
neglecta. 
cespitum. 
ericetorum. 
intersecta. 


. Carthusianella. 
. Carthusiana. 

. diaphana. 

. concolor. 

. velutina. 


CONCHOLOGY. 


H. 
. Peruviana. 
. simplex. 

. cidaris. 


pS gee a 


Javanica. 


citrina. 
guttata. 


. verticillus. 
. olivetorum. 


planospira. 
Barbadensis. 
sinuata. 
hippocastanum. 
bidentalis. 
argilacea. 


. Vittata. 


alanda. 
arbustorum. 
candidissima. 
nemoralis. 
hortensis. 
sylvatica. 
pisana. 
splendida. 


. crenulata. 


planorbula. 
macularia. 
maritima. 
strigata. 
muralis. 
rugosa. 
cornea. 
linguifera. 
incarnata. * 
cinctella. 
cellaria. 


. nitida. 


CONCHOLOGY. 107 


H. obvoluta. H. plebeium. 
H. Cookiana. H. personata. 
H. pileus. H. hispida. 

H. papilla. H. rotundata. 
H. punctifera. H. apicina. 

H. plicatula. H. striata. 

H. planorbella. H. conspurcata. 
H. scabra. H. conica. 

H. cariosa. H. conoidea. 


H. pulchella. 


H. algira. The yellow Snail. Pl. 18, fig. 8. 
Species shaped like a Planorbis, rough or hairy, more or 
less largely umbilicated, margin sharp. ; 


H. Naticoides. The Natica-shaped Snail. PI. 18, fig. 7. 


Species ventricose. 


H. obvoluta. The small white-lipped Snail. PI. 18, 
fig. 9. 

Species more or less depressed, umbilicated, Planorbis- 
shaped, the edges of the aperture thickened, callous, and 
even toothed. 


H. conoides. The cone-shaped Snail. PI. 18, fig. 4. 
Species conoidal ; the turns of the spire rounded. 


H. pomatia. The edible Snail. 

Species sub-globular, not umbilicated ; the margin of the 
aperture thickened ; aperture covered with a calcareous lid 
resembling an operculum. 


Hf, nitida. The pellucid Snail. 
Species depressed, more or less largely umbilicated ; the 
edges sharp, but always thin and shining. 


H. nemoralis. The grove Snail. 

Species imperforated, semi-globular, thin, and sub-pel- 
lucid; not umbilicated, with a light inflexion at the place of 
the junction of the columella with the margin of the aper- 


108 CONCHOLOGY. 


ture ; colour various, inner margin white or reddish brown; 
volutions five, with several dark brown bands. 


H. Carthusiana. 'The Carthusian Snail. 
Species sub-depressed, sub-umbilicated, with a sharp 
edge, thickened within by a roll. 


H. arbustorum. The orchard Snail. 

Sub-globular, sub-pellucid, sub-umbilicated, five volu- 
tions, finely striated longitudinally ; mottled with greenish 
yellow, streaked with deep chestnut, a broad brown band 
commonly at the edge of the outer lip, and running round 
through the volutions to the apex. 


2. Carocolla. Eighteen species. 


All terrestrial shells in this genus, taken from the Linnzan 
Helix on account of the peculiarity of the shell, which is 
orbicular, more or less flat on the upper part; the circum- 
ference of the shells constantly carinated or sub-carinated ; 
aperture ovate, transverse, contiguous to the axis of the 
shells ; outer lip sub-angular, sometimes toothed within. 


Carocolla acutissima. | Carocolla Madagascariensis. 


C. albilabris. C. marginata. 
C. angistoma. C. lychnuchus. 
C. labyrinthus. C. planata. 

C. lucerna. C. planaria. 
C. inflata. C. hispidula. 
C. Gualteriana. C. lapicida. 

C. bicolor. C. albella. 

C. Mauritiana. C. elegans. 


C. lapicida. 'The stone Carocolla. Pl. 19, fig. 1. 
Species discoid, very umbilicated; edges thick, but not 
toothed ; beautiful bands. 


C. elegans. 'The elegant Carocolla. 
Species with a conical spire a little elevated, the base 
flat, the aperture square, with sharp edges. 


CONCHOLOGY. 109 


C. labyrinthus. The winding Carocolla. 
Species discoid, umbilicated, with the aperture toothed. 


3. Anostoma, ‘T'wo species. 


An extraordinary shell, sometimes called the antique lamp 
from its form. 

Shell orbicular, the spire convex and obtuse; aperture 
round, toothed within, grinning, turned upward to the spire; 
margin reflected. 


Anostoma depressa. Anostoma globulosa. 


A. depressa. The depressed Anostoma. 

Sub-globular, depressed and sub-carinated in its circumfer- 
ence, not umbilicated ; aperture round, the margin contin- 
ued by a callosity, toothed, thickened, and turned towards 
the back of the shell. 


A. globulosa, 'The globular Anastoma. 

Globose, with two small punctures, one on each side of 
the lip; slightly carinated, smooth, and white ; margin re- 
flected. 


4. Helicina. Four species. 


A terrestrial shell, distinguished from the Helix by its 
transverse callous columella; depressed and diminished in 
thickness at the lower part. 

Shell sub-globular or conoid, spire low, a little depressed ; 
aperture semi-ovate, modified by the last turn of the spire ; 
the edge of the aperture sharp or a little reflected in a roll, 
the left edge enlarged at its base in a large callosity, which 
entirely covers the umbilicus and joins obliquely with the 
columella, which is twisted and a little projecting ; the oper- 
culum horny, complete, sometimes calcareous externally. 

Helicina Neritella. Helicina fasciata. 
H. striata. H. viridis. 


H. Neritella, The Nerite-shaped Helicina. PI. 19, fig. 4. 
Species yellowish white, finely striated, the edge reflect- 
ed in a roll. 


110 CONCHOLOGY. 


H. striata. 'The striated Helicina. 

Globular, striated, the right edge sharp, but reflected ; the 
umbilical callosity rather thick, the operculum calcareous 
and solidified by a marginal roll and a vertical crosspiece. 


5. Pupa. ‘Twenty-seven species. 


These shells are generally very small, some not more 
than an eighth of an inch in length; chiefly terrestrial. 

Shell cylindrical, elongated, or sub-globular, ordinarily ven- 
tricose ; summit obtuse; the turns of the spire numerous, 
almost equal ; aperture round or oval, with margins almost 
equal, expanded, reflected ; one or two plaits on the colu- 
mellar edge, and several teeth, varying in number on the 
right margin. 

Pupa mumia. Pupa zebra. 


Pouva: P. unicarinata. 
P. sulcata. P. maculosa. 
P. candida. P. clavulata. 
P. labrosa. P. ovularis. 
P. fusus. P. Germanica. 
P. tridentata. P. cinerea. 

P. fasciolata. P. tridens. 

P. quadridens. P. avena. 

P. polyodon. P. granum. 

P. variabilis. P. fragilis. 

P. frumentum. P. dolium. 

P. secalis. P. umbilicata. 


P. muscorum. 


P. Lyonetiana. Lyonet’s Pupa. PI. 18, fig. 5. 

Species cylindrical, obtuse, aperture compressed and dis- 
torted by the last whorl in its adult state making suddenly a 
gibbous inflection to the left. 

P. muscorum. 'The moss Pupa. 

Species very small, oval or more or less spherical, obtuse, 
light brownish colour; aperture large, with one tooth; volu- 
tions convex; outer lip white and reflected. 


CONCHOLOGY. 111 


P.mumia. The double-toothed Pupa. PI. 19, fig. 2. 
Species cylindrical, obtuse at both ends, aperture semi- 
ovate, with two teeth. 


6. Clausilia. ‘Twelve species. 


Remarkable for having the termination of the lower whorl 
quite detached from the base of the shell. 

Shell cylindrical, elongated, a little ventricose in the mid- 
dle, generally fusiform, summit obtuse, the last turn smaller 
than the preceding; aperture small, irregular, oval; at least 
one plait, posterior to the columella, increasing with age so 
as to be separated, and forming at the posterior angle of the 
aperture a rounded sinus. 


Clausilia torticollis. Clausilia teres. 
C. truncatula. C. denticulata. 
C. retusa. C. collaris. 

C. costulata. C. papillaris. 
C. corrugata. ’ C. plicatula. 
C. inflata. C. rugosa. 


C. levis. The smooth Clausilia. Pl. 19, fig. 3. 
A regular type of this genus. 


C. papillaris. ‘The pimpled Clausilia. 
Pellucid, finely striped longitudinally, the margins of the 
volutions papillose ; aperture with two plaits ; brownish col- 


our. 


7. Bulimus. ‘Thirty-four species. 


The shells of this beautiful genus are all terrestrial, and 
differ from the Helix and Bulla of Linneus in never being 
of an orbicular shape. The animals inhabiting them are 
said to be oviparous, and have eggs nearly as large as those 
of a pigeon. 

Shell oval, oblong, sometimes sub-turriculated; the sum- 
mit of the spire obtuse, and the last turn much greater than 
all the othets taken together; aperture oblong oval, the edge 
disunited ; the right reflected outward in adults; the colu- 


112 CONCHOLOGY. 


mella smooth, with an inflection in the middle, at the point 
of junction of the columella with the mouth of the aperture 
which it forms. 


Bulimus ovatus. Bulimus Richii. 
B. hemastomus. B. inversus. 

B. gallina sultana. B. citrinus. 

B. zigzag. B. sultanus. 

B. undatus. B. Pythogaster. 
B. ovoideus. B. Mexicanus. 

B. interruptus. B. multifasciatus. 
B. Peruvianus. B. Bengalensis. 
B. Favannii. B. Caribeorum. 
B. Kambeul. B. octonus. 

- B. calcareus. B. terebraster. 
B. decollatus. B. articulatus. 
B. Lyonetianus. B. acutus. 

B. inflatus. B. ventricosus. 
B. radiatus. B. montanus. 
B. fragilis. B. hordeaceus. 
B. Guadaloupensis. B. lubricus. 


B. montanus. The mountain Bulimus. 

Ovate oblong, umbilicated, slightly striated longitudinally, 
with several convex volutions ; aperture semi-oval; brown- 
ish colour; outer lip white and reflected. 


B. hemastomus. The rose-lipped Bulimus. 
Species oval or of ordinary form. 


B. ventricosus. The ventricose Bulimus. 
Species ventricose, from which circumstance it derived 
its name. 


B. radiatus. The radiated Bulimus. PI. 19, fig. 7. 


Species turriculated. 


B. citrinus. The citron Bulimus. 
Species sinistral. 


B. multifasciatus. ‘The many-banded Bulimus. 
Species slightly umbilicated. 


CONCHOLOGY. 113 


8. Achatina. ‘Twenty species. 


This likewise is an elegant genus of shells, classed by 
Linneus with the Bulla. ‘They are the largest land-shells 
known, and greatly resemble the Bulimus, but never have 
their lips reflected or thickened. Sometimes the last whorl 
is compressed and attenuated at the base, and sometimes 
ventricose and not compressed. 

Shell in form very variable, but generally sub-turriculated, 
ventricose, striated longitudinally; the summit papillose ; 
aperture a little variable, but never thickened or reflected ; 
the right edge always acute, the columellar margin rather 
strongly hollowed, entirely formed by the columella, of which 
the anterior extremity is constantly open and truncated. 


Achatina perdix. Achatina immaculata. 
A. zebra. A. purpurea. 

A. acuta. A. ustulata. 

A. bicarinata. A. vexillum. 

A. Mauritiana. A. Virginea. 

A. castanea. A. Priamus. 

A. glans. A. fulminea. 

A. Peruviana. A. columnaria. 

A. albo-lineata. A. folliculus. 

A. fusco-lineata. A. acicula. 


A. Virginea. The Virginian Achatina. 

Smooth, conoid, with aperture almost round; very short, 
grayish white, with red and black transverse bands; colu- 
mella rose-coloured, with one plait; volutions ventricose ; 
inside of the lips bluish; a transverse callosity in the inte~ 
rior. | 

A. zebra. ‘The zebra Achatina. PI. 18, fig. 1. 

Species thin, oval, sub-ventricose, spire prominent, striped. 
like a zebra. 


A. glans. 'The acorn Achatina. PI. 18, fig. 2. 
Species sub-turriculated, of which the last whorl is attenu- 


ated anteriorly. 
P 


114 CONCHOLOGY. 


A. columnaris. 'The columnar Achatina. PI. 18, fig. 3. 
Species evidently turriculated. 


9. Succinea. Three species. 


A terrestrial shell, though the animal that inhabits it is 
almost amphibious ; it greatly resembles the Bulimus, but is 
easily distinguished by never having the lip reflected or 
thickened. | 

Shell very thin, translucid, ovate-oblong, with a conical- 
pointed spire formed of a small number of whorls; aper- 
ture very large, oval, oblique; the edges disunited; the right 
always acute, the left acute and arched, formed by the colu- 
mella. 

Succinea cucullata. Succinea amphibia. 
S. oblonga. 


S. amphibia. The amphibious Succinea. PI. 24, fig. 4. 
Species elongated, very thin and pellucid; spire short; 
aperture expanding ; amber colour. 


10. Auricula. Fourteen species. 


This genus was so called from the resemblance which 
the aperture bears to the shape of an ear; many of the spe- 
cies are named from their resemblance to the ears of par- 
ticular quadrupeds. It is a land-shell, found chiefly in the 
East and West India Islands. 

Shell thick, solid, more or less smooth, oval, oblong, spire 
short and obtuse; aperture entire, oblong, enlarged, ear- 
shaped, much contracted behind; edges disunited ; right lip 
sometimes thick and outwardly reflected; the left or colu- 
mella with one or more teeth or thick callous plaits. 


Auricula Mide. Auricula scarabeus. 
A. Jude. A. bovina. 

A. Sileni. A. caprella. 

A. leporis A. myosotis. 

A. felis. A. minima. 

A. Dombeiana. A. nitens. 


A. coniformis. A. monile. 


CONCHOLOGY. 115 


A. Judea. Judas’s Ear. PI. 19, fig. 6. 

Species thick, oblong, conical, with minute decussated 
strie and granulations ; light brown; two plaits on the colu- 
mella; right outwardly reflected. 

A. scarabeus. ‘The Beetle’s Ear. 

Species of which the columella has three plaits, and the 
whole internal side of the right edge denticulated. 


A. myosotis, 'The dwarf Auricula. 
Species minute, with two plaits on the columella, and one 
tooth behind. 


A. Silent. Silenus’s Ear. 
Species very small, without plaits or teeth. 


11. Cyclostoma. ‘Twenty-eight species. 


A. terrestrial shell, varying considerably in form, but dis- 
tinguished by a round aperture, reflected lip, and horny oper- 
culum. 

Shell more or less elevated, volutions rounded, summit 
papillose ; aperture round, the edges united circularly and 
reflected ; the left having its origin very detached from the 
spire. 

Operculum calcareous, complete, not spiral; summit sub- 
central. 


Cyclostoma planorbula. Cyclostoma fasciata. 
C. volvulus. C. mumia. 

C. carinata. C. quaternata. 
C. sulcata. C. ferruginea. 
C. unicarinata. C. decussata. 
C. tricarinata. C. lineolata. 
C. obsoleta. C. mamillaris. 
C. rugosa. C. ligata. 

C. labeo. C. lincinella. 
C. interrupta. C. orbella. 

C. ambigua. C. fimbriata. 
C. semilabris. C. multilabris. 
C. flavula. C. elegans. 

C. patulum. C. truncatulum. 


116 CONCHOLOEY. 


C. elegans. The elegant Cyclostoma. PI. 19, fig. 5. 
Species with spire slightly elevated, ovate, conical, umbil- 
icated; volutions convex; finely striated transversely. 


C. fasciata. 'The banded Cyclostoma. 
Species with spire very elevated. 


C. Planorbula. The Planorbis-shaped Cyclostoma. 
Species with spire very depressed. 


FAMILY VIII. 


Lymnacea. Three genera. 


1. Planorbis. Twelve species. 


Taken from the Helix of Linneus to distinguish the 
aquatic from the terrestrial shells. ‘This genus is found in 
fresh water, and has no operculum. 

Shell thin, often sinistral, discoid, or involuted almost in 
the same vertical plane ; the spire not projecting and entirely 
lateral, so that the shell is hollowed or depressed on each 
side; aperture small, transverse, with edges sharp, not re- 
flected, disunited by the last whorl of the spire which modi- 
fies it; sometimes carinated. 


Planorbis cornu-arietis. Planorbis vortex. 
P. corneus. P. deformis. 

P. carinatus. P. contortus. 

P. lutescens. P. hispidus. 

P. orientalis. P. nitidus. 

P. spirorbis. P. imbricatus. 


P. carinatus. The keeled Planorbis. 
Species with a keel; depressed, upper side concave. 


P. corneus. ‘The horny Planorbis. PI. 20, fig. 4. 
Species without a keel. 


2. Physa. Four species. 
This genus is generally heterostrophe (that is, with whorls 
turned to the left hand); found in fresh water ; it greatly re- 
sembles the Lymnza, but has not a widened aperture. 


CONCHOLOGY. 117 


Shell often sinistral, oval, oblong, or globular, perfectly 
smooth ; aperture oval, contracted posteriorly; the right 
edge sharp, advanced above the plane of the left edge; col- 
umella twisting obliquely, and enlarging to join itself to the 
anterior part of the columellar margin. 

Physa castanea. Physa hypnorum. 
P. fontinalis. P. subopaca. 


P. fontinalis. 'The fountain Physa. PI. 20, fig. 2. 
Volutions reversed, oval, ventricose, pellucid, horn-colour- 
ed; spire short and acute. 


3. Lymneza. Eleven species. 

Shell aquatic, oval, turreted or conical, thin, smooth, spire 
pointed; aperture oval, entire; edges disunited, the left 
with a very oblique plait at the point of junction of the col- 
umella with the rest of the margin. 


Lymneza stagnalis. Lymnea auricularia. 
L. palustris. L. ovata. 
L. Virginiana. L. peregra. 
L. luteola. L. intermedia. 
L. acuminata. L. leucostoma. 
L. minuta. 


L. stagnalis. The pond Lymneza. PI. 20, fig. 1. 
Ovate, ventricose; spire subulate and very acute; aper- 
ture large and ovate ; horn coloured. 


I. leucostoma. 'The shining Lymnea. 
Species sub-turreted, with the right edge thickened. 


FAMILY IX. 


