Manual of conchology, structural and systematic : with illustrations of the species

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PLATE 14

ACMAZID~.

M AeA 1

OF

POL

STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC.

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES.

— OARGICAT
By GEORGE W. TRYON, Jr O * Ry

CONTINUED BY

HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Voli eb iP.

ACMAIDA, LEPETID#, PATELLIDA, TITISCANIID.

PHILADELPHIA:
Published by the Conchological Section,

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, COR. IQTH AND RACE STS,

1891.

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In the present volume the important and difficult of group Doco-
glossate Gastropods, the Limpets, is monographed, and in addition a
small group not heretofore included. The material studied in
the families Acmeide and Patellide is exceptionally extensive. A
large number of forms are herein for the first time figured and
adequately described. The value of the work has been enhanced
by the liberality of Dr. W. H. Dall, of Washington, who placed at
the author’s disposal for study the magnificent collection of the
Smithsonian Institution, a collection especially rich in species from
the west coast of America, and containing the types of species
described by GouLp, CARPENTER and Datu, many of which have
not before been figured. No effort has been spared to make the
synonymy and references complete and reliable; and it is hoped
that conchologists will find the labor of classifying their collections
of these intricate groups decidedly lightened.

Philadelphia, June, 1891, EEA SRS

MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

Monographs of the Acmeide, Lepetide, Patellide and Titiscaniide.

Family ACMAEID Cpr.

Acmeide Crr., Maz. Cat. p. 202, 1856.—Tecturide Gray and
authors.— Lottiade Gray.—Patellide, in part, of authors.

Shell patelliform, conical, the apex more or less anterior, the
embryonic shell conical, not spiral. Animal having a free branchial
plume above the neck on the left side; radula without median teeth.

Animals of this family differ mainly from the Patellide and Lep-
etide in having a cervical branchial plume.

The shells may generally be known from Patellidw by their dif-
ferent texture and the more or less distinct internal border of the
aperture. They are never iridescent within.

They live on rocks and sea weeds, generally at very moderate
depths. One species, Aemea fluviatilis, is known to inhabit brackish
water, and a few, like Pectinodonta arcuata, are abyssal.

The shells are excessively variable, as is usually the case in seden-
tary mollusks.

The author has examined very large suites of specimens, including
nearly every species and variety described from the waters of North
and South America, both east and west, and of Japan, Polynesia and
Europé. The Australian and New Zealand forms are known to me
by fewer specimens, and a number of the species of those regions I
have not seen.

In the treatment of species I have aimed to be strictly conserva-
tive, reducing no described form to a variety or synonym without
the most ample evidence of identity or intergradation of characters ;
and on the other hand, I have refrained from burdening science
with new names for the vast number of transitional or divergent
forms in the collections examined.

No characters diagnostic of the genera of Acmzidz can be found
in the shells.

(5)

6 PECTINODONTA.
Synopsis of genera.

I. Radula with a single lateral tooth on each side; no uncini,
PECTINODONTIN&.

Genus PECTINODONTA Dall, 1882.
Animal blind; having a cervical branchial plume but no
branchial cordon.
II. Radula having three lateral teeth on each side, ACM#IN&.
Genus ACMA Eschscholtz, 1830. .
Animal having a cervical branchial plume but no branchial cor-
don ; eyes present.
Genus SCURRIA Gray, 1847.

Animal having a cervical branchial plume and a complete or
interrupted branchial cordon.

Subfamily PECTINODONTIN&.

Genus PECTINODONTA Dall, 1882.

Pectinodonta Dau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, p. 409, 1882;
Blake Gastrop. p 411.

Shell resembling Scutellina but with a blunt subcentral apex.
Soft parts resembling Acmza except in the following details: Ani-
mal blind, with the front part of the head between the tentacles and
above the muzzle much produced upward and forward, extending
considerably farther forward than the end of the muzzle, which is
marginated with lappets at the outer corners. Jaw thin, translu-
cent. Gill exactly as in Acmeea; sides of foot and mantle edge
simple, nearly smooth. Dental formula 0 (1.0.1.) 0; teeth large,
with transverse pectinated or denticulated cusps, the serrated edge of
which is turned toward the median line. The number of teeth is
the smallest in any known limpet. (Dall.)

The dentition is figured on pl. 33, fig. 74.

P. arcuaTa Dall. PI. 33, figs. 74, 75, 76.

Shell white, elongate-ovate, moderately elevated, with a blunt
polished apex, on which in young specimens, remain traces of the
disk-like, chalky, embryonic shell; the slopes from the apex to the
ends both convexly arched; margin simple or slightly denticulated
by the radiating sculpture; within polished; scars as in Acmeza;

ACMA. 7

epidermis none; sculpture externally of fine, uniform, rounded,
closely set threads, radiating from near the apex to the margin and
reticulated by the fine, rather prominent, regular, concentric ridges
of growth, both ridges and threads averaging near the margin about
three and a half to the millimeter. Length., from end to end, 14°5
mm. ; from apex to anterior end 5°5 mm.; lat. 10°0 mm.; alt. 5°5 mm.
(Dall.)

Off St. Lucia, 226 fms. ; off Dominica, 333 fms.; off Guadelupe,
583 fms. ; and off St. Thomas.

P. arcuata DALL, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1881, p. 409, 1882; Blake
Rep. p. 411, t. 25, f. 3, 3a, 3b.

Subfamily AommIn”®.

Genus ACM HA Eschscholtz, 1830.

Acmea Escu., in append. Kotzebue’s Neue Reise, ii, p. 24, 1830,
type A. mitra Esch.—Forpes & HANLEY, Brit. Moll., ii, p. 483.—
Cpr., Mazat. Catal. p. 202—Dati, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p.
237.—Wartson, Challenger Gastr. p. 28.—Fiscurr, Manuel, p.
865.—Tecture Aup. & MILNE-Epw., in Cuvier’s Rapport sur trois
Mémoires, etc., Annales des Sci. Nat. xxi, 1830, p. 326, published
not before 1831, type P. virginea—Tectura of Gray, H. & A.
ADAMS, JEFFREYS, et al.—Patelloidea Quoy & GarMmarD, Voy.
Astrol. iii, p. 349. Type P. fragilis (Chemn.) Q. & G., 1834—
Lottia GRAY, in part, Philos. Trans. 1833, p. 800.— Lottia of GouLp,
et al Erginus JEFFREYS Ann. Mag. N. H. 4th ser., xix, p. 231,
March, 1877. Type Tectura rubella Fabr.— Collisella DaLu, Amer.
Journ. Conch. vi, p. 245, 1871. Type A. pelta Esch.—Collisellina
DALL, /. ¢., p. 154, type A. saccharina. L.

Shell conical, patelliform, apex more or less anterior. Animal
with a branchial plume at the left side of the neck above; no
branchial cordon. Dentition, see below.

The snells may generally be distinguished from Patella by the
different texture and marginal border of the inside.

The thorough discussion of the generic name of this group con-
tained in the various papers of Dr. Dall and others, renders any
justification of the view of its nomenclature here taken, unnecessary.

Tectura and Erginus must be regarded as absolute synonyms of
Acmea s. str.; Patelloidea Q. & G. will probably be found to differ
somewhat anatomically, and may then be utilized for a subgeneric
group. The subgenera Collisella and Collisellina are defined below.

8 ACMA.

Species of the genus Acmzea are found in the littoral and lamin-
arian zones of nearly all seas, except the waters adjacent to the con-
tinent of Africa.

The shells are subject to even greater mutations than the Patel-
lidee, and species are correspondingly difficult to define and limit.
More than any other shells, these must be studied with constant
reference to not only habitat geographically, but station as well.
For an exact knowledge of the group we must therefore wait until
observations on the species are made with especial reference to their
modes of life and surroundings. Such data should be attached to
every limpet collected.

Aecmeea has been divided by Dr. W. H. Dall into a number of
groups which may be tabulated as follows :

A. Muzzle with lappets; no uncini; formula of teeth 0 (3.0.3) 0,

Acmea 8.8.

B. Muzzle without lappets, uncini present, CoJlisella Dall.
a. formula of teeth 1 (8.0.3) 1 Collisella s.s.
b. formula of teeth 2 (3.0.3) 2 Collisellina Dall.

The type of Acme@a is A. mitra Esch., dentition pl. 42, fig. 82; of
Collisella, A. pelta Esch., dentition pl. 42, fig. 8); and the type
of Collisellina is A. saccharina L., dentition pl. 42, fig. 83.

It is practically impossible at present to group the species of the
entire world according to anatomical characters, or to decide to what
extent these divisions will prove applicable to the entire series.

The most convenient and in most cases the most natural division
of the genus is geographic. Thus considered, the species fall into
six groups:

I. North Atlantic and Arctic.

Ts Western coast of North America.

III. Western coast of South America.

IV. West Indies.

V. Japan.

VI. Indo-Pacific.

(VII. Species of unknown habitat.)

Of these groups, the second has great affinity to the first and fifth ;
the fourth may be regarded as derived from the second during the
early tertiary period.

J. Species oF EUROPEAN SEAS AND THE NortTH ATLANTIC.

Many specimens of all of the species of this region have been
examined by me.

ACM ABA. ' 9

A. RUBELLA Fabricius. PI. 42, figs. 79, 80.

Shell small, rounded-oval, conical, apex elevated, situated at the
anterior fourth of the shell’s length; front slope steep, straight or
coneave, posterior slope convex. Surface smooth, showing faint
lines of growth. Color reddish-buff or orange ; inside of the same
color, the border flesh-colored. Length 5, breadth 4, alt. 23 mill.

Finmark, Norway ; Greenland, 5-40 fms.

Patella rubella Fasr,, Fauna Gronl., p. 386, 1780.— Tectura
(Erginus) rubella Jevrreys, Ann. Mag. N. H., Mar., 1877, xxl
p- 231.—Sars, Moll. Arct. Norv. p. 121, t. 8, f. 5; t. ema tan |e
(dentition), 1878.—Pilidium fulvum, in part, Dati, Am. Journ.
Conch. v, 1869.—Aemea rubella Daun, Proc. U. §&. Nat. Mus.
1879, p. 337.

This little shell is of a more erectly conical form than Pilidium
fuluum, and lacks radiating sculpture. It is smaller than A. vir-
ginea and not radiately painted, besides having the summit more
anterior and more elevated. The specimens before me are from
Greenland. It has been reported from the New England coast, but
I am not sure of the correctness of the determination.

A. virctneEA Miiller. Pl. 10, fig. 13, 14.

Shell small, oval, conical; apex at or a little back of the anterior
fifth of the shell’s length. Surface having delicate, almost obsolete
radiating strize and delicate growth lines. Color a delicate pink, with
numerous (about 13) pink rays. Upper part of the cone buffish-
white.

Inside pink or white, center flesh-colored or opaque white.

Length 9-10, breadth 67-9, alt. 33-4 mill.

Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas; Atlantic from Norway and Ice-
land to the Canaries, Azores and Oupe Verde Is., low water to 60 fms.

Patella virginea Muut.. Zool. Dan. Prodr. i, p. 43, 1776.—GMEL.,
Syst. Nat. xili, p. 3711—Aemeea virginea Han.ey, Br. Mar. Conch.
p. 32, 1844.—Forses & Haytey, Hist. Brit. Moll. ii, p. 437, t. 61,
£ 1, 2-—Dary, Am. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 243, 1871—Buquoy,
Davrz, & Doutr., Moll. du Rouss. p. 478, t. 51, £12, 18.— Tectura
virginea JEFFR., Brit. Conch. iii, p. 248; v, p. 200, t. 58, f. 4.—
Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv. p. 121, t. 1, f. 10 (dentition).— Patella
parva DA Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 7. t. 8, f. 11, 1778, of Donovan
and Monracu.—Lottia unicolor Forses, Rep. Ag. Invert. pp. 139,
188, 1844.—L. pulchella Forses, 1. ¢, p. 137.—Lotha pellucide

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10 ACMA.

WeINKAUFF (not Linné) Jdurn. de Conchyl. x, p. 334, 1862.—
Patelloidea virginea CoLBEAU, Moll. viv. de la Belg., p. 14.— Patella
eequalis Sow., Min. Conch. t. 139.— Patella astensis BONELLI.

A small and delicate species, pink rayed on a pale ground. It is
widely distributed in European seas. The following mutations
have received names:

Form conica Jeffr. Smaller than the type, more conical, summit
more elevated, nearly central. This form is figured by Wood,
Crag Moll. pl. 18, f. 6c.

Form rotundata Monts. More rounded than the type.

Form depressa Wood. Crag Moll. pl. 18, f. 6a.

Form unicolor Forbes. Of a uniform rosy color, without rays;
small.

Form /actea Jeffr. Milky-white.

A. TESTUDINALIS Miller. PI. 9, figs. 25, 26, 27, 28, 29.

Shell conical, oval, the apex a little in front of the middle; pos-
terior slope slightly convex, other slopes straight ; surface more or
less distinctly, finely radiately striated; color yellowish-gray, with
numerous blackish-brown stripes, generally broken into a coarse
network, or tessellated pattern.

Inside white, with a large dark brown central area, the border
tessellated brown and white. Length 38, breadth 28, alt. 13 mill.

North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, southeast to the English Channel,
southwest to Long Island Sound; North Pacifie from Sitka (and
Yesso ?) to the Arctic Ocean.

Patella testudinalis Muuu., Prodr. Zool. Dan. p. 287, 1766.—
REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 70.—Tectura testudinalis JEFFREYS, Brit.
Conch. iii, p. 246; v, p. 200, t. 58, f. 3—GLp., Invert. of Mass.,
Binney’s edit., p. 267, f. 529—Acmea testudinalis Forpes & Han-
LEY, Hist. Brit. Sh. ii, p. 434, t. 62, f 8,9; t. AA, f. 2 (animal)—
Daut., Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 249, t. 14, f. 13 (dentition) ;
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 339.—Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv.
p- 120, t. ii. f. 9 (dentition).—Lottia testudinalis Forses, Malac.
Monensis p. 34.—GLp., Invert. of Mass., Ist edit., p. 153, f. 12—
Patella testudinaria and P. tessellata Mutu.—P. clealandi Sows.,
Trans. Linn. Soc. xi, p. 621.—P. amena Say, Journ. Acad. N. 8.
Phila. ii, p, 223.—De Kay, N. Y. Moll. p. 162, t. 9, f. 196.—P. ely-
peus Brown, Ill. Conch. Gt. Br. t. 37, f. 9, 10.— Patella alveus Con-
RAD, Journ. Acad. N.§. Phila. vi, p. 267, t. 11, f. 20, 1831.— Patel-

ACMA. 11

loidea alveus Coutn., Bost. Journ. N. H, ii, p. 177.—Lottia alveus
Gup., Inv. of Mass. p. 154, f. 13.—Zectura alveus BrNney in
GouLp, Inv. of Mass., 2d edit., p. 269, f. 580.—Acmea testudinalis
var. alveus DALL, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 340.

Atlantic specimens of this well-known shell, although very vari-
able in size and coloration, are readily distinguished from the other
forms, the only considerable divergence being found in var. alveus.
Specimens from the Aleutian Is., according to Dr. Dall, completely
bridge the gap between testudinalis and patina. I have retained
the latter separate, simply as a matter of convenience ; but I do not
doubt that it must be regarded as a geographic race of testudinalis.

American specimens are generally larger than European; figs.
27-29 represent specimens from Maine, figs. 25, 26 from England.

Var. ALVEus Conrad. PI. 42, figs. 90, 91.

Small, thin, compressed at the sides; apex acute and a little
hooked forward. Surface delicately striated, interruptedly striped
or tessellated with brown. Inside showing the markings of the
exterior.

Massachusetts to Arctic Ocean; Sitka northward.

Numerous transitions occur between this and typical testudinalis.
The narrow form is caused by the residence of individuals on sea-
weed or Zostera fronds.

abet Na

II. SPECIES OF THE WESTERN Coast OF NoRTH AMERICA.

The author has examined specimens of all of the species of this
region, including many original types. Of most species many
hundreds of shells have been studied. The elaborate papers of
Dr. P. P. Carpenter, and of Dr. Wm. H. Dall have been freely
used,

A. patina Eschscholtz. PI. 2, figs. 34, 35, 36, 37; pl. 9. figs. 6-14.

Shell large, oval or rounded-oval, depressed-conic, the apex
rounded and near the middle; slopes slightly convex. Surface
obsoletely radiately striated, olive-gray, tessellated, or more rarely
striped, with black.

Inside white with an irregular brown central area and a rather
wide dark or tessellated border. Length 53, breadth 46, alt. 18 mill.

Aleutian Is. to San Diego, California.

iY ACMA.

A, patina Escu., Zool. Atlas, edit. Rathke., p. 19, t. 24, f. 7, 8—
Mipp., Sib. Reise, p. 187, t. 16, f. la-d, 2a—c, 3.—Crr., Mazat. Cat.
p- 207; Amer. Journ. Conch. ii, p. 333.—A. seutum Escu., not
Orb.—P. mammillata Nutt., Jay’s Catal. no, 2839.—Rve., Conch.
Icon f. 140.—P. tessellata Nurt., Jay’s Cat. no. 2885.—P. fenestrata
Nurrt., Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 121.—P. verriculata Rve., 1. ¢., f. 87.—
P. nuttalliana Rvr., l. ¢., f. 81.—P. cumingii Rve., Ll. ¢., f. 37.—Lot-
tia pintadina Goutp, U.S. Expl. Exped. t. 29, f. 455.— Collisella
patina Dati, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 247, t. 14, f. 4 (dentition ).—
A. testudinalis var. patina DALL, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i, p. 340.

P. cinis Rv., considered a synonym of patina by Cpr., belongs to
A. pelta. P. strigillata Nutt. mss. is a form of fascicularis, judging
from the suite deposited by Nuttall in the Academy collection.

This is the commonest of all western limpets. Although it has
been shown to intergrade with A. testudinalis on the Alaskan coast,
yet I cannot rank it as a variety of that species in the sense in
which alveus is a variety. It is thoroughly differentiated from testu-
dinalis throughout most of its range. The two forms vary in quite
diverse directions, patina having no form corresponding to the var.
alveus of testudinalis, but having its own peculiar mutations, not
found in the other species.

It would be an advantage if we were to use the term “ form”
(forma) for such mutations as alveus, nacelloides, etc., reserving the
rank of “ variety’ for true geographic subspecies.

The principle mutations of A. patina are as follows:

Var. PINTADINA Gld. (pl. 9, fig: 6). Large, flat, open, apex
subcentral; tessellated white and dark. P. cumingii Rv. (pl. 42,
fig. 87) and tessellata Nutt. belong here as synonyms. This form
passes into the striped form nuttalliana Rve. (pl. 2, figs. 32, 33, and
also f. 36, 87). The last figures correspond to Reeve’s verriculata.

Another mutation is the form fenestrata Nutt. (pl. 9, figs. 10, 11,
12, 18, 14), of which eribraria Gld. mss. is a synonym. ‘This shell
when young is dark olive closely dotted all over with white, the
eroded apex black; when adult it is usually uniform dull slate-color
outside with a ring of light around the black apical spot; inside it
has a wide dark border, a large, irregular central dark patch, and
generally is suffused with dark brown all over. Sculpture obsolete.
This form is from San Francisco, Santa Cruz, ete.

Var. OCHRACEA Dall (pl. 9, figs. 7, 8, 9). Externally of a very
light yellowish-brown, without spots or rays; internally white with

ACM ABA. 13

the characteristic dark brown stain of patina in the visceral area.
The exterior is covered with fine, regularly radiating, close, equal,
thread-like riblets, which pass from apex to margin without bifur-
cation, imbrication or asperities of any kind. These riblets will
serve to distinguish it from any of the other limpets of the coast ;
otherwise it approaches very close to some varieties uf scabra and
can be traced right into some varieties of patina. (Dall.)

This variety was described from Monterey, Cal.; it has also been
found on Vancouver Id.

A. Davuiana Pilsbry. PI. 7, figs. 57, 58, 59, 60.

Shell large, oblong, depressed, rather thin. Apex low, curving
forward ; length of front slope contained about 33 times in the
length of the shell; posterior slope gently convex. Surface covered
with close, slightly unequal radiating riblets, each rendered rasp-like
by very close, regular and erect delicate lamelle ; interstices narrow,
having growth-striz but no lamelle.

The color is chestnut-brown, becoming dark umber in places,
having short streaks and spots of white, forming a sparse tessellation.
Inside light blue, with a small brown spot at the cavity of apex,
and showing the color-pattern of the outside faintly through. Bor-
der wide, deep brown with white spots.

Length 46, breadth 32, alt. 63 mill.

Angel Island, Porto Refugio, Gulf of California.

This is one of the finest American Acmeas. The oblong, some-
what parallel-sided and depressed contour, thin texture, and the
beautifully sharp and regular file-like sculpture of the low, close
riblets, are its prominent features. It is allied to A. scabra, but the
enormous number of specimens of that species which I have exam-
ined in the Philadelphia and Washington collections, furnish no
forms leading toward the Dalliana. 'The species is named in honor
of Dr. Wm. H. Dall, who outlined the classification of the Acmz-
idx in essentially its modern form, twenty years ago.

A.scaBRA Reeve. PI. 3, figs. 38-49.

Shell thin, rounded-oval, depressed; apex situated between the
center and the anterior third; surface sculptured with close, fine,
minutely scaly riblets, of which larger ones are placed at regular
intervals. Color light yellow, indistinctly spotted (rarely striped in
divaricating pattern) with brown.

14 ACMA.

Interior porcelain-white or blue-tinted, with sometimes a few faint
spots of brown in the cavity. Inside border transparent-yellowish
or showing faint brown markings.

Length 37, breadth 31, alt. 7-8 mill.

Vancouver's Island to Acapulco, western Mexico.

Patella seabra Ry., Conch. Icon. f. 119.—Aemea scabra CrR.,
Am. Journ. Conch. ii, p. 340.— Collisella seabra Datu, l. ¢., vi, p.
251, t. 14, f. 12, 12a (dentition)—Acmea (scabra var.?) mérchii
Datu, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 47.

The typical form is easy to recognize by its light coloration and
the fine rasp-like riblets of the surface. | Forms in which the outer
layer of the shell is deep brown instead of buff, and the inside bor-
der consequently blackish, are quite similar to some variations of
A. patina ; but sculpture and color-pattern will usually permit one
to separate them readily.

Two forms have been described:

Var. LIMATULA Cpr. PI. 3, figs. 38, 39, 40.

Outer layer of the shell black, covered with an olive-green, or
sometimes light bluish, epidermis; inside border black; a deep
brown central spot. Distribution mainly southern, San Diego to
Acapulco.

A very beautiful color-pattern is shown in figs 45, 46, drawn from
San Diego specimens. White rays alternate with dark olive.

As an extreme form of this variety, Var. MorcHII of Dall (pl. 3,
figs. 47, 48, 49), must be ranked. It is typically much elevated, the
apex subcentral and curved forward, sculpture coarse. Otherwise
like var. limatula. Locality, Tomales Bay, Lower California. The
large suite of shells before me from Tomales Bay show every inter-
mediate stage between the high, cap-shaped forms and the normal
limatula. The former constitute a peculiar phase of development
attained by comparatively few individuals. Figures 47-49 are
drawn from Tomales Bay specimens.

A. SPECTRUM Reeve. PI. 1, figs. 7, 8, 9.

Apex rather anterior; slopes rather straight; sculptured with
very strong close rough ribs, with smaller intervening riblets; cen-
ter of the inside white, with dark spots and bars.

Normally it is solid, rather depressed, with from 20-30 very
strong, rounded ribs not evanescent anteriorly, the interstices being
oceupied by intercalary riblets. The color is white, with fine lines

ACMJBA. 15

of brown (not striped as in pelta and persona) between the principal
ribs, which delicately dot the otherwise uniform white margin.
Sometimes the principal ribs are rather sharp, palmating the margin,
occasionally they are small and crowded, becoming faint at the mar-
gin, when the shell presents the internal aspect of A. mitella; at
other times assuming that of Patella pediculus. Generally the apex
is at the anterior third; rarely at the anterior fourth, with very
elongated outline; but sometimes is nearly central, with a rounded
shell. In this species also there is occasionally found a var. teztzlis ;
when the ribs become faint and distant, the color-lines run into net-
work, and the shell is of a thinner texture. The young is extremely
inequilateral, and rapidly developes the characteristic ribs. Inside
the shell has a white callus, through which the dark irregular blotch
appears. This occasionally takes the form of irregular ghostly bars,
which gave the name to the species. ( Cpr.)
Length 34, breadth 24, alt. 12 mill.
Bodega Bay and San Francisco south to Lower California.

Patella spectrum Ry., Conch. Icon. f. 76.—Aemeea spectrum Crr.,
Amer. Journ. Conch. il, p. 359.—Collisella spectrum Dawu, Amer.
Journ. Conch. vi, p. 251, t. 14, f 10 (dentition).—JLottia scabra
GLD. (part), Expl. Exped. Shells.

The very strong ribs of the outside, and the curiously marked
interior, like print of a hand, are prominent characters of this
species.

It belongs to a group of forms represented in South America by
A. variabilis and A. ceciliana; in China by A. hieroglyphica, and
in Australasia by A. marmorata, etc. All showing curiously figured
interiors.

A. PERSONA Eschscholtz. PI. 2, figs. 25, 26, 27,28; pl. 3, figs. 51-56.
Shell oval, apex pointing forward, posterior slope long, convex,
anterior slope short. Sculptured with strong, rounded ribs, usually
nodulous, but sometimes obsolete. Whitish, with stripes and zigzags
of blackish-brown, or olive-green variegated and speckled with
white. Margin crenated by the ribs.
Inside white or stained with yellowish-brown, with a large central
deep brown area, rarely absent ; border articulated black and gray
Sitka to Turtle Bay, L. California.
A. persona Escu., Zool. Atl. v, p. 20. no. 9, t. 24, f. 1, 2.—Cpr.,
Amer. Journ. Conch. ii, p. 8337.—A. ancylus Eson., /. ¢., t. 24, fi

16 ACMA.

4-6.—A. digitalis Escu., 1. ¢., t. 23, f. 7, 8—P. umbonatu NuTTALL,
in Rve., Conch. Icon. f. 107.—P. oregona Nutr., U. c., f. 112.—L.
textilis GouLD, Expl. Exped. Sh. t. 29. f. 456— Collisella per-
sona Dau, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 250, t. 14, f. 8 (dentition).—
L. scabra Gup. (in part), Expl. Exped. Sh., f. 456b.—A. radiata
Escu., Zool. Atl. p. 20.—Tectura persona MARTENS, Mal. BI. xix,
p95; t.15,, 10,26.

An excessively variable species, ranging from about 30° to 50°
N. lat.

The typical PERSONA is rather a smooth shell, corresponding to
figs. 51, 52, of plate 3.

Two main races may be distinguished. The minor modifications
of each are numberless.

Var. DIGITALIS Esch. PI. 2, figs. 29, 30,31; pl. 3, figs. 58, 54, 55, 56.

This is the most usual form found north of San Francisco Bay.
It is dull, lusterless, whitish, with stripes and zigzags of blackish-
brown. The apex is usually decidedly anterior and elevated; the
front ribs are obsolete, the posterior ribs strong, rounded, often
uneven. Inside margin conspicuously tessellated; central area
generally dark and rather narrow. ‘This is the oregona of authors,
and probably radiata of Eschscholtz. It resembles the striped vari-
ety of the Chilian A. ceciliana so closely that it would be absolutely
impossible to separate a mixed lot.

Var. uMBONATA Nuttall. PI. 2, figs. 25, 26, 27, 28.

The prevalent form southward of San Francisco is an oval shell
with rather spreading sides, the ribs narrow, interspaces wide and
flat. Color dark olive to blackish, closely flecked with fine white
dots, and usually having coarse white dashes also.

This variety becomes at times wholly free from ribs.

Another variety, typically equally distinct, but nameless, is found
rom San Francisco to San Diego. It is a small shell resembling
somewhat A. patina. There areno riblets. The surface is luster-
less, white, with numerous, rather narrow, radiating brown stripes,
often broken or abruptly divaricating. Inside generally without a
central dark area. Gould’s figures of the synonymous L. scabra are
copied on pl, 29, figs. 47, 48, 49.

ACMA. 17

A. PELTA Eschscholtz. PI. 8, figs. 86-95.

Shell oval, conical, apex a little in front of the middle. Surface
having rather coarse low ribs. Dark border of the inside very narrow,
or reduced to a series of dark scallops.

Aleutian Is. and south coast of Alaska to the Santa Barbara Islands,
California.

A. pelta Escu., Zool. Atl. pt. v, p. 19—Carrenter, Amer.
Journ, Conch. ii, p. 386.—Datt, Proce. U. §. Nat. Mus. 1878, p.
338.— Patella fimbriata Gup., U. 8. Expl. Exped. atlas, f. 445.—
P. leucophea (Nutt.) Rve., Conch. Icon. f. 101.—P. monticola Nurr.,
mss.— ? A. cassis Escn., Zool. Atl., p. 19, t. 24, f. 8—? A. pileolus
Mipp., Beitr. zu Mal. Ross. ii, p. 38, t. 1, f. 4, teste Cpr— Collisella
pelta Dati, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 246, t. 14, f. 6 (dentition ).—
Tectura cassis MARTENS, Mal. Bl. xix, p. 92, t. 3, f. 9, 10.— Patella
cinis Rve., Conch. Icon. f. 60a, b, c —A. pelta var. nacelloides DALL.,
Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p, 247, t. 17, f. 36.

Prominent characters of this species are the erect, conical form,
rather wide coarse ribs, and the narrow margin of the inside, usually
not continuous but composed of scallops or square spots.

The variations may be classed under two main groups, as follows.
Numerous intermediate forms occur.

(1) Var. pecta Esch., typical. PI. 8, figs. 90, 91.

Rather large, solid, strong, with low coarse ribs,» almost obsolete,
or visible only posteriorly. Central dark spot of the interior rather
small or wanting. Grayish-white, with numerous radiating black
stripes, often divaricating or broken into a tessellated pattern.

As the ribs become stronger this passes into—

Form cassis (Esch.) Martens. PI. 8, figs. 86, 87, 88, 89.

Solid, strong, having stout radiating ribs about 25-27 in number,
those in front narrower or obsolete. Dark spot of the inside small
or obscured ; margin with a mere dark line, or a series of scallops
between the ends of the ribs. Outside dull, grayish.

Another form connecting with the typical pe/éa is figured on pl. 8,
figs. 92, 93, 94. It is small, conical, elevated, having much the
shape of A. mitra. The color outside is gray, pink or light purple,
painted with few or many black stripes. A dark spot is inside.
Ribs obsolete. This is common at Olympia, Washington, growing

on Mytilus. See Hemphill, Proc. A. N.S. Phila., 1881, p. 88.
9

aod

18 ACM ZA.

(2) Var. NACELLOIDES Dall (PI. 6, figs. 45, 44, 45), agrees with
A. instabilis in the blackish-brown color and in sculpture, but it is
less compressed laterally, and the basal margins are level, not
elevated at the ends. It is abundant, living on kelp, at Monterey.

The proof of the alleged specific identity of instabilis with pelta
is incomplete. The specimens collected by Henry Hemphill and
described by him in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1881, p. 87, under
the name instabilis, are typical nacelloides. Hemphill found that
when these limpets live on the fronds and stems of kelp (Phyllospora)
they have always the Nacella-like form and are black or dark brown ;
when an individual leaves the kelp for a station on the rocks its
additional growth is of the normal black and white striped or tessel-
lated pattern usual in typical A. pelta. A specimen of this form,
beginning life as nacelloides and becoming pelta, is figured on pl. 8,
fig. 95.

A. INSTABILIS Gould. PI. 6, figs. 32, 33.

Shell narrow and oblong, the basal margin elevated at the ends;
texture thin; slopes convex or bulging. Surface finely radiately
striated; dark brown or black. Inside white or bluish, with or
without a faint brown spot in the cavity.

Large specimens measure 1} inches (38 mill.) in length by ¢ in.
(23 mill.) breadth ; but the usual length is about one inch.

Vancouver Id. to Monterey, Cal.

e

P. instabilis Guv., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii, p. 150, 1846; U.S.
Expl. Exped. Atlas f. 454, 454a.—Nacella instabilis Cpr., et al—
Acmea instabilis Dati, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 245.

This species has been considered by some to be a form of A. pelta ;
but no specimens connecting the two species have been reported,
although it is not at all improbable that such may occur. At present
A. instabilis has as valid grounds for being retained as a distinct
species as A. insessa or A. asmi.

A. rysessA Hinds. PI. 6, figs. 36, 37.

Shell rather thin but strong; outline oval or oblong, the sides
often parallel; elevated, conical, the apex in front of the middle,
slopes convex ; surface smooth, polished. Color varying from yel-
lowish or olive-brown to chocolate ; inside usually very deep brown
with a lighter border. Apex blackish, sometimes having snowy dots

ACMA. 19

or two crescents, the horns of one directed forward, of the other back-
ward. Length 20, breadth 11, alt. 12 mill.
Sitka south to San Diego, California.

Patella insessa Hinps, Ann. and Mag. N. H. x, p. 82, t. 6, f.3.—
Nacella insessa Cpr., Suppl. Rep. Brit. Asso. 1863, p. 650.—Acmea
insessa DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 244, t. 14, f. 3 (dentition).

A small, smooth, dark species. Faint, almost obsolete, radiating
lines are usually perceptible. It is much larger than A. paleacea
or depicta and is not so narrow. Compared with A. asmi it is larg-
er, longer, and brown instead of black.

The Bay of Monterey is probably the central point for this species,
in regard to numbers of individuals. It lives on the fronds of sea-
weeds.

A. AsMI Middendorff. PI. 6, figs. 38, 39.

Shell small, thin but strong and solid, elevated, conical, the base
short-oval, apex erect, a little in front of the middle; slopes of the
cone somewhat convex. Surface lusterless, usually corroded, smooth
except for very fine radiating striz visible with the aid of a lens,
but obsolete in adult shells. Color rusty black.

Inside black, with a brown zone just outside the muscle-scar.

Length 10, breadth 83, alt. 7 mill.
Length 82, breadth 7, alt. 8 mill.

Sitka to Turtle Bay, Lower California.

Patella asmi Mrpp., Mal. Ross. ii, p. 59, t. 1, f. 5—Aemea asmi
Cpr., Amer. Journ. Conch. ii, p. 841.— Collisella asmi DAuu, I. ¢.,
vi, p. 202, t. 14, f. 7 (dentition).

In the suite of thirty or more of this species before me, no speci-
mens show characters which warrant a union with any of the other
species. It is an erectly conical, solid little shell, of a more rounded
outline than A. insessa, and black instead of corneous in color. It
is generally found living on Chlorostoma funebrale or other black
shells.

A. pEpPIcTA Hinds. PI. 6, figs. 40, 41.

Shell small, thin, long and narrow, the sides parallel ; apex at the
anterior fourth or third. Surface smooth, shining, having light
growth-lines. Very light brown, with narrow dark brown stripes
radiating from the apex and from the ridge of the back, where they
form a series of v’s.

20 ACM BA.

Inside bluish-white, showing the color pattern of the outside
through the shell. Length 11, breadth 4, alt. 3 mill.

Santa Barbara, Monterey, San Diego, California.

Patelloida depicta Hryps, Ann. and Mag. N. H. x, p. 82, t. 6, f.
4, 1842.— Oollisella ? depicta Dati, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 954.

Resembles no species but A. paleacea. ‘The long narrow form is
caused by growth on Zostera fronds. There is some variation in the
coloring, broad bands sometimes replacing the narrow lines. The
front end is generally of a decidedly darker shade. A specimen of
average proportions is figured.

The form of this species as developed when growing on a flat sur-
face instead of a narrow frond, is shown in fig. 41 of pl. 6 drawn
from a specimen in the Smithsonian collection. It measures, length
6, breadth 43, alt. 12 mill. Sculpture and coloration are as in the
type.

‘

A. PALEACEA Gould. PI. 6, fig. 42.

Shell small, thin, long and narrow, parallel sided; apex near the
front end. Surface sculptured with close radiating riblets. Color
yellowish-brown, darker toward the margins and on the front slope.

Length 7, breadth 13, alt. 2 mill.

Monterey, Santa Barbara and San Diego, California.

A. paleacea GuLD., Mex. and Cal. Shells p. 3, t. 14, f. 5—Cpr.,
P. Z. S. 1856, no. 40.—Collisella paleacea Dati, Amer. Journ.
Conch. vi, p. 253 (dentition).

Smaller and narrower than A. depicta, the surface radiately ribbed
and not variegated. The sculpture is quite distinct under a lens of
moderate power.

A. TRIANGULARIS Carpenter. PI. 7, figs. 74-78.

Shell small, rather thin, either oval or narrow and parallel-sided ;
elevated, apex subcentral, a trifle recurved ; surface nearly smooth,
but showing very fine radiating strize under a lens. Color pure
white, sometimes immaculate, but usually having 6 or 7 wide brown
rays, Which usually do not extend to either apex or basal margin.
There is almost always a brown spot just behind the apex. Inside
pure white.

Monterey and Baulinas Bay, California.

Nacella (? paleacea, var.) triangularis Cer. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.
ili, p. 215, 1866.— Collisella (2) triangularis DAL, Am. Jour. Conch.
vi, p. 294.—Nacella casta Cpr. oli.

ACM/BA. 21

“They present nearly every variation in form, from wide, oval and
nearly flat, to narrow, triangular, high and very compressed. The
extreme apex is almost always black. It is usually furnished with
a few dark brown stripes, radiating from near the apex but seldom
reaching the margin in adult specimens. These however are want-
ing in some specimens. In all its forms it is a well marked species
and cannot be united with any now known from the California coast.
Dr. Carpenter proposes to rename this form specifically “ casta” and
to apply the term triangularis to the compressed variety only; it is
doubtful, however, if such a course would be admissible, as every
transition in form can be observed in a very few specimens. (Dall.)

Typical triangularis is shown in figs. 77, 78. An example meas-
ures: length 6}, breadth 3, alt. 4 mill.

The form called casva is illustrated by figs. 74, 75, 76. ‘This is
really the normal form of the species, the other being modified by
the narrow frond supporting it. A largeexample measures: length
12, breadth 9, alt. 43 mill.

Var. Orcurt! Pilsbry. Pl. 42, figs. 84, 85, 86.

Has the oval base cf A. casta, but the apex is decidedly anterior,
as in A. persona. Surface lusterless, having rather rude growth-
lines and very obsolete, low, wide radiating riblets, some at wide inter-
vals slightly more prominent. Color white, or tinged with cream or
green; apex obtuse, eroded, but around the eroded area there are
brown dots, indicating that the young were marked like A. casta.
Interior white or fleshy-cream tinted, sometimes with slight greenish
or brown stains in the cavity ; border wide, darker than the rest of
the interior. Length 112, breadth 9, alt. 53 mill.

San Diego, California.

Specimens of this curious variety were received from Mr. C. R.
Orcutt. It has the coloration of some specimens of A. triangularis,
but the form recalls A. persona.

A. RosACEA Carpenter. PI. 7, figs. 71, 72, 73.

Shell small, conical, thin, smooth or with very obsolete ribs. The
young are pale roseate, with few white and brown subradiating
spots; the adults have rosy brown and whitish streaks or are dotted
with pale rose. Apex elevated, a little anterior; inside white or
rosy. Length 8, breadth 64, alt. 33 mill.

San Diego to Monterey, California.

22 ACMA.

Acmea (? pileolus var.) rosacea Cpr., Proc. Cal. Acad. ili, p. 218 ;
Amer. Journ. Conch. ii, p. 841.— Collisella (?) rosacea Dau. Amer.
Journ. Conch. vi, p. 256.

The shell is small, obtusely conical with an erect, subcentral apex.
The ground color of the surface is a translucent white, suffused with
rose toward the margin, where several indistinct rays of rose color
appear. These are more evident on the inside. The extreme
nucleus is usually white. The apex is profusely dotted with minute
dark brown and opaque white specks of color, which are not rays,
nor are they often arranged with any regularity; these are more
numerous on the posterior portion of the shell, but vary exceedingly,
from a dark reticulated brown network of lines to wavy irregular
penciling or sparse brown dots, usually most plenty on the inter-
spaces of the ribs. The surface is smooth, especially in front, but
from the apex radiate (especially on the posterior half of the shell)
a number of very marked riblets which appear as if indented from
below, and do not materially interrupt the smoothness of the surface,
though the margin is rendered slightly crenulate by them. They
are also of a more opaque white than the remainder of the shell, and
sometimes form conspicuous white rays. (Dall.)

A. sYBARITICA Dall. PI. 9, figs. 22, 23,424.

Shell depressed, thin; apex subcentral, more anterior in the
young. General shape rounded-oval, hardly more narrow before
than behind. Surface nearly smooth, with rounded concentric lines
of growth, in young specimens a few faint hardly noticeable elevated
radiating lines or riblets may be observed near the margin, which
is entire. Internally smooth, border polished and also the cavity
of the apex above the muscular impressions. Color a clear rose-pink,
varying from quite deep and a little livid in some specimens, espe-
cially the young, to a very faint pink. Apex white, even in very
young specimens entirely eroded, rather blunt and inconspicuous ;
sides of the shell ornamented with rays of a darker shade of pink,
more or less gathered in groups, and more or less evident, accord-
ing to the shade of the remainder of the shell. Internally the vis-
ceral area is bluish-white, usually washed with a faint yellowish-
brown, often hardly evident, in which case the area is whitish ; the
successive layers of brown sometimes appear externally around the
apex when eroded. The inner margin, and to some extent the
whole interior, exhibit the external markings or rays through the

ACMZEA. 23

somewhat pellucid shell. Texture hard and brittle. Epidermis
exceedingly thin, usually evanescent; translucent, brownish.
(Dail.)

Pribiloff Is. to Hakodadi, Japan; Aleutian Is.; southeast to
Chirikof Island.

A, sybaritica Dati, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 257, t. 17, f. 34,
1871; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i, p. 341.

A beautiful species. The largest specimens attain one inch in
length, but those before me measure scarcely over 10 mill. It is
always much depressed. Inhabits rather deep water.

A. PERAMABILIS Dall. PI. 33, figs. 80, 81, 82.

Shell thin, delicate, ovate ; externally of a uniform dark-rose-color,
with a few scattered irregular blotches of light or dark-brown,
nucleus pale. Within polished, bluish-white, with a chestnut-brown
spectrum with sharply defined edges, outside of which for a short dis-
tance the white is unsullied, but further toward the margin in adult
specimens, radiating brown blotches may be observed forming a more
or less interrupted band around the shell, which is wanting in the
young. The margin is of the same deep rose as the exterior. Shell
moderately elevated, with the apex well marked, sub-acute and situa-
ted in the central third. Nucleus smooth, pale, sharply decurved
with a chink beneath it, in front. Sculpture of fine, sharp, elevated
threads which extend from the vertex to the margin without bifur-
cation. These are crossed by very fine sharp lines of growth slightly
elevated.

Length 1-03 in. lat. 0°8, in. alt. 0°35 in. Posterior slope slightly
arched. (Dall.)

Shumagin group of islands; Alaska Territory, on rocks near low
water mark.

This lovely species has no relations with <A. sybaritica Dall
and rosacea Cpr., except those of color. The two latter are much
smaller and the rose color is much lighter and differently disposed.
Its nearest allies are some varieties of A. patina, in none of which
have I observed any approach to the color of this species, and
which have a different nucleus, and the sculpture in slender rounded
riblets instead of sharp threads. The shell of patina is also in
general much more solid and thick. The animal partakes of the
rosy hue of the shell except the margin of the mantle which is
furnished with brown dots. It belongs to the subgenus Collisella.

24 ACMA.

It is worthy of note that when there is a brown marking on the
exterior, in the region of the sub-marginal internal mottled band,
the latter is interrupted by a white space corresponding in size and
width to the external marking. (Dall.)

A. ( Collisella) peramabilis DALL, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. iv, p. 302,
Dec. 17, 1872; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 341, 1878.

My figures are drawn from a type specimen. It is a most
beautiful shell, as delicate in coloring as a rose-petal.

A. aprictna Dall. PI. 7, figs. 66, 67.

Shell small, conical, thin, rounded, more or less elevated ; whitish
or isabelline, the apex erect, buff; inside buff, whitish or brown,
smooth ; provided with subobsolete lines of growth outside. Length
6, breadth 5, alt. 4 mill. (Dadl.)

Pribiloff Is. on the north; Aleutians from Aimchitka eastward to
the Shumagins, 0-70 fms.

A. ( Collisella ?) apicina Dau, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i, p. 341, 1878.

Among other small shells obtained from time to time on the beach
or in the dredge, occasional specimens occurred which at first were
supposed to be the young of A. mitra or pale specimens of A. sybar-
itica. After eliminating some of the these, there remained, after care-
ful study, a residue which do not appear to coincide in character with
any described species. They are small, thin, conical, with a blunt
erect apex marked by a light yellow spot, the rest of the exterior
white or faintly yellowish, marked by obsolete lines of growth,
smooth or nearly so but not polished. Within, fresh specimens are
yellowish, whitish or orange-colored, and quite polished. The out-
side is almost always covered with Nullipore. The chief characters
are the rounded base, regularly conical and yellow spotted apex,
with a thinner shell than A. mitra. (Dadll.)

My figures are drawn from one of the types in the Smithsonian
Institution, no. 50787 of the museum register. It is allied to
A. mitra and A. virginea.

A. mitra Eschscholtz. PI. 8, fig. 50.

Shell dull-white, aperture nearly circular, wider behind, in some
young examples somewhat elongated, oval; form conical, apex erect,
nearly central, blunt, smooth, posterior surface usually straight, but
occasionally a little convex ; exterior smooth, marked with very
faint concentric lines of growth, devoid of epidermis ; margin entire,
polished, with a narrow semi-pellucid rim inside.

ACMA. WY)

Internally smooth or furnished with grooves radiating from the
apex more or less strongly marked. Muscular impressions deep,
strong, horse-shoe-shaped, with the marks of the anterior ends of the
adductors rounded and broader than the rest, connected by a slender
impressed line marking the attachment of the mantle. Young shells
are often furnished with irregular riblets more or less strong, many or
few in number, radiating from the apex, but stronger towards the
margin. Color dead-white inside and out, often livid or tinged a
fine pink or pea green from Nullipore, never wax-yellow or horny-
pellucid as in the normal state of Seurria seurra.

Length 35, breadth 31, alt. 23 mill.

Length 23, breadth 20, alt. 17 mill.

Aleutian Is. to San Diego, California.

A. mitra Escu. in Rathke, Zool. Atl. pt. v, p. 18, t. 28, f. 4—
Dax, Amer. Jour. Conch. vi, p. 241.—A. mammillata Escu., l. ¢. p.
18.—A. marmorea Escu., 1. ¢. p. 19—Scurria mitra GRAY, ADAMS,
CARPENTER et al.—s. ? mitra Dau, Aimer. Jour. Conch. v, p. 149
(dentition)—Lottia conica GLD., (part) Moll. U. S. Expl. Exped. p.
346.—S. mitra var. tenuiseulpta Cpr. Amer. Journ. Conch ii, p. 346.
—Seurria ? funieulata Cpr. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 214, 1865 ;
Brit. Asso. Rep. 1863, p. 650; Amer. Jour. Conch. ii, p. 347.

The shell of this conical white species is very distinct from the
others inhabiting West America. It resembles Seurria scurra Less.,
of Chili in form, but has not the waxen-yellowish outer layer of that
species. The largest specimen I have seen measures, length 45,
breadth 41, alt. 28 mill.

Var. TENUISCULPTA Cpr. Sculptured with distant radiating strie
or lirulee.

Var. FUNICULATA Cpr. Shell small, whitish, regularly conical,
apex acute, elevated, a little in front of the middle; sculptured with
strong rounded riblets, sometimes a little nodulous ; sometimes single,
sometimes gathered into two’s and three’s; with wide interspaces in
which interealary riblets appear. Length 6, breadth 43, alt. 3 mill.

. Monterey, California.

A curious small shell, having the contour of A. mitra, but with
strong, smooth, crowded unequal ribs. The measurements are from
the type in the Smithsonian Institution.

26 ACM A.

A. FASCICULARIS Menke. PI. 6, figs. 50, 51, 52, 53.

Shell rather thin, depressed, oval; surface closely radiately stri-
ated, the strize low, often obsolete but indicated by light dark lines.

“The prevailing tints are a reddish-brown outside, more or less
mottled or striped with white ; insidea prevailing white, more or less
penciled or fretted with brown, and a border, sometimes white with a
tessellated penciling of brown; sometimes a delicate fawn shading
into a pinkish or slightly greenish tinge, with or without penciling.
The body mark is of a dark lustrous brown, or very light with a
greenish tinge, or nearly absent. It is large for the size of the shell,
more or less removed from the margin. In shape, A. fascicularis is
much longer, and generally smaller than discors. The standard
color of A. mesoleuca is green, of A. fascicularis red. In A. meso-
leuca the markings are laid on with stripes and patches, in A. fascie-
ularis with very fine penciling. In the latter the outline of the
body mark is much more regularly gathered up into points with
concave margins between, the points often making regular lines radi-
ating from the center. The surface of A. mesoleuca is covered with
granulose ribs with soft interstices and a very thin smooth epidermis ;
that of A. fascicularis isvery much more finely marked, showing under
the glass, smooth ribs with the interstices extremely finely cancel-
lated with very close, slightly rugose concentric striz, covered with
an extremely thin, rather velvety epidermis. The surface of A. fascic-
ularis is much more generally abraded ; and as the young shells were
not uncommon in the Spondylus and Chama washings, while not one
was found of A. mesoleuca, it is presumed that their station is different.
The apex is sometimes brown, sometimes white; and in the smallest
specimen, ‘035 by °025, shows no trace of being spirally recurved.
The young shells are known by their finely cancellated texture and
delicately reddish penciling; and generally, by a white spot pro-
ceeding from the apex posteriorly bounded by red lines. In all
stages it is thin, and very glossy within.” ( Cpr.)

Length 27, breadth 21, alt. 6 mill.

Mazatlan, and Gulf of California generally.

A. fascicularis Mxr. Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1851, p. 88.—Crr. Mazat.
Cat., p. 255 —Dat, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 253, t. 14, f. 11
(dentition) —A. mutabilis Mxe, in part, |. ¢., p. 87.—Patella opea
Rve., Conch. Icon., f. 79, teste Cpr.

A beautifully penciled species, allied to S. mesoleuca. The
synonymous P. opea of Reeve as represented on pl. 6, figs. 52, 53.

ACM ZEA. IM

A. STRIGATELLA Carpenter. PI. 7, figs. 83, 84, 85.

The shell is ovate, a little wider behind, elevated ; apex at the
front fourth of the length. Young with excessively fine close radiat-
ing strie crossed by growth-lines, largely worn off in adult specimens.
Apex very acute in young, eroded, dark brown and polished in old
shells. Coloration: Marked with irregular, forking black stripes on
a white ground, interspersed around the apex when not eroded, with
dots and small narrow or needle-shaped white streaks. Inside bluish-
white, with the central area indistinctly irregularly clouded with
brown. Border wide, vividly tessellated with blackish-brown.

Length 19, breadth 14, alt. 7 mill.

Cape St. Lucas, L. California.

A. strigatella Crr., Ann. Mag. N. H. 3d. Ser. xiii, p. 474.—A.
strigillata Crr., Suppl. Rep. 1863, p. 618.—Collisella strigatella
Datu, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 253.

The figures and description are from a type in the Smithsonian
Institution collection. The A. filosa of Carpenter of which I have
seen the type, seems to be a variety of this, differing in sculpture and
the more depressed form. The Carpenterian specimen of strigatella
in the Philadelphia collection has the radiating stripes less regular,
more anastomosing.

A. FILosA Carpenter. PI. 7, figs. 80, 81, 82.

Similar to A. mesoleuca in form and texture; but sculpture much
more delicate; young shell smooth; then with delicate acute lirule,
scarcely granulose, very distant, sometimes obsolete; interstices
wide, smooth; thin, flat. Oval, subdiaphanous, blackish-brown
radiately strigate or variously maculated with corneous. Inside
livid or whitish, the colors of the outside showing through ; border
broad, acute. Length °7, breadth ‘56, alt. -12 inch. ( Cpr.)

Panama.

Lottia ? patina C. B. Ap., Cat. Panam. Sh. no. 867.—Acmea (?
floccata, var.) filosa Crr., P. Z. S. 1865, p. 276.

In shape and texture, but not in color or sculpture, these shells
resemble A. fascicularis ; in the latter respects, A. strigatella. ( Cpr.)

I have examined the type of this species. It has much the
appearance of A. strigatella, but differs in sculpture, having the liru-
lee very delicate and more widely separated. It measures, length
173, breadth 14, alt. 23 mill.

bo
(oe)

ACMA.

A. SUBROTUNDATA Carpenter. PI. 33, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell similar to A. filosa, but subrotund, more elevated, vertex
subcentral; color more intense, the corneous lines closer, uarrow ;
young shell paler, with two triangular rays posteriorly ; inside callus
livid, thinner. Length °53, width *45, alt. 15 inch. (Cpr.)

- Panama.

Lottia sp. ind. a, C. B. Ap., Panam. Cat. no. 368.—Acmea (?
floceata, var.) subrotundata Crr., P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 277.

I give figures of the type of this species, no. 15922 of the Smith-
sonian Institution collection. It is a subcircular shell, with the sub-
acute, erect apex near the center. The surface has sub-obsolete nar-
row, separated radiating threads. If held toward the light, fine close
unequal brown radiating lines are seen through it. The outside
appears of a dingy brownish, with obscure lighter lines. The inside
is bluish-white, with a che:tnut spot in the cavity of the apex; border
wide, dark, with close lines of dark brown. Length 133, breadth
113, alt. 4 mill.; distance of apex from front end, 53 mill.

In my opinion the A. vernicosa of Carpenter is a variety of this.