Meuanipes. Three genera. 


1, Melania. Sixteen species. 
Likewise taken from the Helix of Linneus. 
Shell fluviatile, covered with epidermis, oval, oblong ; spire 
slightly pointed, more or less turreted; the margin of the 


118 CONCHOLOGY. 


whorls often surmounted by spires; aperture oval, entire ; 
columella smooth and arched; closed by a thin, horny, com- 
plete operculum. 


Melania asperata. Melania decollata. 
M. truncata. M. amarula. 

M. coarctata. M. thiarella. 

M. punctata. M. spinulosa. 

M. corrugata. M. granifera. 

M. subulata. M. carinifera. 

M. levigata. M. truncatula. 

M. clavus. M. fasciolata. 


M. amarula. The crowned Melania. PI. 20, fig. 3. 

Covered with a black epidermis, under which the colour 
is deep chestnut; ovate oblong, with the whorls transversely 
keeled and coronated with triangular tubercles, from which 
emanate ciliated spines. 


2. Melanopsis. Three species. 


The shells of this genus are fluviatile, and distinguished 
from the Melania by having the upper part of the columella 
callous. 

Shell oval or slightly sub-turriculated; aperture oval, 
without trace of tube, but hollowed anteriorly, without a 
posterior sinus; the columellar edge callous and rather deep- 
ly excavated ; operculum horny, sub-spiral, rather complete. 

Melanopsis Buccinoides. Melanopsis costata. 
M. levigata. 

M. Buccinoides. The Buccinum-shaped Melanopsis. PI. 
20, fig. 6. 

Species turriculated; colour bluish white, clouded with 
purple; spiral whorls dentated. 

M. costata. 'The ribbed Melanopsis. 

Species sub-turriculated and ribbed. 


M. laevigata. The polished Melanopsis. 
Species ovate, smooth, chestnut colour. 


CONCHOLOGY. 119 


3. Pirena. Four species. 


This shell resembles the Melania, but is easily distinguish- 
ed by having a sinus at the base and another at the summit. 
Shell turreted, aperture oblong, closed by a horny opercu- 
lum; right lip sharp, with a distinct sinus at the base and 
another at the summit; base of the columella inclined to- 
wards the right. 
Pirena terebralis. Pirena aurita. 
P. spinosa. P. granulosa. 


P. terebralis. 'The wimble Pirena. 
Subulate, longitudinally striated, covered with a dark- 
brown epidermis ; aperture white, outer lip expanded. 


FAMILY X. 


PERISTOMIDES. ‘Three genera. 


1. Valvata. One species. 


This genus contains shells found in fresh water. 

Shell sub-discoid or conoid, umbilicated, spiral whorls 
rounded ; summit papillose ; aperture round, not modified by 
the last whorl; the edges completely united, sharp ; opercu- 
lum complete, horny, and orbicular. 


V. piscinalis. The Pond Valvata. Pl. 20, fig. 5. 

Small, globular, conoid, deeply umbilicated ; summit ob- 
tuse ; wrinkled longitudinally, covered with a yellowish epi- 
dermis. 


2. Paludina. Seven species. 


Generally inhabits fresh water, though some have been 
found where it is quite saline. 

Shell conoid, covered with epidermis, spiral whorls round- 
ed; rather longer than broad, edges united, always sharp ; 
the commencement of the left edge immediately attached to 
the last whorl of the spire; operculum horny, complete, or 
marginal, not spiral, with concentral elements. 


120 CONCHOLOGY. 


Paludina vivipara. Paludina unicolor. 
P. achatina. P. impura. 
P. Bengalensis, P. muriatica. 


P. viridis. 


P. vivipara. The viviparous Paludina, PI. 21, fig. 1, 

Thin, ovate, ventricose, wrinkled longitudinally ; body with 
three brown bands ; covered with a greenish epidermis ; ap- 
erture almost round. 


3. Ampullaria. Eleven species. 


This genus is evidently intermediary to the Paludina and 
the Natica. Its species are probably all fluviatile ; some at- 
tain a great size. 

Shell thin, globular, ventricose ; umbilicus small, forming 
a compressed funnel-shaped aperture, without interior callos- 
ity ; spire very short, the last whorl much larger than all the 
others together; aperture ovate, longer than broad, with mar- 
gins united ; right margin smooth and sharp; columellar lip 
thickened, projecting, and reflected over the umbilicus ; oper- 
culum horny, rarely calcareous, thin, oval, not spiral, with 
concentric elements ; summit sub-marginal, inferior, passing 
obliquely by the right edge of the aperture, but attached to 
the left. 


Ampullaria Guyanensis. Ampullaria Guinaica. 
A. rugosa. A. virens. 

A. fasciata. A. carinata. 

A. canaliculata. A. avellana. 

A. effusa. A. intorta. 


A. fragilis. 
A. Guyanensis. The Guiana Ampullaria. 
Globular, thick, with unequal longitudinal striz ; covered 
with brown epidermis; inside golden colour. 


A. rugosa. ‘The rough Ampullaria. PI. 21, fig. 3, 
Species dextral. 


A. Guinaica. The Guinea Ampullaria. 
Species sinistral. 


CONCHOLOGY. 121 


A. carinata. The carinated Ampullaria. 
Species sinistral, with a very large umbilicus, spirally car- 


inated. 


FAMILY XI. 
Neritacea. Five genera. 


1. Neritina. ‘Twenty-one species. 


Formerly classed with the Nerita, but separated from it 
because the Nerita is a marine shell, and those of this genus 
are fluviatile. 

They are generally thin, smooth, or very finely striated ; 
the right side of the aperture is not crenulated or dentated, 
and the animal dissolves the interior of the spire. 

Shell thin, ovate, not umbilicated ; aperture semilunar ; in- 
ner lip reflected on the columella, and sometimes crenated ; 
outer lip without teeth internally ; operculum with a lateral 


tooth. 


Neritina perversa. Neritina auriculata. 
N. pulligera. N. Domingensis. 
N. dubia. N. fasciata. 
N. zebra. N. lineolata. 
N. zigzag. N. semi-conica. 
N. gagates. N. strigilata. 
N. lugubris. N. meleagris. 
N. corona. N. Virginea. 
N. brevi-spina. N. fluviatilis. 
N. crepidularia. N. viridis. 

N. Beetica. 


V. fluwiatelis. The fresh-water Neritina. 

Shell very small, oval; back convex, smooth, white, with 
black or brown spots; spire inclined, lateral lip slightly den- 
ticulated; right edge sharp, operculum very oblique. 


N. zebra. The zebra or striped Neritina. PI. 21, fig. 2. 
Same as N. fluviatilis, but striped instead of spotted. 


Q 


122 CONCHOLOGY. 


N. corona. The crown Neritina. PI. 21, fig. 4. 
Species provided with long spines, and with the columellar 


edge denticulated. 


N. auriculata. 'The eared Neritina. 

Species with the columellar edge denticulated; the two 
extremities of the right edge extending beyond the aperture, 
and forming with the callosity, which is reflected over the 
columella, a kind or ear, produced by the tentacular lobe of 
the animal. 


N. perversa. 'The perverse Neritina. 

Species shaped like a Calyptrea, with the superior sum- 
mit vertical, spiral; the last whorl forming all the base of 
the shell. 


2. Navicella. Three species. 


A fresh-water shell, closely allied to the Neritina; it gen- 
erally has the appearance of porcelain. 

Shell ovate oblong, covered with epidermis, shaped like a 
Patella, summit not spiral, but straight, turned quite to the 
base, and concave beneath; no columella; the columellar 
edge replaced by a kind of sharp partition, which covers part 
of the aperture, with a sinus at its left extremity ; muscular 
impression shaped like a horseshoe, open in front and inter- 
rupted behind ; thin, calcareous operculum, with a subulate, 
lateral tooth adhering to the posterior margin; the other 
edges sharp. 

Navicella elliptica. Navicella lineata. 
N. tessellata. . 


N. elliptica. The oval Navicella. 

Shell covered with olive epidermis, under which it is 
smooth, shining, spotted and streaked with purple, blue, or 
brown; spire curved, prominent, extending beyond the 


margin. 


CONCHOLOGY. 123 


3. Nerita. The Hoof Shell. Seventeen species. 


A marine shell, never spined, but variously striated. 
Some species of this genus are very beautiful; they are fre- 
quently worn as ornaments by the Indians. 

Shell solid, thick, more or less globular, flat beneath, spire 
but little, if at all, projecting, not umbilicated; aperture 
large, semilunar, very entire ; the external margin very much 
hollowed; the internal or columellar straight, sharp, and 
shaped like a partition, often dentated ; operculum horny or 
calcareous, sub-spiral; the summit entirely marginal at its 
extremity, implanted by teeth more or less marked, and 
sunk in the columellar margin, on which it seems articu- 
lated. 


Nerita exuvia. Nerita chameleon. 
N. textilis. N. versicolor. 

N. undata. N. Ascensionis. 
N. peloronta. N. Malaccensis. 
N. chlorostoma. N. lineata. 

N. atrata. N. scabricosta. 

N. polita. N. plicata. 

N. albicilla. N. tessellata. 


N. signata. 
N. peloronta. The bleeding-tooth Nerita. PI. 21, fig. 5. 


Thick, transversely sulcated ; inner lip with two crenula- 
tions, with a bloody mark at their base ; under lip with two 
notches near its internal upper edge ; colour yellowish, tinged 
with red, with variously coloured bands. 


N. exuvia. The exuvia Nerita. 
Species with the inner lip toothed and tuberculated. 


N. polita. 'The smooth Nerita. 

Species with both lips toothed ; beautifully distinguished 
by having three or four bright crimson bands, on a dark mot-_ 
tled ground, running in a parallel direction with the convo- 
lutions of the shell. A favourite Indian ornament. 


124 CONCHOLOGY. 


4. Natica. Thirty-one species. 

A marine shell, formerly classed with the Nerita, but dis- 
tinguished by being without teeth, and having an umbilicus 
modified by the callosity. 

Shell smooth, rather thin, and not covered with epider- 
mis; the spire evident, though low, umbilicated; the colu- 
mellar edge not toothed, more or less callous, modifying the 
umbilicus ; the right edge thin and not toothed interiorly ; 
operculum calcareous or horny and smooth, semispiral, with 
concentric ribs fitting into a slight groove on the columella. 


Natica glaucina. Natica melanostoma. 
N. albumen. N. aurantia. 

N. mamillaris. N. conica. 

N. mamilla. N. plumbea. 

N. ampullaria. N. lineata. 

N. canrena. N. fulminea. 

N. cruentata. N. maculosa. 

N. millepunctata. N. vittata. 

N. vitellus. N. castanea. 

N. helvacea. N. Marochiensis. 
N. collaria. N. arachnoidea. 
N. monilifera. N. zebra. 

N. labrella. N. zonaria. 

N. rufa. N. Chinensis. 

N. uni-fasciata. N. Javanica. 


N. cancellata. 


N.canrena. 'The Canrena Natica. 

Sub-globular, smooth, umbilicus deep, bordered anteriorly 
by a kind of callous column; spire a little prominent; ex- 
terior fawn coloured, with bands and rays of reddish brown; 
interior white ; operculum calcareous. 


N. castanea. The chestnut Natica. PI. 21, fig. 6. 
Species with the umbilicus uncovered, and the operculum 
horny. 


CONCHOLOGY. 125 


N. mamilla. The nipple Natica. 
Species with the umbilicus entirely covered over by a large 
callosity ; the spire papillose, and the operculum horny. 


5. Janthina. ‘Two species. 


Formerly classed with the Helix, which it somewhat re- 
sembles in form, but properly separated, as it differs in every 
other respect. 

It is a singular marine shell, often found in great numbers 
floating on the surface of the sea, suspended by a vesicular 
appendage, which stains the hand of a purple colour. 

Shell sub-globular, ventricose, extremely thin and fragile ; 
transparent, of a beautiful violet colour ; the spire low, lateral, 
pointed, with sub-carinated whorls; aperture large, sub-an- 
gular, greatly modified by the last whorl of the spire ; edges 
disunited, the left entirely formed by the columella, which is 
straight and continued beyond the base, the right edge sharp, 
often with a sinus in the middle. 


Janthina communis. Janthina exigua. 


J. communis. 'The common Janthina. PI. 18, fig. 6. 
Very fragile, aperture triangular, with a small notch on 
the margin of the outer lip; beautiful violet colour. 


FAMILY X11. 


Macrostomipes. Four genera. 


1. Sigaretus. Four species. 


Distinguished from the Natica by the great width of the 
aperture, and its short spiral columella. 

Shell oval, more or less thick, very depressed, spiral short, 
little elevated, lateral; aperture very extended, entire, the 
left edge reflected and sharp; two lateral muscular impres- 
sions very disunited. 


Sigaretus Haliotoideus. Sigaretus levigatus. 
S. convexus. 8. cancellatus. 


126 CONCHOLOGY. 


S. convexus. The convex Sigaretus. PI. 22, fig. 2. 

Very thin, smooth, back convex, spire white, rather prom- 
inent ; aperture very expanded ; umbilicus rather deep ; yel- 
low, with a reddish tinge, transversely striated. 


S. Haliotoideus. 'The Haliotis-shaped Sigaretus. 
Species thick, solid, depressed; spire flattish, aperture ex- 
posing the whole of the interior. 


2. Stomatella. Five species. 


To be easily distinguished from the Stomatia by not hav- 
ing a transversal rb. 

Shell very depressed, orbicular or oblong; imperforate ; 
interior pearly ; aperture very large, oval, longer than wide ; 
the right edge effuse, dilated, and open ; summit pointed and 
incurved. 


Stomatella imbricata. Stomatella sulcifera. 
S. rubra. S. auricula. 
S. planulata. 


S. wmbricata. ‘The imbricated Stomatella. PI. 22, fig. 1. 
Sub-orbicular, convex, sub-depressed, rough, covered with 
imbricated scales ; colour grayish brown. 


S. auricula. The ear-shaped Stomatella. 
Species oval, elongated. 


3. Stomatia. 'Two species. 


Bearing a very great resemblance to the Haliotis, but is 
never perforated. 

Shell ear-shaped, imperforate ; oblong, spire elevated and 
recurved to one side; aperture entire, oblong; interior pear- 
ly; tuberculated, and with a transverse sub-carinated rib. 


S. phymotis. ‘The tumoured Stomatia. PI. 22, fig. 6. 
Elongated oval, striated, tuberculated; spire small, con- 
torted ; lip thin and sharp, colour white, interior pearly. 


CONCHOLOGY. 127 


4. Haliotis. The Ear Shell. Fifteen species. 


This genus is very beautiful, and derived its common 
name from its resemblance to the human ear. ‘The exte- 
rior is generally tuberculated and loaded with marine sub- 
stances, which gives it a rough and uncouth appearance, but 
the interior forms a splendid contrast by its natural irides- 
cence. Lach shell is furnished with a row of orifices near 
the margin, varying in number from eight upward ; of these 
from three to seven are generally open, and the others close. 
These holes are made by the animal as it increases the size 
of the shell, to admit the passage of a short syphon. 

They are found adhering to rocks like the Patella, and are 
detached with great difficulty. 

Shell ear-shaped, pearly, recurving, very depressed, more 
or less oval, with spire very small, very low, almost poste- 
rior and lateral; aperture as large as the shell, with mar- 
gins continued; the right thin and sharp, the left flat, en- 
larged, and sharp; a series of holes, complete or incomplete, 
parallel to the left margin; one large oval muscular impres- 
sion. 


Haliotis Mide. Haltotis asinina. 

H. ins. H. glabra. 

H. tubifera. H. lamellosa. 

H. excavata. H. unilateralis. 

H. Australis. H. rugosa. 

H. tuberculata. H. canaliculata. 

H. striata. H. tricostalis. 
H. dubia. 


H. asinina. The asinine Haliotis. 

Internal margin very broad, inside pearly, smooth, shining, 
iridesent, reflecting green, pink, and orange ; back clouded 
with brown and green; striated longitudinally. 


H. costata. The ribbed Haliotis. PI. 22, fig. 4, interior. 
Pl. 32, fig. 6, exterior. 
Species with disk rounded anteriorly. 


128 CONCHOLOGY. 


H. canaliculata. The channelled Haliotis. 
Species with disk elevated by a large parallel rib, hollowed 
interiorly, and with the anterior margin more or less irregular. 


H. tuberculata. 'The tuberculated Haliotis. 

Aperture open the whole length of the shell ; outer lip ir- 
regular, exterior reddish brown, striated longitudinally and 
wrinkled transversely, with a few raised tubercles ; interior 
pearly, reflecting the most beautiful shades of pink, blue, 
green, and yellow. 


FAMILY XIII 


Puicacea. ‘Two genera. 


1. Tornatella. Six species. 


Shell thick, oval, convolute, the spire very short; the last 
whorl much larger than all the others united; the external 
thin, sharp, dentated interiorly ; one or two large plaits on the 
columella, of which one serves to separate the two parts of 
the foot. 


Tornatella flammea. Tornatella auricula. 
T. solidula. T. nitidula. 
T. fasciata. T. pedipes. 


T. fasciata. 'The banded Tornatella. 

Spire produced, apex acute, aperture straightened, with one 
plait on the columella; finely striated transversely, with two 
white transverse bands ; colour purplish red. 


T. coniformis. 'The cone-shaped Tornatella. Pl. 22, 
fig. 3. 
Species like a cone; the spire entirely flat. 


2. Pyramidella. Five species. 

Shell smooth, not covered with epidermis, conical, elon- 
gated or sub-turriculated; aperture semi-oval, entire; the 
outer lip sharp, dentated interiorly, plaited, enlarged over the 
umbilicus, which it leaves more or less exposed. 


CONCHOLOGY. 129 


Pyramidella terebellum. Pyramidella plicata. 
P. dolabrata. P. corrugata. 
P. maculosa. 


P. dolabrata. The dentated Pyramidella. PI. 22, fig. 5. 
Answers to the above description ; when placed on its base, 
it falls on one side. 


P. terebellum. The wimble Pyramidella. 
Smooth, glossy, white, with reddish-brown bands; colu- 
mella recurved ; inside of the lip smooth. 


FAMILY XIV. 


Scataripes. Three genera. 


1. Vermetus. One species. 

Resembling in appearance the shell of a Serpula; but the 
organization of the animal caused this to be made a distinct 
genus. 

Its shells are usually found grouped together or inter- 
twined with each other, and are very remarkable for being 
attached to marine bodies by the attenuated and pointed ex- 
tremity of the spire. 

Shell conical, tubular, thin, involute spirally, more or less 
close, with whorls almost completely disunited ; free or ad- 
herent by intertwining ; aperture straight, circular, with edges 
sharp and complete; several partitions not perforated towards 
the summit; operculum horny and complete. 


V.lumbricales. The wormlike Vermetus. PI. 23, fig. 3. 

A flexuous shell, with a spiral, acute tip, very much resem- 
bling a corkscrew; colour reddish brown, sometimes clouded 
with a darker shade. 


2. Scalaria. Seven species. 

A marine shell, with a circular aperture like the Cyclosto- 
ma, but easily distinguished by its turreted form; longitudinal, 
elevated ribs, never connected together, rather oblique, and 
sharp ; the shape of the shell is elegant, being a spiral cone, 


130 CONCHOLOGY. 


formed by gibbous whorls, unconnected by a columella, 
gradually increasing from the apex to the base. The colour 
is generally yellowish or brownish white. When perfect and 
of good size, they are of great value and highly prized. 
Shell sub-turreted, the whorls of the spire more or less 
pressed and garnished with interrupted longitudinal ribs, 
formed by the successive preservation of the reflected mar- 
gin of the aperture, which is small, perfectly round, with 
edges united, thickened, and outwardly reflected; operculum 


horny and thin. 


Scalaria pretiosa. Scalaria varicosa. 
S. lamellosa. S. communis. 
S. coronata. S. Australis. 


S. raricosta. 


S. pretiosa. ‘The precious Scalaria, more commonly call- 
ed the Wentle Trap, or Winding Staircase. PI. 28, fig. 1. 

This shell has its spiral whorls separate, and appears like 
an attenuated tube evolved round a cone; spire detached, 
with a deep umbilicus ; volutions connected by longitudinal 
ribs; body extremely ventricose ; colour cream yellow. 


S. communis. The common Scalaria, or false Wentle 
Trap. 

More taper and elongated than the S. pretiosa. It has no 
umbilicus, and the whorls are closely united. 


3. Delphinula. Three species. 


A marine shell, which, like the Scalaria, has a round aper- 
ture, but its solidity and pearly substance distinguishes it 
from the Cyclostoma, which is terrestrial. 

Shell thick, pearly in the interior, sub-discoid or conical ; 
the spiral whorls sometimes detached, rounded, spiny, with 
a large umbilicus ; aperture round or multrigonal, not mod- 
ified ; edges perfectly united with a small spire, tuberculated 
exteriorly. 

Delphinula laciniata. Delphinula distorta. 
D. turbinopsis. 


CONCHOLOGY. 131 


D. laciniata. The fringed Delphinula. PI. 28, fig. 5. 

Shell depressed, umbilicus large, surrounded by large 
vaulted scales in spiral rows; strong waved spiral strie ; 
colour reddish purple, variegated with white. 


EH AME Bay, XM, 


TurBInacEA. Seven genera. 


1. Solarium. Seven species. 


Some shells of this genus are highly valued for their beau- 
ty and rarity. 

Shell orbicular, involuted almost in the same plane; Pla- 
norbis-shaped ; the spire of the right side very depressed ; 
umbilicus large and conical, with edges denticulated or not 
at the entrance; aperture not modified by the last whorl of 
the spire, which is entirely flat ; no columella. 


Solarium perspectivum. Solarium stramineum. 
S. granulatum. S. hybridum. 
S. levigatum. S. variegatum. 

S. luteum. 


S. perspectivum. The perspective Solarium. Pl. 23, 
fig. 4. 

Species very carinated in their circumference; the aper- 
ture square ; umbilicus large and crenated ; colour yellowish, 
with brown and white bands on the sutures of the volutions. 


S. variegatum. ‘The variegated Solarium. 
Species sub-carinated, aperture sub-orbicular. 


2. Trochus. The Top Shell. Sixty-nine species. 

This genus derived its name from its resemblance to a 
top. 

The shells are marine, found in almost all parts of the 
world; some are smooth, but the greater number are covered 
with knobs, spines, tuberculations, or undulations. 

The long spines on the margin of the T. solaris are placed 
at regular distances, and resemble the rays of the sun. Many, 


132 CONCHOLOGY. 


when decorticated, look like mother-of-pearl; others have a 
splendid metallic lustre. ‘The 'T’. agglutinans possesses the 
faculty of covering itself with extraneous substances, such 
as stones, corals, fragments of shells, &c. Of this species 
there are two kinds, which, though conchologically known 
only by one name, are familiarly known by two; the Con- 
chologist and the Mineralogist ; the former so called from 
being loaded with shells, and the latter with stones, &c. 
Sometimes the Conchologist is loaded with corals only, and 
then is called the Zoologist. 

Shell thick, generally pearly, shaped like a top, spire 
sometimes depressed, sometimes elevated and pointed at the 
summit, sharp or carinated at its circumference, umbilicated 
or not; aperture depressed, angular or sub-angular, some- 
times heart-shaped, with edges disunited; the right sharp; 
the columella arched, twisted, and often projecting forward ; 
operculum horny, thin, with numerous spiral whorls, narrow, 
and increasing a little from the centre to the circumference. 


Trochus imperialis. Trochus asperatus. 
T. longispina. T. rhodostomus. 
T. solaris. T. spinulosus. 
T. Indicus. T. costulatus. 
T. radians. T. inermis. 

T. pileus. T. agglutinans. 
T. calyptreformis. T. celatus. 

T. fimbriatus. T. tuber. 

T. brevispina. T. magus. 

T. rotularius. T. merula. 

T. stella. T. argyrostomus. 
T. stellaris. T. Cookii. 

T. niloticus. T. conuloides. 
T. pyramidalis. T. conulus. 

T. noduliferus. T. jujubinus. 

T. cerulescens. T. Javanicus. 

T. obeliscus. T. annulatus. 

T. virgatus. T. doliarius. 


CONCHOLOGY. 133 
T. maculatus. T. granulatus. 
T. granosus. T. granatum. 
T. squarrosus. T. moniliferus. 
'T. incrassatus. a wist 
T. flammulatus. T. ornatus. 
T. elatus. T. bicingulatus. 
T. marmoratus. T. calliferus. 
T. Mauritianus. T. umbilicaris. 
T. imbricatus. TT. undatus. 
T. triserialis. ~ 'T. Pharaonis. 
T. crenulatus. T. sagittiferus. 
T. asperulus. T. carneolus. 
T. acutus. T. cinerarius. 
T. concavus. T. excavatus. 
T. lineatus. T. nanus. 
T. zizyphinus. T. pyramidatus. 


T. erythroleucos. 


z. imperialis. The imperial 'Trochus. PI. 23, fig. 6. 
Species umbilicated, spire very depressed, sharp and ra- 
diated at their circumference by the preservation of an an- 


gular canal from the middle of the right margin. 


This spe- 


cies is rare and beautiful, found in New-Zealand. 


T. zizyphinus. 


The livid Trochus. 


Species with strong transverse strie; colour livid, with 


undulated streaks of red or brownish carnation. 


T. agglutinans. The agglutinating or Carrier Trochus. 

Species umbilicated, with spire very depressed ; the base 
much enlarged, and as if excavated by the large projection 
of the angle of the right edge, which advances much beyond 
the rounded columellar edge ; generally covered with shells, 


stones, or coral. 


T. niloticus. 'The large marble 'Trochus. 
Species not umbilicated, conical, with base flat and cir- 


cular ; the columella twisted; the aperture very angular. 


134 “ CONCHOLOGY- 


T. obeliscus. The obelisk 'Trochus. 

Species not umbilicated, conic, elevated, flat and circular 
base; the termination of the columella strongly twisted, 
but passing down by the margin, appearing sloped by the 
advance of an internal longitudinal plait. 


T. iris. The iris Trochus. 

Species not umbilicated, conic, base oblique; aperture 
large, slightly angular; the columella twisted, and forming a 
kind of tooth at its termination. 


T. granulatus. The granulated Trochus. 

Conic, imperforate at the base, spirally granulated and 
not marginated at the edges of the volutions ; body swelling 
out; spire tapering abruptly ; apex acute, flesh-coloured. 


T. umbilicaris. ‘The umbilicated Trochus. 

Shell conico-convex, rather flat, rounded at the top; apex 
depressed, volutions sub-marginate ; striated spirally ; aper- 
ture compressed and angular; umbilicus large, extending to 
the apex; colour whitish. 


3. Monodonta. Twenty-three species. 

This genus occupies an intermediate space between the 
Trochus and the Turbo; distinguished from the former by 
the aperture being more round and slightly depressed, and 
from the latter by the toothlike projecting angle which the 
truncated columella occasions at the base of the aperture. 

Shell ovate or conoid, aperture round and entire, with an 
operculum; outer lip disunited from the body at the top; 
columella arched and truncated at the base. 


Monodonta bicolor. Monodonta tectum. 
M. pagodus. M. labio. 

M. tectum Persicum. M. Australis. 

M. papillosa. M. canalifera. 

M. coronaria. M. viridis. 

M. Egyptiaca. M. fragarioides. 
M. carchedonius. M. constricta. 


CONCHOLOGY. 135 


M. modulus. M. tricarinata. 
M. articulata. M. canaliculata. 
M. lugubris. M. Seminigra. 
M. punctulata. M. rosea. 

M. lineata. 


M. coronaria. The crowned Monodonta. 

Species in which the columella greatly projects, and the 
spire is entirely flat; covered with numerous small tuber- 
cles ; colour white; the columella tinged with red. 


M. labio. he double-lipped Monodonta. PI. 23, fig. 2. 
Species sub-globular, umbilicated, spiral whorls rounded ; 
the columella terminated by a tooth. 


M. fragarioides. The strawberry-shaped Monodonta. 

Species more or less globular, of which the columella, al- 
most straight, offers but a little obstacle to its junction with 
the margin. 


4. Turbo. The Turban Shell. Thirty-four species. 


Distinguished from the Monodonta by never having the 
columella truncated at the base; and from the Trochus by 
being solid, with the whorls constantly convex and never flat- 
tened. Like the Trochus, when decorticated, the Turbo ex- 
hibits splendid pearly, gold, or silver irridescent colours. 

Shell thick, pearly in the interior; depressed, conical, or 
sub-turreted ; umbilicated or not, little or not carinated at its 
circumference ; aperture round or little depressed ; the mid- 
dle of the external edge not bent, but sometimes hollowed or 
sloped in some part; the edges rarely joined by a callosity ; 
the columella arched, rarely twisted, and not truncated at the 
base ; operculum calcareous or horny ; the spire visible ex- 
ternally in the latter and interiorly in the former; the exte- 
rior often thickened and curved. 

Turbo marmoratus. Turbo diaphanus. 
T. imperialis. T. rugosus. 
T. torquatus. T. coronatus. 


136 CONCHOLOGY. 

T. sarmaticus. . T. crenulatus. 
T. cornutus. T. hippocastanum. 
T. argyrastomus. T. muricatus. 
T. Chrysostomus. T. littoreus. 
T. radiatus. T. ustulatus. 
T. margaritaceus. T. Nicobaricus. 
TT. setosus. T. neritoides. 
T. Spenglerianus. T. retusus. 
T. petholatus. T. rudis. 
T. undulatus. T. obtusatus. 
T. pica. T. pullus. 
T. versicolor. T. cerulescens. 
T. smaragdus. T. cancellatus. 
T. cidaris. T. costatus. 

T. pica. 'The Magpie Turbo. PI. 24, fig. 6. 


Species in which the aperture is oblique; the columella 
losing itself entirely in its continuation with the margin, the 
umbilicus always uncovered; colour black and white. 


The bristly Turbo. 

Thick, transversely and deeply sulcated, longitudinally 
striated ; spire short, volutions rounded, lip crenulated; in- 
side pearly, variegated with white, green, and brown. 


T’. setosus. 


T. rugosus. The rough Turbo. 
Species of which the aperture is perfectly round in the di- 
rection of the axis; the operculum horny. 


5. Planaxis. ‘Two species. 


Shell marine, generally small, solid, of an oval conical form, 
oblong, a little sloping in front; columella flattened and trun- 
cated anteriorly; right margin furrowed or.radiated within, 
and thickened by a callosity running to its origin; opercu- 
lum oval, thin, horny, and sub-spiral. 

Planaxis sulcata. Planaxis undulata. 


P. sulcata. The furrowed Planaxis. Pl. 27, fig. 4. 
Imperforate, furrowed transversely ; outer lip crenulated 


CONCHOLOGY. 137 


and striated internally; colour grayish white, spotted with 
black, forming oblique longitudinal bands. 


6. Phasianella. ‘The Pheasant Snail. Ten species. 


~ This genus of shells is celebrated for the beauty and va- 
riety of the colouring, disposed in such a manner as to re- 
semble the plumage of a pheasant. 

They are marine shells, many of which are rare and val- 
uable ; they possess a very distinctive character, that of a 
slightly projecting angle running along the columella. 

Shell rather thick, oval, smooth, without epidermis, spire 
pointed ; aperture oval, larger in front, with disunited edges ; 
the right sharp; the columella uniting itself a little with the 
left edge, and offering interiorly a longitudinal callosity ; 
operculum calcareous, oval, oblong, sub-spiral, the summit 
at one of its extremities. 


Phasianella bulimoides. Phasianella lineata. 
P. rubens. P. nebulosa. 

P. variegata. P. sulcata. 

P. elegans. P. Mauritiana. 

P. Peruviana. P. angulifera. 


P. picta. The painted Phasianella. Pl. 24, fig. 2. 

Species smooth, oval, glossy, volutions inflated; reddish 
white, with crimson or reddish brown spots; aperture sub- 
ovate. 


7. Turritella. The Screw Shell. Thirteen species. 


This genus is easily distinguished from all screwlike 
shells by a sinus on the right margin of the aperture, not 
existing in any other shell of similar form. 

Shell marine, turreted, not pearly, rather thin, striated ac- 
cording to the turning of the spire, which is very pointed, 
and has numerous whorls; aperture rounded; the edges 
disunited posteriorly; the right extremity thin, and, when 
perfect, having a light sinus about the middle ; operculum 
horny. 

Ss 


138 CONCHOLOGY. 


Turritella duplicata. Turritella brevialis. 
T. terebra. T. bicingulata. 

T. imbricata. T. trisulcata. 

T. replicata. T. exoleta. 

T. fuscata. T. carinifera. 

T. cornea. T. Australis. 


T. Virginiana. 
T. bicingulata. The twice-girdled Turritella. Pl. 24, 


fig. 5. 
Species that answers to the above description. 


T. terebra. The auger Turritella. 

Taper, pointed, acute transverse striz, the intermediate 
spaces prominent and acute; white, reddish, or cream col- 
oured. 


FAMILY AVL 


CanaLirera. Eleven genera. 


1. Cerithium. Thirty-six species. 


A beautiful and numerous genus of turreted shells, with 
an expanded outer lip and short beak; the greater part are 
marine ; many are found at the mouths of rivers, and a few 
in lakes, though none can properly be called river shells. In 
appearance they are like an elongated pyramidal cone, and 
the spire is at least two thirds the length of the shell. The 
exterior is seldom smooth, but striated, tuberculated, granu- 
lated, or spinous. 

Shell more or less turreted, generally tuberculated ; aper- 
ture small, oval, oblique; the columellar edge hollowed, cal- 
lous; the right edge sharp, and dilating a little with age; 
operculum horny, oval, rounded, sub-spiral, and striated. 


Cerithium giganteum. Cerithium erythreonense. 


C. palustre. C. muricatum. 
C. sulcatum. C. radula. 
C. telescopium. C. crassum. 


C. ebeninum. C. decollatum. 


CONCHOLOGY. 139 


C nodulosum. C. obtusum. 
C. vulgatum. C. semigranosum. 
C. obeliscus. C. asperum. 
C. granulatum. C. lineatum. 
C. aluco. C. vertagus. 
C. echinatum. C. fasciatum. ” 
C. subulatum. C. ocellatum. 
C. heteroclites. C. literatum. 
C. zonale. C. atratum. 

C. semiferrugineum. C. eburneum. 
C. torulosum. C. punctatum. 
C. tuberculatum. C. lima. 

C. morus. C. perversum. 


C.vertagus. The curved beak Cerithium. PI. 24, fig. 3. 
Species with evidently a small canal, very short, and re- 
curved obliquely towards the back. 


C. aluco. 'The caterpillar Cerithium. 

Species with a canal much smaller, but entirely straight, 
and a sinus well formed at the posterior union of the two 
edges. | 


C. semigranosum. The semigranulated Cerithium. 

Fusiform, turreted ; apex acute; the suture with double 
spiral rows of large granules ; minutely striated transversely, 
with sulcated granulations ; colour reddish brown. 


2. Pleurotoma. Twenty-three species. 


Distinguished from the Cerithium by having.a notch or 
slit in the right margin. 

Shell fusiform, rather rugged, spire turreted; aperture 
ovate, small, terminated by a canal variable in length; the 
right edge sharp, more or less notched; operculum horny. 


Pleurotoma imperialis. Pleurotoma fascialis. 
P. auriculifera. P. bimarginata. 
P. muricata. P. buccinoides. 


P. echinata. P. cingulifera. 


140 CONCHOLOGY. 


P. flavidula. P. virgo. 

P. interrupta. P. Babylonia. 
P. crenularis. P. undosa. 

P. cincta. P. marmorata. 
P. unizonalis. P. tigrina. 

P. lineata. P. crispa. 

P. spirata. P. albina. 

P. nodifera. 


P. Babylonia. The Tower of Babel Pleurotoma. PI. 
24, fig. 1. 

Species in which the tube is rather long, and the notch is 
a little posterior to the middle of the edge. 


P. auriculifera. The eared Pleurotoma. 
Species in which the tube is short, and the notch entirely 
against the spire. 


P. nodifera. The knotty or Javanese Pleurotoma. 

Species with outer lip largely notched and deeply crenu- 
lated; upper volution smooth; under volution and body 
striated transversely, with angulated oblique nodules at the 
suture ; colour reddish yellow. 


3. Turbinella. Twenty-three species. 


By Linneus this genus was classed with the Voluta, 
though they are more closely allied to the Murex ; differing, 
however, from them by having no varices. 