A. VERNICOSA Carpenter. PI. 33, figs. 99.

Shell small, subrotund, depressed-conical, apex situated at the
front two-fifths of the shell’s length ; whitish-green, ornamented here
and there with a few reddish-brown streaks; sometimes with white
rays; sculptured faintly with acute, radiating very distant lines,
sometimes obsolete; inside livid, callous, generally with a white
spatula; base subplanate, border narrow. ( Cpr.)

Length 74, breadth 53 alt. 2 mill.

Panama.

Lottia sp. ind. 6, C. B. Ap., Panam. Sh. no. 369.—Acmea (? var.)
vernicosa CPR., P. Z. S. 1865, p. 277.

Had this form been brought from the China Seas it might have
been taken for A. biradiata Ry. From its solidity, however, its
rough exterior, and its callous interior, it appears to be adult. It is
barely possible that it may develop into A. vespertina. It differs
from the young of A. subrotundata in being much thicker and less
spotted with the green tint. ( Cpr.)

To Carpenter’s description and remarks I add figures from the
type, in the Smithsonian collection. It is a small, yellowish form,
very solid, with erect, acute apex. I regard it as a probable variety
of A. subrotundata Cpr. With “vespertina” it has nothing to do,

ACM ZEA. 29

A. mitELLA Menke. PI. 6, figs. 46, 47, 48, 49.

Shell small, conical, oval, apex in front of the middle; slopes
straight or nearly so, surface radiately sculptured with larger and
smaller riblets ; color greenish or gray, often encrusted with a white
coralline. Edge scarcely crenulated.

Inside white, with margin regularly spotted with black ; central
tract marbled with brown, generally with a bluish-black spot near
the center. Length 11, breadth 8, alt. 5 to 6 mill.

Mazatlan to the Gulf of California.

A. mitella Mxe. Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1847, p. 187.—Cpr. Mazat.
Cat. p. 210—Daut, Am. Journ. Conch. vi. p. 253, t. 14, f. 9 (denti-
tion).—P. navicula Rv. Conch. Icon. f. 130.

Small, conical, rather finely radiately ribbed, the inside border
regularly spotted with black.

A. piscors Philippi. PI. 9, fig. 5, 4, 5.

Shell oval, solid, depressed, apex near the anterior third; slopes
gently convex. Surface generally encrusted ; having about 10-15
strong radiating folds around the apex, usually lost by erosion in
adult shells and wholly absent on the later growth of the shell, which
is closely, finely radiately striated. Margin very finely crenulated,
often dotted with black. Color greenish or grayish-white, with more
or less distinct radiating black lines.

Inside white, often mottled with purple or brown. Muscle-scar
distinctly impressed. Length 48, breadth 37, alt. 14 mill. ,

: Cape St. Lucas and Mazatlan to Panama.

P. discors Putu. Abbild., t. 2, f. 6—Rve, Conch. Icon., f. 78.—
Cpr. Mazat. Cat., p. 201.

This species is peculiar in being puckered around the apex, when
not eroded. It is usually encrusted with coralline, alge, ete.

A. ATRATA Carpenter. PI. 7, figs. 61, 62, 63, 64, 65.

Shell solid, oval, apex at the anterior third; sculptured with un-
equal, irregular ribs, the interstices narrow. On a whitish ground it
has black stripes and lines, and the eroded apex is black.

Inside white; the border yellowish-gray, tessellated with square
black spots, usually bifid; the central area callous, white, clouded
with brown and faint livid-purplish tints. It is excavated anteriorly

at the cavity of the apex. Muscle-scar distinct, rugose.
Length 31, breadth 24, alt. 14 mill.

os
So

ACMA.

The young (figs. 64, 65) are flatter, and have very close, acute,
unequal ribs, sharply crenulating the margin.

Cape St. Lucas, L. California.

A. (? var.) atrata Cpr. Ann. Mag. N. H. 3d Ser., xiii, p. 474.—
Collisella atrata Day, Amer. Jour. Conch. vi, p. 225, t. 14, f. 15,
15a, (dentition.)

A perfectly distinct species, allied to A. pediculus, but more
elevated, with differently patterned interior. My description and
figures are drawn from the types in the Smithsonian Institution
collection.

A. pepicuLus Philippi. PI. 6, figs. 34, 55; Pl. 7, figs. 68, 69, 70.

Shell normally flat, oblong, solid, with ten stout rounded ribs
projecting at the margins, of which two are in the axis of length
with four on each side; ribs and interstices radiately striated ; yel-
lowish-white generally with more or less of black or brown tortoise-
shell markings within, sometimes with black between the ribs.
Sometimes the shell is more rounded and the ribs more angular, in
which state it might be taken for the young of P. mexicana.
Occasionally a few other intercalary ribs appear. In a very few un-
usually large specimens, the ribs are nearly obsolete at the margin
and the shell is much lengthened. The body mark varies as usual;
when plain it is gathered into points as in P. discors. The very
young shells appear not to develop the ribs marginally, in which
state they might be taken for the young of P. discors. The stout ribs
of the adult shell however bear no analogy with the very finely
marked surface of the latter with its curiously puckered circum-un-
bonal portion. With the young of P. mexicana it has much more
close analogies. The largest specimens of P. pediculus however do
not at all run into the smallest of P. mexicana. They have all the
appearance of being old shells, with the margin narrow and the
shape long and irregular, while P. mexicana, as it is traced upwards,
displays a very wide semitranslucent margin, and a broad regular
shape, with the ribs not rounded and prominent but simply giving
an angular form to the shell. Even when very young, they are
almost always incrusted with corallinous matter. ( Cpr.)

West Mexico, Mazatlan to Acapulco.

P. pediculus Puiu. Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1846, p 21, No. 8.—CaRPEn-
TER, Mazat. Catal. p. 200.—P. corrugata Rvex., Conch. Icon. f. 182,

ACM 2A. 31

1855— Collisella pediculus Dati, Amer. Journ. Conch. y i. p. 255,
t. 15, f. 16 (dentition).

The ribs extend to the margin in this species; in A. discors they
merely pucker the central part. Some specimens have the interior
most beautifully variegated with rich brown, black and steel-blue.
One of these, from the Academy collection is figured on pl. 7, fig-
ures 68-70. The figures on pl. 6 represent Reeves synonymous P.
corrugata.

A. STIPULATA Reeve. PI. 6, figs. 27-81.

Shell solid, ovate-oblong, depressed, apex in front of the middle ;
slopes convex ; sculptured with about 10 principal radiating ribs,
scarcely larger than the numerous wide and narrow, rounded inter-
mediate ribs, but giving a somewhat angular outline to the base.
Color “ greenish-black, faintly rayed with a few whitish lines” or
light green, blotched with dark olive.

Inside white tinged with green, muscle-scar impressed, narrow,
white, the tract within it olive-green; border of shell light green,
clouded with blue-green and irregularly dotted with black.

Length 27, breadth 18, alt. 6 mill.

Panama.

P. stipulata Rv., Conch. Icon. f. 117, 1855.

A solid, depressed species, with low, rounded ribs, the interior
having an olive or brownish-green central area. A specimen in the
collection of the Smithsonian Institution agrees with the one figured
from the Philadelphia collection (figs. 29, 30, 31). The other fig-
ures, 27, 28, are from Reeve, and represent a slightly different
coloring.

Undetermined West American species of Acmea.

Patella (Acmeea ?) personoides Midd., Beitr. zu einer Mal. Rossica
ii, p. 37,1. 1, f. 2, (=A. ancyloides Midd., Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersb. .
vi) from Kenai Bay, north-west Coast America, is probably a form
of A. pelta Esch.

Patella (Acmea ?) eruginosa Midd., J. ¢., p. 38, t. 1, f. 1, is perhaps
a form of A. patina.

Lepeta puntarene Morch (Mal. BI. vii, p. 175) is perhaps an
Acmea. The description is as follows: Shell oval, apex elevated,
excentric; inside milk-white, outside yellowish, closely decussated

32 ACM ZEA.

with thick, narrow radiating and concentric subequal lines, the inter-
sections nodose; margin entire. Has the aspect of Lepeta ceca
Mill. Length 6, breadth 4, alt. 2 mill.

Puntarenas (W. coast Central America). A single specimen.

Differs from LD. ceca in the very coarse and close concentric lines,
and the numerous finer radiating lines.

ILI. SPECIES OF THE WESTERN CoAst OF SouTH AMERICA.

Of the following species, I have not seen A. coffea Rv., extlis
albescens and nisoria Phil. Of the others, numerous specimens have
been examined.

A.scutum Orbigny. PI. 4, figs. 77, 78, 79, 80, 81.

Shell rounded-oval, conical, the apex directed forward, nearer the
middle than the front margin. Front slope straight, back slope
somewhat convex. Surface nearly smooth, but finely radiately
striate, the striz obsolete on some specimens. Color black, dotted
or spotted more or less profusely with white. Edge of the shell
smooth, even.

Inside white, with a broad black margin (often spotted with white),
and aldark brown central tract, which is usually partially or wholly
concealed in old individuals by a white layer. Muscle-scar incon-
spicuous. Length 40, breadth 35, alt. 15 mill., or less.

Peru to Sts. of Magellan.

A. scutum ORB. (not Esch.), Voy. Amér. Mérid., p. 479, t. 64, f.
8-10.—Carpenter, Amer. Journ. Conch. ii, p. 335.—L. punctata
GRAY, where? :

Has some resemblance to black forms of A. patina. It is a solid,
black species, usually rather conical, more or less dotted with white.
Young specimens have the apex decidedly hooked forward, and the
central spot dark and prominent. It is a true Acmea.

A. VIRIDULA Lamarck. Pl. 1, figs. 1, 2,3,.4) 5; 6.

Shell rounded-oval, conical, or depressed, the apex in front of the
middle. Surface having about 20 low, rather wide radiating ribs,
and obscurely, finely striated all over the ribs and interstics. The
color-pattern is a close, fine network of light-green on a white
ground, the intervals!between the ribs with larger spots of green,

99

ACMJEA. oOo

ribs lighter; adults more of an even gray all over. Edge of shell
even, smooth, with a green or light green border within.

Inside pure white in old shells, but with an irregular green or
brown central spot in the younger stages.

Length 70, breadth 60, alt. 23 mill.

Peruto Chili.

Patella viridula, Lam. An. s. Vert. vii, p. 539—DELEssERT,
Recueil, t. 23, f.2—Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 26 a, b, e—Lottia viridula
Gup., U.S. Expl. Exped. p. 353, t. 30, f. 459.— Patella pretret ORB.,
Voy. Amér. Mérid. p. 481, t. 78, f. 15, 16.—? P. (Acmea ?) plana
Puiu. Abbild iii, t. 2, f. 3—? A. nisoria Pu., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1846,
p-49; Abbild. t. 2, fi 8.

Differs from Sewrria zebrinu in the character of the painting, and
in thesculpture. The viridula lacks the cordon of branchial papille
possessed by the other species.

Orbigny’s P. pretrei (Pl. 34, figs. 9, 10) is evidently a variety.
A. plana Phil. may perhaps be the young of this species ; see under
A. araucana. A. nisoria probably belongs here also. The descrip-
tion is as follows.

Var. NrisorIA Philippi. Pl. 4, figs. 82, 83, 84.

Shell solid; suborbicular, elevated-conical, radiately obscurely
ribbed-striate ; whitish, subtessellated with lines, flames and dots of
brown; apex situated at the front two-fifths of the length. Inside
white, often brown in the cavity, the border dotted with brown.
Length 15, breadth 14, alt. 6 mill. The impressed radii are irregu-
lar, and sometimes there is a weak indication of about 16 radial
ribs. The nearly circular form, the height and thickness of the
sell, as well as the coloration, mark out this species from its allies.

( Phil.)
A. CECILIANA Orbigny. PI. 34, figs. 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 14, 15, 16.

Shell solid, oval, elevated, the apex in front of the middle, some-
times decidedly anterior ; posterior slope frequently decidedly arched.
The surface has 13 to 16 strong elevated radiating ribs, those upon
the posterior slope most strongly developed. Color grayish, with
several black lines in each intercostal space. Edge of shell more or
less strongly crenated by the ribs.

Inside soiled white, the margin articulated with black. The
central area has five or six longitudinal black stripes on a white
ground. Length 17, breadth 14, alt. 7 mill.

3 Falkland Is. ; Strait of Magellan ; Chili,

34 ACMA.

‘ Patella ceciliana Ors., Voy. Amér. Mérid., p. 482, t. 81, f£. 4-6.—
Gay, Hist. Chil. viii, p. 260, 1854.—JL. viridula Gup., in part,
Exped. Atlas, f. 459c, 459d, 459e, and text, p. 354.—P. nati
Nurrauu mss. teste Gld., . ¢.

This shell has much resemblance in form to strongly sculptured
examples of Aemea persona of California; and it is as variable as
that species. Some specimens are so elevated that the height of the
cone is equal to the breadth of its base, and others are comparatively
depressed. The curious streaks of the central area are very charac-
teristic of typical specimens, but in old individuals this is often more
or less obscured. Dwarfed specimens before me measure, length 9,
width 83, alt. 7 mill. They have strongly arched basal side-margins,
probably from growing pebbles or small gastropod shells.

Figures 17, 18, 19 are D’Orbigny’s figures of ceciliana.

I rank the following described form as a variety:

Var. SUBPERSONA Pilsbry. PI. 34, figs. 11, 12, 13.

Shell the shape of Acmea persona. Apex curved forward, its
distance from front margin 4 to } the length of the shell. Anterior
ribs obsolete, ribs at the back and sides 10-12 in number, rounded,
sometimes irregular, some of them obsolete. White, with v-shaped
or irregularly triangular black markings, the black often predomi-
nating, and frequently finely speckled or netted with white dots.

Inside white with gray and black spotted margin and solid, dark
chestnut central area.

Valparaiso, Chili, southward.

A. VARIABILIS (Sowerby) Reeve. Pl. 34, figs. 1-8.

Shell short, oval, very much depressed, the apex a little behaat
the anterior third. Slopes somewhat convex. Surface sculptured
with numerous low, close, subequal riblets; gray or of a light green
tint, radiately painted with black lines of varying widths in the
intercostal intervals; edge smooth, even, scarcely modified by the
ribs.

Inside smooth, the muscle-scar white (rarely dark in the young),
the central area black, conspicuously mottled with white; border
broad, grayish or greenish-white, articulated with black; tract
between border and muscle-secar white, chestnut or blackish-brown.

Length 32, breadth 26, alt. 5-7 mill.

Chih.

ACMZBA. 35

Lottia variabilis SowERByY (in part), Zool. Beechey’s Voy. p. 147,
t. 39, f. 5, not figs. 3, 4; 1839.— Patella variabilis Gray, Rve., Conch.
Icon. t. 25, f. 63, 1855.—P. penicillata Rve., U. c., f. 102.—P.
(Acmea ?) lineata Phil., Abbild. iii, t. 2, f. 1 (1846).

This is unquestionably a distinct species, characterized by its
depressed contour and mottled central area. The outside is usually
much eroded. ‘The black lines of the exterior are often interrupted,
and in large specimens they are arranged in about a dozen broad
but indistinct bands. The synonymy given above is unquestionable.

A. ARAUCANA Orbigny. PI. 16, figs. 21, 22, 22.

Shell ovate, extremely depressed, costate, whitish, inside whitish,
margin crenulated, brownish. Diam. 30, alt. 4 mill. ( Ord.)
Valparaiso.
P. araucana Ors., Voy. Amér. Mérid., p. 482, t. 65, f 4-6.—
Collisella araucana Dau, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 257 (animal).
—? Patella plana Putu., Abbild., Patella, t. 2, f. 3—P. plana Rv.,
Conch. Icon., f. 133.

The specimens before me are longer than Orbigny’s figured type,
and the ribs are more separated. The shell is frequently distorted.

I am inclined to believe that A. plana of Philippi is a synonym or
variety of A. viridula; but A. plana of Reeve is very probably a
synonym of araucana. My material is too limited to enable me to
decide this question.

A. COFFEA Reeve. PI. 4, figs. 91, 88.

Shell ovate, convexly depressed, radiately densely ridge-striated,
always very much eroded; brown-black within and without, finely
denticulated at the margin. (Rv.)

Valparaiso.

P. coffea Rv., Conch. Icon., f. 189, 1855.

A. extuis Philippi. PI. 4, figs. 89, 90, 91.

Shell minute, thin, elongate-elliptical, convex, smooth, white,
painted with brown rays; apex at the front third.

Length 6, breadth 4, alt 24 mill.

In size and form just like Patelloidea elongata Q. & G., and per-
haps is only a variety of it. That species should be netted over a
greenish-yellow ground, according to the description; but the illus-
tration of it shows simple red rays upon a gray ground, the two pos-
terior rays broader and darker! The present species has about 20

36 ACM ZA.

to 24 dark reddish-brown rays, mostly in pairs, the interstices often
milk-white, and a brown apex. The inside is similarly colored.
One specimen is flatter. (Phil.)

Cape Horn.

A. exilis Pu., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1846, p. 50; Abbild. iii, t. 2, f. 6.

Probably a young shell.

A. ALBESCENS Philippi. PI. 4, figs. 85, 86, 87.

Shell small, thin, ovate-oblong, elliptical, conical, sculptured
with close, little elevated, obsolete radiating ribs; whitish, sometimes
radiated and spotted with brown; apex elevated, situated at the
front third. Inside white, margins incumbent at the ends.

Length 10, width 73, alt. 4 mill.

Six specimens are before me. In the young the acute apex is very
prominent, and also the ribs, of which I count about 24, are much
more distinct. With age they become more and more obsolete,
and in old examples which have lost the apex by erosion, they
often can not be recognized with certainty. Young examples are
frequently pure white with yellowish apex ; older ones have more or
less brown markings. The border is pale brownish, and does not lie
in a plane, for the sides are higher than the ends. The inside is
white, or brownish when there is brown to be seen outside. (Phil.) .

Central Chili.

A. albescens Pu., Zeitschy. f. Mal. 1846, p. 50; Abbild. in, t. 2,
fin

This seems to be young.

IV. West INDIAN SPECIES.

Many specimens of all described West Indian Acmaeide, except
the doubtful A. Antillarum Sow., have been examined by the
author.

The West Indian Acmeeas are few in number and of small size.
Their affinities are with the species of western Mexico. The syn-
onymy is involved in great confusion. Of the four commoner species
I have seen hundreds of specimens, and am still inclined to consider
them quite distinct.

The Aemea hamillei of Fischer (Journ. de Conchyl. v. p. 277,
and J. de C. 1872, p. 145, Pl. 5, f. 6) is the same as Seutellina antil-
larum (Shutt.) Dall, and as the latter was until 1890 a mere mss.
name, the species should hereafter be known as Scutellina
hamillet.

w
ba |

ACM AHA.

The species may be briefly diagnosed as follows :—

A. punctulata(Gm. Depressed or low-conic, the apex acute, conical,
subcentral ; riblets irregular; pinkish, usually dotted with red.
Inside white with a narrow, pale margin, the spatula white or sal-
mon colored.

A. candeana Orb. Depressed, low-convex, closely and finely
radiately striate. Light yellowish with narrow brown lines usually
gathered into rays. Inside with a wide border and central brown
area. .

A. carpentert Pils. Moderately elevated ; closely evenly and finely,
rather obsoletely radiately striated ; rayed with pinkish-purple on a
light buff ground. Inside with a rather narrow border, spotted at
the terminations of the rays. The central area more or less marked
with brown.

A. antillarum Sowb. See under A. candeana.

A. onychina Gld. Depressed, solid, having iow but rather wide
ribs, the ribs and intervals closely, finely, radiately striate.

A. leucopleura Gm. Conical or depressed, the apex subcentral ;
coarsely radiately ribbed, ribs white, intervals dark or spotted
with dark brown or black; inside with a very narrow border and
brown or brown-outlined central tract.

A. cubensis Rve. Conical, solid, with fine radiating riblets;
closely marked with radiating black lines which frequently bifurcate
and anastomose; inside with a very narrow dotted border and a
dark central area.

AQ PUNCTULATA Gmelin. Pl. 5, figs. 99; 100; 1) 2/3, 4, 5,6,11, 12.

13.

Shell wide-oval, depressed or depressed-conical, the apex acute
and subecentral. Surface sculptured with rather rude, low separated
riblets of which some (about every third or fourth rib) are larger.
Color yellowish or delicate pink, marked with distinct red dots be-
tween the riblets.

There is apparently no epidermis. Often the surface is finely
speckled all over with pink, and there is sometimes a blotch of
carmine on each side of the apex. ‘The inside is white; the border is
very narrow, irregular, translucent gray. There are often reddish-
brown dots sparsely scattered along the border, which seem to be
under the gray edge. The central tract is short, wide, and either
white or of a light salmon color. Length 24, width 19, alt. 7 mill.

38 ACM ABA.

Bermuda and Key West, Florida, south to Guadeloupe and Vera
Cruz, Mexico.

Patella punctulata GMELIN, Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 8705, no. 68, and
again p. 8717, no. 132.—? P. punctata Lam., An. s. Vert. vi, p. 333,
no. 34.—P. puncturata Lam., 1. ¢., p. 333, no. 35.—Rve, Conch Icon.,
f. 122 a, b.— Patella pustulata HELBLING, Beitrige zur Kenntniss
neuer und seltener Conchylien, in Abhandlungen einer Privatgesell-
schaft in Bohmen zur Aufnahme der Mathematik, der Vaterlind-
ischen Geschichte und der Naturgeschichte, vi, p. 110, t. 1, f. 12,
Prag, 1779.—GMELIN, Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3720, no. 147—ARANGO,
Fauna Mal. Cubana, p. 230.— Patella cubaniana OrB., Moll. Cuba
ii, p. 199, t. 25, f. 4-6.—P. confusa and P. pulcherrima GUILDING.

A very variable shell, but easily known from its West Indian fel-
lows. There are sometimes delicate raised laminz in the direction
of growth lines, making wide low scales over the ribs. The young
are almost always high and conical, very different from the depressed
adult form. A frequent variation is illustrated by fig. 5, represent-
ing a convex, dome-shaped variety. Specimens from Key West,
Fla., are small, thin, and narrower than most from the Islands; they
form the var. pulcherrima Guild., of authors. The Bermuda speci-
mens are small and conical.

Figs. 11-15 represent the cubaniana of Orbigny.

A. CANDEANA Orbigny. PI. 5, figs. 91, 92, 93, 94, 95.

Shell ovate, depressed, the apex in front of the middle, slopes
genily convex ; surface finely, regularly striated radiately ; gray or
dull buff, with radiating black lines, often gathered into 7 to 9
broad rays.

Inside white (or brown tinted), with a wide translucent-gray
border usually closely articulated with brown lines; central area
generally brown or brown and white marbled.

Length 25, breadth 21, alt. 8 mill.

Bahamas and West Florida to Tobago, West Indies.

P. Candeana Ors., Moll. Cuba ii, p. 199, t. 25, f. 1-3.—A. can-
deana Dau, Cat. Mar. Moll. se. U. S. p. 156.—Patella tenera
C. B. Ap., Synopsis Conchyliorum Jamaicensium, ete., in Proce.
Bost. Soc. N. H. ii, p. 8, 1845.—Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 104.-— Patella
(Acmea ’) elegans Putt., Abbild. iii, p. 34 (Patella p. 6, t. 2, f. 2.)

More finely and regularly striated than A. punctulata, the apex
less erect, more anterior. The color-pattern also is quite different.

ACM BA. 39

There is considerable likeness between this species and A. fascicu-
laris Mke, a form from the Gulf of California.

In thin or young specimens the lines of the outside show through
the bluish-white internal layer. Sometimes the light ground-color,
sometimes the dark markings predominate in the coloration.

The form called elegans by Philippi (see pl. 5, figs. 96, 97, 98)
differs in having the border very narrow. It was described from La
Guayra, Venezuela, in 1846; and if I were assured of its identity
with candeana, I would call the species Acmea elegans, as that
name has some years priority over Orbigny’s.

A. candeana is more depressed than A. Carpenteri, with wider,
differently marked internal border and different coloration.

Var. antillarum Sowb. <A curious varietal form referable to A.
candeana is figured on pl. 42, figs. 92-95. It is decidedly elevated,
the surface having minute radiating strize around the apex, becom-
ing obsolete below. It is rayed with narrow, light blue stripes on a
blackish ground, dotted with blue around the apex. Inside bluish-
white, the body-mark deep chestnut in the young and half-grown
(fig. 95), but partly overlaid with white in the adult ; border dark,
articulated with light. Length 20, breadth 16, alt. 73 mill. The
specimens were collected at St. Kitts by Dr. Wm. H. Rush, U.S. N.

I have little doubt that this is the Lottia antillarum, some speci-
mens in Dr. Rush’s collection agreeing exactly Sowerby’s figure.

Lottia antillarum Sowerby (pl. 5, fig. 7), has never been charac-
terized in any way. The original figures are copied on my plate.
(see Sowerby, A Conchological Manual, p. 59, fig. 231, 1839.)

A. CARPENTERI Pilsbry. PI. 33, figs. 70, 71, 72, 78.

Shell oval, rather thin; apex situated near the anterior third of
the length, obtusely rounded ; surface very finely, evenly radiately
striated all over, rayed with purplish-pink en a light buff ground,
the rays 8-12 in number, the anterior ones narrower; more or less
flecked with light brown around the apex.

Inside white, either immaculate or having a brown spot in the
cavity and a narrow outline around the central area; rays of the
exterior generally indistinctly showing through; margin narrow,
buff, with brown spots at the ends of the rays.

Length 203, breadth 153, alt. 8 mill.

West Indies.

Ai) ACMA.

A. melanosticta CARPENTER, in Mus. Smithsonian Institution,
not P. me/anosticta GMEL., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 8724; founded on Die
weisse grau gestrahlte und schwartz punetirte Napfschnecke of
Scorerer, Einleitung in die Conchylienkenntniss, il, p. 497, t. vi,
f. 9, an unidentifiable but certainly different Acmea.

The young or half grown are often prettily flecked with light
brown v-shaped or zigzag markings, most distinctly seen on the in-
side (fig. 78). The rays are sometimes absent, and are usually
obscure on unworn adult specimens, which are dull and lusterless
outside. My figures are drawn from the types in the Smithsonian
Institution.

The striz are more even, more obsolete than in A. candeana; the
apex is more elevated, more anterior, the coloration is of a different
pattern, and the internal border is narrower, and either unspotted or
with fewer spots than in the candeana.

The synonymy given above is merely nominal, and is introduced
only to explain the labels given by Carpenter to the specimens in
the Smithsonian and probably in other collections. Anyone who
suspects that this is the me/anosticta of Gmelin, after a perusal of his
description, may consult the reference in Schroter, and be satisfied
that it-is not. Gmelin’s diagnosis was compiled from Schroter’s.

A. LEUCOPLEURA Gmelin. PI. 5, figs. 16-26.

Shell solid, rounded-oval, erectly ‘conical or depressed, the apex
subeentral; surface sculptured with about 12 strong primary ribs,
but large specimens have 20 to 50 ribs around the base, the number
being increased by the interposition of interstitial ribs, not reaching
to the apex. Ribs white, interstices brown or black.

Inside white with a narrow gray border usually black dotted, the
central area brown or outlined with brown.

Length 238, breadth 18, alt. 9 mill.

Southwest Florida to Guadeloupe.

Patella leucopleura Gmel., Syst. Nat. xin, p. 3699, no. 34.—LamM.,
An. s. Vert. vi, p. 332.—Aemea melanolenca DALL (not Gmelin),
Catal. Mar. Moll. S—E. U.S. p. 156.—P. albicosta C. B. Av., Proe.
Bost. Soc. N. H. ii, p. 8, 1845.—P. albicostata Rve., Conch. Icon. f.
128, 1855.—P. balanoides Rv., 0. ¢., f. 187.—P. occidentalis Rv.,
l. c., f. 185.—? P. cimeliata Rv., . ¢., f. 116.

There is considerable variation in this species, but it is always
much more coarsely ribbed than A. cubensis Rve. The extremes

ACMA. 4]

of furm are shown by figs. 18 and 19, representing small specimens.
The best figure referred to by Gmelin is that in Knorr’s “ Vergniigen
der Augen, ete. vi, pl. 28, fig. 9, r rally an excellent figure. The fig-
ure in Lister is less characteristic; and Martini’s figures do not
belong to this species at all. This last fact precludes the use of the
name melanoleucu Gm. for this species, and indeed it is only in the
last few years that the name has been so used. The melanoleuca of
Reeve is not this shell. Unquestionable synonyms are P. albicosta
Ad. (albicostata Rv.), figures 22, 23; P. balanoides Rv. figs. 24, 25 ;
and P.. occidentalis Rv. fig. 26. A more doubtful form is P. cime-
liata Rv. figs. 14, 15, of pl. 5, said to be from Honduras.

A label in our museum, written by Robert Swift, gives the name
“ Patella fungus Mke.” as a synonym of P. albicosta. I have seen
no description of P. fungus.

A. cuBENsIs Reeve. PI. 4, figs. 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 69, 70.

Shell solid, ovate, elevated, the apex a little in front of the middle ;
surface sculptured with numerous narrow riblets, often obsolete.
Closely marked all over with bifurcating and anastomosing black
lines on a white ground, the black sometimes confluent into large
blotches. Edge of shell smooth.

Inside white with a brown central area marbled with white ;
rarely entirely white; border very narrow, black with light dots, or
light with black dots. Length 21, breadth 16, alt. 10 mill.

St. Thomas, St. Croix, Guadeloupe ete., West Indies north to the
Bahamas.

Patella cubensis Rve., Conch. Icon., f. 125, 1855.—P. melanoleuca
Rve. /. ¢., f. 134, not P. melanoleuca Guetin.—P. leucopleura
REEVE, l. ¢., f. 138.

This is a solid, conical species, having the riblets much more
numerous and finer than A. leucopleura, and marked in a peculiar
pattern of forking and anastomosing black lines. The variations of
this pattern are sufficiently shown by the figures.

Of the names applied to this species, none prior to Reeve’s can be
identified with any confidence. P. melanoleuca Gm. is much more
likely to be Subemarginula notata L. than this species. The figures
in Martini referred to by Gmelin correspond exactly with half-
grown notata, but are too depressed for A. cubensis; and in any
case /eucopleura has priority. P. melanosticta Gm. is a wholly differ-
ent shell, evidently a depressed species (“ planiuscula”’), larger and
differently marked. Neither description nor figure apply to cubensis.

42 ACMA.

Figs. 69, 70 are copies of Reeve’s illustrations of his cubensis ; figs
56, 57 are melanoleuca Ry. not Gmel.; figs. 58, 59, 60 are drawn
from a large specimen of typical cubensis.

Var. SIMPLEX Pilsbry. PI. 4, figs. 65, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68.

Shell having a tendency to be squarely orbicular when fully
adult, and much elevated, the black lines continuous, separate,
rarely splitting more than once. ~ This is the P. lewcopleura of Rv.,
not Gm. nor Lam. Specimens from the Bahamas were collected
from the shells of Livona pica; figures 66, 67, 68 were drawn from
one of these. Fig. 63 represents a large specimen of the typical
form of simplex.

Another modification of either the cubensis or the leucopleura
stock is figured on pl. 4, figs. 61, 62. It is small, conical, apex
erect and subcentral. When cleared of the extraneous calcareous
coating it is seen to be either smooth or obsoletely ribbed, the ribs
narrow, separated ; marked with blackish-brown radiating blotches
which split into two or three branches toward the basal margin.
Inside with a dark central area with or without a white central
spot, the border black spotted with white. The external color-
markings may be faintly seen inside. The exact status and affini-
ties of this form are somewhat doubtful. It is abundant at Man-
cheoniel and Port Antonio, Jamaica.

The locality “* West Indies” given in the books for Subemarginula
notata L. is probably owing to a confusion of that species with these
similar Acmeeas. Specimens of notata marked “ Ceylon” are before
me, and I have no doubt that it is an oriental species. The very
strongly inflexed ends of the muscle-scar, and the slight trace of a
groove between the apex of the cavity and the front margin will
enable one to separate S. notata from all Docoglossate limpets.

A. ONYCHINA Gould. PI. 34, figs. 22, 25, 24.

Shell small, thin, irregular, depressed, broadly ovate, with twenty
or more obsolete, unequal ribs. The general color is ashy green,
with deep olive stripes between the ribs. Besides this, the whole
surface is marked with fine radiating strie, and by crowded loose
lines of growth, giving the surface a decomposing aspect. Margin
sharp, irregular; interior mottled with cream-color and clear
chestnut-brown ; central spatula thick and well marked; a marginal
border is striped alternately chestnut and yellow, answering to the

ACMA. 5)

ribs and intervening spaces. Summit eroded, dark brown. (G/d.)

Length 20, alt. 6 mill.

Barbados to Rio Janeiro, Brazil.

? Aemea subrugosa OrRB., Voy. Amér. Mérid., p. 479. 1847.—Lottia
onychina Gip., U.S. Expl. Exped., p. 355, atlas, f. 461.— Collisella
subrugosa Dau, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi,,p. 255, t. 14, f. 14 (denti-
tion).— Patella (Tectura ?) Miilleri Dkr., Jahrb. D. M. Ges. ii, p.
246, 1875.

The specimens before me are much eroded. I have no doubt that
P. miilleri Dkr. is synonymous, but give the original description
here for comparison. A. subrugosa Orb. is also in all probability
the same, but the description is wholly insufficient for identification,
and should not be ailowed to displace Gould's excellent diagnosis
and good figures.

P. miilleri. Shell solid, ovate or elliptical, often irregular, more
or less convex, seldom conic; with weak ribs and fine strize, which
also cover the ribs, but are seen only on fresh, uncorroded specimens.
The obtuse apex lies at about two-fifths the shell’s length. From it
unequal dark brown streaks radiate, which often split, and which
show through on the shining inside, and are especially distinct on
the border. The center is whitish or liver-brown; margin acute,
simple or subcrenulated. Length 22-24, alt. 10 mill.

Bay of Maldonado, and Destero, Province of Sta. Catharina,
Brazil, abundant.

e
Undetermined West Indian species.

Patella (Acmeea ?) antillarum Philippi (as of Sowb.) PI. 5, figs. 8,
9,10.

This is a dark colored, very finely striated, depressed shell. I
have seen nothing like it from the West Indies. Philippi gives
Antilles as the habitat. There is no resemblance between this and
antillarum Sowb. Compare Scurria parastica Orb.

(See Phil., Abbild., ete. iii, Patella, t. 2, f. 12.)

he

V. JAPANESE SPECIES.
The species of Japan are allied to those of Western North

America. Specimens of all of them have been examined by the
writer.

44 ACMA.

A. scHRENCKI Lischke. PI. 2, figs. 21, 22, 28, 24.

Shell elliptical, much depressed, rather thin. The apex is
situated between the front sixth and eighth of the shell’s length ;
posterior slope convex, its curve generally higher than the apex.
Sculptured with very fine, unequal thread-like riblets, which are
very closely granose; of an olive-ashen color, variouay marbled
with blackish-olive.

Inside light blue with a broad blackish border and an ill defined
dark chestnut central area.

Length 31, breadth 22-24, alt. 4-6 mill.

Ojima and Nagasaki, Japan.

P. schrenckii LiscuKe, Mal. Blat. xv, p. 220; Jap. Meeres-Con-
chyl. i, p. 107, t. 8, f. 1-4.—Tectura schrenckis Dxr., Ind. Moll.
Mar. Jap., p. 155.

My description is drawn from typical specimens collected at
Ojima by Mr. Frederick Stearns. The species is variable in mark-
ings, the mottling sometimes being converted into stripes obliquely
radiating and curving from the central dorsal region. It is closely
allied to P. concinna, but is of a longer elliptical outline, is more
depressed, and the granulation is finer. Still, I am disposed to
believe that the two will be united when fuller collections are made.

A. concinna Lischke. Pl. 2, figs. 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17.

Shell oval, rather thin; apex at the front fifth or sixth of the
shell’s length; posterior slope convex. Surface sculptured with
close fine unequal riblets, finely and distinctly granulose ; of a uniform
blackish-olive shade, or variegated with olive, green or brown on a
very light green ground.

Inside light blue, with a wide dark or spotted border, and an ill-
defined central darker tract. Length 24, width 20, alt. 6 mill.

Yokohama to Enoshima, Japan.

P. coneinna Lischke, Mal. BI. xvii, p. 25; Jap. Meeres-Conchyl.
ii, p. 98, t. 6, f. 1-6.— Tectura concinna Drr., Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap.
p. 154.—P. granostriata ScuRENCK, Amurl. Moll. t. 14, f. 1-3.

Closely allied to A. schrenckii, probably a variety of that species,
but rounder, more elevated, more distinctly granulose. These
Japanese forms have much in common with A. scabra of the Cali-
fornian coast, but they are abundantly distinct in sculpture, the
position of the apex, and the general tone of coloring.

ACM ZA. 45

Numerous specimens collected by Frederick Stearns and others
are before me, exhibiting considerable variation. A variegated
specimen is figured on pl. 9, fig. 30. This species is the P. grano-
striata of Schrenck. The true granostriata of Reeve (Conch. Icon.,
f. 126) described without habitat, is very likely the same as con-
cinna; but without more information it would be mischievous to use
that name for this or any other species.

A. HEROLDI Dunker. Pl. 2, figs. 18, 19, 20, (enlarged); Pl. 9,
figs, 17, 18, 19,20; 21.

Shell small, ovate-elliptical, not much elevated, sculptured with
more or less distinct close riblets; whitish, ornamented in various
patterns with brown; vertex elevated, situated at the anterior fourth
of the shell’s length. Inside white or bluish, brown in the middle.
Length 11, width 8, alt. 4 mill. (Dkr.)

Nagasaki and Decima, Japan.

P. heroldi Dr. Moll. Jap. p. 24, t. 3, f. 13—Aemea heroldi
LiscuKe, Jap. Meeres-Conchyl. il. p. 96.—P. conulus Dkr. /.e. p.
24, t. 3. f. 19—P. pygmea Dre. lc. p. 24, t. 3, f. 20.

A small species, varying much in degree of elevation, coloration
and position of the apex. It passes through the same mutations as
most other Acmzas. I have not seen the typical form.

Form conulus Dkr. PI. 9, figs. 17, 18.

Small, much elevated, apex more central. Length 8, breadth 62,
alt. 52 mill. The figures are drawn from a specimen before me.
Of this form I have seen a good many examples. The radiating
riblets are wanting or obsolete; most are marked with-dull olive
or brown stripes.

Form pygmea Dkr. PI. 9, figs. 19, 20, 21 (enlarged).
This is the narrow form, probably growing on fuci. It is very
finely striated radially. The size is smaller than the figures.

A. porsuosa Gould. PI. 38, figs. 88, 89, 90; Pl. 9, figs. 15, 16.

Shell oval, elevated conical, having the form of A. persona Esch. ;
solid. Apex curved forward, situated one-eighth of the shell’s
length from the anterior end. Surface having strong irregularly
nodose radiating cords, separated by spaces of greater width than
the ribs and having occasional strongly marked concentric depres-
sions, indicating periods of growth arrest. Color, blackish-brown

46 ACM ABA.

with irregular obscure lighter olive-yellow streaks in the interstices.
Interior bluish-white; border not distinctly defined, having indis-
tinct dark tesselations. Central area defined and obscurely clouded
with dark chestnut. Length 30, breadth 243, alt. 14 mill.
Hakodadi, Japan.

A. dorsuosa GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii, p. 162,1859. Otia, p.
115.—Warson, Challenger Gastrop. p. 29, t. 4, f. 1.

This species, which I have figured and described from types, is evi-
dently allied to A. persona and pelta of the Californian coast, but is
quite distinct. The ribs are variable in number, 20 to 27 being de-
veloped ; they are obsolete in front. The periods of arrested growth
are strongly marked. It is likely that “ Tectura digitalis” reported
from Hakodadi by Dunker (Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap. p. 154) is this
species.

No other Japanese Acme is so strongly ribbed as this.

Watson figures a slightly differing variety from Oosima. See pl.
9, figs. 15, 16.

VI. Inpo-Paciric, AUSTRALIAN AND NEw ZEALAND SPECIES.

The Australian region is rich in forms of Aemea, but the number
of species is doubtless less than are herein admitted. The lack of
extensive suites has prevented me from working up the synonymy
as fully as I would desire.

There are but few Polynesian Acmzeas, and a still smaller number
are found in the Indian Ocean.

The following species I have not seen: <A. biradiata Rv., rugosa
Q. & G., cingulata Hutton, conoidea Q. & G., petterdi T.-W., septi-
formis Q. & G., laciniata Rv., cantharus Rv., scabrilirata Ang.,
flammea Q. & G., subundulata Ang., pileopsis Q. & G., orbicularis
Q. & G., miata Ry., elongata Q. & G., punctata Q. & G., squamosa
Q. & G.

A. CONOIDALIS Pease. PI. 33, figs. 93, 94, 95.

Shell solid, thick, short-oval, elevated, straightly conical, the apex
erect, pointed, subcentral, slopes of the cone straight or the posterior
a little convex. Surface sculptured with numerous close, rather
fine radiating ‘threads, alternately larger. Whitish or yellowish-
white. Edge thick, very finely crenulated.

Inside yellowish, the central area opaque white. Basal side mar-
gins somewhat arched. Length 22, breadth 17, alt. 11 mill.

Raratonga, Cook Is.; Hervey Is.

ACM ABA. 47

Tectwra conoidahs Psr., Amer. Journ. Conch. iv, p. 98, t. 11, f.
22.—Marrens & LANGKAVEL, Donum Bismarkianum, p. 51.

Allied to A. mitra, but more obviously radiately ribbed than any
of the varieties of that species, and differing in the yellowish interior,
with opaque white central tract. The largest specimen before me
measures, length 28, breadth 23, alt. 14 mill. The species varies
considerably in degree of elevation.
A. GARRETTII Pilsbry. Pl. 33, figs. 96, 97, 98.

Shell small, oval, conical, the apex acute, erect, slightly in front
of the middle; slopes convex. Surface having numerous close radi-
ating riblets, of which a few (about seven) are generally larger.
Color dull blackish-brown, or gray with lines of dark.

Inside white, the large central area either solid blackish-brown or
clouded ; border narrow, black or light, dotted dark brown.

Length 13, breadth 10, alt. 5 mill.

Length 11, breadth 9, alt 53 mill.

Viti Islands.

A small species, collected by Garrett, and apparently distinct
from the described Australasian forms, as well as from the few
described from Polynesia. The figures represent a strongly sculpt-
ured specimen, but some specimens have the riblets more nearly
equal in size, and in some the color, both inside and out, is lighter.
It is a very solid little shell, somewhat similar to some forms of
A. cubensis. It is much more solid and differently sculptured than
A. mitella.

The only species reported from the Viti Islands besides A. sacch-
arina isa Patella nana Dkr., enumerated in the Mus. Godeftroy
Catal. v, p. 149, 1874; but I have been able to find no description
of it. It is again catalogued in the Catal. vi, Nachtrage zu Catal.
Wado by lon a
A.sTRIATA Quoy & Gaimard. Pl. 19, figs. 37, 38; Pl. 35, figs. 25-29.

Shell orbicular, convex, very delicately striated, brown or black ;
inside sky-blue, the margin brown. Apex obtuse.

A large species, nearly round; the summit is anterior. Length
30, breadth 25, alt. 6 mill. (Q.)

Licoupang, Celebes.

Patelloida striata Q. & G., Astrol. p. 353, t. 71, f. 8-11.— Patella
‘striata Ry., Conch. Icon. f. 58 (not fig. 99).

The additional locality, Philippine Is., is given by Reeve.

48 ACM ZA.

A number of specimens of this form are before me. They differ
from A. borneensis Ry. only in being more distinctly striated and
darker colored. The largest specimen I have seen measures, length
43, breadth 39, alt. 9 mill.

VAR. BORNEENSIS Reeve. PI. 35, figs. 25, 26, 27, 28, 29.

Shell rounded-oval, rather thin, depressed, the apex at about the
anterior third ; slopes convex ; surface nearly smooth, but obscurely
radiately striated ; dull-grayish-white with close hair-like radiating
black lines and more or less speckled with brown or blackish, these
last markings frequently forming obscure darker rays; sometimes
blackish all over.

Inside bluish-white, with a wide dark border and a small brown
central area. Muscle-scar inconspicuous, remote from the margin.

Length 29, width 24, alt. 7 mill.

Amboyna; North Coast of Borneo.

P. borneensis Rv. Conch. Ieon. f. 113, 1855.—Collisella borneen-
sis DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 259, t. 15, f. 17 (dentition) ; t.
17, f. 38 (shell) —A. Bickmorei DAL mss.

A depressed species, nearly smooth, hair-lined with deep brown
or black and more or less speckled with the same color. I have
seen none with the rays so pronounced as in Reeves figure.

A. FLUVIATILIS Blanford. PI. 35, figs. 40, 41, 42.

Shell much depressed, conical, subcircularly oval, thin, covered
with a very dark olive epidermis, always eroded at the subcentral
apex ; marked with fine radiating raised lines, and with close and
minute concentric strize of growth.

Inside the sheli is bluish-white, sometimes with one or more
milky concentric bands, or the whole interior is milky, except the
cavity of the apex which is invariably ferruginous. (Blanf.)

Length 212, breadth 20, alt. 6 mill.

Length 20, breadth 17, alt. 52 mill.

Length 14, breadth 12, alt. 4 mill.

Delta of the Irawadi River, Pegu.

Tectura fluviatilis W. T. BLANForD, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal,
XXXvi, pt. 2, 1867, p. 62, t. 18, f. 2, 3, 4 (1868).

This species is found on rocks, rarely on trunks of trees, in many
of the creeks near high-water mark, in brackish water. It was not
met with near the sea, where the water was very salt. The foot is

ACMA. 49

large, filling the cavity of the shell, muzzle broad, tentacles long
and fine, mouth not notched beneath. It does not appear to keep
to one place and form a hole for itself like some Patellee, but it is
very sluggish in its movements. (Blanf.)

The only specimen of this species which I have seen is in the col-
lection of Dr. W. H. Dall. It has the appearance of an ordinary
Acmeea of the type of A. striata Q. & G.

A. BIRADIATA Reeve. PI. 42, figs. 88, 89.

Shell nearly orbicular, conoidly depressed, apex nearly central ;
radiately striately ridged; whitish, rayed with blue-black near the
margin, conspicuously ornamented posteriorly with two broad, pale
bands; interior vividly painted with the same color. (Reeve).

China Seas,

P. biradiata Rve., Conch. Icon. f. 142.

A. HIEROGLYPHICA Dall. PI. 33, figs. 77, 78, 79.

Shell small, stout, rugged, with a sub-central, more or less eroded
apex moderately elevated. Muscular impression pyriform. Shape
of shell ovate; exterior with rather strong white ribs, 14-20 in
number, with riblets between them, interspaces brown. Strive of
growth somewhat imbricated, less prominent on the ribs. Internally
white, with brown macule on the margin corresponding to the
brown interspaces of the exterior. Margin strongly crenulated.
Spectrum pyriform with the smaller end anterior, consisting of a
sharp black line forming a pyriform figure with three longitudinal
black lines inside of it. In the larger specimens these have a faint
bluish halo about them, but in the smaller they are simply black
ona white ground. The same figure of less size is conspicuous on
the outside of the eroded apex, soft parts unknown. (Dall.)

Length 7, breadth 53, alt. 14 mill.

China.

A. hieroglyphica Daur, A. J. C. vi, p. 258, t. 17, f. 37.

This little species of the A. spectrum group, has much resem-
blance to the Chilian species A, ceciliana. I have seen no specimen
but the type, which was found in a box of Chinese shells in a San
Francisco tea shop.

A. SACCHARINA Linné. PI. 36, figs. 60, 61, 62, 78; pl. 18, figs. 31,
32; pl. 24, figs. 12, 15.

50 ACMA.

Shell solid, conical, having seven prominent, angular radiating
ribs, projecting at the margin ; surface finely radiately striated when
not eroded ; variously marked with black blotches, usually v-shaped,
on a whitish ground.

Inside white, the border gray marked with black or entirely
black; central area with a patch of black or deep brown, covered
over with white in old specimens. Length 40, breadth 30, alt. 18 mill.

Viti and Fiji Is; Amboyna to Japan.

P. saccharina L., Syst. Nat. x, p. 781, no. 660.—ReErveE, Conch.
Icon. f. 72.—-Liscuker, Jap. Meeres-Conchyl. p. 115, 1869.—
DunkeEr, Index Moll. Mar. Jap. p. 155 —Acmea saccharina HAn-
LEY, in Wood’s Index Test., 2d ‘edit. p. 185, 1856.—Collisella sac-
charina Datu, Am. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 259, t. 15, f. 18 (dentition).—
Patella lanx Rv., Conch. Icon. f. 82.

The typical saccharina is best represented by the figures 60-62 of
Pl. 36. Sometimes smaller ribs are developed between the principal
ones, as in Pl. 18, figs. 31,32. Reeve’s P. lanx (PI. 24, figs. 12, 15,)
is not a constant color variety.

Var. STELLARIS Q. & G. PI. 36, figs. 63, 64, 67, 68.

Resembles saccharina in form. Central area of the inside dotted
with brown.

New Ireland, ete.

Patelloida stellaris Q. & G.. Voy. Astrol. Zool. iii, p. 856, t. 71,
f. 1-4, 1854—Patella stella Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, Zool. ii, p.
421, 1830.—P. octoradiata Hurron. See below.

A beautiful variety, of which numerous specimens from the col-
lection of Mr. John Ford, of Philadelphia are before me, (figs.

3, 64).

The types of Quoy & Gaimard (figs. 67, 68,) differ somewhat
from the shells before me, in having the ribs more prolonged at the
margins, but agree in the number of principal rays, seven, and the
dotted spatula. Reeves P. sted/aris is unlike the true sted/aris in hay-
ing eight principal ribs and a solid brown spatula. See below.

The name proposed by Lesson is anterior in date (1830), but be-
ing briefly described without a figure, is scarcely entitled to displace
the unmistakable diagnosis and good figures given by Quoy.

Var. PERPLEXA Pilsbry. PI. 36, figs. 69, 70, 71.

Depressed, star-shaped, with four large rounded ribs behind,
three in front of the apex; ribs and intervals closely striated.
White or creamy, with fine radiating reddish-brown lines.

ACM A. 51

Interior white with a few flesh-colored spots ; border narrow, dot-
ted with pinkish. Length 31, breadth 27, alt. 8 mill.; a smaller
specimen measures, length 21, breadth 20, alt. 43 mill.

Australia (Phil. Acad. Coll.)

? P. stellaris ReEve, Conch. Icon. f. 114, not stellaris Q. &. G—
? P. octoradiata Huron, Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Z. p. 44, 1873.—? P.
stellaris (Q. & G.) Hurron, Journ. de Conchyl. 1878, p. 37.

It is with great doubt that I give the above synonymy for this
species or variety, for Hutton has never made clear what his octora-
diata really is; referring it first to sted/aris Q., and then omitting it
from his Manual of 1880. It is, however, fair to assume that in
1880 he included his specimen under the name P. stella Lesson.
Lesson’s species is no doubt completely synonymous with Quoy’s P.
stellaris ; and I, therefore, offer a new and definite appellation for
this form. The Patella stellaris Rv. (not Q. & G.) is an octo-
radiate limpet resembling somewhat the shells above described, but
not agreeing in characters with any of the specimens before me.
Reeve’s figures are copied on pl. 36, figs. 65, 66. They should
be compared with certain varieties of Patella pentagona.

Under whatever name this variety or species is ultimately placed,
it is well characterized by the number of ribs, which is constant in
the large suite before me, the rounded form of the ribs and their
striated surface. The interior does not have the dots characteristic
of A. stellaris Q. & G. The ribs are not carinated as in Patella
longicosta Linn., nor are interstitial riblets developed. Two ribs are
upon the central longitudinal line of the shell; which is not the case
in A. saccharina or A. stellaris.

A. cosTaTa Sowerby. Pl. 36, figs. 72-77.

Shell solid, ovate, conical, apex a little in front of the middle ;
slopes convex or straight; surface having 17 to 25 strong unequal
ribs, the ends of which denticulate the margin.

Inside white, with a narrow gray border, often having black
scallops between the marginal projections; the central area is more
or less clouded with brown, usually having a distinct outline. The
inner surface is sometimes stained with patches of livid purplish,
light olive or brown. Length 36, breadth 29, alt. 13 mill.

South Australia; Tasmania; Chatham Ts.

Lottia ? costata Sows., Moll. of Beechey’s Voyage, p. 147, t. 39,
f. 2, 1839.—Acmeea costata TENtIson-Woopns, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm.

52 ACM2éA.

for 1876, p. 50, 1877 (animal).—P. alticostata Ap. & AnGas, P. Z.
S. 1865, p. 56, t. 2, f. 11.—Patella costata Ancas, P. Z. S. 1867,
p. 221.

A very variable form in sculpture and coloration. The outside
is dull, usually corroded; rubbed specimens which have black
scallops on the border show narrow lunate black markings in the
spaces between the ribs.

Figures 72, 73 are Angas’s alticostata; the other figures are
drawn from specimens before me.

A. MARMORATA Tenison-Woods. PI. 42, figs. 66-70.

Shell irregularly ovate, low-conical, the apex eroded, at about the
anterior third. Surface dull, eroded, having 7 to 10 wide ribs, often
sub-obsolete. The ribs are light, interstices dull black ; edge of the
shell irregular.

Inside having black stripes between the ribs, which are indicated
by light stripes; central area yellowish-brown, closely dotted or
marbled with black. There is a snow-white line just within the
muscle-scar. Length 15, breadth 13, alt. 5 mill.

Tasmania; Port Jackson, N.S. Wales, Australia.

Acmea marmorata TENIson-Woop, Proc. & Rep. Roy. Soc. Tasm.,
for 1875, p. 156, 1876; Ibid. 1876, p. 55, 1877.