Shell generally turbinated, but sometimes turreted, rug- 
ged, and thick ; spire variable in form; aperture elongated, 
terminated by a straight canal, often rather short; the left 
edge almost straight, and formed by a callosity which hides 
the columella; the right edge entire and sharp; the colu- 
mella with two or three unequal, almost transverse plaits. 


Turbinella scolymus. Turbinella leucozonalis. 
T. rapa. T. rustica. 

T. napus. T. cingulifera. 

T. pyrum. T. polygonia. 


T. pugillaris T. carinifera. 


141 


CONCHOLOGY. 
T. rhinoceros. T. infundibulum. 
T. cornigera. T. craticulata. 
T. ceramica. T. lineata. 
T. capitellam. T. nassatula. 
T. mitis. T. triserialis. 
T. globulus. T. variolaris. 

T. ocellata. 


T. rapa. The turnip Turbinella. 
Species fusiform and almost smooth. 


T. scolymus. 'The artichoke Turbinella. 
Species turbinated and spinous. 


T. infundibulum. The funnel-shaped. Turbinella. 
Species turreted and fusiform. 


T. pyrum. 'The pear-shaped Turbinella. 

Species with spire short, mucronate ; apex mammiliform, 
beak long; columella with four plaits; colour yellowish 
white, with irregular reddish brown spots. 


4. Cancellaria. Twelve species. 


This genus is not given by De Blainville precisely like 
Lamarck, as he has removed those that are greatly canal- 
iculated either to the Murex or Turbinella. ‘They are all 
marine shells, and greatly approximate the last-mentioned 
genus. 

Shell oval, globular, ventricose, rugged ; the spire mid- 
dling, pointed ; aperture ovate, enlarged, grooved, and some- 
times sub-canaliculated anteriorly; the right edge effuse, 
concave, sharp; the left or columellar edge almost straight, 
and marked in the middle by two or three plaits; operculum 


horny. 


Cancellaria reticulata. Cancellaria senticosa. 


C. asperella. | C. citharella. 

C. scalaria. C. spirata. 

C. scalariformis. C. obliquata. 

C. nodulosa. C. rugosa. 

C. cancellata. C. Ziervogeliana. 


142 CONCHOLOGY. 


C. reticulata. The reticulated Cancellaria. Pl. 25, 
fig. 5. 

Oval, strong, ventricose; columella with three plaits ; 
distant, coarse, reticulated striz ; sometimes with yellow or 
orange bands ; aperture white. 


5. Fasciolaria. Eight species. 


This genus was separated by Lamarck from the Murex 
of Linneus on account of having no varices. 

Shell fusiform or sub-fusiform; aperture middling, elon- 
gated, almost symmetrical, terminated by a rather long 
straight tube; external edge sharp; the columellar edge 
with two or three oblique plaits. 


Fasciolaria tulipa. Fasciolaria coronata. 
F. distans. F. filamentosa. 

F. trapezium. F. ferruginea. 

F. aurantiaca. F. tarentina. 


F. tulipa. The tulip Fasciolaria. PI. 25, fig. 4. 
Species fusiform, not tuberculated. 


F. trapezium. The striped tower Fasciolaria. 

Species fusiform, volutions tuberculated, ventricose ; red- 
dish fawn coloured, with transverse double, slightly undu- 
lated lines ; inside of aperture with reddish strie. 


F. filamentosa. The threaded Fasciolaria. 
Species turreted and tuberculated. 


6. Fusus. Thirty-six species. 


Likewise taken from the Murex; they are marine shells, 
of an elongated fusiform shape, with whorls ventricose in 
the middle or at the lower extremity. 

Shell covered with epidermis, rough, fusiform, or ventri- 
cose in the middle; prolonged behind by the spire, but par- 
ticularly forward by the canal; aperture oval; the colu- 
mellar edge straight or nearly so; the exterior edge sharp; 
operculum oval, horny, with sub-concentric elements, and 
summit lateral. 


CONCHOLOGY. 143 


Fusus colosseus. Fusus corona. 
F. longissimus. F. raphanus. 

F. colus. F. filosus. 

F. tuberculatus. F. polygonoides. 
F. Nicobaricus. F. verruculatus. 
F. distans. F. lignarius. 

F. torulosus. F. Syracusanus. 
F. incrassatus. F. strigosus. 

F. multicarinatus. F. varius. 

F. sulcatus. F. crebricostatus. 
F. antiquus. F. Afer. 

F. despectus. F. rubens. 

F. carinatus. F. sinistralis. 

F. proboscidiferus. F. Nifat. 

F. Islandicus. F. articulatus. 
F. morio. F. buccinatus. 
F. coronatus. F. aculeiformis. 
F. cochlidium. F. scalarinus. 


F. colus. The spindle Fusus. PI. 25, fig. 3. 
Species turreted or sub-turreted, not umbilicated; outer 
lip entire, columella smooth. 


F. filosus. The threaded Fusus. 
Species sub-turreted and umbilicated. 


7. Pyrula. Twenty-eight species. 
Distinguished from the Fusus by having a short depressed 
spire, and the last whorl very large and ventricose, giving 
this shell the shape of a pear. 
Shell pyriform by the depression of the spire, the canal 
conical, very long or middling, sometimes a little sloped; 
aperture oval, very large; columella smooth. 


Pyrula canaliculata. Pyrula ternatana. 
P. carica. P. bezoar. 
P. perversa. . P rapa. 


P. candelabrum. P. papyracea. 


144 CONCHOLOGY. 


P. tuba. P. galeodes. 
P. bucephala. P. angulata. 
P. vespertilio. P. squamosa. 
P. melongena. P. nodosa. 

P. reticulata. P. citrina. 

P. ficus. P. abbreviata. 
P. ficoides. P. neritoidea. 
P. spirata. P. deformis. 
P. spivillus. P. lineata. 

P. elongata. P. plicata. 


P. melongena. The open-mouth Pyrula. PI. 25, fig. 6. 
Species ventricose, tube or canal short; aperture very 
large and effuse ; tuberculated, striated longitudinally. 


P. ficus. The fig Pyrula. 

Spire very short; volutions rounded above; very thin 
and ventricose; colour yellowish brown, with dark brown 
spots; covered with decussated striz. 


8. Struthiolaria. ‘Two species. 


The shells of this genus are marine, inhabited by mollusca, 
that, by frequently moving in and out of the shell while 
wandering on the shore in search of food, produce singular 
callosities on the two edges of the aperture. They generally 
resemble the Murex and Buccinum, but are distinguished 
by a thickened marginal lip on the right side. 

Shell ovate, spire produced; aperture sinuous, terminated 
at the base by a very short canal; straight, and without a 
notch ; columellar edge callous and effuse ; right edge with 
a thickened varix. 


Struthiolaria nodulosa. Struthiolaria crenulata. 


S. nodulosa. The nodulous Struthiolaria. PI. 25, fig 1. 

Ovate, grooved and striated transversely ; top of volu- 
tions flattened and nodulous; cream-coloured, with undu- 
lated, brownish-yellow longitudinal lines; interior of lip 
yellowish. 


CONCHOLOGY. 145 


9. Ranella. Fourteen species. 


This genus of shells has two rows of varices or thickened 
bands, arranged on either side in rows, so that it forms a 
distinct division between the Struthiolaria and the Murex. 

Shell oval, as if depressed by the preservation of each 
side of a longitudinal thickened band; aperture oval, almost 
symmetrical by the excavation of the columellar edge, ter- 
minating anteriorly by a short canal, often a little sloping ; 
fA sinus at the posterior junction of the two edges. 


Ranella gigantea. Ranella granulata. 
R. leucostoma. R. granifera. 

R. candisata. R. semigranosa. 
R. Argus. R. bitubercularis. 
R. ranina. R. crumena. 

R. spinosa. R. anceps. 

R. bufonia. R. pygmea. 


R. ranina. The froglike Ranella. PI. 25, fig. 2. 
Species not umbilicated. 


R. granulata: 'The granulated Ranella. 
Species not umbilicated. 


R. spinosa. The prickly Ranella. 

Species of which the varices have elongated spines ; beak 
sulcated ; outer lip internally crenated ; acute, short, distinct 
muricated tubercles ; fawn coloured. 


10. Murex. The Trumpet Shell. Sixty-six species. 


Though so greatly divided by Lamarck, this is a beauti- 
ful and numerous genus, comprehending only such shells as 
have three or more varices on each whorl. 

These varices show the number of times the animal has 
increased the size of its shell, and what proportion is added 
at each increase. 

The shells are generally irregular in form, arising from 
their surfaces being usually armed with spines, knobs, striz, 


or foliations. 
| 


146 CONCHOLOGY. 


Shell generally oval; the spire always but little elevated, 
armed with longitudinal transverse varices or thickened 
bands ; aperture small; very oval and symmetrical by the 
excavation of the left edge, formed by a plate applied on the 
columella, terminated anteriorly by a middling sized canal, 
sometimes very long and close ; the right edge more or less 
adorned with varices; operculum horny, oval, complete, al- 
most circular, with sub-concentric partitions ; summit ter- 
minal. 


Murex crassispina. Murex cornutus. 


M. Haustellum. M. brandaris. 

M. acanthopterus. M. ternispina. 
M. tenuispina. M. brevispina. 
M. rarispina. M. tenuirostrum. 
M. inflatus. M. motacilla. 

M. elongatus. M. asperrimus. 
M. palmarosz. M. phyllopterus. 
M. brevifrons. M. capucinus. 
M. calcitrapa. M. tripterus. 

M. adustus. M. trigonularis. 
M. rufus. M. uncinarius. 
M. axicornis. M. hemitripterus. 
M. cervicornis. M. gibbosus. 

M. aculeatus. M. triqueter. 

M. microphyllus. M. trigonulus. 
M. brassica. M. quadrifrons. 
M. saxatilis. M. turbinatus. 
M. endivia. M. trunculus. 
M. radix. M. anguliferus. 
M. melanomathos. M. melonulus. 
M. hexagonus. M. Magellanicus. 
M. scorpio. M. lameltosus. 
M. secundus. M. erinaceus. 
M. Tarentinus. M. cinguliferus. 
M. scaber. M. subcarinatus. 


M. costularis. 


M. torosus. 


CONCHOLOGY: 147 


M. polygonulus. M. lyratus. 

M. vitulinus. M. concatenatus. 
M. angularis. M:. granarius. 
M. crispatus. M. fimbriatus. 
M. fenestratus. M. pulchellus. 
M. cingulatus. M. aciculatus. 


M. crassispina. The thick-spined Murex. PI. 26, fig. 3. 
Species with tube very long and spiny. 


M. adustus. The burnt Murex. PI. 26, fig. 1. 
Species with three ramified varices. 


M. Haustellum. The Snipe Murex. PI. 26, fig. 4. 
Species with tube very long, and without spines. 


M. acanthopterus. The prickly Murex. 
Species with three varices on each whorl. 


M. melanomathos. ‘The black-spined Murex. 
Species which have whorls with more than three varices ; 
the tube almost close. 


M. lyratus. The lyre-shaped Murex. 
Species sub-turreted. 


M. vitulinus. 'The young Murex. 
Species sub-globular ; the spire and the canal rather short, 
very open; the aperture sub-effuse. 


11. Triton. Thirty-one species. 


In this genus the varices are in longitudinal rows or se- 
ries, but alternating, few in number, sometimes only one on 
each whorl. They are never spinous or foliated, though 
frequently plaited or tuberculated. 

The Triton variegatus type of this genus is one of the 
largest spiral shells. 

Shell oval, with spire and canal straight, middling, gener- 
ally rough, garnished with varices, rare, scattered, and pre- 
served in longitudinal rows; aperture sub-oval, elongated, 


148 CONCHOLOGY. 


terminated by a short, open canal; the columellar edge less 
hollowed than the right, and covered with a callosity ; oper- 
culum horny, oval, rounded, and rather large. 


Triton variegatus. Triton pyrum. 

T. nodiferus. T. cynocephalum. 

T. Australis. T. tripus. 

T. lampas. T. canaliferus. 

T. scrobiculator. T. retusus. 

T. Spengleri. T. clavator. 

T. corrugatus. T. tuberosus. 

T. succinctus. T. vespaceus. 

T. pilearis. T. chlorostomus. 

T. lotorium. T. anus. 

T. femoralis. T. clathratus. 

T. subdistortus. T. rubecula. 

T. cancellatus. T. cutaceus. 

T. maculosus. T. dolarius. 

T. clandestinus. T. Tranquebaricus. 
T. undosus. 


T. variegatus. The trumpet Triton. PI. 26, fig. 5. 
The smoothest species, oblong, ventricose, tubiform ; 
aperture dilated; suture of the spire crenulated; pillar lip 


grooved obliquely ; colour pale purple, clouded and spotted 
with brown. 


T. cutaceus. The rough-skin ‘Triton. 
Species with spire rather short, always very tuberculated, 


often umbilicated; a sinus at the posterior junction of the 
two edges. . 


T. anus. 'The grinning Triton. 
Species similar to the T. cutaceus, but having the aper- 


ture surrounded by a thin dilated membrane and irregular 
teeth. 


CONCHOLOGY. 149 


FAMILY XVIL 


Auata. ‘Three genera. 


1. Rostellaria. Three species. 


Lamarck formed this genus from the Strombus of Lin- 
nzus on account of having a sinus in the lower part of the 
right margin contiguous to the canal. ‘The beak is gener- 
ally curved, and short in comparison to the length of the 
spire, but sometimes it is straight, and equal in length to 
the other part of the shell. 

The R. rectirostris is one of the most rare shells known. 

Shell sub-depressed, turreted, with spire produced and 
pointed ; aperture oval by the excavation of the columellar 
edge; the right margin dilating by age, and having a sinus 
contiguous to the pointed canal which terminates the shell. 

Rostellaria curvirostris. Rostellaria rectirostris. 
R. pes-Pelicani. 


R. curvirostris. 'The curved beak Rostellaria. Pl. 27, 
fig. 2. 
Species with the right edge digitated. 


R. pes-Pelicani. ‘The Pelican’s foot Rostellaria. 

Species turreted, with four digitations on the right edge ; 
body and volutions ribbed longitudinally and crowned with 
papillz ; flesh-coloured or white. 


2. Pteroceras. Seven species. 


Formed from the Strombus, being distinct from it by not 
having the canal at the base shortened or truncated. It 
greatly resembles the Rostellaria, but the sinus of the right 
margin is distant from the body. From its digitation or 
long recurved claws it has often been called the Spider 
Shell. 

Shell oblong-ovate, ventricose, canal elongated, attenuated, 
and often closed; right margin dilating by age into an ex- 
panded, digitated wing, attached to and covering a short 


150 CONCHOLOGY. 


spire, with a sinus in the lower part not contiguous to the 
body. 


Pteroceras truncata. Pteroceras pseudoscorpio, 
P. lambis. P. scorpio. 
P. millepeda. P. aurantia. 


P, chiragra. 


P. chiragra. The Devil’s Claw. PI. 28, fig. 3. 
Tuberculated, with six digitated, canaliculated rays, closed 
in the adult shell ; outer lip internally striated. 


P. scorpio. The Scorpion Pteroceras. 
Species with digitations on the external edge, varying in 
number from six to ten. 


3. Strombus. The Wing Shell. Thirty-two species. 


As now defined and characterized by Lamarck, is easily 
distinguished by not having the winged aperture on the right 
side dentated or digitated, and the sinus therein always sep- 
arated from the canal. 

In some species the exterior is variously striated, smooth, 
wrinkled longitudinally, or tuberculated; the interior pre- 
sents vivid and beautiful colours. 

These shells frequently attain a large size and great so- 
lidity. 

Shell thick, sub-involute, diconic, or ventricose, terminated 
like a cone before and behind; aperture very long, narrow, 
terminated anteriorly by a canal more or less elongated, re- 
curved; the edges parallel; the external dilating with age, 
offering behind a gutter at its attachment to the spire, and 
before a sinus more posterior than the canal, through which 
passes the head of the animal; operculum horny, long, and 
narrow, with elements as if imbricated; the summit terminal, 


Strombus gigas. Strombus Canarium. 
 §. accipitrinus. S. Isabella. 
S. latissimus, S. vittatus. 


S. tricornis. S. epidromis. 


CONCHOLOGY, 151 


5. gallus. S. colomba. 

S. bituberculatus. S. succinctus. 
S. cristatus. S. troglodytes. 
S. dilatatus. S. tridentatus, 
S. bubonius. S. urceus. 

S. lentiginosus. S. plicatus. 

S. auris-Diane. S. Floridus, 
S. pugilis. S. papilio. 

S. pyrulatus. S. lineatus. 

S. gibberulus. S. marginatus. 
S. Luhuanus. S. turritus. 

S. Mauritianus, S. cancellatus. 

S. polyfasciatus. ‘The many-banded Strombus, PI. 28, 
fig. 2. 


Species distinguished by its bands, and by having the 
margin of the outer lip thickened. 


S. auris-Diang. Diana’s Ear Strombus. 

Oblong-ovate ; spire acute, tuberculated, and transversely 
striated ; base recurved, outer lip thick, anterior lobe with a 
finger-like termination. 

S. pugilis. The fighting, or thick-spined Strombus. 

Anterior lip prominent, rounded, smooth; spire crowned 
with spines, the outermost whorl cancellate ; columella much 
reflected ; beak three-lobed, obtuse, flesh-coloured, and pol- 
ished within. 


FAMILY XVIII. 


Purpurirera. Eleven genera. 


1. Cassidaria. Five species. 


Marine shell, sometimes confounded with the Cassis, but 
distinguished by the canal which terminates the aperture be- 
ing ascendant, very little arched, and not suddenly recurved. 

Shell sub-globular, ventricose, tuberculated, or fluted ; 
spire short and pointed; aperture long, oval, sub-canalicula- 
ted anteriorly; the right edge effuse and folded back; the 


152 CONCHOLOGY. 


columella covered over with a broad, smooth callosity, uni- 
ting behind to the right edge ; operculum horny. 


Cassidaria echinophora. Cassidaria cingulata. 
C. Tyrrhena. C. striata. 
C. oniscus. 


C. echinophora. 'The tuberculated Cassidaria. PI. 27, 
fig. 5. 

Species oval, sub-globular, canal sub-ascendant, with tu- 
berculated belts or ribs. 


C. Tyrrhena. The Tyrrhenian Cassidaria. 
Species ovate, grooved transversely, volutions convex; 
apex with one tubercle; tawny colour. 


2. Cassis. The Helmet Shell. Twenty-five species. 


This genus was formed from the Buccinum, from which 
it is easily distinguished ; the latter having only a notch at 
the base, and the Cassis with a canal abruptly turned towards 
the back of the shell. 

Shell inflated oval, sub-involute, spire very little projecting; 
aperture long, oval, sometimes very narrow, terminated an- 
teriorly by a very short canal, sloped and recurved obliquely 
towards the back; the right edge more or less concave, re- 
flected backward, and often dentated within ; the columella 
covered with a large callosity, denticulated or wrinkled in 
all its length; operculum horny. 


Cassis cornuta. Cassis crumena. 
C. tuberosa. C. plicaria. 

C. Madagascariensis. C. areola. 

C. flammea. C. zebra. 

C. fascinata. C. decussata. 
C. glauca, C. abbreviata. 
C. rufa. C. sulcosa. 

C. pennata. C. granulosa. 
C. testiculus. C. saburon. 

C. achatina. C. canaliculata. 


CONCHOLOGY. 153 


C. pyrum. C. semigranosa. 
C. Ceylanica. C. vibex. 


C. erinaceus. 


C. tuberosa. The tuberous Cassis. PI. 28, fig. 5. 
Species in which the aperture is long, the external edge 
almost straight, and the spire with thickened bands. 


C. flammea. The flaming Cassis. 

Species in which the aperture is sub-oval, and the exter- 
nal edge excavated; spire short, base triangular; columella 
rugose ; outer lip thickened. 


C. areola, 'The draught-board Cassis. 

Smooth, shiny, white, with square orange tesselated spots ; 
spire short and conical, with decussated striz; lower part 
of columella rugose. 


3. Ricinula. Nine species. 


Shell oval or sub-globular, thick, armed with points or 
tubercles, with a depressed spire; aperture narrow, elon- 
gated, notched, sometimes canaliculated anteriorly, and digi- 
tated externally ; the left edge more or less callous, some- 
times denticulated ; operculum horny, oval, transverse, with 
elements slightly imbricated. 


Ricinula horrida. Ricinula digitata. 
R. clathrata. R. pisolina. 
R. arachnoidea. R. aspera. 
R. miticula. R. morus. 
R. mutica. 


R. horrida. The horrid Ricinula. PI. 26, fig. 2, 

Species without a canal; exterior covered with strong, 
obtuse black tubercles, with the interstices white, striated 
transversely ; interior rich purple colour ; outer lip with five 
triangular grooyed radii, between which at their base the 
margin is crenulated. 


U 


154 CONCHOLOGY. 


R. digitata. 'The digitated Ricinula. 
Species canaliculated; two long palmated digits at the 
side of the aperture. 


4. Purpura. Fifty species. 

This genus has its name from the purple liquid produced 
by the animal, from which the ancients extracted the Tyrian 
purple die. This is the last genus that presents the ap- 
pearance of a canal at the base of the aperture, and therefore 
rightly precedes the remaining genera of this family, all of 
which are without a canal. 

Shell oval, thick, generally tuberculated; spire short; the 
last whorl much greater than all the others united ; aperture 
oval, greatly dilated, terminated anteriorly by a canal short, 
oblique, and notched at the extremity ; the columellar edge 
almost straight, covered with a callosity pointed anteriorly ; 
operculum horny, flat, almost semicircular, with transverse 
strie slightly marked ; the summit behind. 


Purpura Persica. Purpura sacellum. 
P. Rudolphi. P. squamosa. 
P. patula. P. rugosa. 

P. collumellaris. P. textilosa. 

P. succincta. P. sertum. 

P. consul. P. Francolinus. 
P. armigera. P. limbosa. 

P. bitubercularis. P. ligata. 

P. hippocastanum. P. cruentata. 
P. undata. P. lapillus. 

P. hemastoma. _P. imbricata. 
P. manicella. P. lagenaria. 
P. bufo. P. cateracta. 
P. callosa. P. bicostalis. 
P. neritoides. P. plicata. 

P. planospira. P. fiscella. 

P. callifera. P. thiarella. 

P. coronata, P. rustica. 


CONCHOLOGY. 155 


P. carinifera. P. semi-imbricata. 
P. scalariformis. P. echinulata. 

P. hystrix. P. clavus. 

P. deltoidea. P. fasciolaris. 

P. unifascialis. P. vexillum. 

P. retusa. P. bizonalis. 

P. trochlea. P. nucleus. 


P. Persica. The Persian Purpura. PI. 28, fig. 4. 

Transversely sulcated and striated between the ridges ; 
colour burnt-umber, ridges yellowish, with dark brown spots ; 
upper ridge and the superior edges of the volutions mucro- 
nate ; interior sulcated and striated. 


P. lapillus. 'The common Purpura. 
Species small, white, sometimes banded with yellow or 
brown, with a scaly surface. 


5. Monoceros. The Unicorn, Five species. 


Derived its name from the long, conical-pointed, somewhat 
recurved tooth in the outer lip, by which alone it can well 
be distinguished from the Purpura; and with this character- 
istic difference the description of the shell of the Purpura 
will answer for this genus. 


Monoceros cingulatum, Monoceros striatum. 
M. imbricatum. M. glabratum. 
M. crassilabrum. 


M. cingulatum. ‘The belted Monoceras. 

Cylindrical, columella not smooth, but irregularly plaited 
or wrinkled, and the tooth does not extend within the interior 
of the whorls as in the other species, but appears affixed 
only to the edge of the lip; volutions flattened in their upper 
edges ; transverse spiral brown bands. 


6. Concholepas. One species. 
Formerly considered a Patella, but distinct from it on ac- 
count of having an operculum. It is particularly distin- 
guished by having two teeth at the base of the right side. 


156 CONCHOLOGY. 


Shell wide, rough, oval, spire very short, not projecting ; 
aperture very large, oval, effuse, sloped anteriorly ; the edges 
united; the right or external very thick, dentated; the two 
teeth which limit the slope are a little larger than the others ; 
muscular impression visible, and almost in form of a horse- 
shoe; operculum horny and rudimentary. 


C. Peruvianus. The Peruvian Concholepas. Pl. 28, 
fig. 1. 

The type of this genus; exterior dark brown, interior 
white. 


7. Harpa. The Harp Shell. Eight species. 


This genus of shells is truly beautiful; it was classed by 
Linneus with the Buccinum, but Lamarck considered that 
they were, for their beauty, worthy of forming a genus by 
themselves. 

Shell oval, inflated, rather thin, with longitudinal parallel 
ribs, formed by the preservation of the thickening of the 
right margin; the spire very short, pointed, the last whorl 
much longer than all the others together; aperture large, 
ovate, widely notched anteriorly; the right edge much ex- 
cavated and thickened outwardly ; the columella smooth, and 
terminated in a point anteriorly. 


Harpa imperialis, Harpa articularis. 
H. ventricosa. H. rosea. 
H. conoidalis. H. minor. 
H. nobilis. H. striata. 


H. imperialis, 'The imperial Harp. 

Species in which the number of ribs far exceeds that of 
any other, and occasions it often to be called the many-ridged 
harp; a small spiral keel round the summit. A rare and 
valuable species. 


H. nobilis. The noble Harp. PI. 29, fig. 2. 
A regular species. 


CONCHOLOGY. L57 


H. rosea. ‘The roseate Harp. 
Oblong-ovate; flesh coloured, with roseate interrupted 
bands ; ribs remote ; columella of a fine rosy hue. 


8. Dolium. ‘The Tun Shell. Seven species. 


The shells of this genus are generally large, thin, and 
globose, with a wide aperture, and toothed or crenated outer 
lip; they have a brittle and light structure, and although 
some of them grow to a very large size, they retain their 
characteristic fragility and thinness. 

Shell sub-globular, very ventricose, thin, encircled by de- 
current flutings; the spire very short; the last turn much 
larger than all the others together; aperture oblong, very 
large, by the great excavation of the right edge, which is 
crenated through all its length; columella twisted; oper- 
culum unknown. 


Dolium galea. Dolium fasciatum. 
D. olearium. D. pomum. 
D. maculatum. D. variegatum. 

D. perdix. 


D. perdix. The Partridge Dolium. PI. 29, fig. 4. 

Species sub-umbilicated, ovate-oblong, thin, thickly rib- 
bed, and convex ; colour reddish brown, clouded and spotted 
with white. 


D. galea. The brown Tun. 


Species not umbilicated; sometimes exceeds ten inches 
in diameter. 


9. Buccinum. The Whelk. Fifty-eight species. 


Notwithstanding the divisions of the Linnean Buccinum 
into so many different genera, it still presents a great variety 
and diversity of species. 

Shell slightly covered with epidermis, oval, elongated ; 
the spire middling elevated; aperture oblong, oval, notched, 
and sometimes sub-canaliculated anteriorly ; the right edge 
thick, not reflected; columella simple and swelled at the 


158 CONCHOLOGY. 


upper part; operculum horny, complete, oval, with sub- 
concentric elements ; the summit slightly marked and mar- 
ginal. 


Buccinum undatum. 


Buccinum testudineum. 


B. glaciale. B. achatinum. 

B. Anglicanum. B. glans. 

B. papyraceum. B. papillosum. 
B. annulatum. B. olivaceum. 

B. levissimum. B. canaliculatum. 
B. crenulatum. B. tricarinatum. 
B. reticulatum. B. Brasilianum. 
B. Tranquebaricum. B. semiconvexum. 
B. lineatum. B. fasciolatum. 
B. fuscatum. B. vinosum. 

B. lineolatum. B. tenuiplicatum. 
B. maculosum. B. sub-spinosum. 
B. politum. B. Ascanias. 

B. suturale. B. levigatum. 

B. mutabile. B. flexuosum. 

B. inflatum. B. aciculatum. 
B. retusum. B. corniculatum. 
B. ventricosum. B. cribrarium. 

B. gemmulatum. B. grana. 

B. Coromandelianum. B. coccinella. 

B. fasciatum. B. zebra. 

B. miga. B. dermestoideum. 
B. lyratum. B. aurantium. 

B. arcularia. B. pedicular. 

B. coronatum. B. gibbolusum. 
B. Thersites. B. pullus. 

B. pauperatum. B. marginulatum. 
B. neriteum. B. polygonatum. 


B. undatum. 'The common Whelk, or waved Buccinum. 

Species oval, slightly ventricose, and subcarinated on the 
whorls of the spire ; sulcated obliquely ; striated transversely 
and longitudinally; volutions convex; aperture white or 
yellow; covered with a yellowish epidermis. 


CONCHOLOGY. 159 


B. papillosum. The prickly-lip Buccinum. PI. 29, fig. 1. 

Species with the spire elevated, more or less tuberculated, 
the edges of the aperture separated posteriorly by a narrow, 
rather deep sinus; the right dentated anteriorly. . 


B. reticulatum. 'The reticulated Buccinum. 
Species short, ventricose, sub-globular. 


B. achatinum. The Agathine Buccinum. 
Species smooth, the spire rather elevated; the aperture 
wider anteriorly. 


10. Eburna. Five species. 

Shell oval or elongated, smooth; the spire pointed, its 
whorls as if rounded ; aperture ovate, elongated, effuse, and 
widely notched anteriorly ; the right margin entire; the col- 
umella callous posteriorly, umbilicated, sub-canaliculated at 
its external or right side. 

Eburna glabrata. Eburna spirata. 
E. Ceylanica. E. areolata. 
E. lutosa. 


E. Ceylanica. The Ceylon Eburna. PI. 29, fig. 3. 

Species smooth, white, with irregular large purplish spots ; 
apex acute, tipped with blue; sutures with an elevated line ; 
umbilicus filled with spines. 


11. Terebra. The Needle Shell. Twenty-four species. 

This genus of shells is remarkable for their sharp, length- 
ened, and spiral form, which obtained for them the common 
name of Needles. 

Shell elongated oval, spire pointed, slightly elevated, or 
sub-turreted; aperture wide, oval, strongly notched ante- 
riorly ; lower end of the columella twisted or oblique. 


Terebra maculata. Terebra striatula. 
T. flammea. . TT. chlorata. 
T. crenulata. T. cerithina. 


T. dimidiata. T. raphanula. 


160 CONCHOLOGY. 


T. muscaria. T. cingulifera. 
T. subulata. T. myuros. 
T. oculata. T. scabrella. 
T. duplicata. T. strigilata. 
T. Babylonia. T. lanceata. 
T. corrugata. T. aciculina. 
T. Senegalensis. T. granulosa. 
T. cerulescens. T. vittata. 


T. Buccinoides. The Buccinum-shaped Terebra. PI. 
27, fig. 3. | 

Answers to the above description. 

T. vittata. The filleted 'Terebra. 

Species smooth, pale fawn coloured ; transversely striated, 
with transverse purplish fillets. 


T. maculata. The spotted Terebra. PI. 27, fig. 1. 

Species very long, spire pointed; aperture oval, small, 
widely notched anteriorly ; the external edge thin and sharp, 
the left with an oblique thickening at its extremity. 


FAMILY XIX. 


Corumetiaria. Five genera. 


1, Columbella. Eighteen species. 


The shells of this genus are short, small, and rather thick ; 
found in the seas of hot countries. 

The C. mercatoria is very common on the shores of the 
Atlantic in warm latitudes, and was formerly used as money. 

Shell thick, turbinated ; spire short, obtuse ; aperture nar- 
row, elongated, terminated by a very short canal or notch, 
rendered narrow by an inflation at the inner side of the 
right edge, and by some plaits on the columella; a very 
small horny operculum. 


Columbella strombiformis. | Columbella flavida. 
C. rustica. C. semipunctata. 
C. mercatoria. C. bizonalis. 

C. Hebreza. C. reticulata. 


CVUINLMULVUL. 161 


C. pardalina. C. fulgurans. 
C. scripta. C. mendicaria. 
C. ovulata. C. turturina. 
C. nitida. C. punctata. 
C. zonalis. C. unifascialis. 
C. strombiformis. The Strombus-shaped Columbella. PI. 
29, fig. 6. 


The type of this genus, partly characterized by its name. 

C. mercatoria. ‘The merchant Columbella. 

Ovate, white, sulcated, transversely clouded with brown 
or yellow; outer lip dentated internally. 


2. Mitra. The Mitre Shell. Eighty species. 


A numerous and elegant genus of shells, separated by La- 
marck from the Voluta on account of possessing several 
strong distinctive characters. ‘The spire is always pointed, 
and the columellar plaits, diminishing in size, are always 
transverse and parallel to each other. 

The exterior is sometimes most beautifully marked with 
transverse grooves, strie, punctures, or granulations; the 
colour of almost every hue. 

Shell turreted, sub-fusiform, and oval; the spire always 
pointed at the summit; the aperture small, triangular, wider 
and strongly notched anteriorly; the external edge sharp, 
almost straight, always longer than the columella, which is 
formed by a very thin callosity, and marked with oblique 
parallel plaits, of which those anterior are the shortest. 


Mitra episcopalis. Mitra pediculus. 
M. papalis. M. lactea. 

M. pontificalis. M. cornicularis. 
M. puncticulata. M. lutescens. 
M. millepora. M. striatula. 

M. cardinalis. M. subulata.. 
M. archiepiscopalis. M. cornea. 

M. versicolor. M. tringa. 

M. sanguinolenta. M. melaniana. 


162 


. ferruginea. 
. terebralis. 
. adusta. 
granulosa. 
crocata. 
casta. 
nexilis. 
olivaria. 


granatina. 
crenifera. 
serpentina. 
. taeniata. 

. plicaria. 
corrugata. 
costellaris. 
lyrata. 

. melongena. 
. cinctella. 
vulpecula. 
Caffra. 

. Sanguisuga. 
stigmataria. 
filosa. 
fissurata. 
arenosa. 
clavulus. 
literata. 

. Peronii. 

. obliquata. 

. oniscina. 


S SHS SS RSE SES SSSS E5525 SE ee eee eee 


M. episcopalis. 


scabriuscula. 


CONCHOLOGY. 


M 
M 
M 


The episcopal Mitre. 


SESS ESSER RS SSRESESSESESEEEEE ESS 


. scutulata. 

. dactylus. 

. fenestrata. 
crenulata. 
texturata. 
conulus. 
limbifera. 
aurantiaca. 
amphorella. 
coronata. 

. paupercula. 
cucumerina. 
patriarchalis. 
muriculata. 

. torulosa. 
ebenus. 
harpeformis. 
semifasciata. 
retusa. 
microzonias. 
. ficulina. 

. nucleola. 

. unifascialis. 
bacillum. 

. conularis. 

. plumbea. 

. larva. 

. pisolina. 

. dermestina. 
. granulifera. 
. tabanula. 


Pl. 31, fig. 7. 


Species turreted, with spiral whorls very wide and entire ; 
the aperture effuse anteriorly. 


M. papalis. The papal Mitre. 


Species with coronated whorls. 


CONCHOLOGY. 163 


M. pontificalis. ‘The pontifical Mitre. 

Species covered with a yellowish epidermis, beneath which 
are interrupted fillets of orange coloured spots; spire crowned 
with tubercles. 


M. micozonias. The small white-banded Mitre. 
Species sub-ovate, spire very short, generally tubercled. 


M. dactylus.. 'The six-plaited Mitre. 
Species oval, spire very short, and generally latticed. 


M. teniata. The riband Mitre. 

Species flaring, turreted, ribbed; spire more than half the 
length of the shell; aperture very narrow, long, subcanali- 
culated, with one plait. 


3. Voluta. The Volute or Wreath. 44 species. 


This genus, as established by Linnzus, included shells of 
different families, promiscuously blended together, rendering 
it difficult to determine satisfactorily respecting shells under 
examination. As arranged and classified by Lamarck, it is 
still anumerous and beautiful genus, containing some of the 
most rare and costly shells, particularly V. Junonia or Pea- 
cock Volute, of which very few are known. They vary 
considerably in size ; some are very minute, and others large ; 
they are found chiefly in the seas of the torrid zone or south- 
ern hemisphere. 

Shell oval, more or less ventricose; the first whorls of 
the spire mamillose ; aperture in general much more long 
than wide, strongly and obliquely notched anteriorly; the 
right edge a little reflected, entire; the columellar edge ex- 
cavated, and adorned with great plaits, more or less oblique, 
and a little variable in number with age. 


Voluta nautica. Voluta Neptuni. 
V. diadema. V. cymbium. 