May be known at once by the peculiarly dotted, marbled interior.
There is a variety which may be called submarmorata, in which the
inside is not distinctly radiately striped around the central area,
the white line within the muscle-impression is narrow or obsolete,
and the outer surface has numerous rather narrow riblets in place of
the few wide ribs of the typical form. This variety is from Port
Jackson. It is represented on pl. 42, figs. 69, 70.

A. RuGosA Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 37, figs. 5, 6.

Shell ovate, conic, with radiating rugose unequal ribs; margin
crenulated ; broadest behind ; apex sub-median, acute ; inside bluish,
border and center blackish-chestnut.

Length 16, breadth 12, alt. 6 mill. (@.)
Amboyna.

Patelloida rugosa Q. & G., Astrol. p. 366, t. 71, f. 36, 37.
Compare A. lacunosa Rve.
A. LAcuNnosA Reeve. PI. 37, figs. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11.

Shell small, oblong, apex near the front third, or nearer the mid-
dle ; surface dull, lusterless, rough and irregular, having 18 to 24

ACM AA. 53

rude, strong, usually unequal ribs, which denticulate the margin ;
the ribs are whitish, interstices dull-black; sometimes the whole,
shell is of a light buff-tint.

Inside white with either a blue or a pink tint ; central area irreg-
ularly clouded with rust-brown or black, showing through a thin
white layer; border white, black, or dotted.

Length 14, breadth 10, alt. 43 mill.

New Zealand.

Patella lacunosa REEveE, Conch. Icon. f. 120, 1855.—Acmea cor-
ticata Hurron, Man. N. Z. Moll. p. 89, 1880.—? Fissurella rubiginosa
Hourrton, Cat. N. Z. Moll. p. 42, teste Martens Zool. Rec. x, p. 150.

A small, roughly sculptured species, with much the aspect of
Siphonaria. 'This likeness is increased by the frequent unsymmet-
rical distortions of the shell. Reeve figured a clear buff specimen ;
but this coloration is comparatively rare, only one out of twenty-
three shells before me being wholly without the black stripes. When
the outside lacks stripes, the inside is very light, its border without
dark dots. The young often show dark rays within like A. jackson-
vensis.

I have some doubt about the A. rwbiginosa. It may prove a dis-
tinct species, being shorter and rounder. The original description is
given in the Manuau Vol. XII, p. 216. See also tom. cit. p. 291.

A. CINGULATA Hutton.

Shell moderately thick, white, oval, conical ; apex about one-third
of the length from the anterior end; about 30 to 50 low radiating
ribs. Interior white, the margin light brownish-pink, banded with
white. Length °56, breadth °45, alt, -2 inch. (Hutton.)

Lyttelton and Dunedin, New Zealand.

A. cingulata Hutton, Trans. N. Z. Institute, xvi, p. 215, t. 11, f
5 (dentition), 1884.

The shell much resembles that of A. lacunosa Rve. (—corticaria
Hutton), but the ribs are finer and the margin differently colored ;
the teeth, however, are very different; it may prove to be a variety
of A. rubiginosa, the dentition of which is not yet known.

( Hutton.)

A. CONOIDEA Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 37, figs. 84, 85.

Shell ovate, arcuate, decidedly conical, apex obtuse, rounded ;
ashen ; inside corneous-brown, margin spotted.

54 ACMA.

Length 18, breadth 10, alt. 11 mill. (@.)

Port Lincoln, S. Australia, on stones at low water; Sow & Pigs
Reef, Port Jackson.

Patelloida conoidea Q. & G., Astrol., p. 355, t. 71, f. 5-7.—
Acmeea conoidea ANGAS, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 186.

A. cALAMus Crosse & Fischer. PI. 37, figs. 3, 4.

Shell small, round-oval, erectly conical, apex in front of the
middle, slopes nearly straight. Surface sculptured with many acute,
unequal radiating riblets; dull pinkish-white, often with some ir-
regular dark brown markings.

Inside white, lilac or pink-tinted, central area more opaque white
with a small brown spot in its depth; border sparsely spotted with
brown. Length 103, breadth 9, alt. 5 to 6 mill.

Port Lincoln, on stones at low water; Tasmania.

Patella calamus C. & F. Journ. de Conchyl. 1864, p. 348; 1865,
t. 3, f. 7, 8—Aemea calamus ANGAs, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 186.

A. ALBA Tenison-Woods. PI. 42, figs. 76, 77, 78.

Shell broad, oval, depressed, scabrous, thin, white, subshining ;
apex sub-median, acute; radiated with numerous small, acute, un-
equal scaly-granose ribs, gathered into groups ; interstices delicately
and most closely undulose-striate. Inside shining-white, sometimes
rayed or clouded with pale-brown; no spatula. Margin acute,
slightly undulating, elegantly fringed with a pale-tawny line.

Length 26, width 22, alt. 7 mill. (7-W.)

North Coast of Tasmania,

A. alba T—W. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. for 1876, p. 155, 1877.

A white, silky species ; porcellanous inside and delicately mar- :
gined with light-brown, not unlike the Chinese umbrella-shell, but
smaller. The fine scabrous ribs are gathered sometimes into a bun-
dle, which thus forms a compound rib. It is very different from any
other southern form, and rare. (7'—W.)

The single specimen of this species before me does not agree very
well with the original description. This specimen is figured on my
plate.

A. PETTERDI Tenison-Woods. Unfigured.

Shell broadly ovate, tumid, depressed, apex acute and submar-
ginal; shining, dull white, very closely undulately striate with con-
centric growth lines and indistinctly radiated with wide, rude tawny

ACMA. 55

interrupted sulci. Margin acute, elegantly fringed within with
chestnut or tawny; inside white, clouded with pale chestnut ; spat-
ula tawny, sharply defined. Length 22, breadth 20, alt. 7 mill.
(T-W.)
Northwest coast of Tasmania.

A, petterdi T.—W., Proc. Roy. Soe. Tasm. for 1876, p. 155, 1877.

Larger than A. septiformis, an old enlarged specimen of which it
somewhat resembles. It is dull white and shining, with the lines
of growth very distinctly marked.

A. SEPTIFORMIS Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 37 figs. 93, 94.

Shell oval, convex, very delicately radiately striated, tessellated
with green or white, ornamented with radiating brown lines; inside
blue or whitish, lineolate with brown.

Length 14, breadth 12, alt. 6 mill. (Q.)

King Georges Port, W. Australia, Kiama and near New Castle,
New South Wales; Tasmania; on rocks between tides.

Patelloida septiformis Q. & G., Astrol., p. 262, t. 71, f. 45, 44.—
Tectura septiformis ANGAS, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 220.—Aecmeea septi-
formis TEN.-Woops, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. for 1876, p. 50, 1877,
(animal. )

A. scabrilirata Angas, and A. cantharus Rve. are considered
synonymous by Tenison- Woods.

A. LACINIATA Reeve. PI. 35, figs. 36, 37.

Shell oblong, ovate, rather sharply convex, laterally slightly com-
pressed, radiately densely elevately striated; whitish, reticulately
rayed everywhere promiscuously with numerous fine red lines, net-
work around the apex interruptedly open; interior bluish-white.

(Rve.)
Australia.
P. laciniata Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 100, 1855.
Compare the following species.
A. CANTHARUS Reeve. PI. 87, figs. 1, 2.

Shell ovate, rather thin, convex; apex very anterior, sharp,
hooked; smooth; black, irregularly blotched with white; interior
blackish-chestnut. (Rve.)

New Zealand ; Tasmania ?

P. cantharus Rvy., Conch. Icon. f. 131, 1855.— A. cantharus Hur-
TON, Man. N. Z. Moll. p. 88, 1880.

56 ACMA.

A. SCABRILIRATA Angas. Unfigured.

Shell small, thin, subovate, a little planate ; outside of a whitish or
gray color, variously maculated and penciled, sometimes streaked ;
very elegantly ornamented with more or less distant, most minutely
granulose, very acute radiating riblets, the interstices wide, flat.
Apex curving forward, at the third or fourth of the length. Inside
very shining bluish-green, varied with reddish-brown ; margin wide:
tesselated or penciled ; central area rarely conspicuous. (Angas.)

Length 12 mill.

Port Jackson; Port Phillip ; Port Lincoln ; Hobson’s Bay, Viet. ;
Holdfast Bay, St. Vincents Gulf.

A. seabrilirata AnG., P. Z.S. 1865, p. 154; U.¢., p. 186; 2. ¢. 1867,
p- 220.

This small and tender, but exceedingly beautiful species is gener-
ally more or less abraded ; but when perfect is easily recognized by
the sculpture, which consists of distant, extremely slender riblets,
each of which consists of, or is surmounted by, a series of minute
granules. A rare variety is striped like the young of A. pelta (A.
strigillata Nutt); but in general it is more or less, mottled, some-
times. delicately penciled, like A. fascicularis Mke., from the Gulf of
California.

May be a form of A. septiformis.

A. CHATHAMENSIS Pilsbry. Pl. 35, figs. 43, 44, 45, 46.

Shell oval, depressed, apex within the middle third of the length ;
radiately striated ; interruptedly banded an] spotted with umber on
a white ground. Spatula chestnut, well-defined ; border wide, light
with brown dots and lines.

The surface has even rather fine, close and obsolete radiating
riblets. The coloration is peculiar, consisting of dots, spots and stripes
formed of interrupted brown lines. The stripes when present are 8
or 10 in number.

The inside is white or suffused with yellow, with a brown central
area and a wide border variously marked.

Length 30, breadth 24, alt. 63 mill.

Length 24, breadth 203, alt. 82 mill.

Chatham Is.

This very pretty white species is quite different from any known
to me from any part of the world.

ACMA. aye

A FLAMMEA Quoy & Gaimard.’ PI. 37, figs. 78-83.

Shell small, ovate-conic, very delicately radiately striated, buff,
flamed and reticulated with brown.

Aperture brown, white or yellowish, with a blackish border.
Length 10, breadti 8, alt. 5 mill. (@Q.)

Hobart-town, Tasmania ; Isl. of Guam, Marianne Archipel.

Patelloida flammea Q. & G., Astrol. p. 354, t. 71, f 15-24.—
Acmea flammea TENIsoN-Woops, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. for 1876,
p. 51 (animal).

The elliptical, convex and turgidly conical form of the shell, as
well as its greater solidity will separate this species from A. septi-
formis. Mr. Tenison-Woods refers A. subundulata Angas to this

species, with doubt.

A. SUBUNDULATA Angas. Unfigured.

Shell small, thin, oval, elevated; outside of a pale brownish-cor-
neous color, variously maculated or streaked with brown ; radiating
lirze obsolete, a trifle undulating; growth-strize very close; apex
scarcely curved forward, more or less anterior, ata third or two-
fifths the shell’s length. Inside brownish, variously maculated or
streaked with blackish-brown ; spatula usually dark ; margin scarce-
ly apparent. Length 13, breadth 10, alt. 53 mill. (Angas.)

Port Jackson ; Port Phillip ; Port Lincoln ; Hobson’s Bay, South-
ern Australia; between tide marks.

A. subundulata Ana., P. Z.S. 1865, p. 155; le.p. 186; ibid.
1867, p. 220.

A variation has the inside paler, radiating streaks narrow.

A. PILEOPSIS Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 37, figs. 90, 91, 92.

Shell ovate-convex, very finely radiately striated ; blackish, dotted
and netted with whitish; apex recurved to the margin ; inside
bluish, margin black, the center of a chestnut color. (Q.)

Length 18, breadth 14, alt. 8 mill.

Bay of Islands and the French Pass to Dunedin, New Zealand ;
Auckland Is.

Patelloida pileopsis Q. & G., Voy. Astrol., p. 359, t. 71, f. 25-27.
—Acmea pileopsis Hutron, Manual N. Z. Moll., p. 88, 1880.

A. ORBICULARIS Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 37, figs. 95-99.

Shell conical, orbicular, transversely striated, reddish-green,
marked with radiating brown or reddish rays; inside bluish ; ver-
tex submedian. Length 18, alt. 6 mill. (Q.)

Island of Vanikoro.

58 ACM A.

Patelloida orbicularis Q. & G., Astrol. ii, p. 363, t. 71, f. 31, 32;
var., f. 33, 35.

A variety (pl. 37, figs. 95-97) from Amboyna is less rounded,
more oblong.

A. JACKSONIENSIS Reeve. PI. 42, figs. 71-75.

Shell ovate, conical, the apex near the middle or somewhat in
front of it; surface smooth (or obsoletely radiately striated), dull,
usually corroded or incrusted ; color whitish rayed with brown.

Inside conspicuously rayed with brown: and white; the central
area variously mottled with brown, or continuing the rays; border
narrow, scarcely different from the rest of the inside layer in color.

Length 19, breadth 152, alt. 8 mill.

Port Jackson, Australia, on rocks at low tide.

Patella Jacksoniensis Rvy., Conch. Icon. f. 127, 1855.—Tectura
jacksoniensis ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 220.

The smooth exterior and prominently rayed interior are the more
striking characters of this species. The central area inside is vari-
ously clouded ; often the rays are continued into it. When the center
is entirely dark it is peculiar in shape; see fig.75. There is often
a tendency to form a white line just within the muscle-impression.
A depressed specimen measures, length 18, alt. 53 mill.

Var. MIxtTa Reeve. PI. 35, figs. 32, 33.

Shell ovate, rather thin, conoid, compressed at the sides ; apex
rather anterior, obsoletely decussately striated; peculiarly mottled
with black and yellow, variegated in the interior.

A thin, peculiar mottled shell, with somewhat the aspect of our
northern P. testudinalis. (Rve.)

Port Phillip, Australia.

P. mixta RveE., Conch. Icon., f: 129, 1855.

Seems to be a synonym or variety of A. jacksoniensis.

A. crucis Tenison-Woods. PI. 37, figs. 12, 18, 17, 18, 19.

Shell oval, conical, apex somewhat in front of the middle; slopes
nearly straight ; surface smooth, without radiating sculpture ; lines of
growth fine, recular. Color a dead-white, with white apex, sur-
rounded by a small brown ring, from which four brown stripes, (in
the direction of major and minor axes ofthe shell) radiate.

These stripes sometimes do not reach to the basal margin ; some-
times they split, and additional stripes appear in the intervals.

ACMZBA. 59

Inside white, usually showing the brown stripes faintly through ;
central area usually brown or outlined with brown, clouded with
light blue in the middle. Length 22, breadth 17, alt. 9 mill.

Tasmania.

A. crucis 'I'-W., Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. for 1876, p. 52, and
animal p. 53, 1877.

Perfect, unworn specimens do not show the maltese cross of brown
at the apex, it being covered by the outer layer; and they have a
narrow brown border.

The figures represent specimens somewhat worn.

A, ELONGATA Quoy and Gaimard. PI. 37, figs. 86, 87.

Shell small, ovate-elongated, fragile and pellucid; subconvex,
smooth, greenish, ornamented with longitudinally reticulating reddish
lines; inside white; apex marginal. Length 6, width 4 mill. (Q.)

King George Sound, S. W. Australia.

Patelloida elongata Q. & G., Astrol., p. 358, t. 71, f. 12-14.

A. PUNCTATA Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 37, figs. 88, 89.

Shell small, oval, fragile, convex, smooth, whitish or buff, very
delicately dotted with reddish; inside white, apex obtuse, at the
margin. Length 6 mill. (Q.)

King George’s Port, S. W. Australia.

Patelloida punctata Q. & G., Astrol., p. 865, t. 71, f. 40-42.

A. FRAGILIS Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 37, figs. 14, 15.

Shell membranaceous, pellucid, ovate, flattened ; smooth, green,
ornamented with concentric brown rings; inside with an emerald
ring around the muscle-impression, margin brown.

Length 15, width 12, alt. 2 mill.

The apex is anterior, sub-marginal, a little to the left of the
middle.

East Coast of the North Island, New Zealand, under stones.

Patelloida fragilis Q. & G., Voy. Astrol. ii, p. 351 t. 71, f. 28-30,
—Lottia fragilis Gray, Dieff. N. Z. ii, p. 240,—Acmea fragilis
Hurron, Man. N. Z. Moll. p. 89, 1880.— Patella solandri CoLENso,
Tasmania Journal of Natural Science ii, pp. 226, 250, 1841; Trans.
N. Z. Institute, xiv, p. 168, 1882.—P. unguwis-alme Lesson, Voy. de
la Coquille, Zool. ii, p. 420.

This is one of the most peculiar and distinct species. In_ its flat,
sceale-like form and green color it is unlike anything else.

60 ACMA.

A. squAMosA Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 35, figs. 54, 35.

Shell orbicular, subplane, fragile, radiately very delicately striated,
painted with green and brown areoles; inside bluish, margin black-
ish, center chestnut colored. Length 16, breadth 14, alt. 4 mill.

(Q.)
Isle of France.

Patelloida squamosa Q. & G., Astrol. iii, p. 260, t. 71, f. 38, 39.

VII. Sprecres or UNKNOWN HABITAT.

The original figures and descriptions of these are copied. I have
been able to identify none of them, and they have not been noticed
by other authors.

A. ACHATES Reeve. PI. 35, figs. 38, 39.

Shell ovate, rather thin, convexly depressed, radiately densely
striated, strie here and there finely corded; intense black, irre-
gularly variegated with lightning-marked white rays ; interior bluish,
with a broad black variegated border. (ve.)

Habitat unknown.

P. achates Rv&., Conch. Icon., f. 123, 1855.

A. LENTIGINOSA Reeve. PI. 37, figs. 20, 21.

Shell ovate, convex, apex inclined anteriorly, obtuse, radiately
striated, strize more or less eroded; whitish, interruptedly rayed
and promiscuously wave-freckled with blackish chestnut; interior
bluish-white.

This species is well-characterized by the promiscuous wave-
freckled style of its dark chestnut painting. (Rve.)

Habitat unknown.

P. lentiginosa Rv., Conch. Icon., f. 110.

It is very difficult, in the absence of locality, to identify limpets.
The species from different parts of the world sometimes resemble
each other so closely. This should be compared with the form
described by me as A. chathamensis, and with the more speckled
forms of A. borneensis.

A. tiMA Reeve. PI. 33, figs. 86, 87.

Shell oblong-ovate, convex, apex anterior, rather hooked, radi-
ately closely ridge-striated, strie very minutely prickly-scaled ;
greenish-olive, interior bright, blue green, purple-brown at the mar-
gin. (Rve.)

Habitat unknown.

SCURRIA. 61

A, lima Ry., Conch. Icon. f. 144, 1855.
A. nimBus Reeve. PI. 35, fig. 30, 31.

Shell ovate, slightly attenuated anteriorly, rather sharply convex ;
apex somewhat anterior ; everywhere decussately wave-striated, the
radiating striz being the stronger; olive, elegantly rayed with faint
yellow, purplish around the apex. The rays of this species are very
softly expressed, and have more the appearance of rays of light than
is presented by any other species, whilst the surface strize are finely
waved throughout. (ve.)

‘Habitat unknown.

P. nimbus Rve., Conch. Icon., f. 143.

A. UNCINATA Reeve. PI. 33, figs. 91, 92.

Shell ovate, sharply conoid, apex a little hooked anteriorly ; radi-
ately profusely finely ridged, interstices obscurely cancellated ;
whitish, tessellated or diagonally streaked with blackish-brown ;
interior bluish-white, transparent, tessellated and stained with faint
chestnut. (fve.)

Habitat unknown.
P. uncinata Rve., Conch. Icon. f. 141.

Spurious Species.
Tectura pusilla Jeffr.—CoccuLina.
Tectura adunca Jeffr.—=CoccuLina.
Tectura galeola Jeffr.=CoccuLina.
Nacella peltoides Cpr. belongs to SipHONARIID®.
Tectura tahitensis and T. radiata Pse.—=PaTELLA.

Genus SCURRIA Gray, 1847.

Scurria GRAY, P. Z. 8. 1847, p. 158 ; Guide Syst. Dist. Moll. B.
M. p. 171.—Datt, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 262.—Not Scurria
Cpr.—Helcion, Lottia and Acmea, in part, of authors.

Shell patelliform. Animal having a branchial plume as in
Acmea, and an accessory branchial cordon extending entirely around
the foot, or interrupted in front. Formula of radula 1 (2-1:0:1-2) 1.

This genus differs from Acmea in possessing a branchial cordon,
like Patella, in addition to the branchial plume. It agrees with
Acmea in dentition (S. mesoleuca, pl. 39, fig. 22). The subgenus
Lottia differs from typical Scurria in having the branchial cordon
interrupted over the head, but this distinction alone seems scarcely
sufficient for generic separation.

62 SCURRIA.

Numerous specimens of all the following species have been exam-
ined by the author.

S.scurrA Lesson. Pl. 39. figs. 16, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27.

Shell solid, straightly conical, elevated, the outline short oval, or
nearly round, apex sub-central. Surface smooth, having fine incon-
spicious radiating strize and concentric lines of growth. Color light-
brown or buff, outer layer with a waxen translucency.

Specimens are not infrequent in which the growth has been inter-
rupted, producing an abrupt change in the color, or giving the steep,
voleano-like cone, a terraced appearance. The apex, when retained,
has the shape of a tiny Lottia gigantia. It lacks radiating striz,
but is colored with several brown stripes, as shown in figs. 23, 24
of P]. 39. The interior is pure white.

Length 32, breadth 28, alt. 18 mill.

Length 27, breadth 22, alt. 22 mill.

12° to 41° S. Lat. West Coast of South America.

Patella seurra Less., Voy de la Coquille, Zool., p. 421, 1830.—
Acmea scurra Orb. Voy. Amér. Mérid. v, p. 478, t. 64, f. 11-14.—
Gay, Hist. Chile, Zool. viii, p. 252, Atlas t. 4,.f. 11—Scurria
scurra GRAY, P. Z. 8. 1847, p. 171.—Datt, Amer. Jour. Conch. vi,
263.—Lottia pallida Spy., Moll. Beechey’s Voy. p. 147, t. 39, f. 1,
1839.—Lottia conica Gup., Moll. U. S. Expl. Exped. p. 346.—
Acmea cymbula Hurer in Gay, Historia de Chile, Zool. viii p. 252,
Atlas, t. 4, f. 12, 1854. .

This straightly conical species resembles the Californian Acemea
mitra Esch. in form. It differsin being ofa buff color, in the acute,
anteriorly directed apex, ete.

S. ZEBRINA Lesson. PI. 1, figs. 10, 11.

Shell ovate, elevated, apex in front of the middle; slopes some-
what convex. Surface having 12 strong radiating ribs, about as
wide as their interstices or narrower ; these ribs making the margin
strongly notched, when their ends are not eroded. Ground color
greenish, the intervals between the ribs (or sometimes the whole sur-
face) closely marked with triangular black blotches.

Inside smooth, muscle-scar white, scarcely impressed, the area
within it chestnut colored with a darker border, becoming lighter
with age, until in old shells it is almost entirely concealed by the
white layer. The area outside of the muscle-scar is white or slightly

SCURRIA, 63

clouded with brown. Edge of the shell deeply sinuated by the ribs,
articulated with black ; inside of this there is a narrow blue band.

Length 54, breadth 44, alt. 20 mill.

Chil.

P. zebrina Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, p. 417, 1830.—Orp., Voy.
Amér. Mérid., p. 480, t. 65, f. 1-8.—P. concepcionensis Luss., /. ¢.,
p. 418.—Lottia zebrina Gup., Moll. U.S. Expl. Exped., p. 352, t.
130, f. 460.—Tectura zebrina GRAy.—Lottia variabilis GRAY,
Beechey’s Voy., t. 39, f. 3, 4, but not f. 5.—Seurria (7) zebrina
Dati, Amer. Joury. Conch. vi, p. 264.

The color pattern of triangular black spots is characteristic when
not obscured by erosion. The eroded shell is gray, or purple tinged,
with a darker apical tract.

S. pARASITICA Orbigny. PI. 4, figs. 74, 75, 76.

Shell oval, rounded-conical, solid and strong, the apex at the
anterior third, rounded off by erosion; front slope nearly straight,
posterior slope convex. Surface closely and finely radiately striated
all over; light gray or whitish, with broad and narrow radiating
blackish-gray stripes, about 11 in number. Edge of shell smooth
even.

Inside white, more or less clouded with chestnut inside the muscle-
scar; the yellowish-white border is rather broad, and alternately
light and dark the one or the other frequently predominating.

Length 223, breadth 17, alt. 73 mill.

Valparaiso, ete., Chil.

P. parasitica ORB., Voy. Amér. Mérid. p. 481, t. 81, f. 1-3.—
Lottia cymbiola Gup., Moll. U. S. Expl. Exped. p. 350, t. 29, f.
453.—Not Patella parasitica RvE.—P. (Acmea) leucophea Putt..,
Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1846, p. 22; Abbild. iu, t. 2, f. 10.—? A. puneta-
tissima Putt., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1846, p. 23; Abbild. iii, t. 2, f. 11.

A finely striated, arched or dome-shaped species. The basal side-
margins are usfially arcuate. It lives upon other shells, usually S.
zebrina. There is but little variation in this species, and the several
names are completely synonymous.

The following form seems to be closely allied, the distinction being
founded mainly on the finely speckled or dotted surface—a common
aspect of variation in West American limpets.

64 SCURRIA.

Var. PUNCTATISSIMA Philippi. PI. 4, figs. 71, 72, 78.

Shell ovate-elliptical, somewhat depressed, obsoletely sculptured
with about 20 riblets and impressed radiating lines ; white, minutely
tessellated with impressed brown dots; apex at the front third of
the length, eroded. Inside brown, maculated with black in the
cavity ; border wide, white, articulated with black; margin very
finely crenulated. Length 14, width 113, alt. 4 mill.

Like /eucophea in size and form, but differing in sculpture and
coloration. The form is elliptical, a little narrower in front. Of
ribs one sees only weak indications, and shallow furrows only toward
the margin. The rest of the outside is decorated with little brown
impressed dots very regularly arranged in bands, and looking very
pretty on the white ground. There are besides inconspicuous brown
rays. The border inside is 1 to 13 mill. wide. (Phil.)

Chili.
S. MEsOLEUCA Menke. PI. 8, figs. 96-100, 1,2; Pl. 38, figs. 83,

84, 85.

Shell extremely variable in color and markings, but generally
rather broad and flat, with the apex somewhat inclined anteriorly,
especially in the young shell. Outside with the apex and sometimes
with a considerable portion of the shell nearly smooth; generally
with extremely fine ribs, sometimes sharp, sometimes rounded, gener-
ally slightly granulose; sometimes with broad strong ribs; some-
times nearly smooth with radiating lines of granules. Sometimes
intercalary ribs are found, much larger than the rest ; sometimes dif-
ferent plans of sculpture are seen on the same shell. The color out-
side is generally olive or brownish-green ; sometimes without mark-
ing, generally with white lines either radiating or broken 1p; often
with white patches tesselating with the brown; or changing from
one pattern to another. Inside, the shell is generally whitish
about the middle, (whence the name) with more or less ofa bluish-
green tinge, sometimes dark-green, sometimes brownish, sometimes
with an element of ochre-yellow more or less mottled. There is
almost always a large dark spot at the body mark, of a brownish-
olive green, in which sometimes the brown, sometimes the dark-
green predominates. The body stain is irregularly and slightly
gathered into points; the head mark is generally shown by a stain
shaped like a sector, bounded by two radii from the apex, about 70°
apart. The margin is generally broad, occasionally very narrow,

SCURRIA—LOTTIA. 65

bounded inside by a greenish line; ordinarily tessellated with
brown and white, sometimes with green or yellow ; not unfrequently
with very slight markings of white, or none at all, in which case the
color is either dark-greenish-brown, (P. striata Rve.,) or with inter-
mediate stages to very light-greenish-white. ( Cpr.)

Length 34, breadth 28, alt. 8 mill.

Central America to Gulf of California.

Acmea mesoleuca MK®., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1851, p. 38.—Cpr. Maz.
Cat., p. 203.—A. mutabilis (part) MKE. l.¢., p.87.—P. diaphana Ry.,
Conch. Icon., f. 61.—Lottia patina ? C. B. Ap., Pan. Cat., p. 241.—
Lottia pintadina (part) Gup., Exped. Sh., p. 9—P. striata Rve.,
Conch. Icon. f. 99.—P. vespertina Rv. U. ¢. f. 67.—Seurria mesoleuca
Dati, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 264, t. 15, f. 19 (dentition).

This variable species has much in common with Acmea patina;
that species, however, is not green inside. Specimens from the
Galapagos Is., are nearly typical. They have been described by
Reeve as Patella striata, (not P. striata Quoy). See P|. 8, figs. 100, 1.

The P. vespertina of Reeve (PI. 8, figs. 98, 99) is doubtless
synonymous.

Subgenus Lorria (Gray) Carpenter.

Lottia (Gray mss.), Sows., Genera of Shells, pl. 42, fig. 1—
CARPENTER, Journ. de Conch. 1865, p. 140—Am.. Journ. Conch.
ii, p. 842, 1866.—Dat1, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 260.— Tecturella
Crr., Smiths. Check List W. C. Sh., p. 5, 1860.— Tecturina Crr.,
Smiths. Rep. 1860, p. 219.—Lecania Cpr. mss., see Amer. Journ.
Conch. ii, p. 343.

The branchial cordon is interrupted over the head. Animal
otherwise as in Scurria. Dentition, pl. 58, fig. 3.

S. GIGANTEA Gray. Plate 38.

Shell large, solid, oval, depressed, the apex near the front margin ;
outer surface eroded, of a spongy texture, dull brown, gray toward
the summit. Inside having a black rim around the margin, deep
chestnut brown outside of the muscle-impression, which is strong,
bluish or purplish-white. Central area chestnut brown, more or less
mottled with white, rarely entirely white.

Length 75, breadth 55-60, alt. 17-20 mill.

San Francisco, Cal., to Panama.

66 LEPETIDA.

Lottia gigantea GRAY, in SowERBy, Genera Sh., f. 1.—REEVE,
Conch. Syst., f. 1—CArprenter, Amer. Journ. Conch. ii, p. 343.—
Dart, /. ¢ vi, p. 260, t. 15, f 20 (animal and dentition).—Acmea
scutum Auct., not of Esch. nor d’Orb.—Tecturella grandis Gray,
Crr., Smiths. Chk. List no. 176; Brit. Asso. Rep. 1861, p. 187.—
Patella kochi Puttrer1, Abbild. u. Beschreib. iii, Patella, t. 1, f. 1,
Jan., 1849.

Young specimens (fig. 4) have fine, nearly obsolete radiating striz
and are roughened by low, obliquely radiately riblets in front and at
the sides, which on the posterior half of the shell become broken
into low rounded tubercles or bosses arranged in curved rows
obliquely descending from the central line of the back.

This is the largest and handsomest of the Californian limpets.
Philippi’s excellent illustration of it seems to have been unknown to
writers on west coast shells.

Family LEPETIDZ Gray.
Lepetide Gray, Guide Syst. Dist. Moll. B. M., p. 172, 1857.—

Patellide and Tecturide, in part, of authors.

Shell conical, patelliform, with subcentral or anterior apex ; sur-
face feebly sculptured, the edge smooth ; muscle-impression as in
Patella. Embryonic shell spiral. ,

Animal without external branchig; radula provided with a
rhomboidal cuspidate rhachidian tooth; no lateral teeth; uncini
slender, two each side, their cusps simple or fringed. Formula
PAE

It will be noted from the formula given that the side-teeth are
considered uneini rather than true laterals. The lateral teeth are
either aborted or represented by the lateral cusps of the rhachidian
tooth, which is, if this be the case, a compound body formed by
coalescence, as is the case in Phasianella (Orthomesus) virgo Ang.
I am not inclined, however, to believe this to be the case in Lepeta.

The very different dentition of the genus Lepetedla renders its
reference to this family somewhat doubtful.

Synopsis of genera and subgenera.

Subfamily Leretrra Dall.

Radula having a large central tooth with several cusps, and two
side-teeth on each side.

LEPETIDA. 67
Genus LEPETA Gray, 1847.

Shell patelliform, the embryonic nucleus spiral, lost in the adult ;
apex in front of the middle; no internal septum. Animal without
external branchize; having the muzzle produced into a labial
process on each side. Dental formula 2°0-1-0-2, the uncini narrow,
erect, provided with cusps. Type, L. ceca.

Section Lepeta s. str. Apex erect; anterior terminations of the
great muscle-scar in front of the apex. Color whitish or light-brown.
Surface granulate. Apex of rhachidian tooth 5-cuspidate, middle
cusp large, lateral cusps small; uncini subspatulate at apex, obtuse,
not ciliated.

Section Cryptobranchia Midd. Apex inclined forward, the
anterior terminations of the muscle-scar not in front of it. Surface
not granulate; color whitish. Apex of rhachidian tooth tricuspi-
date, the cusps nearly equal; uncinispatulate. Type, C. concentrica.

Subgenus Prirprum Forbes.

Apex of shell anterior; surface delicately radiately ribbed and
granulate; color dark orange or reddish.

Apex of rhachidian tooth tricuspidate, the middle cusp much the
largest, side cusps small, triangular, disjoined from the central one

5 ’ 5) 5 ?
at their bases; uncini elongated, apex lanceolate, its inner margin
densely ciliate.

Genus PROPILIDIUM Forbes & Hanley, 1849.

Shell patelliform, elevated; the spiral nucleus retained in the
adult; apex central; surface cancellated ; inside haying a small tri-
angular plate situated deep in the cavity, as in Puncturella. Type,
P. ancyloide.

Rhachidian tooth tricuspidate, the central cusp rather long, side
cusps small, separated from the middle cusp at their bases. Uncini
with the cusps finely denticulated.

Subfamily LeprreLiin& Dall.

Radula having three teeth on each side of the simple central
tooth.

Genus LEPETELLA Verrill, 1880.

Shell patelliform, small, smooth, oval, conical, with a subcentral
apex, spiral in the young. Animal having distinct eyes. Radula
having lateral teeth and uncini, formula 2°1:171:2. Type, L. tubi-
cola,

68 LEPETA.
Subfamily Leretrina Dall.

Genus LEPETA Gray, 1847.

Lepeta Gray, P. Z. 8. 1847, p. 168—Datnr, Amer. Journ. Conch.
v, p. 140.

Dentition of L. ceca, pl. 40, figs. 31, 31; enlarged apex showing
spiral embryonic shell, pl. 40, fig. 52.

L. caca Miller. PI. 40, figs. 29-32.

Shell rather straightly conical, apex erect ; front slope one-half the
length of shell; surface sculptured with fine close radiating striz,
rendered granulous by the intersection of equally close low thread-
like concentric strize ; color light-brown, sometimes having a pinkish
tint.

The outline is oval; front slope nearly straight, posterior slope a
little convex, both often slightly concave above. The beaded sculpt-
ure is most developed toward the upper part of the cone. Inside
dirty white or pink tinged. Apex generally eroded; basal margins
of shell level. Length 14, breadth 11, alt. 5 mill.

Arctic Ocean, and North Atlantic, South to Massachusetts Bay,
Scotland and Denmark; Off Sea Horse is., near Point Barrow,
Alaska, and North from Bering Strait.

Patella ceca Muuu., Prodr. Zool. Dan., p. 257.—Lepeta cceca
Gray, P. Z.S. 1847, p. 168.—Jerrreys, Brit. Conch. in, p. 252.—
Dat, Amer. Journ. Conch. v, p. 141; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i, p.
334, 1878.—Goutp, Invert. of Mass. 2d edit., p. 270, f. 531.—
Berou, Verh. z.-b. Ver. Wien, xxi, p. 1800.—Sars, Moll. Arct.
Norv., p. 123, t. 20, f. 17—Patella cerea Mou., Greenl., p. 16.—
Patella candida CourHovy, Bost. Journ. N. H. ii, p. 86, t. 3, f. 17,
1838.—GouLD, Iny. of Mass., p. 152, 1841.—Pilidium candidum,
Strmp., Sh. of New Engl., p. 29.—? Lepeta franklini Gray, Guide
Syst. Dist., p. 172.

This is a small whitish species, seen under a lens to be very dis-
tinctly and beautifully granulated.

Section Cryptobranchia Middendorff, 1851.

Cryptobranchia Mipp., Sib. Reise, p. 183.—Daxu, Amer. Journ.
Conch. v, p. 148, 1869, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i, p. 334, 1878, and Z.

c. iv, p. 412.

LEPETA, 69

Differs from Lepeta s. str. in having the apex of the shell more
anterior, the surface not granulate, the median cusp of the rhachidian
tooth not longer than the side cusps. Dentition of L. concentrica,
pl. 40, fig. 35; of L. alba, pl. 40, fig. 40.

L. concentrica Middendorff. Pl. 40, figs. 35, 34, 35, 36, 37.

Shell depressed conical, apex directed forward; front slope one-
third the length of the shell or a little less; surface faintly radiately
striate (more distinctly so in young specimens), not decussated or
granulose; light-brownish or greenish tinted. :

The outline is ovate, a little narrower in front; front slope
slightly concave, posterior slope convex. The fine thread-like
radiating strize are larger on the longer slope of the shell; they are
not interrupted by concentric growth-lines, the latter being incon-
spicuous, or sometimes strongly impressed at intervals. | Epidermis
very thin, yellowish-brown, deciduous. Inside polished, white, the
anterior terminations of the muscle-scar a little behind the apex.
Edges of shell level, narrowly bordered with gray, especially in the
young. Length 20, breadth 16, alt. 6 mill.

North Japan, along the Aleutian Is. and along the southern coast
of Alaska, southward to Puget Sound.

Patella (Cryptobranchia) ceca var. concentrica Mrpp., Siber. Reise,
p- 183, t. 16, f. 6, 1851—Cryptobranchia concentrica Dau, Amer.
Journ. Conch. v, p. 143, t. 15, f. 2, 1869; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i,
p. 034, 1878.—Lepeta cecoides ? n. sp., CPR., Suppl. Rep. Br. Asso.
Adv. Sci. 1863, pp. 603, 651.—Lepeta ewcoides Cooprr, List Cal.
Moll., p. 24.—Cpr., Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila. Apr., 1865, p. 60.

Differs from ZL. ceca in the simply striated, not granulose surface,
more anterior apex, larger size and more depressed form.

Var. INSTABILIS Dall. PI. 40, figs. 44, 45, 46.

Shell depressed, apex anterior, length of front slope contained
three and one-half times in the length of the shell; surface smooth,
with occasional rings caused by more impressed growth-lines.
Basal margin curved upward at each end. Color whitish.

The outline is shortly ovate, front and posterior slopes nearly
straight, the young may be lightly striate. Shell thick, solid,
muscle-impression deep. Length 14, breadth 12, alt. 4 mill.

Sitka, Alaska, in 10 fms.

? Cryptobranchia instabilis nom. prov., DALL, Amer. Journ Conch.
v, p. 145, t. 15, fig. between 3b and 5b, 1869.—C. concentrica v. in-
stabilis DALL, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i, p. 385, 1878.

70 LEPETA-—PILIDIUM.

May be known by its rounded form, the ends turned upward, much
as in Clypidella pustula. The soft parts are unknown.

There is an error in the numbers of the plate referred to by Dall.
The figure between figs. 3b and 5b represents this species.

L. ALBA Dall. PI. 40, figs. 38, 39, 40.

Shell pure white, smooth or with extremely faint striz; solid;
interior pure white; apex directed anteriorly, inconspicuous; shell
arcuate before and behind. '

Length of adult 24, width 173, alt. 10 mill.

This species differs from the last in its smooth shell, greater size,
pure whiteness, greater lateral compression, and generally more
rounded back, from the less prominent apex. The tentacula in a
specimen twice the size of a concentrica were not half as large. The
teeth differ in the shape of the central tooth and the greatly broader
cusps of the laterals, and their striation, resembling those of Pilidium
fulvum.

Aleutian Islands ; Seniavine Strait ; Plover Bay, E. Siberia.

Cryptobranchia alba Dat, Amer. Journ. Conch. 1869, p. 145, t.
15, f. 3a-d; Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus. i, p. 335, 1878.—Patella alba
AuriIviLuius, Vega-expeditionens Vetenskapliga Iakttagelser, iv,
p. 318, t. 12,f, 10) 11; L887.

Subgenus Pitrprum Forbes, 1849.

Pilidium Forses, Atheneum, Oct. 6, 1849, p. 1018 —Forsrs &
HAntey, Hist. Brit. Moll. ii, p. 440, 1849—Datu, Amer. Journ.
Conch. v, p. 146, 1869.—Jothia Gray, (not Forbes) Guide Syst. dist.
Moll. B. M., p. 172.—Seutellina CHENU, in part, and of Sars, Moll.
Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 122, not Seutellina of Gray and authors.—
Not Pilidium Mrpp.,= Capulacmea Sars, (see Capulide.)

The dentition of P. fulvum is figured on pl. 40, fig. 48.
L. rutvA Miller. Pl. 40, figs. 41, 42, 43.

Shell small, apex strongly inclined forward, near to the front
margin; front slope steep, somewhat concave, posterior slope long,
convex ; sculptured with delicate, closely granular radiating threads.
Color orange or reddish.

The form is oval; apex pointed, prominent. The riblets of the
surface are delicate, thread-like, separated by intervals wider than

LEPETA—PILIDIUM. 7A

themselves; they are closely, finely granulose. Interior polished,
orange reddish, rarely white.
Length 4:7, breadth 3:3, alt. 2 to 2°2 mill.
Coast of Scotland and Ireland ; Scandanavia, 5 to 100 fms.

Patella fulva Muuurr, Prodr. Faun. Dan., p. 227.—Pilidium
fulvum Fores, Atheneum, 1849, p.1018.— Forpres& HAN LEY, Hist.
Brit. Moll. ii, p. 441, t. 62, f.6,7; pl. AA, f.38.—Datt, Amer. Journ,
Conch. v, p. 147, 1869, t. 15, f. 4, 4a; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i, p.
335.— Tectura fulva JeFFR., Brit. Conch. iii, p. 250.—Scutellina fulva
Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 122, t. II, f. 12 (dentition)— Patella
forbesti J. SmrrH, Mem. Werner Soe. viii, p. 107, t. 2, f.3.—Brown,
Ml. Conch. Gt. Br., t. 57, f. 3, 4—Tothia fulva Gray, figs. Moll. An.,
p- 98, 1854.

May be known by its small reddish or dark colored shell, anterior
apex and fine beaded radiating riblets. Patella rubella Fab. has
has been referred here as a synonym, but it is a species of Acmea.

L. coppincEerRI E. A. Smith. PI. 39, figs. 20, 21.

Shell cap shaped, thin, sculptured with numerous fine, thread-like,
granulous lire radiating from the apex to the margin, and with fine
concentric lines of growth. The color is dirty white, varied with
two or three bands of a pale slate-color which encircle the shell at
irregular intervals, and are interrupted by the radiating lire, which
are white. This feature is more apparent within the shell, where
the surface is very smooth andshining. Margin nearly simple, very
crenulated by the extremities of the ridges, roundly ovate in form.
Apex rather acute, not greatly curved down, and very near the an-
terior end. Length 53 mill., diam. 43, height 23. (Smith.)

Sandy Point, Eastern part of the Sts. of Magellan, Patagonia, 3-10
fms.

Tectura (Pilidiwm) coppingeri SmirH, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 35, t. 4, f.
12. 2a.

This is the southern representative of the northern Tectura
(Pilidium) fulva of Miller. It is ratber more circular than the
latter ; and the color of the single specimen at hand is different.

(Smith.)
L. EMARGINULOIDES Philippi. Unfigured.

Shell minute, elliptical, rather depressed, white, thin; vertex
nearly marginal ; having about 30-36 scaly ribs; margin subdentate.
Length 1%, breadth 14, lines. (Ph.)

Magellan.

ie PROPILIDIUM.

Patella? emarginuloides Puiu, Mal. BI. xv, p. 224, 1868.

A single specimen seen. Has the aspect of Emarginula, but no
trace of any incision in the shell. The riblets in front are smaller,
filiform; wider aud more distant behind. The animal soaked in
water showed elongated tentacles with eyes at their bases, but
branchize could not be made out. (Phil.)

This may be referred to Lepeta provisionally.

Genus PROPILIDIUM Forbes & Hanley, 1849.

Propilidium F. & H., Hist. Brit. Moll. ii, p. 448, 444.—Sars,
Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 123.—F iscHEer, Manuel, p. 863.— Dat,
Blake Report, p. 412.— Rostrisepta SEGUENZA.

The adult shell of this genus retains the distinctly spiral nucleus ;
and in the cavity of the apex it is furnished with a small plate or
septum, like that of Puncturella.

The dentition (pl. 39, figs. 15, 14) is very similar to that of
Pilidium. It may well be doubted whether there are any gills,
although Forbes’ original figure shows a pair of small plumes. This
point calls for additional observation. At all events, the position of
the genus is doubtless in Lepetide, for the dentition agrees with no
other family of limpets.

P. ANCYLOIDE Forbes. Pl. 39, figs. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 14, 16.

Shell having an oval outline, compressed at the sides, rather thin,
semitransparent, glossy at the apex, but elsewhere of a dull hue;
sculpture, very numerous and close-set fine strive, which radiate from
the beak and are exquisitely granulated in consequence of their being
intersected or decussated by equal sized concentric strive; color
dirty white, occasionally diversified by a few clear longitudinal
rays or lines; beak smooth and highly polished, styliform and
slender, pinched up into a minute spire of between one and two
whorls, which curls downwards at the posterior end; mouth oval;
of nearly the same breadth throughout; margin thin and even,
minutely tuberculated in immature specimens; inside nacreous,
furnished in the centre with a thin laminar partition, like the half
deck of a vessel, which has its opening towards the head oy anterior
part ; pallial scar broad.

Length 0°15, breadth 0°115 inch. (Jeffr.)

Coasts of Ireland and Scotland ; Scandanavia; Naples, and Tra-
pani, Sicily, 10-145 fms. Fossil in Sicilian Pliocene.

79
19

PROPILIDIUM.

Patella? ancyloides Forses, Ann. Mag. N. H. v, p. 108, t. 2, f.
16.—Propilidium ancyloide F. & H., Hist. Brit. Moll. 11, p. 4483, t.
62, f. 3,5; t. AA. f. 4—JEerrreys, Brit. Conch. iii, p. 254.—Sars,
Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 123, t. 20, f. 18a-e.— Datu, Blake Report,
p. 412, t. 31, f. 2 (dentition) P. ancyloides Jurrr., P. Z. 8. 1882,
p. 673.—Rostrisepta parva SxG., teste JEFFR.

The small internal transverse septum is a peculiar feature of this
species.

P. scaBrosuM Jeffreys. PI. 40, figs. 47, 48.

Shell roundish-oval, expanded, rather thin, semitransparent and of
a dull hue; sculpture, numerous but not close-set, slight strize which
radiate from the beak and are more or less covered with short
tubercles, especially behind; there are also several concentric ridges
as in the last-named species; color whitish; beak small, pinched up,
incurved, and forming a minute spire of two whorls; mouth
roundish oval; margin thin; inside glossy; septum thick and
strong. Length 0°15, breadth 0°15 inch. (Jeffr.)

Adventure Bank, Mediterranean.
P. seabrosum JEFFR., P. Z. 8. 1882, p. 674, t. 50, f. 6.

Differs from P. ancyloides in being round instead of oval, and in
having much fewer and tuberculated strive; but I am not quite
satisfied that it is more than a curious variety. It somewhat
resembles the young of Gadinia garnoti; but that shell has not the
internal septum which is characteristic of the present genus.

P. AQUITANENSE Locard. Unfigured.

Shell very small, patelliform, conic a little elevated ; thin, rather
solid, opaque, a little rugose, ornamented with longitudinal strize
which are very obsolete, visible only toward the base. Basal margin
continuous, smooth, irregularly level, visibly turned up at the two
extremities, descending at the median part; aperture very broadly
elliptical, a little contracted behind, well rounded in front. Summit
subcentral, a little anterior, little elevated, recurved toward the an-
terior region. Length 2, width 1%, alt. 1 mill. (Zocard.)

France.

P. aquitanense Locarp, Proc. de Malac. Francaise, Obs. sur la
Faune Marine des Cotes de Fr., in Annales de la Soe. Linn. de Lyon,
xxxii, 1885, p. 244 (1886.)

This form has not been figured, and no locality is given by Locard
in his worthless publication. It is said to be near P. scabrosum

74 PROPILIDIUM.

Jeffr. but less regularly elliptical, more lengthened, narrower behind ;
the altitude less in proportion to the greatest diameter, the apex a
little more anterior, surface less ornamented. .

P. PERTENUE Jeffreys. PI. 40, fig. 49.

Shell oval, convex, very thin and delicate, transparent, and
glossy ; sculpture, none; color whitish; beak small, cylindrical, and
incurved, forming a minute spire of two whorls; mouth oval; mar-
gin even; inside glossy ; septum small.

Length 01, breadth 0-075 inch. (Jeffr.)

Off Rinaldo’s Chair and Palermo, Mediterranean 162+ fms.
Off Rhode Island, 640 fms.

P. pertenue JEFFR., P. Z. S. 1882, p. 674, t. 50, f. 7 —VERRILL,

Trans. Conn. Acad. vi, pp. 262, 271—Datt, Blake Gastrop., p. 412.

The young shells of P. ancyloides are much smaller than the species
now described, are more expanded or depressed, and have the same
sculpture as the adult ; they are also proportionally solid as well as
of a dull hue.

The inner layers of most of the specimens are permeated by a
microscopic and branching spore-like organism, perhaps of a fungoid
nature.

An imperfect specimen of another small and apparently distinct
species occurred also in Station 17. It has the characteristic septum,
but otherwise resemblesa Lepetella. The beak is very much shorter
than in P. pertenue; and the spire has barely one turn.

I have originally given the species above described the ms. name
tenue. (Jeffr.)

The identity of the specimens collected off Rhode Island, by Prof.
Verrill, is not certain. J

P. comprEssuM Jeffreys. Pl. 40, fig. 50.

Shell differs from P. pertenue in being oblong intead of oval, and
in being laterally compressed like Patella (Lepetella) latero-com-
pressa of Rayneval, a Monte Mario fossil, and, according to Dr.
Tiberi, living in the Bay of Naples; and it is also not quite smooth,
but is marked by a few slight longitudinal striz ; the beak is pro-
portionally longer, somewhat twisted to one side, and nearly over-
hangs the hinder margin, instead of being placed (as in P. pertenue)
at about one-third of the distance from it.

Length 0:1, breadth 0:065 inch. (Jeffr.)
North Atlantie.

~I

O1

LEPETELLA.

P. compressum Jurrr., P. Z. S. 1882, p. 674, t. 50, f. 8.
P. eveGANsS Verrill. Unfigured.

Shell small, very thin and fragile, translucent bluish-white, rather
depressed, elongated-elliptical with the recurved apex situated at
about the posterior third. The nuclear whorl is very minute, smooth
glassy, compressed, strongly involute and turned a little to the left,
forming a complete whorl, visible in aside view. The whole surface,
under the microscope, has the appearance of a very fine shagreen.
This is produced by very minute, short, wavy, raised lines, which are
mostly arranged in zigzag or in herring-bone style; in some parts
the two sets of lines, running obliquely, cross each other at nearly
right angles; on other portions one or both sets are replaced by
minute punctations, or granulations. This sculpture is visible only
under a strong lens or with the compound microscope. The internal
lamina or septum is narrow, crescent-shaped, situated behind and
some little distance below the extreme apex, and not forming an
elongated channel ; it is distinctly visible from the outside, owing to
the translucency of the shell. (Verriil.)

Length 3°5, breadth 2°5, alt. 1 mill.

Off Chesapeake Bay, 1395 fms.

P. elegans VeRRILL, Trans. Conn. Acad. vi, p. 205.

The animal has a short, broad ovate foot, subtruncate in front,
with the edge frilled. Frontal disk rather large, broad semicircular
or crescent-shaped, with the angles extending back ina large obtuse
lobe on each side. Buccal area semicircular; mouth surrounded
with four convex elevations, one before and one behind it, and one
on each side. Tentacles slender, tapering, acute. Eyes apparently
wanting. No cirrion mantle. (Verrill.)

Subfamily Leprrecitins Dall.

Genus LEPETELLA Verrill, 1880.

Lepetella Verrity, Amer. Journ. of Science, 3d Ser., xx, p. 396,
Nov., 1880; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii, p. 375, Jan., 1881.—Datt,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv, p. 408, 1882; Blake Gastrop., p. 413.

The animal has eyes. There are seven rows of teeth, the dental
formula being 2°1°1'1'2 (pl. 39, fig. 17). Soft parts otherwise as in
Lepeta. The embryonic shell is spiral (pl. 39, fig. 19.)

L. rupicona Verrill & Smith. Pl. 39, figs. 17, 18, 19.

Shell thin, white, smooth, conical with the apex acute and nearly
central; aperture broad elliptical, oblong or subcircular, usually

76 PATELLID.

more or less warped, owing to its habitat; edge thin and simple.
Sculpture none, lines of growth slight, outer surface dull white;
inner surface smooth, with the pallial markings faint.

Length 3°75, breadth 3, alt. 2 mill. (V.)

Off Martha’s Vineyard ; Gulf of Mexico between the delta of the
Mississippi and Cedar Keys, Fla., 130-388 fms.

L. tubicola V. & S. Amer. Jn. Sci. 1880, p. 396; Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. 1881, p. 375; Trans. Conn. Acad. v, p. 534, t. 58, f. 29, 29a.—
Dat, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv, p. 408; Blake Gastrop., p. 413, t.
25, f. 6 (Dentition.)

Young specimens show that the nucleus is subspiral, as in other
Lepetide.

Family PATELLID.

Docoglossate gasterpods having a simply conical shell, non-
spiral even in the embryo. Breathing by a cordon of branchial leaf-
lets attached to the mantle between its thickened edge and the sides
of the foot; having no cervical gill-plume. Radula having three
uncini and three laterals on each side, the rhachidian tooth being
either present, rudimentary or wanting ; jaw developed.