V. armata. V. olla. 

V. ducalis. V. proboscidalis. 


V. tesselata. V. porcina. 


164 CONCHOLOGY. 
V. Atthiopica. V. scapha. 
V.) melos). V. Brasiliana. 
V. imperialis. V. mitis. 
V. pellis-serpentis. V. nivosa. 
V. vespertilio. V. serpentina. 
V. Hebrea. V. thiarella. 
V. musica. V. carneolata. 
V. chlorosina. V. Guinaica. 
V. levigata. V. fulva. 
V. polyzonalis. V. sulcata. 
V. nodulosa. V. nucleus. 
V. magnifica. V. undulata. 
V. ancilla. V. lapponica. 
V. Magellanica. V. vexillum. 
V. Pacifica. V. volvacea. 
V. fulminata. V. festiva. 
V. Junonia. V. mitrzformis. 


V. Zithiopica. The Athiopian Volute. Pl. 30, fig. 2. 
Species large, oval, convex, ventricose ; spire papillary, 
with whorls coronated with elevated hollow spines. 


V. musica. The music Volute. 
Species oval, marked like musical notes set in scores on 
its surface ; spire sub-tuberculated. 


V. Magellanica. The Magellan Volute. 
Species sub-fusiform, elongated, and sub-turreted; no 
spines or tubercles on the whorls. 


4. Marginella. ‘Twenty-four species. 


Distinguished from the Voluta, from which it was taken, 
by having the outer lip thickened. 

Shell smooth, polished, ovate, oblong, sub-conic, spire 
short and papillary; aperture narrow, sub-ovate, by a light 
curve of the right edge, which 1s inflated or reflected, slightly 
notched anteriorly ; the columellar edge marked with three 
distinct oblique plaits. 


CONCHOLOGY. 165 


Marginella glabrella. Marginella nubeculata. 
M. radiata. M. cerulescens. 
M. quinqueplicata. M. aurantia. 

M. limbata. M. bivaricosa. 
M. rosea. M. longivaricosa. 
M. lifasciata. M. muscaria. 

M. faba. M. eburnea. 

M. dentifera. M. formicula. 
M. dactylus. M. persicula. 

M. bullata. M. lineata. 

M. cornea. M. tessellata. 

M. avellana. M. interrupta. 


M. lineata. The lineated Marginella. PI. 30, fig. 3. 
Species with aperture as long as the shell; spire not pro- 
jecting, sometimes sunk or umbilicated. 


M. faba. The Bean Marginella. 

Species with aperture shorter than the shell, and the spire 
projecting. 

M. caerulescens. 'The cerulean Marginella. 

Species with surface bluish white; spire short and acute ; 
four plaits on the columella; interior lip brownish purple. 


5. Volvaria. Five species. 


The connecting genus between those shells that have a 
columella and those that are evolved upon their own axis. 
Distinguished from the Marginella by not having a thickened 
outer lip. ‘The shells are marine, and generally very small. 

Shell cylindrical, convolute ; spire obsolete or concealed ; 
aperture narrow, the whole length of the shell, with one or 
more plaits on the columella at the lower part. 


Volvaria monilis. Volvaria triticea. 
V. pallida. V. oryza. 
V. miliacea. 


V. monilis. 'The Necklace Volvaria. Pl. 29, fig. 5. 
Species greatly involuted; aperture very narrow and very 


166 CONCHOLOGY. 


long; plaits on the anterior part of the columellar edge ; the 
exterior edge thin. 


BAM Ti Y x xX 


ConvoiuTa. Six genera. 


1. Ovula. The Egg. 12 species. 


This is the first genus of Lamarck’s arrangement of con- 
voluted shells; it is nearly allied to the Cyprea, but easily 
distinguished from it by the want of spire, and by not having 
teeth on the columellar lip; the right lip is reflected inward- 
ly, sometimes wrinkled and sometimes smooth. 

Shell oblong, convex, resembling the Cyprea in form, with 
the two extremities ofthe aperture notched, and more or less 
prolonged like a-tube; the left margin-dentated. 


Ovula oviformis. Ovula lactea. 
O. angulosa. O. carnea. 

O. verrucosa. O. triticea. 
O. hordacea. O. gibbosa. 
O. spelta. O. acicularis. 
O. birostris. O. volva. 


O. volva. The Weaver’s Shuttle. Pl. 34, fig. 4. 

Species in which the right edge is not thickened or den- 
tated, and with each extremity elongated, producing a long, 
straight tube, which increases ee age. One of the most 
rare shells of this genus. 


O. oviformis. 'The egg-shaped Ovula. PI. 34, fig. 1. 

Species ovate, much inflated, ventricose in the centre, 
very glossy and white; right edge dentated, the tube of each 
extremity very prominent; interior of aperture reddish pur- 
ple. | 

O. gibbosa. The belted Ovula. PI. 34, fig. 2 

Species gibbous, neither end dentated ; tubes little mark- 
ed, and with the body of the shell encircled by a blunt keel. 

O. verrucosa. The warty Ovula. PI. 34, fig. 3 

Species in which the right end is dentated, with a notch 


and a knob 2h ava at aoch avtremitar 


CONCHOLOGY. 167 


2. Cyprea. The Cowrie. 68 species. 


This genus derived its name from the Cyprian goddess, 
on account of the beauty of its polished shells. ‘They are 
generally smooth, of great brilliancy of colour, and elegantly 
marked with dots, zigzag lines, undulations, or stripes, and 
covered with an enamel-like glaze. They are found buried 
in the sand at the bottom of the sea, and are covered by the 
animal with a thin membrane, which preserves the polish 
and prevents other testaceous bodies from adhering to them. 
This membrane consists of two parts, and arises on both 
sides of the shell in the form of wings, furnishing the testa- 
ceous and colouring matter; in some species they do not 
quite meet on the back of the shell, and the uncovered space 
is marked by a coloured dorsal line; when these membranous 
wings overlap each other, this line is nearly obsolete. 

These shells often differ much with age ; at first in thick- 
ness, then because the edges are thin, sharp, hardly dentated, 
unless internally ; and, lastly, sometimes in the outline; this 
is because the two lobes of the mantle, by turning over the 
primitive shell during the creeping of the animal, deposite 
new calcareous matter. De Blainville cannot admit the hy- 
pothesis of Bruguiere, that these animals can completely 
abandon their shell to form a new one. 

Shell, when full grown and mature, is solid, oval, convex, 
very smooth, involute; the spire entirely posterior, very 
small, often concealed by a calcareous layer deposited by the 
lobes of the mantle, leaving in some species a small cavity 
like an umbilicus; aperture longitudinal, very narrow, slight- 
ly curved, as long as the shell, with edges internally dentated, 
and notched at each extremity. 

Shell, when young and immature, is very thin, the edges of 
the aperture not dentated; the right margin sharp and not re- 
flected. . 

Cyprea cerina. Cyprea tigris. 
C. exanthema. C. tigrina. 


168 


C. exanthema. 


noannananaaanaaanaaaanaaanaaaaan 


CONCHOLOGY. 


Argus. 


. testudinaria. 
. Mauritiana. 
. Mappa. 


Arabica. 


. histrio. 


scurra. 
rattus. 
stercoraria. 
mus. 


. ventriculus. 


Aurora. 
lynx. 
adusta. 
erosa. 
caurica. 


. Isabella. 
. ocellata. 
. cribraria. 


turdus. 


. olivacea. 


stolida. 


. hirundo. 


undata. 
Zigzag. 
flaveola. 


. sanguinolenta. 


poraria. 


. ursellus. 


asellus. 


. moniliaris. 
. stercus-muscarum. 


nn anaaaaanaaafanagnaanansaaaaaaaana 


. talpa. 

. carneola. 

. lurida. 

. Vitellus. 

. Caput-serpentis. 


cinerea. 


‘zonata. 


sordida. 


. icterina. 


miliaris. 


. variolaria. 


rufa. 


. cicercula. 


lota. 
globulus. 
ovulata. 
helvola. 


. Arabicula. 


staphylea. 
pustulata. 
nucleus. 
limacina. 
moneta. 
obvelata. 


. annulus. 


radians. 
oniscus. 
pediculus. 
oryza. 
coccinella. 
Australis. 
albella. 


The measly Cyprea. 


Species oblong-ovate, brown, with round white spots ; 
dorsal line grayish; marginal teeth brown; spire not quite 
concealed. 


CONCHOLOGY. 169 


C. Pantherina. The Panther Cyprea. PI. 31, fig. 4. 
Species regular, beautifully spotted like a panther. 


3. Terebellum. One species. 


Shell convolute, thin, shining, sub-cylindrical, pointed be- 
hind, truncated before; aperture longitudinal, edges entire, 
columella truncated. 


T. subulatum. ‘The awl-shaped Terebellum. Pl. 31, 
fig. 3. 

Answers to the above description, being the only living 
species known. 


4, Ancillaria. Four species. 


An intermediate genus between the Terebellum and the 
Oliva; distinguished from the former by a callous oblique 
band at the base of the columella; and from the latter by 
not having the spiral whorls separated by a groove. 

Shell smooth, oval, oblong, pointed behind, enlarged and 
truncated before ; the columella covered anteriorly by a cal- 
lous oblique band; the right lip obtuse. 


Ancillaria cinnamomea. Ancillaria marginata. 
A. ventricosa. A. candida. 


A. cinnamomea. 'The cinnamon Ancillaria. PI. 30, fig. 5. 

Species with spire nearly obsolete ; shell chestnut colour, 
with white bands ; varix of the columella reddish and some- 
what striated. 


5. Oliva. The Olive. Sixty-two species. 


An oval, involuted, internal shell, distinguished from the 
Ancillaria by a narrow canal continued from its upper angle 
around the sutures of the spiral whorls. It was formerly 
classed with the Voluta, which genus has not the canal, so 
that they cannot be mistaken for each other. There is a 
callosity uniting with the spiral canal, and another at the 
base of the columella. 

Shell thick, solid, smooth, oval, elongated, sub-cylindrical ; 

VY 


170 CONCHOLOGY. 


the spiral whorls very small, separated by a canal; aperture 
long, narrow; the columellar edge reflected anteriorly by a 
callosity, and striated obliquely through all its length. The 
shells are generally clouded or covered with waved lines of 
a brownish colour, more or less dark. 


Oliva porphyria. 


coo DDD DOO OSSD OSOSSNSOSOSSNOSOSS 


. textilina. 
. erythrostoma. 


pica. 


. tremulina. 
. angulata. 


maura. 
sepulturalis. 
fulminans. 
irisans. 
elegans. 
episcopalis. 
venulata. 
guttata. 
leucopheza. 
undata. 
inflata. 
bicincta. 


. harpularia. 


hepatica. 
ustulata. 
avellana. 


. tessellata. 


carneola. 


. espidula. 


oriola. 
candida. 


. volutella. 
. tigrina. 


O. Brasiliana. 
O. utriculus. 


Oliva reticularis. 


SO DDD SDD ODDS SOOO SOS SON SDS SOSSSOOS 


. flammulata. 
. granitella. 
. araneosa. 


literata. 
scripta. 
tricolor. 


. sanguinolenta. 
. mustelina. 

. lugubris. 

. funebralis. 


glandiformis. 
Peruviana. 
Senegalensis. 


. fusiformis. 
. auricularis. 
. acuminata. 


subulata. 
luteola. 
testacea. 
hiatula. 
obtusaria. 
Ceylanica. 
nebulosa. 
fabagina. 
conoidalis. 
undatella. 
eburnea. 
nana. 
zonalis. 


. Oryza. 


CONCHOLOGY. 171 


O. subulata. The awl-shaped Olive. PI. 30, fig 1. 

Species elongated, with very projecting spire. 

O. undata. 'The waved Olive. PI. 30, fig. 4. 

Species oval, spire hardly projecting. 

O. cruenta. 'The bloody Olive. 

Species cylindrical, suture canal deep; fawn colour, with 
triangular spots of purple, and two dark brown spots on the 
edge of the outer lip. 


6. Conus. The Cone. One hundred and eighty-one 

species. 

A genus valued on account of the beauty, symmetry, and 
variety of its species; some of its shells are very rare and 
remarkable for their richness of colouring; some are cor- 
onated, and others have a plain spire. ‘They are all covered 
with an epidermis, beneath which is generally a smooth 
surface, with sometimes a high polish; a few are granulated 
and tuberculated. ‘They are found in great abundance in 
the seas of warm climates. 

Shell conic, covered with a membranous periosteum, thick, 
solid, involuted; the summit of the cone anterior; the spire 
little or not at all projecting; aperture longitudinal, very 
narrow, turning towards its anterior extremity ; the external 
edge straight, with oblique plaits in its anterior part; oper- 
culum very small and horny, sub-spiral, with summit ter- 
minal. 


Conus marmoreus. Conus tulipa. 

C. Bandanus. C. geographicus. 
C. nocturnus. C. punctatus. 

C. Nicobaricus. C. taniatus. 

C. araneosus. C. musicus. 

C. zonatus. C. miliaris. 
C.imperialis. C. mus. 

C. fuscatus. C. lividus. 

C. viridulus. C. Barbadensis. 
C. regius. C. roseus. 


172 


aaqnqaceannaaeanamananaaanaanaaannfaanaaarannon 


. cedo-nulli. 

. aurantius. 

. nebulosus. 

. minimus. 

. sulcatus. 

. Hebreeus. 

. vermiculatus. 
. arenatus. 

. pulicarius. 

. fustigatus. 

. obesus. 

. varius. 

. millepunctatus. 
. literatus. 

. eburneus. 

. tesselatus. 
. generalis. 

. Maldivus. 
. Malacanus. 
. lineatus. 


monile. 


. centurio. 
. vitulinus. 
. vulpinus. 
. flavidus. 


virgo. 


. daucus. 

. pastinaca. 
. Capitaneus. 
. classiarius. 


vittatus. 


. mustelinus. 

. vexillum. 

. Sumatrensis. 
. figulinus. 

- quercinus. 


CONCHOLOGY. 


ananaaaeaaaaeanaaanaanNnaaaeaaNnaagaaaaaaaan 


. cardinalis. 

. Magellanicus. 
. distans. 

. pontificalis. 

. Caledonicus. 
. sponsalis. 

. puncturatus. 

. Ceylanensis. 
. lamellosus. 

. pusillus. 


exiguus. 
asper. 
hyena. 


. miles, 

. ammiralis. 

. genuanus. 

. papilionaceus. 
. Siamensis. 

. Prometheus. 
. glaucus. 

. Suratensis. 

. monachus. 

. ranunculus. 
. anemone. 

. achatinus. 

. cinereus. 

. stramineus. 


zebra. 


. lacteus. 

. cingulatus. 

. vicarius. 

- Mercator. 

. ochraceus. 

. betulinus. 

. Mediterraneus. 
. puncticulatus. 


aancancaacaaaagaanaaaaaagagnagaagagagagaanannnanan 


. Proteus. 

. leoninus, 

. augur. 

. pertusus. 

. Nivosus. 

. fulgurans. 

. acuminatus. 
amadis. 
Janus. 


. flammeus. 

. lithoglyphus. 
. testudinarius. 
. venulatus. 

. queestor. 

. muscosus. 

. Narcissus. 

. Mozambicus. 
. Guinaicus. 

. Franciscanus. 
. informis. 

. Tattus. 

. Jamaicensis. 
. amabilis. 

. Omaicus. 

. nobilis. 


. aurisiacus. 
. terminus. 
. striatus. 


. gubernator. 


. granulatus, 
. terebra. 

. verulosus. 
. raphanus. 

. magus. 

. Spectrum. 

. bullatus. 


CONCHOLOGY. 


C 


173 


. Mauritianus. 
. fumigatus. 

. eques. 

. luzonicus. 

. catus. 

. verrucosus. 
. acutangulus. 
. mindanus. 

. Japonicus. 

. pusio. 


columba. 


. Madurensis. 
. nemocanus. 
. cancellatus. 
. fusiformis. 

. cerulescens. 
. Aurora. 


C 
C 
C 
C 
C 
C 
C 
Cc 
C 
C 
C 
Cc 
C 
C 
C 
C 
C 
C. 
C 
C 
C 
C 
C 
C 
C 
C 
C 
C 
C 
C 
C 
C 
C 
C 
C 


Taitensis. 


. Adansonil. 

. tinianus. 

. Portoricanus. 
- crocatus. 

. Strigatus. 

. glans. 

. mitratus. 

. nussatella. 

. aulicus. 

. auratus. 


colubrinus. 
clavus. 
auricomus. 
omaria. 
rubiginosus. 
pennaceus. 
prelatus. 
panniculus. 


174 CONCHOLOGY. 


C. cervus. C. archiepiscopus. 
C. stercus-muscarum. C. canonicus. 

C. Timorensis. C. episcopus. 

C. nimbosus. C. abbas. 

C. dux. O. legatus. 

C. tendineus. C. textilis. 

C. prefectus. C. pyramidalis. 
C. melancholicus. C. gloria-maris. 


C. Australis. 


C. textilis. ‘The embroidered Cone. PI. 31, fig. 2. 
Species ovate, slightly elongated; the spire rather pro- 
jecting, pointed, not coronated. 


C. imperialis. ‘The imperial Cone. 
Species conic, spire coronated, projecting, or flat. 


C. striatus. The striated Cone. 
Species oblong-ovate, gibbous, not coronated, clouded and 
strongly striated transversely. 


C. generalis. ‘The general Cone. 

Species conic, spire projecting, not crowned with tuber- 
cles ; colour reddish brown, or clouded with orange and in- 
terrupted fillets. 


C. mustelinus. The Weasel Cone. PI. 31, fig. 1. 

Species with base sub-truncated; spire channelled and 
banded with orange spots; body whitish, encircled in the 
middle by orange-spotted bands. 


FAMILY XXL 


Navtitacea. ‘Two genera. 


1. Spirula. One species. 


An involute, symmetrical, discoid shell, whose whorls do 
not touch each other; the septa or partitions are brilliant 
pearl, concave externally, pierced by a tube called the siphon 
or siphuncle, placed close to the inner edge of the aperture ; 
covered with a thin epidermis. 


CONCHOLOGY. 175 


S. Peronii. Peron’s Spirula. PI. 36, fig. 2. 
Answers to the above description ; colour yellowish white. 


2. Nautilus. ‘Two species. 


An elegant, well-known shell, more or less ventricose, dis- 
coid, slightly compressed, umbilicated or not, but never pa- 
pillose; the septa simple, transverse, not visible externally, 
the last deeply sunk and perforated by a siphon running 
through them all; edges entire. 