The Patellide differ markedly from Acmeide and Lepetide in
the gills, which form a complete or interrupted cordon, not accom-
panied by a cervical branchial plume, and not homologous with the
gills developed in other Prosobranchiata.

The shells may generally be distinguished from those of the
Acmeide and Lepetide by their texture and the lack of a defined
Jjnternal border; but the distinction is difficult or impossible to ex-
press in words, and must be learned by actual familiarity with
the objects themselves.

In the arrangement of the species and groups I have made use of
the character of the texture of the interior, heretofore neglected by
systematists, but undoubtedly of equal importance in many cases for
the discrimination of groups with the character of the gill-cordon
and the presence or absence of a rhachidian tooth.

The rhachidian tooth is now proven to be decidedly variable in
closely allied species. It is well-developed and bears a cusp in
Ancistromesus and many species of Scutellastra; is represented by a
linear rudiment in Patina, Nacella, Patinella and Helcioniscus. It
is apparently wanting in Patella s. str.

ted

PATELLIDA. |

An original formula is herein used to express the arrangement of
teeth upon the radula, not from any preference for novelty, but
because the new method is believed to be more graphic.

The gill-cordon is probably always interrupted by a narrow hiatus
at the front left side but practically it is considered “ interrupted”
only when absent above the neck for a considerable distance.

An excellent. paper by R. J. Harvey Gibson on the anatomy of
Patella vulgata, in Trans. Roy. Soe. Edinb. xxxii, pt. 2, p. 601-638,
5 plates, gives the most complete account yet published of the
anatomy, histoloyy and physiology of Pated/a. Illustrations of
the dentition of various Patellide have been published by Dall, Sars,
Hoge, Hutton and others.

Numerous classifications have been proposed for the limpets. The
systems of the earlier authors, as well as of H. & A. Adams, are very
crude, being founded upon the shell alone. J. E. Gray (Guide)
offered a somewhat better but still very imperfect arrangement.
Dr. W. H. Dall in 1871, proposed a system based mainly upon the
gill-cordon and dentition. This was somewhat modified by him a
decade later in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv, 1881, p. 412, 413 (1882).
His modified arrangement is as follows :

A. Branchial cordon complete.
a. With rhachidian tooth; branchial lamelle arborescent, pro-
duced ; sides of foot smooth. ANCISTROMESUS.
Ancistromesus Dall. 3(.7"1)3.
6. Without rhachidian tooth; branchial lamellze short, lingui-
form. PATELLA.
Patella Linné. Foot smooth; branchial lamellze sub-
equal allaround. 3,7").
Patinella Dall. Foot with scalloped frill interrupted
only in front; gills asin Patella. 3(,""',)s.
Nacella Schum. Foot frilled; gills very small in front ;
shell peculiar ; lateral teeth all bidentate. ,(,'",);.
B. Branchial cordon interrupted in front.
a. Sides of foot smooth. Hz&tcron.
Helcion Montf. Third laterals posterior, bidentate.
a(1 13>
Helcioniscus Dall. First laterals anterior. ;(,'",);.
Patina Gray. Third laterals posterior, denticulate ;
shell peculiar. 3(.""4)3.
* = *

Metoptoma Phillips (fossil.)

78 PATELLIDA.

Dr. Paul Fischer’s classification (Manuel de Conch., p. 866, 1885)
is as follows:

Genus PATELLA.
Subgenus Pate//a s.s. Brachial cordon complete; no tuber-
cles on the epipodial line; dentition ,4,);. P. vulgata, ete.
Section Ancistromesus Dall. P. mexicana.
Section Olana Ads. P. cochlear.
Section Scutellastra Ads. P. pentagona.
Section Cymbula Ads. P. compressa.
Section Patellastra Monts. P. lusitanica.

Subgenus Patinella Dall. Branchial cordon complete ; epipo-
dial line scalloped ; no central tooth ; dentition ;(,'"5);. P.
magellaniea.

Subgenus Nacella Schum. Animal as in the last. Shell
oval, thin, pellucid, summit anterior, submarginal. J.
mytilina.

Section? Cellana Ad.

Subgenus Helcion Montf. Branchial cordon interrupted in
front. Epipodial line papillose; dentition 3°); ZH.
pectinatus. Synonym Patina (Leach) Gray. P. pellucida.

Subgenus Helcioniscus Dall. Branchial cordon interrupted ;
sides of the foot smooth ; dentition ,(.""5);. H. variegatus.

Genus TRyBLiIpIuM Lindstr., 1880. Shell like Putel/a ; muscle-
scar broken into a number of separate impressions (fossil.)

Subgenus Paleacmea Hall, 1873. Shell like Seurria;
muscle-scar like Tryblidiwm (fossil.)

Dr.-Fischer places Metoptoma in Capulide on account of the pos-
terior apex, which is unlike all docoglossate limpets.

It is evident that a great mass of material must be examined
before a just appreciation of the constancy of the characters used to
separate groups in this family can be attained.

A survey of all available sources of information upon the soft
parts and radulze has convinced me, against my preconceived ideas,
that the presence or absence of a rhachidian tooth and the continuity
or interruption of the branchial cordon are not sufficiently constant
to be used as characters for the separation of genera. In some cases
it is evident that they are scarcely specific. The radulze should be
thoroughly re-examined, as many of the published figures are not
sufficiently accurate to be of much use.

PATELLIDE. 79
Synopsis of Groups of Patellide.
A, Two inner lateral teeth on each side anterior.
Subgenus Pare.ia Linné, 1758 (restricted.)

Branchial cordon complete; sides of foot having no evipodial pro-
jections. Two inner lateral teeth on each side anterior, the rhachidian
tooth present or absent. Apex of the shell near the center. Type
P. vulgata.

Section PATELLA s. str. Inner layer of the shell subtranslu-
cent, exhibiting when closely examined a concentrically
fibrous texture; more or less iridescent. Radula without
a rhachidian tooth ; formula ;(,.,);. Type P. vulgata.
Cymbula Ads. and Patellastra Monts. are synonyms.

Section ScurELLAsTRA Ads., 1858. Inner layer of the shell
opaque, porcellanous, not iridescent. Radula either with
or without a rhachidian tooth; formula ,(.°")); or 3(.7""1)s.
Olana Ads. is a synonym.

Section AncistRoMEsuS Dall, 1871. Inner layer of the large,
massive shell porcellanous, opaque. Rhachidian tooth of
the radula developed, bearing a cusp; formula ;(,""));.
Type P. mexicana.

Subgenus Hetcron Montfort, 1810.

Branchial cordon interrupted in front; side of foot smooth, with-
out epipodial processes. Inner two lateral teeth on each side ante-
rior, no rhachidian tooth. Shell oval, apex anterior. Formula of
teeth: 4G 74,)5-

Section Hencron s. str. Shell oval, with anterior apex ; sur-
face sculptured with scaly radiating ribs. Type H. pect-
inatus.

Section Patrrna (Leach) Gray, 1840. Shell with anterior or
subcentral apex ; radiately striated, polished.

B. One inner lateral tooth on each side anterior.

Subgenus NaceLLA Schumacher, 1817.

Branchial cordon complete; sides of foot bearing a scalloped
epipodial ridge. One inner lateral tooth on each side anterior ;
rhachidian tooth none or rudimentary. Interior of shell having a
satin-like or metallic luster.

80 PATELLA.

Section NaceLna s. str. Gills very small in front. Shell
oblong, thin, the apex curved forward, near or at the an-
terior extremity of the shell. Type P. mytilina.

Section ParineLLA Dall, 1871. Gills equally developed all
around. Shell solid, colored, ribbed, the apex subcentral
or anterior. Type P. magellanica.

Subgenus Hertcroniscus Dall, 1871.

Branchial cordon interrupted ; sides of the foot smooth, lacking
epipodial processes. One inner lateral tooth on each side, anterior.
Shell solid, having the apex subcentral or subanterior, inner layer
subtranslucent, more or less iridescent or satiny. Type H. variegatus
Rve.

Resembles Patinella in texture of shell and dentition, but lacks
an epipodial ridge, in the latter respect resembling Patella. It
differs from both in having the branchial cordon interrupted in
front.

Genus PATELLA L., 1758.

Patella L., p. Syst. Nat. x, p. 780 (in part).— Eruca TORNEFORT.
— Patellites WaLtcu.—FPatellaria LiunHwyp.—? Goniclis Rar. olim.
—Patellus MONTFORT.

Subgenus PATELLA (restricted.)

The subgenus is here considered to=Patella-- Ancistromesus of
Dr. Dalls’s arrangement. It is one of the best-defined groups of the
family, being characterized by (1) the continuous branchial cordon,
(2) smooth sides of the foot, having no epipodial ridge or processes,
and (3) having a peculiarity of the radula found in none of the
other groups except Helcion-+-Patina ; viz., the two inner lateral
teeth on each side are unicuspid and situated in front of the third
laterals, which are larger and have several (generally three) cusps.
This disposition is easily understood by reference to pl. 52, fig. 1
representing the odontophore of Patella vulgata. In some species a
central or rhachidian tooth is developed, and when this is the case
it is placed on the same level with the inner laterals. See under
section Ancistromesus.

A reference to the synopsis of groups on page 79 shows that the
subgenus consists of three sections, of which the first is

PATELLA. 81
Section PATELLA (restricted. )

Cymbula H. & A. Apams, Gen. Rec. Moll., p. 466, is a synonym,
its type being P. compressa L.

Rhachidian tooth of the radula absent.

Inner layer of the shell subtranslucent, exhibiting when closely
examined a fibrous texture; usually more or less iridescent.
Distribution: European seas, West Africa and the adjacent islands.

The oceanic and west African allies and varieties of P. cerulea are
much in need of revision. Too many species have been made, most
of which are here retained for want of sufficient material to show
their actual specific affinities.

P. FERRUGINEA Gmelin. PI. 53, figs. 1, 2,3; pl. 17, figs. 23, 24.

Shell oval, conical, solid, the apex in front of the middle; slopes
straight or convex ; roughly sculptured with numerous (44-50) strong,
unequal rounded radiating ribs, which are wider than their inter-
spaces, and which strongly denticulate the margin. Dull and
lusterless, ashen, more or less stained with brown.

Interior bluish-white, porcellanous ; muscle-scar deeply impressed ;
central area thick, callous, opaque-white, its border well-defined.
Margin strongly fluted, having a brown line at the edge.

Length 62, breadth 50, alt. 20 mill.

Mediterranean Sea, from the dAfgean to Spain.

P. ferruginea GMEL., Syst. p. 3706.— WEINKAUFF, Conchyl. des
Mittelm. ii, p. 401.—P. lamarckii Payr., Moll. de Corse p. 90, t. 4,
f. 3, 4.—Desu., Exped. Sci. de Morée iii, p. 185.—P. plicata Costa,
Catal. Sist. p. 119.—P. costosoplicata REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 14—
Hipaueo, Journ. de Conchyl. xv, p. 416.—Lepades vertice integro,
margine lacero, ovate, costoso-plicata, ete. MArrint, Conchyl. Cab.
i, p. 91, t. 8, f. 66; also Lepas magna, vertice integro acuto, albo, etc.,
etc., t. ¢, p. 117.—P. rouwi Payr., Moll. de Corse, p. 90, t. 4, f. 1,
2.—P. pyramidata Lam., An. s. Vert. vi, p. 327—DELEssERT, Rec.,
t. 22, f. 3.—P. ferruginea var. pyramidata WEINKAUFF, Conchyl.
des Mittelm. p. 401.

The strong rounded ribs, deeply crenulating the margin, distin-
guish this from other European species. The interior is faint bluish
and slightly opalescent outside of the muscle-scar ; inside of it there

is a distinctly defined, opaque white callus. The ribs number from
44 to 50 in all.

6

82 PATELLA.

There is no warrant whatever for the use of the name “ contoso-
plicata Martini” for this shell. There is not the slightest pretension
to or attempt at binomialism or the use of generic names in the first
volume of Martini.

De Gregorio has described the following varieties: sitta, imperat-
oria, percostata, ficarazzensis (Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital. x. p. 120, 124.)

P. vuiteaTta Linné. PI. 10, figs. 1-6.

Shell solid, oval, conical, the apex a little in front of the middle;
slopes nearly straight; surface sculptured by numerous radiating
ribs (often subobsolete), the spaces between the ribs having radiating
strize. Color varying from whitish to pink, yellow, slate, olive, or
black, the ribs generally lighter.

Interior somewhat opalescent in dark specimens, usually yellow-
ish and showing faint rays around the edge, the central area varying
from white to dark-brown. Length 44, breadth 37, alt. 17 mill.

Lofoten Is., Norway, to Spain.

P. vulgata L., Syst. Nat. xii, p. 1258.—ForBes & Hantey, Hist.
Brit. Moll. ii, p. 421, t. 61, f. 5, 6—Jerrreys, Brit. Conch. 11, p.
236; v, t. 57, f. 1-4 (with varr. elevata, picta, intermedia, depressa,
cerulea).— H1DALGo, Mol. Mar. Esp. t. 52, f. 1-8; t. 53, f. 7, 8—
Datu, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 268, t. 15, f. 23 (anatomy).—
Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 118, t. ii, f. 7a. 7b. (dentition).—
Harvey, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xxxii, pt. 3, p. 601-636, 1885
(anatomy and histology).—? P. radiata Perry, Conch., t. 43, f. 1.

The common Patella of northern Europe is the typical vulgata of
Linné. It is more elevated than the Mediterranean shells, but some
specimens of the latter can scarcely be separated specifically. The
species is excessively variable: The forms recognized by Jeffreys
occurring on the English coast are as follows:

Form elevata Jeffry. Much smaller, rounder and higher.

Form picta. Smaller and thinner; with alternate rays of reddish
and dark blue.

Form intermedia Knapp. Smaller, flatter and oval, with finer
ribs and an orange crown; inside golden-yellow or tinged with flesh-
color (occasionally cream-color) in the center, and beautifully rayed
toward the margins (Ann. Mag. N. H. xix, 1857, p. 211).

Form depressa Pennant (pl. 11, figs. 24, 25, 26). Much depressed,
more oblong than the usual form; ribs finer but sharp; apex more
anterior; inside porcellanous with a pale orange head scar or

PATELLA. 83

spatula. P. athletica F. & H. is asynonym. This form is thicker
and more coarsely sculptured than the var. aspersa Lam.
P. c®RuLEA Linné. Pl. 10, figs. 7-12.

Shell depressed, thin, spreading, usually more or less distinctly 6
or 7 angled; riblets rather fine and notably unequal.

Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas; Madeira; Azores; Canaries.

P. cerulea L., I. ¢., p. 1259.— Han ry, Sh. of L., p. 421.—Putt.,
Enum. Moll. Sicil. i, p. 109, t. 7, f. 5—Rrrve, Conch. Icon., f. 28.
—Hrparco, Mol. Mar. Esp., t. 50, f. 5, 6; t. 51, f.1, 2.—Buaq.
Daurz. & Douur., Moll. Mar. Rouss., p. 471, t. 58, f. 1-7.—P.
fragilis Putu., Enum. i, p. 40, t. 7, f. 6—P. subplana P. & M.,
Galerie de Douai, i, p. 524, t. 37, £3, 4.—P. eerulea v. subplana
Bua. Dautrz. & Dour., Moll. Rouss., p. 473.—P. tarentina Lam.,
not v. SAuis.—P. seutellaris BLAINVILLE, not LAM.

P. aspera Lam., An. s. Vert. vi, p. 827.—P. bonnardi Rve., not
Payr.

P. tarentina v. Sauts; Reise ins Koenig. Neapel, p. 359, t. 6, f. 2.—
P. bonnardi Payr., Moll. de Corse, p. 89, t. 3, f. 9-11.

P. crenata GMEL., Syst., p. 3706.—OrB., Moll. Canaries, p. 97, t.
7, f. 6-8.—Drovet, Moll. Mar. Acores, p. 40.

Separated from P. vulgata mainly on account of its more
expanded, depressed, generally thinner shell and more southern
range. JI am wholly inclined to believe that the line of separation
is artificial, and that the two species vulgata and ewrulea fade into
one another.

The variations of the genuine cerulea are numerous including the
following forms:

Form fragilis Phil. Shell thin, the radiating strize very fine.

Form intermedia B. D. & D. Intermediate between the regu-
larly oval and the polygonal forms.

Form adspersa B. D. & D. Dotted with white on a greenish-
gray ground.

Form subplana Pot. & Mich. (figs. 7,8). Large, thin, pentagonal,
the apex quite anterior. This is P, seutellaris of Blainville, Reeve,
and others. As mutations under it rank form stellata B. D. & D.,
having the angles prolonged, star-like; form cognata B. D. & D.,
having the pentagonal form of subplana and the rugose sculpture of
aspera.

84 PATELLA.

Var. ASPERA Lamarck. Pl. 11, figs. 20, 20a, 21, 22,23: pl. 53,
figs. 4, 6.

Solid, depressed, the growth-lines rising into more or less promi-
nent scales on the conspicuous ribs.

Mediterranean and Adriatie Seas.

Form tarentina von Salis. Pl. 53, fig. 6. Conspicuously rayed
with brown; nearly smooth,

Form spinulosa B. D. & D. (pl. 53, fig. 4). Ribs spinose.

Additional names applied to forms belonging to the vulgata and
cerulea stock are forms comina, depressaspera, macrina, albula and
cimbulata De Greg., Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital. x, 1884, pp. 122, 123; P.
taslei, ordinaria, goudoti, servaini and tenerifie J. Mabille, Bull.
Soc. Philomathique de Paris, 1887-1888, pp. 78-81.

Var. CRENATA (Gmelin) Orbigny. PI. 54, figs. 12, 18, 14.

Depressed, irregularly oval, having numerous rather low riblets,
over which small granules are scattered more or less closely.
Yellowish-brown or tawny outside; the inside usually bluish, more
or less iridescent, white in the middle.

Azores and Canary Is.

Var. LOWE! d’Orbigny. PI. 53, figs. 7, 8, 9,10, 11; pl. 29, figs. 44,

45, 46.

Depressed, spreading, angularly ovate, solid, the surface very
densely ribbed, the ribs unequal, scaly, especially toward the mar-
gins. Color varying from dull brown or rust red to blackish-brown ;
sometimes rayed with white. Edge of the shell denticulate, the pro-
jections compound, foliated.

Inside varying from white to deep blue, iridescent, haying a
fibrous texture; the central area generally white, and much thick-
ened, callous.

Madeira, Azores, Cape Verde and Canary Is.

P. lowei Ors., Hist. Nat. Canaries, Moll., p. 97, t. 7, f. 9, 10.—
DautzENBERG, Mém. Soe. Zool. France, iii, p. 161, 1890.—DRovet,
Moll. Mar. Acores, p. 40.—P. azorica Nurr., teste Jay, Catal., 4th
edit., 1852, p. 100, no. 2798.

More spreading and angular than var. aspera, and the marginal
denticulations are foliated. Figure 48 of pl. 29 is not characteristic.

PATELLA. 85

The other figures are drawn from specimens before me. Dr. H.
Simroth (Zur Kenntniss der Azorenfauna, in Archiv fiir Naturge-
schichte 54th year, 1888, p. 215, Apr., 1889) ranks the Azores
Patella under the single species aspera, with several varieties as
follows :

“Patella aspera Lam.

a. typical form,—P. lowei Orb., P. baudont Drouet, P. specta-
bilis Drouet, not Dkr.

b. P. moreleti Drt., P. crenata Gm. of Orb., in Moll. Canar.,
and probably P. gomezi Drt.

c. var. simrothiv. Martens. Narrower, oval, flat. Ribs weaker,
more rounded than carinated, either entirely smooth or hay-
ing distinct scales. Margin but little crenated. Color of the
outside pretty regular dark reddish-brown ; inside also pretty
dark, obscure violet, sometimes more reddish, sometimes
more dark blue, the central area bluish-white or gray-blue,
sometimes with an admixture of yellow; rarely having dis-
tinct dark rays inside. The margin is often somewhat
horizontally dilated. Apex at the front % Length 41,
breadth 30, alt. 14 mill.; length 32, breadth 24, alt. 10 mill.
Azores. Approaches J. cerulea L. but evidently deserves a
separate name.

d. var. accedens ad lusitanicam Gmel. Higher, broader
more bluntly elevated, ribs and border similar to the fore-
going. Colored outside and inside with broad dark, defined
rays on a light ground. Central area lead-gray, rarely
yellowish or reddish. Only small specimens, length 25
breadth 2i, alt. 11 mill., apex at 3 of the length. The P.
nigrosquamata Dkr. of Drouet is perhaps this, but without
rays.”

P. MoRELETI Drouet. PI. 56, figs. 27, 28.

Shell subdepressed, very rugose, ribbed, the ribs scaly, scarcely
solid ; brownish-green outside: inside brownish or reddish, iridescent,
with a white spot at the summit. Apex acute.- Aperture ovate,
erenulated. Length 40, breadth 30, alt. 12 mill. (Drouet.)

Fayal, Azores.

P. moreleti Dr., Moll. Mar. Acores, p. 42, t. 2, f. 10, 11, 1858.

Considered a variety of P. aspera by Simroth.

86 PATELLA.

P. comesit Drouet. PI. 54, figs. 17, 18.

Shell large, subdepressed, rugose, ribbed-plicate, rather solid;
outside grayish-brown or rufescent; inside shining, brown, pearly ;
apex situated at the front third of the length, obtuse; aperture
oval, entire. Length 50-60, breadth 50-53, alt. 12-15 mill. (Drouet.)

Bay of San Lourenzo, Santa Maria, and Pico, Azores Is.

P. gomesii DRroveEt, Mollusques Marins des [les Acores, p. 39, t.
he 607, 1808;

More depressed and less elongated than P. candei, the ribs more
conspicuous, the summit more obtuse.

Referred by Simroth to P. aspera var. moreleti Drt.

P. Bauponu Drouet. PI. 54, figs. 15, 16.

Shell large, subelevated, coarsely ribbed, plicate, solid, thick;
outside grayish-green, inside white; vertex subacute, submedian ;
aperture oval, a little crenated.

Length 60, breadth 50, alt. 25 mill. (Drouet )

Santa Maria and Pico, Azores.

P. baudoni Dr., Moll. Mar. Acores, p. 41, t. 2, f. 8, 9, 1858.

This seems to be very closely allied to P. ferruginea Gmel. It is
referred by Simroth to P. aspera.

P. cANDEI d’Orbigny. PI. 55, fig. 22, 23, 24.
Shell elevated, conical, thick, smooth or irregularly roughened ;
ovate, margin entire. Inside buff, bluish in the middle; outside

pale yellow. Length 67, breadth 58, alt. 27 mill. (Ord.)
Canaries.

P. candei Ors., Hist. Nat. Canaries, ii, 2d part Mollusques, p.
98, t. 7, f. 11, 12, 1844.—ReErEveE, Conch. Icon., f. 34, 1854.

P. crrruLius Gould. PI. 28, figs. 39, 40, 41.

Shell sub-diaphanous, thin, sub-conical, moderately elevated, sum-
mit prominent ; apex anterior, acute, feebly incurved, usually some-
what eroded; a great number of faintly elevated lines, studded
with fine tubercles or asperities, radiate from it, and become obsolete
about half way towards the margin. Strize of increment coarse and
irregular, overlaying each other, so as to give the shell a rude, con-
centrically squamose aspect externally; disk nearly oval, a little
narrowed anteriorly ; margin very thin and sharp, finely and irreg-
ularly undulated. External color a dusky olive-green, with a shade

PATELLA. 87

of brown showing through it, ornamented with concentric, undu-
lating lines of obscure white. Interior greenish-white, with bright
iridescent reflections; a slight spatulaform deposit at the fundus,
bluish at the edges and forepart, passing into greenish towards the
middle and posterior portions. ( Gld.)

Length 14, breadth 14 inch.

Funchal, Madeira Is.

P. citrullus GuLp. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, p. 149, July, 1886 ;

U.S. Expl. Exped. Moll. & Sh. 335, f. 448.

This shell resembles somewhat the skin of a cucumber externally.
The radiating strize occupy the upper half of the shell, and the
lower half is somewhat imbricated by the stage of growth. It is
somewhat like P. Candet D’Orb. (Gild.)

I have not seen this species. It should be compared with P.
cerulea var. crenata, and with P. candet.

P. LusITANICA Gmelin. PI. 11, figs. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19.

Shell solid, conical, rounded-oval, the apex elevated and slightly
in front of the middle; front slope straight, posterior slope slightly
convex. Surface dull, lusterless; having close unequal, granose radi-
ating riblets. Ashen-white, with blackish rays wider than the
white ones, the granules on the ribs black.

Interior rayed with brown or purplish-black on a lighter ground,
the central area white, brown or blue-black, often surrounded by
a yellow stain. Length 35, breadth 29, alt. 16 mill.

Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas ; Atlantic coast of Portugal and
S. W. France (Gironde) ; Madeira.

P. rustica Linn., Syst. Nat. x, p. 783, teste HANLEY, Shells of L.,
p. 427 (Not P. rustica Linn., Mus. Ulrice, nor of REEvE, Conch.
Teon., nor of MENK®r, Moll. Noy. Holl. Spec.).—P. lusitanica GMEL.,
Syst. p. 8715.—Pur., Enum. Moll. Sicil. i, p. 110—Hrpareo,
Mol. Mar. Esp. 51, f. 3, 8—Bugq. Dautz. & Douur., Moll. Mar.
Rouss. i, p. 469, t. 57.—P. granularis v. Sauis et al., not Linn.—
P. nigropunctata REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 57.—P. piperata Gup., U.
S. Exped. Moll. p. 338, atlas f. 449.

The conical form and dark or black granules upon the radiating
riblets readily distinguish this species.

88 PATELLA.

P. piperata Gould (pl. 29, figs. 50-52) is identical. The P. rus-
tica of Linné (Syst. Nat. x) is, according to Hanley, who has studied
Linné’s type, the same as Jusitanica; but Linné afterward described
another and entirely different shell under the same name, and as his
original description is insufficient, the name rustica had better be
dropped entirely.

The conical, compact form and subgranose riblets, dotted with
blackish, are characteristic. The species may perhaps be found to
intergrade with P. guttata Orb., but proof of this is lacking at
present.

P. cutrata d’Orbigny. PI. 56, figs. 29, 30, 31.

Shell elevated (the young depressed), conical, thick, unequally —
ribbed, the ribs alternately large and small, longitudinally tuber-
culate, the tubercles black; interior grayish, yellowish-red in the
middle. ( Ord.)

Length (adult specimen) 54, breadth 46, alt. 35 mill.

Length (young specimen) 25, breadth 19, alt. 5 mill.

Teneriffe and Grand Canary Is., Canaries.

P. guttata Ors., Hist. Nat. Canaries, Moll., p. 98, t. 7b, f. 13-15,
1844.—REEvE, Conch. Icon., f. 91—DauTzENBERG, Mém. Soe.
Zool. Fr. iii, p. 161, 1890.—P. frauenfeldi DunKxeEr, Verh. k. k.
zool.-bot. Ges. in Wien, xvi, p. 914, 1866—FRAurENFELD, Reise
der Oesterreichischen Fregatte Novara, Zool. Theil, ii, Moll., p. 15,
ta, 26:

The black nodules upon the ribs and the red stained interior are
prominent and characteristic marks. It is somewhat allied to P.
granularis, natalensis, etc.

P. nigrosquamosa Dkr. is probably a variety or synonym of this
species. Von Martens (Zool. Ree. iii, p. 188) having examined part
of the original specimens of P. frawenfeldi, considers them identical
with guttata. The locality “‘ Madras” is an error.

P. nrcGRosquaMosa Dunker. PI. 13, figs. 57, 58, 59.

Shell ovate, convex-conie, whitish with large and small scaly radi-
ating ribs; scales erect, blackish. Apex subcentral, rather acute.
Margin crenulated. (Dkr.) Length 19 mill.

Horta, Fayal Is., Azores.

PATELLA. 89

P. nigrosquamosa Dxr., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1846, p. 25.—P. nigro-
squamosa var. minor DxKr., Ind. Moll. Guin. Infer. p. 41, pl. 7, f.
4-6,

We must retain this name for the Azores form for which it was
originally proposed. Dunker subsequently included the larger
Cape species, P. natalensis.

Compare P. guttata Orb. of which this may prove to be a variety.

P. RANGIANA (Valenciennes) Rochebrune. PI. 58, figs. 42, 45.

Shell ovate, depressed-convex, rufous; vertex submucronate,
usually eroded, situated at % of the length; having larger and
smaller radiating broad, very scaly ribs, scales subimbricating,
obtuse, lenticular; margin undulating; interior bluish, silvery-
pearly, rayed with bands and spots of purplish, the center spatulate,
pale orange. Length 44, breadth 36, alt. 19 mill. (Roenebr.)

Porto Praya, Cape Verdes.

P. rangiana (Valence. ms.) ROCHEBRUNE, Bull. Soc. Philomathique
de Paris, 7th Ser., vi, p. 29, 1882; Nouv. Arch. du Mus. 2d Ser., iv,
piezo, t.15,f 7, 1881.

P. GuUINEENSIS Dunker. PI. 12, figs. 34, 35, 36, 37, 38.

Shell oval, sometimes elliptical, subelevated, rather solid, con-
centrically striate and subrugose; furnished with close, unequal
subnodose radiating ribs, in part obsolete. Bufforange, rayed
and variegated with brown. Apex projecting, inclined forward,
submamillar, situated at the front 4 of the length.

Interior bufforange, center milky and lurid. Margin acute,
slightly crenulated, nearly simple, Length 27 mill. Ratio of
length, breadth and alt. = 100: 88:30. (Dkr.)

Loanda, Guinea.

P. guineensis Dkr., Ind. Moll. Guin. Infer. p. 40, t. 7, f. 19, 20,
21; 1; 2, 3-

P. sPpECTABILIS Dunker. PI. 12, figs. 45, 46, 47.

Shell ovate, subdepressed, solid, buff or dull white, rayed with red-
dish ; apex somewhat obtuse, situated at 3 the length, or the space
in front bearing to the space behind the apex the ratio of 3 to 4.
Having numerous radiating ribs, which are rugulose, subnodose,
subimbricated toward the margin. Interior bluish, the center
white; margin irregularly folded, crenulated, scarcely angular.
Length 43, breadth 342, alt. 12 mill. A large example measures

62 mill. in length. (Dkr.)
Loanda, Guinea.

90 PATELLA.

P. spectabilis DKr., Ind. Moll. Guin. Infer., p. 39, t. 6, f. 7-9.

Should be compared with P. cwrulea var. aspera.
P. sAFIANA Lamarck. PI. 55, figs. 19, 20, 21.

Shell ovate-oblong, convex, variable; having equal radiating
flattened white ribs, the interstices brown; apex subacute, inflexed.
It is of grayish whitish above, and rayed between the ribs with yel-
lowish or slightly brown rays. The internal border is of a bluish
nacre. (Lam.)

Ocean coast of Morocco.

P. safiana Lam., An. s. Vert. vi, p. 329, 1819.—DELEssERT, Ree.
de Cog. t. 22, f. 2.

The following species, conspicua Ph., is probably identical with
this forgotten Lamarckian shell.

P. consprcua Philippi. PI. 56, figs. 25, 26, 26.

Shell rather thick, ovate, a little broader behind than before, with
about 54 flat, somewhat sharply angular, coarse ribs, and about
double that number of weaker riblets in their interspaces; the
border is irregularly toothed and crenated by these ribs. The apex
lies at the front third of the length; the front slope is straight, back
slope convex. The color is whitish, with blackish-brown interrupted
rays, here and there connected by transverse strie. Inside, the outer
portion is whitish, showing the external black rays through the
shell ; in the center more or less reddish-yellow. Sometimes the
reddish-yellow color includes the central area and the muscle-im-
pression, sometimes the muscle-impression is the darkest reddish-
yellow, and the centrum itself lighter. (Phil.)

Length 80, breadth 62, alt. 24 mill.

Gaboon, Guinea.

P. conspicua Putu., Abbild. iii, p. 71, t. 3, f. 1, October, 1849.—
Dxr., Ind. Moll. Guin. Infer., p. 48.—? RErve, Conch. Icon., f. 12.

I have not identified this species with certainty. The original
figures and description are given.

It is doubtful whether Reeve’s figures represent this species. I
have copied them on pl. 21, figs. 47, 48.
P. LuGUBRIs Gmelin. PI. 57, figs. 32, 38, 34, 35; pl. 12, figs. 39,

40, 41, 42, 48, 44.

Shell conical, short-oval, solid; the apex situated in front of the
middle; slopes slightly convex; sculptured with numerous (54 to

PATELLA. 91

37) strong radiating ribs, most of which are compound, as if formed
by the coalescence of several smaller ribs. Color dull black, some-
times rayed with white.

Interior blue, the central area either blue or white; border crenu-
lated. Length 60, breadth 50 alt. 20 mill.

Loanda and Benguela, Guinea; Cape Verde Is.

P. lugubris GMELIN, Syst. p. 3705.—Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 52,
1854.—DunkeEr, Ind. Moll. Guin. Infer. p. 38, t. 7, f. 9-11, 22-24.

The uniform black color is sometimes relieved by light rays, visi-
ble inside, and sometimes the whole central area is white, the black
rays not extending to the apex. These color-marks are best seen
by looking through the shell at a strong light. The ribs are usually
seen to be compound, or partially split into several smaller riblets ;
but of the principal ribs there are generally about 54.
P. PLUMBEA Lamarck. PI. 24, figs. 11, 14, 15; pl. 57, figs. 38, 39.

Shell low-conic, oval or elliptical, rather solid; apex at the ante-
rior two-fifths of the shell’s length; slopes convex. Surface
sculptured with numerous riblets, sometimes narrow, irregular and
close, sometimes separated. Color dull black, sometimes rayed
with grayish, the rays scarcely perceptible outside.

Interior blue, the central area elongated, white, often clouded or
stained with rich brown. Margin crenulated.

Length 53, breadth 42, alt. 15 mill.
Senegal ; St. Helena.

P. plumbea Lam., An. s. Vert. vi, p. 528, 1819.—Desn., /. ¢. vil, p.
5380.—REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 5 and 46.—E. A. Suiru, P. Z. 8S.
1890, p. 296.—P. cerulea Quoy & Garm., Voy. de l’Astrol. Moll.,
iil, p. 342, t. 70, f. 4-6—P. eyanea Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, ii,
p- 417.—P. canescens Rve., Conch. Icon. f. 103,

This species is extremely variable in sculpture. The ribs are
narrow, rathex separated, but often increased in number and close-
ness by the secondary ribbing which transforms each rib into three,
the middle one larger. The ribbing is finer than in P. lugubris, the
shell is more elliptical, more depressed, and the central spatula of
the interior is longer and narrower.

The variations exhibited by the series before me cause me to
regard P. safiana Lam. and conspicua Phil. as close allies, possibly
varieties of this species.

92 PATELLA,

The form called P. canescens by Reeve is figured on pl. 57, figs.
36,57. It has quite a different appearance, but I am disposed to
believe that Mr. Smith is justified in placing it in the synonymy.
Var. VATHELETI Pilsbry. PI. 57, figs. 40, 41, 42, 43.

Shell low-conic, ovate-rectangular, solid; sculptured with numer-
“ous unequal riblets, and having about nine larger but often indis-
tinct ribs or angles, distinguished by white stripes, giving a more or
less polygonal outline to the shell. The radiating ribs and riblets
are closely cut or crenulated by concentric striz. The principal
ribs are white, the intervals black. Upper part of the cone eroded,
grayish-white.

Interior whitish, somewhat stained with yellow, blotched around
the margin with black, the central area either coal-black or mar-
bled black and white.

Length 28, breadth 22, alt. 7 mill.

Senegal.

These small shells are evidently allied to P. plumbea, but differ
in contour, in the very short, broader central area of the interior,
etc. They were collected by the Abbé A. Vathelet.

P. apansonit Dunker. PI. 12, figs. 30, 31, 32, 33.

Shell oblong-ovate, subelliptical, moderately elevated, sculptured
with about 80-100 unequal ribs ; whitish, marbled and striated with
black, brown and olive. Apex situated in front of the anterior third
of the length. Interior bluish, the central area white and rufescent,
sometimes rather flesh-colored or liver-colored; toward the edge
rayed with reddish. Margin subcrenate-dentate. (Dkr.)

Length of large specimen 50, breadth 41, alt. 17 mill.

Loanda, West Africa.

P. adansonii DKR., Ind. Moll. Guin. Infer., p. 42, t. 6, f. 10-15,
1853.

This species is evidently closely allied to P. plumbea Lam., differ-
ing mainly in the varied coloring of the exterior. The number of
riblets is very variable; one specimen has 120. There is a small
riblet on each side of the larger ones, as in conspicua, plumbea, and
many other species from this region.

P. kRAusstr Dunker. PI. 13, figs. 54, 55, 56.

Shell ovate, thin, rather depressed, pale brown, subcorneous,
radiately ribbed and transversely striated, ribs unequal, subundulat-

PATELLA. 93

ing; apex acute, curved over, somewhat hooked, situated nearly at 4
of the length. Margin acute, obsoletely plicate and crenulated be-
neath. Interior somewhat hoary and bluish, the center dull white
and yellowish. Length 31, breadth 22, alt. 8 mill. (Dkr.)
Loanda, West Africa,
P. kraussti Dkr., Ind. Moll. Guin. Infer., p. 42, t. 6, f. 4-6, 1853.
There are 100-120 radiating 1ibs; the intervals between the
larger ribs are occupied by 2 or 3 smaller riblets. The larger ribs
are scaly and nodulous; and the whole surface is very delicately
lineated.

P. compressa Linné. PI. 61, figs. 68, 69, 70.

Shell thin, narrow, oblong, the sides compressed and parallel ; con-
ical, the apex in front of the middle and curving forward. Covered
with close unequal radiating riblets; dull straw-colored, the young
often finely dotted, spotted or rayed with bright crimson, pink or
orange often marked with opaque-white dots or triangles.

Interior white, or in the young marked like the outside: Edge of
the shell even, the ends elevated.

Length 94, breadth 45, alt. 35 mill.

Cape Good Hope.

P. compressa Lrxn., Syst. x, p. 783.—Krauss, Stidaf. Moll. p.
50.—Q. & G. Voy. de l’Astrol., iii, p. 338, t. 70, f 1—REEVE,
Conch. Icon. f. 18a, and of authors.— P. miniata Born, Test. Mus. Cees
Vindob. p. 420.—Lam., An. s. Vert. vi, p. 333.— Krauss, Die Stidaf.
Moll. p. 51.—P. umbella GMEL., Syst. p. 3706—Lamarck, An. s.
Vert. vi, p. 327.—ReEEveE, Conch. Icon. f. 17.—P. sanguinolenta
GMEL., Syst., xiii, p. 3716, no. 180.—P. sanguinalis Rve., Conch.
Icon. f. 95.

This species is readily known by its compressed sides, elevated
end-margins, and straw-yellow color. It is occasionally found varie-
gated with red on the upper part of the cone, and the young are
almost always so marked.

Dead specimens have been found at St. Helena, doubtless drifted
thither on seaweed. (See Smith, P. Z. S., 1890, p. 248.)

The typical form of this species is never found living on shore.
It lives upon large seaweeds, as one might readily tell by the form
of the shell. When living on rocks it develops into the form known
as P. miniata. Specimens which have changed their stations and
show a corresponding abrupt change of sculpture are not very

94 PATELLA-—SCUTELLASTRA.

infrequent. Parallel mutations occur in Acmea pelta, Patella gran-
ularis, Patina pellucida, ete., ete.

Var. MINIATA Born. PI. 26, figs. 22-27.

Shell thin, varying from depressed and broadly ovate to conical
and narrowly ovate; sculptured with numerous acute unequal radi-
ating riblets, more or less destinctly decussated by growth-striz.
Riblets white or yellowish, interstices occupied by red rays; the
young speckled and blotched with red (rarely brown or purple-
black).

Interior having an opaque-white central area, the outer portion
transparent and showing the color-rays.

Length 70, breadth 58, alt. 13 mill. (normal.)

Length 58, breadth 42, alt. 18 mill. (more elevated specimen; figs.
23, 24.)

There is great variation in the form, still greater in the sculpture
of this shell. Some young specimens are nearly smooth, having fine,
subequal radiating riblets, scarcely decussated, whilst others have
the riblets distinctly cut into close, compressed beads by the con-
centric sculpture.

In young shells the apex is much nearer the anterior end than in
adults.

P. ELECTRINA Reeve. PI. 18, figs. 33, 34.

Shell orbicular, attenuated in front, rather depressed; sharp at
the apex ; radiately densely ridged, ridges rough, irregular, bluntly
squamate. Light fulvous, rusty about the apex and between the
ridges. Interior transparent white. (/ve.)

Australia.

P. electrina Rve., Conch. Icon., f. 55. Dec., 1854.

Of a transparent texture, stained with amber rust about the apex
and between the ridges, the color showing conspicuously through in
the interior. (Rve.)

Compare P. miniata and P. lowei.

Section ScurELLAsTRA H. & A. Adams, 1858.

Scutellastra Aps., Genera Rec. Moll. i, p. 466, types P. gorgonica
Humph., pentagona Born, plicata Born.—Olana Ans. l. ¢., type P.
cochlear Gmel.

Inner layer of the shell opaque, porcellanous, not iridescent nor
fibrous in texture.

PATELLA—-SCUTELLASTRA. 95

Animal similar to Patella, except that a small rhachidian tooth is
frequently developed.

Distribution, S. Africa to Central Pacific.

I have separated this group from Patella s. s. mainly on account
of the different texture of the shell. Although this distinction has
not heretofore been noticed, 1 am confident that it is constant and
of sufficient systematic value to warrant the course here taken.

(1) Group oF P. BARBARA.

Erect, oval shells, with numerous ribs or riblets.

P. ARGENVILLEI Krauss. PI. 22, figs. 15, 16; pl. 58, fig. 44.

Shell large, solid, elevated-conical, ovate, apex in front of the
middle, slopes nearly straight. Surface closely sculptured with
numerous (80-100) crowded, obtuse radiating riblets, obscurely
alternating in size, and roughened by the low, scaly growth-lines.
Color blackish, having concentric lighter zones.

Interior white, stained at the muscle-scar with brown or yellowish-
brown, the edges of the central area well-defined, laciniate, stained:
border brown, closely crenulated by small teeth arranged in pairs.

Length 81, breadth 62, alt. 43 mill.

Table Bay, South Africa,

P. argenvillei Krauss, Die Stidafric Moll, p. 49.—RErEve, Conch
Tcon., f. 20.—? Lepas écaillé ARGENVILLE, La Conchyl., p. 504, t
Oscte Ge

P. NEGLECTA Gray. PI. 20, figs. 41, 42; pl. 58, figs. 40, 41.

Shell large, solid, elevated-conical, elliptical or ovate; apex at
about the front third; slopes nearly straight. Surface sculptured
with coarse, irregularly subnodose, unequal radiating riblets. Ribs
whitish, interstices blackish brown.

Interior white, tinged with flesh-color, having some yellowish-
brown clouds or stains in the central area; muscle-scar distinct,
light-buff or flesh-tinted. Edge of the shell crenated, conspicuously
marked with black-brown blotches, mostly in pairs.

Length 95, breadth, 68, alt. 40 mill.

Length 106, breadth 80, alt. 41 mill.

King George's Sound, Mistaken Island, and Swan River, Aus-
tralia.

? P. rustica Lrxn., Mus. Lud. Ulric p. 694, (not of Linn. Syst.
Nat. x, = P. lusitanica Gm., q. v.)—P. rustica L., MENKE, Moll.

96 PATELLA-SCUTELLASTRA.

Nov. Holl. p. 33, 1843; and also Zeitschr. f. Malac. 1844, p. 62.—
P. pileus Mxe., mss—? P. indica GMEL., Syst. Nat. xii, p. 3716,
founded on Gualtieri, Testarum, t. 8, f. E, and Martini, Conch.
Cab. i, p. 106, t. 7, f. 49.—P. melanogramma ? SowERBy, Genera,
Patella, f. 1 (good!); not P. melanogramma Gmel., Syst. xiil, p.
3706, no. 74.—P. neglecta GRay, in Capt. King’s Survey of the
Inter-tropical and Western Coasts of Australia, ii, appendix, p.
492, 1827.—P. zebra REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 7, Oct. 1854.

This large species is much more strongly ribbed than P. argent-
villei. The ribs are very unequal. The position of the apex is
more anterior in my specimens than in Reeve’s figures, in one speci-
men being decidedly in front of the anterior third, nearly reaching
the fourth. The ribs are rudely nodular in young or half grown
shells, but become obsolete and eroded with age.

Notes on synonymy.—That this species is not the P. rustica of
Linneus’ Systema x, is obvious (see under P. lusitanica, this volume).
Whether it is the rustica of his later publications (Mus. Lud.
Ulrice, p. 694, ete.) or of Gmelin, is a useless question into which
we need not enter, but with Menke, I am disposed to believe that it
is. Reeve’s P. rustica has nothing to do with this species, being
either a large P. Jowet or animmature P. patriarcha. The P. indica
of Gmelin, founded upon Gualtieri’s figure and Martini’s embellished
copy of it, is very doubtful at best. Sowerby gave a most excellent
figure under the name melanogramma, but it is not the shell so
named by Gmelin. Gray fixes the identity of his P. neglecta by
stating that it is the P. melanogramma of Sowerby’s Genera, not of
Gmel.

P. BARBARA Linné. PI. 59, figs. 50,51, 52, 53, 54, 55; pl. 15, figs.

12. ,

Shell rather large, depressed or conical, ovate; apex central ;
slopes nearly straight. Sculptured with numerous elevated, acute
narrow riblets, which bear conspicuous narrow vaulted spines.
White or tinged with brown, the spines usually tipped with brown.

Interior white, either immaculate or having the central area
stained with light orange-brown. Margin strongly toothed, having
a colorless border. Length 72, breadth 60, alt. 27 mill.

Habitat unknown.

P. barbara Lryyn., Syst. Nat.x, p. 782.—Han.ey, Shells of
Linneeus, p. 4$18.—Lam., An. s. Vert. vi, p. 325.—P. plicata Born,

PATELLA—SCUTELLASTRA. 97

Mus. Ces. Vindob., t. 18, f. 1—Rkrrve, Conch. Icon., f. 16.—P.
barbata Lam., An. s. Vert. vi, p. 326—DELEssERT, Rec. de Coq,, t-
21, f. 1.—P. spinifera Lam., An. s. Vert. vi, p. 326.—DELESSERT,,
Rec., t. 21, f. 2—?? P. cypria GMEL., Syst. xiii, p. 3698.

In all the variety of forms and names in which this species
masquerades, it may be known by the acute, high, compressed ridges,
which bear vaulted or sometimes solid spines, usually touched with
brown at their tips. The ribs are unusually variable in number, 24
to 30 being developed on moderate sized individuals, not counting a
few small interstitial riblets. The spines are rarely as numerous as:
Reeve’s figures show. These are reproduced on pl. 15, figs. 1, 2.

An elevated, conical form is figured on pl. 59, fig. 55.

A form which may be known as var. OVALIs is figured on pl. 60,
figs. 56, 57, 58. It is ovate and has about 41 ribs. Interior pure
white.

Length 95, breadth 70, alt. 31 mill.

(2) Group oF P. sTELL#FORMIS.
Shell having coarse, unequal ribs or riblets.

P. prcA Reeve. PI. 22, figs. 9,10, 13, 14; pl. 59, figs. 47, 48, 49 ;

pl. 26, figs. 28, 29.

Shell solid, depressed, apex a little anterior, ovate, broad behind,
more or less narrowed in front; having numerous (about 21) rude
angular radiating ribs, and more or less obviously radiately striate.
Whitish or ashen, irregularly blotched with black.

Interior white, the central area sometimes stained with yellowish
or brown. Edge crenated, having a narrow border which is usually
whitish-buff dotted and blotched witheblack, but sometimes lacks all
dark markings.

Length 43, breadth 31, alt. 10 mill.

Length 47, breadth 37, alt. 10 mill.

Mauritius and Reunion.

P. pica Rerve, Conch. Icon., f 45, 1854; also fi 68—P-
chitonoides REEVE, f. 52.—Desu., Moll. Réunion, p. 48.—P. moreli.
Du., Moll. Réunion, p. 43, t. 6, f. 18.—P. levata Du., 1. c., p. 44, t.
6, f. 14.—? P. dentata Duro, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1840, p. 204.

The outline is somewhat spoon shaped, approaching that of P.
cochlear. The ribs are usually subequal, and about 21 in number,
but sometimes they are very irregular, as in the figures on pl. 59.

fi

98 PATELLA—SCUTELLASTRA.

In the form called chitonoides Rv. (pl. 26, figs. 28, 29) the ribs are
somewhat more numerous, and the entire surface is purple-black.

Iam unable to find differential characters in the P. moreli of
Deshayes. I have copied the original figure on pl. 58, fig. 45, re-
presenting an immature specimen. The same is true of P. levata
Dh. (pl. 59, fig. 46).

This species seems to be more than usually encrusted with
calcareous growths, alge, etc. The specimens before me are from
Mauritius, collected by Robillard.

P. exusta Reeve. PI. 24, figs. 9, 10.

Shell ovate, a little attenuated in front, flatly convex, rather
spread ; apex inclined anteriorly; radiately ribbed, ribs with the
surface rude, irregularly, obscurely prickly-scaled, interstices
obsoletely latticed, with rather distant concentric ridges; burnt-
black, red-tinged, interior marble-white ; edge remotely denticulated,
purple-black.

An extremely characteristic species, marble-white within, reddish-
burnt black without, but of singular rude irregular, obsoletely
latticed sculpture. (fve.)

Habitat unknown.

P. exusta Rvet., Conch. Icon., f. 35, Oct., 1854.

This may prove to be the same as P. pica Reeve. If so the name
exusta will take precedence.

P. FUNEBRIS Reeve. PI. 60, figs. 59, 60, 61.

Shell ovate, slightly attenuated in front, elevately convex ; smooth,
rayed with tubercled ribs, tubercles swollen, sometimes rather
distant. Dull black, rusty-white at the apex. Interior opaque
white, sometimes rust-tinged. (Rve.)

Habitat unknown.

P. funebris Rve., Conch. Icon., f. 54. Dee., 1854.

P. sTELL“#FORMIS Reeve. PI. 17, figs. 25, 26,27; pl. 61, figs. 62-65.

Shell solid, low-conic, angularly oval, the apex central. Surface
vary irregularly and roughly sculptured with carinated radiating
ribs and riblets, 8 or 9 being more prominent in the typical form of
the species. The ribs are rude, irregular, often somewhat scaly.

White, sometimes marked in the interstices with black or rusty-
black.

PATELLLA—SCUTELLASTRA. 99

Interior white, frequently slightly stained in places with yellow-
ish; central area white or stained with fleshy-brown, the muscle-
scar sometimes outlined with reddish-brown. Margin very irregu-
larly toothed. Length 45, breadth 35, alt. 14 mill.

Japan to Port Jackson, S. Australia; eastward to Viti, Cook’s and
Society Archipelagos.

P. stelleformis REEve, Conch. Syst. ii, p. 15, t. 136, f. 3, 1842.—
Dunker, Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 156.—P. pentagona REEVE,
Conch. Icon., f. 48, 1854 —LiscuKer, Jap. Meeresconchyl. i, p. 114
(not P. pentagona Born).—Anaas, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 221—DAtt,
Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 272, t. 15, f. 22 (dentition).—P. pawmo-
tensis GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii, p. 150, 1846; U.S. Expl.
Exped. Moll. & Sh., p. 339, f. 440.—P. eretacea REEVE, Conch. Icon.,
f. 58.—P. tramoserica Av., Ann. Mag. N. H. 1868, p. 369.

This excessively variable species is allied to P. pica, differing
mainly in not being narrowed anteriorly asa general rule. The
main distinction, however, is geographic, the present form being
Pacific, in distribution, whilst pica (and its immediate allies or
varieties) is from the western part of the Indian Ocean. I doubt the
occurrence of true ste//eformis in the last mentioned area.

It is impossible to say what P. pentagona Born (Mus. Test. Cees.
Vindob., p. 421, t. 18, f. 4, 5) is intended for. It is certainly not
this species. Von Martens surmises that it may not belong to the
Patellide. The figures somewhat resemble a large Siphonaria.

The typical form of sted/e@formis has 8 to 10 larger ribs.

Among the large number of minor modifications, typically quite
diverse but intergrading by easy stages with the types, the following
may be noticed :

Var. PAUMOTENSIS Gld. (pl. 47, figs. 4, 5). Outline much more
regularly oval; riblets very numerous and subequal. P. cretacea
Rv. is asynonym.

Another slightly differing form is figures on pl. 61, figs. 62, 63, 64.
It is large, oval, coarsely ribbed, with fine secondary radiating stric.
The interior is marked with brown.

The specimen figured on pl. 61, fig. 65 has a great similarity to
Reeve’s P. stellaris, and I am inclined to believe it is the same. It
is very distinctly octoradiate, the ribs wide ; both ribs and intervals
finely striated radially. See p. 51 of this volume for remarks on
Reeve’s stellaris, and pl. 36, figs. 65, 66, copies of the original
figures.

100 PATELLA—SCUTELLASTRA.

Var. NIGROSULCATA Reeve (pl. 61, figs. 66,67). “ Ovate, rather
solid, radiately grooved, grooves narrow, rather distant; rough
chalk-white, grooves more or less black; interior yellowish-white,
border faintly lineated.” ‘This seems to be a regularly oval form
smaller than v. paumotensis, and more stained with rust-red inside,
Numbers of shells before me correspond with Reeve’s figures.

P. ACULEATA Reeve. PI. 25, figs. 20, 21 ; pl. 62, figs. 71, 72; 73;

Shell oblong-oval, solid, conical, the apex at the front third. Sur-
face dull, having numerous (about 23) strong, carinated, and more
or less scaly-nodose ribs. White, with inconspicuous rust-reddish
concentric bands.

Interior whitish, tinged toward the middle with orange-brown, the
cavity of the apex white with blue-black stains. Edge of shells
dentate, having several narrow short reddish lines in each interval.

Clarance River to Twofold Bay, Australia; Tasmania.

P. aculeata REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 90, 1855:—Awneas, P. Z. S.
1867, p. 221.—TEnston-Woopns, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 1877, p. 22.
—Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. xiii, p. 224, 1883.—P.
squamifera Rv., l. ¢., f. 94.—ANGAS, J. ¢., p. 221.

There are about 23 large ribs, and some smaller ones in the
interstices. The apex is at the anterior third, not central as it is in
P. stelleformis, and the ribs are scaly. It is a common form at Port
Jackson. The description of Reeve’s P. squamifera, which Brazier
considers a mere synonym of this variable shell, is as follows:

P. squamifera Reeve (pl. 62, figs. 74, 75). Shell ovate, somewhat
depressed, rather thick, apex nearly central; radiately roughly
ribbed and ridged, ridges irregularly rudely scaled. Whitish tinged
with ash and black. Interior bluish-white.

This is a solid, ash-colored shell, roughly sculptured. throughout
with irregular scaly ribs and ridges. (Rve.)

P. MORBIDA Reeve. PI. 15, figs. 3, 4.

Shell ovate, rudely depressed, rotundately raised in the middle,
radiately fimbriately ridged, more or less eroded, ridges obsoletely
short-spined. Interior yellowish-white, more or less irregularly
stained with black; exterior rust-eroded. (Rve.)

Cape of Good Hope.

P. morbida Rve., Conch. Icon. f. 64, Jan..1855.

Of a characteristic depressedly furbelowed growth round the mar-
gin, the radiating ridges armed here and there with short, sharp

PATELLA-SCUTELLASTRA. 101

black and white spines. Exteriorly the shell is roughly rust-eroded ;
interiorly it has a peculiarly diseased look. (ve.)
P. cHAPMANT Tenison-Woods. Unfigured.

Shell ovate, somewhat broad behind, reddish or scorched and
nebulously brown, apex acute, submedian ; with 8 radiating ribs
more or less valid, and depressedly rounded, profusely radiate with
very fine lire, and girdled with irregular sulci; margin angulate,
nodulose. White within and clouded pale rose color, spatula
searcely visible. Length 20, breadth 15, alt. 5 mill. (7'-W.)

Tasmania.

P. chapmani T.-W., Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. for 1875, p. 157, 1876.

Very rare. Four of the ribs are posterior, and the four anterior

are smaller. (7.- W.)

P. ustuLATA Reeve. Pl. 22, figs. 11, 12.

Shell somewhat squarely ovate, a little attenuated in front, pos-
teriorly convexly depressed, anteriorly tumidly umbonated, apex
obtuse ; radiately elevately striated, strize scabrous next the mar-
gin; burnt-red, neatly rayed with rather distant narrow white bands,
striz more or less black next the margin, interior white. (Rve.)

Tasmania (Tenison- Woods).

P.ustulata Rve., Conch. Icon f. 88, Jan., 1855.—TrEntson- Woops,
Proce. Roy. Soc. Tasm, for 1876, p. 49, 1877.—P. tasmanica T.-W.,
1. c. for 1875, p. 157, 1876.

Tenison-W 00d’s description of his P. tasmanica is as follows :

Shell ovate, solid, sordidly yellowish white, often corroded, apex
sub-median with about 21 valid, angular radiating ribs, and the in-
terstices rayed profusely with very fine subimbricated lire; within
ivory white and shiny, more or less tinged with yellow; margin
narrow, elegantly pectinated ; margined with a very fine blue line
within, and an interrupted dusky brown line outside. Spathula
scarcely defined.

Recherche Bay and south generally. Nearer to P. alticostata
Angas than any other.

Length 49, width 38, alt. 20 mill. (7.-W).

“Tf I am right in my identification of this shell, it must be the
same as my P. tasmanica described in last year’s Proceedings of this
Society. Reeve gives no habitat for his shell, which from appear-
ance was worn and corroded. The unworn specimens found living

102 PATELLA—SCUTELLASTRA.

=

on the rocks are as different as possible, the ribs and riblets being
then conspicuous, and the whole shell a dull yellowish-white with
no trace of the scorched coloring. When dead, however, and
thrown on the beach this feature is conspicuous. It has many fine
riblets between the coarse, somewhat nodular ribs, and the margin
is very finely pectinated. A peculiarity of the animal is that it
seldom comes above low water mark, and prefers situations where
it is much exposed to the waves. It is very stationary, often being
sunk into a regular pit in the rocks, and appears to live upon the
fine green ulva on the rocks. It is nearly always covered, not
only with confervoid growths, but also nulliporze so as to quite
alter its shape and appearance. This often alters the height of the
shell, which is usually depressed, and changes the position of the
apex, which is usually submarginal. The interior is white and the
spatula not defined.

“The animal is of uniform pale yellow at the base; white above
the foot, gills semi-pellucid and continued as a delicate fringe al/
round the mantle I, however, noticed one exception where, like
the former species, the gills were discontinued in front of the head,
mantle without*tentacles ; head livid, with semi-pellucid tentacles ;
eyes very small and at exterior base; buccal mass red and fleshy ;
cartilaginous jaws long and less tumid than most limpets; odonto-
phore scarcely as long as shell; not coiled, but bending with ivotes-
tine in two folds, Teeth closely set and not high, composed of five
central small curved cusps, and two tri-lobed laterals, all narrowly
tongue-shaped, laterals more acute. The five centrals have the
middle tooth often small. Teeth brown, lighter on the summit.”

(3) Group oF P. GRANULARIS.

Shell oval, sculptured with numerous granose riblets, none of them
notably larger. Central tract of the inside and border generally
dark. Dist., S. Africa.

P. GRANULARIS Linné. PI. 63, figs. 80, 81, 82, 83.

Shell solid, conical, ovate; apex in front of the middle; sculpt-
ured with numerous (about 50) regularly granose riblets ; the gran-
ules usually like small solid scales. Color dull brown, blackish, or
ashen, dull reddish above.

Inside opaque-white, with a broad black or dark brown border and
a large reddish-chestnut central area.

Length 58, breadth 48, alt. 26 mill.

: Cape Good Hope.

PATELLA-SCUTELLASTRA. 103

P. granularis Lryn., Syst. Nat. x, p. 782.— Haney, Sh. of Linn.
p. 419.—Lam., An. s. Vert. vi, p. 3830.—ReEeEveE, Conch. Icon. f.
31.—Krauss, Die Stidafric. Moll. p. 52—Quoy & GAIMARD, Voy.
de l’Astrol. iii, p. 341, t. 70, f. 12-15.

Characterized by the closely granose riblets of the outside and
the broad dark border and large orange-brown central area of the
interior. It is not at all iridescent within.

In one specimen (pl. 63, fig. 83) of this species before me the
earlier portion is black, finely but obsoletely radiately striated, dif-
fering totally from the normal later growth. A similar change of
structure has already been noticed in this volume, page 18, under
Acmea pelta var. nacelloides.

P. NATALENSIS Krauss. PI. 13, figs. 65, 66, 67.

Shell oval or oblong, conical, rather solid, slopes straight; apex
at the front third. Surface sculptured with 40-46 rather separated
regularly granulose riblets. Color ashen or blackish, the granules
black ; apex generally eroded.

Interior white, the margin intensely black, having a border of
blackish-brown flames; central area dark reddish-brown.

Length 31, breadth 23, alt. 12 mill.

Length 27, breadth 20, alt. 11 mill.

Natal, northward to Guinea.

P. natalensis Krauss, Die Siidafric. Moll., p. 58, t. 3, f. 10, 1848.
—P. echinulata Krauss, l. ¢., p. 52, t. 3, f. 15.—P. nigrosquamosa
var. miliaris Put., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1848, p. 162.—P. nigrosquamosa
var. 1, Dxr., Ind. Moll. Guin. Infer., p. 41, t. 7, f. 7, 8.

This is a compact, long-oval species. The outside is blackish with
black tubercles on the riblets. The eroded apex is brown or clouded
with brown, and surrounded by a white tract, which usually is
digitate or rayed more or less, as figure 66 shows. The black outer
layer is quite thin. The margin is intensely black. The central
spatula varies from olive-brown to a deep red-brown. Philippi’s
miliaris=Dunker’s var. 1 of nigrosquamosa (pl. 13, figs. 63, 64) is a
synonym.

Var. ECHINULATA Krauss. PI. 13, figs. 60, 61, 62.

Smaller, narrower; grayish-brown, rayed with whitish. The
basal side-margins are somewhat raised, so that the shell rests upon
the ends only.

Table Bay.

104 PATELLA—SCUTELLASTRA.

P. vipua Reeve. PI. 63, figs. 78, 79.

Shell ovate, moderately convex; strongly, sharply ribbed, ribs
alternately smaller, minutely scaled, scales distant, the alternate rib
sometimes nearly obsolete; rusty-black, eroded at the apex. Inte-
rior whitish, with a broad rusty-black band at the edge; nucleus
pale rust. (ve.)

Island of Camiguing, Philippines.

P. vidua Rve., Conch. Icon. f. 22, Oct. 1854.

A moderately convex shell, rayed with sharp ribs, alternately
Jarger and smaller, each rib being roughened with minute, some-
what distant scales. The chief characteristic of this species lies in
its broad deep rust-black marginal border. (fve.)

(4.) Group oF P. COCHLEAR.

Shell spoon-shaped, produced and narrowed in front; ribs numer-
ous, subequal.

P. cocHLEAR Born. PI. 27, figs. 34, 35.

Shell spoon-shaped, depressed, solid; apex subcentral. Surface
having numerous close radiating riblets, grayish or blackish, usu-
ally encrusted or eroded.

Interior white or purplish-blue, the muscle-scar black.

Length 60, breadth 45, alt. 15 mill.

Cape Good Hope.

P. cochlear Born, Mus. Ces. Vindob. p. 420, t. 18, f. 3—REEVE,
Conch. Syst. ii, t. 186, f. 5; Conch. Icon. f. 24.—Kravss, Die
Stidafric. Moll. p. 48.

The curiously narrowed anterior end gives a spoonlike appear-
ance to this shell. Some specimens are almost perfectly flat, and
have a red central callus.

It has been made the type of a subgenus by the Adams brothers,
but a number of other species approach it in contour, and form con-
necting links with the oval limpets.

(5) Group or P. LONGICOSTA.

Shell large, having some (usually 7-11) of the ribs decidedly
larger, rendering the outline more or less polygonal. Distribution,

S. Africa.

PATELLA—SCUTELLASTRA. 105

P. PATRIARCHA Pilsbry. PI. 64, figs. 84, 85; pl. 65, fig. 86.

Shell very large and solid, conical, the apex a little in front of the
middle; rounded oval, nearly as wide as long. Surface dull, coarsely
ribbed, 9 or 10 primary ribs radiating from the summit, the secondary
ribs numerous, some of them nearly as prominent as the primaries ;
radiating striz also are to be seen in some places; growth-lines fine,
inconspicuous. Color dull reddish-ashen.

Interior pure white, the edge reddish-brown, bordered by a narrow
subtranslucent band, sometimes not conspicuous.

Length 127, breadth 112, alt. 45 mill.

Length 117, breadth 105, alt. 48 mill.

Cape Good Hope.

? P. rustica Rerve, Conch. Icon., f. 8, 1854, not P. rustica Linné
(1758), nor P. rustica Menke (1843.)

This is, next to P. (Ancistromesus) mexicana, the largest limpet
I have seen, one of the specimens before me attaining a length of
five inches. The interior is pure white, totally lacking the fibrous
texture which renders P. cerulea and its allies iridescent. The
shell figured by Reeve as “ P. rustica Linn.” is probably an immature
specimen of this species, having the sculpture sharper. The true
rustica of Linné is the small shell known to us as P. lusitanica (q.
v.). The rustica of Menke is the same as P. neglecta Gray (q. v.)

P. TABULARIS Krauss. PI. 16, figs. 9, 10.

Shell ovate, solid, much depressed, whitish, with radiating reddish
lines; radiately ribbed and striate, the striz and ribs unequal, cari-
nated, scaly; larger ribs 12-14 in number. Margin digitately
toothed; vertex obtuse, situated at two-fifths to one-third the length.

Inside white, having a peripheral border of dull yellow spotted
with brown, 2 mill. wide; space between border and muscle-impres-
sion white; the muscle-scar and central area pale brownish.

Length 59, breadth 46, alt. 8 mill.

Table Bay, S. Africa.

P. tabularis Krauss, Die Stidafric. Moll. p. 47, t. 3, f 8—Dxr.,
Ind. Moll. Guin. Infer. p. 41.—P. obtecta Kr, /. e. p. 49, t. 3, f 11.

Reported by Dunker from Benguela, W. Africa. The strongly
angular, star-like form and closely scaly ribs and strie are the
prominent characters of this shell.

106 PATELLA-SCUTELLASTRA.

Var. opTECTA Krauss. PI. 16, figs. 7, 8.

In sculpture like P. tabularis; but narrower, more elevated, less
strongly ribbed. The central area of the interior is brown.
Length 30, breadth 22, alt. 8 mill.
Table Bay.
P. GRANATINA Linné. PI. 62, figs. 76, 77.

Shell large, rather thin but solid, conical, angularly ovate; apex
subeentral, eroded, rust-color or dark brown. Surface having
unequal radiating ribs or carinee, of which one at each side and three
in the rear are especially prominent. Color dull whitish, closely
marked with black spots, often zigzag or angular.

Interior white, the portion outside of the muscle-scar haying a dis-
tinctly fibrous appearance ; central area blackish-brown, sometimes
mottled with white. Border very narrow, finely dotted with black
and brown. Length 85, breadth 72, alt. 30 mill.

Cape of Good Hope.

P. granatina L., Syst. Nat. x, p. 782.—Lamarck, An. s. Vert. vi,
p. 824.—Krauss, Die Stidaf. Moll., p. 48.—REEvs, Conch. Icon., f.
4.—P. apicina LAMARCK.—DELESSERT, Rec. de Cogq,, t. 21, f. 4.—
? P. picta Perry, Conchology, t. 438, f. 7.

The prominent ribs of the exterior and the spotting of black
(sometimes lost by erosion) are characteristic; inside the white,
fibrous appearance and deep brown center are excellent diagnostic
points.

In old specimens the dark center is often considerably invaded by
white in the middle and forward.

P. ocuLus (Born) Auct. Pl. 27, figs. 30, 31, 32.

Shell large, angularly oval, conic or depressed, solid. Apex in
front of the middle. Sculptured with large angular unequal ribs,
which project at the margins; and having a secondary sculpture of
radiating strize when not eroded. Color blackish or dull brown
outside; usually eroded.

Interior having a very broad blackish-brown border, a light zone
just outside the muscle-impression, the latter strongly marked,
bluish-white. Area inside the impression callously thickened, yellow-
ish flesh-colored.

Length 88, breadth, 75, alt. 25 mill.

Length 64, breadth 63, alt. 12 mill. (younger shell).

Length 110, breadth 106, alt. 42 mill. (largest specimen seen).

Cape of Good Hope.

PATELLA—ANCISTROMESUS. 107

P. oculus Born (in part), Mus. Ces. Vindob. p. 418.—Sows.,
Conchol. Manual, f. 229.—Rereve, Conch. Icon. f. 2.—P. badia
Gmel. Syst. p. 8700.—P. fuscescens GMEL., Syst. p. 8701.—P. schree-
teri Krauss, Die Siidafric. Moll. p. 45.

Allied to P. granatina, but not variegated outside except in the
young (fig. 32), and entirely different in color inside ; this species
being broadly black bordered with a light central area. The more
markedly stellate forms, such as fig. 31, approach P. longicosta in
outline, but the coloring of the interior is constantly distinct.

It seems advisable to retain the well-known name oculus for this
species, despite the fact that Born included another and probably

* distinct species with this, in his references.
P. tonercosra Lamarck. PI. 28, figs. 37, 38.

Shell depressed, star-shaped, having 7 to 9 principal ribs which
are carinated and project at the margins, and a variable number of
smaller projecting ribs. Color black, usually rayed with whitish.

Interior white, the central area often yellowish or flesh-colored, in
the young generally stained or mottled with blue-black. The
laciniate edge is bordered with black, often dotted with gray-white,
rarely entirely white. Length 75, breadth 70, alt. 20 mill.

Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope.

P. longicosta Lam., An. s. Vert. vi, p. 326, 1819.—DELESSERT,
Ree., t. 21, f. 3 ——Rreve, Conch. Syst. ii, p. 136, f.6 ; Conch. Icon.,
f. 11—Por. & Mrcu., Galerie, i, t. 37, f.7, 8.—P. gorgonica
Humpn. mss., teste Reeve.

Allied to some forms of P. oculus, but much more distinctly
stellate, and having a narrower black border within.

Section Ancistromesus Dall, 1871.

Ancistromesus Datu, Amer. Jour. Conch. Apr. 4, 1871, p. 276.

Shell very large and heavy, its inner layer porcellanous, opaque.

Animal with a complete branchial cordon, the lamella long and
slender, subequal ; sides of foot smooth; radula furnished with a
simple rhachidian tooth having a cusp; the two inner laterals on
each side anterior to the third pair, which are large and quadri-
dentate ; uncini simple.

Formula of teeth ,(,"",)3. Pl. 31, fig. 62.

The shell resembles very closely, in texture, sculpture and form,
the larger South African species of Patella (Scutedlastra of my

108 PATELLA—HELCION.

arrangement), some of which also possess a rhachidian tooth,
as Hogg and others have demonstrated.
P. Mexicana Broderip & Sowerby. PI. 31, figs. 59-62.

The shell is very large, thick and heavy, oval, conical, with
central summit. The dull, soiled white, eroded surface shows about
10 low angles or obsolete ridges, and young shells are rather finely
striated (fig. 61).

The interior is pure white or tinged with flesh-color, having also,
usually, some brown or purplish stains. The muscle-scar is ,con-
spicuous, roughened.

Length 200, breadth 150, alt. 80 mill.

Mazatlan! San Blas! Acapulco! W. Mexico; also Central”
America. ;

P. mexicana B. & §., Zool. Journ. iv, p. 369.—MkE., Zeitschr. f.
Mal. 1851, p. 37 —Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 1.—CarpEenrer,’ Mazat.
Cat. p. 199.—Ancistromesus mexicanus Datu, Amer. Journ.'Conch.
vi, p. 266, t. 15, f. 21 (dentition).—Lottia gigantea Gup., ms. in
B. M.— Patella maxima Orp., Voy. Amér. Mérid. p. 482, and in
B. M. Catal. d’Orb. Moll., p. 53.

This is the largest living species of limpet, frequently attaining a
length of 8 to 14 inches. The animal is black, more or less mar-
bled and streaked with white. The shell is often used as a wash-
basin in Central America. (See Dall, 7. ¢.)

D’Orbigny described this species as P. maxima, giving the
locality Payta, Peru.

Subgenus Hretcron Montfort, 1810.

Heleion Montr., Conch. System. ii, p. 62.—Gray, Guide, p. 176.
—Datt, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 276.

Helcion is composed of limpets differing from Patella s. s. in hay-
ing the gill-cordon interrupted in front, the shell cap-shaped, apex
curving forward. Two sections are distinguishable: Hrtcron
(restricted), having a strongly convex solid shell with scaly radiat-
ing ribs, and Parrna, in which the shell is nearly smooth and
thinner.

Section HELCION s. s.

The gill-cordon is interrupted over the head, composed of small
and filiform strands.

PATELLA—PATINA. 109

The dentition is said by Dall to be the same as Patella except
that the third or outer cusp of the third lateral tooth is obsolete.

The shell is cap-shaped, scaly-ribbed, the apex strongly curving
forward.

P. PECTINATA Born. PI. 51, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell solid, oval, elevated, cap-shaped, the apex curved forward,
nearly to or over the anterior margin. Surface sculptured with
numerous close, densely prickle-scaled riblets, alternately larger and
smaller. Riblets black, the intervals buff or pinkish.

Interior of a dull lead color, sometimes a little iridescent at the
edge. Length 27, breadth 22, alt. 14 mill.

Cape of Good Hope.

Patella pectinata Born, Mus. Cees. Vindob. p. 423, t. 18, f. 7,
(1780).—Lam., An. s. Vert. vi, p. 334.—Por. & Mtcu., Galerie, i,
p- 529, t. 37, f. 11, 12—Krauss, Die Stidafric Moll. p. 57.—Not
Patella pectinata Linn., Syst. Nat. x, p. 783, nor of GMELIN, Syst.
xiii, — Siphonaria !—Patella intorta SowERBy, Genera of Shells,
Cephala, Patella, f. 5—Patella pectunculus GMELIN, Syst. xiii, p.
3713.—Helcion pectinatus Montr., Conch. Syst. ii, p. 63.—Gray,
Guide Syst. Dist. Moll. B. M., p. 126 (deser. of branchize).— Dat,
Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila. 1876, p. 244 (dentition).

This cap-shaped, scale-ridged black species is unlike any other
limpet, having much the contour of Scutedlina. Linneeus is gener-
ally but erroneously quoted as the authority for the name. It isa
common Cape species.

Section Patina (Leach) Gray, 1852.

Patina LEacu, Moll. Gt. Brit. (Gray’s edition) p. 223, 1852.—
Gray, Syn. Br. Mus. 1840 (mame only no definition; no type
mentioned).—Ansates SowB., Conch. Man. edit. ii, p. 68.— Helcion,
Patella and Nacella sp., of authors.

The branchial cordon is interrupted in front; side of the foot with-
out an epipodial ridge or papillee.

Dentition, pl. 52, fig. 2. Two inner lateral teeth on each side an-
terior, having simple cusps, the third lateral having a broad tri-
partite cusp. Formula of dentition A Gee re

Epipodial papillee have been ascribed to this group by a recent
authority, but I have satisfied myself that none are present by an
examination of specimens. The sides of the foot are as smooth as
in Helcioniscus exaratus.

110 PATELLA—PATINA.

The shell has the contour and texture of Helcion but is generally
thinner and the radiating sculpture is obsolete.
P. PELLUcIDA Linné. PI. 51, figs. 4, 5, 9, 10.

Shell thin, oval, elevated, the apex curved forward, near the an-
terior end. Surface polished, smooth except for very faint radiating
strie. Dark olive or brownish horn-color, reddish or blackish at
the apex, and usually having a few radiating interrupted lines of
vivid blue. Interior brownish, reddish or dusky within the cavity.

Length 20, breadth 15, alt. 8 mill.

Lofoten, Norway, to Cascaes Bay, Portugal.

P. pellucida L., Syst. Nat. x, p. 783.—Forses & Han ey, Hist.
Brit. Moll. ii, p. 429, t. 61, f. 54; t. AA, f. 1 (animal).—P. cerulea
Putr., Cat. Dorset., t. 23, f. 6—P. bimaculata Monr., Test. Brit., p.
482, t. 13, f. 8.—P. ewruleata Da Costa, Brit. Conch., p. 7, t.1, £5,
6.—P. elongata and elliptica FuEM., Encye. Edin., t. 204, f. 2, 8.—
P. cornea Por. & Micu., Galerie Douai, p. 525, t. 37, f. 5, 6—? P.
intorta PENNANT.—P. minor WALLACE and P. cornea MICHAUD,
teste Jeffr.— Patina pellucida Lracu, Moll. Gt. Brit., p. 224—Da..,
Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 280, t. 16, f. 30 (dentition).—Helcion
pellucidum JeFFR., Brit. Conch. ili, p. 242, t. 5, f. 4—Nacella
pellucida Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 119, t. 2, f. 8 (dentition).
—P. cypridium Perry, Conchology, t. 48, f. 6—P. levis PENNANT,
Brit. Zool. iv, p. 144, t. 90, f. 151.—Patina levis Leacn, l. ¢., p. 224.
—Patella cornea HEEBLING, Beitriige zur Kenntniss neuer u. seltener
Conchyl., in Abhandlungen einer Privatgesellschaft in Béhmen zur
Aufnahme der Mathematik, der Vaterlandischen Geschichte und
der Naturgeschichte, iv, p. 107, t. 1, f. 8, 1779.

A delicate cap-shaped shell, common on fronds of laminariz
throughout the seas of northern Europe.

Var. LAVIS Pennant. PI. 51, figs. 6, 7, 8.

Shell more erect, the summit more nearly central; solid, thick,
more obviously radiately striated and having coarse concentric
wrinkles. Length 22, breadth 18-20, alt. 8-10 mill.

The distribution is the same as the typical pellucida. The differ-
ences are the result of station, the devis living imbedded in the
stems of fuci. Specimens of all sizes may be found haying the typi-
cal levis form, but frequently a devis is surmounted by an earlier
growth of the pellucida type, like the similarly caused forms
of P. granularis, compressa, Acmea pelta, ete., ete.

PATELLA—PATINA. 111

P. TELLA Bergh. PI. 51, figs. 12-26.

Under this name Bergh has given the following description and
figures of the soft parts of a specimen, the shell of which had been
detached and lost.

The body measured in length 8°5, breadth 5 mill. The sole of
the foot (fig. 14) is oval, 8 mill. long, 43 broad. The color is light
brown, the sole having a median longitudinal band shining like a
tendon, not quite reaching to the posterior end. The foot was very
strong, having a narrow fringe except at the head and behind, but
not scalloped as it is in P. pellucida. The branchial cordon is inter-
rupted in front. The head is strong, exactly similar to that of P.
pellucida. At the three-cornered, kidney-shaped anterior end (fig.
15) is the broad three-cornered mouth, and behind it the oblique, as
if cleft, front end of the buccal mass. The tentacles were pretty
short, quite cylindrical (figs. 12, 13), similar to those of P. pellucida.
Unlike the latter, the eyes were not visible through the integument.
On the upper side of the head the radula showed blackly through.
The mantle-margin shows none or slight trace of a clothing with
closely placed, short, tentacular bodies. The positions of anal and
infra-anal papillze could not be determined.

Above in the mouth-opening projected the edge of the upper jaw.
The buccal mass wasstrong; about 2.5 mill. long by 1.5 broad. The
form of the basal-plate of the jaw was not observed. The cutting
(anterior) plate (fig. 17) was large, 1°3 mill. broad, light brownish-
yellow, darker at the back margin, half-moon-shaped, a little nar-
rower in the middle than at the sides, with obliquely excavated .
anterior margin, thin back margin. The tongue was similar to that
of P. pellucida, strongly black-pigmented at the side areas. The
teeth had fallen off. ‘The number of rows, however, seems to have
been 11. The odontophore sheath is very long, reaching over the
upper surface of the foot. The posterior end is lacking; the remain-
der has a length of 7 mill., its middle brownish, the sides with a
peculiar greenish-yellow luster. In the sheath there are 38 devel-
oped, 2 nearly developed (lighter colored) and 6 colorless, unde-
veloped, transverse series of tooth-plates. The dentition agrees in
all important characters with that of P. pellucida, as figured by
Lovén. In each row there are 12 teeth, the formula being
3¢")3 On the rhachis there is in the middle-line (figs. 19,
20), a low, elongated, narrow (median) ridge, without cusp:
(homologous with the rhachidian tooth in Ancistromesus), and on

ay PATELLA—PATINA.

each side of it three strong lateral teeth, of which the inner one is
more or less fused with the median at their bases. The inner lat-
eral (fig. 21) and the median lateral were rather similar to one
another, the second lateral (rig. 19a, a, 20a,.a) heing only somewhat
stronger, with somewhat S-shaped base (fig. 19); the cusps being
on both strong but narrow. The outer lateral was much stronger
than the others; the basal-plate broader (fig 25); the cusp broad,
three-cuspidate, the outer cusp shovel-shaped, the two inner nar-
rower, more acute. Of the 3 uncinal teeth on the pleura of each
side (figs, 25-26), the outer is larger (fig. 23), the inner the smallest.
They show themselves often as if fastened on the upper part of the
basal-plate of the outer lateral tooth (figs. 28, 24). All three pairs
of lateral teeth show the basal part and the outer portion of the
cusp amber-yellow, the intermediate part was almost: as clear as
glass. The side cusps were light horn-yellow. The length of the
basal-part of the middle lateral tooth is about 0°15 mill.; the height
from 0°15-0'16 mill. The length of the base of the outer lateral
tooth 0°145-0:15, the breadth 0:14 mill.; the height of the tooth
0:16-0°18 mill.; the breadth of the cusp was about 0:12-0:13 mill. ;
the length of the outer side-cusp 0:1, the middle 0:08, the inner
0:056 mill. The cusp of the outer was 0:025 mill. high.

In the stomach was found a large-celled vegetable mass, similar
to that found in various Pleurophyllids.

Sargasso Sea.

Patina tella Beran, Beitrige zur Mollusken des Sargassomeeres,
in Verhandlungen der k.-k. zool.-bot. Gesellschaft in Wien, xxi, p.
1297, t. 12, f. 12-26 (1871.)

The explanation of figures is as follows:

12. Head, from above.

13. Head, from in front.

14. Sole of the foot.

15. Buccal mass from the side; a anterior end, 6 broken radula
sheath.

16. Buccal mass from below, a, 6, as above.

17. Front or cutting plate of the jaw, cutting edged turned up-
ward.

19. Median ridge, inner and middle lateral teeth from the under
side.

20. Median ridge, inner and a middle lateral tooth, obliquely
from beneath.

HELCION—PATINA. 1 is:

21. Inner lateral tooth, from the side.

25. Outer lateral tooth and side cusp, from the inner side.
24. The same, from the outer side.

25. The same, from the posterior side.

26. The three uncini.

P. prurnosa Krauss. PI. 51, figs. 11, 11; pl. 13, figs. 68, 69.

Shell oval, depressed-conical, nearly smooth, the apex near the
front fourth of the length. Surface having faint radiating stric.
Color varying from yellowish-olive to blackish-olive often mottled or
rayed, and having fine interrupted radiating lines of blue. Interior
olivaceous, dusky-whitish in the cavity.

Length 28, breadth 21, alt. 6 mill.

Length 31, breadth 24, alt. 9 mill.

Cape Good Hope.

P. pruinosa Krauss, Die Stidafric. Moll., p. 56, t. 3, f. 9—REEVE,
Conch. Icon., f. 109.—Patinastra pruinosa TarELE, Das Gebiss der
Schn. ii, p. 326, t. 28, f. 24, 25 (dentition and jaw.)

It is larger and more depressed than P. pellucida. The blue lines
are broken into minute dots. It has the same indistinct radiating
strie that are to be seen on the European species.

Dr. Thiele has made this the type of a new genus, Patinastra,
founded upon a very slight difference in the dentition, which is inter-
mediate between that of Patina and Helcion.

TCA E

ok

P. RosEA Dall. PI. 50, fig. 44.

Shell small, egg-ovate, of a deep rose color; externally smooth
except for very faint radiating ridges divaricating from the apex, and
for lines of growth. Margin entire; apex minute, produced before
the anterior margin. Interior smooth, white except the margins,
which are polished and of the same color as the exterior. Nacre,
especially when weathered, silvery. Length °35, width ‘27, alt. -12
inch, of largest specimen. (Dall.)

East side of Simeonoff Island, Shumagins.

Nacella (#) rosea Datu, Proc. Cal. Acad, Sci. iv, p. 270, t. 1, f. 2
(Oct. 8, 1872.)

The soft parts have not been examined. ‘The position of this shell

in Nacella where originally placed, is therefore, doubtful. It may
8

114 NACELLA.

prove to be a Patina, which the types, seen by me in the U.S.
National Museum, resemble as much as they do Nacella.

Subfamily Nacetiin#, Thiele.

The researches of Thiele have demonstrated that there are but
two lateral teeth on each side in Nacella, Patinella and Helcioniscus,
whilst Patella, Helcion, Patina, etc., possess three on each side.
This difference is undoubtedy of considerable value, and I therefore
depart from the arrangement adopted in the synopsis of groups on
page 79, and consider the forms in my second division “ B. One
inner lateral tooth on each side anterior” as constituting the sub-
family NACELLIN”!.

The subfamily differs from Patelline in possessing the character-
istic dental formula ;(,,);, and in the shells having a distinctly
metallic luster inside ;—the genus Patella having the formula of teeth
3("",); and the inside of the shell either transparent and fibrous, or
opaque, porcellanous.

On pages 79, 80, I have divided this group into two subgenera:
(1) Nace, with sections Nacella s. s. and Patinella Dall, and
(II) Hetcroniscus Dall. These divisions are used in the same
limits by Thiele (/. ¢.), except that he considers the three as of
generic rank, as Dall has already done.

Genus NACELLA Schumacher, 1817.

Nacella Scuum., Essai d’un nouv. Syst., p. 179.—Daux, Amer.
Journ. Conch. vi, p. 274, 1871.—Tu1ELr, Das Gebiss der Schn. i,
p. 329.—not Nacella of CARPENTER, Sars, et al.

The gill-cordon is continuous.

The foot is encircled by a scalloped epipodial ridge, interrupted in
front.

The dentition is practically the same as in Helcioniscus (q. v.),
differing notably from that of Patella and Helcion-+ Patina.

The shell has the apex subcentral or anterior, and is characterized
by a peculiarly metallic texture, having the central area of the in-
terior generally of a red-bronze color. ;

The shell and dentition of Nacella approach near to Helcioniscus,
but from this and all other Patedlide it is sundered by the presence
of a developed epipodial ridge.

Cape Horn was evidently the birth place of Nacel/a and Patinella.
Thence they have been distributed eastward to the Falkland, New

NACELLA. 115)

Georgia and Kerguelen islands, by the eastward sweeping Antarctic
current, carrying them upon sea weeds.

A number of West American species placed under Nacella by
Carpenter and others belong to Aemea.

Two sections, having but slight distinctive characters in either
shell or soft parts, have been instituted :

(1). Nacella s. str., having the gills smaller in front, the shell thin,
light, nearly smooth, the apex far forward.

(2). Patinella Dall, in which the gills are equal all around, the
shell more solid, and deeply colored.

Section Nacel/a Schum. (restricted.)

The dentition has been figured by Dall, and lately with more
exactness by Thiele.

According to Thiele, the typical NV. mytilina is more closely allied
in dentition to Patinelia than to the other species of Nacella
recognized by him, N. vitrea and N. hyalina. The rhachidian tooth
is rudimentary and bears no cusp. ‘The inner side-tooth (homolo-
gous, according to Thiele, with the second lateral in Pated/a) is
broad, truncated, and has an outer cusp ; the second side tooth is
posterior, and bears a small cusp on each side of the broad, truncated
median cutting edge. PI. 74, fig. 3, represents N. vitrea Phil.; pl.
74, fig. 4, represents NV. mytilina Helbl.

Only one species of this section, as restricted, is known. It lives
upon the great sea weeds of the Tierra del Fuego shores.

N. mytitrna Helbling. PI. 50, figs. 32-39.

Shell thin or fragile, elliptical, convex, the apex strongly curved
forward and downward near the anterior end; surface smooth except
for narrow, faint, separated radiating riblets, more distinctly devel-
oped in front. Color usually light brownish, the apex coppery.

Inside silvery, large specimens usually having a coppery stain in
the middle. Length 41, breadth 24, alt. 17 mill.

Sts. of Magellan; Kerguelen Is.

P. mytilina Hetpsirinc, Abhandl. einer Privatgesellsch. in
Bohmen zur Aufnahme der Mathematik, der vaterlandischen
Geschichte u. der Naturgeschichte, iv, p. 104, t. 1, f. 5, 6, A779).—
P. mytilina Gn., Syst. xii, p. 3698—Scuus. & Waen., Conch:
Cab. xii, p. 124, t. 229, f. 4052, 4053.—P. conchacea Gm., /. ¢., p.

116 NACELLA.

3708.—Nacella mytiloides Scuum., Syst. Vers Test. p. 179.—W.
cymbularia Lam., An. s. Vert. vi, p. 385.—Putt.., Abbild., ii, t. 1,
f. 2 (not P. cymbularia DELEssERT, Rec. de Cog. t. 23, f. 8, =P.
enea Martyn).—P. cymbuloides Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, p.
422.— Nacella cymbalaria (sic) RoCHEBRUNE & MABILLE, Mission
Cape Horn p. 97.—Nacella compressa MABILLE & RocHEBRUNE, l.
ec. p. 98, t. 5, f£. 9.—P. cymbium Putt, Arch. f. Naturg. 1845, p. 60;
Abbild. p. 7.—P. vitrea Putu., Abbild., t. 1, f. 4—Nacella vitrea
THIELE, Das Gebiss, 11, t. 28, f. 28 (dentition).—P. hyalina PHIL.,
l.¢., f. 3.—Nacella hyalina THIELE, /. ¢., f. 29 (dentition).— Nacella
mytilina Datu, Am. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 274, t. 16, f. 26 (dentition). .
THIELE, J. ¢., t. 28, f. 30, (dentition).—P. (Nacella) mytilina SMirH,
Philos. Trans. elxviii, p. 181.

The thin texture, oblong form and anterior apex are diagnostic
of this delicate species. It varies considerable in the position of the
apex ; in some specimens it is nearly marginal. The color is also
variable, “some being of a general grayish tint, varied at intervals
with darker concentric rings and often a few radiating palish stripes
on theribs. Others are uniformly yellowish-brown, others pale luteous
broadly striped with black, and finally, others are of a uniform
pale horny color, but all have the apex cupreous.” (S.)

There is no reason for ignoring Helbling’s work on this species
except that his book is not a common one. But surely if Martyn’s
names are to be accepted, one cannot close the door upon the
properly proposed names of the German author.

The synonymous P. compressa Mab. & Rochebr. is figured on pl.
50, fig. 37.

Var. HYALINA Phil. PI. 50, figs. 38, 39.

Apex at or very near the anterior margin. The specimens before
me show numerous forms between this and the typical mytilina.

A large series of radulze must be examined before the differences
found by Thiele can be acknowledged to be of specific value. This
organ no doubt varies just as the shells do, in minor characters. In-
deed there is often considerable variation in the teeth ofa single
odontophore !

Section Patinella Dall, 1871.

Patinella Daux, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 272.—THIELE, Das
Gebiss der Schnecken, ii, p. 830, 1891.

NACELLA. ial

This section differs from Nacedla s. s. in having the branchial pro-
cesses equally developed all around, and the shell more solid and
more intensely colored.

The dentition is in all essentials similar to that of Nacella s, str.
Indeed there are no characters upon which a separation more than
specific can be based. At the same time, there is some considerable
variation observed among the various species of Patinella, part of
which may be specific, part merely individual variation. A large
number of radulee must be examined before safe specific characters
can be based upon this organ, as it varies just as do the shells. PI.
74, fig. 5, represents the dentition of NV. venosa ; pl. 74, fig. 7, 8, that
of N. fuegiensis.

The New Zealand species referred by Hutton to Patinella belong
to Helcioniscus (q. v.). They have the branchial cordon incomplete
in front, and no epipodial ridge has been observed in them,—this
last character being the main diagnostic mark of Nacella+ Patinella.

N. ane Martyn. PI. 15, figs. 5, 6; pl. 45, figs. 22, 23.

Shell solid, elevated, ovate, the breadth three-fourths of the length ;
apex somewhat anterior, but behind the anterior third, and always
somewhat curving forward. Sculptured by 34-38 rather strong
radiating ribs, which are typically closely scale-grained, but as
frequently almost smooth. Color brownish-ashen with several con-
centric dark brown zones; when worn, of a ferruginous-brown all
over.

Interior lustrous, whitish or of a bronze tint, the center with an
irregular red-bronze area, which is generally (but not alvaye) rather
small and indistinct. Margin scalloped.

Length 63, breadth 48, alt. 26 mill.

Straits of Magellan.

P. enea Martyn, Universal Conchologist i, t. 17.—ReEEve,
Conch. Icon., f. 9—Smiru, Philos. Trans. vol. 168, p. 179, 1879.—
? P. rustica PeRRy, Conchology, t. 43, f.2.— P. guadichaudi Buarny,
Dict. Sci. Nat. xxxviii, p. 93 (1825.)

Typical enea is thicker than var. deaurata ; the dark stripes of the
exterior are faint or imperceptible within; the apex is more central.
It is more ovate than var. magellanica, the apex less erect.

The description and figures given above, as well as the synonymy,
apply to typical enea only.

118 NACELLA.

The series of this species before me is very extensive, and shows
such remarkable variations that it is not unlikely that all described
species of Patined/a will be found to be connected by intermediate
forms. The specimens of @nea may be separated by moderately
definite characters into three varietal types: (1) typical anEaA, de-
fined above ; (2) var. DEAURATA; and (8) var. MAGELLANICA.

Var. DEAURATA Gmelin. PI. 46, figs. 28-36.

Shell rather thin, oblong, depressed, the apex in front of the an-
terior third, somewhat curving forward.

Interior showing bronze-brown radiating stripes on a light ground,
the central area reddish or blackish bronze, oblong, generally dis-
tinct. Length 56, breadth 38, alt. 16 mill.

Straits of Magellan.

P. deaurata Gmeu. Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3703.—P. cymbularia
DELEssSERT (not Lam.) Rec. de Coq. Lam’k., t. 23, f. 8.—P. fer-
ruginea Sows., Genera of Shells, Patella, f. 4—P. delessertii PHIL.,
Abbild. iii, p. 9, t, 1, f. 5—P. varicosa ReEve, Conch. Icon. f. 21.—
? P.adunca Perry, Conchology, t. 43, f. 5.—Nacella strigatella
Rocuesr. & Mas., Mission du Cap Horn, Moll., p. 96, t, 5, f. 8—
P. ferruginea Woop, Index, Patella, f. 32.

Distinguished from typical enea by being more depressed, thinner,
the apex more anterior. The riblets of the outer surface are some-
times nearly obsolete, sometimes strongly developed ; and they may
be either smooth or granose, the grains having a scale-like character,
as in @nea.

I am much disposed to consider P. polaris of Martens and Pfeffer
a form of this variety. |

Specimens in which the stripes anastomose and branch were
called varicosa by Reeve (pl. 46, figs. 33). I surmise that Gmelin’s.
P. flaminea (Syst. xiii, p. 3716) and Woods’ P. flaminea (Index, pl.
38, f. 71) are identical with varicosa.

The outer surface is frequently bluish-white, ribs yellowish, but
sometimes the ribs are rust-brown. I have seen specimens of a clear
yellow, lacking radiating stripes; and others occur in which the
stripes unite to make a uniform dark brown shell.

This variety is further modified into oblong forms having the anex
decidedly curved over, and near to the anterior end. Such a form
is that called cymbularia by Delessert (pl. 44, fig. 20), and striga-

NACELLA. 119

tella Rochebrune and Mabille. These forms are like Nacella mytilina
in contour, but they are more solid and ribbed.

Var. MAGELLANICA Gmelin. PI. 44, figs. 9-17; pl. 43, figs. 1-6.

Shell rounded-oval, high-conical, the apex nearly erect ; varying
from strongly radiately ribbed to smooth. Unicolored, radiately
streaked, or having oblique stripes.

Interior generally very dark, the muscle-scar sometimes snowy-
white. Length 45, breadth 36, alt. 27 mill.

P. magellanica GMEL., Syst. xiii, p. 3703.—REEvE, Conch. Icon.,
f. 19.—Patinella magellanica Dati, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 273,
t. 15, f. 24 (soft parts and dentition).—Patella atramentosa Rvr.,
Conch. Icon., f. 41.—P. venosa Rv., f. 18.—P. chilensis Rv., f. 98.—
P. meridionalis RocHEBRUNE & MABILLE, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris
7th Ser., ix, p. 109, 1885; Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn, vi,
p. 94, t. v, f. 4.—P. metallica R. & M., U. ¢., p. 91, t. 5, f. 5—P.
pupillata R. & M., 1. ¢., p. 92, t. 5, f. 6—P. tincta R. & M., 1. ¢., p.
93, t. 5, £ 7.

Rounder than typical enea, and having a more central, erect and
elevated apex.

Here belong a number of forms described by Reeve years ago,
and by Rochebrune and Mabille recently. The paper by the last
authors, on the mollusks of Cape Horn, is an admirable specimen of
how systematic zoological work should not bedone. The ignorance
displayed is only excelled by the lack of judgment. We should,
however, give MM. Rochebrune and Mabille the benefit of the
doubt as to whether their species and groups were intended seriously
or as a jest.

This variety is well represented by the figures 9-11 of pl. 44,
drawn from specimens collected at Santa Cruz River, Patagonia.
The ribs are strong and carinated in some specimens, almost com-
pletely obsolete in others, this comparative smoothness not being the
result of erosion. The central area of the interior is sometimes
partly of a snow-white color (pl. 44, fig. 12) ; sometimes the muscle-
sear is white (pl. 44, fig. 16.)

P. meridionalis R. & M. (pl. 48, figs. 1, 2), P. pupillata R. & M.
(pl. 43, figs. 3, 4), P. tincta R. & M. (pl. 48, figs. 5, 6) and P.
metallica R. & M. (pl. 44, figs. 17) are ordinary forms of magellanica.

The form called atramentosa by Reeve (pl. 44, figs. 13, 14,) has
the ribs wide and subobsolete ; whitish with broad blackish rays.

120 NACELLA.

Reeve’s P. chiloensis (pl. 45, figs. 20, 21,) is similar to atramentosa
but darker,

The P. venosa Rve. (pl. 45, figs. 24-27) is rounded, the ribs almost
completely obsolete, painted with divaricating stripes. The interior
is peculiarly rich in coloring, being suffused with bronze-red, the
muscle-scar lilac. Numbers of this form are before me.

I suppose the P. areolata Gmel. (Syst., p. 3716 ; Wood’s Index, pl.
38, f. 70) to be the same as venosa.

N. ryrapiata Reeve. PI. 20, figs. 48, 44.

Shell ovate, elevately convex, somewhat compressed at the sides,
everywhere rather obsoletely, radiately latticed ; whitish, obscurely
rayed with a very few red lines in pairs, lines irregular, distorted.
Interior white, red lines distinct, chestnut in the middle. (Rve.)

Habitat unknown.

P. inradiata REEv®#, Conch. Icon., f.77.. Jan., 1855.

A deep cup-like opaque-white shell, obscurely latticed throughout,
irregularly rayed with a few straggling red lines, which are most dis-
tinctly seen in the interior. (Ave.)

This is a form Ihave not seen. It may prove to be one of the
many color-varieties of P. enea var. deaurata.

N. potaris Hombron & Jacquinot. PI. 49, figs. 21-27.

Shell oblong-ovate, more or less compressed, sculptured with
rounded, rather distant, sparingly nodose radiating ribs, often
obsolete; margin roundly crenated; exterior usually eroded
brown; interior shining bronze-black; vertex inclined forward,
situated at the front 3-3 of the length. (IL)

Length 51, breadth 386, alt. 23 mill.

Length 48, breadth 35, alt. 26 mill. (especially high.)

Length 59, breadth 40, alt. 22 mill (the longest, rather flat.)

Length 47, breadth 33, alt. 14 mill. (the flattest.)

South Georgia.

P. polaris Martens & PFEFFER, Mollusken von Stid Georgien,
in Jahrb. der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten ili, p.
101, t. 2, f. 11-18 (1886).—P. polaris H. & J., Ann. des Sci. Nat.
(ii) xvi, p. 191, (1841.)

P. kerguelensis E. A. Smith is notably wider posteriorly, and is
not so dark inside. (Mart.)

NACELLA. IAI

P. polaris approaches certain forms of P. enea var. deaurata, but
the ribs are more obsolete and the interior darker than is usually the
ease in that form.

N. KERGUELENSIS E. A. Smith. PI. 48, figs. 7, 8.

Shell oval, a little narrowed in front, rather elevated convex, the
apex prominent and well toward the front, especially in the young ;
widely radiately ribbed, the ribs little prominent, and often with
interstitial smaller riblets ; sculptured with elegantly undulating and
close concentric growth-lines. Exterior bluish-ashen, the ribs
usually darker, toward the apex ferrugineous in eroded examples.
Interior bronze-brown, generally paler toward the margin, which is
a little undulating; muscle-scar visible; a large example measures,

Length 82, breadth 70, alt. 45 mill. (Smith.)

Swain’s Bay and Royal Sound, Kerguelen Island, in about 1 fm.

P. ferruginea (Sows. MS. in Mus. Cuming) REEvs, Conch. Icon.,
f. 40, not P. ferruginea Gmel. nor P. ferruginea Sowb. Genera of
Shells, f. 4—P. kerguelensis E. A. Smiru, Zool. of Kerguelen Id.,
Moll., in Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. vol. 168, p. 177, t. ix, f. 13,
13a, (1879.)

Differs from P. enea Martyn in having the shell less prominently
costated, differently colored, and in the apex being very prominent
and much curved over, so as to give it a capuliform appearance, a
character constant in all specimens, young and old, elevated and de-
pressed ; it also differs in the coloration of the animal. (Smith.)

N. ruEGcrensis Reeve. PI. 49, figs. 28, 29, 30, 31.

Shell oval, rather thin, semitransparent, rather compressly raised ;
apex rounded, inclined anteriorly; radiately ridged, ridges thin,
numerous, densely crossed with concentric striz ; greenish, more or
less stained and blotched with chestnut-brown, apex bronze; interior
iridescent-bronze, radiately grooved, grooves sometimes partially
obsolete. ( Reeve.)

Tierra del Fuego; Orange Bay; Falkland Is.; Royal Sound and
Swain’s Bay, Kerguelen Id., everywhere common on the submerged
fronds of long floating kelp (Macrocystis) bordering the shore.

P. fuegiensis REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 75, (1855).—Patella
(Patinella) fuegiensis Smrru, Philos. Trans. vol. 168, p. 180, t. 9, f.
14, 14a.—P. fuegiensis RocHEBRUNE & MABILLE, Miss. Sci. du
Cap Horn, Moll., p. 95.

£23 NACELLA.

“The description given by Reeve is very good, but he does not
lay sufficient stress upon the beautiful raised concentric ridges. He
calls them strize, which term scarcely gives the idea of thread-like
lirations such as these. They are very closely packed and undulate
very prettily on and between the numerous radiating ribs.

“The figure, except in outline and the position of the apex, gives
but a poor idea of this beautifully sculptured Patella. It represents
the number of ribs at about forty, whereas there are usually about
sixty. The specimens from Kerguelen’s Island are a trifle narrower
and much more depressed than examples from the Falkland Islands;
in fact, it is only near the apex that they are at all raised, and to-
ward the margin they are upturned, so that the dorsal surface is
concave, and this form of the shell certainly prevents the animal
from entirely concealing itself when adhering to a flat surface: But
this peculiarity of form only exists in adult specimens, for several
small ones are like ordinary species in this respect. The radiating
ribs are almost obsolete in the flat examples, but the undulating
concentric lirations, which are more prominent and farther apart
than in the type form of the species, define their position ; in young
shells they are more pronounced. Color generally uniformly
purplish slate, with the apical region ferrugineous ; interior similarly
tinted, but rather more deeply. One shell has a white border.
They are all very thin and fragile, and the edge is very liable to
break off in a line with the concentric raised lines of growth.

“The animal has the sides and sole of the foot greenish-grey, the
edge of the mantle and gills pale buff, the tentacular filaments
on the margin of the mantle blackish except at their tips, tentacles
short and thick, pale buff, with a black spot above.

“The frill-like expansion of the foot, similar to that of P. enea
and P. kerguelensis, is a little above its edge, is bluntly serrated, and
interrupted beneath the head.

“Teeth of the lingual ribbon slightly hooked, in pairs, scarcely
diverging; the central pair two-pronged, the inner prong much
larger, spear-head shaped; the lateral pairs alternating with the
central ones are four-pronged, the innermost prong smallest, the
next two subequal, and the outside one situated nearly at right
angles to the rest of the tooth, about the same size or a trifle larger.”
(Smith.)

N. CLYPEATER Lesson. PI. 50, figs. 40, 41, 42, 43.

Shell circular or rounded-oval, rather thin but solid, de-
pressed, the apex a little in front of the middle. Outer surface

HELCIONISCUS. 123

lusterless, sculptured with fine and rather close radiating riblets,
sometimes subobsolete. Brownish or tawny, the riblets often
lighter, usually mottled with whitish toward the apex.

Interior bright silvery, the central area of a deep red-bronze,
muscle-scar snowy-white, surrounded with red-bronze.

Length 61, breadth 58, alt. 143 mill.

Coast of Chili at Valparaiso and Saint Vincent.

P. clypeater Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, Zool., p. 419, (1830).—

REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 38, 38b.

A nearly circular, depressed shell, having the bronze-brown color-
ing characteristic of Patinella. The interior sometimes has no white

-horse-shoe ; and in some examples the silvery outer zone is consider-

ably invaded by bronze stains.
This species has been reported from California, Lower California
and Japan, but not correctly.

Genus HELCIONISCUS Dall, 1871.

Helcioniscus Dati, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 227, (type Patella
variegata Reeve).—THIELE, in contin. Troschel’s Das Gebiss der
Schnecken, ii, pt. 7, 333 (full discussion and figures of the dentition).
—Cellana H. Apams, P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 274, (type WV. cernica.)

The gill-cordon is interrupted in front.

There are no epipodial processes or ridge on the sides of the foot.

The formula of teeth is 3(,'"))s.

The radula is long and spirally rolled. | The rhachidian tooth is
narrow, with a variously shaped forward appendage. The inner
lateral has an outward wing, and a simple, long, cusp; the outer
lateral has an inner long point with an outer side-cusp, besides a
short, mostly rounded longitudinal cutting-edge. The marginal
teeth are characteristic in appearance, the posterior part being
divided from the anterior, the connection being so thin as to be im-
perceptible. The inner marginal tooth has a cusp on its front end
(pl. 74, fig. 6, P. capensis Gmel.)