The N. Pompilius, when dissected, displays its beautiful 
pearly chambers ; fine specimens are often converted into 
drinking-cups by the Orientals, who sometimes remove the 
outer coating, so that its whole appearance is pearly. 

The Nautilis varies in size; some are microscopic; and 
although they have received different names, and on account 
of the animal have been made to form different genera, it 
was deemed unnecessary to treat of them here. 


Nautilus Pompilius. Nautilus umbilicatus. 


N. Pompilius. The Pompilius Nautilus. Pl. 36, fig. 3. 

Species not umbilicated; the back rounded; aperture 
round and pearly; siphon sub-central; pale yellow, with 
chestnut streaks and undulations. 
N. umbilicatus. 'The umbilicated Pompilius. Pl. 36, 
renee / 

Species umbilicated, sub-orbicular ; pale fawn colour, with 
chestnut undated transverse clouds. 


FAMILY, XXIL 
Hereropopa. Two generaa 4 | 
1. Argonauta. ‘The Paper Sailor. Three species. 

The shells of this genus are remarkable for their fragility, 
delicacy, and elegance ; they resemble a scroll, ornamented 
with various canaliculated grooves from the summit to the 
margin, which is bicarinated. ‘The colour is usually bluish, 
but the keel is of a darker hue; they vary greatly in size. 

Shell navicular, symmetrical, very thin, compressed, bi- 


176 CONCHOLOGY. 


carinated, sub-involuted longitudinally in the same plane ; 
aperture very large, entire, symmetrical, square in front, 
slightly modified by the turn of the summit, and provided on 
each side with an earlike appendage, with thick and smooth 
edges ; lips sharp. 
Argonauta argo. Argonauta tuberculosa. 
A. nitida. 

A. argo. The Portuguese man-of-war. PI. 35, fig. 1. 

Characterized above; shell whitish, fragile, keel rather 
narrow, with sharp-pointed tuberculations; sides striated 
transversely, wrinkled longitudinally. 


A. tuberculosa. The tuberculated Argonaut. Pl. 35, 
fig. 2. 

Species more convex at the sides, with nodulous eleva- 
tions; keel broader, points more obtuse. 


2. Carinaria. The glassy Nautilus. Three species. 


In form and texture greatly resembling the Argonauta, but 
distinguished by only having one keel on the whole length 
of the back. 

Shell symmetrical, carinated or not, very thin, slightly 
compressed, without spire, but with the summit slightly re- 
curved posteriorly ; aperture oval and very entire. 


Carinaria vitrea. Carinaria fragilis. 
C. cymbium. 


C. vitrea. The glassy Carinaria. 

Species very rare and beautiful, thin, papyraceous, very 
fragile and semitransparent; a serrated keel rises up its 
front, and the sides are decorated with ribs parallel to the 
base. 


C. fragilis. 'The fragile Carinaria. 

Species smaller, very thin, striated longitudinally, diver- 
ging from the summit to the margin; no keel. 

C. cymbium. ‘The minute Carinaria. 

Species not larger than a grain of sand. 


GLOSSARY 


OF TERMS USED IN CONCHOLOGY. 


A. 

ABBREVIATED, shortened, cut short. 

Abdomen, the belly. 

Aculeated, furnished with, or ending 
in, prickles. 
cuminated, ending in a sharp point, 
sharp pointed. 

Adnate, adhering or growing together, 
adjoining. 

Alated, winged, applied to the expan- 
ded lip of the Strombus genus, &c. 

Ambitus, the circumference or outline 
of the valves. 

Annulated, formed or divided into dis- 
tinct rings. 

Annulations, rings. 

Antiquated, longitudinally furrowed, 
but interrupted by transverse fur- 
rows, as if the shell had acquired 
new growth at each furrow. 

Aperture, the mouth or opening of the 
shell. 

Apex, the tip or point of the spire. 

Apophysis, an excrescence. 

Approximating, approaching near to, 
or near together. 

Arcuated, bent in the form of an arch. 

Arcuations, bendings, curvings. 

Area, the surface contained between 
lines or boundaries. 

Arenose, sandy. 

Areola, a small area or circle. 

Articulations, junctures, or joinings. 

Ascititious, supplemental, additional. 

Attenuated, thin, slender. 

Autated, eared, having ears as in the 
scallops. 

Auricled, having appendages like ears. 

Auriform, ear-shaped. 


B 


Barb, anything that grows in place of 
a beard. 

Base, in univalves, that part of the 
shell by which it is affixed to rocks, 
&c., and in multivalves the oppo- 
site extremity to the apex. In uni- 


valves, the opposite end to the apex. 2 


Beak, the continuation of thé body of 
univalves in which the canal is sit- 
uated. 

Beard, the process by which some bi- 
valves adhere to rocks, &c. 

Bellying, distended in the middle. 

Bi, prefixed to any word, signifies two. 

Biangulated, having two corners or 
angles. 

Bicuspid, having two points. 

Bidentate, having two teeth. 

Bifid, opening with a cleft. 

Bifarious, parting in opposité direc- 
tions. 

Bilabiate, furnished both with an outer 
and inner lip. 

Bilobate, divided into two lobes. 

Bimarginate, furnished with a double 
margin as far as the lip. 

Biradiate, having two rays. 

Bivalve, consisting of two valves or 
divisions. 

Blotched, spotted in an irregular way. 

Blunt, obtuse, opposed to acute. 

Borer, a piercer. 

Brinded, streaked. 

Bulging, gibbous, swollen out. 

Bullate, of a blistered appearance. 

Byssus, a beard, common in the My- 
tilus and Pinna. 


C. 


Calcareous, relating to lime, of a limy 
nature. 

Callosity, a protuberance. 

Callus, is composed of two short ribs, 
united at the base, and converging 
at the apex towards the hinder part 
of the shell. 

Campanulate, bell-shaped. 

Canaliculated, made like a pipe or 
gutter. 

Cancellated, longitudinally and trans- 
versely ribbed. 

Carinate, having a longitudinal prom- 
inence like the keel of a vessel. 

Carinated, keeled. 

Cartilage, a flexible fibrous substancé 


178 


by which the valves are united, sit- 
uated near the beak. 

Cauda, the elongated base of the ven- 
ter, lip, and columella. 

Cicatrix, the glossy impression in the 
inside of the valves, to which the 
muscles of the animal are affixed. 

Ciliate, edged with parallel hairs, bris- 
tles, or appendages, like the eyelids. 

Cinereous, of ash colour, of the colour 
of wood ashes. 

Clavate, club-shaped, thicker towards 
the top, elongated towards the base. 

Cochlex, shells of one piece, uni- 
valves. 

Cochleate, twisted like a screw or the 
shell of a snail. 

Columella, the upright pillar in the 
centre of most of the univalve shells. 

Commissure, a joint or seam. 

Complicated, doubled together. 

Compressed, perpendicularly squeezed 
together, in opposition to depressed, 
which is horizontally flattened. 

Concamerated, arched over, vaulted. 

Concamerations, divided into compart- 
ments, as in the Nautili. 

Concave, hollowed out like a bowl. 

Concentric, running to a centre. 

Conche, shells consisting of two or 
more pieces or valves, bivalves, or 
multivalves. 

Cone, the form of a sugar-loaf. 

Confluent, running together. 

Conoid, a figure like a cone, sugar- 
loaf-shaped. 

Contorted, twisted, or incumbent on 
each other, in an oblique direction. 

Contracted, shortened, shrunk up. 

Convoluted, rolled upon itself, twisted 
spirally, like a piece of paper rolled 
between the finger and thumb. 

Cordate, heart-shaped. 

Cordiform, resembling the form of a 
heart. 

Coriaceous, of a leather-like consist- 
ence. 

Corneous, of a horn colour, resembling 
a horn. 

Coronal, relating to the crown or top. 

Coronated, crowned, or girt towards 
the apex. 

Costated, ribbed, having large ribs. 

Corpus, the body of the shell, the last 
or great wreath in which the aper- 
ture is situated. 

Cortex, the anterior skin or epidermis. 

Crenulated, notched at the margin, 
scalloped. 


GLOSSARY. 


Crispated, rough with waving lines- 

Cuneiform, shaped like a wedge. 

Cylindrical, round like a cylinder or a 
roller. 

Cymbyform, boat-shaped. 


D. 


Decorticated, worn, divested of epi- 
dermis or skin. 

Decussated, generally applied to strie 
or lines which are crossed, or which 
intersect each other perpendicularly 
or horizontally. 

Deflexed, bent aside. 

Dentary, of or belonging to the teeth. 

Dentile, a small tooth, such as the 
tooth of a saw. 

Denticulated, set with small teeth, as 
in the Arca. 

Depressed, pressed down horizontally, 
low, shallow, flat. 

Dexter valve, is the right valve. 

Diaphanous, transparent, clear, pel- 
lucid. 

Digitated, fingered or clawed, as in 
the lobes of the outer lip of the 
Strombi, &c. 

Disk, the middle part of the valves, or 
that which lies between the umbo 
and the margin. 

Divaricated, straddling, spreading out 
widely. 

Divergent, tending to various parts 
or directions from one point. 

Dorsum, the back ; it generally means 
the upper surface of the body of the 
shell, when laid upon the aperture 
or opening. In the genera of Pa- 
tella and Haliotis, the back means 
the upper convex surface. 

Dotted, punctured like a thimble. 

Duplicated, divided into plaits or folds. 

Duplicature, a fold, anything doubled. 


i. 


Echinated, bristled like a hog, set with 
spines. 

Effuse, spread out. 

Elliptical, having the form of an ellip- 
sls, oval. 

Elongated, lengthened, drawn out. 

Emarginate, , with the edge or mar- 

Emarginated, gin notched. 

Ensiform, sabre-shaped. 

Entire, whole, uninterrupted, not di- 
vided. 

Epidermis, the outer coating or scarf- 
skin of the shell. 


GLOSSARY. 


Equidistant, being at the same dis- 
tance. 

Equilateral, having all sides alike. 

Equivalve, having both valves of equal 
dimensions. 

Exolete, worn or faded. 

Exserted, standing out, protruding. 

Extraneous, not belonging to a par- 
ticular thing. 


F 


Falcated, bent or hooked like a scythe. 

Fasciated, filleted, or covered with 
bands. 

Fascicled, clustered together as in a 
bundle. 

Fasciculated, consisting of little bun- 
dles. 

Fastigate, flat and even at top. 

Faux, what can be seen of the cavity 
of the first chamber of the shell, by 
looking in at the aperture. 

Ferruginous, of an iron colour, or rust 
coloured. 

Filament, a slender threadlike process. 

Filiform, thread-shaped, slender, and 
of equal thickness. 

Fimbriated, fringed. 

Fissure, a cleft, a little slit, or narrow 
chasm. 

Flexuous, zigzag, with angles gently 
winding. 

Flexure, a bending. 

Fluviatic, of or belonging to a river. 

Fluviatile, belonging to fresh water. 

Foliaceous, consisting of lamine or 
leaves. 

Foliated, bent into lamin or leaves. 

Fornix, the excavated part under the 
umbo. It likewise signifies the up- 
per, or convex shell in the Ostrea. 

Fragile, brittle, easily broken. 

Front, in univalves, when the aperture 
is turned towards the observer. 

Furcated, forked. 

Furrow, a small trench or hollow. 

Fuscated, darkened, obscured. 

Fusiform, spindle-shaped, intermedi- 
ate between the conical and oval. 


G. 


Gap, an opening in bivalves when the 
valves are shut as in the Pholades, 
Mya, &c. 

Geminated, marked with a double ele- 
vated stri# connecting the wreaths. 

Geniculate, keeled. 

Genus, an assemblage of species pos- 
sessing certain characters in com- 


179 


mon, by which they are distinguish- 
ed from all others. 

Genera, the plural of genus. 

Gibbous, bulged or bulging. 

Glabrous, smooth, having a smooth 
surface. 

Globose, globular. 

Granulated, beaded, in small grains or 
beads. 

Groove, a hollow channel. 


H. 


Hemispherical, in the shape of a half 
globe. 

Hirsute, rough, beset with strong 
hairs. 

Heteroclitical, synonymous with het- 
erostrophe. 

Heterostrophe, reversed, applied to 
shells whose spires turn in a con- 
trary direction to the usual way. 

Hispid, hairy. 


T& J. 


Jagged, denticulated, uneven, toothed 
like a saw. 

Imbricate, placed like the tiles of a 
house. 

Imperforated, not pierced with a hole, 
wanting an umbilicus. 

Inequilateral, when the anterior and 
posterior sides make different an- 
gles with the hinge. 

Inequivalve, where one valve is more 
convex than the other, or dissimilar 
in other respects, as in the common 
oyster. 

Inarticulate, indistinct, not properly 
formed. 

Incumbent, one lying over the other. 

Incurved, 

Incurvated, 

Indented, unequally marked, hollow- 
ed. 

Inflated, tumid, swollen, as if blown 
out. 

Inflected, bent inward. 

Inflexed, bent towards each other. 

Intercostal, placed between the ribs. 

Internode, the space between one 
knot or joint and another. 

Interrupted, divided, separated. 

Interstice, space between one part and 
another, a crevice. 

Intortion, the turning or twisting in 
any particular direction. 

Involucre, a covering. 

Involution, that part which involves or 
inwraps another. 


* bent inward, crooked. 


180 


Involute, where the exterior lip is 
tumed inward at the margin, as in 
the Cyprea. 

Isabella-colour, a brownish yellow 
with a shade of brownish red. 

Juneture, the joining of the whorl in 
univalve shells. 


K. J 
Keel, the longitudinal prominence in 
the Argonauta. 
Knob, a protuberance, any part blunt- 
ly arising above the rest. 


L. 


Labra, the lips. 

Laciniate, jagged or cut into irregular 
segments. 

Lacunose, having the surface covered 
with pits. 

Lamellar, consisting of films on plates. 

Lamellated, divided into distinct plaits 
or foliations. 

Lamine, thin plates, laid one coat 
above another. 

Lanceolate, oblong, and gradually ta- 
pering like the head of a lance. 

Lateral, extending to one side from 
the centre. 

Latticed, having longitudinal lines or 
furrows, decussate by transverse 
ones. 

Lenticulate, doubly convex, of the 
form of a lens. 

Ligament, a solid body, softer than a 
cartilage, but harder than a mem- 
brane, which connects the valves in 
bivalves. 

Limb, the margin of bivalve shells. 

Linear, composed of lines. 

Lineate, marked with lines. 

Lip, the outer edge of the aperture of 
univalves. 

Littoral, of or belonging to the shore. 

Lobated, rounded at the edges. 

Longitudinal, the length of the shell 
from the apex to the base. 

Lubricity, slipperiness, smoothness of 
surface. 

Lunated, formed like a half moon. 

Lunulated, crescent-shaped. 

Lunule, a crescent-like mark or spot, 
situated near the anterior and pos- 
terior slopes in bivalve shells. 

Luniform, in the shape of a crescent. 


M. 


Margin, the whole circumference or 
outline of the shell in bivalves. 


GLOSSARY. 


Marginated, having a prominent mar- 
gin or border. 

Membrane, a web of several sorts of 
fibres. 

Membranaceous, consisting of mem- 
branes. 

Mottled, clouded or spotted with vari- 
ous colours. 

Mucronate, ending in a sharp rigid 
point. 

Multilocular, many-chambered, con- 
sisting of several divisions. 

Muricated, clothed with sharp spines. 


N. 


Nacred, pearly, pearlaceous. 
Nemoral, of or belonging to a wood. 
Nited, glossy. 

Nodose, knotty. 

Nucleus, a kernel. 


O. 


Ob, prefixed to words, is used for in- 
versely or inverted; as obconic, in- 
versely conic ; obcordate, inversely 
heart-shaped. 

Oblong-ovate, egg-shaped or oval. 

Obsolete, indistinct, not well defined. 

Ocellated, applied to eyelike spots. 

Ochreous, of the colour of yellow 
ochre. 

Offuscated, darkened, clouded, dim- 
med. 

Olivaceous, being of a greenish olive 
colour. 

Operculum, a lid which closes the 
aperture of some turbinated uni- 
valves; and also some of the tops 
of multivalves. 

Orbicular, spherical, circular, round. 

Order, the second division of the ani- 
mal kingdom. Orders are made up 
of a plurality of genera. 

Orifice, an opening or perforation. 

Ovate, shaped like the longitudinal 
section of an egg. 

Ovoid, oval. 


E. 


Palmated, webbed, as in the feet of 
some water-birds. 
Papillz, small dots or pimples. 
Papillary, } having the surface cover- 
Papillous, ed with dots or pimples. 
Papillose, pimpled, dotted. 
Papyraceous, thin as paper. 
Parasitical, living on some other body. 
Patulous, with a gap or opening. 
Pearlaceous, of or like mother-of- 
pearl. 


GLOSSARY. 


Partitions, calcareous processes, divi- 
ding the shells of the genus Nauti- 
lus, Serpula, &c. 

Pectinated, resembling the teeth of a 
comb. 

Pedicle, the support of the Lepas An- 
atifera, and its corresponding spe- 
cies, by which they are attached to 
wood, &c. 

Peduncle, a foot-stalk or tube on which 
anything is seated. 

Pediform, foot-shaped. 

Pelagic, belonging to the deep sea. 

Pellicle, the skin or film. 

Pellucid, transparent, clear, bright. 

Pentagonal, having five angles. 

Perforated, pierced with holes. 

Pervious, admitting passage. 

Phosphorescent, emitting light in the 
dark. 

Pillar, in uniyalves is the internal con- 
tinuation of the columella or inner 
lips, and extends from the base to 
the apex. 

Pinnated, winged. 

Plaited, folded. 

Plaits, folds. 

Plicated, folded or plaited, as in the 
pillar of the volute tribe. 

Plumose, having a feathery appear- 
ance. 

Polythalmous, divided into several 
chambers. 

Porcate, marked with raised longitu- 
dinal lines. 

“orrected, projecting. 

Prismatic, generally applied to the 
colours of shells, being like those of 
the prism; iridescent. 

Produced, lengthened out. 

Protrude, to thrust forward. 
Protuberances, plaits higher or more 
elevated than the parts adjoining. 
Punctuated, with small hollows like 

the punctures of a thimble. 

Pyriform, pear-shaped. 


Q. 
Quadrangular, having four right an- 
gles. 
Quadriplicated, having four plaits. 


R. 