The shell is conical, apex subcentral or subanterior; inside hav-
ing a silvery and mica-like luster.

Distribution, Indian and Pacific Oceans, but not found on the
American shores north of Chili. No species have been found in
the Atlantic Ocean.

This group is closely allied to the Patinella section of Nacella,
having a very similar radula. It differs in the lack of an epipodial
ridge, in having the gill-cordon interrupted, and in the silvery-

124 HELCIONISCUS.

micaceous rather than bronzed-metallic luster of the interior of the
shell. ;

I have adopted below a division of the numerous species of
Helcioniscus into geographic groups as follows :

1. Chilian species.

. Polynesian and East Indian species.
. Japanese and Chinese species.
. Species of New Zealand and Australia.

5. Species of East Africa from the Red Sea to the Cape, and the
adjacent islands.

6. (Species of unknown locality.)

Without having examined all of the species, a perfectly natural ”
zoological grouping would be impossible. Certain apparently
natural groups, however, force themselyes upon us. Such are the
group of P. sagittata, containing sagittata, tahitensis, ardosica, amus-
sitata, toreuma, nigrolineata.

The group of P. exarata, containing exarata, argentata, melano-
stoma, boninensis, nigrisquamata, stearnsii, grata.

The group of P. rota, containing rota, capensis, novemradiata, vari-
abilis, dunkeri, cernica, ewcosmia, garconi, ete.

The New Zealand and Australian species also form a natural
group of equal value with the preceding.

A number of outlying forms, as well as some described species the
shells of which I have not seen, apparently belong to neither of these
four assemblages.

H OF bO

(1). CHILIAN SPECIES.

The limpets of South America belong mainly to demeide. The
Patellide being represented by Nacella+Patinella and by one or
two forms of Helcioniscus. Of these, the habitat of P. ardosica is
unquestionable, but that of P. nigrisquamata may still be con-
sidered open to revision.

H. arposr#us Hombron & Jacquinot. PI. 32, figs. 65, 64, 65, 66.

Shell erectly conical, short-oval or nearly circular, the apex nearly
central; slopes straight. Sculptured with close radiating strix,
which are not granose, every fourth one being somewhat larger.
Slate colored or light bluish-olive, darker on the upper part of the
cone, the eroded apex usually reddish.

Interior bluish- white, with silvery and opalescent reflections, the
central callus opaque-white tinted more or less with reddish, the

HELCIONISCUS. 125

front segment often darker, the edges more or less leaden. Edge
of shell narrowly bordered with slate-color.
Length 58, breadth 52, alt. 19 mill., (fig. 65.)
Length 48, breadth 40, alt. 24 mill., (fig. 66.)
Island of Juan Fernandez.

P. ardosiea H. & J., Ann. des Sci. Nat. (2), xvi, p. 190, (1841).
—P. clathratula REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 30, (1854.)

This is a very distinct form, allied to P. tahitensis Pse. but not
granulose (although there are concentric strix), and not variegated.
There are often very fine concentric wrinkles inside; and the interior
sometimes has an opaque white or lemon-tinted peripheral zone, or
rarely the entire surface between the reddish spatula and the narrow
border is silvery-yellow.

Half-grown specimens greatly resemble Hutton’s P. olivacea
except that that species has the apex slightly more anterior, the
spatula broader in front and not reddish, and the border narrower
and blacker.

This is one of the few species of Hombron and Jacquinot’s paper
which is portrayed by them with unmistakable accuracy. The
specimens orginally described and those of Reeve, as well as the
originals of my figures 64, 65, 66, were from Juan Fernandez.

H. NIGRISQUAMATUS Reeve. PI. 19, figs. 35,36; pl. 48, figs. 13, 14,

15.

Shell solid, oval, erectly, straightly conical, the altitude about half
the breadth ; apex erect, acute, a little in front of the center. Sculp-
tured with strong, narrow, closely nodule-scaled ribs, obscurely or
obviously alternating in size, and about 46-51 in number. Color
yellowish, often blackish-gray above and orange around the circum-
ference, having here and there scattered black scales or nodules.

Interior silvery, more or less orange-tinted and decidedly iri-
descent, the central area small, dark chestnut colored. In young or
half-grown shells.the interior shows black spots corresponding to the
black nodules of the outer surface, but in adults they are obscured by
the enlarging central callus. Edge having a narrow distinct fleshy-
orange border.

Length 63, breadth 52, alt. 28 mill.

Length 83, breadth 71 mill.

Concepcion, Chili (Dr. Ruschenberger) ; Australia (Reeve.)

126 HELCIONISCUS.

Patella nigrisquamata Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 3, (1854).—
Patella mazatlandica Sows., Zool. Beechey’s Voy. Moll., p. 148, t.
39, f. 12, 1831.

This species may be known by its erectly conical form, narrow
ribs, having close, high solid scales or nodules, of which some are
black, especially upon the upper part. The central area is small,
brown. The young (pl. 54, fig. 13) are spotted inside.

The P. nigrisquamata of Reeve, is a shell exhibiting but little
variation. Reeve gives the locality “ Australia,” but this has not
been confirmed. One tray of the specimens before me are from
Concepcion, Chili, collected by Dr. W.S. W. Ruschenberger. The
others lack record of locality.

The P. mazatlandica of Beechey’s Voyage, was said to come from
Mazatlan, but this is of course a mistake. Carpenter at one time
referred it to one of the Californian Acmeas as a synonym, but later
concurred in Hanley’s opinion that it was the same as P. exarata
Nutt. This opinion I am not prepared to endorse, for the internal
central callus of P. exarata is white, or sometimes partly black or
violet-purple, but it is never, I believe, chestnut brown, as in the
figures and description of Mazatlandica, which correspond exactly
with young specimens of nigrisquamata, now before me.

The name mazatlandica has priority, but in view of the doubt
attaching to its use, and the fact that it isa misnomer, I have deemed
it wisest to retain Reeve’s designation.

Compure also Patella boninensis Pilsbry.

The scattered black spots found on the upper part of the cone are
also seen in some specimens of P. exarata, and some other allied
species.

(2). East IyprIan AND POLYNESIAN SPECIES.

This region possesses species of two groups: strong, conical, rib-
bed species, such as exarata, argentata; and lower, more delicately
sculptured forms, sagittata, tahitensis, testudinaria. The Chilian
forms are evidently derived from this fauna, and the Japanese
species are very closely allied, belonging to the same two gronps.

H. exaratus Nuttall. Pl 47, figs) 1,2, 36) 7,:6,.95 10; ipa:
Shell oval, conical, the apex slightly in front of the center ; slopes

nearly straight. Surface sculptured with many very strong black

ribs on a slightly lighter ground, the ribs subequal, about 38-48 in

HELCIONISCUS. Tor

number; afew small intervening riblets often developed. Color
typically almost black.

Interior somewhat silvery, leaden-bluish, showing the dark ribs;
central area black, whitish in front, sometimes entirely white; often
of a beautiful purple.

Length 40, breadth 34, alt. 16 mill.

Sandwich Islands.

Patella exarata Nurv., Jay’s Catal., p. 88; Reeve, Conch. Icon.,
f. 47a, 47b, and 62a, 62b, 1854.—Prasr, Amer. Journ. Conch. vii,
p- 198, 1872.—P. sandwichensis Prasr, P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 537;
Amer. Journ. Conch. vii, p. 198, 1872.—P. undato-lirata REEVE,
Conch. Icon., f. 59.—Helcioniseus exaratus Dati, Amer. Journ.
Conch. vi, p. 279, t. 16, f. 29 (dentition)— Patella lugubris Blainv.,
Desu. Trait. Elém. de Conchyl., Atlas, t. 62, 18,14. (non Blain.)

This common Patella of the Sandwich Is. is readily known by its
numerous strong black ribs. It is so variable, and intermediate
forms are so numerous, that varietal names are scarcely admissible.

Some individuals (figs. 6, 7) are drab or gray, closely spotted with
black on the upper part of the cone, and having the ribs nodulose,
as in Patella nigrisquamata.

This species has been reported by Schrenck from the bay ot
Hakodadi, Japan. His specimens were identified by a comparison
with Reeve’s figures, not by comparison with actual specimens. In
all probability the Japanese specimens were imported, as were those
said by Reeve to be from Oregon.

The typical exarata, as first defined and figured by Reeve, is dark,
with black ribs (figs. 8, 9, 10.)

Pease states that his sandwichensis differs from typical exarata in
being thicker, more elevated, ribs generally larger, wider apart, more
prominent, and crenate or scabrous, generally having smaller inter-
mediate riblets. It is generally white inside. It inhabits deeper
water, and according to Mr. Pease, differs in taste from typical
exarata !

The form called Jutrata Nutt. (pl. 47, figs. 1,2, 3) is white, with a
few of the ribs brown. The central callus of the interior is white.

H. ARGENTATUS Sowerby. PI. 18, figs. 29, 30; pl. 65, fig. 93.

Shell large, solid, of a dome-like conical form, oval; slopes con-
vex ; apex subcentral (in the young more or less anterior). Sculp-
tured with very numerous unequal radiating riblets. Color chest-

128 HELCIONISCUS.

nut-brown, becoming coppery when rubbed; apex usually eroded
and coppery.

Inside having a large, distinct central callus of pure white, a
lusterless whitish zone around the muscle-impression, outside of which
it is bright, shining, and silvery or of a pale golden tint.

Dimensions of a moderate-sized individual: length 90, breadth 79,
alt. 42 mill. ,

Sandwich Is.

Patella argentata SowERBY, in Zool. Beechey’s Voy., H. M. 8.
Blossom, Moll., p. 148, t. 39, f. 7, (1839).—? Helcioniscus ? argenta-
tus “Gray” Datu, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 278, (This may be
P. clypeater Less.).— Patella cuprea REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 15, Oct.,
1854, (See also, errata to Patella, at end of index, Conch. Icon.).—
Patella talcosa Gup., U. 8. Expl. Exped. Moll. & Sh., p. 334, atlas
f. 452.—P. opea NuTTALL, according to specimens deposited in Mus.
Acad. N.S. Phila. by Nuttall (not P. opea Rve.)

A large, dome-shaped species, brown outside, pale-golden with a
white central callus inside. This species has been reported from
Australia, Chili and Japan, but upon wholly insufficient evidence.

In Beechey’s Voyage, the species is said to be from Chili, but as
the expedition also touched at Tahiti, and many of their shells be-
came mixed, there is no doubt of the true locality whence the types
were brought. The description and figure are unmistakable.
Several writers on the Japanese fauna have confused this with P.
clypeater, but this species is more raised than that, more solid, and
never marked with brown inside.

H. ARTICULATUS Reeve. PI. 65, figs. 87, 88.

Shell hexagonally ovate, attenuated in front, rather flatly de-
pressed, everywhere radiately ridged and striated ; olive, yellow rays
at the angles, ridges articulated with purple-black and white. In-
terior rather silvery.

A rather compressly flattened species, divided on the surface into
seven to ninesubangular areas, rayed with neatly articulated ridges.

(Rve.)
Island of Ticao, Philippines.

P. articulata REEVk, Conch. Icon., f. 97, 1855.

H. TEsTUDINARIA Linné. PI. 25, figs. 16, 17, 18, 19.

Shell large, thick and solid, oval, conic or depressed, the apex at
about the front third; posterior slope convex. Surface nearly
smooth, but showing inconspicuous, close, low radiating riblets, gener-

HELCIONISCUS. 129

ally more obvious in the young. Broadly rayed with alternate dark
chestnut and soiled white or pinkish, the dark rays spotted with
light, the light rays with dark.

Interior varying from bluish-white to yellow, somewhat translucent
and with a micaceous luster, the central area white, often outlined
with brown or yellow; border colored by the dark rays of the ex-
terior.

Length 85, breadth 75, alt. 33 mill.

Length 87, breadth 74, alt. 24 mill.

Philippines (Rve.) ; Singapore (Phil. Acad. Coll.) ; Cape Good
Hope (Frauenfeld.)

P. testudinaria Linn., Syst. Nat. x, p. 783—Hantey, Sh. of
Linn., p. 427.—ReEeEveE, Conch. Icon., f. 6—P. insignis DuNKER,
Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, 1866, p. 941——FRAUENFELD, Reise
der 6sterreichischen Fregatte ‘ Novara’ um die Erde, Zool. Theil,
ii, Moll., p. 14, t. 2, f 25, 1868.—P. rumphii Buatnv. Dict. Sci. Nat.
XXXVili, p. 95, (1825.)

A large solid species, nearly smooth, rayed and curiously spotted
with brown and whitish.

H. TAutrensis Pease. PI. 67, figs. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.

Shell conical, rounded-oval, the apex erect, and situated within the
middle third of the length. Slopes but slightly convex. Surface
sculptured with closely granulose lirulze, indistinctly alternating in
size. Color dusky, with indistinct reddish zigzags; but if held to-
ward the light a beautiful pattern of distinct reddish zigzag stripes
on a light ground, is seen.

Interior silvery-blue, the central callus white in front, becoming
indistinct and leaden posteriorly.

Length 34, breadth 30, alt. 11 mill.

Tahiti.

Tectura tahitensis Psr., Amer. Journ. Conch. iv, p. 98, t. 11, f. 21,
(1868.)

Decidedly more erect than P. sagittata, with coarser radiating
lirulze and different coloring. It is more coarsely sculptured than
P. amussitata. Fig. 8 represents the color-pattern as seen by look-
ing through the shell.

The zigzag or v-shaped markings are much broken in one spec-
imen before me (fig. 7), and there are several broad red dashes on
one side. A large series would doubtless show further variations
and interruptions of the typical pattern. 9

130 HELCIONISCUS.

H. sacitratus Gould. PI. 65, figs. 89, 90, 91, 92.

Shell depressed, rounded-oval, the apex curving forward, situated
at about the front fourth; surface closely sculptured with radiating
strie, which are granose in front, usually less so behind. ‘Color
dusky olive-green, with obscure radiations of dusky; but if held up
to the light the whole shell is found to be most beautifully reticulated
and radiated with arrow-head dusky spots, often articulated with
whitish.”

Interior blue or bluish-white, the central callus orange in adults,
yellowish-green in the young, its outlines not sharply defined.

Length 38, breadth 34, alt. 13 mill.

Length 39, breadth 36, alt. 9 mill.

Viti and Fiji Islands.

P. sagittata Gup., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. 11, p. 148, July, 1846;
U.S. Expl. Exped. Moll. & Sh., p. 337, atlas, f. 449.

A rounded-oval, depressed and arched species, having finely
granose radiating lirule. The coloring is dusky, indistinctly pat-
terned, but if held toward the light an elegantly figured design
is seen. There are usually separated narrow radii of alternate dark
and light, the intervals variously reticulated ; but these articulated
rays are often lost in the general dusky net-work.

This species differs from P. amussitata in having the apex more
anterior, the ribs finer, the pattern of coloring different. It is not
so elongated as P. torewma and differs in color-pattern and sculpture.

H. REYNARDI Deshayes. PI. 66, figs. 94, 95.

Shell ovate, thin, fragile, depressed, radiately striated, strize un-
equal, subgranose; apex obtuse; margin entire; interior pearly,
central dise white; outside having radiating reddish-brown bands.

Length 50, width 40 mill. (Dh.)
Ceylon.

P. Reynaudi Du., in Belangers’ Voy. aux Indes-Orientales, Zool.,
p. 411, atlas t. 2, f. 11, 12; Da. in Lam’k.,, vii, p. 548.

H. FLexuosus Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 66, figs. 96-98.

Shell small, fragile, orbicular, angulate, arcuate, the vertex only
elevated; margins flexuous, obsoletely striated, whitish-brown
dotted, apex rosy; inside bluish, cavity orange.

Length 10 lines. (Q. & G.)
Island of Vanikoro.

P. flecuosa Q. & G., Voy. de l’Astrol. iii, p. 844, pl. 70, f. 9-11.

HELCIONISCUS. 131

(8). JAPANESE AND CHINESE SPECIES.
The Patellas of this region may be distinguished by the key
given below.

Neither P. clypeater nor P. argentata (cuprea) inhabit Japan, the
citations of these species by Schrenck and Dunker being erroneous.

Key to Japanese Patellide.

Shell more or less silvery or iridescent inside (Helcioniscus.)
Conical, having about 50 strong, close elevated riblets, alternating
[or subequal in size.
Large, light buff; border of the inside narrow, yellowish,
H. Boninensis Pils.
Variegated with brown; border of the inside conspicuously

black-blotched, Hi. Stearnsii Pils.
Conical, having several smaller riblets in each interval between
the larger ribs, H, pallidus Gld.

Ribs fine or obsolete.
Solid, with radiating dark lines; spatula orange-red; ribs
obsolete, H. nigrolineatus Rye.
Thin, with very finely beaded riblets or strize,
H. amussitatus Rve.

Thin, with very fine strize, not beaded, FH. toreuma Rve.
Shell porcellanous inside, opaque, not iridescent (Scutellastra.)
Depressed, having strong irregular ribs, P. stelleformis Rve.

H. BonINENSIS Pilsbry. Pl. 66, figs. 1, 2; pl. 67, fig. 3.

Shell large, solid, oval, erectly, straightly conical, the apex a little
in front of the middle; posterior slope a little convex, the other
slopes straight; basal side-margins a little elevated, so that the
shell is supported by the ends alone when resting upon a plane sur-
face.

Sculptured with numerous (48-55) subequal radiating ribs (and
sometimes some small interstitial riblets), the ribs varying from
closely and rather weakly crenulated to strongly tubercled.

The color is a uniform light buff, somewhat soiled, and having
sometimes a few small black spots around the apex.

Interior: the muscle-impression is of a snowy or bluish-white ;
outside of it there is a broad band varying in different individuals
from creamy-brown to deep chestnut, outside of which there is a
silvery, slightly iridescent zone, extending to the narrow yellow

132 HELCIONISCUS.

border. The large central area is either cream-colored with a dis-
tinct dark laciniate outline, or is of an umber-brown, lighter in the
depth. From each angle of the anterior head-segment of the central
callus, a narrow dark band radiates, passing through the dark zone
which surrounds the muscle-scar.

Length 100, breadth 85, alt. 40 mill. (no. of riblets 53.)

Length 90, breadth 75, alt. 40 mill. (no. of riblets 50.)

Length 88, breadth 77, alt. 40 mill. (no. of riblets 48.)

Bonin Is., north of Japan.

Patella (Helcioniscus) boninensis Pruspry, The Nautilus, Nov-
ember, 1891, p. 79.

This magnificent limpet approaches the P. nigrisquamata of Reeve,
but may be readily distinguished by its much larger central callus
inside, the two diverging brown streaks mentioned in the description,
etc. The two forms are moreover widely separated geographically.

The specimens were seen and purchased by Mr. Frederick
Stearns, of Detroit, Michigan, at the Third National Exhibition at
Tokyo, 1890. They are called in Japanese, Yome-gai-sara, “ Bride-
cup shells.”

H. stEarnsil Pilsbry. PI. 48, figs. 16, 17, 18.

Shell solid, elevated-conical, oval; apex a little behind the front
third of the length; front slope straight or concave, posterior slope
convex. Sculptured with about 51 unequal closely nodulose ribs,
separated by deep interstices. Surface lusterless, soiled whitish, hav-
ing irregular rays of reddish-brown, and speckled with the same on
the upper part of the cone.

Interior bluish-white rayed or mottled with darker by the dark
rays of the exterior; central area strongly defined, reddish-brown
with a white stain in the cavity of the apex; edge of the shell
scalloped. The dark rays become vivid deep brown or black at the
border, the dark blotches alternating with white.

Length 41, breadth 313, alt. 27 mill.

Length 38, breadth 29, alt. 21 mill.

Province of Ki, Japan.

P. (Helcioniscus) Stearnsii Pruspry, The Nautilus, Jan., 1891,
p- 100.

This handsome shell is sculptured with closely nodulose ribs,
obscurely alternating in size. There are 10 or 11 irregular dark
rays on the outside, much broken into spots on the upper part of the

HELCIONISCUS. 133

cone. The apex is at the front ¢ of the length. The interior shows
fine transverse wrinkles when examined under a lens. It is not
especially iridescent except at the border, where there is a narrow
strip of fiery-orange iridescence between the blue-white of the interior
and the blackish stained border. The species is named in honor of
Mr. Frederick Stearns of Detroit, Michigan, who collected the shells
when traveling in Japan.

H. pauiipus Gould. PI. 67, figs. 9, 10.

Shell subovate, elevated, erectly-conical, solid; white both out-
side and within, or whitish-yellow ; having close concentric sulci and
strie, and radiating unequal ribs, the ribs plicate or obsoletely
plicate-tuberculate ; there are 20-25 larger ribs radiating from the
summit itself; of the smaller interstitial riblets there are about 60.
Apex subcentral or at the front } of the length. Margin of the
aperture undulating. (Schrenck.)

Length 40, breadth 33, alt. 24 mill.

Length 60, breadth 51, alt. 29 mill.

Hakodadi, Japan.

P. pallida GouLD, Proce. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii, p. 162.—Dxr., Ind.
Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 156—P. lamanonii Scurencx, Reisen und
Forsch. im Amurl. ii, p. 303, t. 14, f. 6-9.

Characterized by its light color and the sculpture, consisting of
radiating ribs, and having several riblets in each interval. I have
seen none but immature specimens.

H. NIGROLINEATUS Reeve. PI. 14, figs. 71, 72, 73, 74; pl. 18, figs.

48, 49,

Shell solid, oval, rather depressed ; apex at the front third ; slopes
slightly convex; surface nearly smooth, the young having sub-
obsolete radiating riblets; bluish, with numerous narrow radiating
stripes of red, or sometimes black.

Interior dark-silvery, showing (especially in young shells) black
radiating stripes. Central callus bright orange-red, veined with black,
its front portion white or nearly so.

Length 74, breadth 60, alt. 18 mill.

Enoshima (Fr. Stearns), Nagasaki (Lischke) and Tsus-sima (Ad.),
Japan; Camiguan, Philippines (Rve.)

P. mgrolineata Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 43—LiscuKr, Jap.
Meeres-Conchyl. i, p. 111, t. 8, f. 5-11; ii, p. 108, t. 7, f. 1-6,

134 HELCIONISCUS.

A magnificent species, the handsomest of the Japanese limpets.
The rays of the outside are generally dull red, but sometimes are
brown or dull black. Between them the surface is normally of a
peculiar light blue tint. In some specimens (pl. 13, figs. 48, 49),
there are numerous fine, close waved concentric reddish lines, and
these shells generally show a peculiar mottled pattern inside. The
spatula is normally orange-red, more or less veined with black, but
the black sometimes predominates. There is, in all the specimens
I have seen, a light or white tract on the forward part of the spatula.

My description is drawn from specimens kindly furnished me by
Mr. Frederick Stearns.

Var. DIVERGENS Pilsbry. PI. 73, figs. 81, 82, 88, 84.

A Helcioniscus between nigrolineata and toreuma. It is rather
thick and solid, at least as thick as nigrolineata. Surface haying a
distinct sculpture of subgranose, crowded unequal radiating striz.
Apex at the front fourth. Color purplish-brown, having rays of
greenish-white, of which nine extend to the margin.

Interior dark, leaden, with silvery reflections, showing the white
rays. Spatula opaque white in front, leaden-brown behind.

Length 423, breadth 82, alt. 83 mill.

Enoshima, Japan.

Fig. 84 represents the shell as it appears when held between the
eye and a strong light. The color-pattern, otherwise obscure, is
thus distinctly seen.

H. amussitatus Reeve. PI. 14, figs. 75-79; pl. 68, figs. 11, 12, 138.

Shell thin but rather solid, ovate, conical; apex in front of the
middle; slopes nearly straight. Surface sculptured with fine, close,.
regularly and closely beaded radiating riblets or striz. Light yel-
lowish-brown, with inconspicuous darker rays, usually 11 in num-
ber, and sometimes speckled with reddish and opaque white, or
mottled with purplish.

Interior bluish-silvery, iridescent, conspicuously finely crenulated
toward the border; central area not distinctly outlined, whitish or
dull brown. Length 44, breadth 36, alt. 123 mill.

Bonin Is. and Japan to Philippines.

P. amussitata Rve., Conch. Icon. f. 83.—ScHRENCcK, Reis. und
Forsch. im Amurl. ii, p. 30, t. 14, f. 4, 5—LiscuKxe, Jap. Meeres-
Conch. i, p. 109; ii, p. 100, t. 6, f. 7-11—Dkxr., Ind. Moll. Mar.

HELCIONISCUS. 135

Jap. p 156.—Deperavux, in Journ. de Conchyl. 1863, p. 245.—P.
granostriata REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 126.

This species is extremely variable in degree of elevation. It is
never so variegated as P. torewma, is more elevated, thicker, and
the fine riblets are distinctly, finely and regularly beaded. From the
Japanese species of Acmwa which have similar sculpture, it is of
course separated by the lack of a defined oe border to the lip-
edge.

I am now disposed to consider Patella granostriata Reeve as a
synonym of amussitata.

H. TOREUMA Reeve. PI. 13, figs. 50, 51, 52, 53.

Shell depressed, long-oval, thin, the apex between the front third
and fourth of the shell’s length‘ front slope straight or concave,
posterior slope gently convex. Surface having fine close radiating
strize separated by interstices slightly wider than themselves, the
strize sometimes a little irregular but not distinctly beaded. Color
excessively variable, usually greenish or buff, rayed or blotched
with purplish-black and dotted with white; sometimes without dark
markings.

Interior silvery or bluish, showing distinetly the dark and light
markings of the exterior, the central area dusky, white or rich
chestnut, its edges not sharply defined.

Length 40, breadth 31, alt. 9 mill.

Nagasaki, Tokio, ete., Japan; China.

P. toreuma Rve., Conch. Icon. f. 69.—Liscukr, Jap. Meeres-
Conchyl. i, p. 109, t. 8, f. 12-15; ii, p. 102, t. 6, f. 12. HRs Ind.
Moll. Mar. Jap. p. 156.

A thin species, always depressed, remarkable for the endless
variety of its mottled coloring. It is allied to P. amussitata, but the
delicate riblets or strize are not beaded as in that species.

P. gRaTA Gould. Unjigured.

Shell ovate-conic, elevated, apex acute, very much anterior ; out-
side rude, ashen, with elevated compressed radiating ribs which are
tubulose toward the margin; margin expanded, denticulate. In-
side ochraceous variegated with brown, spatula and submargin
intense chestnut. Length 30, width 24, alt. 14 mill. (Gd.)

North shores of Niphon.

136 HELCIONISCUS.

Patella grata Gup., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii, p. 161 (Dee.
1859) ; Otia Conchologica, p. 115.

This may be an Aemaa. It has not been figured, and I have not
seen it.

(4.) New ZEALAND AND AUSTRALIA SPECIES.

The Patellas of New Zealand are all, with the exception of P.
tramoserica, confined to that province. They have been referred by
Hutton to Patinella, but erroneously, the branchial cordon being
interrupted in front as in all Helcioniscus, a group with which they
agree in dentition as well. The correct synonymy of many of the
species is here given for the first time.

The dentition of several species has been figured by Hutton,
Trans. N. Z. Institute, xv. A useftil paper on the anatomy of P.
radians has been published by J. A. Newell, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix,
p- 157, plate xi, 1887.

H. REDIMICULUM Reeve. PI. 23, figs. 1, 2, 3, 5.

Shell oblong, rather depressed, solid, the apex between the front
fourth and sixth of the shell’s length, and inclined forward. Sculp-
tured with about 22 rounded ribs. Ribs dark or buff, intervals
bluish-white ; having several darker concentric streaks, and marked
near the apex with oblique black stripes.

Interior somewhat iridescent, obscurely rayed, having a cream-
white central callus, often more or less bordered behind with olive;
muscle-sear slightly pinkish.

Length 41, breadth 32, alt. 12 mill.

Length 43, breadth 34, alt. 123 mill.

Southern New Zealand and Auckland TJs.

P. redimiculum Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 50, (1854).—Hurron,
Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Z. 1880, p. 107.—E. A. Smrru, Voy. Erebus &
Terror, Moll., p. 4,t. 1, f.24.—P. radians Gm., REEv®, Conch. Icon.,
f. 25, (not of Gmelin).—P. pottsi Hurron, Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Z.
1873, p. 44, teste Hutton Patinella redimiculum Rv. Hurron,
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales ix, p. 375, (1884.)

The rounded ribs are nearly smooth. The coloring of oblique
blackish stripes around the anteriorly curved apex is characteristic,
but shared by some other species.

HELCIONISCUS. 137

H. srricitis Hombron & Jacquinot. Unfigured.

Shell oval, convex, obliquely conical; two-colored outside, above
blackish-rufescent, below brownish-rufescent, having few white dots ;
principal radiating ribs 24, subequal, obtuse, subprojecting beyond
the margin; vertex obtuse, white, excentric. Interior blackish-
purple, the depth pale yellowish. Length 65, breadth 50 mill.
(H. & J.)

Auckland Is. (H. & J.); Banks’ Peninsula to Shag Point, Otago,
New Zealand; Auckland Is.; Campbell Id. (Hutton).

P. strigilis H. & J., Ann. Sci. Nat. (2) xvi, p. 190 (1841).—P.
magellanica Hurron, Trans. N. Z. Institute xv, t. 16, f. A (denti-
tion only); Man. N. Z. Moll., p. 107 (1880), not of Gmelin !—Pati-
nella strigiiis Hurron, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, ix, p. 374
(1884).

The original description is given above. This species I have not
seen. It certainly has nothing to do with Patinella magellanica,
cenea, kerguelensis or fuegiensis.

Hutton’s description in P. L. 8S. N.S. W., 1884, is as follows:

“Shell large, solid, obliquely conical, high, with about 20-30 low
radiating ribs; the apex subcentral or rather anterior. Brown,
obscurely marked with yellowish; interior greenish or yellowish-
brown above the muscle impression, bluish-white and iridescent
below it, the margin brown.”

The description in Man. N. Z. Moll. does not, of course, apply to
this shell.

H. ornatus Dillwyn. PI. 68, figs. 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19; pl. 19,

figs. 39, 40.

Shell solid, oval or oblong, rather low-conical, the apex at about
the front third, erect. Surface having larger radiating, coarsely
nodular ribs, about 11 in number, with a somewhat smaller rib be-
tween each pair of larger ones, the intervals radiately striated ;
growth-striz fine, often quite distinctly cutting the radial strie. The
larger ribs are light, the intermediate ribs are black dotted with white,
especially in the young, this coloring being less obvious on large
shells.

Interior having alternating silvery and black rays, the latter
usually 11 in number ; the large central area black, suffused more
or less with cream color in the depth of the apex.

Length 32, breadth 25, alt. 10 mill.

Throughout New Zealand.

138 HELCIONISCUS.

Patella ornata Drtuwyn, Descriptive Catal. Recent Shells, ii, p.
1029, (1817)).—P. nodosa Hompron & Jacquinot, Ann. Sci. Nat.
(2), xvi, p. 191, (1841).—Patella margaritaria, testa ovali, ete.,
CuEmnitz, Conchyl. Cab. xi, p. 180, t. 197, f. 1914, 1915 (1795).—
P. denticulata E. A. Smiru, Voy. Erebus & Terror, Zool., ii, Moll.,
p. 4, t. 1, f. 26.—P. luctuosa Gup., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii, p. 150,
(1846); U.S. Expl. Exped. Moll. & Sh., p. 336, f. 446.— Patinella
denticulata Hutron, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ix, p. 375;
Trans. N. Z. Inst. xv, t. 16, f. B (dentition).—P. inconspicua Gray,
in Dieffenbach’s N. Z. ii, p. 244, (1843).—Patinella inconspicua
Hutton, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. ix, p.375.—Patella margaritaria
REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 74.

Easily distinguished by its coarsely nodose ribs, eleven-rayed in-
terior with black central area, and in the young by the alternately
white-spotted riblets.

It is a very distinct species, but it has been afflicted with a number
of names unusual even in this genus. It has no especially close
relations with P. denticulata Martyn (q. v.)

Reeve’s figures of margariluria are copied on pl. 19, figs. 39, 40.
They represent a large, rather round specimen.

The correct synonymy is herein given for the first time. The
name margaritaria Chemnitz cannot be used, as that author was not
a binomialist.

Var. nconspicua (Gray) Hutton. PI. 68, figs. 20, 21, 22.

Shell conical, high, the altitude often more than half the length ;
apex subcentral. Interior brown, with about twelve radiating
white stripes. (Hutton.)

Wellington to Dunedin, New Zealand.

The figures represent the ductuosa Gld. (not Hombr. & Jacq.)
which is the same as inconspicua. Gray’s description is very poor.

P. DENTIGULATA Martyn. PI. 68, figs. 23, 24; pl. 21, figs. 49, 50.

Shell solid, oval, elevated, the apex more or less anterior ; sculpt-
ured with about 31 principal ribs, and some smaller interstitial rib-
lets all of them closely scale-granose. Color blackish-brown.

Interior bluish, having a distinct, opaque, flesh-colored or dull
orange-brown central area. Spotted with brown around the edge.

Length 55, breadth 45, alt. 24 mill.

Wellington to Dunedin, New Zealand.

HELCIONISCUS. 139

Patella denticulata Martyn, Univ. Conch. 1, t. 65 (1784).—P.
imbricata REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 95 (1855), not P. imbricata Linné.
—P. reevei Hurron, Man. N. Z. Moll. p. 108 (1880).—Patinella
reevet Hutton, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, ix, p. 8376 (1884).

Differs from other New Zealand species in the closely scaled ribs,
opaque “rust orange” or fleshy central area of the interior, etc. It
is a solid species, attaining a considerable size.

Reeve referred denticulata Martyn to P. granularis as asynonym
. and made a new species, “imbricata” of the New Zealand shell.
Hutton has followed Smith in mistaking the P. ornata Dillw. (mar-
garitaria Chemn.) for Martyn’s shell—an error immediately de-
tected by a reference to the excellent figures in the Universal Con-
chologist.

In order to finally settle the name and synonymy of this species,
I have copied Martyn’s original figures on my plate 68, figs. 23, 24.

P. RADIANS Gmelin. PI. 69, figs. 25-39; pl. 23, figs. 4, 6, 7, 8.

Shell ovate, depressed, thin but solid, slightly narrower in front,
the apex at the front fourth or fifth, not prominent. Surface
sculptured with decidedly separated, narrow radiating riblets, hav-
ing a number of smaller riblets (sometimes obsolete), in each inter-
val, and decussated by fine, crowded growth-striz, often obsolete,
but usually cutting the surface just in front of the apex into fine
granules. Color bluish-white, usually buff around the apex, striped
in a divaricating pattern, or irregularly blotched and rayed down
the ribs with brown or olive.

Interior buffish-olive, with a silvery luster, showing the color-
markings of the outside, having a white or brown central callus,
often ill-defined. e

Length 44, breadth 34, alt. 8 mill. (typical form).

Throughout New Zealand; Australia.

P. radians GMEL., Syst. Nat. xii, p. 3720 (1789)—Hurron,
Man. Mar. Moll. N. Z. 1880, p. 108; Trans. N. Z. Inst. xv, t. 16, f. &
(dentition).—P. argentea Q. & G., Voy. Astrol. Zool. ii, p. 545, t.
70, f. 16, 17 (1834).—P. argyropsis Lesson, Voy. Coyuille, p. 419
(1830).—P. radiatilis Hompr. & Jacq, Ann. des Sci. Nat. (2),
xvi, p. 191 (1841).—P. decora Putt., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1848, p. 162 ;
Abbild. t. 3, f 3—Rver., Conch. Icon. f. 33.—Patinella radians
Hutton, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, ix, p. 336 (1884).— Patella
earlii REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 71 (1855).—P. flecwosa Hurron, Cat.

140 HELCIONISCUS.

Mar. Moll. N. Z. p. 45 (18783), not of Q. & G.—Lottia radians Sow-
ERBY (de novo), Genera, Lottia f. 3.—Patella affinis REEVE, Conch.
Icon. f. 108, (1855.)—P. fusea Linn., Syst. Nat. x, p. 784 Han.ey,
Shells of Linn., p. 428, t. 4, f. 9 (fig. of Linnzeus’ type specimen).—
P. sagittata Donovan, Rees’ Encyclop., Conchol. t. xvi.

The earliest name proposed for this shell is that of Linné, P. fusca.
It was defined in an absurdly inadequate manner, however, and as
Hanley justly remarks, no claims to precedence can be grounded
upon the mere preservation of the original specimens.

Typically depressed, but sometimes as elevated as P. redimiculum.
The sculpture of narrow separated riblets, having in the intervals a
smaller riblet, or numerous minute riblets (sometimes obsolete), is
characteristic. Sometimes the whole surface between the larger
ribs is finely granulose, and most specimens retain this granulation
in front of the apex.

The connecting forms are so numerous that I am unable to
diagnose any of the following as varieties worth naming.

Typical form (pl. 69 figs. 25-28). Much depressed, thin, riblets
often subobsolete ; conspicuously striped and blotched with brown or
red on a bluish-white ground, yellow around the apex.

The form called argentea by Q. & G. is dark, mostly olivaceous,
depressed.

The P. decora of Philippi (pl. 69, figs. 29-31) is yellowish with
about 24 narrow, reddish-brown ribs, alternating with small riblets.
Reeve’s decora is intermediate between this and argentea Q.

Reeve’s P. earlii (pl. 21, figs. 51, 52) is typically more elevated,
rounder, “pale green, broadly wave-variegated with olive-black.”
It is very closely connected by intervening forms with the type.

The P. affinis of Reeve (pl. 69, figs. 32, 33) scarcely differs from
the typical radians. “The surface is carved throughout with simple
smooth, slightly waved, close-set ridges and striz.”

Var. PHOLIDOTA Lesson. PI. 69, figs. 38, 39.

Ribs small and uniform; apex very anterior, about one-seventh
of the length from the anterior end. Olive-brown, largely blotched
with white, or white with brown radiating bands. (Hutton.)

Throughout New Zealand.

P. pholidota Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, p. 420 (1830).—P.
sturnus Hompr. & JAcq., Ann. des Sci. Nat. (2), xvi, p. 191, (1841).

HELCIONISCUS. 141

P. floccata ReEvE, Conch. Icon., f. 106, (1855).—P. radians var.
pholidota Hurron, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, ix, p. 377, (1884).

The figures represent the synonymous P. floccata of Reeve.

H. or1vaceus Hutton. PI. 70, figs. 46, 47, 48.

Shell short-ovate, conical, the apex at about the front third ;
closely but subobsoletely radiately ribbed, the riblets about 70 in
number, and of nearly equal size; uniform olive colored.

Interior greenish-olivaceous, iridescent, the center whitish ; edge
narrowly black-bordered.

Length 33, breadth 28, alt. 14 mill.

Dunedin to the Bluff, New Zealand.

P. olivacea Hutton, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xv, p. 133, (1883),
pl. 16, f. p (dentition)—Patinella radians var. olivacea Hutton,
Proce. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, ix, p. 377, (1884.)

The apex is less anterior than is usually the case with P. radians,
and it is more erect. It is further distinguished by the uniform
olive color, and more equal ribbing. My illustrations are from a
specimen received from Prof. Hutton.

This species seems quite distinct from the P. radians, of which I
have seen many examples. Prof. Hutton, however, considers it a
variety of that species, no doubt having good reasons for the union.

There is a prior P. olivacea of Anton, and a still earlier P. olivacea
of Gmelin, but as both are totally unrecognizable, the name im-
posed by Hutton may be allowed to stand.

H. sTELLIFERA Gmelin. PI. 70, figs. 48, 44, 45.

Shell depressed, oval, with small granular ribs; reddish with
white rays at the apex, or two white lines at the posteriorend. In-
terior white. Apex anterior. Length 25, breadth 19, alt. 7 mill.

(Q. & G.)
Oooks’ Straits to Bank’s Peninsula, New Zealand.

Patella stellata, seu stellifera, etc. CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab. x, p.
329, f. 1617 (1788).—P. stellifera GMELIN, Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3719.
—P. stellularia Quoy & Gatm., Voy. Astrol. Zool. iii, p. 347, t..70,
f. 18-20 (1834).— Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 96.—Patinella stellifera
Hurrton, Proce. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ix, p. 378.

Readily recognized by the central white star.

142 HELCIONISCUS.

H. TRAMOSERICA Martyn. PI. 70, figs. 49, 50, 51, 52.

Shell solid, short-oval, conical, the apex erect, near the center or
somewhat anterior. Surface sculptured with numerous (about 40)
narrow ribs, with usually an interstitial small riblet in each interval,
the concentric strie of growth crowded, sometimes prominent
enough to finely crenulate the radiating ribs. Color varying from
yellowish with blackish-brown rays, to reddish-brown with whitish
rays.

Interior yellowish, lustrous, having dark rays and spots; central
area having a whitish, orange or olive callus.

Length 46, breadth 40, alt. 17 mill.

Wellington, New Zealand; Chatham Is.; New South Wales, Aus-
tralia.

P. tramoserica Martyn, Univ. Conch. i, t. 16.—RrEEvE, Conch.
Icon. f. 27.—P. antipodum E. A. Smiru, Voy. Erebus and Terror,
Moll. p. 4, t. 1, f. 25 (1874).— Patinella tramoserica Hutton, Proc.
Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, ix, p. 377 (1884).—? P. pecten GMEL., Syst.
xiii, p. 3702.

The ribs are numerous, their narrow intervals usually haying an
interstitial riblet. The color is dull yellow or reddish, with dark
rays, which are sometimes seen to be fretted or dotted if held toward
the light.

H. riavus Hutton.

Ovate, conical, radiately ribbed; apex recurved; margin
crenated ; pale yellow, inclining to orange toward the apex ; interior,
above the muscular-impression more or less orange, below silvery.

Length 2°2, breadth 1°8, alt. 1 inch. (dZutton.)

Poverty Bay to Stronghurst, Canterbury, New Zealand.

P. flava Hutton, Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Z., p. 44, (1873) ; Man. N.
Z. Moll., p. 109, (1880).—Patinella flava Hurron, Proc. Linn. Soe.
N.S. Wales, ix, p. 378.

The description of this form is scarcely sufficient.

H. muuminata Gould. PI. 70, figs. 40, 41, 42.

Shell elevated conical, with an arched outline, the apex at about
the anterior fourth ; surface covered with numerous small, obtuse,
radiating ribs, with from one to three intervening striz ; concentric
lines of growth crowded, very faint. Color sooty, with scattered,
yellowish spots, about twenty in number somewhat regularly dis-

HELCIONISCUS. 143

posed, which are transparent when held up to the light, those near
the margin elongated. Aperture ovate, the margin slightly irre-
gular; interior a very dark claret-color, with brilliant silky and
golden reflections, and yellow spots, corresponding to those of the ex-
terior ; central spatula dull bufFcolor. ( Gd.)
Length 13, breadth 1%, alt. $ inch.
Auckland Is. (Gld.); Campbell and Macquarie Is. (Hutton.)
P. illuminata Gup., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii, p. 149, (1846) ;
Exped. Moll. & Sh., p. 340, atlas f. 441—Hurron, Trans. N. Z.
Inst. xv, t. 16, f. c (dentition).— Patinella illuminata Hurton, Proce.
Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, ix, p.3876.—? Patella terroris FinnoL, Compt.
Rend. xci, (1880.)
Ky
Australian species.

H. urmpata Philippi. Pl. 71, figs. 53, 54, 55,-56; pl. 17, figs. 28,

29.

Shell solid, oval, the apex near the front third; sculptured with
from 21 to 31 broad rounded ribs. Brown or reddish, the intervals |
between the ribs brown-striped. Apex eroded. Edge scalloped by
the ribs.

Inside whitish, tinted with flesh-color or lilac, the central callus
generally opaque-white mixed with bluish, becoming olive toward
its edges. There is a distinct yellow or brown border, within which
the stripes of the exterior make a ring of vivid blotches, these stripes
being also, at times, visible through the tinted lining of the shell.

Length 47, breadth 41, alt. 20 mill.

Length 59, breadth 52, alt. 29 mill.
Port Lincoln, 8. Australia ; Tasmania.

P. limbata Putu., Abbild. u. Beschreib., iii, p. 71, Patella t. 3, f.
2.—REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 29.—Anaas, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 185.—
Trentson-Woops, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 1876, p. 48 (animal).

A large, solid species. The broad, rounded ribs, narrow inter-
stices striped with brown, and distinct internal border are charac-
teristic marks of this species. The eroded apex is usually stained
with bluish. The number of ribs is excessively variable, sometimes
as many as 37 being developed.

H. LATistRicATa Angas.

Shell very similar to P. limbata, but more elongated ; liver-colored,
rayed with a few very broad brown-black stripes. Ornamented with

144 HELCIONISCUS.

about 12 to 14 irregular, rounded ribs. Spatula of an intense brown-
black, margined with white. (Angas.)
Length ‘7, breadth °45, alt. *2 inch.
Aldinga Bay, South Australia.
P. latistrigata ANGAs, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 154, 186.

H. GEALEI Angas.

Similar to P. Jacksoniensis, but the interior splendidly metallic, a
little tinted with golden; margin narrow. Spatula lurid, clouded
with leaden and brown. (Angas.)

Length ‘1, breadth °86, alt. ‘4 inch.

St. Vincent’s Gulf, S. Australia.

P. gealei AnG., P. Z. S. 1865, pp. 57, 186.

H. ARANEOSA Reeve. PI. 71, figs. 57, 58.

Shell suboblong-ovate, attenuated in front, rather thin, compressed
at the sides, apex rather sharply acuminated, anterior; radiately
densely striated, strize corded, minutely crenulated with concentric
strie. Olive-green, conspicuously rayed with numerous opaque-
white lines. Interior semitransparent.

A somewhat depressed species, pinched and sharply pointed to-
ward the apex, which inclines very much to the front, and of a dull
greenish-olive color, curiously rayed throughout with fine opaque-
white lines. (Rve.)

Australia.

P. araneosa REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 111. March, 1855.

Gould described in 1846 a different species under this name, but
itis probably an Aemea. See appendix to this volume.

(5.) Spectres oF SouTH AND East AFRICA AND ADJACENT ISLANDS.

Limpets of the genus Helcioniscus are not found on the West
African coast, which is inhabited by the typical groups of Patella.
Upon the East African shores, however, typical Patella is not
numerous in species, hut Helcioniscus abounds fromthe Red Sea to
the Cape.

H. rota Gmelin. PI. 72, figs. 65-80.

Shell oval, low-conical, the apex at the front third or behind it.
Sculptured with numerous subequal or unequal, obsoletely granu-
lous radiating striz. Outside whitish, having purple-brown rays
which sometimes branch to form v’s, sometimes are spotted with light

HELCIONISCUS. 145

or split into several narrow stripes. ‘The rays are generally eleven
in number, but often some of them are multiplied by splitting.
Interior yellow (or silvery), showing the rays as vividly as the
outside; the central area red-chestnut in color.
Suez and Mozambique (Reeve); Madagascar (Dall); Reunion
(Nevill, in Phil. Acad. Colln.).

Patella rota, testa subrotunda, etc., CHEMN., Conchyl. Cab. x, p.
330, t. 168, f. 1619.—P. rota GmeL., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3720.—
REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 39a.— Helcioniscus rota DALL, Amer. Jour.
Conch. vi, p. 278, pl. 16, f. 28.—Patella variegata Rrrvr, Conch.
Syst. t. 186, f. 1—P. petalata Rve., Conch. Icon. f. 56.—P. luzonica
Rve., /. ¢., f. 86—P. scalata Rve., l.¢., f. 89—?? P. argentaurum
Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, p. 414.

An excessively variable species. It is closely allied to P. novem-
radiata, but in that species the rays do not bifureate, although —
they are often split into two, and the indistinctly defined central
callus is white with more or less bright yellow tint. It is even more
closely allied to P. capensis Gmel and P. variabilis Krauss, and the
three may prove to be one species, although in some details they
differ. I have seen too few of the Cape species to write confidently
upon their constant characteristics.

Var. RovA, typical, (figs. 65-69) may be restricted to the forms
with chestnut or reddish spatula. As a synonym I have placed
P. variegata Reeve, founded upon a typical specimen of rota,
although Reeve afterward shifted the name to a different species.

The following seem to belong here:

P. petalata Rve. (pl. 72, figs. 70, 71). “Shell ovate, rather de-
pressed, obsoletely cancellately ridged ; transparent yéllow, painted
with broad blackish-purple rays. Interior transparent horny,
nucleus chestnut-purple. Australia.” (Reeve.)

P. luzonica Reeve, (pl. 72, figs. 72,73). “Shell rotundately ovate,
rather depressed, radiately finely ridged, ridges granuled; apex
sharp, anterior minutely hooked ; transparent yellow, rather horny,
promiscuously stained with large black blotches. Interior trans:
parent, subiridescent, dark chestnut in the middle. Luzon, Philip-
pines.” (Rve.)

P. sealata Rve. (pl. 72, figs. 74,75). “Shell ovate, rather sharply
convex ; apex scarcely central; radiately obtusely striated, and

here and there linearly grooved; livid-white, rayed with black
10

146 HELCIONISCUS.

bands peculiarly bi-forked, or diagonally linearly streaked. Interior
subtransparent, horny. Philippine Is.” (Rve.)

Var. orientalis Pilsbry. Pl. 72, figs. 76, 77.
Shell more solid, the central area of the interior whitish or more
or less stained with olive or orange.

Viti Islands (A. Garrett).
Var. DISCREPANS Pilsbry. PI. 72, figs. 78, 79, 80.

Surface with growth-lines but no radiating sculpture whatever.
Soiled white, with purple-brown rays torn into oblique shreds.
Length 29, breadth 24, alt. 10 mill.

Probably a distinct species. |The two specimens I have seen are
unlike any described Helcioniscus in their smoothness and lacerated
rays.

H. capensis Gmelin. Pl. 16, figs. 15, 16, 17.

Shell ovate, thin, depressed-conical ; dull white, variously painted
with brown radiating bands and spots ; radiately striated, the strize
close, equal, granulose ; vertex acute, erect, situated at about } the
length ; margin denticulated.

Interior yellowish-silvery, with a pearly luster, having rays and
spots of brown; central spatula, brown or orange, rarely whitish,
but always marked with white under the vertex and a brown spot in
front. (ixrauss.)

Length 59, breadth 29 mill:

Natal.

P. capensis GMEL, Syst., p. 3720.—Kravuss, Die Stidafric. Moll.
Pe 05) tS teal:

There is a white area in the depth of the interior, having an
orange or brown bar across it, as in pl. 16, figs. 16,17; or the white
is reduced to a bar in the same place.

Compare P. rota Gmel.

H. NOVEMRADIATUS Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 30, figs. 55, 56, 57, 58.

Shell low-conic, rownded-oval, rather thin but solid, the apex
slightly in front of the center. Surface lusterless, c/osely, finely
striated radially, the strize somewhat granulose, often subobsolete ;
growth-lines obvious or obsolete. Whitish, broadly rayed with
olive-brown or dull rust-red.

Interior layer translucent, iridescent, conspicuously showing the
rays of the outside, which become vivid brown at the edge; central

HELCIONISCUS. 147

area having an ill-defined callus, which is more or less deeply stained
with bright gamboge yellow. Length 40, breadth 34, alt. 10 mill.
Mauritius.

_P. novemradiata Q. & G., Voy. de l Astrol. p. 346, t. 70, t 2onee.
—P. aster REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 80, 1855.

A splendid species. The rays are broad and about nine in num-
ber, but more frequently they are twice as numerous by the splitting
of each broad one into two. Quoy & Gaimard described a very
young shell. Reeve figured under the name P. aster, a small speci-
men from an unknown locality. The series before me is from
Mauritius (Robillard Coll.).

It is a much larger, more spreading and vividly colored shell than
the allied P. profunda. There is little besides coloring to sunder
this species from P. rota Gm. Compare also P. capensis and P.
variabilis, the former of which may be the same. It should be noted
that Gmelin refers to Kaemmerer, t. 2, f. 1, 2, as an’ illustration of
his capensis. These figures represent the typical novemradiata.

H. VARIABILIS Krauss. Pi. 16, figs. 18, 19, 20.

Shell ovate, thin, depressed-convex ; whitish or ashen-yellow,
painted with radiating bands and spots of ashen or brown; radiately
striated, striz or riblets unequal, transversely very minutely striated ;
vertex acute, looking forward, situated at the front third; margin
denticulated.

Interior yellowish, rarely whitish, having radiating bands and
spots of brown, shining. Central area not distinct, yellowish or
whitish. (Kvrauss.)

Length 32, breadth 24, alt. 7-9 mill.

si Natal.

P. variabilis Krauss, Die Siidafric. Moll., p. 35, t. 3, f. 12 (mot
P. variabilis Sowb., a species of Acmea.)

This is a flatter shell than the preceding, rather thin, translucent,
rarely eroded at the apex. The apex is more forwardly directed than
in P. capensis. From it many (70-80) alternately larger striz
radiate, which are cut by very fine concentric striz, scarcely visible
with the naked eye. The color outside is usually dirty white or
yellowish with many grayish-brown or brown radiating strize or
flecks, which are visible with more intense color through the gray-
ish-yellow or whitish-yellow shining (but never silvery and pearly)

148 HELCIONISCUS.

layer of the interior. The centrum is not sharply defined, generally
scarcely darker than the circumference. (Kvrauss.)

Compare P. rota Gmel.

The following variations are described by Krauss:

Var. fasciata (fig. 18). Shell whitish, spotted with brown, painted
with six broad blackish-brown bands. The typical form is irreg-
ularly and interruptedly striated and flecked, but this has broad
bands.

Var. radiata (fig. 19). The usually somewhat stronger riblets are
white, and the smaller riblets and grooves are brown or blackish-
brown. Under a lens young examples are seen to be sprinkled with
little light-blue flecks. The centrum is yellowish.

Var. concolor. Shell unicolored, blackish-ashen or tawny. Always
smaller, totally unicolored. Centrum whitish.

H. punker!I Krauss. PI. 16, figs. 11, 12, 13, 14.

Shell small, ovate, convex, very thin; subpellucid; whitish or
dull yellowish, having 11 radiating black bands and reddish striz,
sometimes painted with rose and spots of bluish-green; radiately
striated, the striz fine, subequal; vertex acute, inclined forward,
situated at the front fourth; margin very finely denticulated, not
gaping. Interior shining, colored like the outside, the center
yellowish or ashen-whitish. (Kr.)

Length 17, breadth 11, alt. 43 mill.
Natal.

P. dunkeri Kr., Die Stidafric. Moll. p. 55, t. 3, f. 14—ReErEve,
Conch. Icon. f. 124.—Puit., Abbild. t. 2, f. 9.

The thinnest of the South African species. It is somewhat inter-
mediate between P. variabilis and P. pruinosa, according to Krauss.
Compare also P. compressa young, and P. araneost Rve.

H. rucosmia Pilsbry. PI. 71, figs. 61, 62, 63, 64.

Shell oval, conical, the distance in front of the apex contained
from 2} to 3 times in the length of the shell. Posterior slope some-
what convex. Sculptured with fine closely granulous radiating
riblets, of which every fourth one is usually somewhat larger. Out-
side gray-white, spotted all over and indistinctly rayed with rusty-
brown.

Interior yellowish, conspicuously blotched, spotted and rayed with
purple-brown or black-brown; the rays being usually 11 or 12
in number, either wide or narrow, and spotted with light. The cen-

HELCIONISCUS. 149

tral callus is dark orange-brown, sometimes encircled by a whitish
ring.

Length 40, breadth 32, alt. 15 mill.

Suez (Fischer); Red Sea and Gulf of Akaba (Smithsonian Cabi-
net): Japan at Hakodadi (Stimpson and Anthony in Phil. Acad.
Colln.); Australia. (Rve.)

P. variegata ReEvE, Conch. Icon. species 38 (Dec. 1854), not P.
variegata REEVE, Conch. Syst. pl. 136, fig. 1 (1842).—P. variegata
Fiscuer, Journ. de Conchyl. 1870, p. 167.— Helcioniscus variegatus
Datu, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi. p. 277, t. 16, f. 27 (animal and den-
tition)—Not Patella variegata DE BLAINVILLE, Dict. des Sci. Nat.
xxxvili, p. 100 (1825).

Readily distinguished from P. rota by its blotched and speckled
color-pattern.

Part of the localities given above are no doubt incorrect. I have
examined a very large series, and find but little variation from the
typical form. I have seen no specimens approaching P. rota.

Reeve in 1842 described and figured a specimen of typical P. rota
Gm. under the name variegata. In 1854 he shifted that name to
the present species, giving no reason for such change, nor even
admitting that he had made a change. Under these circumstances
it becomes necessary to give a new name to the present species, and
thus avoid the confusion otherwise inevitable. It should also be
noted that there is a prior P. variegata of Blainville, 1825.

H. cernica (Barclay) Adams. PI. 71, figs. 59, 60.

Shell thin, ovate, depressed-conic; decussated with numerous
obtuse radiating ribs and close, elevated, undulating concentric
liree; whitish, ornamented with reddish-brown rays. Apex sub-
central, obtuse ; aperture ovate.

Interior sculptured and colored like the outside, shining, somewhat
pearly ; margin more or less widely crenulated.

Length 39, breadth 29, alt. 10 mill. (Ad.)

Barkly Island, Mauritius.

Nacella (Cellana) cernica Barcl. ms., H. ApAms, P. Z. S. 1869, p.
tho, t..19,f. 7, 1a.

This species is the type of H. Adams’ subgenus CeLnAna. It
probably belongs to Helcioniscus rather than to Nacella or Patinella.

150 HELCIONISCUS.

The name Cedlanu has priority over Helcioniscus but it has not
been adequately defined.

H. prorunbus Deshayes. PI. 65, figs. 94, 95, 96.

Shell small, elevated-conical, solid, apex a little anterior, the slopes
straight ; surface finely closely and evenly radiately striated, white
with purplish or brownish rays; the rays usually 10 in number,
articulated with darker spots which are often angular.

Inside white, showing the rays faintly; the central area light
chestnut or outlined with light chestnut, edge of the shell smooth,
articulated with white and chestnut.

Length 16, breadth 12, alt. 7 mill.

Length 20, breadth 153, alt. 8 mill.

Island of Réunion.

P. profunda Du., Moll. Réunion, p. 44, t. 6, f. 15, 16, 1865.

A small conical species, nearly smooth, the radiating striz being
quite fine. The rays are more obvious on worn examples. The
central area is not calloused. It has very much the appearance of
an Acmea.

Var. MAURITIANA Pilsbry. PI. 65, figs. 97, 98, 99.

Shell thicker, heavier, more elevated; dull white with reddish
rays, which are not visible within, and only faintly visible at the
edge, which is minutely crenulated; basal side-margins slightly
curving upward; radiating striz of the surface coarse, unequal.
Central area of the interior having an orange-tawny callus.

Length 21, breadth 17, alt. 11 mill.

Mauritius.

H. Garcont Deshayes. PI. 66, figs. 100, 101.

Sheli ovate, little narrowed in front, conical; vertex acute, sub-
central; ornamented with small granulous radiating striz ; blackish-
brown, vividly pearly inside, toward the apex whitish. (Dh.)

Regularly oval, conoidal, the summit elevated, pointed, very
slightly directed forward, situated at the front two-fifths of the
length. From the apex radiate a great number of very fine, regu-
lar, rather equal riblets, which bear long, obtuse granules. The
margins are simple and sharp. The interior is lined with very
bright nacre of a whitish-brown, the central callus quite large,
white, sharply defined by the muscle-scar. The shell is thin, semi-

HELCIONISCUS. 15]

transparent, of a uniform brown-blackish, but if held up toward the
light, a few rays of a beautiful red become visible. (Dh.)

Length 23, breadth 19, alt. 9 mill.

Island of Réunion.

P. garcont Du., Moll. de He Réunion, p. 42, t. vi (xxxiil), f. 11,
12.

I have not seen this species, which apparently resembles P. oliva-
cea and P. ardosiea; but those species are truly unicolored, whilst
this shows rays when held toward the light. It is probably allied
to P. profunda Dh.

H. pepsta Reeve. PI. 20, figs. 45, 46.

Shell ovate, thin, rather depressed, raised in the middle, rather
compressed at the sides; apex sharp, anteriorly minutely hooked ;
radiately striated, strize raised toward the margin ; reddish-chestnut,
sometimes faintly rayed with greenish-yellow. Interior livid horny.

A nearly smooth reddish-chestnut shell, with a sharp minutely
hooked apex. (Rve.)

Macao and Island of St. Paul.

P. depsta Rerve, Conch. Icon., f. 85, 1855.

H. sANGUINANS Reeve. PI. 30, figs. 53, 54.

Shell oblong-ovate, rather convex, apex rather anterior; decussated
with concentric strize and small superficial ridges; whitish, here and
there peculiarly rough, marked with promiscuously flowing blood-red
streaks, rough surface red-dotted. Interior semipellucid white, con-
spicuously red rayed.

A fine new species of an oblong-oval form, rather flattish, with the
apex situated somewhat anteriorly. It is of a reddish-white ground,
painted with promiscuous streaks of red, like blood flowing, and the
ground is singularly overlaid here and there with an opaque, rough
coating dotted with red. (Rve.)
Cape Natal, S. Ajrica.

P. sanguinans Rve., Conch. Icon., f. 10a, 10b. Oct., 1854.

I have not seen this species. It is not mentioned by Krauss or
other writers on the Cape fauna.

(6.) SPECIES OF UNKNOWN HABITAT.

H. mMeLAnostomus Pilsbry. PI. 32, figs. 67, 68, 69.

Shell solid, erectly elevated-conical, the base ovate; slopes nearly
straight ; apex subcentral, erect. Surface sculptured with numer-

152 HELCIONISCUS.

ous (43-45) strong rounded ribs, closely but usually rather super-
ficially cut by concentric striee. Color clear buff, unicolored or hav-
ing the ribs black or black-spotted.

Interior white and silvery, the central callus of a more or less in-
tense purple-black.

Length 61, breadth 51, alt. 34 mill.

Length 50, breadth 41, alt. 30 mill.

Habitat unknown.

Distinguished at once by the unusual coloring of the interior,
and the sculpture of the outside. All of the specimens before me
have the upper portion of the cone eroded. In one the central
black callus is very thick. The ribs are alternately larger and
smaller. They are scarcely strongly enough represented in the fig-
ure.

Specimens having black ribs possess also two short dark streaks
radiating from the forward angles of the “ head-mark” as in P.
boninensis, with which species this is probably most nearly allied.

H. ENNEAGONA Reeve. PI. 28, figs. 35, 36.

Shell ovate, a little attenuated in front, depressed, rather thick,
obtuse at the apex, subattenuated and inclined, densely crenulately
ridged, peculiarly nine-sided, the three front areas narrow. Yellow-
ish, the nine areas diagonally reticulately streaked with deep purple.
Interior silvery, iridescent. (Reeve.)

Habitat unknown.

P. enneagona REEV®, Conch. Icon., f. 44. (Dec., 1854.)

H. trvescens Reeve. PI. 73, figs. 99, 100.

Shell ovate, rather thin, depressly convex, rather sharply pointed
at the apex, radiately densely granulately striated, striz slightly
waved; apex rather anterior. Pellucid blue-green, rayed with
blackish-purple, rays sometimes broken up into opaque blotches.
Interior iridescent-silvery, more or less transparent. (/ve.)

Mazatlan (Reeve.)

P. livescens Rve., Conch. Icon., f. 75, 1855.

A very delicate subpellucid greenish-blue shell, painted with dark
purple rays which show through into the interior. The sculpture
consists of numerous slightly waved granuled lines. (Fve.)

The locality given by Reeve is more than doubtful. It seems
near P. rota Gmel.

HELCIONISCUS. gas

H. pirus Reeve. PI. 78, figs. 88, 89.

Shell ovate, erectly conoid, densely radiately ridged and ribbed,
ribs and ridges very closely broken up intosmall warts. Dark blue-
black, sub-iridescent in the interior.

Although a similarity prevails between the figures of this and the
preceding species [ P. guttata Orb.], they are very different. P. dira
being of a deep, erectly conical form, rayed throughout with close-
set ribs and ridges, crenated with small tumid warts. (Rve.)

Habitat unknown.

P. dira REEve, Conch. Icon. f. 92, 1855.

H. runcus Reeve. PI. 44, figs. 18, 19.

Shell ovate, depressly conoid, apex raised, subcentral; radiately
densely ribbed and ridged, ribs and ridges narrow, small, every where
finely noduled. Dull ash, dotted around the apex and near the mar-
gin with reddish-brown, with nodules whitish. Interior semitrans-
parent, iridescent.

A dull ash, depressly conoid shell, densely rayed with finely
noduled ribs and ridges, sparingly marked with reddish-brown dots,
which are seen most distinctly in the interior of the shell. (/ve.)

West Indies (Rve.)

“ Tectura fungus MruscHen ” teste Reeve.—Patella fungus Rve.,
Conch. Icon., f. 105, 1855.

This seems to be a Helcioniscus of the H. exaratus type. The
locality given by Reeve is in all probability incorrect.

H. (?) aDELz Potiez & Michaud. PI. 67, figs. 11, 12.

Shell ovate, depressed, blackish, painted with nearly regularly
placed oblong white spots; radiately most finely costulated, the rib-
lets very numerous, unequal, subgranulous. Vertex anterior, acute
and tawny; margin acute, entire. Inside blackish in the depth of
the cavity, the margin maculated, intermediate space whitish.
Length 15, breadth 10, alt. 4 mill. (P. & ML)

Habitat unknown.

P. adele P. & M., Galerie des Moll., Mus. de Douai, i, p. 523, t. 37’
fol, 2) 1838:

H. trneatus Lamarck. PI. 73, figs. 85, 86, 87.

Shell oval, convex, buff-brown, painted with 10-12 yellow lines ;
excessively numerous longitudinal close strie; vertex acute, buff.

Length exceeding one inch. (Lam.)
Habitat unknown.

154 UNIDENTIFIED LIMPETS.

P. lineata Lam., An. s. Vert. vi, p. 531.—DELEssErRT, Ree. de
Coq. t. 28, f. 6.

I do not recognize Delessert’s figures of the type of this species.
Deshayes (in Lam. 2d. edit.) gives no additional information, as
he did not have access to Lamarck’s cabinet.

H. nimpus Reeve. PI. 35, figs. 30, 31.

I have described this under Acmwa, page 61, but it may be a
Helcioniscus. I have not seen the species.

Spurious, Unidentified and Unfigured Limpets.

The following list consists mainly of such species as I have been
unable to identify with known forms, and which seem to me fairly
unidentifiable. A certain proportion of the number I have identified
with certainty ; and others with doubt, as will be seen by my notes
below.

It will be understood that I have no desire to revivify names or
species which have passed from the memory of man. It is at least a
half century too late for that. It is not too late, however, to avoid
the use of these dead names for new forms. The frequent duplica-
tion of specific names in Pated/a has shown the necessity of a com-
plete list such as that here given. I have deemed it neither nec-
essary nor desirable to change well-known modern names which are
preoccupied by the old and insufficiently defined names given below,
although there exist a considerable number of such duplications.

The species of Clyptreide, Fissurellide, Siphonariide and Gadi-
niide, ete., included by older writers in Patella, have been excluded,
as far as the original descriptions have enabled me to judge of them.

? NACELLA sSUBSPIRALIS Cpr. (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. ili, p. 213),.
belongs to the Siphonariide.

TECTURA RADIATA Pse. (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1860, p. 437), is a
synonym of Williamia gussoni Costa—Siphonariide.

P. vrrtpris Dufo (Ann. Sci. Nat. (2) xiv, p. 204, 1840). Seychelles
and Amirantes. Unidentified.

P. AURIFERA Dufo (Ann. Sci. Nat. (2) xiv, p. 204). Mahé, Sey-
chelles. Unidentified.

P. vircinuM Dufo (Ann. Sci. Nat. (2) xiv, p. 205). Mahé, Sey-
chelles. Unidentified.

UNIDENTIFIED LIMPETS. 155

P. maticotor Dufo (Ann. Sci. Nat. (2) xiv, p. 205). Mahé Sey-
chelles. Unidentified.

P. pIEMENSIS Philippi.

Shell ovate-elliptical, convex conic, rather solid, whitish, having
about 54 brown grooves; interior white, margin crenulated, the
inside marked with brown dots at the crenations; apex at two-
fifths of the length. Length 163, breadth 14, alt. 8 lines. (Phil)

Hobarttown, Tasmania.

P. diemensis Pu., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1848, p. 162.

Compare Helcioniscus limbata and tramoserica.

P. crassa Lesson (Voy. de la Coquille, Zool. ii, p. 413, 1830). A
very thick, massive species, measuring, length 3%, breadth 3, alt.

12 inches.
Said to be from New South Wales.

P. cosrata Lesson, (Voy. de la Coquille, Zool. ii, p. 415, 1830).
The summit is said to be recurved posteriorly; sculptured with
radiating striz fine above, wide at the edge, surmounted by lamelle.
Outside green, surrounded with blackish toward the apex, having
the elevations on the ribs bright chestnut. Inside golden red in the
middle, silvery outside, rayed with blackish-purple at the positions
of the ribs. Length*12, breadth 9, alt. 3 lines.

Island of Buru, Moluccas.

P. BouRoUNIENSIS Lesson, (Voy. de Ja Coq. Zool. 11, p. 415, 1830).
Much depressed, oval, white, with black ribs outside, ete. Summit
much posterior. Length 14, breadth 12, alt.32 lines.

Bay of Cajeli, Buru.

P. crocara Lesson (Voy. de la Coq. Zool. ii, p. 415, 1830).
Irregularly oboval, little elevated, not thick, summit conical, nearly
central, margins thin and angulose. Covered with close little ridges
separated into little groups by shallow, spaced grooves. Color whit-
ish with purple-violet rays. Inside white, tinted with yellow and
silvery. Center saffron-yellow; border spotted with purple.

Length 11, breadth 10, alt. 4 lines.
Port Praslin, New Ireland.

P. concepsronis Lesson (Voy. de la Coq. Zool. ii, p. 418, 1830).
Evidently an Acmea or a Scurria, perhaps A. variabilis (Sow.) Rve.
Province of Concepcion, Chili.

156 UNIDENTIFIED LIMPETS.

P. JACKSONIENSIS Lesson (Voy de la Coq. Zool. ii, p. 418, 1830).
A species said to resemble P. vulgata. From Port Jackson, N. S.
Wales.

P. GRANULOSA Lesson (Voy. de la Coq. Zool. ii, p. 422, 1830).
Island of Buru. (Bourou.)

P. GIGANTEA Lesson (Voy. de la Coq. Zool. ii, p. 423, 1830).
A very large shell, length 7, breadth 5 inches. It is massive, very
thick, oval, convex, submedian. Muscle-impression deeply marked.
Interior smooth, whitish, the cavity reddish. Outside covered with
Serpula tubes. Coral reefs off Borabora, Society Is.

P. opLonGA Perry (Conchology, t. 45; f. 4). Unknown and un-
knowable.

P. LAMPEDUSENSIS DeGreg. An unfigured, imperfectly described
form, from the Sea of Lampedusa. (Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., x, p. 121.)

P. GRANULATA Philippi.

Shell ovate-elliptical, depressed, brown, tessellated with little-con-
spicuous brown spots; roughened by elevated very close, minutely
granose radiating lines. Apex at the front fifth of the length. In-
terior bluish, margin brown, articulated with whitish. Length 10,
breadth 73, alt. 23 lines. (Ph.) *

China.

P. granulata Pu., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1848, p. 162.

Compare Acmeea schrenckii and concinna.

P. aLtBA Hombron & Jacquinot.

Shell ovate-elliptical, depressed, white; having sharp carinated
crests, toothing the margin; apex excentral, obtuse. Interior white,
shining, the depth and the margin submaculated with black.
Length 37, breadth 30 mill. (H.& J. in Ann. des Sci. Nat. (2),
xvi, 1841, p. 190.)

Tahiti.

P. TESsELLATA Hombron & Jacquinot.

Shell elevated-elliptical, convex-conic ; yellow outside and inside,
ornamented with undulating, transverse black-reddish lines and
bands; having close radiating striz, the chief of which number
about 32. Vertex acute, gray; cavity of the same color. Length

UNIDENTIFIED LIMPETS. Lla7

28, breadth 22 mill. (H.& J. Ann. Sci. Nat. (2), xvi, p. 190,
1841.)

Island of Mangareve.
P. opscurA Hombron & Jacquinot.

Shell elevated-elliptical, convex, obliquely conical, blackish-brown,
lightly tessellated with whitish.

Inside bluish-white, the cavity reddish-black. Vertex excentral,
subobtuse. Margin entire, encircled by a black zone within. Len oth
26, breadth 20 mill. (CH. & J. in Ann. des Sci. Nat. (2) xvi, p- 191,
1841.)

Taleahuano, Chili.

Evidently an Acmea or a Scurria.

P. tuctuosa Hombron & Jacquinot.

Shell very angular, star-shaped, elliptical, rough, brown-black ;
with separated radiating ribs, of which 5 are principal and 9 or 10
adjunct, all extending beyond the margin. Vertex obtuse, excen-
tral. Inside shining, white-bluish; margin angular, black-zoned.
Length 33, width 28 mill. (CH. & J. in Ann. Sci. Nat. (2) xvi, p.
191, 1841).

Mindanao.

May be the same as Acmea saccharina.

P. cruENTATA Hombron & Jacquinot.

Shell oval, convex-depressed, white, painted with white and brown
radiating bands, ribs close, numerous, radiating; vertex brown-
blackish, acute, central: margin unequally undulating, subdenticu-
late ; inside pearly, deeply blood-stained. Length 24, breadth 19
mill. (H. & J., Ann. Sci. Nat. (2), xvi, p. 191, 1841.)

New Guinea.
PATELLOIDES ANTARCTICA Hombron & Jacquinot.

Shell convex-oval, smooth, brownish-olive, painted around the
margin with greenish-white bands. Vertex incumbent; inside
white in front, sooty behind, the cavity rufo-castaneous ; edge entire,
encircled by a black zone spotted with white. Length 31, breadth
23 mill. (H. & J. in Ann. Sci. Nat. (2), xvi, p. 192, 1841.)

Auckland Is.
P. caLLtosA Hombron & Jacquinot.

Shell oval, depressed; radiately painted with black and white
bands; mside white, the depth thickened, callous, white. Apex ele-

158 UNIDENTIFIED LIMPETS.

vated, very acute; margin entire, colored with alternate black and
white lines. Length 18, breadth 14 mill. (H. & J. in Ann. Sci.
Nat. (2), xvi, p. 192, 1841.)

Vavao.

P. oRICHALCEA Philippi.

Shell ovate-elliptical, depressed-conoid, rather thin, pellucid, pale
corneous; having about 20 narrow, reddish-brown low radiating
ribs, and sometimes reddish-brown decurrent streaks in the inter-
stices. Interior beautiful silvery-golden, the center pale brown;
apex at + to 4 of the length. Margin subdentate by the ribs.

Length 18, breadth 14, alt. 53 lines. (Ph.)
New Zealand.

P. orichalcea Putu., Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1848, p. 163.

Compare P. radians and its varieties.

P. RETICULATA Anton. Oval, widened in front; apex posterior ;
strong-shelled; finely longitudinally striated. _Ground-color yel-
lowish-white, with brown reticulated markings, which in front flow
into a broad ray. Length 7, breadth 72 lines. (Anton, Verzeich-
niss, p. 25, 1859.)

P.sontipa Anton. Oval, strongly arched; apex nearly in the
middle. Strong-shelled, ribbed, irregularly rayed and flecked with
white and brown. Muscle-impression very large. Length 6,
breadth 43 lines. (Anton, Verzeich. p. 25.)

P. oLtvAcEA Anton. Refers to Gualtieri pl. 8, fig. R. No de-
scription. The cited figure is unidentifiable. (Verzeich. p. 26.)

P. LINEOLATA Anton, Oval, high. Apex at the first third of
the length; white, with many small lines and strokes. Cavity of
the inside brown, otherwise white within, Length 6, breadth 4
lines. (Ant., Verzeich. p. 26.)

P. arBA Anton. No description. Refers to Gualt. t. 8, fig. L,
=P. cerulea! (Verzeich. p. 26.)

P. SERPULZFORMIS Anton. Oval, pretty high, with 10 ribs,
some projecting over the margin; brown; inside yellowish-white.
Muscle-impression with. brown vermiform lines. Length 10,
breadth 83 lines. (Verzeich. p. 26.)

UNIDENTIFIED LIMPETS. 159

P. purpurAsceNS Anton. Oval, with 19 equal ribs, which
slightly project at the margin. Apex moderately high, blackish-red.
Apex and ribs yellow, showing on the inside. Length 11, breadth
9 lines. (Verzeich. p. 26.)

P. contca Anton. Equals P. vulgata Lam., ete., the varieties
with equal broad and somewhat separated ribs and conic form.
Blainv. 49,1; Mart. 1, 38. (Anton, Verzeich. p. 26.)

P. ALBESCENS Anton. Oval, nearly round, conical; apex wart-
like, inclined forward. Very finely longitudinally, and still more
finely transversely striated. Yellowish-white; inside pure white,
with a brown margin around the muscle-impression, below the mar-
gin horn-colored. Length 1, breadth 11 lines. Antilles. (Anton,
Verzeich. p. 26.)

P. picHoroma Anton. Oval, conical, white with brown longitu-
dinal lines, which below mostly divide gable-wise [ A-shaped]. In-
terior whitish. Length 62, breadth 53 lines. Has the muscle-im-
pression of Patella and the outward aspect of Siphonaria. (Anton,
Verzeich. p. 26.)

This may possibly be Aemwa cubensis Rve. (H. A. P.)

P. (? TOREUMA, VAR.) TENUILIRATA Carpenter.

Shell much depressed, oblong, diaphanous; corneous, irregularly
flamed with brownish-purple ; about 22 very delicate lire, the inter-
stices obsoletely striated ; apex subprominent, situated about at the
front fifth. Interior very iridescent. Length 1°38, breadth 1, alt.
‘28 inch. ( Cpr.)

Monterey (Hartweg) in Cuming Coll.

This shell appears to agree with P. toreuma Reeve in all essential
respects; but instead of the fine regular striz of that species, there
are a few delicate principal ribs, with obsolete strize between. As its
neighbor P. oregona sometimes developes large ribs, and is at other
times nearly smooth, this has not been considered a sufficient difter-
ence to constitute a species until more is known of its variable
powers. (Cpr. in P. Z.S. 1855, p. 233.)

P. rustica Linn. Born has attempted the identification of this
perplexing limpet, his selection being perhaps the P. lusitanica,
His description is on p. 426 of the Mus. Ces., pl. 18, fig. 11. See
under P. lusitanica and P. neglecta, this volume.

160 UNIDENTIFIED LIMPETS.

P. tacryosa Linné., Syst. x, p. 781. Unidentified ; ? possibly=P.
stelleformis.

P. TUBERCULATA Linné., Syst. x, p. 782. Unidentifiable.

All Linnean Patelle other than these two and those referred to in
the foregoing text of this volume, belong to other groups, such as
Fissurellide, Calyptreide, Capulide, Siphonariide, Ancylide, (q. v.)

_ISLANDICA Gmel., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 8698, ?=P. vulgata.
. RUBRA Gmel., p. 3700. Unidentified.

. HEPATICA Gmel., p. 8700. Unidentified.
FUSCESCENS Gmel., p. 3701. Unidentified.
MACULOSA Gmel., p. 3701. Unidentified.
ROTUNDATA Gmel., p. 8701. Unidentified.
coRRUGATA Gmel., p. 3702. Unidentified.
ALBORADIATA Gmel., p. 8702. Unidentified.
OLIVACEA Gmel., p. 3702. Unidentified.
CEREA Gmel., p. 3702. Unidentified.
IMPREsSA Gmel., p. 8702. Unidentified.
AURANTIA Gmel., p. 3703. Unidentified.
MELANOZONIAS Gmel., p. 8703. Unidentified.
ocuLATA Gmel., p. 3703. Unidentified.
OCHROLEUCA Gmel., p. 8708. Unidentified.
DENTICULATA Gmel., p. 8703. Unidentified.
nopuLosa Gmel., p. 3703. Unidentified.
CINEREA Gmel., p. 3704. Unidentified.
EXALBIDA Gmel., p. 3704. Unidentified.
Levis Gmel., p. 3704. Unidentified.
ARGENTEA Gmel., p. 3704. Unidentified.

Fr ee OVO Ne ee) SO ne Were enmness Grey eo why e NUraae

cupREA Gmel., p. 3704. I do not know this apparently well-
marked species. It may be a form of P. magellanica.

SANGUINEA Gmel., p. 3705. Unidentified.
INEQUALIS Gmel., p. 3705. Unidentified.

. FLAVEOLA Gmel., p. 3705. Unidentified.

. INFUNDIBULUM Gmel., p. 3705. Unidentified.

acila-ila- lacie:

. oyArHus Gmel., p. 3705. Unidentified.

UNIDENTIFIED LIMPETS. , 161

P. uLyssiPoNnensis Gmel., p. 3706. This is a form of P. cwrulea.
P. MELANOGRAMMA Gmel., p. 3706. Unidentified.

P. REPANDA Gmel., p. 3707. Probably=P. aspera of the Mediter-
rean.

P. ANGULOSA Gmel., p.3707. Unidentified.

P. TIGRINA Gmel., p. 3707. Unidentified.

P. monopis Gmel., p. 8707. ?=P. oculus Born.

P. cuLorosticra Gmel., p. 38707. ?=P. cwrulea var. crenata.
P. MARGARITACEA Gmel., p. 8707. ?=P. cerulea.

P. TENvIS Gmel., p. 3708. ?=P. cerulea.

P. PLIcARIA Gmel., p. 8708. ?=—=P. barbara Linn., p. 96.
P. srANNEA Gmel., p. 3709. ?==P. enea Martyn.

P. rascrATA Gmel., p. 3713. Unidentified.

P. ELEGANS Gmel., p. 3713. Unidentified.

P. squamosa Gmel., p. 3715. Unidentified.

P. squaALIDA Gmel., p. 3714. Unidentified.

P. crocea Gmel., p. 3714. Unidentified.

P. canDIDA Gmel., p. 3714. Unidentified.

P. mrnrma Gmel., p. 3714. ?=Aemea virginea Mill.

P. TRANQUEBARICA Gmel., p. 3714. An unidentifiable Oriental
Aemea.

P. SURINAMENSIS Gmel., p. 3716. Unidentified.
P. virELLINA Gmel., p. 3716. Unidentified.
P. LavIGATA Gmel., p. 3717. Unidentified.

P. crrrina Gmel., p. 3720. Unidentified.

P. curtata Gmel., p. 3721. Unidentified.

P. scuTIFORMIS Gmel., p. 3721. Unidentified.
P. CRATICULATA Gmel., p. 3722. Unidentified.
P. cRUENTATA Gmel., p. 3722. Unidentified.
P. PAPYRACEA Gmel., p. 8722. Unidentified.
P. cyLinpRIcA Gmel., p. 3722. Unidentified.
P. pEcussATa Gmel., p. 8723. Unidentified.
P. n&MosticTa Gmel., p. 3723. Unidentified.
P. ASTEROIDES Gmel., p. 3725. ° Unidentified.
P. RUBELLA Gmel., p. 3723. Unidentified.

11

162 UNIDENTIFIED LIMPETS.

SPECTABILIS Gmel., p. 3723. Unidentified.
. CONSPURCATA Gmel., p. 3724. Unidentified.
. ArRA Gmel., p. 3724. Unidentified.

. SPECULARIS Gmel., Be 3724. Unidentified.
CANESCENS Gmel., p. 3724. Unidentified.
VIRESCENS Gmel., p. 3724. Unidentified.

. PULLA Gmel., p. 9725. Unidentified.
.REVOLUTA Gmel., p. 8725. Unidentified.

. SQUAMATA Gmel., p. 5725. Unidentified.

. TESTACEA Gmel., p. 3725. Unidentified.
CAPILLARIS Gmel., p. 3725. Unidentified.
.GLAUCA Gmel., p. 3725. Unidentified.

. OBSCURA Gmel., p. 3726. Unidentified.

. EXOLETA Gmel., p. 3726. Unidentified.

. AFFINIS Gmel., p. 3726. Unidentified.
FuscATA Gmel., p. 3726. Unidentified.

. MELLEA Gmel., p. 83726. Unidentified.
GUINEENSIS Gmel., p. 3726. Unidentified.
COMPLANATA Gmel., p. 3726. Unidentified.
. NAVICULA Gmel., p. 3727. ?=P. miniata.
cINGULATA Gmel., p. 8727. Unidentified.
A portion of these species of Gmelin may belong to Siphonarude,

although all species belonging elsewhere than in Patellide and

Acmeide have been purposely omitted in the above list.

P. tuTEOLA Lam., An. s. Vert. vi, p. 327. Unidentified.

P. TUBERCULIFERA Lam., An.s. Vert. vi, p. 333. Unidentified.

P. raprata Born, Test. Mus. Cees. Vindob., t. 18, £10. (CP. virgata
Gmel., Syst. xiii, p. 3727). Unidentified.

P. porntANA Helbling, Abhandl., p.
dinalis.

P. zonata Schubert & Wagner, Conchyl. Cab., p. 125, t. 229, f.
4056, 4057. Unidentified.

P. yiraata Donovan, in Rees’ Encyel., Conch., pl. xvi. Unidentified.

P. auricULA Donovan, in Rees’ Encyel., Conch. pl. xvi. Unidenti-
fied.

Dee eae oie oe ees

.—Acmeea testu-

UNIDENTIFIED LIMPETS. 165
P. srriGAtA Donovan, in Rees’ Encyel., Conch. pl. xvi. Unidenti-
fied.
P. onycurres Menke, Moll. Noy. Holl. Spec., p. 34. Unidentified.
Western Australia. ’
P. PpuLcHELLA Blainyille, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles,
XxXvili, 1825, p. 92. This may be Patina pruinosa.

P. nopaTA Blainv., L.¢., p. 93. This is either a strongly costate
form of Nacella mytilina, such as N. compressa of Rochebr. &
Mabille, or a nearly smooth N. deaurata.

P. cASTANEA Blainv. L. ¢., p. 94. Unidentified.

P. VIRIDESCENS Blainy., L. ¢., p. 95. Probably a form of Nacella
enea. Falkland Is.

P. TENUISTRIATA Blainv., L. c., p. 96. Unidentified.
P. niGRA Blainv., L. ¢., p. 96. Unidentified.

P. MacuLaTA Blainv., L. ¢., p. 97. Probably it is P. capensis or P.
variabilis. From the Cape.

P. pepREsSA Blainv., L. ¢., p. 97. Unidentified.

P. tucuskis Blainy., L.c¢., p.99. A Helcioniscus, like H. amussitatus.
Ry. From the Moluccas.

P. AURANTIACA Blainv., LZ. c., p. 99. Unidentified. Habitat un-
known.

P. varrecaTa Blainy., L.¢., p. 100. Unidentified. From Botany
Bay. |
SQUAMA (Gualt., t. 8, f. L.) Blainv., Z. ¢., p. 101.=P. coerulea.
GRISEA Blainv., L. ¢., p. 102.—=P. aspera. From Greece.
ALBORADIATA Blainy., D. c., p. 102. Unidentified.

a
iP;
le
P. PARALLELOGRAMMICA Blainy., Z. ¢., p. 103. Unidentified.
P. HEPYAGONA Blainy., LZ. ¢., p. 104.—=Acmea saccharina.

P. cHILENSIS Blainy., L. ¢., p. 104.—Siphonaria ?

PB:

conrca Blainv., Z.c, p. 107. Island of Maria. This is a large
species, perhaps Helcioniscus argentatus.

P. CAMPANIFORMIS Blainy., L. ¢., p. 108.=Siphonaria ?

P. cARpDITOIDEA Blainv., LD. ¢., p. 110.—=Nacella deaurata ?

P. RaRIcostA Blainv., L.¢., p. 110. Unidentified.

P. sotipa Blainy., Z.c¢., p. 110. Unidentified. Australia.
P. RUBROAURANTIACA Blainv., £.¢., p. 111. Unidentified.

164 TITISCANIA.

P. aticosTaTa Blainv., L.¢, p. 111. Probably this is P. neglecta
Gray.

P. NIGROALBA Blainv., L.¢, p. 111. Unidentified. Cape Good
Hope.

P. pERONII Blainv., DL. ¢, p. 111. Unidentified. Port of King
George, Australia. .

P. MADAGASCARENSIS Blainy., Z.¢., p. 112. Unidentified.

P. viouacea Blainv., L.c., p. 112. Perhaps=—P. vulgata.

. ATROMARGINATA Blainv., LZ. ¢., p..113.=P. granularis.

. SUBGRANULARIS Blainv., D. ¢., p. 118.=P. lusitanica.

. ZEBRA Blainv., L.c., p. 115. Unidentified.

. UNGULIFORMIS Blainv., J. ¢., p. 115. Unidentified.

alee allah ae,

Family TITISCA NID.

Animal limaciform, naked, without a shell; radula rhipidoglosate,
neritoid, but lacking median teeth like the Neritopside.

This shell-less, limaciform type belongs, as its internal anatomy
and the armature of the radula show, to the group of the Neritacea ;
and the lack of median teeth places it evidently in the Neritopsoid
division of that group.

Genus TITISCANIA Bergh, 1890.
Titiscaniu Beran, Morphol. Jahrbuch, xvi, (1), p. 3. Type, 7.

limacina.
T. rrmacina Bergh. Plate 41; pl. 39, figs. 28, 29.

Form quite limaa-like, long-oval, convex above, flat beneath,
rounded in front and behind. The color above is clear yellowish,
whiter in the middle, where the violet-gray entrails show through,
and with a few whitish transverse bands. The back is quite even,
only with a few white salient points; anteriorly above is the trans-
verse branchial slit, the end of the gill projecting out of the slit in
several individuals. The gill has 35 to40lamine. In front of the
gill-slit is the flat and rather wide head with rather long, pointed
tentacles, having the black, nearly sessile eyes at their outer bases.
In the male there is behind the right eye a little whitish hump or
pit (opening) for the end of the seminal duct. The entire length
is 103 mill.

Camiguin, Philippines ; Mauritius.

TITISCANIA. 165

Titiscania limacina Bereu in Semper’s Reis. Archip. Phil. I, ii,
Heft ix, t. xli, f. 10; Morphol. Jahrb. xvi, p. 3. t. 1, 2.

The coloration of the specimens from the Philippines is described
above.
9, breadth scarcely 4, alt. 2-23, length of tentacle 12 mill.) the color
whitish, the entrails not showing through, with the exception of the
anterior female genital mass which conspicuously shows through.

Fig.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

65.

The specimens from Mauritius were mostly smaller (length

Explanation of figures, plate 41.

Anterior end of animal from below, showing front gill-
commissure with retracted gill, then tentacles, oral aper-
ture and sole of foot.

Anal papilla.

Alimentary canal.

The living animal, enlarged after a drawing by Semper.
Tentacle with eye.

Radula (x100).

a, Lateral tooth lying prostrate; 6. Three inner teeth of
the second row; e. Two inner supporting plates.

Outer plates.

Innermost of the outer plates.

Outermost plate.

Outer end of a row of teeth.

A few teeth from the same.

Plate 39, figs. 28,29. Nerve ganglia.

166 APPENDIX—ACM EID.
Appendix.
Family ACM HID Cpr.

Dr. THIELE, in his continuation of Troschel’s Das Gebiss der
Schnecken, recognizes two subfamilies of Acmeide, identical with
those adopted by me on p. 6 of this volume.

ACMA VIRIDULA Lam. (p. 32). Reeve, on a suppressed page of
the Conchologia Iconica, names this species P. nivalis.

ACMA VARIABILIS Sowb. (page 34.)

Philippi changed the name of his P. lineata to P. grammia in the
index to the Abbildungen. ‘This name will also fall into line in the
procession of synonyms after A. variabilis.

ACMA ANTILLARUM Sowb. (p. 38).

This name will take precedence over that of candeana, elegans,
etc., the former of which was used in the text, p. 38.

Sowerby’s figure of Lottia antillarum, on the plate first cited
below, is an excellent and characteristic picture of this species in its
finest development.

The synonymy will stand as follows:

Lottia antillarum SowERBy, Genera of Shells, fig. 4. (Issued
before 1831.)

Lottia antillarum SowERBy, A Concholog. Manual, p. 59, fig. 231,
1839. (A somewhat different color-form.)

Lottia antillarum Sowb., REEveE, Conchol. System., pl. exxxvii, f.
4 (printed from same plate as Sowerby’s Genera) 1842.

Acmea antillarum Sowb., Pitspry, The Nautilus, Dec., 1891,
p. 85.

Patella tenera C. B. Apams, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii, p. 8 (1845).

Patella tenera Ad., REEVE, Conch. Icon. fig. 104.

Patella candeana Orxs., Moll. Cuba, ii, p. 199, atlas pl. 25, figs.
1-3.

Acmea candeana Orb., Datu, Catal. Mar. Moll. 8. E. U. S., p.
159.

Acmea candeana Orb., Pitspry, Manual of Conchology, xiii, p.
38, pl. 5, figs. 91-95, and pl. 42, figs. 92-95.

? Patella (Acmeea ?) elegans Putuiprt, Abbild. u. Beschreib. ii, p.
34, Patella p. 6, pl. 2, fig 2 (1846).

? Not P. antillarum Sowb., Parurprs, Abbild. iti, Patella, pl. 2, fig.
12.

APPENDIX—ACM-EIDE. 167

ACMA ONYCHINA Gould. PI. 73, figs. 96, 97, 98.

The original figures of this species are not very satisfactory,
although Gould’s description is very good. Figures are here given
drawn from specimens lately collected at Bahia, Brazil.

The diagnostic characters are, besides the orbicular and rather
depressed form, the sculpture, which consists of a variable number
of low, rounded radiating ribs (often nearly obsolete), the entire
surface being finely radially striated. The erosion of the surface is
generally, so far as my specimens show, extensive, the sculpture
being lost to a corresponding degree. The interior is characterized
by a black-brown spatula which often has a “tail-piece” similar to
the usual head-segment, and nearly always there are broad rays
extending to the front and posterior margins from the central spatula.
The marginal border is either black or tessellated. This species
has a wide distribution along the east coast of South America, ex-
tending as far south as Santa Caterina, in S. Lat. 32° 30’, where it
has been collected by Dr. H. von Ihering (see Dall, in The Nautilus,
Aug., 1891, p. 44). See also the locality of the synonymous P.
millert Dkyr., this volume, page 43. The name Acmea subrugosa
was published by Orbigny prior to the Gouldian name onychina,
but the diagnosis given is scarcely sufficient for recognition. It is
as follows :

A. testa ovato-convexiuscula, striato-costata; striis incequalibus ; -
albido-virescente zonis fuscis radiata; intus fusco; margine sub-
erenatu, lutescente, fusco-maculato. Diam. 18 mill., alt. 8 mill.
(Orb.)

Mr. E. A. Smith has recently described a form closely allied to
this species, from the island Fernando Noronho. It should prob-
ably be considered a variety of the A. onychina.

Var. NORONHENSIS E. A. Smith. PI. 73, figs. 98, 94.

Shell ovate, wider behind, moderately elevated, blackish, painted
with pale rays, eroded and black at the apex, which is situated a
little in front of the middle; radiately delicately striated, sculptured
with lines of increment.

Interior blackish within the muscle-scar, toward the apex having
a thin whitish callus; outside of the muscle-scar, nearly to the edge,
it is bluish-white; at the margin narrowly edged with black; havy-

168 APPEN DIX—ACM ®ID®.

ing a wide dark ray extending from apex to margin in front, and a
broader one behind. (Smith.)
Length 24, width 19, alt. 9 mill.
Island of Fernando Noronho, off Brazil.

Acmea noronhensis Smitu, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. xx, p. 495, t.
30, f. 3, 8a (1891.)

This species has a smoother surface than A. subrugosa, d’Orbigny
(= Lottia onychina Gould), from Rio Janeiro. Like that species,
however, it has in the interior a broad obscure ray from the apex to
the margin in front and a broader one at the opposite end. These
rays, however are more distinct in the present species than in the
Brazilian shell. The external radiating striz being very fine, do
not, as a rule, produce a crenulated margin, but in some instances
a slight crenulation occurs. The surface within the muscle scar
is almost black, forming a marked contrast to the pallid space be-
tween it and the black margin, shells found attached to rocks, when
placed upon a flat surface, rest upon the anterior and posterior mar-
gins only, so that the sides are slightly raised. (Smith.)

ScuRRIA ZEBRINA Lesson. (page 63.)

Following Dall, I included “ Patella concepcionensis Lesson” in
the synonymy of zebrina on page 63. Lesson described no such
species, his name being “ concepsionis” ; and its pertinence to zebrina
is doubtful. See at foot of page 155, this volume.

New Zealand Acmeide.

AcM#A LACUNOSA Reeve (p. 52).

Hutton omits this name from his latest revision of the New Zea-
landic Acmeeids (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, ix, p. 372, 1884).
He considers A. corticata a good species. Figures 9, 10, 11 of my
plate 37 represent specimens of corticata received from Hutton, and
figs. 7, 8 of pl. 387 are Reeve’s originals of lacunosa.

A. CINGULATA Hutton (p. 53).

Add to references: Hurron, N. Z. Journ. of Sci. i, p. 477, 1883 ;
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, ix, p. 372.
A. RUBIGINOSA Hutton (p. 53).

This unfigured species I have not seen. It may = A. lacunosa.
Hutton considers Patella campbelli Filhol (Compt. Rend. xci, p.

APPENDIX—ACM AIDE. 169

1095, 1880) a probable synonym. PP. campbelli is insufficiently
diagnosed.

A. CONOIDEA Q. & G. (p. 53).
Hutton records this from Banks’ Peninsula, N. Z.

A. FLAMMEA Q. & G. (p. 57).
Hutton reports this from New Zealand, Auckland to Dunedin.

A. crucrATa Linné. PI. 73, fig. 95.

Shell oval, moderately solid, varying in elevation from subde-
pressed to subconical, usually found smooth, but rayed in fresh and
perfect individuals with very fine raised strie. Coloring rather
variable, yet almost always exhibiting a more or less cruciform
arrangement ; when most characteristic, displaying four broad white
rays upon a white spreckled ground of blackish-brown that are
usually bisected, as they spread, by a short dark streak which at times
becomes so broad as to produce the appearance of there being eight
narrow white rays, or of a cross with white edges and a brown
center; occasionally, too, there are narrower interstitial rays besides.
Apex blunt, yet prominent, always white both within and without,
placed at rather more than one-third the space from the narrower
end. Interior with a faint central brown spatula-shaped stain,
intersected by the external rays, which appear more or less visibly
through the very thin white glaze that lines the rest of the cavity.
Length three-fourths of an inch; breadth half an inch. Worn in-
dividuals exhibit a brown cross upon a white ground. (Hanley.)

Habitat unknown.

Patella eruciata L., Syst. Nat. x, p. 784—Scurarer, Hialeitung
in die Conchylien-Kenntniss, i, p. 452, t. 5, f. 6—Aemea ecruciata
Hantey, Shells of Linn., p. 429; Wood’s Index Testac., p. 189, t.
38, f. 78, (edit. Hanley).—? Patella insignis Mxe., Moll. Nov. Holl.
Spec., p. 34; Zeitschr. f. Mal. 1844, p. 62.

Compare Acemea crucis Tenison-Woods. The figure is reduced in
size.

P. rystanis Menke.

Shell ovate, convex, shining, subpellucid, obsoletely concentric-
ally striated, vertically subsulcate behind, whitish, painted with five
or six rather wide reticulated brown rays. Vertex excentric, mar-

170 APPENDIX—PATELLID®. 7

gin entire, length 7:4, breadth 5:7, alt. 5 lines, (Mke. in Moll. Nov.
Holl. Spec.. p. 34.)
Western Australia.
This is not P. insignis Dkr., a synonym of P. testudinaria.
It is probably the same as Aemea cruciata Linn.

ACMA ARANEOSA Gould. PI. 73, figs. 90, 91, 92.

Shell small, thin, rounded, slightly elevated, smooth, and without
ribs or sculpture; apex nearly central, obtuse. Color pale yellow-
ish-green, reticulated with very fine rusty-brown lines, branching off
like rootlets towards the margin. The interior is whitish, with a
rusty ring just within the muscular impression ; the edge is sharp
and simple, and has a well-defined limbus, so thin as distinctly to
repeat the external linear markings.

Length five-eighths of an inch; breadth half an inch} height
one-fourth of an inch. (Gd.)

A pretty little shell, most probably a Lotti, resembling some of
the species figured by Quoy, especially his orbicularis. Indeed it is
so like the reticulated variety figured in Quoy’s pl. 71, fig. 33, that
the examination of a more extensive series might show them to be
identical. ( Gd.)

Sooloo Sea.

Patella (Lottia?) araneosa Gup., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. ui, p.
152 (1846); U.S. Exped. p. 347, figs. 450.

PATELLA BARBARA Linné. (Page 96.)

No locality is given in the text for this species. I am informed
by Mr. Gro. W. Taytor that it is abundant at the Cape of Good
Hope.

Hetcronrscus REYNAUDI Desh. (Page 130). By a typographical
error this name is spelled incorrectly in the text.

Family PATELLID 2.

Dr. Thiele, in his continuation of Troschel’s Das Gebiss der
Schnecken (received at Philadelphia since the publication of part 50 of
the MANnuAtL, in which my own classification of Pateliide was out-
lined), divides the family according to the characters of the radula
into groups as seen below. The great merit of Dr. Thiele’s work
consists in his demonstration of the existence of a rhachidian tooth

APPENDIX—PATELLID. 17a

in all groups of Patellide; in his recognition of the fact that the
primary division of the family is into two groups, based upon the
number of anterior side teeth—a generalization which I had made
before seeing his publication, as will be seen by my synopsis on page
79 of this volume.

I am satisfied that no generic distinctions can be based upon the
degree of development of the rhachidian tooth. It varies in differ-
ent species from a mere rudiment to a tooth as well-developed as the
laterals. It is to be expected that the examination of more material .
will bridge such gaps as still exist in the range of its variation.

Dr. Thiele’s arrangement is as follows. I have quoted in brackets
the species investigated by him of each group.

Family Patellide.

Subfamily PATELLIN& [equals in limits and contents, division A of
my synopsis on p. 79.]
Genus Ancistromesus Dall. [P. chitonoides, P. pica.]
Genus Patellidea Thiele. [P. granularis. ]
Genus Patellona Thiele. [P. granatina, P. plumbea?, P. adan-
soni. |
Genus Olana Ads. [P. cochlear. ]
Genus Cymbula Ads. [P. compressa. ]
Genus Patellastra Monts. [P. lusitanica, P. guttata, P. ferruginea. ]
Genus Patella L. [P. tarentina, P. crenata, P. ccerulea, P.
scutellaris, P. aspera, P. lugubris, P. moreleti, P. vulgata. ]
Genus Patellopsis Thiele. [P. ? shell unknown. ]
Genus Helcion Montf. [P. pectunculus Gm.=P. pectinatus
Born. |
Genus Patinastra Thiele. [P. pruinosa.]
Genus Patina Leach. [P. pellucida, P. tella.]
Subfamily NaceLiinz [Equals in limits and contents, division B
of my synopsis on page 79.]
Genus Nacel/la Schum. [P. vitrea, P. hyalina, P. mytilina.]
Genus Patinella Dall. [P. deaurata, P. venosa, P. fuegiensis, P.
atramentosa. |
Genus Helcioniscus Dall. [P. toreuma, P. amussitata, P. testu-
dinaria, P. exarata, P. rota. ]
Different authors entertain such diverse views upon the amount
of divergence sufficient to give generic rank to a group, that any
discussion of this matter would be futile. Such differences of

ee, APPENDIX—PATELLID®.

opinion are inevitable, and it must be left to the zoologists of the
future to sift these things down to a just, convenient and uniform
usage. It should be noted, however, that most of the above “ genera”
are founded upon the degrees of development of a single organ.

I have copied on pl. 52, fig. 6, Thiele’s figure of the radula of
Patellidea granularis. On pl. 74, fig. 1, dentition of Patellona grana-
tina. On pl. 52, fig. 7, the dentition of Olana cochlear.. On pl. 74,
fig. 2, that of Cymbula compressa. On pl. 52, fig. 8, that of Patellastra
lusitanica. On pl. 52, fig. 5, that of Patella aspera. On pl. 52, fig.
9, that of Patellopsis sp., a Cape species of which the shell is unknown.

Pl. 52, fig. 4, represents the dentition of Heleion pectinatus. PI. 52,
fig. 3, that of Patinastra pruinosa. Pl. 52, fig. 2, the dentition of
Patina pellucida.

On pl. 74, fig. 3, the dentition of Nacedla vitrea is figured. PI. 74,
fig. 4, represent that of N. mytilina. PI. 74, fig. 5, that of Patinella
venosa. PI. 74, figs. 7, 8, that of P. fuegiensis.

Pl. 74, fig. 6, represents the dentition of Helcioniscus capensis.

_ it is likely that naturalists of all schools could agree upon some
such arrangement of this family as the following:

REVISED CLASSIFICATION OF THE PATELLID2.
Family Patellide.

I. Subfamily Paretiinm. Lateral teeth of the radula three on
each side, two of them anterior.
1. Genus Patella L. Branchial cordon complete; apex of
shell near the center.
2. Genus Helcion Montf. Branchial cordon interrupted in
front ; apex of the shell anterior.
II. Subfamily Nacetiin. Developed lateral teeth but two on
each side, of which one is anterior.
3. Genus Nacella Schum. An epipodial ridge developed
upon the sides of the foot; branchial cordon complete.
4. Genus Helcioniscus Dall. Sides of foot smooth, with no
trace of an epipodial ridge. Branchial cordon inter-
rupted in front.

REPERENCE TOSPUATES:

VOL. XIll.

PuaTe 1.
FIGURE.
1, 2. Acmea viridula Lm. Conch. Icon.,
3-6, Acmea viridula Lm. Original,
7-9. Acmeea spectrum Ry. Original,
10. Seurria zebrina Less. Original,
11. Seurria zebrina Less. Conch. Icon.,

PLATE 2.

12-17. Acmeea concinna Lischke. Jap. Meeres-Conchyl.,
18-20. Acmeea heroldi Dkr. Moll. Jap.,

21-24. Acmeea schrenckii Lischke. Jap. Meeres- -Conchyl.,
25-28. Acmeea persona Esch. Original, :

29. Acmeea persona Esch. (P. oregona Rve.). Conch. Icon.,
30, 31. Acmea persona Esch. var. Original,

32, 33. Acmea patina Esch. (P. nuttalliana Rv. a C. Tcon.,

34-37. Acmeea patina Esch. Original,
PLATE 3.