Radiated, furnished with rays. 
Radicated, is when the shell is fixed 

by the base to another body. 
Rectangular, having right angles. 
Recurvated, turned backward. 
Recurved, bowed back. 


181 


Reflected, thrown backward, or bent 
back. 

Reflex, 

Reflexed, 

Refracted, abruptly bent, as if broken. 

Reniform, kidney-shaped. 

Repand, with a serpentine margin. 

Replicated, folded or plaited, so as to 
form a groove or channel. 

Reticulated, formed like a piece of net- 
work. 

Retroflected, bent backward. 

Retrousse, cocked up, turned up. 

Retroverted, turned back. 

Retuse, ending in an obtuse sinus. 

Retundated, blunted, or turned at the 
edge. 

Reversed spire, is when the voiutions 
tum the reverse way of a common 
corkscrew, or to the sun’s apparent 
motion. 

Revolute, rolled backward. 

Ribbed, having longitudinal or trans- 
verse ridges. 

Ridge, the upper part of a slope. 

Rima, the interstice between the valves 
when the hymen is removed. 

Rostrum, the beak; the extension of 
the shell, in which the canal is situ- 
ated. 

Rotund, round, circular, spherical. 

Rudimentary, the commencement or 
first elements of anything ; general- 
ly applied to the indistinct teeth of 
shells. 

Rufous, of a reddish colour, 

Rugose, rugged, full of wrinkles. 


Ss. 


Sanguinaceous, of a blood colour, or 
resembling blood. 

Scabrous, rough, rugged, harsh, or like 
a file. 

Scalloped, indented at the edges. 

Scorbiculate, pitted, having the surface 
covered with hollows. 

Scorbiculous, a depression or cavity. 

Scutellated, : F 

Scutelliform, } shield-shaped. 

Seam, the line formed by the union of 
the valves. 

Semi, is used in composition in the 
sense of half. 

Semi-cordate, half heart-shaped. 

Semi-cylindrical, half cylindrical, cut 
through lengthways. 

Semi-orbicular, the shape of a_half 
globe. 

Semi-lunar, the shape of a half moon. 


, the same as recurvated. 


182 


GLOSSARY. 


Semi-pellucid, somewhat pellucid or] Tesselated, checkered like a chess- 


shining. 

Septiform, in the shape of a partition. 

Serrated, like the teeth of a saw. 

Serrulated, very minutely serrated. 

Sessile, sitting or seated. 

Seta, a bristle. 

Setaceous, bristly, covered with bris- 
tles. 

Setiferous, bearing bristles. 

Setose, covered with bristles. 

Sinister valve, is the left valve. 

Sinus, a groove or cavity. 

Siphunculus, a cylindrical canal per- 
forating the partitions in polythal- 
mous shells ; for instance, as in the 
Nautilus Spirula. 

Solitary, generally applied to a single 
tooth in bivalves. 

Spatulate, rounded and broad at the 
top, and becoming narrow like a 
spatula or battledore. 

Species, the division of a family or ge- 
nus, containing such as agree with 
it in general characters, or such as 
are derived from one common par- 
entage. 

Spiny, thomy, covered with thorm- 
like processes. 

Spinous, having spines like a hedgehog. 

Spire, all the whorls of univalve shells, 
excepting the one in which the 
aperture is situated, which is termed 
the body. 

Spiral, twisted like a corkscrew. 

Squamose, scaly. 

Stellated, starred, consisting of star- 
like figures. 

Striated, scored, or covered with fine 
threadlike lines. 

Sub, in composition, means almost, 
or approaching to ; as sub-globose, 
somewhat globular. 

Sub-arcuated, somewhat arched. 

Sub-conic, somewhat conical. 

Sub-diaphanous, somewhat transparent 
or clear. 

Sub-rotund, nearly globular. 

Subulate, awl-shaped. 

Sulcated, furrowed. 

Sulci, furrows or ridges. 

Summit, the tip or apex. 

Sature, a hollow line of division in 
univalve shells, the spiral line of 
which separates the wreaths. 


AEs 


Tentacula, the feelers of snails which 
inhabit shells. 


board. 

Testacea, the third order of worms, 
including those which are covered 
with a testaceous shell. 

Testaceous, consisting of carbonate of 
lime and animal matter. 

Tetragonal, four cornered. 

Torose, swelling into knobs or protu- 
berances. 

Tortuosity, wreath, flexure. 

Tortuous, twisted, wreathed, winding. 

Transverse, placed across or cross- 
ways. When the breadth of a shell 
is greater than its length, it is called 
transverse. 

Trapeziform, shaped like a trapezium. 

Trigonal, having three angles. 

Truncated, stunted, cut short or ab- 
ruptly off at the end. 

Tubercle, a little knot or pimple. 

Tuberculated, knotted, pumpled. 

Tuberosities, prominent knots or ex- 
crescences. 

Tubular, in the shape of a hollow tube. 

Tubulate, tubulous or hollow. 

Tunicated, coated. 

Turbinated, shaped like a top or pear. 

Turgid, swollen. 


U& V. 


Valve, the whole of univalve shells, of 
shells in one piece; and the half of 
bivalves, or shells in two divisions, 
&e. 

Varices, longitudinal ribs in univalve 
shells. 

Variety, is when one species differs 
some little degree from that of an- 
other. 

Vaulted, like the roof of one’s mouth. 

Venter, the belly, situated in the body 
of the shell; being the most prom- 
inent part when the aperture is 
turned to the obseryer. 

Ventral, belonging to the belly. 

Ventricose, inflated, swelled in the 
middle. 

Vermiform, worm-shaped. 

Vertex, in the Patella the top or most 
prominent part, situated in general 
nearly in the middle. Jn the genus 
Bulla it is used for the apex. 

Verrucose, warted. 

Verticulated, whorled. 

Umbilicated, having a depression in 
the centre like a navel. 

Umbo, in bivalve shells, the round part 
which turns over the hinge. 


GLOSSARY. 


Umbonate, bossed, having a raised 
knob in the centre. 

Undulated, waved, having a waved 
surface. 

Ungulate, shaped like a horse’s hoof. 

Unilocular, with a single chamber or 
compartment, 

Univalve, shells consisting of one 
valve or piece. 

Volutions, the wreaths or turnings of 
the shells of univalves. 

Urceeolate, swelling in the middle like 
a pitcher. 

Vulva, a spatulated mark in several 


183 


bivalve shells; formed when the 
valves are united on the posterior 
and anterior slopes. 


W. 
Whorl, one of the wreaths or turnings 
of the spire of univalyes. 


Z. 


Zigzag, having contrary tunings and 
windings. 

Zoned, surrounded with one or more 
girdles, 


if 
Wp 7. 
srakshoriana” ae we Pati 
ee Te 


A “ % Val pds a ih Cie 
ini ue eu: i Wie 


; hid “ar 
i oath ake 


k ria! Deka 
ee 


iw Gis W ay Da 


i A i, nae 


E a eet out , hie } 
a erie sm.) PS a 
th ’ nas Atte maui ‘ Baa ie Uh 


INDEX 


TO THE 


CLASSES, FAMILIES, GENERA, AND PLATES. 


[N.B.—The Classes are printed in Small Capitals, the Families in Italics, and 
the Genera in the Ordinary Type.] 


. 3 a 2 io 

- O\ce S| 2 eae 
Acasta . ; is ; zs 2) Yl .4 20 
Acera . ¢ : c 4) 4! 1 101 
Achatina . é é 4| 7] 8/18] 1—3 | 113 
Alata . ; ‘ : ‘ 4/17] 3 149 
Amphidesma . ‘ : : ‘i Suh Dane I 10 9 39 
Amphitritea c : : ee Ek top 13 
Amphitrite Pied 14 
Ampullaria 4/10] 3/21 3 120 
Anastoma : ; ANT | 13 109 
Anatifera 3 F x Pa hh vale 5 21 
Anatina : s ; F Siler Aas we, 5 33 
Ancillaria é P F c 4/20) 4]30 5 169 
Ancylus é 4] 3| 7/32 3 101 
ANNELIDES A F ; 1| 4 11 
Anodonta é 2 ; SHS! sao LL |e oe 68 
Anomia ° : 3/19} 5/16 1 89 
Aplysiacea. . eh} < 4/ 5| 2 103 
Aplysia . : 4 . : £5 5 i 103 
Arca 5 ; 5 : i SL ie seLO 5 63 
Arenicola 3 : ‘ HP kay al 11 
Arcacea ‘ F s SLE 4 61 
Argonauta. 3 7 ; 4/22} 1135] 1,2 |176 
Aspergillum . . 3/ 1] 1/33 3 23 
Auricula fs 4) 7/10/19 6 115 
Avicula . 3/17| 4/14 3 79 

B. 
Balanus Saat EB) ae 1 19 
Brachiopoda 3/20] 3 89 
Buccinum sg : 4/18} 9|29 1 159 
Bulimus ... - b AN Fe 7 19 a 112 
Bulla. 5 : Aa Area's |g 7 102 
Bullacea ; 3 As Asi 3 101 
Bullea . 4! 4| 2117 5 102 


186 INDEX. 


c. alal¢ 
pS PL I 

Calyptracea . : : : a Sod 

Calyptrea . ; , ‘ Ai Silo 

Canalifera , ‘ 4 : 4)16) 11 

Cancellaria . 5 ‘ Z 4/16] 4 

Capsa . : : : : 3) 8| 9 

Cardiacea , 4 FLOM Mo 

Cardita . i 3/10} 2 

Cardium ‘ 5 ;: R 3/10; 1 

Carinaria i ‘ i e 4}22| 2 

Carocolla AN 7a 

Cassidaria 4/10! 1 

Cassis 4/18} 2 

Castalia i j 5 Se fen 

Chama . : ; ‘ 3/14] 1 

Cerithium 5 ; 4)16}] 1 

Chamacea SHA) 3 

Chiton . 4) 2| .3 

Chitonellus AN 32h) ee 

Cineras ; ‘ ; Si ols 9 

CirRHIPEDES . 5 A Oi eel 

Cirrhipedes 2} 1/10 

Clausilia 4| 7] 6/19 3 111 
Clavagella 3 Dre 23 
Cleodora AN al) te 92 
Clio " 5 x 41 1] 2 92 
Clymene 2 : . 1 a ee | 12 
Colimacea ; Ae gol 105 
Columbella . 4119} 11/29 6 161 
Columellaria f x 4/19] 5 160 
Conchacea } : A A 3 Sie Oil) ed 49 
CoNcHIFERA . 5 A i 5 3] 20 23 
Convoluta 4/20] 6 166 
Conus . E 4120/.6)31} 1,2 )174 
Corbis Bh Si eos) 8 1 46 
Corbula 4 Say 68 LG G 6 39 
Corbulacea . fh Susie 39 
Concholepas 4|18| 6/28 1 156 
Coronula BEM Oa al 3 19 
Crania 3/19} 6/16 4 89 
Crassatella Sue owe | aeo 4 37 
Crassina F 3} 8/10) 6 1 49 
Crenatula Si al ee: 2 76 
Crepidula : P : : 4] 3] 6/32 2 101 
Creusia : ; ; 3 ; ON ile Dale 5 20 
Cuculea : ‘ 3/11] 1/10 1 61 
Cyclas . - - S00 Wines 7 50 
Cyclostoma . : 4/ 7|11/)19 5 116 
Cymbulia - A : AL ie 93 
Cyrena . ° 4 : : PEAS eA 7 51 
Cypraa Wobe ene «bis 4/20| 1/34} 4 1169 
Cypricardia . ° : : 3|10| 3/10 6 60 
Cyprina : ° . . A G9) a ae Sy, 2 52 
Cytherea : ‘ ° 3] 9}| 5] 9 4 54 


Delphanula 
Dentalium 
Dolabella 
Dolium . 
Donax 
Dorsaliea 


Eburna . 
Emarginula 
Erycina 
Etheria 


Fasciolaria 
Fissurella 
Fistulana 
Fusus 


Galathea 
Galeolaria 
Gastrochena 
Glycimeris 
Gryphea 


Haliotis 
Harpa 
Helicina 
Helix 
Heteropoda 
Hiatella 
Hippopus 
Hyalea . 
Hyria 


Tridina 
Isocardia 


Janthina 


Lima 
Limacinea 
Limacina 
Limax 
Lingula 


, 


INDEX. 
alilé 
ae Pre ra es 
Joe Ise ore 9 
yates MRABU Elna 
‘ 4\18| 8 
f 3| 8] 8 
Mea 3 
a B10 
fc eealea ape a 
Seg 
My Leelatlnaiies 
A OMAN esl 
; 4| 31 3 
: Pa iilios: 
; 4/16| 6 
e Sie Grass 
E Teh ial 
Se Vath WB cone 
el) Sulla eae 
Uh edo 
oh Vaio sa 
if WAN AON ae 
4| 7) 4 
7 ale 
4/221 2 
3/10] 4 
3/151 2 
a) qld 
3113] 2 
: 3113] 4 
3110| 5 
ot an eS 
: 3/18] 2 
; Ba Giles 
, ew A 
AA 618 
13/20! 3 


12 


18 


17 


mem or ort 


noe 


125 


80 
104 
93 
104 
91 


188 


L. continued. 


Lithophagi . : ° 
Lucina . 3 4 ¢ 


Lutraria 5 
Lymnecea 
Lymne 

M. 
Mactracea S ‘ : 
Mactra . 
Macrostomides 


Magilus : 
Mallacea 


Malleus : “ . 
Maldania ‘ ° ’ 
Marginella_ . : . 
Melanides A 3 
Melania . ; 
Melanopsis. . : 
Meleagrina 


MS Oh Pree 
Modiola . : ; 


Mo.uuvusca - ' 
Monoceros . é z 
Monodonto . 

Murex 


Myaria . “ : 
Mya. tis . . 
Mytilus : ° : 
Mytilacea : : 7 


Naiades 4 é 
Natica 5 
Nautilacea . 
Nautilus : 
Navicella 
Nerita 
Neritina : 
Neritacea ; 3 : 
Nucula 5 5 : 
Nymphagea . . : 


es e@8 © @ @ @ 


Oliva . 
Onchidium 
Orbicula 
Ostrea . 
Ostracea 
Otion . 
Ovula . 


INDEX. 


Class, 


WWWWEEP RP COR WR PP PR COCO POO tO He DO GO OO 


SOWELL PP PO 


RDO WWOK SP 


Gen. 


DW OVW & OO PW CO Gr Or B® 0 ~F C2 CO mt 9 0 


_ 
Wee WOW HN 


CPO WHONWNH KS 


— 


_— 
BSB ODNWH KN 


21 
36 


21 
21 


11 


30 


17 
16 


34 


a~ nw oo ee 


Paludina 
Parmacella 


Parmophora . 


Patella . 
Pandora 
Panopea 
Pecten . 
Pectenaria 
Pectunculus 
Pedum . 
Pectinides 


Peristomides . 


Perna 
Petricola 
Phasianella 
Pholas 
Pholadaria 
Physa . 
Phyllidia 
Phyllidiacea 
Pirena 
Pinna 
Pileopsis 
Planorbis 
Plicacea 
Planaxis 
Placuna 
Pleurotoma 
Plicatula 
Plagiostoma 


Pneumodermo 


Pollicipes 
Podopsis 
Psammobia 
Psammotea 
Pteroceras 
Pteropoda 
Pupa 

Pupa 
Purpura 
Purpurifera 


Pyramidella . 


Pyrula 
Pyrgoma 


Ranella 
Ricinula 
Rostellaria 


INDEX. 


DOWELL EPP PWWWHPHWOHW RW EP PWR ER RWW RWW PWWW Re WWW 


> > 


DUH RAMAN WNW IDM TVA TVERWWREDYVYEHDWNW WH We WOME DW 


we CO 


wwe we = 


> 
lor) 


lor) me OOO wOoOre 


eo 0 


104 


119 


137 


117 


119 


116 
128 
136 


150 


110 
111 
155 
151 
129 
144 

21 


145 
153 
149 


190 


Sabellaria 


Sanguinolaria 


Saxacavi 
Scalaria 
Scalarides 
Septaria 
Serpula 
Serpulacea 
Sigaretus 
Siliquaria 
Solarium 
Solecurtus 
Solen 
Solenides 
Solenimya 
Spirorbis 
Spirula . 
Spondylus 
Stomatella 
Stomatia 
Strombus 


Struthiolaria . 


Succinea 


Tellina . 
'Tellinides 
Terebella 
Terebellum 
Terebra 
Terebratula 
Teredo 
Teredina 
Testacella 
Tornatella 
Trochus 
Tridacna 
Tridacnites 
Trigonia 
Trigonacea 
Triton . 
Tubicola 
Turbicinella 
Turbo . 
Turbinacea 
Turbinella 
Tuwrritella 


@ Oy 8 OL Ane 


7. &© @ @ 


INDEX. 


PPAR ROR HWW me Ree too Oo 00 |Cloe. 


EP RPEPRNWWRWWWWER RR WWW RE RR Ow 


ram. 


a 


—_ 


— 
mow oto Oe OP ee PP FO WwW 


Gen. ° 


BSDMDWwnDde KH QP KH WRK NK AOU PW Pe SO 


— 


— 
WSs PK De WORK UK VK BUOIADN KH WWaR 


24 


24 


em dO Det re 0 iw) OH ke PO 


o > Brawn 


169 
160 


128 
133 


148 


136 
131 
140 
139 


INDEX. 191 


U. V. gldadlels | % | & 

SNF a) rn | cla Lr | 
Ungulina . : . : & ho Sis 37 
Unio : . ; 5 : ; SH Loi del vs 6 67 
Valvata A A , F ‘ 4110} 1/20 5 119 
Venericardia ‘ : P : SiO ered 1 57 
Venerirupis . . “ ° SE ledede cam ek sla 2 42 
Venus . : c . : ; STON Cte tel) eB} 56 
Vermilia A ; 5 . LN es 15 
Vermetus : : i ‘ 41/14! 1/23 3 129 
Vitrina . i 6 ' a 2 ANE Gi eS ile 3 104 
Voluta . s ‘ z 3 6 4/19| 3] 30 2 164. 
Volvaria ' 6 A : u 4119} 5|29 5 165 
Vulsella s : ; : 3/19} 3/15 6 87 


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Full text of "A manual of conchology, according to the system laid down by Lamarck, with the late improvements by De Blainville exemplified and arranged for the use of students"

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