38-40. Acmeea scabra var. limatula Cpr. Original,
41. Acmea seabra Rv. Conch. Icon., , :
42-44, Acmeea secabra Rv. Original, ‘

45-46. Acmezea scabra var. limatula. Original,
47-49. Acmeea scabra var. morchii Dall. Original,
50. Acmzea mitra Esch. Original,

51, 52. Acmeea persona Esch. typical. Mal. BI.,

58, 54. Acmeea persona var. digitalis Esch. Mal. Jaslly
55, 56. Acmzea persona var. digitalis Esch. Original,

PLATE 4,

56, 57. Acmezea cubensis Rv. (melanolenca Ry.). C. Icon.,

58-60. Acmza cubensis Ry. typical. Original,
61, 62. Acmzea cubensis var. Original,
63. Acmza cubensis v. simplex Pils. Original,

64, 65. Acmeea cubensis v. simplex (leucopleura Ry.). C. Te.,

66-68. Acmzea cubensis v. simplex Pils. Original,
69, 70. Acmzea cubensis Rv. Conch. Icon.,

(173)

174

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.
71-73. Seurria punctatissima Ph. Abbild., . 64
74— ia Scurria parasitica Orb. (Lottia cy ‘mbiola Gia.) 1B)

S. Expl. Exp., Oe

77, 79. Acmeea scutum Orb. Ameér. Mérid., : ; Siow
78, 30, 81. Acmezea scutum Orb. Original, : gs)
89 —~S4. Acmza nisoria Ph. Abbild., : : ; ae
85-87. Acmezea albescens Ph. Abbild., ; : ; oO
88, 91. Acmeea coffea Rv. Conch. Icon., : : . hoo
89, 90, 91. Acmeza exilis Ph. Abbild., ' ‘ : ahs

PLATH oO.

9), 92. Acmeea antillarum Sowb. Original, . 38, 166
93-95. Acmeea antillaram Sby. (candeana Orb.). Moll. Cuba, 38
96-98. Acmeea elegans Phil. Abbild., : 3 : SCS)
99, 100, 1-5. Acmea punctulata. Original, : : ook
6. Acmzea punctulata. Conch. Icon., ; : ‘ Re"
7. Acmeea antillarum var. Conch. Man., : fee
8-10. Acmeza antillarum Phil., not Sowb. Abbild., 43
11-13. Acmeea punctulata Gm. (cubaniana Orb.). Moll. Cuba, 37
14, 15. Acmea cimeliata Ry. (=leucopleura Gm.), : . Al
16-21. Acmza leucopleura Gm. typical. Original, . ae)
22, 23. Acmeea leucopleura (albicostata Ry.). Conch. Icon., 40
24, 25. Acmza balanoides Rv. (=leucopleura). C. Icon. 40

26. Acmeea occidentalis Rv. (=leucopleura). Conch. Icon., 40

PLATE 6.
27, 28. Acmea stipulata Rve. Conch. Icon., : 3 oe
29-31. Acmezea stipulata Rve. Original, F col
32, 38. Acmea instabilis Gld. U. s. Expl. Exp., : ge le:
34, 35. Acmea pediculus Phil. Conch. Icon., : . 30
36, 37. Acmzea insessa Hinds. Original, ; s . aS
38, 39. Acmzea asmi Midd. Original, : ; 5 aS)
40. Acmeea depicta Hinds. Original, : . : 29
41. Acmza depicta var. Original, : : : : Add
42. Acmea paleacea Gld. M. & C.8h., E : . 20
43-45. Acmeea nacelloides Dall. A. J.C, : : Se)
46, 47. Acmsa mitella Mke. Conch. Icon., 3 é eee)
48, 49. Acmezea mitella Mke. Original, : : : . 29
50, 51. Aecmeea fascicularis Mke. Original, : ‘ mn 301
52, 53. Acmeea fascicularis Mke. Conch. Icon., . : ye)

PLATE 7.

(With the exception of figs. 68-70, the figures of this plate were
drawn from the type specimens, by the author.)

57-60.
61-63.

Acmeea Dalliana Pils. Original, . ; : aS
Acmeea atrata Cpr. Original, : : . See

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE.
64, 65. Acmeea atrata Cpr. young. Original,
66, 67. Acmza apicina Dall. Original,
68-70. Acmeea pediculus Phil. Original,
71-73. Acmeea rosacea Cpr. type. Original,

74-76. Acmeea triangularis v. casta Cpr. type. Original,

77, 78. Acmea triangularis Cpr. type. Original,
79-82. Acmeea filosa Cpr. type. Original,
83-85. Aemiea strigatella Cpr. type. Original,

PLATE 8.

86, 87. Acmea pelta v. cassis Esch. Original,

88, 89. Acmea pelta v. cassis Esch. Mal. BI.,

90, 91. Acmzea pelta Esch. typical. Original,
92-94. Acmeea pelta var. Original, : ;
95. Acmeea pelta plus nacelloides Dall. Original,
96, 87. Scurria mesoleuca Mke. Original,

98, 99. Scurria mesoleuca (Patella vespertina Rv.) Conch.

Teon.

OO. Scurria mesoleuca (de, striata Rv ) Conch. Tcon.,

2. Scurria mesoleuca. Original,

PLATE 9.

3-5. Acmzea discors Phil. Abbild., .
6. onee patina var. pintadina Gildy Uae Exped.,
7-9. Acmea patina var. ochracea Dall. A.J. C.,

10, 11. Acmeea patina v. fenestrata Nutt. Conch. Tcon.,

12-14. Acmea patina v. fenestrata. Original,

15, 16. Acmeea dorsuosa Gld. Chall. Gast., ;
17, 18. Acmea heroldi v. conulus Dkr. Original,
19-21. Acmeza heroldi v. pygmezea Dkr. Moll. Jap.,
22-24. Acmeasybaritica Dall. A.J.C., . :
25, 26. Acm«zea testudinalis L. F. and Hanl.,
27-29. Acmeea testudinalis L. Original,

30. Acmza concinna Lischke var. Original,

PLATE 10.

1-6. Patella vulgata L. Moll. Esp.,
7-17. Patella cerulea L. Moll. Esp., .
13, 14. Acmeza virginea Mill. Detbes & Hanl.,

Puate 11.

15-19. Patella lusitanica Gmel. Moll. Esp., ;
20-23. Patella czerulea v. aspera Link. Moll. Esp.,

24-26. Patella athletica F. & H. (=vulgata) F. & H.,

27-29. Patella czerulea v. lowei Orb. Moll. Guin.,

°

176 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

PuaTE 12.

FIGURE.

30-33. Patella adansoni Dkr. Moll. Guin. Inf., .
34-38. Patella guineensis Dkr. Moll. Guin. Inf.,
39-44, Patella lugubris Gmel. Moll. Guin. Inf.,
45-47. Patella spectabilis Dkr. Moll. Guin. Inf.,

PrLAtE, 13.

48, 49. Helcioniscus nigrolineatus Rv. var. Jap. Meeres-

Conch.,

50-53. Helcioniscus toreuma Rv. J ap. “Meeres-Conch., -

54-56. Patella kraussii Dkr. Moll. Guin. Inf, .
57-59. Patella nigrosquamosa Dkr. Moll. Guin. ak,
60-62. Patella echinulata Kr. Stidaf. Moll.,

63, 64. Patella miliaris Ph. (—natalensis). Moll. Guin,

65-67. Patella natalensis Kr. Stidaf. Moll.,
68-70. Helcion pruinosa Kr. Siidaf. Moll.,

Puate 14.

71-74. Helcioniscus nigrolineatus Ry. Jap. Meeres-Conch.,

75, 76. Helcioniscus amussitatus Rv. Conch. Icon.,

77-79. Helcioniscus amussitatus Rv. Jap. Meeres-Conch.,

PLATE 15.

2. Patella barbara Linn. Conch. Icon., .
4. Patella morbida Ry. Conch. Icon.,
6. Nacella zenea Martyn. Conch. Icon.,

SUS

PLATE 16.

7, 8. Patella obtecta Kr. Sitidaf. Moll., A

9,10. Patella tabularis Kr. Sitidaf. Moll. .
12-14. Helcioniscus dunkeri Kr. Stidaf. Moll.,
15-17. Helcioniscus capensis Gmel. Siidaf. Moll.,
18-20. Helcioniscus variabilis Kr. Stidaf. Moll., .

21, 22,22. Acmza araucana Orb. Voy. Amér. Mérid.,

PLATE 17.

23, 24. Patella ferruginea Gmel. Conch. Icon.,
25-27. Patella stelleformis Rv. Conch. Icon.,
28, 29. Helcioniscus limbata Phil. Conch. Icon.,

PLATE 18.

29, 30. Helcioniscus argentatus Sowb. Conch. Icon.,
31, 32. Acmeea saccharina L. Conch. Icon.,
33, 34. Patella electrina Rv. Conch. Icon.,

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

PLATE 19.

FIGURE.

39, 36. Helcioniscus nigrisquamatus Rv. Conch. Icon.,

37, 38. Acmeea striata Q. & G., Y ; 3
39, 40. Helcioniscus ornatus Dillw. Conch. Icon.,

41, 42. Patella neglecta Gray (zebra Rv.). Conch. Icon.,

PLATE 20.

43, 44. Nacella inradiata Rv. Conch. Icon.,
45, 46. Helcioniscus depsta Rv. Conch. Icon.,

47,

PLATE Jie

48. Patella conspicua Ph. Conch. Icon.,

49, 50. Helcioniscus denticulatus Martyn (type ofE. cata

51,

Rv.). Conch. Icon.,

Iran, DAL

9,10. Patella pica Rve. Conch. Icon.,

11,

12. Patella ustulata Rve. Conch. Icon.,

13, 14. Patella pica Rv. Conch. Icon.,

15,

16. Patella argenvillei Kr. Conch. Icon.,

»

PEATE 23.

1-3. Helcioniscus redimiculum Rv. .
4, 6-8. Helcioniscus radians v. decora Pht

PLATE 24.

9,10. Patella exusta Reeve. Conch. Icon.,
11, 14, 15. Patella plumbea Lm. Conch. Icon., :
12, 13. Acmea saccharina L. (lanx Rv.) Conch. Teon.,

PLATE 25.

16-19. Helcioniscus testudinaria L. Original,
20, 21. Patella aculeata Rv. Conch. Icon.,

PLATE 26.

22-25. Patella miniata Born. Original,
26, 27. Patella miniata Born. Conch. Icon.,
28, 29. Patella chitonoides Rv. Conch. Icon.,

PLATE 27.

30, 32. Patella oculus Born. Original, . F
34, 35. Patella cochlear Born. Conch. Icon.,

12

52. Heleioniscus radians v. earlii Rv. type. C. Icon.,

178 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

PLATE 28. s
FIGURE.
35, 36. Helcioniscus enneagonus Rv. Conch. Icon.,
37, 38. Patella longicosta. Conch. Icon., .
39-41. Patella citrullus Gld. Expl. Exped.,

PLATE 29.

43. Patella rustica Rv. (reduced). Conch. Icon.,
44-46. Patella ccerulea v. lowei Orb. Original,
47-49. Patella seabra Gld. Expl. Exped.,

50-52. Patella piperita Gld. Expl. Exped., ; 87, 88

PLATE 30.

58, 54. Helcioniscus sanguinans Ry. Conch. Icon.,
55-58. Helcioniscus novemradiatus Q. Original,

PEATE oie

59, 60. Patella mexicana Brod. } nat. size. Original,
61. Sculpture of a young specimen. Original,
62. Dentition, from Dall., 3 :

PLATE 32.

63-66. Helcioniscus ardosizus H. & J. Original,
67-69. Helcioniscus melanostomus Pilsbry. Original,

PLATE 33.

70, 71, 73. Acmeea carpenteri Pils. Original,
72. Acmeea carpenteri. Interior of a young specimen, .
74. Teeth of Pectinodonta arcuata Dall. Blake Rep.,

75. Basal plate, the cusp removed, of P. arcuata. Blake Rep.

76. Pectinodonta arcuata Dall. Blake Rep.,
77-79. Acmea hieroglyphica Dall. <A. J.C.,
80-82. Acmza peramabilis Dall. Original,
83-85. Scurria mesoleuca Mke. Original,
86, 87. Acmeea lima Rve. Conch. Icon.,
88-90. Acmeea dorsuosa Gld. rypr. Original,
91, 92. Acmea uncinata Rv. Conch. Icon., .
93-95. Acmeea conoidalis Pse. Original,
96-98. Acmea garrettii Pils. Original,
99. Acmza vernicosa Cpr. Original,

1-3. Acmzea subrotunda Cpr. Original,

PLATE 34.

1-2. Acmeea variabilis Sowb. Conch. Jcon.,
>) . 1 y has

5-8. Acmeea variabilis Sowb. Original,
9,10. Acmea pretrei Orb. Amér. Mérid., .

b

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 179

FIGURE. . PAGE.
11-18. Acmzea subpersona Pils. rypr. Original, . ; ake
14-16. Acmeea ceciliana Orb. var. Original, , } . “33
17-19. Acmeea ceciliana Orb. ryprE. Am. Mér., : . oo
20, 21. Acmea ceciliana Orb. U.S. Exped, . : . 33
22-24. Acmea onychina Gld. U.S. Exped., wae, LOT

PrATE 35:

25, 26. Acmea borneensis Ry. Conch. Icon., : d . 48
27-29. Acmeea striata Q. Original, . ; f > Ah
30, 31. Helcioniscus nimbus Rv. Conch. Icon., ; . 154
32, 338. Acmza mixta Rv. Conch.Icon., . : : 2 OS
34, 35. Acmza squamosa Ry. Voy. Astrol., : - (60
36, 37. Acmea lacinata Rv. Conch. Icon., a : Poo
38, 39. Acmea achates Rv. Conch. Icon., . : ; Set 030)
40-42. Acmeea fluviatilis Blanf. J. A.S. B., ‘ ; . A8
45-16. Acmza chathamensis Pils. Original, ‘ : . 56

PLATE 36.

60-62, 78. Acmeea saccharina Linn. Typical. Original, . 49

63, 64. Acmza saccharina v. stellaris Q. Original, — . = 90
65, 66. Patella stellaris Rv. not Q. & G. Conch. Icon., 99, 51
67, 68. Acmzea saccharina »v. stellaris Q. Voy. Astrol., es)
69-71. Acmea perplexa Pils. Original, —. ‘ : eo ya0
72, 73. Acmea alticostata Ang. (=costata Sby). P.Z.8., . 41
74-77. Acmea costata Sowerby, Original . . . Sl

IP AUDEN Oe

78-83. Acmea flammea Q. & G. Voy. Astrol.,
84, 85. Acmiea conoidea Q. & G. Voy. Astrol.,
86, 87. Acmea elongata Q. & G. Voy. Astrol.,
88, 89. Acmza punctata Q. & G. Voy. Astrol.,
90-92. Acmeea pileopsis Q. & G. Voy. Astrol.,

Cons

1 One Gr or O71
T™ coco

93, 94. Acmza septiformis Q. & G. Voy. Astrol., 55
95-97. Acmea orbicularis var. Voy. Astrol., : : +08
98, 99. Acmea orbicularis Q. & G. Voy. Astrol., 57
1, 2. Acmzea cantharus Rv. Conch. Icon., k ; Pes
3, 4. Acmza calamus C. & F. J. de C. ; A : . o4
5, 6. Acmea rugosa Q. & G.. Voy. Astrol., : : ere
, 8. Acmza lacunosa Rv. Conch. ]eon., . : Oa OS
9-11. Acmea corticata Hutt. Original, . ; : . 168
12,13. Acmeea crucis T.-W. Original, . . ; 008,09
14, 15. Acmeea fragilis Q. & G. Original, . 4 : 5. Ds
17-19. Acmeea crucis var. Original, . ; : : . 08

20, 21. Acmeea lentiginosa Rv. Conch. eons yi d ae)

180

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

PLATE 38.

FIGURE.

5)

s=

122
t=
itGs
Ife

2,4. Scurria gigantea Sowb. Original,
ee gigantea dentition. A.J.C., .
. Seurria gigantea (kochii Phil.). Abbild.,

PLATE 39.

11. Propilidium ancyloide Forbes. Moll. Reg. Arct.,

The same, young shell. Moll. Reg. Arct.,

15. Dentition and mandible vf the same. Blake Rep.,

Seurria scurra Less. Original,
Dentition of Lepetella tubicola,

. Lepetella tubicola Verrill. Trans. Conn. . Ae,
. Lepetella tubicola, enlarged embryonic apex,

21. Lepeta coppingeri Smith. P. Z.58.,

22. Scurria mesoleuca, dentition. A.J. C.,

26,
28,

29,
Sle
oe
ao.
339)
36,
38,

53-

66-

69, 70. Acmzea marmorata var. submarmorata. Original,

, 24. Scurria scurra, enlarged apex. Original,
5. Scurria scurra, animal. Voy. Am. Meér.,

27. Seurria scurra Less. Original,

29. Nervous system of Titiscania limacina Bergh. (Ss

pl. 41.)

PLATE 40.

30. Lepeta czeea Mull. Moll. Arct. Norv.,
Lepeta ceca, dentition. Moll. Arct. Norv.,
Lepeta ceca, apex,x 4. A.J.C, .

34. Lepeta concentrica Midd. Laois Om
Lepeta concentrica, dentition. <A. J. Ca
37. Lepeta concentrica Midd. A.J. C.,
39. Lepeta alba Dall. Original,

. Lepeta alba Dall, dentition. A. J. ek

42. Pilidium Galea Mull oR Ge

: Pilieiann fulvum, dentition. Moll. ects Ngee
. Lepeta instabilis Dall. A. J.C.

46. Lepeta instabilis Dall. ‘Oneinal, ;
48. Propilidium scabrosum Jeffr. P. Z. Si

. Propilidium pertenue Jeffr. P. Z.5.,
. Propilidium compressum Jeffr. P. 7.8 5:

PLATE 41.
65. Titiscania limacina Bergh. Morphol. Jahrb.,
(See also pl. 39, figs. 28, 29.)
PLATE 42.

68. Acmeza marmorata T.-W. Typical. Original,

. 164

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 181

FIGURE, PAGE,
71, 72. Acmeea jacksoniensis Ry. Conch. Icon., 58
73-75. Acmea jacksoniensis Rv. Original, 58
76-78, Acmea alba T.-W. Original, . ; 3 . 54
79, 80. Acmza rubella Fab. Moll. Arct. Norv,, : ‘ ae)
81. Acmea pelta, dentition. A.J. C., : é ae
82. Acmza mitra, dentition. <A. J. role : : Lae
83. Acmea saccharina, dentition. A. J. C., : ; ek
84-86. Acmeea (triangularis var. ?) orcuttii. Original, sl
87, 87. Acmza cumingii Reeve (=patina v. pintadina). C.

Heonts7 7: , 4 ‘ ‘ : piel
88, 89, Acmma biradiata Rive Conch. Icon., ; : . AY
90, 91. Acmezea alveus Conr. Original, : , : ee
92-95. Acmea antillarum Sowb. var. Original, . ead. slog

PLATE 48.

1, 2. Nacella magellanica Gm. (meridionalis R. & M.). Moll.
Cap. H., Z : Lg

3, 4. Nacella magellanica (pupillata R. & ML.) Moll. Cap.
EL

tnkg,

£5, 6. Nacella magellanica (tineta R«& M.). Moll. Cap. i a)

7, 8. Nacella kerguelensis Smith. Phil. Trans., Be |

PLATE 44,

9-12, 15, 16. Nacella magellanica Gm. Original, : urs)
135, 14. Nacella magellanica Gm. (atramentosa Rv.). Conch.

Keane 4. ‘ : oe Be

17. Nacella magellanica ‘(metallica R. & M,). Cap. H., els

18, 19. Helcioniscus fungus Rv. Conch. Icon. . : . 153

20. Nacella deaurata Gm. (eymbularia Delessert). Rees (ye is

PLATE 45,

20, 21, Nacella magellanica v. chiloensis Ry. Conch. Icon., 120

22, 23. Nacella enea Martyn, typical. Original, . 5 Saleh 7
24, 25. Nacella magellanica v. venosa Ry. Original, . . 120
26, 27. Nacella magellanica vy. venosa Rv. Conch. Icon, . 120
PLATE 46.
28-30. Nacella deaurata Gm. Original, : : Bell lie)
31, 32. Nacella deaurata Gm. Original, : ; his
33. Nacella deaurata (varicosa Rv.). Conch. Icon., : nels
34-36. Nacella deaurataGm. Original, : n 2 218

PLATE 47.

1-3. Helcioniscus exaratus Nutt. (lutrata Nutt.). Original, 127
4, 5. Patella stelleeformis var. (cretacea Rv.). Conch. Icon., 99

182 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE.

6, 7. Helcioniscus exaratus Nutt. Original,

8, 9. Helcioniscus exaratus Nutt. Conch. Icon.,

10. Helcioniscus exaratus Nutt. Original,

11,12. Helcioniscus exaratus (undatolirata Ry.).
Teon., 4 5 ; : : ;

PLATE 48.

13-15. Helcioniscus nigrisquamatus Rv. Original,

16-18. Helcioniscus stearnsii Pils. Original,
19, 20. Patella barbara L. Conch. Icon.,

PLATE 49,

21-27. Nacella polaris H. & J. Jahrb. Hamb.,
28, 29. Nacella fuegiensis Rv. Philos. Trans.,
30, 31. Nacella fuegiensis Rv. Conch. Icop.,

PRAT 50!

32-34. Nacella mytilina Helb. Abbild.,
35, 36. Nacella mytilina Helb. Original,

37. Nacella mytilina v. compressa R. “& M. Cap. H.,

38, 39. Nacella mytilina v. hyalina Ph.

40, 41. Nacella clypeater Less. Original,

49, 43. Nacella clypeater Less. Conch. Icon.,
44, Helcion (?) rosea Dall. Proc. Gal. Acad.,

PuateE 51.

1-3. Helcion pectinatus Born. Original,
4. Helcion pellucidum L. Original, ;
5, 9, 10. Helcion pellucidum rb & Hanl.,
6-8. Helcion pellucidum ». levis Penn. Original,
ra 11. Helcion pruinosa Kr. Original,
—24. Helcion tella Bergh. Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges.,

PLATE 52.

Patella vulgata L. Radula. Sars,
Helcion pellucidum. Radula. Thiele,
Helcion pruinosa. Radula. Thiele,
Helcion pectinatus Born. Radula. Thiele,
Patella aspera Lm. Radula. Thiele,
Patella granularis Lm. Radula. Thiele,
Patella cochlear Born. Radula. Thiele,
Patella lusitanica Gm. Radula. Thiele,
Patellopsis sp. Radula. Thiele, :

6D 00 I> OT 99 NO

80,
- 109,

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 183

PLATE 53.

FIGURE, PAGE,
1-3. Patella ferruginea Gmel. Original, . ee
4, Patella caerulea v. spinulosa. Original, . », Od
6. Patella caerulea v. tarentina. Original, . ‘ ’ ; ~o4
7-11. Patella cerulea vy. lowei Orb. Original, . : . 84

PLATE 54.

12, 13. Patella cerulea v. crenata Orb. Moll. Can., . . O46
14. Patella cerulea v. crenata Orb. Original, . ; ae
15, 16. Patella baudoni Drt. Moll. Acores, : 7 OG
17, 18. Patella ceerulea v. gomesii Drt. Moll. Acores, : . 86

PLATE 55.

19-21. Patella safiana Link. Deless. Ree., . , 0)
22-24. Patella candei Orb. Moll. Can. ad C: Teon., é . 86

PLATE 56.
25, 26, 26. Patella conspicua Ph. Abbild., (—safiana Lmk.) 90

27, 28. Patella cerulea v. moreleti Drt. Moll. Acores, / 8D
29-31. Patella guttata Orb. Moll. Can. . ; 5 els
PLATE 57.

32. Patella lugubris Gm. Conch. Icon., ; ; : Sy)!
33-39. Patella lugubris. Original, : : c 4 ly)
36, 37. Patella plumbea v. canescens Ry. Conch. Icon, . 91
38, 39. Patella plumbea Lmk. Original, — . : : eh
40-43. Patella vatheleti Pils. Original, : : Al oe Oe
PLATE 58.

40, 41. Patella neglecta Gray. Original, ” , : te oS
42, 43. Patella rangiana Val. Nouv. Arch., . ; ; to
44. Patella argenvillei Kr. Original, . ; : ange)
45. Patella moreli Dh. Moll. Réun., . ; : : FeO Si de
PLATE 59.

46. Patella levata Dh. Moll. Réun., . ; : ‘ STs)
47-49. Patella pica Rv. Original, ; E : : wey
50-55. Patella barbara L. Original, . , : : Ww OG

PLatTeE 60.

56-58. Patella barbara v. ovalis Pils. . ; : : oy
59-61. Patella funebris Rv. Conch. Icon., . . : 2°98

184 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

PLATE 61.

FIGURE.

62-64. Patella stelleeformis v. paumotensis Gld. Original,

65. Patella stelleformis Rv. var. Original,

66, 67. Patella nigrosuleata Rve. Conch. Icon.,
68, 69. Patella compressa L. Conch. Icon.,

70. Patella compressa L. Original,

PLATE 62.

71-73. Patella aculeata Rv. Original,
74, 75. Patella squamifera Rv. Conch. Icon.,
76, 77. Patella granatina Gmel. Conch. Icon.,

’ PLATE 63.

78, 79. Patella vidua Rve. Conch. Icon,,
80. Patella granularis Link. Conch. Icon.,
81-83. Patella granularis Link. Original,

PLATE 64.
84, 85. Patella patriarcha Pilsbry. Original,

PLATE 65.

86. Patella patriarcha Pilsbry. © Original,

87, 88. Helcioniscus articulatus Rv. hack Icon.,
89-92. Helcioniscus sagittatus Gld. Original,

93. Helcioniscus argentatus Sowb. Original,

94-96. Helcioniscus profundus Dh. Orig. and Moll. Réun.,
97-99. Helcioniscus profundus v. mauritianus Pils. Original,

PLATE 66.

1, 2. Helcioniscus boninensis Pils. Original,
94, 95. Helcioniscus reynaudi Dh. V. Ind. Orient.,
96-98. Helcioniscus flexuosus Q. V. Astrol.,
99. Nacella strigatella R.& M. C. Horn, .
100, 101. Helcioniseus garconi Dh. Moll. Réun.,

PLATE 67.

3. Helcioniscus boninensis Pils. Original, .

4-8. Helcioniscus tahitensis Pse. Original,

9, 10. Helcioniscus pallidus Gld. Amurl. Moll.,
11, 12. Helcioniscus adele P. & M. Galerie,

PLATE 68.

11-13. Helcioniscus amussitatus Rv. Original,
14-16, 18, 19. Helcioniscus ornatus Dillw. Original,

PAGE.
99
99

- 100

93
93

. 100
. 100
. 106

. 104
. 102
. 102

. 105

. 105
. 128
. 130

127
150
150

peas)!
. 130
. 130
. Lts
. 150

et st
~ ag
. 188
. 153

. 134
ise

FIGURE.

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

17. Helcioniscus ornatus Dillw. Voy. E. & Ter.

20-22. Helcioniscus ornatus v. inconspicuus (luctuosa Gld.).

Expl. Exped.,

28, 24. Helcioniscus denticulatus Martyn. Univ. Conch.,

25-28.
29-31.

32, 33.
34-56.

PLATE 69.

Helcioniscus radians Gm. Original, :
Helcioniscus radians v. decora Ph. Abbild.,
Helcioniscus radians v. affinis Ry. Conch. Icon.,
Helcioniscus radians v. earlii Rv. Original,

37. Helcioniscus radians Gm. Original,

38, 39.

Helcioniscus radians v. pholidota Less. (floccata

Reeve). Conch. Icon.,

40-42.
48, 44,

PLATE 70:

Helcioniscus illuminatus Gld. U.S. Exped.,
Helcioniscus stelliferus Gm. Conch. Icon.,

45. Helcioniscus stelliferus. Q. & G.,

46-48.

Helcioniscus olivaceus Hutt. Original,

49. Helcioniscus tramoserica Mart. Conch. Icon.,

50-52.

aoe:

Helcioniscus tramoserica Mart. Original,

PramEy al:
Helcioniscus limbatus Ph. Abbild.,

56. Helcioniscus limbatus Ph. Original,

57, 58.
59, 60. ‘ :
61, 62, 64. Helcioniscus eucosmius Pils. (variegata Ry.).

Helcioniscus araneosa Rv. Conch. Icon.,
Helcioniscus cernicus H. Ad. P. Z.S.,

Conch. Icon., ‘
63. Helcioniscus eucosmius Pils. Original,

PLArEoT 2:

. Helcioniscus rotaGm. Original,

. Helcioniscus petalata Rv. Conch. Icon,

3. Helcioniscus luzonica Ry. Conch. Icon.,

. Helcioniscus scalata Rv. Conch. Icon.,

. Helcioniscus rota v. orientalis. Original,

0. Helcioniscus rota v. discrepans Pils. Original, .

PLATE 73.

4. Helcioniscus nigrolineatus v. divergens. Original,
. Helcioniscus lineatus Lmk. Deless.,
. Helcioniscus dirus Ry. Conch. Icon.,
. Acmeea araneosa Gld. U.S. Exped., ; 5
94. Acmeea onychina var. noronhensis Smith. Lin. Soc. J.,

167

186 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.
95. Acmeea cruciata L. Wood’s Index, : c : . 169
96-98. Acmzea onychina Gld. Original, . : : 167
99, 100. Helcioniscus livescens Ry. Conch. Icon., : . 152

PuaTeE 74.
1. Patella granatina. Dentition. Das Gebissd.Schn., na if
2. Patella compressa L. Dentition. Das Gebissd. Schn., . 172
3. Nacella vitrea Ph. Dentition. Das Gebissd.Schn., . 172
4, Nacella mytiloides. Dentition. Das Gebissd. Schn., . 172
5. Nacella venosa Rv. Dentition. Das Gebissd. Schn. 172
6

. Helcioniscus capensis Gm. Dentition. Das Gebissd.

Sehn.4 ¥. é : : : : : : : alte
. Nacella fuegiensis Rv. Jaw. Das Gebissd. Schn. sky
. Nacella fuegiensis Ry. Dentition. Das Gebissd. Schn. 172

Co “I

INDEX FO VOL. AI

Nore.—The names of valid species and varieties are printed in
Roman type; of genera and other groups in SMALL CAPITALS; of

synonyms in Jtalic.

Achates Rv.,

Acma Esch.,
ACMAIDA, 5
AcmM #IN Pils.,
Aculeata Rve., .
Adansonii Dkr.,
Adelze P. & M., :
Adspersa B. D. & D.,
Adunca Jettr., :
Adunca Perry, .
Enea Martyn, .
Aiqualis Sow., .
MHruginosa Midd.,
Affinis Gmel.,

Affinis Rve.,

Alba Ant.,

Alba Dall,

Alba H. & J.,

Alba Ten.-W.,
Albescens Ant., .
Albescens Phil.,
Albicosta C. B. Ad.,
Albicostata Rv., .
Alboradiata Blv.,
Alboradiata Gmel.,
Albula Greg.,
Alticostata Ang.,
Alveus Con.,

Ameena Say,
Amussitata Rv., ;
ANCISTROMESUS Dall,
Ancyloide Forbes,
Ancyloides Midd.,
Ancylus Esch.,
Angulosa Gmel.,

40,
40,

. 60 , Ansates Sowb., 109
. 6,.7 | Antarctica H: & J., 157
5 | Antillarum Phil., 43
. 6, 7. Antillarum Sowb., 166
100 | Antipodum Smith, 142
92 | Apicina Dall, 24
153 | Apicina Lmk., 106
83 | Aquitanense Loc., 73
61 | Araneosa Gld., . 170
118 | Araneosa Rv., . 144
117 | Araucana Orb., . ; pores 8)
10 | Arcuata(Pectinodonta) Dall, 6
31 | Ardosixa H. & J., 124
162 Areolata Gm., AZO
140 | Argentata Sowb., pelea
158 | Argentaurum Less., . . 145
70 | ArgenteaQ. & G., —. 139, 140
156 | Argentea Gmel., . 160
54 | Argenvillei Kr., 95
159 | Argyropsis Less., 139
36 | Articulata Rv., . 128
41 | Asmi Midd., a ao
41 | Aspera Lam., 84, 85
163 | Astensis (Bon.), . I,
160 | Asteroides Gmel., 161
84 | Aster Rve., ; 147
52 | Athletica F. & H., 83
11 | Atra Gmel., 162
10 | Atrata Cpr., 29
134 | Atromarginata Bly., . 164
107 | Atramentosa Rv., 119
72 | Aurantiaca Blv., 163
31 | Aurantia Gmel., 160
15 | Auricula Don., . 162
161 | Azorica Nutt., 84
187
90 Q9
ad ; ho

188

Badia Gmel.,
Balanoides Rve.,
Barbara L.,
Barbata Lm.,
Baudonii Drt.,
Bickmorei Dall,
Bimaculata Mont.,
Biradiata Rve., .
Boninensis Pils.,
Bonnardi Payr.,
Borneensis Rv., .
Borniana Helbl.,

Bourouniensis Less., .

Crea Mill.,
Cecoides Cpr., .
Ceruleata Da C.,
Cerulea Q. & G.,
Cerulea L.,
Cerulea Pult.,
Calamus Cr & F.,
Callosa H. & J.,

Campaniformis Bly., .

Cumpbelli Filhol.,
Jandida Gmel., .
Candeana Orb.,
Candei Orb.,
Cundida Couth.,
Canescens Gmel.,
Canescens Rv.,
Cantharus Rve.,
Capensis Gm.,
Cupillaris Gmel.,
Carditoidea Blv.,
Carpenteri Pils.,
Cassis Esch.,
Casta Cpr.,
Castanea Blainv.,
Ceciliana Orb., .
Cellana H. Ad., .
Cerea Gmel.,
Cerea MOIL.,
Cernica Ad.,
Chapmani T.-W.,
Chathamensis Pils.,
Chilensis Blv.,
Chilensis Rve., .
Chitonoides Rv.,

40,

5),

25,

58,

INDEX.
Son ONG, | Chlorosticta Gmel.,
40, 41 | Cimeliata Rv.,
96, 170 | Cinerea Gmel., .
. 97 | Cingulata Gmel.,
86 | Cingulata Hutt.,
. 48 | Cinis Rve.,
. 110) Citrina Gmel.,
. 49° Citrullus Gld.,
. 131 Clathratula Rv.,
83 Clealandi Sowb.,
48 Clypeus Brn.,
162. Clypeater Less.,
155 Cochlear Born, ..
Coffea Rv., i :
68 | Cognata B. D. & D., .
69 CoLLIsELLA Dall,
110 | CoLuIsELLiNA Dall, .
91 | Comina DeGreg.,
83 Complanata Gmel ,
110 Compressa L.,
54 Compressum Jeffr.,
157 | Compressa Rochebr., .
163. Concentrica Midd.,
168 Concepcionensis Less.,
161 | Coneepsionis Less.,
38 Conchacea Gm.,
86 | Concinna Lisch.,
68 | Concolor Kr.,
162 | Confusa Gldg., .
91 | Conica Blv.,
55 Conica Gld.,
146 Conica(virginea var.) Jeffr.,
162 Conoidalis Pse., . ;
163 Conoidea Q. & G.,
39 Conspicua Ph.,
17. Conspureata Gmel.,
21 Contosoplicata Rv.,
163 Conulus Dkr.,
: . 33 Coppingeri Smith.
. 123, 149 | Corrugata Gmel.,
: . 160 | Cornea Helbl.,
68 | Cornea Mich.,
. 149 | Cornea P. & M.,
101 | Corrugata Rve.,
56 | Corticata Hutt., .
163 | Costata Less.,
119 | Costata Sowb.,
98 | Crassa Less.,

INDEX.
Craticulata Gmel., . 161 | Diaphana Rve.,
Crenata Gm., 84, 85 | Dichotoma Ant.,
Cretacea Rve., . 99 | Diemensis Phil.,
Cribraria Gld., . 12 | Digitalis Esch., .
Crocata Less., AL 5S: |) ira Riv.
OCrocea Gmel., . 161 | Diseors Phil;
Cruciata L., . 169 | Discrepans Pils.,
Crucis T.-Woods, . 58 | Divergens .Pils.,
Cruentata Gmel., . 161 | Dorsuosa Gld.,
Cruentata H. & J., . 157 | Dunkeri Kr,,

CRYPTOBRANCHIA Midd., 67, 68

Earlii Rv.,
Echinulata Kr.,
Electrina Rv.,
Elegans Gmel., .
Elegans Phil.,
Klegans Ver.,
Elevata Jeftr.,
Elliptica Flem.,
Elongata Flem.,
Elongata Q. & G.,
Emarginuloides Phil.,
Enneagona Rv.,
Erginus Jefir.,
Eruca Torn.,
Eucosmia Pils., .
Exalbida Gmel.,
Exarata Nutt.,
Exilis Phil.,
Exoleta Gmel.,
Exusta Rve.,

Fasciata Gmel., .

| Fasciata Kr.,
| Fascicularis Mke.,

Fenestrata Nutt.,
Ferruginea Gmel.,

| Ferruginea Rve.,

Ferruginea Sowb.,
Ficarazzensis Greg.,

| Filosa Cpr., ‘
_ Fimbriata Gld., .

Flammea Q. & G.,
Flava Hutt.,

_ Flaveola Gmel., .

Oubaniana Orb., 38
Cubensis Rve., 4]
Cumingii Rve., . moni
Cuprea Gmel., . 160 |
Cuprea Rve., chs
Cyanea Less., god
Cyathus Gmel., . . 160
Cylindrica Gmel., : Eko
Cymbalaria R. & M., . ea
Cymbiola Gld., . : 638
Cymbium Phil., . ALG
Cymbula Ad., 81
Cymbula Hup.. Sty
Cymbularia Deless., pele
Cymbularia Lm., akG
Cymbulata Greg., . 84
Cymbuloides Less., Stlib
Cypria Gmel., a
Cypridium Perry, 0)
Dalliana Pils., . : atl es:
Deaurata Gmel., TS
Decora Phil., 139, 140
Decussata Gmel., Bete
Delessertii Phil., 118
Dentata Dufo., 97
Denticulata Gmel., 160
Denticulata Hutt., 138
Denticulata Martyn, . 138
Denticulata Smith, 138
Depicta Hinds, . 19
Depressa Blainv., 163
Depressa Penn., aoP:
Depressa (A. virginea var.)
Wood, : : 10
Depressaspera Greg., . 84
Depsta Rv., 151

Flexuosa Hutt., .
Flexuosa Q. & G.,
Floccata Rv.,

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Fluviatilis Bens.,
Forbesti Smith,
Fragilis Phil.,
Fragilis Q. & G.,
Franklini Gray,
Frauenfeldi Dkr.,
Fuegiensis Rve.,
Fulva Mill.,
Funebris Rve.,
Fungus Meusch.,
Fungus Ryv.,
Funiculata Cpr.,
Fusea Linn.,
Fuscata Gmel.,
Fuscescens Gmel.,

Galeola Jeffr.,
Garconi Dh.,
Garrettii Pils.,
Gealei Angas,
Gigantea Gray, .
Gigantea Less., .
Glauca Gmel.,
Gomesii Drt.,
Gonieclis Raf.,
Gorgonica Humph.,
Goudoti Mab.,
Grammia Phil.,
Granatina L.,
Grandis Gray,
Granostriata Schr.,
Granostriata Rve.,
Granularis L.,
Granularis v. Salis,
Granulata Ph.,
Granulosa Less.,
Grata Gld.,

Grisea Blv.,

Guadichaudi Blainv.,

Guineensis Dkr.,
Guineensis Gmel.,
Guttata Gmel.,
Guttata Orb.,

Hemosticta Gmel.,
Hamillei Fisch.,
Hetcioniscus Dall,
Hewcron Montf.,

INDEX.
48 | Hepatica Gmel., . 160
71 | Heptagona Blvy., . 163
83 | Heroldi Dkr. . 45
59 Hieroglyphica Dall, 49
oe _ Hyalina Phil., 116
121 Illuminata Gld., » 142
70 | Imbricata Rv., 139
98 Imperatoria Greg., 82
153 Impressa Gmel., 160
1538 Inequalis Gmel., 160
25 Inconspicua Gray, a8
140 Indica Gmel., 96
162 | Infundibulum Gmel., 160
107 Inradiata Rv., + 120
Insessa Hinds, 18
61 Insignis Dkr., 129
150 =Insignis Mke., . 169
47 | Instabilis Dall, 69
144 Instabilis Gld., 18
65 Intermedia B. By & De 83
156 Intermedia Knapp, 82
162 | Intorta Penn., 110
86 Intorta Sowb., AS
80 Jothia Gray, 70
.107 Islandica Gmel., 160
84
166 Jacksoniensis Less., 156
106 Jacksoniensis Ry., 58
66
44 Kerguelensis Sm., 121
135 | Kochi Phil., 66
102. Kraussii Dkr., v2
Si
156 | Laciniata Rve., 5d
156 | Lacinosa L., , : PAO
135 | Lactea (A. virginea var.)
163 Jeffr., : 2 10
117 | Lacunosa Rve., 52
89 | Levigata Gmel., 161
162 | Levis Gmel., I'60
161 | Levis Penn., 110
88 | Lamanonii Schr., 133
Lamarckii Payr., 81
161 | Lampedusensis Greg., 156
36 | Lanz Rve., : 50
80, 123 | Laticostata Blv., 164
79, 108 | Latistrigata Angas, 145

Lecania Cpr.,
Lentiginosa Rv.,
LEPETA Gray,

Lepeta puntarenze Mirch,

LEPETELLA Ver.,
LEPETELLINZ Dall
LEPETIDA,
LEPETINE, Dall,
Leucophea Gld.,
Leucophea Phil.,
Leucopleura Gmel.,
Leucopleura Rve.,
Levata Dh.,

Lima Ry.,
Limacina ‘Bergh,
Limatula Cpr.,
Limbata Phil.,
Lineata Lmk.,
Lineata Phil.,
Lineolata Ant.,
Livescens Rv.,
Lobata Blainy.,
Longicosta Lmk.,
Lorrra Gray,
Lottiade,

Lowei Orb.,
Luctuosa Gld.,
Luctuosa H. & J.,
Lugubris Blv.,
Lugubris Desh., .
Lugubris Gmel.,
Lusitanica Gm.,
Luteola Lmk.,
Lutrata Nutt.,
Inzonica Rv.,

_ Macrina Greg., .
Maculata Blv.,
Maculosa Gmel.,

Madagascarensis Blv.,

Magellanica Gm.,
Magellanica Hutt.,
Malicolor Dufo,
Mammillata Esch.,
Mammillata Nutt.,
Margaritacea Gmel.,
Margaritaria Chem.,
Marmorata 'Ten.,

INDEX.

Mauritiana Pils.,
Maxima Orb., .
Mazatlandica Sowb.,
Melanogramma Gmel.,
Melanogramma Sowb.,
Melanoleuca Gm.,
Melanoleuca Rv.,
Melanosticta Cpr.,
Melanosticta Gm.,
Melanostoma Pils.,
Melanozonias Gmel.,
Mellea Gmel.,

Meridionalis Roch. & Mab.,

Mesoleuca Mke.,

| Metallica Roch. & Mab.,
_ Meroproma Ph.,

Mexicana B. & S.,

3 | Miliaris Phil.,
_ Miniata Born,
| Minima Gmel.,

Minor Wall,
Mitella Mke.,
Mitra Esch.,
Mixta Rv.,
Monopis Gmel.,
Monticola Nutt.,
Monticula Nutt.,
Morbida Rve.,

| Mérehii Dall,
| Moreleti Drt.,

Moreli Dh.,
Milleri Dkr.,
Mutabilis Mke.,
Mytilina Helbl.,
Mytiloides Sch., .

NacELLA Schum.,
NACELLINZ,

| Nacelloides Dall,
| Nana Dkr.,

Natalensis Kr.,
Navicula Gmel.,
Navicula Rve.,
Neglecta Gray, .

: | Nigra Blainv.,
obs
. 138

Nigrisquamata Rv.,
Nigroalba Blv.,

52 | Nigrolineata Rv.,

192

Nigropunctata Rv.,
Nigrosquamosa Dkr.,
Nigrosquamosa Dkr.,
Nigrosulcata Rve.,
Nimbus Rv.

Nisoria Phil.,

Nivalis Rv.,

Nodosa H. & aS
Nodulosa Gmel.,
Noronhensis Smith,
Novemradiata Q. & G.,
Nuttalliana Rve.,

Oblonga Perry, .
Obscura Gmel., .
Obscura H. & J.,
Obtecta Kr., ;
Occidentalis Rv.,
Ochracea Dall,
Ochroleuca Gmel.,
Oculata Gmel.,
Oculus Born.,
Octoradiata Hatt.,
Olana Ad.,
Olivacea Ant.,
Olivacea Gmel., .
Olivacea Hutt., .
Onychina Gld.,
Onychites Mke.,
Opea Nutt.,

Opea Rve.,
Orbicularis Q. & G:,
Orcutti Pils.,
Ordinaria M ab.,
Oregona Nutt.,
Orientalis Pils., .
Orichalcea Ph., .
Ornata Dillw.,

PaLt#acmma Hall,
Paleacea Gld.,
Pallida Gld.,
Pallida Sby.,
Papyracea Gmel.,

Parallelogrammica Blv.,

Parasitica Orb.,
Parva Da Costa,
Parva Seg.,

73

Pileopsis Q. & G.,
Pileus Mke.,

79,

17h

80,

INDEX.
Sig PARI RAr eco re
. 103 Patellaria Lihwyd,
88 Patellastra Monts.,
. 100 | PatTELLipz, :
61, 154 | PareLurpEa Thiele, .
. 383 | Patellites Walch., :

166 Patelloidea Q. & G., .

138 Patelloides, H.& J. .

160 | Parettona Thiele,

167 | Pareviopsis Thiele, .

146 Patellus Montf.,

12 | Patina Leach,
Patina C. B. Ad.,

156 Patina Esch.,

162°) ParrnastRa Thiele,

157 | PaTInELLA Dall,

. 106 Patriarcha Pils.,
40, 41 Paumotensis Gld.,
. 12 | Peeten Gmel.,

160 | Pectinata Born.,

160 Pectinata I.., }

106 Prcrrroponta Dall,
51 | Pecrinopontin# Pils.,
94 Pectunculus Gmel.,

158 Pediculus Phil.,

160 Pellucida L.,

. 141) Pellucida (Lottia) Weink,
. 167, 43 | Pelta Esch.,

163 Peltoides Cpr.,

128 | Penicillata Rve.,
26 Pentagona Born.,
57 Pentagona Rve.,

21 Perambilis Dall,
84 Percostata Greg.,
16 | Peronii Blv.,

146 Perplexa Pils.,

. 158 Persona Esch., .

137 | Personoides Midd.,

| Pertenue Jeffr., .
78 | Petalata Reeve, .
20 Petterdi Ten.-W.,

. 138 _ Pholidota Less.,

62 | Pica Rve., :
161 Picta Jeffr.,
163 Picta Perry,
63 Pileolus Midd.,

Pruipium Fbs.,
Pintadina Gld.,
Pintadina Gld., .
Piperata Gld.,
Plana Phil.,
Plana Rve.,
Plicaria Gmel.,
Plicata Born,
Plicata Costa,
Plumbea Lmk.,

Polaris Fou a Jacq, es

Pottsi Hutt.,

Pretrei Orb.,

Profunda Dh:,
PROPILIDIUM FP. & Ee
Pruinosa Kr., .
Pulchella Blainv., 3
Pulchellu (Lottia) Fbs.,
Pulcherrina Gldg.,
Pulla Gmel.,

Punctata Gray, .
Punetata Lm.,.
Punctata Q. & G.,
Punctatissima Phil.,
Punctulata Gmel.,
Puncturata Lm.,
Puntarence Morch,

Pupillata Roch. & Mab.,

Purpirascens Ant.,
Pusilla Jeftr., .
Pustulata Helbl.,
Pyomeea Dkr., .
Pyramidata Lam.,

Radians Gm.,
Radians Rve.,
Radians Sow.,
Radiata Born.,
Radiata Esch.,
Radiata Kr.,
Radiata Perry, .
Radiata Pse.,
Radiatilis H. & J.,
Rangiana Val.,
Raricosta Blv.,
Redimiculum Rv.,
Reevei Hutt.,
Repanda Gmel.,

INDEX, 193
67, 70 | Reticulata Ant., 158
12 | Revoluta Gmel., 162
65 | Reynaudi Dh., 170
. 87 | Rosacea Cpr., 21
33, 35 | Rosea Dall, 113
39 | Rostrisepta Seg., ((?}
161 | Rota Gmel., : 144
96 | Rotundata Gmel., . 160
81 | Rotundata(A. virgineavar.)
91 | Monts., 10
120 | Rouai Payr., 81
136 | Rubella Fabr., 9
33 | Rubella Gmel., 161
150 | Rubiginosa Hutt., 53
67, 72 | Rubra Gmel., 160
113 | Rubroaurantiaca Blv., 163
163 | Rugosa Q. & G., 52
9 Rumphii Blainv., 129
38 Rustica Born, : . 159
. 162 | Rustica L.. 87,88, 96
32 | Rustica Mke., 9535196
38 | Rustica Perry, Be el
59 | Rustica Rve., 105
64 |
37 | Saccharina L., 49
38 | Safiana Lmk., 90)
31 | Sagittata Don., 140
119 | Sagittata Gld., 130
159 | Sandwichensis Pse., ri
61 | Sanguinea Gmel., . 160
38 | Sanguinalis Rv., 93
45 Sanguinans Ryv., Selo
81 | Sanguinolenta Gm., 93
| Scabra Gld., 15
139 | Scabra Rve., 13
136.) Seabrilirata Angas, 56
140 | Seabrosum Jeffr., 73
162 | Sealata Rv., 145
16 | Schrenckii Wiehe 44
148 | Schreteri Kr., 107
82 | Scurra Less., oe Oo
154 | Scurrtia Gray, . Gs, (60
139 | Scutellaris Blainv., Sac5
89 | ScureLLastra Ad., 79, 94
163 | Scutellina Sars., we tO
136 | Seutiformis Gmel., 161
139 | Seutuwm Esch., 12
161 | Seutum Orb., 32

194

Septiformis Q. & G
Serpuleformis Ant.,
Servaini Mab.,
Simplex Pils.,
Simrothi Mts.,
Sitta Greg., :
Solandri Colenso,
Solida Ant.,
Solida Blv.,
Spectabilis Dkr.,
Spectabilis Gmel.,
Spectrum Rv.,
Specularis Grell
Spinifera Lm., .
Spinulosa B. D. &
Squalida Gmel.,
Squama Blv.,
Squamata Gmel.,
Squamifera Rve.,
Squamosa Gmel.,
Squamosa Q. & CG. 2
Stannea Gmel.,
Stearns Bile
Stelleformis Rve.,
Stella Less., ,
Stellaris Q. & G.,
Stellaris Rve., .
Stellata B. D. & D.,
Stellata Chem.,
Stellifera Gmel.,
Stellularia Q. & G.,
Stipulata Rve.,
Striata Q. & G.,
Striata Rve.,
Strigata Don., .
Strigatella R. & M.,
Strigatella Cpr.,

Strigilis Hebe X AY: ree

Str igillata Cnr:
Sturnus H. & J.,
Subgranularis Blv.,
Submarmorata Pils.,
Subpersona Pils.,
Subplana P. & M.,
Subrotundata Cpr.,
Subrugosa Orb.,
Subspiralis Cpr.,
Subundulata Ang.,

INDEX.
55 | Surinamensis Gmel.,
. 158 | Sybaritica Dall,
84
42 | Tabularis Kr.,
85 | Tahitensis Pse.,
82 | Talcosa Gld.,
59 wrentina v. Sal.,
158 | Taslei Mab.,
163 | Tasmanica T.-W.,
89 | Tectura Auct.; .
162 | Tecture Aud. & Edw.,
14 | Tecturella Cpr.,
162 | Tecturide,
97 Tecturina Cpr.,
84 Tella Bergh,
161 | Tenera Ad., 4
163 Teneriffe Mab.,
162. Tenuilirata Cpr.,
100 | Tenuisculpta Cpr.,
161 | Tenuistriata Blainv.,
60 | Tenwis Gmel., .
161 | Terroris Filhol.,
132 | Tessellata H. & J.,
98 Tessellata Mill.,
50 | Tessellata Nutt.,
50 Testacea Gmel., .
99 | Testudinalis Muall.,
83 Testudinaria Linné,
141 | Teatilis Gld.,
141 | Tigrina Gime :
141. Tineta Roch. & Mab.,
31 | Tretscanta Bergh, j
47 | Titiscania limacina Bergh, .
65 | TIrrIscANIID#,
. 163 | Toreuma Rve.,
118 | Tramoserica Matrt.,
27 | Tranquebarica Gmel.,
187 | Triangularis Cpr.,
27 | Trysiipium Linds.,
140 | Tuberculata L., .
164 Tuberculifera Link.,
52 | Tuhicola Ver.,
34
83 | Ulyssiponensis Gmel.,
28 | Umbella Gmel.,
43 | Umbonata Nutt.,
154 | Uncinata Rv., .
57 | Undatolirata Rv.,

Unguis-alme Less.,
Unguliformis Blv.,

Unicolor (Lottia) F bs,

Ustulata Rve.,

Variabilis Kr.,
Variabilis Sow.,
Varicosa Rve.,
Variegata Blv.,
Variegata Reeve,
Vatheleti Pils.,
Venosa Rve.,
Verriculata Rve.,
Vernicosa Cpr.,
Vespertina Rve.,
Vidua Rv.,

Virescens Gmel.,

INDEX.
59 | Violacea Blv.,
. 164 |) Virgata Don.,
10 | Virgata Gm.,
101 | Virginea Mill,
Virginum Tus.
147 Viridescens Blainv.,
3 Viridis Dutfo.,
118 Viridula Gld.,
: . 163 | Viridula Lam.,
. 145, 149 | Vitellina Gmel.,
. 92 | Vitrea Phil.;
119 | Vulgata L.,
2
28 Zebra Blv.,
65 Zebra Rve.,
104 _ Zebrina hee a
162 | | Zonata S. & W.,

_ Norr.—The Parts of Vol. XIII of the Manvat were issued to
subscribers upon the following dates:

Part 49, including pp. 1-64, plates 1-15, August 3, 1891.

Part 50, including pp. 65-112

Part 52, including pp. 161-196, plates 56-74, March, 1

, plates 16-35, November 3, 1891.
Part 51, including pp. 113- 160, plates 36-55, January 30, 1892.

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